The place-names of Cambridgeshire

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Cambridge Antiquarian Society. Octavo PvMications. No. XXXVI.

THE PLACE-NAMES

OF

CAMBRIDGE SHIEE

BY THE

Rev. WALTER W. SKEAT, Litt.D, D.C.L., LL.D., Ph.D.

ELRINGTON AND BOSWORTH PROFESSOR OF ANGLO-SAXON
AND FELLOW OF CHRIST'S COLLEGE.

Cambridge :

PRINTED FOR THE CAMBRIDGE ANTIQUARIAN SOCIETY.

SOLD BY DEIGHTON, BELL & CO. ; and MACMILLAN & BOWES.

LONDON, GEORGE BELL AND SONS.

1901

Price Three Shillings and Sixpence.

/•$

/¥3

THE PLACE-NAMES

CAMBRIDGESHIRE

PUBLICATIONS: OCTAVO SERIES
No. XXXVI

THE PLAGE-NAMES

OF

CAMBRIDGE SHIRE

Rev. WALTER W: SKEAT, Litt.D., D.C.L., LL.D., Ph.D.

ELRINGTON AND BOSWORTH PROFESSOR OF ANGLO-SAXON
AND FELLOW OF CHRIST'S COLLEGE.

Cambrftfge :

PRINTED FOR THE CAMBRIDGE ANTIQUARIAN SOCIETY.

SOLD BY DEIGHTON, BELL & CO.; and MACMILLAN & BOWES.

LONDON, GEOBGE BELL AND SONS.

1901

%o 3 £

*o^,

©ambrtoge :

PRINTED BY J. AND C. F. CLAY,
AT THE UNIVERSITY PRESS.

CONTENTS.

PAGE

§ 1. Prefatory Remarks 1

§ 2. The suffix -ton :— Barton, Carlton, Caxton, Cherry Hinton,
Chesterton, Clopton, Coinberton, Coton, Croxton, Ditton,
Drayton, Foxton, Girton, Harlton, Harston, Hauxton, Hinx-
ton, Histon, Kingston, Linton, Long Stanton, Malton, Milton,
Newton, Rampton, Royston, Saxton (Saxon Street), Sutton,
Weston, Wilburton 5

§ 3. The suffix -ington : — Arrington, Doddington, Impington,
Leverington, Litlington, Oakington, Trumpingtou, Wiiribl-
ington — Ickleton, Sawston — Abington, Barrington, Conington 14

§ 4. The suffix -ham : — Babraham, Badlingham, Balsham, Bar
ham, Bottisham, Chettisham, Chippenham, Coldhani, Cotten-
ham, Downham, Dullingham, Fordham, Haddenham, Hilders-
ham, Isleham, Newnham, Soham, Stretham, Swaft'hani,
Teversham, West Wickham, Wilbraham, Willingham,
Witcham 19

§ 5. The suffix -stead :— Olmstead 25

§ 6. The suffix -worth: — Boxworth, Duxford (Duxworth), Els-
worth, Kneesworth, Lolworth, Pampisford (Pampisworth),
Papworth, Stetch worth, Wentworth ..... 25

§ 7. The suffixes -wick and -cote : — Benwick, Hardwick, West-
wick — Coates, Caldecott ....... 27

§ 8. The suffixes -bridge, -hithe, -low, and -well :— Cambridge,
Pearl's Bridge, Sturbridge — Clayhithe, Aldreth, Earith —
Bartlow, Tadlow, Triplow — Barnwell, Burwell, Knapwell,
Orwell, Outwell, Snailwell, Upwell 29

CONTENTS.

The suffixes camp, Chester, dike, hale, hirn, lode, port
reth, ware : — Castle Camps, Shudy Camps— Chesterton
Grautchester — Ditton, Brent Ditch, Fleam Dike, Fiendish—
Mepal, Enhale — Guyhirn — Oxlode — Littleport — Meldreth
Shepreth— Upware

§ 10. The suffixes beach, bourn, den, down, ea, fen, field,
ford, heath, lea, mere, pool, wade : — Landbeach, Water
beach, Wisbeach — Bourn, Bassingbourn, Fulbourn, Mel
bourn — Croydon (Crawden), Eversden (Eversdon), Gransden
Morden (Mordon), Guilden Morden, Steeple Morden—
Whaddon — Anglesea, Barway, Coveney, Ely, Eastrea
Horningsea, Manea, Stonea, Stuntney, Swavesey, Thorney
Welney, Wendy, Whittlesea, Gamlingay, (Bungay, Hilgay
Wormegay), Shingay, Lingay — Fen Ditton, &c, — Haslingfield
Nosterfiekl, Radfield — Armingford, Chilford, Dernford
Shelford, Stapleford, Thetford, Whittlesford, Witchford-
Horseheath — Ashley, Brinkley, Cheveley, Childerley, Eltisley
Graveley, Hatley, Madingloy, Silverley, Westley, Wetherley—
Fowlmere (Foulmire) — Wimpole — Land wade

§11. Some other names: — Borough Green, Bourn, Burnt Fen,
Chatteris, Elm, Rennet, Kirtling, March, Newmarket, Over,
Prickwillow, Quy, Reach, Spinney, Stane, Staplow, Stow
Toft, Tydd, Wicken, Wratting

§ 12. List of Ancient Manors

13. Conclusion
Index

37

44

THE PLACE-NAMES OF CAMBRIDGESHIRE.

§ 1. Prefatory Remarks.

In attempting to deal with some of the principal place-
names in Cambridgeshire, with a view to obtaining some light
upon their etymologies, I find myself at a disadvantage in one
respect, but in another to have some hopes of partial success.
The disadvantage is, that I have made no wide or extended
study of English place-names in general ; and it is obvious that,
in many an instance, one place-name is likely to throw light
upon another, though the places may be in different counties.
On the other hand, I have had much experience in tracing the
etymologies of most of the maiu words that occur in our
English Dictionaries; and the phonetic laws that regulate
place-names are precisely the same as those that regulate other
native words that are in common use.

Perhaps there is no subject of study that is, generally
speaking, in so neglected a state. The wild and ignorant guess-
work of the eighteenth century, and even of the nineteenth,
has filled our books of antiquities and our country histories
with many misleading theories; and the results of these un-
conscionable inventions have not unfrequently found their way
even into the ordnance-maps. However, the principles of pho-
netics are beginning to make progress. It is now recognised
that, if it is necessary to look to our spellings, it is still more
necessary to know what those spellings mean, and not to talk
at random about words until we have at least learnt how to
pronounce them. For it is, after all, the spoken word that
C. A. S. Octavo Series. No. XXX f I. 1

2 THE PLACE-NAMES OF CAMBRIDGESHIRE.

matters ; the spellings are merely symbols and guides, and
will only guide those who understand them.

It is only of late years that the phonetic laws which govern
the gradations and mutations of Anglo-Saxon words have been
intelligently investigated ; and hence it is that it is quite im-
possible for such as know nothing about such laws to realise
their intricacy, and the certainty with which, in the hands of
the student, they point to the original sounds. And there is
yet another matter which is of vast importance and has never-
theless received far too little attention ; viz. the now well
ascertained fact that many of our spellings are Norman or
Anglo-French, and cannot be interpreted even by the student
of Anglo-Saxon until he has further realised what such symbols
mean. I beg leave to say that this is a point which I have
carefully studied ; and I have now in the press a fairly complete
statement of the 16 Canons whereby the spelling of a Norman
scribe is distinguished from that of a Saxon one. Many of
those who have hitherto investigated the spellings of Domesday
Book have sometimes, I fear, been in almost complete ignorance
of the sounds which such spellings denote. Whilst I offer
these remarks by way of showing that I have considered the
matter seriously, and have avoided frivolous guesses, I by no
means suppose that all the results here obtained are final.
Some are obvious ; others are reasonably certain ; but some
are doubtful. Which these are, I shall usually endeavour to
indicate, by the introduction of such words as ' probably ' and
' possibly,' and the like.

I wish to express my sincere thanks for help received. I
do not think I should have undertaken the present task but for
the kindness of Mr C. Sayle and Mr J. E. Foster. Mr Sayle
supplied me with the alphabetical list of the principal place-
names in the county, nearly all of which are here considered ;
whilst Mr J. E. Foster did me inestimable service by ascertain-
ing the old spellings of our place-names as they are given in
the Red Book of the Exchequer, the Ely Registers, the Feudal
Aids, the Pipe Rolls, and the like, supplying in every case the
exact reference, and (wherever it was possible) the exact date.
Only the philologist wholly realises the helpfulness of such

§ 1. PREFATORY REMARKS. 3

data ; and it is sufficient to say that, without such material, the
work could not have been undertaken at all. I shall frequently
give the dates of various spellings below ; but I wish it to be
understood that, in every case, the exact reference is known,
and the evidence can always be produced. When, for example,
I say that Chesterton is spelt Cestretone in 1210 and in 1130,
it is meant that Mr Foster has found that spelling under the
date 1210-12, in the Red Book of the Exchequer (Rolls Series),
p. 529, and under the date 1130-1 in the Pipe Roll.

I am also much indebted for many hints and corrections to
Mr W. H. Stevenson, Fellow of Exeter College, Oxford ; but it
will be understood that he is in no way responsible for the
results here given.

The chief authorities which I have myself consulted are
not many. I may instance the very valuable work entitled
Inquisitio Comitatus Cantabrigiensis, ed. N.E.S.A. Hamilton
(London, 1876), which is practically the original of the Domes-
day Book as far as relates to Cambridgeshire, with the Inquisitio
Eliensis appended ; the Domesday Book for Cambridgeshire ;
the Ramsey Chronicle and the Ramsey Cliartulary (in the Rolls
Series); the printed charters as edited by Kemble, Thorpe,
Earle, and Birch ; Sweet's Oldest English Texts and his History
of English Sounds; the New English Dictionary and the
English Dialect Dictionary; the Anglo-Saxon Dictionary by
Bosworth and Toller ; and other helpful books of a like character.
For the spelling of Anglo-Saxon names, I have depended on
Kemble's Index of place-names in his sixth volume, and Searle's
Onomasticon Anglo-Saxonicum. I have also obtained various
useful information from Miller and Skertchly's book entitled
The Fenland Past and Present, from a History of Cambridge-
shire dated 1851, and from the more recent History of Cam-
bridgeshire by Couybeare.

The result of a study of English place-names can hardly
prove to be other than extremely disappointing, especially to
the sanguine and the imaginative. Speaking generally, we
can only satisfy our curiosity to a very limited extent ; and we
have borne in upon us the fact, which any reflecting mind might
have anticipated, that names were conferred upon places quite

1—2

4 THE PLACE-NAMES OF CAMBRIDGESHIRE.

casually, for the sake of convenience, and for very trivial
reasons; precisely as they are conferred now. This is easily
illustrated by the following list of modern names, compiled from
the Ordnance map of Cambridgeshire. I find there Chalk
Farm, Cold Harbour Farm, Crick's Farm, Cuckoo Farm, Grove
Farm, High Bridge Farm, Hill Farm, Lower Farm, Manor
Farm, New Farm, Oldfield Farm, Scotland Farm, Shardelow's
Farm, West Fen Farm, Woodhouse Farm, and many more ;
Fox Hill, Honey Hill, Thorn Hill, White Cross Hill ; Duck End,
Frog End, Green End, South End ; Black Hall, Gunner's Hall,
Nether Hall, Poplar Hall, Spring Hall, White Hall, Wood Hall;
Quail's Lodge, Worsted Lodge ; Baits Bite, Brookfield, Fries-
land, King's Hedges, Lamb's Cross, The Poplars, Wrangling
Corner; and so forth. These afford an indication of the
character of the names we may expect to find, though perhaps
our older names are, on the whole, a trifle more dignified, as
being more descriptive. Yet the truth is that they are usually
more prosaic than poetical.

Most of the names considered below are arranged in groups,
as this is by far the best way of considering them. The most
frequent endings refer to settlements, as -ton (for town), -ham,
-stead, -worth, -wick, and -cote ; we also find -bridge, -hithe,
-low, -well, and others of a like kind, referring to things
artificial ; whilst another set refers to things natural, such as
-den, -don (for doivn), -eg (island), -field, -ford, -mere, -pool, and
the like. The most typical are such as end in -ton or -ington.
Those in -ton are often preceded by the name of the first
occupier or builder of the town or farm ; whilst those in -ing-ton
refer to a cluster of houses which formed the settlement of a
tribe. The name of the first settler or tribe of settlers is
invariably that of some man or family of whom nothing further
is known ; and I suppose that when we meet in modern times
with names of the same character, such as Crick's Farm,
Gunner's Hall, or Shardelow's Farm, we do not usually care to
enquire into the antecedents of Mr Crick, or Mr Gunner, or
Mr Shardelow ; and it might easily happen that, even if we
did so, we should not reap any great advantage from it, even
if we were successful. We must leave the result as we

§ 2. NAMES ENDING IN -TON. 5

find it, and be thankful that we have learnt what the names
mean.

Abbreviations, etc.

The following is a list of the more important sources of old
nes, with some abbreviations :

Cat. A.D. — Catalogue of Ancient Deeds (Eecord Series).

D.B. — Domesday Book (part relating to Cambridgeshire).

E.D.D.— English Dialect Dictionary.

E.R. — Ely Registers (in the Ely Diocesan Remembrancer).

F.A.— Feudal Aids (Record Series) ; vol. i.

Hundred Rolls. — Rotuli Hundredorum ; vols. i. and ii. Those in

vol. ii are dated 1279.
I.C.C. — Inquisitio Comitatus Cantabrigiensis ; and Inquisitio Eliensis ;

ed. N.E.S.A. Hamilton ; 1876.
Index to the Rolls and Charters in the British Museum, ed. H. J.

Ellis and F. B. Bickley (1900).
In. p. m.— Calendarium Inquisitionum post Mortem sive Escaetarum ;

ed. J. Caley ; vol. i. (Record Series).
N.E.D.— New English Dictionary (Oxford).
P.F.— Pedes Finium ; ed. Walter Rye.
RR.— Pipe Roll, 1189-1190; and Rolls of the Pipe, 1155-1158 ; ed.

Rev. Joseph Hunter.
R.B.— Red Book of the Exchequer ; ed. W. D. Selby. (Rolls Series.)
R.C.- Ramsey Chartulary, ed. W. H. Hart; 3 vols. (The third

vol. has a full index.)
R. Chron. — Ramsey Chronicle, ed. Rev. W. D. Macray. (Rolls Series.)

§ 2. The Suffix -ton.

The chief places in Cambs. ending with the suffix -ton (not
preceded by -ing) are as follows : Barton, Carlton, Caxton,
Cherry Hinton, Chesterton, Clopton, Comberton, Coton, Croxton,
Ditton, Drayton, Foxton, Girton, Harlton, Harston, Hauxton,
Hinxton, Histon, Kingston, Linton, Long Stanton, Malton,
Milton, Newton, Rampton, Royston, Saxton, Sutton, Weston,
Wilburton. I omit Ickleton and Sawston intentionally, for
reasons which will be given in due time ; cf. pp. 17, 18.

6 THE PLACE-NAMES OF CAMBRIDGESHIRE.

It is well known that the suffix -ton is merely the un-
emphatic form of the familiar English word town, of which the
original sense was " enclosure." It usually signified a collection
of dwellings, or, as in Scotland at this day, a solitary farmhouse.
Perhaps the nearest modern equivalent is " homestead " ; with-
out any necessary restriction to a homestead belonging to a
single owner, although this signification is certainly included.

Barton. This is the prov. E. barton, a farm-yard ; for
which see the English Dialect Dictionary. It is the A.S. bere-
tun, lit. corn-farm, or barley-enclosure ; from bere, barley, and
tun. Thus the syllable Bar- is in this instance the same as the
bar- in barley ; see the New English Dictionary.

Carlton. Written Carleton in 1302 (F.A. i. 142), Carlen-
tone in Domesday. Here Carl is the Scandinavian equivalent
of the A.S. ceorl, whence E. churl and the place-name Charlton.
Carl frequently occurs as a man's name, and is, in fact, the
origin of the modern E. Charles. The Old Norse karl also
signifies a man, a male, a household servant, a husbandman ; see
Carl in the N.E.D. (New English Dictionary). Its combining
form is karla- ; so that Carlton answers to an Icelandic form
Karlatun. Cf. Carlatun in Kemble, Cod. Dipl. iv. 288 ; also
Carletun (Carlton, Cambs.) in the same, iv. 300.

Caxton is spelt as at present in rather early times ; as, e.g.,
in 1245 (In. p. m., p. 3). There is a place named Cawston in
Norfolk, which is merely another form of the same name. This
we know from the fact that the famous printer is not iinfre-
quently called Causton ; see the Diet, of Nat. Biography. And
this is why we find Canstone in Domesday Book instead of
Caxton. The prefix Cans- is mysterious ; and I only make a
guess when suggesting that it may just possibly represent an
A.S. form Cages, gen. case from a nom. Gah. That there was
such a name as Cah may be inferred from the patronymic
Calling, whence the place-name Cahing-lwg, iu Kemble, Cod.
Dipl. ii. 137, 1. 9 ; compare also Cagbroc in the same, iii. 413.
The closely related name Ceahha occurs in Ceahhan mere,

§ 2. NAMES ENDING IN -TON. 7

id. iii. 48, 1. 26. A genitival form Cakes1, combined with tun,
would give in Mid. Eng. a form Gagheston, or (by contraction)
Cagh'ston ; and the ghs might develop an x, as in the case of
the E. hox from A.S. hoh-sinu; see Hox in the New Eng.
Dictionary, and compare the use of hock as a variant of hough
(see the same). Gait is an Old Mercian form, as distinguished
from the Wessex Ceah, with a broken vowel. This explanation
is, however, mere guesswork.

Cherry Hinton. The prefix cherry, having reference to
cherry-trees, is comparatively modern. The place-name Hinton
occurs in many parts of England, and is spelt Hintone in
Domesday Book. Perhaps from A.S. hind, a hind, female deer.
Had the prefix been Hine-, it would answer to the A.S. hlna,
as seen in Hlna-gemcero, Hlna-hege, Hlna-mearc, place-names
given in Kemble's Index ; where hlna is the genitive of hlwan,
a plural sb. meaning "domestic servants," allied to the modern
E. hind, a servant, especially an agricultural labourer ; see
N.E.D. The result is uncertain.

Chesterton is spelt Cestretone in 1210 (R.B.), in 1130
(P.R.), and in Domesday Book. The corresponding A.S. form
is ceaster-tun, where ceaster is merely the Wessex form repre-
senting the Lat. castrum, a camp ; as is well known.

Clopton or Clapton, in the parish now called Croydon-
cum-Clapton, is spelt Gloptone in 1210 (R.B.), and Cloptune in
D.B. ; but Glopetuna in I.C.C, with reference to Clopton in
Suffolk. The prefix is the same as in Clapton and Clapham.
This is ascertained from a genuine charter of the time of
iElfred in which Clapham (in Surrey) appears as Cloppa-ham ;
see Sweet, Early English Texts, p. 451. Cloppa looks like a
genitive plural of a form *clop ; cf. clop-cecer, clop-hyrst, in
Birch, iii. 589, 590.

Comberton. Here the o is the regular later Anglo-French
substitute for an earlier u ; it is spelt Cumbertone in 1155
(R.B.) and in Domesday Book. The spelling Gumbretone,

1 Perhaps Mercian ; cf. beeha for bfutgci in a Suffolk charter ; Kemble, Cod.
Dipl. iii. 273, 1. 13.

8 THE PLACE-NAMES OF CAMBRIDGESHIRE.

occurring in 1210 (R.B.), is somewhat preferable. The prefix
Camber- or Gumbre- represents A.S. Gumbran, genitive of
Cumbra, a personal name ; see Searle, Onomasticon, p. 146.
The genitive Gumbran- is clearly seen in the place-name
Cumbran-weorft (lit. Comber- worth) ; see Earle, A.S. Charters,
p. 447, 1. 4. Kemble has the ace. pi. Gmnbras with the sense
of ' Welshmen ' ; Cod. Dipl. iii. 59.

Coton. In this case, the modern pronunciation suggests
a derivation from cote and -ton, where cote is another form of
cot. But it is highly probable that we have here (as often)
an instance of a name expressed in the dative case ; see the
account of Newnham (below). If so, Coton really represents
the A.S. cotum, dative pi. of cot, a cottage; and the true sense
is " cottages," the prep, cet (at the) being understood. Cf.
Coates and Cottenham. Coton occurs as a place-name in 1296
(In. p. m., p. 129), and Cotun in 1272 (the same, p. 39); cf.
Cotum in Kemble, Cod. Dipl. iv. 288. This etymology is
certified by the fact that (as Lysons notes) another name for
Coton was formerly Cotes. Cotes, as mentioned in 1211 (R.B.)
and in 1284 (F.A. i. 137) appears to refer to Coton; so also
Cotes in 1291 (Taxatio Ecclesiastica).

Of the two A.S. forms meaning " cot," cot is neuter, and
the nom. plural is cotu ; whilst cote is feminine, and the nom.
plural is cotan. Of cotan a later form is coten, but it did not
last long. The M.E. plurals in -en were early replaced by
plurals in -es, so that the plural was already cotes in Wycliffe
and Langland. This form is actually preserved in the Cambs.
place-name Coates (near Whittlesey), and elsewhere (p. 28).

Croxton. Spelt Croxtone in 1302 (F.A., p. 149); Crok-
estoiw in the Red Book ; Crochestone in Domesday Book. There
is also a Croxton in Norfolk, spelt Crokeston in 1303 (In. p.
m., p. 180), and Crochestune in a late charter; Kemble, Cod.
Dipl. iv. 245. Crokes is a late spelling of A.S. Croces, gen.
case of Croc, a personal name of which Mr Searle gives three
examples.

Ditton, better known as Fen Ditton, occurs in at least

§ 2. NAMES ENDING IN -TON. 9

four other counties. In I.C.C., p. 101, we find Dictune in
one MS., but Dittune in another ; and again, in a late copy
of a will, the dative case dictunce, also written dictune; Kemble,
Codex Diplom. iii. 272, 1. 6; 274, 1. 17. Ditton is, in fact,
the A.S. dictun, lit. ' dike-town ' ; the ct passed into tt by
assimilation, precisely as the Lat. dictum became detto in
Italian.

Drayton was spelt as now as early as 1210 (R.B.).
Domesday has Draitone. Various old Charters have Dreyton
aud Drayton ; but they are all spurious or of late date, as
the spelling shows. The earliest spelling is Drcegtun, as in
Kemble, Codex Diplom. vi. 139. The history of the A.S. drceg,
also found as ge-drceg, is not quite clear; but it probably
signified 'a drawing together,' and hence, a small band of
men. Another sense of the modern E. dray, in provincial
English, is "a squirrel's nest"; and the familiar "brewer's
dray " is probably the same word. See gedraeg in Bosworth
and Toller, and dray in N.E.D. and E.D.D. (English Dialect
Dictionary). A possible sense seems to be ' a place of shelter,'
or ' a retreat.' Cf. drceg-hcema, gen. pi., in Kemble, Cod. Dipl.
iv. 19, 1. 22.

