THE LIBRARY
OF
THE UNIVERSITY
OF CALIFORNIA
LOS ANGELES
B. 0. BV/T-*
LAWYr.R
DALLAS, TEXAS
PITMAN'S
SPEED PRACTICE
BOOK
COMPILED BY
ARTHUR M. SUGARMAN, B.A.
Chairman Department of Stenography and Typewriting,
Bay Ridge High School
New York
NEW YORK
ISAAC PITMAN & SONS, THE PHONOGRAPHIC DEPOT
2 WEST 45xH STREET
AND AT LONDON, BATH, AND MELBOURNE
Copyright, 1915, by
ISAAC PITMAN & SONS
PREFACE
The essentials for the attainment of high speed in shorthand
writing may be summed up briefly under the following heads.
First: A thorough mastery of whatever system of shorthand is
learned. Second: An unhesitating use of all the word-signs and
contractional devices employed in that system. Third: A wide and
ever-increasing vocabulary. Fourth: A familiarity with the best
<o modes and styles of expression current in our literature. Fifth:
* The ability to assimilate the thought as the sounds are being re-
. corded. Sixth: Plenty of practice in recording utterances, varied
5 in subject matter and speech. And, lastly, the element that makes
z for success in all fields of endeavor, Perseverance.
ZJ Presumably the first, the second, and the last of these elements
receive their proper consideration and attention as the theory of
w the system is studied. Lack of sufficient material in easily-accessible
^ and readily-used form which would serve to develop the other ele-
*1 ments, has been keenly felt by teachers of shorthand in general.
5 To meet their needs, as well as those of the high-speed aspirant,
this volume has been compiled with no attempt to grade the selec-
tions as to difficulty, firmly believing they will serve equally well
m for the beginner as well as for the advanced writer. As a further
3 aid to the teacher, the counting arrangement and indication will
3 prove of inestimable value.
The articles contained in this work have been culled from the
columns of the daily newspaper, periodicals, magazines, books and
other forms of publications and due acknowledgment is given.
A. M. S.
448326
CONTENTS
SOME EXPERT SUGGESTIONS IN REGARD TO
OBTAINING SPEED IN SHORTHAND.
Number of
Words Page
1 Get a Thorough Mastery of the Principles, by Nathan
Behrin 452 I
2 Repetition Versus New Matter, by Charles W. Phillips 176 II
3 Excelsior the Motto for Shorthand Writers, by Charles
F. Larkin 293 III
4 The Shorthand Writer Should Make Careful and Accu-
rate Outlines, by William Whitford 283 IV
5 Repetition, by Henry Candlin 426 V
6 Overcoming Weaknesses, by Walter H. Lee 371 VI
7 Getting Up Speed, by Frederick J. Rose 586 VII
8 What Causes Hesitation, by Paul S. Vosburg 881 IX
9 The Value of Visualizing to the Shorthand Reporter, by
Thomas Bengough, C.S.R 1305 XI
10 The Stenographic Expert, by Willard B. Bottome and
William F. Smart 926 XIV
11 Words, by John R. Potts 331 XVII
SELECTIONS.
1 Immigrants 353 1
2 The "Lion's" Growl 272 2
3 A New Pure-Food League 276
4 Controlling the Electric Current 351
5 Motion of the Eye 200 4
6 Mechanism of the Bonea 206 5
7 Wall Sockets 290 5
8 Getting the Right Perspective 419 6
9 Early Printing 249 7
10 Lynch Law 206
11 The Tampico Incident 371 9
12 Life or Death for Railroads? 361 10
13 Military Genius 472
14 Electromotive Force 369
15 "Democracy" in a School 396 13
16 Mr. Bryan's Reply to the Arbitration Offer 354
17 The United States' Preeminence in Electric Works... 392 15
18 President Wilson's Address on the Canal Tolls 421
19 Industrial Unrest 461 17
20 "Providential" Arrangement of the Alpine Regions... 436
21 The Initiative and Referendum 412
22 Invention , 470 21
23 Socialism: Promise or Menace? 417 22
24 A Public Defender 479 23
25 Cutting the Non-Productive Labor Cost 543
26 " The Last Shot" 537 26
27 Moral Training in our Public Schools 464 28
28 Lincoln Dead and a Nation in Grief 555
29 New Relics of Ancient Indians 558
30 Jury Trials in the Surrogate's Court 572
31 Common-Sense 563
32 The Coal Strike in Colorado 571 35
33 Electric Generators and Motors 535
34 A Corrupt Public Sentiment 541
35 Public Education 608
36 A Plea for Equal Rights 592 40
37 Middlemen and Menials 631
38 Chinese Example in Reform 527
39 Cost of Living 530 45
40 Business — Its Interests and Relations 640
41 Women in Constitutional Convention 589
42 How Naval Guns Are Aimed 633 50
43 Electric Taxicabs 615 51
Number of
Words Page
44 The Strenuous Life 556 53
45 The Gridiron or the Nation? 572 54
46 Tolerance in Religion 645 56
47 How to Succeed 655 57
48 - Success 611 59
49 President Wilson's Appeal for Neutrality 634 60
50 The Mexican Struggle 612 62
51 Lincoln's Second Inaugural Address 690 64
52 Tonics 558 65
53 New Demands in Education 619 67
54 The First Mercantile Agency 605 68
55 The Mind That Thinks in Colors 691 70
56 Advertising the American Church 667 72
57 Making Man-o'-Warsmen Out of Landsmen 685 73
58 The Women's Declaration of Independence — 1914 780 75
59 The Point of Contact 648 77
60 Fight for Purer Foods 631 79
61 Mr. Underwood and Our Merchant Marine 632 80
62 What Is Advertising? 668 82
63 Free Trade Versus Reciprocity 643 84
64 Night Tests of Big Guns 702 85
65 The Navy 637 87
66 Judge Gary on Business and National Wars 678 89
67 Organization 738 91
68 War Draft Upon the World's Capital Supply 729 93
69 The Socializing Value of Fraternity Life 696 95
70 Earthquakes 761 96
71 Public Education 726
72 Quarantine Defense: A Phase of Preventive Medicine. 747 100
73 Are We Prepared for the Panama Canal? 728
74 Censoring Cable Messages During European War.... 737
75 California and the Alien Land Question 794 106
76 Railway Rates Decision 810 108
77 The Teacher's Ideal, by William James 856 110
78 National and Industrial Peace 854 112
79 The Ultramicroscope 803
80 Price Maintenance Encourages Individual Enterprise.. 847 116
81 Our Need of Perspective 870 118
82 What Is Feminism? 803 120
83 American Business Opportunities in Asia 861 122
84 Environment 985 125
85 The Revenue Cutter Service , 943 127
86 Votes for Women 985 129
87 The Conciliation Court 920 132
88 Things Not Learned in School 926 134
89 Count Witte on Socialism 920 136
90 The Chief Aim of Education. . . 869 139
91 Profit-Sharing 997 141
92 The Associated Press 1017 143
93 Package Car Service and the Retailer 998 146
94 The War at Our Doors 1085 148
95 Labor 1165 151
96 What Is Wrong with the College? 1087 153
97 President Wilson's Message . . 1200 156
98 Irving 1094 159
99 War Proves the Religion of To-Day 1100 161
100 The Workmen's Compensation Case 1293 164
101 Federal Control of " Big Business" 1414 167
102 President Wilson's First Inaugural Address 1685 170
103 Bringing Up a Boy 266 174
104 "Breaking" a Child's Will.... 379 175
105 Skill of Hands, Eyes, Senses 236 176
106 The Importance of Strong Motives 146 176
107 The Boy's Judgment of His Parents 322 177
108 The Importance of Keeping Faith 399 178
109 New Standard of Purity) 178 179
110 Sources of Satisfaction. .' 137 179
111 What Doth Thy God Require of Thee? 898 180
112 Court Testimony 1153 182
Some Expert Suggestions
in Regard to Obtaining
Speed in Shorthand
GET A THOROUGH MASTERY OF THE PRINCIPLES
BY NATHAN BEHRIN, SUPREME COURT, NEW YORK, Writer of
Isaac Pitman Shorthand, and Champion Shorthand
Writer of the World.
The seeker after high speed should devote himself to obtaining10
a thorough mastery of the principles of his system of20 shorthand.
Not until the ability to write shorthand without mental30 hesitation
has been acquired, should speed practice begin.
A student40 observing the note-taking of an experienced stenog-
rapher will be struck50 with admiration at the smoothness of the
writing and the60 perfect regularity of the outlines. An excellent
method of practice70 for the like facility is in the copying of a80
selection sentence by sentence until the whole is memorized, and90
then writing it over and over again.
All notes taken100 at any speed should strictly be compared with
the printed110 matter. It will then be found that many words are120
taken for others because of the forms they assume when130 written
under pressure. Most of these can be avoided by140 careful attention
to the writing. Experience alone will authorize any150 deviation
from the text-book forms.
Phrasing should be indulged in160 sparingly on unfamiliar matter.
But on familiar matter the student170 should always be alert for
opportunities of saving both time180 and effort by employing the
principles of intersection, elimination of190 consonants, and the
joining of words of frequent occurrence.
Nothing200 less than absolute accuracy should satisfy the student.
Conflicting outlines210 should be carefully distinguished. Where
words may be distinguished either220 by the insertion of vowels or
the changing of one230 of the outlines, the latter should always be
PITMAN'S ADVANCED SPEED PRACTICE
the method240 employed; vowels should freely be inserted whenever
possible. The sense260 of the matter should be carefully preserved
by the punctuation260 of the notes, indicating the full stop and leaving
spaces270 in the notes between phrases.
The best matter for the280 student beginning practice for speed is
to be found in290 the dictation books compiled by the publishers of
the system.300 At first, the dictation should be slow to permit the310
making of careful outlines. Gradually the speed should be in-
creased320 until the student is obliged to exert himself to keep330
pace with the reader; and occasionally short bursts of speed340
should be attempted as tests of the writer's progress.
The360 student ambitious to succeed will endeavor to familiarize
himself with360 all matters pertaining to stenography. By reading
the shorthand magazines,370 he will keep himself in touch with the
latest developments380 in the art. Facility in reading shorthand
will also be390 acquired by reading the shorthand plates in these
magazines. For400 comparison and suggestion, he will study the
facsimile notes of410 practical stenographers. He will neglect no
opportunity to improve himself420 in the use of his art. And,
finally, he will430 join a shorthand society, where he will come in
contact440 with other stenographers who are striving toward the
same goal450 as himself. [452.
REPETITION VERSUS NEW MATTER
BY CHARLES W. PHILLIPS, COURT REPORTER, CHICAGO, ILL.
The use of repetition, or practising the same education matter10
over and over again, and the taking of dictation on20 new matter
are not antagonistic methods, but are complementary.
Repetition,30 the writing, perhaps thousands of times, of the same
matter40 under proper conditions is the greatest factor in producing
digital50 skill, smoothness of hand movement, etc. In other words
it60 is all important in the development of the technic of70 shorthand
speed. On the other hand, constant practice on new80 matter, well
selected and diversified matter, produces the mental coordination,90
the instant connection of the thing heard with its shorthand100
equivalent without which even moderate speed is impossible.
PITMAN S ADVANCED SPEED PRACTICE
In short110 both methods should be followed. If the student is
weak120 in his ability to control his fingers, that is, to130 make his
shorthand notes accurately and quickly, but can remember140 in-
stantly the proper shorthand form, then he should by the150 stress
of repetition, if he has great physical ability and160 is weak in recalling
the shorthand sign, reverse the process. 170Both methods should be
vigorously pursued. [176.
BY CHARLES F. LARKIN, OFFICIAL STENOGRAPHER,
SUPERIOR COURT, MONTREAL, CAN.
The surest and quickest way to become a 100%10 stenographer is
to be accurate and painstaking from the start.20 Remember that
illegible writing, whether shorthand or longhand, is of30 little use
to anyone.
Thoroughness in the individual engenders enthusiasm40 and a
relish for his work, while in the aggregate80 it is one of the essentials
of a great nation.60
The ideal school-room is a beehive where everyone is busy,70
happy, and full of enthusiasm.
Concentrate on the one lesson80 in hand and never look ahead for
difficulties.
Make a90 thorough study of "distinguishing outlines," as literary
writers do of100 synonyms.
Beware of ambiguous contractions and phrases no matter how110
tempting they may seem.
An extensive English and shorthand vocabulary120 is essential,
therefore master your shorthand dictionary and a good130 book on
etymology.
"Excelsior" is the motto for shorthand. The140 student will
sometimes encounter difficulties in his transcriptions, but should150
never accept a fall as a knockout blow. He should160 profit by it
and rise stronger after each contact with170 mother earth, as did
Antaeus in his fight with the180 great Hercules. Above all, never
make the same mistake twice.190
Practise punctuality and be seated sharp at the opening hour.200
iii
PITMAN'S ADVANCED SPEED PRACTICE
Exercise often in the open air so as to have210 strong steady nerves,
good digestion, and a clear alert brain.220
From the start, use the best fountain-pen or pencil you230 can
obtain, and, preferably, flat-lying notebooks, clearly ruled and
free240 from spots. Sit as comfortably and unconstrainedly as
possible so250 as to write with a light flowing motion of the260 arm.
Even after a situation has been secured review occasionally270 and
keep abreast of the improvements in the system.
Be280 courteous, keep your nerves and temper always under
control and290 you should succeed. [293.
THE SHORTHAND WRITER SHOULD MAKE CAREFUL
AND ACCURATE OUTLINES
BY WILLIAM WHITFORD, MEDICAL REPORTER, CHICAGO, ILL.
Presupposing that the shorthand writer has thoroughly mastered the
basic10 principles of the system, I should say that since the20 advent
of the talking machine, one of the best methods30 of developing
speed is to dictate several hundred words of40 testimony to it at a
rate which will enable the50 shorthand writer to make careful and
accurate outlines. This exercise60 should be written several times,
gradually increasing the revolutions of70 the machine each time.
It will be found that this80 method of practice will not only materially
increase one's speed,90 but do much toward developing the technic
of rapid shorthand100 writing. In the absence of a dictating machine,
one should110 utilize the services of a friend, a brother, a sister,120
etc. Constant practice, practice, practice, is absolutely essential
to the130 development of great manual dexterity. In shorthand,
haste makes waste140; it is the persistent plodder who achieves suc-
cess. Furthermore, to150 acquire as large a command of the language
as possible,160 the aspirant for speed should select a variety of
matter170 on which to practice, such as extracts from political
speeches,180 biographies, lectures on miscellaneous and scientific
subjects, proceedings of conventions,190 histories, sermons, addresses,
essays, editorials, legislative proceedings, arguments of counsel,200
charges to juries, etc. In developing speed, the shorthand writer210
should refrain from using too many short cuts indiscriminately.
PITMAN'S ADVANCED SPEED PRACTICE
These220 should only be used for frequently-recurring words or ex-
pressions, and230 then not necessarily standardized. I am and
always have been240 opposed to short cuts that violate the funda-
mental principles of250 our Pitmanic systems, on the ground that
they seriously interfere260 with legibility, are deterrents to the
achievement of manual deftness,270 are veritable pitfalls, and cal-
culated to create endless troubles for280 the young reporter. [283.
REPETITION
BY HENRY CANDLIN, COURT REPORTER, GREELEY, COLO.
Speed in writing, combined with legibility, is the chief desidera-
tum10 of the shorthand writer. Are these objects best achieved by20
the student writing the same matter many times over, or30 by
practising writing on many different subjects?
The first requisite40 is to get the system into the head. Study
the50 theory according to the rules in the text-book until other60
words embracing the same rule can be written and the70 principle
applied without hesitation. This can be done by mastering80 each
principle as it is presented before proceeding with the90 next, until
all the rules are thoroughly understood.
The brain100 must act before the fingers can guide the pen or110
pencil correctly. Unless the principles exemplified by the rules of120
the system are so thoroughly familiarized as to be applied130 in
writing without conscious mental effort, a high rate of140 speed can-
not be acquired. Practising the same outlines many times150 with-
out a knowledge of the principles under which they are160 written is
working in the dark, it may be conducive170 to speed on those par-
ticular words, but will not tend180 to the ability to write other words
of the same190 class.
After the brain has comprehended the principles, repetition is200
necessary to enable the hand to move with ease and210 facility. Of
course this may be accomplished gradually with each220 lesson from
the beginning, but the plan of the writer230 is to give particular at-
tention to the study of the240 theory and carefully written outlines
through the lessons in the250 text-book without any attempt at
speed, then a review of260 the sentences and letters from the begin-
ning, seeing that the270 first dictation is correctly written, afterwards
PITMAN'S ADVANCED SPEED PRACTICE
writing the same matter280 five to ten times, gradually increasing
the speed, adding other290 words when necessary to enable the
student to fully understand300 the application of the rules as they
proceed. For such310 additional work, "Pitman's Writing Exer-
cises and Examination Tests" is helpful.320
To train the head and hand to work in perfect330 unison, both the
above methods must be used. Perfection cannot340 be obtained by
the use of one without the other.350
We would advise students to read all the printed shorthand360
they can get; memorize and practise the grammalogues, contractions
and370 phrases so that no conscious effort is required to bring380 them
to the mind and record them on paper; practise390 writing on many
different subjects; read back everything you write400; write strictly
in accordance with the rules; repeat the same410 matter until it is
as easy as A, B, C,420 and shorthand will be a delight. [426.
OVERCOMING WEAKNESSES
BY WALTER H. LEE, PRINCIPAL, THE MILTON SCHOOL,
WASHINGTON, D. C.
Merely taking dictation does not necessarily mean a gain either10
in speed or accuracy; practice should be carried on according20 to a
well arranged plan in which home work plays30 just as important a
part as class work. The following40 method will bring good results
if rigidly adhered to during50 the entire period of speed practice.
The student should use60 two note books, one for taking dictation
in class, the70 other for home work. In the latter he should write80
every outline discussed by the teacher, as well as principles90 ex-
plained and other things new to the student. In addition100 to this
— and it may mean the difference between success110 and failure —
he should write every outline which, during the120 reading back in
class, he finds has been improperly or130 poorly written. He should
be a merciless task-master over himself,140 putting down every word
about which he is doubtful, even150 common word signs such as
"it" or "was," if they160 have been poorly executed.
The hardest thing for the ambitious170 student to appreciate is
that he cannot force his speed.180 In taking dictation he should
PITMAN S ADVANCED SPEED PRACTICE
write no faster than will190 enable him to make neat, symmetrical
outlines, regardless of whether200 he is compelled to leave out words,
phrases or whole210 sentences. Shorthand is worthless unless it is
readable; it is220 better to read correctly and quickly what has been
written230 than to make poor outlines and be uncertain about the240
whole of the matter which has been dictated.
In his250 home work the student should spend at least fifteen
minutes260 every day for a month copying the word-signs (gram-
malogues and270 contractions); and during the next month should
review them once280 a week. Each word noted in the home book
should290 be written at least twenty-five times, slowly at first and300
gradually increasing the speed during the repetitions. Care should
be310 taken not only to make neat notes, but attention should320 be
paid to holding the pen properly, keeping the point330 near the
paper between words to save time, correct position340 at the table, etc.
By practicing as outlined above a350 definite amount of work can
be accomplished each day and360 a systematic method will be secured
for discovering and overcoming370 weaknesses. [371.
GETTING UP SPEED
BY FREDERICK J. ROSE, LAW COURT REPORTER, CHICAGO, ILL.
How does a child learn to read? Isn't it by10 first laboriously
learning the ABC? How does anyone20 learn anything? Isn't
it by first laboriously learning the A30 B C of the thing to be learned?
Don't overlook40 that word "laboriously." No learning can be
acquired by grafting-50on processes; it all comes by labor. Short-
hand is no60 exception. One of the mysteries of acquiring speed in
shorthand70 writing is that speed comes in just about exact ratio80
to the labor put upon the study of the A90 B C of whatever system
of shorthand writing is learned.100
That is the experience which twenty-five years of shorthand
writing110 for daily bread has taught and is teaching with ever120
increasing power. It is in the first few months of130 acquiring the
art of shorthand writing that the pupil lays140 the foundation, surely
and irrevocably, for later high speed in150 execution and speed in
mental processes. Therefore, paradoxical as it160 may appear, the
vii
PITMAN S ADVANCED SPEED PRACTICE
sagest advice, and the most practical to170 be given to the shorthand
student, is to TAKE TIME180 to lay the foundation well and truly, and
speed, up190 to a given degree, will be added naturally, without
further200 effort, as a consequence of it. Master the principles;
master210 the hand movement so as to form good outlines which220
are uniform in size, straight when they should be straight,230 curved
when they should be curved, at their proper angle,240 and, in short,
legible. Take time to do all that.250 By taking time you are
acquiring speed possibilities, sn that260 when the mind and the hand
have been trained to270 correct habits, and when the mind, once
these habits are280 established, demands that the hand and the
brain shall speed290 up, they will speed up, speed together, and
work so300 harmoniously as to be simply astonishing.
When the principles are310 thoroughly mastered, when the hand
is trained to good habits,320 when the mind has habituated itself to
instantaneous application of330 established principles, practice, prac-
tice, and practice again. Don't for one340 moment let there be any
excuse that speed practice requires350 a specially set stage, a specially
engaged reader, special paper360, pens, ink, and all the paraphernalia
of artificial stimulus-. They370 are all very well in their way. But
accustom the380 mind to meet the inconveniences of practical work,
for there390 will be no favors granted in practical work. There are400
plenty of free lecturers, sermonisers, talkers of all kinds, giving410
diversity in vocabulary and subject matter. Do your best at420
them, and keep at it though you don't get it430 all. Read over what
you have been able to get,440 if possible; if not able to read all of
it,450 still keep trying. Speed in shorthand writing is the prize460 for
courage. It will come and it must come. Others470 have done it,
and you, having established yourself in the480 principles, having
become master over your brain and your hand,490 so that both work
in unison, will also acquire speed.500 But, first, last and all the
time, don't forget that510 speed is acquired by laboriously making
haste slowly during the520 acquisition of the principles and of the
mastery over your530 hand and mind. Training for high speed
begins with Lesson540 One, when the pupil is geared in low speed.
It550 is just as disastrous to start in "high" in shorthand560 writing
as it is in driving an automobile — it begins570 in low speed, and you
get into the high speed580 because you started in low speed. [686.
PITMAN S ADVANCED SPEED PRACTICE
WHAT CAUSES HESITATION
BY PAUL S. VOSBURG, OFFICIAL STENOGRAPHER, COURT OF
COMMON PLEAS, PHILADELPHIA, PA.
To hesitate, in shorthand writing, is to be lost, that10 is, to hesi-
tate to any great extent. In order to20 write at the rate of 240
words per minute, one30 must write 4 words per second. In writing
at that40 speed, if unknown word or outline cause hesitation for half50
a second, one must write 6 words in the next60 second; or if the stop
is the length of a70 second, 8 words must be written in the second
following80, and so on. What causes hesitation? First, inability
to accurately90 hear the words uttered; second, lack of familiarity
with the100 words spoken; third, not knowing the outlines for the
words110 or not being able to quickly form them in the120 mind;
fourth, lack of manual skill; and fifth, unsuitable materials.130
To avoid the first cause of hesitation, one must have140 a good ear,
and see that the conditions are favorable150 for distinct hearing. To
eliminate the second cause, one must160 be a constant student of
words — the meanings as well170 as the sounds. He will be con-
tinually on the alert180 to enlarge his vocabulary by general reading
and conversation, and190 by listening to lectures, sermons, testimony,
and discourse of as200 many kinds as possible; and if any particular
line of210 business is to be followed, by becoming familiar with the220
special words and phrases peculiar to that line.
Third: Not230 only will he study words and their meanings, but
will240 get thoroughly in mind the best outlines for the words,250 and he
should continually form outlines for new words, first260 before con-
sulting a shorthand dictionary, in order to cultivate a270 good
judgment in selection. A good method of practice for280 the latter
purpose is to take a street directory, a290 city directory of names, a
list of the names of300 the United States of the Union and of the
principal310 cities, also of the principal countries and cities of the320
world, and of the important names of history, and make330 his own
outlines for each, correcting or confirming his outline340 by his
shorthand dictionary or with an experienced writer. With350 the
great wealth of forms in the Pitmanic systems, much360 tune and
labor should be spent in acquiring this very370 necessary judgment
in the selection of outlines, for upon it380 depends not only speed,
but legibility. That part of the390 text-book which deals with the
PITMAN'S ADVANCED SPEED PRACTICE
same group of consonants distinguished400 by difference of outline
should be worked over and digested410 until that faculty of the
mind which has to do420 with the choice of the proper forms is
thoroughly trained.430
Fourth: Manual skill. There is only one way to gain440 this — by
writing the outlines over and over again, until450 the hand is ac-
customed to form them instantly. This is460 especially true of the
forms that are peculiarly difficult for470 the individual. Certain
consonants or combinations give one writer trouble,480 while to
another they are easy. The student should pick490 out his weak
points. All, or nearly all, writers have500 followed a speaker men-
tally, and have been able to form510 the outlines in the mind with
the greatest rapidity, but520 in placing them on paper have failed
because of lack530 of manual skill.
Fifth: The materials. The instrument — the pen540 or pencil —
should be adapted to the individual. Whether a550 pen or pencil is
better for the individual must be560 learned by experience. Every
writer should be able to use570 a pencil well, though he may do his
best work580 with a pen, for there are times when a pen,590 even a
fountain, cannot conveniently be used. If pen is600 used, the paper
should be suitable, not only for pen,610 but for the style of pen.
Phrasing. An article on620 speed would not be complete without
reference to phrasing. All630 writers and authors will no doubt
agree that some phrasing640 is an aid to speed, but the point of
difference650 will be when to stop. A good phrase helps, a660 bad
phrase retards, speed.
The acquisition of speed depends upon670 the cultivation of the
memory; the strengthening of the power680 of recall; the develop-
ment of the faculty of judgment in690 the selection of proper out-
lines; the obtaining of manual skill700; and the choice of suitable
materials. There is only one710 way to reach the desired end: by
constant practice. The720 method of practice should be that which
is found by730 experiment to be the best adapted to the individual.
In740 general, the best results are obtained from short daily practice,750
rather than a number of hours one day and skipping760 a day or more.
In practice, it is not best770 always to have a good reader; in fact,
in the780 latter part, it is better to have a poor reader790 — perhaps
one who has a foreign accent or unusual pronunciation,800 or in-
distinct utterance — for dictators are not always good talkers,810 and
in testimony few witnesses are even ordinarily clear speakers.820
Everything written should be read, and the weak points noted830
PITMAN S ADVANCED SPEED PRACTICE
and special attention given to them. But the last word840 in regard
to speed is practice — practice to form outlines850 correctly and
rapidly; practice to acquire a retentive memory, instant860 recall,
and,'finally, a quick, nice judgment in the selection870 of the best
forms for the words and phrases as880 uttered. [881.
THE VALUE OF VISUALIZING TO THE SHORTHAND
REPORTER
BY THOMAS BENGOUGH, C. S. R., TORONTO, ONT.,
OFFICIAL REPORTER, SENATE OF CANADA
The mental processes called into play in shorthand reporting
necessarily10 involve that the sounds which strike the ear must be20
recognized, analyzed, and translated into forms (symbols of sounds)
which,30 when recorded on paper, will represent those sounds.
There are40 three steps to be taken:
1. Reception and recognition of60 sounds by the ear — a physical
process largely automatic and60 negative.
2. Translation of the sounds into shorthand forms — a70 positive
mental process, involving the closest co-ordination of mental
powers.80
3. Recording of the shorthand forms on paper — involving every90
complicated mental and mechanical process, all of them positive.
Let100 us note what is involved in these three distinct steps :110
1. THE RECEPTION OF SOUNDS
This process has gone on120 since birth, and at first thought might
mistakenly be considered130 automatic and negative, needing no
practice in order to become140 perfect, the sounds simply "piercing
the hollow of the ear"150 and starting the mental machinery into
action. But it must160 be remembered that there are all degrees of
hearing. There170 are good, bad, and very bad "listeners." In-
deed, it is180 possible by mental effort to inhibit sounds, so that
words190 of the most seductive or provoking sort have no effect200
on the mind; the hearer, as it were, positively shuts210 the ear-gate
and prevents the entrance of the intruder into220 the private palace
of personality, so that the sounds fall230 harmless outside the gate.
xi
Pre-occupation (that is, turning mental effort240 into another chan-
nel) practically works out as inhibition; so also250 does profound
slumber. Thus it is literally true that we260 may "have ears and
yet hear not."
It would be270 well worth while for the ambitious reporter to pay
attention280 to this hearing process with a view to its improvement,290
both negative and positively.
(a) The hearing can be made300 more (electrically) alive and acute
by attention to peculiarities of310 tone, to inflections to pronuncia-
tions, to dialect and brogue, to320 quirks and turns of speech; also
by the study of330 phonetics — which every reporter is supposed to
have mastered in340 connection with his study of the phonographic
alphabet; but phonetics350 should be studiously applied to the
analysis and combination of360 sounds in speech, in order to make
the process of370 phonetic analysis easy and rapid to attune the
ear to380 niceties of sounds, and eventually to enhance the pleasure
of390 actual reporting work.
(b) The power of inhibition should be400 developed, so that all
side remarks of jury, counsel, or410 court officials which, though sotto
voce to the court, are420 audible to the reporter, as well as all inter-
rupting noises430 such as opening or shutting of doors and windows,
should440 be absolutely shut out from the reporter's consciousness.
This habit450 of mental concentration operates to the reporter's
benefit not only460 negatively by inhibition of irrelevant sounds,
but positively by sharpening470 all the mental powers, filling the
brain-cells with "live" blood,480 and keeping them (electrically
speaking) in a "positive" condition, so490 that they can attack
and master reporting problems as they500 present themselves. A
reporter with a "negative" brain or a510 "negative" ear is beaten
from the start!
2. THE TRANSLATION520 OF SOUNDS
This is entirely a mental process, but two-fold,530 involving the
analysis of all sounds as sounds, and after540 that their translation or
transmutation into forms. Thus we have550 the two chief elements
of mental life side by side560 — analysis (or separation) and synthesis
(or combination). The analyzing of570 simple sounds (or primary
units) and their combination into words580 should begin with birth
and continue through life, but in590 actual educational experience
the average reporter has had no practice600 in these processes until
he began the study of shorthand,610 and usually even then the prac-
xii
PITMAN'S ADVANCED SPEED PRACTICE
tice was not pursued in620 any systematic Way that could be of much
help in630 actual reporting work.
Let us examine these processes. The shorthand640 student was
taught to think chiefly in terms of single650 words (secondary units),
but the reporter has been forced to660 develop the habit of thinking
in clauses and sentences. The670 more attention a reporter has
given to the principles and680 practice of phrasing, the easier will be
the habit of690 thinking "in the large;" that is, of seizing groups of700
words and holding them in the mind until the hand710 can transfix
on paper their appropriate symbols.
This might be720 called the synthetic plan of reporting; that is,
grasping by730 groups (primary phrase units). As language comes
to us generally740 in "chunks," why should we not adopt a plan
of750 reproducing it in skeleton phrases which merely suggest those
"chunks"760 of language, taking the cue from the modern newspaper
advertising770 art.
3. THE RECORDING OF THE SYMBOLS
The writing of780 the forms which represent the words and phrases
translated from790 the sounds heard is the last stage of the three-
fold800 process which I have thus roughly described. This recording
process810 combines mental and manual work, and both of the
highest820 order.
Let us try to grasp and summarize each process.830
The sound-waves strike the tympanum and vibrate along the
nerves840 that ramify the brain-cells, and those sounds wake up
the850 corresponding words and phrases which have been stored in
the860 brain, or, as we say, in the memory; and something870 happens
which may be likened to the vision of the880 prophet Ezekiel in the
valley of dry bones. Those words890 and phrases, hearing then-
names called, suddenly awake, clothe themselves900 each with his
appropriate garment, and rush rapidly down the910 nerve of the
arm crying for expression. Now, just as920 the memory has been
trained, so will it respond to930 the call of the sound wave; if it be
a940 word memory, words only will trip down the line; whereas950
if it be a phrase-memory, phrases will rush in clusters960 and groups
and troops.
The hand that records these forms970 is but the instrument of the
brain and (speaking roughly)980 the hand works automatically; yet
the hand moves only within990 the limits of its training, hence the
brain must control1000 the hand even in its practice. The hand
PITMAN'S ADVANCED SPEED PRACTICE
cannot of1010 itself initiate any movement, the brain being the
motive power.1020 Yet the hand may be handicapped by poor
instruments — a1030 poor pen or pencil, rough paper, light-colored or
greasy ink1040 — so that it cannot do its share of the work in1050 spite
of the best efforts of the brain. But granted1060 proper materials
with which the hand may work, then the1070 more mechanical the
movements of the hand can become the1080 more satisfactory will
be the work of the reporter. If1090 the hand could be trained so as
to work absolutely1100 automatically, a great advance could be
made in speed and1120 legibility, for the brain using such a perfect
instrument could1130 expend its entire time and energy upon the
more difficult1140 mental processes involved in analyzing the sounds,
bringing together their1150 corresponding forms, and running those
down the arm-nerve for representation1160 by the facile hand of
the ready writer.
There is1170 a great field for improvement in the muscular de-
velopment of1180 the reporter's hand. Surely there are exercises
and gymnastics which1190 might be adopted and practiced each
morning that would make1200 pliable the muscles, and ensure quick
and reliable co-ordination in1210 reporting. Perhaps no better hand
gymnastics can be devised than1220 the exercise involved in the modern
method of touch typewriting.1230
It goes without saying that all the operations above referred1240 to,
mental as well as manual, the manual because of1250 the mental,
could be immensely improved, refined, developed. If shorthand1260
reporters would conscientiously note detailed points in their experi-
ence in1270 connection with these processes, an immense mass of
data could1280 be accumulated that would be of great value in deter-
mining1290 scientifically the basis of ideal shorthand forms and
methods of1300 handling them in rapid work. [1305
THE STENOGRAPHIC EXPERT
BY WILLARD B. BOTTOMS AND WILLIAM F. SMART, JOINT AUTHORS
OF "THE STENOGRAPHIC EXPERT, ISAAC PITMAN EDITION"
Limitations of space require terseness in this article, and call10 for
brief facts rather than details. Many years' experience proves20
that the quickest way to achieve shorthand power and ability80
xiv
PITMAN 8 ADVANCED SPEED PRACTICE
is to adhere strictly to the following points: First: Thoroughly40
understand the system. Second: Copy the exercises in the text-50
books and the shorthand magazines until print can be transcribed60
into shorthand perfectly at a fair rate of speed. Third: Practice70
writing the majority of the words in the English language80 until
they can be written with ease. Fourth: Systematic speed90 prac-
tice. Fifth: The acquisition of an extensive general knowledge.
When100 a speed of fifty or sixty words a minute is110 achieved by
copying in shorthand from such matter as newspaper120 articles,
commence dictation practice. Pick out slow orators, and practice130
on theu1 speeches, or sermons, thus becoming acquainted with the140
practical part of shorthand, early in your career. Endeavor to150
write complete sentences. If the speaker is too rapid, leave160 out
adjectives and parentheses in order to achieve this170 end, while
preserving the author's thought. Always read over your180 notes.
Take regular dictation practice at a school, or from190 a friend, or a
phonograph. Try repetition practice if your shorthand powers200
seem to have arrived at a stand-still; that is,210 write one passage
over again, slightly increasing the speed because220 you have to
acquire a quickly-moving brain, and a230 "responsive hand.
All this time, read plenty of printed shorthand,240 especially
straight matter, because the vocabulary is somewhat limited250 in
court work. Carry a memorandum book, in which to260 jot down
words that conflict, good phrases, and, later on,270 short-cuts.
Get the best text-books in the system,280 and endeavor to carry
out the advice not of theorists,290 but of those who have proved
themselves to be high300 speed-writers, as well as practical shorthand
reporters. Besides acquiring310 a thorough knowledge of the system
and the ability320 to write it, you have to gear up your brains to330
clearly grasp, and instantly, the speaker's thoughts, and to trans-
mit340 them intelligently to paper by a thoroughly-trained hand,
and350 fingers. Without these essentials, high-speed is impossible.
Whilst an360 effort should be made to write every word as rapidly370
as it is uttered, the brain should be educated so380 in the memory.
This will enable the shorthand writer to390 catch up, at pauses.
Avoid everything that clouds the mind400 or disturbs the hand. At
first do not adopt a410 cramped style of writing. Always write to
read. If in420 doubt about writing a half length character, it is
better430 to write the double character. Give more attention to
grammalogs440 and words in position than to lengthy outlines. It
is450 advisable to get too much ink on the paper than460 too little,
PITMAN 8 ADVANCED SPEED PRACTICE
in the early stages. Become absorbed in the470 speaker's ideas,
cultivate imagination in reading shorthand, and transcription will480
be easy.
Study the best American and English writers, and490 utilize their
works for your dictation practice. This will enable500 you to ac-
quire a good vocabulary, as well as a510 fair literary style, thus
enabling you, when necessary, to make520 good speeches for poor
speakers. Avoid ingenious phrases and short530 cuts, until you
have developed the manual dexterity to write540 close to one-hundred
and sixty words a minute on550 straight matter. Then increase
your speed by learning the best560 short cuts, suitable for the par-
ticular work in which you570 are engaged. Endeavor to write
independently of the context and580 to make yourself an intellectual
machine, not a mere phonographic590 automaton, recording words
of which you fail to grasp meaning.600 Endeavor also to write
figures rapidly, in the ordinary Arabic610 numerals.
Acquire the power to condense, and never distort a620 speaker's
meaning, if you cannot get him verbatim. Rely630 on yourself, and
not on someone else to help you640 out by reading over and correcting
your transcript, and always650 strive to make your report a finished
literary production. After660 studying carefully the advice of com-
petent authorities, give your individuality670 free play as to your
style of writing, substituting other680 outlines for those which you
find difficult to write. Bear690 in mind throughout your entire
shorthand career, you will be700 continually writing the same out-
lines and phrases hundreds of times,710 therefore get the best ones
first, and avoid wasting time720 unlearning what subsequently
proves to be worthless. Develop concentration730 and initiative,
and grasp every situation you are reporting, because740 every public
shorthand assignment is different from all others.
Expert750 shorthand writing is the result of gradual growth. Do
not760 be deceived by alluring statements about short cuts outside
the770 text-books, which are not based on the principles of780 the
system. They are useless until you have a well790 laid foundation,
and have acquired a good speed on solid800 matter. The beginner
has a long road to travel. The acquisition810 of the theory, and much
reading practice in shorthand can be820 done at odd moments, even
in the street, and in830 traveling back and forth to the office.
The interest on840 a wise expenditure of time and money will be
enormous.850 A knowledge of shorthand is one of the most valu-
able860 assets of to-day in the administration of the world's affairs.870
PITMAN'S ADVANCED SPEED PRACTICE
Steady persistency, and application will place in your hands a880
never failing money-making capability, which will always be in890
demand; and success in the art will result at first900 in a fascinating
and useful hobby, then in a steady salary,910 and, lastly, with the
exercise of constant perseverance and application,920 in independence,
and a lucrative income. [926.
WORDS
BY JOHN R. POTTS, OFFICIAL COURT STENOGRAPHER, CITY COURT,
NEW YORK
Aside from authorship there is perhaps no other calling in10 which
a thorough knowledge of the signification of words and their20 proper
application are more essential than that of the shorthand reporter30
because, in the practice of his art, he deals with40 words and nothing
but words and, as there is no50 royal road to learning, the only
secret of their mastery is60 purposeful, conscientious and unremitting
study.
It may be a startling70 declaration, but is nevertheless true, that
words are the foundation80 of worldly progress and human achieve-
ment. Their potency is immeasurable,90 for without words we
would have no language, without language100 no communication of
ideas and without the communication of ideas,110 the world would
be a dreary waste and mankind the120 mockery of creation. Words
in combination, constitute the vehicle of130 communication of man
with his fellow-man. Without them140 progress, education, enlight-
enment, culture, achievement are impossible. - It is to150 words that
we owe our initial step from savagery to160 civilization. The un-
tutored mind is the mind of the savage170 and the mind of the savage
is a wordless mind.180 The existence of words and their use have
revolutionized mankind.190 The dumb savage who once stalked
ruthlessly, pitilessly, and murderously200 o'er the earth is no more.
He has succumbed210 to the mystic power of words. Words are
the artillery220 of Fate before which the hosts of wordless races have230
gone down to everlasting defeat. In short, the tribes of240 wordless
man have vanished; the race is blotted out forever.280
Words, as words, notwithstanding their constant use, have un-
xvii
PITMAN'S ADVANCED SPEED PRACTICE
fortunately260 not received that degree of attention and study which
their importance270 demands. Proficiency in their use is not only
deemed unessential280 but, rather, a matter of supererogation than
otherwise and it290 is a matter of regret that we too frequently use300
them with but a hazy, indistinct realization of their true310 applica-
tion and with but a meagre appreciation of their force,820 their
triumphant power when a judicious choice is exercised in their330
selection. [331.
XVlll
PITMAN'S ADVANCED SPEED
PRACTICE.
IMMIGRANTS
Influences are continually working upon Congress to treat immi-
gration as10 fundamentally an evil, which must, perhaps, be toler-
ated, but which20 should be stringently regulated and restricted.
There are not wanting30 those who urge even that it be prohibited
altogether for40 a term of years.
As a result of this urgency50 we have property qualifications, illiter-
acy tests and other requirements which80 must be complied with
before admitting the man of foreign70 birth who seeks to bring willing
hands and a stout80 heart to aid in the development of our country.
The90 errors committed in efforts to regulate immigration spring
usually from100 an entire misconception of the worth of the immi-
grant as110 a factor in our progress.
The immigrant should be looked120 upon as so much raw material,
brought to our shores130 at his own expense, to be worked over in
our140 institutions and made into the finished product — an American
citizen.160
It is our part to take him in the rough160 and deliver him per-
fected; to put him, or his children,170 through our schools; to subject
him to the attrition of180 our social and industrial system; to teach
him to obey190 our laws and to make of him a useful part200 of our
economic machinery.
We do not complain that the210 raw materials we import for our
factories must go through220 the processes of manufacture before
becoming useful. We should not230 expect the raw material of citizens
to be already perfected.240
Our nation was founded by immigrants, though we call them250
more politely "Pilgrim Fathers" or "first settlers." It has been260
maintained and built up by the steady inflow of the270 eager and
1
2 PITMAN S ADVANCED SPEED PRACTICE
ambitious273 of every nation. To change the policy280 by which this
great annual contribution of humanity has been290 made welcome is
dangerous.
There are, of course, immigrants more300 desirable than others.
But the task of discriminating between them310 is a delicate one.
And however intelligently it may be320 performed it still leaves upon
the United States the even330 more important duty of providing and
maintaining in the utmost340 perfection, the agencies that will trans-
mute this raw material into380 the finished product. [363.
THE "LION'S" GROWL
BY JOHN TEMPLE GRAVES
Every government in the world knows that the person and10 the
property of a British subject, wherever located, must be20 adequately
protected against injury or wrong.
Failure to accord this30 protection invariably results injuriously
to the government through whose neglect40 or connivance the wrong
may have been suffered. So inevitable50 is the punishment meted out
to those concerned in doing60 violence to the rights of a British sub-
ject, in the70 most remote and inaccessible parts of the world, that
the80 subjects or citizens of other foreign countries are, on that90
account, treated with a consideration often denied to the citizens100 of
weak governments even in their home countries.
What is110 the result of this unvarying British policy? The
immunity of120 her subjects from injury and wrong in all parts of130 the
world. Great Britain's reputation has been so thoroughly estab-
lished140 in this regard that it is seldom that she is150 now called upon
to demonstrate anew her adherence to the160 fixed and relentless prin-
ciples upon which it is based.
A170 Briton, wherever he may be, therefore, has a conscious assur-
ance180 at all times that a great compelling and irresistible force190
stands ever ready to protect his person and his property,200 or exact
the uttermost in punishment and in reparation for210 the violation of
either. While the same is true,220 in a measure, of other nations, it
is equally true230 of none. Wherefore a British subject is usually
accorded a240 fuller exercise of his rights than are the subjects or260
PITMAN'S ADVANCED SPEED PRACTICE 3
citizens of other countries — countries more lax in the assertion260
of the inviolability of the persons and the property of270 their citi-
zens. [272.
A NEW PURE-FOOD LEAGUE
Entering upon its fight against dishonest foods with a systematic10
campaign already mapped out, the American Pure Food League,
which20 is to be launched next week, promises to become a30 most
potent influence for good in a field that certainly40 at present is not
overcrowded. The seriousness of purpose50 of the league is amply
evidenced by the character of60 its officers and members of its advis-
ory board, which include70 not alone men who have rendered long
service in state80 food control work, but men and women from other
walks90 of life who have given the pure food question both100 careful
study and earnest support.
The work of the American110 Pure Food League is to be construc-
tive, and while120 a great deal of attention will be devoted to raising
the130 standards of our food supplies through federal, state, and
municipal140 legislation, the problem will also be attacked along
much broader150 lines. The league recognizes the fact that one of
the160 most effective ways to fight the food fakers is to170 spread among
the public a better knowledge of the food180 value of different foods,
and to educate the people up190 to refusing to purchase that which
does not come up200 to the required standard. This will be one of
the210 most important features of the league's work, and in view220 of
what already has been accomplished along this line by230 the agents of
decency it should be fruitful of much240 practical result. Altogether
the time is most propitious for the250 launching of this new undertak-
ing, and it should win the260 hearty support of those who believe in
protecting the rights270 of the consumer to honest foods. [276.
CONTROLLING THE ELECTRIC CURRENT
Electricity is brought to our homes over the service wires.10 It is
distributed to each room over the wiring system.20 Here the switches
must be installed for controlling the current,30 for turning it off and
on. Suitable lamp sockets, outlet40 boxes, receptacles, etc., must be
4 PITMAN S ADVANCED SPEED PRACTICE
installed for the lamps, heating60 and cooking devices and all other
electrical apparatus to be60 used.
The ordinary lamp socket is a very simple device.70 It is made of
brass and porcelain. The two lead80 wires are brought to the terminal
screws of the socket.90 The brass lining to this socket is threaded so
the100 lamp bulb can be screwed in place. The mere screwing110 in of
the lamp completes the circuit.
The threaded brass120 base of the lamp is one terminal. These
correspond to130 the terminals in the socket. When the lamp is
screwed140 in place, the connection is made and the current is150
turned on and off by the switch key. This is160 only one of the many
varieties of sockets on the170 market. However much they may vary
in design, the principle180 is the same as above.
There is but one rule190 for adjusting wall and ceiling sockets. The
insulation should be200 kept perfect. Remove only enough of the
insulating material from210 the wires to make a good connection at
the socket220 terminals. Be sure the insulated wires are brought
well up230 into the base of the porcelain socket.
For desk lamps,240 heating devices, small motors, etc., screw
sockets are a nuisance.250 It is better to install plug receptacles.
These are usually260 located in the baseboard near the floor. To make
the270 connection the forked plug at one end of the flexible280 cord is
merely pushed into the receptacles. The pull socket290 is another
familiar type of socket. A short chain provided300 with a small ball,
is pulled to turn on and310 off the light. This type of socket is very
convenient320 for ceiling fixtures which are often installed too high
for330 a short person to reach the keys to turn on340 the lights. The
pull chain can be extended to any360 length. [361.
MOTION OF THE EYE
On coming into a room, we think we see the10 whole side of it at
once — the pictures, the cornice,20 the chairs — but we are deceived:
being unconscious of the30 motions of the eye, and that each object is
rapidly,40 but successively, presented to it. It is easy to show80 that if
the eye were steady, vision would be quickly80 lost; that all those
objects which are distinct and brilliant,70 are so from the motion of
the eye; that they80 would disappear if it were otherwise. For
PITMAN'S ADVANCED SPEED PRACTICE 5
example, let us90 fix the eye on one point — a thing difficult to100 do,
owing to the very disposition to motion in the110 eye. When we have
done so, we shall find that120 the whole scene becomes more and more
obscure, and finally130 vanishes. If we change the direction of
the eye but140 ever so little, at once the whole scene will be160 again
perfect before us. These phenomena are consequent upon the160
retina, being subject to exhaustion, by the lights, shades, and170
colors of objects continuing to strike upon the same relative180
parts, and thus exhausting the nerve; but when the eye190 shifts
there is a new exercise of the nerve.200 [200.
MECHANISM OF THE BONES
In the human skeleton there are commonly enumerated 260 bones,10
which present every variety of size and figure. But all20 these varie-
ties may be reduced to three classes; the long30 and round, as the
bones of the upper extremities; the40 broad and flat, as the bones of
the skull; or50 the short and square, as the separate bones that com-
pose60 the vertebral column. The long bones are adapted for mo-
tion,70 the flat for protection, and the square for motion combined80
with strength. Accordingly, the long bones are moulded into
lengthened90 cylinders, and form so many levers, exquisitely con-
structed and combined.100 In the employment of the flat bones for
the covering110 of some of the more tender and delicate organs, as120
the brain and spinal cord, the form of these bones130 adds to their
strength, as in the vaulted roof of140 the skull; while in the construc-
tion of the vertebral column,150 composed of the short and square
bones which are so160 adjusted as to afford a limited range of motion
with170 a great degree of strength, so many and such opposite180 pur-
poses are effected by means so simple yet so efficient,190 that no fabric
constructed by human ingenuity approaches the perfection200 of this
admirable piece of mechanism. [206.
WALL SOCKETS
When electric lights were first installed some twenty years ago,10
the light was turned on and off by a simple20 key adjusted in the lamp
socket. This idea still prevails30 in many sockets, although the
6 PITMAN'S ADVANCED SPEED PRACTICE
mechanism has been improved. Key40 sockets are all right in every
way, but they are50 far from being the most convenient.
Where key sockets are60 installed it is necessary to grope around in
the dark70 for the lamp before the light can be turned on.80 To
obviate this nuisance the wall switch was brought out.90
By the aid of small switches it is possible to100 turn on the lights
before entering the room. The switch110 is located beside the door
and the lamp can be120 placed on either the ceiling or the side wall,
or130 in any desired spot irrespective of the switch which controls140 it.
The wall switch is a very simple device designed150 to make and
break the circuit. It consists of a160 loop of wire running up to the
lamp circuit170 wherever that may be, and it is operated by a180
small key.
The current must flow through the switch before190 it can reach the
lamp. The current at the lamp200 socket is turned on continuously, so
that when the key210 is turned at the switches the connection is made
and220 the lamp lights. Another half turn of the key breaks230 the
circuit and turns out the lamp.
These wall switches240 can be located where most convenient to the
occupants of250 the house. Electric lights in the home would not be260
nearly as convenient without them. With suitable switches the
entire270 house can be lighted from the front hall of any280 floor at
any time the rooms are to be illuminated.290 [290.
GETTING THE RIGHT PERSPECTIVE
BY GRAHAM HOOD
Do you know how great a difference the perspective makes10 in the
affairs of life? Take a splendid painting. As20 you stand looking at it
from a proper distance the30 picture unfolds itself most delightfully.
You see the drawing clearly40 and you admire the exquisite coloring.
Everything is distinct — comprehensive.60 You can appreciate the
artist's work — you can participate in60 his ideals — know why the
picture was painted — you understand70 why it has been found worthy
to occupy so conspicuous80 a place in the gallery.
Step close to the painting,90 however, and you will be amazed to see
what a100 change there is in its effect. Where there was clearness110 —
distinctness — something that you could see and admire — there120 is a
PITMAN'S ADVANCED SPEED PRACTICE 7
more or less rough mass of paint that130 conveys comparatively little
impression. If you look closely you may140 distinguish some of the
outlines of the figures that once150 told their story so plainly. The
drawing is there — the160 colors, too — the ideals are the same — but
there is170 no mental appeal. The trouble is that in taking the180
closer view, you have sacrificed the perspective, and, without per-
spective,190 the beauties and graces of the work of art are200 lost.
The same rule applies to everything else in life.210 We often fail to
appreciate our blessings simply because we220 are so close to them
that we cannot see them230 clearly. When we change our mode of
employment we usually240 find the new job full of every sort of inter-
est,250 and this sense of satisfaction continues until, having looked
at260 the work from every possible angle and dozens of different270
positions, we get so close to it that we are280 unable to see its advan-
tages any longer.
At such times290 it is a very good idea to postpone the leap300 in the
dark until we have had time to study310 the present position more
carefully. Treat it much as you320 would the painting in the art
gallery. Step back from330 it and get a different perspective. Go
away from the340 place where you have been working so assiduously.
Change the350 environment, and stay away long enough to give
yourself an360 opportunity to realize exactly what the present job
means. There370 are positions from which one can never derive satis-
faction, but380 don't think that your job is in that class merely390
because you are temporarily out of sympathy with the work.400 Per-
haps it is nothing more serious than lack of proper410 perspective, and
this is something that can be remedied. [419.
EARLY PRINTING
In the infancy of the art its results were comparatively10 very
rude. The type used was intended to imitate writing,20 and par-
took of the character of gothic and script. In30 punctuating, they
employed no marks at first other than the40 period and colon; an
oblique stroke was afterwards introduced, and50 fulfilled the purpose
of our comma. Pages had neither title60 nor number. The divisions
of words and sentences were very70 imperfect, and the language was
not divided into paragraphs. Capital80 letters were not used to com-
8 PITMAN'S ADVANCED SPEED PRACTICE
mence a sentence, nor in90 proper names. No rules seem to have regu-
lated their orthography,100 which was entirely without method, and
their abbreviations were so110 numerous as to cause the necessity, in
time, of publishing120 a book, by the directions in which they could
be130 read. But one kind of letter was used throughout. A140 space
was left at the beginning of chapters for the150 illuminator, who wrote
in various colored ink the initial letter.160 These were often elabo-
rately ornamented, and very costly, being embellished170 with flowers
and figures, and sometimes variegated with gold and180 silver. The
first presses were fashioned after the common wine-press.190 For a
short time the paper was printed on but200 one side, the blank sides
being pasted together. The only210 forms of books were the folio and
quarto. Two or220 three hundred copies were then considered a large
edition. Dates230 were often omitted, and the name of the printer,
when240 given, was placed at the end of the book. [249.
