Full text of "A plain and literal translation of the Arabian nights entertainments, now entitled The book of the thousand nights and a night"

; t a

FROM-THE- LIBRARY-OP
TR1NITYCOLLEGETORDNTO

.TO THE PURE ALL THINGS ARE PURB"

(Paris omnia para)

Arab Proverb.

'Niuna corrotta mente intese mai sanamente parole."

"Decameron " conclusion.

" Erubui t, posuitque meum Lucretia librum

Sed coram Bru to. Brute I recede, leget. "

MarticU,

" Mieulx est de ris que de larmes escripre,

Pour ce que rire est le propre des hommes. ' '

RABBLAIS.

"The pleasure we derive from perusing the Thousand-and-One
Stories makes us regret that we possess only a comparatively small
part of these truly enchanting fictions."

CRICHTON'S "History of Arabia,

upplrmcntal

TO THE BOOK OF THE

anfc a

W/7V7 NOTES ANTHROPOLOGICAL AND EXPLANATORY

VOLUME I.

RICHARD F. BURTON

-dSte-

PRINTED BY THE BURTON CLUB FOR PRIVATE
SUBSCRIBERS ONLY

Shammar Edition

Limited to one thousand numbered sets,
of which this is

Number.

PRINTED IN U. S. A.

891)28

GENERAL STUDHOLME J. HODGSON.

MY DEAR GENERAL,

To whom with more pleasure or propriety can I inscribe
this volume than to my preceptor of past times ; my dear old friend,
whose deep study and vast experience of such light literature as The
Nights made me so often resort to him for good counsel and right
direction ? Accept this little token of gratitude, and believe me, with
the best of wishes and the kindest of memories,

Ever your sincere and attached

RICHARD F. BURTON.

LONDON, July 15, 1886.

THE TRANSLATOR'S FOREWORD.

AFTER offering my cordial thanks to friends and subscribers
who have honoured "THE THOUSAND NIGHTS AND A NIGHT"
(Kama Shastra Society) with their patronage and approbation,
I would inform them that my "'Anthropological Notes " are by
no means exhausted, and that I can produce a complete work
only by means of a somewhat extensive Supplement. I therefore
propose to print (not publish), for private circulation only, five
volumes, bearing title

SUPPLEMENTAL NIGHTS

TO THE BOOK OF

THE THOUSAND NIGHTS AND A NIGHT.

This volume and its successor (Nos. i. and ii.) contain Mr. John
Payne's Tales from the Arabic ; his three tomes, being included
in my two. The stories are taken from the Breslau Edition
where they are distributed among the volumes between Nos. iv.
and xii., and from the Calcutta fragment of 1814. I can say
little for the style of the story-stuff contained in this Breslaa
text, which has been edited with phenomenal incuriousness.
Many parts are hopelessly corrupted, whilst at present we have
no means of amending the commissions and of supplying the
omissions by comparison with other manuscripts. The Arabic

vHi The Translator's Foreword.

is not only faulty, but dry and jejune, comparing badly with that
of the "Thousand Nights and a Night," as it appears in the
Macnaghten and the abridged Bulak Texts. Sundry of the tales
are futile ; the majority has little to recommend it, and not a few
require a diviner rather than a translator. Yet they are valuable
to students as showing the different sources and the hetero-
geneous materials from and of which the great Saga-book has been
compounded. Some are, moreover, striking and novel, especially
parts of the series entitled King Shah Bakht and his Wazir
Al-Rahwan (pp. 191-355). Interesting also is the Tale of the
"Ten Wazirs " (pp. 55-155), marking the transition of the
Persian Bakhtiyar-Nameh into Arabic. In this text also and
in this only is found Galland's popular tale " Abou-Hassan ;
or, the Sleeper Awakened," which I have entitled a The Sleeper
and the Waker."

In the ten volumes of " The Nights " proper, I mostly
avoided parallels of folk-lore and fabliaux which, however
interesting and valuable to scholars, would have over-swollen
the bulk of a work especially devoted to Anthropology. In the
" Supplementals," however it is otherwise ; and, as Mr. W. A.
Clouston, the " Storiologist," has obligingly agreed to collaborate
with me, I shall pay marked attention to this subject, which
will thus form another raison d'etre for the additional volumes.

RICHARD F. BURTON.

JUNIOR TRAVELLERS' CLUB,
December i, 1886.

CONTENTS OF THE FIRST VOLUME.

1. THE SLEEPER AND THE WAKER 1

(Lane, ii. pp. 352-79, The Story of Abu-l- Hasan the Wag, or the Sleeper Awakened).

a. STORY OF THE LARRIKIN AND THE COOK 4

2. THE CALIPH OMAR BIN ABD AL-AZIZ AND THE POETS . , 39

3. AL-HAJJAJ AND THE THREE YOUNG MEN .... 47

4. HARUN AL-RASHID AND THE WOMAN OF THE BARMECIDES 51

5. THE TEN WAZIRS ; OR THE HISTORY OF KING AZADBAKHT

AND HIS SON 55

a. OF THE USELESSNESS OF ENDEAVOUR AGAINST THE PERSIS-

TENT ILL FORTUNE 63

aa. STORY OF THE MERCHANT WHO LOST His LUCK . . 6

b. OF LOOKING TO THE ENDS OF AFFAIRS 73

bb. TALE OF THE MERCHANT AND His SONS . . . it.

c. OF THE ADVANTAGES OF PATIENCE 81

cc. STORY OF ABU SABIR ib.

d. OF THE ILL EFFECTS OF IMPATIENCE 89

dd. STORY OF PRINCE BIHZAD ib.

e. OF THE ISSUES OF GOOD AND EVIL ACTIONS 93

e. STORY OF KING DADBIN AND His WAZIRS ... 94
I

x Contents.

/. OF TRUST IN ALLAH * 102

ff. STORY OF KING BAKHTZAMAN ib.

g. OF CLEMENCY 107

gg. STORY OF KING BIHKARD ib.

h. OF ENVY AND MALICE in

hk. STORY OF AYLAN SHAH AND ABU TAMMAM . . .112

i. OF DESTINY OR THAT WHICH is WRITTEN ON THE FOREHEAD 120
zY. STORY OF KING IBRAHIM AND HIS SON ... .121

/, OF THE APPOINTED TERM, WHICH, IF IT BE ADVANCED, MAY
NOT BE DEFERRED, AND IF ir BE DEFERRED, MAY NOT BE

ADVANCED 129

jj. STORY OF KING SULAYMAN SHAH AND HIS NIECE . . 131

k. OF THE SPEEDY RELIEF OF ALLAH 151

kk. STORY OF THE PRISONER AND HOW ALLAH GAVE HIM

RELIEF ib.

6. JA'AFAR BIN YAHYA AND ABD AL-MALIK BIN SALIH THE

ABBASIDE 159

7. AL-RASHID AND THE BARMECIDES ..... 165

8. IBN AL-SAMMAK AND AL-RASHID 171

9. AL-MAAMUN AND ZUBAYDAH 175

10. AL-NU'UMAN AND THE ARAB OF THE BANU TAY . . .179

n. FIRUZ AND HIS WIFE 185

12. KING SHAH BAKHT AND HIS WAZIR AL-RAHWAN . . . 191

. TALE OF THE MAN OF KHORASAN, HIS SON AND HIS TUTOR . 194

>. TALE OK THE SINGER AND THE DRUGGIST 203

t. TALE OF THE KING WHO KENNED THE QUINTESSENCE OF THINGS 212
d. TALE OF THE RICHARD WHO MARRIED HIS BEAUTIFUL DAUGH-
TER TO THE POOR OLD MAN ai8

<. TALE OF THE SAGE AND HIS THREE SONS 22*

Contents. xi

/. TALE OF THE PRINCE WHO FELL IN LOVE WITH THE PICTURE 226

g. TALE OF THE FULLER AND HIS WIFE AND THE TROOPER . . 231

h. TALE OF THE MERCHANT, THE CRONE, AND THE KINO . . 235

i. TALE OF THE SIMPLETON HUSBAND ...... 239

j. TALE OF THE UNJUST KING AND THE TITHER .... 242

/>'. STORY OF DAVID AND SOLOMON 244

k. TALE OF THE ROBBER AND THE WOMAN 246

/. TALE OF THE THREE MEN AND OUR LORD ISA . . . . 250

//. THE DISCIPLE'S STORY . 251

m. TALE OF THE DETHRONED RULER WHOSE REIGN AND WEALTH

WERE RESTORED TO HIM ......... 253

*. TALE OF THE MAN WHOSE CAUTION SLEW HIM . . . 258

e. TALE OF THE MAN WHO WAS LAVISH OF HJS HOUSE AND HIS

PROVISION TO ONE WHOM HE KNEW NOT. .... 259

/. TALE OF THE MELANCHOLIST AND THE SHARPER . . . 264

q. TALE OF KHALBAS AND HIS WIFE AND THE LEARNED MAN . 267

r. TALE OF THE DEVOTEE ACCUSED OF LEWDNESS . . . 270

/. TALE OF THE HIRELING AND THE GIRL 279

t. TALE OF THE WEAVER WHO BECAME A LEACH BY ORDER OF

HIS WIFE 282

ti. TALE OF THE Two SHARPERS WHO EACH COZENED HIS COMPEER 288

* TALE OF THE SHARPERS WITH THE SHROFF AND THE Ass . 298

. TALE OF THE CHEAT AND THE MERCHANTS .... 302

wa. STORY OF THE FALCON AND THE LOCUST. . . 305

*. TALE OF THE KING AND HIS CHAMBERLAIN'S WIFE ... 308

xa. STORY OF THE CRONE AND THE DRAPER'S WIFE . . 309

y. TALE OF THE UGLY MAN AND HIS BEAUTIFUL WIFR . . 315

*. TALE OF THE KING WHO LOST KINGDOM AND WIFE AND

WEALTH AND ALLAH RESTORED THEM TO HIM . . 319

aa. TALE OF SALIM THE YOUTH OF KHORASAN AND SALMA, HIS

SISTER 332

M. TALE OF THE KING OF HIND AND HIS WAZIR .... 351

SUPPLEMENTAL NIGHTS

TO THE BOOK OF THE

THOUSAND NIGHTS AND A NIGHT.

THE SLEEPER AND THE WAKER. 1

IT hath reached me, O auspicious King, that there was once &
Baghdad, in the Caliphate of Harun al-Rashid, a man and a
merchant, who had a son Abu al-Hasan-al-Khah"a by name. 8
The merchant died leaving great store of wealth to his heir who

1 Arab. " Al-Naim wa al-Yakzn." This excellent story is not in the Mac. or Bresl.
Edits.; but is given in the Breslau Text, iv. 134-189 (Nights cclxxii.-ccxci). It is familiar
to readers of the old "Arabian Nights Entertainments " as " Abou- Hassan or the Sleeper
Awakened ; " and as yet it is the only one of the eleven added by Galland whose original
has been discovered in Arabic : the learned Frenchman, however, supplied it with embel-
lishments more suo, and seems to have taken it from an original fuller than our text as
is shown by sundry poetical and other passages which he apparently did not invent.
Lane (vol. ii. chap. 12.), noting that its chief and best portion is an historical anecdote
related as a fact, is inclined to think that it is not a genuine tale of The Nights. He
finds it in Al-Ishakf who finished his history about the close of Sultan Mustafa the
Osmanli's reign, circa A.H. 1032 (= 1623) and he avails himself of this version as it is
"narrated in a simple and agreeable manner." Mr. Payne remarks, ("The above title
(Asleep and Awake) is of course intended to mark the contrast between the everyday
(or waking) hours of Aboulhusn and his fantastic life in the Khalif s palace, sup.
posed by him to have passed in a dream ; " I may add that amongst frolicsome Eastern
despots the adventure might often have happened and that it might have given a hint to
Cervantes.

i.e. The Wag. See vol. i. 311 : the old version calls him "the Debauchee."
VOL. I. A

2 Supplemental Nights.

divided it into two equal parts, whereof he laid up one and spent
of the other half; and he fell to companying with Persians 1 and
'with the sons of the merchants and he gave himself up to good drink-
ing and good eating, till all the wealth 2 he had with him was wasted
and wantoned ; whereupon he betook himself to his friends and
comrades and cup-companions and expounded to them his case, dis-
covering to them the failure of that which was in his hand of wealth.
But not one of them took heed of him or even deigned answer him.
So he returned to his mother (and indeed his spirit was broken)
and related to her that which had happened to him and what had
befallen him from his friends, how they had neither shared with
him nor requited him with speech. Quoth she, "O Abu al-
Hasan, on this wise are the sons 3 of this time : an thou have aught,
they draw thee near to them, 4 and if thou have naught, they put
thee away from them." And she went on to condole with him,

what while he bewailed himself and his tears flowed and he

repeated these lines :

An wane my wealth, no man will succour me, o When my wealth waxeth

all men friendly show :
How many a friend, for wealth showed friendliness o Who, when my wealth

departed, turned to foe!

Then he sprang up and going to the place wherein was the other
half of his good, took it and lived with it well ; and he sware that
he would never again consort with a single one of those he had
known, but would company only with the stranger nor entertain
even him but one night and that, when it morrowed, he would never
know him more. Accordingly he fell to sitting every eventide on
the bridge over Tigris and looking at each one who passed by him;

1 Arab. "Al-Fars"; a people famed for cleverness and debauchery. I cannot sec
why Lane omitted the Persians, unless he had Persian friends at Cairo.

* I.*, the half he intended for spending-money.

' i.t. "men,'' a characteristic Arab idiom : here it applies to the sons of all time.

i.e. make much oi thee.

The Sleeper and the Waker. 3

and if he saw him to be a stranger, he made friends with him and
carried him to his house, where he conversed and caroused with
him all night till morning. Then he dismissed him and would
never more salute him with the Salam nor ever more drew
near unto him neither invited him again. Thus he continued
to do for the space of a full year, till, one day, while he sat
on the bridge, as was his wont, expecting who should come co
him so he might take him and pass the night with him, behold,
up came the Caliph and Masrur, the Sworder of his vengeance 1
disguised in merchants' dress, according to their custom, So
Abu al-Hasan looked at them and rising, because he knew
them not, asked them, " What say ye ? Will ye go with me to my
dwelling-place, so ye may eat what is ready and drink what is at
hand, to wit, platter-bread 2 and meat cooked and wine strained?"
The Caliph refused this, but he conjured him and said to him,
" Allah upon thee, O my lord, go with me, for thou art my guest
this night, and baulk not my hopes of thee ! " And he ceased not
to press him till he consented ; whereat Abu al-Hasan rejoiced
and walking on before him, gave not over talking with him till
they came to his house and he carried the Caliph into the saloon.
Al-Rashid entered a hall such as an thou sawest it and gazedst
upon its walls, thou hadst beheld marvels ; and hadst thou looked
narrowly at its water-conduits thou wouldst have seen a fountain
cased with gold. The Caliph made his man abide at the door ;
and, as soon as he was seated, the host brought him somewhat
to eat ; so he ate, and Abu al-Hasan ate with him that eating
might be grateful to him. Then he removed the tray and they
washed their hands and the Commander of the Faithful sat down

1 In Lane the Caliph is accompanied by " certain of his domestics."

2 Arab. " Khubz Mutabbak," bread baked in a platter, instead of in an oven, an
earthen jar previously heated, to the sides of which the scones or bannocks of dough
are applied : " it is lighter than oven-bread, especially if it be made thin and leavened."
See Al-Shakurf, a medical writer quoted by Dozy.

4 Supplemental Nights.

again ; whereupon Abu al-Hasan set on the drinking vessels and
seating himself by his side, fell to filling and giving him to drink 1
and entertaining him with discourse. And when they had drunk
their sufficiency the host called for a slave-girl like a branch of
Ban who took a lute and sang to it these two couplets :

O thou aye dwelling in my heart, o Whileas thy form is far from sight,
Thou art my sprite by me unseen, o Yet nearest near art thou, my sprite.

His hospitality pleased the Caliph and the goodliness of his
manners, and he said to him, " O youth, who art thou ? Make me
acquainted with thyself, so I may requite thee thy kindness." But
Abu al-Hasan smiled and said, " O my lord, far be it, alas ! that
what is past should again come to pass and that I company witk
thee at other time than this time ! " The Prince of True Believers
asked, " Why so ? and why wilt thou not acquaint me with thy
case ? " and Abu al-Hasan answered, " Know, O my lord, that my
story is strange and that there is a cause for this affair." Quoth
Al-Rashid, " And what is the cause ? " and quoth he, " The cause
hath a tail." The Caliph 2 laughed at his words and Abu al-Hasaa
said, " I will explain to thee this saying by the tale of the Larrikia
and the Cook. So hear thou, O my lord, the

STORY OF THE LARRIKIN* AND THE COOK."

One of the ne'er-do-wells found himself one fine morning
without aught and the world was straitened upon him and patience

1 In other parts of The Nights Harun al-Rashid declines wine-drinking.

* The 'Allamah (doctissimus) Sayce (p. 212, Comparative Philology, London, Triibner,
1885) goes far back for Khalifah = a deputy, a successor. He begins with the Semitic
(Hebrew P) root " Khaliph " = to change, exchange : hence " Khaleph " = agio- From
this the Greeks got their KoAAvos and Cicero his "Collybus," a money-lender.

3 Arab. " Harfiish," (in Bresl. Edit. iv. 138, " Kharfush "), in popular parlance a
" blackguard." I have to thank Mr. Alexander J. Cotheal, of New York, for sending
me a MS. copy of this tale.

Story of the Larrikin and the Cook. 5

failed him ; so he lay down to sleep and ceased not slumbering till
the sun stang him and the foam came out upon his mouth,
whereupon he arose, and he was penniless and had not even so
much as a single dirham. Presently he arrived at the shop of a
Cook, who had set his pots and pans over the fire and washed his
saucers and wiped his scales and swept his shop and sprinkled it ;
and indeed his fats and oils were clear and clarified and his spices
fragrant and he himself stood behind his cooking-pots ready to
serve customers. So the Larrikin, whose wits had been sharpened
by hunger, went in to him and saluting him, said to him, " Weigh
me half a dirham's worth of meat and a quarter of a dirham's
worth of boiled grain 1 and the like of bread." So the Kitchener
weighed it out to him and the good-for-naught entered the shop,
whereupon the man set the food before him and he ate till he had
gobbled up the whole and licked the saucers and sat perplexed,
knowing not how he should do with the Cook concerning the
price of that he had eaten, and turning his eyes about upon every-
thing in the shop ; and as he looked, behold, he caught sight of an
earthen pan lying arsy-versy upon its mouth ; so he raised it from
the ground and found under it a horse's tail, freshly cut off and
the blood oozing from it ; whereby he knew that the Cook
adulterated his meat with horseflesh. When he discovered this
default, he rejoiced therein and washing his hands, bowed his
head and went out ; and when the Kitchener saw that he went
and gave him naught, he cried out, saying, " Stay, O pest, O

1 Arab. " Ta'am," in Egypt and Somaliland = millet seed (Holcus Sorghum) cooked in
various ways. In Barbary it is applied to the local staff of life, Kuskusu, wheaten or other
flour damped and granulated by hand to the size of peppercorns, and lastly steamed (as we
steam potatoes), the cullender-pot being placed over a long-necked jar full of boiling water.
It is served with clarified butter, shredded onions and meat ; and it represents the Risotto
of Northern Italy. Europeans generally find it too greasy for digestion. This Barbary
staff of life is of old date and is thus mentioned by Leo Africanus in early sixth century.
" It is made of a lump of Dow, first set upon the fire, in a vessel full of holes and
afterwards tempered with Butter and Pottage." So says good Master John Pory, " A
Geographical Historic of Africa, by John Leo, a Moor,' 1 London, 1600, impensis
George Bishop.

6 Supplemental Nights.

burglar!" So the Larrikin stopped and said to him, " Dost thou
cry out upon me and call to me with these words, O cornute ? "
Whereat the Cook was angry and coming down from the shop,
cried, " What meanest thou by thy speech, O low fellow, thou that
devourest meat and millet and bread and kitchen and goest forth
with 'the Peace 1 be on thee!' as it were the thing had not been,
and payest down naught for it ? " Quoth the Lackpenny, " Thou
liest, O accursed son of a cuckold ! " Whereupon the Cook cried
out and laying hold of his debtor's collar, said, " O Moslems, this
fellow is my first customer 2 this day and he hath eaten my food
and given me naught." So the folk gathered about them and
blamed the Ne'er-do-well and said to him, " Give him the price
of that which thou hast eaten." Quoth he, " I gave him a dirham
before I entered the shop ; " and quoth the Cook, " Be everything
I sell this day forbidden to me, if he gave me so much as the
name of a coin ! By Allah, he gave me naught, but ate my food
and went out and would have made off, without aught said.'*
Answered the Larrikin, " I gave thee a dirham," and he reviled the
Kitchener, who returned his abuse; whereupon he dealt him a
buffet and they gripped and grappled and throttled each other.
When the folk saw them fighting, they came up to them and
asked them, " What is this strife between you, and no cause for
it ? " and the Lackpenny answered, " Ay, by Allah, but there is a
cause for it, and the cause hath a tail ! " Whereupon, cried the
Cook, " Yea, by Allah, now thou mindest me of thyself and thy
dirham ! Yes, he gave me a dirham and but a quarter of the coin
is spent. Come back and take the rest of the price of thy dirham."
For he understood what was to do, at the mention of the tail ;
"and I, O my brother" (added Abu al-Hasan), " my story hath a
cause, which I will tell thee." The Caliph laughed at his speech

Arab. " Bi al-Salam " (pron. " Bissalam ") = in the Peace (of Allah).

And would brinfj him bad luck if allowed to go without paying.

The Sleeper and the Waker. 7

and said, " By Allah, this is none other than a pleasant tale ! Tell
me thy story and the cause." Replied the host, " With love and
goodly gree ! Know, O my lord, that my name is Abu al-Hasan
al-Khalfa and that my father died and left me abundant wealth,
of which I made two parts. One I laid up and with the other I
betook myself to enjoying the pleasures of friendship and con-
viviality and consorting with intimates and boon-companions and
with the sons of the merchants, nor did I leave one but I caroused
with him and he with me, and I lavished all my money on
comrades and good cheer, till there remained with me naught; 1
whereupon I betook myself to the friends and fellow-topers upon
whom I had wasted my wealth, so perhaps they might provide for
my case ; but, when I visited them and went round about to them
all, I found no vantage in one of them, nor would any so much as
break a bittock of bread in my face. So I wept for myself and re-
pairing to my mother, complained to her of my case. Quoth she :
Such are friends; an thou have aught, they frequent thee and
devour thee, but, an thou have naught, they cast thee off and chase
thee away. Then I brought out the other half of my money and
bound myself by an oath that I would never more entertain any
save one single night, after which I would never again salute him
nor notice him ; hence my saying to thee : Far be it, alas ! that
what is past should again come to pass, for I will never again
company with thee after this night." When the Commander of
the Faithful heard this, he laughed a loud laugh and said, " By
Allah, O my brother, thou art indeed excused in this matter, now
that I know the cause and that the cause hath a tail. Nevertheless^
Inshallah,! will not sever myself from thee." Replied Abu al-Hasan,
" O my guest, did I not say to thee, Far be it, alas ! that what is
past should again come to pass ? For indeed I will never again
foregather with any ! " Then the Caliph rose and the host set

1 i'.t'. of the first half, as has been shown.

8 Supplemental Nights.

before him a dish of roast goose and a bannock of first-bread 1 and
sitting down, fell to cutting off morsels and morselling the Caliph
therewith. They gave not over eating till they were filled, when Abu
al-Hasan brought basin and ewer and potash 2 and they washed
their hands. Then he lighted three wax-candles and three lamps,
and spreading the drinking-cloth, brought strained wine, clear, old
and fragrant, whose scent was as that of virgin musk. He filled the
first cup and saying, " O my boon-companion, be ceremony laid
aside between us by thy leave ! Thy slave is by thee ; may I not
be afflicted with thy loss ! " drank it off and filled a second cup,
%vhich he handed to the Caliph with due reverence. His fashion
pleased the Commander of the Faithful, and the goodliness of his
speech and he said to himself, " By Allah, I will assuredly requite
him for this ! " Then Abu al-Hasan filled the cup again and handed
it to the Caliph, reciting these two couplets: 3

Had we thy coming known, we would for sacrifice o Have poured thee out

heart's blood or blackness of the eyes ;
Ay, and we would have spread our bosoms in thy way, o That so thy feet

might fare on eyelids, carpet-wise.

When the Caliph heard his verses, he took the cup from his hand
and kissed it and drank it off and returned it to Abu al-Hasan,
who make him an obeisance and filled and drank. Then he filled
again and kissing the cup thrice, recited these lines :

Your presence honoureth the base, And we confess the deed of grace ;
An you absent yourself from us, No freke we find to fill your place.

Then he gave the cup to the Caliph, saying, "Drink it in
health and soundness! It doeth away malady and bringeth

1 Arab. "Kumajah" from the Persian Kumlsh = bread unleavened and baked in
*she. Egyptians use the word for bannocks of fine flour.

Arab. " Kali," our "alcali" : for this and other abstergents see vol. i. 279.
These lines have occurred twice in vol. i. 117 (Night xii.); I quote Mr. Payne.

The Sleeper and the Waker. 9

remedy and setteth the runnels of health to flow free." So they
ceased not carousing and conversing till middle-night, when the
Caliph said to his host, " O my brother, hast thou in thy heart a
concupiscence thou wouldst have accomplished or a contingency
thou wouldst avert ? " Said he, " By Allah, there is no regret in
my heart save that I am not empowered with bidding and for-
bidding, so I might manage what is in my mind ! " Quoth the
Commander of the Faithful, " By Allah, and again by Allah, 1 my
brother, tell me what is in thy mind ! " And quoth Abu al-Hasan,
"Would Heaven I might be Caliph for one day and avenge
myself on my neighbours, for that in my vicinity is a mosque and
therein four shaykhs, who hold it a grievance when there cometh a
guest to me, and they trouble me with talk and worry me in words
and menace me that they will complain of me to the Prince of True
Believers, and indeed they oppress me exceedingly, and I crave of
Allah the Most High power for one day, that I may beat each and
every of them with four hundred lashes, as well as the Imdm of
the mosque, and parade them round about the city of Baghdad
and bid cry before them : This is the reward and the least of the
reward of whoso exceedeth in talk and vexeth the folk and turneth
their joy to annoy. This is what I wish, and no more." Said the
Caliph, " Allah grant thee that thou seekest ! Let us crack one
last cup and rise ere the dawn draw near, and to-morrow night I
will be with thee again." Said Abu al-Hasan, " Far be it ! "
Then the Caliph crowned a cup, and putting therein a piece of
Cretan Bhang, 2 gave it to his host and said to him, " My life on thee,
O my brother, drink this cup from my hand ! " and Abu al-Hasan
answered, " Ay, by thy life, I will drink it from thy hand." So he
took it and drank it off ; but hardly had it settled in his stomach,
when his head forewent his heels and he fell to the ground like one

1 Arab. "Ya 'Hah, yd 'Hah;" vulg. used for "Look sharp!" e.g. "Ya 'llah JM,
yi walad " = " Be off at once, boy."

* Arab. " Ban] akdtashf," a term which has occurred before.

IO Supplemental Nights.

slain ; whereupon the Caliph went out and said to his slave'
Masrur, " Go in to yonder young man, the house master, and take
him up and bring him to me at the palace ; and when thou goest
out, shut the door.'* So saying, he went away, whilst Masrur
entered, and taking up Abu al-Hasan, shut the door behind him,
and made after his master, till he reached with him the palace
what while the night drew to an end and the cocks began crowing, 1
and set him down before the Commander of the Faithful, who
laughed at him. 2 Then he sent for Ja'afar the Barmecide and
when he came before him, said to him, " Note thou yonder young
/nan" (pointing to Abu al-Hasan), "and when thou shalt see him
to-morrow seated in my place of estate and on the throne 3 of my
Caliphate and clad in my royal clothing, stand thou in attendance
upon him and enjoin the Emirs and Grandees and the folk of my
household and the officers of my realm to be upon their feet, as in
his service and obey him in whatso he shall bid them do; and thou,
if he speak to thee of aught, do it and hearken unto his say and
gainsay him not in anything during this coming day." Ja'afar
acknowledged the order with " Hearkening and obedience " and
withdrew, whilst the Prince of True Believers went in to the
palace women, who came up to him, and he said to them, "When
this sleeper shall awake to-morrow, kiss ye the ground between
his hands, and do ye wait upon him and gather round about
him and clothe him in the royal clothing and serve him with the
service of the Caliphate and deny not aught of his estate, but

1 A natural clock, called by West Africans Cokkerapeek= Cock-speak. All the world
over it is the subject of superstition : see Giles's " Strange Stories from a Chinese
Studio " (i. 177), where Miss Li, who is a devil, hears the cock crow and vanishes.

3 In Lane Al-Rashid " found at the door his young men waiting for him and ordered
them to convey Abu-l-Hasaa upon a mule and returned to the palace ; Abu-1-Hasan
being intoxicated and insensible. And when the Khaleefeh had rested himself in the
palace, he called for," etc.

'Arab. " Kursi," Assyrian " Kussu "rrthrone ; and " Korsii " in Aramaic (or Nabatheaa
as Al-Mas'udi calls it), the second growth-period of the "Semitic" family, which
supplanted Assyrian and Babylonian, and became, as Arabic now is, the common speech!
of the "Semitic " world.

The Sleeper and the Waker< \ \

say to him, Thou art the Caliph." Then he taught them what they
should say to him and how they should do with him and withdraw-
ing to a retired room, 1 let down a curtain before himself and slept.
Thus fared it with the Caliph ; but as regards Abu al-Hasan, he
gave not over snoring in his sleep till the day brake clear, and the
rising of the sun drew near, when a woman in waiting came up to
him and said to him, " O our lord, the morning prayer ! " Hearing
these words he laughed and opening his eyes, turned them
about the palace and found himself in an apartment whose walls
were painted with gold and lapis lazuli and its ceiling dotted and
starred with red gold. Around it were sleeping chambers, with
curtains of gold-embroidered silk let down over their doors, and
all about vessels of gold and porcelain and crystal and furniture
and carpets dispread and lamps burning before the niche wherein
men prayed, and slave-girls and eunuchs and Mamelukes and black
slaves and boys and pages and attendants. When he saw this he
was bewildered in his wit and said, " By Allah, either I am dream-
ing a dream, or this is Paradise and the Abode of Peace ! " 2 And
he shut his eyes and would have slept again. Quoth one of the
eunuchs, M O my lord, this is not of thy wont r O Commander of
the Faithful!" Then the rest of the handmaids of the palace
came up to him and lifted him into a sitting posture, when he
found himself upon a mattrass, raised a cubit's height from the
ground and all stuffed with floss silk. So they seated him upon
it and propped his elbow with a pillow, and he looked at the
apartment and its vastness and saw those eunuchs and slave-girls

1 Arab. "Makan mahjtib," which Lane renders by "a private closet," and Payne by
a " privy place," suggesting that the Caliph slept in a nume'ro cent. So, when starting
for the " Trakki Campaign," Sir Charles Napier (of Sind), in bis zeal for lightening
officers* baggage, inadvertently chose a water-closel tent for his head-quarters magno
cum risu not of the staff, who had a strange fear of him, but of the multitude who
had not.

'Arab. "Dar al-SaJam," one of the seven "Gardens" into which the Mohammedan
Paradise is divided. Man's fabled happiness began in a Garden (Eden) and the sugges-
tion came naturally that it would continue there. For the seven Heavens, sec vol. via. , 1 1 1

*2 Supplemental Nights.

fn attendance upon him and standing about his head, whereupon
he laughed at himself and said, " By Allah, 'tis not as I were on
wake, yet I am not asleep ! " And in his perplexity he bowed his
chin upon his bosom and then opened his eyes, little by little,
smiling and saying, " What is this state wherein I find myself ? "
Then he arose and sat up, whilst the damsels laughed at him
privily ; and he was bewildered in his wit, and bit his finger ; and
as the bite pained him, he cried " Oh ! " and was vexed ; and
the Caliph watched him, whence he saw him not, and lasghed.
Presently Abu al-Hasan turned to a damsel and called to her ;
whereupon she answered, " At thy service, O Prince of True
Believers!" Quoth he, what is thy name?" and quoth she,
Shajarat al-Durr." 1 Then he said to her, " By the protection of
Allah, O damsel, am I Commander of the Faithful?" She
replied, "Yes, indeed, by the protection of Allah thou in this
time art Commander of the Faithful." Quoth he, " By Allah,
thou liest, O thousandfold whore!" 2 Then he glanced at the
Chief Eunuch and called to him, whereupon he came to him and
kissing the ground before him, said, " Yes, O Commander of the
Faithful." Asked Abu al-Hasan, "Who is Commander of the
Faithful?" and the Eunuch answered "Thou." And Abu al-Hasan
said, "Thou liest, thousandfold he-whore that thou art!" Then
he turned to another eunuch and said to him, " O my chief, 3 by
the protection of Allah, am I Prince of the True Believers?"
Said he, " Ay, by Allah, O my lord, thou art in this time Com-
mander of the Faithful and Viceregent of the Lord of the three
Worlds." Abu al-Hasan laughed at himself and doubted of his
reason and was bewildered at what he beheld, and said, u In one
night do I become Caliph ? Yesterday I was Abu al-Hasan the

1 Branch of Pearl, see vol. ii. 57.

1 Arab. " Kahbah," the lowest word (vol. i. 70), effectively used in contrast with the
speaker's surroundings.

* Arab. " Ya kabirf," = mon brave, my good rnan.

Tht Sleeper and the Waker. 13

Wag, and to day I am Commander of the Faithful." Then the
Chief Eunuoh came up to him and said, "O Prince of True
Believers (the name of Allah encompass thee !) thou art
indeed Commander of the Faithful and Viceregent of the Lord
of the three Worlds ! " And the slave-girls and eunuchs flocked
round about him, till he arose and abode wondering at his case.
Hereupon the Eunuch brought him a pair of sandals wrought
with raw silk and green silk and purfled with red gold, and he
took them and after examining them set them in his sleeve ;
whereat the Castrato cried out and said, " Allah ! Allah ! O my
lord, these are sandals for the treading of thy feet, so thbu mayst
wend to the wardrobe." Abu al-Hasan was confounded, and
shaking the sandals from his sleeve, put them on his feet, whilst
the Caliph died 1 of laughter at him. The slave forewent him to
the chapel of ease, where he entered and doing his job, 2 came
out into the chamber, whereupon the slave-girls brought him a
basin of gold and an ewer of silver and poured water on his
hands 3 and he made the Wuzu-ablution. Then they spread
him a prayer-carpet and he prayed. Now he knew not how
to pray 4 and gave not over bowing and prostrating for twenty
inclinations, 5 pondering in himself the while and saying, "By
Allah, I am none other than the Commander of the Faithful
in very truth ! This is assuredly no dream, for all these things
happen not in a dream." And he was convinced and determined
in himself that he was Prince of True Believers ; so he pronounced

1 This exaggeration has now become familiar to English speech.

2 Like an Eastern he goes to the water-closet the first thing in the morning, or rather
dawn, and then washes ceremonially before saying the first prayer. In Europe he
would probably wait till after breakfast. See vol. iii. 242.

3 I have explained why an Eastern does not wash in the basin as Europeans do in vol. i.
p. 241.

* i.e. He was so confused that he forgot. All Moslems know how to pray, whether
they pray or not.

5 The dawn-prayer consists of only four inclinations (raka'di) ; two " Farz" (divinely
appointed), and two Sunnah (the custom of the Apostle). For the Raka'ah see Lane,
M.E. chapt. iii. ; it cannot be explained without illustrations.

14 Supplemental Nights.

the Salam 1 and finished his prayers ; whereupon the Mamelukes

and slave-girls came round about him with bundled suits of silken

and linen stuffs and clad him in the costume of the Caliphate

and gave the royal dagger in his hand. Then the Chief Eunuch

came in and said, " O Prince of True Believers, the Chamberlain

is at the door craving permission to enter." Said he, " Let

him enter!" whereupon he came in and after kissing ground

offered the salutation, " Peace be upon thee, O Commander of the

Faithful ! " At this Abu al-Hasan rose and descended from the

couch to the floor ; whereupon the official exclaimed " Allah f

Allah ! O Prince of True Believers, wottest thou not that all men

are thy lieges and under thy rule and that it is not meet for the

Caliph to rise to any man ? " Presently the Eunuch went out

before him and the little white slaves behind him, and they ceased

not going till they raised the curtain and brought him into the hall

of judgment and the throne-room of the Caliphate. There he

saw the curtains and the forty doors and Al-'Ijlf and Al-Rakdsh{

the poet, and 'Ibddn and Jadfm and Abu Ishak 2 the cup-companion

and beheld swords drawn and the lions 3 compassing the throne

as the white of the eye encircleth the black, and gilded glaives

and death-dealing bows and Ajams and Arabs and Turks and

Daylamites and folk and peoples and Emirs and Wazirs and

Captains and Grandees and Lords of the land and men of 'war in

band, and in very sooth there appeared the might of the house of

Abbas 4 and the majesty of the Prophet's family. So he sat down

upon the throne of the Caliphate and set the dagger 5 on his lap,

1 After both sets of prayers, Farz and Sunnah, the Moslem looks over his right
shoulder and says "The Peace (of Allah) be upon you and the ruth of Allah," and
repeats the words over the .'> shoulder. The salutation is addressed to the Guardian
Angels or to the bystanders (Moslems) who, however, do not return it

* i.e. Ibrahim of Mosul the musician. See vol. iv. 108.

1 Arab. "Liyuth "plur. of "Layth," a lion : here warriors are meant.

4 The Abbasides traced their descent from Al- Abbas, Mohammed's uncle, and justly
held themselves as belonging to the family of the Prophet. See vol. ii. 6l.

4 Arab. " Nfmshah " = half-sword." See voL ii. p. 193.

The Sleeper and the Waker. 15

whereupon all present came up to kiss ground between his hands
and called down on him length of life and continuance of weal.
Then came forward Ja'afar the Barmecide and kissing the ground,
said, " Be the wide world of Allah the treading of thy feet and
may Paradise be thy dwelling-place and the Fire the home of thy
foes ! Never may neighbour defy thee nor the lights of fire die
out for thee, 1 O Caliph of all cities and ruler of all countries ! "
Therewithal Abu al-Hasan cried out at him and said, " O dog of
.he sons of Barmak, go down forthright, thou and the chief of the
city police, to such a place in such a street and deliver an hundred
dinars of gold to the mother of Abu al-Hasan the Wag and bear
her my salutation. Then, go to such a mosque and take the four
Shaykhs and the Imdm and scourge each of them with a thousand 2
lashes and mount them on beasts, face to tail, and parade them
round about all the city and banish them to a place other than this
city ; and bid the crier make cry before them, saying : This is the
reward and the least of the reward of whoso multiplieth words and
molesteth his neighbours and damageth their delights and stinteth
their eating and drinking ! " Ja'afar received the command and
answered <( With obedience " ; after which he went down from
before Abu al-Hasan to the city and did all he had ordered him
to do. Meanwhile, Abu al-Hasan abode in the CalipTiate, taking
and giving, bidding and forbidding and carrying out his command
till the end of the day, when he gave leave and permission to
withdraw, and the Emirs and Officers of state departed to their
several occupations and he looked towards the Chamberlain and

1 i.e. May thy dwelling-place never fall into ruin. The prayer has, strange to say,
been granted. "The present city on the Eastern bank of the Tigris was built by
Haroun al-Rashid, and his house still stands there and is an object of reverent
curiosity." So says my friend Mr. Grattan Geary (vol. i. p. 212, " Through Asiatic
Turkey", London: Low, 1878). He also gives a sketch of Zubaydah's tomb on the
western bank of the Tigris near the suburb which represents old Baghdad : it is a
pineapple dome springing from an octagon, both of brick once revetted with white
stucco.

2 In the Bresl. Edit., four hundred. I prefer the exaggerated total.

1 6 Supplcmen tal Nights.

the rest of the attendants and said, " Begone ! " Then the
Eunuchs came to him and calling down on him length of life and
continuance of weal, walked in attendance upon him and raised
the curtain, and he entered the pavilion of the Harem, where he
found candles lighted and lamps burning and singing-women
smiting on instruments, and ten slave-girls, high-bosomed maids.
When he saw this, he was confounded in his wit and said to
himself, " By Allah, I am in truth Commander of the Faithful ! "
presently adding, " or haply these are of the Jann and he who
was my guest yesternight was one of their kings who saw no way
to requite my favours save by commanding his Ifrits to address me
as Prince of True Believers. But an these be of the Jann may
Allah deliver me in safety from their mischief ! " As soon as he
appeared, the slave-girls rose to him and carrying him up on to the
daYs, 1 brought him a great tray, bespread with the richest viands.
So he ate thereof with all his might and main, till he had gotten
his fill, when he called one of the handmaids and said to her,
" What is thy name ? " Replied she, " My name is Miskah," 2
and he said to another, " What is thy name ? " Quoth she, " My
name is Tarkah." 3 Then he asked a third, " What is thy name ? "
who answered, " My name is Tohfah ; " 4 and he went on to
question the damsels of their names, one after other, till he had
learned the ten, when he rose from that place and removed to the
wine-chamber. He found it every way complete and saw therein
ten great trays, covered with all fruits and cates and every sort of
sweetmeats. So he sat down and ate thereof after the measure of
his competency, and finding there three troops of singing-girls, was

1 i.e. the raised recess at the upper end of an Oriental saloon, and the place of honoyr,
which Lane calls by its Egyptian name "Liwdn." See his vol. i. 312 and his M.E.
chapt. i : also my vol. iv. p. 71.

z "Bito'Musk."

3 "A gin," a snare.

4 " A gift," a present. It is instructive to compare Abu al- Hasan with Sancho Panza,
sprightly Arab wit with grave Spanish humour.

The Sleeper and tfie Waker. if

amazed and made the girls eat. Then he sat and the singers also
seated themselves, whilst the black slaves and the white slaves
and the eunuchs and pages and boys stood, and of the slave-girls
some sat and others stood. The damsels sang and warbled all
varieties of melodies and the place rang with the sweetness of the
songs, whilst the pipes cried out and the lutes with them wailed,
till it seemed to Abu al-Hasan that he was in Paradise and his
heart was heartened and his breast broadened. So he sported and
joyance grew on him and he bestowed robes of honour on the
damsels and gave and bestowed, challenging this girl and kissing
that and toying with a third, plying one with wine and morselling
another with meat, till nightfall. All this while the Commander
of the Faithful was diverting himself with watching him and
laughing, and when night fell he bade one of the slave-girls drop
a piece of Bhang in the cup and give it to Abu al-Hasan to
drink. So she did his bidding and gave him the cup, which
no sooner had he drunk than his head forewent his feet. 1
Therewith the Caliph came forth from behind the curtain,
laughing, and calling to the attendant who had brought
Abu al-Hasan to the palace, said to him, "Carry 2 this man to
his own place." So Masrur took him up, and carrying him to
his own house, set him down in the saloon. Then he went forth
from him, and shutting the saloon-door upon him, returned to the
Caliph, who slept till the morrow. As for Abu al-Hasan, he gave
not over slumbering till Almighty Allah brought on the morning,
when he recovered from the drug and awoke, crying out and
saying, " Ho, Tuffahah ! Ho, Rahat al-Kulub ! Ho, Miskah ! Ho,
Tohfah ! " 3 And he ceased not calling upon the palace hand-maids

1 i./. he fell down senseless. The old version has "his head knocked against
.his knees."

2 Arab. "Waddi" vulg. Egyptian and Syrian for the classical "Add!" (ii. of
Adii = preparing to do). No wonder that Lane complains (iii. 376) of the "vulgar
style, abounding in errors."

8 O Apple, O Repose o' Hearts, O Musk, O Choke Gift.

VOL. I. B

1 8 Supplemental Nights.

till his mother heard him summoning strange damsels, and rising,
came to him and said, " Allah's name encompass thee ! Up with
thee, O my son, O Abu al-Hasan ! Thou dreamest." So he opened
his eyes, and finding an old woman at his head, raised his eyes and
said to her, " Who art thou ? " Quoth she, " I am thy mother ; "
and quoth he, " Thou liest ! I am the Commander of the Faithful,
the Viceregent of Allah." Whereupon his mother shrieked aloud
and said to him, " Heaven preserve thy reason ! Be silent, O my
son, and cause not the loss of our lives and the wasting of thy
wealth, which will assuredly befal us if any hear this talk and
carry it to the Caliph." So he rose from his sleep, and finding
himself in his own saloon and his mother by him, had doubts of
his wit, and said to her, " By Allah, O my mother, I saw myself
in a dream in a palace, with slave-girls and Mamelukes about me
and in attendance upon me, and I sat upon the throne of the
Caliphate and ruled. By Allah, O my mother, this is what I saw,
and in very sooth it was no dream ! " Then he bethought himself
awhile and said, " Assuredly, 1 I am Abu al-Hasan al-Khali'a, and
this that I saw was only a dream when I was made Caliph and
bade and forbade." Then he bethought himself again and said,
" Nay, but 'twas not a dream, and I am none other than the
Caliph, and indeed I gave gifts and bestowed honour-robes."
Quoth his mother to him, " O my son, thou sportest with thy
reason : thou wilt go to the mad-house 2 and become a gazing-
stock. Indeed, that which thou hast seen is only from the foul
Fiend, and it was an imbroglio of dreams, for at times Satan
sporteth with men's wits in all manner of ways." 3 Then said she
to him, " O my son, was there any one with thee yesternight ? " And
he reflected and said, " Yes ; one lay the night with me and I

1 Arab. " Doghri," a pure Turkish word, in Egypt meaning " truly, with truth,"
Straightforwardly ; in Syria =: straight (going), directly.

2 Arab. " Maristan," see vol. i. 288.

* The scene is a rechauffe of Badr al-Din Hasan and his wife, i. 247.

The Sleeper and the Waker. 19

acquainted him with my case and told him my tale. Doubtless,
he was of the Devils, and I, O my mother, even as thou sayst
truly, am Abu al-Hasan al-Khali'a." She rejoined, "O my son
rejoice in tidings of all good, for yesterday's record is that there
came the Wazir Ja'afar the Barmecide and his many, and beat the
Shaykhs of the mosque and the Imam, each a thousand lashes ;
after which they paraded them round about the city, making pro-
clamation before them and saying : This is the reward and the
least of the reward of whoso faileth in goodwill to his neigh-
bours and troubleth on them their lives ! And he banished
them from Baghdad. Moreover, the Caliph sent me an hundred
dinars and sent to salute me." Whereupon Abu al-Hasan cried
out and said to her, " O ill-omened crone, wilt thou contradict me
and tell me that I am not the Prince of True Believers ? 'Twas
I who commanded Ja'afar the Barmecide to beat the Shaykhs and
parade them about the city and make proclamation before them
and 'twas I, very I, who sent thee the hundred dinars and sent to,
salute thee, and I, O beldam of ill-luck, am in very deed the
Commander of the Faithful, and thou art a liar, who would make
me out an idiot." So saying, he rose up and fell upon her and
beat her with a staff of almond-wood, till she cried out, " Help,

Moslems ! " and he increased the beating upon her, till the
folk heard her cries and coming to her, found Abu al-Hasan
bashing his mother and saying to her, "O old woman of ill-omen,
am I not the Commander of the Faithful ? Thou hast ensor-
celled me ! " When the folk heard his words, they said, " This
man raveth," and doubted not of his madness. So they came in
upon him, and seizing him, pinioned his elbows, and bore him
to the Bedlam. Quoth the Superintendant, " What aileth this
youth?" and quoth they, "This is a madman, afflicted of the
Jinn." " By Allah," cried Abu al-Hasan, " they lie against me!

1 am no madman, but the Commander of the Faithful." And the
Superintendant answered him, saying, " None lieth but thou, O

2O Supplemental Nights.

foulest of the Jinn-maddened ! " Then he stripped him of his
clothes, and clapping on his neck a heavy chain, 1 bound him to a
high lattice and fell to beating him two bouts a day and two
anights ; and he ceased not abiding on this wise the space of
ten days. Then his mother came to him and said, " O my son,
O Abu al-Hasan, return to thy right reason, for this is the
Devil's doing." Quoth he, "Thou sayst sooth, O my mother,
and bear thou witness of me that I repent me of that talk and
turn me from my madness. So do thou deliver me, for I am nigh
upon death." Accordingly his mother went out to the Superin-
tendant 2 and procured his release and he returned to his own
house. Now this was at the beginning of the month, and when
it ended, Abu al-Hasan longed to drink liquor and, returning to
his former habit, furnished his saloon and made ready food and bade
bring wine ; then, going forth to the bridge, he sat there, expecting
one whom he should converse and carouse with, according to
his custom. As he sat thus, behold, up came the Caliph and
Masrur to him ; but Abu al-Hasan saluted them not and said to
Al-Rashid, " No friendly welcome to thee, O King of the Jann ! "
Quoth Al-Rashid, *' What have I done to thee ? " and quoth Abu
al-Hasan, " What more couldst thou do than what thou hast done
to me, O foulest of the Jann ? I have been beaten and thrown
into Bedlam, where all said I was Jinn-mad and this was caused
by none save thyself. I brought thee to my house and fed thee
with my best ; after which thou didst empower thy Satans and
Marids to disport themselves with my wits from morning to
evening. So avaunt and aroynt thee and wend thy ways ! " The
Caliph smiled and, seating himself by his side said to him, " O my
brother, did I not tell thee that I would return to thee ? " Quoth

1 Arab. "Janzlr," another atrocious vulgarism for "Zanjir," which, however, has
occurred before.

2 Arab. " Arafshah."

The Sleeper and the Waker. 21

Abu al-Hasan, "I have no need of thee; and as the byword 1

sayeth in verse :

Fro' my friend, 'twere meeter and wiser to part, * For what eye sees not born shall
ne'er sorrow heart.

And indeed, O my brother, the night thou earnest to me and we
conversed and caroused together, I and thou, 'twas as if the Devil
came to me and troubled me that night" Asked the Caliph,
" And who is he, the Devil ?" and answered Abu al-Hasan, " Ke
is none other than thou ; " whereat the Caliph laughed and coaxed
him and spake him fair, saying, " O my brother, when I went out
from thee, I forgot the door and left it open and perhaps Satan
came in to thee." * Quoth Abu al-Hasan, " Ask me not of that
which hath betided me. What possessed thee to leave the door
open, so that the Devil came in to me and there befel me
with him this and that ? M And he related to him all that had
betided him, first and last (and in repetition is no fruition) ;
what while the Caliph laughed and hid his laughter. Then
said he to Abu al-Hasan, " Praised be Allah who hath done
away from thee whatso irked thee and that I see thee once
more in weal ! " And Abu al-Hasan said, " Never again will I
take thee to cup-companion or sitting-comrade ; for the pro-
verb saith : Whoso stumbleth on a stone and thereto returneth,
upon him be blame and reproach. And thou, O my brother,
nevermore will I entertain thee nor company with thee, for that I
have not found thy heel propitious to me." 2 But the Caliph coaxed
him and said, " I have been the means of thy winning to thy wish
anent the Imam and the Shaykhs." Abu al-Hasan replied,

1 In the ' Mishkdt al-Masabih" (ii. 341), quoted by Lane, occurs the Hadis, "Shot
your doors anights and when so doing repeat the Basmalah ; for the Devil may not open
a door shut in Allah's name." A pious Moslem in Egypt always ejaculates, " In the
name of Allah, the Compassionating," etc., when he locks a door, covers up bread, dpfr
his clothes, etc., to keep off devils and daemons.

2 An Arab idiom meaning, " I have not found thy good fortune (Ka'b= heel, glory,
prosperity) do me any good."

32 Supplemental Nights.

" Thou hast ;" and Al-Rashid continued, " And haply somewhat
may betide which shall gladden thy heart yet more." Abu al-
Hasan asked, " What dost thou require of me ? " and the Com-
mander of the Faithful answered, " Verily, I am thy guest ; reject
not the guest." Quoth Abu al-Hasan, " On condition that thou
swear to me by the characts on the seal of Solomon David's son
(on the twain be the Peace !) that thou wilt not suffer thine Ifrits
to make fun of me." He replied, " To hear is to obey ! " Where-
upon the Wag took him and brought him into the saloon and set
food before him and entreated him with friendly speech. Then
he told him all that had befallen him, whilst the Caliph was like to
die of stifled laughter ; after which Abu al-Hasan removed the
tray of food and bringing the wine-service, filled a cup and cracked
it three times, then gave it to the Caliph, saying, " O boon-com-
panion mine, I am thy slave and let not that which I am about to
say offend thee, and be thou not vexed, neither do thou vex me. 4 *
And he recited these verses :

Hear one that wills thee well ! Lips none shall bless o Save those who drink

for drunk and all transgress.
Ne'er will I cease to swill while night falls dark o Till lout my forehead

low upon my tasse :
In wine like liquid sun is my delight o Which clears all care and gladdens

allegresse.