Foxton, spelt Foxetune in Domesday Book, requires no
explanation.

Girton. Spelt Oyrttone and Grettone in 1434 ; Annales
Monast. S. Albani, ii. 99, 101. In all older spellings of
Girton, from the fourteenth century backwards, the r imme-
diately follows the G. In 1316 (F.A., p. 152), we find
Grettone; in 1270 (In. p. m., p. 33) Gretton; in 1230 (R.B.)
Greittone ; in Domesday Book Gretone. In a charter dated
1060, we find the spelling Gretton; Kemble, Codex Diplom.
iv. 145, 1. 23 ; but the charter is certainly not of the date
assigned to it, as is proved by the comparatively late spellings
of the English words cited at p. 147. We clearly have to
deal with the same place-name as that which is elsewhere
spelt Gretton ; there are, in fact, two places still so called,

10 THE PLACE-NAMES OF CAMBRIDGESHIRE.

one in Gloucestershire and one in Northamptonshire1. Two
solutions are possible ; one, that gret-ton is equivalent to
great-ton, i.e. "a large homestead," quite different from what
would now be understood by a great town ; and in this con-
nexion it is worth observing that England contains at least
six places named Littleton. The other solution is that gretton
is the same word as the prov. E. gratton, which Bailey explains
as " grass which comes after mowing, stubble, ersh, or eddish,"
though it means, more strictly, the enclosure where such grass
grows. The E.D.D. treats this word fully; and to this the
reader is referred. And compare Gratten in the N.E.D.

Harlton. The spelling Harleton occurs in 1339 (Ely
Registers). As ar usually answers to an earlier er, we may
here see an A.S. name due to a name-prefix beginning with
Herl-. Hence it is that I.C.C. has both Harletona and Herle-
tona. The prefix Herle- represents a late pet-name Herla
(gen. Herlan), probably short for *Herela, and formed from
a name beginning with Here-, such as Herebeald or Herefrith.
(Distinct from Herl- for Erl, Eorl, in which the H is inorganic.)

Harston. The spelling Hardlestone occurs in 131G (F.A.,
154), Hardlistone in 1298 (In. p. m., p. 147), and Hardeleston
in 1291 (Taxatio Ecclesiastica). The first part of the name
represents the genitive case of the A.S. name of the original
owner; but what was the exact form of that name the evidence
is hardly sufficient to show. A highly probable form of the
name is Hardidf, a later form of Heardivulf.

Hauxton. Spelt Haukestone in 1316 (F.A. 154). The
earlier spelling is Hauekestune, in a charter of Edward the
Confessor; Kemble, Cod. Dipl. iv. 245; which appears in
Domesday Book as Havocliestun. Hauek is a later spelling
of the A.S. hafoc, a hawk, probably, used as a man's name ;
as to which Toller remarks that it is found in many names
of places. Compare Hawkesbury, Hawksdale, Hawksdown,
Hawkshead, and Hawksworth.

1 The place in Nhants. is spelt Gretton in the Chronicle of Ramsey Abbey.
The Gretton in Kemble, Cod. Dipl. iv. 145, seems to be Girton.

§ 2. NAMES ENDING IN -TON. 11

HiNXTON. The spelling Hyngeston occurs in the Ely
Registers in 1341 ; and Hengestone in the Ramsey Chartulary.
It is certainly a contraction of Hengestestun, the town of
Hengest ; as there are several other places which present
similar forms. A clear case is that of Hengestes-ig, now
called Hinksey, in Berkshire. Hengest is a famous name ;
the literal sense is ' stallion.' I find the spelling Henxton in
1291 (Taxatio Ecclesiastica, p. 267).

Histon. Spelt Histone in 1284 (F.A. 138); Hestona in
the Pipe Roll (1165). But it seems to be a contracted form ;
for D.B. has both Histone and Histetone; and I.C.C. has
Hestitona. In the Inquisitio Eliensis (I.C.C, p. 99), a certain
man is called Lemarais de Haustitona (v.r. Lemma de Hincsti-
tona), who is elsewhere (p. 38) called Lemarws de Hestitona.
I do not understand whether this means that the place was
confused with Hinxton ; or whether we may connect Hesti-
with Hwsta, a name which is suggested by Hcvstan-dic in
Kemble, Cod. Dipl. iii. 209, 1. 5. The name remains unsolved.

Ickleton. As the old spelling was Iceling-tun, the true
suffix was -ing-ton. Hence this name will be considered
amongst the next set; see p. 17.

Kingston. Spelt Kingestone in 1210 (R.B.); where hinges
is the genitive of king, late spelling of cyning, a king.
Domesday Book has Chingestone, where the chi- represents ki-,
as in other instances. The correct old spelling Cyninges-tl In
occurs in Kemble, Cod. Dipl. i. 318, 1. 3, with reference to
Kingston in Surrey.

Linton. This corresponds to the form Lin-tun in Kemble,
Cod. Dipl. iii. 368. Lin- may very well be the same as lin-
in Unseed, representing the A.S. lln, early borrowed from Lat.
I J man, flax. If so, the sense is 'flax-enclosure.' Any allusion
to the Welsh llyn, a lake, is highly improbable. On the other
hand, allusion to the A.S. lind, a lime-tree, is just possible.
But the A.S. leah-tun, wyrt-tun, both with the sense of
'garden,' shew that such a compound as iJn-ti'm is whal we

12 THE PLACE-NAMES OF CAMBRIDGESHIRE.

should most expect. In fact, we find lln-land with the same
sense ; Kemble, Cod. Dipl. iii. 400, 1. 5.

Long Stanton. Stanton is the A.S. stan-tun, lit. ' stone-
enclosure'; and is very common. The Latinised prefix longa
occurs as early as 1302 (F.A. 148).

Malton. There is a Malton Farm at Orwell, of which the
older spelling is Malketon. This form occurs as early as 1279
(Hand. Rolls), and as late as in Fuller's Worthies of England. I
can throw no light on this singular form. Compare Melksham,
and perhaps Mealcing in Kemble, Cod. Dipl. iii. 416.

Milton. The derivation of Milton would seem to be
obvious, viz. from mill and town. But we have the clearest
evidence that the old form was really Middleton, as it appears
in Domesday Book, and in numerous charters, &c, down to
the time of Fuller. It is a very common name ; there are
more than 20 Middletons in various parts of England. In
the case of our Middleton, the reference may be to its posi-
tion between Cambridge and Waterbeach, on the way to
Ely. It appears as Mideltun in a late charter ; Kemble,
Cod. Dipl. iv. 245.

Newton. Mentioned in 1302 (F.A. 141); and in a late
charter in Kemble, Cod. Dipl. iv. 245, with the spelling

Neutun. No explanation is needed.

Rampton. Spelt Ramptone in 1210 (R.B.). The spelling
in Domesday Book is Rantone, which is merely a French
travesty of the word, and does not much help us; but ICC.
has Ramtune. These forms suggest that the p is an inserted
letter, due to the strong emphasis on the final mm of the
A.S. ramm, a ram. As to the name, compare Foxton, and
especially the three Sheptons and ten Shiptons, usually
meaning 'sheep-town.' Ram is quoted by Sir H. Ellis as
a personal name ; but if this were intended, we should expect
the modern form to be Ramston.

§ 2. NAMES ENDING IN -TON. 13

Royston. Spelt Roystone in 1428 (F.A. 189). This is
one of the places of later origin, in which the prefix is
Norman, as shown by the occurrence of the diphthong oy.
The story has been recorded by Dugdale (Monast. Anglic.
torn. 2, p. 264) and Tanner (Notitia Monastica) ; whence it
appears that a certain Lady Roese set up a wayside cross at
a certain spot, which obtained the name of Crux Roesice in
Latin, and Cruceroys in Norman ; see the index to the
Ramsey Chartulary; also spelt Cruce Reys in 1292 (In. p. m.,
p. Ill), and Cvoyrois in 1263 (the same, p. 25). At a later
date, in the time of Henry II., Eustace de Merc founded
a priory of Black Canons, near the same spot. A small town
soon grew up near the priory, and obtained the name of
Roese-toivn from its proximity to the cross of the Lady Roese.
The Crux Roesie is referred to in 1316, in Feudal Aids (Record
Series), i. 156, and later. Roese, otherwise Roise, Reise, or
Rohaise is a feminine name, of which Miss Yonge, in her
History of Christian Names, p. 204, gives two wild etymolo-
gies. It is more to the point that she gives two examples.
"Rohais [Rohaise?] wife of Gilbert de Gaunt, died in 1156;
and Roese de Lucy was wife of Fulbert de Dover, in the
time of Henry II." Royse occurs as a surname in the Clergy
List; and the Latinised form Rohesia is in the Ingoldsby
Legends. It represents (says Mr Stevenson) a continental
Saxon name beginning with Hroth- ; possibly HrothstuvQ.

Saxton, Saxon Street. Saxton is now absorbed in the
parish of Wood Ditton, in which there is a considerable
hamlet still called Saxon Street. Saxtone occurs in 1284
(Feudal Aids, i. 139), and Sextone in Domesday Book ; probably
from 0. Merc. Saxan-tun, Saxa's enclosure, though this should
rather have been represented in D.B. by Sexetone. The old
name of the street may likewise have been Saxan-strd't, the
form Saxan being preserved by association with Saxon.

Sutton. In Domesday Book, Sudtone; A.S. SicStun, lit.
" south town." I may note here that the four points of the
compass are often represented by names in -ton in various
counties; as in Norton, Sutton, Easton, and Weston.

14 THE PLACE-NAMES OF CAMBRIDGESHIRE.

Weston Colville. I.e. "west town," as noted above.
The place is quite close to West Wratting, with the same
prefix. Colville is a family name of Norman origin. In a
Hist, of Cambs. dated 1851, it is stated that the Colvilles
obtained the manor of Weston in the time of Edward I. The
index to the Ramsey Chartulary mentions a Colville who was
sheriff of Huntingdon.

Wilburton. The oldest spelling is Wilburhtun ; Kemble,
Cod. Dipl. vi. 98, 1. 5. The prefix is Wilburh, remarkable as
being a feminine name only. The same prefix appears in
Wilbraham, as shown at p. 24. A more correct form would
be Wilburgetun, where Wilburge is the gen. case of Wilburh.
This true genitive occurs in Wilburge-ham.

§ 3. The suffix -ing-ton.

The next set of names includes those that end in -ington ;
which must be divided into two classes. The former is that
in which the form -ing is original ; the latter, that in which
it has been substituted for some other prefix. The distinction
is one that involves some difficulties ; so that the results are,
to a slight extent, uncertain. As to this point, see Kemble's
Saxons in England, i. 60, and the note ; and the list of names
containing -ing at p. 456 of the same volume. I have grave
doubts as to the originality of -ing in Abington and Barrington;
and even in Conington the sense is doubtful ; so that these
names will be considered separately.

Arrington. Of this name there are two spellings. On
the one hand, we find Arington in 1270 (In. p. m., p. 33),
and in 1284 (F.A. 137). But the real name must have been
Arnington, since we frequently find that form, not only in 1302
(F.A. 146), but in D.B. and I.C.C., p. 110, where the form is
Erningetone, described as being in "Wederlai" hundred, and
also spelt JErningetune. This is clearly right, and the prefix
is the same as in Arningford ; i.e. it means " the settlement
of the sons of Mxi\ or Earn " ; where earn (tern) originally

§ 3. NAMES ENDING IN -IXGTON. 15

meant " eagle." It evidently became Arlington by association
with Barrington, which is not far off.

Doddington. Spelt Docbjngtone in 1302, in Feudal Aids,
i. 151 ; but Dodinton in Domesday Book, with in for ing.
There are many traces of the Doddings, as there are five other
Doddingtons, and a Doddinghurst in Essex. Hence Doddington
is the "town uf Doddings"; and the Doddings were the sons
of Dodda, an A.S. name of which we have more than a dozen
examples.

Impington. Some of the early spellings omit the ng;
thus we tind Impetone in 1302 (F.A. 148). Other spellings,
all of them Norman, have ouly n fur ng; as Impyntone in
1316 (F.A. 153): Empintone in 1210 (R.B.). Domesday Book
has Epintone, obviously an error for Empintone, as above; cf.
Empintona in I.C.C. p. 174. A late copy of a charter has
Impintun ; Kemble, Cod. Dipl. iv. 245. The change from em
to im is not uncommon, whilst the change from en to in
occurs several times; thus limbeck is a later form of alembic,
and think is from A.S. thencan. Hence the change from
Emp- to Imp- is regular, and we learn that Emp- is the
older form. In this way, we arrive, at any rate, at a form
Empintun. We could not be quite sure that the nt is
a Norman way of writing ngt (as is very frequently the
case) but for the fortunate circumstance that the original
Emping- is perfectly preserved in the name of Empingham
in Rutlandshire ; from which Kemble correctly inferred that
the Empingas were an Old English tribe. See Kemble's
Saxons in England, i. 463. Hence Impington certainly means
" town of the Empings." The name Empa is recorded in
Kemble, Cod. Dipl. iii. 440 ; though the MS. is late and of
slight authority. There is a mention of Thomas de Norman-
tile, dominus de Empingham, in the Chronicon Petrobur-
gense (Camden Society), p. 74.

Leverington. We find Liuerington in 1285 (Cat. A.D.,
vol. ii), and Leveryngtone in 1302 (F.A. 151). The probability
that Levering represents a tribal name is suggested by tin-

16 THE PLACE-NAMES OF CAMBRIDGESHIRE.

existence of two Levertons (without the -ing) in Notts, and
Lincolnshire. The index to Kemble has Leoferes-haga, i.e.
" Lever's haw " ; where Leo/ere represents the A.S. Leof-here,
an A.S. personal name.

Litlington. The spelling in Domesday Book is Lidlintone,
but later authorities have Lytlyngtone, Litlyngtone (F.A. 150,
189), and the like. I.C.C. has Lidlingtone, Litlingtona ; and
there is a Lidlington in Beds. Another spelling is Lutlingtone,
in 1316 (F.A. 156). As the Mid. Eng. i, y, and u all occa-
sionally represent an A.S. y, we see that the derivation might
possibly be from an A.S. form *Lydila, from a base Lad- ; cf.
Luddesbroc, &c, in Kemble's index.

OAKINGTON. This place has lost an initial H, which appears
in all the older spellings; thus we find Hokingtone in 1284
(F.A. 138), and Hochintone in Domesday Book ; I.C.C. has
Hokintona. It is spelt Hokington in Fuller's Worthies. The
sense is " town of the Hocings." Hoeing is a tribal name,
from the personal name Hoc or Hoca. The genitive of Hoc
occurs in Hoces byrgels ; and that of Hoca in Hocan edisc ;
both in Kemble's Index. Hoc occurs in Beowulf; and the
Hocings are mentioned in the very old A.S. poem named
The Traveller. The o is usually marked as long, which would
come out as Hook in modern English. In order to produce
the modern Oakington, the vowel must have been shortened
at an early date, and afterwards again lengthened in the
usual way. Such processes are not uncommon; and we may
particularly note the curious forms Hoggitone, found in 1284
(F.A. 137) ; and Hoccltintona, Hockingtona (as well as Hokintona)
in I.C.C.

Trumpington. Well known from its mention by Chaucer,
in the first line of the Reves Tale, where the Ellesmere MS.
has the spelling Trumpyngton. The form Trumpington occurs
in 1270 (In. p. m., p. 33); though the Norman scribes of
the thirteenth century usually give it as Trumpintone, with
a vicious reduction of ng to n, as is their usual habit. It

§ 3. NAMES ENDING IN -INGTON. 17

even occurs as Trumpintun in a late copy of an A.S. Charter ;
Kemble, Cod. Dipl. iv. 245. The history of the name is un-
known ; but we may fairly assume, with Kemble, the existence
of a tribe of Trumpingas or Trumpings.

Wimblington. This is a place of small importance, near
to Doddington. Mr Foster notes that, in the account of the
monastery of Ely in Dugdale's Monasticon, there is a schedule
of the properties belonging to it in 30 Henry VIII (vol. i.
p. 493). Amongst these appears Doddington, and Wimblington
appears as Willmington and Wymelyngton.

Of these forms, the older is Wilmington, which suffered
metathesis and so became Wimlington or Wimelington, and
afterwards Wimblington, with an inserted b. Mr Stevenson
finds Wihnyngton (in company with Doddington) in 1387 (Cal.
Pat. Roll, p. 298). It is of the same origin as Wilmington
(Devon.), and represents a form *Wil(h)elming-tun, from the
personal name Wilhelm (William).

Ickleton. Amongst the names in -ington we must include
also Ickleton. All the early spellings give various forms of
Iklyngton, or (in 1210) Iclintone (R.B.). Domesday Book has
Inchelintone and Hichelintone, where che is equivalent to he.
The true A.S. spelling is Iceling-tun, for which there is good
authority, viz. iElfhelm's Will ; see Birch, Cart. Saxon, iii. 630,
1. 24. Iceling is regularly formed from the A.S. personal name
Icel, which occurs in the A.S. Chronicle, under the date 626 ;
where we are told that Cnebba was Iceling, or the son of Icel,
and Icel was Eomwring, or the son of Eomier. In the Life
of Guthlac, we are told that the Iclingas were a Mercian
family to which Guthlac belonged ; see Bosworth's Diet.,
p. 585. There is an Icklingham in Suffolk ; and it is a re-
markable fact that the name of Ickleford in Herts, is also
a contraction of Icklingford, as may be seen by consulting
the index to the Ramsey Chartulary1. None of these names
can by any possibility be connected, as is often gratuitously
assumed, with the Icenhild in Icenhilde iveg (Ichenhild-way).
1 But the Chronicle of Ramsey Abbey has Teles forde.
Q. A. S. Octavo Series. No. XXXVI. 2

18 THE PLACE-NAMES OF CAMBRIDGESHIRE.

The reason why the Z;-sound was preserved in Iceling instead
of its being turned into Icheling is simply that the e dropped
out by contraction, giving I cling (as noted above).

Sawston. This also is proved, by the old spellings, to
have originated from a tribal name. It was originally a word
of four syllables. In 1284 we find Sausitone (F.A. 137), and
in 1210 it is Sausintone (R.B.) ; Domesday Book has Salsiton ;
and in I.C.C. we find Salsintona. But even these are abbre-
viated forms. The Chronicle of Ramsey Abbey has Salsingetun,
Salsingetune, and the Latinised form Selsingetona (p. 50). This
variation between a and e suggests that the A.S. vowel may
have been ce; and, if so, the corresponding A.S. form is
* Scelsinga-tiin, or "town of the Sa?lsings." We have no means
of deciding whether this form is correct ; but the suffix -inge
or -inga (gen. plural from -ing) is sufficient to show that the
reference is to the settlement of a tribe, even though we
cannot be quite sure as to the spelling of the name of the
tribe's progenitor.

Abington. The form of the word is misleading. It was
formerly Abyntone in 1302 (F.A., p. 150), and Abintone in
the Red Book, Domesday Book, and I.C.C. As in the case
of Abingdon in Berks., the modern Abing- really represents
Abban, gen. of Abba, a common A.S. name. See iElfric's
Will, in Earle's Land Charters, p. 223, 1. 1. There is another
Abington in Northamptonshire, and this likewise was formerly
Abintone, as in the Ramsey Chartulary.

Barrington. The old spellings are Barntone in 1210
(R.B.), Barentone in 1284 (F.A. 137), Baryngtone in 1428
(F.A. 182). The form in Domesday Book and in I.C.C. is
Barentone. The prefix Baren- answers to A.S. Bceran, gen. of
a personal name Baira. See three examples of this in Kemble's
index.

Conington. The old spellings, according to Mr Foster, are
Gonintone, 1210 (R.B.), 1302 (F.A. 148), and Gonitone, 1346,
1428 (F.A. 166, 185); also Gunitone, D.B. However, we find

§ 4. NAMES ENDING IN -HAM. 19

the spellings Conington in 1290 (In. p. m., p. 103); Cuninctune
in the index to the Chronicle of Ramsey Abbey ; and Cunning-
tPn in the Will of ./Elfhelm of Wratting, written in fairly good
Anglo-Saxon ; see Birch, Cart. Saxon iii. 630 ; and the land
at Wratting had been granted to Elfhelm by King Eadgar
in 974. Hence the spelling with -ing is well established, and
there is a personal name Cuna from which it might be derived.
Compare Connington in Hunts. At the same time, we cannot
be quite sure that we really have here a tribal name. The
prefix might represent the Icel. hmung-, from konnngr, a king.

§ 4. The suffix -ham.

The next suffix to be discussed is -ham. It arises from
two A.S. suffixes which were originally quite distinct; see the
excellent articles on Ham, sb. (2) and Ham, sb. (3) in the New
Eng. Dictionary ; and cf. Kemble, Cod. Dipl. iii. p. xxvii. The
two A.S. forms are (1) ham (with short a), also appearing as
hamm and horn, with the sense of "enclosure" or "place
fenced in," connected with the modern E. verb to hem in ; and
(2) ham, modern English home, meaning a village or village
community, often shortened to ham (with short a) when
bearing the stress and preceding a consonant, as in Hampstead
(lit. homestead), or when occurring in an unstressed position,
as in Wick-ham (lit. village-home). As there is no distinction
of form in the modern English names, the two will be taken
together ; they cannot always be distinguished.

Babraham. The old spellings are Badburham (R.B.) and
Badburgham ; Domesday Book has the latter ; the full form
Badburgeham is in I.C.C. The name is composed of known
elements. The former is Bad- ; see Sweet, O. Eng. Texts,
p. 593 ; it occurs, e.g. in Bad-helm.

The latter is the common feminine suffix -burh, as in
Wilburhton, Wilburton. Hence the personal name was Bad-
burh, the name of a woman, the gen. case being Badburge.
The suffix would be ham (with short a), if the statement

2—2

20 THE PLACE-NAMES OF CAMBRIDGESHIRE.

were correct which is quoted from Taylor in the New Eng.
Dictionary, that ham (home) is not used with the name of an
individual. But there are certainly some exceptions to this
empirical rule, even among the place-names here considered ;
and it is positively contradicted by examples ending in -haam ;
see Sweet, O. E. Texts, p. 426.

BADLINGHAM ; near Chippenham. So spelt in 1284; and
Badelmgham in 1302 (F.A., 136, 143). The A.S. form would
be Badelinga-hdm, the home of the Badelings ; where Badeling
is formed from the personal name Badela. The gen. case
occurs in Badelan-broc, lit. Badela's brook ; Kemble, Cod. Dipl.
iii. 343, 1. 19.