LYNCH LAW
The American system of Lynch Law began in what is10 now known
as the Piedmont county of Virginia, which was20 at the time, the
western frontier, and having no law30 of its own, and being seven
miles from the nearest40 court of criminal jurisdiction, controversies
were constantly referred to men80 of sound judgment and impartiality
in the district, whose decisions60 were regarded as final. Prominent
among these was a man70 whose awards exhibited so much justice,
judgment, and impartiality that80 he was known throughout the
county as Judge Lynch. In90 the course of time criminals were
brought before him, and100 he awarded such punishment as he con-
sidered just and proper.110 There were other persons, in different
districts, who acted as120 arbitrators, and who awarded punishments;
but Judge Lynch was the130 most conspicuous, and consequently the
system took his name, and140 was called Lynch Law. This was a
compliment to his150 integrity and high character. But of late years,
the term160 has been regarded as a reproach, because violent and
unprincipled170 men, such men as Lynch was wont to punish, have180
set the laws at defiance, and while inflamed with passion,190 or mad-
dened by a thirst for revenge, have usurped the200 prerogatives of the
courts of justice. [206.
PITMAN S ADVANCED SPEED PRACTICE
THE TAMPICO INCIDENT
It is our belief that a very great majority of10 the American people
have full confidence in the justness of20 mind and sobriety of judg-
ment of President Wilson. They support30 him in the measures he
has taken, not blindly, not40 thoughtlessly, but because they are con-
vinced by his statement of50 the cause of action, because they believe
him incapable of60 " dragging the country into war" without justifica-
tion, a serious70 and, it seems to us, unfounded charge which has
been80 brought against him.
The Tampico incident was but one of90 many, and yet that was
grave. There are persons, many100 persons, who cannot be made to
understand that an insult110 to a flag or reparation for such an insult
is120 anything more than a trivial matter easily passed over. No per-
son130 who has seriously felt the weight of government responsibilities,
no140 person who has pondered the history of nations and their160
difficulties, no man who has worn the uniform of either160 branch of
the service ever takes that view. Senator Works170 of California
would have had us overrule Admiral Mayo and180 declare adequate
and satisfactory the reparation offered by the Mexican190 commander
at Tampico. That would have utterly destroyed us in200 the sight of
all Mexicans. They would at once210 have felt that they could do
what they pleased with220 the "gringoes," who had shown that they
would stand any230 amount of insults. We should very soon have had
to240 make our choice between knuckling down after further affronts
or250 showing a tardy resentment, until some crowning outrage would
have260 ended the question forever. European nations, too, would
have formed270 the most unfavorable opinion of us and would have
had280 to consider the present necessity of looking out for their own290
interests in Mexico. Yet there were so many affronts put300 upon us
by men under Huerta's authority that taken together310 they are far
more serious than the Tampico matter. It320 is strange that the pres-
ent critics of the President have330 failed to notice that for months
we have steadily maintained340 our preparation for forcible action,
and have added to them.350 Do those who denounce the President's
action forget that a360 short time ago some of them were abus-
ing him for370 inaction? [371.
10 PITMAN'S ADVANCED SPEED PRACTICE
LIFE OR DEATH FOR RAILROADS?
The order of the Interstate Commerce Commission of September
19,10 appointing yesterday for a hearing on the application of the20
railroads for further consideration of their request for higher rates30
limited the inquiry to facts disclosed since last June. Evidently40
the theory of the commission was that in its adverse50 decision of
August 1st it had covered the conditions existing60 up to July 1st.
Much doubt exists on this point,70 but the facts disclosed since
last June give the earlier80 revelations new and startling prominence.
While loss of business resulting90 from war in Europe is not a sufficient
reason for100 higher rates, the dislocation of the world's finances which
attends110 that war is a matter too serious to be ignored.120 There
can be no just determination of the rate question130 that does not rest
upon a comprehensive survey of the140 whole ground.
War in Europe merely accentuates the plight of150 the railroads,
which are suffering from too much taxation, too160 much political agi-
tation, too much harmful legislation, such as the170 full-crew laws,
and from the higher cost of supplies180 and constantly increasing pay-
rolls. With income outstripped by outgo,190 the greatest of American
industries is in no position to200 borrow money for betterments or to
renew old loans, and210 the whole world finds in the prices of American
railroad220 securities proof of the distrust with which investors regard
the230 situation.
The problem, then, goes back to first principles, and,240 in spite of
the commission's limitations, embraces everything that it260 passed
upon, as we believe mistakenly, in its judgment last260 summer. War
is the new thing, but war only brings270 into clearer light the difficul-
ties which demagogy in the States280 and bureaucracy at Washington
have thus far ignored. Relief was290 needed before the war. It is
needed now for the300 same reasons, made a little more imperative
by war.
In310 a country so extensive as this, the transportation interest
cannot320 be starved without weakening every other industry. Its
property must330 be kept up. Its credit must be sustained. If
prices340 and wages rise, its rates must rise. Public regulation that350
is never constructive is certain soon or late to be360 destructive. [361.
11
The chief work of a general is to apply physical10 force; to remove
physical obstructions; to avail himself of physical20 aids and advan-
tages; to act on matter; to overcome rivers,30 ramparts, mountains
and human muscles; and these are not the40 highest objects of mind,
nor do they demand intelligence of50 the highest order; and accord-
ingly nothing is more common than60 to find men, eminent in this
department, who are wanting70 in the noblest energies of the soul;
in habits of80 profound and liberal thinking, in imagination and taste,
in the90 capacity of enjoying works of genius, and in large and100
original views of human nature and society. The office of110 a great
general does not differ widely from that of120 a great mechanician,
whose business it is to frame new130 combinations of physical forces,
to adapt them to new circumstances,140 and to remove new obstruc-
tions. Accordingly great generals, away from150 the camp, are often
no greater men than the mechanician160 taken from his workshop. In
conversation they are often dull.170 Deep and refined reasonings they
cannot comprehend. We know that180 there are splendid exceptions.
Such was Caesar, at once the190 greatest soldier and the most sagacious
statesman of his age,200 whilst in eloquence and literature, he left
behind him almost210 all, who had devoted themselves exclusively to
these pursuits. But220 such cases are rare. The conqueror of Napo-
leon, the hero230 of Waterloo, possesses undoubtedly great military
talents; but we do240 not understand, that his most partial admirers
claim for him250 a place in the highest class of minds. We will260 not go
down for illustration to such men as Nelson,270 a man great on the
deck, but debased by gross280 vices, and who never pretended to
enlargement of intellect. To290 institute a comparison in point of
talent and genius between300 such men and Milton, Bacon and
Shakespeare, is almost an310 insult to these illustrious names. Who
can think of these320 truly great intelligences; of the range of their
minds through330 heaven and earth; of their deep intuition into the
soul;340 of their new and glowing combination of thought; of the350
energy with which they grasped, and subjected to their main360 pur-
pose, the infinite materials of illustration which nature and life370
afford — who can think of the form of transcendent beauty380 and
grandeur which they created, or which were rather emanations390
of their own minds; of the calm wisdom and fervid400 imagination
which they conjoined; of the voice of power, in410 which "though
12 PITMAN'S ADVANCED SPEED PRACTICE
dead, they still speak," and awaken intellect, sensibility,420 and
genius in both hemispheres, who can think of such430 men, and not
feel the immense inferiority of the most440 gifted warrior, whose ele-
ments of thought are physical forces and450 physical obstructions, and
whose employment is the combination of the460 lowest class of objects
on which a powerful mind can470 be employed? [472.
ELECTROMOTIVE FORCE
' Electromotive force is a phrase which is of frequent use10 in modern
electrical literature, especially in connection with electric currents.20
The electromotive force in a wire through which a current30 is flowing
may be compared to the difference of pressures40 in a long, narrow,
horizontal pipe, through which water is50 flowing. As the difference of
the pressure at the two60 ends of the pipe forces the water through in
spite70 of frictional resistance, so the difference of the potentials at80
the two ends of the wire forces the current through90 in spite of the
electrical resistance of the wire. This100 difference of potentials is
another name for electromotive force. Each110 cell of a battery is a
source of electromotive force,120 and when the cells are connected in
the usual way130 (technically called in series) their electromotive
forces are added together,140 so that, for example, the electromotive
force of a battery150 of ten cells is ten times the electromotive force
of160 cell. Electromotive force can also be produced in a170 wire by
moving a magnet in its neighborhood, and this180 electromotive force
will be exactly proportional to the velocity of190 the motion. The
commercial unit of electromotive force is the200 volt. Its magnitude
may be inferred from the statement that210 the electromotive force of
a single cell is usually more220 than one volt, and less than 2^£ volts.
Electro-motors230 are contrivances for making a current produce
continuous rotary240 motion, the force producing the motion being
sufficient to overcome250 a considerable amount of mechanical resis-
tance, and so do useful260 work. Until quite recent years this object
was effected by270 the alternate making and unmaking of electro-
magnets, which attracted280 pieces of iron provided for the purpose,
and caused them290 to move in the directions required for producing
continuous rotation.300 In modern electro-motors the action is
greatly intensified by310 employing, instead of the above-mentioned
PITMAN'S ADVANCED SPEED PRACTICE 13
pieces of iron, electro-magnets320 whose poles are alternately attracted
and repelled by those330 of the fixed electro-magnets. In order to
produce these340 alternate attractions and repulsions the currents in
the fixed magnets350 are always in the same direction. The revolving
electro-magnet360 or group of electro-magnets is called the arma-
ture. [369.
"DEMOCRACY" IN A SCHOOL
Talk on "democracy" is a hackneyed commonplace at school and10
college gatherings. There is apparent a general longing for some-
thing20 not quite understood, but wrapped in a hazy halo of30 ideality
that seems to baffle definition of outline and clarity of40 view. One
would fancy it as a genial socialism, wherein all50 the members lolled
in supine equality, and we are asked60 to believe this a desirable state
of existence. Such a70 conception of scholastic identity is manifestly
absurd, for school life80 is much like other social life. It has its differ-
ences,90 its individuals of prominence, and its collections of nobodies;
its100 leaders and its led. Nowhere is merit more sure of110 its reward,
and energy more promptly repaid. When we speak120 of the democ-
racy of Andover, we do not mean the130 absolute equality of condition
in its students. Nor do we mean140 that rich and poor, the sons of
somebody and the150 sons of nobody in particular, endure one another
with a160 priggish altruism. We mean more than this ; we mean that170
here boys find unrestrained liberty to do and to win180 regardless of
their family tree or family bank account. We190 mean that here all
have equal right, equal opportunity, and200 equal prompting to
action, and the same chance to achieve210 leadership in all the activi-
ties of academic existence. This is220 the democracy of opportunity,
not an organization for the equalizing230 of restraint. We believe in
a common membership in the240 community of intelligence; but this
does not preclude the ascendancy250 of intellect or the domination of
character. What it does eliminate260 is the subjection or the restraint
of intelligence and character270 in their rightful claims to development
and growth. We mean280 to maintain a school where potentialities
are recognized and attainment290 acknowledged. We are free to
admit that, like all genuine300 democracy, ours leads to a real aris-
tocracy. This is the310 great asset of Andover life, to arouse ambition,
14 PITMAN'S ADVANCED SPEED PRACTICE
to provoke320 effort, and to evolve men who must be heeded in330 their
world. The idler and the idle dreamer must look340 elsewhere for
approval and consideration; what we mean by democracy350 is bound
up in work, in the opportunity to grapple360 with the achieving forces
of intellect and character, and to370 make oneself a leader if one can;
for leaders there380 must be, so long as the academy stands for
power,390 for worth, and for practical attainment. [396.
Extract from Phillips Academy Bulletin, Andover.
MR. BRYAN'S REPLY TO THE ARBITRATION OFFER
"The government of the United States is deeply sensible of10 the
friendliness, the good feeling and the generous concern for20 the peace
and welfare of America manifested in the joint30 note just received
from Your Excellency tendering the good offices40 of your government
to effect, if possible, a settlement of50 the present difficulties existing
between the government of the United60 States and those who now
claim to represent our sister70 republic in Mexico. Conscious of the
purpose with which the80 proffer is made, this government does not
feel at liberty90 to decline it. Its own chief interest is in the100 peace
of America, the cordial intercourse of her republics and110 their people
and the happiness and prosperity which can spring120 only out of frank
mutual understandings and the friendship which130 is created by a
common purpose. The generous offer of140 your governments is
therefore accepted.
"This government hopes most earnestly150 that you may find those
who speak for the several160 elements of the Mexican people willing
and ready to discuss170 terms of satisfactory, and therefore, perma-
nent settlement. If you should180 find them willing, this government
will be glad to take190 up with you for discussion in the frankest and
most200 conciliatory spirit any proposals that may be authoritatively
formulated, and210 will hope that they may prove feasible and pro-
phetic of220 a new day of mutual co-operation and confidence in
America.230
"This government feels bound in candor to say that, its240 diplo-
matic relations with Mexico being for the present severed, it280 is not
possible for it to make sure of an260 uninterrupted opportunity to
PITMAN'S ADVANCED SPEED PRACTICE 15
carry out the plan of intermediation which270 you propose. It is, of
course, possible that some act280 of aggression on the part of those who
control the290 military forces of Mexico might oblige the United
States to300 act to the upsetting of the hopes of immediate peace,310
but this does not justify us in hesitating to accept320 your generous
suggestion. We shall hope for the best result330 within a brief time —
enough to relieve our anxiety lest340 most ill considered hostile
demonstrationa should interrupt negotiations and disappoint350 our
hopes of peace." [354.
THE UNITED STATES' PREEMINENCE IN ELECTRIC
WORKS
A gold mining company which was opening up a property10 at
Santo Domingo, at a great elevation in the Cordillera20 of Central
Peru, wished to install a hydro-electric plant, so30 it called for bids for
a three-phase generator, rated at40 300 horsepower, which could be
transported to its destination on50 muleback. The conservative
British manufacturers of electrical machinery refused to60 consider
the contract on the ground that such a thing70 had never been done
before, and even the Continental houses80 held that it was impossible
to construct a machine of90 greater capacity than 50 horsepower
which could be transported as100 specified. A German firm made a
very low bid for110 an installation that could be transported by wagon,
but as120 the expense of widening the trail to the mine would130 have
amounted to something like forty times the cost of140 the machinery,
this could not be entertained. The General Electric150 Company of
America, however, put its experts to work and160 turned out an instal-
lation that conformed to specifications in every170 particular. This
was carried to its place on mules, set180 up and put in operation, and
proved to be an190 unqualified success in every respect from the out-
set.
The American200 genius for working out hitherto unsolved mechan-
ical problems had also210 to be called upon in designing and building
the hydro-electric220 stations of the great copper mines hi Peru,
where, on230 account of the great elevation — more than 13,000240 feet
— extreme precautions had to be taken to avoid the disturbance250
of atmospheric electricity. The contracts for great hydro-electric
16 PITMAN'S ADVANCED SPEED PRACTICE
works in260 all parts of the world come to the United States270 as a
matter of course. Installations such as those of280 the Tata and Cau-
very projects in India, and those that290 require steel trestle work of
unpredecented magnitude, are given to300 America by preference as
the only country that has had310 the special experience necessary for
successfully carrying them through.
One320 of the greatest elements in the success of American machin-
ery330 abroad has been what might be called its superior "utility";340
the fact that it will give a more valuable service350 for the money
invested in it. Often it is more360 expensive than German or Belgian
machinery; sometimes it has not370 the "life" of that of England; but
in practically380 every instance its labor-saving and work-performing
qualities make it the390 best investment. [392.
The World's Work Magazine.
PRESIDENT WILSON'S ADDRESS ON THE CANAL TOLLS
Gentlemen of the Congress: I have come to you upon10 an errand
which can be very briefly performed, but I20 beg that you will not
measure its importance by the30 number of sentences in which I
state it.
No communication40 1 have addressed to the Congress carried with
it graver80 or more far-reaching implications to the interest of the60
country, and I come now to speak upon a matter70 with regard to
which I am charged in a peculiar80 degree by the Constitution itself
with personal responsibility.
I have90 come to ask for the repeal of that provision of100 the Pan-
ama Canal act of Aug. 24, 1912, which exempts vessels110 engaged in
the coastwise trade of the United States120 from payment of tolls, and
to urge upon you the130 justice, the wisdom and the large policy of
such a140 repeal with the utmost earnestness of which I am capable.150
In my own judgment, very fully considered and maturely
formed,160 that exemption constitutes a mistaken economic policy
from every point170 of view and is, moreover, in plain contraven-
tion of the180 treaty with Great Britain concerning the canal
concluded on Nov.190 18, 1901.
But I have not come to you to urge200 my personal views. I have
PITMAN'S ADVANCED SPEED PRACTICE 17
come to state to you210 a fact and a situation. Whatever may be our
own220 differences of opinion concerning this much debated measure,
its meaning230 is not debated outside the United States. Everywhere
else the240 language of the treaty is given but one interpretation and250
that interpretation precludes the exemption I am asking you to260
repeal.
We consented to the treaty ; its language we accepted,270 if we did
not oiiginate it; and we are too280 big, too powerful, too self-respecting
a nation to interpret290 with too strained or refined a reading of words
of300 our own promises just because we have power enough to310 give
us leave to read them as we please.
The320 large thing to do is the only thing we can330 afford to do, a
voluntary withdrawal from a position everywhere340 questioned and
misunderstood. We ought to reverse our action350 without raising
the question whether we were right or wrong,360 and so once more
deserve our reputation for generosity and370 the redemption of every
obligation without quibble or hesitation.
PSO ask this of you in support of the foreign policy390 of the Admin-
istration. I shall not know how to deal400 with other matters of even
greater delicacy and nearer consequence410 if you do not grant it to
me in ungrudging420 measure. [421
INDUSTRIAL UNREST
Nine cardinal causes of industrial unrest, most generally agreed
upon10 by employers and employees alike, were presented to Congress
to-day20 by the Commission on Industrial Relations in its preliminary
report,30 as follows:
"Largely a world-wide movement arising from a laudable40 desire
for better living conditions. Advanced by representatives of labor,80
Socialists, and employers, and generally endorsed.
"A protest against low60 wages, long hours, and improper work-
ing conditions in many industries.70 Advanced by practically all
labor representatives and assented to by80 many employers.
"A desire on the part of the workers90 for a voice in the determina-
tion of conditions under which100 they labor, and a revolt against
arbitrary treatment of individual110 workers and a suppression of
18 PITMAN'S ADVANCED SPEED PRACTICE
organization. This was almost uniformly120 approved by labor
witnesses.
"Unemployment and the Insecurity of Employment130 — Generally
advanced by witnesses from every standpoint.
"Unjust Distribution of140 Products of Industry — Advanced by
most labor representatives and150 agreed to by most employers.
"Misunderstanding and Prejudice — Agreed to160 by employers and
employees.
"Agitation and Agitators — Generally advanced by170 employers,
but defended by labor representatives and others as a180 necessary
means of education.
"The rapid rise in prices as190 compared with wages.
"The rapidly growing feeling that redress for200 injuries and
oppression cannot be secured through existing institutions.
"In210 addition," says the report, "it has been stated by many220
witnesses that the tremendous immigration of the last quarter cen-
tury,230 while not itself a direct cause of unrest, has served240 to
accentuate the conditions arising from other causes by creating260
an oversupply of labor unfamiliar with American customs, lan-
guage,260 and conditions."
While it presents no conclusions, leaving these for270 later work, the
commission, after more than a year's investigation280 covering all
phases of industry throughout the country in which290 more than 500
witnesses representing all relations of capital and300 labor were exam-
ined presents the question :
"Is there need for310 changes, improvements and adaptations, or
must entirely new legal machinery320 be devised for the control of
industry?"
The final report330 and conclusions of the commission will be sub-
mitted next August,340 when its mission is concluded.
These nine agreed causes were350 the result of the examination of
514 witnesses divided in360 interests as follows: Affiliated with em-
ployers, 181; affiliated with labor,370 183; not affiliated with either
group, 150. The witnesses included380 seven members of the Indus-
trial Workers of the World and390 six representatives of the Socialist
party.
Proposals for constructive legislation,400 the report announces, will
be submitted to Congress covering labor410 exchanges, industrial edu-
cation, vocational guidance, and apprenticeship; safety, sanitation,
health420 of employees, and administration of laws relating thereto;
smuggling of430 Asiatics; mediation, conciliation, and arbitration;
PITMAN'S ADVANCED SPEED PRACTICE 19
woman and child labor, minimum440 wage, hours of labor; agriculture
and farm labor; social insurance,450 especially workmen's sickness
and invalidity insurance; and labor and the460 law. [461.
"PROVIDENTIAL" ARRANGEMENT OF THE ALPINE
REGIONS
BY JOHN RUSKFN
But the longer I stayed among the Alps, and the10 more closely I
examined them, the more I was struck20 by the one broad fact of there
being a vast30 Alpine plateau, or mass of elevated land, upon which
nearly40 all the highest peaks stood like children set upon a50 table,
removed, in most cases, far back from the edge60 of the plateau, as if
for fear of their falling.70 And the result of this arrangement is a kind
of80 division of the whole of Switzerland into an upper and90 lower
mountain world; the lower mountain consisting of rich valleys,100
bordered by steep but easily accessible wooded banks of mountain,110
more or less divided by ravines, through which glimpses are120 caught
of the higher Alps; the upper world, reached after130 the first steep
banks of 3,000 or 4,000 feet in140 height, have been surmounted,
consisting of comparatively level but most150 desolate traces of moor
and rock, half covered by glacier,160 and stretching to the feet of the
true pinnacles of170 the chain. It can hardly be necessary to point
out180 the perfect wisdom and kindness of this arrangement, as a190
provision for the safety of the inhabitants of the high200 mountain
regions. If the great peaks rose at once from210 the deepest valleys,
every stone which was struck from the220 pinnacles, and every snow-
wreath which slipped from their ledges,230 would descend at once upon
the inhabitable ground, over which240 no year would pass without
recording some calamity of earthslip250 or avalanche. Besides this,
the masses of snow, cast down260 at once into the warmer air, would
all melt rapidly270 in the spring, causing furious inundations of every
great river280 for a month or six weeks. All these calamities are290
prevented by the peculiar structure of the Alps which has300 been
described. The broken rocks and the sliding snow of310 the high
peaks, instead of being dashed at once to320 the vales, are caught upon
the desolate shelves or shoulders330 which everywhere surround the
20 PITMAN'S ADVANCED SPEED PRACTICE
central crests. The soft banks340 which terminate these shelves,
traversed by no falling fragments, clothe380 themselves with richest
wood; while the masses of snow heaped360 upon the ledge above them,
in a climate neither so370 warm as to thaw them quickly in the spring,
nor380 so cold as to protect them from all the power390 of the summer
sun, either form themselves into glaciers or400 remain in slowly-wast-
ing fields even to the close of410 the year — in either case supplying
constant, abundant and regular streams420 to the villages and pas-
tures beneath, and to the rest430 of Europe noble and navigable rivers.
[436.
THE INITIATIVE AND REFERENDUM
BY THEODORE ROOSEVELT
I believe in the initiative and referendum, which should10 be used
not to destroy representative government, but to correct20 it when-
ever it becomes misrepresentative. The power to invoke such30 direct
action, both by initiative and by referendum, should be40 provided in
such fashion as to prevent its being wantonly60 or too frequently used.
I do not believe that it60 should be the easy or ordinary way of taking
action.70 In the great majority of cases it is far better80 that action on
legislative matters should be taken by those90 specially delegated to
perform the task; in other words, that100 the work should be done by
the experts chosen to110 perform it. But where the men thus delegated
fail to120 perform their duty, then it should be in the power130 of the
people themselves to perform the duty. In a140 recent speech Gov.
McGovern of Wisconsin has described the plan150 which has been
adopted. Under this plan the effort to160 obtain the law is first to be
made through the170 legislature, the bill being pushed as far as it will180
go; so that the details of the proposed measure may190 be thrashed
over in actual legislative debate. This gives opportunity200 to perfect
it in form and invites public scrutiny. Then,210 if the legislature fails
to enact it, it can be220 enacted by the people on their own initiative,
taken at230 least four months before election.
Moreover, where possible, the question240 actually to be voted on
by the people should be250 made as simple as possible. In short, I
believe that260 the initiative and referendum should be used, not as
substitutes270 for representative government but as methods of mak-
PITMAN'S ADVANCED SPEED PRACTICE 21
ing such government280 really representative. Action by the initia-
tive or referendum ought not290 to be the normal way of legislation;
but the300 power to take it should be provided in the Constitution,310
so that if the representatives fail truly to represent the320 people then
the people shall have in their hands the330 facilities to make good the
failure. And I urge you340 not to try to put constitutional fetters on
the legislature,350 as so many constitution makers have recently done.
Such action360 on your part would invite the courts to render nuga-
tory370 every legislative act to better social conditions. Give the
legislature380 an entirely free hand; and then provide by the initia-
tive390 and referendum that the people shall have power to reverse400
or supplement the work of the legislature should it ever410 become
necessary. [412.
INVENTION
From a want of knowledge of the state of10 science, and a due con-
sideration of the proper time and20 place, many ingenious minds have
wasted their energies in fruitless30 labor, waged with fortune an
unequal war, and sunk into40 the grave the victims of disappointed
hopes. Such men are50 frequently said to "Live before their time";
but it remains60 to be proved whether, in the aggregate of cases,
they70 have done more good or evil, and whether they most80 deserve
our admiration or our pity. A premature, and consequently90 an
unsuccessful attempt, often so prejudices the public mind against100
an invention, that, when the proper time actually arrives for110 its
introduction, public sentiment is found arrayed against it, and120
difficulties have to be overcome which would not have existed130 had
the first essay never been made.
The man of140 true genius never lives before his time; he never un-
dertakes150 impossibilities, and always embarks in his enterprise at
the suitable160 place and period. Though he may catch a glimpse
of170 the coming light as it gilds the mountain top, long180 before it
has reached the eyes of his contemporaries, and190 though he may
hazard a prediction as to the future,200 he acts with the present.
There are some partial exceptions to210 this rule, and among them I
would mention, with high220 respect, that of Oliver Evans, than whom
no man in230 this country has ever done more to improve the art240 of
locomotion. He indeed predicted that steam wagons would be250 used
22 PITMAN'S ADVANCED SPEED PRACTICE
on common roads, and made attempts to reduce his260 idea to practice.
The time, however, for the introduction of270 this invention had not
yet arrived. But he was more280 successful in the invention of the
American high-pressure engine,290 which was so essential to the
development of the vast300 resources of the interior regions of our
continent. This engine310 was, at the time of its introduction, admir-
ably adapted, in320 its cheapness, simplicity of arrangement, small-
ness of dimensions, and great330 power, to the abundance of fuel, the
extent of transportation,340 and the primitive state of the arts in our
country.350 The low-pressure engine used by Fulton was procured
from360 England; and had steam navigation been confined to the
employment370 of this complex and ponderous machine, the Missis-
sippi and its380 tributaries would have remained for years unnavi-
gated, except by the390 canoe of the native or the flat-boat of the400
pioneer.
The invention and introduction of this engine required the410
application of genius, energy, and courage. The use of high420 steam
had been proposed in England, but had been discarded430 on account
of the supposed danger attending on its use,440 and it was reserved
for this country to demonstrate its450 practical importance. Without
precursory labors equivalent to those of Evans,460 the present railway
locomotive would not have been in existence. [470.
SOCIALISM: PROMISE OR MENACE?
BY MORRIS HILLQUIT
If there be any intelligent student of Socialism who honestly10
thinks that it is merely an economic theory, or who20 hopes that the
Socialist State is likely to be instituted30 and maintained in conform-
ity with the traditional principles of religion40 and morals, he will be
constrained to accept the following50 suggestions as entirely reason-
able from the viewpoint of the Christian60 and the Theist :
Let Socialists eliminate from their postulates, principles,70 and
propaganda every element which is contrary to the traditional80
teachings on morals and religion. This will mean repudiation of90 the
theory of economic determinism in so far as the100 theory implies
materialism in philosophy, relativity in ethics, and in110 religion,
agnosticism.
PITMAN'S ADVANCED SPEED PRACTICE 23
It will mean that they will no longer120 defend confiscation and
"love-unions," nor make the working class130 and the Socialist State
the supreme standard of morality, nor140 teach that the principles of
morality are essentially variable.
It150 will mean the rejection of their antagonism toward religion,
and160 of their attempts to explain the origin and development of170
religion on social and economic grounds.
It will mean that180 capitalists whose property is to be taken by
the Socialist190 State are to receive full compensation, and that no
industry200 which is not a natural monopoly is to be operated210 by
the State until experience has proved that the latter220 is more
efficient than private enterprise.
How can Socialists accomplish230 this task of elimination, expurga-
tion, and purification? By a method240 that is elementary in its sim-
plicity. Let the Socialist party250 in national convention formally
repudiate all the printed works which260 contain teaching advocated
in the last paragraph; or let it270 appoint a committee charged with
the duty of relentlessly expurgating280 from the approved books and
pamphlets everything but the economic290 arguments and proposals;
condemn beforehand all periodicals, writers, and speakers300 who
refuse to conform to the new policy; and let310 it commit the party to a
program of "socialization" by320 a gradual process through the
method of competition in all330 competitive industries, and with full
compensation to all capitalists whose340 property is taken over by the
Socialist State.
Only through350 formal action of this kind can the Socialist move-
ment purge itself360 of responsibility for anti-religious and immoral
teaching, or become370 a purely economic organization and agency.
When this has been380 done, and the new policy in good faith enforced,
religious390 opposition to Socialism will probably cease. Until it has
been400 done, no such result can be expected by any intelligent410 man
who is honest in his thinking. [417.
A PUBLIC DEFENDER
To guard the rights of those accused of crime the10 coming con-
stitutional convention will be asked to provide for the20 appointment
of a public defender for New York City, if30 the movement now being
agitated among the lawyers of Manhattan40 shows sufficient strength.
24 PITMAN'S ADVANCED SPEED PRACTICE
The idea was broached at a recent50 meeting of the Bar and has found
so much favor60 that a committee will probably be asked to act upon70
the suggestion.
The proposal is for the State to provide80 a person who shall
defend persons accused in the same90 manner that the District Attor-
ney prosecutes those who have committed100 offences against the
Commonwealth. It is based on the theory110 that it is better for a
thousand guilty men to120 escape than one innocent man should suffer.
The idea has130 been tried with success in Los Angeles, Cal., and in
Oklahoma.140
Where the system is in vogue a high class lawyer150 is elected, with
power to employ detectives and investigators to160 aid in getting at
the truth of all cases and170 see that the accused has an equal chance
with the180 prosecution.
While courts now appoint lawyers to defend persons accused190 of
crime, such assignments, it is contended, go often to200 young and
inexperienced lawyers or to the criminal practitioner who210 happens
to be in the court room at the time,220 and who, as a rule, is not keen
about accepting230 such assignments.
"I believe that the passage of any law,"240 said one attorney yes-
terday, "which would have a tendency to250 place all of our citizens
on equal footing and tend260 to strengthen and preserve their rights
and liberties must necessarily270 appeal to the intelligence and reason
of the people of280 the State. I sincerely trust that from among the
delegates290 which New York City will send to the constitutional
convention,300 there will be found several who will advocate an
amendment310 creating the office of public defender."
The members of the320 Bar before whom this suggestion was laid
were much impressed.330 There are many lawyers who believe that
under the present340 system those accused of crime are already too
carefully protected by350 various legal presumptions and technicali-
ties, and they believe that the360 administration of criminal law in the
courts is highly unsatisfactory,370 unnecessarily expensive and unduly
protracted.
Despite this condition, it was380 explained that if by the creation
of the office of390 public defender greater power could be placed at the
disposal400 of a person accused of crime to establish his innocence,410
or to combat the testimony of the people's witnesses, without420
delaying, defeating or embarrassing true justice, the administration
of the430 criminal law would be facilitated and a much needed
reform440 accomplished.
PITMAN'S ADVANCED SPEED PRACTICB 25
By the time the delegates to the constitutional convention450 are
selected lawyers interested in the idea purpose to see460 that they
leave with instructions to do what they can470 toward the creation of
the office of public defender. [479.
CUTTING THE NON-PRODUCTIVE LABOR COST
BY J. W. STANNARD
Non-productive labor is one of the most fruitful sources of10 leakage
in factory work. It is so variable in quantity20 and so difficult to
control through the ordinary methods of30 job records, that it is gen-
erally not easy to keep it40 at a minimum. Yet how dangerous a
leakage can develop50 through inefficient control of this class of labor
is well60 illustrated by the following examples:
While a London manufacturer employing70 about 2,000 hands, was
going back through his financial records80 one day in an endeavor to
trace differences in working90 expenses, he noticed the comparatively
non-fluctuating character of the figures100 for non-productive labor.
The absence of variation was most noticeable,110 for the firm had just
passed through a very bad120 year, during which their production had
been fully 40 per130 cent, below normal. A closer investigation re-
vealed the fact that140 for years there had been little variation in the
number150 of non-productive employees. Additional men taken on
during a busy160 season had been retained, and owing to the inefficient
labor170 control they had been able to adjust their work in180 such a
manner that they always had something to do190 when the officials
were in sight. Careful analysis proved that200 the non-productive
labor employed was more than double the amount210 necessary for
the purposes of the business, and the reduction220 which subsequently
took place resulted in a saving of nearly230 $3,500 a year on that item
alone.
The manager of240 a printing works stopped two men who were
pushing a250 heavy truck of paper, to inquire why the two men260 were
necessary. A trial of the work conclusively proved to270 him that the
two were necessary and he set to280 work to discover the reason.
Improved trucks were tried, but290 without much success. Finally
the rough, uneven concrete floor was300 taken up, and a new floor
26 PITMAN'S ADVANCED SPEED PRACTICE
faced with hard wood310 blocks was laid. Coupled with easier trucks
this wrought an320 immediate improvement, and the heavy loads can
now easily be330 pushed along by a boy.
A considerable amount of useless340 non-productive labor was
eliminated in a French motor factory by350 a simple change in the
internal arrangements. The departments were360 arranged in con-
secutive order, with the stores at the side,370 so that very little hand-
ling of parts was required. Nevertheless,380 the little that was re-
quired was expensive, and methods of390 reducing it were investi-
gated. Eventually, the stores room was extended,400 the projecting
sections were used exclusively for the transfer of410 parts in produc-
tion, from the department on one side to420 the department on the
other, and to each was attached430 an inspection. By this means not
only was a certain440 amount of actual factory handling cost elim-
inated, but the heavy450 internal handling cost between the inspection
departments and the sections460 of the stores reserved for parts in
course of production470 was also considerably reduced. In eliminating
the former, the latter480 had been unconsciously increased in conse-
quence; but under the new490 arrangements both were kept down
to a minimum.
The last500 two instances prove that the non-productive labor cost
is not610 always maintained at a high point because of inefficient
control520 over the work done and that it is often proportionately530
heavy because of internal weaknesses in the factory organization
or540 in the equipment. [643.
"THE LAST SHOT"
(A book review by the author.)
BY FREDERICK PALMER
"The Last Shot" grew out of my experience in many10 wars. I
have been under fire without fighting; known the20 comradeship of
arms without bearing arms, and the hardships and30 the humors of the
march with only an observer's incentive.40 A singular career, begun
by chance, was pursued to the50 ends of the earth in the study of the
greatest60 drama which the earth stages. Whether watching a small
force70 of white regulars disciplining a primitive people, or the
complex80 tactics of huge army against huge army; whether watching
PITMAN'S ADVANCED SPEED PRACTICE 27
war90 in the large or in the small, I have found100 the same basic
human qualities in the white heat of110 conflict, working out the same
illusions, heroisms, tragedies, and comedies.120
Methods of light and of motive power have not changed130 more
rapidly in the forty-odd years since the last140 great European war
than the soldier's weapons and his work.150 With all the symbols of
economic improvement the public is160 familiar, while usually it
thinks of the war in the170 old symbols for want of familiarity with
the new. My180 aim is to express not only war fought to-day, sol-
diers190 of to-day under the fire of arms of to-day, but200 also the
effects of war in the nth degree of210 modern organization and methods
on a group of men and220 women, free in its realism from the wild
improbabilities of230 some latter day novelists who have given us
wars in240 the air or regaled us with the decimation of armies250 by
explosives dropped from dirigibles or their asphyxiation by noxious260
gases compounded by the hero of the tale.
The Russo-270Japanese and the Balkan campaigns, particular in
their nature, gave280 me useful impressions, but not the scene for my
purpose.290 The world must think of those wars comparatively as
second-3 °°rate and only partially illustrative, when its fearful curios-
ity and310 more fearful apprehension centre on the possibility of the
clash320 of arms between the enormous forces of two first-class330
European land-powers, with their supreme training and precision
in340 arms. What would such a war mean in reality to350 the soldiers
engaged? What the play of human elements? What360 form the new
symbols? Therefore have I laid my scene370 in a small section of a
European frontier, and the380 time the present.
Identify your combatants, some friends insist. Make390 the
Italians fight the Austrians, or the French fight the400 Germans. As a
spectator of wars, under the spell of410 the growing cosmopolitanism
that makes mankind more and more akin,420 I could not see it in that
way and be430 true to my experience. My soldiers exist for my pur-
pose440 only as human beings. Race prejudices they have. Race
prejudice450 is one of the factors of war. But make the460 prejudice
English, Italian, German, Russian or French and there is470 the
temptation for reader or author to forget the story of480 men as men
and war as war. Even as490 in the long campaign in Manchuria I
would see a500 battle simply as an argument to the death between
little510 fellows in short khaki blouses and big fellows in long520 gray
coats, so I see the Browns and the Grays530 in "The Last Shot" take
the field. [537.
28 PITMAN'S ADVANCED SPEED PRACTICE
MORAL TRAINING IN OUR PUBLIC SCHOOLS
BY CHARLES A. McMtTRRY
Is it reasonable to suppose that the rank and file10 of our teachers
will realize the importance of this aim20 in teaching, so long as it has
no recognition in30 our public system of instruction? The moral
element is largely40 present among educators as an instinct, but it
ought to50 be evolved into a clear purpose with definite means of60
accomplishment. It is an open secret, in fact, that while70 our public
instruction is ostensibly secular, having nothing to do80 directly with
morals or religion, there is nothing about which90 good teachers are
more thoughtful and anxious than about the100 means of moral
influence. Occasionally some one from the outside110 attacks our
public schools as without morals and godless, but120 there is no lack of
stanch defenders on moral grounds.130 Theoretically and even prac-
tically, to a considerable extent, we are140 all agreed upon the supreme
value of moral education. But150 there is striking inconsistency in
our whole position on the160 school problem. While the supreme
value of the moral aim170 will be generally admitted, it has no open
recognition in180 our school course, either as a principal or as a190
subordinate aim of instruction. Moral education is not germane to200
the avowed purposes of the public school. If it gets210 in at all, it is
by the back door. It220 is incidental, not primary. The importance
of making the leading230 aim of education clear and conscious to
teachers, is great.240 If their conviction on this point is not clear,
they250 will certainly not concentrate their attention and efforts
upon260 its realization. Again, in a businesslike education, where
there270 are so many important and necessary results to be reached,280
it is very easy and common to put forward290 a subordinate aim, and
to lift it into undue prominence, even300 allowing it to swallow up all
the energies of teacher310 and pupils. Owing to this diversity of opinion
among teachers320 as to the results to be reached, our public schools330
exhibit a chaos of conflicting theory and practice, and a340 numberless
brood of hobby-riders.
School instruction can be brought350 into the direct service of char-
acter-building. This is the360 point upon which most teachers are
sceptical. Not much effort370 has been made until recently to put the
best moral380 materials into the school studies, and that the most
important390 (reading, literature, and history), the chapter on relative
PITMAN'S! ADVANCED SPEED PRACTICE 29
values will show400 that there is opportunity through all the grades
for a410 vivid and direct cultivation of moral ideas and convictions.
The420 second great series of studies, the natural sciences, comes in430
to support the moral aims, while the personal example and440 influence
of the teacher, and the common experiences and incidents450 of school
life and conduct, give abundant occasions to apply460 and enforce
moral ideas. [464.
Extract from the chapter on "The Chief Aim of Education," in
the book entitled, "Elements of General Method."
LINCOLN DEAD AND A NATION IN GRIEF
In one hour joy lay without a pulse, without a10 gleam or breath.
A sorrow came that swept through the20 land as huge storms sweep
through the forest and field,30 rolling thunder along the sky, dishevel-
ing the flowers, daunting every40 singer in thicket and forest, and
pouring blackness and darkness50 across the land and up the moun-
tains. Did ever so60 many hearts, in so brief a time, touch two such70
boundless feelings? It was the uttermost of joy; it was80 the utter-
most of sorrow — noon and midnight, without a space90 between.
The blow brought not a sharp pang. It was100 so terrible that at
first it stunned sensibility. Citizens were110 like men awakened at
midnight by an earthquake and120 bewildered to find everything that
they were accustomed to trust130 wavering and falling. The very
earth was no longer solid.140 The first feeling was the least. Men
waited to get150 straight to feel. They wandered in the streets as
if160 groping after some impending dread, or undeveloped sorrow, or
someone170 to tell them what ailed them. They met each other180 as
if each would ask the other "Am I awake,190 or do I dream?" There
was a piteous helplessness. Strong200 men bowed down and wept.
Other and common griefs belonged210 to someone in chief; this
belonged to all. It220 was each and every man's. Every virtuous
household in the230 land felt as if its first-born were gone. Men240 were
bereaved and walked for days as if a corpse250 lay unburied in their
dwellings. There was nothing else to260 think of. They could speak
of nothing but that ; and270 yet of that they could speak only falter-
ingly. All business280 was laid aside. Pleasure forgot to smile. The
city for290 nearly a week ceased to roar. The great Leviathan lay300
down and was still. Even avarice stood still, and greed310 was
30 PITMAN'S ADVANCED SPEED PRACTICE
strangely moved to generous sympathy and universal sorrow.
Rear320 to his name monuments, found charitable institutions, and
write his330 name above their lintels; but no monument will ever
equal340 the universal, spontaneous, and sublime sorrow that in a
moment350 swept down lines and parties, and covered up animosities,
and360 in an hour brought a divided people into unity of370 grief and
indivisible fellowship of anguish.
Even he who now380 sleeps has, by this event, been clothed with
new influence.390 Dead, he speaks to men who now willingly hear,
what400 before they refused to listen to. Now his simple and410
weighty words will he-gathered like those of Washington, and420 your
children and your children's children shall be taught to430 ponder the
simplicity and deep wisdom of utterances which in440 their time
passed, in party heat, as idle words. Men450 will receive a new
impulse of patriotism for his sake460 and will guard with zeal the whole
country which he470 loved so well. I swear you, on the memory of480
this martyr, to hate slavery with an unappeasable hatred.490 They
will admire and imitate the firmness of this man,500 his inflexible con-
science for the right, and yet his gentleness,510 as tender as a woman's,
his moderation of spirit, which520 not all the heat of party could
inflame, nor all530 the jars and disturbances of his country shake out
of540 place. I swear you to an emulation of his justice,550 his modera-
tion and his mercy. 1555.
NEW RELICS OF ANCIENT INDIANS
In a report on the Museum-Gates expedition, which investigated
the10 culture of the ancient Pueblos of the upper Gila River20 region
of New Mexico and Arizona, Dr. Walter Hough of30 the United States
National Museum states that among thousands of40 interesting and
valuable objects pertaining to the lives of the50 early inhabitants,
many dried vegetables, fruits, and other perishable articles60 were
found, as well as a desiccated turkey.
In a70 cave which formed the rear chamber of a row of80 ruined
stone abodes, on the banks of the Tularosa River90 — a tributary of the
San Francisco River — the explorers found much100 material repre-
sentative of the domestic life of the ancient dwellers.110 Upon exca-
vation this cave room yielded its treasures in sections,120 as it were,
different depths offering distinctly marked periods of occupation.130
PITMAN'S ADVANCED SPEED PRACTICE 31
Among the objects of importance was a brush made of140 grass
stems bound in a round bundle, similar to those150 in use by the
Pueblo Indians of today. In one160 corner, near a rock mass, some
small bows and arrows170 and other offerings were unearthed, indi-
cating the location of an180 ancient shrine.
From the rubbish and debris the remains of190 several mammals
and birds were identified; among them, deer, pronghorn,200 bison,
woodchuck, mice, rats, muskrats, rabbits, lynx, fox, skunk, bear,210 a
hawk, and adult turkey, chicks and eggs, and many220 feathers of
other birds, all of which occupied the cave230 at one time or another,
or were killed and stored240 there by the early Indians. From early
historical reports it250 has been understood that the Pueblos raised
turkeys, but the260 discovery of this desiccated adult and chicks
proves conclusively that270 turkeys were kept in captivity probably
for their feathers, which280 were used in the manufacture of native
garments.
Ears and290 scattered grains of corn were found, as well as the300
remains and seeds of gourds, squashes, beans, other vegetables, and310
fruits and nuts.
In the Tularosa cave there was pottery320 of a rude form, while
from several large open-air pueblos330 examples of a very fine finish
and ornamentation were collected.340 The designs on the bowls
commonly consist of four elements350 based on the world quarters,
the bottom usually being circular360 and blank. Other designs are of
combined hatched and solid370 color, or of a checkered variety. Many
small collections of380 pottery were found in caves and springs where
they had390 been deposited as offerings.
In the religion of these early400 inhabitants the bird had an especial
significance and is found410 in nearly all their ceremonies, appearing
as a solid image420 in pottery and carving, depicted on surfaces as a
fetish;430 but more frequently its plumage is used in one way440 or
another.
Interesting finds at Bear Creek Cave were a450 number of ceremon-
ial cigarettes, a symbolic form of incense offering460 made of hollow
reeds stuffed with aromatic herbs which burned470 with a pleasing
odor.
In the great sacred cave on480 Blue River were found bows, arrows,
painted rods, baskets, miniature490 pottery, cigarettes, cotton cloth,
beads, shrines on the floor500 of the cavern. These were objects
offered to the supernatural beings510 and show the extremely compli-
cated character of the ancient native520 worship.
32 PITMAN'S ADVANCED SPEED PRACTICE
Much of the territory covered by the report has530 never been
scientifically explored before, and the maps, field notes,540 and natural
history collections will throw much light on the550 life of the ancient
peoples of this region. [658.
JURY TRIALS IN THE SURROGATE'S COURT
The most radical change is the introduction of jury trials10 in
the Surrogates' courts. At present the Surrogates' courts have20 no
power to dispose of claims against estates where the30 validity of
those claims is questioned, unless the persons interested40 consent
that the Surrogate may determine them. Under the present60 law
the Surrogate has absolutely no power to try such60 claims.
In most cases claimants to estates have a constitutional70 right
to a trial by jury. Such trials now go80 to the Supreme Court and
create further tedious litigation. Under90 the new law the Surrogate
is empowered to try those100 actions himself before a jury in his own
court.
This110 means a great saving of time, trouble and expense in120 a
great variety of actions. Of course, litigants will still130 have the
right to sue executors and administrators and representatives140 of
estates in the other courts, but under the new150 law they will have
to do so within three months160 from the time of the rejection of the
claim by170 the executor or administrator. In case no such action is180
begun, the Surrogate will have complete power to determine the190
validity of such claims, with or without a jury, upon200 the accounting
of the executor or administrator.
Another radical change210 will be the trial of contested wills with
a jury220 in the Surrogate's court in cases where a trial by230 jury is
reasonably demanded. This will be of great assistance240 in prevent-
ing the law's delays. Under the present law a250 will contest always is
held before the Surrogate. Where the260 Surrogate admits the will to
probate there is, of course,270 the right to appeal to the Appellate Di-
vision of the280 Supreme Court, as in every other case.
But the old290 law provides that after a will has been admitted to300
probate any heir-at-law or next of kin may310 begin within two years
thereafter an entirely new action320 in the Supreme Court to deter-
mine before a jury the330 very issue that has been already decided by
PITMAN'S ADVANCED SPEED PRACTICE 33
the Surrogate.340 If a person under twenty-one years of age wishes350
to begin such an action he is allowed to do360 so at any time within
two years after attaining his370 majority. If a prospective contestant
is of unsound mind, is380 imprisoned or absent from the State, his
time to bring390 such an action is extended until two years after such400
disability has been removed.
In fact, after the decision of410 the Surrogate upon the probate of
a will it has420 been possible to tie up an estate for twenty-three years.
About430 seventy-five per cent of the will contests at present440 are
absolutely without merit and are brought to embarrass, delay450 and
hamper the settlement of estates, because of this second460 action,
which the present law allows. These unfounded will contests470 are
sometimes brought simply to compel a settlement of the480 contest.
The present law in this regard is ridiculous and490 absurd. It is with-
out any reason to support it. Under500 the new law to preserve the
right of trial by510 jury in a will contest the jury trial will be520 held
before the Surrogate. If the parties do not desire530 a jury trial the
Surrogate will try the case without540 a jury, but whichever way the
case is tried550 there will be only one trial.
It is remarkable that560 the old law was permitted to stand as long
as570 it did. [672.
COMMON-SENSE
It has been assumed by some people in their enthusiasm10 for new
ideas — to the detriment certainly of the spread20 of true knowledge —
that common-sense was somehow to be30 dispensed with. Now we
shall not find any system that40 will take the place of common-sense,
but never before50 has there been such good and sufficient ground for
revising60 our notion of what is common-sense. To conservative
and70 timid people, it means merely conformity to tradition. To do80
as our grandmothers did, they assume to be common-sense, whereas90
it may be only nonsense. There is no better plea100 for this revision
than our psychology itself, which puts our110 whole relation to life in
a new light. But it120 should lead us, not to ignore,. but rather to
substitute a130 true, for a spurious common-sense.
If the idealism of140 the present day has shown a tendency to
become extreme,150 it must not be overlooked that it is a reaction160
from the most pronounced materialism the world has ever known,170
34 PITMAN'S ADVANCED SPEED PRACTICE
and all reactions from extreme positions are liable themselves to180
be extreme. None the less, the present movement represents one190
of the most determined efforts in history to think clearly,200 and a
noteworthy attempt of a people to free themselves210 from the bond-
age of hopeless materialism to which both medicine220 and theology
were dooming the race. To realise the force230 of this movement,
we have only to consider that the240 tenets of a hidebound theology
and of equally hidebound250 schools of medicine have been modified,
if ever so260 slightly, throughout the whole country by its powerful
influence. While270 these institutions will themselves admit this,
no one who has280 closely observed the medical and theological
straws for the past290 twenty years can have any doubt as to which
way300 the wind is blowing. It is one of the great310 reactionary move-
ments of history and, whereas we of the present320 cannot estimate
its proportions for lack of perspective, future historians330 will so
regard it.
One evidence of common-sense, surely,340 is to keep abreast of the
times and to go350 with the current when, upon investigation, that
current is seen360 to flow in the direction of the true interests of man-
kind370 and to be incident to the spiritual evolution of the380 race.
It is another evidence of common-sense to move390 deliberately and,
on general philosophic grounds, to avoid extremes. Theory400 and
practice must go together in philosophy as elsewhere. We410 some-
times perceive the truth in sudden gleams and flashes, but420 by no
such sudden movement is it incorporated in our430 whole mental life,
but rather by a deliberate and evolutionary440 process. The propa-
gation of truth is always checked by those450 emotional enthusiasts
who, having become enamored of a new theory,460 hasten to announce
it before they are in the least470 able to put it into practice. Build
your foundation well480 and your superstructure will stand; other-
wise it will surely490 fall, to the derision of the scoffers. A tree shall
be500 judged by its fruits, not by what you have to510 say about it.
Therefore be moderate in theory and assiduous520 in practice. Take
the middle path. It is the best530 road for a long journey. We were
not destined here540 to live as though we had no bodies but rather,550
it may be, to announce in the flesh the triumph560 of the Spirit. [563.
— Extract from the "Philosophy of Self-Help."
PITMAN'S ADVANCED SPEED PRACTICE 35
THE COAL STRIKE IN COLORADO
The typical southern Colorado coal mine is remote from any10
town, and the company owns the houses in which the20 miners live
and all lands upon which houses might be30 conveniently built. The
company owns the store, the school house40 and the church if there is
one. It pays the50 school teacher, the physician and the minister.
It controls the60 sale of intoxicants, and regulates or prohibits the
social evil.70 It chooses and pays the marshal of the little settle-
ment,80 and singly or together the coal companies have controlled
the90 nomination and election of county officers, including those
of the100 county and district courts. These statements are not
made as110 an accusation against the companies, but as a record of120
undisputed facts, admitted by company officers and agents, and
defended130 by them upon the ground of practical necessity for the140
well-being of their employees and for the peaceful operation150 of
the industry.
The company officials always professed their willingness160 to treat
with any of their employees who were dissatisfied,170 but it was
always a part of their policy to180 retain no employee who was a
trouble maker. They profess190 the policy of the open shop, but
the man who200 began to talk unionism soon found himself out of
work.210 There being no other employment in the vicinity, discharge
by220 the company was equivalent to banishment. The company
controlled the230 government of the camp absolutely; in alliance with
other corporations240 and with the political machine it controlled the
government of250 the county; and for many years previous to 1913
the260 state government had been also under control of the corpora-
tion270 interests. The individual miner, or any group of miners, had280
no opportunity of redress.
Both sides in the strike controversy290 have admitted that their
sole point of irreconcilable difference is300 the recognition of the
union, a point which the miners310 have a lawful right to demand and
which the companies320 have a lawful right to refuse. So much has
been330 said of lawlessness on both sides that it is well340 to emphasize
the point that the unrestricted exercise of the350 full lawful rights
of either party would bring success to360 its cause. The lawful rights
are conflicting and irreconcilable. Peace370 now exists only because
lawful rights are suspended by military380 force.