When the Caliph heard these his verses and saw how apt he was
at couplets, he was delighted with exceeding delight and taking the
cup, drank it off, and the twain ceased not to converse and carouse
till the wine rose to their heads. Then quoth Abu al-Hasan to
the Caliph, " O boon-companion mine, of a truth I am perplexed
concerning my affair, for meseemed I was Commander of the
Faithful and ruled and gave gifts and largesse, and in very deed, O
my brother, it was not a dream." Quoth the Caliph. " These were
the imbroglios of sleep," and crumbling a bit of Bhang into the cup,
said to him, " By my life, do thou drink this cup ;" and said Abu

The Sleeper and tlie Waker. 23

al-Hasan, " Surely I will drink it from thy hand." Then he took
the cup and drank it off, and no sooner had it settled in
his stomach than his head fell to the ground before his feet.
Now his manners and fashions pleased the Caliph and the excel-
lence of his composition and his frankness, and he said in himself,
" I will assuredly make him my cup-companion and sitting-com-
rade." So he rose forthright and saying to Masrur, " Take him
up," returned to the palace. Accordingly, the Eunuch took up
Abu al-Hasan and carrying him to the palace of the Caliphate, set
him down before Al-Rashid, who bade the slaves and slave-girls
compass him about, whilst he himself hid in a place where Abu
al-Hasan could not see him. Then he commanded one of the
hand-maidens to take the lute and strike it over the Wag's head,
whilst the resx smote upon their instruments. So they played
and sang, till Abu al-Hasan awoke at the last of the night and
heard the symphony of lutes and tambourines and the sound of the
flutes and the singing of the slave-girls, whereupon he opened his
eyes and finding himself in the palace, with the hand-maids and
eunuchs about him, exclaimed, " There is no Majesty and there is
no Might save in Allah, the Glorious, the Great ! Come to my help
this night which meseems more unlucky than the former ! Verily, I
am fearful of the Madhouse and of that which I suffered therein
the first time, and I doubt not but the Devil is come to me again,
as before. O Allah, my Lord, put thou Satan to shame ! " Then
he shut his eyes and laid his head in his sleeve, and fell to laugh-
ing softly and raising his head bytimes, but still found the apart-
ment lighted and the girls singing. Presently, one of the eunuchs
sat down at his head and said to him, " Sit up, O Prince of True
Believers, and look on thy palace and thy slave-girls." Said
Abu al-Hasan, " Under the veil of Allah, am I in truth Com-
mander of the Faithful, and dost thou not lie ? Yesterday I rode
not forth neither ruled, but drank and slept, and this eunuch
cometh to make me rise." Then he sat up and recalled to

24 Supplemental Nights.

thought that which had betided him with his mother and how
he had beaten her and entered the Bedlam, and he saw the marks
of the beating, wherewith the" Superintendant had beaten him, and
was perplexed concerning his affair and pondered in himself,
saying, " By Allah, I know not how my case is nor what is this
that betideth me ! " Then, gazing at the scene around him, he
said privily, " All these are of the Jann in human shape, and I
commit my case to Allah." Presently he turned to one of the
damsels and said to her, " Who am I ? " Quoth she, " Thou art
the Commander of the Faithful ; " and quoth he, " Thou liest, O
calamity ! l If I be indeed the Commander of the Faithful, bite my
finger." So she came to him and bit it with all her might, and he
said to her, " It doth suffice." Then he asked the Chief Eunuch,
" Who am I ? " and he answered, " Thou art the Commander of
the Faithful." So he left him and returned to his wonderment :
then, turning to a little white slave, said to him, "Bite my ear;"
and he bent his head low down to him and put his ear to his
mouth. Now the Mameluke was young and lacked sense ; so he
closed his teeth upon Abu al-Hasan's ear with all his might, till he
came near to sever it ; and he knew not Arabic, so, as often as the
Wag said to him, " It doth suffice," he concluded that he said, " Bite
like a vice," and redoubled his bite and made his teeth meet in the
ear, whilst the damsels were diverted from him with hearkening
to the singing-girls, and Abu al-Hasan cried out for succour from
the boy and the Caliph lost his senses for laughter. Then he dealt
the boy a cuff, and he let go his ear, whereupon all present fell down
with laughter and said to the little Mameluke, " Art mad that thou
bitest the Caliph's ear on this wise ? " And Abu al-Hasan cried to
them, " Sufficeth ye not, O ye wretched Jinns, that which hath
befallen me ? But the fault is not yours : the fault is of your Chief
who transmewed you from Jinn shape to mortal shape. I seek

1 Arab. " Yi Nakbah " = a calamity to those who have to do with thee !

The Sleeper and the IVaker. 2$

refuge against you this night by the Throne-verse and the Chapter
of Sincerity J and the Two Preventives ! " 2 So saying the Wag
put off his clothes till he was naked, with prickle and breech
exposed, and danced among the slave-girls. They bound his
hands and he wantoned among them, while they died of laughing
at him and the Caliph swooned away for excess of laughter.
Then he came to himself and going forth the curtain to Abu al-
Hasan, said to him, " Out on thee, O Abu al-Hasan ! Thou
slayest me with laughter." So he turned to him and knowing
him, said to him, " By Allah, 'tis thou slayest me and slayest my
mother and slewest the Shaykhs and the Imam of the Mosque 1 "
After which he kissed ground before him and prayed for the
permanence of his prosperity and the endurance of his days. The
Caliph at once rob.ed him in a rich robe and gave him a thousand
dinars ; and presently he took the Wag into especial favour and
married him and bestowed largesse on him and lodged him with
himself in the palace and made him of the chief of his cup-
companions, and indeed he was preferred with him above them
and the Caliph advanced him over them all. Now they were ten
in number, to wit, Al-'Ijli and Al-Rakashi and 'Ibddn and Hasan
al-Farazdak and Al-Lauz and Al-Sakar and Omar al-Tartis and
Abu Nowas and Abu Ishak al-Nadim and Abu al-Hasan al-
Khali'a, and by each of them hangeth a story which is told in
other than this book. 3 And indeed Abu al-Hasan became high in
honour with the Caliph and favoured above all, so that he sat with
him and the Lady Zubaydah bint al-Kasim, whose treasuress
Nuzhat al-Fudd 4 hight, was given to him in marriage. After this
Abu al-Hasan the Wag abode with his wife in eating and drinking

1 Koran cxii., the "Chapter of Unity." See vol. iii. 307.
* See vol. iii. 222.

3 Here the author indubitably speaks for himself, forgetting that he ended Night
cclxxxi. (Bresl. iv. 168), and began that following with Shahrazad's usual formula.

4 '.*. " Delight of the vitals " (or heart).

26 Supplemental Nights.

and all delight of life, till whatso was with them went the way of
money, when he said to her, " Harkye, O Nuzhat al-Fuad ! " Said
she, " At thy service ; " and he continued, " I have it in mind to
play a trick on the Caliph ' and thou shalt do the like with the
Lady Zubaydah, and we will take of them at once, to begin with,
two hundred dinars and two pieces of silk." She rejoined, "As
thou wiliest, but what thinkest thou to do ? " And he said, " We will
feign ourselves dead and this is the trick. I will die before thee
and lay myself out, and do thou spread over me a silken napkin
and loose my turban over me and tie my toes and lay on my
stomach a knife and a little salt. 2 Then let down thy hair and
betake thyself to thy mistress Zubaydah, tearing thy dress and
slapping thy face and crying out. She will ask thee, What aileth
thee? and do thou answer her, May thy head outlive Abu al-
Hasan the Wag ; for he is dead. She will mourn for me and weep
and bid her new treasuress give thee an hundred dinars and a
piece of silk 3 and will say to thee : Go, lay him out and carry him
forth. So do thou take of her the hundred dinars and the piece
of silk and come back, and when thou returnest to me, I will rise
up and thou shalt lie down in my place, and I will go to the
Caliph and say to him, May thy head outlive Nuzhat al-Fuad,
and rend my raiment and pluck out my beard. He will mourn
for thee and say to his treasurer, Give Abu al-Hasan an hundred
dinars and a piece of silk. Then he will say to me, Go ; lay her
out and carry her forth ; and I will come back to thee." There-
with Nuzhat al-Fuad rejoiced and said, " Indeed, this is an excel-
lent device." Then Abu al-Hasan stretched himself out forthright
and she shut his eyes and tied his feet and covered him with the

1 The trick is a rechauffe of the trick played on Al-Rashid and Zubaydah.

* " Kalb" here is not heart, but stomach. The big toes of the Moslem corpse are
still tied in most countries, and in some a sword is placed upon the body ; but I am not
aware that a knife and salt (both believed to repel evil spirits) are so used in Cairo.

* The Moslem, who may not wear unmixed silk during his lifetime, may be shrouded
in it. I have noted that the " Shukkah," or piece, averages six feet in length.

The Sleeper and the Waker. 27

napkin and did whatso her lord had bidden her; after which she
tare her gear and bared her head and letting down her hair, went in
to the Lady Zubaydah, crying out and weeping. When the Princess
saw her in this state, she cried, " What plight is this ? What'is
thy story and what maketh thee weep?" And Nuzhat al-Fuad
answered, weeping and loud-wailing the while, " O my lady, may
thy head live and mayst thou survive Abu al-Hasan al Khali'a ; for
he is dead ! " The Lady Zubaydah mourned for him and said,
" Alas, poor Abu al-Hasan the Wag ! " and she shed tears for him
awhile. Then she bade her treasuress give Nuzhat al-Fuad an
hundred dinars and a piece of silk and said to her, " O Nuzhat
al-Fuad, go, lay him out and carry him forth." So she took the
hundred dinars and the piece of silk and returned to her dwelling,
rejoicing, and went in to her spouse and acquainted him what had
befallen, whereupon he arose and rejoiced and girdled his middle
and danced and took the hundred dinars and the piece of silk and
laid them up. Then he laid out Nuzhat al-Fuad and did with
her as she had done with him ; after which he rent his raiment
and plucked out his beard and disordered his turban and ran out
nor ceased running till he came in to the Caliph, who was sitting in
the judgment-hall, and he in this plight, beating his breast. The
Caliph asked him, " What aileth thee, O Abu al-Hasan ? " and he
wept and answered, *' Would heaven thy cup companion had never
been and would his hour had never come ! " * Quoth the Caliph,
" Tell me thy case : " and quoth Abu al-Hasan, " O my lord, may
thy head outlive Nuzhat al-Fuad ! " The Caliph exclaimed,
" There is no god but God ; " and smote hand upon hand.
Then he comforted Abu al-Hasan and said to him, " Grieve not,
for we will bestow upon thee a bed-fellow other than she." And
he ordered the treasurer to give him an hundred dinars and a piece

1 A vulgar ejaculation ; the " hour " referring either to birth or to his being made
one of the Caliph's equerries.

28 Supplemental Nights.

of silk. Accordingly the treasurer did what the Caliph bade him,
and Al-Rashid said to him, " Go, lay her out and carry her forth and
make her a handsome funeral." So Abu al-Hasan took that which
he had given him and returning to his house, rejoicing, went in to
Nuzhat al-Fifad and said to her, "Arise, for our wish is won." Hereat
she arose and he laid before her the hundred ducats and the piece
of silk, whereat she rejoiced, and they added the gold to the
gold and the silk to the silk and sat talking and laughing
each to other. Meanwhile, when Abu al-Hasan fared forth the
presence of the Caliph and went to lay out Nuzhat al-Fuad, the
Commander of the Faithful mourned for her and dismissing the
divan, arose and betook himself, leaning upon Masrur, the Sworder
of his vengeance, to the Lady Zubaydah, that he might condole
with her for her hand-maid. He found her sitting weeping and
awaiting his coming, so she might condole with him for his boon-
companion Abu al-Hasan the Wag. So he said to her, " May
thy head outlive thy slave-girl Nuzhat al-Fuad ! " and said she,
" O my lord, Allah preserve my slave-girl ! Mayst thou live and
long survive thy boon-companion Abu al-Hasan al-Khali'a ; for he
is dead." The Caliph smiled and said, to his eunuch, " O
Masrur, verily women are little of wit. Allah upon thee,
say, was not Abu al-Hasan with me but now ? " l Quoth
the Lady Zubaydah, laughing from a heart full of wrath,
" Wilt thou not leave thy jesting ? Sufficeth thee not that Abu
al-Hasan is dead, but thou must put to death my slave-girl also
and bereave us of the twain, and style me little of wit ? " The
Caliph answered, " Indeed, 'tis Nuzhat al-Fuad who is dead."
And the Lady Zubaydah said, " Indeed he hath not been with

thee, nor hast thou seen him, and none was with me but now
save Nuzhat al-Fuad, and she sorrowful, weeping, with her clothes

1 Here the story-teller omits to say that Masrur bore witness to the Caliph's state*
tent.

The Sleeper and the Water. 29

torn to tatters. I exhorted her to patience and gave her an
hundred dinars and a piece of silk ; and indeed I was awaiting
thy coming, so I might console thee for thy cup-companion
Abu al-Hasan al-Khali'a, and was about to send for thee." ' The
Caliph laughed and said, " None is dead save Nuzhat al-Fuad ; "
and she, " No, no, good my lord ; none is dead but Abu al-Hasan
the Wag." With this the Caliph waxed wroth, and the Hashimf
vein 2 started out from between his eyes and throbbed : and he
cried out to Masrur and said to him, " Fare thee forth to the
house of Abu al-Hasan the Wag, and see which of them is dead."
So Masrur went out, running, and the Caliph said to the Lady
Zubaydah, " Wilt thou lay me a wager ? " And said she, " Yes,
I will wager, and I say that Abu al-Hasan is dead." Rejoined
the Caliph, " And I wager and say that none is dead save Nuzhat
al-Fuad ; and the stake between me and thee shall be the Garden
of Pleasance 8 against thy palace and the Pavilion of Pictures." *
So they agreed upon this and sat awaiting Masrur's return with
the news. As for the Eunuch, he ceased not running till he came
to the by-street, wherein was the stead of Abu al-Hasan al-
Khali'a. Now the Wag was comfortably seated and leaning back
against the lattice, 5 and chancing to look round, saw Masrur
running along the street and said to Nuzhat al-Fuad, " Meseemeth
the Caliph, when I went forth from him dismissed the Divan and
went in to the Lady Zubaydah, to condole with her ; whereupon
she arose and condoled with him, saying, Allah increase thy

1 Arab. " Wakuntu raihah ursil warak," the regular Fellah language.

1 Arab. "'Irk al-Hishimi," See vol. ii. 19. Lane remarks, "Whether it was so
in Hashim himself (or only in his descendants), I do not find ; but it is mentioned
amongst the characteristics of his great-grandson, the Prophet."

3 Arab. " Bostan al-Nuzhah," whose name made the stake appropriate. See vol. ii. 81.

* Arab. " Tamasil " = generally carved images, which, amongst Moslems, always
suggest idols and idolatry.

6 The " Shubbik" here would be the " Mashrabiyah," or latticed balcony, projecting
from the saloon-wall, and containing room for three or more sitters. It is Lane's
" Meshrebeeyeh," sketched in M.E. (Introduction) and now has become familinr t*
Englishmen.

3O Supplemental Nights.

recompense for the loss of Abu al-Hasan al-Khali'a ! And he
said to her, None is dead save Nuzhat al-Fuad, may thy head
outlive her ! Quoth she, 'Tis not she who is dead, but Abu
al-Hasan al-Khali'a, thy boon companion. And quoth he, None
is dead save Nuzhat al-Fuad. And they waxed so obstinate that
the Caliph became wroth and they laid a wager, and he hath sent
Masrur the Sworder to see who is dead. Now. therefore, 'twere
best that thou lie down, so he may sight thee and go and acquaint
the Caliph and confirm my saying." * So Nuzhat al-Fuad stretched
herself out and Abu al-Hasan covered her with her mantilla and
sat weeping at her head. Presently, Masrur the eunuch suddenly
came in to him and saluted him, and seeing Nuzhat al-Fuad
stretched out, uncovered her face and said, " There is no god but
God ! Our sister Nuzhat al-Fuad is dead indeed. How sudden was
the stroke of Destiny ! Allah have ruth on thee and acquit thee
of all charge ! " Then he returned and related what had passed
before the Caliph and the Lady Zubaydah, and he laughing as he
spoke. " O accursed one," cried the Caliph, " this is no time
for laughter ! Tell us which is dead of them." Masrur replied,
" By Allah, O my lord, Abu al-Hasan is well, and none is dead
but Nuzhat al-Fuad." Quoth the Caliph to Zubaydah, "Thou
hast lost thy pavilion in thy play," and he jeered at her and
said, " O Masrur, tell her what thou sawest." Quoth the Eunuch,
" Verily, O my lady, I ran without ceasing till I came in to Abu
al-Hasan in his house and found Nuzhat al-Fuad lying dead and
Abu al-Hasan sitting tearful at her head. I saluted him and
condoled with him and sat down by his side and uncovered the
face of Nuzhat al-Fuad and saw her dead and her face swollen. 2

1 This is lo show the cleverness of Abu al-Hasan, who had calculated upon the
difference between Al-Rashid and Zubaydah. Such marvels of perspicacity are frequent
enough in the folk-lore of the Arabs.

2 An artful touch, showing how a tale grows by repetition. In Abu al-Hasan's case
(infra) the eyes are swollen by the swathes.

T/te Sleeper and the Waker. 31

, A

So I said to him : Carry her out forthwith, so we may pray over

her. He replied : 'Tis well ; and I left him to lay her out and

came hither, that I might tell you the news." The Prince of True

Believers laughed and said, " Tell it again and again to thy lady

Little-wits." When the Lady Zubaydah heard Masrur's words

and those of the Caliph she was wroth and said, " None is little of

wit save he who believeth a black slave." And she abused Masrur,

whilst the Commander of the Faithful laughed : and the Eunuch,

vexed at this, said to the Caliph, " He spake sooth who said :

Women are little of wits and lack religion." 1 Then said the

Lady Zubaydah to the Caliph, " O Commander of the Faithful,

thou sportest and jestest with me, and this slave hoodwinketh

me, the better to please thee ; but I will send and see which of

them be dead." And he answered, saying, " Send one who shall

see which of them is dead." So the Lady Zubaydah cried out to

an old duenna, and said to her, " Hie thee to the house of Nuzhat

al-Fuad in haste and see who is dead and loiter not." And she

used hard words to her. 2 So the old woman went out running,

whilst the Prince of True Believers and Masrur laughed, and she

ceased not running till she came into the street. Abu al-Hasan

saw her, and knowing her, said to his wife, " O Nufchat al-Fuadj

meseemeth the Lady Zubaydah hath sent to us to see who is

dead and hath not given credit to Masrur's report of thy death :

accordingly, she hath despatched the old crone, her duenna, to

discover the truth. So it behoveth me to be dead in my turn

for the sake of thy credit with the Lady Zubaydah." Hereat he

lay down and stretched himself out, and she covered him and

s i

bound his eyes and feet and sat in tears at his head. Presently

( the old woman came in to her and saw her sitting at Abu
.al-Hasan's head, weeping and recounting his fine qualities; and

1 A Hadis attributed to the Prophet, and very useful to Moslem husbands who
wives differ overmuch with them in opinion.

2 Arab. " Masarat fi-ha," which Lane renders, " And she threw money to hex."

32 Supplemental Nights.

when she saw the old trot, she cried out and said to her, u See
what hath befallen me ! Indeed Abu al-Hasan is dead and hath
left me lone and lorn ! " Then she shrieked out and rent her
raiment and said to the crone, <C O my mother, how very good he
was to me ! " ! Quoth the other, " Indeed thou art excused, for
thou wast used to him and he to thee." Then she considered what
Masrur had reported to the Caliph and the Lady Zubaydah and

said to her, " Indeed, Masrur goeth about to cast discord between

the Caliph and the Lady Zubaydah." Asked Nuzhat al-Fuad,
"And what is the cause of discord, O my mother? " and the other
replied, " O my daughter, Masrur came to the Caliph and the Lady
Zubaydah and gave them news of thee thai thou wast dead and that
Abu al-Hasan was well." Nuzhat al-Fuad said to her, " O naunty.
mine, 2 1 was with my lady just now and she gave me an hundred
dinars and a piece of silk ; and now see my case and that
which hath befallen me ! Indeed, I am bewildered, and how shall
I do, and I lone, and lorn ? Would heaven I had died and he
had lived ! " Then she wept and with her wept the old woman,
who, going up to Abu al-Hasan and uncovering his face, saw his
eyes bound and swollen for the swathing. So she covered him
again and said, " Indeed, O Nuzhat al-Fuad, thou art afflicted in
Abu al-Hasan ! " Then she condoled with her and going out from
her, ran along the street till she came into the Lady Zubaydah
and related to her the story ; and the Princess said to her, laugh-
ing, " Tell it over again to the Caliph, who maketh me out little
of wit, and lacking of religion, and who made this ill-omened
liar of a slave presume to contradict me.'* Quoth Masrur, " This
old woman lieth ; for I saw Abu al-Hasan well and Nuzhat al-
Fuad it was who lay dead." Quoth the duenna " 'Tis thou that

1 A saying common throughout the world, especially when the afflicted widow intends
to marry again at the first opportunity.

* Arab. " Y Khalati " = O my mother's sister; addressed by a woman to an elderly
(tame.

The Sleeper and the Waker. 33

liest, and wouldst fain cast discord between the Caliph and the Lady
Zubaydah." And Masrur cried, " None lieth but thou, O old
woman of ill-omen and thy lady believeth thee and she must be
in her dotage." Whereupon the Lady Zubaydah cried out at him,
and in very sooth she was enraged with him and with his speech and
shed tears. Then said the Caliph to her, " I lie and my eunuch
lieth, and thou liest and thy waiting-woman lieth ; so 'tis my rede
we go, all four of us together, that we may see which of us telleth
the truth." Masrur said, " Come, let us go, that I may do to this
ill-omened old woman evil deeds l and deal her a sound drubbing
for her lying." And the duenna answered him, " O dotard, is thy
wit like unto my wit ? Indeed, thy wit is as the hen's wit.'*
Masrur was incensed at her words and would have laid violent
hands on her, but the Lady Zubaydah pushed him away from her
and said to him, " Her truth-speaking will presently be distin-
guished from thy truth-speaking and her leasing from thy leasing."
Then they all four arose, laying wagers one with other, and went
forth a-foot from the palace-gate and hied on till they came in
at the gate of the street where Abu al-Hasan al-Khali'a dwelt. He
saw them and said to his wife Nuzhat al-Fuad, "Verily, all that is
sticky is not a pancake 2 they cook nor every time shall the crock
escape the shock. It seemeth the old woman hath gone and told
her lady and acquainted her with our case and she hath disputed
with Masrui the Eunuch and they have laid wagers each with
other about our death and are come to us, all four, the Caliph and
the Eunuch and the Lady Zubaydah and the old trot." When
Nuzhat al-Fuad heard this, she started up from her outstretched
posture and asked, " How shall we do?" whereto he answered,
" We will both feign ourselves dead together and stretch ourselves
out and hold our breath." So she hearkened unto him and they

1 i.e. That I may put her to shame.
2 Arab. " Zalabiyah."

34 Supplemental Nights.

both lay down on the place where they usually slept the siesta 1
and bound their feet and shut their eyes and covered themselves
with the veil and held their breath. Presently, up came the
Caliph, Zubaydah, Masrur and the old woman and entering,
found Abu al-Hasan the Wag and wife both stretched out as dead ;
which when the Lady saw, she wept and said, " They ceased not
to bring ill-news of my slave-girl till she died , 2 methinketh Abu al-
Hasan's death was grievous to her and that she died after him.'"
Quoth the Caliph, " Thou shalt not prevent me with thy prattle
and prate. She certainly died before Abu al-Hasan, for he came
to me with his raiment rent and his beard plucked out, beating
his breast with two bits of unbaked brick, 4 and I gave him an
hundred dinars and a piece of silk and said to him, Go, bear her
forth and I will give thee a bed-fellow other than she and hand-
somer, and she shall be in stead of her. But it would appear that
her death was no light matter to him and he died after her ; 5 so it
is I who have beaten thee and gotten thy stake." The Lady
Zubaydah answered him in words galore and the dispute between
them waxed sore. At last the Caliph sat down at the heads of
the pair and said, " By the tomb of the Apostle of Allah (whom
may He save and assain !) and the sepulchres of my fathers and
forefathers, whoso will tell me which of them died before the
other, I will willingly give him a thousand dinars ! " When Abu-

1 Arab. '"Ala al-Kaylah," which Mr. Payne renders by " Siesta -carpet." Lane
reads " Kjblah '* (" in the direction of the Kiblah ") and notes that some Moslems turn
the corpse's head towards Meccah and others the right side, including the face. So the
old version leads "feet towards Mecca." But the preposition "Ala" requires the
former sig.

2 Many places in this text are so faulty that translation is mere guess-work ; e.g.
" Bashaiah" can hardly be applied to ill-news.

* ^. of grief for his loss.

4 Arab. " Tobdoi " which Lane renders "two clods." I have noted that the
Tob (Span. Adobe = At- Tob) is a sunbaked brick*. Beating the bosom with such
material is still common amongst Moslem mourners of the lower class and the hardness
of the blow gives the measure of the grief.

6 i.e. of grief for her loss.

Sleeper and the Waker. 35

al-Hasan heard the Caliph's words, he sprang up in haste and
said, " I died first, O Commander of the Faithful ! Here with the
thousand dinars and acquit thee of thine oath and the swear thou
sworest." Nuzhat al-Fuad rose also and stood up before the
Caliph and the Lady Zubaydah, who both rejoiced in this and
in their safety, and the Princess chid her slave-girl. Then the
Caliph and Zubaydah gave them joy of their well-being and knew
that this death was a trick to get the gold ; and the Lady said
to Nuzhat al-Fuad, " Thou shouldst have sought of me that which
thou neededst, without this fashion, and not have burned } my
heart for thee." And she, " Verily, I was ashamed, O my lady."
As for the Caliph, he swooned away for laughing and said, "O
Abu al-Hasan, thou wilt never cease to be a wag and do peregrine
things and prodigious ! " Quoth he, "O Commander of the Faith-
ful, this trick I played off for that the money which thou gavest
me was exhausted, and I was ashamed to ask of thee again. When
I was single, I could never keep money in hand ; but since thou
marriedst me to this damsel, if I possessed even thy wealth, I
should lay it waste. Wherefore when all that was in my hand was
spent, I wrought this sleight, so I might get of thee the hundred
dinars and the piece of silk ; and all this is an alms from our lord.
But now make haste to give me the thousand dinars and acquit
thee of thine oath." The Caliph and the Lady Zubaydah laughed
and returned to the palace; and he gave Abu al-Hasan the
thousand dinars saying, " Take them as a douceur" 1 for thy preser-
vation from death," whilst her mistress did the like with Nuzhat
al-Fuad, honouring her with the same words. Moreover, the
Caliph increased the Wag in his solde and supplies, and he and
his wife ceased not to live in joy and contentment, till there came
to them the Destroyer of delights and Severer of societies, the
Plunderer of palaces, and the Garnerer of graves.

1 Arab. " Ihtirdk " oflen used in the metaphorical sense of consuming, torturing.
1 Arab. " Halawat," lit. = a sweetmeat, a gratuity, a thank-offering.

THE CALIPH OMAR BIN ABD AL-AZI7 AND
THE POETS.

THE CALIPH OMAR BIN ABD AL-AZIZ AND
THE POETS. 1

IT is said that, when the Caliphate devolved on Omar bin
Abd al-Aziz 2 (of whom Allah accept), the poets resorted to him,
as they had been used to resort to the Caliphs before him, and
abode at his door days and days, but he suffered them not to
enter, till there came to him 'Adf bin Artah, 3 who stood high in
esteem with him, Jarir 4 accosted him and begged him to crave
admission for them to the presence ; so Adi answered. " 'Tis
well ; " and, going in to Omar, said to him, " The poets are at
thy door and have been there days and days ; yet hast thou not
given them leave to enter, albeit their sayings abide 5 and their
arrows from mark never fly wide." Quoth Omar, " What have I
to do with the poets ? " and quoth Adi, " O Commander of the

1 Bresl. Edit., vol. vi. pp. 182-188, Nights ccccxxxii-ccccxxxiv.

* "The good Caliph" and the fifth of the Orthodox, the other four being Abu Bakfv
Omar, Osman and Ali ; and omitting the eight intervening, Hasan the grandson of the
Prophet included. He was the I3th Caliph and 8th Ommiade A.H. 99-ioi(= 717-
720) and after a reign of three years he was poisoned by his kinsmen of the Banu
Umayyah who hated him for his piety, asceticism, and severity in making them disgorge
their ill-gotten gains. Moslem historians are unanimous in his praise. Europeans
find him an anachorete couronnl, bfroide et respectable figure, who lacked the diplomacy
of Mu'awiyah and the energy of Al-Hajjaj. His principal imitator was ANMuhtadi
bi'llah, who longed for a return to the rare old days of AM slam.

3 Omar 'Adi bin Artah ; governor of Kufah and Basrah under " the good Caliph."

* Jarfr al-Khatafah, one of the most famous of the "Islami" poets, i.e., those who
wrote in the first century (A.H.) before the corruption of language began. (See Terminal
Essay, p. 267.) Ibn Khallikan notices him at full length i. 294.

5 Arab. " Bakiyah," which may also mean eternal as opposed to " Faniyah " = tem-
poral. Omar's answer shows all the narrow-minded fanaticism which distinguished the
early Moslems : they were puritanical as any Praise-God-Barebones, and they haled
" boetry and bainting " as hotly as any Hanoverian.

4O Supplemental Nights.

Faithful, the Prophet (Abhak J) 1 was praised by a poet 2 and gave
him largesse, and in him * is an exemplar to every Moslem."
Quoth Omar, " And who praised him ? " and quoth Adi, " 'Abbas
bin Mirdas 4 praised him, and he clad him with a suit and said, O
Generosity, 5 cut off from me his tongue ! " Asked the Caliph,
* Dost thou remember what he said ? " and Adi answered, " Yes."
Rejoined Omar, " Then repeat it ; " so Adi repeated : 6

I saw thee, O thou best of human race, o Bring out a Book which brought to

graceless Grace.
Thou showedst righteous road to men astray o From Right, when darkest

Wrong had ta'en its place ;
Thou with Isldm didst light the gloomiest way, o Quenching with proof live

coals of frowardness ;
I own for Prophet mine Mohammed's self ; o And man's award upon his word

we base ;
Thou madest straight the path that crooked ran, o Where in old days foal

growth o'ergrew its face.
Exalt be thou in Joy's empyrean o And Allah's glory ever grow apace.

" And indeed (continued Adi), this Elegy on the Prophet
(Abhak !) is well known and to comment it would be tedious."
Quoth Omar, " Who is at the door ? " and quoth Adi, " Among

1 The Saturday Review (Jan. 2, '86), which has honoured me by the normal reviling
in the shape of a critique upon my two first vols., complains of the "Curious word
Abhak-" as " a perfectly arbitrary and unusual group of Latin letters." May I ask
Aristarchus how he would render " Sal'am," (vol. ii. 24), which apparently he would
confine to "Arabic MSS.' 1 (!). Or would he prefer to A(llah) b(less) h(im) a(nd) k(eep)
" W. G. B." (whom God bless) as proposed by the editor of Ockley ? But where
would be the poor old " Saturnine " if obliged to do better than the authors it abuses ?

2 He might have said " by more than one, including the great Labid."
* Fi-hi either " in him " (Mohammed) or " in it " (his action).

4 Chief of the Banu Sulaym. According to Tabari, Abbas bin Mirdas (a well-known
poet), being dissatisfied with the booty allotted to him by the Prophet, refused it and
lampooned Mohammed, who said to Ali, " Cut off this tongue which attacketh me,"
i.e. "Silence him by giving what will satisfy him." Thereupon Ali doubled the
Satirist's share.

4 Arab. "Yd Bilal": Bilal ibn Rabah was the Prophet's freedman and crier: see
vol. iii. 106. But bilal also signifies " moisture " or " beneficence," " benefits ": it may
be intended for a double entendre but I prefer the metonymy.

6 The verses of this Kasidah are too full of meaning to be easily translated : it is fine
old poetry.

The Caliph Omar Bin Abd al-Aziz and the Poets. 41

them is Omar ibn Abi Rabi'ah, the Korashf " * ; whereupon the
Caliph cried, " May Allah show him no favour neither quicken
him ! Was it not he who said these verses :

Would Heaven what day Death shall visit me o I smell as thy droppings and

drippings 2 smell'!
Could I in my clay-bed on Salmi lie o There to me were better than Heaven

or Hell !

Had he not been (continued the Caliph) the enemy of Allah, he
had wished for her in this world, so he might after repent and
return to righteous dealing. By Allah, he shall not come in to
me! Who is at the door other than he?" Quoth Adi, ''Jamfl
bin Ma'mar al-Uzri 3 is at the door ; " and quoth Omar, " 'Tis he
who saith in one of his elegies :

Would Heaven conjoint we lived, and if I die o Death only grant me a grave

within her grave :
For I'd no longer deign to live my life o If told upon her head is laid the pave. 4

Quoth Omar, " Away with him from me ! Who is at the
door ? " and quoth Adi, " Kuthayyir 'Azzah " 5 ; whereupon Omar
cried, " 'Tis he who saith in one of his odes :

Some talk of faith and creed and nothing eMse o And wait for pains of Hell in
prayer-seat ; 9

But did they hear what I from Azzah heard, o They'd make prostration, fear-
full, at her feet.

" Leave the mention of him. Who is at the door ? " Quoth

1 i.e. of the Koraysh tribe. For his disorderly life see Ibn Khallikan if. 372 : he
died however, a holy death, battling against the Infidels in A.H. 93 (= 711-12),
some five years before Omar's reign.

2 Arab. " Bayn farsi-k wa '1-daml " = lit. between faeces and menses, i.e. the foulest
part of his mistress's person. It is not often that The Nights are " nasty " ; but here is
a case. See vol. v. 162.

3 "Jamil the Poet," and lover of Buthaynah: see vol. ii. 102, Ibn Khallikan (i. 331),
and Al-Mas'udi vi. 381, who quotes him copiously. He died A.H. 82 (= 701), or
sixteen years before Omar's reign.

1 Arab. " Safih " = the slab over the grave.

5 A contemporary and friend of Jamil and the famous lover of Azzah: See vol. ii. 102,
and Al-Mas'udi, vi. 426. The word "Kuthayyir" means "thedwarf." Term. Essay,
268.

6 i.e. in the attitude of prayer.

42 Supplemental Nights,

Adi, " Al-Ahwas al-'Ansdr/." > Cried Omar, " Allah Almighty
put him away and estrange him from His mercy ! Is it not he
who said, berhyming on a Medinite's slave-girl, so she might
outlive her lord :

Allah be judge betwixt me and her lord ! o "Who ever flies with her and I

pursue.

" He shall not come in to me. Who is at the door, other than
he ? " Adi replied, " Hammam bin Ghalib al-Farazdak ; " 2 and
Omar said, " 'Tis he who saith, glorying in whoring :

Two girls let me down eighty fathoms deep, o As low sweeps a falcon wi' pinions

spread ;
And cried, as my toes touched the ground, '' Dost live o To return, or the fall

hath it done thee dead ? "

" He shall not come in to me. Who is at the door, other than
he?" Adi replied, "Al-Akhtal al-Taghlibi " 3 and Omar said,
" He is the Miscreant who saith in his singing :

Ramazan I ne'er fasted in life-time ; nay o I ate flesh in public at undurn day 4 ;

Nor chide I the fair, save in way of love, o Nor seek Meccah's plain 5 in salva-
tion-way :

Nor stand I praying like rest who cry o " Hie salvationwards " 9 at the dawn's
first ray.

But I drink her cooled 7 by fresh Northern breeze o And my head at dawn to
her prone I lay. 8

1 In Bresl. Edit. " Al-Akhwass," clerical error noticed in Ibn Kkallikan i. 526. His
satires banished him to Dahlak Island in the Red Sea, and he died A.H. 179 ( = 795-6).

2 Another famous poet Abu' Firas Hammam or Humaym (dimin. form), as debauched
asjarir, who died forty days before him in A.H. no(= 728-29), at Basrah. Cf. Term.
Essay, 269.

s A famous Christian poet. See C. de Perceval, Joum. Asiat April, 1834, Ibn
Khallikan iii. 136, and Term. Essay, 269.

* The poet means that unlike other fasters he eats meat openly. See Pilgrimage (i.
1 10), for the popular hypocrisy.

8 Arab. " Batha " the lowlands and plains outside the Meccan Valley : See Al-
Mas'udi, vi. 157. Mr. (now Sir) W. Muir in his Life of Mahomet, vol. i., p. ccv., re-
marks upon my Pilgrimage (iii. 252) that in placing Arafat 12 miles from Meccah, I had
given 3 miles to Muna, + 3 to Muzdalifah + 3 to Arafat =9. But the total does not iiv-
elude the suburbs of Meccah and the breadth of the Arafat-Valley.

6 The words of the Azan, vol. i. 306.

7 Wine in Arabic is feminine, ' ' Shamul " = liquor hung in th wind to cool, *
favourite Arab practice often noticed by the poets.

6 i.e. I will fall down dead drunk.

The Caliph Omar Bin Abd al-Aziz and ttie Poets. 43

" By Allah, he treadeth no carpet of mine ! Who is at the door,
other than he ? " Said Adi, " Jarfr ibn al-Khatafah " ; and Omar
cried, " 'Tis he who saith :

But for ill-spying glances had our eyes espied o Eyne of the antelope and ring-
lets of the Reems. 1

A Huntress of the eyes 2 by night-tide came and I eCried, "Turn in peace, no
time for visit this, meseems ! "

An it must be and no help, admit Jarir." ,So_Adi went forth
and admitted Jarir, who entered, saying :

Yea, he who sent Mohammed unto man, o A just successor for Imm s assigned.
His ruth and justice all mankind embrace, o To daunt the bad and stablish

well-designed.
Verily now I look to present good, o For man hath ever-transient weal in mind.

Quoth Omar, " O Jarir, keep the fear of Allah before thine eyes
and say naught save the sooth." And Jarir recited these couplets :

How many widows loose the hair in far Yamdmah-land 4 o How many an

orphan there abides feeble of voice and eye,
Since faredst thou who wast to them instead of father lost o When they like

nested fledglings were sans power to creep or fly !
And now we hope, since brake the clouds their word and troth with us, o Hope

from the Caliph's grace to gain a rain 5 that ne'er shall dry.

When the Caliph heard this, he said " By Allah, O Jarir, Omar
possesseth but an hundred dirhams. 6 Ho, boy ! do thou give them to

1 Arab. 'Aram," plur. of Irm, a beautiful girl, a white deer. The word is connected
with the Heb. Reem (Deut. xxxiii. 17), which has been explained unicorn, rhinoceros,
and aurochs. It is the Ass. Rimu, the wild bull of the mountains, provided with a
human face, and placed at the palace-entrance to frighten away foes, demon or human.

2 i.e. she who ensnares [all] eyes.

3 Imam, the spiritual title of the Caliph, as head of the Faith and leader (lit. "fore-
man," Antistes) of the people at prayer. See vol. iv. in.

4 For Yamamah see vol. ii. 104. Omar bin Abd al-Aziz was governor of the province
before he came to the Caliphate. To the note on Zarka, the blue-eyed Yamamite, I may
add that Marwan was called Ibn Zarka, son of " la femme au drapeau bleu," such
being the sign of a public prostitute. Al-Mas'udi, v? 509.

4 Rain and bounty, I have said, are synonymous.
* About 2 I os.

44 Supplemental Nights.

him." Moreover, he gifted him with the ornaments of his sword;
and Jarir went forth to the other poets, who asked him, ".What is
behind thee ? " ! and he answered, " A man who giveth to the
poor and denieth the poets, and with him I am well-pleased."

1 i.e. what is thy news.

AL-HAJJAJ AND THE THREE YOUNG MEN,

AL-HAJJAJ AND THE THREE YOUNG MEN.

THEY tell that Al-Hajjaj 2 once bade the Chief of Police go his
rounds about Bassorah city by night, and whomsoever he found
abroad after supper-tide that he should smite his neck. So he
went round one night of the nights and came upon three youths
swaying and staggering from side to side, and on them signs of
wine-bibbing. So the watch laid hold of them and the captain said
to them, " Who be you that ye durst transgress the commandment
of the Commander of the Faithful 3 and come abroad at this
hour ? " Quoth one of the youths, " I am the son of him to whom
all necks 4 abase themselves, alike the nose-pierced of them and the
breaker ; they come to him in their own despite, abject and sub-
missive, and he taketh of their wealth and of their blood." The
Master of Police held his hand from him, saying, " Belike he is of
the kinsmen of the Prince of True Believers," and said to the
second, " Who art thou ? " Quoth he, " I am the son of him whose

1 Bresl. Edit., vol. vi. pp. 188-9, Night ccccxxxiv.

2 Of this masterful personage and his energie indomptable I have spoken in vol. iv. 3,
and other places. I may add that he built Wash city A,H. 83 and rendered eminent
services to literature and civilization amongst the Arabs. When the Ommiade Caliph
Abd al- Malik was dying he said to his son Walid, " Look to Al-Hajjaj and honour him
for, verily, he it is who hath covered for you the pulpits ; and he is thy sword and thy
tight hand against all opponents ; thou needest him more than he needeth thee and
when I die summon the folk to the covenant of allegiance ; and he who saith with his
head thus, say thou with thy sword thus " (Al-Siyuti, p. 225) yet the historian
simply observes, " the Lord curse him."

* i.e. given through his lieutenant.

4 "Necks" per synecdochen for heads. The passage is a description of a barber-
surgeon in a series of double-entendres the " nose-pierced " (Makhzum) is the subject
who is led by the nose like a camel with halter and ring and the " breaker " (hashim)
may be a breaker of bread as the word originally meant, or breaker of bones. Lastly
the " wealth " (mal) is a recondite allusion to the hair.

48 Supplemental Nights.

rank 1 Time ctoaseth not, and if it be lowered one day, 'twill
assuredly return to its former height ; thou seest the folk crowd
in troops to the light of his fire, some standing around it and some
sitting." So the Chief of Police refrained from slaying him and
asked the third, " Who art thou ? " HQ answered, " I am the son
of him who plungeth through the ranks 2 with his might and
levclleth them with the sword, so that they stand straight : his
feet are not loosed from the stirrup, whenas the horsemen on the
day of the battle are a-weary." So the Master of Police held his
hand from him also, saying. " Belike, he is the son of a Brave of
the Arabs." Then he kept them under guard, and when the
morning morrowed, he referred their case to Al-Hajjaj, who caused
bring them before him and enquiring into their affair, when
behold, the first was the son of a barber-surgeon, the second of a
bean-seller and the third of a weaver. So he marvelled at their
eloquent readiness of speech and said to the men of his assembly,
" Teach your sons the rhetorical use of Arabic : 3 for, by Allah, but
for their ready wit, I had smitten off their heads ! "

1 Arab. " Kadr " which a change of vowel makes "Kidr" = a cooking-pot. The
description is that of an itinerant seller of boiled beans (Ful mudammas) still common
in Cairo. The "light of his fire "suggests a doublc-entendre some powerful Chief
like masterful King Kulayb. See vol. ii. 77.

2 Arab. " Al-Sufiif," either ranks of fighting-men or the rows of threads on a loora.
Here the allusion is to a weaver who levels and corrects his threads with the wooden
spathe and shuttle governing warp and weft and who makes them stand straight (behave
aright). The " stirrup " (rikab) is the loop of cord in which the weaver's foot rests.

* " Adab." See vols. i. 132, and ix. 41.

HARUN AL-RASHID AND THE WOMAN
OF THE BARMECIDES.

HARUN AL-RASHID AND THE WOMAN OF
THE BARMECIDES. 1

THEY tell 2 that Harun Al-Rashid was sitting one day to abate
grievances, when there came up to him a woman and said, " O
Commander of the Faithful, may Allah perfect thy purpose and
gladden thee in whatso He hath given thee and increase thee in
elevation ! Indeed, thou hast done justice and wrought equitably." 3
Quoth the Caliph to those who were preseni with him, w Know ye
what this one meaneth by her saying ? " and quoth they, " Of a
surety, she meaneth not otherwise than well, O Prince of True
Believers." Al-Rashid rejoined ; " Nay, in this she purposeth only
to curse me. As for her saying, ' Allah perfect thy purpose/
she hath taken it from the saying of the poet :

When thy purpose is effected beginneth its decay ; o when they say ' Thy wish
is won ' feel thou sure 'twill pass away.

As for her saying * Allah gladden thee in whatso He hath given
thee,' she took it from the saying of Almighty Allah, 4 'Till,
whenas they were gladdened in that which they were given, We
suddenly laid hold of them and lo, they were in despair ! ' As for

1 Bresl. Edit., vol. vi. pp. 189-191, Night ccccxxxiv.

1 Arab. "Za'mii," a word little used in the Cal., Mac. or Bui. Edit.; or in the
Wortley Montague MS. ; but very common in the Bresl. text.

3 More double-entend res. "Thou hast done justice" ('adalta) also means "Thou
hast swerved from right ;" and " Thou hast wrought equitably" (Akasta iv. of Kast)
= " Thou hast transgressed."

4 Koran vi. 44. Allah is threatening unbelievers, " And when they had forgotten
heir warnings We set open to them the gates of all things, until, when they were
gladdened," etc.

52 Supplemental Nights.

her saying, ' Allah increase thee in elevation \ ' she took it from
the saying of the poet :

'No flier flieth however tall o but as he flieth shall come to fall.'

And as for her saying, 'Indeed, thou hast done justice and
wrought equitably,' 'tis from the saying of the Almighty, ' If
ye swerve 1 or lag behind or turn aside, verily, Allah of that which
ye do is well aware ; ' and ' As for the swervers 2 they are fuel for
Hell.' " Then he turned to the woman and asked her, " Is it not
thus?" Answered she; " Yes, O Commander of the Faithful,"
and quoth he, " What prompted thee to this ? " Quoth she,
"Thou slewest my parents and my kinsfolk and despoiledst their
good." Enquired the Caliph, " Whom meanest thou ? " and
she replied, " I am of the house of Barmak." Then said he to her,
" As for the dead, they are of those who are past away, and it
booteth not to speak of them ; but, as for that which I took of
wealth, it shall forthright be restored to thee, yea, and more
than it." And he was bountiful to her to the uttermost of his
bounties*

1 Arab. "Ta'dilu" also meaning, " Ye do injustice ' s : quoted from Koran iv.
*-Arab. " Al-Xasituna " before explained. Koran Ixxii. 15.^

THE TEN WAZIRS ; OR THE HISTORY OF
KING AZADBAKHT AND HIS SON.

THE TEN WAZIRS : OR THE HISTORY OF KING
AZADBAKHT AND HIS SON. 1

THERE was once, of old days, a king of the kings, whose name
was Azadbakht ; his capital was hight Kunaym Madud 2 and his

1 Bresl. Edit. vol. vi. pp. 191-343, Nights ccccxxxv-cccclxxxvii. This is the old
Persian Bakhtyar Natneh, i.t. the Book of Bakhtyar, so called from the prince and hero
" Fortune's Friend." In the tale of Jili'ad and Shimas the number of Wazirs is seven,
as usual in the Sindibad cycle. Here we have the full tale as advised by the Imam al-
JaraH : " it is meet for a. man before entering upon important undertakings to con-
sult ten intelligent friends ; if he have only five to app'y twice to each ; if only one, ten
times at different visits, and if none, let him repair to his wife and consult her ; and
whatever she advises him to do let him do the clear contrary," (quoting Omar) or a*
says Tommy Moore,

Whene'er you're in doubt, said a sage I once knew,
'Twixt two lines of conduct which course to pursue,
Ask a woman's advice, and whate'er she advise
Do the very reverse, and you're sure to be wise.

The Romance of the Ten Wazirs occurs in dislocated shape in the " Nouveaux
Contes Arabes, ou Supplement aux Mille et une Nuits, etc., par M. 1'Abbe" * *
Paris, 1788. It is the "Story of Bohetzad (Bakht-zad = Luck-born, v.p.), and his
Ten Viziers," in vol. iii., pp. 2-30 of the "Arabian Tales," etc., published by Dom
Chavis and M. Cazotte, in 1785 ; a copy of the English translation by Robert Heron,
Edinburgh, 1792, I owe to the kindness of Mr. Leonard Smithers of Sheffield. It
appears also in vol. viii. of M. C. de Perceval's Edition of The Nights ; in Gauttier's
Edition (vol. vi.), and as the " Historia Decem Vizirorum et filii Regis Azad-bacht,"
text and translation by Gustav Knds, of Goettingen (1807). For the Turkish, Malay and
other versions see (p. xxxviii. efc.) " The Bakhtiyar Nama," etc. Edited (from the
Sir William Ouseley's version of 1801) by Mr. W. A. Ctouslon and privately printed,
London, 1883. The notes are valuable but their worth is sadly injured by the want of
an index. I am pleased to see that Mr. E. J. W. Gibb is publishing the " History of
the Forty Vezirs ; or, the Story of the Forty Morns and Eves," written in Turkish bj
" Sheykh-Zadah," evidently a nom de plume (for Ahmad al-Misri?), and translated
from an Arabic MS. which probably dated about the xvth century.

* In Chavis and Cazotte, the " kingdom of Dineroux (comprehending all Syria
and the isles of the Indian Ocean) whose capital was Issessara." An article in the
Edinburgh Review (July, 1886), calls the "Supplement" a "bare-faced forgery ;'' but
evidently the writer should have " read up " his subject before writing.

56 Supplemental Nights.

kingdom extended to the confines of Sistan 1 and from the confines
of Hindostan to the Indian Ocean. He had ten Wazirs, who
ordered his kingship and his dominion, and he was possessed of
judgment and exceeding wisdom. One day he went forth with cer-
tain of his guards to the chase and fell in with an Eunuch riding a
mare and hending in hand the halter of a she-mule, which he led
along. On the mule's back was a domed litter of brocade purfled
with gold and girded with an embroidered band set with pearls
and gems, and about it was a company of Knights. When King
Azadbakht saw this, he separated himself from his suite and,
making for the horsemen and that mule, questioned them, saying,
" To whom belongeth this litter and what is therein ? " The
Eunuch answered, (for he knew not that the speaker was King
Azadbakht,) saying, " This litter belongeth to Isfahand, Wazir to
King Azadbakht, and therein is his daughter, whom he is minded
to marry to the King hight Zad Shah."

As the Eunuch was speaking with the king, behold, the maiden
raised a corner of the curtain that shut in the litter, so she might
look upon the speaker, and saw the king. When Azadbakht
beheld her and noted her fashion and her loveliness, (and indeed
never did seer 2 espy her like,) his soul inclined to her and she
took hold upon his heart and he was ravished by her sight. So
he said to the Eunuch," Turn the mule's head and return, for I am
King Azadbakht and in very sooth I will marry her myself, inas-
much as Isfahand her sire is my Wazir and he will accept of this
affair and it will not be hard to him." Answered the Eunuch,
" O king, Allah prolong thy continuance, have patience till I
acquaint my lord her parent, and thou shalt wed her in the way of
consent, for it besitteth thee not, neither is it seemly for thee, to

1 The Persian form ; in Arab. Sijistan, the classical Drangiana or province East of
Fars= Persia proper. It is famed in legend as the feof of hero Rustam.

1 A fab. Rau>t = z professional tale-teller, which Mr. Payne justly holds to be a clerical
prof foi "/fat. a beholder, one who seeth."

The Ten Wazirs^ or the History of King Azadbakht. 57

seize her on this wise, seeing that it will be an affront to her father
an if thou take her without his knowledge." Quoth Azadbakht,
" I have not patience to wait till thou repair to her sire and return,
and no shame will betide him, if I marry her." And quoth the
eunuch, " O my lord, naught that in haste is done long endureth
nor doth the heart rejoice therein ; and indeed it behoveth thee
not to take her on this unseemly wise. Whatsoever betideth thee,
destroy not thyself with haste, for I know that her sire's breast
will be straitened by this affair and this that thou dost will not
win thy wish." But the king said, " Verily, Isfahand is my Mame-
luke and a slave of my slaves, and I reck not of her father, an he
be fain or unfain." So saying, he drew the reins of the mule and
carrying the damsel, whose name was Bahrjaur, 1 to his house
married her. Meanwhile, the Eunuch betook himself, he and the
knights to her sire and said to him, " O my lord, thou hast served
the king a many years' service and thou hast not failed him a
single day ; and now he hath taken thy daughter without thy con-
sent and permission." And he related to him what had passed
and how the king had seized her by force. When Isfahand heard
the eunuch's words, he was wroth with exceeding wrath and
assembling many troops, said to them, . " Whenas the king
was occupied with his women 2 we took no reck of him ;
but now he putteth out his hand to our Harim ; wherefore
'tis my rede that we look us out a place wherein we may have
sanctuary." Then he wrote a letter to King Azadbakht, say-
ing to him, " I am a Mameluke of thy Mamelukes and a slave of
thy slaves and my daughter at thy service is a hand-maid, and
Almighty Allah prolong thy days and appoint thy times to be in
joy and gladness ! Indeed, I went ever waist-girded in thy ser-
vice and in caring to conserve thy dominion and warding off from

1 In Persian the name would be Bahr-i-Jaur = "luck" (or fortune, "bahr") of Jaur-
(or Jur-) city.
5 Supply ' and cared naught for his kingdom."

58 Supplemental Nights.

thee all thy foes ; but now I abound yet more than erewhile in
zeal and watchfulness, because I have taken this charge upon
myself, since my daughter is become thy wife." And he de-
spatched a courier to the king with the letter and a present.
When the messenger came to King Azadbakht and he read the
letter and the present was laid before him, he rejoiced with joy
exceeding and occupied himself with eating and drinking, hour
after hour. But the chief Wazir of his Wazirs came to him and said,
" O king, know that Isfahand the Wazir is thine enemy, for that his
soul liketh not that which thou hast done with him, and this
message he hath sent thee is a trick; so rejoice thou not
therein, neither be thou misled by the sweets of his say and the
softness of his speech." The king hearkened to his Wazir's speech,
but presently made light of the matter and busied himself with
that which he was about of eating and drinking, pleasuring and
merrymaking. Meanwhile, Isfahand the Wazir wrote a letter and
sent it to all the Emirs, acquainting them with that which had be-
tided him from King Azadbakht and how he had forced his
daughter, adding, " And indeed he will do with you more than
he hath done with me." When the letter reached the chiefs, 1
they all assembled together to Isfahand and said to him, " What
was his affair ? " 2 Accordingly he discovered to them the matter
of his daughter and they all agreed, of one accord, to strive
for the slaughter of the king ; and, taking horse with their troops,
they set out to seek him. Azadbakht knew naught till the noise
of the revolt beset his capital city, when he said to his wife
Bahrjaur, " How shall we do ? " She answered, " Thou knowest
best and I am at thy commandment ; " so he bade fetch two swift
horses and bestrode one himself, whilst his wife mounted the other.

1 Arab. " Atraf," plur. of "Tarf," a great and liberal lord.

2 Lit. " How was," etc. Kayf is a favourite word not only in the Bresl. Edit., bat
throuchout Egypt and Syria. Classically we should write "Mi;" vulgarly "A)sh. f *

Tfie Ten Wazirs, or the History of King Azadbakhi. 59

Then they took what they could of gold and went forth, flying
through the night to the desert of Karman; 1 while Isfahand
entered the city and made himself king. Now King Azadbakht's
wife was big with child and the labour pains took her in the
mountain ; so they alighted at the foot, by a spring of water, and
she bare a boy as he were the moon. Bahrjaur his mother pulled
off a coat of gold-woven brocade and wrapped the child therein,
and they passed the night in that place, she giving him the breast
till morning. Then said the king to her, " We are hampered by
this child and cannot abide here nor can we carry him with us ; so
melhinks we had better leave him in this stead and wend our ways,
for Allah is able to send him one who shall take him and rear him."
So they wept over him with exceeding sore weeping and left him
beside the fountain, wrapped in that coat of brocade : then they
laid at his head a thousand gold pieces in a bag and mounting
their horses, fared forth and fled. Now, by the ordinance of the
Most High Lord, a company of highway robbers fell upon a cara-
van hard by that mountain and despoiled them of what was with
them of merchandise. Then they betook themselves to the high-
lands, so they might share their loot, and looking at the foot
thereof, espied the coat of brocade: so they descended to see
what it was, and behold, it was a boy wrapped therein and the gold
laid at his head. They marvelled and .said, " Praised be Allah !
By what misdeed cometh this child here ? " Thereupon they divided
the money between them and the captain 2 of the highwaymen
took the boy and made him his son and fed him with sweet milk
and dates, 3 till he came to his house, when he appointed a nurse

1 Karmania vulg. and fancifully derived from Kirman Pers. = worms because the silk-
worm is supposed to have been bred there ; but the name is of far older date as we find
the Asiatic /Ethiopians of Herodotus (iii. 93) lying between the Gcrmanii (Karman) and
the Indus. Also Karmania appears in Strabo and Sinus Carmanicus in other classics.