Balsham. Formerly Balesham, in Henry of Huntingdon ;
also Belesham, in 1170 and 1210 (P.R., R.B.), and in Domesday
Book. Also Bellesham, in a charter dated 974, and apparently
genuine ; Kemble, Cod. Dipl. vi. 104, 1. 20. Belles and Bales
are probably variants of Bcelles, as in Bcelles wceg, Ball's way ;
Kemble, iii. 424, 1. 10. This is the gen. case of Bcell, Ball, a
personal name; and this form justifies the modern pronuncia-
tion.

Barham ; near Linton. Spelt Berkham in 1210 (R.B.) ;
Bergham in 1302, Berugham in 1346 (F.A., 145, 162);
Bercheham in Domesday Book ; but Ber chain in I.C.C. The
corresponding A.S. form is Beorh-ham, lit. " hill-enclosure."
See the account of Bartlow at p. 34.

Bottisham. We find Bottesham in 1428, Botkesham in
1400 ; Bodkesham in 1372 (Pedes Finium). An earlier form is
Bodekesham in 1210 (R.B.) ; with slight variants at other
dates ; Domesday Book has Bodichesham likewise. A late
charter has Bodekesham; Kemble, Cod. Dipl. iv. 145. The
nom. case would be Bodec, closely allied to the weak form
Bodeca, of which the gen. case Bodecan appears in Bodecan-
leage; Kemble, Cod. Dipl. i. 215. The sense is "Bodec's
enclosure."

§ 4. NAMES ENDING IN -HAM. 21

Chettisham ; near Ely. Spelt Chetisham in the Ramsey
Chartulary. Of this name I can find no further illustration.
Perhaps it is due to an A.S. name-form Cett. Compare the
weak form Getta, as in Gettan-treo ', Kemble, God. Dipl. iii. 380.

Chippenham. Spelt Chipenham in I.C.C. ; and Ghipeham
in Domesday Book. There is a Chippenham in Wilts., of
which the dat. case Gippenhamme occurs in a charter of
Alfred's; Kemble, Cod. Dipl. ii. 115, 1. 2; spelt Cippanhamme
in the A.S. Chronicle, an. 87<S. The suffix is hamm, an
enclosure. Gippan is the gen. of Gippa, a name found once
elsewhere. See the Crawford Charters, ed. Napier and Stevenson,
p. 73.

Coldham. The Ramsey Chartulary mentions the manor
of Coldham. The derivation is obvious ; from the Old Mercian
cald, cold ; and ham, an enclosure.

CoTTENHAM. Formerly Gotenham, in I.C.C. ; and in late
A.S. Charters. Goten might represent the A.S. cotan, gen. of
cota, a cot or cottage ; the sense being ' cot-enclosure ' ; (cf.
Coates and Coton ;) but this would have given a long o in
the modern form. Hence the original form should have been
written Gottan-ham, in which case it is derived from Gotta, a
known personal name. Even in that case, Gotta may once
have meant " a cottar."

Downham. Formerly Dunham (both vowels are marked
long by Kemble, but without authority); Kemble, Cod. Dipl.
iv. 209, 1. 4. From A.S. dim, a down or hill, and (probably)
ham, an enclosure.

Dullingham. Spelt Dullingeham in 1210 (R.B.), and in
Domesday Book. But we also find Dilin-, as in Dilintone, Red
Book of the Exchequer, p. 531. These answer to an A.S.
form Dyllinga-hcim, or " home of the Dyllings." We may
further compare Dilham, Norfolk, and Dilton, Wilts. And see
Dull in the N.E.D.

Fordham. Spelt Fordeham in Domesday Book. From
ford (gen. forda), a ford, and ham, (perhaps) an enclosure.

22 THE PLACE-NAMES OF CAMBRIDGESHIRE.

Haudenham. Spelt Hadenham in 1300 (Cat. Ancient
Deeds); Hadreham in Domesday Book; Hadreham, Hcederham,
Hadenham in I.C.C. ; A.S. Hcedan-ham, Kemble, Cod. Dipl. vi.
98. Hcedan is the gen. case of the personal name Hceda,
perhaps a variant of Heada ; cf. Headan scrcef in Birch, Cart.
Sax. i. 83, 1. 2. Here ham is " home."

Hildersham. Formerly Hildricesham ; in Domesday Book
and in the Ramsey Chartulary. From A.S. Hilderic, a personal

Isleham. Formerly Isilham, 1284; Iselham, 1302 (F.A.,
136, 143) ; Yeselham, 1321, in the Pedes Finium ; Gisleham in
Domesday Book. For A.S. Gislan-ham ; where Gislan is the
gen. case of Glsla, a personal name. Compare Glsl-, a common
A.S. name-prefix. The A.S. glsel means " a hostage " ; and the
initial g, being a mere y, was easily lost. See gisel in the
New Eng. Dictionary.

Newnham. In Cambridge. The spelling Newynham
occurs in 1346 (FA., 167), and a better form Newenham is in
the Ramsey Chartulary. The form is due to the use of the
A.S. dative, which is very common in the case of place-names,
the preposition tet being understood. The full phrase would be
ait Sam niwan hdme, lit." at the new home." Hence the n is a
mere case-suffix, and the name has the same sense as if it were
simply Newham. Kemble's Index gives several examples of
A.S. Niwan-ham as the old form of Newnham ; and of A.S.
Niwan-tun as the old form both of Newton and of Newington.
In the form Newington the -ing was substituted for the -n- or
-in- by association with the numerous names that end in
-ington, so that Newing- (like Newn-) merely represents nirnan,
the dat. of nlwe, new. In the case of Newnham, the suffix
means " home," because we find the derived form Nlwanhcvma
gemero ; for which see Kemble's Index.

Soham. Formerly Saham, as in Domesday Book ; and the
a was long ; cf. A.S. sfdn with £. stone. We have an English
spelling of it, viz. Sccgham, in a charter of the twelfth century ;

§ 4. NAMES ENDING IN -HAM. 23

see Earle, Land Charters, p. 368, 1. 8. Here ce is a modified
form of a ; so that the better spelling would be Sac/ham, which
would regularly produce the modern form. The etymology is
from sig-an (pt. t. sag), to sink down , so that the literal sense
would be " a ham or enclosure situate near a depression " or
" hollow." This suits the situation, as there was once a large
mere at Soham before the fens were drained (Imperial Cyclo-
paedia). Though the word is not otherwise known in English
(unless " depression " is the meaning of the unknown A.S. sag,
which occurs once in a doubtful passage), we have its exact
counterpart in the Bavarian saig and the Tyrolese sege, soga, a
depression or swamp ; see Saig in Schmeller's Bavarian Dic-
tionary. The alternative A.S. form Scrgham will account for
the M.E. form Seham, in the Chronicle of Ramsey Abbey ;
unless the e is an error for o, a mistake which is not uncommon.

STRETHAM. Spelt Stratham in T.C.C. The lit. sense is
" street-ham " ; an enclosure situate near an old street or
causeway. It is situate at the point where the causeway from
Earith to Haddenham, continued through Wilburton, joins the
road from Cambridge to Ely.

Swaffham. Formerly Swafham, in 1210 (R.B.); Suafam
in Domesday Book ; also Sua/ ham in a late Charter ; Kemble,
Cod. Dipl. iv. 245, 1. 20. From a personal name related to
the A.S. name-prefix Swcef-, in which the w was originally long.
See further under Swavesey ; p. 54. In the case of Swaffham
Bulbeck, the name Bulbeck is explained by the statement in
I.C.C., p. 12, that "Hugo de Bolebech " held seven and a half
hides of land at Swaffham. The better spelling Bolebec occurs
at p. 102; and this surname goes back to a Norman place-name
Bolbec, derived from bull (Icel. bolt) and beck, a stream. It
is spelt Bolebek in 1284 (Feudal Aids). In 1302 we find
Swafham Prioris, which accounts for Swaffham Prior's.

Teversham. Formerly Teueresham, in 1210 (R.B.) ; in
Domesday Book it is Teuresham and Teuersham ; and Teuresham
in a late charter; Kemble, Cod. Dipl. iv. 245, 1. 23. The
corresponding A.S. form would be Teferes-ham, as if from a

24

THE PLACE-NAMES OF CAMBRIDGESHIRE.

nom. case Tefer or Tefere ; but I find no trace of this name
elsewhere, beyond the parallel form Teversall (perhaps Tefer's
hall) in Notts. The ending -ere may represent the common
name-suffix -here; and the oldest form may have been Teof-
here ; cf. Teoue-leah and Teobba in Kemble's Index.

West Wickham. The A.S. name of Wickham is Wic-Jiam ;
Kemble, Cod. Dipl. vi. 98, 1. 6. From wlc, a village, not a
native word, but borrowed from Lat. ulcus ; and ham, a home.
The a is long ; cf. Wlc-hwma, Kemble, v. 243 ; 1. 8.

Wilbraham. Spelt Wilburham in 1302 (F.A., 143). The
prefix is the same as that which begins Wilburton ; viz. the
female name Wilburh (p. 14). The genitive of Wilburh was
Wilburge; and the suffix -e is preserved in the spelling Wilbure-
ham (A.D. 1156) in the Chronicle of Ramsey Abbey. The right
form Wilburgeham is in Birch, Cart. Saxon, iii. 630.

Willingham. Formerly Wiuelingeham, as in Domesday
Book ; Weuelingham (misprinted Weuelingham) in the Ramsey
Chartulary; also, in a late charter, Uuiulingeham, misprinted
as Uuinlingeham; Kemble, Cod. Dipl. iv. 245, 1. 12 from
bottom. These spellings represent an A.S. Wifelingaham, or
" the home of the Wifelings." Wifeling is a patronymic formed
from Wifel, a name of which there are several examples in
Kemble's Index.

Witcham. Formerly Wychham, in 1302 (F.A., 151); and
Wiceham in Domesday Book, where c denotes either the sound
of E. ch or ts ; cf. Witchford (p. 63). This Wice (Wiche) repre-
sents an A.S. Wican, gen. case of Wica, related to the name-
prefix Wic-, which appears in several compounds. It is quite
distinct from Wickham (above) ; the prefix in this case being
native English.

5, 6. NAMES ENDING IN -STEAD, -WORTH. 25

§ 5. The suffix -stead.

This suffix is here almost unknown. Still, there is an
Olmstead Green, and Hall, close to Castle Camps.

Olmstead. We find Olmestede in 1302 (Feudal Aids), and
(J I misted in 1310 (in the same). The latter part of the word is
stead, a place, A.S. stede. The spelling is not old enough to
fix the former part of it with certainty. The word which most
resembles it is Du. ulm, an elm, which is merely borrowed from
the Lat. idmus. The form ulm-treow, elm-tree, occurs in A.S. ;
and it is possible that Olm- represents this ulm.

Lysons says that " Olmsted Hall was at first in the family of
Olmsted." But the family was named from some place.

§ 6. The suffix -worth.

The A.S. worth was applied to an enclosed homestead or
farm; see Bosworth and Toller's A.S. Diet., p. 1267. It is
closely allied to the A.S. weortk, worth, value ; and may be
taken in the sense of " property " or " holding " or " farm."
There are several names with this suffix.

Boxworth. Formerly Bokesworth, in 1284 (F.A.); and in
the Ramsey Chartulary (index). Domesday Book has Boches-
uuorde, with ch for the sound of c or k, and d for that of th.
The Old English prefix would be Boces (with c as k), gen. of
Boc. Boc was perhaps a Norse name rather than A.S. ; as it
answers better to Icel. bokkr, Swed. bock, a he-goat, than to the
rare A.S. buc, a buck, or he-deer ; though we find the spelling
Bukeswrth in 1228 (Pedes Finium).

Duxford. The suffix -ford is quite modern, and a substi-
tution for -worth1; we find Dokisivorth as late as in Fuller's
Worthies; so also Dokesiuorth in 1211 (R.B.), Dukesworth in

1 The intermediate form Duxforth occurs in the time of Henry VIII ; in
Valor Ecclesiasticus, iii. 504.

26 THE PLACE-NAMES OF CAMBRIDGESHIRE.

1284 (F.A.), and Dochesuuorde in Domesday Book. The corre-
sponding A.S. prefix would be Duces, gen. of Due, a name not
otherwise known, unless it be related to Duce-mannes-tun and
Duceling-duii in Kemble's Index, the latter being the modern
Ducklington, in Oxfordshire. It is certainly not the same
word as the modern duck, because the A.S. form of that word
(which is extremely rare) was duca ; and the gen. ducan could
not have produced a form in -es. Cf. Duccen-hulle in Birch,
Cart. Sax. iii. 95.

Elsworth. Formerly Ellesworthe in 1316, Elesworth in
1284 (F.A.); and Elesiuorde in Domesday Book. The A.S.
form is Elesworft, in late and perhaps spurious charters ;
Kemble, Cod. Dipl. iii. 107, iv. 145. The Ramsey Chartulary
gives the prefix as Eles-, Elis-, Elles-, Ellis-. This we may
compare with Elles-beorh in Kemble's Index, and with JElles-
burne ; from the nom. JElle, oldest form JSlli (Sweet).

Kneesworth. Spelt Knesworthe in 1316, and Knees worthe
in 1346 (F.A.); Knesworth in 1276 (Rot. Hund. p. 51). Knee
(A.S. cneo) is not recorded as a name. The A.S. cneo means
not only " knee," but " a generation."

Lolworth. Spelt Lulleworth in 1284 (F.A.) ; Lolesuuorde
in Domesday Book ; Lollesworth in the Chronicle of Ramsey
Abbey. The same name as Lulworth in Dorsetshire. Kemble's
Index has also the forms LidlesivyrS and Lidlesbeorh. The
Domesday Loles represents the A.S. Lulles, gen. case of Lull, a
known name.

Pampisford. As in the case of Duxford, the suffix -ford is
here quite modern: I find Pampsworth in 1851. Fuller has
Pampisworth, and it is the same in all early spellings, which
only vary as to the use of -es and -is. Domesday Book has
Pampesuuorde. The name Pamp, here implied, is a remark-
able one, but no more is known about it. Perhaps it is of
Scandinavian origin; compare Dan. dialect pamper, a short,
thick-set person (Molbech), and the Lincolnshire pammy, thick

§§ 6, 7. NAMES ENDING IN -WORTH, -WICK. 27

and fat (Halliwell)1. The Ramsey Chartularv mentions an
Alan Pampelin.

Papworth. Spelt Papeworde in Domesday Book. The
Ramsey (Jhartulary has Pappenwrihe and Pappeworthe. Pape
or Pappen corresponds to A.S. Pappan, gen. case of Pappa.
Cf. Papan-holt, Birch, C. S. ii. 246, 1. 2. Moreover, there is a
Papcastle in Cumberland.

Stetchworth. Spelt Stewcheworthe in 1383 (Cat. Anc.
Deeds, vol. ii.) ; Stiuicesuuorde and Stuuicesiuorde in Domesday
Book. In late charters we find the Anglo-French spellings
Steuicheswrfte, Kemble, Cod. Dipl. iv. 245, 1. 23; and Steueche-
worde, iv. 269, 1. 4 from bottom ; also Stivecheswrthe in 1235
(P.F.). The forms in Domesday Book imply an A.S. Styfices,
gen. of Styfic, or else Sty feces, gen. of Styfec2. The latter is a
known form, and further accounts for the weak form Stuca
(shortened from Styfeca) ; and consequently for Stukeley in
Hunts., of which an old spelling was Stiveclea (index to Ramsey
Chartulary).

Wentworth. Spelt Wyntewurthe in 1428 (F.A.), Wynte-
worth in 1291 (Taxatio Ecclesiastica) ; and Winteworde in
Domesday Book. Wiute answers to A.S. Wintan, gen. case of
Winta. Winta was the name of a son of Woden ; see Sweet,
Old Eug. Texts, p. 171, first line.

§ 7. The suffixes -wick and -cote.

Another suffix similar in sense to -ham and -ton is ivick.
This is not a native word ; the A.S. wlc, a dwelling, being
merely borrowed from the Lat. ulcus, a village. It appears as
the former part of a compound in Wick-ham (p. 24); but it is
also a suffix, as in Ben-wick, Hard-wick, and West-ivick.

1 The local name is Paanza, regularly shortened from PampVorth; like
Saapsa from Satoiridgeworth. The form Pampisford would have been shortened
to Paanzfud or Ponzfud, or Ponsfud, with persistent/.

2 As seen in Styfec-ing in Kemble's Index, and in Styvec-Ica (Stukeley) in
Thorpe, Diplom. p. 382, note 6.

28 THE PLACE-NAMES OF CAMBRIDGESHIRE.

Benwick. Spelt Benewik in the Ramsey Chartulary. We
have two Benningtons, viz. in Lincolnshire and Hertfordshire,
where Benning is presumably a patronymic. We may therefore
derive Ben-tvick from the A.S. Bennan, gen. case of Benna, a
known name. There is also a name Beonna, which is probably
a mere variant of the former ; see, however, the Crawford
Charters, p. 64.

Hardwick. Spelt Herdwice in 1171 (R.B.) ; Herdewic in
the Ramsey Chartulary ; Hardwic in a late charter, Kemble,
Cod. Dipl. iv. 245 ; and in I.C.C. Herdewic answers to the A.S.
Heorde-wlc (Kemble) ; from heorde, gen. of heord, a herd or
flock. There are several other parishes of the same name.

Westwick. Westtudche in Domesday Book. The prefix,
as in Westley, is the A.S. west, west. It is near Oakington.

Coates. There is a place in Cambs. named Coates, lying
to the E. of Whittlesea. This is the same word as M.E. cotes,
the pi. of cote, a cot ; and means " a collection of cottages."
For its use as a suffix, see below. The Ramsey Chartulary
mentions a Robert de Cotes. Cf. Coton, at p. 8.

Caldecott, or Caldecote. The latter form occurs in
Fuller's Worthies and in Domesday Book. It is not derived
from the O. Mercian cald (A.S. ceald), cold, and cote, a cot, in
the nominative case, but from the formula cet tha/m caldan
cotan, where the preposition cet was originally prefixed, with
the dative case following it. This is how caldan cotan, Mid.
Eng. calde cote, has produced the modern Eng. trisyllabic form.
Moreover, the a in M.E. calde was never lengthened as in the
nominative cald (modern E. cold), but remained short as at
first. This was because the final e in calde was not dropped.
The cottage was no doubt called " cold " from being in an
exposed situation.

7, 8. NAMES ENDING IN -WICK, -BRIDGE. 29

§ 8. The suffixes -bridge, -hithe, -low, and -well.

Besides the suffixes -ham and others which mark the abode
of the primitive tillers of the soil, there are others which relate
to artificial constructions, such as -bridge, -hithe, -lotv, and
-well ; which may be considered together.

The bridges are Cambridge, Pearl's Bridge, and Sturbridge.

Cambridge. In an article published at length in my book
entitled A Student's Pastime, pp. 393 — 401, I showed how the
name Cambridge is practically modern, being corrupted, b}'
regular gradations, from the original A.S. form which had the
sense of Granta-bridge ; and consequently that the town is not
derived from the name of the river Gam, which is modern and
artificial, but conversely, the name of the Cam was, in the
course of centuries, evolved out of the name of the town. Had
it been otherwise, the name of the town would have been
Camm-bridge, pronounced so that Camm would rhyme with
ham and jam. As it is, the Gam is modernised from the Latin
Camus of the 16th century. The easiest way for those who
are not much acquainted with phonetic laws to understand
this rather difficult point, is to observe the chronological facts.
And for this purpose, the successive forms of the name are
given below, with sufficient dates.

The original name is said to have been Caer-grant, meaning
"the fort (or castrum) beside the Grant"; the Grant being,
presumably, a Celtic river-name, of unknown meaning.

The Anglo-Saxon and Middle-English forms now follow.
Those with Gr- come first.

[Granta-caestir ; Beda, Eccl. Hist., bk. iv. c. 19 (8th century).
Here caestir is a Northern E. form of the Lat. castrum, used
as equivalent to the Welsh caer. This, however, has produced
the modern form Grantchester, not the name with the b?ndge.]

Grante-brycge (dat. case); A.S. Chronicle, under the date
875. The late Laud MS. has Grantan-, as though it were the
gen. case of Granta, the river-name treated as a weak sb. in -a ;
and brycge is the dat. of A.S. brycg, a bridge.

30 THE PLACE-NAMES OF CAMBRIDGESHIRE.

Gruntabrycg-sclr, i.e. Cambridge-shire ; A.S. Chronicle,
under the date 1010.

Orentebrige ; in Domesday Book.

Grentebrigia (Latinised); Pipe Roll, a.d. 1130.

Grantebrigesyre, Cambridge-shire ; in Henry of Huntingdon,
ed. Arnold, p. 9 ; first half of the twelfth century. (But a later
MS. has Kantebrigesire. The false spelling syre is due to
a Norman scribe, writing .9 for sh.)

Grantabric, Granthebrige ; Simeon of Durham, in the
Record Series, pp. 82, 111 ; twelfth century. He also has the
phrase supra Grentam fluvium.

Grauntebruggescire ; Southern English Legendary, E.E.T.S. ;
p. 347, 1. 66. About a.d. 1290.

Graimtebrugge-ssire (with .9,9 for sh) ; Rob. of Gloucester,
1. 132; about a.d. 1330 (date of the MS.). A later MS.
(about 1400) has Gambrugge-schire.

Grauntbrigge, used as a personal name ; Iohannes de
Grauntbrigge, Abbreviatio Placitorum, p. 275 ; A.D. 1283. For
examples of similar names, see the Patent Rolls, &c. The
latest mention of a " Iohannes de Grauntbrigge, qui obiit sine
herede," is in the Patent Rolls, p. 242 ; date, the second year of
Henry IV. ; A.D. 1400 — 1. After this date, the form with
initial Gr- seems to have perished, being superseded by the
forms beginning with G.

Historically, the form with Gr- was in sole use down to
a.d. 1140; and in partial use down to A.D. 1400.

The earliest date in which the initial G appears is in a
document dated 1142. The form is Gantebruggescir ; see Notes
and Queries, 8 S. viii. 314. The use of G for Gr arose from a
Norman mispronunciation ; the dropping of the r, in particular,
is clearly due to a wish to avoid the use of gr and br in the
same word. This form soon became fashionable and common.

Cantabrigia (Latinised) ; Pipe Rolls, 1150-61.

Cantebrigia; Ramsey Chartulary, iii. 243; after 1161.

Cantebrugescir ; Rotuli Chartarum in Turri ; vol. i. pars 1,
80. A.D. 1200.

Cantebrug ; Close Rolls, i. 381 ; A.D. 1218.