The outbreak of violence that followed the withdrawal of390 the
36 PITMAN'S ADVANCED SPEED PKACTICE
state militia, like that which caused their entrance upon400 the field,
was inevitable under the circumstances. Its immediate occasion410
was the culmination of bitterness and hatred between the residents420
of the Ludlow tent colony of strikers and a small430 group of militia-
men who had become notorious for acts of440 violence, lawlessness
and injustice toward the unionists. The attack of450 unionists upon
the small force of militia remaining in the460 district was treason
and rebellion, but the basic cause of470 this attack was a collapse
of the state government for480 which the miners were in nowise
responsible, and it was490 provoked by misconduct on the part of a
few militiamen500 which is openly denounced by all rightminded
citizens, but for510 which no punishment has been inflicted by the
state.
Since520 that time the federal soldiers have enforced peace. The
inevitable530 result of their withdrawal would be riot, insurrection
and anarchy.540 An extraordinary session of the state legislature
has provided a550 war fund for the payment of past indebtedness
and for560 future contingencies, but it has made no settlement of
the570 controversy. [571.
ELECTRIC GENERATORS AND MOTORS
After any one of these machines has been properly started10 it
usually requires little attention while running; in fact, generators20 or
motors frequently operate all day without any care whatever.30
In the case of a machine that has not been40 run before or has
been changed in any way, it50 is wise to watch it closely at first. It
is60 also well to give the bearings of a new machine70 plenty of oil at
first, but not enough to run80 on the armature, commutator, or any
part that would be90 injured by it; and to run the belt rather slack100
until the bearings and belt are in easy working condition.110
If possible, a new machine should be run without load120 or with a
light one for an hour or two,130 or for several hours in case of a large
machine,140 and it is bad practice to start a new machine150 with its
full load or even a large fraction of160 it. This is true even if the
machine has been170 fully tested by its manufacturer and is in perfect
condition,180 because there may be some fault in setting it up190 or
some other circumstance that would cause trouble. All machinery200
PITMAN'S ADVANCED SPEED PRACTICE 37
requires some adjustment and care for a certain time to210 get into
smooth working order.
When this condition is reached220 the only attention required is to
supply oil when needed,230 keep the machine clean, and see that it is
not240 overloaded. A generator requires that its voltage or current
should250 be observed and regulated if it varies. The attendant
should260 always be ready and sure to detect the beginning of270 any
trouble, such as sparking, heating, noise, abnormally high or280 low
speed, etc., before any injury is caused, and to290 overcome it. Such
directions should be pretty thoroughly committed to300 memory in
order promptly to detect and remedy any trouble310 when it occurs
suddenly, as is usually the case. If320 possible, the machine should
be shut down instantly when any330 indication of trouble appears, in
order to avoid injury and340 give time for examination.
Keep all tools or pieces of350 iron or steel away from the machine
while running, as360 they might be drawn in by the magnetism, per-
haps getting370 between the armature and pole pieces and ruining
the machine.380 For this reason use a zinc, brass, or copper oil390 can
instead of one of iron or "tin."
Particular attention and400 care should be given to the commutator
and brushes, to410 see that the former keeps perfectly smooth and that
the420 latter are in proper adjustment.
Never lift a brush while430 the machine is delivering current unless
there are one or440 more other brushes on the same side to carry the450
current, as the spark might make a bad burnt spot460 on the commu-
tator, or might burn the hand.
Touch the470 bearings and field coils occasionally to see whether or
not they480 are hot. To determine whether the armature is running
hot,490 place the hand in the current of air thrown out500 from it by
centrifugal force.
Special care should be observed510 by anyone who runs a generator
or motor, to520 avoid overloading it, because this is the cause of
most530 of the troubles which occur. [536.
— Cyclopedia of Modern Electricity.
A CORRUPT PUBLIC SENTIMENT
A corrupt public sentiment produces dishonesty. A public senti-
ment in10 which dishonesty is not disgraceful; in which bad men are20
448326
38 PITMAN'S ADVANCED SPEED PRACTICE
respectable, are trusted, are honored, are exalted, is a curse30 to the
young. The fever of speculation, the universal derangement40 of
business, the growing laxness of morals are, to an50 alarming extent,
introducing such a state of things.
If the60 shocking stupidity of the public mind to atrocious dis-
honesties is70 not aroused; if good men do not bestir themselves to80
drag the young from this foul sorcery; if the00 relaxed bands of hon-
esty are not tightened, and conscience tutored100 to a severer moral-
ity, our night is at hand — our110 midnight not far off. Woe to that
guilty people who120 sit down upon broken laws, and wealth saved by
injustice!130 Woe to a generation fed by the bread of fraud,140 whose
children's inheritance shall be a perpetual memento of their150 fathers'
unrighteousness ; to whom dishonesty shall be made pleasant by asso-
ciation160 with the revered memories of father, brother and friend.
But170 when a whole people, united by a common disregard of180
justice, conspire to defraud public creditors, and States vie with190
States in an infamous repudiation of just debts, by open200 or sinister
methods; and nations exert their sovereignty to protect210 and dignify
the knavery of the commonwealth, then the confusion220 of domestic
affairs has bred a fiend before whose flight230 honor fades away, and
under whose feet the sanctity of240 truth and the religion of solemn
compacts are stamped down250 and ground into the dirt. Need we
ask the cause260 of growing dishonesty among the young, the increas-
ing untrustworthiness of270 all agents, when States are seen clothed
with the panoply280 of dishonesty, and nations put on fraud for their
garments?290
Absconding agents, swindling schemes, and defalcations, occurring
in such melancholy300 abundance, have at length ceased to be
wonders, and rank310 with the common accidents of fire and flood.
The budget320 of each week is incomplete without its mob and run-
away330 cashier — its duel and defaulter, and as waves which roll340 to
the shore are lost in those which follow on,350 so the villainies of each
week obliterate the record of360 the last.
Men of notorious immorality, whose dishonesty is flagrant,370
whose private habits would disgrace the ditch are powerful and380
popular. I have seen a man stained with every sin,390 except those
which required courage; into whose head I do400 not think a pure
thought has entered for fifty years;410 in whose heart an honorable
feeling would droop from very420 loneliness; in evil, he was ripe and
rotten; hoary and430 depraved in deed, in word, in his present life
and440 in all his past; evil when by himself, and viler450 among men;
PITMAN'S ADVANCED SPEED PRACTICE 39
corrupting to the young; to domestic fidelity, recreant;460 to common
honor, a traitor; to honesty, an outlaw; in470 religion, a hypocrite —
base in all that is worthy of480 man and accomplished in whatever is
disgraceful, and purloin ; yet400 this wretch could go where he would —
enter good men's500 dwellings and purloin their votes. Men would
curse him, yet510 obey him; hate him, and assist him; warn their sons520
against him, and lead them to the polls for him.530 A public senti-
ment which produces ignominious knaves cannot breed honest540 men.
[541.
PUBLIC EDUCATION
From an address delivered by ex-Gov. Glynn at the installation of
Dr. Finley as the State's Commissioner of Education
We honor a man and pay tribute to an idea.10 Our public schools
are the idea and Dr. Finley the20 man. The man illustrates the idea
and the idea typifies30 the man.
Upon that idea the thing we call civilization40 is based. Upon it
depend all enlightenment and all progress.50 Where that idea is
voiced the world goes forward, where60 it is obscured the world stands
still. Were it not70 for that idea the centuries would be but idle
moments80 moving in a little circle; because of it man is90 master of
time, climbing heavenward with the years. That idea,100 that con-
cept, is education.
Education is the link which binds110 the hope of one generation
to the achievement of the120 next. It gives to the eager youth of the
present130 the fruits of all that men and women have done140 since the
morning of the first day. It keeps imperishable150 the contributions
of every age to the pleasure and profit160 of the race. It makes the
revolutions of yesterday the170 conventions of to-day. It proclaims
consideration for humanity, but preaches180 love for man. It con-
quers force by persuasion and slays190 wrong by irony and wit. It
fetters prejudice with logic and200 liberates reason with rhetoric.
To educate — to draw forth210 all the splendid possibilities of a
human being — is the220 noblest task that any individual or any nation
can attempt.230 To educate — to place the hard- won truths of van-
ished240 years before the questioning and aspiring mind — is a respon-
sibility250 that rests upon every State and every nation. Barbarism
40 PITMAN'S ADVANCED SPEED PRACTICE
cannot260 compete with civilization, ignorance cannot match strength
with intelligence.270 The nations which have acted upon this fact
have flourished280 and gone forward; those which have neglected it
have been compelled290 to yield and to recede.
It is not enough that a300 select and distinguished few should be
admitted to the benefits310 of education. Just as no nation can be
contented where320 hundreds gorge while millions starve, so no nation
can be330 intelligent where the elect are educated and the multitude
ignorant.340 Education itself cries out against a monopoly of educa-
tion; the350 more we know the more we realize how necessary it is360
for others to know.
Education, which reaches from the370 highest in the State to the
lowest, which knows no380 distinctions of race or class, which is made
the rightful390 heritage of every child and becomes the reliance
of every400 citizen, is the greatest influence for good that any nation410
can possess. Where such education flourishes, there liberty breathes;
where420 it grows and spreads, there tolerance and humanity will be430
found. No man whose intelligence has been quickened into life is440
willingly a slave; no man who does not know the460 reasons for his
enfranchisement is really free. Ignorance and tyranny460 go hand in
hand; liberty and enlightenment are brothers.
We470 of the Republic have cause to congratulate ourselves on the480
wisdom and foresight of those who established our common schools.490
We have grown great and prosperous because, after this nation500 put
its hand to the proposition that all men are510 politically equal, it
made the proposition something more than an520 assertion by provid-
ing the surest means of preserving that equality.530 One of the most
significant facts in the history of our540 country is that the man
who wrote the Declaration of550 Independence was one of the men
who blazed the way860 for the country's system of common schools.
And when570 Thomas Jefferson proclaimed to the world that Amer-
ica's men demanded580 freedom of conscience and of action, he per-
formed no greater service590 than when he sought for America's chil-
dren that freedom of600 education without which all other freedom is
insecure. [6 8»
A PLEA FOR EQUAL RIGHTS
Our churches are multiplying on all sides; our missionary socie-
ties,10 Sunday-schools, and prayer meetings, and innumerable chari-
PITMAN'S ADVANCED SPEED PRACTICE 41
table and reform20 organizations are all in operation; but still the
tide of30 vice is swelling; and threatens the destruction of everything,
and40 the battlements of righteousness are weak against the raging
element50 of sin and death. Verily the world waits the coming60 of
some new element, some purifying power, some spirit of70 mercy and
love. The voice of woman has been silenced80 in the state, the church,
and the home, but man90 cannot fulfill his destiny alone, he cannot
redeem his race100 unaided. There are deep and tender cords of
sympathy and110 love in the hearts of the down-fallen and oppressed120
that woman can touch more skillfully than man. The world130 has
never yet seen a truly great and virtuous nation,140 because in the
degradation of woman the very fountains of150 life are poisoned at
their source. It is vain to160 look for silver and gold from the mines
of copper170 and lead. It is the wise mother that has the180 wise son.
So long as your women are slaves you190 may throw your colleges and
churches to the winds. You200 can't have scholars and saints so long
as your mothers210 are ground to powder between the upper and
nether millstones220 of tyranny and lust. How seldom, now, is a
father's230 pride gratified, his fond hopes realized, in the budding
genius240 of his son. The wife is degraded, made the mere250 creature
of caprice, and the foolish son is heaviness to260 his heart. Truly are
the sins of the father visited270 upon the children to the third and
fourth generation. God280 in His wisdom, has so linked the human
family together,290 that any violence done at one end of the chain300 is
felt throughout its length; and here, too, is the310 law of restoration —
as in woman all have fallen, so320 in her elevation shall the race be
recreated. "Voices" were330 the visitors and advisers of Joan of Arc.
Do not340 "voices" come to us daily from the haunts of poverty,350
sorrow, degradation and despair, already too long unheeded?
Now is360 the time for the women of this country, if they370 would
save our free institutions, to defend the right, to380 buckle on the
armor that can best resist the keenest390 weapons of the enemy — con-
tempt and ridicule. The same religious400 enthusiasm that nerved
Joan of Arc to her work nerves410 us to ours. In every generation God
calls some men420 and women for the utterance of the truth, a heroic430
action, and our work to-day is the fulfilling of440 what has long since
been foretold by the prophet — "And450 it shall come to pass after-
ward, that I will pour460 out my spirit upon all flesh, and your sons
and470 daughters shall prophesy." We do not expect our path480 will
be strewn with the flowers of popular applause, but490 over the thorns
of bigotry and prejudice will be our500 way, and on our banners will
42 PITMAN'S ADVANCED SPEED PRACTICE
beat the dark storm61 °-clouds of opposition from those who have
entrenched themselves behind520 the stormy bulwarks of custom and
authority, and who have530 fortified their position by every means,
holy and unholy. But540 we still steadfastly abide the result. Un-
moved we will bear550 it aloft. Undauntedly we will unfurl it to the
gale,560 for we know that the storm cannot rend from it570 a shred,
that the electric flash will but more clearly580 show to us the glorious
words inscribed upon it, "Equality590 of Rights." [592.
MIDDLEMEN AND MENIALS
BY ELBERT HTJBBARD
Technically, a middleman is any one who stands between the10
producer and the consumer.
And most of the people20 who use the expression "middleman"
regard him as an animated30 example of lost motion, a specimen of
economic slack.
No40 doubt there are several professions and occupations that could
be50 abolished from civilized society with decided advantage.
Edward Bellamy declared60 advertising to be an economic waste;
and he explained that70 the cost of advertising was always counted
in and added80 to the value of the article, and was paid for90 by the
ultimate consumer.
He then made his calculation that100 by eliminating advertising the
cost of the article to the110 consumer would be much reduced.
To this argument we make120 no exception; but to the assumption
that all advertising is130 economic waste, a demurrer must here be
entered.
Advertising is140 telling who you are, where you are, and what
you150 have to offer the world in the way of service160 or commodity.
If nobody knows who you are, or what170 you have to offer, you do no
business, and the180 world is the loser through giving you absent
treatment.
Life190 is too short for the consumer to employ detectives to200
ferret out merchants who have the necessities of life to210 sell.
People who want to buy things do not catch220 the seller, chloroform
him and cram the orders into his230 pocket.
PITMAN'S ADVANCED SPEED PRACTICE 43
Parties who want milk should not seat themselves on240 a stool in
the middle of the field, in hope250 that the cow will back up to them.
This would260 be as vain as for a man to step out270 of his office on
Broadway and shoot into the air280 in the hope of firing into a flock
of ducks290 that might be flying over.
Advertising is the proper education300 of the public as to where the
thing can be310 found, and therefore it is a necessity. We are parts320
and particles of one another, but a little of the330 kindly glue of human
brotherhood is needed in order to340 fasten us together.
The policeman who keeps the crossing clear350 and at the same time
informs us as to the360 location of the post-office and the First
National Bank is,370 no doubt, in one sense, an economic waste. On
the380 other hand, he is an economic necessity. He is a390 necessary
middleman.
He relieves the congestion of traffic, and, granting400" the hypothesis
that he does not misdirect us as to410 the location of the post-office,
he speeds us on our420 way.
The musician who entertains us, the lecturer who informs430 us, and
the lawyer who shows us how to keep440 out of trouble — all are
middlemen.
We say that food450 is the primal need.
Next to this comes love. People460 who are not properly nourished
bicker without ceasing; so love470 flees and stands aloof, naked and
cold, with finger to480 his lips.
Granting that food is a primal need, food490 then must be cooked
and served. The very simple service800 of the cafeterie, where you
flunky for yourself, and pocket510 your own fee, is a necessity. Some-
body must cook and520 somebody must serve. Otherwise all of us
would have to530 do the thing for ourselves, and then all of our540
efforts would be taken up in the search for food,550 and we would be
reduced to the occupation of the560 caveman.
Civilization is a great system of transfers. Each one570 does the
thing he can do best and works for580 the good of all.
There is just one way for590 us to abolish the working class, and
that is to600 join it.
So any man who does a needed service610 for humanity should be
honored. There are no menial tasks.620 The necessary is the worthy,
and the useful is the630 sacred. [631.
44 PITMAN'S ADVANCED SPEED PRACTICE
CHINESE EXAMPLE IN REFORM
Dr. Horatio W. Dresser, of Harvard, in "Human Efficiency,"
a10 book recently published, draws some interesting conclusions :
"A few years ago20 word was sent from Pekin that it was the
intention30 of the Chinese Empire to stamp out opium, root and40
branch. This endeavor to prohibit the use of the drug50 in a land of
400,000,000 inhabitants is equivalent, as one60 writer remarked, to
the endeavor to stop the use of70 alcohol in five countries, each with
a population nearly equal80 to that of the United States.
"The significant feature of90 the plan as thus announced is its
thoroughness. Without sentimentality,100 and without attempting
more at a time than human nature can110 accomplish, the authorities
decreed that ten years should be allowed120 for the change. Hence,
full allowances were made for the130 laws of habit and the weaknesses
of human nature; also140 for the vested interests and the economic
principle of supply150 and demand.
"The demand is attributed to the morbid craving160 of the smoker
for his drug. The supply comes from170 the cultivation of the poppy
from which the opium is180 extracted. Hence the first step is taken
with the decree that190 not an acre of new land in China shall be200
devoted to the cultivation of the poppy. All the soil210 under cultiva-
tion for this poppy crop must be reduced one-^tenth each year, under
penalty of confiscation. That is to230 say, at the ten-year limit not
an acre of240 poppy-growing soil will be left in China.
"Meanwhile, through250 treaties and by other means, the nations
that deal in260 opium will be besought to stop the export of opium270
altogether within the ten years. The edict also forbids anyone280
to begin the use of opium, and all who are290 addicted to the habit
must be registered, only those registered300 being permitted to buy
the drug. Persons over sixty years310 of age are not dealt with so
severely, but all320 others must decrease the amount twenty per cent
annually. Teachers,330 scholars, soldiers and sailors are required to
abandon the habit340 in three months.
"Consider what reforms could be accomplished in350 the world if all
people should begin by giving such360 thorough recognition to the
enemy to be conquered, to the370 conditions involved, and the habits
implied. If in China, with380 its reverence for authority and custom,
such changes can be390 brought about to be followed by other reforms
no less radical400 as the newspapers from time to time inform us,
PITMAN'S ADVANCED SPEED PRACTICE 45
why410 could we not expect any sort of reconstruction from the420 pro-
gressive peoples of the globe? It is this kind of430 preparation for
success that the modern movement in behalf of440 efficiency calls for.
"It is now time to dwell on450 the conditions that make for success
as the fruition of460 the whole of life. The luxuriously wealthy may
still cherish470 the notion that money can purchase whatever life
holds of480 value. Meanwhile it is plain to any number of others490
that success is purchasable only in terms of wisdom, conduct,500
character. This implies the conviction that life exists for a510 certain
purpose, that there are laws which secure success even520 though exter-
nal and financial conditions be adverse." [527.
COST OF LIVING
BY SIR GEORGE PAISH
The people of the east and west have not had10 the same degree of
good fortune. The big rise in20 prices a few years ago was a cause of
great30 good fortune to the farmers, but was not equally beneficial40
on the whole to other classes of wage earners. The60 great increase in
the cost of living was due to60 the great rise in the cost of foodstuffs,
raw textiles,70 and other natural products: so that the prosperity of
the80 farmer meant the detriment of wage earners in industrial lines.90
These classes of wage earners are now due for a share100 of good
fortune. A measurable reduction in the cost of110 living is due. The
rise in the cost of living120 came from the remarkably good credit
the world enjoyed in130 the past ten years and the greatly increased
consumption of140 nations that were able to borrow more than they
had150 ever been able to borrow before. In fact, the world's160 demand
got to a point where it greatly exceeded the170 supply. The situation
has now been modified.
Many countries are180 experiencing great difficulty in satisfying
their need for capital, and190 very little new work is being undertaken
anywhere in the200 world. This means that for a time, at any rate,210
the demand for goods and the consumption of many countries220
will be reduced, and there is a probability that the230 supply of goods
will be in excess of the demand.240 The price of commodities will fall
therefore.
46 PITMAN'S ADVANCED SPEED PRACTICE
"How soon this250 condition of things will become apparent cannot
be predicted with260 certainty, as new demands for capital which must
be satisfied270 may arise. For example, if the Mexican situation were
to280 develop and trouble were to arise between the United States290
and Mexico large orders would have to be placed for300 clothing, muni-
tions of war, and other things needed by a great310 army, and a fresh
stimulus would be given in this320 country to trade and consumption.
"But, failing such conditions,330 the restoration of peace in Europe
and the economies of340 young countries which have borrowed so
heavily in recent years350 cannot fail to bring reduced consumption.
And reduced consumption will bring in its360 train lower prices of
commodities and reduced cost of living.370
"As far as this country is concerned such conditions would380 not
be to the disadvantage of the east as much390 as to the west, as the
latter has derived greater400 benefit in proportion than the former
from the rise of410 prices in the last ten or fifteen years.
"Of course420 the east would in some degree suffer from a reduced430
demand for manufactured goods, but on the other hand the440
incomes from interest, services, and even from the manufacture of450
goods would give the east a greater relative consuming power.460
It is, however, highly improbable that prices will fall to470 anything
like the level they reached in the nineties.480
"As far as can be seen the reaction in the490 world's trade will be a
moderate one, and the great500 accumulation of gold which will prob-
ably result will soon tend510 to restore confidence and make for
expansion in trade and520 consumption after a relatively short period
of rest and recuperation.530 [530.
BUSINESS— ITS INTERESTS AND RELATIONS
BY IRVING T. BUSH (Bush Terminal Founder)
That business which is not based upon mutual service and10
advantage for the welfare of the people is not founded20 upon the
rock. I believe that factor to be the30 vital one of commercial
relationships. You may call it mutual40 advantage if you wish, but
an equal return is needful50 for the proper maintenance of business
relations. If the thing60 gets out of balance it gets out of right,
PITMAN'S ADVANCED SPEED PRACTICE 47
and70 when it gets out of right it is time for80 it to get out of busi-
ness altogether or change its90 methods. We have not seen the
economic value of that100 until recently, but we are waking up and
beginning to110 see things in their real light. Men have said that120
they could not stay in business and live up to130 a high ethical
standard, and I suppose they were right140 then, but things have
changed, and we are understanding that150 men cannot stay in busi-
ness and neglect the high standard.160 Great enterprises have been
distrusted by the public because of170 grave personal abuses on the
part of the men who180 ran them. Men have taken advantage of
conditions or personal190 aggrandizement, and as a result the com-
munities have changed the200 conditions. A corporation is more or
less a public servant.210 It is entitled to a just reward, but not to220
the proceeds of bribery, corruption, dishonesty and criminal pro-
cedure.230 The business that cannot operate on the basis of justice
has240 no right to existence; the enterprise that requires special privi-
lege250 to enable it to pay dividends had better liquidate itself260 with-
out delay before the will of the people pulls it270 down.
A commercial enterprise draws its nutriment from the com-
munity280 in which it exists. It exists upon the sufferance of290 the
community. The community is made up of individuals. Grind300
the majority of those individuals unjustly and you spell trouble.310
If the individual is in your employ, hurt him and320 you lose the big
personal factor of his relationship with330 you — his sympathy. You
cannot analyze that in cash. It340 is an invisible force, like gravita-
tion, but always at work.350 The second guarantee in our constitution
is equality, and so360 we must use each other justly. If I rob a370 man
of his just rights how can I tell when380 the pendulum will swing back
and he will rob me390 of mine — with a gun, maybe?
I believe in the400 ownership of public utilities by the State.
There are certain410 service functions that are natural monopolies,
and some day we420 will learn how to operate these as communal or
national430 enterprises with the maximum of efficiency. Perhaps there
are certain440 exemptions — this terminal is not necessarily one of
them — and450 these will ultimately be worked out on the basis of460
economic operation. After all, corporations are engaged in perform-
ing public470 duties, and this work has been done well or ill480 accord-
ing to the spineless mass that could be freely and490 whole-heartedly
damned without a comeback. Commercial tyranny was possible
because500 of the lack of communal vertebrae, but the situation has510
changed. Business methods have been faced about, and we are520
48 PITMAN'S ADVANCED SPEED PRACTICE
headed in the other direction. It is slowly being realized530 that
honesty is an asset. When you can show a540 man that he loses when
he grabs, it is a550 vital point.
I am for public regulation of business. If560 I, or any other man,
object to wise public regulation870 of our affairs we have something to
conceal, and, if680 we have, it is palpably a dishonest something. The
basis890 of opposition to public regulation is fear, and that brand600
of fear is only found behind dishonest doors. The old610 proverb-
maker hit a fundamental truth when he said that620 honesty is the
best policy, for it produces results. We630 need more of these results,
for they make for prosperity.640 [640.
WOMEN IN CONSTITUTIONAL CONVENTION
BY DR. FRANK CRANE
Under the constitution of the State of New York there10 will be
held, some time in 1915, a constitutional convention.20
Every twenty years the people have a chance to tinker30 with their
fundamental law. Three delegates from each senatorial district40 and
fifteen delegates at large will be chosen for this50 meeting. There is a
movement on foot, led by a60 group of public-minded women, to see
that some of70 these delegates be women. The best legal opinion is
that80 there is nothing in the constitution or the laws of90 the state
to debar women from being members of this100 convention. It is
sincerely to be desired that the women110 shall succeed in their
purpose.
In the first place a120 woman is a person and a citizen, and in an130
intelligent democracy ought to have the same rights and privileges140
as a man.
The only reason why she cannot vote180 and hold office now is that
the contrary has been160 the custom for generations; which would be a
good argument170 for bees and beavers, but not for brains. Full
citizenship180 is not the cry of the exceptional woman, the ambitious,190
mannish, professional or idle woman; it is the demand of200 the typical
and normal woman.
The typical woman is the210 wife, mother, homemaker. Time was
when she had little to220 do with public affairs, which consisted mostly
PITMAN'S ADVANCED SPEED PRACTICE 49
in fighting. But230 public life to-day is not fighting. It is house-
keeping240 (economics) on a large scale. And that is woman's prov-
ince.250
Her front yard is the state, the nation. Her back260 yard involves
the whole problem of city cleaning. Her table270 and kitchen mean
national food laws for the whole community.280 Gas, water, elec-
tricity, railways, the stock market, the public school,290 sanitary regu-
lations, all concern her and her household intimately. In300 fact, her
husband, in his office or workshop, is not310 so vitally affected by these
matters of communal housekeeping as320 she is, in whose hands is the
management of the330 affairs of daily life.
The woman is the natural, logical340 citizen. For this reason she
ought to sit in the350 coming constitutional convention. For she
stands for the human side360 of things. She is concerned for the
workers more than370 for the boss and his profits; for the little chil-
dren380 in fields and factories more than for them that gain390 by their
labor; for the well-being of the prisoner400 more than for the prison
system, its cost and maintenance;410 for the public health more than
for public office.
State420 paternalism is hardly to be desired. State maternalism is
needed.430 There is need of wise, patient, firm mothering for the440
city children who have no playgrounds; for the state children450 who
have insufficient schooling; for the immigrants pouring daily into460
our doors, preyed upon by every variety of vicious scamp.470
Why cannot New York, greatest of the states, step out480 of her
stupid partisan tangles, and take her place as490 the leader in the
national march toward a better order?500 And in what way could
she do this better than510 by placing foremost in her councils the
Mother?
The state520 exists not for business, for better prices, fat farms
and530 sky-high buildings; it exists for human beings; it exists540
primarily for the children, and it is time the mother550 of those chil-
dren be released of the last shackles of560 a class-cursed past, be set
free to enjoy the570 full rights and duties of citizenship, and be wel-
comed to580 a seat at the council table of the state. [689.
50 PITMAN'S ADVANCED SPEED PRACTICE
HOW NAVAL GUNS ARE AIMED
When powerful artillery has been installed on board a10 warship
it is of the utmost necessity to give to20 those who are to operate it
the means of doing30 so with the greatest efficiency. Among these
means, the education40 and training of those who are to serve the
guns60 stands in the first place, and immediately afterwards come
the60 instruments that make it possible to know the distance of70 the
object to be hit.
It is considered that the80 vessel or naval force that is the first to
get90 the range and the first to send a shell against100 the enemy will
have gained an incontestable advantage and will110 have, in a manner,
protected itself from attack.
The instrument120 now used on most vessels to obtain the distance
of130 a point is the telemeter of Barr and Stroud, of140 English origin.
This telemeter was invented in 1888.
Its length,150 which is precisely determined, serves as the base of a160
triangle, of which the point whose distance is to be170 measured is the
apex. An optical arrangement, to be described180 below, serves to
measure the angle at this apex. A190 very simple formula then gives
the distance sought.
The light-200 rays, reaching the two extremities of the base, strike
the reflecting210 surfaces of two mirrors, placed at the ends of the220
telemeter, and are reflected through the lenses to the center230 of the
instrument, where two other mirrors placed one above240 the other,
receive them and reflect them into the eyepiece.250
Each object-lens forms an image of the object seen,260 and the
observer sees in his field of vision two270 images that, according to the
type of instrument, may appear280 to touch each other or be slightly
separated. In the290 latest model, the two images appear one above
the other,300 separated by a fine line. The image seen in the310 upper
half of the field is formed, for example, by320 the telescopic element at
the left of the instrument, and330 the lower part of the field by the
right-hand element.340
Suppose that a distant object is seen along the rays360 indicated by
full lines on the first diagram and that360 the two partial images are
seen in perfect alignment.
If,370 now, the object seen approaches the left end of the380 tel-
emeter, the ray received by the reflector placed at the390 right end
will assume a new direction as represented by400 the dotted line, and
PITMAN'S ADVANCED SPEED PRACTICE 51
the partial images reflected by the410 two central mirrors will no
longer appear in exact420 coincidence, but rather in the relative posi-
tions represented by the430 figure at the right below.
The interval between the two440 partial images might thus serve
as the measure of the450 distance, since, as the object approaches,
the interval will become460 greater; but the measurement of this
interval would be very470 difficult to effect with sufficient precision,
and it would be480 impossible to obtain it even approximately if the
instrument or490 the object were in motion. That is why optical or500
mechanical devices have been adopted by means of which the510
trajectory of one or other light-ray, in the interior of520 the instru-
ment, is modified so as to bring the530 two partial images back into
coincidence. An ivory scale measures540 the amount of motion
necessary to do this, and thus550 gives the distance sought.
It is evident that the length560 of the base employed is an important
element, on which570 depends in great part the precision of the tel-
emeter. On580 the bridge of a ship the length of the instrument590 is
limited. The Navy now uses telemeters about six feet600 long.
To reduce the change of error to a minimum,610 the measurement
taken by a single telemeter is not accepted620 as correct. Several
instruments are used at once and the630 average is taken. [633.
ELECTRIC TAXICABS
After tests extending over four months, during which promising
results10 were obtained, a company in Detroit has undertaken to put20
out eleven electric taxicabs to replace twelve obsolete gasoline cabs.30
Eventually it intends to use electric cabs to replace its40 entire equip-
ment of 175 gasoline vehicles. Better and more regular50 service 'is
expected. Moreover, it has been shown that they60 can be operated
at a saving of about one-third.70 Following are other items from
"Automobile Topics" in regard to80 them:
"The experiment, which is attracting a deal of attention90 in elec-
trical circles, is unique in that it is, so100 far as is known, the first
instance in which an110 operating company has embarked on the con-
struction of electric vehicles120 after an extended experience with
gasoline machines. It was undertaken130 only after careful delibera-
52 PITMAN'S ADVANCED SPEED PRACTICE
tion, and following an investigation of what140 the regular producers
of electrics were prepared to do in150 the way of providing cab equip-
ment. Leading up to the160 determination to study the performance
of the electric car under170 routine conditions was a long period of
trials and growing180 discomfiture with the gasoline company.
"Among the several considerations arguing190 in favor of the elec-
tric were its simple construction, entailing200 easy replacement of
parts and therefore long-deferred obsolescence; its210 smoothness and
silence of operation; its cleanliness, both in service220 and in the ga-
rage; and finally, its probable economy. In230 one respect the taxicab
company failed to enlist the indorsement240 of the electric-vehicle
manufacturer. While several were ready to250 supply cabs, none was
prepared to offer a true taxicab.260 In every case the specifications
offered called for a modified270 pleasure car.
"In the conviction that a modified pleasure car280 would not serve
the purpose, therefore, the taxicab company hired290 an engineer and
proceeded to develop a machine of its300 own that should be a taxicab
from the ground up.310 The resulting vehicle is in a sense a gasoline-
car320 chassis with an electric-power plant, having flat, semielliptic
front330 springs, three-quarter elliptic pressed-steel housing.
"Considering that the340 design is the outcome of seven years'
experience in taxicab350 operation, it is perhaps significant that the
driver sits on360 the right. The steering is by a large wheel, and370
two control levers are mounted beneath it on the steering380 column;
that on the right for driving, while the other390 is merely a cut-out and
reverse switch. The steering is400 by a large wheel, and two control
levers are mounted410 beneath it on the steering column; that on the
right420 for driving, while the other is merely a cut-out430 and reverse
switch. The motor is mounted under the waist440 of the chassis and
drives through a long propeller-shaft450 equipped with universal
joints. The battery is divided, one section460 being under a wide and
low sloping bonnet in front470 and the other section under the driver's
seat.' The body480 is a roomy, low-hung limousine, with plenty of
glass,490 wide doors, and comfortable seats for two or four passen-
gers.500 The low, sloping over-hang of the roof in front510 is a charac-
teristic of the Detroit taxicab bodies and is620 designed to afford pro-
tection for the driver in all weathers.530
"The cost for charging current at the three-cent rate,540 which the
company is now paying, works out at something550 under one cent a
mile. When operating a larger equipment560 the expectation is that
current can be obtained at570 one cent a kilowatt-hour, thereby
PITMAN'S ADVANCED SPEED PRACTICE 53
reducing the energy cost proportionately.680 It is also the expecta-
tion that charging plugs can be590 installed at all regular stands, so
that whenever necessary the600 batteries can be boosted while the cabs
are idle and610 without returning to the garage. [615.
THE STRENUOUS LIFE
Gentlemen: In speaking to you, men of the greatest city10 of the
West, men of the State which gave to20 the country Lincoln and
Grant, men who pre-eminently and30 distinctly embody all that is
most American in the American40 character, I wish to preach not
the doctrine of ignoble50 ease but the doctrine of the strenuous life;
the life60 of toil and effort; of labor and strife; to preach70 that
highest form of success, which comes not to the80 man who desires
mere easy peace, but to the man90 who does not shrink from danger,
from hardship, or from100 bitter toil, and who out of these wins the
splendid110 ultimate triumph.
A life of ignoble ease, a life of120 that peace which springs merely
from lack either of desire130 or of power to strive after great things,
is as140 little worthy of a nation as of an individual. I ask150 only
that what every self-respecting American demands from himself,
and160 from his sons, shall be demanded of the American nation170
as a whole. You men of Chicago have made this180 city great; you
men of Illinois have done your share,190 and more than your share, in
making America great; because200 you neither preach nor practice
such a doctrine. You work210 yourselves, and you bring up your sons
to work. If220 you are rich, and are worth your salt, you will230 teach
your sons that, though they may have leisure, it240 is not to be spent
in idleness; for wisely used250 leisure merely means that those who
possess it, being free260 from the necessity of working for their liveli-
hood, are all270 the more bound to carry on some kind of non-280remu-
nerative work in science, in letters, in art, in exploration,290 in his-
torical research — work of the type we most need300 in this country,
the successful carrying out of which reflects310 most upon the nation.
We do not admire the man320 of timid peace. We admire the man
who embodies victorious330 effort; the man who never wrongs his
neighbor; who is340 prompt to help a friend, but who has those virile350
qualities necessary to win in the stern strife of actual360 life. It is
54 PITMAN'S ADVANCED SPEED PRACTICE
hard to fail; but it is370 worse never to have tried to succeed. In this
life380 we get nothing save by effort. Freedom from effort in390 the
present, merely means that there has been stored-up400 effort in the
past. A man can be freed from the410 necessity of work only by the
fact that he or420 his fathers before him have worked to good purpose.
If430 the freedom thus purchased is used aright, and the man440 still
does actual work, though of a different kind; whether460 as a writer
or a general; whether in the field460 of politics or in the field of explo-
ration and adventure;470 he shows that he deserves his good fortune.
But if480 he treats this period of freedom from the need of490 actual
labor as a period not of preparation but of500 mere enjoyment, he
shows that he is simply a cumberer of the earth's surface; and he
surely unfits himself to hold his510 own with his fellows if the need
to do so520 should again arise. A mere life of ease is not530 in the end
a satisfactory life, and above all it640 is a life which ultimately unfits
those who follow it550 for serious work in the world. [556.
The present season of the year sees an enormous amount10 of energy
expended on the football field for the development20 of a pitifully
small proportion of the student body of30 our great universities. In
this concentration of physical perfection upon40 a few to the neglect
of the many, "Puck" sees50 a great danger — a danger which has been
brought very60 close to us by the great conflict in Europe.
It70 is trite, but nevertheless true, that the United States is80
today numerically undermanned. Men, trained, disciplined men, the
force90 which must be brought into play by a nation in100 the conser-
vation of its resources, the maintenance of its peace,110 and the protec-
tion of its borders, are few and far120 between.
Were we suddenly called upon to face a crisis,130 such as Europe
was called upon to face with but140 very little warning, it would find
us woefully unprepared. In150 the security of pur peace we have
neglected to build160 up an organization capable of performing the
multitudinous services of170 war, or of any great disaster, either
political or physical,180 which may come into a nation's life. The
PITMAN'S ADVANCED SPEED PRACTICE 55
thousands of190 young men in colleges and universities offer a field
for200 the development of such a force of trained men in210 a way that
would entirely revolutionize our educational, as220 well as our
defensive system.
As our athletics are conducted230 today, a few picked men have
trainers, coaches, rubbers and240 waiters for the purpose of preparing
them for a conflict250 with a correspondingly small group of similarly
trained men from260 other institutions. The remainder of the student
body, which makes270 this training possible, is meanwhile physically
utterly neglected.
Yet the280 average young man entering college is quite as much
in290 need of physical development and training as of mental. The300
country, too, is in need of disciplined, trained men; and310 this double
need can be met for less money than320 is expended on a single season's
football team. A system330 of military drill, under the supervision of
experts in military340 discipline and hygiene, with the co-operation of
the athletic350 associations of the colleges, and under the auspices of
the360 United States government, would prove of estimable value to
every370 student in the college, and would furnish to the nation380 a
ground-work upon which a magnificent national service could390 be
established. A spirit of true patriotism and of400 unselfish public
service would be instilled in the students. The410 nucleus of a trained
military corps would be established from420 which officers and men
could be recruited, with but little430 additional training, in time of war.
"Puck" has preached unceasingly440 and consistently against the
spirit of militarism because it does450 not believe in one nation making
war upon another. But460 it would be fatuous to overlook the impor-
tance of470 having at our country's call a body of physically fit480 men
trained to think quickly, act concertedly, and be a490 military unit.
There is no more fertile field from which500 to recruit the kind of men
that our country needs510 than from our universities. "Puck" believes
that the same amount520 of energy that is now expended upon our
football teams530 would bring our university students to a degree of
military540 efficiency as a body unsurpassed by the perfect military
machines550 of the European nations, and to a degree of physical560
development as individuals that would be a model to the570 civilized
world. [672.
56 PITMAN'S ADVANCED SPEED PRACTICE
TOLERANCE IN RELIGION
Is it true that tolerance is a sign of decaying10 standards of belief
and thought? Assuming that tolerance grows out20 of a sense of
uncertainty regarding truth, intolerance comes in30 as the construc-
tive force. For example, decadent Roman civilization tolerated40
every sort of morals, philosophy, religion. The rise of that50 civiliza-
tion which succeeded it was heralded by the intolerant persecution60
of Christianity, itself an intolerant movement. Thus argues Mr.
Bell70 in pointing out the "Danger of Tolerance in Religion." Con-
structive80 thinking in regard to marriage and the problems of sex90
has become intolerant; in politics, education, literature, "we are
gradually100 and hopefully emerging from an age of good-natured
tolerance110 into one of contradictory and frankly clashing ideas and
ideals."120 But "the very same man who is a healthy bigot130 on sex-
relationship, politics, economics, and what not else, imagines140 that
in religion he is bound, if he would be150 in accord with the times, to
be tolerant of all160 kinds of religious belief or disbelief." Mr. Bell
proceeds :
"Of170 course, part of this attitude is due to the impression,180 not
now so prevalent as it once was, that190 truth is truth demonstrable
physically and that religion, which is200 incapable of such demonstra-
tion, is a thing in which uncertainty210 is inevitable. (Of course
such an assumption is quite unscientific.)220 The main reason for it,
however, is the unthinking or230 superficially thinking assumption that
mankind has developed religiously from intolerance240 into tolerance,
and that tolerance, complete, unquestioned, is the highest260 point yet
reached in the development of religion. Students of260 the history of
religion know that this is not so.270 They know that there have
always been successive waves of280 tolerance and intolerance in
religion, as in every other realm290 of human thought, and that reli-
gion has evolved out of300 tolerance into intolerance just as often, and
as rightly, as310 the other way about. Most of us, however, know
nothing320 of this. The result of this mistake of ours is330 that the
return or progression toward constructive intolerance manifested in340
every other line of thought to-day is almost entirely350 absent from
modern religious thinking."
Our present efforts to be360 tolerant are based upon the presupposi-
tion that there is no370 such thing as objective religious truth :
"This is to say380 that, in the thing which for a human being must390
PITMAN'S ADVANCED SPEED PRACTICE 57
correlate all his other thought and activity — namely his theory400 of
life, his religion — there is no objective reality at410 all, toward which
he may approximate. This is to deny420 that there is anything which
may rightly be called fundamental430 truth. It is to exalt peace at
any price into440 the throne of ultimate reality. It is to glorify intel-
lectual450 cowardice and inefficiency. It is not merely to destroy a460
rational basis for morals; it is, in the end, to470 destroy a rational
basis for thinking as a whole.
"To480 prohibit men from attempting to lift themselves up toward
the490 realities of eternity, to compel them to abandon the mighty600
gropings which have ever characterized the seers — intolerant because
they510 were seers and not politicians — and to substitute for these520
unified 'religion' consisting of platitudes about being good to530 one's
grandmother and similar banalities — to do this would be540 dire
calamity to the generation and to the race."
Better550 the bitter intolerance of those who believe too much
and560 too strongly than the easy complaisance of those who believe570
too little, concludes Mr. Bell. "Better the Inquisition and the580
rack than the drugging of those who else might seek590 for God. Better
that we live and die slaves to600 a half-truth or a millionth-truth, than
that we610 refuse to look for truth at all. Better even that620 in reli-
gion a man should live and die believing with630 all his soul in a lie,
than that he should640 merely exist, believing in nothing." [645.
HOW TO SUCCEED
BY ELBERT HUBBARD
The secret of success is this: There is no secret10 of success.
Carry your chin in and the crown of20 your head high. We are
gods in the chrysalis. Success30 is the result of mental attitude, and
the right mental40 attitude will bring success in everything you
undertake. In fact,50 there is no such thing as failure, except to
those60 who accept and believe in failure. Failure; there is no70 such
word in all the bright lexicon of speech, unless80 you yourself have
written it there.
A great success is90 made up of an aggregation of little ones. These
finally100 form a whole. The man who fills a position of110 honor and
trust has first filled many smaller positions of120 trust.
58 PITMAN'S ADVANCED SPEED PRACTICE
The man who has the superintendence of ten thousand130 men has
had the charge of many small squads. And140 before he had charge
of a small squad he had160 charge of himself.
The man who does his work so160 well that he needs no supervision
has already succeeded. And170 the acknowledgment of his success is
sure to follow in180 the form of a promotion.
The world wants its190 work done, and civilization is simply a
search for men200 who can do things. Success is the most natural
thing210 in the world.
The man who does not succeed has220 placed himself in opposition
to the laws of the universe.230
The world needs you — it wants what you produce — you240 can
serve it, and if you will, it will reward260 you richly. By doing your
work you are moving260 in the line of least resistance — it is a form270 of
self-protection. You need what others have to give — they280 need
you. To reciprocate is wisdom. To rebel is folly.290
To consume and not produce is a grave mistake, and300 upon such
a one Nature will visit her displeasure. The310 common idea is that
you must buy it with price.320 In one sense this is true. To succeed
you must330 choose. If you want this you can not have that.340
Success demands concentration — oneness of aim and desire.
Choose this350 day whom you will serve. Paradoxically, it is true
that360 you must "sacrifice " some things to gain others. If you370 are
a young man and wish to succeed in business,380 you will have to sacri-
fice the cigarettes, late hours, the390 dice, the cards and all the round
of genteel folly400 which saps your strength and tends to unfit you
for410 your work tomorrow.
That awkward and uncouth country boy went420 to work yesterday,
is concentrating on his tasks — he is430 doing the thing, high or low,
mental or what-not440 — yes! He is not so very clever, but he tends460
to his work. Soon you will be taking orders from460 him.
And let me say right here that the habit470 of continually looking
out for Number One is absolutely fatal400 to success. Nature is on her
guard against such, and490 if by accident they get into a position of
power,600 their lease on the place is short. A great510 success demands
a certain abnegation — a certain disinterestedness.
The man520 who can lose himself in his work is the man530 who will
succeed best. Courtesy, kindness and concentration — this trinity840
forms the sesame that will unlock all doors.
Good cheer660 is twin sister to good health.
Isn't it a part660 of wisdom not to put an enemy into your mouth570
PITMAN'S ADVANCED SPEED PRACTICE 59
to steal away your brains? Isn't it wise to so580 fill your working
hours that the night comes as a590 blessing and a benediction — a time
for sweet rest and600 sleep?
These things mean a preparation for good work. And610 good work
means a preparation for higher work.
Success is620 easy. We do not ascend the mountain by standing
in630 the valley and jumping over it.
Success is only difficult640 to the man who is trying to lift himself
by660 tugging at his boot-straps. [655.
SUCCESS
No man, no matter how successful, can map out in10 advance or
formulate actions that will insure the success of20 the individual.
General fundamental principles can be defined and a30 set of detail
specifications insuring success may be adhered to,40 but the injection
into the situation of some unknown factor50 may result in failure.
There is no field that holds60 out larger apparent rewards than that
of finance and commerce,70 and fundamental preparation along broad
and comprehensive lines is desirable.80 In an educational way, no
fundamentals are more necessary than90 the old-fashioned ones which
are designated as the three100 R's. While it is assumed that all young
men who110 anticipate devoting their life to any specialty are well
grounded120 in these three fundamental requirements, the fact is that
no130 part of the education of the young men of to-day140 has been
so sadly neglected. College graduates frequently cannot even150
compose a terse, well-constructed letter, exhibit in it clear160 and
well-defined penmanship, or perform the simple operations of170
addition, subtraction, multiplication, and division quickly and
accurately. I desire180 to emphasize this lack of fundamental
knowledge on account of190 the sad experience I have had with
numerous young men200 seeking positions or advancement along
technical or professional lines, who210 have apparently been thor-
oughly and expensively educated in the higher220 branches or have
specialized along the lines of their selected230 professions.
Granted that the primary foundation had been well laid,240 and
that the structure built thereon is properly conceived, planned250 and
perfected, still something beyond all this is required to260 insure
individual success. No individual can obtain success, particularly
60 PITMAN'S ADVANCED SPEED PRACTICE
of270 a permanent nature, if it is not based on the idea280 of monop-
oly, unpopular as that word may be. The290 average man is in-
efficient, and it is only occasionally that,300 due to an extraor-
dinary combination of circumstances, an individual is310 able to rise
above the mass either as a whole320 or along the line of any specialty.
To succeed in330 the highest sense the individual must be able to do340
his work better than his fellows, do a kind of360 work his fellows
cannot do, or be willing to perform360 service that others do not
care to perform.
In other370 words, each person attempting to rise above the level
plain380 must inject into the situation some kind of ability or390
quality of service which is unusual and exceptional. Granted that400
a young man is thoroughly and properly educated, that he410 is honest,
industrious and capable, he must possess other indefinable420 and
exceptional qualities. A thorough grounding in the technique of430
his chosen profession or line of business furnishes him only440 the
tools with which to work. A talented and efficient450 man may
accomplish extraordinary results with imperfect tools. Another
man460 may, however, be furnished with the finest and most ex-
quisite470 tools, but through a lack of the proper knowledge and480
ability to use them efficiently may meet only with failure.490
The quality that is most in demand is the ability500 to deal with
and control other personalities. In all professions510 and all lines
of business a wide acquaintance with individuals520 and the ability
to inspire confidence in others are absolutely530 essential for suc-
cessful accomplishment. Every additional friendship or acquaint-
ance that540 can be made among the class of men who can550 or may
utilize special service is extremely helpful, and many560 a high-class
efficient man fails through neglect of a570 proper realization of this
fact. All men, young and old,680 make mistakes and meet with
failures. It is the man590 who can stand punishment, be knocked
down and rise again600 and undergo defeat repeatedly, and who has
the sense and610 judgment to learn from his mistakes and errors,
that will620 finally succeed. [622.
PRESIDENT WILSON'S APPEAL FOR NEUTRALITY
My Fellow-Countrymen:
I suppose that every thoughtful man in10 America has asked him-
self during the last troubled weeks what20 influence the European
war may exert upon the United States,30 and I take the liberty of
PITMAN'S ADVANCED SPEED PRACTICE 61
addressing a few words40 to you in order to point out that it is50
entirely within our own choice what its effects upon us60 will be and
to urge very earnestly upon you the70 sort of speech and conduct
which will best safeguard the80 nation against distress and disaster.
The effect of the war90 upon the United States will depend upon
what American citizens100 say or do. Every man who really loves
America will110 act and speak in the true spirit of neutrality,120 which
is the spirit of impartiality and fairness and friendliness to130 all con-
cerned. The spirit of the nation in this critical140 matter will be
determined largely by what individuals and society150 and those
gathered in public meetings do and say, upon160 what newspapers and
magazines contain, upon what our ministers utter170 in their pulpits
and men proclaim as their opinions on180 the streets.
The people of the United States are190 drawn from many nations,
and chiefly from the nations200 now at war. It is natural and inevit-
able that there210 should be the utmost variety of sympathy and
desire among220 them with regard to the issues and circumstances of
the230 conflict. Some will wish one nation, others another, to suc-
ceed240 in the momentous struggle. It will be easy to excite250 passion
and difficult to allay it. Those responsible for exciting260 it will as-
sume a heavy responsibility; responsibility for no less270 a thing than
that the people of the United States,280 whose love of their country and
whose loyalty to its290 Government should unite them as Americans
all, bound in honor300 and affection to think first of her and her
interests,310 may be divided in camps of hostile opinions, hot against320
each other, involved in the war itself in impulse and330 opinion, if not
in action. Such diversions among us would340 be fatal to our peace
of mind and might seriously350 stand in the way of the proper per-
formance of our360 duty as the one great nation at peace, the one370
people holding itself ready to play a part of impartial380 mediation
and speak the counsels of peace and accommodation, not390 as a
partisan, but as a friend.
I venture, therefore,400 my fellow-countrymen, to speak a solemn
word of warning410 to you against that deepest, most subtle, most
essential breach420 of neutrality which may spring out of partisanship,
out of430 passionately taking sides. The United States must be
neutral in440 fact as well as in name during these days that450 are to try
men's souls. We must be impartial in460 thought as well as in action,
must put a curb470 upon our sentiments as well as upon every trans-
action that480 might be construed as a preference of one party to490
the struggle before another.
62 PITMAN'S ADVANCED SPEED PRACTICE
My thought is of America. I500 am speaking, I feel sure, the
earnest wish and purpose510 of every thoughtful American that this
great country of ours,620 which is, of course, the first in our thoughts
and530 in our hearts, should show herself in this time of540 peculiar trial
a nation fit beyond others to exhibit the550 fine poise of undisturbed
judgment, the dignity of self-control,560 the efficiency of dispassionate
action, a nation that neither sits570 in judgment upon others nor is
disturbed in her own580 counsels and which keeps herself fit and free
to do590 what is honest and disinterested and truly serviceable for
the600 peace of the world.
Shall we not resolve to put610 upon ourselves the restraint which
will bring to our people620 the happiness and the great and lasting
influence for peace630 we covet for them? [634.
THE MEXICAN STRUGGLE
Not much imagination is required to understand the struggle in10
Mexico and to see that it is but another local20 expression of a world-
wide collision.
On one side is30 democracy, civilianism, idealism; on the other side
oligarchy, militarism, and40 immediate practicalities. The spirit
of progress is wrestling with the50 spirit of reaction, with reaction, as
often happens, gaining at60 least a temporary advantage. It took the
people of France70 a hundred years to win their fight, and the people80
of England more than two hundred years. The great German90
people have not yet entirely thrown off the rule of100 privilege, while
Austria and Italy are both afflicted with it.110 It is not strange that
a nation like Mexico, with120 a population consisting chiefly of peons,
is not able to130 realize democracy all at once.
Two things modern society feels140 it must have. One is liberty, or
the rights of150 self-government, and the other is domestic peace and
order.160 It is impossible to have both of these blessings at170 the
same time when an entrenched minority, determined to rule180 or to
ruin, refuses to bow to legalism and to190 the rule of the majority.
Special classes in all ages200 have put, as it were, a pistol to the head210
of society, saying in effect: "If you don't yield obedience220 to us
prepare to feel the sting of a bullet."230 The option of liberty and
disorder, and tyranny and order240 is offered, and idealism goes down
before a desire to280 eat the bread of peace.
PITMAN'S ADVANCED SPEED PRACTICE 63
It is a common delusion260 that mobs and the many are prone to
disorder. The270 contrary is nearer the truth. The classes in all
times280 and in all countries have valued having their own way290
more than they have valued peace. It is the masses300 that are
patient, for years consenting to the mocking of310 liberty and the
principles of self-government rather than sacrifice320 order. So it has
been in Mexico. For twenty-six330 years the Diaz oligarchy governed
Mexico with an iron hand,340 and the people endured its tyranny, for
there was peace, even though liberty was practically dead. Two
years and a half ago350 liberty rearose and after a brief struggle
expelled not so360 much Diaz as the men that had captured him in370
his old age and were using the government to their380 enrichment.