* Arab. ' Ka'id ;" lit. =one who sits with, a colleague, hence ihe Span. Alcayde ; in
Marocco it is = colonel, and is prefixed e.g. Ka'id Maclean.

8 A favourite food ; Al- Hariri calls the dates and cream, which were sold together io
bazars, the " Proud Rider on the desired Steed."

60' Supplemental Nights.

for rearing him. Meanwhile, King Azadbakht and his wife stayed
not in their flight till they came to the court of the King of Pars,
whose name was Kisra 1 When they presented themselves to him,
he honoured them with all honour and entertained them with
handsomest entertainment, and Azadbakht told him his tale from
incept to conclusion. So he gave him a mighty power and wealth
galore and he abode with him some days till he was rested, when
he made ready with his host and setting out for his own dominions,
waged war with Isfahand and falling in upon the capital, defeated
the whilome Minister and slew him. Then he entered the city and
sat down on the throne of his kingship ; and whenas he was rested
and his kingdom waxed peaceful for him, he despatched mes-
sengers to the mountain aforesaid in search of the child ; but they
returned and informed the king that they had not found him. As
time ran on, the boy, the son of the king, grew up and fell to
cutting the way 2 with the highwaymen, and they used to carry
him with them, whenever they went banditing. They sallied forth
one day upon a caravan in the land of Sistan, and there were
in that caravan strong men and valiant, and with them a mighty
store of merchandise. Now they had heard that in that land
banditti abounded : so they gathered themselves together and
gat ready their weapons and sent out spies, who returned and gave
them news of the plunderers. Accordingly, they prepared for
battle, and when the robbers drew near the caravan, they fell upon
them and the twain fought a sore fight. At last the caravan-folk
overmastered the highwaymen by dint of numbers, and slew some
of them, whilst the others fled. They also took the boy, the son
of King Azadbakht, and seeing him as he were the moon, a model of
beauty and loveliness, bright of face and engraced with grace,
asked him, "Who is thy father, and how earnest thou with these

1 In Bresl. Edit. vi. 198 by misprint " Kutru : " Chavis and Cazolte have "
In the story of Bihkard we find a P.N. " Yatru."
8 i.e. waylaying travellers;, a term which has often occurred.

The Ten Wazirs* or the History of King Azadbakht. 6 1

banditti ? " And he answered, saying, " I am the son of the
Captain of the highwaymen." So they seized him and carried him
to the capital of his sire, King Azadbakht. When they reached
the city, the king heard of their coming and commanded that they
should attend him with what befitted of their goods. Accordingly
they presented themselves before him, and the boy with them, whom
when the king saw, he asked them, "To whom belongeth this
boy ? " and they answered, " O King, we were going on such a road,
when there came out upon us a sort of robbers ; so we fought
them and beat them off and took this boy prisoner. Then we
questioned him, saying, Who is thy sire ? and he replied, I am the
son of the robber-captain." Quoth the king, " I would fain have
this boy ; " and quoth the captain of the caravan, " Allah maketh
thee gift of him, O king of the age, and we all are thy slaves."
Then the king (who was not aware that the boy was his son) dis-
missed the caravan and bade carry the lad into his palace and he
became as one of the pages, while his sire the king still knew not
that he was his child. As the days rolled on, the king observed in
him good breeding and understanding and handiness galore and
he pleased him ; so he committed his treasuries to his charge and
shortened the Wazirs' hand therefrom, commanding that naught
should be taken forth save by leave of the youth. On this wise
he abode a number of years and the king saw in him only good
conduct and the habit of righteousness. Now the treasuries had
baen aforetime in the hands of the Wazirs to do with them whatso
they would, and when they came under the youth's hand, that of
the Ministers was shortened from them, and he became dearer
than a son to the king who could not support being separated from
him. When the Wazirs saw this, they were jealous of him and
envied him and sought a device against him whereby they might oust
him from the King's eye, 1 but found no means. At last, when Fate

1 i.e. the royal favour.

62 Supplemental Nights.

descended, 1 it chanced that the youth one day of the days drank wine
and became drunken and wandered from his right wits ; so he fell
to going round about within the king's palace and Destiny led him
to the lodging of the women, in which there was a little sleeping
chamber, where the king lay with his wife. Thither came the
youth and entering the dormitory, found there a spread couch, to
wit, a sleeping place : so he cast himself on the bed, marvelling at
the paintings that were in the chamber, which was lighted by
one waxen taper. Presently he fell asleep and slumbered heavily
till eventide, when there came a hand-maid, bringing with her as of
vont all the dessert, eatables and drinkables, usually made ready
for the king and his wife, and seeing the youth lying on his back,
(and none knowing of his case and he in his drunkenness
unknowing where he was), thought that he was the king asleep
on his couch ; so she set the censing-vessel and laid the perfumes
by the bedding, then shut the door and went her ways. Soon after
this, the king arose from the wine-chamber and taking his wife by
the hand, repaired with her to the chamber in which he slept
He opened the door and entered when, lo and behold ! he saw the
youth lying on the bed, whereupon he turned to his wife and said
to her, " What doth this youth here ? This fellow cometh not
hither save on thine account." Said she, " I have no knowledge
of him." Hereupon the youth awoke and seeing the king, sprang
up and prostrated himself before him, and Azadbakht said to him,
** O vile of birth, 2 O traitor of unworth, what hath driven thee to
my dwelling ? " And he bade imprison him in one place and the
Queen in another.

1 i.e. When the fated hour came down (from Heaven).

* As the Nights have proved in many places, the Asl (origin) of a man is popularly
held to influence his conduct throughout life. So the Jeweller's wife (vol. ix.) was of
servile birth, which accounted for her vile conduct ; and reference is hardly necessary to
a host of other instances. We can trace the same idea in the sayings and folk-lore of
the West, e.g. Bon sang ne peut mentir, etc., etc.

Jpitst Bag.

OF THE USELESSNESS OF ENDEAVOUR AGAINST
PERSISTENT ILL FORTUNE.

WHEN the morning morrowcd and the king sat on the throne of
his kingship, he summoned his Grand Wazir, the Premier of all his
Ministers, and said to him, " How seest thou the deed this robber-
youth hath done ? l He hath entered my Harim and lain down
on my couch and I fear lest there be an object between him
and the woman. What deemest thou of the affair ? " Said the
Wazir, "Allah prolong the king's continuance! What sawest
thou in this youth? 2 Is he not ignoble of birth, the son of
thieves ? Needs must a thief revert to his vile origin, and
whoso reareth the serpent's brood shall get of them naught
but biting. As for the woman, she is not at fault ; since from
time ago until now, nothing appeared from her except good breeding
and modest bearing ; and at this present, an the king give me
leave, I will go to her and question her, so I may discover to thee
the affair." The king gave him leave for this and the Wazir went
to the Queen and said to her, " I am come to thee, on account of
a grave shame, and I would fain have thee soothfast with me fa
speech and tell me how came the youth into the sleeping-chamber. 1 '
Quoth she, " I have no knowledge whatsoever of it, no, none at
all," and sware to him a binding oath to that intent, whereby he
knew that the woman had no inkling of the affair, nor was in fault
and said to her, " I will show thee a sleight, wherewith thou mayst
acquit thyself and thy face be whitened before the king." Asked

1 i.e. ' ' What deemest thou he hath done ? "

2 The apodosis wanting " to make thee trust in him ? '

64 Supplemental Nights.

she, " What is it ? " and he answered, " When the king calleth
for thee and questioneth thee of this, say thou to him :
Yonder youth saw me in the boudoir-chamber and sent me a
message, saying : I will give thee an hundred grains of gem for
whose price money may not suffice, so thou wilt suffer me to enjoy
thee. I laughed at him who bespake me with such proposal and
rebuffed him ; but he sent again to me, saying : An thou consent
not thereto, I will come one of the nights, drunken, and enter and lie
down in the sleeping-chamber, and the king will see me and slay
me ; so wilt thou be put to shame and thy face shall be blackened
with him and thine honour dishonoured. Be this thy saying to
the king, and I will fare to him forthright and repeat this to him."
Quoth the Queen, "And I also will say thus." Accordingly, the
Minister returned to the king and said to him, " Verily, this youth
hath merited grievous pains and penalties after the abundance of
thy bounty, and no kernel which is bitter can ever wax sweet j 1 but,
as for the woman, I am certified that there is no default in her."
Thereupon he repeated to the king the story which he had taught
the Queen, which when Azadbakht heard, he rent his raiment and
bade the youth be brought. So they fetched him and set him before
the king, who bade summon the Sworder, and the folk all fixed their
eyes upon the youth, to the end that they might see what the
sovran should do with him. Then said Azadbakht to him (and
his words were words of anger and the speech of the youth was

1 In the Braj Bakha dialect of Hindi, we find quoted in the Akhldk-i-Hindi, " Tale
of the old Tiger and the Traveller " :

Jo jako paryo subhao jae na jio-sun ;
Nim na mitho hoe sichh gur ghio sun.

Ne'er shall his nature fail a man whate'er that nature be,

The Nim-tree bitter shall remain though drenched with Gvr and Ghl.

The Nim (Melia Azadirachta) is the " Persian lilac," whose leaves, intensely bitter, are
used as a preventive to poison : Gur is the Anglo-Indian Jaggeri = raw sugar and
Chi = clarified butter. Roebuck gives the same proverb in Hindostani.

The Story of the Merchant who Lost his Luck. 6$

reverent and well-bred), " I bought thee with my money and
looked for fidelity from thee, wherefore I chose thee over all my
Grandees and Pages and made thee Keeper of my treasuries. Why,
then, hast thou outraged mine honour and entered my house and
played traitor with me and tookest thou no thought of all I have
done thee of benefits ? " Replied the youth, " O king, I did this
not of my choice and freewill and I had no business in being there ;
but, of the lack of my luck, I was driven thither, for that Fate was
contrary and fair Fortune failed me. Indeed, I had endeavoured
with all endeavour that naught of foulness should come forth me
and I kept watch and ward over myself, lest default foreshow in
me ; and none may withstand an ill chance, nor doth striving
profit against adverse Destiny , as appeareth by the example of the
merchant who was stricken with ill luck and his endeavour availed
him naught and he fell by the badness of his fortune." The king
asked, " What is the story of the merchant and how was his luck
changed upon him by the sorriness of his doom ? " Answered the
youth, " May Allah prolong the king's continuance ! " and began

THE STORY OF THE MERCHANT WHO LOST HIS LUCK*

There was once a merchant man, who prospered in trade, and
at one time his every dirham won him fifty. Presently, his luck
turned against him and he knew it not ; so he said to himself, " I
have wealth galore, yet do I toil and travel from country to
country ; so better had I abide in my own land and rest myself in
my own house from this travail and trouble and sell and buy at
home." Then he made two parts of his money, and with one
bought wheat in summer, saying " Whenas winter cometh, I shall
sell it at a great profit." But, when the cold set in wheat fell to

1 InChavisand Cazotte "Story of Kaskas ; or the Obstinate Man." For ill-luck,
see Miss Frere's " Old Deccan Days" (p. 171), and Giles's "Strange Stories," &.C.
(p. 430), where the young lady says to Ma, "You often asked me for money; but on
account of your weak luck I hitherto refrained from giving it."

VOL. L B,

66 Supplemental Nights.

half the price for which he had purchased it, whereat he was con-
cerned with sore chagrin and left it till the next year. However,
the price then fell yet lower and one of his intimates said to him,
" Thou hast no luck in this wheat ; so do thou sell it at whatso-
ever price." Said the merchant, " Ah, long have I profited ! so 'tis
allowable that I lose this time. Allah is all-knowing t An it
abide with me ten full years, I will not sell it save for a gaining
bargain." 1 Then he walled up in his anger the granary-door with
clay, and by the ordinance of Allah Almighty, there came a great
rain and descended from the terrace-roofs of the house wherein
was the wheat so that the grain rotted ; and the merchant had to
pay the porters from his purse five hundred dirhams for them to
carry it forth and cast it without the city, the smell of it having
become fulsome. So his friend said to him, " How often did I
tell thee thou hadst no luck in wheat ? But thou wouldst not give
ear to my speech, and now it behoveth thee to go to the astrologer 2
and question him of thine ascendant." Accordingly the trader
betook himself to the astrologer and questioned him of his star,
and astrophil said to him, " Thine ascendant is adverse. Put
not forth thy hand to any business, for thou wilt not prosper
thereby." However, he paid no heed to the astrologer's words and
said in himself, " If I do my business, 1 am not afraid of aught."
Then he took the other half of his money, after he had spent the
first in three years, and builded him a ship, which he loaded with a
cargaison of whatso seemed good to him and all that was with him
and embarked on the sea, so he might voyage questing gain. The
ship remained in port some days, till he should be certified whither
he would wend, and he said, " I will ask the traders what this
merchandise profiteth and in what land 'tis wanted and how much
can it gain." They directed him to a far country, where his

1 True to life in the present day, as many a standing hay-rick has shown.

2 The " Munajjim " is a recognised authority in Egyptian townlets, and in the village-
Kpublics of Southern India the " Jyoshi " is one of the paid officials.

The Story of the Merchant who Lost his Luck. 67

dirham should produce an hundredfold. So he set sail and made
for the land in question ; but, as he went, there blew on him a
furious gale, and the ship foundered. The merchant saved him-
self on a plank and the wind cast him up, naked as he was, on the
sea-shore, where stood a town hard by. He praised Allah and gave
Him thanks for his preservation ; then, seeing a great village nigh
hand, he betook himself thither and saw, seated therein, a very
old man, whom he acquainted with his case and that which had
betided him. The Shaykh grieved for him with sore grieving,
when he heard his tale and set food before him. He ate of it
and the old man said to him, "Tarry here with me, so I may
make thee my overseer 1 and factor over a farm I have here, and
thou shalt have of me five dirhams a day." Answered the mer-
chant, "Allah make fair thy reward, and requite thee with His
boons and bounties." So he abode in this employ, till he had
sowed and reaped and threshed and winnowed, and all was clean
in his hand and the Shaykh appointed neither agent nor inspector,
but relied utterly upon him. Then the merchant bethought
himself and said, " I doubt me the owner of this grain will never
give me my due ; so the better rede were to take of it after the
measure of my wage ; and if. he give me my right, I will return
to him that I have taken." So he laid hands upon the grain, after
the measure of that which fell to him, and hid it in a hiding
place. Then he carried the rest and meted it out to the old man,
who said to him " Come, take thy wage, for which I conditioned
with thee, and sell the grain and buy with the price clothes and
what not else ; and though thou abide with me ten years, yet shalt
thou still have this hire and I will acquit it to thee on this wise."
Quoth the merchant in himself, " Indeed, I have done a foul deed
by taking it without his permission." ' Then he went to fetch that

1 Arab. " Amin " sub. and adj. In India it means a Government employe* who collect*
revenue ; in Marocco a commissioner sent by His Shannon Majesty.

68 Supplemental Nights?

"which he had hidden of the grain, but found it not and returned,
perplexed, sorrowful, to the Shaykh, who asked him, "What
aileth thee to be mournful ?" and he answered, "Methought thoti
wouldst not pay me my due ; so I took of the grain, after the
measure of my hire ; and now thou hast paid me all my right and
I went to bring back to thee that which I had hidden from thee,
but found it gone, for those who had come upon it have stolen it."
The Shaykh was wroth, when he heard these words, and said to
the merchant, " There is no device against ill luck ! I had given
thee this but, of the sorriness of thy doom and thy fortune, thou
hast done this deed, O oppressor of thine own self! Thou
deemedst I would not fulfil to thee thy wage ; but, by Allah,
nevermore will I give thee aught." Then he drove him away from
him. So the merchant went forth, woeful, grieving, weeping-eyed,
and wandered along the sea-shore, till he came to a sort of duckers 1
diving in the sea for pearls. They saw him weeping and wailing
and said to him, " What is thy case and what garreth thee shed
tears ?" So he acquainted them with his history, from incept
to conclusion, whereby the duckers knew him and asked him "Art
thou Such-an-one, son of Such-an-one?" He answered "Yes;"
whereupon they condoled with him and wept sore for him and
said to him, " Abide here till we dive upon thy luck this next time
and whatso betideth us shall be between us and thee." 2 Accord-
ingly, they ducked and brought up ten oyster-shells, in each two
great unions : whereat they marvelled and said to him, " by Allah,
thy luck hath re-appeared and thy good star is in the ascendant !"
Then the pearl-fishers gave him the ten pearls and said to him, " Sell
two of them and make them thy stock-in-trade : and hide the rest
against the time of thy straitness." So he took them, joyful and

1 Our older word for divers = Arab " Ghawwasun " : a single pearl (in the text Jauhar =
the Port. Aljofar) is called " habbah " = grain or seed.

2 The kindly and generous deed of one Moslem to another, and by no means rare m
real life.

The Story of the Merchant who Lost his Luck. 69

contented, and applied himself to sewing eight of them in
his gown, keeping the t\vo others in his mouth ; but a thief
saw him and went and advertised his fellows of him ; where-
upon they gathered together upon him, and took his gown
and departed from him. When they were gone away, he arose,
saying, "The two unions I have will suffice me," and made for the
nearest city, where he brought out the pearls for sale. Now
as Destiny would have it, a certain jeweller of the town
had been robbed of ten unions, like those which were with the
merchant ; so, when he saw the two pearls in the broker's hand,
he asked him, " To whom do these belong ? " and the broker
answered, " To yonder man." The jeweller, seeing the merchant
in pauper case and clad in tattered clothes, suspected him and
said to him, " Where be the other eight pearls ?" The merchant
thought he asked him of those which were in the gpwn, whenas
the man had purposed only to surprise him into confession, and
replied, ''The thieves stole them from me." When the jeweller
heard his reply, he was certified that it was the wight who had
taken his good ; so he laid hold of him and haling him before the
Chief of Police, said to him, "This is the man who stole my
unions : I have found two of them upon him and he confesseth to
the other eight." Now the Wali knew of the theft of the pearls ;
so he bade throw the merchant into jail. Accordingly they
imprisoned him and whipped him, and he lay in trunk a whole
year, till, by the ordinance of Allah Almighty, the Chief of Police
arrested one of the divers aforesaid, and imprisoned him in the
prison where the merchant was jailed. The ducker saw him and
knowing him, questioned him of his case; whereupon he told
them his tale, and that which had befallen him ; and the diver
marvelled at the lack of his luck. So, when he came forth of the
prison, he acquainted the Sultan with the merchant's case and told
him that it was he who had given him the pearls. The Sultan
bade bring him forth of the jail, and asked him of his story,

70 Supplemental Nights.

whereupon he told him all that had befallen him, and the Sovran
pitted him and assigned him a lodging in his own palace, together
with pay and allowances for his support. Now the lodging in
question adjoined the king's house, and whilst the merchant was
rejoicing in this and saying, "Verily, my luck hath returned, and
I shall live in the shadow of this king the rest of my life," he
espied an opening walled up with clay and stones. So he cleared
the opening the better to see what was behind it, and behold, it
was a window giving upon the lodging of the king's women.
When he saw this, he was startled and affrighted and rising in
haste, fetched clay and stopped it up again. But one of the
eunuchs 1 saw him, and suspecting him, repaired to the Sultan, and

1 " Eunuch," etymologically meaning chamberlain (fuvrj + ?x tv )> a bed-chamber-
ervant or slave, was presently confined to castrated men found useful for special
purposes, like gelded horses, hounds, and cockerels turned to capons. Some wnter*
hold that the creation of the semivir or apocopus began as a punishment in Egypt and
elsewhere ; and so under the Romans amputation of the " peccant part " was frequent :
others trace the Greek " invalid," i.e., impotent man, to marital jealousy, and not a few
to the wife who wished to use the sexless for hard work in the house without danger to
the slave-girls. The origin of the mutilation is referred by Ammianus Marcellmu*
(lib. iv., chap. 17^, and the Classics generally, to Semiramis, an "ancient queen" of
decidedly doubtful epoch, who thus prevented the propagation of weaklings. But ia
Genesis (xxxvii. 36 ; xxxix. I, margin) we find Potiphar termed a " Sarim " (castrato|
an " attenuating circumstance " for Mrs. P. Herodotus (iii. chap. 48) tells us thai
Periander, tyrant of Corinth, sent three hundred Corcyrean boys to Alyattes for castra-
tion cVlflT eKTO/xfl, and that Pamonios of Chios sold caponised lads for high prices,
(viii. 105) : he notices (viii. 104 and other places) that eunuchs " of the Sun, of
Heaven, of the hand of God," were looked upon as honourable men amongst the
Persians whom Stephanus and Brissonius charge with having invented the name
(Dabistan i. 171). Ctesias also declares that the Persian kings were under the influence
of eunuchs. In the debauched ages of Rome the women found a new use for these
effeminates, who had lost only the testes or testiculi = the witnesses (of generative force) :
it is noticed by Juvenal (i. 22 ; ii. 365-379 ; vi. 366.)

sunt quos imbelles et mollia semper
Oscula delectanu
So Martial,

vult futui Gallia, non parere,

And Mirabeau knew (see Kadfsah) " qu'ils mordent les femmes et les liment avee
une prcieuse continuitS." (Compare my vol. ii. 90; v. 46). The men also used them
as catamites (Horace i. Od. xxxvii.)

' Contaminate cum grege turpium
Morbo virorum."

The Story of tlie Merchant who Lost his Luck. 71

told him of this. So he came and seeing the stones pulled out,
was wroth with the merchant and said to him, "Be this my

_, In religion the intestabilis or intestatus was held ill-omened, and not permitted
to become a priest (Seneca Controv. ii. 4), a practice perpetuated in the various Christian
churches. The manufacture was forbidden, to the satisfaction of Martial, by Domitian,
whose edict Nero confirmed ; and was restored by the Byzantine empire, which
advanced eunuchs, like Eutropius and Narses, to the highest dignities of the realm.
The cruel custom to the eternal disgrace of mediaeval Christianity was revived in Rome
for providing the choirs iti the Sistine Chapel and elsewhere with boys' voices.
Isaiah mentions the custom (Ivi. 3-6,). Mohammed, who notices in the Koran (xxiv.
31), ''such men as attend women and have no need of women" i.e. "have no natural
force," expressly forbade (iv. 118), "changing Allah's creatures," referring, say the
commentators, to superstitious ear-cropping of cattle, tattooing, teeth-sharpening,
sodomy, tribadism, and slave-gelding. See also the " Hidayah," vol. iv. 121 ; and the
famous divine Al-Siyuti, the last of his school, wrote a tractate Fi '1-Tahrfmi Khidmati
'1-Khisyan = on the illegality of using eunuchs. Yet the Harem perpetuated the
practice throughout Al-Islam and African jealousy made a gross abuse of it. To
quote no other instance, the Sultan of Dar-Forhad a thousand eunuchs under a Malik or
king, and all the chief offices of the empire, such as Ab (father) and Bab (door), were;
monopolised by these neutrals. The centre of supply was the Upper Nile, where the
operation was found dangerous after the age of fifteen, and when badly performed only one
in four survived. For this reason, during the last century the Coptic monks of Girgah
and Zawy al-Dayr, near Assiout, engaged in this scandalous traffic, and declared that it
was philanthropic to operate scientifically (Prof. Panuri and many others). Eunuchs
are now made in the Sudan, Nubia, Abyssinia, Kordofan, and Dar-For, especially the
Messalmiyah district: one of those towns was called "Tawishah" (eunuchry) from
the traffic there conducted by Fukahd or religious teachers. Many are supplied by the
district between Majarah (Majarash?) and the port Masawwah ; there are also depots
at Mbadr, near Tajurrah-harbour, where Yusuf Bey, Governor in 1880, caponised some
forty boys, including the brother of a hostile African chief: here also the well-known
Abu Bakr was scandalously active. It is calculated that not less than eight thousand of
these unfortunates are annually exported to Arabia, Egypt, and Turkey. Article IV. of
the Anglo- Egyptian Convention punishes the offence with death, and no one would object
to hanging the murderer under whose mutilating razor a boy dies. Yet this, like most
of our modern "improvements" in Egypt, is a mere brulum fulmen. The crime is
committe'd under our very eyes, but we will not see it.

The Romans numbered three kinds of eunuchs : I. Castrati, clean-shaved, from
Gr. Kt'orpos. 2. Spadones, from <r7raa>> when the testicles are torn out, not from
"Spada," a town of Persia ; and, 3. Thlibii, from 0\i'<u. to press, squeeze, when the
testicles are bruised, &c. In the East also, as I have stated (v. 46), eunuchs are of three
kinds : I. Sandali, or the clean-shaved, the classical apocopus. The parts are swept Q?
by a single cut of a razor, a tube (tin or wooden) is set in the urethra, the wound is caute
rised with boiling oil, and the patient is planted in a fresh dunghill. His diet is milk ; antf
and if under puberty, he often survives. This is the eunuque aqueduc, who must pass his
water through a tube. 2. The eunuch whose penis is removed : he retains all the power
of copulation and procreation without the wherewithal ; and this, since the discovery
of caoutchouc, has often been supplied. 3. The eunuch, or classical Thlibias and
Semivir, who has been rendered sexless by removing the testicles (as the priests oC

72 Supplemental Nights.

reward from thee, that thou seekest to unveil my Harim?"
Thereupon he bade pluck out his eyes ; and they did as he
commanded. The merchant took his eyes in his hand and said,
" How long, O star of ill-omen, wilt thou afflict me ? First my
wealth and now my life ! " And he bewailed himself, saying,
" Striving profiteth me naught against evil fortune. The
Compassionate aided me not, and effort was worse than
useless. 1 ' 1 " On like wise," O king, continued the youth, " whilst
fortune was favourable to me, all that I did came to good ; but
now that it hath turned against me, everything turneth to mine ill."
^When the youth had made an end of his tale, the king's anger
subsided a little, and he said, "Return him to the prison, for the
day draweth to an end, and to-morrow we will look into his
affair, and punish him for his ill-deeds."

Cybele were castrated with a stone knife), or by bruising (the Greek Thlasias), twisting,
searing, or bandaging them. A more humane process has lately been introduced : a
horsehair is tied round the neck of the scrotum and tightened by slow degrees till the
circulation of the part stops and the bag drops off without pain. This has been adopted
in sundry Indian regiments of Irregular Cavalry, and it succeeded admirably : the
animals rarely required a day's rest. The practice was known to the ancients. See
notes on Kadisah in Mirabeau. The Eunuchala -virgo was invented by the Lydians,
according to their historian Xanthus. Zachias (Qusest. medico-legal.) declares that the
process was one of infibulation or simple sewing up the vulva ; but modern experience
has suggested an operation like the "spaying" of bitches, or mutilation of the womb, in
modern euphuism "baby-house." Dr. Robert ('* Journey from Delhi to Bombay,
Muller's Archiv. 1843") speaks of a eunuch'd woman who after ovariotomy had no
breasts, no pubes, no rotundities, and no desires. The Australians practise exsection of
the ovaries systematically to make women barren. Miklucho Maclay learned from the
traveller Retsch that about Lake Parapitshurie men's urethras were split, and the girls
were spayed : the latter showing two scars in the groin. They have flat bosoms, but
feminine forms, and are slightly bearded ; they mix with the men, whom they satisfy
mechanically, but without enjoyment (?). MacGillivray, of the " Rattlesnake," saw near
Cape York a woman with these scars : she was a surdo-mute, and had probably been
spayed to prevent increase. The old Scandinavians, from Norway to Iceland, systemati-
cally gelded "sturdy vagrants," in order that they might not beget bastards. The
Hottentots before marriage used to cut off the left testicle, meaning by such semi-
castration to prevent the begetting of twins. This curious custom, mentioned by the
Jesuit Tochard, Boeving, and Kolbe, is now apparently obsolete at least, the traveller
Fritsch did not rind it.
1 Arab. " Harim " = forbidden," sinful.

OF LOOKING TO THE ENDS OF AFFAIRS.

WHEN it was the next day, the second of the king's Wazirs, whose
name was Baharun, came in to him and said, "Allah advance
the king ! This deed which yonder youth hath done is a grave
matter, and a foul misdeed and a heinous against the household of
the king." So Azadbakht bade fetch the youth, because of the
Minister's speech; and when he came into the presence, said
to him, " Woe to thee, O youth ! There is no help but that I
do thee die by the dreadest of deaths, for indeed thou hast
committed a grave crime, and I will make thee a warning to the
folk." The youth replied, "O king, hasten not, for the looking
to the ends of affairs is a column of the kingdom, and a cause
of continuance and assurance for the kingship. Whoso looketh
not to the issues of actions, there befalleth him that which befel
the merchant, and whoso looketh to the consequences of actions,
there betideth him of joyance that which betideth the merchant's
son." The king asked, " And what is the story of the merchant
and his sons ? " and the youth answered, " Hear, O king,

THE TALE OF THE MERCHANT AND HIS SONS."*

There was once a merchant, who had abundant wealth, and a
wife to boot. He set out one day on a business journey, leaving
his wife big with child, and said to her, " Albeit, I now leave thee,

1 In Chavis and Cazotte, who out-galland'd Galland in transmogrifying the Arabic,
this is the " Story of Illage (Al-Hajj) Mahomet and his sons ; or, the Imprudent Man."
The tale occurs in many forms and with great modifications : See, for instance, the
Gesta Romanorum " Of the miraculous recall of sinners and of the consolation which
piety offers to the distressed," the adventures of the knight Pla*idus, vol. ii. 99-
Charles Swan, London. Rivington, 1824.

74 Supplemental Nights.

yet I will return before the birth of the babe, Inshallah ! " Then
he farewelled her and setting out, ceased not faring from country
to country till he came to the court of one of the kings and fore-
gathered with him. Now this king needed one who should order
his affairs and those of his kingdom and seeing the merchant
well-bred and intelligent, he required him to abide at court and
entreated him honourably. After some years, he sought his
Sovran's leave to go to his own house, but the king would not
consent to this ; whereupon he said to him, " O king, suffer me
go and see my children and come again." So he granted him
permission for this and, taking surety of him for his return, gave
him a purse, wherein were a thousand gold dinars. Accordingly,
the merchant embarked in a ship and set sail, intending for his
mother-land. On such wise fared it with the trader ; but as re-
gards his wife, news had reached her that her husband had accepted
service with King Such-an-one ; so she arose and taking her two
sons, (for she had borne twins in his absence,) set out seeking those
parts. As Fate would have it, they happened upon an island and
her husband came thither that very night in the ship. So the
woman said to her children, " The ship cometh from the country
where your father is : hie ye to the sea-shore, that ye may enquire
of him." Accordingly, they repaired to the sea-shore and going
up into the ship, fell to playing about it and busied themselves
with their play till evening evened. Now the merchant -their sire
lay asleep in the ship, and the noisy disport of the boys troubled
him ; whereupon he rose to call out to them " Silence " and let the
purse with the thousand dinars fall among the bales of merchandise.
He sought for it and finding it not, buffeted his head and seized
upon the boys, saying, " None took the purse but you : ye were
playing all about the bales, so ye might steal somewhat, and there
was none here but you twain." Then he took his staff, and laying
hold of the children, fell to beating them and flogging them, whilst
they wept, and the crew came round about them saying, " The

The Tale of the Merchant and his Sons. 7 5

of this island are all rogues and robbers." Then, of the
greatness of the merchant's anger, he swore an oath that, except
they brought out the purse, he would drown them In the sea; so
when by reason of their denial his oath demanded the deed, he
took the two boys and binding them each to a bundle of reeds,
cast them into the water. Presently, finding that they tarried from
her, the mother of the two boys went searching for them, till she
came to the ship and fell to saying, " Who hath seen two boys of
mine? Their fashion is so and so and their age thus and thus."
When the crew heard her words, they said, " This is the description
of the two boys who were drowned in the sea but now." Their
mother hearing this began calling on them and crying, " Alas, my
anguish for your loss, O my sons ! Where was the eye of your
father this day, that it might have seen you ? " Then one of the
sailors asked her, "Whose wife art thou ?" and she answered, "I:
am the wife of Such-an-one the trader. I was on my way to him,'
and there hath befallen me this calamity." When the merchant i
heard her words, he knew her and rising to his feet, rent his
raiment and beat his head and said to his wife, " By Allah, I have
destroyed my children with mine own hand ! This is the end of
whoso looketh not to the endings of affairs. This is his reward
who taketh not time to reflect." Then he took to wailing and
weeping over them, he and his wife, and he said to his shipmates,
"By Allah, I shall never enjoy my life, till I light upon news of
them ! " And he began to go round about the sea, in quest of his,
sons, but found them not. Meanwhile, the wind carried the two,
children from the ship towards the land, and cast them up on the'
sea-shore. As for one of them, a company of the guards of theJ
king of those parts found him and carried him to their lord, who

marvelled at him with exceeding marvel and adopted him, giving

out to the folk that he was his own son, whom he had hidden, 1 of

1 i.t. For fear of the "eye": see vol. i. 123 and passim. In these days the practice '

76" Supplemental Nights.

his love for him. So the folk rejoiced in him with joy exceeding,
for their lord's sake, and the king appointed him his heir-apparent
and the inheritor of his kingdom. On this wise a number of
years passed, till the king died and they enthroned the youth
sovran in his stead, when he sat down on the seat of his kingship
and his estate flourished and his affairs prospered with all regularity.
Meanwhile, his father and mother had gone round about, in quesl
of him and his brother, all the islands of the sea, hoping that the
tide might have cast them up, but found no trace of them ; so they.,
despaired of them and took up their abode in a certain of the
islands. One day, the merchant, being in the market, saw a broker,
and in his hand a boy he was crying for sale, and said in himself
** I will buy yonder boy, so I may solace myself with him for my
sons." 1 So he bought him and bore him to his house; and, when
his wife saw him, she cried out and said, " By Allah, this is mj^
son ! " Accordingly his father and mother rejoiced in him with
exceeding joy and asked him of his brother ; but he answered,
" The waves parted us and I knew not how it went with him.'*
Therewith his father and mother consoled themselves with him and
on this wise a number of years passed by. Now the merchant and
his wife had homed them in a city of the land where their other
son was king, and when the boy they had recovered grew up, his
father assigned unto him merchandise, to the end that he might
travel therewith. Upon this he fared forth and entered the city
wherein his brother ruled and anon news reached the king that a
merchant had come thither with merchandise befitting royalties ;
so he sent for him and the young trader obeyed the summons and
going in to him, sat down before him* Neither of them knew the

is rare ; but, whenever you see at Cairo an Egyptian dame daintily dressed and leading
by the hand a grimy little boy whose eyes are black with flies and whose dress is oru and
unclean, you see what has taken its place. And if you would praise the brat you must
not say " Oh, what a pretty boy ! " but " Inshallah ! "the Lord doth as he pleaseth.
1 The adoption of slave lads and lasses was and is still common among Moslems.

The Taie of the Merchant and his Sons. 77

other ; but blood moved between them 1 and the king said to the

merchant youth, " I desire of thee that thou tarry with me and I

will exalt thy station and give thee all that thou requirest and

cravest." Accordingly, he abode with him awhile, never quitting

him ; and when he saw that he would not surfer him to depart

from him, he sent to his father and mother and bade them remove

thither to him. Hereat they resolved upon moving to that

island, and their son still increased in honour with the king, albeit

he knew not that he was his brother. Now it chanced one night

that the king sallied forth without the city and drank and the wine

got the mastery of him and he became drunken. So, of the

youth's fear for his safety, he said, " I will keep watch myself over

the king this night, seeing that he deserveth this from me, for that

which he hath done with me of kindly deeds ; " and he arose

forthright and baring his brand, stationed himself at the door of

the king's pavilion. But one of the royal pages saw him standing

there, with the drawn sword in his harrd, and he was of those who

envied him his favour with the king ; therefore, he said to him,

"Why dost thou on this wise at this time and in the like of

this place ? " Said the youth, " I am keeping watch and ward

over the king myself, in requital of his bounties to me." The page

said no more to him ; however, when it was morning, he acquainted

a number of the king's servants with the matter, and they said,

"This is an opportunity for us. Come, let us assemble together

and acquaint the king therewith, so the young merchant may lose

regard with him 2 and he rid us of him and we be at rest from

him." So they assembled together and going in to the king, said

to him, "We have a warning wherewith we would warn thee."

Quoth he, " And what is your warning ? " and quoth they, " This

1 I have elsewhere noted this " pathetic fallacy" which is a lieu commun of Eastern
folk-lore and not less frequently used in the mediaeval literature of Europe before statistics
were invented.

* Arab. ' Yaskut min 'Aynayh," lit. = fall from his two eyes, lose favour.

78 Supplemental Nights.

youth, the trader, whom them hast taken into favour and whose rank
thou hast exalted above the chiefest of thy lords, we saw yesterday
bare his brand and design to fall upon thee, to the end that he
might slay thee." Now when the king heard this, his colour changed
and he said to them, " Have ye proof of this ? " They rejoined,
" What proof wouldst thou have ? An thou desirest this, feign
thyself drunken again this night and lie down as if asleep, and
privily watch him and thou wilt see with thine eyes all that we
have mentioned to thee." Then they went to the youth and said
to him, " Know that the king thanketh thee for thy dealing
yesternight and exceedeth in commendation of thy good deed;"
and they prompted him again to do the like. Accordingly, when
the next night came, the king abode on wake, watching the youth ;
and as for the latter, he went to the door of the pavilion and
unsheathing his scymitar, stood in the doorway. When the king
saw him do thus, he was sore disquieted and bade seize him and
said to him, " Is this my reward from thee ? I showed thee favour
more than any else and thou wouldst do with me this abominable
deed." Then arose two of the king's pages and said to him, " O
our lord, an thou order it, we will smite his neck." But the king
said, " Haste in killing is a vile thing, for 'tis l a grave matter ; the
quick we can kill, but the killed we cannot quicken, and needs
must we look to the end of affairs. The slaying of this youth will
not escape us." 2 Therewith he bade imprison him, whilst he
himself went back to the city and, his duties done, fared forth to
the chase. Then he returned to town and forgot the youth ; so the
pages went in to him and said to him, " O king, an thou keep
silence concerning yonder youth, who designed to slaughter thee,
all thy servants will presume upon the king's majesty, and indeed
the folk talk of this matter." Hereat the king waxed wroth and

1 i.e. killing a man.
.* i.e. we can slay him whenever we will.

The Tale of tlie Merchant and his Sons. 79

cried, " Fetch him hither ; " and bade the headsman strike off his
head. So they brought the youth and bound his eyes ; and the
sworder stood at his head and said to the king, " By thy leave, O
my lord, I will smite his neck." But the king cried, " Stay, till I
look into his affair. Needs must I put him to death and the
dispatching of him will not escape me." Then he restored him to
the prison and there he abode till it should be the king's will to do
him die. Presently, his parents heard of the matter ; whereupon
his father arose and going up to the palace, wrote a letter and
presented it to the king, who read it, and behold, therein was
written, saying, " Have ruth on me, so may Allah have ruth on
thee, and hasten not in the slaughter of my son ; for indeed I acted
hastily in a certain affair and drowned his brother in the sea, and
to this day I bemourn him. An thou must needs kill him, kill me
in his stead." Therewith the old merchant, weeping bitterly,
prostrated himself before that king, who said to him, " Tell me
thy tale." Said the merchant, "O my lord, this youth had a
brother and I in my haste cast the twain into the sea." And he
related to him his story, first and last, whereupon the king cried
with a mighty loud cry and casting himself down from the throne,
embraced his father and brother and said to the merchant. " By
Allah, thou art my very father and this is my brother and thy wife
is our mother." And they abode weeping, all three of them. Then
the king acquainted his people with the matter and said to them,
" O folk, how deem ye of my looking to the consequences of
action ? ; " and they all marvelled at his wisdom and foresight.
Then he turned to his sire and said to him, " Hadst thou looked to
the issue of thine affair and made due delay in whatso thou didst,
there had not betided thee this repentance and chagrin all this time."
Thereupon he sent for his mother and they rejoiced one in other and
lived all their days in joy and gladness." " What then " (continued
the young treasurer), " is more grievous than the lack of looking
to the ends of things ? Wherefore hasten thou not in the slaying

8o Supplemental Nights.

of me, lest penitence betide thee and sore chagrin." When the
king heard this, he said, " Return him to the prison till the morrow,
so we may look into his affair ; for that deliberation in such is
advisable and the slaughter of this youth shall not escape us."

OF THE ADVANTAGES OF PATIENCE. 1

WHEN it was the third day, the third Wazir came in to the king
and said to him, " O king, delay not the matter of this youth,
because his deed hath caused us fall into the mouths of folk, and
it behoveth that thou slay him forthright, that the talk may be
cut from us and it be not said : The king saw on his bed a man
with his wife and spared him." The king was chagrined by these
words and bade bring the youth. Accordingly, they fetched him
in fetters, and indeed the king's anger was upstirred against him
by the Minister's speech and he was troubled ; so he said to him,
" O base of birth, thou hast dishonoured us and marred our
mention, and needs must I do away thy life from the world."
Quoth the youth, " O king, make use of patience in all thine
affairs, so wilt thou win to thy wish, for that Allah Almighty hath
appointed the issue of long-suffering to be in abounding good, and
indeed by patience Abu Sabir ascended from the pit and sat down
upon the throne." Asked the king, " Who was Abu Sabir, and
what is his tale ? " and the youth answered, saying, " Hear thou,
O king,

THE STORY OF ABU SABIR,*

There was once a man, a village headman, 1 Abu Sabir hight,
and he had much black cattle and a buxom wife, who had borne

1 In Chavis and Cazotte " Story of Abosaber the Patient." " AW Sabir " would mean
" Father of the Patient (one)."

1 Arab. " Dihkan," in Persian a villager ; but here something more, a village-eider
or chief. Al-Mas'udi (chap, xxiv.), and other historians apply the term to a class of
noble Persians descended from the ten sons of Wahkert, the first " Dihkan," the fourth
generation from King Kayomars.

VOL. I. F

82 Supplemental Nights.

him two sons. They abode in a certain hamlet and there used to
oome thither a lion and rend and devour Abu Sabir's herd, so
that the most part thereof was wasted and his wife said to him one
day, tl This lion hath wasted the greater part of our property.
Arise, mount thy horse and take thy host and do thy best to kill
him, so we may be at rest from him." But Abu Sabir said, " Have
patience, O woman, for the issue of patience is praised. This lion
it is which transgresseth against us, and the transgressor, perforce
must Almighty Allah destroy him. Indeed, 'tis our long-suffer-
ing that shall slay him, 1 and he that doth evil needs must it recoil
upon him." A few days after, the king went forth one morning
to hunt and falling in with the lion, he and his host, gave chase
to him and ceased not pursuit till they slew him. This news
reached Abu Sabir who improved the occasion to his wife, " Said
I not to thee, O woman, that whoso doth evil, it shall recoil
upon him ? Haply an I sought to slay the lion myself, I had not
prevailed against him, and this is the issue of patience." It befel,
after this, that a man was slain in Abu Sabir's village ; wherefore
the Sultan bade plunder the village, and they spoiled the patient
one's goods with the rest. Thereupon his wife said to him, " All the
king's officers know thee ; so do thou prefer thy plaint to the sovran,
that he may bid thy beasts to be restored to thee. But he said to
her, " O woman, said I not to thee that he who worketh wrong
shall be wronged ? Indeed, the king hath done evil, and right
soon he shall suffer the issues of his deed, for whoso taketh the
goods of the folk, needs must his goods be taken." A man of his
neighbours heard his speech, and he was an envier of his ; so he
went to the Sultan and acquainted him therewith, whereupon the
king sent and plundered all the rest of his goods and drave him
forth from the village, and his wife and family with him. They

1 Reminding one not a little of certain anecdotes anent Quakers, current in England
and English-speaking lands.

The Story of Abu Sabir. 83

went wandering in the waste grounds about the hamlet and his wife
said to him, "All that hath befallen us cometh of thy slowness in
affairs and thy, helplessness." But he said to her, " Have patience,
for the issue of patience is good." Then they walked on a little
way, and thieves met them and despoiling them of whatso remained
with them, stripped them of their raiment and took from them the
two children ; whereupon the woman wept and said to her husband,
" Hearkye, my good man, put away from thee this folly and up
with us to follow the thieves, so, peradventure they may have com-
passion on us and restore the children to us." He replied, " O
woman, have patience, for he who doth evil shall be requited with
evil and his frowardness shall revert upon him. Were I to follow
them, belike one of them would take his sword and smite my
neck and slay me ; but have patience, for the issue of patience is
praised." Then they fared on till they made a village l in the
land of Kirman, and by it a river of water ; so the man said to his
wife, " Tarry thou here, whilst I enter the village and look us out a
place wherein we may home ourselves." And he left her by the
water and entered the village. Presently, up came a horseman in
quest of water, wherewith to water his horse : he saw the woman
and she was pleasing in his eyes ; so quoth he to her, " Arise,
mount with me and I will take thee to wife and entreat thee
kindly." Quoth she, " Spare me, so may Allah spare thee! In-
deed I have a husband." But he drew his dudgeon and said to
her, " An thou obey me not, I k will smite thee and slay thee."
When she saw his frowardness, she wrote on the ground in the sand
with her finger, saying, " O Abu Sabir, thou hast not ceased to be
patient, till thy good is gone from thee and thy children and now

1 Arab. " Karyah," a word with a long history. The root seems to be Karaha, he
met ; in Chald. Karih and Kdria (emphatic Kdrita) = a town or city ; and in Heb.
Kirjath, Kiryathayim, etc. We find it in Carthage = Karti hidisah, or New Town as
opposed to Utica (Atlkah) = Old Town ; in Carchemish and in a host of similar com-
pounds. In Syria and Egypt Kariyah, like Kafr, now means a hamlet, a village.

84 Supplemental Nights.

thy wife, who was more precious in thy sight than everything and
than all thy monies, and indeed thou abidest in thy sorrow the whole
of thy life long, so thou mayest see what thy patience will profit
thee," Then the horseman took her, and setting her behind him,
went his way. As for Abu Sabir, when he returned, he saw not
his wife but he read what was writ upon the ground, wherefore he
wept and sat awhile sorrowing. Then said he to himself, " O
Abu Sabir, it behoveth thee to be patient, for haply there shatl
betide thee an affair yet sorer than this and more grievous ; " and
he went forth a-following his face, 1 like to one love-distraught and
passion-madded, till he came to a gang of labourers working upon
the palace of the king, by way of forced labour. 2 When the over-
seers saw him, they laid hold of him and said to him, " Work thou
with these folk at the palace of the king ; else we will imprison
thee for life." So he fell to working with them as a labourer and
every day they gave him a bannock of bread. He wrought with
them a month's space, till it chanced that one of the labourers
mounted a ladder and falling, brake his leg ; whereupon he cried
out and shed tears. Quoth Abu Sabir to him, " Have patience and
weep not ; for in thine endurance thou shalt find ease." But the
man said to him, u How long shall I have patience ? " And he
answered, saying, " Long-suffering bringeth a man forth of the
bottom of the pit and seateth him on the throne of the kingdom/'
It so. fortuned that the king was seated at the lattice, hearkening to
their talk, and Abu Sabir's words angered him for the moment ; where-
fore he bade bring him before him and they brought him forthright.
Now there was in the king's palace an underground dungeon
and therein a vast silo 3 and a deep, into which the king caused
cast Abu Sabir, saying to him, " O little of wit, soon shall we ee

1 i.e. wandering at a venture.

2 Arab. " Sakhrah," the old French Corvee, and the " Begdr " of India.

3 Arab. " Matmvirah : " see vol. ii. 39, where it is used as an " underground ceH. " Tfce
word is extensively used in the Maghrib or Western Africa.

The Story of Abu Sabir. 8$

how thou wilt come forth of the pit to the throne of the kingdom."
Then he used continuously to come and stand at the mouth of
the pit and say, " O little of wit, O Abu Sabir, 1 I see thee not
come forth of the pit and sit down on the king's throne ! " And
he assigned him each day two bannocks of bread, whilst Abu
Sabir kept silence and spake not, but patiently bore whatso
betided him. Now the king had a brother, whom he had im-
prisoned in that pit of old time, and he had died there ; but the
folk of the realm deemed him still alive, and when his durance
grew long, the courtiers of the king used to talk of this and of
the tyranny of their liege Lord, and the bruit spread abroad that
the sovran was a tyrant, so they fell upon him one day and slew
him. Then they sought the silo and brought out therefrom Abu
Sabir, deeming him the king's brother, for that he was the nearest
of folk to him in favour and the likest, and he had been long in
the pit. So they doubted not but that he was the Prince and
said to him, " Reign thou in thy brother's room, for we have slaini
him and thou art sovran in his stead." But Abu Sabir was silent
and spoke not a word ; 2 and he knew that this was the result of
his patience. Then he arose and sitting down on the king's
throne, donned the royal dress and dispensed justice and equity,
and affairs prospered ; wherefore the lieges obeyed him and the
subjects inclined to him and many were his soldiers. Now the king,
who erst had plundered Abu Sabir's goods and driven him forth
of his village, had an enemy ; and the foe mounted horse against'
him and overcame him and captured his capital; wherefore he
betook him to flight and came to Abu Sabir's city, craving support

1 Arab. " Ya Abd Sabir." There are five vocative particles in Arabic ; " Ya,'' com-
mon to the near and far ; " Aya " (ho !) and " Haya" (holla !) addressed to the far,
and " Ay " and "A" (A-'Abda-llahi, O Abdullah), to those near. All govern the
accusative of a noun in construction in the literary language only ; and the vulgar use Done
but the first named. The English-speaking races neglect the vocative particle, and I never
heard it except in the Southern States of the Anglo-American Union = Oh, Mr. Smith.

2 He was not honest enough to undeceive them ; a neat Quaker-like touch.

86" Supplemental Nights.

of him and seeking that he should succour him. He knew not
that the king of the city was the headman whom he had spoiled ;
so he presented himself before him and made complaint to him ;
but Abu Sabir knew him and said to him, " This is somewhat of
the issue of patience. Allah the Most High hath given me power
over thee." Then he commanded his guards to plunder the
unjust king and his suite; so they spoiled them and stripping
them of their clothes, put them forth of his country. When Abu
Sabir's troops saw this, they marvelled and said, "What be this
deed the king doth ? There cometh a king to him, craving pro-
tection, and he spoileth him ! This is not the fashion of kings."
But they dared not speak of this. Presently, news came to the
king of highwaymen in his land ; so he set out in quest of them
and ceased not to follow after them, till he seized on them all, and
behold, they were the very thieves who had plundered him and
his wife by the way and had carried off his children. Accordingly
he bade bring them before him, and when they came into his
presence, he questioned them, saying, " Where are the two boys
ye took on such a day ? " Said they, " They are with us and we
will present them to our lord the king for Mamelukes to serve him
and give him wealth galore that we have gotten together and doff
all we own and repent from lawlessness and fight in thy service."
Abu Sabir, however, paid no heed to their words, and seized all
their good and bade put them all to death. Furthermore, he took
his two boys and rejoiced in them with exceeding joy, whereat the
troops murmured among themselves, saying, " Verily, this is a
greater tyrant than his brother ! There cometh to him a gang of
thieves, and they seek to repent and proffer two boys by way of
peace-offering, and he taketh the two lads and all their good and
slayeththem! Indeed this be violent oppression." After this came
the horseman, who had seized Abu Sabir's wife, and complained of
her to the king that she would not give him possession of her
person, and solemnly declared that she was his wife. The king

The Story of Abu Sabir. 87

bade bring her before him, that he might hear her plea and
pronounce judgment upon her. So the horseman came with her
before him, and when the king saw her, he knew her and taking
her from her ravisher, bade put him to death. Then he became
aware of the troops, that they murmured against him and spake
of him as a tyrant ; so he turned to his courtiers and ministers
and said to them, " As for me, by Allah of All-might, 1 I am not
the king's brother ! Nay, I am but one whom the king im-
prisoned upon a word he heard from me and he used every day to
come and taunt me therewith. Ye deem me the king's brother ;
but I am Abu Sabir and the Lord hath given me the kingship in
virtue of my patience. As for the king who sought protection of
me and I plundered him, 'twas he who first wronged me, for that
he plundered me aforetime and drave me forth of my native land
and banished me, without due cause ; wherefore I requited him
with that which he had done to me, in the way of lawful
retribution. As for the highwaymen who proffered repentance,
there was no repentance for them with me, because they began
upon me with foul dealing and waylaid me by the road and
despoiled me and seized my good and my sons, the two boys that
I took of them, and those ye deemed Mamelukes are my very
sons ; so I avenged myself on the thieves of that which they did
with me whilome and requited them with strict justice. As for
the horseman whom I slew, this woman I took from him was my
wife and he seized her by force, but Allah the Most High hath
restored her to me ; so this was my right, and my deed that I have
done was righteous, albeit ye, judging by the externals of the
matter, deemed that I had done this by way of tyranny." When

1 Here the oath is justified ; but the reader will have remarked that the name of Allah
is often taken in vain. Moslems, however, so far from holding this a profanation deem
it an acknowledgment of the Omnipotence and Omnipresence. The Jews from whom the
Christians have borrowed had an interest in concealing the name of their tribal divinity;
and therefore made it ineffable.

88 Supplemental Nights.

the folk heard these words, they marvelled and fell prostrate before
him ; and they redoubled in esteem for him and exceeding affection
and sued pardon of him, admiring that which Allah had done
with him and how He had given him the kingship by reason of his
longsuffering and his patience and how he had raised himself by
his endurance from the bottom of the pit to the throne of the
kingdom, what while Allah cast down the late king from the
throne into the pit. 1 Then Abu Sabir foregathered with his wife
and said to her, " How deemest thou of the fruit of patience and its
sweetness and the fruit of haste and its bitterness ? Verily, all
that a man doth of good and evil, he shall assuredly encounter the
same." " On like wise, O king " (continued the young treasurer),
" it besitteth thee to practise patience, whenever it is possible to
thee, for that longsuffering is the wont of the noble, and it is the
chiefest of their reliance, especially for kings." When the king
heard this from the youth, his wrath subsided ; so he bade return
him to the prison, and the folk dispersed that day.

1 i.e. the grave, the fosse commune of slain men.

OF THE ILL EFFECTS OF IMPATIENCE.