Cauntebrigge as a personal name ; " Iohannes de Caunte-

§ 8. NAMES ENDING IN -BRIDGE. 31

brigge," as compared with " Iohannes tie Grauntbrigge " above ;
Spelman, Glossarium, p. 544.

It is a peculiarity of Anglo-French that it frequently turns
ant into aunt ; this was due to the fact that a (before n) was
sometimes nasal. It also turned the Lat. camera (O. French
chambre) into chaumbre, or (without the nasal effect) into
chaambre, with long Italian a. This is why the a in chamber
is long in modern English. The point of this remark will
soon be seen.

Canbrigge (and of course also Caunbrigge), by the loss of t
between n and b, where it is hard to sound it; Early Eng.
Wills, ed. Furnivall, p. 105. a.d. 1436.

Cambrugge (with mb for nb) in a rather late MS. (the
Lansdowne MS.) of Chaucer's Cant. Tales; Reves Tale, first
line. After a.d. 1400. So in Rob. Glouc , 1. 132 (MS. B.).

Kawmbrege; Paston Letters, i. 82; a.d. 1449.

Caumbrege; Paston Letters, i. 422; a.d. 1458.

Gambryge (with a for an); Paston Letters, ii. 91 ; a.d. 1462.
And this has produced the modern form, with long a as in
chamber.

The following points should be noted: (1) the name always
begins with Gr down to 1140 ; (2) the initial C is first known
in 1142 ; (3) the t dropped out about 1400, changing n into m;
(4) the first three letters appear as Gam-, for the first time,
after A.D. 1400. And all the while, the river was the Granta,
though an attempt was made to call it the Cante in 1372;
Willis and Clark, Hist, of Cambridge, i. 112. The name
Granta appears repeatedly, and is still in use. " The river
Grant from Cambridge" occurs in 1617 l. At last, when the
name Cambridge was well established (after 1500), scholars,
writing in Latin, coined the name Camus for the river, which
they also sometimes spelt Chcimus. The Cambridge Review
for Nov. 14, 1895, quoted at p. 74 some verses by Giles
Fletcher, prefixed to an edition of Demosthenes published in
1571, containing the line —

Accipe quae nuper Chami fluentis ad undani.

1 See The Fenland, Past and Present, p. 205.

32 THE PLACE-NAMES OF CAMBRIDGESHIRE.

Hence Camden says : — " alii Grantam, Camum alii nuncupant " ;
a.d. 1586.

The English name Gam is later still ; first appearing about
1600. In 1610, Speed's map of Cambridge shows the " Cam " ;
and in 1613, Drayton mentions "Cam, her daintiest flood, long
since intituled Grant " ; Polyolbion, song xxi. 1. 107. Cf. " Grant
or Cam " ; Conybeare's Cambs., p. 249.

It is worth mentioning that Camden was sadly misled
when he identified Cambridge with the Latin Camboritum
{Camboricum) owing to the similarity of the names. The
identification may be correct on other grounds ; but the argu-
ment from similarity of sound is naught. It is quite impossible
that the Latin Camboricum can be allied, as to its name, with
the Granta ; whilst, as for the Gam, it was never heard of, even
as a part of the name of the town, till about 1400, at least a
thousand years after the Roman name Gamboricum was first in
use, and many centuries after it had been wholly forgotten.
And the talk about the river's crookedness, merely because the
modern Welsh word cam means crooked, is quite beside the
purpose.

Pearl's Bridge ; near Downham. Of this name I find no
history. It is doubtless modern,

Sturbridge. Also Stourbridge, as if it were " the bridge
over the Stour."

The celebrated "Stourbridge Fair," which suggested "Vanity
Fair," was held in a field bounded on the North by the
Cam, and on the East by the "Stour," a tiny rivulet which
runs under a bridge on the Newmarket road, very near the
railway to Waterbeach. See Conybeare's Cambs., p. 241. But
it is to be feared that the name of this rivulet (like that of the
Cam) is modern, and was invented to suit the exigencies
of popular etymology. For in 1279 the name was written
Steresbreg (Rot. Hund. ii. 438); as if from a personal name
Ster. Cf. Searle's Onomasticon; and A.S. Steor, a steer or ox.
At a later date the .<? dropped out ; we find " Sterrebridge apud
Cantab." in the Patent Rolls, a.d. 1418-9 ; p. 267, col. 2. Cf. also

§ 8. NAMES ENDING IN -BRIDGE, -HITHE. 33

Steresgarth (Line.) in 1348-9 ; Abbreviatio Rot. Originalium,
p. 196.

HlTHE.

Examples of Hithe occur in Clayhithe, Aldreth, and Earith.
The name Clayhithe sounds somewhat modern, as the latter
syllable preserves its distinctness. Still, it appears as Cleyhethe
in 1284 (F.A. 135) and in 1279 (Rot. Hund. vol. ii.).

Aldreth. Aldreth lies to the south of Haddenham and
to the north of a tributary of the Ouse ; a long causeway
here crosses the fenland towards Balsar's (or Belsar's) Hill. It
was on the south-west shore of the Isle of Ely, and may very
well have been named from possessing a hithe, which Kemble
defines as " a place that receives a ship on its landing, a low
shore, fit to be a landing-place for boats." It is only some four
miles in a direct line from Earith, which was named for a
similar reason, and is situate close to the Ouse itself. The
form of the word is a little difficult. The former part of it
appears as Aire- in the Pipe Rolls for 1170, 1171, and 1172,
also as Alder-, Alther- in the Cartularium Monasterii de
Rameseia (see Index). Perhaps these forms answer to A.S.
alor-, air-, aire-, combining forms of air, alor, M.E. alder, an
alder-tree. As to the latter part of the word, we find, in the
Ramsey Chronicle, Alder-hithe, Alder-hethe, Alther -hethe, and
the Latinised forms Alre-heda, Alder-heda. The Pipe Rolls
have Alre-heda, Alre-hedra (with r wrongly inserted), and
Alre-hudra (for Alre-huda) ; and since the final -da is a Latin
substitution for -the, the form of the suffix is really -hithe,
-hethe, -huthe. These represent the A.S. hptS, a hithe, of which
later forms were hithe and huthe (regularly), and the late
Kentish hffi, which gives hethe (Sievers, A.S. Grammar, 1898,
§ 154). The last form can be accounted for by the fact that
scribes were not unfrequently taught in Kent. On the whole,
the probability of this interpretation seems correct; especially
as the forms for Earith are similar. See the note on the
boundaries of the Isle of Ely, at p. 52.

C. A. S. Octavo Series. No. XXXVI. 3

34 THE PLACE-NAMES OF CAMBRIDGESHIRE.

Earith. Spelt Erhith in Sprott's Chronicle. Obviously
the same name as Erith in Kent, which is written Earhyth in
Kemble, Cod. Dip], i. 44 ; and EarhtiS (both vowels accented)
in the same, vi. 127. The Ramsey Chronicle has the spellings
Herhethe, Herhythe, Herithe, Erithe, Erethe, with reference to
Earith in Cambs. ; and as the initial H is merely due to the
freak of a Norman scribe, these can be reduced to Erhythe,
Erithe, Erhethe, Erethe. And as in the case of the name above,
the y and * represent the Wessex y in hy8, and the e represents
the Kentish e. As to Ear, the sense is known ; it was the
name of one of the Runic letters, and is used in a poem to
signify " earth " ; a word rare in A.S., but very common in
Scandinavian. For, as the A.S. ea is etymologically equivalent
to the Icel. an, we find a more exact sense by looking out aurr
in the Icelandic Dictionary, from which we learn that it means
wet clay, wet soil, or mud ; with reference, perhaps, to the silt
deposited by the salt water of the Wash. The sense, in fact,
is fairly given by " muddy landing-place " or " silt-hithe." At
the same time, the Dan. or signifies "gravel," and the Swed.
dial, or means "a sandy shore"; both are common in place-
names. Elsinore is, properly, Helsing-or. The modern spelling
of Earith simulates A.S. ea-rift, both members meaning
" stream " ; but the old spellings show that it was a hithe.

The suffix -low.

A loiv or law (A.S. hlaw) is a mound or rising ground ;
sometimes natural and sometimes artificial. In the latter case,
it generally means a burial mound or barrow. It occurs in
Bartlow, Tadlow, and Triplow.

BARTLOW. A modern form ; formerly Bevkloio, as in Fuller's
Worthies; spelt Berkelowe in 1316; Berklowe in 1428 (F.A.,
155, 192). As to the sense of Berk-, we have only to refer to
the various spellings of Barham (p. 20), in order to see that
Berk was a Norman form due to the A.S. beorh, a hill, a
tumulus, or a funeral barrow. It is clear that we have here an
instance in which an old name has been explained and trans-

§ 8. NAMES ENDING IN -HITHE, -LOW, -WELL. 35

lated by one that happened to be better understood by the
particular people who renamed it. The literal sense is "barrow,"
repeated in a different form. It may be noted that Barham
Hall is near Bartlow, and that there are conspicuous tumuli in
the neighbourhood.

Tadlow. The old spelling is Tadelowe, in 1302 (F.A.).
Domesday Book has Tadelai, where lai is an incorrect rendering
of the Old English sound ; indeed, I.C.C. has Tadeslawe. The
suffix -low means " funeral mound " or tumulus, as before. The
prefix Tade represents the A.S. Tadan, as seen again in Tadan-
ledh, now Tadley, in Hants. ; see Kemble's Index. Tadan is
the gen. case of the personal name Tdda or Tada ; for the
length of the vowel is not quite certain. It is perhaps related
to the tad- in tadpole, and to A.S. tadige, a toad. The Ramsey
Chartulary mentions a tenant named Edric Tode.

Triplow. We find the old spellings Trippelowe in 1276
(Rot. Hund. i. 52), and Trippelawe in 1302 (F.A.) ; Domesday
Book has Trepeslau; I.C.C. has Trepeslau, Treppelau. A late
AS. Charter has Tripelau (an Anglo-French spelling), mis-
printed Tripelan ; Kemble, Cod. Dipl. iv. 245. Trippe repre-
sents an A.S. Trippan, gen. of Trippa, a personal name of
which there is no other record. The tumulus at Triplow is
marked on the Ordnance Map. The spelling Thriplow (with
Th) seems to be a Norman eccentricity, like our present
spelling of Thames; cf. Thofte for Toft, p. 73.

The suffix -well.

The following names end in -well, viz. Barnwell, Burwell,
Knapwell, Orwell, Outwell, Snailwell, Upwell. They refer to
the word well in its usual sense.

Barnwell. The old spelling is Bernewell, in the time of
Henry III. and later. Somewhat earlier is Beornewelle, in a
late copy of a Charter dated 1060 ; Thorpe, Diplom. p. 383.
So also in the Ramsey Chartulary. The prefix has nothing to

3-2

36 THE PLACE-NAMES OF CAMBRIDGESHIRE.

do with the A.S. beam, a child, as has often, I believe, been
suggested1; but represents Beornan, gen. of Beorna, a pet-name
for a name beginning with Beorn-. It is worth noting that,
as appears from Kemble's Index, the prefix beorn, a warrior,
occurs at least nine times in place-names, whilst beam, a child,
does not occur at all. And again, the prefix Beorn- occurs in
more than 200 instances in Searle's Onomasticon ; whereas the
occurrence of Beam is rare, and perhaps doubtful. The dif-
ference between the words, which are quite distinct, is admirably
illustrated in the New Eng. Diet., under the words berne and
bairn.

Burwell. Spelt Burewelle in Domesday Book ; Burge-
welle in 1346 (F.A.) ; Burewelle in a late copy of the charter of
1060; Thorpe, Diplom. 383. It is to be compared with
Buregwell, Burliwylla, Byrgwylla in Kemble's Index. Thus
the prefix is bnrge,gen. case of the A.S. burh, a borough, a fort;
which probably stood on the spot where King Stephen after-
wards constructed a castle ; cf. Conybeare, Hist. Cambs. p. 114.

But I.C.G. has Buruuelle, as if the original were simply
burh-wylle, " borough-well." The difference is slight.

Knapwell. Formerly Gnapwelle, in 1330 (Cat. Ancient
Deeds, vol. 2) ; Domesday Book has Ghenepewelle, where the
initial Ch represents K, and the following e is inserted merely
to enable the unfortunate Norman to pronounce the initial Kn,
A.S. Cn. For the spelling Cnapemvelle, see the footnote no. 12
to Thorpe, Diplom. p. 383 ; and compare Gnapenewelle, Gnappe-
welle, in the Ramsey Chartulary (index). The prefix repre-
sents A.S. Cnapan, gen. case of Gnapa, a known name. The
spelling Gnapenwelle shows that it is not from A.S. cmep (gen.
enwppes), a hill-top.

Orwell. Formerly Orewelle, in 1284 (F.A.); the form
Norwelle (in 1210, R.B.) is due to a misapprehension of the
phrase atten Orewelle, " at the Orewelle," which is a common
formula in Middle English. Domesday Book has Oreuuelle,

1 See the highly imaginative passage to this effect, quoted in Conybeare's
History, App. p. 291.

§ 8. NAMES ENDING IN -WELL. 37

also Orduuelle, Oreduuelle ; but the d is a Norman insertion,
and may be neglected ; cf. Oreuuella in I.C.C. The prefix is
the A.S. oran, gen. case of ora, a border, edge, brink, or margin ;
which, as Prof. Toller notes, is common in place-names, though
it usually comes at the end rather than at the beginning.
Still we have Oran-tueg in Kemble's Index ; and such place-
names as Or-cop, Heref. ; Or-ford, Suff., Or-ton, Cumb. ; and
Ore, standing alone, in Sussex, also spelt Oare, as in Kent.
The sense is " well beside the brink."

Out-well. I.e. the well lying just outside the village.
From A.S. ut, out.

Snail-well. Compounded of snail and well, as the old
spellings show. Mr Foster gives Sneilwella (1169, P.R.) ;
Sneyllwelle (1441, Cat. Anc. Deeds, vol. 2); Sneilewelle (1302),
Sneylwelle (1316), Snaylleivelle (1284), Snaylewell (1428, F.A.).
A late copy of a charter of Edward the Confessor has Sneille-
welle ; Kemble, Cod. Dipl. iv. 245 ; cf. Snegeluuelle in I.C.C.
We may be reminded that many place-names were conferred
for trivial reasons. The false spelling Sneilewelle in Domesday
Book has misled some writers, who have referred it to Snell as
a man's name, as in Snelston, Derbyshire, where the inserted s
is significant. But even the modern pronunciation is some-
times more correct than Domesday Book ; as several examples
show. It was not till the end of the thirteenth century that
the Normans at last controlled the spelling of English. I may
add that the small river flowing from this place is now called
the River Snail.

Upwell. From up and well ; a well that is above the
path-way. Compare Up-ham, Up-wood, and the 24 Up-tons.

§ 9. The suffixes camp, Chester, dike, hale, hirn,
lode, port, retii, ware.

Besides the above, there are other suffixes referring to other
artificial features, which may be here noticed ; such as camp,
Chester, dike, hale, hirn, lode, port, reth, ware.

38 THE PLACE-NAMES OF CAMBRIDGESHIRE.

Camp. Our word camp, in the sense of encampment, is
comparatively modern in literature, and due to the Italian
campo ; see the New Eng. Diet. The A.S. Diet, only gives
camp in the sense of " battle," the sense of " encampment "
being denoted by camp-stede. Nevertheless, the A.S. camp, in
place-names, and there only, has also the sense of " open field "
or "plain ground"; a sense which was borrowed immediately
from the Lat. campus. This is proved by the occurrence in
Kemble's Index of the form Gampswtena gemcero, which
Bosworth's Dictionary does not notice ; it cannot have any
other sense than " boundaries of the settlers in the camp " or
" field." The sense of " battle " is here impossible. So also in
Todan camp ; Birch, C.S. ii. 585, 1. 8.

That the word camp (as a place-name) is old, is proved by
its occurrence as Campes in I.C.C., and by the characteristic
Norman spelling Gaumpes in 1302 (F.A.), with reference to
Shudy Camps. We also find, with reference to Shudy Camps,
the forms Schude Camp, 1284, Scliode Gaumpes, 1302 (F.A.).
Compare also the name Martin de Campo, in the Ramsey
Chartulary.

Castle-Camps; i.e. "castle fields." It requires no further
illustration.

Shudy Camps. Shudy is said (in the Hist. Cambs., 1851)
to have been the name of a family who once possessed the
manor; but it arose, nevertheless, from the name of some place.
The variation from u to o in the spellings Schude, Schode,
shows that the u was originally short. Indeed, the fondness of
Norman scribes for writing o instead of short u is notorious ;
we all write monk to this day instead of munk. Moreover,
the modern pronunciation shows the same thing ; for a long
u would have produced a modern ow, as in cow from cu. As
the M.E. u not unfrequently represents the A.S. y, the A.S.
form (without the suffix) would be scydd. This form is given
by Toller, with a difficult quotation from Kemble's Charters.
He proposes the sense " alluvial ground" ; and correctly equates
it to G. schutt. We have, in fact, some choice of senses ;

§ 9. NAMES ENDING IN CAMP, -CHESTER. 39

the E. Friesic schudde (like Du. schadde) means " a sod, a
piece of turf"; the Low G. schudde means "alluvial soil";
and the G. schutt means " a bank of earth, a mound," or some-
times "rubble." My guess is that Shudy originally referred to
some peculiarity of the soil of some (unknown) place. There
was a Shudeford in Devon (In. p. m., p. 71).

Chester. This represents the A.S. ceaster, borrowed from
the Latin castrum, a camp. The sole examples are Chester-ton
and Grant-chester. The latter means the camp beside the
Granta. Chesterton is spelt Cestretone in Domesday Book,
where Ce denotes the sound of E. Che ; and conversely, the
Norman Che denotes E. Ke, as already shown. There is a
Chesterton in Warwickshire which shows the true A.S. spelling
Ceaster-tun ; see Kemble's Index.

As for Grantchester, the A.S. spelling is Grantaceaster in
Kemble, Cod. Dipl. iii. 58, 1. 4. The charter is probably spurious
as far as the Latin part of it is concerned ; but it is worth
notice that the phrase " in prouincia Grantaceaster " certainly
seems to mean Cambridgeshire. The spelling Granteceaster
occurs in section 3 of the Life of St Guthlac, ed. Goodwin,
p. 20, where the river is called the Grante ; and the passage is
so curious that I quote Goodwin's translation. " There is in
Britain a fen of immense size, which begins from the river
Grante not far from the ceaster, which is named Granteceaster.
There are immense marshes, now a black pool of water, now
foul running streams, and also many islands, and reeds, and
hillocks, and thickets; and with manifold windings wide and
long it continues up to the north sea." But there is a far older
reference in Beda, Eccl. Hist. iv. 19 : — "uenerunt ad ciuitatulam
quaudam desolatam...quae lingua Anglorum Granta caestir
uocatur " ; see the ed. by Mayor and Lumby, p. 128, 1. 28.

In a passage in Lysons' Hist, of Cambridgeshire, p. 202, it
is noted that Walter de Merton gave to Merton College, Oxford,
a certain " manerium de Grauntesethe " ; and it has often, I
believe, been supposed that this form is only another spelling
of Grantchester. Such seems to be the fact ; though there may

40 THE PLACE-NAMES OF CAMBRIDGESHIRE.

have been some confusion with the A.S. scete, " settlers." Mr
Foster has also noted the spellings Grantecete (1284), Gransete
(1302), Graunsete (1428), in F.A., 137, 146, 194. I find in
Domesday Book Granteseta, Grantesete; and Grenteseta in I.C.C.,
p. 70.

Dike. This has already occurred in the name Ditton. I
find in Conybeare's Cambridgeshire, p. 14, a reference to the
Brand Ditch, the Brent Ditch, the Fleam Dike, and the Devil's
Dike. The explanation of the names Brand and Brent, as
meaning " burnt," is incorrect. The fact is that Brand Ditch
clearly stands for Brant Ditch, the t followed by d becoming d
by assimilation. And Brant is a mere variety of Brent ; both
words mean " steep," and are explained in the New English
Dictionary. The reference is to the remarkably steep sides of
the dikes. The phrase " highe bonkkes and brent," i.e. " high
and steep banks," occurs in Sir Gawain and the Grene Knight,
1. 2165; and Ascham, in his Toxophilus (ed. Arber, p. 58)
speaks of " a brante hyll-syde." The A.S. for " burnt " never
takes the form brent, which is merely Middle English.

Neither has the Fleam Dike any connexion with " flame,"
which is a foreign word, unknown in England before 1300.
There is a Cambridgeshire hundred, called Flendish, which
is merely a variant of the same word. The old spellings (P.R .,
F.A.) are Flemedich (1158), Flemesdich (1284), Flemdiche (1302,
1401). By the action of the d on the preceding m, the last
became Flendiche in 1428 ; and the latter syllable was turned
into -dish at a still later date. Diche is, of course, our modern
ditch, a mere variant of dike ; see the New English Dictionary.
And it is obvious that the Mid. Eng. Fleme is the modern E.
Fleam. The spellings in Domesday Book present a startling
variation. It gives the name of the hundred as Flamingdice
and Flamiding or Flammiding. The latter forms are obviously
incorrect, and due to putting the ng in the wrong syllable
when attempting to pronounce the word ; the right form is
clearly Flaming-dice, where dice is the Norman spelling
of diche, the M.E. form of ditch. Cf. also Flamencdic, Flam-
mincdic, in I.C.C. Hence the original form of the prefix was

§ 9. NAMES ENDING IN DIKE, -HALE. 41

certainly Flamenc in the time of the Conqueror. This word is
not A.S., but O.Fr. Flamenc, represented by the Late Lat.
Flaming us, a Fleming. Ducange quotes an example from a
French document dated 1036, or thirty years before the
Conquest ; and the Old Norse form Flcemingi is given in Vig-
fusson l. Why it received this name, we have of course no
means of knowing. The subsequent change to Fleam Dike
was probably due to popular etymology, which connected the
name with the A.S. fleam, flight, and fliema, a fugitive; as if it
were the dike of fugitives or of refuge. It is certainly curious
that, on a visit to the Fleam Dike, I met with an inhabitant
of the neighbourhood who wished me to understand that the
dike had been made by the Flemings ; so that the tradition of
the name in Domesday Book is remembered even at the
present day. The spelling Flemigdich (error for Flemingdich)
appears as late as 1279, in the Hundred Rolls, ii. 445.

Hale. The suffix -hale occurs only in Yen Hall, formerly
Enhale, and in Mep-hale, the old spelling of Mepal in F.A., in
1302, 1337, 1346, 1428, and much later. The word hale,
" a corner, nook, a secret place," is fully explained in the New
Eng. Dictionary ; from heale, hale, dat. of A.S. healh, Old
Mercian halh, a derivative from the second grade of A.S. helan,
to hide. We may here explain it by " retreat."