Cientifico the party was called, named so because of390 the scientific
methods it employed in lifting public funds.400
These exploiters have steadily busied themselves to create trouble.
They410 backed Orozco and his guerrillas in the north and Zapata420
and his brigands in the south. They have steadily sought430 to cor-
rupt the army. They have drawn to their support440 the aristocratic
youth of Mexico, prone there as elsewhere, to450 obey them and feed
them generosity.
So the Madero government460 has been compelled to fight for its
life since the470 day it came into existence. It has not done it480 any
good to be humane and enlightened. It has not490 done it any good
to be conservative in its reform500 measures.
It has had against it the implacable hostility of510 the Diaz Tam-
many, determined to allow Mexico no rest until520 they were once
again in the saddle. It will not530 be surprising to learn that Madero
is a fugitive and540 that Diaz, the nephew, sits in the seat of his550
illustrious uncle.
But this will not be the end. Napoleon's560 nephew could kill
thousands of persons on the Paris boulevards,570 but democracy,
with its everlasting persistence, returned again to the580 struggle,
and he was destroyed. One may confidently predict that590 what-
ever the outcome of the next few days Mexico will600 not long
remain the prey of the men behind the610 present revolution. [612.
64 PITMAN'S ADVANCED SPEED PRACTICE
LINCOLN'S SECOND INAUGURAL ADDRESS
Fellow-countrymen : At this second appearing to take the oath of10
the presidential office there is less occasion for an extended20 address
than there was at the first. Then a statement,30 somewhat in detail,
of a course to be pursued, seemed40 fitting and proper. Now, at the
expiration of four years,60 during which public declarations have been
constantly called forth60 on every point and phase of the great con-
test which still70 absorbs the attention and engrosses the energies of
the nation,80 little that is new could be presented.
The progress of90 our arms, upon which all else chiefly depends, is
as100 well known to the public as to myself; and it110 is, I trust, reason-
ably satisfactory and encouraging to all. With120 high hope for the
future, no prediction in regard to130 it is ventured.
On the occasion corresponding to this four140 years ago, all thoughts
were anxiously directed to an impending160 civil war. All dreaded it
— all sought to avert it.160 While the inaugural address was being
delivered from this place170 devoted altogether to saving the Union
without war, insurgent agents180 were in the city seeking to destroy it
without190 war — seeking to dissolve the Union and divide its effects
by200 negotiation. Both parties deprecated war; but one of them
would210 make war rather than let the nation survive; and the220
other would accept war rather than let it perish. And230 the war
came.
One-eighth of the whole population were colored240 slaves, not dis-
tributed generally over the Union, but localized250 in the southern
part of it. These slaves constituted a260 peculiar and powerful inter-
est. All knew that this interest was270 somehow, the cause of the
war. To strengthen, perpetuate and280 extend this interest was the
object for which the insurgents290 would rend the Union, even by war;
while the government300 claimed no right to do more than restrict the
territorial310 enlargement of it.
Neither party expected for the war the320 magnitude or the dura-
tion which it has already attained. Neither330 anticipated that the
cause of the conflict might cease with,340 or even before, the conflict
itself should cease. Each looked350 for an easier triumph, and a result
less fundamental and360 astounding.
Both read the same Bible and to the same370 God; and each invokes
His aid against the other. It380 may seem strange that any men
should dare to ask390 a just God's assistance in wringing their bread
PITMAN'S ADVANCED SPEED PRACTICE 65
from the400 sweat of other men's faces; but let us judge not,410 that we
be not judged.
The prayers of both could120 not be answered fully. The Almighty
has His own purposes.430 " Woe to the world because of offenses? for
it must440 needs be that offenses come; but woe to that man4*0 by
whom the offense cometh."
If we shall suppose that460 American slavery is one of those offenses
which, in the470 providence of God, must needs come, but which,
having continued480 through His appointed time, he now wills to
remove, and490 that He gives to both North and South this terrible500
war as the woe due to those by whom the510 offense came; shall we
discern therein any departure from those520 divine attributes which
the believers in a living God always530 ascribe to Him?
Fondly do we hope — fervently do we640 pray — that this mighty
scourge of war may speedily pass550 away. Yet, if God will that it
continue until all560 the wealth piled by the bondman's 250 years of
unrequited570 toil shall be sunk, and until every drop of blood580
drawn with the lash shall be paid by another drawn590 with the sword,
as was said 3,000 years ago, so600 still it must be said, "The judgments
of the Lord610 are true and righteous altogether."
With malice toward none; with620 charity for all; with firmness in
the right, as God630 gives us to see the right, let us strive on640 to finish
the work we are in ; to bind up650 the nation's wounds ; to care for him
who shall have660 borne the battle, and for his widow and his orphan670
— to do all which may achieve and cherish a680 just and lasting peace
among ourselves, and with all nations.690
TONICS
FROM NEW YORK GLOBE
There is no class of proprietary medicines which are used10 to so
great an extent by those who do not20 consult a doctor for their
ailments as the so-called30 tonics. Many of them are not tonics
at all, but40 simply mixtures in which the only substance that has
any50 influence upon the body is alcohol. Now alcohol is not60 a tonic,
but a narcotic. It stimulates at first and70 then depresses, and it
is a habit-forming drug of80 the most mischievous character. It has
its uses, however, and90 is invaluable in certain instances, chiefly
when it is necessary100 to produce heat quickly and stimulate a
66 PITMAN'S ADVANCED SPEED PRACTICE
flagging heart. To"* take it day after day and week after week inm
mixtures in which it constitutes 50, 60, or 70 peruo cent, of the entire
volume is not the way to1*0 relieve disease of any kind, and such mix-
tures should be1*0 abolished from the category of medicines, for
medicines in the™* proper sense of the term they surely are r.
What,176 then, is a tonic? It is a substance which helps1** the
organs of the body to improve the quality of1** then* work, the heart
to beat more slowly, vigorously and*8* regularly, the lungs to expand
and contract more forcibly, the210 digestive apparatus to dispose of
food more effectively, the brain36 to think more clearly and per-
sistently. It may not do*" all these things directly, but if it does
one of*** them successfully this improvement of function may have a
very1** favorable and helpful action upon other functions.
The pure air*0 of the mountains or the forest is a tonic acting179
directly upon the lungs. But it also means an increase*** of oxygen
in the blood, and hence better blood in1** the digestive organs, heart,
liver, brain and kidneys. Therefore, pure**8 air is one of the best
tonics you can possibly*1* take, and fortunately it is one of the
cheapest. There*2* is little excuse for not using it abundantly and
all*** the time.
Why do people need tonics? Sometimes because they*** really have
some kind of disease and sometimes because*** the machinery of the
body is merely slowing down or*** not doing its normal quality and
quantity of work. The*7* tonic in the first instance will not cure the
disease"* — the disease may be incurable — and yet if it is*** of the
right sort it may make the patient feel406 better for a while, and per-
haps better enable him to41* do much useful work before he becomes
helpless or is*** earned off by his ailment.
In the second instance the4** tonic may be one of the means of
putting the44* patient on his feet again and making him well.
pose,** for example, a man is recovering from a severe operation*** in
which he lost a great deal of blood; he47* is very weak, has no appe-
tite, and can't digest very4** much food, although food i-
principal things*** he requires. If he is . right kind of***
tonic it win strengthen the action of the heart, stimulate*1* the desire
for food, help his digestive appaiatus to provide the**0 proper material
for digesting the food, and the blood-making*** functions for renewing
the supply of that indispensable fluid. The*** medicine he has taken
has not supplied him with either*** food or energy, but it has stimu-
lated those forces by*** which food is made useful and energ
vidwi. 563.
PITMAN'S ADVANCED SPEED PRACTICE 67
NEW DEMANDS IX EDUCATION
Mr. James P. Munroe, who has a firm grasp on the10 essentials of
child-training, closes his book, "New Demands in50 Education,"
with this summary of the object of our schools:3"
"The best modern education aims, above all things, to help40
the child put himself into harmony with eternal law, and60 it does
this by training him in the care of60 his body, in tie development
and use of his senses,70 in the control of his intellectual and moral
will.
"In80 the light of the new education we teach him not90 as a pupil,
but as a human being; we use100 as the spur of education, not com-
pulsion, but interest and110 sympathy; we strive not to mould the
child from without,120 but to develop him from within; we spend less
time150 in laying out courses of study; we spend more time140 in creat-
ing an educative atmosphere.
"We are perceiving, in short,150 that education is a process of
evolution different for each160 individual pupil, and that the business
of the school is170 to direct and to bring to the highest possible point180
for every child this individual process of development,
"We are190 beginning to agree, I think, upon the following main
truths100 in education: (1) That we must educate individuals, not
masses; (2) that210 we must educate by sympathy, not by compulsion;
(3) that we220 must reckon with and must enlist all the social forces380
— of which the school is but one — that are moulding240 the child's life;
(4) that we must strive for 'balance' — that2*0 is, for a simultaneous,
harmonious development of body, mind and260 soul; (5) that we must
ever keep in view as the170 supreme goal of education the child's social
and moral 1.
"The corollaries of these main propositions are of course, obvi-
ous.190 If wo are to educate individuals, not masses, we must800 have
teachers trained to understand and to pra.ct.ise this higher810 wsyot
teaching: if we are to take into520 account all the social forces that
surround the child wer> r.r.isi educate those forces — the family, the
community, the church840 — to understand and to perform their share
in education; if3*0 we are to aim for balance in education we must*80
reform our curricula, must enlarge the uses of the schoolhi
must spend three and four and ten times a,* muchss|1 upon our schools
as we to-day provide. If we-"90 are to make morality the supreme end
of education we400 must ourselves live bettor lives; we must make
68 PITMAN'S ADVANCED SPEED PRACTICE
our cities410 and our towns more decent places in which to rear420
a child.
"Broadly speaking, the conditions essential to a real430 education
are: stimulating, healthful, moral surroundings for the child every-
where440 and every day; less of politics and meddling; more of460 the
true science and art of education in the average460 school; small
classes, in which each child may be really470 educated as an individual
human being; well-educated teachers in480 every grade, and a strong
professional spirit in the whole490 teaching staff; genuine and unflag-
ging co-operation on the part of500 the fathers and the mothers, and
much more generous support510 from the public, to whom the public
schools belong. "To620 secure these things and build from them
the new530 American education is to be the absorbing work of the540
twentieth century.
"It is a stupendous task to perform; but550 whether it be done or
whether it be not done560 means the life or death to these United
States.
"And570 hopeless as it may now appear, the task will have580 been
accomplished if the end of the twentieth century sees590 education as
far ahead of to-day as to-day's600 best standards are in advance of
the crude and feeble610 schooling of the first quarter of the nineteenth
century." [619.
THE FIRST MERCANTILE AGENCY
BY DAVID E. GOLIEB
Fundamentally credit granting is based on knowledge relating to
the10 character, capacity and capital of the customer. Of the va-
rious20 sources of obtaining such information, the one best knows
and30 most commonly used is the mercantile agency. This may be40
defined as a society formed for the purpose of ascertaining50 the
credit position of persons engaged in trade and circulating60 informa-
tion on this point among its members and subscribers.
Mercantile70 agencies are divided into two classes, the general and
the80 special. The special limits its field of operation to particular90
lines, such as jewelry, textiles, garment manufacturers, etc. Agen-
cies of100 this character are, of course, very valuable. On the other110
hand, the general agencies cover a vastly larger field and120 are organ-
izations of really tremendous magnitude. They are so universally130
PITMAN'S ADVANCED SPEED PRACTICE 69
used and are such potent forces in the credit world,140 that it seems
best to devote this article entirely to150 a discussion of their origin,
organization and methods of operation.160
In preceding articles we have seen how the course of170 commerce
has developed from the early days when trading was180 limited to an
"exchange of goods for goods" or barter,190 through the period when
merchants coming to market to make200 purchases brought their
wallets in order to make immediate payments210 in money, down to
the time when the growth of220 business induced merchants to trust
those with whom they had230 become personally acquainted, by ship-
ping goods to them in exchange240 for a promise to make payment
at a specified time250 in the future — in other words, on credit terms.
The260 introduction of the credit system opened the minds of the270
jobbers and manufacturers to the tremendous opportunities for
business building.280 At a time when travel was uncertain, communi-
cation very slow290 and transportation facilities weak, the dealer who
was located at300 points distant from the market and was dependent
entirely310 upon his own capital, found his field of activity severely320
restricted. The wholesalers in the larger cities, however, realized
this,330 and foreseeing the possibilities for increased trading, they
gradually extended340 the system of doing business on credit.
In those days350 there was very little information accessible to the
merchant concerning360 his customer's character, ability and financial
strength. The traveling salesman370 had not yet made his appear-
ance, and the merchant had380 to depend on his personal knowledge
and such vague information390 as he could obtain through mail
inquiries. It is quite400 obvious that the extension of credit based
upon such haphazard410 data resulted in serious losses. Nevertheless,
the additional business it420 stimulated prompted the wholesalers to
continue granting credit in spite430 of the hazards involved.
Thus matters continued until the crisis440 of 1837, when a panic
occurred that brought destruction450 to banks and merchants
throughout the country. The losses from460 bad debts were enor-
mous, and merchants were brought to realize470 that one of the promi-
nent contributory causes of the ruinous480 conditions existing was the
poor credit system which had made490 possible overtrading and wild-
cat speculation. Immediately, therefore, there came a500 recognition
of the necessity of closer investigation of credits,610 and the result
was the first mercantile agency.
This was520 established in 1841, by Louis Tappan, a New York
merchant.630 Mr. Tappan had made it a point carefully to compile640
70 PITMAN'S ADVANCED SPEED PRACTICE
for all his large market of customers records covering his550 entire
experience with them and showing data acquired by personal560
observation and through correspondence. After the panic he began
to870 sell this information, and the eagerness of the other merchants580
to buy the records encouraged him to found the first590 business
institution organized for the exclusive purpose of gathering600 and
selling credit information. [605.
THE MIND THAT THINKS IN COLORS
Investigators into the workings of the brain are familiar enough10
with the cases of persons who hear in colors. Music20 and color, for
instance, are too intimately associated in such30 minds to make pos-
sible any hearing of a song without40 the visualization of a particular
color. Such a person hears50 Caruso's voice as violet, Melba's as
pink, and so on.60 Such examples are less numerous and less impor-
tant than are70 the cases of persons who, whether they hear in colors80
or not, always think in colors. These persons, called "color90
thinkers, " do not have any sensation of color when voices100 or notes
are heard, but they invariably associate some kind110 of color with
such things as the day of the120 week, the hour of the day, the month
of the130 year, the vowels, the consonants, and so on. This faculty140
is colored thinking, or, to use a technical term coming150 more and
more into use, "chromatic conception." A typical color160 thinker
will tell you, for instance, that Sunday is yellow,170 Wednesday
brown and Friday black; but he may not experience180 any sensation
of color on hearing the organ played or190 a song sung. Certain
persons are indeed colored hearers as200 well as colored thinkers, but
we should distinguish the person210 who has linked sensations, from
the person whose thoughts are220 colored, whose mentation is chro-
matic.
It is difficult to express230 the character of these colored concep-
tions or concepts to persons — and240 they are the majority — who
never experience this sort of250 thing at any time. The colors are not
present so260 vividly as to constitute hallucination. Mental colorings
do not obtrude270 themselves into our mental life. They are habitual,
natural, chromatic280 tincturings of one's concepts and have been so
long present290 to one's consciousness that they have long ago become
part300 of our mental belongings. They are invariable and definite
PITMAN'S ADVANCED SPEED PRACTICE 71
without310 being disturbing. One colored thinker has thus expressed
himself: "When320 1 think at all definitely about the month of Janu-
ary,330 the name or word appears to me reddish, whereas April340 is
white, May yellow, the vowel I is always black."350 There is thus an
inherent definiteness, finality and constancy about360 each thinker's
psychochromes that is very striking. But it is370 not alone letters and
words that are habitually thought of380 as colored. Certain colored
thinkers always associate a particular color390 with their thoughts
about a particular person.
The first point400 that strikes one regarding the characteristic fea-
tures of color thinking410 is the very early age at which these associa-
tions are420 fixed. Another characteristic of colored thinking is the un-
changeableness of430 the color thought of. Middle-aged people will
tell you that there has been no440 alteration in the colors or even in the
tints and450 shades of color which for many years they have associ-
ated460 with their various concepts.
A third characteristic of psychochromes is470 their extreme definite-
ness in the minds of their possessors. The480 precise colors attached
to concepts are by no means vague.490 A fourth characteristic is the
complete nonagreement between the various500 colors attached to the
same concept in the minds of510 colored thinkers. Thus different
persons think of Tuesday in terms520 of the following colors : brown,
purple, dark purple, brown, blue,630 white, black, etc. Unanimity
seems hopeless, agreement quite impossible. The540 fifth character-
istic is their unaccountableness. No colored thinker seems able550 to
say how he came by his associations. The sixth560 characteristic is
the hereditary or inborn nature of the condition.570 The extremely
early age at which colored thinking reveals itself580 would of itself in-
dicate that the tendency was either hereditary590 or congenital.
What explanation is given of the causes or600 causal conditions of
colored thinking? Why may thoughts be colored610 at all and why
should particular thoughts be associated with620 particular colors?
Why should only a few persons be found630 to be colored thinkers?
The answers, if answers they can640 be called, are extremely disap-
pointing, for we have no satisfactory650 explanation of any of these
matters. The very arbitrariness of660 the associations defies theoret-
ical analysis. Genius is something notoriously not670 conferred by
training or education. If not inborn, it cannot680 be acquired.
Exactly the same may be said of colored690 thinking. [691.
72 PITMAN'S ADVANCED SPEED PRACTICE
ADVERTISING THE AMERICAN CHURCH
In its demand for the acid test for every tradition,10 the public
insists that institutions shall be measured by the20 needs of to-day.
Things as well as persons, when30 they die of old age, should be
buried, not embalmed.40 That the same demand is made of organ-
ized religion is50 a condition to which the churches, especially those
in the60 larger cities, are waking up. From this realization, perhaps,
has70 sprung up the Men and Religion Forward Movement and the80
"Go to Church" publicity campaigns that have spread with extraor-
dinary90 rapidity throughout the country.
Wherever these campaigns have been carried100 out, the organizers
first concentrated their energies toward bringing the110 people to the
churches on some special predetermined day. With120 hardly any
exceptions these campaigns were a tremendous numerical success.130
For one day the churches were filled to capacity and140 in some cases
overflow meetings were necessary. Then they found150 themselves
facing the necessity of keeping it up, for the160 people, stirred tempo-
rarily by tremendous enthusiasm, threatened to fall back170 into the
former laxity that caused these movements to come180 into being.
"If these campaigns will bring the people and190 the churches closer
together," they said in effect, "why not200 make them permanent?"
And thus in Baltimore, Philadelphia, Pittsburgh, St. Louis,210 Atlanta
and an increasing number of other cities, as far220 away even as Hono-
lulu, permanent church advertising campaigns were organized230
and are being actively carried out.
This is what the240 Chicago "Evening Post" calls "hitching religion
to life," and practically250 the same term is used by William T. Ellis,
in260 ' ' The Continent, ' ' a leading Presbyterian organ . Says the latter :
"With270 the question of church attendance is bound up the
whole280 subject of the relation of religion to life.
"As publicity290 is a cure for most public ills, some men thought300
it should be used to concentrate attention upon the church.310
With the pitiless white light of publicity streaming on the320 church,
her problems of ineffective preaching and ineffective organization
must330 inevitably be dealt with. Antiquated methods must be
modernized. Services340 must by stress of this pressure, from the
spirit of350 the times, be adapted to the present needs of the360 people.
All these incidental effects increase the urgency of the370 main con-
sideration, which is that people should go to church.380
PITMAN'S ADVANCED SPEED PRACTICE 73
"It is literally true that there are tens of thousands390 of persons in
every city to whom access can be400 had by the church only through
the daily press. Cellular410 lives these may be, and their seclusion and
isolation may420 be deplorable; nevertheless it is a condition which
the church430 cannot escape or remake."
Mr. Ellis thinks that the new440 note of self-respect and militancy
on the part of the450 churches has had a great effect on the attitude
of460 the press.
"The Christian church is rapidly losing the doormat470 aspect in
which it has for years appeared at newspaper480 offices. No longer is
it the mendicant pleading for petty490 favors, such as no other element
in the community asks.600 What it is the church's business to have
published it510 pays for, man-fashion. What it is its rights to
have520 published as news, it demands, man-fashion. In a word,
the530 Christian church has awakened to the fact that it is540 the
biggest enterprise in the community, and so it must550 not consent
to be measured in print by puny and560 petty paragraphs puffing the
preacher.
" To speak particularly of the570 Philadelphia advertising campaign
— although the same effect is reported elsewhere — the580 most notable
result has been the tremendous increase in news590 and editorial
publicity accorded the church. Within the past year600 this increase
has been a full 100 per cent, in610 all the papers. With new alertness,
intelligence and sympathy the620 press has essayed the task of report-
ing adequately the many-sided630 activities of the church. Able
reporters have sought out special640 themes for their pens in the
realm of church work.650 The spirit of co-operation between church
and press is one660 of the notable characteristics of Philadelphia's
life to-day." [668.
MAKING MAN-O'-WARSMEN OUT OF LANDSMEN
The Navy requires men of varied knowledge to operate its10 ships.
It requires seamen to steer, man the boats, handle20 the anchors, and
clean the ships; clerks, stenographers and bookkeepers30 to attend to
its clerical work; nurses to care for40 the sick on board ship and in the
hospitals ashore;50 commissary stewards and cooks; carpenters,
machinists, plumbers, painters, ship-fitters,60 coppersmiths, black-
smiths and boilermakers to keep the ships in repair,70 and expert
gun-pointers and gunners' mates to man the80 guns.
74 PITMAN'S ADVANCED SPEED PRACTICE
In order to get experienced men to fill all90 its requirements, the
Navy maintains a number of schools, or100 training stations, where
each recruit is educated to fill a110 position in some one of the above-
named branches before120 he is put on board a man-o'-war.
The130 recruit, now known as an apprentice seaman, on arrival is140
placed in charge of a petty officer and taken before150 a medical officer,
who examines him, physically, to see whether160 he has any disquali-
fying defect not detected by the examining170 surgeon at the recruit-
ing station, and to see that his180 record corresponds with the enlist-
ment papers. If he passes his190 rigorous examination, he is given an
outfit of clothing, for200 winter and summer, consisting of uniforms,
shoes, underwear, cap, sweater,210 overcoat, oil-skins, and rubber
boots — in all amounting220 to $60 in value. These clothes the
Government gives him230 outright as capital with which to start his
new life.240 A tailor is provided, free of charge, to make these250
clothes fit him with tailor-made exactness.
Having received his260 outfit, he is ready for instruction. He is
given a270 stencil and marks his new clothes so that there can280 be no
mistake. A petty officer teaches him how to290 fold neatly each
article of wearing apparel. When he learns300 the trick of it he will
discover a strange thing310 — that a well-folded and well-rolled gar-
ment is as320 neatly pressed as if it had been done by a330 tailor with a
flat-iron. That is his first lesson340 in keeping his things ship-shape.
He is taught how380 to stow his bag, so that every article will be360
handy and well cared for. From the start he is370 taught that neat-
ness of person and clothing is a requirement380 that the Navy exacts
from every man. He is given390 a hammock and taught how to sling
it, how to400 lash it neatly and handily. His hammock is his bed,410
and unlashing his hammock is making his bed for the420 night. It is
surprising to see how simple the430 whole process is, once the recruit
has mastered the trick.440
All this takes place in well-heated and well-ventilated450 barracks.
The dormitories on the upper floors are fitted with460 hammock hooks
just as they are on board ship. When470 these early lessons are
learned, the recruit is taught to480 swim. There is a fine swimming
pool (with heated water490 for the cool months), and petty officers are
detailed to500 teach each apprentice seaman, by the aid of rope and510
tackle, to look out for himself in the water. It520 doesn't take very
long to make a good swimmer out530 of the average healthy boy. In
other hours of the540 day his drills and setting-up exercises occur.
Having been550 assigned to a battalion, other drills are at once
PITMAN'S ADVANCED SPEED PRACTICE 75
begun.560 The apprentice seaman is continued in the instruction of
the570 semaphore (signaling with arms), is given the "wig-wag"
(signaling580 with flag) , and is taught the use of lights, or500 rockets, and
other night signals. He is given a rifle600 and taught how to handle it
and how to fire610 it; he is taught the manual of arms and target620
practice, all under warrant officers and petty officers, and in630 a
way that cannot fail to prove attractive. Many of640 the movements
of the drills are timed to the music650 of well-known marches and
two-steps played by the660 navy band. There are target ranges
outdoors and indoors, where670 the apprentice seamen are taught to
shoot at a mark with680 the navy rifle and revolver. [685.
THE WOMEN'S DECLARATION OF INDEPENDENCE— 1914
When, in the course of human events, it becomes necessary10 for
one-half the people to dissolve the political bondage20 which has held
them subject to the other half of36 the people, and to assume the sep-
arate and equal station40 to which the laws of nature and of nature's
God50 entitle them, a decent respect to the opinions of mankind60
requires that they should declare the causes which impel them70 to
Freedom.
We hold these truths to be self-evident,80 that all men and women
are created equal, that they90 are endowed by their Creator with
certain unalienable Rights, that100 among these are Life, Liberty
and the pursuit of Happiness.110 That to secure these rights, Gov-
ernment should be instituted among120 both men and women, deriv-
ing their just powers from the130 consent of the governed; that when-
ever any form of government140 becomes destructive of these ends, it
is the right of150 the people — women people as well as men people —
to160 alter or abolish it, and to institute new Government, laying170
the foundation on such principles and organizing its powers in180
such form as to them shall seem most likely to190 effect the Safety and
Happiness of all the People. Prudence,200 indeed, will dictate that
Governments long established should not be210 changed for light and
transient causes, and accordingly all experience220 has shown that
womankind are more disposed to suffer while230 evils are accustomed.
But when a long train of abuses240 and usurpations, pursuing invari-
ably the same object, evinces a design250 to keep them under absolute
76 PITMAN'S ADVANCED SPEED PRACTICE
subjection, although they are spiritually260 and mentally ready for
Freedom, it is their right, it270 is their duty, to throw off such subjec-
tion, and to280 provide new Guards for their future security and the
security200 of their children.
Such has been the patient endurance of300 the women of this coun-
try, and such their system of310 Government. The history of our
Government is a history of320 repeated injustices to women (as wives,
mothers and wage earners)330 and of repeated usurpations by men,
many of them with340 the avowed object of protecting women. But
the direct result380 has been the establishment of a Government which
benefits by360 the knowledge and experience of only one-half of the370
people, and which cannot fully represent the interests and the380 needs
of the other half of the people.
In every300 stage of these Oppressions we have petitioned for
Redress in400 the most humble terms, beginning even before the Consti-
tution of410 the United States was adopted. Our repeated Petitions
have frequently420 been answered by ridicule and by repeated injus-
tice. We have430 appealed to the native fairness and magnanimity of
men, that440 they disavow these usurpations which inevitably render
less dignified, honest450 and harmonious the relations between men
and women. Men have460 too long been deaf to this voice of justice
and470 honor, but many are now joining with us in our480 refusal to
acquiesce longer in this unwarrantable sovereignty over us490 and
over our children.
We, therefore, the women citizens of500 the United States of Amer-
ica, assembled to-day throughout the nation,510 appealing to the
Supreme Judge of the World for the520 rectitude of our intentions, do,
in the name and by530 the authority of the organized womanhood of
America demanding enfranchisement,540 solemnly publish and declare
that women ought to be politically550 free.
Here and now, in this glorious springtime of the660 year, under the
azure skies of hope, in the sunshine570 of life and enlightenment, we
dedicate ourselves to the great580 work we have undertaken and go
forward to victory, remembering590 that in unity there is strength,
and that not even600 the prejudice of the ages, nor the powers of
intrenched610 political privilege can keep in continual disfranchise-
ment half of the620 citizens of our country when their rights are
demanded by630 the intelligent, patriotic and united womanhood of
the land.
Women640 of America, this is our country; we have the same650
devotion to its institutions as that half of the citizenship660 that is per-
PITMAN'S ADVANCED SPEED PRACTICE 77
mitted to govern it. We love the flag,670 and it means as much to us
as it does680 to the men of our nation. Women have made, and690
women will make, as many sacrifices for the honor and700 glory of
these United States as those of her citizens710 who have all the rights
and privileges of the suffrage.720 Given our full citizenship and
allowed to share in the730 Government, we will be as jealous of the
honor and740 integrity of our country as we have been in the750 past,
when in countless ways we have shown our devotion760 to the life
of the nation, to the liberty of770 its citizens and to the happiness of
all the people.780 [780.
THE POINT OF CONTACT
BY THOMAS DOCKRELL
There is a new note in business. A realization of10 the value in
spiritual force. We have been so very20 busy with "practical," "con-
crete" problems that we did not turn30 our attention to the more
subtle but quite as powerful40 force that was lying ready at hand
in the brains50 of our employees. We recognized in a haphazard way
when60 we stopped to think, that we liked a cheerful employee70 near
us rather than one suggestive of misery. But we80 failed to realize
that every one of our customers who90 came in contact with our
employees was influenced just as100 much as ourselves by this
appearance of misery or cheerfulness.110
This question of paying attention to spiritual quality is forced120
upon our notice more particularly in proportion as the employee130
comes in contact with our patrons. A salesman or saleswoman140 is
valuable in proportion as he or she can influence150 other people.
This influencing of other people is dependent on160 many things and
thereby hangs a tale.
All human knowledge170 has progressed in proportion as we gained
a knowledge of180 the atom. The human race has bettered itself in
proportion190 as it learned to pay attention to little things — to200 get
certain and positive knowledge about the small details. The210
tendency of mankind as an individual or as an organization220 is to
drift, to look at things in a broad,230 general way without specific
analysis. The moment business men began240 to examine little
things more closely, they gained a better250 knowledge of their
business.
78 PITMAN'S ADVANCED SPEED PRACTICE
The last generation put a man260 to work for a day and whatever
he produced was270 his day's work. To-day in the most progressive
organizations280 every motion a man makes in performing his task is290
subject to scrutiny. The waste motions are eliminated and the300
result is a tremendous improvement in his work. The cost310 system,
which made such a difference to net profits, was320 nothing but an
application of the first principle of the330 scientist — to analyze every-
thing into the smallest parts and examine340 each part separately
before considering the whole.
America has been350 the hothouse where mechanical growth has
been forced to the360 highest degree in the last decades. Transporta-
tion, means of communication,370 machinery for replacing or extend-
ing the production of human labor,380 have been developed to the
utmost, and still are being390 developed. Business organizations
have been developed to mammoth size through400 tremendous general
operations, and at the present time mere size,410 mere quantity of
operation have received so much attention that420 they rest upon their
oars, quiescent for the moment.
But430 wherever we consider large or small stores, where human
being440 meets human being across a counter and the salesman or460
saleswoman comes into contact with the man or woman who comes460
to purchase, we are confronted with a difficulty. Formerly, if470 a
great store wanted to build up a department, it480 put on help, indis-
criminately, as it was needed. A girl490 was hired or a boy was hired
and told to learn500 the business by watching other people. Little
or no instruction,810 even on the goods, was given them except as
they520 chanced on knowledge through their proximity to others of
larger530 experience.
Within the last decade, however, attempts have been made540 to
teach the budding salesman or saleswoman the facts about550 the
goods which he and she handled — that is to560 say, they are being
instructed in the material end of570 their work. Co-incidentally
with this instruction of salespeople came580 a new viewpoint toward
them. For instance, there was a590 great cry that what business
needed was more men capable600 of handling ten thousand dollar
positions. That might be, but610 to-day business has switched
around in line with science,620 and of necessity, and is paying more
attention to the630 atoms, the small but important point of contact.
[638.
PITMAN'S ADVANCED SPEED PRACTICE 79
FIGHT FOR PURER FOODS
BY FREDERIC J. HASKIN
Dr. Carl L. Alsberg, who succeeded Dr. Harvey W. Wiley10 as chief
of the Bureau of Chemistry, declared that the20 man who adulterates
and misbrands foods and drugs deserves all30 the punishment that
can be inflicted upon him, and that40 the work of ferreting him out
and visiting upon him50 the penalties of the law will continue un-
abated. At the60 same time he realizes that there are other kinds
of70 food regulation with which the bureau can concern itself which80
will do vastly more for the public health than the90 mere prohibi-
tion of misbranding.
According to Dr. Alsberg, the worst100 food that can reach the
consumer is that which carries110 disease-producing germs — and that
is usually the kind that is120 handled and eaten raw. Milk, oysters,
and some of the130 vegetables are the worst offenders, and are usu-
ally beyond the140 power of the Bureau of Chemistry. Food cannot
be reached150 by national law under the federal constitution until
it crosses160 a state line, and thus gets into interstate commerce. As170
a rule, however, the bulk of loose foodstuffs is consumed180 within
the states in which it is raised, and it190 is only the little fringe of
territory contiguous to state200 lines that is affected principally by
national food laws. The210 remainder must be reached indirectly,
and the Bureau of Chemistry220 has chosen two methods of handling
it. One is cooperation230 with state health agencies, and the other
a nation-wide campaign240 of education.
Constructive cooperation with all health agencies will take250 the
form of an attempt to coordinate all these forces260 and to induce
them to work in a harmonious way270 toward a common end. To
this end a meeting of280 all the food and drug officials of the country
has290 been called to assemble in Washington in November to frame300
a common policy. Then the Bureau of Chemistry, when it310 finds a
condition within a state which it cannot reach320 can advise the food
and drug official of that state330 and through them get the remedial
action desired. Likewise when340 a state official finds a situation
which he cannot touch350 because it involves interstate commerce, he
will inform the Bureau360 of Chemistry and it can bring the offenders
to book.370
The Bureau is determined to eradicate and destroy the popular380
80 PITMAN'S ADVANCED SPEED PRACTICE
impression that the label "Guaranteed Under the Pure Food and390
Drugs Act " means that the government in no sense is400 the guarantor
and that the label is put there by410 the manufacturer not for the
purpose of guaranteeing the product420 to the consumer, but for the
purpose of protecting the430 retailer from loss in case the article does
not come440 up to representations. All sorts of frauds are resorted
to450 under that label, and the confidence it inspires in the460 buying
public is not justified.
The principal weapon with which470 the bureau is going to fight
the man who violates480 the law is prompt and adequate publicity.
The fines that490 have been inflicted in the past have constituted no
serious500 deterrent, but now the moment action is taken the wheels810
of publicity begin to turn. As soon as a seizure520 is made the news-
papers of the vicinity in which it530 occurs are notified, and the
day final judgment is rendered540 the news is promptly and fully
given out.
The longest550 step forward in the regulation of the sale of food560 in
interstate commerce was the action a few months ago670 in expanding
the pure food law to meat and meat580 products under the action of
the Pure Food Board. Under590 former rulings the sale of meat
was entirely under the600 meat inspection law. This provided only
for pure meat at610 the slaughter house, and left no means of prevent-
ing deterioration620 and misbranding consumerward from the pack-
ing house. [627.
MR. UNDERWOOD AND OUR MERCHANT MARINE
BY JOHN TEMPLE GRAVES
Mr. Underwood has been sane and practical in matters of10 legisla-
tion, and has been perhaps as consistently American in his20 public
policies as any statesman in public life to-day. The five30 per cent
preferential clause in the Underwood tariff was an40 expression of his
desire to make a beginning of an50 American merchant marine, which
he always has favored.
His advocacy60 of the exemption of American coastwise shipping
from Panama tolls70 was another expression of his earnest advocacy
of this great80 American policy. Mr. Underwood's view that the
shipping bill is90 merely emergency legislation and must be diligently
PITMAN'S ADVANCED SPEED PRACTICE 81
perfected in the100 next Congress is particularly cheering to those who
see the110 imperfections of the present bill. In a direct personal
interview120 Mr. Underwood said:
"It is a long lane that has130 no turning. American shipping inter-
ests started down hill three-quarters140 of a century ago.
"It is indeed a strange happening150 that the great public senti-
ment that controls the American nation160 should wait until an event
over which we had no170 control should happen to awaken the Ameri-
can people to the180 necessity of carrying their foreign commerce in
their own ships.190 Let us hope that the sentiment of to-day in200 favor
of rebuilding our merchant marine is not the mere210 idle promise of
the hour, but has come to stay, and that future Congresses will
respond220 to an enlightened sentiment of our people that will ulti-
mately230 write on the statute books permanent legislation that will
establish240 carriers of our own.
"The country should realize that the250 bill passed by Congress to
admit foreign ships to American260 registry is only emergency legisla-
tion!
"Although it may relieve the270 needs of the hour, in the end it will
not280 build up and maintain a permanent American merchant ma-
rine. Our290 ships were driven from the seas because our foreign
rivals300 discriminated in favor of their ships and we neglected ours.310
No matter how many foreign bottoms may take the American320 flag,
no matter how many ships we may build in330 our own shipyards,
when the war in Europe is over340 and the world returns to normal
conditions, if other nations350 of the world continue to pay their ships
subsidies when350 they pass through the Suez and Panama canals,
if they370 continue to discriminate in favor of them on their home380
railroads, if they continue to furnish capital for building them,390
and in many other ways discriminate in their favor, our400 own ships
will not be able to compete unless we410 adopt some methods of our
own that will give the420 American ships an equal showing to carry
the freights of430 the world.
"The present emergency shipping bill has become a440 law. I
realize with tired men anxious to return home450 before election day
that this is not an opportune time460 to propose or pass permanent
legislation, but I hope and470 believe that when Congress assembles
next winter it will pass480 well considered legislation looking to the
permanent establishment of our490 own merchant marine and its
maintenance for decades yet to500 come.
"It is too early to suggest or propose the510 method to be adopted.
82 PITMAN'S ADVANCED SPEED PRACTICE
There are a number of methods520 that could be adopted and bring
success.
"I have favored530 in the past discriminations in favor of our ship-
ping and540 believe that is the safest and most economical and
surest550 way to accomplish the result. But I am so anxious560 to
build a merchant marine that, if others are not570 willing to travel on
my road, I am willing to580 go with them on any reasonable road that
will lead590 us to the desired result, and I have the faith600 to believe
that the accomplishment of our purpose is near610 at hand." [612.
WHAT IS ADVERTISING?
One of the peculiarities of the art of advertising is10 the fact that,
although the subject has been carefully studied20 and possesses a
fairly extensive literature, no generally accepted30 definition has ever
been framed for it. Practically all students40 of advertising are agreed
as to the aims and purposes50 of advertising, but difficulties seem to
arise when attempts are60 made to reduce conceptions to a few words.
The mere70 absence of a definition is in itself of little consequence,80
but the prevalence of false notions as to the proper function of90
an advertisement, due to the absence of a concise, accurate,100 and
well-known phrase, is responsible for a great waste110 of money.
The definition of the "to advertise" favored by120 the dictionaries
is, "To give public notice of; to announce130 publicly, especially by
printed notice." Undoubtedly, this was formerly the140 chief mean-
ing of the word, but the modern advertising man150 sees a decided dif-
ference between a published list of marriage160 licenses and an appeal
to buy stoves. The belief that170 the only purpose of an advertise-
ment is to convey information180 is still held by many advertisers as
the multitude of190 trade "cards" in trade magazines and newspapers
prove; but every200 advertising man knows that the card is a most
inefficient210 and wasteful form of publicity.
"Salesmanship on paper" is perhaps220 the most popular definition,
especially among advertising men, but this230 definition is easily
eliminated by pointing out that advertising is240 employed for many
purposes, such as inducing people to go to250 church, into which
nothing that can be called salesmanship enters,260 and that window
displays, moving pictures, and other mediums270 guiltless of paper,
form highly successful advertisements.
PITMAN'S ADVANCED SPEED PRACTICE 83
"The process of280 creating desire" is another favored definition;
but the advertisement that290 acts solely through suggestion without
creating desire (as many do)300 can hardly be excluded. This defini-
tion is furthermore, another310 illustration of the danger of false con-
ceptions. Many advertisers believe320 that success is certain if desire
for their commodities is330 created, and spend vast sums to attain
this end; afterwards340 they awaken to the fact that the creating of
desire350 without supplying the means to satisfy that desire through
adequate360 distribution is empty of reward.
"Advertising is the process of370 making people do something the
advertiser wants them to do."380 This definition excludes merely
informative announcements and covers those prepared390 with the
aim of producing some definite action. It makes400 no difference
what the action may be — whether to buy410 certain goods, send for
certain literature, travel on a certain420 road, give a salesman a
respectful and attentive hearing, vote430 for a certain party, prevent
the spread of a disease,440 or permit a public service corporation to
increase the price450 of its service (refusal to act being also included
by460 the word "action"). Advertising does this and much more.
The470 action may take place immediately on comprehending the
advertisement480 or years afterward, but an advertisement is only
successful when it490 induces a sufficient number of people to act in
a500 certain manner, and if it does not, it is a510 failure and a waste
of money, regardless of what other520 good qualities it may possess.
It is obvious that ideas530 form the sole weapon for the advertiser,
other means of540 producing action, such as bribery, physical force,
and intimidation, being550 clearly not advertising. But it makes no
difference whatever how560 the advertiser presents his ideas, whether
by printed words, spoken570 words, pictures, samples, or displays of
goods. He is unrestricted^80 as to his methods and is free to choose
any590 that are available.
This definition gives us the clew to600 the proper study of the adver-
tising man, i. e., the factors610 that influence human action. It
opens the way for a620 comprehension of the true parts played by
attention, interest, suggestion,630 desire, decision, association of ideas
and memory, and the manner640 in which these factors can be used •
advantageously by the650 advertiser. And it shows that proper
distribution is as much660 an essential to successful advertising as
the selection of the670 proper mediums and the preparation of proper
copy. 1678.
84 PITMAN'S ADVANCED SPEED PRACTICE
FREE TRADE VERSUS RECIPROCITY
Would free trade promote free trade?
Or would carefully-handled,10 scientific reciprocity accomplish
more?
The world is confronted with this20 puzzling economic development :
Great Britain, after a long era of30 free trade, is seriously considering
a return to a limited40 amount of protection, solely to enable herself
to introduce reciprocity50 agreements with the various countries
forming the Empire. Under absolute60 free trade that is not possible.
The United States, simultaneously,70 is about to take a plunge
toward free trade without,80 apparently, giving proper thought to
this principle of reciprocity.
Joseph90 Chamberlain, the veteran leader of the British Unionists,
was the100 first to espouse a measure of cooperation within the
Empire110 to secure advantages which would not be given open-
handedly120 to competitors. Even the enemies of Joe Chamberlain
have never130 accused him of being a fool. In his heyday he140 tow-
ered above all other political stalwarts in Britain. His proposal150
shocked hide-bound free traders and almost disrupted his party.160
In the midst of the fight, before he could lead170 his followers to vic-
tory, he was stricken down by sickness,180 and no one has yet arisen
to carry the movement190 forward with equal zeal, force and bril-
liancy.
The plea of200 the Chamberlain adherents was, and is, that when
Britain adopted210 free trade it was confidently believed other nations
would reciprocate220 by following her example. Instead, the arrange-
ment proved one-sided.230
Let us grant that universal free trade would be ideal.240 But let
us also look facts squarely in the face.250
Once America gives foreigners something for nothing, how can it260
hope to exact compensating favors in return? If it throws270 away its
commercial sword — its tariff — its weapon of defense280 is gone, is it
not?
Wouldn't diplomatically-handled reciprocity accomplish290 more
in securing freer trade? Wouldn't it induce foreigners now300 sur-
rounded by protection to grant a more generous measure of310 free
trade to American products? Wouldn't it mean that for320 every step
we take towards free trade with any nation,330 that nation must also
take a step of similar length340 to meet us? To throw down our own
PITMAN'S ADVANCED SPEED PRACTICE 85
barriers without350 demanding any lowering of foreign barriers would
be a lop-sided360 bargain.
Note this point: We can bargain when we have370 something to
bargain with, but we cannot bargain after we380 have to give.
European newspapers are chuckling over the prospect390 of trium-
phant invasion of American markets. In England, in Germany,400 in
France, in Italy, columns upon columns are being printed410 about
the great impetus which certain industries will receive once420 the
tariff is brushed aside or radically lowe ed. "We are430 to get some-
thing for nothing from the United States," is440 the exultant note of
the Continental Press. They had not450 thought Uncle Sam would be
so magnanimous, so generous, so460 shortsighted, in other words.
Has Congress forgotten entirely this part470 of the Underwood tariff
bill— Section IV., paragraph A:
That480 for the purpose of readjusting the present duties on impor-
tations490 into the United States and at the same time to500 encour-
age the export trade of this country, the President of510 the United
States is authorized and empowered to negotiate trade520 agree-
ments with foreign nations wherein mutual concessions are made
looking530 toward freer trade relations and further reciprocal ex-
pansion of trade540 and commerce.
Provided, however, that said trade agreements, before coming550
operative, shall be submitted to the Congress of the United560
States for ratification or rejection.
We cannot first take all570 the shot out of our own commercial guns
and then580 point them at the heads of unfriendly foreign nations
who590 refuse to play fair with us. To do so would600 only subject
us to derision. If we leave ourselves without610 ammunition our
oversea rivals can laugh at us.
It is620 not altogether nonsensical, then, is it, to ask whether
free630 trade would promote free trade, or whether carefully-handled
scientific reciprocity640 would not accomplish more? [644.
NIGHT TESTS OF BIG GUNS
It was the first time that shell tracers, as they10 are technically
called, were used, and they proved a success.20 A tracer is nothing
else than an edge of fire30 about the forward end and nose of the
86 PITMAN'S ADVANCED SPEED PRACTICE
shot, kept40 there by the explosion of gases, by which the progress50
of the missile through the night can be followed by60 the naked eye.
By using these tracers the artillerymen found70 that the shots go
"Straight as a die."
The tests80 showed how accurate firing can be from mortars, dis-
tinctly American90 weapons of destruction, and also demonstrated
that New York harbor,100 from the direction of Sandy Hook at least,
is presumably110 impregnable. These mortars are far from new, but
have always120 been regarded as among the most effective methods of
defense.130 They have always been used with remarkable accuracy
during the140 day. The marvelous thing about them now is that
with150 their range finders and other mechanical appliances they can
shoot160 their ponderous charges through the night just as accurately
as170 by day, and do not have to reveal their lodgment180 at all.
The work of locating a target or an190 enemy is as simple as sighting
a rifle at a200 woodchuck on a sunlit day. With powerful illuminated
glasses the210 vessel is sighted. Then the men in the observation
and220 signal stations calculate her speed and tell by that and230 by
her direction just where she will be at a240 certain time — maybe in one
minute, two minutes or five250 minutes- Then with mechanical
appliances which are just as unerring260 as the sun and stars they fig-
ure out where she270 and a shot from the mortars will meet, allowing
for280 the time of the flight of the shot and the290 time consumed in
loading, pointing and firing the gun. There300 is nothing even
approaching uncertainty about this. Problems in trigonometry310
based on the dimensions of triangles and the speed both320 of shell and
craft are solved instantly, and presently the330 huge shot spurts from
the gun and the shell and340 the vessel travel toward the meeting
point.
The targets in350 these last tests were about four miles away. The
shots360 were propelled by charges of eighteen points of powder.
The370 same mortars could just as well have fired twice or380 almost
three times the distance and with just as much390 accuracy. Twelve
shots were fired and as near as could400 be estimated, ten of the shots
struck the mark.
One410 of the most beautiful spectacles of the tests was the420 firing
of two shots simultaneously, or almost so. One spurted430 from a
mortar in pit A and another in pit440 B, just a few yards apart. Both
rose in precisely450 the same course and both struck the water together
and460 in almost identically the same spot. Both were framed in470
flame and were seen by thousands of persons.
PITMAN'S ADVANCED SPEED PRACTICE 87
These rims480 of fire appeared on six of the twelve shots fired490
at Sandy Hook and made them look like gigantic sky-500 rockets as
they gracefully, and not too swiftly, rose to a510 height estimated at
from two to three miles and then,520 in a beautiful half curve, cleaved
their way toward their530 object of destruction, gaining velocity as
they fell until, still540 showing red, they smashed the water with the
same speed550 as that with which they left the muzzle of the560
mortars.
There are more mortars at other forts, and as570 they are so placed
that they cannot be reached except580 by tha most remarkable of
accidents they can keep shooting590 for days at a time and, theoreti-
cally at least, send600 to the bottom of the ocean all the ships in610 the
world should they dare to come within the range620 of firing.
The factor that airships might play is not630 taken into considera-
tion, and, in fact, it would require most640 wonderful work for any
craft to drop a shell into650 the pits. War ships, whose guns shoot
practically horizontally, could660 not place shot or shell in the pits.
War ships670 cannot withstand the recoil of mortars, and thus it
would680 seem that the deadly mortars, in the event of war,690 could
go on interminably dropping their hail of death on700 every one and
everything that came within the range of710 their firing. [712.
THE NAVY
Courage has always been a characteristic of the American sailor,10
but it alone was not responsible for victories achieved by20 our men-
of-war over those of enemies no less30 brave. In the days of the
sailing ship, the superiority40 was due in an important degree to the
greater skill50 with which the ship was handled by experienced officers
and60 its crew of hardy longshoremen. Hull won as much distinc-
tion70 in sailing the Constitution as in fighting her. The native80
intelligence, the quick eye and the supple limbs of the90 men born
and bred in the salt air of the100 Atlantic Coast easily worked the
simple guns of that day.110
Raw material is not so easily convertible into the experienced120
man-o'-war's-man of the twentieth century. The abandonment
of130 sails and the substitution of steam and electricity with the140
countless improvements accompanying the change have created in
88 PITMAN'S ADVANCED SPEED PRACTICE
the war-ship150 of the new Navy a demand for a mechanic-sailor160 —
that is a man trained in the operation and170 repair of fighting machin-
ery, yet impregnated with the salt of180 the sea. Ability to navigate
and sail a ship was190 the first requisite of an officer and seaman of200
the Old Navy; to-day they are engineers and mechanics first, and210
sailors afterwards. A modern battleship from stem to stern220 is
simply a huge fighting machine. It is propelled by230 machinery ; its
turrets, themselves machines, are operated by machinery; the240
guns are loaded and fired by machinery ; the torpedoes, complicated250
engines, are sent on their careers of destruction by machinery;260
small boats and anchors are lowered and anchored by machinery,270
and water-tight compartments are opened and closed by machin-
ery.280
Steam and electricity are the powers which move this terrible290
creature of man's destructive genius; and steam and electrical engi-
neers300 are required to guide and supervise its operation. An
officer's310 duties, however, are not limited to the practical application
of320 these sciences. He must also know how to navigate his330
ship and be able to care for the health and340 general well-being of
the men under his command. Occasions350 arise when he must con-
duct negotiations for the settlement of360 important diplomatic
questions, and he frequently represents the government at370 func-
tions of international consequence. He rescues the ship-wrecked,
gives380 assistance to the national merchant marine, and if called
on,390 quells mutinies. He surveys dangerous coasts, makes deep-sea
soundings400 for the double purpose of finding a suitable bed for410 pro-
jected cables and charting the bottom of the ocean. He determines420
for navigators the latitude and longitude of doubtful points. He430
should have at least a rudimentary acquaintance with astronomy,
and440 know something of chemistry. Because legal questions are
sometimes450 raised by or referred to him, and because he serves460 at
court-martials and administers punishment, he ought to be470 familiar
with the principles of common law. Above all, he480 must be a man of
quick decision and of nerve490 and of sound judgment, for as a com-
manding officer on800 a battleship, or a vessel of inferior class, he510
should know in battle how to strike and to strike520 sure; in peace,
how to determine an important question fitting530 the honor of the
nation which is brought to him540 for immediate settlement.
These are the attainments of the ideal550 officer, but it does not
follow that every member of560 the commissioned force of the Navy
possesses them. At the570 same time, the preliminary education
PITMAN'S ADVANCED SPEED PRACTICE 89
given at the Naval Academy580 and the subsequent training in active
professional life insure the590 development of an officer provided he
can and will improve600 his opportunities there. It is the proud
boast of the610 American Navy that in its existence of more than a620
century, in but few instances has a man been found630 wanting when
the occasion for him came. [637.
JUDGE GARY ON BUSINESS AND NATIONAL WARS
Not only is the world — especially the business world — awaking10
to the foolishness of wars between nations but to the20 foolishness as
well of employing the principles of warfare in30 business. Judge
Gary, chairman of the board of directors of40 the U. S. Steel Corpo-
ration, believes that those principles are equally50 abominable in both
cases. He spoke recently before the American60 Iron and Steel Insti-
tute, on the similarity of the results70 of the European War and com-
petitive warfare in business. He80 said:
"The nation that wins will surely lose, although this90 would
seem at first blush a paradox. The enormous100 cost and the long-
continued suffering on the part of110 the survivors will not be fully
covered by any success120 or glory or indemnity. Before now every
participant in the130 contest must realize that it would have been
better to140 have settled, if possible, all the existing differences, real
or150 imaginary, on a basis approved by some competent and im-
partial160 tribunal. The sums expended and to be expended by the170
different nations would have greatly extended their opportunities
for180 success and happiness if wisely used for those purposes. Per-
sonally,190 I believe in a positive and binding agreement between all200
the nations for the final settlement by arbitration of all210 interna-
tional disputes by a competent and impartial tribunal, and for220
the enforcement of decisions by the nations not personally involved230
in the question at issue. Such an agreement could be240 made, such a
tribunal would be permanently established and such280 an enforce-
ment made practical if the nations were so disposed.260 I hope the
time will come, even though not in270 my time, when wars and rumors
of wars will cease280 altogether."