WHEN it was the fourth day, the fourth Wazir, whose name was
Zushdd, 1 made his appearance and prostrating himself to his liege
lord, said to him, " O king, let not the talk of yonder youth delude
thee, for that he is not a truth-teller. As long as he shall remain
alive, the folk will not leave talking nor will thy heart cease to
be occupied with him." Cried the king, " By Allah, thou sayst
sooth and I will cause fetch him this day and slay him between
my hands." Then bade he bring the youth ; so they fetched him
in fetters and he said to him, " Woe to thee ! Thinkest thou to
appease my heart with thy prate, whereby the days are spent in
talk ? I mean to do thee die this day and be quit of thee." Said
the youth, " O king, 'tis in thy power to put me out of the world
whenso thou wilt, but haste is the wont of the ignoble and patience
the sign of the noble. An thou do me to death, thou wilt repent,
and when thou desire to bring me back to life, thou wilt not be
able. Indeed, whoso acteth hastily in an affair, there befalleth
him what befel Bihzad, son of the king." Quoth the king, " And
what is his tale ? " Replied the treasurer, " O king, hear

THE STORY OF PRINCE BIHZAD."*

There was once, of olden time, a king and he had a son Bihzad
hight, there was not in his tide a fairer than he and he loved to

1 A fancy name ; "Zawash" in Pers. is = Zevs, the planet Jupiter, either borrowed
from Greece, or both descended from some long forgotten ancestor.

1 In Chavis and Cazotte "Story ofBhazad (!) the Impatient. The name is Persian,
Bih (well, good) Zad (born). In the adj. bih we recognise a positive lost in English and
German which retain the comparative (bih-tar = better) and superlative (bih-tarin =
best).

9O Supplemental Nights.

fellow with the folk and to mix with the merchants and sit and
talk with them. One day, as he was seated in an assembly,
amongst a number of people, he heard them talking of his own
beauty and loveliness, and saying, " There be not in his time a
fairer than he." But one of the company said, " Indeed, the
daughter of King Such-an-one is seemlier than he." When Bihzad
heard this saying, his reason fled and his heart fluttered and he
called the last speaker and said to him, " Repeat to me that which
thou saidst and tell me the truth concerning her whom thou
avouchest to be goodlier than I and whose daughter she is."
Quoth the man, " She is the daughter of King Such-an-one ;"
whereupon Bihzad's heart clave to her and his colour changed.
Presently the news reached his sire, who said to him, " O my son,
this maiden to whom thy heart cleaveth is at thy command and we
have power over her ; so wait till I demand her in wedlock for
thee." But the Prince said, " I will not wait." So the king
hastened in the matter and sent to demand her of her sire, who
required of him an hundred thousand dinars paid down to his
daughter's dowry. Quoth Bihzad's father, " So be it," and
weighed out what was in his treasuries, and there remained to
his charge but a little of the dower. 1 So he said, " Have
patience, O my son, till we gather together the rest of the
money and send to fetch her for thee, since now she is become
thine." Therewith the Prince waxed wroth with exceeding wrath
and cried, " I will not have patience ; " so he took his sword
and his lance 2 and mounting his horse, went forth and fell to
cutting the way 3 . It chanced one day that he fell upon a com
pany of folk who overcame him by dint of numbers and taking him

1 ' i.e. the moiety kept by the bridegroom, a contingent settlement paid at divorce or on
the death of the husband.

2 Arab. " Rumh" = the horseman's lance not the footman's spear.

* i.e. became a highwayman (a time-honoured and honourable career) io order to
collect money for completing the dowry.

The Story oj Prince Bihzad. 91

prisoner, pinioned him and carried him to the lord of that land
wherein he was a-highwaying. This king saw his semblance and
loveliness and misdoubting of him, said s " This be no robber's
favour. Tell me truly, O youth, who thou art." Bihzad was
ashamed to acquaint him with his condition and preferred death
for himself; so he answered, " I am naught but a thief and a
bandit." Quoth the king, " It behoveth us not to act hastily in
the matter of this youth, but that we look into his affair, for that
impatience gendereth penitence." So he imprisoned him in his
palace and assigned him one to serve him. Meanwhile the
news spread abroad that Bihzad, son of the sovran, was lost,
whereupon his father sent letters in quest of him to all the kings
including him with whom he was imprisoned. When the letter
reached the latter, he praised Almighty Allah for that he had not
anyways hastened in Bihzad's affair and bidding them bring him
before himself, said to him, "Art thou minded to destroy thy
life ? " Quoth Bihzad, " I did this for fear of shame ;" and the
king said, " An thou fear shame, thou shouldst not practise haste
in thy doings ; knowest thou not that the fruit of impatience is
repentance ? Had we hasted, we also, like thee, had repented."
Then he conferred on him a robe of honour and engaged to him
for the completion of the dowry and sent to his father, giving him
the glad tidings and comforting his heart with news of his son's
safety ; after which he said to Bihzad, " Arise, O my son, and go
to thy sire." Rejoined the Prince, " O king, complete thy
kindness to me by hastening my going-in to my wife ; for, an I
go back to my sire, the time will be long till he send a messenger
and he return, promising me dispatch. The king laughed and
marvelled at him and said to him, " I fear for thee from this
precipitancy, lest thou come to shame and win not thy wish."
Then he gave him muchel of wealth and wrote him letters, com-
mending him to the father of the Princess, and despatched him to
them. When he drew near their country, the king came forth to

92 Supplemental Nights.

meet him with the people of his realm and assigned him a fine
lodging and bade hasten the going-in of his daughter to him, in
compliance with the other king's letter. He also advised the
Prince's father of his son's coming and they busied themselves with
the affair of the young lady." When it was the day of the bride's
going-in 1 Bihzad, of his impetuosity and lack of patience, betook
himself to the wall, which was between himself and her lodging
and wherein was a hole pierced, and of his haste looked through
it, so he might see his bride. But her mother espied him 2 and this
was grievous to her ; so she took from one of the pages two red-
hot iron spits and thrust them into the hole through which the
Prince was looking. The spits ran into his eyes and put them
out and he fell down fainting and the wedding-festival was
changed to mourning and sore concern. " See, then, O king "
(continued the youth), "the issue of the Prince's haste and lack
of deliberation, for indeed his impatience bequeathed him long
penitence and his joy turned to annoy ; and on like wise was it
with the woman who hastened to put out his eyes and delayed
not to deliberate. All this was the doing of haste ; wherefore it
behoveth the king not to be hasty in putting me to death, for that I
am under the hold of his hand, and whatso time thou desirest my
slaughter, it shall not escape thee." When the king heard this
his anger subsided and he said, u Return him back to the prison
till to-morrow, so we may look into his case."

v i.e. to the bride, the wedding-day; not to be confounded with "going in unto"
etc.

2 Probably meaning that she saw the eyes espying through the crevice without knowing
whose they were.

OF THE ISSUED OF GOOD AND EVIL ACTIONS.

WHEN it was the fifth day, the fifth Wazir, whose name was
Jahrbaur, 1 came in to the king and prostrating himself before him,
said, " O king, it behoveth thee, an thou see or hear one look
on thy house, 2 that thou pluck out his eyes. How then should
it be with him whom thou sawest a middlemost thy palace and
on thy royal bed, and he suspected with thy Harim, and not of thy
lineage or of thy kindred ? So do thou away this shame by
putting him to death. Indeed, we urge thee not to this, except
for the assurance of thine empire and of our zeal for thy loyal
counselling and of our affection to thee. How can it be lawful
that this youth should live for a single hour?" Therewith the
king was filled with fury and cried, " Bring him forthright." So
they fetched the youth whom they set before him in fetters, and
the king said to him, " Woe to thee ! Thou hast sinned a great
sin and the time of thy survival hath been long ; s but needs must
we put thee to death, because there is no ease for us in thy life till
we take it," Quoth the youth, ' Know O king, that I, by Allah,
am guiltless, and by reason of this I hope for life, for that he who
is innocent of all offence goeth not in fear of pains and penalties,
neither greateneth his mourning and his concern ; but whoso hath
sinned, needs must his sin be expiated upon him, though his life
be prolonged, and it shall overtake him, even as it overtook
Dadbm the king and his Wazir." Asked Azadbakht, " How was

1 A fancy name intended to be Persian.

1 i.e. thy Harem, thy women.

3 i.e. thy life hath been unduly prolonged.

94 Supplemental Nights.

that ? " and the youth said, " Hear, O King (whose days may
Allah increase!),

THE STORY OF KING DADB1N AND HIS WAZIRS."

There was once a king in the land of Tabaristan, 2 by name
Dddbin, and he had two Wazirs, one called Zorkhan and the other
Kdrddn. 3 The Minister Zorkhan had a daughter, there was not
in her day a fairer than she nor yet a chaster or a more pious,
for she was a faster, a prayer and an adorer of Allah the Almighty,
and her name was Arwa. 4 Now Dadbin, the king, heard tell of
her praises ; so his heart clave to her and he called the Wazir
her sire and said to him, " I desire of thee that thou marry me to
thy daughter." Quoth Zorkhan, " O my liegest lord, suffer me
to consult her, and if she consent, I will marry thee with her."
And the king said, " Haste thee with this." So the Minister
went in to his daughter and said to her, "O my daughter, the
king seeketh thee of me and desireth to marry thee." She said,
" O my father, I desire not a husband, and if thou wilt marry me,
marry me not but with a mate who shall be mine inferior in rank
and I nobler than he, so he may not turn to other than myself nor
lift his eyes upon me, 5 and marry me not to one who is nobler than
I, lest I be with him as a slave-girl and a serving-woman." Accord-
ingly the Wazir returned to the king and acquainted him with that
which his daughter had said, whenas he redoubled in desire and

1 See Chavis and Gazette, "Story of Ravia (Arwa!) the Resigned." Ddd-bin
(Persian) = one who looks to justice, a name hardly deserved in this case.

2 For this important province and city of Persia, see Al-Mas'udl, ii. 2; iv. 86, etc.
It gave one of many names to the Caspian Sea. The adjective is Tabari, whereas
Tabarini = native of Tiberias (Tabariyah) .

8 Zor-khin = Lord Violence, and Kir-dan = Business-knower ; both Persian,
* "Arwa" written with a terminal of yd is a woman's P.N. in Arabic.
5 i.e. Not look down upon me with eyes of contempt. This "marrying belov one **
L is still an Eastern idea, very little known to women in the West.

The Story of King Dadbin and his Wazirs. 95

love-longing for her, and said to her sire, " An thou marry me not
to her of good grace, I will take her in thy despite and by force."
The Minister again betook himself to his daughter and repeated
to her the king's words, but she replied, " I want no husband."
So he returned to the king and told him what she said, and he
was wroth and threatened him, whereupon the father took his
daughter and fled with her. When this came to the king's
knowledge, he despatched troops in pursuit of Zorkhan, to stop
the road upon him, whilst he himself went out and overtaking
the Wazir, smote him on the head with his mace ! and slew him.
Then he took his daughter by force and returning to his dwelling
place, went in to her and married her. Arwa resigned herself
with patience to that which betided her and committed her case
to Allah Almighty ; and indeed she was used to serve Him night
and day with a goodly service in the house of King Dadbin her
husband. It befel one day that the king had occasion to make
a journey ; so he called his second Wazir Kardan and said to
him, " I have a charge to commit to thy care, and it is yonder
lady, my wife, the daughter of the Wazir Zorkhan, and I desire
that thou keep her and guard her thy very self, because I have
not in the world aught dearer than she." Quoth Kardan in his
mind, "Of a truth, the king honoureth me with an exceeding
honour in entrusting me with this lady." And he answered,
" With love and all gladness." When the king had departed on
his journey, Kardan said in himself, "Needs must I look upon
this lady whom the king loveth with all this love." So he hid
himself in a place, that he might espy her, and saw her surpassing
description ; wherefor he was confounded at her and his wit was
wildered and love gat the lordship of him, so that he sent to her,

1 Chavts and Cazotte call the Dabbus a " dabour " and explain h as a "sort of scepter
sed by Eastern Princes, which serves also as a weapon." For the Dabbus, or mace,
see vol. vi. 249.

<X> Supplemental Nights.

saying, " Have pity on me, for indeed I perish for the love of
thee." She sent back to him and replied, " O Wazir, thou art in
the place of faith and confidence, so do not thou betray thy trust,
but make thine inward life like unto thine outward 1 and occupy
thyself with thy wife and that which is lawful to thee. As for
this, 'tis mere lust and women are all of one and the same taste.*
And if thou wilt not be forbidden from this talk, I will make
thee a byword and a reproach among folk." When the Minister
heard her answer, he knew that she was chaste of soul and body ;
wherefore he repented with the utmost of repentance and feared
for himself from the king and said, " Needs must I devise a device
whereby I may destroy her ; else shall I be disgraced with
the king." Now when the king returned from his journey, he
questioned Kardan of the affairs of his kingdom, and the Wazir
answered, " All is right well, O king, save a vile matter, which
I have espied here and with which I am ashamed to confront
the sovran ; but, if I hold my peace thereof, I fear lest other than
I discover it and I shall have played traitor to the king in the
matter of my warning and my trust." Quoth Dadbin, " Speak,
for to me thou art none other than a truth-teller, a trustworthy
and a loyal counsellor in whatso thou sayest, undistrusted in
aught." And the Minister said, " O king, this woman to whose
love thy heart cleaveth and of whose piety thou talkest and her
fasting and her praying, I will plainly prove to thee that this
is craft and guile." Hereat the king was troubled and said,
" What may be the matter ? " and the Wazir replied, " I would have
thee wot that some days after thy departure, one came to me and
said to me, Come, O Wazir, and look. So I went to the door
of the queen's sleeping-chamber and behold, she was sitting with

1 /.*. Let thy purposes be righteous as thine oulward profession.
1 See vol. vi. 130. This is another lieu commttn amongst Moslems ; and its unfaot
requires only statement.

The Story of King Dadbin and his Wazirs. 9 7

Abu al-Khayr, her father's page, whom she favoureth, and she did
with him what she did, and such is the manner of that which I
saw and heard." When Dadbin heard this, he burnt with rage
and said to one of his eunuchs, 1 " Go and slay her in her chamber."
But the eunuch said to him, " O king, Allah prolong thy life !
Indeed, the killing of her may not be in this way neither at this
time ; but do thou bid one of thine Castrates take her up on a
camel and carry her to one of the trackless wolds and cast her
down there ; so, if she be guilty, Allah shall cause her to perish,
and if she be innocent, He will deliver her, and the king shall
be free from default against her ; for that this lady is dear to thee
and thou slewest her father by reason of thy love for her." Quoth
the king, " By Allah, thou sayst sooth ! " Then he bade one
of his eunuchs carry her on a camel to one of the far-off wilds and
cut-off wolds and there leave her and wend his ways, and he
forbad her torment to be prolonged. So he took her up and
betaking himself with her to the desert, left her there without
provaunt or water and returned, whereupon she made for one of
the hills, and ranging stones before her in form of prayer-niche,
stood praying. Now it chanced that a camel-driver, belonging to
Kisr& 2 the king, lost certain camels, and his lord threatened him,
if he found them not, that he would slay him. Accordingly he set
out and plunged into the wastes till he came to the place where the
lady was, and seeing her standing at prayer utterly alone, waited till
she had made an end of her orisons, when he went up to her and
saluted her with the salam, saying, " Who art thou ? " Quoth
she, " I am a hand-maid of the Almighty." He asked, " What
doest thou in this desolate place ? " and she answered, " I serve
Allah the Most High." When he saw her beauty and loveliness,
he fell in love with her, and said to her, "Harkye! Do thou

1 Afterwards called his " chamberlain," i.e. guardian of the Harem-door.
* i.e. Chosroes, whom Chavis and Cazotte make " Cyrus."
VOL. I.

9$ Supplemental Nights.

take me to mate and I will be tender to thee and use thee
with exceeding ruth, and I will further thee in obedience to Allah
Almighty." But she answered, saying, <f I have no need of wed-
lock and I desire to abide here alone with my Lord and His worship ;
but an thou wouldst have ruth upon me and further me in the
obedience of Allah the Most High, carry me to a place where there
is water and thou wilt have done me a kindness." Thereupon
he took her to a place wherein was running water and setting
her down on the ground, left her and went his ways, marvelling at
her. After he left her, he found his camels, by her blessing, and
when he returned, King Kisra asked him, " Hast thou found the
camels ? " He answered " Yes," and acquainted him with the
affair of the damsel, and detailed to him her beauty and love-
liness : whereupon the king's heart clave to her and he mounted
\vith a few men and betook himself to that place, where he found
the lady and was amazed at her, because he saw her surpassing
the description wherewith the camel-driver had described her to
him. So he accosted her and said to her, " I am King Kisra,
greatest of the kings. Wilt thou not have me to husband?"
Quoth she, " What wilt thou do with me, O king, and I a woman
abandoned in the waste ? " And quoth he, " Needs must this
be, and if thou wilt not consent to me, I will take up my abode
here and devote myself to Allah's service and thy service, and
with thee worship the Almighty." Then he bade set up for her a
tent and another for himself, facing hers, so he might adore Allah
with her, and fell to sending her food ; and she said in herself,
" This is a king, and 'tis not lawful for me that I suffer him for
my sake to forsake his lieges and his land." Presently she said
to the serving-woman, who used to bring her the food, " Speak
the king that he return to his women, for he hath no need of me,
and I desire to abide in this place, so I may worship therein
Allah the Most High." The slave-girl returned to the king and
told him this, whereupon he sent back to her, saying, " I have no

The Story of King Dadbin and his Wazirs. 99

need of the kingship and I also desire to tarry here and worship
Allah with thee in this waste." When she found this earnestness
in him, she fell in with his wishes, and said, "O king, I will
consent to that which thou desirest and will be to thee a wife,
but on condition that thou bring me Dadbin the king and his
Wazir Kardan and his Chamberlain the chief Eunuch, and that
they be present in thine assembly, so I may speak a word with
them in thy presence, to the intent that thou mayst redouble in
affection for me." Quoth Kisra, " And what is thy want unto
this ? " So she related to him her story from first to last, how
she was the wife of Dadbin the king and how the Wazir Kardan
had misspoken of her honour. When King Kisra heard this, he
redoubled in love-longing for her and affection and said to her, " Do
whatso thou wiliest : " then he let bring a litter l and carrying her
therein to his dwelling-place, entreated her with the utmost honour
and espoused her. Presently he sent a great army to King
Dadbin and fetching him and his Wazir Kardan and the Eunuch-
chamberlain, caused bring them before him, they unknowing the
while what he might purpose to do with them. Moreover, he
caused set up for Arwa a pavilion 2 in the courtyard of his palace,
and she entered it and let down the curtain before herself.
When the servants had set their seats and they had seated them-
selves, Arwa raised a corner of the curtain and said, " O Kardan,
rise to thy feet, for it besitteth not that thou sit in the like of
this assembly, before this mighty King Kisra." When the Wazir
heard these words, his heart fluttered and his joints were loosened
and he rose to his feet of his fear Then said she to him, " By the
virtue of Him who hath made thee stand up to judgment in this
standing-stead, and thou abject and humiliated, I conjure thee
speak the truth and say what egged thee on to lie against me and

1 Arab. " Takiyah," used for the Persian Takhtrawan, common in The Nights.
* Arab. " Kubbah," a dome-shaped tent, as elsewhere.

TOO Supplemental Nights.

drive me from my home and from the land of my husband and
made thee practise thus against a man and a Moslem so as to slay
him. 1 This is no place wherein lying availeth nor may artifice be
herein." When the Wazir was 'ware that she was Arwa and
heard her speech, he knew that it behoved him not to lie and that
naught would avail him save truth ; so he bowed his head ground-
wards and wept and said, " Whoso doth evil, needs must he incur
it, albe his day be prolonged. By Allah, I am he who hath
sinned and transgressed, and naught prompted me unto this but
fear and overmastering desire and the misery writ upon my brow. 2
And indeed this woman is pure and chaste and free from all fault."
When King Dadbin heard this, he beat his face and said to
Kardan, his Wazir, " Allah slay thee ! " 3 "Tis thou that hast
parted me and my wife and wronged me ! " But Kisra the
king said to him, "Allah shall assuredly slay thee, because thou
hastenedst and lookedst not into thine affair, and knewest not
the guilty from the guiltless, Hadst thou wrought deliberately,,
the unright had been made manifest to thee from the right ; so
when this villain Wazir purposed thy ruin, where was thy judgment
and whither went thy sight ? " Then he asked Arwa,- " What
wilt thou that I do with them ?" and she answered, " Accomplish
on them the ordinance of Almighty Allah : 4 let the slayer be

1 This can refer only to Abu al-Khayr's having been put to death on Kardan's charge,
although the tale-teller, with characteristic inconsequence, neglected to mention the
event.

2 Not referring to skull sutures, but to the forehead, which is poetically compared
with a page of paper upon which Destiny writes her irrevocable decrees.

3 Said in the grimmest earnest, not jestingly, as in vol. iv. 264.

4 i.e. the l(x taltonis, which is the essence of Moslem, and indeed, of all criminal
jurisprudence. We cannot wonder at the judgment of Queen Arwa : even Confucius,
the mildest and most humane of lawgivers, would not pardon the man who allowed his
father's murderer to live. The Moslem lex talionis (Koran ii. 173) is identical with
that of the Jews (Exod. xxi. 24), and the latter probably derives from immemorial usage.
But many modern Rabbins explain away the Mosaical command as rather a demand
for a pecuniary mulct than literal retaliation. The well-known Isaac Aburbanel cites
many arguments in proof of this position : he asks, for instance, supposing the accused
have but one eye, should he lose it for having struck out one of another roan's two ?

The Story of King Dadbin and his Wazirs. 101

slain and the transgressor transgressed against, even as he trans-
gressed against us ; yea, and to the well-doer weal shall be done
even as he did unto us." So she gave her officers order concerning
Dadbin and they smote him on the head with a mace and slew him,
and she said, " This is for the slaughter of my sire." Then she
bade set the Wazir on a beast and bear him to the desert whither
he had caused her to be borne, and leave him there without pro-
vaunt or water ; and she said to him, " An thou be guilty, thou
shalt suffer the punishment of thy guilt and die in the desert of
hunger and thirst ; but an there be no guilt in thee, thou shalt be
delivered, even as I was delivered." As for the Eunuch-chamber-
lain, who had counselled King Dadbin not to slay her, but to
cause carry her to the desert, she bestowed on him a costly robe
of honour and said to him, " The like of thee it befitteth kings
to hold in favour and promote to high place, for that thou spakest
loyally and well, and a man is requited according to his deed.*'
And Kisra the King made him Wali in a certain province of his
empire. " Know, therefore, O king " (continued the youth), " that
whoso doeth good is requited with good, and he who is guiltless
of sin and offence feareth not the issue of his affair. And I,
O my liege lord, am free from guilt, wherefore I hope in Allah
that He will show forth the truth to mine auspicious king, and
vouchsafe me the victory over enemies and enviers." When the
king heard this, his wrath subsided and he said, " Return him
to the prison till the morrow, so we may look into his case."

Moreover, he dwells upon the impossibility of inflicting a punishment the exact equivalent
of the injury; like Sbylock's pound of flesh without drawing blood. Moslems, how-
ever, know nothing of these frivolities, and if retaliation be demanded the judge must
grant it. There is a legend in Marocco of an English merchant who was compelled
to forfeit tooth for tooth at the instance of an old woman, but a profitable concession
gilded the pill.

102

Bap.
OF TRUST IN ALLAH.

WHEN it was the sixth day, the wrath of the Wazirs redoubled,
because they had not won their will of the youth and they feared
for their lives from the liege lord ; so three of them went in to
him and prostrating themselves between his hands, said to him,
" O king, indeed we are loyal counsellors to thy dignity and fondly
solicitous for thy weal. Verily, thou persistest long in leaving this
youth alive and we know not what is thine advantage therein.

Every day findeth him yet on life and the talk of folk redoubleth

suspicion on thee ; so do thou do him dead, that the talk may be
made an end of." When the king heard this speech, he said, " By
Allah, verily ye say sooth and speak rightly ! " Then he bade
them bring the young treasurer and when he came into the
presence said to him, " How long shall I look into thy case, and
find no helper for thee and see them athirst for thy blood ? " The
youth answered, " O king, I hope for succour only from Allah,
not from created beings : an He aid me, none shall have power to
harm me, and if He be with me and on my side, because of the
truth, from whom shall I fear, because of untruth ? Indeed, I
have made my intent with Allah a pure intent and a sincere, and
I have severed my expectation from the help of the creature ; and
whoso seeketh aid of Allah findeth of his desire that which
Bakhtzaman found." Quoth the king, " Who was Bakhtzaman and
what is his story ? " and quoth the youth, " Hear, O king,

THE STOR Y OF KING BAKHTZAMAN:' '
There was once a king of the kings, whose name was Bakhtza-

1 In Chavis and Cazotte "Story of Bhazmant (!) ; or the Confident Man." " Bakht
i-i-)Zaman " in Pers. would = Luck of the Time.

The Story of King Bakhtzaman. 103

man, and he was a great eater and drinker and carouser. Now
enemies of his made their appearance in certain parts of his realm,

which they coveted ; and one of his friends said to him, " O king,

the foe intendeth for thee : be on thy guard against him." Quoth

Bakhtzaman, " I reck not of him, for that I have weapons and
wealth and warmen and am not afraid of aught." Then said his
friends to him, " Ask aid of Allah, O king, for He will help thee
more than thy wealth and thy weapons and thy warriors." But
he turned a deaf ear to the speech of his loyal counsellors, and
presently the enemy came upon him and waged war upon him and
got the victory over him and profited him naught his trust in
other than Allah the Most High. So he fled from him and seeking
one of the sovrans, said to him, " I come to thee and lay hold
upon thy skirts and take refuge with thee, so thou mayst help me
against my foe." The king gave him money and men and a
mighty many and Bakhtzaman said in himself, " Now am I
fortified with this force and needs must I conquer my foe with
such combatants and overcome him ;" but he said not, " With the
aid of Allah Almighty." So his enemy met him and overcame him
again and he was defeated and put to the rout and fled at random :
his troops were dispersed from him and his money lost and the
enemy pursued him. Thereupon he sought the sea and passing
over to the other side, saw a great city and therein a mighty
citadel. He asked its name and that of its owner, and they said
to him, " It belongeth to Khadfddn ' the king." So he fared on till
he came to the royal palace and concealing his condition, passed
himself off for a horseman 2 and sought service with King Khadidan,
who attached him to his attendance and entreated him with
honour ; but his heart still clung to his mother-land and his

1 Chavis and Cazotte change the name to "Abadid," which, like " Khadfda"n,"
is non-significant.

2 Arab. " Fdris," here a Reiter, or Dugald Dolgetti, as mostly were the hordes led by
the mediaeval Italian CondoUieri.

1O4 Supplemental Nights.

home. Presently, it chanced that an enemy came out against
King. Khadidan ; so he sent his troops to meet him and made
Bakhtzaman head of the host. Then they went forth to the field
and Khadidan also came forth and ranged his troops and levelled
lance and sallied out in person and fought a sore fight and
overcame his foe, who with his troops ignominiously fled. When
the king and his army returned in triumph, Bakhtzaman said to
him, " Harkye, O king ! This be a strange thing I see in thee
that thou art compassed about with this mighty great army, yet
dost thou apply thyself in person to battle and adventurest thy
life." Quoth the king, " Dost thou call thyself a knight and a
learned wight and deemest that victory is in the many of men ? "
Quoth Bakhtzaman, " Such is indeed my belief." And Khadidan
the king cried, " By Allah, then, thou errest in this thy belief ! "
presently adding, " Woe and again woe to him whose trust is
in other than Allah ! Indeed, this army is appointed only for
phantasy and majesty, and victory is from Allah alone. I too, O
Bakhtzaman, whilome believed that victory was in the number of
men, 1 and an enemy came out against me with eight hundred head,
whilst I had eight hundred thousand. I trusted in the tale of
my troops, whilst my foe trusted in Allah, so he defeated me and
routed me and I was put to a shameful flight and hid myself
in one of the mountains, where I met with a Religious who had
withdrawn himself from the world. So I joined myself to him and
complained to him of my case and acquainted him with all that had
befallen me. Quoth the Recluse, Wottest thou why this befel
thee and thou wast defeated ? Quoth I, I know not ; and he
said, Because thou didst put thy trust in the multitude of thy war-
men and reliedst not upon Allah the Most High. Hadst thou put
thy trust in the Almighty arid believed of Him that it is He alone

1 So Napoleon the Great also believed that Providence is mostly favourable to "gros
bataillons."

The Story of King Bakhtmman. 105

who advantageth and endamageth thee, never had thy foe availed
to cope with thee. Return unto Allah. So I returned to my right
senses, and repented at the hands of that Religious, who said to me :
Turn back with what remaineth to thee of troops and confront
thy foes, for, if their intents be changed and turned away from Allah,
thou wilt overcome them, e'en wert thou alone. When I heard the
Solitary's words, I put my trust in Allah of All-Might ; and,
gathering together those who remained with me, fell upon mine
enemies at unawares in the night. They deemed us many and
fled with the shamefullest flight, whereupon I entered my city
and repossessed myself of my place by the might of Almighty
Allah, and now I fight not but trusting in His aid." When
Bakhtzaman heard these words he awoke from his heedlessness
and cried, " Extolled be the perfection of God the Great ! O
king, this is my case and my story, nothing added and naught
subtracted, for I am King Bakhtzaman and all this happened to
me : wherefore I will seek the gate of Allah's mercy and repent
unto Him." So he went forth to one of the mountains and
worshipped Allah, there awhile, till one night, as he slept,
a personage appeared to him in a dream and said to him,
"O Bakhtzaman, Allah accepteth thy repentance and openeth
on thee the door of succour and will aid thee against thy
foe." When he was assured of this in the dream, he arose
and turned back, intending for his own city; and when he
drew near thereunto, he saw a company of the king's retainers,
who said to him, " Whence art thou ? We see that thou art a
foreigner and fear for thee from this king, for that every stranger
who entereth this city, he destroyeth him, of his dread of King
Bakhtzaman." Said Bakhtzaman, " None shall prejudice him
nor profit him save Allah the Most High." And they replied,
" Indeed, he hath a vast army and his heart is fortified in the
multitude of his many." When King Bakhtzaman heard this, his
mind was comforted and he said to himself, " I place my trust in

io6 Supplemental Nights.

Allah. An He will, I shall overcome mine enemy by the might of
the Lord of Omnipotence." So he said to the folk, " Wot ye not
who I am ? " and they said, " No, by Allah." Cried he, " I
am King Bakhtzaman." When they heard this and knew that it
was indeed he, they dismounted from their horses and kissed his
stirrup, to do him honour, and said to him, "O king, why thus
risk thy life ? " Quoth he, " Indeed, my life is a light matter to
me and I set my trust in Almighty Allah, looking to Him
for protection." And quoth they, "May that suffice thee!"
presently adding, " We will do with thee that which is in
our power and whereof thou art worthy: hearten thy heart,
for we will succour thee with our substance and our existence,
and we are his chief officers and the most in favour with him
of all folk. So we will take thee with us and cause the lieges
follow after thee, because the inclination of the people, all of them,
is thee-wards." Said he, " Do whatso Allah Almighty enableth
you to do." So they carried him into the city and hid him with
them. Then they agreed with a company of the king's chief
officers, who had aforetime been those of Bakhtzaman, and ac-
quainted them with this ; whereat they rejoiced with joy exceeding.
Then they assembled together to Bakhtzaman, and made a cove-
nant and handfast of fealty with him and fell upon the foe and
slew him and seated King Ba-khtzaman again on the throne of his
kingship. And his affairs prospered and Allah amended his estate
and restored to him His bounty, and he ruled his subjects justly and
abode in the obedience of the Almighty. " On this wise, O king,"
(continued the young treasurer), " he with whom Allah is and
whose intent is pure, meeteth naught save good. As for me, I
have no helper other than the Almighty, and I am content to sub-
mit myself to His ordinance, for that He knoweth the purity of
my intent." With this the king's wrath subsided and he said,
" Return him to the prison till the morrow, so we may look into
his case."

107

OF CLEMENCY.

WHEN it was the seventh day, the seventh Wazir, whose name was
BihkamAl, 1 came in to the king and prostrating himself to him,
said, "O king, what doth thy long-su fieri ng with this youth profit
thee ? Indeed the folk talk of thee and of him. Why, then, dost
thou postpone the putting him to death?" The Minister's words
aroused the anger of the king, and he bade bring the youth. So
they fetched him before him in fetters, and Azadbakht said to
him, "Ho, woe to thee! By Allah, after this day there abideth
no deliverance for thee from my hand, by reason that thou hast
outraged mine honour, and there can be no forgiveness for thee."
The youth replied, " O king, there is no great forgiveness save in
case of a great default, for according as the offence is great in so
much magnified is mercy ; and it is no grace to the like of thee if
he spare the like of me. Verily, Allah knoweth that there is no
crime in me, and indeed He commandeth to clemency, and no
clemency is greater than that which spareth from slaughter, for
that thy pardon of him whom thou purposes! to put to death
is as the quickening of a dead man ; and whoso doth evil shall find
it before him, even as it was with King Bihkard." Asked the
king, " And what is the story of King Bihkard ?" And the youth
answered, " Hear, O king,

THE STORY OF KING BIHKARD r*
There was once a king named Bihkard and he had mickle of

1 Pers. and Arab. = " Good perfection."

2 In Chavis and Cazotte "Story of Baharkan." Bihkard (in Shiiaz pronounced
"Kyard)" = "Wellbedid."

108 Supplemental Nights.

wealth and many troops ; but his deeds were evil and he would
punish for a slight offence, and he never forgave any offender.
He went forth one day to hunt and a certain of his pages shot a
shaft, which lit on the king's ear and cut it off. Bihkard cried,
" Who shot that arrow ?" So the guards brought him in haste the
misdemeanant, whose name was Yatru, 1 and he of his fear fell
down on the ground in a fainting fit. Then quoth the king, " Slay
him ; " but Yatru said, " O king, this which hath befallen was not
of my choice nor of my knowledge ; so do thou pardon me, in the
hour of thy power over me, for that mercy is of the goodliest of
deeds and belike it shall be in this world a provision and a good
work for which thou shalt be repaid one of these days, and a
treasure laid up to thine account with Allah in the world to come.
Pardon me, therefore, and fend off evil from me, so shall Allah fend
off from thee the like evil." When the king heard this, it pleased
him and he pardoned the page, albeit he had never before par-
doned any. Now this page was of the sons of the kings and
had fled from his sire on account of a sin he had committed : then
he went and took service with Bihkard the king, and there hap-
pened to him what happened. After a while, it chanced that a man
recognized him and went and told his father, who sent him a letter,
comforting his heart and mind and calling upon him to return to
him. Accordingly he returned to his father, who came forth to
meet him and rejoiced in him, and the Prince's affairs were set
right with his sire. Now it befel, one day of the days, that king
Bihkard shipped him in a ship and put out to sea, so he might
fish : but the wind blew on them and the craft sank. The king
made the land upon a plank, unknown of any, and came forth,
mother-naked, on one of the coasts ; and it chanced that he landed
in the country whereof the father of the page aforesaid was king.
So he came in the night to the gate of the sovran's capital, and

1 See "KaUu " in the Introduction to the Bakhtiyar-namah.

The Story of King Bihkard. 109

finding it shut, lodged him in a burying-place there. When the
morning morrowed and the folk came forth of the city, behold,
they found a man lately murthered and cast down in a corner of
the burial ground, and seeing Bihkard there, doubted not but it
was he who had slain him during the night ; so they laid hands
on him and carried him up to the king and said to him, "This
feliow hath slain a man." The king bade imprison him ; where-
upon they threw him in jail, and he fell to-saying in himself, what
while he was in the prison, " All that hath befallen me is of the
abundance of my sins and my tyranny, for, indeed, I have slain much
people unrighteously and this is the requital of my deeds and that
which I have wrought whilome of oppression. As he was thus
pondering in himself, there came a bird and lighted down on the
pinnacle of the prison, whereupon, of his passing eagerness in the
chase, he took a stone and threw it at the bird. Now the king's
son was playing in the exercise-ground with the ball and the bat, 1
and the stone lit on his ear and cut it off, whereupon the Prince
fell down in a fit. So they enquired who had thrown the stone
and finding that it was Bihkard, took him and carried him before
the king's son, who bade do him die. Accordingly, they cast the
turband from his head and were about to fillet his eyes, when the
Prince looked at him and seeing him cropped of an ear, said to
him, "But for thy villainies thine ear had not been cut off."
Said Bihkard, " Not so, by Allah ! Nay, but the story of the
loss of my car is so and so, and I pardoned him who smote me
with an arrow and cut off my ear." When the prince heard this,
he looked in his face and knowing him, cried out and said, " Art
thou not Bihkard the king ?" "Yes," replied he, and the Prince
said to him, " What ill chance threw thee here ? *' Thereupon he
told him all that had betided him and the folk wondered and

1 The text has " Jaukalin" for Saulajan, the Persia* " Chaugan " = the crooked bat
used in Polo. See vol. I. 46.

I TO Supplemental Nights.

extolled the perfection of the Almighty, crying " Subhdna 'llah !
laud to the Lord ! " Then the Prince rose to him and embraced
him and kissed him and, entreating him with respect, seated
him in a chair and bestowed on him a robe of honour ; and
he turned to his sire and said to him, " This be the king who
pardoned me and this be his ear which I cut off with a
shaft ; and indeed he deserveth my pardon by having pardoned
me." Then said he to Bihkard, " Verily, the issue of mercy hath
been a provision for thee in such hour as this." And they entreated
him with the utmost kindness and sent him back to his own
country in all honour. " Know, then, O king " (continued the
youth), "that there is no goodlier quality than mercy and that all
thou dost of clemency, thou shalt find before thee a treasure for
thee treasured up." When the king heard this, his wrath subsided
and he said, " Return him to the prison till the morrow* so we may
look into his case.-"

Ill

OF ENVY AND MALICE.

WHEN it was the eighth day, the Wazirs all assembled and had
speech together and said, " How shall we do with this youth, who
overcometh us with his much talk ? Indeed, we fear lest he be
saved and we fall into destruction. So, let us all go in to the king
and unite our efforts to gain our cause, ere he appear without guilt
and come forth and get the better of us." Accordingly they all
went in to the king and prostrating themselves before him, said to
him, " O king, beware lest this youth ensorcell thee with his
sorcery and beguile thee with his wiles. An thou heardest what
we hear, thou wouldst not suffer him live ; no, not a single day.
Wherefore heed not his speech, for we are thy Ministers, who
endeavour for thy permanence, and if thou hearken not to our word,
to whose word wilt thou hearken ? See, we are ten Wazirs who
testify against this youth that he is guilty and entered not the
king's sleeping chamber save with ill intent, so he might put the
king to shame and outrage his honour ; and if the king slay him
not, let him banish him his realm, that the tongue of the folk may
desist from him." When the king heard his Ministers' words, he
was wroth with exceeding wrath and bade bring the youth, and
when he came in to the king, the Wazirs all cried out with one
voice, saying, " O Lack-wits, thinkest thou to save thyself from,
slaughter by guile and sleight, that thou wilest the king with thy
talk and hopest pardon for the like of this mighty great crime thou
hast committed ? " Then the king bade fetch the sworder, so he
might smite his neck ; whereupon each of the Wazirs fell to saying,
" I will slay him ; " and they sprang upon him. Quoth the
youth, " O king, consider and ponder the eagerness of these thy

112 Supplemental Nights.

Ministers. Is this of envy or is it not ? They would fain make sever-
ance between me and thee, so there may fall to them what they
shall plunder, as aforetime." And the king said to him, " Consider 1
their witness against thee." The young man said, " O king, how
shall they testify of that which they saw not ? * This is but envy
and despight ; and thou, an thou slay me, wilt indeed regret me t
and I fear lest there betide thee of repentance that which betided
Aylan Shah, by reason of the malice of his Wazirs.'* Asked
Azadbakht, " And what is his story ? " and the youth answered,
* Hear, O king,

THE STORY OF A YLAN SHAH AND ABU TAMMAM?*

Whilome there was a merchant named Abu Tammam, and he
was a clever man and a well-bred, quick-witted and truthful in all
his affairs, and he was monied to boot. Now there was in his land
a king as unjust as he was jealous, and Abu Tammam feared for
his wealth from this king and said, " I will remove hence to
another place where I shall not be in dread." So he made for the
city of Aylan Shah and built himself a palace therein and trans-
porting his wealth thither, took up his abode there. Presently, the
news of him reached King Aylan Shah ; so he sent to invite him
to his presence and said to him, " We know of thy coming to us
and thine entering under our allegiance, and indeed we have heard
of thine excellence and wit and generosity; so welcome to thee

and fair welcome ! The land is thy land and at thy command, and

whatsoever need thou needest of us, 'tis already accomplished to
thee ; and it behoveth that thou be near our person and of our

1 Amongst Moslems, I have noted, circumstantial evidence is not lawful : the witness
must swear to what he has seen. A curious consideration, how many innocent men have
been hanged by "circumstantial evidence." See vol. v. 97.

2 In Chavis and Cazotte " Story of Abattamant (!), or the Prudent Man ; " also Aylan
Shah becomes Olensa after Italian fashion.

The Story of Ay Ian Shah and Abu Tammam. 113

assembly." Abu Tammam prostrated himself before the king,
and said to him, " O king, I will serve thee with my monies and
with my life, but do thou excuse me from nearness to thee, for that
an I took office about thee, I should not be safe from enemies and
enviers." Then he applied himself to the royal service with
presents and largesses, and the king saw him to be intelligent, well-
bred and of good counsel ; so his heart inclined to him and he
committed to him the ordinance of his affairs and the power to bind
and to loose was in his hand. Now Aylan Shah had three Wazirs,
in whose hands public affairs were wont to be and they had been
accustomed not to quit the king night or day ; but they became shut
out from him by reason of Abu Tammam and the king was occupied
with him to their exclusion. Herewith the Ministers took counsel
together upon the matter and said, " What is your rede we should
do, seeing that the king is occupied from us with yonder man, and
indeed he honoureth him with more honour than us ? But now
come, let us devise some device whereby we may alienate him
from the king." So each of them spoke forth that which was in
his mind, and one of them said, " The king of the Turks hath a
daughter, whose like there is not in the world, and whatso
messenger goeth to demand her in marriage, him her father
slaughtereth. Now our king hath no knowledge of this ; so, come,
let us foregather with him and bring up the mention of her : when
his heart is taken with her, we will advise him to dispatch Abu
Tammam to seek her hand in marriage; whereupon her father
will slay him and we shall be quit of him and settle his affair once
for all." Accordingly, they went in to the king one day (Abu
Tammam being present among them,) and mentioned the affair of
the damsel, the daughter of the Turks' king, and enlarged upon
her charms, till the king's heart was taken with her and he said to
them, " We will send one to demand her to wife for us ; but who
shall be our messenger ? " Quoth the Wazirs, "There is none fit

for this business but Abu Tammam. by reason of his wit and good
VOL. I. H

114 Supplemental Nights.

breeding ;" and the king said, " Indeed, even as ye say, none is
fitting for this affair save he." Then he turned to Abu Tammam
and said to him, " Wilt thou not go with my message and seek
me in marriage the daughter of the Turks' king?" and he
answered, " To hear is to obey, O my Sovran ! " So they made
ready his affair and the king conferred on him a robe of honour,
and he took with him a present and a letter under the king's hand
and setting out, fared on till he came to the capital city of
Turkistan. When the king of the Turks knew of his coming, he
despatched his officers to receive him and entreated him with
honour and lodged him as befitted his rank. Then he guested him
three days, after which time he summoned him to his presence and
Abu Tammam went in to him; and, prostrating himself as beseemeth
before kings, laid that present before him and gave him the letter.
The king read the writ and said to Abu Tammam, " We will do
what behoveth in the matter ; but, O Abu Tammam, needs must
thou view my daughter and she view thee, and needs must thou
hear her speech and she hear thine." So saying, he sent him to
the lodging of the Princess, who had had notice of this ; so that
they had adorned her sitting-room with the costliest that might be
of vessels of gold and silver and the like, and she seated herself on
a chair of gold, clad in the richest of royal robes and ornaments.
When Abu Tammam entered, he took thought and said, " The
wise declare that whoso governeth his sight shall suffer naught un-
right and he who guardeth his tongue shall hear naught of foul
taunt, and he who keepeth watch over his hand, it shall be
lengthened and not shortened." l So he entered and seating him-
self on the floor, cast down his eyes and covered his hands and
feet with his dress. 2 Quoth the king's daughter to- him, " Raise

1 In Arab, idiom a long hand or arm means power, a phrase not wholly unused in
European languages. Chavis and Cazotte paraphrase " He who keeps bis hands crossed
epon his breast, shall not see them cut off."

8 Arab. "Jama' a atrafah," lit. = he drew in his extremities, k being contrary to

The Story of Ay Ian Shah and Abu Tatnmam. 1 1 5

thy head, O Abu Tammam, and look on me and speak with me.'*
But he spake not neither raised his head, and she continued, " They
sent thee only to view me and talk with me, and yet behold thou
sayest not a word ; " presently adding, " Take of these union-
pearls that be round thee and of these jewels and gold and silver."
But he put not forth his hand to aught, and when she saw that he
paid no heed to anything, she was angry and cried, " They have
messaged me with a messenger, blind, dumb, deaf." Then she
sent to acquaint her father with this ; whereupon the king called
Abu Tammam to him and said to him, " Thou earnest not save to
view my daughter : why, then, hast thou not looked upon her ? "
Quoth Abu Tammam, " I saw everything ; " and quoth the king,
* Why didst thou not take somewhat of that which thou sawest
of jewels and the like ? Indeed they were set out for thee." But he
answered, " It behoveth me not to put out my hand to aught that
is not mine." When the king heard his speech, he gave him a
sumptuous robe of honour and loved him muchly 1 and said to him,
" Come, look at this well." So Abu Tammam went up to the pit-
mouth and looked, and behold, it was full of heads of the sons of
Adam, and the king said to him, " These are the heads of envoys
whom I slew, because I saw them without loyalty to their lords,
and I was used, whenas I beheld an envoy without good
manners, to say, He who sent him is worse-mannered than he,
because the messenger is the tongue of him who sendeth him
and his breeding is of his master's breeding ; and whoso is after
this fashion, it befitteth not that he be a"kin to me." 2 For this
reason I used to put the envoys to death ; but, as for thee,

"etiquette" in the presence of a superior not to cover hands and feel. In the wild
Argentine Republic the savage Gaucho removes his gigantic spurs when coming into the
presence of his master.

1 About the equivalent to the Arab, or rather Egypto-Syrian form " Jiddan," used in
the modern slang sense.

* i.. that he become my son-in-law.

1 1 6 Supplemental Nights.

thou hast overcome us and won my daughter, of the excellence
of thy manners ; so hearten thy heart, for she is thy lord's." Then
he sent him back to King Aylan Shah with presents and rarities
and a letter, saying, " This that I have done is in honour of thee
and of thine envoy." When Abu Tammam returned after accom-
plishing his mission and brought the presents and the letter, King
Aylan Shah rejoiced in this and redoubled all his favours
and showed him honour the highest. Some days after, the
King of Turkistan sent his daughter and she went in to King
Aylan Shah, who rejoiced in her with exceeding joy and Abu
Tammam's worth was exalted in the royal sight. When the
Wazirs saw this, they redoubled in envy and despite and said, " An
we contrive us not a contrivance to rid us of this man, we shall
die of rage." So they bethought them and agreed upon a device
they should practise. Then they betook themselves to two boys,
pages affected to the service of the king, who slept not but on
their knee, 1 and they lay at his head, for that they were his bed-
chamber pages. So the Ministers gave them each a thousand
dinars of gold, saying, " We desire of you that ye do somewhat we
require and take this gold as a provision against your time of
need." Quoth the lads, " What is it ye would have us do ? " and
quoth the Wazirs, " This Abu Tammam hath marred matters for us,
and if his case abide in this way, he will remove us all from the
king's favour ; and what we want of you twain is that, when ye
are alone with the king and he leaneth back, as he were asleep, one
of you say to his fellow: Verily, the king hath taken Abu
Tammam into high favour and hath advanced him to exalted rank,
yet he is a transgressor against the king's honour and an accursed
wight. Then let the other of you ask : And what is his trans-

1 For the practice of shampooing often alluded to in The Nights, see vol. Hi. 17. The
king "sleeping on the boys' knees" means that he dropped off whilst his feet were on
the laps of the lads.

The Story of Aylan Shah and Abu Tammam. 117

gression ? and let the first answer : He outrageth the king's
honour and saith, the King of Turkistan was used, when a
messenger went to him to seek his daughter in marriage, to slay
him ; but me he spared, because she liked me, and by reason of
this her sire sent her hither, for that she loved me. Then let the
other say, Knowest thou this for truth ? and let the first reply : By
Allah, this is familiar to all the folk, but, of their fear of the king,
they dare not divulge it to him ; and as often as the king is absent
a-hunting or a-wayfaring, Abu Tammam cometh to her and is
private with her." Whereupon the boys answered, " We will say
this." Accordingly, one night, when they were alone with the
king and he leant back, as he were asleep, they said these words
and the king heard all and was like to die of fury and despite
and said to himself, " These are young boys, not come to years of
discretion, and have no business with any ; and unless they had
heard these words from some one, they had not spoken thereof
each with other." When it was morning wrath overmastered him,
so that he stayed not neither deliberated, but summoned Abu
Tammam and taking him apart, said to him, " Whoso guardeth not
the honour of his liege lord 1 , what deserveth he?" Said Abu
Tammam, " He deserveth that his lord guard not his honour."
Aylan Shah continued, " And whoso entereth the king's house and
playeth traitor with him, what behoveth unto him ? " and Abu
Tammam replied, " He shall not be left alive." Whereupon the
king spat in his face and said to him, " Both these deeds hast tho*
done." Then he drew his poinard on him in haste and smiting
him in the belly, slit it and Abu Tammam died forthright ; where-
upon the king dragged him along and cast him into a well that
was in his palace. After he had slain him, he fell into repentance
and mourning increased and chagrin waxed sore upon him, and
he would acquaint none who questioned him with the cause, nor,

1 Meaning the honour of his Harem.

1 1 8 Supplemental Nigkts.

of his love for his wife, did he tell her of this, and whenever she
asked him wherefore he grieved, he answered her not. When the
Wazirs knew of Abu Tammam's death, they rejoiced with exceed-
ing joy and knew that the king's sorrow arose from regret for

him. As for Aylan Shah, after this he used to betake himself by

\
night to the sleeping-chamber of the two boys and spy upon them,

that he might hear what they said concerning his wife. As he
stood one night privily at the door of their chamber, he saw them
spread out the gold between their hands and play with it and
heard one of them say, " Woe to us ! What doth this gold profit
us ? Indeed we cannot buy therewith any thing nor spend it
upon ourselves. Nay, but we have sinned against Abu Tammam
and done him dead unjustly." And said the other, " Had we
known that the king would slay him on the spot, we had not done
what we did." When the king heard that, he could not contain
himself, but rushed in upon them and said to them/' Woe to you !
What did ye? Tell me." And they cried, " Aman 1 , O king!"
He cried, " An ye would have pardon from Allah and me, you are
bound to tell me the truth, for nothing shall save you from me but
soothfastness." Hereat they prostrated themselves before him and
said, " By Allah, O king, the Wazirs gave us this gold and taught
us to lie against Abu Tammam, so thou mightest kill him, and
what we said was their speech." When the king heard this, he
plucked at his beard, till he was like to tear it up by the roots and
bit upon his fingers, till he well nigh cut them in twain, for repent-
ance and sorrow that he had wrought hastily and had not delayed
with Abu Tammam, so he might consider his case. Then he sent
for the Ministers and said to them, " O villainous Wazirs, ye
deemed that Allah was heedless of your deed, but right soon shall

1 Pardon, lit. = security : the cry for quarter already introduced into English
"Or raise the craven cry Aman."

It was Mohammed's express command that this prayer for mercy should be respected even
in the fury of fight. See vol. i. 342.

The Story of Ay Ian Shah and Abu Tammam. 119

your wickedness revert upon you. Know ye not that Whoso
diggeth for his brother a pit shall himself fall into it ? * Take from
me the punishment of this world and to-morrow ye shall receive
the punishment of the next world and requital from Allah." Then
he bade put them to death ; so the headsman smote off their heads
before the king, and he went in to his wife and acquainted her
with whatso he had misdone to Abu Tammam ; whereupon she
grieved for him with mighty great grief and the king and his
household ceased not weeping and repenting all their lives. More-
over, they brought Abu Tammam forth of the well and the king
built him a dome 2 in his palace and buried him therein. " See, then,
O auspicious king " (continued the youth), " what jealousy doth
and injustice and how Allah caused the Wazirs' malice to revert
upon their own necks ; and I trust in the Almighty that He will
empower me over all who envy me my favour with the king and
show forth the truth unto him. Indeed, I dread naught for my
life from death ; only I fear lest the king repent of my slaughter,
for that I am guiltless of offence, and if I knew that I were guilty
on any wise, my tongue would be dumb-struck." When the king
heard this, he bowed his head groundwards in perplexity and con-
fusion and said, " Restore him to the prison till the morrow, so we
may look into his case."

1 A saying found in every Eastern language beginning with Hebrew ; Proverbs xxvi.
27, "Whoso diggeth a pit shall fall therein."

1 i.e. a domed tomb where prayers and prelections of the Koran could be made.
" Kubbah " in Marocco is still the term for a small square building with a low media
naranja cupola under which a Santon lies interred. It is the " little Waly " of our " bliml
travellers" in the unholy " Holy Land."

120 Supplemental Nights*

OF DESTINY OR THAT WHICH IS WRITTEN ON
THE FOREHEAD.

Now when it was the ninth day, the Wazirs met and said one to
other, " Verily, this youth baffleth us, for as often as the king is
minded to kill him, he beguileth him and bewitcheth him with a
story ; so what be your rede we should do, that we may slay him
and be at rest from him ? " Then they advised together and
agreed that they should go to the king's wife. 1 So they betook
themselves to her and said to her, " Thou art careless of this affair
wherein thou art and this uncare shall not profit thee ; whilst the
king, occupied with eating and drinking and diversion, for-
getteth that the folk beat upon tambourines and sing of thee and
eay, The wife of king loveth the youth ; and as long as he abideth
alive the talk will increase and not diminish." Quoth she, " By
Allah, 'twas ye egged me on against him, and what shall I do
now ? " and quoth they, " Go thou in to the king and weep and
say to him, Verily, the women come to me and inform me that I
am dishonoured throughout the city, and what is thine advantage
in the sparing of this youth ? An thou wilt not slay him, slay me
to the end that this talk may be cut off from us. So the woman arose
and rending her raiment, went in to the king, in the presence of the
Wazirs, and cast herself upon him, saying, " O king, is my shame
not upon thee or fearest thou not shame ? Indeed, this is not of
the fashion of kings that their jealousy over their women should
be such as this. 2 Thou art heedless and all the folk of the realm

1 i.e. to secure her assistance in arousing the king's wrath.
8 i,e. so slow to avenge itself..