Mepal. In this form, the prefix Mep- is probably personal.
It occurs again in Mep-ham, Kent; of which the A.S. forms
are Meapa-ham, Meapham ; see Kemble's Index. The ea is
long, because short ea does not occur between an m and a p.
There is no further trace of it. Meapa looks like a genitive
plural, as if Meapas was the name of a tribe.

Enhale. This is an old parish which, as I am informed,
has been absorbed into West Wickham"-' ; and the only trace of
the name is that a Yen Hall still exists there. However, the
spelling Enhale occurs in 1279 (Hund. Rolls, vol. ii.), in 1302
and 1346 (F.A. 145, 163); and Enhall iu 1316 (F.A. 155).

1 The Ramsey Chartulary mentions a Robert le Flemming.

- "Enhale est hamelett' pe/'tin' ad Wycham" ; Rot. Hundred, ii. 429.

42 THE PLACE-NAMES OF CAMBRIDGESHIRE.

The A.S. form is Ean-heale (dative) in Birch, Cart. Sax. iii. 629,
in connexion with W ratting, Wickham, and Balsham, all in its
immediate neighbourhood. The Ea in Ean- must be long. I
can only suggest that this prefix is short for Eanan (see Birch,
Cart. Sax. ii. 296, 1. 10), gen. of Eana, a known pet-name.

Hirn. The suffix -hirn occurs only in Guy-hirn, and
presents no difficulty. It is the word hern or hirn, " a corner,
nook, or hiding-place," fully explained in the New Eng.
Dictionary, at p. 245 of the letter H. The A.S. form is hyrne.
The name Guy is not A.S., but Norman ; so that the village
dates from after the Norman Conquest. The sense is " Guy's
retreat." The Ramsey Chartulary mentions twenty men of
this name.

Lode. This important word denotes a water-course, and
represents the A.S. lad, a way, course, especially a water-course ;
and is the word from which the verb to lead is derived. We
have examples in Bottisham Lode, S waff ham Bulbeck Lode,
and others. It occurs also in the place-name Ox-lode, near
Down ham, which is probably not a word of great antiquity, as
it never seems to be mentioned.

Port. This occurs in Littleport, which is found in Domes-
day Book as Litelport. The force of the prefix is obvious. The
A.S. port is merely borrowed from Latin, and has two distinct
senses. In the first instance, it represents Lat. porta, a gate,
which is of rare occurrence. Otherwise (as doubtless here) it
represents Lat. portus ; and it meant not only a port or haven,
but also a town. See port in Toller's A.S. Dictionary. In
early times, the sea not only came up to Littleport, but even
further south. In The Fenland, p. 576, we read : — " Once the
mouth of the Ouse was at Littleport."

Reth. This suffix occurs in Shep-reth and Meld-reth ;
but not in Aldreth, which is to be divided as Aldr-eth (see
p. 33). Meld-reth is to be thus divided, because the old spelling
of Melboum is Melde-bourne, with the same prefix Meld-, the
two places lying close together. It is quite true that the

§ 9. NAMES IN -HIRN, -LODE, -POUT, -RETH. 43

spelling Melrede, without d, occurs in Domesday Book ; but the
same authority gives us Melleburne for the A.S. Meldeburne,
and the loss of the d after I is regular in Anglo-French, which
actually has such spellings as hel for E. held, and shel for M.E.
sheld, E. shield, as in the Lay of Havelok. Besides which,
I.C.C. has the true form Meldrethe in full. The form
Meldeburn occurs as late as in Fuller's Worthies. The Domesday
spelling of Shepreth is nothing short of comic, being Escep-ride ;
where we note the Norman inability to sound the A.S. sc (E.
sh) without prefixing an e, and the equal inability to pronounce
the E. th, as is shown still more clearly in I.C.C, which has the
spelling Scepereie (with the th suppressed). In 1302 and 1316
we find the form Scheperethe (Feudal Aids).

I do not accept the suggestion that -reth represents the
A.S. ?iS or ri$e, a stream, a word still extant, in the form rithe,
in the South of England. For the final th in this word was
usually dropped, as in Shottery, A.S. Scotta-rift, Childrey, A.S.
Cilla-rVS. And further, the A.S. I is never represented by M.E.
e, and we really must pay some regard to our vowels, instead
of pursuing the slovenly habit of the antiquarians of the last
century, who disregarded all vowel-sounds with supreme in-
difference, chiefly because they wanted to guess with the
greater freedom.

As the word has never been explained, I venture upon a
guess of my own, which will, at any rate, accord with the sound.
I take it to be the unaccented form of our common word wreath.
The A.S. wraft, also wrced, means a wreath, a ring (as, for
instance, a crown or neck-ornament) ; also, a bandage ; hence,
possibly, a fence of twisted or wreathed hurdles. And if this
can be admitted, we at once have a suffix with much the same
sense as the Friesian hamm, an enclosure. This would also
explain the connexion with Shep-, which obviously represents
sheep, as in the common compound shepherd. In the case of
Meld-reth, the old spelling of Melbourne, viz. the late A.S.
Meldeburne (in I.C.C. and in Kemble's Index) shows that the
prefix is Melde. This represents an earlier form Meldan, gen.
of the pet-name Melda, which occurs in Meldan-lge (Kemble).
There is also an A.S. melda which means " an informer."

44 THE PLACE-NAMES OF CAMBRIDGESHIRE.

Ware. This occurs in Upware, on the river Granta (Cam),
between Waterbeach and Ely ; which is spelt Upwere in 1349,
in the Pedes Finium, ed. W. Rye. Here up means "above,"
with reference to its situation with respect to those who
bestowed the name ; and ware, M.E. luere, is another form of
weir, which was often used in a rather vague way. It not only
signified a weir or dam, but also a mill-pool, or, more generally,
any fishing-pool where there was hardly any perceptible flow
of water. For example, where our Prayer-book version of
Ps. cvii. 35 has " he maketh the wilderness a standing water,"
the Vulgate version has stagna, and the Early English Psalter
published by the Surtees Society has iveres of watres. Compare
the passage in the Laud MS. of the A.S. Chronicle, under the
date 656, where there is mention of " wateres and meres and
fennes and weres," i.e. waters and meres, and fens and weirs.
As to the spelling ware for weir, see Miss Jackson's Shropshire
Glossary. I suppose Upware to mean " upper pool " ; and that
a ware or weir differs from a natural pool as having been caused
artificially by the construction of a dam and being well adapted
for catching fish. Thus in the Inquisitio Eliensis, p. 190, we
read : — " Hec sunt piscaria monachorum elyensium : Gropwere,
Chydebeche, Fridai, Bramewere, Vttrewere [Outer-weir], Land-
were, Burringewere,...Biwere [By-weir], Northwere, &c."

§ 10. The suffixes beach, bourn, den, down, ea or ey,
fen, field, heath, lea, mere, pool, wade.

Besides the suffixes relating to occupation or artificial
works, we find others relating to natural objects, such as beach,
bourn, den, doiun, ea or ey (island), fen, field, heath, lea, mere,
over (bank), wade. These will now be considered in order.

Beach. As in Landbeach, Waterbeach, and Wisbeach.
Beach is a difficult word, for which the N.E.D. should be
consulted. There is no doubt that it often means " shingle " ;
and on this account the authors of The Fenland Past and
Present have raised the objection that there is no shingle to

§§ 9, 10. NAMES ENDING IN -WARE, -BEACH. 45

be found at Waterbeach ; and so they refer us to the A.S. bee,
or becc, a beck, or river. This, however, is quite useless, for
two reasons ; the first is, that beck is not in use in Cambridge-
shire, but belongs to Lincolnshire and the Northern counties ;
and the other is that the A.S. bee, which is unauthorised, is
merely a borrowed word from Norse, and never appears in a
palatalised form, such as betch ; and even if it did, betch is not
the same thing as beach. The objection, however, is of no
consequence, because beach certainly has also the vaguer sense
of bank or strand or shore, which is obviously what is here
intended \ Waterbeach stood upon the old shore of the
estuary of the Wash, and Landbeach merely differed from it in
being a little further inland. This is no doubt the reason why
the names given in Domesday Book are, respectively, Bech (or
Bece) and Utbech; i.e. Beach as representing Waterbeach, and
Utbech, i.e. Out-beach, signifying a place a little further from
the water; (unless, indeed, the contrary be intended, for 'out'
is somewhat vague)'2. It is unfortunate that Bosvvorth's
Dictionary gives, as the sole example of bee, a river, a different
form bcec, which must have meant a valley or a river-bank,
closely related to bcecc (as in Bceccesivyrth, Batchworth, in the
Crawford Charters) ; of which the palatalised form bache exists
in provincial Euglish and in Middle English, as well as in
place-names, such as Pulverbatch in Salop. This is the word,
in fact, with which beach is much more likely to be connected ;
the usual sense of bache3 being simply valley. It seems likely
that the original sense of beach was a shore or river-bank,
on which in some cases stones were deposited, giving it a
secondary sense of pebbles or shingle. In the instances of
Landbeach, Waterbeach, and Wisbeach, the shingle is not
necessary to the explanation, and we may content ourselves
with the simpler sense of " shore."

1 There was a name Cheselbeche in 1617 (Fenland, p. 206). Chetel means
" shingle" (see N.E.D.) ; and Cheselbeche means " shingle-shore," not "shingle-
shingle " or "shingle-beck." Waterbeche occurs in 1279 (Hand. Rolls).

2 I observe, in Domesday Book, a mention of mille anguillarum in connexion
with Bech and Bece, which suggests that it was near the water.

3 I have heard it called batch, and have seen it spelt baitch, which agrees
exactly with the old pronunciation of beacli.

46 THE PLACE-NAMES OF CAMBRIDGESHIRE.

Wisbeach. We have here to consider the prefix. We find
the form Wisebeche in a late copy of a charter ; Kemble, Cod.
Dipl. v. 4, where the spelling is Norman. Again, in the Laud
MS. of the A.S. Chronicle, an. 656, we find Wisebece, where
bece is not the dat. of the alleged A.S. bec(c), a river, but is a
Norman spelling of bcece, the dat. of bcec, as explained at p. 45.
The Norman scribes very soon expunged ce from the alphabet,
substituting for it sometimes a and sometimes e, because the
sound of the A.S. ce (modern Southern English a in cat) lay
somewhere between the French a and e. Wise (pronounced as
wissy) is, apparently, another spelling of Use (Ouse), which also
appears as Wuse ; for which see the A.S. Chronicle. When the
Norman scribes introduced the French ou for the A.S. u, the
spelling became Ouse ; and has so remained ever since. The
form Wis- was sometimes prefixed to the A.S. ea, Mid. Eng. ee,
a stream, giving the form Wis-ee (Ouse-stream), now turned
into Wissey, and still in use as the name of an affluent of
the Ouse near Hilgay. The Ouse once flowed past Wisbeach
(see The Fenland, p. 82); but our modern maps call the river
the Nene.

Bourn, a small river ; as in Bourne, Bassingbourn, Fulbourn,
Melbourn. From A.S. burn. The place now called Bourne
was originally called by the Norse name Brunne (Norw. brunn),
of which the English bourne was a later translation. It appears
as Brum in Domesday Book, and as Brunne in 1171, 1190,
1194, and 1210, in which last year Burne also occurs (R.B.).

Bassing-bourn. The old spellings do not materially differ ;
Bassingeburne occurs in the Chronicle of Ramsey Abbey.
Bossing is a tribal name ; the name Bass occurs in the A.S.
Chronicle, under the date 669. In I.C.C. we find Basingeburna.

Fulbourn. Domesday Book has Fuleberne, an error for
Fuleborne; cf. Fuleburna in I.C.C. In Kemble, Cod. Dipl. iv.
245, a late copy of a charter of 1060, the spelling is Fuulbume.
The prefix represents the A.S. ful, modern E. foul, dirty or

§ 10. NAMES ENDING IN -BEACH, -DEN. 47

turbid. For other instances of the use of the same prefix, see
Kemble's Index.

Melbourn. Spelt Meldeburna in Kemble, Cod. Dipl. iii. 60.
Melde represents Meldan, gen. case of Melda, a personal name,
as shown under Meldreth (p. 43).

-den.

With the suffix -den, we find Croydon or Crawden, Gransden ;
also Eversden, Guilden Morden, and Steeple Morden, in which
-den has been substituted for -don.

Den is a variant of dene or dean, a vale ; see Dean (2) in
the New Eng. Dictionary, where examples of the form den are
given. The A.S. form is derm.

Croydon is a comparatively modern form ; the older form
was Crawden. I find Grauden in Fuller's Worthies ; and
Mr Foster notes Graudene in F.A., viz. in 1302, 1346, 1428,
and Croudene (= Groivdene) in 1316; the Ramsden Chartulary
has Crouedene, and Domesday Book has Crauuedene, with uu
for w, whence Graweden in 1238 (Pedes Finium). Grawe
represents the A.S. craivan, gen. of the weak fem. sb crawe, a
crow, which also occurs as a female name. The sense is
" Crow's vale." In Kemble's Index we find eleven examples
of the form craivan. The Gray- in Croyland is a different
word ; as the A.S. name was Gruwland or Cridand.

Eversden. Spelt Everes-dene in 1316 (F.A. i. 157), but
Eversdone in 1302 (F.A. i. 149), Everesdon in 1291 (Taxatio
Eccles. p. 266) ; Auresdone in Domesday Book. In I.C.C. it is
Eueresdona. Hence the suffix was really -don, not -den. The
A.S. form would be Eof ores-dun, where Eofores is the gen. case
of Eofor, a personal name of which the literal sense, like that
of the Ger. eber, is "a boar." The name occurs in Beowulf;
in fact, the gen. case Eofores will be found in 1. 2486. Compare
Eversley (Hants.) ; i.e. " boar's lea." It may be noted that the
substitution of -den for -don is later than A.D. 1300.

48 THE PLACE-NAMES OF CAMBRIDGESHIRE.

Gransden. Formerly Grantesdene, in 1210 (R.B.), and
1316 (F.A. i. 157); in 1393, the form is Grandesden (Ely
Registers); after which the d dropped out, giving the modern
form. The s seems to have been a later insertion, as we find
the form Grentedene in a copy of a Charter made after the
Conquest ; Kemble, Cod. Dipl. iv. 245, and again in the
Cartularium Monasterii de Rameseia. Domesday Book has
Gratedene, with n omitted ; it is Grantendene in I.C.C. This
is an Anglo-French spelling, representing an A.S. form Grante-
denu, Granta-denu, or Grantan-denu. The sense is " vale of the
Granta " ; and is interesting as shewing that there was a second
Granta in the same county ; for the stream which passes near
Little and Great Gransden is an affluent of the Ouse at a point
near St Neot's, and distinct from the Granta which flows
through Cambridge.

Morden. The spelling Mordene occurs in 1236 and later
(R.B.); but we also find Mordone in 1166, Mordune in 1210
(R.B.), Mordune in I.C.C. and in Domesday Book. If these
latter spellings are correct, the right form is Mordon, answering
to A.S. Mor-dun, lit. " moor-down." Supposing, however, that
Morden were correct, the A.S. form would be Mor-denu, lit.
" moor- valley " ; with reference to the small stream which
passes near the two Mordens. But the early evidence in favour
of the etymology from down can be supplemented, and is quite
conclusive1. Mor- occurs in a great many places, and is the
shortened form of A.S. mor, a moor ; the vowel being shortened,
as usual, when followed by two consonants. Compare such
forms as Morley and Morton, and particularly the form West-
morland, i.e. " West moorland." There are two Mordens ;
Guilden Morden and Steeple Morden. The latter was no
doubt named from having a church with a conspicuous steeple.
The epithet Guilden is less clear. It is worth noticing that
there is a Sutton in Cheshire called Guilden Sutton ; with the
same epithet. It is spelt Gildene in 1316, and Gyldene in
1346 (F.A. i. 156, 171); but also Gilden (without final e)
in 1342 (Ely Registers), and Gylden in 1302 (F.A.). As to

1 Morden in Surrey is likewise a corruption of Mordon (Crawford Charters).

§ 10. NAMES ENDING TN -DON. 49

what it means, I can only give a guess ; the form would
accurately represent the A.S. gyldena, gen. pi. of gylda, a
guild-brother ; as if it were " the Morden of the guild-brothers " ;
but this requires confirmation by the help of historical research.
Whatever be the explanation, it must satisfy the case of the
Cheshire village also, which is a very small place, having less
than 200 inhabitants. In a Hist, of Cambs., dated 1851, it is
stated that the manor of this Morden was held by four owners
conjointly ; which perhaps explains it. Cf. Guildford.

The above solution is strongly supported by the spellings
Geldenemordon (1255) and Guldenemordon (1317), found in the
Index to the Charters and Rolls ; for geldene, guldene point to
the A.S. gyldena as their origin.

Down, -don.

Down, from the A.S. dun, is a flattened hill, and well
known. We have already had an example in Downham. It
is naturally rare as a suffix in our flat county : but we have an
example in Whaddon, as well as in Morden (rightly Mordon),
and likewise in Eversdeu, as shewn above; pp. 47, 48. The first
is spelt Wliaddone in 1302 (F.A. i. 150); but, as the Norman
scribes usually substituted w for wh, we find also Waddon in
1210 (R.B.), and Wadone, Wadune in Domesday Book. The
astonishing form Phwaddane (with Phw for Wh) occurs in
I.C.C., p. 107, and is highly significant. There are two other
Whaddons, and a Waddon in Surrey, all derived from the same
form, viz. A.S. Hivcete-dun, lit. " wheat-down." This form,
Hwcete-diin, occurs in an early and genuine Will, of the ninth
century; see Birch, Cart. Saxon, ii. 196; and the M.E. Whatdon
occurs in 1287, in the Abbreviatio Rotulorum, p. 55. Kemble
identifies HwaBtedun with Wotton in Surrey, and Earle follows
him, in the index to his Land Charters, p. 495. But the
identification will suit Waddon (in Surrey) equally well, and
even better. The identification with Wotton is obviously
based on the fact that Hwietedun is mentioned in connection
with Gatton in the same county ; but GattoD is ten miles (in

C. A. S. Octavo Series. No. XXXVI. 4

50 THE PLACE-NAMES OF CAMBRIDGESHIRE.

direct distance) from Wotton, whereas from Waddon it is only
eight ; and Wotton would be better explained as being equiva-
lent to Wootton ; from wood and town. Observe, further, that
when a word ending in a consonant is compounded with a
second that begins with one, the second consonant remains
unaltered. Cupboard is not pronounced as cuppoard, but as
cubboard; so that Whaddon must always have ended in -dov
or -dun, just as Wotton has always ended in -ton or -tun.

-EA AND -EV.

We have some place-names ending in -ea, as Anglesea,
Estrea, Horningsea, Manea, Stonea, Whittlesea; one in -ay,
as Barw-ay ; and some in -ey, as Coveney, Ramsey, Stuntney,
Swavesey, Thorney, and Welney; to which we may add Wendy,
ending in -y ; but not Ely. At the same time we may consider
such names as Gamlingay, Lingay, and Shengay. A careful
survey of these words shews that in no case does the suffix
represent the A.S. ea, a stream (which became ee), but only its
derivative eg or ig, an island. Of these forms ig is the usual
Wessex form, represented in later times by a simple final -y,
while eg is the O. Mercian and Northumbrian form, and ey
(if old) is Norse. In Cambs. the form eg prevailed, represented
by -ea, -ey, -ay, -y ; the examples with -y are Wendy, and
Coveny as a variant of Coveney. See Island in the New Eng.
Dictionary. As the original sense of eg or ig was simply
" watery," it came to mean any land wholly or to a great
extent surrounded by water ; often, no doubt, a piece of land
wholly or nearly surrounded by a river and smaller affluents;
or any piece of somewhat isolated land lying close to a stream.

In the map which accompanies the book named ' The
Fenland, Past and Present,' by Miller and Skertchly, it will
be seen that the following places are marked as situate on what
were formerly distinct islands : — Manea, Stonea, Whittlesea,
Coveney, Stuntney, Thorney, Barway (or Barraway), and the
isle of Ely. And it may be noticed that Waterbeach is
represented as being situate on the old shore of the Wash,

§ 10. NAMES ENDING IN -EA, -AY, -EY, -Y. 51

whilst Landbeach is further inland. Horningsea lay between
the Wash and the Granta. Anglesea Abbey was close to the
old shore of the Wash, to the N.E. of Stow-cum-Quy.

Anglesea. A priory of Augustinian Canons was founded
at Anglesea (or Anglesey) in the time of Henry I. Lit. " the
isle of the Angle," with reference to an individual. This use
is rare, as the word is almost invariably used in the plural.
But the gen. plural is JEngla or Engla, and the " land of the
Angles " is Engla-land or England. See Angle in the New
English Dictionary. The A.S. nom. pi. is Engle, so that the
addition of an ,9 never occurred in the plural at all. The early
spelling Angleseye occurs in 1270 (Cat. Ancient Deeds); cf.
Angleslieye in the Hundred Rolls, ii. 360.

Barway. So in the Ordnance map (it is near Little
Thetford); but Barraway in the Fenland map. The suffix
simulates the word ivay, but the right division is Barw-ay or
Barraw-ay. This is shewn both by the fact that it was once
an island, and by the old spellings. We find Berewey in 1316
(F.A.), but Bergheye in the time of Henry III (R.B.), and
Bergeye in 1155 (R.B.); also the Latinised forms Bergeia,
Berheia, Bercheia (Pipe Rolls). It is obviously derived from
the O. Merc, berh, A.S. beorh, a hill, mound, and O. Merc, eg
(A.S. ig), an island. If we spell it Barrow-ey, the etymology
becomes clearer, as the A.S. beorh is now bar nun. See Barrow,
a mound, in the New Eng. Dictionary.

Coveney, Coveny. The Latinised form Coueneia occurs
in a footnote at p. 270 of Kemble, Cod. Dipl. vol. iv. The
Ramsey Chartulary has Coveneye or Coveneie. The prefix Couen
represents the A.S. Gufan, gen. case of Cufa, a well-authenti-
cated personal name. The suffix is 0. Merc, eg, A.S. ig.