"All I have said applies forcibly to our business.290 We who
are here to-day are engaged in competition; we300 are naturally selfish.
90 PITMAN'S ADVANCED SPEED PRACTICE
We are often inconsiderate and indifferent. In310 representing the
interests of those who place us in official320 position, we feel obligated
to strive for success, and330 we go beyond reason or justice. As many
of you340 have remarked at previous meetings, it was customary in
the350 days gone by to harbor the same feelings and to360 pursue the
same line of conduct in the iron and370 steel trade that have been
exhibited in the European conflict.380 Business men struggle for
revenge, or conquest, or suppression, or390 other reasons just as bad.
The graves of concerns destroyed400 were numerous. This has lately
been testified to in open410 court by those who are familiar with the
subject.
"To-day420 I congratulate you on your success in bringing about
a430 new order of things in business. You have become well440
acquainted; you have confidence in each other; you believe what450
is told you; you recognize the interests of your neighbor;460 you are
glad when he prospers and equally sorry when470 he fails of success.
You have a better and clearer480 understanding of business obliga-
tions. You can faithfully represent your stock-490 holders, or the
owners of your properties, and indulge in500 the keenest competition
without being oppressive or unfair.
"And so610 I trust that in all our deliberations we bear these820
principles in mind. Commercial warfare, which means destruction
and oppression,530 should be as distasteful as the battles which kill
and540 maim the soldiers, for they are the same in pecuniary550 results.
They are injurious to all of those who are560 engaged and they
seriously distress those who may be dependent570 upon the concerns
which are eliminated. Without taking more time580 to further discuss
these questions, I suggest that it is590 to the benefit and interest of all
of us to600 have each one of those engaged in competition propor-
tionately successful610 with others; and that by all fair, honorable and
proper620 means we should encourage these conditions."
"Communities succeed or fail630 together. Competitors in trade,
producer and consumer, employer and employee, the640 private indi-
vidual and the public — all secure the best650 results if they work
together. The success of one on660 legitimate lines means the benefit
of all, and the failure670 of one means loss to all." — "Current Opinion."
[676.
PITMAN'S ADVANCED SPEED PRACTICE 91
ORGANIZATION
BY ELBERT HUBBARD
America owes her proud place among the nations to the10 energy,
sagacity and insight of her business men. Organization in20 America,
based on the science of mathematics and the law30 of supply and
demand, has given us our wealth. To40 embarrass and legislate
against organization, limiting it, checking it, thwarting50 it, is to cur-
tail production.
Supervision is necessary, but limitation,60 never.
Most anti-trust laws are born of fallacious reasoning.70 They are
unscientific, being based on mistaken assumptions.
The mobs80 that tore up the first railroads in England, as well90 as
the fine scorn of John Ruskin for the iron100 horse, were the result of a
belief that this newly110 discovered power was going to enslave the
people. So they120 wanted less power, not more.
A few always suffer from130 an inability to adapt themselves to
new conditions, but progress140 is for the many, not for the few.
The occasional150 misuse of a good thing is no excuse for making160
war on the thing.
My father tells of a time170 when he changed cars, seven times
going from New York180 to Chicago. The journey took three days
and three nights.190 And it would be the same now were it not200
for combination and organization.
Organization is the keynote of success.210
In Russia corporations are heavily taxed and looked upon with220
grave suspicion. Production by modern methods is limited.
There is230 not a single millionaire in Russia, outside of the Czar240
and the grand dukes, and they do not count, since250 their business
is consumption and waste, and not production.
There260 is not a millionaire merchant in Spain, Portugal or Italy.270
The genius of organization is lacking in Europe, save for280 purposes
of war — purposes of destruction.
Our best talents in290 America are being used in the lines of creation,
production,300 building and distribution.
That bright spot in history called the310 "Age of Pericles" was
simply a lull in the war320 spirit, when Greece turned her attention
from war to art330 and beauty.
Through the genius of America's business men we340 will yet make
92 PITMAN'S ADVANCED SPEED PRACTICE
the "Age of Pericles" perpetual, and the350 glory that was Greece will
manifest itself all over this360 continent, and finally all over the world.
Energy, taking the370 form of human units, combines according to
certain natural laws.380
Economics is as much under the domain of Nature as390 are the
tides and movements of the planets. Ignorance of400 the laws of
economics is the one thing that destroyed410 the old civilizations and
limits ours.
One hundred and fifty years420 ago, practically all manufacturing
was done in the homes in430 the form of handicrafts.
The invention of the steam-engine440 removed factory. By the
help of the machine one man450 can now do as much as eighty could
one hundred460 fifty years ago.
We have twenty million workers in America,470 which are equal to
the work of one billion six480 hundred million one hundred years ago.
Here we find a490 vast increase in the production of wealth. To use
this600 wealth for human good, and not pauperize the workers, is510
the problem that confronts us.
To limit the production of520 wealth because some one misuses
wealth would be on a530 par with limiting health because some one
had laughed out540 loud in meeting. Don't be afraid that anyone is550
going to take his wealth with him when he dies.660 Also, don't be
afraid that he can tie it up570 so it will not bless and benefit mankind.
The unfit580 are always distributing it, and killing themselves in the
process.690
Economics is an evolving science. We will never get to600 the
end of it. Ideals attained cease to be ideals,610 and the distant peaks
beckon us on and on. Combinations620 that increase production
should be encouraged, not forbidden. What this630 world needs is
more wealth, not less.
The evil in640 the Trust is not in its organization, nor in its660
bigness, nor in its success. It is threefold : first, corruption660 of public
officials to obtain special privileges denied to competitors;670 second,
the consequent oppression of the competitor and the consumer;680
third, watering of stock and then extorting excessive profits to690
pay dividends on such stock.
These evils the law must700 cure without destroying cooperation,
or discouraging enterprise, or impeding progress.710
All intelligent progressives are working to this end. [718.
PITMAN'S ADVANCED SPEED PBACTICE 93
WAR DRAFT UPON THE WORLD'S CAPITAL SUPPLY
When the great European conflict finally ceases what will be10 the
effect upon investment resources and the investment market? This20
question is being keenly discussed in the financial district and30
the more it is debated the more disposition there is40 to take a cheer-
ful view. When the terrific shock first50 fell upon the markets only
one thought was in people's60 minds — the fearful cost in men and
money, the enormous70 capital waste. The first conclusion was that
the end of80 the war would be followed by a long period during90
which capital would be scarce and credit tight, and that100 the im-
mense issues of new government securities necessary to be110 taken
up would cause a wholesale displacement of older investments120
throughout the world.
This pessimistic line of reasoning has now130 been considerably
modified. As the subject has been more carefully140 considered,
various offsets to the destruction wrought by the war150 have
assumed a constantly increasing importance. Against the huge
draft160 of the European struggle upon the world's capital supply
must170 be set three great agencies, present and prospective whereby
it180 will be sustained and eventually built up. First there are190 the
world-wide economies now being practised. All classes of200 people
feel poorer, nearly everybody is spending less. This reduction210
in expenses by individuals applies in equal degree but on220 a much
larger scale to corporations. If we try to230 grasp what this wide-
spread saving means already and what it240 will mean during the rest
of the war period and250 long after hostilities have ceased, it is difficult
to underrate260 its magnitude.
Secondly, with the great contest over, disarmament will270 begin.
The huge sums taken each year from trade channels280 will be enor-
mously reduced and there will be a vast290 transfer from unproductive
to productive labor. How far the saving300 and recreation of capital
through reduction of military and naval310 expenditures will go
toward balancing the war losses, is a320 futile inquiry when we do not
know the duration of330 the war. But financial experts who have
gone into the340 subject are convinced that unless the present struggle
is prolonged350 beyond all ordinary calculations it would not take
more than360 a few years saving under disarmament to pay for its370
entire cost.
There is a third factor more important, perhaps,380 than either of
94 PITMAN'S ADVANCED SPEED PRACTICE
the other two, which is bound to390 play a compensating part in the
markets after the war400 is over. This is the release of vast sums
long410 hoarded through Europe by governments, banks, and indi-
viduals. For years420 — since 1870, in fact — Europe has never ceased
preparing for430 war. The growth of armaments has been the more
open440 phase of these preparations, but on the financial side, al-
though460 more secret, they have been just as persistent and exten-
sive.460
Along with the government withdrawals has been an individual
accumulation470 which in the aggregate is very large. It is credibly480
stated that French peasants ever since 1870, convinced that an-
other490 great clash must come, have kept gold tucked away in500
their stockings. Within the last two years — that is, since510 the Bal-
kan outbreak — the fear of a general conflagration has520 been so keen
that this hoarding by private capitalists small530 and large has been
greatly stimulated. All over Europe it540 has gone on and has repeat-
edly been referred to as550 the most formidable depressing cause in the
financial markets.660
To this impounding of gold supplies by the foreign governments670
and by private individuals must be added the excessive accumula-
tions580 by the European banks. The banks of France and Ger-
many,690 particularly within the last eighteen months, have never
ceased their600 efforts to augment their specie holdings. As the
result their610 reserves have become something abnormal. What is
true of the620 great central institutions at Paris and Berlin is true,
only630 in less degree, of other foreign banks. Everywhere reserves
have640 been piled up far in excess of the ordinary requirements680 of
safety.
What then, is going to happen when the660 conflict is over and the
world is assured, as it670 must be, of a permanent peace? The motive
which for680 forty years has influenced financial Europe and led to
an690 unabated hoarding of gold supplies will have ceased to be.700
The prolonged accumulation will give way to a sudden and710 tre-
mendous release of these golden stores. And when this happens720
it will be just like a new gold discovery. [729.
PITMAN'S ADVANCED SPEED PRACTICE 95
THE SOCIALIZING VALUE OF FRATERNITY LIFE
Fraternities in colleges, like all things human, were born as10
infants; and at first developed the childish foibles of paraded20 secrecy
and snobbish exclusiveness. In our more progressive colleges this30
childish stage has passed; affected secrecy and studied snobbishness
have40 given way to frank publicity and arduous responsibility.
The grip,50 the pin, the letters of mysterious meaning, to be sure,60
remain as harmless relics, like the baby dresses and little70 shoes the
mother keeps fondly in the attic chest long80 after her boy has grown
to be a man.
In90 colleges that are alert the fraternities have become homes,
with100 houses to care for, pay taxes on, and keep in110 repair; often
with board and lodging to provide; with ideals120 of character,
standards of scholarship and traditions of service to130 maintain,
under the critical eyes of their graduate brothers and140 their under-
graduate rivals.
Responsibility and publicity are the two indispensable150 guard-
ians of fraternity life. The more they have to do,160 and the more
strictly they are held to corporate responsibility170 for doing it, the
more beneficial will they be both180 to their members and to the
community. In a college190 where the responsibility and publicity of
fraternities is well developed200 discipline appeals to the student not
as individual merely, which210 is an appeal too small and feeble, nor
as a220 member of the college primarily, which is an appeal too230
vague and general, but as a member of the fraternity240 whose good
standing his conduct helps or harms.
The average250 student will respond ten times as quickly and effec-
tively to260 that appeal when sympathetically presented and effec-
tively backed by the270 support of graduate and older undergraduate
brothers as he will230 to either the smaller individual or the larger
institutional appeal.290 To be a discredit or a drawback to his own300
group with which he is identified by its election and310 his choice is
an offense of which not one student320 in a hundred is willing to be
guilty.
Publicity is330 as essential as responsibility, and a great stimulus
to it.340 A college which seeks to make the most of it350 gives much
more publicity to the rank of a fraternity360 than to that of the indi-
viduals who compose it. The370 relative contributions of the frater-
aities to the athletic, business, literary,380 musical and dramatic life
96 PITMAN'S ADVANCED SPEED PRACTICE
of the college likewise are known390 and read by the entire student
body. No student or400 "delegation," as the group from the same
class is called,410 is willing to stand low in the esteem of prominent420
graduates of their fraternity. Hence the college officer needs to430
know not only the under graduates, but also the influential graduates440
who are in each fraternity, and use such knowledge on450 every avail-
able occasion, by mail, over the telephone and face460 to face.
The necessity of "rushing" or "fishing" new men,470 where com-
petition is sufficiently keen, is a great incentive to480 keeping frater-
nity standards high. But where all the students are490 in fraternities,
or groups very similar to fraternities, a fraternity600 finds a reputation
for low scholarship, feeble athletics, demoralized finances510 or
"sporty" living a very serious handicap.
In entering this520 lifelong alliance, far more indissoluble than
marriage has come to630 be, freshmen are becoming increasingly wary
of fatal defects in540 a fraternity; and rival fraternities are not slow
to point550 out the defects in each other to freshmen they are560
seeking to pledge. Accordingly, to get the full benefit of570 competi-
tion between fraternities, it becomes the part of wisdom for580 a col-
lege which has fraternities at all to have enough590 of them, or of clubs
like them, to include all600 the students in college.
With a little management, and a610 sufficient subsidy to start the
new organization when a new620 one is needed, it is possible to have
all the630 students organized in groups of from twenty to forty-five,640
on a plane of equality, in such keen and wholesome650 rivalry that the
strength and the weakness, the honor and660 the shame of every man
in college is brought home670 as a help or a hindrance to the social
group680 of which he is a member and for whose welfare690 and
reputation he intensely cares. [696.
EARTHQUAKES
Earthquakes are produced by fractures and sudden heavings and
subsidences10 in the elastic crust of the globe, from the pressure20 of
the liquid fire, vapors, and gases in its interior,30 which there find
vent, relieve the tension which the strata40 acquire during their
slow refrigeration, and restore equilibrium. But whether50 the initial
impulse be eruptive, or a sudden pressure upwards,60 the shock orig-
PITMAN'S ADVANCED SPEED PRACTICE 97
inating in that point is propagated through the70 elastic surface of
the earth in a series of circular or80 oval undulations, similar to those
produced by dropping a stone90 into a pool and like them they become
broader and100 lower as the distance increases, till they gradually
subside; in110 this manner the shock travels through the land, becom-
ing weaker120 and weaker till it terminates. When the impulse
begins in130 the interior of a continent, the elastic wave is propa-
gated140 through the solid crust of the earth as well as150 in sound
through the air, and is transmitted from the160 former to the ocean,
where it is finally spent and170 lost, or, if very powerful, is continued in
the opposite180 land. Almost all the earthquakes, however, have their
origin in190 the bed of the ocean, far from land, whence the200 shocks
travel in undulations to the surrounding shores. No doubt210 many
of small intensity are imperceptible; it is only the220 violent efforts of
the internal forces that can overcome the230 pressure of the ocean's
bed, and that of the superincumbent240 water. The internal pressure
is supposed to find relief most250 readily in a belt of great breadth that
surrounds the260 land at a considerable distance from the coast, and,
being270 formed of its debris, the internal temperature is in a280 per-
petual state of fluctuation, which would seem to give rise290 to sudden
flexures and submarine eruptions. When the original impulse300 is
a fracture or eruption of lava in the bed310 of the deep ocean, two kinds
of waves or undulations are320 produced and propagated simultan-
eously— one through the bed of the330 ocean, which is the true earth-
quake shock; and coincident with this340 a wave is formed and propa-
gated on the surface of350 the ocean, which rolls to the shore and
reaches it360 in time to complete the destruction long after the shock370
or wave through the solid ocean-bed has arrived and380 spent itself on
land. The height to which the surface390 of the ground is elevated, or
the vertical height of400 the shock-wave, varies from one inch to two
or410 three feet. This earth-wave, on passing under deep water,420
is imperceptible, but when it comes to soundings it carries430 with it to
the land a long flat aqueous wave;440 on arriving at the beach the
water drops in450 arrear from the superior velocity of the shock, so
that460 at that moment the sea seems to recede before the470 great
ocean-wave arrives. It is the small forced waves480 that give the
shock to ships, and not the great490 wave; when ships are struck in
very deep water,800 the center of disturbance is either immediately
under, or very510 nearly under, the vessel. Three other series of undu-
lations are520 formed simultaneously with the preceding, by which
the sound of530 the explosion is conveyed through the earth, the
98 PITMAN'S ADVANCED SPEED PRACTICE
ocean, and540 the air, with different velocities. That through the
earth travels550 at the rate of from 7,000 to 10,000 feet in560 a second
in hard rock, and somewhat less in looser570 materials and arrives at
the coast a short time before,880 or at the same moment with the
shock, and produces590 the hollow sounds that are the harbingers of
ruin; then600 follows a continuous succession of sounds, like the rolling
of610 distant thunder, formed, first by the wave that is propagated620
through the water of the sea, which travels at the630 rate of 4,700 feet
in a second; and lastly, by640 that passing through the air, which only
takes place when650 the origin of the earthquake is a submarine explo-
sion, and660 travels with a velocity of 1,123 feet in a second.670 The
rolling sounds precede the arrival of the great wave680 on the coasts,
and are continued after the terrific catastrophe690 when the eruption
is extensive. When there is a succession700 of shocks all the phe-
nomena are reproduced. During earthquakes, dislocations710 of
strata take place, the course of rivers is changed,720 and in some
instances they have been permanently dried up,730 rocks are hurled
down, masses raised up, and the configuration740 of the country
altered; but if there be no fracture760 at the point of original impulse,
there will be no760 noise. [761.
SOMERVILLE'S PHYSICAL GEOGRAPHY
PUBLIC EDUCATION
BY MARTIN H. GLYNN, EX-GOVERNOR OF THE STATE OP NEW YORK
Education, as we know it, is under obligations to many10 men and
many influences, but there is no single factor20 to which education
owes a greater debt than it does30 to religion. The shrine and the
schoolhouse have never been40 very far apart at any stage of the
world's progress.50
For those more fortunate in this world's goods, who do60 not
need to turn to the State for education, or70 for those who received
their training in denominational or charitable80 schools, the public
school may not mean the beginning and90 the end of education. But
to the millions who have100 found it the only place where they could
slake their110 thirst for knowledge, the "Little Red Schoolhouse"
is a sacred120 temple that no man dare profane.
Within its friendly walls130 a message of hope and inspiration has
LAWY
DALLAS, ,
PITMAN'S ADVANCED SPEED PRACTICE 99
been brought to140 the American boy. There he has learned that no
task150 is too hard for him to attempt, no height too160 lofty for him to
scale. There he has found the170 universal key that unlocks all the
mysteries of science and180 of art, the magic key of study. And
beyond all190 the reading, all the writing, all the arithmetic, the Amer-
ican200 boy has learned the American's first lesson, the lesson of210
equality and equal opportunity.
There are no favorites in "The220 Little Red Schoolhouse." The
son of the banker and the230 son of the mechanic meet there upon a
common footing.240 Each school is a miniature republic where indus-
try and ability250 are the only roads to favor and success. Every
boy260 who has fought and laughed his way through "The Little270
Red Schoolhouse" knows that all class distinctions are artificial and280
that merit is the measure of the man. Whatever else290 they do, the
schools of America produce real Americans fit300 for the duties and the
responsibilities of American citizenship.
I310 know whereof I speak when I talk of the public320 schools. It
was in one of this State's public schools330 that I learned to read and
write. It was in340 a public school that I discovered the glorious
world where350 the greatest men of all ages live and talk — the360 world
of books; and I would be ingrate and recreant370 if I let this occasion
slip without humbly acknowledging some380 part of the debt I owe the
free schools of390 my State.
I know the public schools, and, because I400 know them, I refuse
to be disturbed by those who410 seek, from time to time, to alarm
the nation with420 gloomy forebodings and dire predictions. For
when they tell us430 that danger threatens the institutions of the
Republic, when they440 warn us that the ship of state is drifting
into450 perilous waters, when the cynic grows faint-hearted and the460
credulous becomes discouraged, I hear the bells ringing from ten470
thousand public schools and my heart grows warm again.
I480 see twenty million children marching into the schools that
dot490 the hills and valleys from Maine to Mexico. I watch500 them
conning their readers and thumbing their histories. I see510 them
being molded into American citizens and I know that620 America can
make no mistake which American citizens cannot rectify.530
It is a great task, Doctor Finley, a noble duty,640 with which the
State of New York charges you to-day.550 You are being placed
at the head of the560 schools in the greatest State of the Union. New
York570 is giving into your keeping the eager minds of its580 children ;
it is intrusting you with the care of its590 future citizens.
100 PITMAN'S ADVANCED SPEED PRACTICE
May all good fortune attend you in your800 task. May you find on
every hand the support and610 encouragement that your solemn duty
deserves. And may all who620 serve under you remember that the
real temple of the630 State's liberties is not the Capitol, where the
State's laws640 are made, not the Courts, where the State's laws are650
interpreted and enforced, but rather this beautiful building in
which680 we are gathered, from which the truths that underlie all670
law and all discipline will be carried to the future680 citizens who must
obey and defend those laws.
Our hopes,690 our aspirations and our prayers accompany you as
you enter700 upon your labors, and, with confidence and pride, we
salute710 you, caretaker of our liberties, guardian of our children,
keeper720 of the pathway to our stars. [726.
QUARANTINE DEFENSE: A PHASE OF PREVENTIVE
MEDICINE
BY C. H. LAVINDER
In a wide sense quarantine may be included in the10 great field of
preventive medicine, of which we hear so20 much these days. It
seeks to prevent disease by excluding30 it. Among all preventive
measures, it is perhaps the oldest40 as it is certainly the most natural.
The practice of50 quarantine in some form runs through the history
of mankind.60 Provisions of this character are mentioned in the
Mosaic law;70 and in our own time, communities, under the dread of80
epidemics, have been known to take the law into their90 own hands
and to enforce quarantines of the harshest character.100 The word
itself originates from the Italian word, quarantina, or110 "forty,"
forty days being the period of detention imposed on120 certain vessels
by the great maritime republic of Venice in130 the latter part of the
Middle Ages.
Among the quarantine140 procedures now in use perhaps the most
important are the150 restrictions placed around our borders and
frontiers. This country, in160 common with most others, considers it
essential to adopt measures170 to prevent the introduction within its
borders of certain communicable180 diseases, and so there has origi-
nated our system of quarantine190 defense against exotic disease.
Situated as we are this means200 largely a maritime quarantine,
PITMAN'S ADVANCED SPEED PRACTICE 101
since our long coast line is of210 far more importance in this connec-
tion, than our northern and220 southern frontiers.
This quarantine defense is now considered a function230 of the
national government, but this has not always been240 so. The
assumption of such powers by the national government,250 like so
many other powers and duties under national control,260 has been
reached through a slow process of evolution, which270 is even yet not
entirely complete. In the early days280 of this country, quarantine
powers were lodged with the ports290 or states — that is, they were
entirely local. Settlements were300 small and scattered, and means
of communication were slow. But310 as growth and development
took place, people multiplied, business grew,320 and means of trans-
portation and communication increased, it was recognized330 that
quarantine measures affected not only a particular port or340 place,
but involved the interests of all. For disease introduced350 at one
port might ultimately become very widespread.
There were,360 moreover, other considerations; such, for example,
as the possibility that370 one port might seek material or business
advantages at the380 cost of others by imposing lax quarantine restric-
tions, to invite390 trade.
These and other considerations provoked discussion and legislation
of400 one kind or another, all of which finally culminated in410 an act
of Congress (approved February 15, 1893) which created420 a na-
tional quarantine establishment and placed all such duties and430
powers in the hands of the Public Health Service, then440 the Marine
Hospital Service.
Since this act, some other less450 important legislation has from
time to time been enacted, largely460 for the purpose of modifying or
supplementing the original act.470 One amendment relates to vessels
plying between our own ports480 and nearby foreign ports on our
frontiers, and releases them490 from all quarantine restrictions except
under unusual conditions. This relieves500 us of many useless and
expensive restrictions between our neighbors;510 and allows the exten-
sive shipping on our Great Lakes, for520 example, between American
and Canadian ports, to go on, under530 normal conditions, unhindered.
Thus is exemplified the keynote of quarantine540 defense — a mini-
mum of restriction with a maximum of safety.550 The idea is to avoid
all useless and unreasonable restrictions560 — indeed, to expedite in
every possible way the great and870 important business of the mer-
chant marine, as long as it580 may be done with safety to our own
country.
102 PITMAN'S ADVANCED SPEED PRACTICE
Under590 the law mentioned above and by authority of the secre-
tary600 of the treasury, the surgeon-general of the Public Health610
Service appointed a board of officers to draw up regulations620 for
carrying into effect the national quarantine law; and under630 these
regulations, modified from time to time as required, the640 law is
now administered. [644.
FROM "THE SURVEY"
ARE WE PREPARED FOR THE PANAMA CANAL?
BY JOHN BARRETT
It ia necessary that the South, and, in fact, the10 entire country,
should realize without delay certain plain facts about20 the Panama
Canal.
There is real danger that in our30 rejoicing over its early com-
pletion and in our excusable pride40 over the great engineering
achievement, we shall overlook doing the50 practical things upon
which the successful use of the canal60 depends.
There is equal danger that we are doing impractical70 things which
will seriously handicap its value to us.
I80 am not an alarmist, but telling the truth when I90 say there is
going to be widespread disappointment throughout the100 country
at our slowness in realizing the large, appreciable and110 immediate
benefits from the canal.
A wail of protest will120 surely go up from the country within a year
or130 two after the canal is opened to trade that the140 harbors of the
Atlantic and Pacific coasts are not filled150 with shipping and that the
manufacturing plants of the country160 are not overwhelmed with the
orders which are expected as170 a result of its construction.
There is no use denying180 these possible canal conditions which the
country may meet. It190 may not be a popular thing for me to say200
this; but I am forced to tell the truth as210 I see it in order to awaken
that attitude of220 the people and that action of our Government
which can230 change absolutely this prospective but unfortunate situ-
ation.
In the first240 place, the canal tolls at $1.25 a net ton are250 undoubt-
edly too high. This should be placed at the lowest260 figure permitted
PITMAN'S ADVANCED SPEED PRACTICE 103
by Congress — 75 cents a ton. Only by270 the use of the latter figure
can we get the280 greatest use of the canal in the shortest possible
time290 after it is opened. One dollar and twenty-five cents a300 ton
means speculation as to possibilities and hesitation as to310 large ship-
ping preparations for the use of the canal. Seventy-five320 cents a ton
would mean that every possible utilization would330 be made of it
without delay.
While it is perfectly340 just to charge a reasonable toll to pay oper-
ating expenses,350 it is inconsistent with our national policy, as shown
in360 the operation of our post-offices and public buildings, to370 charge
a toll to cover the interest on the investment.380 If we operated our
post-office service on the principle390 of making the postage pay for
the interest on the400 billions of dollars invested in post-office build-
ings, we would410 be obliged to charge 5 cents for every letter and420
triple the present rate for second-class matter.
In the430 second place, there is very little organized or individual
preparation440 for the Panama Canal among great commercial organ-
izations and manufacturing450 interests of the United States. They
are not studying the460 markets of the countries reached through the
canal as are470 the corresponding interests of Europe. There are a
score of480 agents of European chambers of commerce and of Euro-
pean manufacturing490 and importing houses studying the markets
of South America and500 the Pacific Ocean where there is one from
the corresponding510 interests of the United States.
In the third place, there520 is altogether too small preparation for
the canal in the530 form of the building of vessels to fly the American540
flag. A few are being constructed, but even these are550 paltry in
number compared to the preparations of the European560 and Japa-
nese shipyards and shipping companies.
In the fourth place,670 in discussing the development of trade
through the canal, we580 are considering it too much from a selfish
standpoint. We590 are thinking only of our export trade or of what600
we will sell, and not enough of our import trade610 or what we will buy.
Exchange of products is the620 life of commerce. We must consider
what markets we can630 provide for the products of the countries
reached through the640 canal, as well as what we can sell to them.650
Finally, our commercial, civic, literary and educational organi-
zations and institutions,660 from chambers of commerce and universi-
ties down to boys' clubs670 and preparatory schools, should take up
the study of the680 Panama Canal and what it means not only to our690
trade, but to our influence among the nations. Only in700 this way
104 PITMAN'S ADVANCED SPEED PRACTICE
can we inaugurate and develop a real Panama710 Canal movement
which will enable us to realize large benefits720 from the canal in the
shortest possible time. [728.
CENSORING CABLE MESSAGES DURING EUROPEAN
WAR
Never within the memory of cable operators now living has10 there
been anything like the rigid censorship over cables that20 is now exer-
cised by all the nations and, of necessity,30 by the cable companies
themselves. No cipher or code messages40 are accepted by the com-
panies to any of the nations50 now engaged in war. No " mystery " or
code messages are60 accepted to any European countries, for the
simple reason that70 at present to reach almost any section of the
European80 Continent they would have to go through a British or90
French station, and there they would be held up.
War100 time is, in the rulings of war generals, no time110 for secret
messages. During ordinary times many of the financial,120 importing,
exporting and industrial corporations do practically all their cabling130
in cipher. This means tens of thousands of dollars saved140 annually
to many big houses.
In peaceful times these "mystery"150 phrases are not regarded as
sinister and are accepted. But160 now the most important message,
with a vital bearing on170 the great conflict now raging throughout
Europe, might be flashed180 over the cable as a simple business com-
munication, and so190 the companies have posted this order in all
stations :
"Cables200 whose meanings are not obvious are liable to suppression
without210 notice or recourse."
Which means that if there is the220 slightest suspicion in the mind
of the cable manager, or230 later, the censor, that a message has a
double meaning240 or might bear secret information to a warring na-
tion, or250 if it is in any way objectionable in the estimation260 of the
cable company or the censors, it is passed270 along, payment for it
having been made, and somewhere along280 the line it is "spiked" and
never sees the light290 again.
The rules are the same everywhere. The censors understand300
them and are inflexible. The governments now fighting do not310
want anything printed that might inflame adverse public sentiment
PITMAN'S ADVANCED SPEED PRACTICE 105
iii320 their own countries, cause uneasiness among sympathizers in
friendly and330 peaceful nations, shed light upon the movements of
troops or340 battleships or give the slightest clew to the enemy.350
The cable companies are presumed to have a sentimental loyalty360
to their countries, but this is not regarded as sufficiently370 profound
to keep them from taking business, and so380 the governments step in
and merely take full charge of390 the cables. The companies have no
redress. In times of400 war the individual or the business house is the
abject410 creature of the government. His private property may be
seized;420 his personal actions regulated or restrained; he may be
thrown430 into jail and he has no redress except the courts,440 which
presumably would defer all action until hostilities were ended.450
The censor, who is either an army or an interior460 department
official and as heartless — from a business point of470 view — and as
keen-sighted as it is possible to480 be, looks over the despatches, which
must be written out,490 of course, in full, and crosses out anything
that he500 thinks would be detrimental to his government if published
either510 in America or elsewhere. It is possible they cross out520
things which they think might reflect glory upon the countries530 with
which they are at war. There is no evidence,540 however, that they
have done this.
The theory that despatches550 are "colored" is without justifica-
tion. Governments at war have no560 hesitancy in suppressing
cables. They announce their intention to do570 so. But they never
interpolate. They never change the meaning.580 It often happens
that they eliminate so much from590 some news despatches that it is
very difficult for the600 recipients to interpret the meaning of what is
left, but610 there is no wanton misrepresentation, even, it is always
assumed,620 when the strife is bitterest, and public sentiment and
publicity630 become vital factors in a great struggle.
No doubt throughout640 the war there will be criticism of news-
papers here and650 abroad by statesmen who see bias or prejudice in
published660 reports. But it is a fair assumption that newspapers in
America670 are moved by the one desire to publish the news680 without
color and without wishing to hurt or help anyone690 engaged in the
strife. Whatever false impressions may be created700 will, it may be
safely assumed, be due to the710 action of governments themselves and
not to the newspapers who720 print the news as they get it. [727.
106 PITMAN'S ADVANCED SPEED PRACTICE
CALIFORNIA AND THE ALIEN LAND QUESTION
Gov. Johnson's statement says in part: "The suggestion of the10
President that the Secretary of State visit California for conferences20
on the pending land bills was at once accepted by30 both houses of
the Legislature and by the Governor, and40 we will be glad to welcome
Mr. Bryan.
"While the50 Legislature very properly maintained the right of the
State to60 legislate on a matter clearly within its jurisdiction, I am70
sure there is no disposition to encroach on the international80 function
of the Federal Government, or justly to wound the90 sensibilities of
any nation. My protest has been against the100 discrimination to
which California has been subjected in the assumption110 that action
which has been accepted without demur when taken120 by other
States and by the nation, is offensive if130 even discussed by Cali-
fornia.
"I am not predicting the California140 Legislature will take any
action on this subject, nor, if160 it does, forecasting the terms of any
law which may160 be enacted.
"I am merely defending the right of California170 to consider, and if
its legislators deem advisable, to enact180 a law which is clearly within
both its legal power190 and its moral right.
"Much has been said of the200 dignity of Japan. We would not will-
ingly affront the dignity210 of Japan, nor offend its pride. But what
shall be220 said of the proposition that a great State, itself an230 empire
of possibilities greater than those of most nations, shall240 be halted
from the mere consideration of a legislative act,250 admittedly within
its jurisdiction, by the protest of a foreign260 power which has itself
enacted even more stringent regulations on270 the subject? What of
the dignity of California?
"Admittedly, California280 has a right to pass an alien land bill.
No290 one suggests that such a bill should in terms describe300 the
Japanese. It has been suggested that such a law310 in California shall
follow the distinctions which are already an320 unprotested part of the
law and policy of the United330 States.
"The United States has determined who are eligible to340 citizen-
ship. The nation has solemnly decreed that certain races, among360
whom are the Japanese, are not eligible to citizenship.
"The360 line has been drawn not by California, but by the370 United
States. Discrimination, if it ever occurred, came and went380 when
PITMAN'S ADVANCED SPEED PRACTICE 107
the nation declared who were and who were not390 eligible to citizen-
ship. If California continues the line marked out400 by the Federal
Government, the United States and not California410 should be
accused of discrimination.
"The Constitution of California since420 1879 has said that 'the
presence of foreigners ineligible to430 become citizens is declared to be
dangerous to the well being440 of the State, and the Legislature shall
discourage their immigration450 by all means in its power.' The Alien
Land Law460 of the State of Washington provides that 'any alien,
except470 such as by the laws of the United States are480 incapable of
becoming citizens of the United States, may acquire490 and hold
land,' etc. The State of Arizona in 1912500 enacted that 'no person
not eligible to become a citizen510 of the United States shall acquire
title to any land520 or real property,' etc.
"No protest was made against this530 policy of the laws of the United
States nor against540 its adoption into the laws of Washington and
Arizona. If560 the Legislature of California were to determine on
similar action560 it would be merely following the declaration of our
constitution,570 the policy of the United States Government and the
precedents580 of at least two states.
"We protest, while we are690 merely debating similar laws, against
having trained upon us not600 only the verbal batteries of Japan, but
those of our610 own country. The position that we occupy at this mo-
ment620 is not pleasant to contemplate. Calmly and dispassionately
we are630 discussing a law admittedly within our province to enact.
Objection640 is made by Japan and forthwith it is demanded that650
we cease even discussion, and upon us, if we do660 not cease calm and
dispassionate consideration of that which is670 desired by a great por-
tion of our people, and which680 we have the legal and moral right to
do, is690 placed the odium of bringing possible financial disaster and
even700 worse on our nation. What a position for a great710 State and
a great people!
"This question in all its720 various forms is an old and familiar one.
The only730 new thing about it is the hysteria which it seems740 to
arouse when California is the place in which it750 comes up.
"My protest has been and is against this760 discrimination. This
State will not willingly do anything to which770 there could be just
objection, national or international. But it780 does resist being
singled out on matters which pass unprotested790 when they happen
elsewhere." [794.
108 PITMAN'S ADVANCED SPEED PRACTICE
RAILWAY RATES DECISION
The long-expected decision of the Interstate Commerce Commis-
sion on10 the application of the eastern railroads for an advance in20
rates was finally handed down last month. The delay in30 rendering
the decision has been held accountable in some quarters40 for the
current depression in business, and a favorable decision50 has been
hoped for to relieve the low state of60 mind of business men. But it
has eventually arrived at70 a time when its effect is almost negligible.
The Interstate80 Commerce Commission asserts that the decision is
not of the90 gravity generally ascribed to it. It is certain that it100
could not bring about any pronounced change in business condi-
tions110 excepting so far as the business troubles are due to120 loss of
confidence on the part of business men in130 the justice of the
treatment of railroads and other public140 service companies. If
present business depression continues, with the consequent150 lack
of traffic for the railroads, moderate advances in railroad160 rates
could not by any possibility compensate the railroads for170 their
lack of tonnage. Consequently the somewhat disappointing char-
acter of180 the decision may be expected to have very much less190
effect upon the immediate future of business than the prospect200 of
abundant crops. The grounds upon which the railroads asked210 for
rate increases averaging about 5 per cent, are summarized220 by the
Interstate Commerce Commission as follows:
" (A) That the rate230 of return in net operating income upon the
property investment240 is declining.
" (B) That the principal cause of this decline is250 a steady and
constant increase in operating expenses, due to260 matters of a con-
tinuing character, such as wage increases, legislative270 requirements,
and the necessity of maintaining a higher standard of280 track, equip-
ment, and facilities generally.
"(C) That the return upon money290 invested in railway
facilities since 1903 has been utterly inadequate,300 and that
no return at all has been received upon310 the money so invested
since 1910.
" (D) That the effect of320 these things is so to impair the credit
of the330 railroad companies as seriously to check the normal con-
struction and340 development of railway facilities which are required
to meet the350 public demands."
In a case such as this one, the360 part of the Interstate Commerce
PITMAN'S ADVANCED SPEED PRACTICE 109
Commission is primarily that of370 judicial consideration of the
conflicting interests of the railroads and380 the public. The attitude
of the commission is stated as390 follows:
"The public owes to the private owners of these400 properties, when
well located and managed, the full opportunity to410 earn a fair return
on the investment ; and the carriers420 owe to the public an efficient
service at reasonable rates.430 This fundamental doctrine has been
recognized by the commission in440 the performance of its duties.
The proceeding before us may460 therefore be described as, in some
sense, a controversy460 between the consuming public, which pays
the rates, and the470 investor, who furnishes the facilities for moving
the freight; and480 our duty is to ascertain from the record before
us490 what are their respective rights."
In this statement the phrase500 "well located and managed" stands
out as of prime importance.510 Granting the contention of the rail-
roads that their expenses have520 increased in excess of their revenue,
it is necessary for530 the commission to determine whether such in-
crease in expense is540 due to inefficiencies of management on the part
of the550 railroad or to conditions beyond the control of the railroad.560
The settlement of the case consequently presupposes to a certain570
extent an investigation of the efficiency of the railroads. This580
is, of course, a monumental task and has been responsible590 for the
long delay in issuing the decision of the600 commission. The rate
increases asked for on the railroads were610 estimated to yield in
revenue about $50,000,000 annually. The increases620 granted by
the commission are variously estimated to yield from630 nine to
sixteen millions of dollars per year. The commission540 believes
that through economies suggested the railroads can realize an650 an-
nual increase of earnings amounting to about $40,000,000. The
extent660 to which this amount can be increased is indefinite and670
any estimate of the exact amount so realized is little680 more than
a guess. The railroads claim that many of690 these suggested
economies are matters with which the railroads have700 been vitally
concerned for years and in which they cannot710 be expected to show
much better results.
The increases allowed720 the railways are mainly in Central Traffic
territory lying between730 Buffalo and Pittsburgh on the east and
Chicago and St. Louis740 on the west, and the Ohio River and Great
Lakes750 on the south and north. In this territory the commission760
allowed nearly all of the rate increases asked. Both the770 railroads
and the commission agree, however, that the existing rates780 in this
110 PITMAN'S ADVANCED SPEED PRACTICE
territory are unsatisfactory because they are unscientific and790 illog-
ical, and that a thorough revision of all rates based800 on scientific
principles is essential to the prosperity of the810 railroads. [811.
THE TEACHER'S IDEAL
BY WILLIAM JAMES
You perceive now what your general or abstract duty is10 as
teachers. Although you have to generate in your pupils20 a large
stock of ideas, any one of which may30 be inhibitory, yet you must
also see to it that40 no habitual hesitancy or paralysis of the will
ensues, and50 that the pupil still retains his power of vigorous action.60
Psychology can state your problem in these terms, but you70 see
how impotent she is to furnish the elements of80 its practical solution.
When all is said and done and90 your best efforts are made, it will
probably remain true100 that the result will depend more on a certain
native110 tone or temper in the pupil's psychological constitution
than on120 anything else. Some persons appear to have a naturally
poor130 focalization of the field of consciousness; and in such persons140
actions hang slack, and inhibitions seem to exert peculiarly easy150
Bway.
But let us now close in a little more160 closely on this matter of
the education of the will.170 Your task is to build up a character in
your180 pupils; and a character, as I have so often said,190 consists in
an organized .set of habits of reaction. Now200 of what do such habits
of reaction themselves consist? They210 consist of tendencies to act
characteristically when certain ideas possess220 us, and to refrain
characteristically when possessed by other ideas.230
Our volitional habits depend, then, first, on what the stock240 of
ideas is which we have; and, second, on the280 habitual coupling of the
several ideas with action or inaction260 respectively. How is it when
an alternative is presented to270 you for choice, and you are uncertain
what you ought to280 do, you first hesitate, and then you deliberate?
And in290 what does your deliberation consist? It consists in trying
to300 apperceive the case successively by a number of different
ideas,310 which seem to fit in more or less, until at320 last you hit on
one which seems to fit it330 exactly. If that be an idea which is a cus-
tomary340 forerunner of action in you, which enters into one of350
PITMAN'S ADVANCED SPEED PRACTICE 111
your maxims of positive behavior, your hesitation ceases, and you360
act immediately. If, on the other hand, it be an370 idea which carries
inaction as its habitual result, if it380 ally itself with prohibition, then
you unhesitatingly refrain. The problem390 is, you see, to find the
right idea or conception400 for the case. This search for the right
conception may410 take days or weeks.
I spoke as if the action420 were easy when the conception is once
found. Often it430 is so, but it may be otherwise; and, when it440 is
otherwise we find ourselves at the very center of450 a moral situation,
into which I should now like you460 to look with me a little nearer.
The proper conception,470 the true head of classification, may be
hard to attain;480 or it may be one with which we have contracted490
no settled habits of action. Or, again, the action to500 which it would
prompt may be dangerous and difficult; or510 else inaction may appear
deadly cold and negative when our520 impulsive feeling is hot. In
either of these latter cases530 it is hard to hold the right idea steadily
enough540 before the attention to let it exert its adequate effects.550
Whether it be stimulative or inhibitive, it is too reasonable560 for
us; and the more instinctive passional propensity then tends570 to
extrude it from our consideration. We shy away from580 the thought
of it. It twinkles and goes out the590 moment it appears in the margin
of our consciousness; and600 we need a resolute effort of voluntary
attention to drag610 it into the focus of the field, and to keep620 it there
long enough for its associative and motor effects630 to be exerted.
Every one knows only too well how640 the mind flinches from looking
at considerations hostile to the650 reigning mood of feeling.
Once brought, however, in this way660 to the center of the field of
consciousness, and held670 there, the reasonable idea will exert these
effects inevitably; for680 the laws of connection between our conscious-
ness and our nervous690 system provide for the action then taking
place. Our moral700 effort, properly so called, terminates in our hold-
ing fast to710 the appropriate idea.
If then you are asked, "In what720 does a moral act consist when
reduced to its simplest730 and most elementary form?" you can make
only one reply.740 You can say that it consists in the effort of750
attention by which we hold so fast to an idea760 which but for that
effort of attention would be driven770 out of the mind by the other
psychological tendencies that780 are there. To think, in short, is the
secret of790 will, just as it is the secret of memory.
Thus800 are your pupils to be saved; first, by the stock810 of ideas
with which you furnish them; second, by820 the amount of voluntary
112 PITMAN'S ADVANCED SPEED PRACTICE
attention that they can exert in830 holding to the right ones, however
unpalatable; and, third, by840 the several habits of acting definitely
on these latter to860 which they have been successfully trained. [866.
NATIONAL AND INDUSTRIAL PEACE
This body stands for the triumphs of peace both abroad10 and at
home. We have passed that stage of national20 development when
depreciation of other peoples is felt as a30 tribute to our own. We
watch the growth and prosperity40 of other nations, not with hatred
or jealousy, but with50 sincere and friendly good will. I think I can
say60 safely that we have shown by our attitude toward Cuba,70 by
our attitude toward China, that as regards weaker powers80 our desire
is that they may be able to stand90 alone, and that if they will only
show themselves willing100 to deal honestly and fairly with the rest of
mankind110 we on our side will do all we can to120 help, not to hinder
them. With the great powers of130 the world we desire no rivalry
that is not honorable140 to both parties. We wish them well. We be-
lieve that150 the trend of the modern spirit is ever stronger toward160
peace, not war; toward friendship, not hostility; as the normal170
international attitude. We are glad, indeed, that we are on180 good
terms with all the other peoples of mankind, and190 no effort on our
part shall be spared to secure200 a continuance of these relations. And
remember, gentlemen, that we210 shall be a potent factor for peace
largely in proportion220 to the way in which we make it evident
that230 our attitude is due, not to weakness, not to inability240 to
defend ourselves, but to a genuine repugnance to wrongdoing,250 a
genuine desire for self-respecting friendship with our neighbors.260
The voice of the weakling or the craven counts for270 nothing
when he clamors for peace; but the voice of280 the just man armed is
potent. We need to keep290 in a condition of preparedness, especially
as regards our navy,300 not because we want war; but because we
desire to310 stand with those whose plea for peace is listened to320 with
respectful attention.
Important though it is that we should330 have peace abroad, it is
even more important that340 we should have peace at home. You,
men of the350 Chamber of Commerce, to whose efforts we owe so
much360 of our industrial well being, can, and I believe surely370 will,
PITMAN'S ADVANCED SPEED PRACTICE 113
be influential in helping toward that industrial peace which380 can
obtain in society only when, in their various relations,390 employer and
employed alike show not merely insistence each upon400 his own
rights, but also regard for the right of410 others, and a full acknowledg-
ment of the interests of the420 third party — the public. It is no easy
matter to430 work out a system or rule of conduct, whether with440 or
without the help of the lawgiver, which shall minimize450 that jarring
and clashing of interests in the industrial world460 which causes so
much individual irritation and suffering at the470 present day, and
which at times threatens baleful consequences to480 large portions of
the body politic. But the importance of490 the problem cannot be
overestimated, and it deserves to receive500 the careful thought of
all men such as those whom610 I am addressing to-night. There
should be no yielding to520 wrong; but there should most certainly be
not only desire530 to do right, but a willingness each to try to540 under-
stand the viewpoint of his fellow, with whom, for weal550 or for woe,
his own fortunes are indissolubly bound.
No560 patent remedy can be devised for the solution of these570
grave problems in the industrial world, but we may rest580 assured
that they can be solved at all only if590 we bring to the solution certain
old time virtues, and600 if we strive to keep out of the solution some610
of the most familiar and most undesirable of the traits620 to which
mankind has owed untold degradation and suffering throughout630
the ages. Arrogance, suspicion, brutal envy of the well to do,640
brutal indifference toward those who are not well to do,650 the hard
refusal to consider the rights of others, the660 foolish refusal to con-
sider the limits of beneficent action, the670 base appeal to the spirit of
selfish greed, whether it680 take the form of plunder of the fortunate or
of690 oppression of the unfortunate — from these and from all kin-
dred700 vices this nation must be kept free, if it is710 to remain in its
present position in the forefront of720 the peoples of mankind. On
the other hand, good will730 come even out of the present evils, if we
face740 them armed with the old homely virtues; if we show750 that
we are fearless of soul, cool of head and760 kindly of heart; if without
betraying the weakness that cringes770 before wrongdoing, we yet
show by deeds and words our780 knowledge that in such a govern-
ment as ours each of790 us must be in very truth his brother's
keeper.
The800 first requisite of a good citizen in this Republic of810 ours is
that he shall be able and willing to820 pull his weight — that he shall not
be a mere830 passenger, but shall do his share in the work that840 each
114 PITMAN'S ADVANCED SPEED PRACTICE
generation of us finds ready to hand; and, furthermore,850 that in
doing his work he shall show not only860 the capacity for simply self-
help, but also self-respecting regard for870 the rights of others. [874.
THE ULTRAMICROSCOPE
Not long since, announcements that a lecture was to be10 given on
the use of the ultramicroscope in medicine might20 have evoked some
curiosity among the profession, affirms Professor Hartog,30 as to
what such an instrument might be. As a40 matter of fact, declared
this expert on the subject, there80 is no such instrument as the ultra-
microscope, properly speaking. The60 name is simply a convenient
term for what is really70 a microscope. This microscope is equipped
with an attachment which80 displays the positions of particles too
minute to be shown90 by the formation of an optical image in the
microscope.100 The particles referred to are termed, rightly enough,
ultramicroscopic particles.110
There are two reasons why we cannot see very small120 particles by
whatever direct optical devices we employ. The first,130 explains
Professor Hartog, is the structure of the eye, which140 can not recog-
nize separation between images nearer than a certain150 distance on
the retina, the sensitive screen of the camera160 represented by the
eye. It is for this reason that170 we use the microscope to enlarge the
images of near180 objects, the telescope for distant ones.
The second difficulty190 is a physical one. Owing to the character
of light,200 every instrument is subject to the same sort of210 difficulties
as the eye, and cannot form an image of220 particles which occupy less
than a certain space in its230 field. For microscopic objects this
minimum dimension is something like240 one 125,000th of an inch.
But we know that while250 under ordinary circumstances we cannot
see directly by their brightness260 or opacity such objects as dust-
motes in a room or270 telephone wites half a mile away, we are
enabled to280 ascertain their presence and position by the light
reflected or290 scattered — "diffracted" — at their surface, if they are
illumined by300 the intense light of the sun, or it may310 be of an arc
light.
The principle of microscopical illumination320 by light so oblique
that none directly entered the eye330 but showed up transparent
objects as if self-luminous by the340 light deflected was a very old
PITMAN'S ADVANCED SPEED PRACTICE 115
device; but to350 display internal structure it was found to be infer-
ior to360 directly transmitted light, especially for objects cut very
thin and370 dyed to reveal structures by their different absorptions
of the380 stain. Hence it was abandoned except for artistic pur-
poses. Transparent390 objects, especially living ones, under this
illumination, seemed to glow400 by their own silvery light against a
velvety background with410 a weird and fairy beauty.
The abandonment of dark ground420 illumination was due to the
unsuitable character of the objects430 to which it was applied. What
is of interest for440 the present purpose is the class of objects to
which450 it was applied with good results and the new knowledge460
we have gained from its use:
"Through the ultramicroscope it470 has been actually seen and
recorded that the movements of480 the molecules of a liquid are of
the extent and490 speed demanded by the thermo-dynamic theory of
the nature of500 fluids. The true bond between dyestuff and fiber,
a problem510 of the greatest importance to manufacturer and to
scientist,520 was long unsolved; through the ultramicroscope it is
now being530 settled. Probably the greatest service that the instru-
ment has rendered540 humanity has been to bring into sight such dis-
ease-germs550 as are too minute to be otherwise seen or even560 to be
arrested by the finest filters of unglazed porcelain,570 and to bring
into clear view, alive and unstained, those580 germs whose transpar-
ency and minuteness all but elude observation under590 ordinary
methods. Those are the germs which give rise to600 yaws in the
tropics, and to the world-wide scourge whose610 suppression is perhaps
the most urgent problem of our era.620
"It is now certain that colloid substances or jellies, such630 as gum,
glue, boiled starch, 'solutions' of soap and of640 rubber, the colloid
solutions of metals (used in medicine), contain650 the solid in the form
of minute solid particles. Coagulation660 of the colloid is due to the
clumping together of670 the ultra-microscopic particles into masses of
larger size; these again680 usually cling together into a network, which
gradually shrinks so690 as to squeeze out the liquid, as we may see700
with clotted blood or curds. And since colloids compose the710
greater part of living matter this knowledge is, literally, of720 vital
importance to us all."
As the field of vision730 is enlarged through the new utilization of
the lens a740 delicate question suggests itself with reference to the
vision of750 observers. It has been suspected for a long time that760
the eccentricities of human vision may explain the different results770
116 PITMAN'S ADVANCED SPEED PRACTICE
obtained by different astronomers in their work upon the so-called780
canals of Mars. Is it not possible that the eye790 which looks through
a very powerful lens is misled by800 its own idiosyncrasy? [803.
PRICE MAINTENANCE ENCOURAGES INDIVIDUAL
ENTERPRISE
BY Louis D. BRANDEIS
The American people are wisely determined to restrict the exis-
tence10 and operation of private monopolies. The recent efforts that
have20 been made to limit the right of a manufacturer to30 maintain
the price at which his article should be sold40 to the consumer have
been inspired by a motive that50 is good — the desire for free compe-
tition— but they have60 been misdirected. If successful, they will
result in the very70 thing that they seek to curb — monopoly.
Price-maintenance — the80 trade policy by which an individual
manufacturer of a trade-marked90 article insures that article reaching
all consumers at the same100 price — instead of being part of the trust
movement is110 one of the strongest forces of the progressive move-
ment which120 favors individual enterprise.
There is no justification in fixing the130 retail price of an article
without individuality. Such articles do140 not carry the guarantee of
value that identifies them with150 the reputation of the man who
made them. But the160 independent manufacturer of an article that
bears his name or170 trade-mark says in effect:
"That which I create, in which180 I embody my experience, to
which I give my reputation,190 is my own property. By my own effort
I have200 created a product valuable not only to myself, but to210 the
consumer, for I have endowed this specific article with220 qualities
which the consumer desires and which the consumer may230 confi-
dently rely upon receiving when he purchases my article in240 the
original package. It is essential that consumers should have250 con-
fidence in the fairness of my price as well as260 in the quality of my
product. To be able to270 buy such an article with those qualities is
quite as280 much of value to the purchaser as it is of290 value to the
maker to find customers for it."