The Story of King Ibrahim and his Son. \ 2 \

prate of thee, men and women. Either slay him, that the talk may
be cut off, or slay me, if thy soul will not consent to his slaughter."
Thereupon the king's wrath waxed hot and he said to her, " I have
no pleasure in his continuance and needs must I slay him this
very day. So return to thy palace and solace thy heart." Then
he bade fetch the youth; whereupon they brought him before
him and the Wazirs said, " O base of base, fie upon thee !
Thy life-term is at hand and earth hungereth for thy flesh, so it
may make a meal of it." But he said to them, " Death is not in
your word or in your envy ; nay, it is a destiny written upon the
forehead : wherefore, if aught be writ upon my front, there is no
help but it come to pass, and neither striving nor thought-taking
nor precaution-seeking shall deliver me therefrom ; even as hap-
pened to King Ibrahim and his son." Quoth the king, "Who was
King Ibrahim and who was his son?" and quoth the youth
" Hear, O king,

THE STORY OF KING IBRAHIM AND HIS SON"*

There was once a king of the kings, Sultan Ibrahim hight, to
whom the sovrans abased themselves and did obedience ; but he
had no son and was straitened of breast because of that, fearing'
lest the kingship go forth of his hand. He ceased not to long for
a son and to buy slave-girls and lie with them, till one of them
conceived, whereat he rejoiced with passing joy and gave great
gifts and the largest largesse. When the girl's months were com-
plete and the time of her lying-in drew near, the king summoned
the astrologers and they watched for the hour of child-bearing
and raised their astrolabes and carefully noted the time. The

1 Story of Sultan Hebriain (!), and his Son" (Chavis and Calotte). Unless they
greatly enlarged upon the text, they had a much fuller copy than that found in the Bresl.
Edit.

122 Supplemental Nights.

hand-maid gave birth to a man-child, whereat the king rejoiced
exceedingly, and the people congratulated one another with this
glad news. Then the astrophils made their calculations and looked
into his nativity and his ascendant, whereupon their colour changed
and they were confounded. Quoth the king to them, " Acquaint
me with his horoscope and ye shall have assurance of pardon and
have naught to fear." * They replied, " O king, this princely
child's nativity denoteth that, in the seventh year of his age, there
is fearful danger for him from a lion, which shall attempt to rend
him : and if he be saved from the lion, there will betide a matter
yet sorer and more grievous even than that." Asked the king,
" What is it ? " and they answered, " We will not speak, except
the king command us and give us assurance from fear." Quoth
the king, " Allah assure you ! " and quoth they, " An he be
saved from the lion, the king's destruction shall be at his hand."
When the king heard this, his complexion changed and his breast
was straitened ; but he said to himself, " I will be watchful and do
my endeavour and suffer not the lion to eat him. It cannot be
that he will kill me, and indeed ' The astrologers lied.'" 2 Then
he caused rear him among the wet-nurses and the noble matrons ;*
but withal he ceased not to ponder the prediction of the astro-
phils and verily his life was troubled. So he betook himself to the
top of a high mountain and hollowed there a deep excavation 4
and made in it many dwelling-places and rooms and filled it with
all that was needful of rations and raiment and what not else and
laid in it pipe-conduits of water from the mountain and lodged

1 A right kingly king, in the Eastern sense of the word, would strike off their heads
for daring to see omens threatening his son and heir : this would be constructive treasom
of the highest because it might be expected to cause its own fulfilment.

2 Mahommed's Hadis " Kazzibu '1-Munajjimuna br Rabbi '1-Ka'abah " = the As-
trologers lied, by the Ka'abah's Lord!

3 Arab. " Khawatin," plur. of Khatun, a matron, a lady, vol. iv. 66.

4 See Al-Mas'udi, chapt. xvii. (Fr. Transl. ii. 48-49) of the circular cavity two miles
deep and sixty in circuit inhabited by men and animals on the Caucasus near Derbend. .

The Story of King Ibrahim and his Son. \ 23

the boy therein, with a nurse who should rear him. Moreover, at
the first of each month he used to go to the mountain and stand
at the mouth of the hollow and let down a rope he had with him
and draw up the boy to him and strain him to his bosom and kiss
him and play with him awhile, after which he would let him down
again to his place and return ; and he was wont to count the days
till the seven years should pass by. Now when arrived the time of
the Fate foreordered and the Fortune graven on the forehead and
there remained for the boy but ten days till the seven years
should be complete, there came to that mountain hunters chasing
wild beasts and, seeing a lion, they attacked him. He fled from
them and seeking refuge in the mountain, fell into the hollow in its
midst. The nurse saw him forthwith and escaped from him into
one of the chambers ; upon which the lion made for the lad
and seizing upon him, tare his shoulder, after which he sought the
room wherein was the nurse and falling upon her, devoured her,
whilst the boy lay in a swoon. Meanwhile, when the huntsmen
saw that the lion had fallen into the pit, they came to the mouth
and heard the shrieking of the boy and the woman ; and after
awhile the cries died away, whereby they knew that the lion had
slain them. Presently, as they stood by the mouth of the excava-
tion behold, the lion came scrambling up the sides and would have
issued forth : but, as often as he showed his head, they pelted him
with stones, till they beat him down and he fell ; whereupon one
of the hunters descended into the pit and despatched him and
saw the boy wounded ; after which he went to the chamber, where
he found the woman dead, and indeed the lion had eaten his fill of
her. Then he noted that which was therein of clothes and what
not else, and notifying his mates, fell to passing the stuff up to
them : lastly, he took up the boy and bringing him forth of the
pit, carried him to their dwelling-place, where they dressed
his wounds. He grew up with them, but acquainted them
not with his affair ; and indeed, when they questioned him, he

1 24 Supplemental Nights.

knew not what he should say, because they let him down into
the pit when he was a little one. The hunters marvelled at his speech
and loved him with exceeding love and one of them took him to
son and abode rearing him by his side and training him in hunting
and horse-riding, till he reached the age of twelve and became a
brave, going forth with the folk to the chase and to the cutting of
the way. Now it chanced one day that they sallied forth to stop the
road and fell in with a caravan during the night : but its stout
fellows were on their guard ; so they joined battle with the robbers
and overcame .them and slew them and the boy fell wounded and
tarried cast down in that place till the morrow, when he opened
his eyes and finding his comrades slain, lifted himself up and
arose to walk the road. Presently, there met him a man, a trea-
sure-seeker, and asked him, " Whither away, O lad ? " So he told
him what had betided him and the other said, " Be of good heart,
for that the tide of thy good fortune is come and Allah bringeth
thee joy and gladness. I am one who am in quest of a hidden
treasure, wherein is a mighty mickle of wealth. So come with me
that thou mayst help me, and I will give thee monies with which thou
shalt provide thyself all thy life long." Then he carried the youth
to his dwelling and dressed his wounds, and he tarried with him
some days till he was rested ; when the treasure-seeker took him
and two beasts and all that he needed, and they fared on till they
came to a towering highland. Here the man brought out a book
and reading therein, dug in the crest of the mountain five cubits
deep, whereupon there appeared to him a stone. He pulled it up
and behold it was a trap-door covering the mouth of a pit. So
he waited till the foul air * was come forth from the midst of the
pit, when he bound a rope about the lad's middle and let him down
bucket-wise to the bottom, and with him a lighted waxen taper.

1 Arab. " Nafas" lit. = breath. Arabs living in a land of caverns know by experience
the danger of asphyxiation in such places.

The Story of King Ibrahim and his Son. 125

The boy looked and beheld, at the upper end of the pit, wealth
abundant; so the treasure-seeker let down a rope and a basket
and the boy fell to filling and the man to drawing up, till the
fellow had got his sufficiency, when he loaded his beasts and ceased
working, whilst the boy looked for him to let down the rope and
draw him up ; but he rolled a great stone to the mouth of the pit
and went his ways. When the boy saw what the treasure-seeker
had done with him, he relied upon Allah (extolled and exalted be
He !) and abode perplexed concerning his case and said, " How
bitter be this death ? " for indeed the world was darkened on him
and the pit was blinded to him. So he fell a-weeping and saying,
" I escaped the lion and the robbers and now is my death to be in
this pit, where I shall die by slow degrees." And he abode per-
plexed and looked for nothing but death. But as he stood pon-
dering, behold, he heard a sound of water rushing with a thunder-
ous noise ; so he arose and walked in the pit, following the
sound, till he came to a corner and heard the mighty coursing
of water. Then he laid his ear to the sound of the current and
hearing it rushing in great strength, said to himself, " This is the
flowing of a mighty watercourse and needs must I depart life in
this place, be it to-day or to-morrow ; so I will throw myself into
the stream and not die a slow death in this pit" Thereupon he
called up his courage and gathering up his skirts, cast himself
into the water, and it bore him along with force exceeding and
carrying him under the earth, stayed not till it brought him out into a
deep Wady, adown which ran a great river, that welled up from under
the ground. When he found himself on the face of earth, he abode
dazed and a-swoon all that day ; after which he came to himself
and rising, fared on along that valley ; and he ceased not his way-
fare, praising Almighty Allah the while, till he came to an inhabited
land and a great village in the reign of the king his sire. So he-
entered and foregathered with the villagers, who questioned him
of his case ; whereupon he told them his tale, and they admired

1 26 Supplemental Nights.

how Allah had delivered him from all those dangers. Then he took
up his abode with them and they loved him much. On this wise
happened it to him ; but as regards the king, his father, when he
went to the pit, as was his wont, and called the nurse, she returned
him no answer, whereat his breast was straitened and he let
down a man who found the woman dead and the boy gone and
acquainted therewith the king, who when he heard this, buffeted
his head and wept with sore weeping and descended into the midst
of the pit that he might see how the case stood. There he espied
the nurse slain and the lion dead, but beheld not the boy ; so he
returned and acquainted the astrologers with the soothfastness of
their saying, and they replied, " O King, the lion hath eaten him ;
destiny hath been wroughten upon him and thou art delivered
from his hand ; for, had he been saved from the lion, we indeed, by
Allah, had feared for thee from him, because the king's destruction
would have been at his hand." So the king ceased to sorrow for
this and the days passed by and the affair was forgotten. Mean-
while the boy grew up and abode with the people of the village, and
when Allah willed the accomplishing of His commandment, which
no endeavour availeth to avert, he went forth with a party of
the villagers to cut the way. The folk complained to King
Ibrahim his father, who sallied out with a company of his men
and surrounded the highwaymen. Now that boy was with them,
and he drew forth an arrow and launched it at them, and it
smote the king and wounded him in a mortal place. So they
carried him to his palace, after they had laid hands upon the
youth and his comrades and brought them before the sovran,
saying, " What biddest us to do with them ? " Quoth he, " I am
presently in trouble for myself, so bring me the astrologers."
Accordingly, they brought them before him and he said to them,
" Ye said to me Thy death shall be by slaying at the hand of thy
son : how, then, befalleth it that I have got my death-hurt by
yonder thieves ? " The astrologers marvelled and said to him. " O

The Story of King Ibrahim and his Son. 127

king, 'tis not beyond the lore of the stars, together with the doom
of Allah, that he who hath smitten thee should be thy son. When
King Ibrahim heard this, he bade fetch the thieves and said to
them, " Tell me truly, which of you shot the shaft that wounded
me." Said they, " 'Twas this youth that is with us." Where-
upon the king fell to considering him and said, " O youth, acquaint
me with thy case and tell me who was thy father and thou shalt
have assurance of safety from Allah." The youth replied, " O my
lord, I know no father ; as for me, my father lodged me in a pit,
with a nurse to rear me, and one day, there fell in upon us a lion,
which tare my shoulder, then left me and occupied himself with
the nurse and rent her in pieces ; and Allah vouchsafed me one
who brought me forth the pit." Then he related to him all that
had befallen him, first and last ; which when King Ibrahim heard,
he cried out and said, "' By Allah, this is my son ! " presently
adding, " Bare thy shoulder." So he uncovered it, and behold, it
was scarred. Then the king assembled his lords and lieges and
the astrologers and said to them, " Know that what Allah hath
writ upon the forehead, be it fair fortune or misfortune, none
may efface, and all that is decreed to a man must perforce befal
him. Indeed, this my care-taking and my endeavour profited me
naught, for what weird Allah decreed for my son, he Jiath dreed and
whatso He decreed to me I have endured. Nevertheless, I praise
Allah and thank Him because this was at my son's hand, and not
at the hand of another, and Alhamdolillah laud to the Lord
for that the kingship is come to my son ! " And he strained the
youth to his bosom and embraced him and kissed him, saying
" O my son, this matter was after such fashion, and of my watchful-
ness over thee from Fate, I lodged thee in that pit ; but caretaking
availed not." Then he took the crown of the kingship and set it
on his son's head and caused the lieges and the people do homage
to him and commended the subjects to his care and enjoined to him
justice and equity. And he farewelled him that night and died

l 2 8 Supplemental Nights.

and his son reigned in his stead. 1 " On like wise, O king" (continued
the young treasurer), " 'tis with thee. If Allah have written
aught on my forehead, needs must it befal me and my speech to
the king shall not avail me ; no, nor my illustrating it to him with
instances, against the doom of Allah. And so it is with these Wazirs,
for all their eagerness and endeavour for my destruction, this shall
not profit them ; because, if Allah determine to save me, He will
give me the victory over them." When the king heard these words
he became perplexed and said, " Return him to the prison till the
morrow, so we may look into his affair, for the day draweth to
an end and I mean to do him dead in foulest sort, and to-morrow
we will visit him with that which he meriteth."

1 This simple tale is told with much pathos not of words but of sense.

129

OF THE APPOINTED TERM, 1 WHICH, IF IT BE
ADVANCED, MAY NOT BE DEFERRED, AND IF
IT BE DEFERRED, MAY NOT BE ADVANCED.

WHEN it was the tenth day (now this day was called Al-Mihrjan*
and it was the day of the coming in of the folk, gentle and simple,
to the king, so they might give him joy and salute him and go
forth), the council of the Wazirs agreed that they should speak
with a company of the city notables. So they said to them,
" When ye go in to-day to the king and salute him, do ye say to
him : O king, (to the Lord be the laud !) thou art praiseworthy of
policy and procedure and just to all thy subjects ; but respecting
this youth whom thou hast favoured and who nevertheless hath
reverted to his base origin and done this foul deed, what is thy
purpose in his continuance ? Indeed, thou hast prisoned him in thy
palace, and every day thou hearest his palaver and thou knowest not
what the folk say." And they answered, " Hearing is obeying."
Accordingly, when they entered with the folk and had prostrated
themselves before the king and congratulated his majesty, he raised
their several degrees. Now it was the custom of the folk to salute

1 Arab. " Ajal"=the appointed day of death; also used for sudden death. See
vol. i. 74.

2 i.e. the Autumnal Equinox, one of the two great festival days (the other being the
New Year) of the Persians, and surviving in our Michaelmas. According to Al-Mas'udi
(chap, xxi.), it was established to commemorate the capture of Zahhak (Azhi-Dahaka), the
biting snake (the Hindu Ahi) of night and darkness, the Greek Astyages, by Furaydun or
Feridun. Prof. Sayce (Principles of Comparative Philology, p. n) connects the latter
with the Vedic deity Trita, who harnessed the Sun-horse (Rig. v. i. 163, 2, 3), the
TpiToyej/eia of Homer, a title of Athene, the Dawn-goddess, and Burnouf proved th
same Trita to be Thrae"taona, son of Athwya, of the Avesta, who finally became
Furaydun, the Greek Kyrus. See vol. v. I.

VOL. L - I

S3 Supplemental Nights.

and go forth ; but they took seat, and the king knew that they had
a word they would fain address to him : so he turned to them (the
Wazirs being also present) and said, "Ask your need." There-
fore they repeated to him all that the Ministers had taught them
and the Wazirs also spoke with them ; and Azadbakht said to
them, " O folk, I would have it known to you that there is no doubt
with me concerning this your speech proceeding from love and
loyal counsel to me, and ye ken that, were I inclined to kill half
these folk, I could do them die and this would not be hard to me ;
so how shall I not slay this youth and he in my power and in the
bending of my hand ? Indeed, his crime is manifest and he hath
incurred death penalty ; and I have deferred it only by reason of
the greatness of the offence ; for, an I do this with him and my
proof against him be strengthened, my heart is healed and the
heart of my whole folk ; and if I slay him not to-day, his slaying
shall not escape me to-morrow." Then he bade fetch the youth
who, when present between his hands, prostrated to him and
blessed him; whereupon quoth the king, "Woe to thee ! How
long shall the folk upbraid me on thine account and blame me for
delaying thy death ? Even the people of my city reproach me
because of thee, so that I am grown a prating-stock amongst them,
and indeed they come in to me and reproach me for not putting
thee to death. How long shall I delay this ? Verily, this very
day I mean to shed thy blood and rid the folk of thy prattling."
The youth replied, " O king, an there have betided thee talk
because of me, by Allah, and again by Allah the Great, those who
have brought on thee this talk from the folk are none but these
wicked Wazirs, who chatter with the crowd and tell them foul tales
and ill things of the king's house , but I hope in the Most High
that He will cause their malice to recoil upon their own heads. As
for the king's menace of slaying me, I am in the grip of his hand ;
so let not the king occupy his mind with my slaughter, because I
am like the sparrow in the grasp of the fowler ; if he will, he cutteth

The Story of King Sulayman Shah and his Niece. 1 3 1

his throat, and if he will, he letteth him go. As for the delaying of
my death, 'tis not from the king, but from Him in whose hand is
my life ; for, by Allah, O king, an the Almighty willed my slaughter,
thou couldst not postpone it; no, not for a single hour. And,
indeed, man availeth not to fend off evil from himself, even as it
was with the son of King Sulayman Shah, whose anxiety and care-
fulness for the winning of his wish in the matter of the new-born
child availed him naught, for his last hour was deferred how many
a time ! and Allah saved him until he had accomplished his
period and had fulfilled his life-term." Cried the king, " Fie upon
thee, how great is thy craft and thy talk ! Tell me, what was their
tale." And the youth said, " Hear, O king,

THE STOR Y OF KING SULA YM AN SHAH AND HIS NIECE!

There was once a king named Sulayman Shah, who was goodly
of policy and rede, and he had a brother who died and left a
daughter ; so Sulayman Shah reared her with the best of rearing
and the girl became a model of reason and perfection, nor was
there in her time a more beautiful than she. Now the king had
two sons, one of whom he had appointed in his mind to wed her,
while the other purposed to take her. The elder son's name was
Bahluwdn 2 and that of the younger Malik Shah, 3 and the girl was
called Shdh Khdtun. Now one day, King Sulayman Shah went
in to his brother's daughter and kissing her head, said to her,
" Thou art my daughter and dearer to me than a child, for the love

1 In Chavis and Gazette, " Story of SeJimansha and his Family."

2 Arab, for Pers. Pahluwdn (from Pahlau) a brave, a warrior, an athlete, applied in India
to a champion in any gymnastic exercise, especially in wrestling. The Frenchman calls
him "Balavan"; and the Bresl. text in more than one place (p. 312) calls him
" Bahwdn."

3 i.e. King (Arab.) King (Persian): we find also Sultan Malik Shah = King King
King.

1 3 2 Supplemental Nights.

of thy late father who hatn found mercy; wherefore I purpose 1
espousing thee to one of my sons and appointing him my heir
apparent, so he may be king after me. Look, then, which thou wilt
have of my sons, 1 for that thou hast been reared with them and
knowest them." The maiden arose and kissing his hand, said to
him, " O my lord, I am thine hand-maid and thou art the ruler over
me ; so whatever liketh thee do that same, inasmuch as thy wish is
higher and honourabler and holier than mine and if thou wouldst
have meservetheeas a hand-maid for the rest of my life, 'twere fairer
to me than any mate." The king cgmmended her speech and con-
ferred on her a robe of honour and gave her magnificent gifts ; after
which, his choice having fallen upon his younger son, Malik Shah,
he wedded her with him and made him his heir apparent and bade
the folk swear fealty to him. When this reached his brother
Bahluwan and he was ware that his younger brother had by favour
been preferred over him, his breast was straitened and the affair
was sore to him and envy entered into him and hate ; but he hid
this in his heart, whilst fire raged therein because of the damsel
and the dominion. Meanwhile Shah Khatun went in bridal
splendour to the king's son and conceived by him and bare a son,
as he were the illuming moon. When Bahluwan saw this betide
his brother, envy and jealousy overcame him ; so he went in one
night to his father's palace and coming to his brother's chamber,
saw the nurse sleeping at the door, with the cradle before her and
therein his brother's child asleep. Bahluwan stood by him and
fell to looking upon his face, whose radiance was as that of the
moon, and Satan insinuated himself into his heart, so that he
bethought himself and said, " Why be not this babe mine ?
Verily, I am worthier of him than my brother ; yea, and of the
damsel and the dominion." Then the idea got the mastery of him
and anger drave fiim, so that he took out a knife and setting it to

1 Arab. " Aulad-l," a vulgarism, plural for dual.

Story of King Su lay man Shah and his Niece. 133

the child's gullet, cut his throat and would have severed his wind-
pipe. So he left him for dead and entering his brother's chamber,
saw him asleep, with the Princess by his side, and thought to slay
her, but said to himself, " I will leave the girl-wife for myself."
Then he went up to his brother and cutting his throat, parted
head from body, after which he left him and went away. But
now the world was straitened upon him and his life was a light
matter to him and he sought the lodging of his sire Sulayman
Shah, that he might slay him also, but could not get admission
to him. So he went forth from the palace and hid himself in the
city till the morrow, when he repaired to one of his father's

fortalices and therein fortified himself. On this wise it was with

1
him ; but as regards the nurse, she presently awoke that she might

give the child suck, and seeing the cradle running with blood,
cried out ; whereupon the sleepers started up and the king was
aroused and making for the place, found the child with his throat
cut and the bed running over with blood and his father dead with
a slit weasand in his sleeping chamber. They examined the child
and found life in him and his windpipe whole and they sewed up
the place of the wound : then the king sought his son Bahluwan,
but found him not and saw that he had fled ; so he knew that it
was he who had done this deed, and this was grievous to the king
and to the people of his realm and to the lady Shah Khatun.
Thereupon the king laid out his son Malik Shah and buried him
and made him a mighty funeral and they mourned with passing
sore mourning ; after which he applied himself to rearing the
infant. As for Bahluwan, when he fled and fortified himself, his
power waxed amain and there remained for him but to make war
upon his father, who had cast his fondness upon the child and
used to rear him on his knees and supplicate Almighty Allah that
he might live, so he might commit the command to him. When
he came to five years of age, the king mounted him on horseback
and the people of the city rejoiced in him and prayed for him

1 34 Supplemental Nights.

length of life, that he might take vengeance for his father 1 and
heal his grandsire's heart. Meanwhile, Bahluwan the rebel*
addressed himself to pay court to Caesar, king of the Roum 8 and
crave aid of him in debelling his father, and he inclined unto him
and gave him a numerous army. His sire the king hearing of
this sent to Caesar, saying, " O glorious king of might illustrious,
succour not an evil doer. This is my son and he hath done so
and so and cut his brother's throat and that of his brother's son in
the cradle." But he told not the king of the Roum that the child
had recovered and was alive. When Caesar heard the truth of
the matter, it was grievous to him as grievous could be, and he
sent back to Sulayman Shah, saying, " An it be thy wish, O king,
I will cut off his head and send it to thee." But he made answer,
saying, " I care naught for him : soon and surely the reward of

' *

his deed and his crimes shall overtake him, if not to-day, then
to-morrow." And from that date he continued to exchange letters
and presents with Caesar. Now the king of the Roum heard tell
of the widowed Princess 4 and of the beauty and loveliness where-
with she was endowed, wherefore his heart clave to her and he
sent to seek her in wedlock of Sulayman Shah, who could not
refuse him. So he arose and going in to Shah Khatun, said to
her, " O my daughter, the king of the Roum hath sent to me to

1 Mr. Payne translates, " so he might take his father's leavings " i.e. heritage,
reading " Asar" which I hold to be a clerical error for Sar = Vendetta, blood revenge
(Bresl. Edit. vi. 310).

2 Arab. " Al-'Asi " the pop. term for one who refuses to obey a constituted
authority and syn. with Pers. " Yaghl." "Anl'Asi?" Wilt thou not yield thyself?
says a policeman to a refractory Fellah.

3 i.e. of the Greeks : so in Kor. xxx. I. " Alif Lam Mim, the Greeks (Al-Roum) have
been defeated." Mr. Rodwell curiously remarks that " the vowel-points for 'defeated *
not being originally written, would make the prophecy true in either event, according as
the verb received an active or passive sense in pronunciation." But in discovering this
mare's nest, a rank piece of humbug like Aio te Aeacidaetc., he forgets that all the Pro-
phet's "Companions," numbering some 5,000, would pronounce it only in one way and

[that no man could mistake "ghalabat " (active) for " ghulibat " (passive).

4 The text peisistently uses"Jariyah " = damsel, slave-girl, for the politer "
\s young lady, being written in a rude and uncourtly style.

The Story of King Sulayman Shah and his Niece. 135

seek thee in marriage. What sayst thou ? " She wept and replied,
"O king, how canst thou find it in thy heart to address me thus ?
As for me, abideth there husband for me, after the son of my
uncle ? " Rejoined the king, " O my daughter, 'tis indeed as thou
sayest ; but here let us look to the issues of affairs. I must now
take compt of death, for that I am a man shot in years and fear not
save for thee and for thy little son ; and indeed I have written to
the king of the Roum and others of the kings and said, His uncle
slew him, and said not that he hath recovered and is living, but
concealed his affair. Now the king of the Roum hath sent to
demand thee in marriage, and this is no thing to be refused and
fain would we have our back strengthened with him." 1 And she
was silent and spake not. So King Sulayman Shah made answer to
Caesar with " Hearing and obeying." Then he arose and despatched
her to him, and Caesar went in to her and found her passing the
description wherewith they had described her ; wherefore he loved
her every day more and more and preferred her over all his women
and his affection for Sulayman Shah was increased ; but Shah
Khatun's heart still clave to her child and she could say naught.
As for Sulayman Shah's son, the rebel Bahluwan, when he saw
that Shah Khatun had married the king of the Roum, this
was grievous to him and he despaired of her. Meanwhile, his
father Sulayman Shah watched over the child and cherished him
and named him Malik Shah, after the name of his sire. When he
reached the age of ten, he made the folk do homage to him and
appointed him his heir apparent, and after some days, the old
king's time for paying the debt of nature drew near and he died.
Now a party of the troops had banded themselves together for
Bahluwan ; so they sent to him, and bringing him privily, went
in to the little Malik Shah and seized him and seated his uncle
Bahluwan on the throne of kingship. Then they proclaimed him

1 So our familar phrase " Some one to back us.''

1 36 Supplemental Night

king and did homage to him all, saying, "Verily, we desire thee
and deliver to thee the throne of kingship ; but we wish of thee that
thou slay not thy brother's son, because we are still bounden by the
oaths we sware to his sire and his grandsire and the covenants
we made with them." So Bahluwan granted this to them and

imprisoned the boy in an underground dungeon and straitened

*
him. Presently, the grievous news reached his mother and this

was to her a fresh grief ; but she could not speak and committed
her affair to Allah Almighty, for that she durst not name this
to King Caesar her spouse, lest she should make her uncle King
Sulayman Shah a liar. But as regards Bahluwan the Rebel, he
abode king in his father's place and his affairs prospered, while
young Malik Shah lay in the souterrain four full-told years, till
his favour faded and his charms changed. When He (extolled
and exalted be He !) willed to relieve him and to bring him forth
of the prison, Bahluwan sat one day with his chief Officers and the
Lords of his land and discoursed with them of the story of his
sire, King Sulayman Shah and what was in his heart. Now there
were present certain Wazirs, men of worth, and they said to him,
" O king, verily Allah hath been bountiful to thee and hath
brought thee to thy wish, so that thou art become king in thy
father's place and hast won whatso thou wishedst. But, as for this
youth, there is no guilt in him, because he, from the day of his
coming into the world, hath seen neither ease nor pleasure, and
indeed his favour is faded and his charms changed. What is his
crime that he should merit such pains and penalties ? Indeed,
others than he were to blame, and hereto Allah hath given thee
the victory over them, and there is no fault in this poor lad."
Quoth Bahluwan, " Verily, 'tis as ye say ; but I fear his
machinations and am not safe from his mischief ; haply the most
part of the folk will incline unto him." They replied, " O
king, what is this boy and what power hath he ? An thou fear
him, send him to one of the frontiers." And Bahluwan said, " Ye

The Story of King Sulayman Shah and his Niece. 1 37

speak sooth ; so we will send him as captain of war to reduce one
of the outlying stations." Now over against the place in question
was a host of enemies, hard of heart, and in this he designed
the slaughter of the youth : so he bade bring him forth of the
underground dungeon and caused him draw near to him and
saw his case. Then he robed him, whereat the folk rejoiced, and
bound for him the banners 1 and, giving him a mighty many, des-
patched him to the quarter aforesaid, whither all who went or were
slain or were taken. Accordingly Malik Shah fared thither with his
force and when it was one of the days, behold, the enemy attacked
them in the night ; whereupon some of his men fled and the rest
the enemy captured ; and they seized Malik Shah also and cast
him into a pit with a company of his men. His fellows mourned
over his beauty and loveliness and there he abode a whole twelve-
month in evillest plight. Now at the beginning of every year it was
the enemy's wont to bring forth their prisoners and cast them down
from the top of the citadel to the bottom ; so at the customed
time they brought them forth and cast them down, and Malik
Shah with them. However, he fell upon the other men and the
ground touched him not, for his term was God-guarded. But
those who were cast down there were slain upon the spot and
their bodies ceased not to lie there till the wild beasts ate them
and the winds scattered their bones. Malik Shah abode strown
in his place and aswoon, all that day and that night, and when he
revived and found himself safe and sound, he thanked Allah the
Most High for his safety and rising, left the place. He gave not
over walking, unknowing whither he went and dieting upon
the leaves of the trees ; and by day he hid himself where he
might and fared on at hazard all his night; and thus he did
for some days, till he came to a populous part and seeing folk
there, accosted them. He acquainted them with his case, giving

1 Arab. " 'Akkada lahu ray," plur. of rdyat, a banner. See vol. iii. 307.

1 3 8 Supplemental Nights.

them to know that he had been prisoned in the fortress and that
they had thrown him down, but Almighty Allah had saved him
and brought him off alive. The people had ruth on him and
gave him to eat and drink and he abode with them several days ;
then he questioned them of the way that led to the kingdom of his
uncle Bahluwan, but told them not that he was his father's brother.
So they showed him the road and he ceased not to go barefoot, till
he drew near his uncle's capital, naked, anhungered, and indeed
his limbs were lean and his colour changed. He sat down at
the city gate, when behold, up came a company of King Bah-
luwan's chief officers, who were out a-hunting and wished to
water their horses. They lighted down to rest and the youth
accosted them, saying, " I would ask you of somewhat that ye
may acquaint me therewith/' Quoth they, "Ask what thou
wilt ;" and quoth he, " Is King Bahluwan well ? " They derided
him and replied, "What a fool art thou, O youth! Thou art
a stranger and a beggar, and whence art thou that thou should'st
question concerning the king ? " * Cried he, " In very sooth, he is- my
uncle ;" whereat they marvelled and said, " 'Twas one catch-
question 2 and now 'tis become two." Then said they to him,
" O youth, it is as if thou wert Jinn-mad. Whence comest thou
to claim kinship with the king? Indeed, we know not that he
hath any kith and kin save a nephew, a brother's son, who was
prisoned with him, and he despatched him to wage war upon
the infidels, so that they slew him." Said Malik Shah, " I am
he and they slew me not, but there befel me this and that."
They knew him forthwith and rising to him, kissed his hands
and rejoiced in him and said to him, " O our lord, thou art
indeed a king and the son of a king, and we desire thee naught

1 i.e. "What concern hast thou with the king's health ?" The question is offensively
put.
* Arab. " Masalah," a question ; here an enigma.

The Story of King Sulayman Shah and his Niece. 139

but good and we pray for thy continuance. Look how Allah
hath rescued thee from this wicked uncle, who sent thee to
a place whence none ever came off safe and sound, purposing
not in this but thy destruction ; and indeed thou fellest
upon death from which Allah delivered thee. How, then,
wilt thou return and cast thyself again into thine foeman's
hand ? By Allah, save thyself and return not to him this
second time. Haply thou shalt abide upon the face of the
earth till it please Almighty Allah to receive thee; but, an
thou fall again into his hand, he will not suffer thee to live a
single hour." The Prince thanked them and said to them, " Allah
reward you with all weal, for indeed ye give me loyal counsel ;
but whither would ye have me wend ?" Quoth they, " To the
land of the Roum, the abiding-place of thy mother." " But,"
quoth he, "My grandfather Sulayman Shah, when the king of
the Roum wrote to him demanding my mother in marriage,
hid my affair and secreted my secret ; and she hath done the
same, and I cannot make her a liar." Rejoined they, " Thou
sayst sooth, but we desire thine advantage, and even wert thou to
take service with the folk, 'twere a means of thy continuance."
Then each and every of them brought out to him money and
gave him a modicum and clad him and fed him and fared on with
him the length of a parasang, till they brought him far from
the city, and letting him know that he was safe, departed from
him, whilst he journeyed till he came forth of his uncle's reign
and entered the dominion of the Roum. Then he made a
village and taking up his abode therein, applied himself to
serving one there in earing and seeding and the like. As for
his mother, Shah Khatun, great was her longing for her child
and she thought of him ever and news of him was cut off from
her, so her life was troubled and she foresware sleep and could
not make mention of him before King Caesar her spouse. Now
she had a Castrato who had come with her from the court of

f 40 Supplemental Nights,

her uncle King Sulayman Shah, ana he was intelligent, quick-
witted, right-reded. So she took him apart one day and said
to him, shedding tears the while, " Thou hast been my Eunuch
from my childhood to this day ; canst thou not therefore get
me tidings of my son, seeing that I cannot speak of his
matter ? " He replied, " O my lady, this is an affair which thou
hast concealed from the commencement, and were thy son
here, 'twould not be possible for thee to entertain him, lest 1
thine honour be smirched with the king ; for they would never
credit thee, since the news hath been bruited abroad that
thy son was slain by his uncle." Quoth she, "The case is
even as thou sayst and thou speakest sooth ; but, provided I
know that my son is alive, let him be in these parts pasturing
sheep and let me not sight him nor he sight me." He asked,
" How shall we manage in this matter ? " and she answered,
"Here be my treasures and my wealth : take all thou wilt
and bring me my son or else tidings of him." Then they
devised a device between them, which was that they should
feign some business in their own country, to wit that she had
wealth there buried from the time of her husband, Malik Shah,
and that none knew of it but this Eunuch who was with her, so
it behoved him to go fetch it. Accordingly she acquainted the
king her husband with that and sought his permit for the Eunuch
to fare: and the king granted him leave of absence for the

journey and charged him devise a device, lest he come to grief.
The Castrato, therefore, disguised himself in merchant's habit and
repairing to Bahluwan's city, began to make espial concerning
the youth's case ; whereupon they told him that he had been
prisoned in a souterraia and that his uncle had released him and
despatched him to such a place, where they had slain him. When

1 Arab. " Lialla " (i.e. li, an, Id) lest ; but printed here and elsewhere with the yd ai
if it were " laylan,'' = for a single night.

The Story of King Sulayman Shah and his Niece. 141

the Eunuch heard this, the mishap was grievous to him and his
breast was straitened and he knew not what to do. It chanced
one day of the days that a certain of the horsemen, who had fallen
in with the young Malik Shah by the water and clad him and
given him spending-money, saw the Eunuch in the city, habited
as a merchant, and recognising him, questioned him of his case
and of the cause of his coming. Quoth he, " I came to sell mer-
chandise ; " and quoth the horseman, " I will tell thee somewhat,
an thou canst keep it secret." Answered the Neutral, " That I
can ! What is it ? " and the other said, " We met the king's son
Malik Shah, I and sundry of the Arabs who were with me, and
saw hire by such a water and gave him spending-money and sent
him towards the land of the Roum, near his mother, for that we
feared for him lest his uncle Bahluwan slay him." Then he told
him all that had passed between them, whereat the Eunuch's
countenance changed and he said to the cavalier " Thou art safe ! "
The knight replied, "Thou also art safe though thou come in
quest of him.'* And the Eunuch rejoined, saying, " Truly, that
is my errand : there is no rest for his mother, lying down or
rising up, and she hath sent me to seek news of him."
Quoth the cavalier, " Go in safety, for he is in a quarter
of the land of the Roum, even as I said to thee." The
Castrato thanked him and blessed him and mounting, returned
upon his road, following the trail, whilst the knight rode with him
to a certain highway, when he said to him, " This is where we left
him." Then he took leave of him and returned to his own city,
whilst the Eunuch fared on along the road, enquiring in every
village he entered of the youth, by the description which the rider
had given him, and he ceased not thus to do till he came to the
village wherein was young Malik Shah. So he entered, and dis-
mounting, made enquiry after the Prince, but none gave him news
of him ; whereat he abode perplexed concerning his affair and
made ready to depart. Accordingly he mounted his horse ; but, as

142 Supplemental Nights.

he passed through the village, he saw a cow bound with a rope
and a youth asleep by her side, hending the halter in hand ; so he
looked at him and passed on and heeded him not in his heart ;
but presently he halted and said to himself, " An the youth whom
I am questing have become the like of this sleeping youth whom I
passed but now, how shall I know him ? Alas, the length of my
travail and travel ! How shall I go about in search of a somebody
I know not, one whom, if I saw him face to face I should not
know ? " So saying he turned back, musing anent that sleeping
youth, and coming to him, he still sleeping, dismounted from his
mare and sat down by his side. He fixed his eyes upon his face
and considered him awhile and said in himself, " For aught I wot,
this youth may be Malik Shah ; " then he began hemming and
saying, " Harkye, O youth ! " Whereupon the sleeper awoke and
sat up i and the Eunuch asked him, " Who be thy father in this
village and where be thy dwelling ? " The youth sighed and
replied, " I am a stranger ; " and quoth the Castrato, " From what
land art thou and who is thy sire ? " Quoth the other, " I am
from such a land," and the Eunuch ceased not to question him
and he to answer his queries, till he was certified of him and knew
him. So he rose and embraced him and kissed him and wepl over
his case : he also told him that he was wandering about in search
of him and informed him that he was come privily from the king,
his mother's husband, and that his mother would be satisfied to
weet that he was alive and well, though she saw him not. Then he
re-entered the village and buying the Prince a horse, mounted
him and they ceased not going till they came to the frontier of
their own country, where there fell robbers upon them by the way
and took all that was with them and pinioned them ; after which
they threw tnem into a pit hard by the road and went their ways
and left them to die there ; and indeed they had cast many folk
into that pit and they had perished. The Eunuch fell a weeping
in the pit and the youth said to him, " What is this weeping and

The" Story of King Sulayman Shah and his Niece. 143

what shall it profit here ? " Quoth the Castrate, " I weep not for
Tear of death, but of ruth for thee and the cursedness of thy case
and because of thy mother's heart and for that which thou hast
suffered of horrors and that thy death should be this ignoble
death, after the endurance of all manner dire distresses." But
the youth said, " That which hath betided me was writ to me and
that which is written none hath power to efface ; and if my life-
term be advanced, none may defer it." ! Then the twain passed
that night and the following day and the next night and the next
day in the hollow, till they were weak with hunger and came
nigh upon death and could but groan feebly. Now it fortuned
by the decree of Almighty Allah and His destiny, that Caesar,
king of the Greeks, the spouse of Malik Shah's mother Shah
Khatun, went forth a-hunting that morning. He flushed a head of
game, he and his company, and chased it, till they came up with
it by that pit, whereupon one of them lighted down from his horse,
to slaughter it, hard by the mouth of the hollow. He heard a sound
of low moaning from the sole of the pit ; whereat he arose and
mounting his horse, waited till the troops were assembled. Then
he acquainted the king with this and he bade one of his servants
descend into the hollow : so the man climbed down and brought
out the youth and the Eunuch in fainting condition. They cut
their pinion-bonds and poured wine down their throats, till they
came to themselves, when the king looked at the Eunuch and
recognizing him, said, " Harkye, Such-an-one ! " The Castrato
replied, " Yes, O my lord the king," and prostrated himself to
him ; whereat the king wondered with exceeding wonder and
asked him, " How earnest thou to this place and what hath befallen
thee ?" The Eunuch answered, " I went and took out the treasure
and brought it thus far ; but the evil eye was behind me and I
unknowing. So the thieves took us alone here and seized the

1 i.r. if my death be fated to befal to-day, none may postpone it to a later date.

144 Supplemental Nights.,

money and cast us into this pit that we might die the slow death
of hunger, even as they had done with others ; but Allah the
Most High sent thee, in pity to us." The king marvelled, he and
his, and praised the Lord for that he had come thither ; after which
he turned to the Castrato and said to him, " What is this youth
thou hast with thee ? " He replied, " O king, this is the son of a
nurse who belonged to us and we left him when he was a little one.
I saw him to-day and his mother said to me, ' Take him with
thee : ' so this morning I brought him that he might be a servant
to the king, for that he is an adroit youth and a clever." Then the
king fared on, he and his company, and with them the Eunuch
and the youth, who questioned his companion of Bahluwan and his
dealing with his subjects, and he replied, saying, "As thy head
liveth, O my lord the king, the folk are in sore annoy with him and
not one of them wisheth a sight of him, be they high or low."
When the king returned to his palace, he went in to his wife Shah
Khatun and said to her, " I give thee the glad tidings of thine
Eunuch's return ; " and he told her. what had betided and of
the youth whom he had brought with him. When she heard
this, her wits fled and she would have screamed, but her reason
restrained her, and the king said to her, " What is this ? Art thou
overcome with grief for the loss of the monies or for that which
hath befallen the Eunuch ? " Said she, " Nay, as thy head liveth,
O king ! but women are weaklings." Then came the Castrato
and going in to her, told her all that had happened to him and
also acquainted her with her son's case and with that which he
had suffered of distresses and how his uncle had exposed him
to slaughter, and he had been taken prisoner and they had cast
him into the pit and hurled him from the highmost of the
citadel and how Allah had delivered him from these perils, all of
them ; and whilst he recounted to her all this, she wept. Then
she asked him, "When the king saw him and questioned thee of
him, what was it thou saidst him ? " and he answered, " I said to

The Story of King Sulayman Shah and his Niece. 145

him : This is the son of a nurse who belonged to us. We
left him a little one and he grew up; so I brought him,
that he might be servant to the king." Cried she, " Thou didst
well ; " and she charged him to serve the Prince with faithful service.
As for the king, he redoubled in kindness to the Castrato and
appointed the youth a liberal allowance and he abode going in to
and coming out of the king's house and standing in his service, and
every day he waxed better with him. As for Shah Khatun, she used
to station herself at watch for him at the windows and in the
balconies and gaze upon him, and she frying on coals of fire on his
account ; yet could she not speak. In such condition she abode a
long while and indeed yearning for him was killing her ; so she
stood and watched for him one day at the door of her chamber and
straining him to her bosom, bussed him on the breast and kissed
him on either cheek. At this moment, behold, out came the
major-domo of the king's household and seeing her embracing
the youth, started in amazement. Then he asked to whom that
chamber belonged and was answered, " To Shah Khatun, wife of
the king," whereupon he turned back, quaking as one smitten by
a leven-bolt. The king saw him in a tremor and said to him,
" Out on thee ! what is the matter ? " Said he, " O King, what
matter can be more grievous than that which I see ? " Asked the
king, " What seest thou ? " and the officer answered, " I see that
the youth, who came with the Eunuch, was not brought with him
save on account of Shah Khatun ; for I passed but now by her
chamber door, and she was standing, watching ; and when the
youth came up, she rose to him and clipped him and kissed him
on his cheek." When the king heard this, he bowed his head
amazed, perplexed, and sinking into a seat, clutched at his beard
and shook it till he came nigh upon plucking it out. Then he
arose forthright and laid hands on the youth and clapped him in
jail he also took the Eunuch and cast them both into a
souterrain under his palace. After this he went in to Shah
VOL. I. K

146 Supplemental Nights.

Khatun and said to her, " Brava, by Allah, O daughter of nobles.
O thou whom kings sought to wed, for the purity of thy repute
and the fairness of the fame of thee! How seemly is thy
semblance ! Now may Allah curse her whose inward contrarieth
her outward, after the likeness of thy base favour, whose exterior
is handsome and its interior fulsome, face fair and deeds foul !
Verily, I mean to make of thee and of yonder ne'er-do-well an
example among the lieges, for that thou sentest not thine Eunuch
but of intent on his account, so that he took him and brought him
into my palace and thou hast trampled 1 my head with him ; and
this is none other than exceeding boldness ; but thou shalt see
what I will do with you all." So saying, he spat in her face and
went out from her ; whilst Shah Khatun said nothing, well knowing
that, an she spoke at that time, he would not credit her speech:
Then she humbled herself in supplication to Allah Almighty and
said, " O God the Great, Thou knowest the things by secrecy
ensealed and their outwards revealed and their inwards concealed !
If an advanced life-term be appointed to me, let it not be deferred,
and if a deferred one, let it not be advanced ! " On this wise she
passed some days, whilst the king fell into bewilderment and
forsware meat and drink and sleep, and abode, knowing not what
he should do and saying to himself, " An I slay the Eunuch and
the youth, my soul will not be solaced, for they are not to blame,
seeing that she sent to fetch him, and my heart careth not to kill
them all three. But I will not be hasty in doing them die,
for that I fear repentance." Then he left them, so he might look
into the affair. Now he had a nurse, a foster-mother, on whose
knees he had been reared, and she was a woman of understanding
and suspected him, yet dared not question him. So she went in

1 Arab. "Dnstf n : $o the ceremony vulgarly called "Doseh" and by the Ilalo-
Egyptians "Dosso," the riding over disciples' backs by the Shaykh of the Sa'diyah
Darwayshes (Lane M.E. chapt. xxv.) which took place for the last time at Cairo in 1881.

The Story of King Sulayman Skah and his Niece. 147

to Shah Khatun and finding her in yet sadder plight than he,
asked her what was to do ; but she refused to answer. However,
the nurse gave not over coaxing and questioning her, till she swore
her to concealment. Accordingly, the old woman made oath that
she would keep secret all that she should say to her, whereupon
the Queen to her related her history, first and last, and told her
that the youth was her son. With this the old woman prostrated
herself before her and said to her, " This is a right easy matter."
But the Queen replied, " By Allah, O my mother, I prefer my
destruction and that of my son to defending myself by a plea
which they will not believe ; for they will say : She pleadeth this
only that she may fend off shame from herself. And naught will
profit me save long-suffering." The old woman was moved by her
speech and her wisdom and said to her, " Indeed, O my daughter,
'tis as thou sayest, and I hope in Allah that He will show forth
the truth. Have patience and I will presently go in to the king
and hear his words and machinate somewhat in this matter,
Inshallah ! " Thereupon the ancient dame arose and going into the
king, found him with his head between his knees in sore pain of
sorrow. She sat down by him awhile and bespake him with soft
words and said to him, 1 " Indeed, O my son, thou consumest my
vitals, for that these many days thou hast not mounted horse, and
thou grievest and I know not what aileth thee." He replied, " O
my mother, all is due to yonder accursed, of whom I deemed so
well and who hath done this and that." Then he related to her the
whole story from beginning to end, and she cried to him, " This
thy chagrin is on account of a no-better-than-she-should-be ! "
Quoth he, " I was but considering by what death I should slay
them, so the folk may take warning and repent" And quoth she,
" O my son, 'ware precipitance, for it gendereth repentance and the

1 In Chavis and Cazotte she conjures him " by the great Maichonarblatha Sarsourat
(Mlat wa arba'at ashar Surat) = the 114 chapters of the Alcoran.

148 Supplemental Nights.

slaying of them shall not escape thee. When thou art assured of
this affair, do whatso thou wiliest." He rejoined, " O my mother,
there needeth no assurance anent him for whom she despatched
her Eunuch and he fetched him." But she retorted, " There is a
thing wherewith we will make her confess, 1 and all that is ia
her heart shall be discovered to thee." Asked the king, " What
is that ? " and she answered, " I will bring thee the heart of a
hoopoe, 2 which, when she sleepeth, do thou lay upon her bosom and
question her of everything thou wouldest know, and she will discover
the same unto thee and show forth the truth to thee." The king
rejoiced in this and said to his nurse, " Hasten thou and let none
know of thee." So she arose and going in to the Queen, said
to her, " I have done thy business and 'tis as follows. This
night the king will come in to thee and do thou seem asleep ; and
if he ask thee of aught, do thou answer him, as if in thy sleep."
The Queen thanked her and the old dame went away and fetching
the bird's heart, gave it to the king. Hardly was the night come,
when he went in to his wife and found her lying back, a-slumbering ;
so he sat down by her side and laying the hoopoe's heart on her
breast, waited awhile, so he might be assured that she slept. Then

1 I have noted that Moslem law is not fully satisfied without such confession which,
however, may be obtained by the bastinado. It is curious to compare English procedure
with what Moslem would be in such a case as that of the famous Tichborne Claimant.
What we did need hardly be noticed. An Arab judge would in a case so suspicious at
once have applied the stick and in a quarter of an hour would have settled the whole
business ; but then what about the " Devil's own," the lawyers and lawyers' fees? And
be would have remarked that the truth is not less true because obtained by such compul-
sory means.

2 The Hudhud, so called from its cry " Hood ! Hood ! " It is the Lat. upupaj
Or. fKoty from its supposed note epip or upup ; the old Egyptian Kukufa ; Heb.
Dukiphath and Syriac Kikupha (Bochart Hierozoicon, part ii. 347). The Spaniards
call it Gallo de Marzo (March-Cock) from its returning in that month, and our old
writers "lapwing" (Deut. xiv. 18). This foul-feeding bird derives her honours from
chapt. xxvii. of the Koran (q.-v. ), the Hudhud was sharp-sighted and sagacious enough
to discovet water underground which the devils used to draw after she had marked the
place by her bilk

The Story of King Sulayman Shah and his Niece. 149

said he to her, " Shah Khatun, 1 Shah Khatun, is this my reward
from thee ? " Quoth she, " What offence have I committed ? " and
quoth he, " What offence can be greater than this ? Thou sentest
after yonder youth and broughtest him hither, on account of the
lust of thy heart, so thou mightest do with him that for which thou
lustedst." Said she, " I know not carnal desire. Verily, among
thy pages are those who are comelier and seemlier than he ; yet
have I never desired one of them." He asked " Why, then, didst
thou lay hold of him and kiss him ? " And she answered, " This
youth is my son and a piece of my liver ; and of my longing and
affection for him, I could not contain myself, but sprang upon him
and kissed him." When the king heard this, he was dazed and
amazed and said to her, " Hast thou a proof that this youth is thy
son ? Indeed, I have a letter from thine uncle King Sulayman
Shah, informing me that his uncle Bahluwan cut his throat." Said
she "Yes, he did indeed cut his throat, but severed not the wind-
pipe ; so my uncle sewed up the wound and reared him, for thai
his life-term was not come." When the king heard this, he said,
" This proof sufficeth me," and rising forthright in the night, bade
bring the youth and the Eunuch. Then he examined his stepson's
throat with a candle and saw the scar where it had been cut from
ear to ear, and indeed the place had healed up and it was like a
thread stretched out. Thereupon the king fell down prostrate before
Allah, who had delivered the Prince from all these perils and from
the distresses he had suffered, and rejoiced with joy exceeding
because he had delayed and had not made haste to slay him, in
which case mighty sore repentance had betided him. 2 "As for the
youth " continued the young treasurer, " he was not saved but

1 Here the vocative Ya is designedly omitted in poetical fashion (e.g., Khaliliyya my
friend !) to show the speaker's emotion. See p. 113 of Captain A. Lockett's learned
and curious work the " Miet Amil "( = Hundred Regimens) Calcutta, 1814.

2 The story-teller introduces this last instance with considerable art as a preface lo the
denofleinent.

1 50 Supplemental Nights.

because his life-term was deferred, and in like manner, O king, 'tis
with me : I too have a deferred term, which I shall attain, and a
period which I shall accomplish, and I trust in Almighty Allah
that He will give me the victory over these villain Wazirs."
When the youth had made an end of his speech, the king said,
" Restore him to the prison ; " and when they had done this, he
turned to the Ministers and said to them, "Yonder youth
lengtheneth his tongue upon you, but I know your tenderness for
the weal of mine empire and your loyal counsel to me ; so be of
good heart, for all that ye advise me I will do." They rejoiced
when they heard these words, and each of them said his say.
Then quoth the king, " I have not deferred his slaughter but to
the intent that the talk might be prolonged and that words might
abound, yet shall he now be slain without let or stay, and I desire
that forthright ye set up for him a gibbet without the town and
that the crier cry among the folk bidding them assemble and take
him and carry him in procession to the gibbet, with the crier
crying before him and saying : This is the reward of him whom
the king delighted to favour and who hath betrayed him ! " The
Wazirs rejoiced when they heard this, and for their joy slept not
that night ; and they made proclamation in the city and set up
the gallows. .

OF THE SPEEDY RELIEF OF ALLAH.

WHEN it was the eleventh day, the Wazirs repaired in early
morning to the king's gate and said to him, " O king, the folk are
assembled from the portals of the palace to the gibbet, to the end
they may see the king's order carried out on the youth." So
Azadbakht bade fetch the prisoner and they brought him ; where-
upon the Ministers turned to him and said to him, " O vile of
birth, can any lust for life remain with thee and canst thou hope
for deliverance after this day ? " Said he, " O wicked Wazirs, shall
a man of understanding renounce all esperance in Almighty
Allah ? Howsoever a man be oppressed, there cometh to him
deliverance from the midst of distress and life from the midst of
death, as in the case of the prisoner and how Allah delivered him."
Asked the king, " What is his story ? " and the youth answered,,
saying, " O king, they tell

THE STORY OF THE PRISONER AND HOW ALLAH
GAVE HIM RELIEF."