Ely. Spelt Elig in Kemble's edition of the Charters in
many instances ; but Helig in a late paper copy of a charter of
a.d. 057; see Birch, Cart. Saxon, iii. 196 — 7. There can be no
doubt that the name has very long been understood, by a
popular etymology, to mean "isle <A' eels," :i name which is

4—2

52 THE PLACE-NAMES OF CAMBRIDGESHIRE.

quite appropriate ; but this would require a usual spelling
d'leg (cellg), a form which never occurs but once, as noted
below. In fact the spelling in Beda, Hist. Eccl. iv. 19, is Elge ;
see the ed. by Mayor and Lumby, p. 127, 1. 30, and p. 130,
1. 20. The best MS. of the early A.S. translation has the
spellings Elige and Elia lond\ see the ed. by T. Miller (E.E.T.S.),
p. 318, 1. 10, and p. 320, 1. 5. We find, at p. 318— " in Jraem
\eodlonde ]>e is geceged Elige," lit. in the tribe-land that is
called Elige ; but this translates the Latin regione. It seems
quite certain, in any case, that there was no allusion to " island "
in the original name. The various readings are very remark-
able ; for Elige, other readings are Lige and Hcelige, and one
MS. (not older than the Conquest) has eel teg \wg = eg], i.e.
'eel-island,' shewing that the popular interpretation had affected
the English name at that date.

If, however, we go back to Beda's spelling El-ge, we see
that it represents the O. Northumbrian el-ge, i.e. " district of
eels," where el is the later A.S. wl, " eel," and ge is the veiy rare
early equivalent of the G. Gau (see Kluge, Etym. Diet,, s.v.
Gem). This agrees sufficiently with Beda's explanation : — " Est
autem ~EAge .. .regio .. .in similitudinem insulae uel paludibus, ut
diximus, circumdata uel aquis, unde et a copia anguillarum
quae in eisdem paludibus capiuntur nonien accepit." See
H. M. Chadwick's Studies in Old English, § 5.

I copy the following useful note from The Fenland, Past
and Present, p. 63.

The boundaries of the Isle of Ely are thus described in
Sprott's Chronicle, published by Hearne1. "At Erhithbridge
begins one entrance into the Island, which extends as far as
Sotton Grove, and so at Mephale, and so at 'Wyeltombrigge, and
so at Ely Dowihom2, and so at Littleport", and so at the Town
of Ely, and so at Haveryngmere, and so at Stratham Lode, and
so at Andlong2 Wesche, on the south side of the island, and so
at Alderhethbrigge, and so at Erhithbregge. These are the
entrances into the island, one at Littleport'1 , another at Ston-

1 Th. Sprotti Chronica ; ed. T. Hearne, Oxon. 1719 ; p. 199. I correct a
few spellings.

2 Hearne prints Donnhom, Litteport, Andlong; Miller has Audlotiy.

§ 10. NAMES ENDING IN -EA. 53

teneyebrigge, the third at Aldcrhithebregge, the fourth at
Erhithbregge."

EASTREA, Estrea. Quite a different word from Eastry in
Kent ; for which see the forms in Sweet, O.E. Texts, p. 611. It
is probably the Estrey mentioned in a spurious charter in
Birch, Cart. Sax. iii. 438, 1. 5. The prefix is A.S. eastra, lit.
" more to the east" ; it is just due east of Whittles-ea, also once
an island. There is also a W entry Farm, to the west of the
road leading northwards from March.

Horningsea. Spelt Horningesie in Domesday Book, and
Horningeseie (Norman spelling) in I.C.C. and in Kemble, Cod.
Dipl. iv. 245. For A.S. Horninges-eg, isle of Horning. Horning
is a patronymic, and the name Horn is known ; indeed, there
is a " Lay of King Horn " extant both in French and English.

Manea. I find no old spelling; but the suffix means "isle,"
as in the other instances; for it was once a complete island.
The prefix probably represents the A.S. Mannan, gen. case of
Manna, a name which occurs in the A.S. Chronicle, under the
date 921. Cf. A.S. manna, a man, a sb. of the weak declension,
by- form of mann, a man, of which the gen. is mannes. Compare
such place-names as Man-ley and Man-ton ; and note that
Manning was a tribal name, as in Maiiningford, Manningham,
and Manningtree.

[I take this opportunity of making a note on the name
Ramsey, as so many illustrations have been taken from the
Ramsey Chartulary ; though it is just out of our county, in
Hunts. We find, on excellent authority, that this name has
lost an initial h. It is spelt Hrames-ege (dative) in iElfhelm's
Will; Kemble, Cod. Dipl. iv. 300; Thorpe, Diplom. p. 598,
1. 10. This shews that the prefix is not our modern E. ram,
but the A.S. hrcem, variant of hroemn or hrafn, a raven, whence
the mod. E. raven is derived. The sense is "Raven's isle";
but whether Raven was a bird's name or a man's, we cannot
certainly say. The latter is more probable ; the former is
possible. The same prefix occurs in Hremmesden, now Bums-

54 THE PLACE-NAMES OF CAMBRIDGESHIRE.

dean, Hants., according to Kemble ; bnt I cannot find this
Ramsdean in the map.]

Stonea. Of this name I find no record ; but the prefix is
obviously the A.S. stun, M.E. stoon, modern E. stone; with
reference (I suppose) to the soil.

Stuntney. Spelt Stuntenei in Domesday Book, Stunteneie
in I. CO.; which affords the clue. Stunten represents the A.S.
stwntan, gen. of stunta, weak form of stunt, foolish. Stunta
means " a foolish person," evidently a nickname. In Matt. v.
22, where the A.V. has " thou fool," the A.S. version has
" Sd stunta."

Swavesey. Spelt Huauiseye in 1266 (Pedes Finium);
Siuavsey in 1316, Siuaveseye in 1346, and Swafsey in the same
year (F.A. i. 152, 166 — 8); Svavesye in Domesday Book. The
A.S. prefix is Swcefes, gen. of Swief; a personal name which
occurs again in Swaffhani. As the di was originally long, it
must have been shortened, as in Swaffhani, and afterwards
again lengthened. Otherwise, the modern name would have
been Swevesey. The process is not uncommon. The A.S.
Swcbf is a most interesting word, as it originally meant one
of the tribe called in Latin Sueui, mentioned both by Caesar
and Tacitus. The A.S. tv answers to Ger. a, and to a primitive
Germanic e, so that the vowel preserved in Latin is the original
one.

Thorney. Spelt Thorneia in 1169 (Pipe Rolls), Torneya
in 1158, and Torny in Domesday Book. Cf. A.S. Bornlg;
Kemble, Cod. Dipl. iii. 102. The spelling with T is, of course,
Anglo-French, and due to the inability of many Normans to
pronounce the E. th. The derivation is obvious ; from A.S.
thorn, a thorn-bush. Another Thorney is celebrated as being
the site of Westminster Abbey ; it is described in a spurious
charter as being a "locus terribilis"; Birch. Cart. Sax. i. 339.

Welney, Welny, near Wisbech. I find no old spelling ;
but the derivation is obvious, viz. from wellan eg, or welkin Ig

§10. NAMES ENDING IN* -EA, -EV. -V. 55

" isle of the well," apparently because it stood beside a stream
called the Wellan-ea, or " well-stream " (later spelling tvellen-
he = ivelleu-ee, in the Ramsey Chartulary) and afterwards
Well Creek; sue The Fenland, pp. 7, 189, 209. Here wellan
is the gen. of A.S. wylle or welle; see wille in the A.S. Dictionary.
The dat. wellan occurs in Kemble, Cod. Dipl. iii. 206; and the
dat. and gen. eases of weak substantives are identical in form.

WENDY. Formerly Wendye (1316), Weudeye (1346), in
F.A. i. 157, 172; Wandei and Wandrie in Domesday Book.
The form Wandrie is remarkable; but is shown to be corrupt
by comparison with I.C.C., which has the correct form Wendeie.
The variation of the vowel in Wendeie, Wandei, points to the
A.S. te. Hence we can hardly be wrong in identifying the
prefix with the A.S. Wamdan, occurring in the place-name
Wwndan- uteres, which actually appears as Wendait in Wendan-
beorges in the very next line of the same genuine and early
charter (a.d. 950). See Birch, Cart. Saxon, iii. 106, 11. 1 and 2.
Wendait is the gen. case of Wenda, a known personal name.
The sense is "Wenda's island."

WHITTLESEA. Spelt Witleseye in 1389 (Conybeare's Cambs.,
p. 147); Witleseye in 1394 (Ely Registers); Witesie (which is
corrupt) in Domesday Book ; for Anglo-French, like modern
French, dislikes the combination tl. However, the same authority
has also the correct form Witeles-ford; and I.C.C. has Witleseie.
In the late copy of the A.S. Chronicle we find Witles-mere
under the year 656, in a late and spurious charter ; but the
spelling is Norman. In the Charters, we find an allusion to
"insulam quae Witlesig nuncupatur"; Kemble, Cod. Dipl. iii.
101, and Witlesmere occurs on the same page. This at any
rate proves that Whittlesea was then considered to be an
island. Again, we find "stagni quod dicitur Witlesntere"; Cod.
Dipl. iii. 93, 101 ; and the forms Witleseye, Witlesmere, in the
Ramsey Chartulary. But all these exhibit Norman spellings,
and furnish no clear proof that the word originally began with
W rather than Hw. On the other hand, the Wh- is generally
correctly used in local names ; and if so, we may derive the

56 THE PLACE-NAMES OF CAMBRIDGESHIRE.

prefix from an A.S. form *Hwitel, diminutive of a name com-
mencing with Hiult, lit. ' white.' If the initial had been
originally W, we might take witles to be the genitive of A.S.
witol, an adjective with the sense of " wise," derived from witan,
to know, and employed as a nickname or epithet ; compare
Stuntney above.

It is further evident, that the modern name Whittlesea-
mere is unoriginal. The true name is simply Whittles- mere.
And of course the drainage of the fens has left but little trace
of it. Moreover, it was not situate within our county, but
near Yaxley in Huntingdonshire. See The Fenland, by Miller
and Skertchley, p. 1G2, for a map of it as it existed in 1824.

GAMLlNGAY. It is hardly possible to discuss this name
without raising the question as to how it is to be divided ;
i.e. whether the suffix is -gay or -ay,

After some consideration of the question, I think it must
be taken along with other difficult place-names of a like
character ; and we have first of all to enquire, whether such a
suffix as -gay is possible in Old English. My belief is that it
is not ; for no such word is to be found either in English or in
Norse, nor yet in Norman. I am aware that it has been pro-
posed to derive the suffix -gay from the German gait; but it is
now well ascertained that we did not borrow words from Old
High German, still less from the German of the present day ;
nor has any attempt been made to shew why, how, or when,
such a sound as au turned into the modern English ay. The
proposal is, of course, preposterous. Neither did we borrow it
from Norse, because, although the change of an to ey, by means
of mutation, is regular in Norse, it so happens that the equiva-
lent of the German gau was never at any time in use in any
Scandinavian language. And not even Norse can lend a word
which it does not possess.

Another bad guess has been made as to the name Bungay,
which we are gravely told is from the French bon gue, " a good
ford." But surely gue is mere modern French ; the Norman
form was wet or guet, and even in the form guet the gu was
pronounced as gw (according to Gaston Paris). It is a desperate

.§10. NAMES ENDING IN -AY. o7

guess to resort to mispronouncing Norman for the purpose of
forcing an etymology which is so much more likely to have
been of English or Norse origin ; neither is it necessary. The
origin of Bungay presents no difficulty if we divide it rightly
and consider its geographical position. It is best explained by
considering the parallel case of Durham. Durham is, as is well
known, a Norman travesty of the Old English name Dun-holm,
i.e. hill-island, or rather, hill-peninsula, which describes it
exactly. It is situate on a horse-shoe bend of the river Wear,
and rises high above the water in a rounded knoll. The
situation of Bungay is precisely similar, and it can be explained
from the Icel. bung-a, a round elevation, and ey, an island. The
same word buncja, a round hill, is preserved in modern Norwe-
gian, according to Ross.

It might be supposed that the suffix -<jaij is obvious in such
cases as Hilgay and Wormegay; but the moment that we come
to examine their history, we find that the modern forms are
contracted. The old spelling of the former is Helingeye in the
Chronicle of Ramsey Abbey, and Helingeheie in I.C.C.; and we
see in the prefix a tribal name in -ing (probably the tribe of
the Hellings, represented by Hellingley in Sussex), so that the
true suffix is -eye, an island, as in so many other cases. So
also Wormegay was formerly Wirmingai (Red Book, index);
i.e. Wyrminga eg, or " isle of the Wyrmings." When we thus
see that such names as Bungay and Hilgay and Wormegay1,
when fairly considered, are found to exhibit the suffix -ay (or
-ey), an island, we may suspect that Gamlingay presents no
exception to the general rule. The old spellings are Gameling-
eye in 1211, and Gamelingehey in 1210 (R.B.). Hence the
name can be explained at once, from a tribal name Gamelingas ;
and such is Kemble's explanation. He compares it with a
Gembling in Yorkshire, which, however, I have not found. The
Gamelings were the sons of Gamel, which is a well-authenti-
cated name. The adjective gemot, meaning "old," occurs m
Old English poetry, but is rather scarce, except in the earliest
poems; most of the examples of it occur in Beowulf. In
■ With the same prefix as in Worming-ford, Wonning-hall, and Worming-

Ion.

58 THE PLACE-NAMES OF CAMBRIDGESHIRE.

Scandinavian, on the other hand, it has always been one of the
commonest of words, where it has almost displaced the word
" old " altogether. In Danish, for example, " an old horse " is
en ganimel Heat, and can be expressed in no other way. The
singular Gameling was used as the name of an individual, but,
as the Normans were unable to pronounce the final ng except
by an effort, the name appears at a later date in the form
Gamelin (as spelt in the Chronicle of Ramsey Abbey and in
the celebrated Tale of Gamelyn), and still exists as Gamlin or
Gamlen.

The matter becomes easier to understand if we bear in
mind that the final ng in A.S. (as in Old High German) was
sounded like the ng in finger, not like the ng in singer. If we
denote this sound by ngg, we see that the name was once
sounded as Gamelingga-ey, shortened to Gamelingg-ag, and this
at once explains the distinctness of the #-sound in the modern
word, and the tendency to throw it over, as it were, into the
final syllable. See Sweet's History of English Sounds, § 550'.
It is perhaps not quite easy, in this case, as it is in others, to
see the applicability of the name. But there is a small stream
to the south-east of the village, beyond which the ground rises
for about forty feet in the course of half a mile ; whilst to the
west side the ground again declines towards the Ouse, which in
the old days before the fens were drained must often have over-
flowed a considerable expanse of land. On this point, we have
the express evidence of Prof. Babington, who tells us that in
the neighbourhood of Gamlingay there were "extensive quaking
bogs," in which certain fen-plants grew which can no longer be
found there ; and he supplies a list of them ; see his Flora
Cantabrigiensis, p. xix. If, as seems likely, it was thus some-
what isolated, which is all that is meant by the suffix -ay, it is
not altogether the most southern example of places of this
character ; for I suppose that both Shingay and Wendy fall
under the same category. Both of them lie between the
Granta (or Cam) and small affluent streams. The sense of
Gamelingay is, accordingly, " the isle of the sons of Gamel."

1 This is why we actually hud Gamilenkeia in the time of Henry II. ; see
Index to Charters and Rolls, Vol. i. Cf. Hominygeseye (Hund. Rolls, ii.).

§10; NAMES ENDING IN -AY. .5!)

SHENGAY, or SHINGAY. Tlic change from en to in is
common in English, so that we at once know Shengay to be
the older name. The spelling is Shengey in L316(F.A.); the
suffix being probably ey, an island or peninsula. The mere
fact that the name begins with Sh proves that it is English,
and not Scandinavian or Norman. The above form is not old
enough to explain its origin, but comparison with the name of
Shenington in Oxfordshire at once suggests that it is a contrac-
tion of Shenvngey, from a tribal name represented by the
modern prefix Shening-] and this supposition is fully proved
by the fortunate occurrence of the full form Sceningei (also
Scenegeia) in I.C.C. The trisyllabic form Schenegeye occurs in
127b', in the Hundred Rolls, i. 50; and Schenynghey in 1277
(Pedes Finium). Cf. Shenyng/eld (Berks.) in Abbrev. Rot.
p. 2o(i. Shening is from a name represented by the Shen- of
Shenton, in Leicestershire, and perhaps by Sheen. The A.S.
prefix Seen- occurs in the compound name Scen-wulf, which is
preserved in the Liber Vita3 of Durham ; see Sweet, Oldest
Eng. Texts, p. 008, col. 1.

I may add that there is a Shenley in Herts, and a Shenfield
in Essex. The latter corresponds to the A.S. scen-feld, the
fair or beautiful field, for which see the A.S. Dictionary. This
scene is cognate with the familiar U. schon, beautiful ; and I
know of no reason why the seen- in scen-feld may not be the
same as the Seen- in Scen-wulf and in Scen-ing ; for although
scene, ' beautiful,' is the usual poetical attribute of a woman, or
of an angel, it might have been applied to a man, if not as a
compliment, at any rate in irony.

As to the meaning of LiNGAY, I am not at all certain. The
syllable ling may have meant " heath " ; for ling seems to be
East Anglian, as it occurs in the Promptorium Parvulorum and
in Moor's Suffolk Words. Or, possibly, an older form may have
been Lengay, and perhaps this might be allied to A.S. lang,
long. I only suggest that the suffix was rather -ay than -gay ;
for the prefix Lin- has no sense but "flax"; and it can hardly
have been a suitable place for the growth of that plant.

[The name Spinney does not belong here; see p. 72.]

b'O THE PLACE-NAMES OF CAMBRIDGESHIRE.

Fen.

The word fen, A.S. fenn, needs no illustration. It is not
found here in compounds, but only in such cases as Fen Ditton,
Fen Drayton, Fen Stanton (Hunts.), where it is adjectival ; or
after place-names, as Burwell Fen, Chippenham Fen, Dernford
Feu, Soham Fen, Wicken Fen. We also have Burnt Fen, Coe
Fen, Grunty (?Granta) Fen, Great and Little North Fen, and
the like. I do not undertake to explain such names as Coe
Fen, of which we have no history, nor any assurance that they
are old. Coe, for example, is common as a surname, and the
name may be modern, as is the case with many names found in
the map, such as Grange Farm, Barker's Farm, Dotterel Hall,
and others.

Field.

The suffix field (A.S. field) occurs in Haslingtield, Noster-
held, and in the name of a hundred called Radfield.

Haslingfield. Spelt Haaelingfeld in 1284 (F.A.); and
Haslingefeld in Domesday Book. According to Kemble, the
sense is the " field of the Hseslings " ; so that Huslinge- in
Domesday Book would represent A.S. Hwslinga, gen. plural.

Other examples of this name occur in Haslingden, Lanes. ;
Haslington, Chesh. ; and Heslington, Yks. The name Hcesel
or Hcesl, of which Hcesl-ing is the patronymic, is only known
as the name of a tree, viz. the " hasel"; but it is paralleled by
JZsc, which is a well-known personal name, though the literal
sense is "ash-tree"; and there is an Ashing-ton in Sussex.

NoSTERFiELD. Nosterfield End is near Shudy Camps.
The name is found as early as 1284 (Feudal Aids, i. 140). I
suppose it to be short for Paternoster field. See the account
(in Blount's Tenures) of Alice Paternoster, who held lands at
Pusey, in Berkshire, by the service of saying five paternosters
a day for the souls of the king's ancestors. We find the name
JNormannus de Nostresfelda in I.C.C., p. 28.

§ 10. NAMES ENDING IN FEN, -FIELD, -FORD. 61

Radfield. Spelt Radfelde in 1302, Radefeld in 1284
(F.A.) ; Radefelle (for Radefelde) in Domesday Book ; and
Radefelde, Radesfeld in I.C.C. Apparently for A.S. Rcedan
feld, or ' field of Rieda ' ; Rcrda being a pet-name from names
beginning with Rsed-. Compare Radbourne, Radcliffe, Radford,
Radley, Radstock, Radstone, Radway. But in some at least of
these examples rad- represents the A.S. readan, dat. of read,
red. Similarly Radfield might mean " red field." I leave this
in uncertainty.

Ford.

The sense of ford, A.S. ford, is well known. It occurs in
Armingford and Chilford, which are the names of two of the
hundreds ; also in Dernford, Shelford, Stapleford, Thetford,
Whittlesford, and Witchford. It has already been explained
that Duxford and Pampisford are modern substitutions for
Duxworth and Pampisvvorth ; see pp. 25, 26.

Armingford. The m usually appears as n in early docu-
ments. We find Armyngeforth in 1428 (F.A. i. 189); but
Arnyngforde in 1302 and 1316 (F.A. i. 149, 156). Still
earlier, the A appears as E\ as in Emingeford (1159, 1165,
1170, 1173) in the Pipe Rolls; and Domesday Book has
Erningford. The change from er to or is common ; so that
Emingeford would seem to be the right Norman spelling ;
which is also to be found in Kemble, Cod. Dipl. iv. 245. An
A.S. spelling is ASrningaford ; Birch, Cart. Sax. iii. 556; where
(em is a Mercian form of earn, an eagle. The corresponding
Wessex form is Earninga, as in Eaminga-den, in Kemble's
Index. Earninga is the gen. pi. of Earning, a patronymic
formed from the personal name Earn, coinciding with A.S.
earn, an eagle. Hence the sense is "ford of the sons of Earn."
Note that the spellings Emincpaford ', JErningeford occur in
I.C.C.

Chilford. Spelt ChiJdeford in 1168 (Pipe Roll), ami
Oildeford (= Childeford) in Domesday Book. Also Ghildeforda

62 THE PLACE-NAMES OF CAMBRIDGESHIRE.

in I.C.C. Here Childe represents the A.S. Cilda,a,s in Cildatun
(Chilton, Berks.); and cilda is the gen. plural of A.S. did, a
child. The sense is " children's ford " ; with a probable allusion
to its shallowness. Compare Ox-ford, Svrin-ford, &c.

Dernford. There is still a Dernford Farm, near Staple-
ford. Dernford is mentioned, according to the Index to the
Charters, in 1372; and Derneford, co. Hunts., according to the
same, in 1164. The M.E. dem means "secret, private, known
but to few," as is shewn in the N.E.D., s.v. Dem. From the
A.S. derne, secret. The E. verb to darn is from the same
source ; see my Notes on Etymology, p. 56.

Shelford. Spelt Selford (A.F. form of Shelford) in 1210
(R.B.); Domesday Book has Escelforde, with prefixed euphonic
E; I.C.C. has both Esceldford and Sceldford. The A.F.
Scelford occurs in Kemble, Cod. Dipl. iv. 245 ; and Seldford in
1228 (Pedes Finium). It is clearly the same name as that
spelt Sceldeford ; Hugonis Candidi Ccenobii Burgensis Historia,
p. 39. The d is lost between I and /, precisely as in Chilford
(above). This is a correct and intelligible form. Halliwell
gives the M.E. scheld, shallow, as applied to water, with a good
example ; and adds that it is still in use. It is a mutated
variant (with e for a) of M.E. schald, shallow ; see Barbour's
Bruce, ix. 354, and the footnote, and schald in Jamieson. This
form is not recorded in the Dictionaries, but certainly existed,
as it is preserved in the place-name Shalford, in Essex and
Surrey, as shewn by Mr Stevenson (Phil. Soc. Trans., 1895-8,
p. 532). Cf. Shalbourn (shallow bourn), Berkshire ; Shalfleet
(shallow stream) in the Isle of Wight. There is also a Shelford
in Notts., beside Stoke Ferry on the river Trent. And the
following extract from Kemble, Cod. Dipl. iv. 157, gives the
forms Scealdeford and Sceldeford as convertible : — " of Staun-
dune to Scealdeforda, and of Sceldeforda to coleboge welle."
But this is in quite a late MS.