There300 is no improper restraint of trade when an independent
PITMAN 8 ADVANCED SPEED PRACTICE 117
manufacturer310 in a competitive business settles the price at which
the320 article he makes shall be sold to the consumer. There330 is dan-
gerous restraint of trade when prices are fixed on340 a common article
of trade by a monopoly or combination350 of manufacturers.
The independent manufacturer may not arbitrarily establish the360
price at which his article is to be sold to370 the consumer. If he would
succeed he must adjust it380 to active and potential competition and
various other influences that390 are beyond his control. There is no
danger of profits400 being too large as long as the field of competi-
tion410 is kept open; as long as the incentive to effort420 is preserved;
and the opportunity of individual development is kept430 untram-
meled. And in any branch of trade in which such440 competitive
conditions exist we may safely allow a manufacturer to450 maintain
the price at which his article may be sold460 to the consumer.
Competition is encouraged, not suppressed, by permitting470 each
of a dozen manufacturers of safety razors or breakfast480 foods to
maintain the price at which his article is490 to be sold to the consumer.
By permitting price-maintenance500 each maker is enabled to pur-
sue his business under conditions510 deemed by him most favorable
for the widest distribution of520 his product at a fair price. He may
open up530 a new sphere of merchandising which would have been
impossible without540 price protection. The whole world can be
drawn into the550 field. Every dealer, every small stationer, every
small druggist, every560 small hardware man can be made a purveyor
of the570 article, and it becomes available to the public in the580 short-
est time and the easiest manner.
Price cutting of the590 one-priced, trade-marked article is frequently
used as a600 puller-in to tempt customers who may buy other goods610
of unfamiliar value at high prices. It tends to eliminate620 the small
dealer who is a necessary and convenient factor630 for the widest
distribution; and ultimately, by discrediting the sale640 of the article
at a fair price, it ruins the650 market for it.
Our efforts, therefore, should be directed not660 to abolishing price-
maintenance by the individual competitive manufacturer, but670 to
abolishing monopoly, the source of real oppression in fixed680 prices.
The resolution adopted by the National Federation of Retail690
Merchants at its annual convention draws clearly the distinction
pointed700 out above. The resolution declared that the fixing of
retail710 prices in and of itself is an aid to competition;720 among other
reasons, because it prevents the extension of the730 trust and chain
stores into fields not now occupied by740 them. But the resolution
118 PITMAN'S ADVANCED SPEED PRACTICE
also expresses the united voice of750 the retailers against monopoly
and those combinations to restrain trade760 against which the Sher-
man law is specifically directed.
Manufacturers and770 retailers are getting this distinction clearly
in their minds, and780 it must soon be generally recognized by the
public. What790 is needed is clear thinking and effective educational
work which800 will make the distinction clear to the whole people.
Only810 in this way can there be preserved to the independent820
manufacturer his most potent weapon against monopoly — the privi-
lege of830 making public and making permanent the price at which
his840 product may be sold in every State in the Union. [860.
OUR NEED OF PERSPECTIVE
BY CHARLES F. DOLE
May I ask if social workers do not need to10 be forever on their
guard against taking a distorted view20 of the condition of society?
We are given the hospital30 side of life; we go to perpetual clinics; we
hear40 the cries of pain from sufferers; we listen to all50 the varieties
of complaint and fault-finding. We owe to60 our sympathies and our
humanity the prompt willingness to see70 all this seamy side; we owe
it to our sense80 of justice to listen to every complaint. But wre
ought90 to know that the atmosphere of complaints, of strikes, of100
vice commissions, of sweat-shop investigations and so forth, cannot110
be borne too continuously, except by the hardiest constitutions.
Do120 we not need also "to watch out" against the obvious130 ten-
dency of witnesses, whose complaints we bring into publicity, to140
make a telling story of oppression, of ugly conditions, of180 their
personal hardships or temptations, and so to represent a160 worse total
situation than actually exists? To become a complainant170 is a
dangerous business for any human being. To listen180 to complaints,
however necessary, demands not merely sympathy with the190 people
in distress, but ever so much caution and sympathy200 with the
absent people, who are often subjected to attack,210 without the op-
portunity to set forth other aspects which go220 to make the truth.
We know that there is a230 hard side of life for those who are poor
and240 for many new immigrants. Let us surely be ready to250 do what
PITMAN'S ADVANCED SPEED PRACTICE 119
we can to relieve it. But we are260 apt to forget that this fact charac-
terizes all life, high270 or low, and is likely to continue for a long280
time. It costs something to live in this world, and290 to achieve real
civilization; the inevitable law of this cost300 runs through every
stratum of society. It would do good310 to read a bit of the history of
what it320 cost, by way of the hardship, the men and women330 who
colonized New England!
One wonders what would happen if340 we took as much pains to
bring all the painful350 and seamy facts of life to light from the whole360
social body, as we take to discover pain and suffering370 and disease,
in what we call "the submerged tenth;" if380 we encourage average
people, who seem to themselves to have390 grievances, to publish
their complaints, or, if we investigated child-400life in rural New
England.
I have in mind a fairly410 prosperous community, without many
millionaires, and with little obvious poverty.420 We could find house
after house where some one is430 bearing sickness, sometimes under
extreme pain and hopelessness. There are440 families in serious anxi-
ety about money affairs, often foolish people450 who waste and spend
more than they earn, but who460 are now actual sufferers just the
same. There are homes470 where little children are ill-nourished and
waste away; others where480 children have been born defective and
imbecile. There are sons490 and daughters on whom no expense of
education has conferred500 character, who are bringing grief to their
parents. There are510 sad cases of the failure of domestic happiness,
and there520 are breaking hearts in fine houses, and disappointed faces
of530 men and women who ride in automobiles.
The fact is,540 money does not cure poverty, except on the surface.
Men,550 being men, want contentment, peace of mind, kind friends
and560 happiness.
Is it not easily forgotten that the study of570 the morbid conditions
of life at any time, or anywhere,580 falls far short of knowing life?
We can no more590 afford to set it forth by itself, as if it600 were the
average view of the life of any610 considerable class of the population,
than we can afford to620 take our chief reading from medical journals,
or from the630 quotations of the stock exchange, or from the sporting
columns640 of the newspaper. It can only be the duty of650 a few
out of the many to be social workers,660 as it is only the part of a few
to670 be nurses.
Is it not sober truth, that, on the680 whole, with all allowance for
the backwardness and the barbarism690 and the trial of our patience
120 PITMAN'S ADVANCED SPEED PRACTICE
at the slowness of700 reform, the great mass of the people of the
United710 States are hopefully on the way up from conditions that720
were only lately far more ignorant and servile than those730 which still
survive?
Do we not also need to call740 continued attention to the brave,
patient people in every walk760 of life, who have somehow acquired
such a habit of760 good temper and self-control that they refuse to
add their770 complaints to the sorry cries of the suffering, but strug-
gle780 to "make the best" of things, whether of pain and790 sorrow,
or of straitened income?
Such people as these, high800 and low, establish centers of light
and faith, much needed810 in our world. Surely, it is out of the
children820 trained in the households of such people, and not among830
those who live in an atmosphere of bitterness, fault-finding and840
obduration, that we look for the most effective help to850 cure those
conditions of distress in any class which appeal860 with growing
insistence to the sympathies of all humane people. [870.
WHAT IS FEMINISM?
It is perhaps as well to note at the outset10 the current confusion
as to the relation between woman suffrage20 and feminism. To fem-
inists suffrage may, or may not, be30 one of the many fences which
must come down as40 woman pushes upward and onward in individual
development. Being an50 anti-suffragist by no means opposes one to
far-reaching feministic conviction60 as to the individual development
of women. Some of the70 ablest workers for the cause of women that
I have80 ever met in this country are anti-suffragists. One of the90
men who was working hardest yesterday to secure higher education100
for women is working hardest today to keep them away110 from the
ballot-box. Dora Marsden, the most professedly individualistic
woman120 in England today, the most relentless in her jeers and130
jibes at the spiritual subjection of women, is harshly sneering140 anti-
suffrage. So is individualistic Emma Goldman in this country.
On150 the other hand, being a suffragist by no means implies160 being
a feminist. Being a suffragist may mean being only170 enough of a
woman to keep up with only that180 part of the woman question
which concerns itself only with190 woman's political enfranchisement.
PITMAN'S ADVANCED SPEED PRACTICE 121
One fact that stands out above all200 vagaries or conviction and all
quibbles of language, however, is210 the feministic insistence upon
the development of the individual. To220 be sure, this insistence is by
no means limited to230 the woman question; it manifests itself in asso-
ciation with the240 man question, the question of education, the
children question. Routineism250 is falling into general disrepute. In
art, in philosophy, in260 business, the twentieth-century demand is
for the man who "thinks270 for himself." Even in pedagogy, most
encumbered of all departments280 of progress, there is a sleep-heavy
effort to unwind the290 red tape that binds the minds of the teachers.
And,300 thanks in huge part to Montessori, the very little children310
are no longer so universally required to duplicate and reduplicate320
a set pattern of childhood, but are allowed to flower330 up into them-
selves.
As for that question of seeming conflict340 between feminism,
woman's cause, and the cause of society and350 the race, it is entitled
to the most earnest consideration.360 But again, it is not exclusively
a woman question. Ever370 since human beings began to be human
beings, their minds380 and their consciences have been engaged with
that same question.390 And though today's crisis is unusually sharp,
because of400 woman's active involvement in it, it is not to be410 for-
gotten that never before were there so many men stirred420 to their
inmost being, frayed and frazzled in their inmost430 souls, between the
compulsion toward individualistic expression and their so-named440
"social sense."
It is unfair to accuse the times of450 any lack of faith and con-
science on this score. More460 ardently than ever before both men
and women cry for470 the truth. More intelligently than ever before
they insist upon480 the best. Less stupidly than ever before they
reject what490 does not promise growth; and more indefatigable than
ever before500 they seek, in growth, the right answer to that seeming510
irreconcilability between individual right and social right.
Perhaps the most520 short-sighted of all interferences with life's
possibilities is consequent upon530 the assumption that a human
being's social impulses, his hang-540together-with-the-others impulses,
are not a part of550 his individuality. It would not matter so much
if attitude560 of mind were not so surely reflected in both individual570
and social efficiency. But for the individual woman to work580 under
the conviction that she is "sacrificed to the others,"590 or that her
claims as an individual are forcefully subordinated600 to those of "the
others," instead of with a clear610 vision of her own dual involvement
122 PITMAN'S ADVANCED SPEED PRACTICE
and elective powers, is620 for her to restrict her own spirit's freedom
evolved out630 of consciousness of powers possessed, sense of self and
opportunity,640 and it is only out of spiritual freedom that the650 whole
individual evolves, bringing the social along with him.
So,660 not to have faith in the benignity of individual develop-
ment670 is not to have faith in life itself. And that680 is why, from the
viewpoint of many feminists, any detachment690 of the woman ques-
tion from the communal question, in order700 to voice that well-known
reminder of woman's well-known duty to710 the well-known human
race, is not merely meddlesome, but illogical.720 What is an integral
part of woman can be trusted730 to give an account of itself in the self-
development of740 woman. Is it not, in fact, continuously giving an
account760 of itself, with woman on every hand today, both as760
home-mother and as world-mother, showing that she takes her
racial770 and social involvement along with herself; that she cannot
help780 so taking it, cannot do well by herself without doing790 well
by the whole world?
Is not that a law800 of her individuality? [803.
AMERICAN BUSINESS OPPORTUNITIES IN ASIA
BY E. H. FOOT, BUSINESS MANAGER IN MANILA, SHANGHAI AND
SINGAPORE
The completion of the Panama Canal has made particularly acces-
sible10 to New York two new markets — the western coast of20 South
America and the Far East.
Ten years of residence30 in the Orient have afforded close relations,
both commercial and40 personal, and have steadily increased a belief
in the possibilities'50 of the Far East, not only as an American
market,60 but as one capable of almost unlimited extension.
The70 largest and best known of the Eastern countries, and the80
one most disposed at this time to look with favor90 on the advances
from the merchants and manufacturers of the100 United States, is
China. Within the last three years China110 has become open as
never before to new ideas, goods120 and methods.
In the general overturning that characterized the establishment130
of the republic, the whole nation was shaken out of140 the belief,
PITMAN'S ADVANCED SPEED PRACTICE 123
which more than anything else, has stood in150 the way of its progress
— that China and the Chinese160 way of doing things stood superior
to all the world.170
One evidence is the increase of newspapers and periodicals of180 an
entirely new type. Ten years ago but twelve papers190 were pub-
lished in the Chinese language in the whole country.200 Recently
this number increased to over one hundred and fifty,210 and the circu-
lation, due both to the new spirit and220 the large railroad extension,
is in even greater proportion.
A230 generation of bright, English-speaking young Chinese are
now coming240 to occupy, in large numbers, important and controlling
positions in250 banks and business houses, who have received their
education in260 schools — both mission and secular — under American
teachers, for whom270 they almost universally entertain the greatest
respect, and by whom280 they have been inspired with a truly Amer-
ican spirit.
In290 the new order of things these men are also leaders,300 and
their example is far reaching among the older men310 who have not
had their advantages.
The return of a320 large portion of the Boxer War indemnity and
the creation330 in consequence of a permanent fund for sending at
public340 expense promising students to the United States for ad-
vanced courses350 in our American colleges, are now beginning to
pour back360 another stream of highly educated young Chinese, who
have been370 similarly influenced by their instructors and are intelli-
gent and enthusiastic380 in their belief in America and American
things.
The extent390 to which the return of the Boxer war indemnity is400
known even among the common people is a continual surprise410 —
the fact being given sometimes by ordinary coolies for the420 purchase
of American articles.
The present time, with supplies from430 European countries either
entirely cut off or uncertain and irregular,440 is especially a moment to
make practical use of this450 favorable attitude, and emergency orders
now being received in the460 Pacific Coast cities add emphasis. This
new trade need not470 be temporary. At any time a substantial basis
exists for480 a commerce that shall be both large and permanent.
But490 China and the Philippine Islands, where American com-
merce is continually500 increasing, are far from providing all the pos-
sible outlets for510 American manufacturers. South of China lie two
great, and under520 normal conditions, extremely prosperous empires,
124 PITMAN'S ADVANCED SPEED PRACTICE
the one under Holland, centering530 at Batavia, the capital of the
Dutch East Indies, on540 the northern side of Java, and the other
under Great550 Britain at Singapore, at the extreme point of the
Malay560 Peninsula.
The Dutch Indies, equal in area that portion of570 the United
States east of the Mississippi River, while the580 population of Java
alone is as great as that of599 all South America, and Singapore is the
seventh seaport of600 the globe, with 70 per cent, of the output tin610
of the world obtained within 400 miles of its magnificent620 harbor.
The Malay Peninsula has had a development comparable to630
some of our Western States. Besides its enormous deposits of640 tin
it is the greatest producer of cultivated rubber.
A650 main line of railroad, patterned after the American model,
runs660 from Singapore to Panang, a distance of 400 miles, with670
branches in every direction. This is supplemented by an excellent680
system of wagon roads.
Big business has been established in690 the Far East by the Stand-
ard Oil Company, the Singer700 Sewing Machine Company, and the
British-American Tobacco Company, but710 the success of other
American concerns has been noticeable.
It720 is far from my intention, however, to convey the impression730
that the United States has more than touched the fringe740 of the
business awaiting systematic following up, or that large750 orders
will fall into the lap of the concern that760 sends a few circulars to the
Far East.
Even first-770class salesmen are not likely to secure remarkable
orders at780 their first attempt. Perhaps nowhere does established
acquaintance and a790 reputation for fair dealing count for more than
among these800 Eastern people, but to gain an entrance to the nearly810
500,000,000 whose countries line the shores of the China and820 Java
eeas is worth t-he strongest and most persistent effort. [830.
PITMAN'S ADVANCED SPEED PRACTICE 125
ENVIRONMENT
BY HERMAN HARRELL HORNE
The term environment, in our present definition of education,
requires10 exposition of us. What is the nature of the environment20
to which man in the process of his education becomes30 adjusted?
This is our new question. A child begins his40 life in ignorance of
himself and of his world; he50 begins where primitive man began.
Without educational assistance of some60 kind he must also live his
life as primitive man70 did; he must depend upon his own experience
for the80 lessons he learns. But since primitive man not only learned90
his lessons but also taught them to his children, the100 experience of
the human race has been accumulating with the110 passage o.f the his-
toric generations. It is this racial experience120 which constitutes the
environment into which the latest child is130 born, and which gives
him the handicap of the centuries140 over his primitive forbears.
In brief, the environment of the150 pupil is the achievement of the
race, to which he160 potentially belongs, in the conquest of nature, in
the movement170 of affairs, and in the knowledge of itself. It is180
a spiritual environment. The adjustment to this environment, which
is190 the race's life, discovers to the pupil his own social200 capacities;
he finds his own life in his race's life.210 This sharing of the race's life
is education as viewed220 by sociology. In the language of President
Butler, who first230 described education in these terms, "If education
cannot be identified240 with mere instruction, what is it? What does
the term250 mean? I answer, it must mean a gradual adjustment to260
the spiritual possessions of the race."
There is a special270 period in the life of each individual dedicated
by nature280 to this process of adjustment. The first three years of290
a child's life are spent under the influence of the300 family and in
getting possession of his body. The educational310 years, from three
to twenty-six or more, are the special320 period of adjustment to his
spiritual environment.
The term spiritual,330 used in describing the environment of man, is
comprehensive and340 includes all the relations in which a man as a350
conscious being stands to his fellows, to what his fellows360 have done,
and to his own personal ideals. It includes370 man's relation to Na-
ture as itself the embodiment of ideas.380 Did not man find Nature
intelligible and responsive to his390 efforts to understand it, his rela-
126 PITMAN'S ADVANCED SPEED PRACTICE
tion thereto could not be400 included under the term spiritual. Its
present inclusion in the410 spiritual environment to which man stands
related intends by no420 means to settle the metaphysical question,
whether nature ultimately is430 atoms in motion or an externalized
form of mental energy,440 but only implies that no part of the environ-
ment of450 man is finally foreign to him. Everywhere man finds
himself460 reflected in the universe in which he lives. Its ultimate470
confines may be unknown to him, but he will not480 admit they are
unknowable. To admit such would be to490 cripple his ultimate
efforts at knowledge and comprehension, and would500 be to readmit
the reign of mystery in his world,510 which he has been at such pains
during ages of520 ceaseless effort to banish. In borrowing President
Butler's happy epithet,530 then, and in describing the environment of
man as spiritual,540 there is no unwarranted extension of the legiti-
mate meaning of550 the term. It opens complete range to the present
aspect560 of the discussion.
The question arises at once, How does570 man become adjusted to
this environment which his race has580 made and which is himself
objectified, and which he himself590 is potentially? It is only by
reproducing in his own600 mental history the mental history of the
race. As biologists610 tell us that the human embryo in its develop-
ment to620 physical maturity passes through the life history of organic
forms,630 ontogeny repeating phylogeny, so must educators realize
that the human640 mind in its educational development to mental
maturity passes through650 the spiritual history of the race. Man, as
himself a660 social being by nature, as a real part of an670 associated
whole, reproduces in his own mental life the mental680 life of the race,
and thereby becomes educated. Mental reproduction690 is the cause
of education. The educated mind has been700 fertilized by the life of
the world and is fruitful710 in its conceptions. Education is giving
birth to mental heirs,720 and Socrates, the first great teacher of the
Greeks, well730 described his vocation as the art of intellectual mid-
wifery. He740 assisted the mind in bringing forth its ideas. Often
the750 reproduction of the spiritual environment is barren repetition,
the struggle760 of the world toward knowledge and art and liberty
coming770 out of the mind as it went in, unassimilated, unappre-
ciated780 and unused.
This production from within the mind of its790 own world, in
response to the stimulating effects of the800 world without, is education
as a process, as an activity.810 The youth thereby unifies himself
with his race in the820 educational period, and becomes actually what
PITMAN'S ADVANCED SPEED PRACTICE 127
he always was potentially.830 What his race has produced, he repro-
duces, and this universalizes840 his individual nature and socializes
his private impulses. Thus for850 him education is become the
epitome of civilization. [858.
THE REVENUE CUTTER SERVICE
BY C. A. MCALLISTER
Few people are aware that there is a military arm10 of the United
States government which performs valiant service on20 the seas in
time of war but in time of30 peace devotes itself principally to the
relief of those in40 danger or distress.
The Revenue Cutter Service is, primarily, a50 branch of the United
States navy. In every war in60 which this country has engaged, the
gallant little vessels of70 the Revenue Cutter Service have done their
share of the80 fighting. But the object of this article is to describe90
some of the little known activities of the Revenue Cutter100 Service in
time of peace.
About the middle of November110 every year, the President of the
United States issues a120 proclamation directing certain cutters to
patrol the Atlantic coast from130 Maine to Florida for the express
purpose of lending assistance140 to vessels in distress. From Decem-
ber 1 to March 30,150 a cordon of ten able, first-class revenue cutters
cruise160 constantly along the coast seeking vessels in distress.
Each cutter170 is fitted with wireless telegraphy by means of which
she180 is kept in touch at all hours of the day190 and night with steam-
ships near the coast. At the first200 alarm she is off for the scene of
trouble. Exceedingly210 comfortable it is for the crew and the pas-
sengers of220 a sinking ship to know that their call of distress230 has
been heard, and that one, two and sometimes three240 revenue cutters
are rushing to their aid. The master of250 many a sailing ship
aground on Nantucket Shoals has felt260 a thrill of delight on seeing
in the distance the270 smoke of a revenue cutter steaming to his relief.
It280 is not generally known, but it is a fact nevertheless,290 that the
Life-Saving Service is an off-shoot of300 the Revenue Cutter Service;
Indeed, it is today intimately associated310 with the older branch,
inasmuch as revenue cutter officers are320 detailed as inspectors of
128 PITMAN'S ADVANCED SPEED PRACTICE
each district, and it is largely330 due to their indefatigable and pains-
taking efforts that the efficiency340 of the life-savers is kept up to the
mark.350
In its varied duties the Revenue Cutter Service does considerable360
life saving on its own account. Statistics show that during370 the past
decade five hundred and forty-seven human beings were380 actually
saved from drowning by officers and men of the390 service.
Abandoned ships at sea and those sunk in shoal400 waters have been
for years a menace to other vessels410 navigating the waters of the
globe. Spasmodic efforts have been420 made by various governments
and private organizations to remove these430 terrors of the deep, but
the first systematic derelict-destroying440 began recently with the
advent of the "Seneca," a vessel450 built especially for this duty and
operated as a revenue460 cutter. In less than one year, twenty-six
floating or470 sunken wrecks have been removed, so that at the480
present day the entire North Atlantic Ocean from Maine to490 Florida
is kept cleared of these obstructions by the " Seneca "50° and other rev-
enue cutters which have been especially equipped with510 high ex-
plosives for the purpose.
Nearly all revenue cutters are520 fitted with powerful fire pumps,
which, in addition to providing530 protection from fire for the vessels
themselves, frequently come into540 use in assisting the local fire
department in extinguishing fires550 along the water front or on
merchant vessels in the560 harbors where the cutters are stationed.
Many thousand dollars worth570 of property are thus saved annually.
During the great conflagrations580 in Baltimore and San Francisco,
revenue cutters stationed at those590 ports took an active part. An
entire section of the600 city of Baltimore was undoubtedly saved by
the fire apparatus on610 the " Windom," and it was the quick action of
an620 officer of the Revenue Cutter Service which saved almost the630
entire collection of valuable pictures in the famous Hopkins Art640
Gallery at San Francisco.
The revenue cutters act as sea650 police, and by boarding and
examining merchant vessels and660 judiciously imposing fines, aid in
enforcing navigation laws. Over 2,500670 vessels were boarded and
examined last year, 850 of which680 were seized or reported for viola-
tion of federal statutes.
Several690 times one of the revenue cutters stationed in New Eng-
land700 has been detailed to accompany the American fishing fleet
to710 Newfoundland for the purpose of lending aid in case of720 dis-
tress, and in interpreting their rights to fish in those730 parts. The
PITMAN'S ADVANCED SPEED PRACTICE 129
medical officer of the United States Public Health740 Service who
served as surgeon in one of these cruises,750 has since urged the provi-
sion of a hospital ship for760 our deep-sea fishermen, similar to those
provided on the770 North Sea. A recent act of Congress provides that
a780 revenue cutter may be detailed for that purpose.
One of790 the most recent duties given this service is the patrol800 of
the ice-fields to locate icebergs and large fields of810 ice and give warn-
ings of their approach. The necessity for820 such a patrol was made
apparent by the terrible loss830 of life when the " Titanic" struck an
iceberg in April,840 1912. During the seasons of 1913 and 1914, just850
closed, two revenue cutters, the " Seneca" and the " Miami," have860
maintained a continuous patrol of these ice-fields and have870 warned
many vessels in the transatlantic lanes of the danger880 of approach-
ing ice. So efficiently has this duty been performed890 by the revenue
cutters, that at the request of the900 commercial nations of the world,
whose delegates assembled last December910 at London for an Inter-
national Conference on Safety at Sea,920 the revenue cutters will con-
tinue to perform this ice patrol930 indefinitely, the expense being
divided among the great maritime nations940 of the world. [943.
—From the "Survey"
VOTES FOR WOMEN
In the minds of its advocates the strongest argument for10 woman
suffrage, and one that they say never can be20 satisfactorily set aside,
is that every woman deprived of the30 ballot is living under the
tyranny of " taxation without representation"40 — a condition which
the founders of this nation found intolerable50 nearly a century and a
half ago.
During the past60 few years an increasing number of women have
followed the70 example of the late Susan B. Anthony and protested
against paying80 taxes: and each protest at least, it is said, is90 pro-
ductive of increased sentiment for woman suffrage. In New Jersey100
a young woman has brought suit against the precinct election110
officers because she was not permitted to vote last fall,120 and she
proposes to carry the matter to the highest130 courts — because she
argues that she is a properly qualified140 citizen and will defend her
right to vote.
130 PITMAN'S ADVANCED SPEED PRACTICE
Says a150 leader in the suffrage movement in discussing the whole
question:160 "The industrial conditions of the present are each year
forcing170 an increasing number of women out in the bread-winner's180
field. There are over seven million wage-earning women in190 the
United States and most of these are suffering from200 conditions which
the ballot would right. In thirty-two states210 women are not the
legal guardians of their own children.220 In nearly all of the states
marriage and property laws230 are in some way unfair to women.
Nothing but the240 law can change this and nothing but the vote
can250 elect the lawmakers."
The fact that where women have had260 a certain amount of suf-
frage there is an evident desire270 to increase her power, is given as
one of the280 strongest arguments in favor of full suffrage. In Kansas,
where290 women have had municipal suffrage for nearly twenty-five
years,300 the mayors of the cities are practically unanimous in their310
expressions of appreciation of the service rendered by the women.320
One of the great arguments put up against women voting330 is that the
polls are such rough places that it340 is not proper for any woman to go
there. One350 Kansas mayor says :
"Woman suffrage has much to do with360 the purifying of our poli-
tics. The clerks upon our election370 boards are almost always
women, which may account for the380 quietness at the polls."
Another mayor said recently:
"If we390 put up good, clean men, the women in our town400 seem to
take little interest in our election; but if410 we put up bad men they
take an active part420 and generally elect their own candidate.
Whether the tough element430 controls or not depends upon the
ladies."
"The enfranchisement of440 women," said one prominent suffragist,
"has had a close connection450 with every philanthropic movement
during the past century. It was460 closely associated with the anti-
slavery movement, and most of470 the leaders of the temperance cause
were ardent believers in480 the justice of equal political rights for
women. Take great490 names in our history, and it will be found
that500 they believed in the justice of the feminine vote.
"The510 American Federation of Labor, as well as most of the520
state labor organizations, hope officially indorsed woman suffrage will
prove530 one of the means of increasing wages. Because of the540
increased cost of li ving, many women are compelled to eke550 out the
family income in some way. Women's labor is560 cheap, but if women
had the vote they would receive570 equal pay for equal work. Then
PITMAN'S ADVANCED SPEED PRACTICE 131
men's wages would improve580 because they would not have to compete
with the cheaper690 work of women. There would be fewer women
employed in600 some industries because the man's earnings would then
be sufficient610 to support his family, and his wife might return to620
the lauded position of queen of the home, and the630 duties con-
nected with the ballot would occupy a smaller amount640 of time each
year than she would spend in a650 week doing the family marketing.
"The woman who now reigns660 as home queen, who is not com-
pelled to go out670 into the world to add to the family income, has680
equal need of the ballot if she would give proper690 care to her royal
household. There is danger of disease700 to her family from impure
food, polluted water, bad air,710 sweatshop-made clothing, and many
other matters which should be720 regulated by law ; and these laws can
best be made730 by women, who understand better than men their
importance to740 the welfare of the home. In order to have clean750
houses it is necessary to have clean streets, and there760 will not
be clean streets in a city if the770 'head housekeeper' is inefficient.
Women are better qualified than men780 to judge of such efficiency.
"The changed attitude of the790 churches toward woman suffrage
has been marked within the past800 quarter-century. There is a
more liberal interpretation of the810 view of St. Paul who recognized
them as preachers and820 advised them to keep their heads covered
when preaching and830 prophesying. His commendation of Phoebe,
his frequent references to Priscilla840 — who trained Apollos how to
preach — show his attitude toward850 the dignified utterances of holy
women. Christ's commendation of Mary,860 who had 'chosen the
better part,' refutes the argument that870 women should confine their
attention solely to their homes. It880 is the women who have made
the church the power890 it is today, and thousands of clergymen now
show their900 appreciation of the work the women have done by
urging910 their political enfranchisement. In the states where the
suffrage matter920 has been, or is now, a leading issue the ministers930
have felt impelled to speak favorably of it from their940 pulpits and
to urge the men to vote in favor950 of giving the state the womanly
aid which has been960 found so useful in the practical work of the
church." [970.
132 PITMAN'S ADVANCED SPEED PRACTICE
THE CONCILIATION COURT
BY RAYMOND C. MOLEY
The need for what has been aptly termed "a socialized10 jurispru-
dence" has led to the formation in recent years of20 several courts of
more or less specialized functions. The juvenile30 court and the
domestic relations court are instances of this40 tendency. Another
example is the Conciliation Court established as a50 branch of the
Municipal Court of Cleveland.
When the Cleveland60 municipal court act was framed, provision
was made for the70 litigant who was unable to secure the services of
a80 lawyer. A clerk was to be designated to assist parties90 in pre-
paring and filing papers incident to their suit and100 to advise and
assist whenever possible in bringing about the110 settlement of cases
involving small amounts of money. The chief120 justice selected for
this post was a man with legal130 training, long experience in court
business, and a temperament suited140 to the exacting requirements
of the work.
It did not150 take long for the news of this means of assistance160 to
become known throughout the city, and hundreds brought in170 their
real or fancied grievances. Many were given sound advice180 which
resulted in the adjustment of the difference without further190 inter-
vention. Often the clerk acted as mediator and succeeded in200
bringing about a settlement. When mediation failed he assisted
in210 bringing a suit in the regular way.
During the year220 1912, 1,200 cases were settled. out of court. No
record230 was made of the cases in which advice and assistance240 were
given, but no doubt the number was very large.250 All services of this
department are free.
The work thus260 favorably begun led to the formation of the con-
ciliation branch270 of the court. The object was not only to relieve280
the court of much inconsequential legislation but to provide a290
simple and inexpensive means for the settlement of minor civil300
suits, cases which formerly had made up the chief business310 of the
"justice shop" and the shyster lawyer.
The wide320 powers of the Municipal Court enabled the judges to
establish330 this branch without any legislative enactment, merely
by a rule340 of the court.
All claims under $50, all cases of350 attachment and garnishment
PITMAN'S ADVANCED SPEED PRACTICE 133
involving less than $50, and all cases360 of replevin are entered upon
the conciliation docket. The defendant370 is then notified by regis-
tered mail of the claim and380 of the day set for the hearing of the
case.390 It may be of interest in this connection to note400 that all
writs of the Cleveland Municipal Court are served410 by registered
mail instead of the old and expensive method420 of personal service
by constables.
One of the regular judges430 of the court is assigned by the chief
justice to440 the conciliation branch. The parties to each450 suit are
brought before the judge. Lawyers are not allowed460 to represent
the parties and no set procedure is required.470 The judge, by ques-
tion and suggestion, seeks to elicit the480 point at issue. While no
controversy is permitted to be490 drawn out at length, each party is
allowed to state500 his case in his own way.
It was remarked by510 one of the judges that this permission to an
ordinary520 litigant to "have his say" has a marked psychological
effect.530 He feels that even though the decision may have gone540
against him he has not been restricted by rules of550 the court, the
meaning and significance of which are not560 always apparent to him.
When the essential facts are brought570 out the judge is required
"to seek to effect an580 amicable adjustment of the differences
between the parties to the590 suit." As a matter of fact, he usually
secures their600 consent to decide on the adjustment himself. When
his judgment610 is thus entered, all the power of the state is620 behind
the decision.
The atmosphere of this court is quite630 different from that of the
ordinary law tribunal. The facts640 in the case are not aired to the
court hangers-^on, for both parties are in close communication with
the660 judge. Little is ever offered as evidence except an occasional670
memorandum or account book. As infinite a variety of cases680 comes
to light as the life of a great city690 is complex — grievances petty in
the view of the ordinary700 court, but serious to those concerned.
The Conciliation Court has710 been in operation since March, 1913.
It has disposed of720 5,884 cases out of 6,184 filed. The fee has
usually730 been twenty-five cents, never more than forty-five cents.740
The small fee does not, of course, cover the actual750 cost of the pro-
ceedings. The theory was held in framing760 the bill of costs that a
municipal court ministering to770 all classes should not attempt to
meet its expenses by780 the collection of fees and fines.
The models used were790 the conciliation courts of Norway and
Denmark where such courts800 have been in operation since the eight-
134 PITMAN'S ADVANCED SPEED PRACTICE
eenth century. They were810 successful from the first and have been
granted larger powers820 from generation to generation. Conciliation
there is compulsory before a830 suit can be brought in the ordinary
law courts. Four-fifths840 of all cases are settled in this way.
The regular850 docket of the Municipal Court has been greatly
relieved by860 the settlement of so many cases, the pernicious activity
of870 the shyster lawyer has been considerably restricted, and sub-
stantial service880 has been rendered the people of the city. It must890
follow as a logical result that greater respect for law900 will come
from this simple application of common sense to910 legal practice.
[912.
THINGS NOT LEARNED IN SCHOOL
BY GARRETT P. SERVISS
Everybody who can get away is now paying a visit10 to the seashore
or the mountains. It is a splendid20 opportunity for education. If
these seekers for recreation would do30 a little reading outside of
novels, and a little observing40 beyond the limits of the piazzas, par-
lors, tennis courts and60 golf links, they would be surprised and
delighted by their60 easy progress in knowledge and general intelli-
gence.
The moment70 you leave the city behind the wonderful history of
the earth80 is spread before your eyes. The sea writes it,90 and the
hills and mountains write it, and anybody can100 read it who tries. It
is the literature of nature,110 which deals only with truth.
I take to-day the120 story of the mountains, which declare them-
selves to be, not130 the rigid masses that they seem, but surging and
tossing140 billows of rock, as truly in ceaseless motion as the160 waves
of the sea, but presenting a deceptive appearance of160 rest because
every second ticked by their clock-of-ages170 is as long as one of our
years.
When you180 go into the mountains take along such a book as190
that of the famous Scotch geologist, James Geikie, on the origin,200
growth and decay of mountains, and see what a marvelously210 new
interest the great hills assume in the light of220 science. You will feel
when you stand on the summit230 ridge of some long range, that your
feet are borne240 up by the foaming crest of a geologic breaker,
PITMAN'S ADVANCED SPEED PRACTICE 135
whose250 form, despite its seeming fixedness and solidity, is as evan-
escent260 as that of a ripple of water. So might an270 ultra-microscopic
being, whose whole term of life was limited280 to the millionth part of
a second, sit upon the290 spinning rim of a locomotive's driving-wheel,
and philosophically remark300 to his transitory fellow-creatures:
"Everything is relative. Even this310 moveless wheel on which we
dwell might be found to320 be in motion if our lives could be extended
to330 the vast span of a second of time!"
Geology is340 a kinetographic camera whose successive views are
combined on the screen350 of the imagination into moving pictures of
the growing earth.360 Take Professor Geikie's chapter on the origin
and architecture of370 the Alps and turn it into a motion picture.
It380 will amaze you!
The exhibition begins with a film dated390 millions of years ago.
The epigraph doesn't tell you how400 many millions, because the
management is not informed on that410 point. The spectator sees a
vast tract of ancient, rocky,420 tumbled land, bordered by a broad
sea, which, he is430 told, is the ancestral form of the Mediterranean,
then a440 veritable ocean in extent. The land is not like any450 on the
earth to-day; it is a Paleozoic continent, the460 forerunner of Europe.
The film flickers on through countless ages,470 tremendous storms
and floods burst and roar over the doomed480 continent, and the spec-
tator sees its hills and rocks dissolving490 and wearing down until
only the stumps of the higher500 mountains remain. Then a sinking
sensation comes over him as510 the entire face of the earth in front of
him520 suddenly settles down as if the interior of the globe530 had given
way beneath. In mighty billows the sea rolls540 in and covers the
sunken continent.
A strange darkness now550 falls over the theater, and there is a
mystic glimmer560 in the flickering picture on the screen. The spec-
tator becomes570 aware that what he now beholds is occurring in sub-
marine580 depths. He sees the bottom of the ocean where vast590
deposits of sand and silt grow deeper and deeper, like600 piling snow-
drifts, until what was once a continent has been610 buried under sheets
of sediment two or three miles thick-!620
A blinding flash, and the dancing picture has given place630 to an
illuminated epigraphic sentence: "The Cainozoic Era."
Immediately the640 film runs OH again, but a startling change has
occurred650 in the character of the views. The surface of the660 globe
seems to be bending and buckling as if an670 irresistible pressure had
been brought to bear upon it, or680 as if it were being squeezed by an
136 PITMAN'S ADVANCED SPEED PRACTICE
almighty hand!690 The bottom of the sea swells and rises until it700
emerges from the water, and then the dazed onlooker sees710 that
those immense sheets of sediment that covered the drowned720 conti-
nent have been transformed into thick strata of sandstone and730
other sedimental rocks.
The buried continent is rising from its740 watery tomb, but still
sheeted with its stony grave-clothes,750 which it can but partially cast
off.
The crumpling of the rocks goes on. It is due to the cooling and
shrinking of the760 core of the globe. The hardened crust must settle
down770 as the core shrinks away from it, but in doing780 so it has to
accommodate itself to a smaller area,790 and so its parts are squeezed
together and heaped up800 and thrust one over another, like cakes of
ice in810 a spring flood.
Gradually a kind of order emerges from820 this chaos of battling
and bending rocks. The swelling summits830 of the rocky waves
become new mountain ranges, and the840 Alps are born. They stand
on the site of the850 ancient Paleozoic continent that was submerged,
and their peaks and ridges are composed, in part, of the old crystal-
line rocks860 of the primeval continent, which burst through their
covering during870 the mighty throes of its resurrection.
This is the barest880 outline of the history of one range of moun-
tains. Every890 range on the globe has a story to tell of900 equally
absorbing interest, and if you will learn a little910 geology and use
your eyes and intellect you can find920 a scientific romance in any
hill. [926.
COUNT WITTE ON SOCIALISM
The errors and preconceived notions which are at the basis10 of this
theory of Karl Marx become evident on a consideration20 of its
fundamental proposition that commodities of the same price30 have
the same value because they contain the same quantity40 of average
abstract human labor socially necessary for their production.60
This proposition, in the first place, is entirely indefinite. We60 have
side by side, wheat of years of good and70 of bad harvests, iron from
rich and poor mines, products80 of machine and hand weaving, gold
from rich mines, diamonds90 from mines which are unique in kind, and
which are100 obtained almost free by their lucky seekers. We have
PITMAN'S ADVANCED SPEED PRACTICE 137
positive110 knowledge that all these commodities represent very
different quantities of120 human labor, that the wheat of fertile
countries is produced130 with less labor than that of countries where
harvests are140 bad, that the products of hand weaving cost twice
as180 much labor as those produced by machinery, that iron may160
have required more or less labor according to the quality170 of the
mines and the methods of working them, that180 gold and diamonds
may have cost a fiftieth or a190 hundredth part of the labor expended
on the commodities with200 which they are compared.
The variation of the quantities of210 human labor embodied in the
commodities named is well known;220 but the quantity of labor spent
in their production we230 do not know and cannot determine, and
without knowing this240 quantity in separate branches of industry
and in industry as250 a whole we can say nothing about the average
socially260 necessary norm of abstract human labor embodied in com-
modities, and270 this average norm remains an entirely unknown and
indefinable quantity.280 Just as little can we determine the degree
and volume290 of influence of those social and natural conditions
which directly300 affect the quantity of necessary human labor in
different branches310 of industry and in different countries of the
world.
Besides,320 the general proposition that value is crystallized labor
is inapplicable330 to certain categories of commodities. Let us take at
random340 various commodities, excepting manufactured articles —
precious stones, oranges, pheasants, cattle, lumber,350 Siberian furs.
Is it possible to say that in these360 things human labor is embodied in
the same sense in370 which the statement is made about a piece of
cloth380 or a bushel of wheat? In a manufactured product of390 labor
there is really embodied a given quantity of400 human labor; it is in
fact a product of labor410 without which it would not exist, but let us
try420 to apply the same ideas to commodities of a different430 type,
such as those named above — and absurdity is evident.
Assuming440 as proved that abstract human labor determines the
value of450 all commodities, Marx in a few words explains, or rather460
avoids, the important question of the various kinds and forms470 of
labor which serve as a measure of value. The480 value of commodities,
says he, represents an expenditure of human490 labor in the abstract,
labor is the expenditure of single500 labor power, which every ordinary
individual without any particular development510 possesses in his
bodily organism. "Simple average labor, it is520 true, varies in char-
acter in different countries and at different530 times, but in a particular
138 PITMAN'S ADVANCED SPEED PRACTICE
society skilled labor counts only540 as simple labor intensified, or
rather as multiplied simple labor,550 a given quantity of skilled being
considered equal to a560 greater quantity of simple labor."
In reality, however, no such570 reduction of skilled and higher forms
of labor ever takes580 place, nor can it take place because, in the
existing590 money-economy, hired labor is paid for according to the
varying600 conditions of the labor market. According to Marx, any-
way, in610 the reduction of skilled labor to unskilled it is impossible620
to be guided by existing norms of money wages, because630 the latter
do not correspond to the inner value of640 labor; but it is necessary to
take as a unit650 the full productivity of a day's work of a single660
worker in accordance with the quantity of commodities produced
by670 him; that is, it is necessary to find a certain680 quantity for the
determination of which there are so far690 no positive data.
The quantity itself, if it were found,700 would not be constant and
would be subject to frequent710 changes and fluctuations; a day of
single labor has a720 different meaning in a factory production and in
handicraft or730 agriculture; is different in rich and poor mines, in
regions740 which have good or bad harvests, etc. In the last750 analy-
sis the unit of human labor becomes something which cannot760 be
grasped, and the proposition that the value of commodities770 is
measured by the quantity of simple human labor embodied780 in
them really means nothing.
Such is the theoretical aspect790 of the proposition which is the
foundation of Marx's theory.800 The other aspects of this doctrine
which represent in some810 manner the further development of the
fundamental proposition are intended820 mainly to prove and
strengthen the preconceived idea that only830 physical human labor
yields surplus value which enriches the capitalist, and840 that this
surplus value is the exclusive "natural gift" of850 living human labor.
This assertion of Marx is shown to860 be false by the daily expe-
rience of those countries which870 have reached a high stage of indus-
trial development. Capital strives880 everywhere to reduce as much
as possible the number of890 workingmen in industries on a large scale
of production by900 the introduction of improved machinery and
avoids thus an extensive910 use of the particular "natural gift" of
living labor power. [920.
PITMAN'S ADVANCED SPEED PRACTICE 139
THE CHIEF AIM OF EDUCATION
BY CHARLES A. McMuRRY
We may state briefly some of the reasons why the10 moral aim
should be put forward as the controlling one20 in education.
First: The attainment of virtue, that is, the30 establishment of
moral habits, gives us the best quality and40 achievement in indi-
vidual character. It is acknowledged that the perfection60 of the
individual is a chief essential to the aim60 of education. No matter
how much we emphasize scientific knowledge70 and mental discipline,
all admit that the attainment of moral80 excellence is still superior to
these. As Kant says, "There90 is but one good thing in the world,
and that100 is a good will." The perfection of will, however, is110 found
only in its subjection to moral requirements in the120 individual. It
will be generally admitted that all physical, intellectual,130 and aes-
thetic culture should culminate in this individual moral excellence.140
Second : The second chief essential in the education of children150 is
that they shall be trained for society and for160 citizenship. They
shall be adapted to the social and industrial170 life of the present.
This demand is heard with much180 emphasis and from the highest
quarters. It seems at the190 present time that the demand for the
perfection of the200 individual is yielding, to a considerable extent, to
the requirement210 for socializing or subordinating the individual to
the needs of220 society. It is in the social order, however, that the230
moral virtues come chiefly into play. The highest statement of240 the
social law is found in the golden rule, and250 it is the application of
this everywhere that is most260 needed in social intercourse and in
human industry. To equip270 a child properly for social and indus-
trial life is to280 put him in possession, through education, of these
moral or290 social virtues and sympathies. This can only be done
by300 giving him an insight into human relations and sympathy
for310 people in all the various conditions of society. This whole320
point of view, therefore, is moral in the highest degree.330 Whether
we look at education from the standpoint of the340 individual or of
society as a whole, moral culture is350 the preeminent need in both.
Third: Moral ideas and moral360 education generally are subject to
the same laws of growth370 and development as other kinds of knowl-
edge and culture. Moral380 judgments, feelings, and decisions, vague
and rudimentary at first in390 children, gradually develop through
140 PITMAN'S ADVANCED SPEED PRACTICE
experience and culture to clearness and400 strength. It requires a
clear advance in intelligence to perceive410 moral ideas, and likewise
to move forward from particular examples420 to general moral con-
cepts. In this respect moral enlightenment does430 not differ from
other kinds of growth in intelligence. The440 sympathetic and
social feelings and the sense of moral obligation450 also ripen gradu-
ally with the growth in intelligence. If left460 to themselves or to
chance, these moral ideas, sympathies, and470 habits of judgment are
easily perverted and the whole moral480 character wrecked. Indeed
they require the most careful cultivation and490 direction by wise
teachers and parents.
Fourth: The great central500 studies of the school course, such as
reading, literature, and510 history, are full to overflowing with mate-
rial of the best520 quality upon which the moral judgments and sym-
pathies may be530 directly cultivated. These forms of biography
and history and literature540 which are coming to be most used in the
schools,550 are especially fruitful in those personal, concrete forms of
life560 which reveal simple moral ideas in a striking form. The570 chief
fact to be observed is, that these studies already580 used in the school,
are preeminent for their moral worth,590 but have not been employed
chiefly to bring out this600 form of culture and character growth.
Fifth: The school, however,610 is not limited in its sphere of oppor-
tunities to the620 theoretical treatment of morals, to the mere observa-
tion of moral630 ideas in stories, etc. It has abundant opportunity to
lead640 over from moral judgments and sympathetic feelings to
conduct. Every650 one concedes that it is as much the business of660
a teacher to look after the conduct of children as670 to supervise their
acquisition of ideas and knowledge. The school680 itself is a social
organization, and children cannot live in690 its close relationships
without practising the social virtues, or else700 violating them. There
is an increasing and emphatic demand that710 our schools shall be
converted more and more into social720 institutions, that by means of
the extension of social activities730 in cooking, weaving, industrial
occupations, and cooperation, this social spirit740 shall be given freer
scope. This will fit children better750 to understand, appreciate, and
sympathize with the more intimate and760 complex social and indus-
trial conditions into which the people are770 rapidly growing. We
may even go so far as to780 say that the strongest and most intelligent
demand upon the790 school in late years is for greater socialization of
its800 activities, and in the last analysis, what does this mean,810 other
than greater intellectual and moral insight, greater sympathy with820
PITMAN'S ADVANCED SPEED PRACTICE 141
our fellow-men, better social conduct, morality? The school there-
fore is830 not limited to the theory of morals.
These considerations bearing840 upon the value of the moral aim in
education seem850 to justify us as teachers in pushing it to the860 front
and in concentrating our energies upon its accomplishment. [869.
PROFIT-SHARING
BY GEORGE C. SMITH
Profit-sharing is a device for binding together the employer10 and
employee in a given enterprise, and for promoting their20 mutual
interest. Undoubtedly it is one of the most important30 remedies
proposed for the evils of the present labor situation.40
Profit-sharing has been officially defined as an "agreement freely50
entered into, by which the employee receives a share, fixed60 in
advance, of the profits." The proportion to be distributed70 must be
fixed in advance else the amount distributed would80 be simply a gift.
It is not philanthropy. It is90 a business proposition entered into
by employer and employee to100 accomplish certain results which may
or may not be accurately110 ascertainable. It must be distinguished
from gain sharing where the120 amount of the bonus is proportionate
to the saving in130 cost of production, irrespective of the net profit
realized byuo the employer. It must also be distinguished from
partnership agreements,150 where a division of profits is partially or
wholly substituted160 for wages. It involves no radical change in the
wage170 system; it contemplates merely a share of the profits in180
addition to wages. It does -not depend, as is so190 often supposed,
upon any acknowledged injustice in the present arrangement200
of things; it is not, therefore, socialistic — in fact, it210 is paternalistic.
It is designed to be, and should be,220 a self-supporting proposition;
the profit which is shared must230 be created by the employee through
greater care and diligence.240 This is its economic basis.
The motives of the employer250 for sharing are almost as varied as
the plans, and260 the detail of the plans are as numerous as the270
establishments adopting them. Several of the profit-sharing plans
in280 existence at the present time originated during the great labor290
unrest of 1886 to 1890. The motives which prompted many300 of
the employers at that time were the elimination of310 unions from the
142 PITMAN'S ADVANCED SPEED PRACTICE
establishments or the stopping of strikes and320 other labor diffi-
culties. I have before me letters from a330 number of employers
in which these reasons for establishing the340 scheme are stated. I
know of several instances where the350 schemes were abandoned
because they did not prevent strikes. In360 some cases, and large
ones too, the scheme has been'70 philanthropic. Fortunately these
are few. In others an advertising advantage380 has been calculated,
the employer believing that people will be390 led to make purchases
from those who are supposed to400 be generous with their workmen.
Some employers desire to eliminate410 the floating laborer, increas-
ing the length of the term of420 employment. Some desire, by taking
the employee into partnership, to430 perpetuate the enterprise. But
most common, and although not so440 altruistic as others, more sound
economically, is the desire on450 the part of the employer to increase
his own profits460 and, at the same time increase the workman's
compensation, through470 appealing to certain motives of enterprise
on the part of480 the employee leading to increased efficiency and
decreased costs of490 doing business. Profit-sharing schemes con-
ceived and designed to accomplish500 these results are by far the most
numerous and are510 generally more successful than the others.
Of the numerous methods520 for sharing profits there are three main
types. Numerous details530 modify these schemes considerably, but
the main features easily classify540 them. The most common and
oldest type takes the form650 of a cash payment at the end of a
fixed660 period. The manner of calculating the amount to be dis-
tribute^570 may take numerous forms and the period of distribution
may580 vary from a week or two as in the Henry690 Ford Motor Works
plan, to a year which is more600 usual. A second method, most com-
mon among the thrifty workmen610 of France, takes some form of
deferred participation by means620 of dividends on savings bank
deposits, or of provident funds630 and annuities. The third method,
which has perhaps won most640 favor in the United States and is
almost exclusively American,650 takes the form of payment in shares
of stock of660 the company. This is frequently called the Perkins'
method because670 George W. Perkins fathered its introduction in the
United States680 Steel Corporation and in the International Harvester
Company. Many of690 the most prominent concerns in the country
employ in the700 aggregate many thousands of employees who are
eligible or may710 become eligible to share in the profits of their com-
pany720 through the ownership of stock acquired on easy payments
and730 yielding, in many cases, extra dividends.
PITMAN'S ADVANCED SPEED PRACTICE 143
Has profit-sharing promoted740 mutuality? Has it been successful,
on the whole, in this750 country? Are workmen better off because of
it? Has the760 cost of production or the cost of sales been lowered?770
The answers to these questions bring to light a wide780 difference of
opinion. Many students of profit-sharing condemn it.790 Many
employers have abolished it after a trial. Labor unions800 oppose it,
believing that the workmen suffer many injustices because810 of it.
Then there are those who believe that it820 is all right for the other
fellow, but it couldn't830 be applied to their own business.
After a very wide840 survey of the subject, after interviewing many
employers and many850 employees who have had direct personal
experience with it, I860 have eome to the conclusion, well supported
by a mass870 of evidence which I have collected, that profit sharing
has880 failed because it has been improperly instituted. Employers
have expected890 too much or have been too impatient for results.
It900 has not had a fair trial in many instances. In910 other instances
right motives have not been appealed to. Its920 failure has been,
borrowing the terminology of our president, psychological.930
Profit-sharing will not solve our labor problems. It will,940 when
properly adopted, prevent them arising. It may, or may950 not have
an economic basis. That depends upon the management960 and the
plan. It has done much good and we970 may expect to see it more
widely employed in the980 future; with the awakened sense that the
laborer is entitled990 to something more than a living wage. [997.
THE ASSOCIATED PRESS
(As described in part in the North American Review by Frank B.
Noyes, President of the Associated Press.)
The Associated Press is an association of something over 85010
newspapers, operating under a charter of the State of New York20
as a mutual and cooperative organization for the interchange30
and collection of news. Under the terms of its charter40 "the cor-
poration is not to make a profit nor to50 make or declare dividends,
and is not to engage in60 the business of selling intelligence nor
traffic in the same."70
Its Board of Directors is composed of active newspaper men80
chosen at annual meetings by the membership.