There was once a king of the kings, who had a high palace,
overlooking his prison, and he used to hear in the night one say-
ing, " O Ever-present Deliverer, O Thou whose deliverance is aye
present, relieve Thou me ! " One day the king waxed wroth and
said, " Yonder fool looketh for relief from the pains and penalties
of his crime." Then said he to his officers, " Who is in yonder
jail ? " and said they, " Folk upon whom blood hath been

1 See Chavis and Cazotte " Story of the King of Haram and the slave."

152 Supplemental Nights.

found. >n Hearing this the king bade bring that man before him
and said to him, " O fool, O little of wit, how shalt thou be delivered
from this prison, seeing that thy crime is mortal ? " Then he
committed him to a company of his guards and said to them,
*' Take this wight and crucify him within sight of the city." Now
it was the night season. So the soldiers carried him without the
city, thinking to crucify him, when behold, there came out upon
them robbers and fell upon them with swords and other weapons.
Thereat the guards left him whom they purposed to slay and fled
whilst the man who was going to slaughter also took to flight and
plunging deep into the desert, knew not whither he went before he
found himself in a copse and there came out upon him a lion of
terrible aspect, who snatched him up and cast him under him.
Then he went up to a tree and uprooting it, covered the man
therewithal and made off into the thicket, in quest of the 1-ioness. 2
As for the man, he committed his affair to Allah the Most High,
relying upon Him for deliverance, and said to himself, " What is
this affair ? " Then he removed the leaves from himself and
rising, saw great plenty of men's bones there, of those whom the
lion had devoured. He looked again and behold, he saw a heap
of gold lying alongside a purse-belt; 3 whereat he marvelled and
gathering up the gold in the breast of his gaberdine, went forth of
the copse and fled at hap-hazard, turning neither to the right nor
to the left, in his fear of the lion ; nor did he cease flying till he
came to a village and cast himself down, as he were dead. He
lay there till the day appeared and he was rested from his travail,
when he arose and burying the gold, entered the village. Thus
Allah gave him relief and he got the gold. Then said the king,

1 i.e. men caught red-handed.

2 Arab. " Libwah," one of the multitudinous names for the king of beasts, still
used in Syria where the animal has been killed out, soon to be followed by the bear
(U. Syriacus). The author knows that lions are most olten fcund in couples,

3 Arab, "Himyan or Hamyan/' = a girdle.

Tke Ten Wazirs ; or the History of King Azadbakkt. 153

* How long wilt thou beguile us, O youth, with thy prate ? But
now the hour of thy slaughter is come." So he bade crucify him
upon the gibbet. But as they were about to hoist him up, lo and
behold ! the Captain of the thieves, who had found him and reared
him, came up at that moment and asked, " What be this assembly
and the cause of the crowds here gathered together ? " They
informed him that a page of the king had. committed a mighty
great crime and that he was about to do him die ; so the Captain
of the thieves pressed forward and looking upon the prisoner, knew
him, whereupon he went up to him and strained him to his bosom
and threw his arms round his neck, and fell to kissing him upon
his mouth. 1 Then said he, " This is a boy I found under such a
mountain, wrapped in a gown of brocade, and I reared him and he
fell to cutting the way with us. One day, we set upon a caravan,
but they put us to flight and wounded some of us and took the
lad and ganged their gait. From that day to this I have gone
round about the lands seeking him, but have not found news
of him till now ; and this is he." When the king heard this, he
was assured that the youth was his very son ; so he cried out at
the top of his voice and casting himself upon him, embraced him
and kissed him and shedding tears, said, " Had I put thee to death,
as was mine intent, I should have died of regret for thee." Then
he cut his pinion-bonds and taking his crown from his head, set it
on the head of his son, whereupon the people raised cries of joy,
whilst the trumpets blared and the kettledrums beat and there
befel a mighty great rejoicing. They decorated the city and it
was a glorious day ; even the birds stayed their flight in the welkin,
for the greatness of the greeting and the clamour of the crying.
The army and the folk carried the prince to the palace in splendid
procession, and the news came to his mother Bahrjaur, who fared

1 As he would kiss a son. I have never yet seen an Englishman endure these
masculine kisses, formerly so common in France and Italy, without showing clearest
*igns of his disgust.

154 Supplemental Nights.

forth and threw herself upon him. Moreover, the king bade open
the prison and bring forth all who were therein, and they held high
festival seven days and seven nights and rejoiced with a mighty
rejoicing. Thus it betided the youth ; but as regards the Ministers,
terror and silence, shame and affright fell upon them and they gave
themselves up for lost. After this the king sat, with his son by
his side and the Wazirs on their knees before him, and summoned
his chief officers and the subjects of the city. Then the prince
turned to the Ministers and said to them, " See, O villain Wazirs,
the work of Allah and his speedy relief." But they answered ne'er
a syllable and the king said, " It sufficeth me that there is nothing
alive but rejoiceth with me this day, even to the birds in the sky,
but ye, your breasts are straitened. Indeed, this is the greatest
of hostility in you me-wards, and had I hearkened to you, my
regret had been prolonged and I had died miserably of sorrow."
Quoth the prince, " O my father, but for the fairness of thy thought
and thy perspicacity and thy longanimity and deliberation in
affairs, there had not betided thee this great joy. Hadst thou
slain me in haste, repentance would have been sore on thee and
longsome annoy, and on this wise whoso preferreth haste shall
rue." Presently the king sent for the Captain of the robbers
and bade indue him with a robe of honour, commanding that all
who loved the king should doff their dresses and cast them upon
him. 1 So there fell robes of honour on him, till he was a-wearied
with their weight, and Azadbakht invested him with the mastership
of the police of his city. Then he bade set up other nine gibbets
by the side of the first and said to his son, " Thou art innocent,
and yet these villain Wazirs strave for thy slaughter." Replied
the prince, "O my sire, I had no fault in their eyes but that I
was a loyal counsellor to thee and still kept watch over thy wealth

1 A cheap way of rewarding merit, not confined to Eastern monarchs, but practised
by all contemporary Europe.

The Ten Wazirs; or the History of King A zadbakht. 15$

and withdrew their hands from thy hoards and treasuries ; where-
fore they were jealous and envied me and plotted against me and
planned to slay me." Quoth the king, " The time of retribution
is at hand, O my son ; but what be thy rede we should do with
them in requital of that they did with thee ? And indeed they
have striven for thy slaughter and exposed thee to disgrace and
smirched mine honour among the kings." Then he turned to
the Wazirs and said to them, " Woe to you ! What liars ye
are ! And is aught of excuse left to you ? " Said they, " O
king, there remaineth no excuse for us and we are houghed 1 by
the deed we would have done to him. Indeed we planned evil
to this youth and it hath reverted upon us, and we plotted
mischief against him and it hath overtaken us ; yea, we digged
for him a pit and we ourselves have fallen into it." So the king
bade hoist up the Wazirs upon the gibbets and crucify them there,
because Allah is just and decreeth that which is due. Then
Azadbakht and his wife and son abode in joyance and gladness,
till there came to them the Destroyer of delights and they died all ;
and extolled be the Living One, who dieth not, to whom be glory
and whose mercy be upon us for ever and ever ! Amen.

1 Arab " Kasf," = houghing a camel so as to render it helpless. The passage 8137
read, " we are broken to bits (Kisi) by our own sin."

JA'AFAR BIN YAHYA AND ABD AL-MALIK
BIN SALIH THE ABBASIDE.

'59

JA'AFAR BIN YAHYA AND ABD AL-MALIK BIN
SALIH THE ABBASIDE. 1

IT is told of Ja'afar bin Yahya the Barmecide that he sat down
one day to wine and, being minded to be private, sent for his boon-
companions, with whom he was most familiar, and charged the
chamberlain that he suffer none of the creatures of Almighty
Allah to enter, save a man of his cup-mates, by name Abd al-
Malik bin Salih, who was behindhand with them. Then they
donned brightly-dyed dresses, 2 for it was their wont, as often as
they sat in the wine-stance, to endue raiment of red and yellow
and green silk, and they sat down to drink, and the cups went
round and the lutes thrilled and shrilled. Now there was a man of
the kinsfolk of the Caliph Harun al-Rashid, by name Abd al-
Malikbin Salih 3 bin Ali bin Abdallah bin al- Abbas 4 , who was great
of gravity and sedateness, piety and propriety, and Al-Rashid used

1 Bresl. Edit., vol vii. pp. 251-4, Night dlxv.

* See vol. vi. 175. A Moslem should dress for public occasions, like the mediaeval
stndent, in vestibus (quasi) nigris aut subfuscis ; though not, except amongst the Abba-
sides, absolutely black, as sable would denote Jewry.

* A well-known soldier and statesman, noted for piety and austerity. A somewhat
fuller version of this story, from which I have borrowed certain details-, is given in the
Biographical Dictionary of Ibn Khallikdn (i. 303-4). The latter, however, calls the
first Abd al-Malik " Ibn Bahran " (in the index Ibn Bahrain), which somewhat
spoils the story. " Ibn Khallikan," by-the-by, is derived popularly from '* KhalH "
(let go), and " KSna " (it was, enough), a favourite expression of the author, which at
last superseded his real name, Abu al-Abbds Ahmad. He is better off than the com-
panion nicknamed by Mohammed Abu Horayrab = Father of the She-kitten (not the cat),
and who in consequence has lost his true name and pedigree.

4 In Ibn Khallikan (I. 303) lie is called the " Hashimite," from his ancestor, Hashira
ibn Abd Mandf. The Hasbimites and Abbasides were fine specimens of. the Moslem
Pharisee," as he is known to Christians, not the noble Purushi of authentic history.

l6o Supplemental Nights.

instantly to require that he should company him in converse
and carouse and drink with him and had offered him to such end
abounding wealth, but he never would. It fortuned that this Abd
al-Malik bin Salih came to the door of Ja'afar bin Yahya, so he
might bespeak him of certain requisitions of his, and the chamber-
lain, doubting not but he was the Abd al-Malik bin Salih aforesaid
(whom Ja'afar had permitted him admit and that he should suffer
ncne but him to enter), allowed him to go in to his master.
A-cordingly Abd al-Malik went in, garbed in black, with his
Rusafiyah 1 on his head When Ja'afar saw him, his reason was
like to depart for shame and he understood the case, to wit,
that the chamberlain had been deceived by the likeness of
the name; and Abd al-Malik also perceived how the matter
stood and perplexity was manifest to him in Ja'afar's face.
So he put on a cheery countenance and said, "No harm be
upon you! 2 Bring us of these dyed clothes." Thereupon
they brought him a dyed robe 3 and he donned it and sat dis-
coursing gaily with Ja'afar and jesting with him. Then said he,
" Allow us to be a partaker in your pleasures, and give us to drink
of your Nabfz. 4 So they brought him a silken robe and poured him
out a pint, when he said, " We crave your indulgence, for we have
no wont of this." Accordingly Ja'afar ordered a flagon of Nabfz
be set before him, that he might drink whatso he pleased. Then,
having anointed himself with perfumes, he chatted and jested with

1 Meaning a cap, but of what shape we ignore. Ibn Khallikan afterwards calls it a
4 'Italansua," a word still applied to a mitre worn by Christian priests.

8 Arab. La baas," equivalent in conveisation to our "No matter," and "All
right."

* As a member of the reigning family, he wore black clothes, that being the especial
colour of the Abbasides, adopted by them in opposition to the rival dynasty of the
Ommiades, whose family colour was white, that of the Fatimites being green. The Moslems
borrowed their sacred green, "the hue of the Pure," from the old Nabatheans and the
other primitive colours from the tents of the captains who were thus distinguished.
Hence also amongst the Turks and Tartars, the White Horde and the Black Horde.

4 The word has often occurred, meaning date-wine or grape-wine. Ibn Khaldft*
contends that in Ibn Khallikan it here means the former.

J a' afar bin Yahya and Abd al-Malik bin Salih the Abbaside. 161

them till Ja'afar's bosom broadened and his constraint ceased from
him and his shame, and he rejoiced in this with joy exceeding and
asked Abd al-Malik, " What is thine errand ? Inform me thereof,
for I cannot sufficiently acknowledge thy courtesy." Answered the
other, " I come (amend thee Allah !) on three requirements, of which
I would have thee bespeak the Caliph ; to wit, firstly, I have on
me a debt to the amount of a thousand thousand dirhams, 1 which
I would have paid : secondly, I desire for my son the office of
Wali or governor of a province, 2 whereby his rank may be raised :
and thirdly, I would fain have thee marry him to Al-'Aliyah, the
daughter of the Commander of the Faithful, for that she is his
cousin and he is a match for her." Ja'afar said, " Allah acconv
plisheth unto thee these three occasions. As for the money,
it shall be carried to thy house this very hour : as for the govern-
ment, I make thy son Viceroy of Egypt ; and as for the marriage,
I give him to mate Such-an-one, the daughter of our lord the Prince
of True Believers, at a dowry of such and such a sum. So depart
in the assurance of Allah Almighty." Accordingly Abd al-Malik
went away much astonished at Ja'afar's boldness in undertaking
such engagements. He fared straight for his house, whither he
found that the money had preceded him, and on the morrow
Ja'afar presented himself before Al-Rashid and acquainted him
with what had passed, and that he had appointed Abd al-Malik's
son Wali of Egypt 3 and had promised him his daughter, Al-'Aliyah
to wife. The Caliph was pleased to approve of this and he
confirmed the appointment and the marriage. Then he sent for

1 =.25,000. Ibn Khallikan (i. 304) makes the debt four millions of dirhams or
90,000 1 00,000.

2 In the Biographer occurs the equivalent phrase, " That a standard be borne over his
head."

3 Here again we have a suggestion that Ja'afar presumed upon his favour with the
Caliph ; such presumption would soon be reported (perhaps by the austtre intrigant
himself) to the royal ears, and lay the foundation of ill-will likely to end in utter
destruction.

VOL. L

1 62 Supplemental Nights.

the young man and he went not forth of the palace of the Caliphate
till Al-Rashid wrote him the patent of investiture with the govern-
ment of Egypt ; and -he let bring the Kazis and the witnesses and
drew up the contract of marriage.

AL-RASHID AND THE BARMECIDES.

I6 5

AL-RASHID AND THE BARMECIDES. 1

IT is said that the most wondrous of matters which happened to
Al-Rashid was this. His brother Al-Hddf, 2 when he succeeded to
the Caliphate, enquired of a seal-ring of great price, which had
belonged to his father Al-Mahdi, 8 and it reached him that Al<
Rashid had taken it. So he required it of him, but he refused to
give it up, and Al-Hadi insisted upon him, yet he still denied the
seal-ring of the Caliphate. Now this was on Tigris-bridge, and he
threw the ring into the river. 4 When Al-Hadi died and Al-Rashid
succeeded to the Caliphate, he went in person to that very place
with a seal-ring of lead, which he cast into the stream at the same
stead, and bade the divers seek it. So the duckers did his bidding
and brought up the first ring, and this was counted an omen of
Al-Rashid's good fortune and of the continuance of his reign.*

1 Bresl. Edit., vol. vii. pp. 258-60, Night dlxvfi.

8 Fourth Abbaside, A.D. 785-786, vol. v. 93. He was a fantastic tyrant who was
bent upon promoting to the Caliphate his own son, Ja'afar ; he cast Harun into prison
and would probably have slain him but for the intervention of the mother of the two
brothers, Khayzaran widow of Al-Mahdi, and Yahya the Barmecide.

3 Third Abbaside, A.D. 775-785, vol. vii. 136; ix, 334.

4 This reminds us of the Bir Al-Khatim (Well of the Signet) at Al-Medinah ; in
which Caliph Osman during his sixth year dropped from his finger the silver ring
belonging to the founder of Al-Islam, engraved in three lines with " Mohammed |
Apostle (of) | Allah | ." It had served to sign the letters sent to neighbouring kings and
had descended to the first three successors (Pilgrimage ii. 219). Mohammed owned three
seal-rings, the golden one he destroyed himself; and the third, which was of carnelian,
was buried with other objects by his heirs. The late Subhi Pasha used to declare that
the latter had been brought to him with early Moslem coins by an Arab, and when he
died he left it to the Sultan.

* Mr. Payne quotes Al-Tabari's version of this anecdote. " El-Mehdi had presented
his son Haroun with a ruby ring, worth a hundred thousand dinars, and the latter being
one day with his brother [the then reigning KhalifJ, El Hadi saw the ring on his finger
and desired it. So, when Haroun went out from him, he sent after him, to seek the

1 66 Supplemental Nights.

When Al-Rashid came to the throne, he invested Ja'afar bin

Yahya bin Khalid al-Barmaki l with the Wazirate. Now Ja'afar

was eminently noted for generosity and munificence, and the

histories of him to this purport are renowned and have been

documented. None of the Wazirs rose to the rank and favour

whereto he attained with Al-Rashid, who was wont to call him

brother 2 and used to carry him with him into his house. The

period of his Wazirate was nineteen 3 years, and Yahya one day

said to his son Ja'afar, "O my son, as long as thy reed trembleth, 4

water it with kindness." Men differ concerning the reason of

Ja'afar's slaughter, but the better opinion is as follows. Al-Rashid

could not bear to be parted from Ja'afar nor from his own sister

'Abbdsah, daughter of Al-Mahdi, a single hour, and she was the

loveliest woman of her day ; so he said to Ja'afar, " I will marry

thee to her, that it may be lawful to thee to look upon her, but

thou shalt not touch her." After this time the twain used to be

present in Al-Rashid's sitting chamber. Now the Caliph would

get up bytimes and leave the chamber, and they being filled with

wine as well as being young, Ja'afar would rise to her and know

ring of him. The Khalifs messenger overtook Er Reshid on the bridge over the Tigris
and acquainted him with his errand ; whereupon the prince, enraged at the demand,
pulled off the ring and threw it into the river. When El Hadi died and Er Reshid
succeeded to the throne, he went with his suite to the bridge in question and bade his
Vizier Yehya ben Khalid send for divers and cause them make search for the ring. It
had then been five months in the water and no one believed it would be found. How-
ever, the divers plunged into the river and found the ring in the very place where he
had thrown it in, whereat Haroun rejoiced with an exceeding joy, regarding it as a
presage of fair fortune."

1 Not historically correct. Al-Rashid made Yahya, father of Ja'afar, his Wazir ; and
the minister's two sons, Fazl and Ja'afar, acted as his lieutenants for seventeen years from
A.D. 786 till the destruction of the Barmecides in A.D. 803. The tale-telter quotes
Ja'afar because he was the most famous of the house.

2 Perhaps after marrying Ja'afar to his sister. But the endearing name was usually
addressed to Ja'afar's elder brother Fazl, who was the Caliph's foster-brother.

' Read seventeen: all these minor inaccuracies tend to invalidate the main state-
ment.

* Arab. " Yar'ad " which may also mean " thundereth." The dark saying apparently
means, Do good whilst thou art in power and thereby strengthen thyself.

A l-Raskid and the Barmecides. 1 67

her carnally. 1 She conceived by him and bare a handsome boy ;
and, fearing Al-Rashid, she dispatched the new-born child by one
of her confidants to Meccah the Magnified (May Allah Almighty
greaten it in honour and increase it in venerance and nobility and
magnification !). The affair abode concealed till there befel a
brabble between Abbasah and one of her hand-maidens whereupon
the slave-girl discovered the affair of the child to Al-Rashid and
acquainted him with its abiding-place. So, when the Caliph
pilgrimaged, he sent one who brought him the boy and found the
matter true, wherefore he caused befal the Barmecides whatso
befel. 2

1 The lady seems to have made the first advances and Bin Abu Hajilah quotes a
sbcaine in which she amorously addresses her spouse. See D'Herbelot, s.v. Abbassa.

3 The tale-teller passes with a very light hand over the horrors of a massacre which
terrified and scandalised the then civilised world, and which still haunt Moslem history.
The Caliph, like the king, can do no wrong ; and, as Viceregent of Allah upon Earth,
what would be deadly crime and mortal sin in others becomes in his case an ordinance
from above. These actions are superhuman events and fatal which man must not
judge nor feel any sentiment concerning them save one of mysterious respect. For the
slaughter of the Barmecides, see my Terminal Essay, vol. x.

IBN AL-SAMMAK AND AL-RASHID.

IBN AL-SAMMAK AND AL-RASHID.*

IT is related that Ibn al-Sammdk* went in one day to Al-
Rashid, and the Caliph, being athirst, called for drink. So his cup
was brought him, and when he took it, Ibn al-Sammak said to
him, " Softly, O Prince of True Believers ! An thou wert denied
this draught, with how much wouldst thou buy it ? " He replied,
"With the half of my reign ;" and Ibn al-Sammak said, "Drink
and Allah make it grateful to thee ! " Then, when he had drunken;
he asked him, "An thou wert denied the issuing forth of the
draught from thy body, with what wouldst thou buy its issue ? w
Answered Al-Rashid, " With the whole of my reign ; " and Ibn al-
Sammak said, " O Commander of the Faithful, verily, a realm that
weigheth not in the balance against a draught of water or a voiding
of urine is not worth the striving for." And Harun wept.

1 Bresl. Edit., vol. vii. pp. 260-1, Night dlxviii.

8 Ibn al-Sammak (Son of the fisherman or fishmonger), whose name was Abu al-
Abbas Mohammed bin Sabfh, surnnmed Al-Mazkur (Ibn al-Athir says Al-Muzakkai),
was a native of Kufah (where he died in A.H. 183 = 799~8o), a preacher and pro-
fessional tale-teller famed as a stylist and a man of piety. Al-Siyuti (p. 292) relate*
of him that when honoured by the Caliph with courteous reception he said to him, " Thjr
humility in thy greatness is nobler than thy greatness." He is known to have been the
only theologician who, ex talhtdrd, promised Al-Rashid a place in Parauis*.

AL-MAAMUN AND ZUBAYBAH.

AL-MAAMUN AND ZUBAYDAH. 1

IT is said that Al-Maamun 2 came one day upon Zubaydah,
mother of Al-Ami'n, 3 and saw her moving her lips and muttering
somewhat he understood not ; so he said to her, " O mother mine,
art thou cursing me because I slew thy son and spoiled him of
his realm ? " Said she, " Not so, by Allah, O Commander of the
Faithful ! " and quoth he, " What then was it thou saidst ? "
Quoth she, " Let the Prince of True Believers excuse me." But
he was urgent with her, saying, " There is no help but that thou
tell it." And she replied, " I said, Allah confound importunity ! "
He asked, " How so ? " and she answered, " I played one day at
chess with the Commander of the Faithful, Harun al-Rashid, and
he imposed on me the condition of forfeits. 4 He won and made

1 Bresl. Edit., vol. vii. pp. 261-2, Night dlxviii.

1 Seventh Abbaside, A.H. 198-227 = 813-842. See vol. iv. 109. He was a favourite
with his father, who personally taught him tradition ; but he offended the Faithful by
asserting the creation of the Koran, by his leaning to Shi'ah doctrine, and by changing
the black garments of the Banu Abbas into green, He died of a chill at Budandun, a
day's march from Tarsus, where he was buried : for this Podendon = iroSa Ttivetv
:= Mretch out thy feet, see Al-Siyuti, pp. 326-27.

'Sixth Abbaside, A.D. 809-13. See vol. v. 93: 152. He was of pure Abbaside
blood on the father's side and his mother Zubaydah's. But he was unhappy in his
Wazir Al-Fazl bin Rabi', the intriguer against the Barmecides, who estranged him from
his brothers Al-Kasim and Al-Maamun. At last he was slain by a party of Persians, " who
struck him with their swords, and cut him through the nape of his neck and went with
his bead to Tahir bin al-Husayn, general to Al-Maamun, who set it upon a garden-wall
and made proclamation, This is the head of the deposed Mohammed (Al-Amin)." Al-
Siyuti, pp. 306-311. It was remarked by Moslem annalists that every sixth Abbaside
met with a violent death : the first was this Mohammed al- Amin surnamed Al-Makhlu*
= The Deposed ; the second sixth was Al-Musta'(n ; and the last was Al-Muktadi
bi Mlah.

* Lit. " Order and acceptance." See the Tak of the Sandal-wood Merchant and
the Sharpers : vol. vi. 202.

176 Supplemental Nights.

me doff my dress and walk round about the palace, stark naked ;
so I did this, and I felt incensed against him. Then we fell again
to playing and I won ; whereat I made him go to the kitchen and
lie with the foulest and fulsomest wench of the wenches thereof ;
but I found not a slave-girl fouler and filthier than thy mother j 1
so I bade him tumble her. He did my bidding and she conceived
by him of thee, and thus was I the cause of the slaying of my son
and the spoiling him of his realm." When Al-Maamun heard
this, he turned away, saying, " Allah curse the importunate!**
that is, himself, who had importuned her till she acquainted him
with that affair.

1 This is not noticed by Al-Siyuti (p. 318) who says that his mother was a slave-
concubine named Marajil who died in giving him birth. The tale in the text appears
to be a bit of Court scandal, probably suggested by the darkness of the Caliph's com-
plexion*

AL-NU'UMAN AND THE ARAB OF THE
BANU TAY.

179

'AL-NU'UMAN AND THE ARAB OF THE BANU TAY.*

IT is said that Al-Nu'umdn 2 had two boon-companions, one of
whom was hight Ibn Sa'ad and the other Amru bin al-Malik, and
he became one night drunken and bade bury them alive ; so they
buried them. When he arose on the morrow, he asked for them
and was acquainted with their affair, whereupon he built over
them a building and appointed to himself a day of ill-luck and a
day of good fortune. If any met him on his unlucky day, he slew
him and with his blood he washed that monument, which is a place
well known in Kufah ; and if any met him on his day of good
fortune he enriched him. Now there accosted him once, on his
day of ill-omen, an Arab of the Banii Tay, 8 and Al-Nu'uman would
have done him dead ; but the Arab said, " Allah quicken the
king ! I have two little girls and have made none guardian over
them ; wherefore, an the king see fit to grant me leave to go to
them, I will give him the covenant of Allah 4 that I will return
to him, as soon as I shall have appointed unto them a guardian."
Al-Nu'uman had ruth on him and said to him, " An a man
will be surety for thee of those who are with us, I will let

1 Bresl. Edit., vol. viii. pp. 226-9, Nights dclx-i.

1 King of the Arab kingdom of Hi rah, for whom see vol. v. 74. This ancient villain
rarely appears in such favourable form when tales are told of him.

3 The tribe of the chieftain and poet, Hatim Tai, for whom see vol. iv. 94.

* i.e. I will make a covenant with him before the Lord. Here the word "Allah"
is introduced among the Arabs of The Ignorance.

1 80 Supplemental Nights.

thee go, and if thou return not I will slay him." Now there
was with Al-Nu'uman his Wazir Shank bin Amru : so the Taf 1
looked at him and said :

Ho thou, Sharfk, O Amru-son is there fro* Death repair ? O brother to men

brotherless, brother of all in care !
O brother of Al-Nu'umin an old man this day spare, o An old man slain and

Allah deign fair meed for thee prepare !

Quoth Sharik, " On me be his warranty, Allah assain the king ! "
So the Tcii departed, after a term had been assigned him for his
returning. Now when the appointed day arrived, Al-Nu'uman sent
for Sharik and said to him, " Verily the high noon of this day
is past;" and Sharik answered, "The king hath no procedure
against me till it be eventide." Whenas evened the evening,
there appeared one afar off and Al-Nu'uman fell to looking upon
him and on Sharik who said to him, " Thou hast no right over me
till yonder person come, for haply he is my man." As he spake,
up came the Tdf in haste and Al-Nu'uman said, " By Allah,
never saw I any more generous than you two t I know not which
of you be the nobler, whether this one who became warrant for
thee in death-risk or thou who returnest to thy slaughter." Then
quoth he to Sharik, " What drave thee to become warrant for him,
knowing the while that it was death ? " and quoth he, " I did
this lest it be said, Generosity hath departed from Wazirs.'' Then
Al-Nu'uman asked the T4f, " And thou, what prompted thee to
return, knowing that therein was death and thine own destruction ? "
and the Arab answered, " I did this lest it be said, Fidelity hath
departed from the folk ; for such thing would be a shame to
mine issue and to my tribe." And Al-Nu'uman cried, " By Allah,
I will be the third of you, lest it be said, Mercy hath departed

' i.e. The man of the tribe of Tay.

Al-Nu'uman and the Arab of the Banu Tay. 181

from the kings." So he pardoned him and bade abolish the day
of ill-luck ; whereupon the Arab began to say :

A many urged me that I false my faith, e But I refused whatso the wights could

plead ;
For I'm a man in whom Faith dwells for aye, o And every true man's word is

pledge of deed.

Quoth Al-Nu'uman, '"What prompted thee to keep faith, the case
being as thou sayest ? " Quoth he, " O king, it was my religion."'
Al-Nu'uman asked, " What is thy religion ? " and he answered,
" The Nazarene ! " The king said, " Expound it to me/' So
the Tdf expounded it to him and Al-Nu'uman became a
Christian. 1

1 A similar story of generous dealing is told of the Caliph Omar in The Nights. See
vol. v. 99 et sqq.

FIRUZ AND HIS WIFE.

F1RUZ AND HIS WIFE. 1

THEY relate that a certain king sat one day on the terrace-root of
his palace, solacing himself with the view, and presently, his wander-
ing glances espied, on a house-top over against his palace, a woman
seer never saw her like. So he turned to those present and asked
them, " To whom belongeth yonder house ?" when they answered,
u To thy servant Firuz, and that is his spouse." So he went down
(and indeed passion had made him drunken as with wine, and he
was deeply in love of her), and calling Firuz, said to him, " Take
this letter and go with it to such a city and bring me the reply."
Firuz took the letter and going to his house, laid it under his
head and passed that night ; and when the morning morrowed, he
farewelled his wife and fared for that city, unknowing what his
sovran purposed against him. As for the king, he arose in haste
after the husband had set out and repairing to the house of Firuz
in disguise, knocked at the entrance. Quoth Firuz's wife, " Who's at
the door ? " and quoth he, saying, " I am the king, thy husband's
master." So she opened and he entered and sat down, saying,
" We are come to visit thee." She cried, " I seek refuge 2 from this
visitation, for indeed I deem not well of it ;" but the king said,
" O desire of hearts, I am thy husband's master and methinks
thou knowest me not." She replied, " Nay, I know thee, O my
lord and master, and I wot thy purpose and whatso thou wantest

1 Bres. Edit., vol. viii. pp. 273-8, Nights dclxxv-vi. In Syria and Egypt Firuz
(the Persian " Piroz ") = victorious, triumphant, is usually pronounced Fayniz. The
tale is a rechauffe of the King and the Wazir's Wife in The Nights. See vol. vi.
129.

* i.t. I seek refuge with Allah = God forfend.

Supplemental Nights.

and that thou art my husband's lord. I understand what thou
wishest, and indeed the poet hath forestalled thee in his saying
of the verses referring to thy case :

Now will I leave your water-way untrod ; o For many treading that same way

I see :
When fall the clustering flies upon the food, o 1 raise my nand whate'er my

hunger be :
And lions eke avoid the water-way o When dogs to lap at fountain-side are

free.

Then said she, " O king, comest thou to a watering-place
whereat thy dog hath drunk and wilt thou drink thereof?" The
king was abashed at her and at her words and fared forth from her
but forgot his sandal in the house. Such was his case ; but as
regards Firuz, when he went forth from his house, he sought the
letter, but found it not in pouch ; so he returned home. Now his
return fell in with the king's going forth and he came upon the
sandal in his house, whereat his wit was wildered and he knew
that the king had not sent him away save for a device of his own.
However, he kept silence and spake not a word, but, taking the
letter, went on his mission and accomplished it and returned to
the king, who gave him an hundred dinars. So Firuz betook him-
self to the bazar and bought what beseemeth women of goodly
gifts and returning to his wife, saluted her and gave her all he
had purchased, and said to her, " Arise and hie thee to thy father's
home." Asked she, " Wherefore ? " and he answered, " Verily, the
king hath been bountiful to me and I would have thee make this
public, so thy father may joy in that which he seeth upon thee."
She rejoined " With love and gladness," and arising forthwith,
betook herself to the house of her father, who rejoiced in her
coming and in that which he saw upon her ; and she abode with
him a month's space, and her husband made no mention of her.
Then came her brother to him and said, " O Firuz, an thou wilt
not acquaint me with the reason of thine anger against thy wife,

Firuz and his Wife. \ 87

come and plead with us before the king." Quoth he, " If ye
will have me plead with you, I will e'en plead." So they went to
the king and found the Kazi sitting with him ; whereupon the
damsel's brother began, " Allah assist our lord the Kazi ! I let
this man on hire a flower-garden, high-walled, with a well well-con-
ditioned and trees fruit-laden ; but he beat down its walls and
ruined its well and ate its fruits, and now he desireth to return it
to me." The Kazi turned to Firuz and asked him, " What sayest
thou, O youth?" when he answered, " Indeed, I delivered him
the garden in better case than it was before." So the Kazi said to
the brother, " Hath he delivered to thee the garden, as he
avoucheth ? " And the pleader replied, " No ; but I desire to
question him of the reason of his returning it." Quoth the Kazi,
" What sayest thou, O youth ? " And quoth Firuz, " I returned it
willy nilly, because I entered it one day and saw the trail of the
lion ; so I feared lest an I entered it again, the lion should devour
me. Wherefore that which I did, I did of reverence to him and
for fear of him." Now the king was leaning back upon the
cushion, and when he heard the young man's words, he com-
prehended the purport thereof ; so he sat up and said, " Return to
thy flower-garden in all ease of heart ; for, by Allah, never saw I
the like of thy garth nor stronger of guard than its walls over its
trees ! " So Firuz returned to his wife, and the Kazi knew not the
truth of the affair, no, nor any of those who were in that assembly,
save the king and the husband and the wife's brother.

KING SHAFT BAKHT AND HIS WAZIR
AL-RAHWAN.

KING SHAH BAKHT AND HIS WAZIR AL-RAHWAN. 1

THEY relate that there was once, in days of yore and in bygone
ages and times long gone before, a king of the kings of the time,
Shah Bakht hight, who had troops and servants and guards in
hosts and a Wazir called Al-Rahwan, who was learned, under-:
standing, a loyal counsellor and a cheerful acceptor of the com-
mandments of Almighty Allah, to whom belong Honour and Glory.
The king committed to this Minister the affairs of his kingdom
and his lieges and spake according to his word, and in this way he
abode a long space of time. Now this Wazir had many foes, who
envied his position and sought to do him harm, but thereunto
found no way and the Lord, in His immemorial fore-knowledge and
His fore-ordinance decreed that the king dreamt that the Minister
Al-Rahwan gave him a fruit from off a tree and he ate it and died.
So he awoke, startled and troubled, and when the Wazir had pre^
sented himself before him and had retired and the king was alone
with those in whom he trusted, he related to them his vision and
they advised him to send for the astrologers and interpreters and
commended to him a Sage, whose skill and wisdom they attested.

1 Bresl. Edit., vol. xi. pp. 84-318, Nights dccclxxv-dccccxxx. Here again the
ames are Persian, showing the provenance of the tale; Shah Bakht is = King Luck
and Rahwan is a corruption of Rahban = one who keeps the (right) way ; or it may be
Ruhban=the Pious. Mr. W. A. Clouston draws my attention to the fact that this ttle
is of the Sindibad (Seven Wise Masters) cycle and that he finds remotely allied to it a
Siamese collection, entitled Nonthuk Pakaranam in which Princess Kankras, to save
the life of her father, relates eighty or ninety tales to the king of Palaliput (Palibothra.)
He purposes to discuss this and similar subjects in extenso in his coming volumes,
" Popular Tales and Fictions: their Migrations and Transformations," to which I look
forward with pleasant anticipations.

192 Supplemental Nights.

Accordingly the king bade him be brought and entreated him with
honour and made him draw near to himself. Now there had been
in private intercourse with that Sage a company of the Wazir's
enemies, who besought him to slander the .Minister to the king 1
and counsel him to do him dead, in view of what they promised
him of much wealth ; and he made agreement with them on this
and acquainted the king that the Minister would slay him within
the coming month and bade him hasten to put him to death, else
would he surely be killed. Presently, the Wazir entered and the
king signed to him to clear the place. So he signed to those who
were present to withdraw, and they withdrew ; whereupon quoth
the king to him, " How deemest thou, O Minister of loyal counsel
in all manner of contrivance, concerning a vision I have seen in
my sleep ? " " What is it, O king ? " asked the Wazir, and Shah
Bakht related to him his dream, adding, *' And indeed the Sage
interpreted it to me and said to me :* An thou do not the Wazir
dead within a month, assuredly he will slay thee. Now to put the
like of thee to death, I am loath exceedingly, yet to leave thee on
life do I sorely fear. How then dost thou advise me act in this
affair?" The Wazir bowed his head earthwards awhile, then
raised it and said, " Allah prosper the king ! Verily, it availeth
not to continue him on life of whom the king is afraid, and my
counsel is that thou hasten to put me out of the world." When
the king heard his speech and dove into the depths of his meaning,
he turned to him and said, " 'Tis grievous to me, O Wazir of good
rede ; " and he told him that the other sages had attested the wit
and wisdom of the astrophil. Now hearing these words Al-Rahwan
sighed and knew that the king went in fear of him ; but he showed
him fortitude and said to him, " Allah assain the sovran ! My rede
is that the king carry out his commandment and his decree be
dight, for that needs must death be and 'tis fainer to me that I
die oppressed, than that I die an oppressor. But, an the king
judge proper to postpone the putting of me to death till the

King Shah Bakht and his Wazir Al-Rahwan. 193

morrow and will pass this night with me and farewell me whenas
the morning cometh, the king shall do whatso he willeth." Then
he wept till he wetted his gray hairs and the king was moved to
ruth for him and granted him that which he craved and vouchsafed
him a respite for that night. 1

1 So far this work resembles the Bakhtiyar-nimeh, in which the ten Wazirs are eager
for the death of the hero who relates tales and instances to the king, warning him against
the evils of precipitation.

194

JFtrst "Niofrt of t&e

WHEN it was eventide, the king caused clear his sitting chamber
and summoned the Wazir, ivho presented himself and making
his obeisance to the king, kissed ground before him and related
to him

THE TALE OF THE MAN OF KHORASAN, HIS SON AND

HIS TUTOR.

There was once a man of Khorasan and he had a son, whose
moral weal he ardently wished ; but the young man sought to be
alone and far from the eye of his father, so he might give him-
self up to pleasuring and pleasance. Accordingly he sought of his
sire leave to make the pilgrimage to the Holy House of Allah and
to visit the tomb of the Prophet (whom Allah save and assain !).
Now between them and Meccah was a journey of five hundred
parasangs ; but his father could not contrary him, for that the
Holy Law had made pilgrimage 1 incumbent on him and because
of that which he hoped for him of improvement. So he joined
unto him a tutor, in whom he trusted, and gave him much money
and took leave of him. The son set out with his governor on the
holy pilgrimage, 2 and abode on the like wise, spending freely and
using not thrift. Also there was in his neighbourhood a poor
man, who had a slave-girl of passing beauty and grace, alnd the
youth conceived a desire for her and suffered sore cark and care

1 One pilgrimage (Hajjat al-Islam) is commanded to all Moslems. For its conditions
eee The Nights, vol. v. 202, et sqq.

2 Arab. " Hajj al-Sharif." For the expenses of the process see my Pilgrimage
Hi. 12. As In all "Holy Places," from Rome to Benares, the sinner in search of
salvation is hopelessly taken in and fleeced by the " sons of the sacred cities."

The Tale of the Man of Khorasan, his Son and his Tutor. 195

for the love of her and her loveliness, so that he was like to
perish for passion ; and she also loved him with a love yet greater
than his love for her. Accordingly, the damsel summoned an
old woman who used to visit her and acquainted her with her
case, saying, " An I foregather not with him, I shall die." The
crone promised her that she would do her best to bring her to
her desire ; so she veiled herself and repairing to the young
man, saluted him with the salam and acquainted him with the
girl's case, saying, " Her master is a greedy wight ; so do thou
invite him and lure him with lucre, and he will sell thee the hand-
maiden." Accordingly, he made a banquet, and standing in the
man's way, invited him l and brought him to his house, where
they sat down and ate and drank and abode in talk. Presently,
the young man said to the other, " I hear thou hast with thee a
slave-girl, whom thou desirest to sell ; " but he said, " By Allah,

my lord, I have no mind to sell her !" Quoth the youth, " I
have heard that she cost thee a thousand dinars, and I will give
thee six hundred over and above that sum ; " and quoth the other,
" I sell her to thee at that price." So they fetched notaries who
wrote out the contract of sale, and the young man weighed to the
girl's master half the purchase money, saying, " Let her be with
thee till I complete to thee the rest of the price and take my
hand-maid." The owner consented to this and took of him a
written bond for the rest of the money, and the girl abode with
her master, on deposit." 2 As for the youth, he gave his governor a
thousand dirhams and sent him to his sire, to fetch money from him,
so he might pay the rest of the hand-maid's price, saying to him,
" Be not long away." But the tutor said in his mind, " How shall

1 fare to his father and say to him, Thy son hath wasted thy

1 Here a stranger invites a guest who at once accepts the invitation ; such is the
freedom between Moslems at Meccah and Al Medinah, especially during pilgrimage-
time.

* i.e. the master could no longer use her carnally.

Supplemental Nights.

money and made love with it ? " ! With what eye shall I look
on him and, indeed, I am he in whom he confided and to whom
he hath entrusted his son? Verily, this were ill rede. Nay, I
will fare on with this pilgrimage -caravan 2 in despite of my fool
of a youth ; and when he is weary of waiting, he will demand
back his money and return to his father, and I shall be quit of
travail and trouble." So he went on with the pilgrimage-caravan 3
and took up his abode there. 4 Meanwhile, the youth tarried
expecting his tutor's return, but he returned not ; wherefore con-
cern and chagrin grew upon him because of his mistress, and
his yearning for her redoubled and he was like to kill himself.
She became aware of this and sent him a messenger, bidding him
visit her. Accordingly he went to her, and she questioned him of the
case ; when he told her what was to do of the matter of his tutor,
and she said to him, " With me is longing the like of that which is
with thee, and I doubt me thy messenger hath perished or thy
father hath slain him ; but I will give thee all my jewellery and
my dresses, and do thou sell them and weigh out the rest of my
price, and we will go, I and thou, to thy sire." So she handed to
him all she had and he sold it and paid the rest of her price ;
after which there remained to him for spending-money an
hundred dirhams. These he spent and lay that night with the
damsel in all delight of life, and his sprite was like to fly for joy :
but when he arose in the morning, he sat weeping and the damsel
said to him, " What causeth thee to weep ? " Said he, " I
know not an my father be dead, and he hath none other heir

1 i.e. wantoned it away.

2 Here "Al-Hajj" = the company of pilgrims, a common use of the term.

3 The text says, " He went on with the caravan to the Pilgrimage," probably a clerical
error. " Hajj " is never applied to the Visitation (Ziyarah) at Al-Medinah.

* Arab. "Jawar," that is, he became a mujawir, one who lives in or near a
collegiate mosque. The Egyptian proverb says, " He pilgrimaged : quoth one, Yes,
and for his villainy lives (yujawir) at Meccah," meaning that he found no other place bad
enough for him.

The Tale of the Man of Khorasan, his Son and his Tutor. 197

save myself; but how shall I get to him, seeing I own not a
dirham?" Quoth she, "I have a bangle ; sell it and buy seed-
pearls with the price : then round them and fashion them into
great unions * and thereby thou shalt gain much money, with the
which we may find our way to thy country." So he took the
bangle and repairing to a goldsmith, said to him, ' Break up this
bracelet and sell it ; " but he said, " The king seeketh a perfect
bracelet : I will go to him and bring thee its price." Presently
he bore the bangle to the Sultan and it pleased him greatly
by reason of its goodly workmanship. Then he called an old
woman, who was in his palace, and said to her, " Needs must I
have the mistress of this bracelet though but for a single night, or I
shall die ; " and the old woman replied, " I will bring her to thee."
Thereupon she donned a devotee's dress and betaking herself
to the goldsmith, said to him, " To whom belongeth the bangle
which is now with the king ?" and said he, "It belongeth to a
stranger, who hath bought him a slave-girl from this city and
lodgeth with her in such a place." Upon this the old woman
repaired to the young man's house and knocked at the door.
The damsel opened to her and seeing her clad in devotee's garb, 2
saluted her with the salam and asked her saying, " Haply thou hast
some need of us ? " Answered the old woman, " Yes, I desire a
private place, where I can perform the Wuzu-ablution ; " and quoth
the girl, " Enter." So she entered and did her requirement and
made the ablution and prayed : 3 then she brought out a rosary
and began to tell her beads thereon, and the damsel said to her,

1 1 have often heard of this mysterious art in the East, also of similarly making rubies
and branch-coral of the largest size ; but, despite all my endeavours, I never was allowed
lo witness the operation. It was the same with alchemy, which, however, I found very
useful to the "smasher." See my History of Sindh, chapt. vii.

2 Elsewhere in The Nights specified as white woollen robes.

8 Whilst she was praying the girl could not address her; but the use of the rosary is a
kind of " parergon."

198 Supplemental Nights.

" Whence comest thou, O pilgrimess ? " ! Said she, " From visit-
ing the Idol of the Absent in such a church. 2 There standeth up
no woman before him 3 , who hath a distant friend and discloseth to
him her desire, but he acquainteth her with her case and giveth
her news of her absent one." Said the damsel " O pilgrimess,
we have an absent one, and my lord's heart cleaveth to him and
I desire to go question the Idol of him." Quoth the crone, " Do
thou wait till to-morrow and ask leave of thy spouse, and I will
come to thee and fare with thee in weal and welfare." Then she
went away, and when the girl's master came, she sought his permis-
sion to go with the old trot, and he gave her leave. So the beldame
came and took her and carried her to the king's door, she, un-
knowing whither she went. The damsel entered with her and
beheld a goodly house and decorated apartments which were no
idol's chamber. Then came the king and seeing her beauty and
loveliness, went up to her to buss her ; whereupon she fell down in
a fainting fit and struck out with her hands and feet. 4 When he
saw this, he held aloof from her in ruth and left her ; but the
matter was grievous to her and she refused meat and drink, and
as often as the king drew near to her, she fled from him in fear, so
he swore by Allah that he would not approach her save with her
consent and fell to presenting her with ornaments and raiment ;
but her aversion to him only increased. Meanwhile, the youth
her master abode expecting her; but she returned not and his
heart already tasted the bitter draught of separation ; so he went
forth at hap-hazard, distracted and knowing not what he should
do, and began strewing dust upon his head and crying out, " The

1 Arab. "Ya Hajjah" (in Egypt pronounced " Haggeh "), a polite address to an
elderly woman, who is thus supposed to have " finished her faith."

* Arab. " Kanfsah " (from Kans = sweeping) a pagan temple, a Jewish synagogue,
and especially a Christian church.

J t.t. standeth in prayer or supplication.

* '.#. fell into hysterics, a very common complaint amongst the highly nervous and
excitable races, of the East.

The Tale of the Man of K/iorasan, his Son and his Tutor. 199

old woman hath taken her and gone away ! " The little boys
followed him with stones and pelted him, crying, " A madman !
A madman ! " Presently, the king's Chamberlain, who was a per-
sonage of years and worth, met him, and when he saw this youth, he
forbade the boys and drave them away from him, after which he
accosted him and asked him of his affair. So he told him his tale
and the Chamberlain said to him, " Fear not ! I will deliver thy
slave-girl for thee ; so calm thy concern." And he went on to
speak him fair and comfort him, till he had firm reliance on his
word. Then he carried him to his home and stripping him of his
clothes, clad him in rags ; after which he called an old woman,
who was his housekeeper, 1 and said to her, " Take this youth and
bind on his neck yon iron chain and go round about with him in
all the great thoroughfares of the city, and when thou hast done
this, go up with him to the palace of the king." And he said to
the youth, " In whatsoever stead thou seest the damsel, speak not
a syllable, but acquaint me with her place and thou shalt owe her
deliverance to none save to me." The youth thanked him and
went with the old woman in such fashion as the Chamberlain bade
him. She fared on with him till they entered the city, and
walked all about it ; after which she went up to the palace of
the king and fell to saying, " O fortune's favourites, look on a
youth whom the devils take twice in the day and pray to be pre-
served from such affliction ! " And she ceased not to go round
with him till she came to the eastern wing 2 of the palace, where-
upon the slave-girls hurried out to look upon him and when they
saw him they were amazed at his beauty and loveliness and wept
for him. Then they informed the damsel, who came forth and
considered him and knew him not ; but he knew her ; so he
drooped his head and shed tears. She was moved to pity for him

1 Arab. " Kahramanah," a word which has often occurred in divers senses, nurse,
duenna, chamberwoman, stewardess, armed woman defending the Harem, etc.

2 Which is supposed to contain the Harem.

20O Supplemental Nights.

and gave him somewhat and went back to her place, whilst the
youth returned with the housekeeper to the Chamberlain and told
him that she was in the king's mansion, whereat he was chagrined
and said, " By Allah, I will assuredly devise a device for her and
deliver her ! " Whereupon the youth kissed his hands and feet.
Then he turned to the old woman and bade her change her habit
and her semblance. Now this ancient dame was sweet of speech
and winsome of wit ; so he gave her costly and delicious ottars
and said to her, " Get thee to the king's slave-girls and sell them
these essences and win thy way to the damsel and ask her if she
desire her master or not." So the old woman went out and
making her way to the palace, went in to the hand-maid and drew
near her and recited these couplets :

Allah preserve our Union-days and their delights. Ah me ! How sweet was

life ! how joys were ever new !
May he not be who cursed us twain with parting day ; c How many a bone he

brake, how many a life he slew !
He shed my faultless tear-floods and my sinless blood ; And beggaring me of

love himself no richer grew.

When the damsel heard the old woman's verses, she wept till
her clothes were drenched and drew near the speaker, who asked
her, " Knowest thou such-an-one ? " And she wept and answered,
** He is my lord. Whence knowest thou him ? " Rejoined the
old woman, " O my lady, sawest thou not the madman who came
hither yesterday with the old woman ? He was thy lord," presently
adding, " But this is no time for talk. When 'tis night, get thee
to the top of the palace and wait on the terrace till thy lord come
to thee and compass thy deliverance." Then she gave her what
she would of perfumes and returning to the Chamberlain, acquainted
him with whatso had passed, and he told the youth. Now as soon
as it was evening, the Chamberlain bade bring two hackneys and
great store of water and provaunt and a riding-camel and a fellow
to show them the way. These he ambushed without the town

The Tale of the Man of Khorasan t 'his Son and his Tutor. 20 1

whilst he and the young man, taking with them a long rope, made
fast to a staple, went and stood below the palace. Whenas they
came thither, they looked and behold, the damsel was standing on
the terrace-roof, so they threw her the rope and the staple, which she
made fast, and tucking up her sleeves above her wrists, slid down
and landed with them. They carried her without the town, where
they mounted, she and her lord, and fared on, with the guide in
front, 1 directing them on the way, and they ceased not faring night
and day till they entered his father's house. The young man
greeted his sire, who was gladdened in him, and to whom he related
all that had befallen him, whereupon he rejoiced in his safety. As
for the tutor, he wasted whatso was with him and returned to the
city, where he saw the youth and excused himself. Then he ques*
tioned him of what had betided him and he told him, whereat he
admired and returned to companionship with him ; but the youth
ceased to have regard for him and gave him nor solde nor ration
as was his wont, neither discovered to him aught of his secrets,
When the tutor saw that there was no profit from him he returned
to the king, the ravisher of the slave-girl, and recounted to him
what the Chamberlain had done and counselled him to slay that
official and egged him on to recover the damsel, promising to
give his friend a poison-draught and return. Accordingly the
king sent for the Chamberlain and chid him for the deed he
had done ; whereat the king's servants incontinently fell upon
the Chamberlain and put him to death. Meanwhile the tutor
returned to the youth, who asked him of his absence, and he told
him that he had been in the city of the king who had taken
the slave-girl. When the youth heard this, he misdoubted of his
governor and never again trusted him in anything but was always on

1 Especially mentioned because the guide very often follows his charges, especially
whin he intends to play them an ugly trick. I had an unpleasant adventure of the kind
! Somaliland ; but having the fear of the "Aborigines Protection Society " before my
yes, refrained from doing more than hinting at il.

2O2

Supplemental Nights.

his guard against him. Then the tutor without stay or delay caused
prepare great store of sweetmeats and put in them deadly poison
and presented them to the youth, who, when he saw those sweet-
meats, said to himself, " This is an extraordinary thing of the
tutor ! Needs must there be in this sweetmeat some mischief, and
I will make proof of his confectionery upon himself." Accordingly
he got ready food and set amongst it a portion of the sweetmeat, and
inviting the governor to his house placed the provaunt before him.
He ate, and amongst the rest which they brought him, the poisoned
sweetmeat ; so while in the act of eating he died ; whereby the
youth knew that this was a plot against himself and said,
" Whoso seeketh his fortune by his own force 1 attaineth a failure."
" Nor," continued the Wazir, " is this, O king of the age, stranger
than the story of the Druggist and his Wife and the Singer."
When King Shah Bakht heard the tale of Al-Rahwan he gave
him leave to withdraw to his own house and he tarried there the
rest of the night and the next day till eventide evened.

1 i.e. otherwise than according to ordinance of Allah.

203

&fcon& Nig&t of tfje

WHEN the evening evened, the king sat private in his sitting-
chamber and his mind was occupied with the story of the Singer
and the Druggist. So he called the Wazir and bade him tell the
tale. Answered he, " I will well. They recount, O my lord, the
following

TALE OF THE SINGER AND THE DRUGGIST"

There was once in the city of Hamadan 1 a young man of seemly
semblance and skilled in singing to the lute ; wherefore he was
well seen of the citizens. He went forth one day of his home with
intent to travel, and gave not over journeying till his travel brought
him to a town and a goodly. Now he had with him a lute and its
appurtenance, 2 so he entered and went round about the streets till
he happened upon a druggist who, when he espied him, called to
him. So he went up to him and he bade him sit down ; accordingly,
the youth sat down by his side, and the druggist questioned him of
his case. The singer told him what was in his mind, and the
pharmacist took him up into his shop and bought him food and
fed him. Then said he to him, " Rise and take up thy lute and
beg about the streets, and whenas thou smellest the reek of wine,
break in upon the drinkers and say to them, I am a singer.
They will laugh and cry, Come in to us. And when thou
singest, the folk will know thee and speak one to other of thee ;
so shalt thou become known about town, and thou shalt better
thy business." He went round about, as the druggist bade him.

1 A well-known city of Irik 'Ajamf (or Persian).

* i.e. spare pegs and strings, plectra, thumb-guards, etc.