Stapleford. Spelt Stapelforde in 1302 (F.A. i. 147);
Stapleford in Domesday Book ; Staplesford (with error of sf for
ft) in Kemble, C<>d. Dipl. iv. 245, in an Anglo-French copy;

§ 10. NAMES ENDING IN -FORD, -HEATH, -LEV. 63

but Stapelford in Birch, Cart. Saxon, iii. 687. Stapleford (Herts.)
appears as Stapulford (Kemble's Index). The prefix is A.S.
stapul, stapol, an upright post ; by which, presumably, the ford
was originally marked. Compare Staplow; p. 72.

Thetford. Spelt Tedford in Domesday Book, with T for
Th ; owing to the difficulty of sounding the English th. The
Liber de Hyda (p. 10) has the correct M.E. form, viz. Theedford.
The A.S. form is ^eodford ; A.S. Chron., ed. Plummer, ii. 446 ;
and peod-, in composition means "great," the literal sense of
the sb. }Jeod being " people." The literal sense is " people-
ford," hence " large or wide ford." Why Isaac Taylor calls this
obvious solution "improbable," it would be difficult to say.
Perhaps Toller's explanation of ]>eod- in composition was then
unpublished.

Whittlesford. For the explanation, see WHITTLESEA.
Lit. " ford of Hwltel."

Witchford. Domesday Book has Wiceford, with ce = che.
The Ramsey Chartulary has Wicheford ; and the forms
Wichforda, Wicheforda occur in I.C.C. For the explanation,
see WlTCHAM. Or it may mean "ford near the witch-elm":
from A.S. wice ; cf. Ash ford, Oak ford, Thorn ford.

Heath.

Perhaps the sole example of this suffix is seen in Horse-
HEATH ; the derivation of which is obvious. It appears as
Horseketh in 1339, in the Ely Registers, but Horseth (with loss
of h) in 1276, Hund. Rolls, p. 52.

Ley.

Examples of -ley occur in Ashley, Brinkley, Cheveley,
Childerley, Eltisley, Graveley, East Hatley and Hatley St
George, Madingley, Silverley, Westley, and Wetherley. The
suffix -ley represents the A.S. leah, a lea or field, or in some

G4 THE PLACE-NAMES OF CAMBRIDGESHIRE.

cases at least, the dat. case leage of the same substantive. As
the g in leage was sounded like y, the Mid. Eng. form is
usually leye in the dative, and ley in the nominative ; see lei in
St rat maun.

Ashley. In Domesday Book spelt Esselie, with ss for s/*
(as often), and E for A.S. ^. The prefix is the A.S. msc,
modern E. ash. See Silverley at p. 66. There are four
other Ashleys in England.

Brinkley. Spelt Brynkeleye in the Ely Registers in
1339; and, as late as in Fuller, Brinkelee. The Norman
spelling Brinkewrfta (for Brinketveor'S) occurs in a charter
dated 1065, Kemble, Cod. Dipl. iv. 167, 1. 1 ; with reference to
Brinkworth in Wilts. There are also such names as Brink-
burn, Brinkhill, and Brinklow. In all these cases we see the
modern E. brink, a word of Scandinavian origin ; from Dan.
brink, verge, Swed. brink, the descent or slope of a hill.
According to the map, the road from Six Mile Bottom to
Brinkley rises nearly 250 feet.

Cheveley. The spellings somewhat vary ; we find Chevelee
or Chevele in 1383, 1394, and 1401 (Cat. Anc. Deeds, and F.A.
i. 175); Cheveley (as now) in 1428 (F.A.). Also Chavele in
1302 to 1346 (F.A.); Chauelai in 1160 (Pipe Roll); Chavelai
in Domesday Book ; and Chauelei, Cauelei, Cheueleie in I.C.C.
The spellings Calvelega and Chalvelega in R.B., in 1171 and
1167, introduce an unoriginal I. It is spelt Cceafle (in the dat.
case) in a twelfth century copy of a charter dated about 990 ;
see Earle, Land Charters, p. 368, 1. 10. Also Cheaflea in a
copy of a charter of King Cnut; Cod. Dipl. iv. 13. All the
earlier spellings are consistent with a derivation from the A.S.
ceaf, mod. E. chaff. See Chaff in the New Eng. Dictionary.

It would appear that the final / took the sound of v, thus
obscuring the meaning of the word ; after which Chave- became
Cheve. The Eng. Dial. Dictionary has chave as a verb, meaning
to separate chaff from grain ; also chavins or cheevings, bits of
broken straw ; chavin-riddle or cheevy -riddle, a coarse sieve
used in chaving ; chave-hole, a recess for chaff. Hence the

§ 10. NAMES ENDING IN -LEY. 65

form Cheve- is not without support. There is a Chieveley in
Berks., but it is of different origin ; see Glfan-lea in Kemble's
Index.

Childerley. Spelt Ghylderle in 1302 (F.A. i. 148) ; and
Cildrelai (with Ci for Chi) in Domesday Book. Here Ghilder-
or Ghildre- represents the A.S. cildra, gen. pi. of did, a child.
The sense is " children's lea." As the A.S. cild has a double
form of the gen. pi., viz. dlda and cildra, there is no difficulty
in assigning to Childer- the same sense as to the Chil- (for
dlda) in Chilford (pp. 61, 62).

Eltisley. Spelt Eltislee in Fuller's Worthies ; Elteslee in
1302 (F.A. i. 149); Eltesle in 1251 (In. p. m., p. 8). The
prefix seems to involve the same personal name as that which
appears in Eltham, Kent. But I can find no further authority
for it. It may, however, be connected with the prov. E. elt, to
knead dough, to toil in wet ground ; see N.E.D. and E.D.D.

Graveley. Spelt Gravele in 1284 (F.A. i. 138); Gravelei
in Domesday Book. The A.S. spelling is Grceflea; Thorpe,
Diplom. p. 382, note 16 ; compare Greflea, Grceflea, in the
Ramsey Chartulary. It is compounded of A.S. grcef, a trench,
mod. E. grave, and leak, a lea or field. The sense is " field with
a trench." Cf. the Crawford Charters, pp. 61, 62.

Hatley. Spelt Hattele in 1284 (F.A. i. 136); Hattelega
(Latin) in 1210 (R.B.) ; Hatelai, Atelai in Domesday Book.
The A.S. form is Hcettanlea, in jElf helm's Will ; Kemble, Cod.
Dipl. iv. 300, 1. 13. Hcettan is the gen. case of a personal name
Hcetta, of which Hetta (noted by Mr Searle) is apparently an
alteration.

Madingley. Spelt Maddynglee in 1302, Maddingle in
1284 (F.A. i. 138, 148), Madinglega (Latin), in 1210 (R.B.);
Madingelee in 1199 (Pedes Finium); Madmgelei in Domesday
Book. The A.S. form would be Madinga-leah, or " lea of the
Bladings." Mading is a tribal name ; cf. Mada as a personal
name, whence the dat. Madan-leage, i.e. Madeley ; Kemble,
C.A.S. Octavo Series. No. XXXVI. 5

66 THE PLACE-NAMES OF CAMBRIDGESHIRE.

Cod. Dipl. iii. 123, 1. 3. There is a Maddington in Wilts.;
whilst from the name Mada we have Madeley in Shropshire
(as above), and Madehurst in Sussex.

SlLVERLEY. There is a parish named Ashley-cum-Silverley.
The spelling Silverle occurs in 1284, 1302, 1346, and 1428
(F.A. i. 139, 142, 158, 177); Domesday Book has Severlai,
which stands for Selverlai, as selver is not an uncommon
spelling in Middle English for " silver," and the A.S. form is
seolfor. This is verified by the epithet de Seuerlaio in I.C.C.,
p. 98, for which another MS. has de Seiluerleia. The epithet
seems a strange one, but we have similar instances ; compare
Silverdale, Lanes., Silverstone, Northampt., Silverton, Devon.

Westley. Spelt Weslai in Domesday Book, with s for st ;
but Westlai in Cod. Dipl. iv. 245. The prefix is the E. west.
This village is often called Westley Waterless, so that it was
once badly off for wells. Mr Foster finds that it had the
epithet waterlees as far back as 1339, as recorded in the Ely
Registers ; and I have since found Westle waterles in 1308
(Pedes Finium). Perhaps it is necessary to say that the
former spelling, with final -lees, is the usual Mid. English
spelling ; and it is interesting to notice that the word occurs in
Chaucer's Prologue, 1. 180 : — " Is likned til a fish that is water-
lees" The A.S. form of this suffix is -leas.

Wetherley. This is the name of a hundred. The spelling
Wetherle occurs in 1284 and 1302 (F.A. 137, 146); but another
spelling is Wederle in 1168, or better Wederleah, as in 1166
(Pipe Rolls); Domesday Book has Wederlai ; but l.C.C. has
both Wederlai and Wederlai. This suggests that the prefix is
wether, a sheep, A.S. wefter, for which the A.F. form was weder,
owing to the difficulty of sounding the th. Cf. Wethersfield in
Essex.

Mere. The A.S. mere means "lake," in which sense it is
familiar to all who know the English lakes. I know of no
example in Cambs. except Fowlmere or Foulmire. The name
Foulmire is comparatively modern (later than 1500), but is not

§ 10. NAMES ENDING IN -LEY, -MERE, -POLE. 67

difficult to account for. It is well-known how the letter r has
a tendency to preserve a preceding long vowel ; thus the word
more is still pronounced with the open o, whereas the o in stone
is close ; and the word shire is still locally called sheer, though
usually it rhymes to fire, and this ee preserves the A.S. pronun-
ciation of the i in sclr. It is not surprising that some people
should once have confused the word mere, a lake, with the old
sound of mire, and so have altered the word to suit a popular
etymology, suggested by the fancy that fowl meant ' dirty,'
instead of referring to birds. However, there is no doubt as to
the sense, though the mere has now been drained away. The
spelling Foulmere occurs in 1401, and Fulmere in 1302 (F.A.
i. 147, 175); the Pipe Rolls have Fugelmara, where Fugel is at
any rate explicit. Even in Domesday Book Ave find the spell-
ings Fuglemcere and Fugelesmara, where once more the former
part of the word is correct, but the latter part is a little altered,
by the substitution of the Latinised form mara (A.F. mare,
from O. Norse mar?') for A.S. mere; see Mara in Ducange.
Fortunately, the original A.S. compound is not difficult to find ;
there were several "fowl-meres "in different parts of England,
and they must have been extremely useful when hawking was
common. The A.S. fugel-mere (fowl-mere) occurs in a charter
dated 931, Earle, Land Charters, p. 166, last line but one; and
again in a charter dated 972 (which Prof. Earle thinks to be
genuine) ; p. 449, 1. 6 from the bottom. I even find the late
spelling fugel-mcere in Birch, Cart. Saxon, iii. 529, 1. 4 from
bottom ; and the true form fugel-mere in the very next line.
It is a pity that the A.S. dictionaries omit the word, though
they give several compounds with fagel ; but it is duly noted
in Earle's Glossarial Index, p. 490.

Pool. From A.S. pol, a pool ; now ascertained to be a
Germanic word, not Celtic. It occurs in Wimpole.

Wimpole. The m in Wimpole is due to the succeeding p.
The spelling Wympole occurs in 1346, but may be due to a
mistake, as Wynipole also appears at the same date (F.A. i.
164, 169). Earlier, we find Wgnepul in 1302 (F.A. i. 146), and

5—2

68 THE PLACE-NAMES OF CAMBRIDGESHIRE.

Winepole in 1210 (R.B.) and in Domesday Book. The prefix
represents Winan, gen. of Wina, a known name. The pool in
Wimpole Park is still large enough to be marked in maps.

Wade. This suffix occurs in Land-wade, where the prefix
is the common word land. The old spellings are Landwade
(1284, 1316, 1346) in F.A. i. 136, 156, 159, and Landwath
(1210) in R.B. The variation of spelling shews that it repre-
sents the A.S. weed, a ford, which occurs in some dialects as
wath (Icel. wx<5), as noted by Jamieson, Ray, and in the Catho-
licon Anglicum. We have the same suffix in Biggles-wade.
The cognate Lat. form is uadum, a ford. Allied to E. wade,
verb, and to Lat. uadere, to go.

§ 11. Some other Names.

In the following names, we have mostly to deal with simple
words rather than compounds.

Borough Green. Named from Borough, which is the
older name ; spelt Burg in the time of Henry III. and Burch
in Domesday Book. From A.S. burh, a fort, a borough. It is
also spelt Burrough Green ; and it lies to the N.E. of Brinkley.

Bourn. So named from the brook, now called Bourn
Brook. Formerly Burne in 1210, but the earlier spelling is
Brunne, in 1171, 1190, 1194 (R.B.); and Brune in Domesday
Book. Thus its first name was Scandinavian, from Icel. brunnr,
a spring, well, or fountain ; which was afterwards exchanged
for the corresponding English name, from A.S. burne, burna, a
small stream.

Burnt Fen. This part of the fen-land, to the east of Ely,
doubtless obtained its name from the famous story of the
burning of the fen there by Hereward and his men. See
ch. 25 of the Gests of Hereward, appended to Gaimar's
Chronicle, ed. Wright (Caxton Society), p. 94.

.

§11. SOME OTHER NAMES. G9

Chatteris. A common old spelling is Chateriz, as in 1326
(In. p. m., p. 237) and in late copies of charters ; see Cod. Dipl.
iii. 107 ; also Chaterih in the same, iv. 145. I.C.C. has Catriz,
Cateriz, CetHz, Chetriz; Domesday Book has Cetriz, Cietriz;
all Norman spellings. English spellings are supplied by the
Ramsey Chartulary, which has Ceatrice, Caiateric, Choleric,
Chaterik ; and we find Ceateric in Thorpe, Diplom., p. 382.
The final -z in the Norman spelling was sounded as ts, and it
seems to have been used as a substitute for the Latin suffix
-cus, in the case of names which were Latinised by adding -us
to an A.S. name in -c. Thus, in I.C.C, we find an A.S. form
jEdvic (for Eadric), whence Lat. JEdricus, and A.F. jEdriz;
A.S. Aluric (for iElfiic), Lat. Aluricus, A.F. Alriz; A.S. Godrlc,
Lat. Godricus, A.F. Godriz; A.S. Leofric, Lat. Leofricus, A.F.
Leofriz. Hence the Norman forms quoted above represent
such forms as Catric, Coterie, Cetric, Chetric ; and all the forms
quoted may be deduced from an A.S. form Ceatric or Ccetric.
But as this form has no suffix significant of position, it cannot
represent a personal name. Mr Stevenson kindly suggests that
it may have been a river-name. Cf. Wenrlc, Wenrisc, the
river Windrush ; in Kemble's Index. And perhaps cf. Chat-
burn, Lanes.

Elm. Spelt Elm in 1346 (F.A. i. 141), and in a late copy
of a charter ; Kemble, Cod. Dipl. v. 4, 1. 3 from bottom. The
editor of the Ramsey Chartulary notes a mention of it in
1321 ; see iii. 122, note 12. From A.S. elm, an elm-tree.
There is nothing very remarkable in so childish a name ;
compare Ash, Hazel Grove, Hazelwood, Maplestead, Poplar, and
the like, in various counties. And observe the name Prick-
willow, noted at p. 71. There is an Elmham in Norfolk.

Kennet. Kennet is near a river of the same name. Spelt
Kenet in 1346 (F.A.), Chenet (for Kenet) in Domesday Book ;
Kenet in I.C.C. The question as to whether the name belonged
originally to the town or to the river seems to be settled by
the fact that there is another river Kennet which joins the
Thames at Reading ; and the village of East Kennet in

70 THE PLACE-NAMES OF CAMBRIDGESHIRE.

Wiltshire is situated upon it. Perhaps the river-name Kent
is related to it ; at any rate, Kentford in Suffolk is short for
Kennetford, as it is spelt Chenetheford in the Chronicle of
Ramsey Abbey. Mr Stevenson says that the Berkshire Kennet
is from an older *Cunetio, from which the regular descendant
would be Gynwydd, which exists as a Welsh river-name.

Kirtling. Spelt Kertelenge in Fuller's Worthies ; Cherte-
linge (for Kertelinge) in Domesday Book ; and Curtelinge in
I.C.C. As the vowel e or i would have palatalised the A.S.
initial G, it is certain that the A.S. form began with Cy. This
is pointed out by Kemble in his Saxons in England, i. 460,
who infers that this was a settlement of the tribe of Cyrtlingas
or sons of Cyrtla ; a result which is confirmed by the existence
of a Kirtlington in Oxfordshire. The name Cyrtla occurs in
the Crawford Charters, p. 52. It may have been given to a
man from his dress ; cf. A.S. cyrtel, a kirtle, a kind of garment.
Egilsson points out that the Icel. geita-kyrtla, lit. ' clad in a
goat-skin kirtle,' was an epithet applied to a country lass.

March. Spelt Merch in 1169, in the Pipe Roll; Merc in
I.C.C. From A.S. mearce, inflected form of mearc, fern., a
mark, boundary or limit. For the sense of the term see
Kemble, Saxons in England, vol. i. c. 2, entitled " The Mark."

Newmarket. Spelt Newemarket in 1383 (Cat. Anc.
Deeds, ii.), and referred to as Novus Mercatus in 1276 (Hund.
Rolls), and in 1219 (Pedes Finium). From new and market^
The earliest known use of the word market is in the Laud MS.
of the A.S. Chronicle (an. 963), written not earlier than 1120.
The town cannot be of earlier date than the 12th century, and
is probably no earlier than the 13th.

Over. Spelt Overe in 1210 (R.B.); Ovre and Oure in
Domesday Book ; Otter in a late copy of a charter ; Cod. Dipl.
iv. 145. The A.S. form is ofre, dat. of ofer, a shore of the sea,
or bank of a river ; cognate with G. Ufer. Over is situate on
what was once a bank or shore, overlooking the waters of the
fen land.

§11. SOME OTHER NAMES. 71

Prickwillow. A village beyond Ely, near the railway.
Named from a tree, probably the Salix viminalis, sometimes
called the twig-withy or osier-withy. So called because used for
making pricks or skewers. Similarly the Euonymus europams
was called the prickwood, pricktimber, or spindle-tree. Compare
Elm, as noted at p. 69.

Quy. The name somewhat varied at different dates. The
spelling with qu is found after 1250. Tims we find Queye in
1261 (Pedes Finium), 1290 (In. p. m.), 1302 (F.A.), and Qweye
in 1291 (Taxatio Ecclesiastica) ; with the variant Coye in 1276
(Hundred Rolls) and 1284 (F.A.). This shews that the word
was identified with the A.F. queye, queie, O.F. coye, the feminine
of the A.F. adj. quey, O.F. coy, from Lat. quietus, quiet; as if
Queye meant the quiet (or secluded) house or village. But
earlier spellings shew that this was a Norman popular ety-
mology. The name was probably A.S., as the place is men-
tioned both in I.C.C. and D.B. The forms in I.C.C. are Goeie,
Choeie, Latinised as Goeia in D.B. ; whilst the Inquisitio
Eliensis has Cuege. In 1210 we find Cueye (KB.); and in
1272 Goweye, Cowye (Pedes Finium). If we may trust to the
form Gu-ege, the sense is " cow-island," as is still more clearly
shewn by the later forms Gu-eye, Cow-eye, Goiv-ye. The -eie
in I.C.C, Latinised as -eia, also points clearly to the suffix
meaning "island"; compare the numerous examples already
given, pp. 51—59. The only difficulty is to explain the A.F.
prefix Go-, of which Gho- (with Gh for K) is the equivalent.
We may fairly suppose that this early o really meant the
A.S.U, because the Norman of the 11th century did not possess
the sound u at all, and o was the nearest equivalent; see the
preface by G. Paris to his Extraits de la Chanson de Roland,
§ 25. Thus this Chanson has por, where Philip de Thaun
has pur, and later French has pour.

Reach. Spelt Reche in 1279 (Hund. Rolls), and in 1316
(F.A.). It lies to the north of Swaffham Prior. The map in
The Fenland, Past and Present, shews that it stood at the very
ver-e of the waters of the fenlands, on a round projection

72 THE PLACE-NAMES OF CAMBRIDGESHIRE.

of the old shore. It denotes, accordingly, that its position was
on a " reach " or extension of the land ; and we have a similar
name in Over, already discussed. The A.S. rcecan, to reach,
also means to extend or hold out. The substantive derived
from it is not in early use ; so that the present name is
probably no older than the thirteenth century. Sawtry in
Hunts, is merely a corruption of Saltreche ; see the Index to
the Cartularium de Rameseia. It once stood upon a small
salt bay.

Spinney. There is a Spinney Abbey to the North of
Wicken Fen. This name is French ; from the A.F. espinei, a
place where thorn-trees grow ; from the Lat. spinetum, a thorn-
thicket. The surname de Spineto refers to it, in 1228 (Pedes
Finium).

Stane, Staine. The name of a hundred. Spelt Stanes in
Domesday Book ; a form which suggests a derivation from A.S.
stan, a stone. But as this would have produced the modern
form Stone, it was clearly re-named by Scandinavians, who
translated it by the equivalent Scandinavian word, as seen in
Icel. steinn, a stone. It makes no difference to the sense.
Stanes represents the A.S. plural stdnas, i.e. "stones"; and we
find this form in the Inquis. Eliensis, p. 98. Perhaps it is
worth noting that the spelling Stegen given in Searle's
Onomasticon is merely the English way of writing the Danish
name Stein, which is the precise equivalent of A.S. Stan. In
the same way, in the A.S. batswegen, modern Eng. boatswain,
we see the Danish equivalent of the A.S. swan denoted by
swegen ; and, at the same time, Swegen is the A.S. spelling of
Swein, king of England in 1014. The reason is that ei was a
diphthong unknown to A.S. scribes, who could only denote it
by eg, where eg represents the sound of ay in way (A.S. weg).

Staplow, Staploe. The name of a hundred ; a contracted
form. The old spellings are Stapelho, 1284-1346; Stapilho,
1401; Stapulho, 1428; all in F.A. Domesday Book has
Staplehou. The prefix is the A.S. stapol, a post, pole, or pillar,
as in Stapleford (p. 02). The suffix is the modern Eng. hoe, a

§ 11. SOME OTHER NAMES. 73

promontory or projecting point of land, derived from the A.S.
hoh, a heel, a projection. See Hoe in the New Eng. Dictionary.
No doubt the hundred (which includes Soham) was named
from a lost village.