144 PITMAN'S ADVANCED SPEED PRACTICE
Its members are90 scattered from the Atlantic to the Pacific, from
Canada to100 the Gulf, and represent every possible shade of political
belief,110 religious faith, and economic sympathy. It is obvious that
the120 Associated Press can have no partisan nor factional bias, no130
religious affiliation, no capitalistic nor pro-labor trend. Its function
is140 simply to furnish its members with a truthful, clean, comprehen-
sive,150 non-partisan report of the news of the world as expeditiously160
as is compatible with accuracy and as economically as possible.170
The newspapers composing its membership contribute first the
news of180 their localities, and second, weekly assessments of money
aggregating about190 $3,000,000 per annum, with which an extensive
system of leased200 wires is maintained (22,000 miles of wire in the
daytime210 and 28,000 at night), bureaus in the principal American
cities220 supplementing and collating the news of local newspapers
and bureaus230 for the original collection of news throughout the
world.
While240 the Associated Press is generally held in good esteem, I250
would not be understood as indicating that it has been260 exempt from
criticism and attack. If in a campaign all270 the candidates, or their
managers or press agents did not280 accuse the Associated Press of the
grossest partisanship as against290 the particular candidacy in which
they were interested, those bearing300 the responsibilities of the ser-
vice would feel convinced that something310 was radically wrong and
would look with suspicion on the report320 themselves. This is but
human nature. During the last campaign330 for the Presidential
nomination every candidate either in person or340 by proxy expressed
his conviction that the Associated Press was350 favorable to some-
body else.
With all this, however, goes a360 fundamental misunderstanding of
the functions of the Associated Press. The370 individual correspon-
dent or reporter for a given newspaper or a380 small group of news-
papers having a common bias may be390 permitted to indulge in
partisanship or in propaganda. This is400 absolutely not to be per-
mitted in the Associated Press. No410 bias of any sort can be allowed.
Our function is420 to supply our members with news, not views; with
news430 as it happens — not as we may want it to440 happen. Intensely
as its management may sympathize with any movement,450 no
propaganda in its behalf can be permitted. Very jealously460 indeed
does the membership guard against their agency going outside470 its
allotted duties and argus-eyed is the censorship of480 every handler of
our "copy." It is not, naturally, to490 be claimed that no mistakes are
PITMAN'S ADVANCED SPEED PRACTICE 145
made. They are made500 and will be made. But in the very nature
of510 business, with the heart so worn upon the sleeve, detection520
very swiftly follows, and the mistakes are few and far530 between.
Another cause of frequent misapprehension is in the general540
tendency of newspaper readers to attribute anything seen in print550
to the Associated Press. From time to time some voice560 is raised
denouncing the Associated Press in the same breath570 both as a
monopoly and because it is not a580 monopoly, and insisting that it
become a monopoly by admitting590 to its membership all desiring its
service. From an ethical600 standpoint only, then, is there anything
improper, unsafe or610 unwise in a group of newspapers, large or small,
associating620 themselves together to do a thing that each must other-
wise630 do separately and of reserving to themselves the right to640
determine to what extent the membership of such a group650 shall be
enlarged?
To compel the Associated Press to assume660 an entity of its own
and to serve all comers670 would, in my judgment, bring about a con-
dition fraught with680 the gravest dangers to the freedom of the press
and600 in turn to the freedom of the people. At present700 about one-
third of the daily newspapers of the country710 are represented by
membership in the Associated Press. There are720 a number of con-
cerns engaged in the collection and sale730 of general news to non-
members of the Associated Press.740 If the Associated Press could
be held as a common750 carrier, these news-selling organizations would
be wiped out and750 the Associated Press would, if the end sought for
was770 accomplished, become a real monopoly and, the incentive for
cooperation780 no longer existing, it would naturally drift into a con-
cern790 for pecuniary profit, in private ownership and subject to
private800 control.
Because the danger would be so grave it will810 not come, but for
another reason also, a very basic820 reason — there can be no monopoly
in news. The day830 that it becomes apparent that a monopoly in col-
lecting and840 distributing news exists, that day, in some way, by
some850 method, individual newspapers or groups of newspapers will
take up860 the work of establishing a service for themselves, indepen-
dent of870 outside control. The news of the world is open to880 him who
will go for it. Any one willing890 to expend the energy, the time, and
the money to900 approach it may dip from the well of truth. The910
news service of the Associated Press does not consist of920 its leased
wires or its offices. Its soul is in930 the personal service of human
men, of men with eyes940 to see, with ears to hear, with hands to
146 . PITMAN'S ADVANCED SPEED PRACTICE
write,950 and with brains to understand, of men who are proud960 when
they succeed, humiliated when they fail and resentful when970
maligned. And as to-day men labor and die in order980 that the
members of the Associated Press may lay before990 their readers a
fair picture of the world's happenings, so1000 always will these and
other men serve nobly and die1010 bravely that the world may have
tidings. [1017.
PACKAGE CAR SERVICE AND THE RETAILER
BY COMMISSIONER COYLE
In conclusion I wish to direct your attention to a10 feature worthy
of careful consideration; one which in my estimation20 is responsible
for much of the antagonism toward the railroad.30 It is in respect to
the treatment accorded the country40 merchants by the railroads of
this country. I mean the50 merchants at the local stations. I was
once an agent60 at such a station; I was once a merchant in70 such a
town, so that I know by experience, the80 limitations of the agent to
assist the merchant in his90 struggle to compete with the merchant at
the competitive point,100 and I know the helpless condition of the
merchant who110 must rely upon such an agent for support. Though
the120 agent may be ever so well disposed his complaints and130
suggestions must filter through the several departments of the rail-
roads140 until they are so thin or so stale when they150 reach the offi-
cials who shape the policy of the road160 as to merit or receive little
attention. These merchants at170 local towns are deserving of our
especial attention and support180 in their present struggle; not alone
because they are neglected190 by the railroads, but at this particular
time because they200 will have, from January 1 next, a new difficulty
confronting210 them in sustaining their trade; that is, the establish-
ment of220 the parcel post, with which I know you are more230 fami-
liar than I.
The Traffic Bureau of the Business Men's240 League, which I have
the honor to represent, has given250 a great deal of attention to this
railroad feature of260 the distribution of goods from this market, and
we have270 been working upon the proposition that the jobber is
just280 as much interested in getting the goods sold by him290 to his
customer in the country as the retail merchant300 in this city is in
PITMAN'S ADVANCED SPEED PRACTICE 147
getting the goods to his310 customer, regardless of his location in St.
Louis. Therefore, since320 we have this package car system so per-
fected that we330 may intelligently scrutinize the service of all the
railroads serving340 St. Louis, we are contending now for the improve-
ment of350 the service to the local stations.
There is no such360 thing as a local station to a jobber. The mer-
chant370 from the smallest local station on any railroad looks just380
as good to us in this market as though he390 came from a highly com-
petitive railroad town and is entitled400 to our consideration and the
consideration of the carriers accordingly.410
Through what I consider a mistaken policy of economy and420
development of their own properties, the railroads of this country430
have given too much attention to competitive business and too440
little to local business. The result of this is that450 under the present
fabric of rates, intermediate towns often pay460 the same rates as the
competitive town beyond, yet shipments470 leaving here on the same
day are often from one480 to three days longer in reaching the interme-
diate or local490 town.
It is gratifying to note, however, that a few800 progressive manage-
ments are taking this view of it also, and510 are inaugurating methods
beneficial to the local points. It rests520 largely with us, however, and
particularly with an association like530 yours, to exercise our com-
mercial strength in behalf of our540 customers by contending forcibly
for such a system of distribution of550 our goods that a more equitable
service shall be given560 to all points. To this end the routing of
your670 competitive business should be predicated on the service
rendered to580 local points; or, in plainer language, the lines that
give590 especial attention to the systematic and prompt handling of
your600 shipments to local points are entitled to more consideration at
the610 hands of the shippers in the distribution of their competi-
tive620 business. It is unreasonable to expect, of course, such a630
revolution in this respect as to have equal service to640 all points, but
the tendency should be in that direction650 much more than it is at
present.
I may be660 mistaken, but, after giving the subject serious thought,
I believe, as670 a matter of economy to the railroads and the improve-
ment680 of the service as suggested, smaller cars should be used690 in
this package car trade. Cars so constructed as to700 carry a maximum
load of about the present average merchandise710 loading, which is
approximately 18,000 pounds per car; cars capable720 of being carried
in fast trains, to be switched at730 local points or small stations with-
148 PITMAN'S ADVANCED SPEED PRACTICE
out the loss incidental to740 the handling of cars of large capacity
designed especially for750 carload business, as is the case at present,
thus releasing760 these large cars of 60,000 pounds capacity for the
service770 for which they are designed. The railroads now have cars780
constructed especially for live stock, for lumber, for coal, for790 coke,
for cooperage and for perishable freight, but none especially800
designed for the highest class freight they handle; namely, these810
merchandise or package car shipments. By the use of such820 cars
as suggested, much of the delay incidental to rehandling830 at break
bulk points would be avoided, the expense840 of operating local or
way freight trains greatly reduced, and850 damage to freight by
rehandling eliminated to a great extent.860 The increased efficiency
of their terminal facilities in the loading870 and unloading of such
freight by the use of a880 smaller and greater number of car units upon
the same890 terminal tracks now used for the large cars, is also900 an
item, I believe, worthy of careful consideration by the910 railroads.
In short, is it not quite reasonable to expect920 that the railroads
should so classify their service and furnish930 such facilities as to
specialize the less than carload merchandise940 traffic to the extent
that all receivers of such freight950 both at local as well as competitive
points, may rely960 upon that service as they do upon the express
service970 and eventually relieve the public of the expensive express
service980 except for the transportation of valuable articles or such
as990 may require the attention of a messenger enroute. [998.
THE WAR AT OUR DOORS
BY REV. C. F. AKED
The world divides its admiration between the persons who destroy10
life and those who spend their days in efforts to20 save it. The soldier
has been the object of all30 men's regard. In any city in the world
whose streets40 are crowded with monuments to heroes, those erected
to the50 memory of fighting men predominate. In any country the
soldier's60 uniform is the badge of honor. Century by century our70
race has awarded the prizes of life and place and80 pomp and power
to the man whose business it is90 to kill men.
But the world honors also those who100 live to save men — the
philanthropists of all the ages.110 The wealth and learning and influ-
PITMAN'S ADVANCED SPEED PRACTICE 149
ence of a great city120 pay homage to a citizen whose name is synony-
mous with130 practical philanthropy and beneficent public service.
Prophets, apostles, martyrs, the140 poet laurel-crowned, the man of
science with calm gaze150 searching the depths of infinite being and
the missionary who160 himself repeats creation's primal word, "Let
there be light," are170 enshrined in our hearts as the makers and
masters of180 men.
It is curious. Why should we honor him who190 kills and him
who makes alive? Can we not distinguish200 between them? Are our
minds built, indeed, in water-tight210 compartments and our souls, too?
Are our instincts chaotic? And220 our emotions, are they founded
in unreason and do they230 lead but to folly?
Human nature is, indeed, compounded of240 complexities and con-
tradictions, but for this apparent anomaly a rational260 basis may be
found. In the ultimate analysis there is260 one ideal for the fighter
and for the philanthropist, for270 the man whose business it is to kill
and for280 him who lives to make alive. The ideal is sacrifice290 for
the common good. In the case of the fighting300 man the ideal is
often wretchedly obscured; is, at times,310 totally lost sight of.
Nevertheless the ideal of the warrior320 remains as an ideal.
And the world has agreed to330 pay honor to the soldier, not because
he is ready340 to kill, but because it understands that, with life and350
youth and health and joy and wife and home and360 little ones, and
all that makes life worth living behind370 him, to be won and held
by retreat, with torture,380 wounds, death in front of him, he will
scorn liberty390 and life, choose death and honor. This is the sol-
dier's400 ideal. This is the warrior's glory.
The soldier's honor and410 the warrior's ideal are not the highest
and noblest conceivable.420 The ancient systems of India placed the
priest above the430 warrior. And for good reason. The ideal of the
warrior440 is to die for men. The ideal of the priest450 is to live for
men. And it is a nobler460 thing to live for men than to die for men.470
So those ancient systems thought, and they thought rightly. A480
death of self-sacrifice seemed great; a life of self-sacrifice was490
greater. This is why John Ruskin, speaking to a body600 of young
men in training as officers of the British610 army, said to them:
"You fancy, perhaps, that there is620 a severe sense of duty mixed
with these peacocky motives?530 And in the best of you there is.
But do640 not think that it is principle. If you cared to550 do your duty
to your country in a prosaic and560 unsentimental way, depend upon
it, there is now truer duty570 to be done in raising harvests than in
150 PITMAN'S ADVANCED SPEED PRACTICE
burning them;680 more in building houses than in shelling them;
more in890 winning money by your own work, wherewith to help
men,600 than in other people's work, taxing for money wherewith to610
slay men — more duty, finally, in honest and unselfish living620 than
in honest and unselfish dying, though that seems to630 your boy's
eyes the bravest."
Let us do honor to640 the world's noblest warriors — those who
battle with human stupidity.650 Huxley was as gallant a fighter for life
and liberty660 as ever tossed his hat into the ring and followed670 it
with a cry of joy. Yet when he contemplates680 the age-long stu-
pidity of the race his pessimism is so690 pessimistic that, like the
Egyptian darkness, it can be felt.700 Here it is:
"I know no study which is so710 unutterably saddening as that of
the evolution of humanity, as720 it is set forth in the annals of
history. Out730 of the darkness of prehistoric ages man emerges with
the740 marks of his lowly origin strong upon him. He is750 a brute,
only more intelligent than the other brutes; a760 blind prey to
impulses which, as often as not, lead770 him to destruction; a victim
of endless illusions which make780 his mental existence a terror
and a burden and fill790 his physical life with barren toil and battle.
"He attains800 a certain degree of physical comfort, and develops
a more810 or less workable theory of life in such favorable situations820
as the plains of Mesopotamia or of Egypt, and then,830 for thousands
and thousands of years, struggles, with varying fortunes,840 attended
by infinite wickedness, bloodshed and misery, to maintain himself850
at this point against the greed and the ambition of860 his fellow-men.
"He makes a point of killing and otherwise870 persecuting all
those who first try to get him to880 move on, and when he has
moved on a step,890 foolishly confers post-mortem deification on
his victims. He exactly repeats900 the process with all who want to
move a step910 yet farther."
It is simply not true — not true in920 spirit and prophecy. "Against
stupidity the gods themselves fight powerless,"930 said the wise
ancients. But they were wrong, or, if940 they were right, men and
women have done what the950 gods could not do. For we are win-
ning in this960 war. Everybody may have a share in the victory.
The970 fighting is good all along the line. From the president980 of
a State university to the kindergarten teacher, from the990 editor
with his million readers to the man in the1000 smoking car who
knocks a little common sense "into the1010 stupidest man he ever
met in his life," we all1020 have our chance.
PITMAN'S ADVANCED SPEED PRACTICE 151
Besides, there is oneself! Does not Carlyle1030 exhort us: "Arrest
your knaves and dastards! Arrest yourself! Make1040 yourself an
honest man, and there will be one rogue1050 less in the world!"
Think what each one of us1060 can do tq reduce the sum of our
natural ignorance!1070 This is the war which is at our doors. [1079.
LABOR
BY LINCOLN STEFFENS
My point of view is not that of Labor, nor10 is it the business
man's nor the politician's. I have20 tried as a reporter to keep in
mind always the30 common interest of society as a whole and to see40
in politics and in business what made for and what50 against the
common human good. So now in Labor, I60 am for those acts and
tendencies which seem to make70 for the good of humanity; not of the
working people only80 — that's the narrow Labor view — but of all
the people.90 And I am against all that Labor does which seems100 to
hurt society; not business (that's the narrow business view),110 but
the human community as a whole.
For example: The120 reasoning of a part of Labor that efficiency
would increase130 the profits of the employer more than the wages
of140 the workers, therefore, seems to me to be not150 only false, but
fundamentally wrong. It is anti-social. Even if160 the premises
were true and the argument sound; and even170 if skimping did
reduce profits and came not at all180 out of the wage-worker and
consumer; even then it190 would be wrong, from the social point of
view. Anything200 that hindered or set back the development of
efficiency in210 the workers would be bad.
So with the questions of220 wages, hours, and the other conditions
of work, and the230 methods of improving them. Labor wants higher
wages, as we240 have seen, primarily, for the same reason that most
men want250 more of anything — simply to have more, and more,
and260 more. Capital opposes this. Capital wants more and more,
and,270 so, fearing that, if Labor got more wages, Capital would280
get less profits, the employer and employee clash and are290 forever
fighting somewhere. A strike is an inconvenience and a300 disturb-
ance of the peace. But that isn't the reason we310 outsiders should
152 PITMAN'S ADVANCED SPEED PRACTICE
take the part we do take in the320 conflict between Capital and Labor.
The importance of Labor's effort330 to get higher wages becomes
obvious. You see that the340 wage-workers are a very large part of
society, and350 that the future of the race depends in a startling360
measure upon the men, women, and children that work in370 the
mills, mines, and shops. Business is important, too. It380 is not, as
business men so commonly think of it,390 an end in itself. It is a
means to an400 end. That end is not profits alone. Business is410 the
machinery which produces, prepares for use and distributes the420
things society needs to live. And that's why business should430 be
kept going industriously, efficiently, at peace. And that's one440
reason why strikes and fighting, skimping and inefficiency are bad,450
from the social point of view. Because they injure society,460 which,
I repeat, is all men and all women and470 all children.
And that's why low wages are bad, and480 long hours, and imperfect
sanitation, and child labor and all490 the other evils of industrial
labor. Not because these evils500 hurt Labor; not because children
are so exhausted by early610 work that they grow up to be drunkards
and cripples.520 That's the sentimental view of Labor which corre-
sponds to the530 personal view of business. It counts; it counts with
me;540 and it should count, of course, with everybody; an unsympa-
thetic550 race would not be a great race. It would be560 deficient in art,
literature, and music. But the sentimental view570 is not the view to
be taken in these articles.580 I think it is pitiful to see men and
women590 work too long for too little. The point of view600 I take
as a reporter is simply that such evils610 are bad because Labor is so
large a part of620 society that the sufferings of the workers cannot help
but630 injure the race, and their well-being will make for640 the well-
being of society.
Apply this now, to our650 typical strike, that of the laundry workers
in New York.660 Men and women, boys and girls, were underpaid
and overworked670 three days of the week, in some steam laundries
which680 are unsanitary and at some machines which, it is said,690
injure the worker for life. The grown-ups were pale,700 thin, rather
weak, and more or less ailing. They were710 not good stock. And
there are some 40,000 of them.720 In the next generation their
descendants may be 80,000 or730 100,000. Some of their children
may be listless, weak good-740for-nothings of the kind we say "don't
deserve any750 more than they get," which may be charity or even760
the jail. The condition of the laundry workers, then, should770 be
bettered, for the good of society. But society pays780 no heed.
PITMAN'S ADVANCED SPEED PRACTICE 153
The employers, unorganized and in close790 competition, couldn't
raise wages. And, of course,800 the employees, also in competition
and not only810 with one another, but with the people out of820 work
in New York, who pressed for jobs the830 laundry workers were help-
less until they organized.
Now840 the business men who own the laundries objected to the
unions j850 unions are organized to use force to compel higher860 wages,
and, once organized, the union will870 abuse its power. All know that.
And the880 abuse by Labor of its organized power is an evil.890 But I
think we can learn to distinguish between the good and the evil uses
of unions. However, unless society900 is ready and able to protect
the race interest910 in that part of society which washes and irons
our920 clothes, we must see that the organization of the930 laundry
worker's union is right, from the social point940 of view.
Bad from the business man's point of950 view, because it will inter-
fere with his liberty and960 hurt his business by stopping it to enforce
demands,970 the laundry union may seem bad to the laundry work-
ers980 also, from their point of view, and for990 the same reason.
Most of the laundry workers didn't1000 belong to the union and don't
now; and1010 they opposed the strike; and they would prefer now1020
to go back to work. The union leaders have1030 to send strikers out
as pickets to persuade the would-1040be scabs to sacrifice their imme-
diate, individual interest to the1050 welfare of the laundry workers
as a whole. This1060 is bad, too; there really should be some1070
other way to make the conditions of that part of1080 the community
right. But, taking human nature and1090 the facts as they are, we
can see that1100 unless the laundry workers are organized in numbers
great enough1110 to control the labor of the laundries as the pro-
prietors1120 control the machinery and the trade, the employers
and1130 the employees cannot come together and better the conditions
of1140 the trade. Therefore the union, the strike,1150 and the picketing
of the laundry workers are unnecessary from1160 the social point of
view. [1165.
WHAT IS WRONG WITH THE COLLEGE?
What is wrong with the college? As I ask myself10 that question,
I find my mind traveling back to a20 certain organization of which I
was once a member. It30 was a small group of relatively insignificant
154 PITMAN'S ADVANCED SPEED PRACTICE
persons; and yet,40 as I have listened in the last few years to50 reiter-
ated indictments of our present collegiate education, I have found*0
the conviction growing within me that that little organization, in70
its trivial way and on its restricted scale, had caught80 the secret
which the American college has missed.
The wind90 bloweth where it listeth, the body of which I speak100
was nothing but a high-school debating-society. It was110 nothing but
a debating-society, but it had got hold120 of a miraculous power, to
define or even to describe130 which I shall not try. I can only put
down140 a few of its results. It had the knack, somehow150 or other, of
taking raw and callow high-school freshmen160 and sophomores and
instilling into them, sometimes with a suddenness170 that was start-
ling, a literally furious interest in all sorts180 of questions, political,
social, and ethical, and an equally furious190 desire to discuss them
endlessly. My memory may play me200 some tricks of exaggeration
as I look back, but as210 1 remember it, we boys came to reckon time
in220 those days from one Friday night to the next. In230 their turmoil
and fervor, the meetings themselves stand out in240 my mind as a sort
of vivid contrast, especially in250 the matter of demands for the floor,
with certain prayer-260meetings I have attended. Social functions,
even dances, could not270 compete with them. If there was an
athletic event on280 a Friday afternoon, the club did not adjourn
in the290 evening to help celebrate the victory. The debate was
held300 as usual, merely with added zest and an access of310 virtue.
No January blizzard was severe enough seriously to impair320 the
attendance. The meetings began on the dot, and ended330 when it
was no longer possible to force or bribe340 the janitor to keep the build-
ing open. Most of my350 other high-school experiences, much even of
my college life,360 fade into fog and have compared with the vivid
memories370 of that society. I have no doubt that, in any380 absolute
sense, its meetings were as absurd, its debates as390 wild and whirling,
as any that were ever held. The400 product, then and there, was
useless; but the spirit back410 of it all! That was authentic. That
was, and is,420 a living thing. I use the word "spirit," but no430 one
word will do. It was a something in the440 air, an atmosphere, a
tradition, a grip, a pressure, and450 urgency, an uplift, a quickening
of the will, an intellectual460 enthusiasm. What one calls it, is of no
account. The470 point is, it is what the American college of to-day480
is most in need of. And the question is, how490 is it to get it?
Now, the first fact to500 be grasped with regard to this spirit, is
that, like610 everything else that is alive, it can inhabit only a520 body
PITMAN'S ADVANCED SPEED PRACTICE 155
where there is unity. It is no idle chance530 that the phrase "college
spirit" has come in our day540 to have oftentimes an almost exclu-
sively athletic connotation. The reason550 is that on the athletic-
field we have team-work560 among the players and unity of interest
on the part570 of all. The conditions for the emergence of an intel-
lectual580 college spirit are the same. Whatever makes for the intel-
lectual590 integrity of a college, renders more likely the appearance
of600 this spirit. Whatever impairs that integrity, acts as a potent610
spell to keep it at a distance.
A normal boy620 or girl of college age, introduced into an atmos-
phere of630 high intellectual pressure, can no more resist it than a640
bit of coal can avoid incandescence in the furnace. He650 can no more
resist it than a person can resist660 the hush that falls over an audience
in the presence670 of the eloquence, or the spirit of panic, once under680
way, in the burning theater. A tone and tradition of690 mental
enthusiasm once firmly established in a college, thereafter the700
predominant set of the current will be from the whole710 to the parts.
But in the meantime the problem is720 more complex, and calls for
more drastic action.
Spirit should730 come before discipline. This simple principle we
sometimes seem to740 lose sight of in our education, consistently
putting the cart750 before the horse. In the days of the Renaissance,
when760 people had caught a vision of a new world, they770 studied
their Greek with avidity because they believed it was780 a path into that
world. We reverse the process. We790 set our students to grinding
Greek verbs in order that800 in an indefinite future they may come
in contact with810 the Hellenic spirit, when what they wanted was a
touch820 of the Hellenic spirit to transform the Greek grammar into830
a book of magic. We set them to cutting up840 earthworms when what
they wanted first was to have their850 thoughts turned toward the
mystery of physical life. We put860 them to studying Italian trusting
that in due time a knowledge870 of that language may prove an incen-
tive to read Dante,880 never perceiving that a craving for Dante might
be made890 the strongest incentive for studying Italian. We red-ink
and blue-900ink their compositions, believing, with a touching faith
that there is910 some intrinsic beauty in correct spelling and perfect
punctuation that920 will appeal to the undergraduate mind; and all
the while930 what they needed was a sense, however dim, of the940
wonder of literary creation.
Here is at least a partial950 program for the regeneration of the
American college:
156 PITMAN'S ADVANCED SPEED PRACTICE
(1) Eject from960 the student body the intellectually inert.
(2) Eliminate from the faculty970 the narrow specialist, who at
his best belongs to the980 university, at his worst is a pedant.
(3) Encourage, among teachers990 and students, in the classroom,
and still more out1000 of it, every influence that tends to unify, to
socialize, to1010 humanize knowledge. And let it be remembered — for
I have1020 not forgotten that little debating-club — that one impor-
tant means1030 to this end, is simply the creation of a current1040
of vital ideas. Let every one talk, then, talk ardently1050 and end-
lessly, each about the subject of his special interest,1060 but all about
that larger something in which these special1070 interests inhere, and
for which, indefinite as the term is,1080 we have no better name than
life. [1087.
PRESIDENT WILSON'S MESSAGE
The message for which President Wilson broke the custom of10 112
years and read in person in Congress is one20 of the shortest dealing
with a great Government policy that30 has ever been delivered in
Congress. Grover Cleveland's tariff message40 in 1887 is nearer it in
length than any similar50 document in recent times. The Wilson
message follows:
"I am60 very glad to have this opportunity to address the two70
houses directly and to verify for myself the impression that80 the
President of the United States is a person, not90 a mere department
of the Government hailing Congress from some100 isolated island of
jealous power, sending messages, not speaking naturally110 and with
his own voice, that he is a human120 being trying to cooperate with
other human beings in a130 common service. After this pleasant
experience I shall feel quite140 normal in all our dealings with one
another.
"I have150 called the Congress together in extraordinary session
because a duty160 was laid upon the party now in power at the170
recent elections which it ought to perform promptly in order180 that
the burden carried by the people under existing law190 may be light-
ened as soon as possible and in order,200 also, that the business
interests of the country may not210 be kept too long in suspense as to
what the220 fiscal changes are to be to which they will be230 required
to adjust themselves. It is clear to the whole240 country that the
tariff duties must be altered.
PITMAN'S ADVANCED SPEED PRACTICE 157
"They must250 be changed to meet the radical alteration in the
conditions260 of our economic life which the country has witnessed
within270 the last generation. While the whole face and method of280
our industrial and commercial life were being changed beyond
recognition290 the tariff schedules have remained what they were
before the300 change began, or have moved in the direction they
were310 given when no large circumstance of our industrial develop-
ment was320 what it is to-day.
"Our task is to square them330 with the actual facts. The sooner
that is done the340 sooner we shall escape from suffering from the facts
and350 the sooner our men ot business will be free to360 thrive by the
law of nature (the nature of free370 business) instead of by the law of
legislation and artificial380 arrangement.
"We have seen tariff legislation wander very far afield390 in our
day — very far indeed from the field in which400 our prosperity might
have had a normal growth and stimulation.410 No one who looks the
facts squarely in the face420 or knows anything that lies beneath the
surface of action430 can fail to perceive the principles upon which
recent tariff440 legislation has been based.
"We long ago passed beyond the450 modest notion of 'protecting'
the industries of the country and460 moved boldly forward to the
idea that they were entitled470 to the direct patronage of the Govern-
ment.
"For a long480 time — a time so long that the men now active490 in
public policy hardly remember the conditions that preceded it500 —
we have sought in our tariff schedules to give each group510 of manu-
facturers or producers what they themselves thought that they520
needed in order to maintain a practically exclusive market as530
against the rest of the world.
Consciously or unconsciously, we640 have built up a set of privileges
and exemptions from550 competition behind which it was easy by any,
even the560 crudest, forms of combination, to organize monopoly until
at last570 nothing is normal, nothing is obliged to stand the tests580
of efficiency and economy, in our world of big business,590 but every-
thing thrives by concerted arrangement. Only new principles of800
action will save us from a final hard crystallization of610 monopoly and
a complete loss of the influences that620 quicken enterprise and keep
independent energy alive.
"It is plain630 what those principles must be. We must abolish
everything that640 bears even the semblance of privilege or of any
kind650 of artificial advantage, and put our business men and pro-
158 PITMAN'S ADVANCED SPEED PRACTICE
ducers660 under the stimulation of a constant necessity to be effi-
cient,670 economical and enterprising masters of competitive suprem-
acy, better workers and680 merchants than any in the world. Aside
from the duties690 laid upon articles which we do not, and probably
can700 not, produce, therefore, and the duties laid upon luxuries and710
merely for the sake of the revenues they yield, the720 object of the
tariff duties henceforth laid must be effective730 competition, the
whetting of American wits by contest with the740 wits of the rest of
the world.
"It would be750 unwise to move toward this end headlong, with
reckless haste760 or with strokes that cut at the very roots of770 what
has grown up amongst us by long process and780 at our own invita-
tion. It does not alter a thing790 to upset it and break it and deprive
it of800 a chance to change. It destroys it. We must make810 changes
in our fiscal laws, in our fiscal system, whose820 object is development,
a more free and wholesome development,830 not revolution or upset
or confusion. We must build up840 trade, especially foreign trade.
"We need the outlet and the850 enlarged field of energy more than
we ever did before.860 We must build up industry as well, and must
adopt870 freedom in the place of artificial stimulation only so far880
as it will build, not pull down.
"In dealing with890 the tariff the method by which this may be900
done will be a matter of judgment, exercised item by910 item. To
some not accustomed to the excitements and responsibilities920 of
greater freedom our methods may in some respects and930 at some
points seem heroic, but remedies may be heroic940 and yet be reme-
dies. It is our business to make950 sure that they are genuine remedies.
Our object is clear.960 If our motive is above just challenge and only
an970 occasional error of judgment is chargeable against us, we shall980
be fortunate.
"We are called upon to render the country990 a great service in
more matters than one. Our responsibilities1000 should be met and
our methods should be thorough, as1010 thorough as moderate and well
considered, based upon the facts1020 as they are, and not worked out
as if we1030 were beginners.
"We are to deal with the facts of1040 our own day, with the facts of
no other, and1050 to make laws which square with those facts.
"It is1060 best, indeed it is necessary, to begin with the tariff.1070
"I will urge nothing upon you now at the opening1080 of your ses-
sion which can obscure that first object or1090 divert our energies from
that clearly defined duty. At a1100 later time I may take the liberty
PITMAN'S ADVANCED SPEED PRACTICE 159
of calling your1110 attention to reforms which should press close upon
the heels1120 of the tariff changes, if not accompany them, of which1130
the chief is the reform of our banking and currency1140 laws; but just
now I refrain.
"For the present I1160 put these matters on one side and think only
of1160 this one thing — of the changes in our fiscal system1170 which may
best serve to open once more the free1180 channels of prosperity to a
great people whom we would1190 serve to the utmost and throughout
both rank and file." [1200.
IRVING
Irving was a child of fortune. His father was in10 comfortable cir-
cumstances, and the young man was able to indulge20 in three pleas-
ures which cherished his talents: innocent idling among30 the people
of New York, especially in the older parts40 of the town and along the
water front ; writing and50 publishing for the sport of it ; and traveling
in Europe.60 The delicate state of his health made it necessary, or70
advisable, that he should make sea voyages. Since his invalidity80
did not assume painful forms nor fetter his work either90 as man of
letters or man of affairs, it may100 be regarded as fortunate, for it won
him dispensations which110 his father would not perhaps have
accorded to a robust120 young man. Irving's genius was not so
powerful that it130 would have hewn works of art out of strife and140
poverty. His gentle fancy was nourished by well-being, by150 leisure
to indulge his amiable indolence, to sit on the160 bank and watch life
stream by, to catch a glimpse170 of a comic old fact in the crowd or
the180 fluttering ribbon on a girl's bonnet. Yet he was not190 an irre-
sponsible idler who filled his knapsack from other peoples'200 larders
and paid his debt to the heirs of the210 almoners in priceless books.
He was a good business man220 and self-reliant. At the age of twenty-
six he230 proved his literary gifts and won flattering applause by his240
"Knickerbocker's History of New York;" but he rejected the allur-
ing250 career of letters, went into partnership with his brother and260
for ten years devoted himself to trade. It was only270 when the busi-
ness failed that he published his second volume,280 "The Sketch
Book," which was so popular as to warrant,290 not only from an
artistic, but from a practical point300 of view, his committing himself
to the literary career.
160 PITMAN'S ADVANCED SPEED PRACTICE
He310 had justified his leisure and he continued to earn a320 right to
it. When he loafed he invited his soul330 and not the censure of his
family. His was a340 happy and normal life. He wandered through
the woods communing350 with pixies and the ghosts of mythical
Dutchmen; his fancy360 kept company with tap-room idlers; but he
was a370 handsome, fashionable young bachelor, and he lived amid
the conventional380 "best society." If the death of his sweetheart
threw390 a cloud of melancholy over his life, the shadow of400 the cloud
is not upon his work. There is no410 trace in his writings of the trag-
edy of actual life.420
His portrait is a most satisfying presentment of the kind430 of man
who ought to have written his books. It440 shows a broad brow with
the hair curled youthfully about450 the temples; a straight, sensible
nose; a wide humorous mouth460 twitching at the corners even in the
repose of an470 engraving; eyes clear, observant, not piercing; the
whole face placid480 and prosperous; the head held with dignity above
a490 full chest.
The picture of our first man of letters500 is also a portrait of a
gentleman, scholar, and diplomat.510 Irving was minister to Spain and
discharged his public duties520 in a creditable manner. He received
whatever honor academic and530 political officialdom can bestow
upon a literary man, and the540 pride and affection of his countrymen
followed him for forty550 years. He was welcomed in Europe, in
Thackeray's happy phrase,560 as the "first ambassador whom the New
World of Letters570 sent to the Old."
It may be that the apparent580 contrast between Irving's interest
and what we now imagine to590 have been the most intense interests of
his contemporaries600 is due to his temperament and to that side of610
it which enabled him to seek the society of620 the immortals. Perhaps
a man more soaked with reality could630 not have come forth from
the life about him and640 risen above the threshold of expression.
There was in his650 time but a small recognized leisure class, a thin,
cultivated660 stratum of people upheld by church, university, family
tradition670 and well-founded prosperity. The best brains of the
people680 were busy with the problem of getting a livelihood. A690
man had to be doing something obviously worth while or700 lose self-
respect and the respect of his neighbors. A710 long-established culture
that lives at the expense of the720 multitude (such is the dependence
of culture in all capitalist730 societies) may be unjustified from the
point of view of740 social equity; but at least such a culture has
leisure750 and training to express itself in art. In a young760 country,
PITMAN'S ADVANCED SPEED PRACTICE 161
for the settlement of which the only motive is770 to find a living for
one's self by labor or780 exploitation (and that is the motive for the
colonizing of790 America despite the stories of the quest for religious
liberty800 and other superstitions of history), every able man works;
the810 drone is either the unfit, incapable of producing literature or820
anything else, or the exploiter on the alert for commercial830 advan-
tage. The worthy individual who wins exemption from the work-
aday840 struggle wins it after a youth of toil or business850 responsi
bility, and he is then not habituated to aesthetic interests860 and the
pursuits of art.
Irving is not, of course,870 akin to the spirit of revolt that now seems
the880 most significant fact of the age of Wordsworth; he is890 a con-
ventional man, with no very profound convictions, no intense900
theory of life. His philosophy is that of the amiable,910 gifted man of
the world of all times and920 places: "I have always had an opinion
that much good930 might be done by keeping mankind in good humor
with940 one another." Such a philosophy does not proceed from a950
nature that is torn by everlasting problems, but it is960 not referable
to any special period of literary thought; it970 is as near to Scott as
to Addison, it is980 as remote from Swift as from Shelley.
Is it too990 much to say that Irving's style, resonant and full of1000
color, set a standard for American historians, to which is1010 owing in
some measure the rich readability of Prescott and1020 Parkman? And
is it presumptuous to suggest that there has1030 departed a glory from
historical writing which in these alert1040 and many-talented days
might advantageously be recovered by those1050 historiographers who
"discourse of affairs orderly as they were done"?1060 Of the arid and
cautiously accurate there is no lack,1070 and there is plenty, too, of the
over-rhetorical which1080 results from the efforts of mediocrity to
sound the stately1090 charm of his style. [1094.
WAR PROVES THE RELIGION OF TO-DAY
BY REV. DR. W. S. RAINSFORD
Our times are heroic. There never was as much real10 religion in
the world as to-day. This war proves it.20 It is no exaggeration to
say that in all professedly30 Christian lands multitudes of good people
are profoundly discouraged by40 the vast eruption of war.
162 PITMAN'S ADVANCED SPEED PRACTICE
I hold that, while such60 a temper is natural, it is mistaken. It is
not60 the foundations of the Christian religion that have been
shaken,70 but those old forms of belief — those half -heathen concep-
tions80 of God, good in their time, but now quite past90 all usefulness,
that are tottering to a final collapse.100 What Lincoln said in his
message of December 1, 1862,110 is even truer to-day than it was then.
The dogmas120 of the quiet past are inadequate to the stormy
present.130 The occasion is piled high with difficulty, and we must140
rise to the occasion. As our case is new, so150 we must think anew and
act anew — we must disenthrall160 ourselves, and then we shall save
our country.
The world170 that emerges from this awful caldron of fire and
blood180 will be a different world, a far more truly Christian190 world,
than the old.
The greatest man that ever lived200 — not a demi-god or half man,
but a real210 man, one of ourselves — said: "Salt is good, but if220 the
salt has lost its savor wherewith shall it be230 salted? It is thence-
forth good for nothing but to be240 cast out, and to be trodden under
foot of men.260 Ye are the salt of the earth." — (Matt, v., 13. )260
Jesus was ages ahead of His time. He is ahead270 of all time.
He, knowing as none280 ever knew "what was in man," saw that,
outlasting all290 national and tribal bonds, there was a deeper union,
"that300 God had made of one blood all nations of men,"310 and that
with the slow growth of knowledge this final320 bond would be recog-
nized and joyfully owned; that, till men330 accepted it and built their
civilization on it, all their340 efforts were as those of builders who
founded their masonry350 on the sand; no work so founded could
stand the360 tests of time. So He taught. So it has come370 to
pass.
Orthodox Christianity has ignored, refined away, or denied380
His teaching. Orthodox Christianity, whether Greek or Roman or
Teutonic390 or Anglican, while claiming to deliver His message to
men400 has altered His emphasis, has retained His words, and
denied410 His spirit; has, I say, so completely altered His emphasis420
that, like the salt that has lost its savor,430 it has been already cast
forth by multitudes of thinking440 men on the refuse of civilization.
It has proved itself450 anew only fit to be trodden under foot of men460
and into bloody mire they are treading it now.
Behind470 the awful turmoil of struggling, strangling millions the
Kaisers and480 the Czars, the Chancellors and Generals are calling on
God490 to aid them strangle and kill. What sort of a god500 are they
PITMAN'S ADVANCED SPEED PRACTICE 163
calling on? The merely national god, the tribal510 god, the god that
favors one man as against another,520 the god that loves his Jacobs
and hates his Esaus,530 a god as unlike the God and Father of all540 as
Juggernaut is unlike Jesus.
Men are beginning to tire550 of such a god to-day. After this war
they will560 loathe him.
Meanwhile men are confronting their fellow-men in570 battle as
they never confronted them before, and after battle's580 dreadful
lessons have been learned, will know each other as590 never before.
This must be so, for nations are meeting600 nations.
This is no war of hired soldiery. Not a610 war of a few skilled
at war's trade, trained and620 paid to risk life and home. Now the
flower and630 hope of the manhood of the nations has gone forth640 to
fight if need be to die. Our old world650 has seen many strange sights,
but never before a sight660 like this.
When we were boys we were taught about670 the heroes of old time.
They were picked out for680 us, and we read and reread their story.
Then the690 leaders of men were great and brave and did not700 fear to
die. To-day tens of thousands of heroes, humble710 men and unknown,
are dying to hold prosaic trenches, as720 valiantly as Leonidas and his
Spartans died to hold Thermopylae's730 immortal pass.
Dying far from home and friends, and giving,740 as they die, what
Jesus said was the supreme proof750 of man's religious nature, giving
their lives for their friends.760
I say the world has never seen anything like this770 before, and the
lesson of it all is so unmistakably780 plain that "he that runneth can
read."
In the nations790 of men, in all the nations, unorganized Serbs or
highly800 organized Germans, there are unimagined, undreamed-of
springs of unselfishness810 and of valor but waiting the call of a
great820 emotion. The supreme call of self-sacrifice. Reverently be
it830 spoken, the very same call that led Jesus to the cross.840
We have had it dinned into our ears by essayists,850 learned profes-
sors, and the clergy that our age was given860 over to materialism, and
that the modern man's god, whether870 he carried a dinner pail or
hired a French cook,880 was his belly.
We know better now. It is before890 all preceding ages an idealistic
age.
Jesus said, "Man cannot900 live by bread alone," and because this
is mysteriously, eternally910 true, and only because it is true, the
nations are steadily920 trooping forth to-day, old men and boys, nobles
164 PITMAN'S ADVANCED SPEED PRACTICE
and930 common born, rich men forsaking their riches, and poor men940
braving deeper poverty. And what for?
Just to give the950 best they have to the best they know.
If that960 is not religion, then Jesus was deluded, and the wise970
of all races and of all religions were deluded, too.980 Self-sacrifice
may be and sometimes has been misdirected; if990 so, it will fail
of its immediate purpose, but it1000 is the root and source of all
lasting religion, and1010 so long as it can control the life of men,1020
even in times of crisis, that life cannot fail to1030 be in its essence relig-
ious. To-day self-sacrifice is the religion1040 of the embattled world.
Civilization has not forgotten the martyrs1050 of early Christian
times. They died to emancipate their fellows,1060 and the men to-day
dying, locked in each .other's destroying1070 arms, are not less truly
martyrs than they, for they,1080 too, are dying that the old and false
may pass1090 forever away, and that new and better days may
come1100 to men. [1102.
THE WORKMEN'S COMPENSATION CASE
BY THEODORE ROOSEVELT
A typical case was the decision rendered but a few10 months ago
by the Court of Appeals of my own20 State, the State of New York,
declaring unconstitutional the workmen's30 compensation act. In
their decision the judges admitted the wrong40 and the suffering
caused by the practices against which the60 law was aimed. They
admitted that other civilized nations had60 abolished these wrongs
and practices. But they took the ground70 that the Constitution of
the United States, instead of being80 an instrument to secure jus-
tice, had been ingeniously devised to90 prevent justice. They
insisted that the clause in the Constitution100 which forbade the
taking of property without due process of110 law forbade the effort
which had been made in the120 law to distribute among all the partners
in an enterprise130 the effects of the injuries to life or limb of140 a
wage-earner. In other words, they insisted that the160 Constitution
had permanently cursed our people with impotence to right160 wrong,
and had perpetuated a cruel iniquity; for cruel iniquity170 is not too
harsh a term to use in describing180 the law which, in the event of
such an accident,190 binds the whole burden of crippling disaster on
PITMAN'S ADVANCED SPEED PRACTICE 165
the shoulders200 least able to bear it — the shoulders of the crippled210
man himself, or of the dead man's helpless wife and220 children.
No anarchist orator, raving against the Constitution, ever framed230
an indictment of it so severe as these worthy and240 well-meaning
judges must be held to have framed if250 their reasoning be accepted
as true. But, as a matter260 of fact, their reasoning was unsound,
and was as repugnant270 to every sound defender of the Constitution
as to every280 believer in justice and righteousness.
I call this decision to290 the attention of those who shake their
heads at the300 proposal to trust the people to decide for themselves
what310 their own governmental policy shall be in these matters. I320
know of no popular vote by any State of the330 Union more flagrant
in its defiance of right and justice,340 more short-sighted in its
inability to face the changed350 needs of our civilization, than
this decision by the highest360 court of the State of New York.
Many of the370 judges of that court I know personally, and for them380
I have profound regard. Even for as flagrant a decision390 as this I
would not vote for their recall; for400 I have no doubt the decision
was rendered in accordance410 with their ideas of duty. But most
emphatically I do420 wish that the people should have the right to
recall430 the decision itself, and authoritatively to stamp with disap-
proval what440 cannot but seem to the ordinary plain citizen a mon-
strous450 misconstruction of the Constitution, a monstrous perversion
of the Constitution460 into an instrument for the perpetuation of
social and industrial470 wrong and for the oppression of the weak and
helpless.480
I wish I could make you visualize to yourselves what490 these
decisions against which I so vehemently protest really represent500
of suffering and injustice. I wish I had the power510 to bring before
you the man maimed or dead, the520 woman and children left to strug-
gle against bitter poverty because530 the breadwinner has gone. I am
not thinking of the540 terminology of the decision, nor of what seem
to me550 the hair-splitting and meticulous arguments elaborately
worked out to560 justify a great and a terrible miscarriage of justice.
Moreover,570 I am not thinking only of the sufferers in any580 given
case, but of the tens of thousands of others590 who suffer because of the
way this case is decided.600 In the New York case the railway em-
ployee who was610 injured was a man named, I believe, Ives. The
court620 admits that by every moral consideration he was entitled to630
recover as his due the money that the law intended640 to give him.
Yet the court by its decision forces650 that man to stagger through life
166 PITMAN'S ADVANCED SPEED PRACTICE
maimed, and keeps the660 money that should be his in the treasury of
the670 company in whose service, as an incident of his regular680 em-
ployment and in the endurance of ordinary risks, he lost690 the ability
to earn his own livelihood. There are thousands700 of Iveses in this
country; thousands of cases such as710 this come up every year; and
while this is true,720 while the courts deny essential and elementary
justice to these730 men and give to them and the people in exchange740
for justice, a technical and empty formula, it is idle750 to ask me not to
criticise them. As long as760 injustice is kept thus intrenched
by any court, I will770 protest as strongly as in me lies, against such
action.780
Remember, when I am asking the people themselves in the790 last
resort to interpret the law which they themselves have800 made, that
after all I am only asking that they810 step in and authoritatively
reconcile the conflicting decisions of the820 courts. In all these
cases the judges and courts have830 decided every which way, and it
is foolish to talk840 of the sanctity of a judge-made law which half850
of the judges strongly denounce. If there must be decision860 by a
close majority, then let the people step in870 and let it be their
majority that decides. According to880 one of the highest judges then
and now on the890 Supreme Court of the nation, we had lived for a900
hundred years under a constitution which permitted a national in-
come910 tax, until suddenly, by one vote, the Supreme Court reversed920
its previous decisions for a century, and said that for930 a century we
had been living under a wrong interpretation940 of the Constitution
(that is, under a wrong constitution), and950 therefore, in effect
established a new constitution which we are960 now laboriously
trying to amend so as to get it970 back to the constitution that for
a hundred years everybody,980 including the Supreme Court, thought
it to be.
When I990 was President, we passed a national workmen's com-
pensation act. Under1000 it a railway man named Howard, I think,
was killed1010 in Tennessee, and his widow sued for damages. Con-
gress had1020 done all it could to provide the right, but the1030 court
stepped in and decreed that Congress had failed. Three1040 of the
judges took the extreme position that there was1050 no way in which
Congress could act to secure the1060 helpless widow and children
against suffering, and that the man's1070 blood and the blood of all
similar men when spilled1080 should forever cry aloud in vain for
justice. This seems1090 a strong statement, but it is far less strong
than1100 the actual facts; and I have difficulty in making the1110 state-
PITMAN'S ADVANCED SPEED PRACTICE 167
ment with any degree of moderation. The nine justices of1120 the
Supreme Court on this question split into five fragments.1130 .One
man, Justice Moody, in his opinion stated the case1140 in its broadest
way and demanded justice for Howard on1150 grounds that would have
meant that in all similar cases1160 thereafter justice and not injustice
should be done. Yet the1170 court, by a majority of one, decided as
I do1180 not for one moment believe the court would now decide,1190
and not only perpetuated a lamentable injustice in the case1200 of the
man himself but set a standard of injustice1210 for all similar cases.
Here again I ask you not1220 to think of the mere legal formalism, but
to think1230 of the great immutable principles of justice, the great
immutable1240 principles of right and wrong, and to ponder what it1250
means to men dependent for their livelihood, and to the1260 women
and children dependent upon these men, when the courts1270 of the
land deny them the justice to which they1280 are entitled. [1282.
FEDERAL CONTROL OF "BIG BUSINESS"
BY E. C. SIMMONS (Simmons Hardware Co.)
Public attention is now sharply directed toward federal control
of10 large corporations, and unquestionably one of the great problems
confronting20 the present administration is that of "big business" and
the30 control of it. This is not only the problem of40 the day — socially,
politically and commercially.
Big business is so50 mixed up in all sorts of social and political
obligations60 that it is an important part and parcel of the70 life of the
nation. What we thought was and what80 appeared to be a new eco-
nomic development shows that we90 got a wrong start on it some ten
or more100 years ago, and at that time were so overcome with110 the
idea — it was so fascinating and promised so many120 benefits from
consolidations and combinations — that we rather lost sight130 of the
fundamental vital principle that human nature — no matter140 how
intelligent or thoroughly educated it may be— cannot be150 trusted
with power unchecked by responsibility.
This was the elemental160 principle of Thomas Jefferson in the foun-
dation of our Republic,170 and is therefore not new, but on the con-
trary, as180 old as the nation itself. I hold that criticism is190 good for
168 PITMAN'S ADVANCED SPEED PRACTICE
every man, but to have power without any200 limit is not only bad for
the man but for210 every one with whom he comes in contact or has220
any business relations. At first it was thought that business230 brains
and acumen would be sufficient to avoid monopolistic tendencies;240
that foresight would prevent oppression of the weak by the250 strong;
that in a country so great as ours no260 one concern or one combination
could acquire undue influence and270 undue power; but we underesti-
mated the extent to which the280 human element would be the con-
trolling factor, and therefore we290 must — in a sense — make an
entirely new start in300 the treatment of this great problem.
The two problems, railways310 and public utilities, appear to be in a
fair way320 of solution. Not so, however, with big business. The
solution330 of that problem is still an exceedingly vague and indefi-
nite340 proposition.
Of big business there are two kinds. The difference350 between
them is vital and essential. One kind has grown360 naturally, has
fought its way up by honorable methods, has370 developed by reason
of square dealing with its customers, by380 reason of economies, by
reason of hard work, by reason390 of intelligence and deep, clear think-
ing and planning, enterprise and400 foresight. That kind of business
is not much to be410 feared.
The other kind of big business I should class420 as the wrong kind
and the one that needs regulation.430 This is the result of an un-
natural throwing together of440 a lot of heterogeneous elements, of
antiquated plants capitalized at450 high figures, the principal ingre-
dient of which is water; of460 unnatural associations, both of men and
methods, of manufacturing sites,470 and of an evident disposition on
the part of the480 promoters or managers to gain their ends by monopoly
and490 competition of a brutal kind rather than upon merit. It500 is a
well recognized fact that this kind of big business510 has done things
which it would prefer should not be520 known; it is not willing to have
them made public;530 in fact, it cannot afford to do so. It is540 also
the kind of big business that has to finally560 analyze and find itself;
which means it has to get560 rid of the water in its stock and to weed
out570 all inharmonious elements in its management and in the per-
sonnel580 of its employees. It is not the kind of big590 business that is
either efficient or that gives good service600 to the consumer. It
exists to make money on watered610 stock, and the whole problem
appears to be to make620 money; to do it fairly if it can, but if630 it
cannot, to make money anyway. In this respect the640 two kinds of
big business differ widely.
PITMAN'S ADVANCED SPEED PRACTICE 169
Whatever we do650 in our attempts at solving the big business
problem will660 be done, in the beginning, in a more or less670 tentative
manner. We are bound to make mistakes, and perhaps680 some seri-
ous ones, because we lack a guide to point690 out to us the best. All
sensible men will join700 in the belief that organization and govern-
ment should learn from710 their blunders, and not make the same mis-
take twice.
It720 would be a mistake on my part to make any730 attempt to
argue the inconsistency of determining what concerns should740 be
subject to federal regulation and which should not. It750 is my best
judgment that the thing for us to760 do is to start out from an arbi-
trary standpoint, taking770 the best plan we can devise to start with;
then780 we can modify its scope and change its methods as790 expe-
rience teaches us what is best. We may find that800 the control with
which we start is not sufficiently great810 and it might be necessary
to increase it; on the820 other hand, we might find it so strong or
great830 as to be impressive, and then we could reduce the840 pressure,
believing, as I do, that most of the corporations850 of this country,
little and big, great and small, are860 conducted honestly and fairly,
and the more the government looks870 into them the more satisfied
it will be that the880 controlling element will find it necessary to
direct its energies890 and activities against only a very small fraction
of the900 entire number of corporations doing business in the United
States.910
Federal regulation, in my opinion, is sure to come; at920 any rate, I
am sure we are going to give930 it a trial, and it is only a question of
when940 it will come. It would seem likely to come with950 the present
administration. A commission established for this purpose must,960
right at the outset, have great power in order to970 accomplish any-
thing worth while. Divided responsibility is of no value.980 The
selection of men for such a commission is perhaps990 one of the most
important things that has ever come1000 before any man or set of men
in the United1010 States. The utmost care, the most thorough search-
ing into their1020 character, their business ability and their standing in
the communities1030 in which they live, their prominence in the eyes
of1040 the people and the public, should be gone into most1050 exhaus-
tively, because they will be held responsible for what happens,1060 and
the people will blame or commend them as the1070 results are good or
bad.