2O4 Supplemental Nights.

till the sun waxed hot, but found none drinking. Then he entered
a lane, that he might take rest, and seeing there a handsome house
and a lofty, stood in its shade and fell to observing the excellence
of its-edification. Now while he was thus engaged, behold, a case-
ment opened and there appeared thereat a face, as it were the
moon. Quoth the owner of the face, " What aileth thee to stand
there ? Dost thou want aught ? " And quoth he, " I am a
stranger," and acquainted her with his adventure ; whereupon
asked she, "What sayst thou to meat and drink and the enjoy-
ment of a fair face and getting thee spending-money ? " And he
answered, " O mistress mine, this is my desire whereof I am going
,about in quest ! " So she opened the door to him and brought him
in : then she seated him at the upper end of the room and served
him with food. He ate and drank and lay with her and futtered
her. This ended, she sat down in his lap and they toyed and laughed
and exchanged kisses till the day was half done, when her hus-
band came home and she had no recourse but to hide the singer
in a mat 1 , in which she rolled him up. The husband entered and
seeing the battle-place 2 disordered and smelling the reek of liquor
questioned her of this, Quoth she, " I had with me a bosom friend
i of mine and I conjured her to crack a cup with me ; and so we
drank a jar full, I and she, and but now, before thy coming in,
she fared forth." Her husband deemed her words true and went
away to his shop, he being none other than the singer's friend the
druggist, who had invited him and fed him ; whereupon the lover
came forth and he and the lady returned to their pleasant pas-
time and abode on this wise till evening, when she gave him
money and said to him, " To-morrow in the forenoon come
hither to me." He replied, " Yes," and departed ; and at night-

1 Arab. " Hasir," the fine matting used for sleeping on during the hot season io
JEgypt and Syria.

2 i.e. The bed where the " rough and tumble " had taken place.

Tale of the Singer and the Druggist. 205

fall he went to the Hammam-bath. On the morrow, he betook
himself to the shop of his friend the druggist, who welcomed
him as soon as he saw him, and questioned him of his case and
how he had fared that day. Quoth the singer, " Allah requite
thee with welfare, O my brother, for indeed thou hast directed me
to a restful life ! " Then he acquainted him with his adventure
and told him the tale of the woman, till he came to the mention of
her husband, when he said, " And at midday came the horned
cuckold, 1 her husband, and knocked at the door. So she wrapped
me in the mat, and when he had wended his ways I came forth
and we returned to our pleasant play." This was grievous to the
druggist, and he repented of having taught him how he should do
and suspected his wife. Accordingly he asked the singer, " And
what said she to thee at thy going away ? " and the other
answered, " She said, Come back to me on the morrow. So,
behold, I am off to her and I came not hither but that I might
acquaint thee with this, lest thy thoughts be pre-occupied with
me." Then he farewelled him, and walked out. As soon as the
druggist was assured that he had reached the house, he cast the
net 2 over his shop and made for his home, in some suspicion of his
wife, and knocked at the door. Now the singer had entered and
the druggist's wife said to him, " Up with thee and enter this chest.'*
Accordingly he entered it and she shut it down on him and opened
to her husband, who came in all distraught, and searched the house
but found none and overlooked the chest. Hereat he said in his mind
" The house 3 is one which favoureth my house and the woman is

1 This word, which undoubtedly derives from cuculus, cogul, cocu, a cuckoo, has
taken a queer twist, nor can I explain how its present meaning arose from a she-bird
which lays her egg in a strange nest. Wittol, on the other hand, from Witan to know,
is rightly applied to one whom La Fontaine calls " cocu et content," the Arab Dayyus.

3 Arab. " Shabakah," here a net like a fisherman's, which is hung over the hole in
the wall called a shop, during the temporary absence of the shopkeeper. See my Pil-
grimage, i. 100.

3 i.e. of which the singer speaks.

206 Supplemental Nights.

one who favoureth my wife," and returned to his shop ; whereupon
the singer came forth of the chest and falling upon the druggist's
wife, had his wicked will of her and spent upon her what was her
due, and weighed down the scale for her with full measure. Then
they ate and drank and kissed and clipped necks, and in this way
they abode till the evening, when she gave him money, because she
found his weaving nice and good, 1 and made him promise to come to
her on the morrow. So he left her and slept his night and on the
morrow he returned to the shop of his friend the druggist and saluted
him. The other welcomed him and questioned him of his case ;
whereat he told his tale 'till he ended with the mention of the
woman's husband, when he said, " Then came the horned cuckold, her
mate and she stowed me away in the chest and shut down the lid
upon me, whilst her addlepated pander 2 of a husband went about
the house, top and bottom ; and when he had gone his way, we
returned to our pleasant pastime." With this, the druggist was
assured that the house was his house and the wife his wife, and
quoth he, " Now what wilt thou do to-day ? " Quoth the singer,
" I shall return to her and weave for her and full her yarn 3 , and I
came not 4 save to thank thee for thy dealing with me." Then
he went away, whilst the fire was loosed in the heart of the
druggist and he shut his shop and returning to his house, rapped
at the door. Said the singer, " Let me jump into the chest, for he
saw me not yesterday ; " but said she, " No ! wrap thyself up in
the mat." So he wrapped himself up and stood in a corner of the
room, whilst the druggist entered and went no whither else save

1 i.e., she found him good at the to-and-fro movement ; our corresponding phrase is
" basket-making."

2 Arab. " Mu' arris" : in vol. i. 338, I derived the word from 'Are marriage, like
the Germ. Kupplerin. This was a mere mistake ; the root is 'Ars (with a Sad not a Sin)
and means a pimp who shows off or displays his wares,

3 Arab. " Akhmitu Ghazla-ha " lit. = thicken her yarn or thread.

4 I must again warn the reader that the negative, which to us appears unnecessary,,!*
emphatic in Arabic.

Tale of the Singer and the Druggist. 207

to the chest, but found naught inside. Then he walked round
about the house and searched it, top and bottom, but came upon
nothing and no one and abode between belief and disbelief, and
said to himself, " Haply, I suspect my wife of what is not in her;"
So he was certified of her innocence and going forth content,
returned to his shop, whereupon out came the singer and they
resumed their former little game, as was their wont, till eventide
when she gave him one of her husband's shirts and he took it and
going away, nighted in his own lodging. Next morning he
repaired to the druggist, who saluted him with the salam and came
to meet him and rejoiced in him and smiled in his face, deeming
his wife innocent. Then he questioned him of his case on yester-
day and he told him how he had fared, saying, " O my brother,
when the cornute knocked at the door, I would have jumped into
the chest ; but his wife forbade me and rolled me up in the mat.
The man entered and thought of nothing save the chest ; so he
brake it open and woned like one jinn-mad, going up and coming
down. Then he went about his business and I came out and we
abode on our accustomed case till eventide, when she gave me
this shirt of her husband's ; and behold, I am now off to her."
When the druggist heard the singer's words, he was assured of
the adventure and knew that the calamity, all of it, was in his own
house and that the wife was his wife ; and he considered the shirt,
whereupon he redoubled in assuredness and said to the singer,
" Art thou now going to her ? " Said he, " Yes, O my brother,'*
and taking leave of him, went away; whereupon the druggist
started up, as he were stark mad, and dismantled his shop. 1
Whilst he was thus doing, the singer won to the house, and pre-
sently up came the druggist and knocked at the door. The lover
would have wrapped himself up in the mat, but she forbade him
and said, "Get thee down to the ground floor of the house and

1 i.t By removing the goods from the " but " to the "ben." Pilgrimage i. 99.

208 Supplemental Nights.

enter the oven-jar 1 and close the cover upon thyself." So he did
her bidding and she went down to her husband and opened the
door to him, whereupon he came in and went round the house,
but found no one and overlooked the oven-jar. Then he stood
musing and sware that he would not again go forth of the house
till the morrow. As for the singer, when his stay in the oven-jar
grew longsome upon him, he came forth therefrom, thinking that
her husband had gone away ; and he went up to the terrace-
roof and looking down, beheld his friend the druggist : whereat
he was sore concerned and said in himself, " Alas, the disgrace,
ah ! This is my friend the druggist, who of me was fain and
dealt me fair and I have paid him with foul." He feared to return
to the druggist ; so he stepped down and opened the first door
and would have gone out at a venture, unseen of the husband ;
but, when he came to the outer door, he fourjd it locked and saw
not the key. Hereat he returned to the terrace and began drop-
ping from roof to roof till the people of the house heard him
and hastened to fall upon him, deeming him a thief. Now that
house belonged to a Persian man ; so they laid hands on him
and the house-master fell to beating him, saying to him, " Thou
art a thief." He replied, " No I am not a thief, but a singing-man,
a stranger who, hearing your voices, came to sing to you." When
the folk heard his words, they talked of letting him go ; but the
Persian said, " O folk, let not his speech cozen you. This one is
none other than a thief who knoweth how to sing, and when he
cometh upon the like of us, he is a singer." Said they, " O our
lord, this man is a stranger, and needs we must release him."
Quoth he, " By Allah, my heart heaveth at this fellow ! Let me
kill him with beating ; " but quoth they " Thou mayst no ways do
that." So they delivered the singer from the Persian, the master

1 Arab. " Tannur," here the large earthern jar with a cover of the same material,
round which the fire is built.

Tale of the Singer and the Druggist. 209

of the house, and seated him amongst them, whereupon he began
singing to them and they rejoiced in him. Now the Persian had
a Mameluke, 1 as he were the full moon, and he arose and went
out, and the singer followed him and wept before him, professing
lustful love to him and kissing his hands and feet. The Mame-
luke took compassion on him and said to him, " When the night
cometh and my master entereth the Harim and the folk fare
away, I will grant thee thy desire ; and I sleep in such a place."
Then the singer returned and sat with the cup-companions, and
the Persian rose and went out with the Mameluke by his side.
Now 2 the singer knew the place which the Mameluke occupied at
the first of the night ; but it chanced that the youth rose from his
stead and the waxen taper went out. The Persian, who was
drunk, fell over on his face, and the singer supposing him to be the
Mameluke, said, " By Allah, 'tis good ! " and threw himself upon
him and began to work at his bag-trousers till the string was
loosed ; then he brought out 3 his prickle upon which he spat and
slipped it into him. Thereupon the Persian started up, crying
out and, laying hands on the singer, pinioned him and beat him
a grievous beating, after which he bound him to a tree that stood in
the house-court. Now there was in the house a beautiful singing-
girl and when she saw the singer tight pinioned and tied to the tree,
she waited till the Persian lay down on his couch, when she arose
and going up to the singer, fell to condoling with him over what
had betided him and making eyes at him and handling his yard
and rubbing it, till it rose upright. Then said she to him, " Do
with me the deed of kind and I will loose thy pinion-bonds, lest he

1 Being a musician the hero of the tale was also a pederast.

2 Here Mr. Payne supplies " Then they returned and sat down (apparently changing
places)." He is quite correct in characterising the Bresl. Edit, as corrupt and " fearfully
incoherent." All we can make certain of in this passage is that the singer mistook the
Persian for his white slave (Mameluke) .

3 Arab. "Bazaka," normally used in the sense of spitting: here the saliva might be
applied for facilitating insertion.

VOL. I. O

2IO Supplemental Nights.

return and beat thee again ; for he purposeth thee an ill purpose,"

Quoth he, " Loose me and I will do it ; " but quoth she, " I fear

that, an I loose thee, thou wilt not do it. But I will do it and

thou have me standing ; and when I have done, I will loose thee."

So saying, she opened her clothes and introducing the singer's

prickle, fell to toing and froing. 1 Now there was in the house a

fighting-ram, which the Persian had trained to butting, 2 and when

he saw what the woman was doing, he thought she wished to do

battle with him ; so he broke his halter and running at her, butted

her and split her skull. She fell on her back and shrieked ;

whereupon the Persian started up hastily from sleep and seeing

the singing-girl on her back and the singer with yard on end.

cried to him, " O accursed, doth not what thou hast erewhile done

suffice thee ? " Then he beat him a shrewd beating and opening

the door, thrust him out in the middle of the night. He lay the rest

of the dark hours in one of the ruins, and when he arose in the

morning, he said, " None is in fault ! I, for one, sought my own

good, and he is no fool who seeketh good for himself; and the

druggist's wife also sought good for herself; but Predestination

overcometh Precaution and for me there remaineth no tarrying in

this town." So he went forth from the place. *' Nor " (continued

the Wazir), " is this story, strange though it be, stranger than that

of the King and his Son and that which betided them of wonders

and rare marvels." When the king heard this story, he deemed it

1 In Persian "Award o burd," = brought and bore away, gen. applied to the move-
ment of the man as in the couplet,

Chenin burd o award o award o burd,
Kih dayeh pas-i-pardeh zi ghussah murd.

He so came and went, went and came again,
That Nurse who lay curtained to faint was fain.

* Alluding to the fighting rams which are described by every Anglo-Indian traveller.
They strike with great force, amply sufficient to crush the clumsy hand which happens
to be caught between the two foreheads. The animals are sometimes used for Fal or
consulting futurity : the name of a friend is given to one and that of a foe to the other ;
and the result of the fight suggests victory or defeat for the men.

King Shak Bakht and his Wazir Al-Rahwan. 211

pretty and pleasant and said, " This tale is near unto that which I
know and 'tis my rede I should do well to have patience and hasten
not to slay my Minister, so I may get of him the profitable story
of the King and his Son,'* Then he gave the Wazir leave to go
away to his own house ; so he thanked him and tarried in his
home all that day.

212

of tfoe Jflontfc.

WHEN it was supper-time the king sought the sitting-chamber ;
and, summoning the Wazir, sought of him the story he had
promised him ; and the Minister said, " They tell, O king,

>THE TALE OF THE KING WHO KENNED THE
QUINTESSENCE 'i OF THINGS."

There came to a king of the kings, in his old age, a son, who grew
up comely, quick-witted, clever : and, when he reached years of
discretion and became a young man, his father said to him, " Take
this realm and rule it in lieu of me, for I desire to flee from the sin
of sovranty 2 to Allah the Most High and don the woollen dress
and devote all my time to devotion." Quoth the Prince, " And I
am another who desireth to take refuge with the Almighty." So the
king said, " Arise, let us flee forth and make for the mountains and
there worship in shame before God the Most Great." Accordingly,
the twain gat them gear of wool and clothing themselves there-
with, fared forth and wandered in the wolds and wastes ; but, when
some days had passed over them, both became weak for hunger
and repented them of that they had done whenas penitence
profited them not, and the Prince complained to his father of
weariness and hunger. Cried the king, " Dear my son, I did with
thee that which behoved me, 3 but thou wouldst not hearken to me,

1 Arab. "Jauhar" = the jewel, the essential nature of a substance. Compare M.
Alcofribas' " Abstraction of the Quintessence."

2 In parts of the Moslem world Al-Jabr = the tyranny, is the equivalent of what we
call ' civil law," as opposed to Al-Shari'ah, or Holy Law, the religious code ; Diwao
Al-Jabr (Civil Court) being the contrary of the Mahkamah or Kazt's tribunal. See
4 'First Footsteps in East Africa," p. 126.

, 3 i*. in offering thee the kingship.

The Tale of the King who kenned the Quintessence of Things. 2 1 3

and now there is no means of returning to thy former estate, for
that another hath taken the kingdom and defendeth it from all
foes : but indeed I will counsel thee of somewhat, wherein do thou
pleasure me by compliance/' The Prince asked, " What is it ?"
and his father answered, " Take me and go with me to the market-
street and sell me and receive my price and do with it whatso thou
wiliest, and I shall become the property of one who shall provide
for my wants." The Prince enquired, " Who will buy thee of me,
seeing thou art a very old man ? Nay, do thou rather sell me, inas-
much as the demand for me will be more." But the king replied,
"An thou wert king, thou wouldest require service of me." Accord-
ingly the youth obeyed his father's bidding and taking him, carried
him to the slave-dealer and said, " Sell me this old man." Said the
dealer, " Who will buy this wight, and he a son of eighty years ? "*
Then quoth he to the king, "In what crafts art thou cunning ? " and
quoth he, " I ken the quintessence of jewels and I ken the quint-
essence of horses and I ken the quintessence of men ; brief, I
ken the quintessence of all things." So the slave-dealer took
him and went about, offering him for sale to the folk ; but none
would buy. Presently, up came the Chef of the Sultan's kitchen
and asked, " What is this man ?" and the dealer answered, " This
be a Mameluke for sale." The kitchener marvelled at this and
bought the king, after questioning him of what he could do, for
ten thousand dirhams. Then he weighed out the money and
carried him to his house, but dared not employ him in aught of
service ; so he appointed him an allowance, a modicum sufficient
for his maintenance, and repented him of having bought him,
saying, " What shall I do with the like of this wight ? " Presently,
the king of the city was minded to go forth to his garden, 2
a-pleasuring, and bade the cook precede him and appoint in his

' i.e. "a man of fourscore."
* i.e. oulside the city.

2i4. Supplemental Nights.

stead one who should dress the royal meat, so that, when he
returned, he might find the meal ready. The Chef fell to thinking
of whom he should appoint and was perplexed concerning his
affair. As he was thus, the Shaykh came to him, and seeing him
distraught as to how he should do, said to him, " Tell me what is
in thy mind ; haply I may bring thee relief." So he acquainted
him with the king's wishes and he said, " Have no care for this,
but leave me one of the serving-men and do thou go companying
thy lord in peace and surety, for I will suffice thee of this." Hereat
the cook departed with the king, after he had brought the old man
what he needed and left him a man of the guards ; and when he was
gone, the Shaykh bade the trooper wash the kitchen-battery and
made ready food exceedingly fine. When the king returned he
set the meat before him, and he tasted dishes whose like he had
never savoured ; whereat he was startled and asked who had
dressed it. Accordingly they acquainted him with the Shaykh's
case and he summoned him to his presence and asking him anent
the mystery, increased his allowance of rations j 1 moreover, he
bade that they should cook together, he and the kitchener, and the
old man obeyed his bidding. Some time after this, there came
two merchants to the king with two pearls of price and each of
them declared that his pearl was worth a thousand dinars, but the
folk was incompetent to value them. Then said the cook, " Allah
prosper the king ! Verily, the Shaykh whom I bought affirmed
that he knew the quintessence of jewels and that he was skilled in

cookery. We have tried him in his cuisine, and have found him

*'
the most knowing of men ; and now, if we send after him and

prove him on jewels, his second claim will be made manifest to us,
whether true or false." So the king bade fetch the Shaykh and he
came and stood before the Sultan, who showed him the two pearls.
Quoth he, " Now for this one, 'tis worth a thousand dinars ;" and

1 See the conclusion of the story.

The Tale of the King who kenned the Quintessence of Things. 2 1 3

quoth the king, " So saith its owner." " But for this other,"
continued the old man, " 'tis worth only five hundred." The people
laughed and admired his saying, and the merchant who owned the
second pearl asked him, " How can this, which is bigger of bulk
and worthier for water and righter of rondure, be less of value than
that ?" and the old man answered," I have said what is with me." '
Then quoth the king to him, " Indeed, the outer semblance thereof
is like that of the other pearl ; why then is it worth but the half
of its price ? " and quoth the old man, " Yes, but its inward is
corrupt." Asked the merchant, '* Hath a pearl then an inward and
an outward ?" and the Shaykh answered, "Yea ! In its interior is
a teredo, a boring worm ; but the other pearl is sound and secure
against breakage." The merchant continued, " Give us approof
of this thy knowledge and confirm to us the truth of thy saying ;"
and the old man rejoined, <( We will break it : an I prove a liar,
here is my head, and if I speak sooth, thou wilt have lost thy
pearl ; " and the merchant said, " I agree to that." So they brake
the pearl and it was even as the old man had declared, to wit, in
the heart of it was a boring worm. The king marvelled at what
he saw and questioned him of how he came by the knowledge of
this. The Shaykh replied, " O king, this kind of jewel is engen-
dered in the belly of a creature called the oyster 2 and its origin is a
drop of rain and it resisteth the touch and groweth not warm
whilst hent in hand : 3 so, when its outer coat became tepid to my
touch, I knew that it harboured some living thing, for that things
of life thrive not save in heat"." Therefore the king said to the
cook, " Increase his allowance ; " and the Chef appointed to him

1 ijt. \ have said my say.

* Arab. " Al-Mutabattil," usually = one who forsakes the world. The Katarat aU
Naysin or rain-drops in the month Naysan (April) produce pearls when falling into the
oyster-shells and poison in the serpent's mouth. The allusions to them are innumerable
in Persian poetry, and the idea gives rise to a host of moralities more or less insipid.

3 This is the general idea concerning the diamond in all countries where the gem is
dug, but I never heard it of the pearl.

2 1 6 Supplemental Nights,

fresh rations. Now some time after this, two merchants pre-
sented themselves to the king with two horses, and one said, " I
ask a thousand ducats for my horse," and the other, " I seek five
thousand ducats for mine." Quoth the cook, " We are now
familiar with the old man's just judgment ; what deemeth the king
of fetching him ? " So the king bade fetch him, and when he saw
the two horses, 1 he said, " This is worth a thousand and that two
thousand ducats." Quoth the folk, " This horse thou misjudgest
is evidently a thoroughbred and he is younger and faster and com-
pacter of limb and finer of head and clearer of colour and skin
than the other ; " presently adding, " What assurance hast thou of
the sooth of thy saying ? " And the old man said, " This ye state
is true, all true ; but his sire is old and this other is the son of a
young horse. Now, when the son of an old horse standeth still
a-breathing, his breath returneth not to him and his rider falleth
into the hand of him who followeth after him ; but the son of a
young horse, an thou put him to speed and after making him run,
alight from him, thou wilt find him, by reason of his robustness,
untired." Quoth the merchant, " 'Tis even as the Shaykh avoucheth
and he is an excellent judge." And the king said, " Increase his
allowance." But the Shaykh stood still and did not go away ; so
the king asked him, " Why dost thou not go about thy business ? '*
and he answered, " My business is with the king.'' Said the king,
" Name what thou wouldest have," and the other replied, " I would
have thee question me of the quintessence of men, even as thou
hast questioned me of the quintessence of horses." Quoth the
king, ** We have no occasion to question thee thereof :" but quoth
the old man, " I have occasion to acquaint thee." " Say what
thou wilt," rejoined the king, and the Shaykh said, " Verily, the
king is the son of a baker." Cried the king, " How and whereby

1 Arab. " Faras," properly a mare ; but the writer begins by using Ihe feminine, and
then employs the masculine. It is an abominable text.

The Tale of the King who kenned the Quintessence of Things. 2 1 7

kennest thou that ?" and the Shaykh replied, " Know, O king, that
I have examined into degrees and dignities 1 and have learned this."
Thereupon the king went in to his mother and asked her anent his
sire, and she told hhii that the king her husband was impotent ; 2
" So," quoth she, " I feared for the kingdom, lest it pass away %
after his death ; wherefore I yielded my person to a young man, a
baker, and conceived by him and bare a man-child ; 3 and the
kingship came into the hand of my son, that is, thyself." So the
king returned to the Shaykh and said to him, " I am indeed the
son of a baker ; so do thou expound to me the means whereby
thou knewest me for this." Quoth the other, " I knew that, hadst
thou been the son of a king, thou wouldst have gifted me with
things of price, such as rubies and the like ; and wert thou the son
of a Kazi, thou hadst given largesse of a dirham or two dirhams,
and wert thou the son of any of the merchants, thou hadst given
me muchel of money. But I saw that thou bestowedst upon me
naught save two bannocks of bread and other rations, wherefore
I knew thee to be the son of a baker ;" and quoth the king, " Thou
hast hit the mark." Then he gave him wealth galore and advanced
him to high estate. The tale aforesaid pleased King Shah Bakht
and he marvelled thereat ; but the Wazir said to him, " This story
is not stranger than that of the Richard who married his beautiful
daughter to the poor Shaykh." The king's mind was occupied
with the promised tale and he bade the Wazir withdraw to his
lodging ; so he went and abode there the rest of the night and the
whole of the following day.

1 Arab. " Rutab wa mandzil," may also mean "stations and mansions (of the moon
and planets)." The double entendre was probably intended.

* Arab. " Za'if," still a popular word, meaning feeble, sick, ailing, but especially,
weak in venery.

3 See the original of this tale in King Al-Afa : Al-Mas'udi, chap. xlvi.

218

Jfourtf) Nt'g&t of tfje

WHEN the evening evened, the king sat private in his sitting-
chamber and bade fetch the Wazir. When he presented himself
before him, he said to him, " Tell me the tale of the Richard."
The Minister replied, " I will. Hear, O puissant king,

THE TALE OF THE RICHARD WHO MARRIED HIS
BEAUTIFUL DAUGHTER TO THE POOR OLD MAN."

A certain rich merchant had a beautiful daughter, who was as
the full moon, and when she attained the age of fifteen, her father'
betook himself to an old man and spreading him a carpet in his
sitting-chamber, gave him to eat and conversed and caroused
with him. Then said he to him, " I desire to marry thee to my
daughter." The other drew back, because of his poverty, and said
to him, " I am no husband for her nor am I a match for thee."
The merchant was urgent with him, but he repeated his answer to
him, saying, " I will not consent to this till thou acquaint me with
the cause of thy desire for me. An I find it reasonable, I will fall
in with thy wish ; and if not, I will not do this ever.'* Quoth the
merchant, " Thou must know that I am a man from the land of
China and was in my youth well-favoured and well-to-do. Now I
made no account of womankind, one and all, but followed after
youths 1 , and one night I saw, in a dream, as it were a balance set
up, and hard by it a voice said, * This is the portion of Such-an-
one.' I listened and presently I heard my own name ; so I looked
and behold, there stood a woman loathly to the uttermost : where-
upon I awoke in fear and cried, ' I will never marry, lest haply this

1 He says this without any sense of shame, coolly as Horace or Catullus wrote.

The Tale of the Richard who married his beautiful Daughter. 2 1 9

fulsome female fall to my lot.' Then I set out for this city with
merchandise and the journey was pleasant to me and the sojourn
here, so that I took up my abode in the place for a length o time
and gat me friends and factors. At last I sold all my stock-in-
trade and collected its price and there was left me nothing to
occupy me till the folk * should depart and I depart with them.
One day, I changed my clothes and putting gold into my sleeve,
sallied forth to inspect the holes and corners of this city, and as I
was wandering about, I saw a handsome house : its seemliness
pleased me ; so I stood looking on it and beheld a lovely woman
at the window. When she saw me, she made haste and descended,
whilst I abode confounded. Then I betook myself to a tailor
there and questioned him of the house and anent whose it was.
Quoth he, " It belongeth to Such-an-one the Notary, 2 God damn
him ! " I asked, " Is he her sire ? " and he answered, " Yes." So
I repaired in great hurry to a man, with whom I had been wont to
deposit my goods for sale, and told him I desired to gain access
to Such-an-one the Notary. Accordingly he assembled his friends
and we betook ourselves to the Notary's house. When we came
in to him, we saluted him and sat with him, and I said to him, " I
come to thee as a suitor, desiring in marriage the hand of thy
daughter." He replied, " I have no daughter befitting this man ; "
and I rejoined, " Allah aid thee ! My desire is for thee and not for
her." 3 But he still refused and his friends said to him, " This is an
honourable match and a man thine equal, nor is it lawful to thee
that thou hinder the young lady of her good luck." Quoth he to
them, " She will not suit him ! " nevertheless they were instant
with him till at last he said, " Verily, my daughter whom ye seek

' i.e. of the caravan with which he came.

7 Arab. " Al-'AdL-" In the form of Zu 'adl it = a legal witness, a man of good ie
pute ; in Marocco and other parts of the Moslem world 'Adul (plur. 'Udul) signifies an
assessor of the Kazi, a notary. Padre Lerchundy (loc. cit. p. 345) renders it notario.

9 i.t. I would marry thy daughter, not only for her own sake, but for alliance with thy
family.

22O Supplemental Nights.

is passing ill-favoured and in her are all blamed qualities of person."
And I said, " I accept her, though she be as thou sayest." Then said
the folk, " Extolled be Allah ! Cease we to talk of a thing settled ;
so say the word, how much wilt thou have to her marriage-settle-
ment?" Quoth he, " I must have four thousand sequins;" and
I said, " To hear is to obey ! " Accordingly the affair was con-
cluded and we drew up the contract of marriage and I made the
bride-feast ; but on the wedding-night I beheld a thing ! than which
never made Allah Almighty aught more fulsome. Methought her
folk had devised this freak byway of fun ; so I laughed and looked
for my mistress, whom I had seen at the window, to make her
appearance ; but saw her not. When the affair was prolonged and
I found none but her, I was like to lose my wits for vexation and
fell to beseeching my Lord and humbling myself in supplication
before Him that He would deliver me from her. When I arose
in the morning, there came the chamberwoman and said to me,
" Hast thou need of the bath * ? " I replied, " No " ; and she asked,
" Art thou for breakfast ? " But I still answered " No ; " and on this
wise I abode three days, tasting neither meat nor drink. When
the young woman my wife saw me in this plight, she said to me,
" O man, tell me thy tale, for, by Allah, if I may effect thy deliver-
ance, I will assuredly further thee thereto." I gave ear to her
speech and put faith in her sooth and acquainted her with the
adventure of the damsel whom I had seen at the window and how
I had fallen in love with her ; whereupon quoth she, " An that
girl belong to me, whatso I possess is thine, and if she belong to
my sire, I will demand her of him and detain her from him and
deliver her to thee." Then she fell to summoning hand-maid after
hand-maid and showing them to me, till I saw the damsel whom I
loved and said, " This is she." Quoth my wife, " Let not thy heart

1 i.e. the bride's face.

* The Ghusl or complete ablution after car. cop.

The Tale of the Richard who married his beautiful Daughter. 221

be troubled, for this is my slave-girl. My father gave her to
me and I give her to thee :' so comfort thyself and be of good
cheer and of eyes cool and clear." Then, when it was night, she
brought the girl to me, after she had adorned her and perfumed
her, and said to her, " Cross not this thy lord in aught and every

that he shall seek of thee." When she came to bed with me, I

i
said in myself, " Verily, this my spouse is more generous than I ! "

Then I sent away the slave-girl and drew not near her, but arose
forthwith and betaking myself to my wife, lay with her and abated
her maidenhead. She conceived by me at the first bout ; and,
accomplishing the time of her pregnancy, gave birth to this dear
little daughter ; in whom I rejoiced, for that she was beautiful
exceedingly, and she hath inherited her mother's sound sense and
the comeliness of her sire. Indeed, many of the notables of the
people have sought her of me in wedlock, but I would not wed her
to any, because I saw in a dream, one night, that same balance set
up and men and women being therein weighed, one against other,
and meseemed I saw thee and her and the voice said to me, ' This
is such a man, the portion of such a woman.' 2 Wherefore I knew
that Almighty Allah had allotted unto her none other than thy-
self, and I choose rather to marry thee to her in my lifetime than
that thou shouldst marry her after my death." When the poor
man heard the merchant's story, he became desirous of wedding
his daughter : so he took her to wife and was blessed of her with
exceeding love. " Nor " (continued the Wazir), " is this story on
any wise stranger or this tale rarer than that of the Sage and his
three Sons." When the king heard his Minister's story, he was
assured that he would not slay him and said, " I will have patience
with him, so I may get of him the story of the Sage and his
three Sons." And he bade him depart to his own house.

1 Thus the girl was made lawful to him as a concubine by the " loathly ladye," whose
good heart redeemed her ill-looks.

2 Meaning the poor man and his own daughter.

222

Jfilfy ttfigfct of tfje

WHEN the evening evened, the king sat private in his chamber
and summoning the Wazir, required of him the promised story.
So Al-Rahwan said, " Hear, O king,

THE TALE OF THE SAGE AND HIS THREE SONS."

There was once a Sage of the sages, who had three sons and
sons' sons, and when they waxed many and their seed multiplied,
there befel dissension between them. So he assembled them and
said to them, " Be ye single-handed against all others and despise
not one another lest the folk despise you, and know that your
case is the case of the man and the rope which he cut easily, when
it was single ; then he doubled it and could not cut it : on this
wise is division and union. 2 And beware lest ye seek help of
others against your own selves or ye will fall into perdition, for by
what means soever ye win your wish at his hand, his word will rank
higher than your word. Now I have money which I will presently
bury in a certain place, that it may be a store for you against the
time of your need." Then they left him and dispersed and one of
the sons fell to spying upon his sire, so that he saw him hide the
hoard outside the city. When he had made an end of burying it, the
Sage returned to his house ; and as soon as the morning morrowed,
his son repaired to the place where he had seen his father bury

1 Mr. Payne changes the Arab title to the far more appropriate heading, " Story of
the Rich man and his Wasteful Son. The tale begins with yEsop's fable of the
faggot ; and concludes with the " Heir of Linne," in the famous Scotch ballad. Mr.
Clouston refers also to the Persian Tale of Murchlis (The Sorrowful Wazir) ; to the
Forty Vezirs (23rd Story) to Cinthio and to sundry old English chap-books.

2 Arab. "Tafrik wa'1-jam'a."

The Tale of the Sage and his three Sons. 223

the treasure and dug and took all the wealth he found and fared forth.
When the old man felt that his death J drew nigh, he called his sons
to him and acquainted them with the place where he had hidden
his hoard. As soon as he was dead, they went and dug up the
treasure and came upon much wealth, for that the money, which the
first son had taken singly and by stealth, was on the surface and
he knew not that under it were other monies. So they carried it
off and divided it and the first son claimed his share with the rest
and added it to that which he had before taken, behind the backs
of his father and his brethren. Then he married his cousin,
the daughter of his father's brother and was blessed through her
with a male-child, who was the goodliest of the folk of his time.
When the boy grew up, his father feared for him poverty and
decline of case, so he said to him, " Dear my son, know that during
my green days I wronged my brothers in the matter of our father's
good, and I see thee in weal ; but, an thou come to want, ask
not one of them nor any other than they, for I have laid up
for thee in yonder chamber a treasure ; but do not thou open it
until thou come to lack thy daily bread." Then the man died,
and his money, which was a great matter, fell to his son. The
young man had not patience to wait till he had made an end
of that which was with him, but rose and opened the chamber,
and behold, it was empty and its walls were whitened, and in
its midst was a rope hanging down as for a bucket and ten
bricks, one upon other, and a scroll, wherein was written, " There
is no help against death ; so hang thyself and beg not of any, but
kick away the bricks with thy toes, that there may be no escape for
thy life, and thou shalt be at rest from the exultation of enemies and
enviers and the bitterness of beggary." Now when the youth saw

1 Arab. ' Wafdt " pop. used as death, decease, departure ; bat containing the idea of
departing to the mercy of Allah and " paying the debt of nature." It is not so ill-omened
a word as Maut = death.

224 Supplemental Nights.

this, he marvelled at that which his father had done and said,
" This is an ill treasure." Then he went forth and fell to eating
and drinking with the folk, till naught was left him and he passed
two days without tasting food, at the end of which time he took a
handkerchief and selling it for two dirhams, bought bread and
milk with the price and left it on the shelf and went out. Whilst
he was gone, a dog came and seized the bread and polluted the
milk, and when the young man returned and saw this, he beat
his face, and fared forth distraught. Presently, he met a friend,
to whom he discovered his case, and the other said to him, " Art
thou not ashamed to talk thus ? How hast thou wasted all this
wealth and now comest telling lies and saying, The dog hath
mounted on the shelf, and talking such nonsense ? " And he
reviled him. So the youth returned to his house, and verily the
world had waxed black in his eyes and he cried, " My sire said
sooth." Then he opened the chamber door and piling up the
bricks under his feet, put the rope about his neck and kicked
away the bricks and swung himself off ; whereupon the rope gave
way with him and he fell to the ground and the ceiling clave
asunder and there poured down on him a world of wealth. So he
knew that his sire meant to chasten him by means of this and
he invoked Allah's mercy on him. Then he got him again that
which he had sold of lands and houses and what not else and
became once more in good case ; his friends also returned to him
and he entertained them for some time. Then said he to them one
day " There was with us bread and the locusts ate it ; so we set in
its place a stone, one cubit long and the like broad, and the
locusts came and nibbled away the stone, because of the smell of
the bread." Quoth one of his friends (and it was he who had
given him the lie concerning the dog and the bread and milk),
" Marvel not at this, for rats and mice do more than that." There-
upon he said, " Get ye home ! In the days of my poverty I was
a liar when I told you of the dogs jumping upon the shelf and

The Tale of the Sage and his three Sons. 225

eating the bread and defiling the milk ; and to-day, because I am
rich again, I say sooth when I tell you that locusts devoured a
stone one cubit long and one cubit broad." They were abashed
by his speech and departed from him ; and the youth's good pros-
pered and his case was amended. " Nor " (continued the Wazir),
" is this stranger or more seld-seen than the story of the Prince
who fell in love with the Picture." Quoth the king, Shah Bakht,
" Haply, an I hear this story, I shall gain wisdom from it : so I
will not hasten in the slaying of this Minister, nor will I do him
die before the thirty days have expired." Then he gave him
leave to withdraw, and he hied away to his own house.

226

of tfie .$Umtf>.

WHEN the day absconded and the evening arrived, the king sat
private in his chamber and, summoning the Wazir, who presented
himself to him, questioned him of the story. So the Minister
said, " Hear, O auspicious king,

THE TALE OF THE PRINCE WHO FELL IN LOVE WITH

THE PICTURE?

There was once, in a province of Persia, a king of the kings, who
was great of degree, a magnifico, endowed with majesty and
girt by soldiery ; but he was childless. Towards the end of his
life, his Lord vouchsafed him a male-child, and that boy grew up
and was comely and learned all manner of lere. He made him a
private place, which was a towering palace, edified with coloured
marbles and jewels and paintings. When the Prince entered the
palace, he saw in its ceiling the picture of a maiden, than whom he
had never beheld a fairer of aspect, and she was surrounded by
slave-girls ; whereupon he fell down in a fainting fit and became
distracted for love of her. Then he sat under the picture till his
father came in to him one day, and finding him lean of limb and
changed of complexion (which was by reason of his continual
looking on that picture), imagined that he was ill and summoned
the sages and the leaches, that they might medicine him. He also
said to one of his cup-companions, " An thou canst learn what
aileth my son, thou shalt have of me the white hand." ! There-
upon he went in to him and spake him fair and cajoled him, till
he confessed to him that his malady was caused by the picture.

1 i.e. gifts and presents. See vol. iv. 185.

The Tale of the Prince who fell in love with the Picture. 227

Then the courtier returned to the king and told him what ailed
his son, whereupon he transported the Prince to another palace
and made his former lodging the guest-house ; and whoso of the
Arabs was entertained therein, him he questioned of the picture,
but none could give him tidings thereof, till one day, when there
came a wayfarer who seeing the picture, cried, " There is no
god but the God ! My brother painted this portrait." So the king
sent for him and questioned him of the aflfair of the picture and
where was he who had painted it. He replied, " O my lord, we
are two brothers and one of us went to the land of Hind and fell
in love with the Indian king's daughter, and 'tis she who is the
original of the portrait. He is wont in every city he entereth to
limn her likeness, and I follow him, and longsome is my way."
When the king's son heard this, he said, " Needs must I travel to
this damsel." So he took all manner rare store and riches galore
and journeyed days and nights till he entered the land of Hind,
nor did he reach it save after sore travail. Then he asked of the
King of Hind who also heard of him, and invited him to the
palace. When the Prince came before him, he sought of him his
daughter in marriage, and the king said, "Indeed, thou art her
match, but there is one objection, to wit, none dare name a male
before her because of her hate for men." So he pitched his tents
under her palace windows, till one day of the days he gat hold of
a girl, one of her favourite slave-girls, and gave her a mint of
money. Quoth she to him, " Hast thou a need ?" and quoth he,
" Yes," and presently acquainted her with his case ; when she said,
" In very sooth, thou puttest thyself in peril." Then he tarried,
flattering himself with false hopes, till all that he had with him
was gone and the servants fled from him ; whereupon he said to
one in whom he trusted, " 1 am minded to repair to my country and
fetch what may suffice me and return hither." The other an-
swered, " 'Tis for thee to judge." So they set out to return, but
the way was long to them and all that the Prince had with him

228

Supplemental Nights.

was spent and his company died and there abode but one with him
whom he loaded with the little that remained of the victual and
they left the rest and fared on. Then there came out a lion and
devoured the servant, and the king's son found himself alone. He
went on, till his hackney stood still, whereupon he left it and walked
till his feet swelled. Presently he came to the land of the Turks, 1
and he naked, hungry, nor having with him aught but somewhat
of jewels, bound about his fore-arm. 2 So he went to the bazar of
the goldsmiths and calling one of the brokers gave him the gems.
The broker looked and seeing two great rubies, said to him,
" Follow me." Accordingly, he followed him, till he brought
him to a goldsmith, to whom he gave the jewels, saying, " Buy
these," He asked, " Whence hadst thou these ? " and the
broker answered, " This youth is the owner of them." Then
said the goldsmith to the Prince, " Whence hadst thou these
rubies ? " and he told him all that had befallen him and that he
was a king's son. The goldsmith sat astounded at his adventures
and bought of him the rubies for a thousand gold pieces. Then
said the Prince to him, " Equip thyself to go with me to my
country." So he made ready and went with him till the king's
son drew near the frontiers of his sire's kingdom, where the people
received him with most honourable reception and sent to acquaint
his father with his son's arrival. The king came out to meet him
and they entreated the goldsmith with respect and regard. The
Prince abode awhile with his sire, then set out, he and the gold-
smith, to return to the country of the fair one, the daughter of the'
king of Hind ; but there met him highwaymen by the way and he

1 i.e. Turcomans , presently called Sistan, for which see vol. ii. 218.

2 In my Pilgrimage (i. 38), I took from Mr. Gallon's Art of Travel, the idea of
opening with a lancet the shoulder or other fleshy part of the body and inserting into it
a precious stone. This was immensely derided by not a few including one who, then a
young man from the country, presently became a Cabinet Minister. Despite their om-
niscience, however, the " dodge " is frequently practised. See how this device was
practised by Jeshua Nazarenus, vol. v. 238.

The Tale of the Prince who fell in love with the Picture. 229

fought the sorest of fights and was slain. The goldsmith buried
him and set a mark ! on his grave and returned to his own country
sorrowing and distraught, without telling any of the Prince's
violent death. Such was the case of the king's son and the gold-
smith ; but as regards the Indian king's daughter of whom the
Prince went in quest and on whose account he was slain, she had
been wont to look out from the topmost terrace of her palace and
to gaze on the youth and on his beauty and loveliness ; so she said
to her slave-girl one day, " Out on thee ! What is become of the
troops which were camped beside my palace ? " The maid replied,
They were the troops of the youth, son to the Persian king, who
came to demand thee in wedlock, and wearied himself on thine
account, but thou hadst no ruth on him." Cried the Princess,
" Woe to thee ! Why didst thou not tell me ? " and the damsel
replied, " I feared thy fury." Then she sought an audience of the
king her sire and said to him, " By Allah, I will go in quest of
him, even as he came in quest of me ; else should I not do him
justice as due." So she equipped herself and setting out, traversed
the wastes and spent treasures till she came to Sistan, where she
called a goldsmith to make her somewhat of ornaments. Now as
soon as the goldsmith saw her, he knew her (for that the Prince had
talked with him of her and had depictured her to him), so he
questioned her of her case, and she acquainted him with her errand,
whereupon he buffeted his face and rent his raiment and hove
dust on his head and fell a- weeping. Quoth she, " Why dost
thou all this?" And he acquainted her with the Prince's case
and how he was his comrade and told her that he was dead ;
whereat she grievedfor him and faring on to his father and mother,
acquainted them with the case. Thereupon the Prince's father
and his uncle and his mother and the lords of the land repaired to

1 Arab. '"Alam," a pile of stones, a flag or some such landmark. The reader will
find them described in 4< The Sword of Midian," i. 98, and passim.

230 Supplemental Nights.

his grave and the Princess made mourning over him, crying aloud.
She abode by the tomb a whole month ; then she caused fetch
painters and bade them limn her likeness and the portraiture
of the king's son, She also set down in writing their story and
that which had befallen them of perils and afflictions and placed
it, together with the pictures, at the head of the grave ; and after
a little, they departed from the spot. " Nor " (continued the
Wazir), " is this stranger, O king of the age, than the story of the
Fuller and his Wife and the Trooper and what passed between
them." With this the king bade the Minister hie away to his
lodging, and when he arose in the morning, he abode his day in
his house.

231

S&ebentf) ikiQ&t of t&e

AT eventide the king sat in his wonted seat and sending
for the Wazir, said to him, " Tell me the story of the Fuller and
his Wife." The Minister replied, " With joy and goodly gree ! "
So he came forward and said, " Hear, O king of the age,

THE TALE OF THE FULLER AND HIS WIFE AND
THE TROOPER:**

There was once in a city of the cities a woman fair of favour,
who took to lover a trooper wight.. Her husband was a fuller, and
when he went out to his work, the trooper used to come to her
and tarry with her till the time of the fuller's return, when he would
go away. After this fashion they abode awhile, till one day the
trooper said to his mistress, " I mean to take me a tenement close
to thine and dig a Sardab-souterrain from my house to thy house,
and do thou say to thy spouse : My sister hath been absent with
her husband and now they have returned from their travels ; and
I have made her home herself in my neighbourhood, in order that
I may foregather with her at all times. So go thou to her mate
the trooper and offer him thy wares for sale, and thou wilt see
my sister with him and wilt see that she is I and I am she, without
a doubt. Now, Allah, Allah, 2 go to my sister's husband and give

1 Mr. Clouston refers to the " Miles Gloriosus" (Plautus) j to " Orlando Innamorato "
of Berni (the Daughter of the King of the Distant Isles) ; to the " Seven Wise
Masters" ("The Two Dreams," or "The Crafty Knight of Hungary") ; to his Book of
Sindibad, p. 343 ff.; to Miss Busk's Folk-Lore of Rome, p. 399 ("The Grace of the
Hunchback"); to Prof. Crane's "Italian Popular Tales," p. 167, and "The Elope,
ment," from Pitre's Sicilian collection.

8 In sign of impatience ; " Look sharp I"

232 Supplemental Nights.

ear to that which he shall say to thee." So the trooper bought
him a house near hand and made therein a tunnel abutting upon
his mistress's house. When he had accomplished his affair, the
wife bespoke her husband as her lover had lessoned her and he
went out to go to the trooper's house, but turned back by the way,
whereupon said she to him, "By Allah, go at once, for my sister
asketh of thee." The fool of a fuller went out and made for the
trooper's house, whilst his wife forewent him thither by the under-
ground passage, and going up,sat down beside the soldier her leman.
Presently, the fuller entered and saluted the trooper and salamed
to his own wife and was confounded at the coincidence of the
case. 1 Then, doubt befalling him, he returned in haste to his
^dwelling; but she preceded him by the Sardab to her chamber
and donning her wonted clothes, sat awaiting him and said to him,
" Did I not bid thee go to my sister and greet her husband and
make friends with them ? " Quoth he, " I did this, but I mis-
doubted of my affair, when I saw his wife ; " and quoth she, " Did I
not tell thee that she favoureth me and I her, and there is naught
to distinguish between us but our clothes ? Go back to her and
make sure." Accordingly, of the heaviness of his wit, he believed
her, and returning on his way, went in to the trooper ; but she
had foregone him, and when he saw her by the side of her lover,
he began looking on her and pondering. Then he saluted her
and she returned him the salam ; and when she spoke he was
clean bewildered. So the trooper asked him, " What aileth thee
to be thus ? " and he answered, " This woman is my wife, and the
speech is her speech." Then he rose in haste and, returning to
his own house, saw his wife, who had preceded him by the secret
passage. So he went back to the trooper's house and found her
sitting as before ; whereupon he was abashed in her presence and

1 i.e, the resemblance of the supposed sister to his wife. This is a rechauffe of Kamar
ai-Zamdn iid.

The Tale of the Fuller and his Wife and the Trooper. 233

seating himself in the trooper's sitting-chamber, ate and drank with
him and became drunken and abode senseless all that day till
nightfall, when the trooper arose and, the fuller's hair being long
and flowing, he shaved off a portion of it after the fashion of the
Turks, 1 clipped the rest short and clapped a Tarbiish on his
head. Then he thrust his feet into walking-boots and girt him with
a sword and a girdle and bound about his middle a quiver and a
bow and arrows. He also put some silvers in his poke and thrust
into his sleeve letters-patent addressed to the governor of Ispahan,
bidding him assign to Rustam Khamartakani a monthly allowance
of an hundred dirhams and ten pounds of bread and five pounds
of meat and enrol him among the Turks under his commandment.
After which he took him up and carrying him forth, left him in
one of the mosques. The fuller ceased not sleeping till sunrise,
when he awoke and finding himself in this plight, misdoubted of
his affair and fancied that he was a Turk and fell a-putting one
foot forward and drawing the other back. Then said he in him-
self, " I will go to my dwelling, and if my wife know me, then am
I Ahmad the fuller ; but an she know me not, I am a Turk." So
he betook himself to his house ; but when his wife, the cunning
witch, saw him, she cried out in his face, saying, " Whither now,
O trooper ? Wilt thou break into the house of Ahmad the fuller,
and he a man of repute, having a brother-in-law a Turk, a man of
rank with the Sultan ? An thou depart not, I will acquaint my
husband and he will requite thee thy deed." When he heard her
words, the dregs of his drink wobbled in his brain and he fancied
that he was indeed a Turk. So he went out from her and putting
his hand to his sleeve, found therein a writ and gave it to one who

1 This leaving a long lock upon the shaven poll is a very ancient practice : we find it
amongst the old Egyptians. For the Shushah or top-knot of hair, see vol. i. 308. It is
differently worn in the several regions of the Moslem world : the Maroccans of the Rif
country grow it not on the pole but on one side of the head. As a rule, however, it is
onfined to boys, and is shaved off at puberty.

234 Supplemental Nights.

read it to him. When he heard that which was in the scroll, his
mind was confirmed in his phantasy; but he said to himself,
" My wife may be seeking to put a cheat on me ; so I will go to
my fellows the fullers ; and if they recognise me not, then am I
for sure Khamartakani the Turk." So he betook himself to the
fullers and when they espied him afar off, they thought that he was
really Khamartakani or one of the Turks, who used to send their
washing to them without payment and give them never a stiver.
Now they had complained of them aforetime to the Sultan, and
he said, " If any one of the Turks come to you, pelt him with
stones." Accordingly, when they saw the fuller, they fell upon him
with sticks and stones and pelted him ; whereupon quoth he,
" Verily, I am a Turk and knew it not." Then he took of the
dirhams in his pouch and bought him victual for the way and hired
a hackney and set out for Ispahan, leaving his wife to the trooper.
" Nor," continued the Wazir, " is this stranger than the story of the
Merchant and the Crone and the King." The Minister's tale pleased
King Shah Bakht and his heart clave to the story cf the merchant
and the old woman ; so he bade Al-Rahwan withdraw to his
lodging, and he went away to his house and abode there the next
day till he should be summoned to the presence.

235

WHEN the evening evened, the king sat private in his chamber
and bade fetch the Wazir, who presented himself before him, and
the king required of him the story. So the Wazir answered
" With love and gladness. Hear, O king,

THE, TALE OF THE MERCHANT, THE CRONE, AND
THE XING."

There was once a family of affluence and distinction, in a city
of Khorasan, and the townsfolk used to envy them for that which
Allah had vouchsafed them. As time went on, their fortune
ceased from them and they passed away, till there remained of
them but one old woman. When she grew feeble and decrepit,
the townsfolk succoured her not with aught, but thrust her forth
of the city, saying, " This old woman shall not neighbour with
us, for that we do good to her and she requiteth us with evil." 1 ;
So she took shelter in a ruined place and strangers used to bestow
alms upon her, and in this way she tarried a length of time.
Now the king of that city had aforetime contended for the king-
ship with his uncle's son, and the people disliked the king ; but
Allah Almighty decreed that he should overcome his cousin.
However, jealousy of him abode in his heart and he acquainted
the Wazir, who hid it not and sent him money. Furthermore, he

1 Suspecting her to be a witch because she was old and poor. The same was the case
in Europe when these unfortunates were burned during the early part of the last century
and even now the country-folk are often ready to beat or drown them. The abominable
witchcraft acts, which arose from bibliolatry and belief in obsolete superstitions, can
claim as many victims in "Protestant" countries, England and the Anglo-American
States as the Jesuitical Inquisition.

236 Supplemental Nights.

fell to summoning all strangers who came to the town, man after
man, and questioning them of their creed and their goods, and
whoso answered him not satisfactory, he took his wealth. 1 Now a
certain wealthy man of the Moslems was way-faring, without know-
ing aught of this, and it befel that he arrived at that city by night,
and coming to the ruin, gave the old woman money and said to
her, " No harm upon thee." Whereupon she lifted up her voice
and blessed him : so he set down his merchandise by her and
abode with her the rest of the night and the next day. Now
highwaymen had followed him that they might rob him of his
monies, but succeeded not in aught : wherefore he went up to the
old woman and kissed her head and exceeded in bounty to her.
Then she warned him of that which awaited strangers entering the
town and said to him, " I like not this for thee and I fear mischief
for thee from these questions that the Wazir hath appointed for
addressing the ignorant." And she expounded to him the case
according to its conditions : then said she to him, " But have thou
no concern : only carry me with thee to thy lodging, and if he ques-
tion thee of aught enigmatical, whilst I am with thee, I will
expound the answers to thee." So he carried the crone with him
to the city and lodged her in his lodging and entreated her
honourably. Presently, the Wazir heard of the merchant's
coming ; so he sent to him and bade bring him to his house and
talked with him awhile of his travels and of whatso had befallen
him therein, and the merchant answered his queries. Then said the
Minister, " I will put certain critical questions to thee, which an thou
answer me, 'twill be well for thee," and the merchant rose and
made him no answer. Quoth the Wazir, " What is the weight of
the elephant ? " The merchant was perplexed and returned him
no reply, giving himself up for lost ; however, at last he said,
"Grant me three days of delay.*' The minister granted him

1 It is not easy to make sense of this passage especially when the Wazir is spoken of.

The Tale of the Meniiant, the Crone and the King. 237

the time he sought and he returned to his lodging and related
what had passed to the old woman, who said, " When the morrow
cometh, go to the Wazir and say to him, Make a ship and launch
it on the sea and put in it an elephant, and when it sinketh in the
water, mark the place whereunto the water riseth. Then take out
the elephant and cast in stones in its place, till the ship sink to
that same mark ; whereupon do thou take out the stones and
weigh them and thou wilt presently know the weight of the
elephant.*' 1 Accordingly, when he arose in the morning, he went
to the Wazir and repeated to him that which the old woman had
taught him; whereat the Minister marvelled and said to him,
" What sayest thou of a man, who seeth in his house four holes,
and in each hole a viper offering to sally out upon him and slay
him, and in his house are four sticks and each hole may not be
stopped but with the ends of two sticks ? How, then, shall he
stop all the holes and deliver himself from the vipers ? " When
the merchant heard this, there befel him such concern that it
garred him forget the first and he said to the Wazir, " Grant me
delay, so I may reflect on the reply " ; and the Minister cried, " Go
out, and bring me the answer, or I will seize thy monies." The
merchant fared forth and returned to the old woman who, seeing
him changed of complexion, said to him, " What did his hoariness
ask thee ? " So he acquainted her with the case and she cried,
" Fear not ; I will bring thee forth of this strait." Quoth he, " Allah
requite thee with weal ! " Then quoth she, " To-morrow go to
him with a stout heart and say : The answer to that whereof thou
asketh me is this. Put the heads of two sticks into one of the
holes ; then take the other two sticks and lay them across the
middle of the first two and stop with their two heads the second
hole and with their ferrules the fourth hole. Then take the ferrules

1 This is a rechauffe of the Sandal-Wood Merchant and the Shaipers. Vol. vi. 202.

238 Supplemental Nights.

of the first two sticks and stop with them the third hole." 1
So he repaired to the Wazir and repeated to him the answer ; and
he marvelled at its justness and said to him, "Go; by Allah ; I
will ask thee no more questions, for thou with thy skill marrest
my foundation." 2 Then he treated him as a friend and the
merchant acquainted him with the affair of the old woman ;
whereupon quoth the Wazir, " Needs must the intelligent company
with the intelligent." Thus did this weak woman restore to that
man his life and his monies on the easiest wise ; " Nor," con-
tinued the Wazir, "is this stranger than the story of the Simpleton
Husband." When the king heard this, he said, " How like it must
be to this our own case ! '' Then he bade the Minister retire to
his lodging ; so he withdrew and on the morrow he abode at home
till the king should summon him to his presence.