Stow ; as in Stow-cum-Quy, and in North Stow and Long
Stow hundreds. From A.S. stow, " a place " or site ; whence
the verbs stow and bestow are derived.

Toft. Toft is a well-known word of Scandinavian origin ;
the usual sense is a cleared space for the site of a house;
hence, a "homestead." See topt in Vigfusson's Icelandic
Dictionary. The Domesday Book has Tofth, owing to the fact
that the Norman scribes frequently represented the English t
(especially when final) by th ; by which symbol they meant a
strongly pronounced t, not the English th. Oddly enough, the
spelling Thofte occurs in 1302 (F.A. i. 149), where it is the
initial T that is thus treated.

Tydd, or Tydd St Giles. Spelt Tyd in 1302 (F.A. i. 141).
From an A.S. personal name. The earliest form of the name
is Tidi (with short i) in the ninth century ; hence the place-
name Tiddes-ford (Kemble). There is also a weak form
Tidda. Compare the place-names Tidmarsh, Tidworth, and
Tiddington.

Wicken. Apparently the same as Wykes, mentioned in
1210, in the Red Book of the Exchequer, and in 1284 in
Feudal Aids, i. 136. There is much less difference in reality
than in appearance ; for the sense is practically the same in
either case. Wykes is the Mid. Eng. plural of wyh, answering
to A.S. wlc, a village ; and Wicken, spelt Wykyne in 1395 in
the Pedes Finium, answers to A.S. wlcmn, the dat. pi. of the
same word, the pi. being used in the same sense as the
singular; see wlc in the A.S. Dictionary. The use of the
dative is common in place-names ; and the u in the suffix um
would prevent the c from being palatalised.

74 THE PLACE-NAMES OF CAMBRIDGESHIRE.

Wratting. Spelt Wrattinge in 1302 (F.A. i. 141); and
Wreting in 1167 (P.R.). A variant is Wrotinge in 1210 (KB.);
and as late as in Fuller's Worthies we find Wrotting. Domes-
day Book has Waratinge, where the former a is inserted to
help the Norman to pronounce the W. In iElfhelm's Will we
have the A.S. form Wrcvttincge in the dative case. The name
marks the settlement of an East-Anglian tribe of Wr cuttings
or "sons of Wisetta." There is another Wratting in Suffolk;
and, although we do not find Wrtet as a personal name, it is
sufficiently vouched for by Wretham and Wretton, both in
Norfolk. Neither is it difficult to divine whence the name
arose ; the bearer of the name was probably conspicuous by
bearing (like Oliver Cromwell) a wart upon his face. The
Promptorium Parvulorum gives us wvet as the East- Anglian
form of " wart," and it is still in use ; and the form wrat is
still good Northern English. The Dutch word also is written
wrat.

§ 12. List of Ancient Manors.

The following is a list of manors in the county of Cambridge,
according to the Inquisitio Comitatus Cantabrigiensis and the
Inquisitio Eliensis, in modern spelling, except when now un-
represented.

Bassingbourn, Balsham, Belincgesham, Bottisham, Bourn,
Burvvell, Camps, Carlton, GUiitona, Cottenham, Kirtling,
Chippenham, Ditton, Doddington, Dullingham, Dunham, Im-
pington, Erlingetona (Harlton ?), Shelford, Ashley, Esselinga,
Fulbourn, Fowhnere, Gransden, Hauxton, Histon, Hildersham,
Hintou, Horningsea, Kennet, Linton, Litlington, Lolworth,
Lyndona, Madingley, Morden, Over, Soham, Silverley, Saxton,
Snailwell, Stapleford, Stetchworth, Streatham, Swaffham,
Sutton, Teversham, Trumpington, Wratting, Wendy, Weston,
Witcham, Wich (Wicken ?), Wilbraham, Wisbeach, Whittlesea,
Willingham, Wentworth.

For a list of hundreds, see Conybeare's Hist., p. 270.

12, 13. ANCIENT MANORS. CONCLUSION. 7">

§ 13. Conclusion.

The chief conclusion to be drawn from a general survey
of the names is that very nearly all of them are Mercian
English, perhaps mixed with Frisian, from which it is hardly
distinguishable. There is hardly a trace of Celtic, except in
the names of rivers. Of these, the Granta is certainly Celtic,
aud is the origin (after many vicissitudes) of the modern Cam.
The Kennet is also apparently Celtic ; but as to the origin
of the Lark I can find no evidence. Among the oldest place-
names is that of Ely. Considering the numerous inroads of
the Danes, the traces of Danish are surprisingly small. The
only name that is wholly Scandinavian is Toft. We also
find traces of Danish nomenclature in the former syllables of
Brinkley and Carlton, and perhaps of Boxworth and Pampis-
ford. Bourn had once the Danish name of Brunne, and Staine
is a Danish form of an A.S. Stan (Stone). I have seen an
appeal made to the name Begdale, near Elm, as being an
instance of Scandinavian influence ; but I suspect the name to
be modern, and introduced from without; this is notoriously
not a country in which one can find dales. Besides these traces
of Danish, there are a few traces of Norman, as in the instance
of the modern form of Quy, in the former elements of Guyhirn
and Royston, and in the latter element of Newmarket; and
some of the native names have been somewhat affected by a
Norman pronunciation, as in the final syllable of Chatteris.
But all these instances chiefly serve to emphasize the pre-
dominance of English ; and it must never be forgotten that the
speech of Cambridgeshire and Essex has always influenced the
speech of London, and has thus affected to some extent and
at second-hand, the prevailing speech of the whole empire.

It has been alleged, with apparent truth, that the centre of
gravity of the English dialects, that is to say, the district where
the dialect approaches nearest to the literary standard, is that
of Leicestershire. And it is further clear that our literary
speech arose from the fact that, in three great educational
centres, viz. London, Oxford, and Cambridge, the talk of the

76 THE PLACE-NAMES OF CAMBRIDGESHIRE.

higher classes did not materially differ, and certainly belonged
to what is known as East Midland. I believe we cannot be
far wrong in saying that the district whence standard English
really arose is that occupied by a compact set of 12 counties,
viz. Middlesex, Hertfordshire, Bedfordshire, Buckinghamshire,
Oxfordshire, Warwickshire, Leicestershire, Rutland, Northamp-
tonshire, Huntingdonshire, Cambridgeshire and Essex.

Postscript. The recent publication of The Charters of
the Borough of Cambridge by the Corporation of Cambridge
and the Cambridge Antiquarian Society jointly suggests the
addition of a few supplementary remarks.

At p. 2 of this work is printed a Writ of Henry I., in which
the spelling Cantebruge (for Cambridge) occurs. But the text
is taken from a late copy, so that we have still no evidence for
such a spelling earlier than 1142 (see p. 30 above). In fact,
the original text of this Writ probably had Grentebruge through-
out, as printed in the second line of it. This same work
exhibits the spelling Cambrigge at p. 56, as occurring in
Letters Patents dated 1465. Compare this with Cambryge in
1462, as noted at p. 31 above.

At p. 202 of the same work, the spelling of Stourbridge is
seen to have been Stirbrigge in 1519, whilst we learn from
p. 100 that it had become Starbridge in 1589. Cooper's
Annals of Cambridge mentions Styrrebridge in 1544, and
Stirbrige in 1546 (vol. i. pp. 416, 441). But, as shewn at
p. 32 above, the oldest spelling is Steresbreg', as in 1279; in
confirmation of which I can further cite Steresbreg' in 1201-2
from the Rotulus Cancellarii de tertio anno regni regis Johan-
nis (1833), p. 140, and Steresbrig in 1199-1200 from Rotuli
Curise Regis, ed. Sir F. Palgrave, vol. ii. p. 62. Hence the
explanation given at p. 32 above is sufficiently justified.

INDEX.

In the following Index, the reference is to the preceding pages.

I have taken the opportunity of giving at the same time— with-
in marks of parenthesis — the spellings which occur in Domesday
Book, with references to the pages and columns as numbered in the
Facsimile of the Part relating to Cambridgeshire, photozincographed
in 1862.

Thus the place-name Abington is discussed at p. 18 above;
whilst the spelling Abintone will be found in the Facsimile four
times, viz. in p. in, col. 1 (denoted by 3 a), in p. Ill, col. 2 (denoted
by 3 b), in p. IX, col. 2, and in p. xi, col. 1.

Abington (Abintone, 3 a, 3 b, 9 b, 11a),

18
Aldreth, 33
Anglesea, 51

Armingford (Erningford, 3 b, 9 b), 61
Arrington (Erningtune, 10 a), 14
Ashley (Esselie, 22 a), 64

Babraham (Badburham, 5 a, Badburg-

ham, 5 a, 18a, 21b), 19
Badlingham, 20

Balshana (Belesham, 4 b, 14 b), 20
Barbara (Bercheham, 5 a, 10 b), 20
Barnwell, 35

Barrington (Barcntone, 9 a, 12 b), 18
Bartlow, 34

Barton (Bertone, 26 b), 6
Bar way, 51
Bassingbourn [Basingborne, 3b, lib),

46
-beach, 44 , . n

L. oFC.

Benwick, 28

Borough Green (Burch, 14 b), 68

Bottisham (Bodichesham, 15 a), 20

-bourn, 46

Bourn (Brune, 24 a), 46, 68

Boxworth (Bochesuuorde, 8 a, 13 a

17 a), 25
Brand (or Brent) Ditch, 40
-bridge, 29
Brinkley, 64
Bungay, 56
Burnt Fen, 68
Burwell (Bwewelle, 8 a), 36

Caldecott, Caldecote (Caldecote, 13 a

27 a), 28
Cambridge (Grentebrige, la), 29-32
Camp, 38

Camps, Castle ; see Castle
Camps, Sbudy; see Shudy
Carlton (Garlentone, 14 b, 15 b), 6

7.s

INDEX.

Castle Camps, 38. (D.B. has Campas,
16 b, Canpas, 22 a)

Caxton (Caustone, 20b), 6

Chatteris (Cetriz, 6b, Cietriz, 9 a), 69

Cherry Hinton (Hintone, 10 b), 7

-Chester, 39

Chesterton {Cestretone, 2 b), 7, 39

Chettisham, 21

Cheveley (Chavelai, 2 a, 13 b), 64

Childerley (Cildrelai, 4 a, 26 a, Ct7-
derZai, 28 a), 65

Chilford (Cildeford, 10 b, 16 a), 61

Chippenham (Chipeham, 17 b), 21

Clayhithe, 33

Clopton (Cloptune, 3 b, 18 a), 7

Coates, 28

Coldham, 21

Comberton (Cumbertone, 2 a, 24 a), 7

Conington (Cunitone, 18 a, 21 a, Con-
tone, 17 a), 18

-cote, 27, 28

Coton, 8

-Cottenham (Coteham, 6 a, 8 b, 26 a),
21

Coveney, 51

Croxton (Crochestone, 21a, 27 a), 8

Croydon (Crauuedene, 9b, lib), 47

-den, 47

Dernford, 62

dike, 40

Ditton (Ditone, 2 b, 13 b), 8

Doddington (Dodinton, 6 b), 15

down, -don, 49

Downham (Duneham, 7 b), 21

Drayton (Draitone, 3 a, 8 a, 9 a), 9

Dullingham (Dulling eham, 9 a, 27 b,

Dullingham, 18 b, Dulingham, 14 b),

21
Durham (A. S. Dun-holm), 57
Duxford (Dochesuuorde, 15 a, 16 b), 25

-ea, -ey, 50

Earith, 34

Eastrea, Estrea, 53

Elm, 69

Elsworth (Elesuuorde, 8 a, 17 b), 26

Eltisley, 65

Ely (Ely, 4 a, 7 a), 51
Enhale, 41

Eversden (Auresdone, 20 b, Atieres-
done, 12 b, Euresdone, 21 b), 47

fen, 60

-field, 60

Fleam Dike, 40

Fiendish (Flamingdice, 3 a, Flammid-

ing, 10 b, Flamiding, 17 a), 40
-ford, 61

Fordham (Fordcham, 2 a), 21
Fowlmere, Foulmire (Fuglemcere, 16 b,

Fugelesmara, lib), 66
Foxton (Foxetune, 9 a), 9
Fulbourn (Fulebeme, 5 a, 10 b), 46

Gamlingay (Gamelingei, 26 b, 27 a), 56
Girton (Gretone, 8 b, 9 b), 9
Gransden (Gratedene, 6 a), 48
Grantchester (Granteseta, 9 b, Grante-

sete, 12 a, 15 a), 39
Graveley (Graveled, 8 a), 65
Guilden Morden, 48
Guyhirn, 42

Haddenham (Hadreham, 7 a), 22

-hale, 41

-ham, 19

Hardwick (Harduic, 6 a), 28

Harlton (Herletone, 15 b), 10

Harston (Herlestone, 5 b, 11 b), 10

Haslingfield (Haslingefeld, 2 b, 12 a,

17 b), 60
Hatley (Hatelai, 13 a, 18 a, Atelai,

lib), 65
Hauxton (Havochcstone, Hauochestone,

5 b, 19 a), 10
-heath, 63

Hildersham (Hildricesham, 22 b), 22
Hilgay, 57
Hinxton, 11
-hirn, 42
Histon (Hestitone, 23 b, Histetone, 3 b,

19 a, Histone, 3 b, 6 b, 9 b), 11
-hithe, 33

Horningsea (Horningesie, 5 a), 53
Horseheath (Horsei, 10 b, 16 a), 63

INDEX.

7!)

Ickleton {Hichelintone, 15 a, Inchelin-

tone, 19 a), 17
Impington (Epintone, 6 a, 25 b), 15
-ington, 14
Isleham (Gisleham, 2 a), 22

Kennet {Chenet, 16 a), 69
Kingston (Chingestone, 2 b, 10 a), 11
Kirtling (Chertelinge, 27 b), 70
Knapwell [Chenepewelle, 8 a), 36
Kneesworth, 26

Landbeach (Vtbech, 26 a, 27 a), 44
Landwade, 68
Leverington, 15
-ley, 63
Lingay, 59

Linton (Lintone, 11 a), 11
Litlington (Lidlintuue, 3 a), 16
Littleport (Litelport, 6 b), 42
lode, 42

Lolworth (Lolesuuorde, 25 b), 26
Long Stanton (Stantune, 13 b, Stan-
tone, 18 a), 12
-low, 34

Madingley (Madingelei, 25 b, Mading-

lei, 3 b), 65
Malton, 12
Manea, 53
March, 70

Melbourn (MeUeborne, 12 a), 43, 47
Meldreth {Melrede, 5 b, 10 a, 12 a), 42
Mepal, 41
-mere, 66

Milton (Middeltone, 26 a), 12
Morden (Mordune, 9 b, 17 b), 48

Newmarket, 70
Newnham, 22

Newton, 12
Nosterfield, 60

Oakington (Hochinton, 6 a, 8 b, Koch-
intone, 25 b, 28 a), 16

Olmstead, 25

Orwell (Oreuuelle, 9 a, Orduuelle, 10a,
15 b, Oreduuelle, 12 b), 36

Outwell, 37

Over {Owe, 8 a, Oure, 9 a), 70

Pampisford (Pampeauuorde, 5 a, 11a),

26
Papwortb (Papeworde, 3 a, 13 a), 27
Pearl's Bridge, 32
pool, -pole, 67
-port, 42
Prickwillow, 71

Quy (Coeia, 4 b), 71

Kadfield (Radefelle, 4 a), 61
Rampton (Rantone, 25 a), 12
Eamsey, 53
Reach, 71
-reth, 42
Royston, 13

Sawston (Salsiton, 9 b, 17 a), 18

Saxon Street, 13

Saxton (Sextone, 22 a), 13

Shelford (Escel/ord, 11 b, Escelforde,

3 a, 5 b), 62
Shengay, Shingay (Scelgei, 9 b), 59
Shepreth (Escepride, 12 b, Esceprid,

6 a, 9 a), 42
Shudy Camps, 38
Silverley (Severlai, 22 a), 66
Snailwell (Snellewelle, 21 b), 37
Soham (Saham, 1 b, 2 b, 14 b), 22
Spinney, 72

Stane, Staine (Stanes, 2 a, 4 b), 72
Stanton; see Long
Stapleford (Stapelforde, 5 b), 62
Staplow, Staploe (Staplehou, lb, 4a,

9 a), 72
-stead, 25

Steeple Morden, 48
Stetchworth (Sthdcesuuorde, 21 b, Stu-

uicesworde, 4 a, Sticesuuorde, 14 b),

27
Stonea, 54
Stourbridge, 32
Stow (Stou, 8 a), 73
Stretham (Stradham, 6 b), 23
Stuntney (Stuntenei, 6 b), 54

SEP 8 19°?-

80

INDEX.

Sturbridge, 32

Sutton (Sudtone, 7 b), 13

Swaffham (Suafavi, 13 b, Suafham,

15 b, Svafam, 4 b), 23
Swavesey {Suavesye, 13 a, Suauesy,

17 a), 54

Tadlow (Tadelai, 23 b, 27 b), 35
Teversham (Teuersham, 5 a, Teures-

ham, 10 b), 23
Thetford (Litel-tedford, 6 b), 63
Thorney (Torn?/, 8 b), 54
Toft (To/**, 12 b, 24 b, 28 a), 73
-ton, 5

Triplow (Trepeslau, 5 a, 9 a), 35
Trumpington (Trumpitone, 15a, Trum-

pinton, 16 a), 16
Tydd St Giles, 73

Upware, 44
Upwell, 37

-wade, 68

Waterbeach (Bece, 13 b, Bech, 26 a),

44
-well, 35

Welney, Welny, 54
Wendy (Wandei, 19b, Wandrie, lib),

55
Wentworth (Winteioorde, 7 b), 27

Westley (Weslai, 4 b, 14 b), 66
Weston Colville (Westone, 15b), 14
Westwick {Westuuiche, 26 a), 28
West Wickham (Wicheham, 10 b, 15 a,

16 a), 24
Wetherley (Wederlai, 2 a, 9 b), 66
Whaddon (Wadone, 5 b, 20 a, Wadune,

12 a, 16 b), 49
Wbittlesea (Witesie, 6 b), 55
Whittlesford (Witelesford, 3 b, 9 b,

Witelesforde, 11a, 19 a), 63
Whittlesmere, 56
-wick, 27
Wicken, 73
Wickham ; see West
Wilbrahaui, 24

Wilburton (Wilbertoiie, 7 a), 14
Willingha,m(Wiuelingham, 13a, Wivel-

ingham, 6 a), 24
Wimblington, 17

Wiinpole (Winepole, 12b, 18b), 67
Wisbeach (Wisbece, 7 a, 9 a, 16 a),

44, 46
Witcham (Wiceham, 7 b), 24
Witchford (Wiceforde, 6b, Wiceford,

7 b), 63
Wormegay, 57
-worth, 25
Wratting (Waratinge, 4 b, 14 b, 16 a,

19 a; cf. Warateuuorde, 12 b), 74

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Church. By S. Sandars, M.A.

Together with the Annals of the Church. By Canon E.
Venables, M.A. Octavo Publications, No. X. pp. 98 + folding
plan and 4 illustrations in the text. 1869. 3s.

The History and Antiquities of the Parish of Bottisham
and of the Priory of Anglesey. By Edw. Hailstone, Jun.
Octavo Publications, Nos. XIV. and XVI. pp. xii +372 + 7 plates.
With Supplement, pp. 35. 1873—8. 13s.

A History of Horningsey. By W. K. Clay, B.D. Octavo
Publications, No. VII. pp. xv + 60. 1865. 2s. 6d

A History of Landbeach. By W. K. Clay, B.D. Octavo
Publications, No. VI. pp. vii + 126 + 1 plate. 1861. 4s. 6d.

A History of Milton. By the late W. K. Clay, B.D. Octavo
Publications, No. XI. pp. xii+ 108. 1869. 3s.

A History of Waterbeach. By W. K. Clay, B.D. Octavo
Publications, No. IV. pp. x + 148 + 3 plates. 1859. 5s.

BIOGRAPHY.

The Diary of Edward Rud; to which are added several
Letters of Dr Bentley. Ed. by H. R. Luard, MA. Octavo
Publications, No. V. pp. vii + 52. 1860. 2s. 6d.

The Correspondence of Richard Porson, M.A., formerly
Regius Professor of Greek. Ed. by H. R. Luard, M.A. Octavo
Publications, No. VIII. pp. xiii + 143. 1867. 4s. Gd.

Memoir of the Rev. Caleb Parnham, B.D., St John's College.
By J. R. Lunn, B.D. Second edition much enlarged. Octavo
Publications, No. XXI. pp. 50. 1884. 2s.

The Diary of Alderman S. Newton (1662 — 1717). Edited
by J. E. Foster, M.A. Octavo Publications, No. XXIII. pp.
xvi+144. 1890. 5s.

Mr Essex's Journal of a Tour through part of Flanders
and France made in August 1773. Edited by W. M. Fawcett,
M.A., F.S.A. Octavo Publications, No. XXIV. pp. xxxvi + 77
+ with portrait, silhouette front., and illustrations in the text. 1888.
5s.

Biographical Notes on the Librarians of Trinity College
on Sir Edward Stanhope's Foundation. By Robert Sinker,
D.D. Octavo Publications, No. XXIX. pp. xii + 86. 1897.
3s. Gd.

BIBLIOGRAPHY.

A Catalogue of the Original Library of St Catharine's
Hall, 1475. Ed. by Professor G. E. Corrie, B.D. Quarto
Publications, No. I. pp. viii + 11. 1840. Is. Gd.

An annotated List of Books printed on Vellum to be found
in the University and College Libraries at Cambridge ; with
an appendix on the bibliography of cambridge libraries. by
S. Sandars, M.A. Octavo Publications, No. XV. pp. 80. 1878.
2s.

On the Abbey of St Edmund at Bury. I. The Library;
II. The Church. By M. R. James, Litt.D. Octavo Publications,
No. XXVIII. pp. viii + 220 + folding plan. 1895. 7s. Gd.

EXTRA SERIES.

Luard Memorial Series. I. "Grace Book A," containing
the Proctor's Accounts and other Records of the University
of Cambridge for the years 1454 — 1488. Edited by Stanley
M. Leathes, M.A. 8vo. pp. xliv + 276. 1897. Issued to Sub-
scribers, 21s. .(Members of the Society, 15s.)

The Series to be completed in 5 Vols.

" Many a biographer who has grieved over the fact that Cooper's Athena
began in 1500 and no earlier will find in Grace Book A a most precious
appendix." — Atheruzum.

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