We must not overlook the1080 fact that the love of money will
cause men to1090 do a great many things that our laws should pre-
170 PITMAN'S ADVANCED SPEED PRACTICE
vent1100 them from doing. This is nothing new — it has been1110 the
history of man since the days of St. Paul.1120 It is a most unfortunate
thing that there sometimes grows1130 up in a successful man an abso-
lutely insatiable greed for1140 the accumulation of money, even when
it is quite impossible1150 for him to do anything with all the money
that1160 he already has, and when any additional money is of1170 no
earthly use to him or anybody else under the1180 sun.
My best judgment is that all corporations with an1190 actual cash
capital of $10,000,000 or more should be subject1200 to federal regula-
tion. I put the limit lower than do1210 many others, quite a few of
whom have stated that1220 $50,000,000 or more than that, should
come under government control,1230 but anything less than $50,000,-
000 actual cash capitalization should not.1240 I would put it down as
low as $10,000,000, because1250 in some lines of business or manufac-
tures even so comparatively1260 small a sum as $10,000,000 would be
enough to absolutely1270 control the market for the whole United
States and enable1280 the producers of a small item to conduct their
business1290 so brutally as literally to drive out all competition and1300
ruin every competitor.
Having thus stated my opinion as to1310 the necessity for federal
regulation, I now, at the close1320 of this article, call especial attention
to the great danger1330 there is in giving to a commission unlimited
power — power1340 that would go entirely too far, and instead of
being1350 a benefit to business interests, and therefore to the inter-
ests1360 of the people at large, would be a distinct and1370 positive
injury.
I quite agree with Secretary Nagel in the1380 position he takes that
no commission regulating large corporations should1390 be given the
power to fix prices. Nothing could be1400 more threatening, more dan-
gerous, or more injurious to the business1410 interests of this country.
[1414.
PRESIDENT WILSON'S FIRST INAUGURAL ADDRESS
There has been a change of government. It began two10 years ago,
when the House of Representatives became Democratic by20 a decis-
ive majority. It has now been completed. The Senate30 about to
assemble will also be Democratic. The offices of40 president and vice-
president have been put into the hands50 of Democrats. What does
PITMAN'S ADVANCED SPEED PRACTICE 171
the change mean? That is the60 question that is uppermost in our
minds to-day. That is70 the question I am going to try to answer,80
in order, if I may, to interpret the occasion.
It90 means much more than the mere success of a party.100 The
success of a party means little except when the110 nation is using that
party for a large and definite120 purpose. No one can mistake the
purpose for which the130 nation now seeks to use the Democratic
party. It seeks140 to use it to interpret a change in its own150 plans
and point of view. Some old things with which160 we had grown
familiar, and which had begun to creep170 into the very habit of our
thought and of our180 lives, have altered their aspects as we have
latterly looked190 critically upon them, with fresh, awakened eyes;
have dropped their200 disguises and shown themselves alien and
sinister. Some new things,210 as we look frankly upon them, willing to
comprehend their220 real character, have come to assume the aspect of
things^30 long believed in and familiar, stuff of our own convictions.240
We have been refreshed by a new insight into our250 own life.
We see in many things that life is260 very great. It is incompar-
ably great in its material aspects,270 in its body of wealth, in the
diversity and sweep280 of its energy, in the industries which have
been conceived290 and built up by the genius of individual men and*00
the limitless enterprise of groups of men. It is great,310 also, very
great, in its moral force. Nowhere else in320 the world have noble men
and women exhibited in more330 striking forms the beauty and the
energy of sympathy and340 helpfulness and counsel in their efforts to
rectify wrong, alleviate350 suffering, and set the weak in the way
of strength360 and hope. We have built up, moreover, a great
system370 of government, which has stood through a long age as380 in
many respects a model for those who seek to390 set liberty upon
foundations that will endure against fortuitous change,400 against
storm and accident. Our life contains every great thing,410 and
contains it in rich abundance.
But the evil has420 come with the good, and much fine gold has
been430 corroded. With riches has come inexcusable waste. We have
squandered440 a great part of what we might have used, and450 have
not stopped to conserve the exceeding bounty of nature,460 without
which our genius for enterprise would have been worthless470 and im-
potent, scorning to be careful, shamefully prodigal as well480 as ad-
mirably efficient. We have been proud of our industrial490 achieve-
ments but we have not hitherto stopped thoughtfully enough to500
count the human cost, the cost of lives snuffed510 out, of energies over-
172 PITMAN'S ADVANCED SFKKD PRACTK i;
taxed and broken, the fearful physical and620 spiritual cost to the men
and women and rhildren upon63" whom the dead weight and Imrden of
it all has1'1" fallen pit ilessly t he years t hrough. The groans and agony
of66" it all had not, yet reached our ears, I he solemn,'1'10 moving under-
tone of our life, coming up out of the570 mines and factories and out
of every home where the680 struggle had its intimate and familiar
seat. With the great690 government went many deep, secret thing?
which we too long000 delayed to look into and scrutinized with candid,
fearless eyes.'11" 'The great government we loved has too often been
made'"1-" use of for private and selfish purposes, and those who830 used
it had forgotten the people.
At last a vision'11" has been vouchsafed us of our lift- as a whole.650
We see the bad with the good, the debased andfl(io decadent with the
sound and vital. With this vision we070 approach new affairs. Our
duty is to cleanse, to consider,680 to restore, to correct the evil without
impairing the good,890 to purify and humanize every process of our
common life700 without weakening or sentimentalizing it. Then- has
been something crude1'" and heartless and unfeeling in our haste to
succeed and7-0 be great. Our thought has been "Let every man
look730 out for himself, let every generation look out for itself,"740
while we reared giant machinery which made it impossible that760 any
but those who stood at the levers of control700 .should have a chance
to look out for themselves. We770 had not forgotten our morals. We
remembered well enough that780 we had set up a policy which was
meant to790 serve the humblest as well as the most powerful, with800
an eye single to the standard of justice and fair810 play, and remem-
bered it with pride. But we were very820 heedless and in a hurry to be
great.
We have"0 come now to the sober second thought. The scales
of840 heedlessness have fallen from our eyes. We have made up860 our
minds to square every process of our national life860 again with the
standards we so proudly set up at870 the beginning and have always
carried at our hearts. Our880 work is a work of restoration.
We have itemized with890 some degree of particularity the tilings
that ought to be900 altered, and here are some of the chief items:
A910 tariff which cuts us off from our proper part in '•'•'" t lie commerce of
the world, violates the just principle of93" taxation, and makes the
government a facile instrument in the940 hands of private interests;
a banking and currency system based960 upon the necessity of the
government to sell its bonds'"1" fifty years ago and perfectly adapted
to concentrating cash and970 restricting credits; an industrial system
PITMAN'S ADVANCED SPEED PRACTICE 173
which, take it on all980 its sides, financial as well as administrative, holds
mpital in990 leading strings, without renewing or conserving the
natural resources of 100° the country; a body of agricultural activities
never yet given1010 the efficiency of great business undertakings or
served as it1020 should be through the instrumentality of science taken
directly to1030 the farm, or afforded the facilities of credit best
suited1040 to its practical needs; watercourses undeveloped, waste
places unreclaimed, forests1050 untended, fast disappearing without
plan or prospect of renewal, unregarded1080 waste heaps at every
mine. We have studied as perhaps1070 no other nation has the most
effective means of production,1080 but we have not studied cost or
economy as we1090 should either as organizers of industry, as states-
men, or as 110° individuals.
Nor have we studied and perfected the means by1110 which govern-
ment may be put at the service of humanity,1120 in safeguarding the
health of the nation, the health of1130 its men and its women and its
children, as well1140 as their rights in the struggle for existence.
This is1160 no sentimental [duty. The firm basis of government is
justice,1160 not pity. These are matters of justice. There can be1170
no equality of opportunity, the first essential of justice in1180 the body
politic, if men and women and children be1190 not shielded in their
lives, their very vitality, from the1200 consequences of great industrial
and social processes which they cannot1210 alter, control, or singly
cope with. Society must see to1220 it that it does not itself crush or
weaken or1230 damage its own constituent parts. The first duty of
law1240 is to keep sound the society it serves. Sanitary laws,1280 pure
food laws, and laws determining conditions of labor which1240 indi-
viduals are powerless to determine for themselves are intimate parts1270
of the very business of justice and legal efficiency.
These1280 are some of the things we ought to do, and1290 not leave
the others undone, the old-fashioned, never-touoo-be-neglected, funda-
mental safeguarding of property and of individual right.1310 This is
the high enterprise of the new day; to1320 lift everything that concerns
our life as a nation to1330 the light that shines from the hearthfire of
every man's1340 conscience and vision of the right. It is inconceivable
that1360 we should do this as partisans; it is inconceivable we13'0 should
do it in ignorance of the facts as they1370 are or in blind haste. We
shall restore, not destroy.1380 We shall deal with our economic
system as it is1390 and as it may be modified, not as it might1400 be if •
we had a clean sheet of paper to1410 write upon; and step by step
we shall make it1420 what it should be, in the spirit of those who1430
174 PITMAN'S ADVANCED SPEED PRACTICE
question their own wisdom and seek counsel and knowledge, not1440
shallow self-satisfaction or the excitement of excursions whither
they1460 cannot tell. Justice, and only justice, shall always be our1460
motto.
And yet it will be no cool process of1470 mere science. The nation
has been deeply stirred, stirred by1480 a solemn passion, stirred by the
knowledge of wrong, of1490 ideals lost, of government too often
debauched and made an1500 instrument of evil. The feelings with
with which we face1510 this new age of right and opportunity sweep
across our1520 heartstrings like some air out of God's own presence,
where1530 justice and mercy are reconciled and the judge and the1640
brother are one. We know our task to be no1550 mere task of politics,
but a task which shall search1560 us through and through, whether we
be able to understand1570 our time and the need of our people,
whether we1680 be indeed their spokesman and interpreters, whether
we have the1590 pure heart to comprehend and the rectified will to
choose1600 our high course of action.
This is not a day1610 of triumph; it is a day of dedication. Here
muster1640 not the forces of party, but the forces of humanity.1630 Men's
hearts wait upon us; men's lives hang in the1640 balance; men's hopes
call upon us to say what we1650 will do. Who shall live up to the
great trust?1660 Who dares fail to try? I summon all honest men,1670
all patriotic, all forward-looking men, to my side. God1680 helping me,
I will not fail them, if they will1690 but counsel and sustain me. [1695.
BRINGING UP A BOY
BY DR. ELIOT
The right bringing-up of a boy needs on the10 part of the father and
mother, a constant, sympathetic study20 of the individual boy's
physical and mental qualities, and of30 his temperament or disposi-
tion. Sons of the same father and40 mother often exhibit great
variety and sometimes marked contrasts.
The50 inquiry into the boy's nature should reveal on the one60 hand
his natural excellence or gifts, and on the other70 his natural defects.
It is much more important, however, to80 find as early as possible the
gifts than to find90 the deficiencies; for one gift may be the making
PITMAN'S ADVANCED SPEED PRACTICE 175
of100 him, while he may get along very well through life110 in spite of
serious deficiencies.
Throughout the whole training of120 a boy, attention should be
chiefly given to developing and130 increasing his capacities, innate or
acquired. In giving direction to140 his book studies, most of his time
should be given150 to studies he enjoys; and the same is true of160
physical exercise.
If a boy is self -willed and masterful170 — highly promising qualities —
it is best to give him employments180 in which he can develop these
qualities in a safe,190 productive way. Then he will not develop them
in a200 mischievous way. If, on the other hand, a boy shows210 feeble-
ness of will, or a tendency to weak compliance, it220 is of the utmost
importance to train him in deciding230 things for himself; for it is the
weak-willed boy240 that is in danger of going astray when, by neces-
sity,250 he parts from the parents who have been in the260 habit of
deciding everything for him. [266.
"Breaking" a Child's Will
The most monstrous of educational dogmas is the insistence on10
"breaking" a child's will and then training him to implicit20 obedi-
ence. No greater injury can be done a child than30 this "breaking,"
for the moral end of education in family,40 school, and life is not
obedience but self-control. The50 dogma is a vicious importation into
family and school60 of a training which is only fit for military and70
ecclesiastical uses.
It is an ancient but detestable theory in80 education that no disci-
pline or training that is enjoyable is90 useful; and that mental exer-
cises must be repulsive if they100 are to be of use in training the power
of110 application. Precisely the opposite is the correct principle.
The power120 of concentrated attention is acquired far more easily
and completely130 in a study or sport which interests the child than140
in a study or sport which does not ; and that150 power once gained can
be effectively applied in unattractive subjects.160 Both children and
adults undergo without injury hardships and fatigues170 when they are
enjoying themselves that would exhaust and depress180 them physi-
cally if they were not enjoying themselves.
Boys and190 girls will dance for five hours with pleasure and with-
out200 harmful fatigue, when they would be used up by running210 and
hopping without music for the same period along a220 dull highway.
This is just as true of enjoyed studies230 as of sports. In learning to
write, for example, more time240 should be given to the letters the
176 PITMAN'S ADVANCED SPEED PRACTICE
child can form250 than to those it can not; for the needed eye260 and
hand skill will be more rapidly developed in making270 the first than
the second. Writing-masters used to act280 on the opposite principle;
if a child could not make290 g or o well, it should make nothing but
0's300 and o's.
In the training of children, whether boys or310 girls, the effort
should always be to train their senses320 to accurate observation, but
to do this through play and330 work which interest the children.
Those games or sports are340 always to be preferred which cultivate
the accurate use of350 eye, ear and hand, rather than those which rely
on360 chance or luck for their interest. At school this training370 in
exact observation would be amply given through nature study,380
manual training and the laboratory teaching of the sciences. [389.
Skill of Hands, Eyes, Senses
Any skill of eye and hand which a boy may10 acquire will be useful
to him all his life, even20 if he follow no mechanical trade. In these
days of30 high wages in the building trades it is important for40 every
man who must earn his living and wishes to50 own his house to be able
himself to do many60 things instead of hiring other men to do them,
else70 he will not be able to keep his house in80 good repair.
£ Some of the most valuable and profitable professions90 are open
only to men who possess an unusual combination100 of sense skills.
Thus every artist must have great skill110 of both eye and hand; every
surgeon should possess a120 combination of skills with eye, ear and
hand, and a130 retentive memory for forms learned through the eye,
textures learned140 through the touch, and sounds learned through
the ear. Many150 trades need special sense and nerve skill. Thus, a
motorman,160 a chauffeur or a locomotive engineer needs a quick eye170
and a short-time reaction ; and every machinist should possess similar180
faculties. A painter should possess a discriminating eye for shades190
of color; and without the same trained sense a blacksmith200 can not
temper properly the drills and many other of210 the implements he
makes.
The early discovery by parents of220 special sense gifts in their boy,
if wisely followed up,230 may assure his success in life. [236.
The Importance of Strong Motives
Far the best thing the parents can do for a10 boy is to develop in
him a firm character and20 a group of strong motives which will lead
him in30 the great majority of cases to right action.
PITMAN'S ADVANCED SPEED PRACTICE 177
How may40 parents accomplish this best of all services to their
sons?50 First, through inheritance from themselves. In the forma-
tion of character60 both heredity and environment count largely, but
heredity most. To70 be sure, parents are sometimes confounded by
the appearance among80 their children of a child whose powers
greatly exceed those90 of his parents or of any known ancestor, or,
on100 the contrary, fall much below those of any progenitor.
The110 direct responsibility of parents is greatest, however, in
determining the120 environment of their children; and the chief factors
in determining130 that environment, are the moral character and the
habitual manners140 and customs of the two parents. [146.
The Boy's Judgment of His Parents
Children understand from a very early age the moral qualities10 of
their parents, and are strongly influenced thereby.
They know,20 for example, whether their mother is just or not in30
her dealings with her children. They soon learn whether they40 can
depend on what she says, or must make allowances50 for her inaccuracy
and exaggerations. They are much more affected60 by her habitual
conduct toward them than by her exhortations;70 by the manner of
her commands, than by their substance.80
A father who never exhorts and seldom commands may neverthe-
less90 have a profound influence on his boys all through their100 lives;
because his own way of life gives them complete110 assurance as to the
conduct in them that he would120 approve or would condemn.
A son can only have a130 kind of animal attachment to a peev-
ish, self-indulgent, irritable140 mother; and a son will not have even
that affectionate150 feeling toward a luxurious, indolent and selfish
father. It is160 the same with the teachers of boys.
To have a170 good influence with boys, the teacher must be himself
high180 minded, altruistic, and just. He may be an impatient or190
passionate man, and yet have a good influence on boys;200 but he
must never fail as regards truthfulness, courage, and210 moral vigor.
Active-minded boys often form a clear opinion220 about their par-
ents' candor from the habits of the parents230 in answering their fre-
quent questions. Downright confessions of ignorance on240 the part
of parents do no harm whatever. Imaginary answers250 in imagined
cases can do but little harm; for at260 worst they are futile or absurd.
False, misleading or shifty270 answers to serious inquiries do infinite
harm, because they destroy280 the boy's confidence in the parent.
An intelligent boy is290 always indignant when he learns that his
178 PITMAN'S ADVANCED SPEED PRACTICE
father or teacher300 put him off with a fable when he asked for310 the
fact, or gave him a rigmarole instead of the320 simple truth. [322.
The Importance of Keeping Faith
Boys often love tenderly a foolish and ignorant parent who10 has
been good to them; but insincerity, false pretence, or20 hypocrisy
found out by children in their parents or teachers30 destroys the very
foundation of respect and confidence.
Assuming conscientious40 parents, who wish to do their very best
for their50 sons, what are the qualities that they should aim to60
develop in each boy? The first is alertness of mind70 and senses. All
promising boys show more or less of80 this quality in their early years.
They are inquisitive; their90 minds and senses are wide-awake to see,
hear and100 touch. They want to try experiments, they learn by
experimenting.110 When they first see a lighted candle they reach to120
touch the flame. From morning till night they are active130 and
excursive, not dwelling long on the same object or the140 same subject,
but keeping all their faculties constantly in play,150 and getting prac-
tice in observation.
The alert boy is often160 troublesome to parents and teachers, but he
is the most170 promising boy, and great pains should be taken to
direct180 his inquiring mind and eager senses to wholesome objects,
like190 plants, animals, brooks, forests, landscape and the products
and tools200 of human industry.
Parents who are in constant and intimate210 companionship with
their children can do them a great service220 by cultivating in them
the habit of doing their best230 in whatever occupation is interesting
them strongly.
It is not240 natural to children to devote continuous attention to
any subject250 for a long period. What is important is that, while260
they work on any subject, they should work hard with270 a concen-
trated attention if it is only for ten minutes280 at a time.
Some parents are annoyed when a child290 gets so absorbed in a
book, a picture, or a300 game that it makes no response to a question
or310 a command, but they never should be. The child has320 uncon-
sciously inhibited all sights and sounds external to its occupation330
for the moment; and success in such inhibition is a340 very favorable
sign in any child.
The group of motives350 toward right action, which wise parents
will strive to develop360 in their children, includes hope, love, and loy-
alty, and most370 of all the sense of duty — motives which all promising
PITMAN'S ADVANCED SPEED PRACTICE 179
children380 feel from an early age, and which, when well trained390 in
youth, remain the dominating motives of adult life. [399.
New Standard of Purity
The promising boys of the future should be carefully trained10 to
another moral and mental quality of utmost value20 to society,
namely, purity. This is a demand which civilized30 society and some
barbarous communities have long made with regard40 to women, but
has been only comparatively lately suggested with50 regard to men.
The progress of biological science within the60 last twenty years has
made it clear that purity and70 chivalry in boys and men must be
made a special80 object of training in the rising generations, in order
that90 civilized man may successfully contend against the physical
and moral100 evils which urban life and the factory system have
developed110 in the white race.
Some of these evils are ancient;120 but the grave menace of their
existence and growing prevalence130 has not been appreciated until
lately. Fortunately, the same progress140 of biological science which
has exhibited the evils has provided150 means of contending against
them. The only complete remedy, however,160 will be found in the
gradual acceptance of new standards170 of purity and honor in the
male sex. [178.
Sources of Satisfaction
Finally, in the bringing-up of boys, parents and teachers10 ought to
dwell on the sources and nature of the20 real satisfactions of life. They
should point out that the30 best things can not be bought with money;
that the40 most enjoyable acquisitions are personal skills, mental
capacities and the50 domestic joys, none of which is determined or
greatly affected60 by the amount of one's material possessions; that
the possession70 of wealth or of the power that raw wealth gives,80 is
not a sensible object for any boy to set90 before himself, since it
proves a curse oftener than a100 blessing.
Among the life-occupations which present themselves to his110
choice, let every boy make sure that he choose an120 occupation or
business the product of which is always useful130 and never harmful
to society at large. [137.
180 PITMAN'S ADVANCED SPEED PRACTICE
WHAT DOTH THY GOD REQUIRE OF THEE?
BY PASTOR RUSSELL
Is it possible that the true religion of the Bible10 demands nothing
more of us than is expressed in this20 text? What about the Jewish
Law? What about the Ten30 Commandments? What about church
attendance? What about our responsibilities to40 our families, to the
church, to the poor? What about50 the study of the Bible to know
God's will? What60 about our responsibility for the heathen? What
about Baptism and70 the Lord's Supper?
Indirectly, all the matters covered by these80 questions, and many
more, are included incidentally in the provisions90 of our text. Some-
times a whole sermon is preached in100 a few words. No one will dis-
pute the reasonableness of110 the Divine requirement as stated in our
text. Our Creator120 could not justly or with self-respect ask less of
His130 creatures who would enjoy His favor. The interests of all
demand140 that these principles should be required of every Divine
favor150 to the extent of eternal life. Whoever fails to come160 up to
these conditions would thus evidence his un worthiness of170 life ever-
lasting. His prolonged existence would merely be a prospering180 of
sin and a menace to the happiness and righteousness190 of others.
Let us see the scope of this Divine200 requirement, whose justice we
have already acknowledged. We note the210 natural division of our
text into three parts: (1) Doing justly;220 (2) Loving mercy; (3) Walk-
ing humbly.
The requirement of justice in all230 our dealings with our fellows
commends itself to every rational240 mind. It includes the whole
Law of God. A brief250 statement of that Law, which had our Lord's
approval, reads:260 "Thou shalt love the Lord thy God with all
thy270 heart, with all thy mind, with all thy being and280 with all
thy strength; and thou shalt love thy neighbor290 as thyself." On
these two propositions "hang all the Law300 and the Prophets."
It is but just that we should310 recognize our Creator as first; that
we should glorify the320 One who gave us our being and all the bless-
ings330 coming therewith; that we should be obedient to His right-
eous340 requirements that make for our happiness and that of others.350
It is also but just that we should recognize the360 rights of others as we
would have them recognize our370 rights. The Golden Rule is the
barest of justice. Not380 a hair's breadth less would come within the
PITMAN'S ADVANCED SPEED PRACTICE 181
requirements of390 our text. Do justly. Come, then; let us reason
together.400 How many of us do justly in all of life's410 affairs — in our
relationship to our God and to our420 neighbor?
Let each criticize his words and his deeds toward430 parents, chil-
dren, brothers, sisters, toward husband, toward wife. In all440 of our
relationships of life do we treat those near440 and dear to us according
to the standards of justice,460 according to the Golden Rule? Do we
do toward them470 as we would have them do toward us? If not,480
after making a beginning with the Lord, striving to render490 to Him
our homage and obedience, let us closely scrutinize500 every word,
what extent these can be improved upon and510 made more nearly
just. The majority of people, we feel520 sure, will be surprised to
know how unjust they have530 been toward those who are of the very
nearest and540 dearest of fleshly relationships.
Follow the matter up and consider550 the justice or injustice of
your words and deeds in560 daily life with your neighbors and asso-
ciates. Do you invariably570 speak to them in the same words and
with the580 same tone and gesture that you would approve if they590
were in your place and you in theirs? In business600 do you drive a
closer bargain with them than you610 would think just for them to
make with you? Or,620 on the other hand, do you ask of them higher630
prices for the services or materials you furnish them than540 you would
consider right if you were the purchaser and650 they the venders?
Do you treat all men, women, children660 and animals as kindly, as
gently, as you think would670 be just and right if you were in their
place680 and they in yours? Do you speak as kindly of690 your neigh-
bors as you would have them speak of you?700 Or do you hold up
their imperfections to ridicule as710 you would not like them to hold
up yours?
Do720 you not begin to see, dear friends, that what God730 requires of
us is much beyond what the majority have740 been rendering? Do
you tell me that it would be750 impossible to live folly up to that
standard? I agree760 with you. St. Paul agrees, saying, "We cannot
do the770 things which we would." The Scriptures again declare,
" There is780 none righteous, no, not one. All have sinned and come790
short of the glory of God."
What shall we do?800 Because we are unable to live up to our
own810 conceptions and standards of justice shall we abandon those
standards?820 God forbid! To ignore our best ideals of justice
would830 be to permit the downward tendencies of our depraved
natures840 to carry us further and further from God and the850
182 PITMAN'S ADVANCED SPEED PF.ACTICE
standards of character which He approves. We can surely be860
content to do nothing less than our very best to870 live up to our own
ideals and to raise those880 ideals as nearly as possible to the Divine
standards. [889.
COURT TESTIMONY
Q. Mrs. Jenkins, you have stated to the jury that you do not
recollect any occasion, when your son was present, that the disap-
pearance of Ward was spoken of?
A. No, sir; I do not remember any such time.
Q. You do not recollect any occasion when he was present that
that was talked about?
A. I do not.
Q. Was your son a frequent visitor at your house?
A. Yes, sir.
Q. And the subject of Ward's disappearance was frequently
talked over, there, was it not?
A. No, sir, it was not.
Q. Do you recollect that it was ever talked over?
A. Well, I couldn't say that it was; it might have been.
Q. Never in your presence?
A. I couldn't say it ever was.
Q. When was the last time Ward came to your house?
A. The last time he was there, do you mean?
Q. Yes; I mean the time he worked there last.
A. I think that was on Tuesday the third.
Q. What day was that?
A. Tuesday.
Q. Do you recollect the time of day he came there?
A. He came early in the morning I should think
Q. About what time in the morning?
A. I couldn't say just what time; he was there to breakfast.
Q. You think he got there in time for breakfast?
A. Yes, sir.
Q. I believe you have testified that he remained there until the
next Saturday night; is that correct?
A. Yes, sir; that is it.
PITMAN'S ADVANCED SPEED PRACTICE 183
Q. And during that whole period of time he was there but one
Sunday?
A. No, sir; only one Sunday.
Q. Do you know where Ward came from when he came there?
A. No, sir, I do not.
Q. Did you hear him say anything about where he came from?
A. No, sir.
Q. And you do not know where he worked for three or four days
previous to the time you heard him talk about these dates?
A. No, sir.
Q. And you have also talked about them yourself?
A. I think I may have.
Q. Do you know why Ward came back to your house after going
away the first time?
A. Well, I understood that he came back to trim apple trees.
Q. To continue his job?
A. No, sir, not to continue his job there because he had finished
what he came to do before.
Q. Well, I mean he was to continue to work there?
A. Yes, I understood so.
Q. Did you hear him say so?
A. I don't think I did.
Q. When he went away you heard him say nothing about coming
back?
A. No, not that I can remember just now.
Q. Now, Mrs. Jenkins, can you swear that Ward and Williams
were not at your place cleaning oats on Wednesday?
A. I don't think they were.
Q. Will you swear positively that Ward was not there on
Wednesday?
A. I don't think he was there; not to the best of my recollection.
Q. Was he there the next Sunday?
A. No, sir; he was not.
Q. You will swear positively as to that?
A. I will.
Q. Now, as to Saturday — did he stay there all night?
A. No sir; he did not.
Q. Mrs. Jenkins, will you tell the jury why you are so positive
that Saturday was on the thirteenth — what reason have you
for fixing the date on about the thirteenth rather than the
fourteenth?
184 PITMAN'S ADVANCED SPEED PRACTICE
A. I know it was on Saturday because George's wife was at our
house that afternoon.
Q. How do you know she was at your house that afternoon and
that it was Saturday?
A. I take it from the date of this check that it must have been
the next day.
Q. Then the check has been shown to you?
A. No, sir.
Q. Then how do you take it from the date of the check?
A. From others getting the date of the check. Others got the
date of the check and I had it from them.
Q. Who did you have it from?
A. I had it from my husband.
Q. Then he showed you the check and told you the day it was
dated?
A. He told me when it was dated.
Q. And you think that was the day the check was dated?
A. Yes, sir. They drawed in the last load of oats that day.
Q. Have you any reason for saying that the last load of oats was
drawn on that day — is there any connection between that and the
date of this check — what reason have you for connecting one with
the other, have you any?
A. I think I have considerable.
Q. What has that check to do with the delivery of the last load
of oats?
A. My son got the check when he took the last load of oats, and
the check was dated on Saturday.
Q. You say you never saw that check?
A. Yes, sir; I have seen it.
Q. Was it before or after your son was arrested?
A. I couldn't tell you when it was, now.
Q. Do you think he showed it to you when he returned from the
bank?
A. He did not go to the bank on that day.
Q. Well, when he returned from seeing Jones?
A. I couldn't tell you.
Q. Do you recollect the circumstances of their drying any bags
around the fire?
A. I don't know as I do.
Q. Do you recollect what the weather was — whether it was
rainy or snowy?
PITMAN'S ADVANCED SPEED PRACTICE 185
A. I do not, no sir.
Q. Did you go into town to trade about Christmas time with Mr.
Williams and his wife?
A. I couldn't say whether I went with Williams' folks or not, but
I think I did.
Q. You had a Christmas tree in your neighborhood at that time,
did you not?
A. Yes, sir.
Q. And it was before you had that tree that you went into town?
A. Yes, sir.
Q. What day was it?
A. I don't recollect.
Q. You went in a double team, didn't you?
A. I should think it likely, but I don't recollect.
Q. If there were four of you, yourself and your husband and Mr.
and Mrs. Williams, you couldn't very well go with one horse, could
you?
A. I presume we had two horses.
Q. Did you do any trading that day you were in the village?
A. The day we went there we did very little.
Q. Do you recollect buying a breast-pin?
A. Yes, I bought that at the store in the postoffice.
Q. You were all at the Christmas tree, were you not?
A. Yes, sir.
Q. At whose invitation?
A. I don't remember; I don't know as anybody invited us.
Q. But you went?
A. Yes, sir. [1163.
PARTIAL LIST OF PUBLICATIONS
PUBLISHED BY
ISAAC PITMAN & SONS
2 West 45th Street, New York
Teachers and others are cautioned against purchasing
modifications of the Isaac Pitman Shorthand. The only
authorized text and dictation books of this system issued by
the direct heirs of the Inventor bear the imprint of Isaac
Pitman & Sons.
TEXT AND SUPPLEMENTARY BOOKS.
Course in Isaac Pitman Shorthand. Cloth, embossed in gold, 340
pp., $1.50. A Course of Forty Lessons in the Isaac Pitman System
of Shorthand, specially designed for the Shorthand Amanuensis
and adapted for use in Business Colleges, Academies, and High
Schools. This work is officially used in the High Schools of New
York, Brooklyn, and other large cities.
*** A special Edition of "Course" is published in Lesson Sheet Form
for the use of teachers and schools who give instruction by mail.
$1.50.
Key to " Course." Cloth, 60c. Also in Lesson Form, 60c.
Isaac Pitman's Shorthand Instructor. Cloth, embossed in gold,
270 pp., $1.50. An Exposition of Isaac Pitman's System of Phonog-
raphy. Containing instruction for both beginners and advanced
students with copious lists of Phrases and Exercises, Business
Letters, etc.
Key to " Shorthand Instructor." 50c.; cloth, 60c.
Brief Course in Isaac Pitman Shorthand. Cloth, gilt, 174 pp., $1.25.
A condensed form of "Course" arranged in Twenty-Seven Lessons.
Supplementary Exercises in Isaac Pitman Shorthand. Part I. A
series of graded exercises for use with the "Course." 25c.
Preliminary Instructions for the Study of Isaac Pitman's Shorthand.
A simple and extended exposition of the Art as presented in "Course
in Isaac Pitman Shorthand." 40c.
Pitman's Shorthand Writing Exercises and Examination Tests. Cloth,
gilt, 220 pp., 60c. This work contains exhaustive classified lists
of words illustrative of every rule in the system, and over one hun-
dred graduated sentence exercises in ordinary print for writing
or dictation practice.
Key to " Shorthand Writing Exercises." In Engraved Shorthand.
$1.25.
Practice Letters for Beginners in Shorthand. 61 pp., 35c. In ordinary
type. A new dictation book on unique lines, beginning with the
first principles and developing in harmony with the authoritative text-
books "Course in Isaac Pitman Shorthand," "Brief Course" and
"Isaac Pitman's Shorthand Instructor."
1
Graduated Tests in Isaac .Pitman's Shorthand. 80 pp., 20c. A series
of revisionary exercises, arranged on an entirely new plan, with the
object of testing the student's Knowledge of the system.
Pitman's Shorthand Reading Lessons, No. 1. 48 pp., 20c. For
use with the "Instructor," and furnishing reading practice and
word-building from the beginning.
Key to Shorthand Reading Lessons, No. 1, in ordinary type. 6c.
Pitman's Shorthand Reading Lessons, No. 2. 61 pp., 25c. Key, 6c.
Pitman's Progressive Dictator. 220 pp., cloth, gilt, Price 85c. An
entirely new and complete Manual of Dictation comprising selec-
tions of original letters relating to twenty-seven different fines of
business arranged with vocabularies of engraved shorthand outlines.
Talks with Shorthand Students. An extended explanation of the
principles of Isaac Pitman's Shorthand. Ill pp., 40c.; cloth, 50c.
Progressive Studies in Phonography. 40c.; cloth, 50c. A simple
and extended exposition of the Art of Phonetic Shorthand, as set
forth in the "Teacher," the "Manual," and the "Reporter."
Notes on Lessons on Pitman's Shorthand. 112 pp., cloth, gilt, 76c.
Consists of about fifty lessons with each of the principles from the
Alphabet to the Distinguishing Outlines carefully set out with valu-
able hints and many useful examples.
Chats About Pitman's Shorthand. 50c.; cloth, gilt, 70c. Contains
a series of thirty-five "Chats" on the system. As the student
progresses through the book he will find innumerable hints and many
useful examples which will assist him to a thorough mastery of the
rules. This book, like the popular "Talks with Shorthand Students,"
will be specially useful to the self-taught student and also to the pros-
pective teacher.
JEsop's Fables. 20c. In the Learner's Style. A valuable reading
book in words of one syllable.
Easy Readings. 20c. In the Learner's Style of Shorthand, with Key.
Reporting Exercises. 20c. Intended as a companion to the "Re-
porter"; containing exercises on all the rules and contracted words
in this book.
Key to the "Reporting Exercises." 40c.; cloth, 60c. In which
all the Exercises are presented in Shorthand.
How to Obtain .Speed in Shorthand. 20 pp., 15c. Containing prac-
tical advice from the leading congressional, court and convention
reporters.
The Acquisition of Speed in Phonography. 24 pp., 20c. In ordinary
type. Containing chapters on the following subjects: The System
— The Importance of Thoroughness and Method of Study — Elemen-
tary Speed Practice — Tests of Speed — etc.
The Grammalogues and Contractions of Pitman's Shorthand. Paper
covers, lOc. Also published in Vest Pocket Size, cloth, lOc.
How to Practice and Memorize the Grammalogues. 32 pp., 20c.
An extremely useful book for practice, arranged sectionally in the
order in which they appear in the Course and the Instructor. After
the list of grammalogues in each section there is a series of letters
consisting of grammalogues for dictation.
Exercises on the Grammalogues and Contractions. 40 pp., Limp
cloth, 25c. In Shorthand with key. The feature of this useful
book, which is specially adapted for the revision of the grammalogues
and contractions, is that the exercises are arranged alphabetically —
a method which will be found of great convenience to the student.
The book will also be of service in providing suitable matter for
2
dictation practice. Complete lists of the grammalogues (arranged
alphabetically and phonetically) and contractions (arranged alpha-
betically) are contained at the end of the book.
The Phonographic Phrase Book. 88 pp., 40c.; cloth, 50c. Con-
taining about two thousand useful phrases in Phonography, with
Key and an exercise occupying 43 pages, containing all the phrases
as they occur in the book.
Isaac Pitman's Shorthand Dictionary. 336pp., cloth, $1.50. "Library
Edition," roan, gilt, colored edges, $1.75. Tenth Edition, Revised
and enlarged, containing the Shorthand Reporting Outlines, beauti-
fully printed from engraved characters, of over 62,000 words and
geographical names, with parallel Key in ordinary type.
Abridged Shorthand Dictionary. 232 pp., cloth, gilt, 75c.; French
morocco, gilt, size 3 x 4% in., $1.00. Contains over 22,000 words,
with their shorthand characters.
Cumulative Speller and Shorthand Vocabulary. Cloth, gilt, 145 pp.,
50c.
The Reporter's Assistant. 132 pp., 50c.; cloth, 60c. A Key to the
Reading of the Reporting Style of Phonography. All the words
in the dictionary, not exceeding three consonants, were written
in Shorthand, and from this extensive list of outlines has been drawn
all words that contain the same outline, and they have been classified
according to their forms. Of great aid in reading one's notes.
Technical Reporting. 60 pp., 50c.; cloth, 60c. Comprising Phono-
graphic Abbreviations for words and phrases commonly met with
in Reporting Legal, Medical, Scientific, and other Technical Subjects,
with type key.
Practical Business Letters in Shorthand. 64 pp., 30c. A series of
Business Letters, in engraved Isaac Pitman's shorthand, and Key
containing 76 letters.
Business Correspondence in Shorthand, Nos. 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6 and 7. 40
pp. each. 25c. each. A series of valuable books containing
actual correspondence in various branches of business. Each book
is Keyed in ordinary type and the matter counted for speed practice
in either shorthand or typewriting. A complete list of contents will
be sent on request.
*** This work is also published in the following convenient forms in
cloth binding.
BUSINESS CORRESPONDENCE IN SHORTHAND Nos. 1 and 2, in one
volume. Cloth, gilt, 80 pp., 60c.
BUSINESS CORRESPONDENCE IN SHORTHAND Nos. 3 and 4, in one volume.
Cloth, 80 pp., 60c.
BUSINESS CORRESPONDENCE IN SHORTHAND Nos. 5 and 6, in one
volume. Cloth, 80 pp., 60c.
BUSINESS CORRESPONDENCE IN SHORTHAND Nos. 1, 2, 3 and 4, in
one volume. Special Shorthand Edition vrithout Type Key. Cloth,
gilt, 88 pp., 75c.
Pitman's 20th Century Business Dictation Book and Legal Forms.
272 pp., stiff boards and cloth back. 75c. ; cloth, $1.00. (Eighth edi-
tion.) Containing an up-to-date collection of genuine letters (in
ordinary type), classified under fifty lines of business; Legal Forms,
and a judicious selection of practice matter for general dictation.
Also chapters on Spelling, Punctuation, Capitalization, etc. All
progressive Schools, without reference to the system of Shorthand
taught, should insist upon each student procuring a copy.
The Student's Practice Book. 241 pp., cloth. Price, 75c. A collec-
tion of Letters for Acquiring Speed in Shorthand. Designed to be
used by pupils on the completion of the study of the principles of
stenography, as presented in Course in Isaac Pitman Shorthand or the
Shorthand Instructor. It is not intended primarily as a dictation
book to be used only by the instructor, but rather as a book from
which definite lessons can be assigned.
Commercial Correspondence and Commercial English. 272 pp., cloth,
85c. A practical Manual of Commercial Correspondence, forming
a key to "Commercial Correspondence in Shorthand." All the
letters are counted for shorthand and typewriting speed practice,
and editions are published in Spanish, French and German.
Instruction in Legal Work. 40 pp., 25c. In ordinary type. For
Court Stenographers and Law Students. Reprinted from "Pitman's
Twentieth Century Dictation and Legal Forms."
How to Become a Law Stenographer. 189 pp., 75c.; cloth, $1.00.
For Stenographers and Typists. Fifth Edition revised and enlarged.
A Compendium of Legal Forms containing a complete set of Legal
Documents accompanied with full explanations and directions for
arranging the same on the typewriter. This work will be found
an indispensable companion for every stenographer intending to
take a position in a law office.
A large number of legal words and phrases have been added to the
new edition together with engraved shorthand outlines.
ADAPTATIONS OF ISAAC PITMAN'S
PHONOGRAPHY TO FOREIGN
LANGUAGES.
Taquigrafia Espanola de Isaac Pitman. 119 pp., cloth, gilt, $1.25.
Adaptaci6n & la Lengua Espanola del Sistema de Fonografia del
Autor. Para uso de Escuelas de Comercio, Institutos y tambien
para Estudio Personal. Being an Adaptation of Isaac Pitman's
Shorthand to the Spanish Language.
Key to Taquigrafia Espanola. Cloth, gilt, $1.00. With additional
Exercises.
French Phonography. 40c.; cloth, 50c. Third edition. Revised
and Enlarged. An adaptation of Phonography to the French
language. By T. A. REED.
Stenographic Pitman. Par Spencer Herbert. An adaptation of
Isaac Pitman's Phonography to the French language. Cloth, $1.25.
French Shorthand Commercial Correspondence. Cloth, 89 pp., 75c.
A Series of Business Letters in French Phonography, with type Key.
German Phonography. Crown 8vo., 64 pp., 50c.; cloth, 60c. An
adaptation of Phonography to the German language.
Manuale di Fonografia Italiana. 50c. An adaptation of Phonog-
raphy to the Italian language. By GIUSEPPE FKANCINI.
Dutch Phonography. $1.50. An Adaptation of Phonography to
the Dutch language. By F. DE HAAN.
Pitman's Phonography adapted to Esperanto. Limp cloth, 50c.
Manual of Latin Phonography. $1.00. An adaptation of Isaac Pit-
man's Shorthand to the Latin language. By REV. W. TATLOCK, S.J.
Japanese Phonography. Complete. $1.00.
4
SHORTHAND READING BOOKS.
The student, to increase his speed, and to improve his knowledge of
Phonography, CANNOT READ TOO MUCH WELL-ENGRAVED
SHORTHAND. One advantage of studying the Isaac Pitman system
— and one which cannot well be over-estimated — is, that the shorthand
literature in that system is far in excess of ALL other systems combined.
"We would emphasize still further the wealth of literature the Isaac
Pitman system has. . . . These publishers are continually issuing new
works in shorthand, and this in itself should make their system a great
force in the shorthand world." — Business Journal (New York).
"We wish to repeat what we have said before with reference to the
literature sent out by Isaac Pitman & Sons, and that is, that the very
extensive line they furnish is of itself the highest recommendation for
the system.- No other system furnishes as much." — American Pen-
man (New York).
IN THE CORRESPONDING STYLE.
A Shorthand Birthday Book of Dickens Quotations. Cloth, gilt, 85c.
In the Corresponding Style of Pitman's Shorthand.
Select Readings, No. 1. 48 pp., 20c. An entirely new book of read-
ings. Partial list of selections: — "A Rill from the Town Pump"
(NATHANIEL HAWTHORNE); "The Heart of London" (CHARLES
DICKENS); "The Man in Black" (OLIVER GOLDSMITH); "Household
Superstitions" (JOSEPH ADDISON); "Caught in the Quicksand"
(VICTOR HUGO), etc.
Select Readings, No. 2. 48 pp., 20c. Containing "A First Night
at Sea" (RICHARD H. DANA); "Niagara" (DICKENS); "The Candid
Man" (BULWER LYTTON), etc.
Mugby Junction and other Stories. By CHARLES DICKENS. BOc.;
Cloth, 60c.
The Chimes. 127 pp., 50c.; cloth, 60c. By CHARLES DICKENS.
The Battle of Life. 130 pp., 40c.; cloth, BOc. By CHARLES DICKENS.
The Silver Ship of Mexico. 132 pp., 40c.; cloth, 50c. By J. H.
INGRARAM.
The Book of Psalms. 160 pp., 40c.; cloth, 50c.
Self-Culture. 91 pp., 40c.; cloth, 50c. By PROF. BLACKIE.
Gulliver's Voyage to Lilliput. 88 pp., 40c.; cloth, 50c. By DEAN
SWIFT.
Tales and Sketches. 96 pp., 40c.; cloth, 60c. By WASHINGTON
IRVING; with printed Key.
Robinson Crusoe. 309 pp., 60c.; cloth, 76c. By DANIEL DEFOE.
Illustrated. This work is extremely well adapted for use as a short-
hand reader, and, in attractive cloth binding, forms a handsome
prize volume.
The Vicar of Wakefield. Illustrated. 280 pp., 60c.; cloth, 60c.
IN THE REPORTING STYLE.
Scenes from Pickwick. 260 pp., cloth, 85c. By CHARLES DICKENS.
With_ pen illustrations by CHARLES RICHARDSON. Contains a
selection of the finest scenes from Dickens's immortal masterpiece.
Miscellaneous Readings. A new reading book, with Key in ordinary
type. 36c.; cloth, 50c.
Selections from American Authors. 112 pp., 40c.; cloth, BOc. With
Key in ordinary type at the foot of each page.
The Cricket on the Hearth. 132 pp., BOc.; cloth, 60c. By CHARLES
DICKENS.
Brief Reporting Notes in Shorthand, or Shorthand Dictation Exercises.
48 pp., 25c. With printed Key, and the matter counted and timed
for testing of Speed either in Shorthand or Typewriting.
The Sign of Four. 171 pp., 50c.; cloth, 60c. By A. CONAN DOYLE.
Tales from Dickens. 147 pp., 50c.; cloth, 60c. Containing "The
Tugg's at Ramsgate," "The Bloomsbury Christening," "The
Great Winglebury Duel," and " Mr. Watkins Tottle," from " Sketches
by Boz."
Around the World in Eighty Days. 184 pp., 60c.; cloth, 60c. By
JULES VEKNE.
The Haunted Man. 104 pp., 50c.; cloth, gilt, 60c. By CHAHLES
DICKENS. Twenty-one Original page illustrations.
Thankful Blossom. 105 pp., 40c.; cloth, 50c. By BRET HARTE.
A Christmas Carol. Ill pp., 40c.; cloth, 50c. By CHARLES DICKENS.
t High Speed in Shorthand: How to Attain It. 64 pp., 40c. With
type Key.
t Shorthand Examinations: How to Prepare for and How to Pass
Them. 25c.
t Won and Lost. By JOHN TAYLOR. 25c.
t The Phantom Stockman. 32 pp., 20c. By GUY BOOTHBY.
Gleanings. Nos. 1 and 2. 48 pp., each. Each 20c. Containing
reproductions of notable essays by T. A. REED and others, on short-
hand matters, with printed Key.
The Legend of Sleepy Hollow. 62pp.,20c. By WASHINGTON IRVING;
with printed Key at the foot of each page.
Rip Van Winkle. 32 pp., 20c. By WASHINGTON IRVING; with printed
Key.
The Bible in Shorthand. Cloth, beveled boards, red edges, $3.00;
roan, gilt edges, $3.50; morocco, gilt edges, $4.50. Each style
has a silk marker and comes boxed. Containing the Old and New
Testaments.
The New Testament. 368 pp., roan, red edges, $1.50; Turkey morocco,
gilt edges, $2.00. In an Easy Reporting Style.
The Book of Common Prayer. 296 pp., roan, red edges, $1.50; Turkey
morocco, gilt edges, $2.00. In an Easy Reporting Style.
The Church Services (entire). 93.5 pp., roan, $3.00; morocco, $4.00.
In an Easy Reporting Style.
f Commercial Shorthand. 40c. A Reading and Dictation book
with introduction by E. A. COPE.
TYPEWRITING.
Practical Course in Touch Typewriting. By CHAS. E. SMITH, Author
of "Cumulative Speller," Eleventh Edition, revised and enlarged,
50c.; cloth, 75c. A Scientific Method of Mastering the Keyboard
by the Sense of Touch. The design of this work is to teach touch
typewriting in such a way that the student will operate by touch —
will have an absolute command of every key on the keyboard,
and be able to strike any key more readily without looking than
would be the case with the aid of sight. A separate Chart con-
6
taining Keyboard and Diagrams printed in five colors, on a heavy
double-calendered cardboard, accompanies each copy. Contains
specimens of actual Business Letters, Legal Forms, Specifications,
Instructions for the Use of the Tabulator, etc., all printed in actual
typewriter type. In ordering state whether Single or Double Key-
board or Oliver Edition is desired. Adopted by the New York,
Boston and Baltimore Boards of Education.
"Touch Typewriting can be more easily and quickly acquired by
going from the outside keys toward the center. It is the natural
method of learning the keyboard, and prevents the beginner from
being inaccurate. I recommend Mr. Charles E. Smith's 'Practical
Course in Touch Typewriting ' as the best Typewriter Text-Book for
those who wish to become rapid, accurate touch typists." — Margaret
B. Owen, the World's Champion Typist.
The New Universal System of Touch or Sight Typewriting. By I. W.
PATTON. Third Edition Revised and Enlarged. 60c.
BUSINESS ENGLISH AND OFFICE TRAINING, ETC.
Style Book of Business English. 253 pp., 85c. Sixth Edition Revised
and Enlarged. For Stenographers and Correspondents. This new
treatise will especially appeal to the teacher of English wherever
it is seen. Teachers of this subject using this work can feel assured
of vastly better results than they have ever before secured. It
will be an inspiration to both teacher and student. Adopted by
the New York High Schools.
"It is a real pleasure to me to testify to the merits of your 'Style
Book of Business English.' I recommend your book for the following
reasons: It is so comprehensive, thoroughly practical, and, above
all, it is so plainly composed that a teacher even unfamiliar with the
subject can conduct a class with it." — Prof. F. R. Beygrau, Columbia
University, New York City.
Punctuation as a Means of Expression. Its Theory and Practice.
By A. E. LOVELL, M.A. 50c. This is much more than a mere
statement of rules. The author has written an interesting and
helpful manual on the subject, that will greatly impress the intelli-
gent student and be much appreciated by all who value clearness
and thoroughness in writing.
Book of Homonyms. By B. S. BARRETT. Cloth, gilt, 192 pp., 75c.
What are Homonyms? They are those perplexing words that
are pronounced alike but spelled differently. There are some five
or six hundred of these words that the author has collated in alpha-
betical order with copious exercises for the use of classes or private
learners. Every student of English has at times been puzzled by
these words, and the author of this book, rinding that his pupils were
constantly making mistakes in this class of words, conceived the idea
of formulating exercises, which, with the definitions, as given, would
enable the student to discriminate intelligently in the use of these
homonyms.
BOOKKEEPING.
Bookkeeping Simplified. By FRED J. NET. Cloth, gilt, 272 pp., $1.00.
BOOKKEEPING as taught in the class-room is often of little use
behind the desk, and this is partly due to the fact that so many
texts are prepared with the sole object of enabling students to pass
certain examinations. The object of this new work, "Bookkeeping
Simplified," has been to supply the wants, not only of the examina-
tion room, but also the office desk, embodying, as it does, all the
essentials of Bookkeeping.
7
AIDS TO TEACHERS.
t The Methods of Teaching Shorthand. Cloth, gilt, $1.00. By
Edward J. McNamara, Teacher of Phonography, Adelphi College,
Brooklyn. A practical work on the teaching of Shorthand and
should be read and studied by every progressive teacher of short-
hand, regardless of systems.
Pitman's Examination Notes on Shorthand. 48 pp., cloth, 60c. In
this work the reasons for various features in the system are dis-
cussed, and the clear-cut conciseness of the standard text-book
rules is in some instances amplified. Shorthand examples of the
application of the rules are freely introduced.
A Stereopticon Lecture on Shorthand. 32 pp., 25c. A brief history
of writing from its invention to the present time, with special reference
to Shorthand and the System originated by Sir Isaac Pitman.
PITMAN'S JOURNAL.
Terms of Subscription: Per Year in Advance, 60c. Canadian,
60c. An American Magazine for Isaac Pitman Writers. Issued
monthly, except July and August. Each number contains
twenty-four pages (size t^ by 9J^) and includes eight columns
of beautifully engraved Phonography, furnishing invaluable
means for study and practice to students of the art.
LANGUAGES.
SPANISH.
Pitman's Practical Spanish Grammar and Conversation for Self-
Instruction. 112 pp., 40c. ; cloth, 60c. With copious Vocabulary
and IMITATED Pronunciations. By the aid of this book the
student is enabled to rapidly acquire a perfect knowledge of the
Spanish language.
Pitman's Commercial Spanish Grammar. 166 pp., cloth, $1.00.
In this book Spanish grammar is taught on normal lines, and all
grammatical points are illustrated by sentences in commercial
Spanish.
Spanish Business Letters. 32 pp., 20c. With Vocabulary and
copious notes in English.
Dictionary of Commercial Correspondence in French, German, Spanish,
and Italian. 500 pp., cloth, $2.00. Containing the most common
and ordinary terms and phrases of a commercial nature.
Pitman's Commercial Correspondence in Spanish. 267 pp., cloth,
gilt, $1.00. The increasing importance of a study of the Spanish
language has induced the Publishers to issue an edition of their
successful work, "Commercial Correspondence" (already pub-
lished in English, French, and German) in that language.
Manual of Spanish Commercial Correspondence. 360 pp., cloth,
gilt, $1.35.
8
UNIVERSITY OF CALIFORNIA LIBRARY
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This book is DUE on the last date stamped below.
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