1 I have followed Mr. Payne's adaptation of the text as he makes sense, whilst the
Arabic does not. I suppose that the holes are disposed crosswise.

9 i.e. Thy skill is so great that thou wilt undermine my authority with the king.

239

Jlfatf) tftfl&t of tfje

WHEN the night came, the king sat private in his chamber and
sending after the Wazir, sought of him the story ; and he said,
*' Hear, O august king,

THE TALE OF THE SIMPLETON HUSBANDS

There was once in olden time a foolish man and an ignorant,
who had abounding wealth, and his wife was a beautiful woman,
who loved a handsome youth. The Cicisbeo used to watch for
her husband's absence and come to her, and on this wise he abode
a long while. One day of the days, as the woman was closeted
with her lover, he said to her, " O my lady and my beloved, an
thou desire me and love me, give me possession of thy person and
satisfy my need in the presence of thy husband ; otherwise I will
never again come to thee nor draw near thee while I live my life."
Now she loved him with exceeding love and could not suffer his sepa-
ration an hour nor could endure to anger him ; so, when she heard
his words, she said to him, " Bismillah, so be it, in Allah's name,

1 This famous tale is first found in a small collection of Latin fables (Adolphi Fabulae
apud Leyser Hist. Poet. Medii /Evi, p. 200-8), beginning

Caecus erat quidam, cui pulcra virago, etc.

The date is 1315, and Caxton printed it in English in 1483; hence it was adopted
by Boccaccio, Day vii., Novella 9 ; whence Chaucer's " Marchaundes Tale": this,
by-the-by, was translated by Pope in his sixteenth or seventeenth year, and christened
"January and May." The same story is inserted in La Fontaine (Contes, lib. ii.,
No. 8), " La Gageure des trot's Commlres" with the normal poirier ; and lastly it
appears in Wieland's " Oberon," canto vi. ; where the Fairy King restores the old
husband's sight, and Titania makes the lover on the pear-tree invisible. Mr.
Clouston refers me also to the Bahdr-i- Danish, or Prime of Knowledge (Scott's transla-
tion, vol. ii.,pp. 64-68) ; " How the Brahman learned the Tirrea Bede" ; to the Turkish
"Kirk Wazir" (Forty Wazirs) of Shaykh-Zadeh (xxivth Wazir's story)"; to the
" Comcedia Lydiae," and to Barbazan's "Fabliaux, et Contes t. iii., p. 451, "L
Saineresse," the cupping- woman.

240 Supplemental Nights.

O my darling and coolth of mine eyes : may he not live who would
vex thee ! " Quoth he, " To-day ? " and quoth she, " Yes, by thy
life," and made an appointment with him for this. When her hus-
band came home, she said to him, " I want to go a-pleasuring,"
and he said, " With all my heart." So he went, till he came to
a goodly place, abounding in vines and water, whither he carried
her and pitched her a tent by the side of a tall tree ; and she
betook herself to a place alongside the tent and made her there
a Sardab, in which she hid her lover. Then said she to her
husband, " I want to climb this tree 1 "; and he said, " Do so."
So she clomb it and when she came to the tree-top, she cried out
and slapped her face, saying, " O thou lecher, are these thy lewd
ways ? Thou swarest faith to me, and thou liedest." And she
repeated her speech twice and thrice. Then she came down
from the tree and rent her raiment and said, " O lecher, an
these be thy dealings with me before my eyes, how dost thou
when thou art absent from me?" Quoth he, " What aileth thee? "
and quoth she, " I saw thee futter the woman before my very
eyes." Cried he, " Not so, by Allah ! But hold thy peace till I
go up and see." So he clomb the tree and no sooner did he
begin to do so than out came the lover from his hiding-place and
taking the woman by the legs, fell to shagging her. When the
husband came to the top of the tree, he looked and beheld a
man futtering his wife ; so he called out, " O whore, what doings
are these ? " and he made haste to come down from the tree to
the ground. But meanwhile the lover had returned to his hiding-
place and his wife asked him, " What sawest thou ? " and he
answered, " I saw a man shag thee ; " but she said, " Thou liest ;
thou sawest naught and sayst this only by way of phantasy."
The same they did three several times, and every time he clomb
the tree the lover came up out of the underground place and

1 In the European versions it is always a pear-tree.

The Tale of the Simpleton Husband. 241

mounted her, whilst her husband looked on and she still
" Seest thou aught, O liar ? " " Yes," would he answer, and came
down in haste, but saw no one and she said to him, " By my life,
look and speak naught but sooth ! " Then he cried to her,
" Arise, let us depart this place, for 'tis full of Jinn and Marids." 1
Accordingly, they returned to their house and nighted there, and
the man arose in the morning, assured that this was all but phan-
tasy and fascination. And so the lover won his wicked will.
" Nor, O king of the age," continued the Wazir, " is this stranger
than the story of the King and the Tither." When the king
heard this from the Minister, he bade him go away, and he
went.

1 This supernatural agency, ever at hand and ever credible to Easterns, makes this the.
most satisfactory version of the world-wide tale.

242

WHEN it was eventide, the king summoned the Wazir and
sought of him the story of the King and the Tither, and he said,,
" Hear, O king,

THE TALE OF THE UNJUST KING AND THE TITHER?

There was once a king of the kings of the earth, who dwelt in
a flourishing city, abounding in good ; but he wronged its people
and entreated them foully, so that he ruined the city ; and he was
named naught else but tyrant and oppressor. Now he was wont,
wheneas he heard of a violent man in another land, to send after
him and lure him with lucre to take service with him ; and there
was a certain Tither, who exceeded all other Tithers in oppression
of the people and foul dealing. So the king sent after him and
when he stood before him, he found him a man of mighty fine
presence and said to him, "Thou hast been described to me, but
I see thou surpassest the description. Set out to me some of
thy doings and sayings, so I may be dispensed therewith from
enquiring into the whole of thy case." Answered the other, " With
all my heart ! Know, O King, that I oppress the folk and people
the land, whilst other than I ruineth it and peopleth it not." Now
the king was leaning back : but presently he sat upright and said,
" Tell me of this." The Tither replied, " Tis well : I go to the man
whom I purpose to tithe and cozen him and feign to be busied with
certain business, so that I seclude myself therewith from the people ;
and meanwhile the man is squeezed with the foulest of extortion, till
naught of money is left him. Then I appear and they come in to
me and questions arise concerning him and I say : Indeed, I was
ordered worse than this, for some one (may Allah curse him !) hath

The Tale of the Unjust King and the Tither. 243

slandered him to the king. Presently I take half of his good
and return him the rest publicly before the folk and dismiss him to
his house, in all honour and worship, and he garreth the money
returned be carried before him, whilst he blesseth me and all who
are with him also bless me. So is it bruited abroad in the city
that I have restored to him his monies and he himself notifieth the
like, to the intent that he may have a claim on me for the
favour due to those who praise me. On this wise I keep half his
property. Then I seem to forget him till the year 1 hath passed
over him, when I send for him and recall to him somewhat of that
which hath befallen aforetime and require of him somewhat of
money in secret ; accordingly he doth this and hasteneth to his
house and forwardeth whatso I bid him, with a contented heart.
Then I send to another man, between whom and the first is enmity,
and lay hands upon him and feign to the other man that it is he
who hath slandered him to the king and hath taken the half of his
good ; and the people praise me." 2 The King wondered at this
and at his wily dealing and clever contrivance and made him con-
troller of all his affairs and of his kingdom and the land was placed
under his governance, and he said to him, " Take and people." 8
One day, the Tither went out and saw an old man, a woodcutter,
and with him wood ; so he said to him, " Pay a dirham tithe for thy
load." Quoth the Shaykh, " Behold, thou killest me and killest my
family ; " and quoth the Tither, " What ? Who killeth the folk ? "
And the oldster answered, "An thou let me enter the city, I shall
there sell the load for three dirhams, whereof I will give thee one
and buy with the other two silvers what will support my family ;

1 i.e. till next harvest time.

2 The ' ' ' Ashshdr,' ' or Tither, is most unpopular in the Nile-valley as in Wales ; and ne
generally merits his ill-repute. Tales concerning the villainy of these extortioners abound
in Egypt and Syria. The first step in improvement will be so to regulate the tithes that
the peasants may not be at the mercy of these " publicans and sinners" who, however,
can plead that they have paid highly for appointment to office and must recoup themselves.

3 Arab. "'Ammir"= cause to flourish.

244 Supplemental Nights.

but, an thou press me for the tithe outside the city, the load will
sell but for one dirham and thou wilt take it and I shall abide
without food, I and my family. Indeed, thou and I in this
circumstance are like unto David and Solomon (on the twain be
the Peace ! ") " How so ? " asked the Tither, and the woodcutter
answered, " Do thou hear

THE STORY OF DAVID AND SOLOMON."

Certain husbandmen once made complaint to David (on whom'
be the Peace !) against some sheep-owners, whose flocks had come
down upon their crops by night and had devoured them, and he
bade value the crops and that the shepherds should make good
the damage. But Solomon (on whom be the Peace !) rose and
said, " Nay, but let the sheep be delivered to the husbandmen, so
they may take their milk and wool, till they have recouped the
value of their crops ; then let the sheep return to their owners."
Accordingly David reversed his own decision and caused execute
that of Solomon ; yet was David no oppressor ; but Solomon's
judgment was the juster and he showed himself therein better,
versed in jurisprudence and Holy Law. 1 When the Tither heard
the old man's speech, he felt ruthful and said to him, " O Shaykh,
I make thee a gift of that which is due from thee, and do thou
cleave to me and leave me not, so haply I may get of thee gain
which shall do away from me my wrongousness and guide me on
the path of righteousness." So the old man followed him, and
there met him another with a load of wood. Quoth the Tither
to him, " Pay me that which thou owest me ; " and quoth he,
" Have patience with me till to-morrow, for I owe the hire of a

1 Arab. " Afkah," a better Fakih or theologian ; all Moslem law being based upon the
Koran, the Sayings (Hadis) and Doings (Sunnat) of the Prophet ; and, lastly, the Rasn
or immemorial custom of the country provided that it be not opposed to the other three.

The Tale of the Unjust King and the Tither. 24$

house, and I will sell another load of fuel and pay thee two days'
tithe." But he refused him this and the Shaykh said to him,
" An thou constrain him unto this, thou wilt compel him quit thy
country, because he is a stranger here and hath no domicile ; and
if he remove on account of one dirham, thou wilt forfeit of him
three hundred and sixty dirhams a year. 1 Thus wilt thou lose the
mickle in keeping the little." Quoth the Tither, " Verily 2 will I
give him a dirham every month to the rent of his lodging." Then
he went on and presently there met him a third woodcutter and
he said to him, " Pay thy due ; " but he said, " I will pay thee a
dirham, when I enter the city ; or take of me four daniks 3 now."
Quoth the Tither, " I will not do it," but the Shaykh said to him,
" Take of him the four daniks presently, for 'tis easy to take and
hard to give back." Exclaimed the Tither, "By Allah 'tis
good ! " and he arose and hied on, crying out at the top of his
voice and saying, " I have no power this day to do evil." 4 Then
he doffed his dress and went forth wandering at a venture,
repenting unto his Lord. " Nor" (continued the Wazir), " is this
story stranger than that of the Robber who believed the Woman
and sought refuge with Allah against falling in with her like, by
reason of her cunning contrivance for herself." When the king
heard this, he said to himself, " Since the Tither repented, in
consequence of the woodcutter's warnings, it behoveth I leave this
Wazir on life so I may hear the story of the Robber and the
Woman." And he bade Al-Rahwan return to his lodging.

1 If the number represent the days in the Moslem year it should be 354 (=6 months
of 29 days and the rest of 30).

2 The affirmative particle " kad " preceding a verb in the past gives it a present and
at times a future signification.

3 A danik, the Persian " Ding," is one-sixth of a dirham, f.t. about one penny. See
vol. ii. 204.

4 It would mightily tickle' an Eastern audience to hear of a Tither being unable to do
any possible amount of villainy.

246

!Blebent& tfig&t of t&e

WHEN the evening came and the king had taken his seat, he
summoned the Wazir and required of him the story of the Robber
and the Woman. Quoth the Minister, " Hear, O king,

THE TALE OF THE ROBBER AND THE WOMAN?

A certain Robber was a cunning workman and used not to steal
aught, till he had wasted all that was with him ; moreover, he
stole not from his neighbours, neither companied with any of
the thieves, for fear lest some one should betray him, and his case
become public. After this fashion he abode a great while, in.
flourishing condition, and his secret was concealed, till Almighty
Allah decreed that he broke in upon a beggar, a poor man whom
he deemed rich. When he gained access to the house, he found
naught, whereat he was wroth, and necessity prompted him to
wake that man, who lay asleep alongside of his wife. So he
aroused him and said to him, " Show me thy treasure." Now he
had no treasure to show ; but the Robber believed him not and was
instant upon him with threats and blows. When he saw that he
got no profit of him, he said to him, " Swear by the oath of
divorce 1 from thy wife that thou hast nothing." So he sware and
his wife said to him, " Fie on thee ! Wilt thou divorce me ? Is
not the hoard buried in yonder chamber ? " Then she turned to
the Robber and conjured him to be weightier of blows upon her
husband, till he should deliver to him the treasure, anent which

1 i.e. The oath of triple divorce which is, I have said irrevocable, and the divorcee
may not be taken again by her husband till her marriage with another man (the
Mustahill of The Nights) has been consummated. See vol. iv. 48.

The Tale of the Robber and the Woman. 247

he had forsworn himself. So he drubbed him with a grievous
drubbing, till he carried him to a certain chamber, wherein she
signed to him that the hoard was and that he should take it up.
So the Robber entered, he and the husband ; and when they were
both in the chamber, she locked on them the door, which was a
stout and strong, and said to the Robber, " Woe to thee, O fool !
Thou hast fallen into the trap and now I have but to cry out
and the officers of police will come and take thee and thou wilt
lose thy life, O Satan ! " Quoth he, Let me go forth ;" and
quoth she, " Thou art a man and I am a woman ; and in thy hand
is a knife, and I am afraid of thee." He cried, " Take the knife
from me." So she took it and said to her husband, " Art thou a
woman and he a man ? Pain his neck-nape with tunding, even as
he tunded thee ; and if he put out his hand to thee, I will cry out
a single cry and the policemen will come and take him and hew
him in two." So the husband said to him, " O thousand-horned, 1
O dog, O dodger, I owe thee a deposit 2 wherefor thou hast dunned
me." And he fell to bashing him grievously with a stick of
holm-oak, 3 whilst he called out to the woman for help and prayed
her to deliver him : but she said, " Keep thy place till the morning,
and thou shalt see queer things." And her husband beat him
within the chamber, till he killed 4 him and he swooned away.
Then he left beating him and when the Robber came to himself,
the woman said to her husband, " O man, this house is on hire
and we owe its owners much money, and we have naught ; so
how wilt thou do ? " And she went on to bespeak him thus.
The Robber asked " And what is the amount of the rent ? " The

1 i.e. thousandfold cuckold.

* Arab. " Wadi'ah"=r the blows which the Robber had given him.

' Arab. "Sindiyan" (from the Persian) gen. used for the holm-oak, the Quercus
pseudo-cocdfera, vulgarly termed ilex, or native oak, and forming an extensive scrub in
Syria. For this and other varieties of Quercus, as the Mallul and the Ballut, see
Unexplored Syria, i. 68.

* Hibcrnicc.

248 Supplemental Nights.

husband answered, " Twill be eighty dirhams ; " and the thief said,
" I will pay this for thee and do thou let me go my way." Then
the wife enquired, " O man, how much do we owe the baker and
the greengrocer ? " Quoth the Robber, " What is the sum of this ? "
And the husband said, " Sixty dirhams." Rejoined the other, " That
makes two hundred dirhams ; let me go my way and I will pay
them." But the wife said, " O my dear, and the girl groweth up
and needs must we marry her and equip her and do what else is
needful." So the Robber said to the husband, " How much dost
thou want ? " and he rejoined, " An hundred dirhams in a
modest way." 1 Quoth the Robber, " That maketh three hundred
dirhams." Then the woman said, " O my dear, when the girl is
married, thou wilt need money for winter expenses, charcoal and
firewood and other necessaries." The Robber asked " What wouldst
thou have ? " And she answered, " An hundred dirhams." He
rejoined, " Be it four hundred dirhams." And she continued, " O
my dear and O coolth of mine eyes, needs must my husband
have capital in hand, 2 wherewith he may buy goods and open
him a shop." Said he, " How much will that be ? " And she,
"An hundred dirhams.*' Quoth the Robber, "That maketh five
hundred dirhams ; I will pay it ; but may I be triply divorced
from my wife if all my possessions amount to more than this, and
they be the savings of twenty years ! Let me go my way, so I
may deliver them to thee." Cried she, " O fool, how shall I let
thee go thy way ? Utterly impossible ! Be pleased to give me a
right token." 8 So he gave her a token for his wife and she cried
out to her young daughter and said to her, " Keep this door."
Then she charged her husband to watch over the Robber, till she

1 Lit. " In the way of moderation " = at least, at the most moderate reckoning.

* Arab. " Rasmali" the vulg. Syrian and Egyptian form of Raas al-mal = stock-in-
trade.

3 Usually a ring or something from his person to show that all was fair play ; here
however, it was a watchword.

The Tale of the Robber and the Woman. 249

should return, and repairing to his wife, acquainted her with his
case and told her that her husband the thief had been taken and
had compounded for his release, at the price of seven hundred
dirhams, and named to her the token. Accordingly, she gave her
the money and she took it and returned to her house. By this
time, the dawn had dawned ; so she let the thief go his way, and
when he went out, she said to him, " O my dear, when shall I see
thee come and take the treasure ? " And he, " O indebted one, 1
when thou needest other seven hundred dirhams, wherewith to
amend thy case and that of thy children and to pay thy debts."
And he went out, hardly believing in his deliverance from her.
" Nor/' continued the Wazir, " is this stranger than the story of
the Three Men and our Lord Isa." So the king bade him hie to
his own home.

Arab. " Y4 Madyubah," prob. a clerical error for " Madyiinah," alluding to her
many debts which he had paid. Here, however, I suspect the truly Egyptian term
" Ya Manyukah !" = O thou berogered ; a delicate term of depreciation which may b
heard a dozen times a day in the streets of Cairo. It has also a masculine form, " Yi
Manyuk !"

SKodftf) jitg&t of t&e

WHEN it was eventide, the king summoned the Minister and bade
him tell the promised tale. He replied, " Hearing and obeying.
Give ear, O glorious king, to

THE TALE OF THE THREE MEN AND OUR LORD ISA: 1

Three men once went out questing treasure and came upon a
nugget of gold, weighing fifty maunds. 1 When they saw it, they
took it up on their shoulders and carried it till they drew near a
certain city, when one of them said, " Let us sit in the cathedral-
mosque, 2 whilst one of us shall go and buy us what we may eat."
So they sat down in the mosque and one of them arose and entered
the city. When he came therein, his soul promted him to false
his two fellows and get the gold to himself alone. Accordingly,
he bought food and poisoned it : but, when he returned to his
comrades, they sprang upon him and slew him, in order that they
might enjoy the gold without him. Then they ate of the poisoned
food and died, and the gold lay cast down over against them.

1 About = 100 Ib. Mr. Sayce (Comparative Philol. p. 210) owns that Mn is old
Egyptian but makes it a loan from the "Semites," like Siis (horse), Sar (prince), Sepet
(lip) and Murcabutha (chariot), and goes to its origin in the Acratan column, because " it
is not found before the times when the Egyptians borrowed freely from Palestine." But
surely it is premature to draw such conclusion when we have so much still to learn con-
cerning the dates of words in Egyptian.

* Arab. Jami'. This anachronism, like many of the same kind, is only apparent.
The faith preached by Sayyidnd Is was the Islam of his day and dispensation, and
it abrogated all other faiths till itself abrogated by the mission of Mahommed. It is
therefore logical to apply to it terms which we should hold to be purely Moslem. On
the other hand it is not logical to paint the drop-curtain of the Ober-Ammergau
11 Miracle-play " with the Mosque of Omar and the minarets of Al-Islam. I humbly
represented this fact to the mechanicals of the village whose performance brings them in
so large a sum every decade ; but Snug, Snout and Bottom turned up the nose of
contempt and looked upon me as a mere "shallow sceptic."

The Disciples Story. 251

Presently, fs4 bin Maryam (on whom be the Peace !) passed
by and seeing this, besought Allah Almighty for tidings of their
case ; so He told him what had betided them, whereat great was
his surprise and he related to his disciples 1 what he had seen.
Quoth one of them, " O Spirit of Allah, 2 naught resembleth this
but my own adventure." Quoth Isa, " How so ? " and the other
began to tell

THE DISCIPLE'S STORY.

Once I was in such a city, where I hid a thousand dirhams in a
monastery. After a while, I went thither and taking the money,
bound it about my waist. Then I set out to return and when I
came to the Sahara-waste, the carrying of the money was heavy
upon me. Presently, I espied a horseman pushing on after me ;
so I waited till he came up and said to him, " O rider, carry this
money for me and earn reward and recompense in Heaven." Said
he, <c No, I will not do it, for I should tire myself and tire out my
horse." Then he went on but, before he had gone far, he said in
his mind, " An I take up the money and put my steed to speed
and devance him, how shall he overtake me ?" And I also said in my
mind, "Verily, I erred ; for, had he taken the money and made off,
what could I have done ?" Then he turned back to me and cried
to me, " Hand over the money, that I may carry it for thee." But
I replied to him, " That which hath occurred to thy mind hath oc-
curred to mine also ; so go thou and go safe." Quothlsa (on whom

1 Arab. " Tatemizah," plur. of Tilmfz, a disciple, a young attendant. The word is
Syriac t iiQ_^Z : and there is a Heb. root -^ but no Arabic. In the Durrat
al-Ghawwls, however, Tilmfz, Bilkis, and similar words are Arabic in the form of
Fa'lfl and Fi'lil.

2 Riih Allah, lit. == breath of Allah, attending to the miraculous conception according
to the Moslems. See vol. v. 238.

3 Readers will kindly pronounce this word " Sahra." not Sahara.

252 Supplemental Nights.

be the Peace !), " Had these done prudently, they had taken thought
for themselves ; but they unheeded the issues of events ; for that
whoso acteth cautiously is safe and winneth his wish, and whoso
neglecteth precaution is lost and repenteth." * " Nor," continued
the Wazir, " is this stranger or rarer than the story of the King,
whose kingdom was restored to him and his wealth, after he had
become poor, possessing not a single dirham." When the king
heard this, he said in himself, " How like is this to my own story
in the matter of the Minister and his slaughter ! Had I not used
deliberation, I had done him dead." And he bade Al-Rahwan
hie to his own home.

1 Mr. Clouston refers for analogies to this tale to his " Oriental Sources of some
of Chaucer's Tales" (Notes and Queries, 1885-86), and he finds the original of The
Pardoner's Tale in one of the Jatakas or Bhuddist Birth-stories entitled Vedabbha
Jataka. The story is spread over all Europe ; in the Cento Novelle Antiche ; Morlini ;
Hans Sachs, etc. And there are many Eastern versions, e.g. a Persian by Farfd al-Dfn
11 'Attar " who died at a great age in A.D. 1278 ; an Arabic version in The Orientalist
(Kandy, 1884); a Tibetan in Rollston's Tibetan Tales; a Cashmirian in Knowles' Diet,
of Kashmiri Proverbs, etc., etc., etc.

353

WHEN the evening evened, the king sent for the Wazir to his
sitting chamber and bade him tell the promised tale. So he said,
" Hearkening and obedience. They relate, O king,

THE TALE OF THE DETHRONED RULER WHOSE REIGN
AND WEALTH WERE RESTORED TO

There was once, in a city of the cities of Al-Hind, a just king
and a beneficent, and he had a Wazir, a man of understand-
ing, upright in his rede, and praiseworthy in his policy, a Minister
in whose hand was the handling of all the affairs of the realm ; for
he was firmly based on the Sultan's favour and high in esteem
with the folk of his time, and the king set great store by him and
entrusted himself to him in all his transactions, by reason of his
excellent management of the lieges, and he had guards l who were
content with him and grateful to him. Now that king had a
brother, who envied him and would lief have taken his place ;
and when he was a-weary of looking for his death and the term of
his life seemed distant, he took counsel with certain of his par-
tisans and they said, " The Minister is the monarch's counsellor
and but for this Wazir the king were kingdomless." So the
pretender cast about for the ruin of the defender, but could find no
means of furthering his design ; and when the affair grew long-
some upon him, he said to his wife, " What deemest thou will
gar us gain herein?" "What is it?" "I mean in the matter of

1 Arab. " 'Awan " lit. -aids, helpers ; the " Aun of the Jinn " has often occurred.

254 Supplemental Nights.

yonder Minister, who inciteth my brother to worship with all his
might and biddeth him unto devoutness, and indeed the king doteth
upon his counsel and stablisheth him governor of all monies and
matters." " True ; but how shall we devise with him ? " " I
have a device, so thou wilt help me in that which I shall say to
thee." " Thou shalt have my help in whatsoever thou desirest."
* I mean to dig him a pit in the vestibule and conceal it artfully."
Accordingly, he did this, and when it was night, he covered the
pit with a light covering, so that, when the Wazir trod upon it, it
would give way under his tread. Then he sent to him and sum-
moned him to the Court in the king's name, and the messenger
bade him enter by the private wicket-way. So he came in alone,
and when he stepped upon the covering of the pit, it caved in
with him and he fell to the bottom ; whereupon the king's brother
fell to pelting him with stones. When the Minister beheld what
had betided him he gave himself up for lost ; so he stirred not for
a while and lay still. The Prince, seeing him make no sign
deemed him dead ; so he took him forth and wrapping him up in
his robes, cast him into the surges of the sea in the middle night.
When the Wazir felt the water, he awoke from the swoon and
swam for an hour or so, till a ship passed by him, whereupon he
shouted to the sailors and they took him up. Now when the
morning morrowed, the people went seeking for him, but found
him not ; and the king learning this, was perplexed concerning
his affair and abode unknowing whatso he should do. Then
he sought for a Minister to stand in his stead, and the king's
brother said, " I have for Wazir an efficient man." Said the king,
" Bring him to me." So he brought him a man, whom he
set at the head of affairs ; but he seized upon the kingdom
and threw the king in fetters and made his brother king in lieu
of him. The new ruler gave himself up to all manner of froward-
ness, whereat the folk murmured and his Minister said to him,
" I fear lest the Hindians take the old king and restore him to

The Tale of the Dethroned Ruler. 2$$

;the kingship and we both come to ruin : so, if we seize him and
cast him into the sea, we shall be at rest from him ; and we will

^Jt'V- -- ' '

Ipublish among the folk that he is dead.'* And they, agreeing
upon this, took him up and carrying him out to sea, cast him
in. When he felt the water, he struck out, and ceased not swim-
ming till he landed upon an island, where he tarried five days
finding nothing which he might eat or drink ; but, on the sixth
day, when he despaired of his life, behold, there passed a ship ; so
he made signals to the crew and they came and took him up and
fared on with him to an inhabited country, where they set him
ashore, mother-naked as he was. There, seeing a man seeding, he
sought guidance of him and the husbandman asked, " Art thou a
foreigner ? " " Yes," answered the king and sat with him and they
talked. The peasant found him clever and quick-witted and said
to him, " An thou beheld a comrade of mine, thou wouldst see him
the like of what I see thee, for his case is even as thy case, and he
is at this present my friend." Quoth the king, " Verily, thou
makcst me long to look at him. Canst thou not bring us
together, me and him ? " Quoth the husbandman, " With joy and
goodly gree ; " and the king sat with him till he had made an end
of his seeding, when he carried him to his homestead and brought
him in company with the other stranger, and behold it was his
Wazir. When each saw other, the twain wept and embraced, and
the sower wept for their weeping ; but the king hid their affair and
said to him, " This man is from my mother-land and he is as my
brother." So they homed with the husbandman and helped
him for a hire, wherewith they supported themselves a long spell,
Meanwhile, they sought news of their patrial stead and learned
that which its people suffered of straitness and severity. One day
there came a ship and in it a merchant from their own country,
who knew them and rejoiced in them with joy exceeding and clad
them in goodly clothing. He also acquainted them with the
manner of the treachery that had been practised upon them,

256 Supplemen tal Nights.

and counselled them to return to their own land, they and he with
whom they had made friends, 1 assuring them that Almighty Allah
would restore them to their former rank. So the king 1 returned
and the folk joined themselves to him and he fell upon his brother
and his Wazir and took them and threw them into jail. Then he
sat down again upon the throne of his kingship, whilst the Minister
stood between his hands and they returned to their former estate,
but they had naught of worldly wealth. Presently the king saidl
to his Wazir, " How shall we continue tarrying in this city, and we
thus poorly conditioned ? " and he answered, " Be at thine ease
and have no concern." Then he singled out one of the soldiers *
and said to him, " Send us thy service 3 for the year." Now there
were in the city fifty thousand subjects 4 and in the hamlets and
villages 5 a like number ; and the Minister sent to each of these,
saying, " Let each and every of you get an egg and set it under a
hen." They did this and it was neither burden nor grievance to
them ; and when twenty days had passed by, each egg was hatched,
and the Wazir bade them pair the chickens, male with female, and
rear them well. They did accordingly and it was found a charge
unto no one. Then they waited for them awhile and after this the
Minister asked of the chickens and was answered that they were
become fowls Furthermore, they brought him all their eggs and
he bade set them ; and after twenty days there were hatched from
each pair of them thirty or five-and-twenty or fifteen chickens at
the least. The Wazir bade note against each man the number of
chickens which pertained to him, and after two months, he took
the old partlets and the cockerels, and there came to him from each
man some half a score, and he left the young partlets with them.

1 i.e. the peasant.

2 i.e. those serving on the usual feudal tenure ; and bound to suit and service for their;
fiefs.

3 i.e. the yearly value of his fief.
* i.e. men who paid faxes.

6 Arab. " Rasatik" plur. of Rustak. See vol. vi. 289.

The Tale of the Dethroned RuUr. 2 5 /

Even so he sent to the country folk and let the cocks remain with
them. Thus he got him whole broods of young poultry and appro-
priated to himself the sale of the fowls, and on this wise he gained
for him, in the course of a year, that which the kingly estate required
of the King, and his affairs were set right for him by the cunning
contrivance of the Minister. And he caused the country to thrive
and dealt justly by his subjects and returned to them all that he
took from them and lived a grateful and prosperous life. Thus
right counsel and prudence are better than wealth, for that under-
standing profiteth at all times and seasons. " Nor," continued the
Wazir, " is this stranger than the story of the Man whose cautioa
slew him." When the king heard the Words of his Wazir, he
wondered with the uttermost wonder and bade him retire to his
lodging.

Jpourtientf) ttf fgfjt of tije

WHEN the Minister returned to the presence, the King soughT
of him the story of the Man whose caution slew him and he
said, " Hear, O auspicious King,

THE TALE OF THE MAN WHOSE CAUTION SLEW HIM."

There was once a man who was cautious exceedingly con-
cerning himself, and he set out one day on a journey to a land
abounding in wild beasts. The caravan wherewith he fared came
by night to the gate of a city ; but the warders would not open to
them, for there were lions there ; so they nighted without the
walls. Now that man, of the excess of his caution, could not
determine a place wherein he should pass the night, for fear of
the wild beasts and reptiles ; so he went about seeking an empty
stead wherein he might lie. At last, as there was a ruined
building hard by, he climbed up on to a high wall and ceased
not clambering hither and thither, of the excess of his carefulness,
till his feet betrayed him and he slipped and fell to the bottom
and died, whilst his companions arose in the morning safe and
sound. Now, had he overmastered his wrongous rede and had he
submitted himself to Fate and Fortune, it had been safer and
better for him ; but he made light of the folk and belittled their
wit and was not content to take example by them ; for his soul
whispered him that he was 4 man of wits and he fancied that,
an he abode with them, he would perish ; so his folly cast him
into perdition. "Nor," continued the Wazir, "is this stranger
than the story of the Man who was lavish of his house and
tiis provision to one he knew not." When the King heard this,
he said, " I will not separate myself from the folk and slay my
Minister." And he bade him hie to his own house.

259

tNTfgfct of tfre

WHEN the evening evened, the King bade fetch the Wazir and
required of him the story. So he said, " Hear, O King,

[THE TALE OF THE MAN WHO WAS LAVISH OF
HIS HOUSE AND HIS PROVISION TO ONE WHOM
HE KNEW NOT."

There was once an Arab of high rank and noble presence,
a model of magnanimity and exalted generosity, and he had
brethren, with whom he consorted and caroused, and they
were wont to assemble by rotation at one another's homes.
When it came to his turn, he gat ready in his house all manner
goodly meats and pleasant and dainty drinks and the fairest
flowers and the finest fruits, and he provided all kinds of instru-
ments of music and store of wondrous dictes and marvellous
stones and pleasant instances and histories and witty anecdotes
and verses and what not else, for there was none among those
with whom he was wont to company but enjoyed this in every
goodly fashion, and the entertainment he had provided contained
all whereof each had need. Then he sallied forth in quest of
his friends, and went round about the city, so he might assemble
them ; but found none of them at home. Now in that town was a
man of pleasant conversation and large generosity, a merchant
of condition, young of years and bright of blee, who had come
to that place from his own country with merchandise in great
store and wealth galore. He took up his abode therein and
the town was pleasant to him and he was large in lavishing,
so that he came to the end of all his wealth and there remained

260 Supplemental Nights.

in his hand naught save what was upon him of raiment. So
he left the lodging which had honied him in the days of his
prosperity ; after he had wasted that which was therein of
furniture, and fell to finding refuge in the houses of the towns-
folk from night to night. One day, as he went wandering about
the streets, he beheld a woman of the uttermost beauty and
loveliness, and what he saw of her charms amazed him and
there happened to him what made him forget his sorry plight.
She accosted him and jested with him and he besought her of
union and intimacy ; so she consented to this and said to him,
" Let us go to thy lodging." Herewith he repented and was
perplexed concerning his procedure and grieved for that which
must escape him of her company by reason of the straitness
of his hand, for that he had not a whit of spending-money. But
he was ashamed to say " No," after he had sued and wooed her ;
wherefore he went on before her, bethinking him how he should
rid himself of her and seeking some excuse which he might put
off on her, and gave not over going from street to street, till he
entered one that had no issue and saw, at the farther end, a
door, whereon was a padlock Then said he to her, " Do thou
excuse me, for my lad hath locked the door and how shall we
open it ? " Said she, " O my lord, the padlock is worth only some
ten dirhams ;" and presently she tucked up her sleeves from fore-
arms as they were crystal and taking a stone, smote the padlock
and broke it ; and, opening the door, said to him, " Enter,
O my lord." Accordingly he went in, committing his affair to
Allah (to whom belong Honour and Glory), and she entered after
him and locked the door from within. They found themselves-
in a pleasant house, collecting all good and gladness ; and the
young man fared forwards, till he came to the sitting-chamber,

1 This adventure is a rechauffe" of Amjad's adventure (vol. iii. 333) without, however
its tragic catastrophe.

The Tale of the Man who was lavish of his House. 261

and, behold, it was furnished with the finest of furniture as hath
before been set out. 1 He seated himself and leant upon a cushion,
whilst she put out her hand to her veil and doffed it. Then she
threw off her heavy outer clothes till she was clad in the thinnest
which showed her charms, whereupon the young man embraced
her and kissed her and enjoyed her ; after which they washed with
the Ghusl-ablution and returned to their place and he said to her,
" Know that I have little knowledge of what goeth on in my own
house, for that I trust to my servant : so arise thou and see what
the lad hath made ready in the kitchen." Accordingly, she
arose and going down into the kitchen, saw cooking pots over
the fire, wherein were all manner of dainty viands, and firsts-
bread * and fresh almond cakes.* So she set bread on a dish and
ladled out what she would from the pots and brought it to him.
They ate and drank and played and made merry a while of the
day; and as they were thus engaged, suddenly up came the
master of the house, with his friends, whom he had brought with
him, that they might converse together, as of wont He saw the
door opened and knocked a light knock, saying to his company,
" Have patience with me, for some of my family are come to visit
me : wherefore excuse belongeth first to Allah Almighty, and then
to you." 4 So they farewelled him and fared their ways, whilst
he rapped another light rap at the door. When the young man
heard this, he changed colour and the woman said to him,
*' Methinks thy lad hath returned." He answered, " Yes ;" and
she arose and opening the door to the master of the house, said to

1 The text is so concise as to be enigmatical. The house was finely furnished for a
feast, as it belonged to the Man who was lavish, etc.

* Arab. " Khubz Samiz ;" the latter is the Arabisation of the Pers. Samid, fine white
bread, simnel, Germ, semmel.

8 The text has " Bakulat " = pot-herbs ; but it is probably a clerical error for
" Baklawat." See vol. ii. 31 1.

4 Egyptian-like he at once calls upon Allah to witness a lie and hi* excuse would be
that the lie was well-intentioned.

262 Supplemental Nights.

him, "Where hast thou been? Indeed, thy master is angry with
thee ? " and he said, " O my lady, I have not been save about his
business. " Then he girt his waist with a kerchief and entering,
saluted the young merchant, who said to him, " Where hast thou
been ? " Quoth he, " I have done thine errands ; " and quoth the
youth, " Go and eat and come hither and drink." So he went away,
as he bade him, and ate ; then he washed hands and returning to
the sitting-room, sat down on the carpet and fell to talking with
them ; whereupon the young merchant's heart was heartened and
his breast broadened and he applied himself to pleasure. They
were in all joyance of life and the most abounding pleasance till a
third part of the night was past, when the house-master arose,
and spreading them a bed, invited them to take their rest. So
they lay down and the youth wide awake, pondering their affair
till daybreak, when the woman roused herself from sleep and said
to her companion, " I wish to go." He farewelled her and she
departed ; whereupon the master of the house followed her with a
purse of silver and gave it to her, saying, " Blame not my lord,"
and made his excuse to her for his master. Then he returned to
the youth and said to him, " Arise and come to the Hammam ;" *
and he fell to shampooing his hands and feet, whilst the youth
called down blessings on him and said "O my lord, who art
thou ? Methinks there is not in the world the like of thee ;
no, nor a pleasanter in thy disposition." Then each of the twain
acquainted the other with his case and condition and they went to
the bath ; after which the master of the house conjured the young
merchant to return with him and summoned his friends. So
they ate and drank and he told them the tale, wherefore they
thanked the house-master and praised him ; and their friendship
was complete while the young merchant abode in the town,
till Allah made easy to him a means of travel, whereupon

1 *>. The private bagnio which in old days every grand house possessed.

King Shak Bakht and kis Wazir Al-Rakwan. 263

they farewelled him and he departed ; and this is the end of*
his tale. " Nor," continued the Wazir, " O king of the age,
is this stranger than the story of the Richard who lost hi
wealth and his wit" When the king heard the Minister's story,
it pleased him and he bade him hie to his home.

264

WHEN the evening evened, the King sat in his sitting-chamber
and sending for his Wazir, bade him relate ; _the story of the
Wealthy Man who lost his wealth and his'^irffc So he said,
" Hear, O King,

THE TALE OF THE MELANCHOLIST AND THE
SHARPER:^

There was once a Richard hight 'Ajlan, the Hasty, who wasted his
wealth, and concern and chagrin gat the mastery of him, so that he
became a Melancholist 2 and lost his wit. There remained with
him of his monies about twenty dinars and he used to beg alms
of the folk, and whatso they gave him in charity he would gather
together and add to the gold pieces that were left him. Now
there was in that town a Sharper, who made his living by roguery,
and he knew that the Melancholist had somewhat of money ;
so he fell to spying upon him and ceased not watching him till
he saw him put into an earthen pot that which he had with him of
silvers and enter a deserted ruin, where he sat down, as if to make
water, and dug a hole, wherein he laid the pot and covering
it up, smoothed the ground as it had been. Then he went
away and the Sharper came and taking what was in the pot,
restored it to its former place. Presently 'Ajlan returned, with
somewhat to add to his hoard, but found it not ; so he bethought

1 This is a fancy title, but it suits the tale better than that in the text (xi. 183) " The
Richard who lost his wealth and his wits." Mr. Clouston refers to similar stories in
Sacchetti and other early Italian novelists.

* Arab. " Al-Muwaswis": for "Wiswas" see vol. i. 106. This class of men in
stories takes the place of our "cunning idiot," and is often confounded with the
Saudawi, the melancholist proper.

Tfie Tale of the Melancholist and the Sharper, 265

him of who had followed him and remembered that he had found
that Sharper assiduous in sitting with him and questioning him.
So he went in search of him, assured that he had taken the
pot, and gave not over looking for him till he saw him sitting ;
whereupon he ran to him and the Sharper saw him. Then
the Melancholist stood within earshot and muttered * to himself
and said, " In the pot are sixty ducats and I have with me other
twenty in such a place and to-day I will unite the whole in the
pot." When the Sharper heard him say this to himself, muttering
and mumbling, repeating and blundering in his speech, he
repented him of having taken the sequins and said, " He will
presently return to the pot 2 and find it empty ; wherefore that
for which I am on the look-out will escape me ; and meseemeth
'twere best I replace the dinars, so he may see them and leave all
which is with him in the pot, and I can take the whole." Now he
feared to return to the pot at once, lest the Melancholist should
follow him to the place and find nothing and on this wise his
arrangements be marred ; so he said to him, " O 'Ajlan, 3 I would
have thee come to my lodging and eat bread with me." There-
upon the Melancholist went with him to his quarters and he
seated him there and going to the market, sold somewhat of
his clothes and pawned somewhat from his house and bought the
best of food. Then he betook himself to the ruin and replacing
the money in the pot, buried it again ; after which he returned
to his lodging and gave the Melancholist to eat and drink,
and they went out together. The Sharper walked away and hid
himself, lest his guest should see him, whilst 'Ajlan repaired to
his hiding-place and took the pot. Presently, the Sharper returned
to the ruin, rejoicing in that which he deemed he should get,

1 Arab. " Hamhama,** an onomapoeic, like our hum, hem, and haw.

2 Arab. " Barniyah,'* a vessel either of glass or pottery like that in which the manna
was collected (Exod. xvi. 33).

3 = A hasty man, as Ghazban = ac angry man.

266 Supplemental Nights.

and dug in the place, but found naught and knew that the
Melancholist had outwitted him. So he began buffetting his
face for regret, and fell to following the other whitherso he went,
to the intent that he might win what was with him, but he failed
in this, because the Melancholist knew what was in his mind and
was assured that he spied upon him ; so he kept watch over
himself. Now, had the Sharper considered the consequences of
haste and that which is begotten of loss therefrom, he had not done
on such wise. "Nor," continued the Wazir, "is this tale, O king
of the age, rarer or stranger or daintier than the story of Khalbas l
and his Wife and the learned man and that which befel between
the three." When the king heard this story, he left his purpose
of putting the Minister to death and his soul bade him to continue
him on life. So he ordered him off to his house.

1 The Bresl. Edit, misprint. " Khablas" in more places than one, now with a Sin,
then with a Sad. Khalbas suggests " Khalbus," a buffoon, for which see vol. ii. 143.
In Egypt, however, the latter generally ends in a Sad (see Lane's " Khalboos "
M. E. chap, xxvii).

267

Sbebentemtf) ^igtt of t&e

WHEN the evening evened, the King summoned the Minister, and
as soon as he presented himself, he required of him the story. So
he said, " Hearkening and obedience. Hear, O august King,

THE TALE OF KHALBAS AND HIS WIFE AND
THE LEARNED MAN. "

There was once a man called Khalbas, who was a fulsome
fellow, a calamity, notorious for this note, and he had a charming
wife, renowned for beauty and loveliness. A man of his townsfolk
fell in love with her and she also loved him. Now Khalbas was
a wily wight and full of guile, and there was in his neighbour-
hood a learned man, to whom the folk used to resort every day
and he told them histories and admonished them with moral
instances ; and Khalbas was wont to be present in his assembly,
for the sake of making a show before the folk. This learned man
also had a wife famed for comeliness and seemlihead and quick-
ness of wit and understanding and the lover sought some device
whereby he might manage to meet Khalbas's wife ; so he came to
him and told him as a secret what he had seen of the learned
man's wife and confided to him that he was in love with her and
besought his assistance in this. Khalbas told him that she was
known as a model of chastity and continence and that she exposed
herself not to ill doubts ; but the other said, " I cannot renounce
her, in the first place because the woman inclineth to me and
coveteth my wealth, and secondly, because of the greatness of my
fondness for her ; and naught is wanting- but thy help." Quoth
Kha-bas, " I will do thy will ; " and quoth the other, " Thou shalt

268 Supplemental Nights.

have of me every day two silvern dirhams, on condition that thou
sit with the learned man and that, when he riseth from the
assembly, thou speak a word which shall notify to me the break-
ing up of the meeting." So they agreed upon that and Khalbas
entered and sat in the session, whilst the lover was assured in his
heart that the secret was safe and secure with him, wherefore he
rejoiced and was content to pay the two dirhams. Then Khalbas
used to attend the learned man's assembly, whilst the other would
go into his wife and be very much with her, on such wise as he
thought good, till the learned man arose from his meeting ; and
when Khalbas saw that he proposed rising, he would speak a word
for the lover to hear, whereupon he went forth from the wife of
Khalbas who knew not that doom was in his own home. But when
the learned man saw Khalbas do the same thing every day, he
began to suspect him, especially on account of that which he knew
of his bad name, and suspicion grew upon him ; so, one day, he
resolved to advance the time of his rising ere the wonted hour and
hastening up to Khalbas, seized him and said to him, " By Allah,
an thou say a single syllable, I will do thee a damage ! " Then he
went in to his wife, with Khalbas in his grip, and behold, she was
sitting, as of her wont, nor was there about her aught of suspicious
or unseemly. The learned man bethought him awhile of this,
then made for Khalbas's house, which adjoined his own, still hold-
ing his man ; and when they entered, they found the young lover
lying on the bed with Khalbas's wife ; whereupon quoth the
learned man to him, " O accursed, the doom is with thee and in
thine own home ! " So Khalbas divorced his wife and went forth,
fleeing, and returned not to his own land. " This, then " (con-
tinued the Wazir), " is the consequence of lewdness, for whoso
purposeth in himself wile and perfidious guile, they get possession of
him, and had Khalbas conceived of himself that dishonour and cala-
mity which he conceived of the folk, there had betided him nothing
of this. Nor is this tale, rare and curious though it be, stranger or

King Shah Bakht and his Wazir Al-Rahwan. 269

rarer than the story of the Devotee whose husband's brother
accused her of lewdness." When the king heard this, wonder-
ment gat hold of him and his admiration for the Wazir redoubled ;
so he bade him hie to his home and return to him on the morrow,
according to his custom. So the Minister withdrew to his lodging,
where he passed the night and the ensuing day.

(Kfg&trentf) STtgtt of tfje

WHEN the evening evened, the King summoned the Wazir and
required of him the story ; so he said, " Tis well. Hear O King,

THE TALE OF THE DEVOTEE ACCUSED OF
LEWD NESS."*

There was once a man of Nfsh^bur 2 who, having a wife of the
uttermost beauty and piety, yet was minded to set out on the
pilgrimage. So before leaving home he commended her to the
care of his brother and besought him to aid her in her affairs and
further her wishes till he should return, for the brothers were on
the most intimate terms. 3 Then he took ship and departed
and his absence was prolonged. Meanwhile, the brother went to
visit his brother's wife, at all times and seasons, and questioned
her of her circumstances and went about her wants ; and when
his calls were prolonged and he heard her speech and saw her
face, the love of her gat hold upon his heart and he became
passionately fond of her and his soul prompted him to evil. So
he besought her to lie with him, but she refused and showed him
how foul was his deed, and he found him no way to win what he
wished ; 4 wherefore he wooed her with soft speech and gentle
ways. Now she was righteous in all her doings and never swerved
from one saying ; 5 so, when he saw that she consented not to him,

1 This story is a rechauffe of the Jewish Kazi and his pious wife ; see vol. v. 256.
7 The Arab form of " Nayshlpiir " = reeds of (King) Shapur : see vol. ix. 230.

3 Arab. "Ala Tarik al-Satr wa al-Salamah," meaning that each other's wives did,;
not veil before their brothers-in-law as is usually done. It may also mean that they were
under Allah's protection and in best of condition.

4 i.e. he dared not rape her.

" ' i.e. her " yes " meant " yes" and her " no " meant " no."

The Tale of the Devotee accused of Lewdness. 271

he had no doubts but that she would tell his brother, when
he returned from his journey, and quoth he to her, "An thou
consent not to whatso I require of thee, I will cause a scandal to
befal thee and thou wilt perish." Quoth she, " Allah (extolled and
exalted be He!) judge betwixt me and thee, and know that,
shouldst thou hew me limb from limb, I would not consent to
that thou biddest me to do." His ignorance l of womankind per-
suaded him that she would tell her spouse ; so he betook himself
of his exceeding despite, to a company of people in the mosque and
informed them that he had witnessed a man commit adultery with
his brother's wife. They believed his word and documented his
charge and assembled to stone her.* Then they dug her a pit
outside the city and seating her therein, stoned her, till they
deemed her dead, when they left her. Presently a Shaykh of a
village passed by the pit and finding her alive, carried her to his
house and cured her of her wounds. Now he had a youthful son,
who, as soon as he saw her, loved her and besought her of her
person ; but she refused and consented not to him, whereupon he
redoubled in love and longing and his case prompted him to
suborn a youth of the people of his village and agree with him
that he should come by night and take somewhat from his father's
house and that, when he was seized and discovered, he should
say that she was his accomplice in this and avouch that she was
his mistress and had been stoned on his account in the city.
Accordingly he did this, and, coming by night to the villager's
house, stole therefrom goods and clothes ; whereupon the owner
awoke and seizing the thief, pinioned him straitly and beat him
to make him confess; and he confessed against the woman that

1 "Ignorance" (Jahl) may, here and elsewhere mean wickedness^ frowardness, folly,
vicious folly or uncalled-for wrath. Here Arabic teaches a good lesson for ignorance,
intemperance and egoism are, I repeat, the roots of all evil.

* So Mohammed said of a child born in adultery " The babe to the blanket (i.e. let it;
be nursed and reared) and the adultress to the stone."

272 Supplemental Nights.

she was a partner in the crime and that he was her lover from
the city. The news was bruited abroad and the citizens assembled
to put her to death ; but the Shaykh with whom she was forbade
them and said, " I brought this woman hither, coveting the
recompense of Allah, and I know not the truth of that which
is said of her and will not empower any to hurt or harm her."
Then he gave her a thousand dirhams, by way of alms, and thrust
her forth of the village. As for the thief, he was imprisoned for
some days ; after which the folk interceded for him with the old
man, saying, " This is a youth and indeed he erred ; " and he
released him from his bonds. Meanwhile the woman went out at
hap-hazard and donning a devotee's dress, fared on without ceasing,
till she came to a city and found the king's deputies dunning
the townsfolk for the tribute, out of season. Presently, she saw
a man, whom they were pressing for the tribute ; so she asked
of his case and being acquainted with it, paid down the thousand
dirhams for him and delivered him from the bastinado ; where-
upon he thanked her and those who were present. When he
was set free, he walked with her and besought her to go with him
to his dwelling : accordingly, she accompanied him thither and
supped with him and passed the night. When the dark hours
gloomed on him, his soul prompted him to evil, for that which
he saw of her beauty and loveliness, and he lusted after her,
and required her of her person ; but she rejected him and
threatened him with Allah the Most High and reminded him of
that which she had done with him of kindness and how she had
delivered him from the stick and its disgrace. However, he would
not be denied, and when he saw her persistent refusal of herself
to him, he feared lest she should tell the folk of him. So, when
he arose in the morning, he wrote on a paper what he would of
forgery and falsehood and going up to the Sultan's palace, said,
" I have an advisement for the King." So he bade admit him
and he delivered him the writ he had forged, saying, " I found this

The Tale of the Devotee accused of Lewdness* 273

letter with the woman, the devotee, the ascetic, and indeed shj&
is a spy, a secret informer against the sovran to his foe ; and I
deem the King's due more incumbent on me than any other claim
and warning him to be the first duty, for that he uniteth in himself
all the subjects, and but for the King's existence, the lieges would
perish ; wherefore I have brought thee good counsel." The King gave
credit to his words and sent with him those who should lay hands
upon the Devotee and do her to death ; but they found her not.
As for the woman, when the man went out from her, she resolved
to depart ; so she fared forth, saying to herself, " There is no way-
faring for me in woman's habit." Then she donned men's dress,
such as is worn of the pious, and set out and wandered over the
earth; nor did she cease wandering till she entered a certain city.
Now the king of that city had an only daughter, in whom he
gloried and whom he loved, and she saw the Devotee and deem-
ing her a pilgrim youth, said to her father, " I would fain have this
youth take up his lodging with me, so I may learn of him lere
and piety and religion." Her father rejoiced in this "and com-
manded the pilgrim to take up his abode with his daughter in.
his palace. So they were in one place and the Princess was
strenuous to the uttermost in continence and chastity and nobility
of mind and magnanimity and devotion ; but the ignorant tattled
anent her, and the folk of the realm said, "The king's daughter
loveth the pilgrim youth and he loveth her." Now the king was
a very old man and destiny decreed the ending of his life-term ;
so he died and when he was buried, the lieges assembled and
many were the sayings of the people and of the king's kinsfolk
and officers, and they counselled together to slay the Princess
and the young pilgrim, saying, " This fellow dishonoureth us with
yonder whore and none accepteth shame save the base." So they
fell upon them and slew the king's daughter in her mosque, with-
out asking her of aught; whereupon the pious woman (whom

they deemed a youth) said to them, " Woe to you, O miscreants
VOL. I. s,

274 Supplemental Nights.

Ye have slain the pious lady." Quoth they, " O thou fulsome
fellow, dost thou bespeak us thus ? Thou lovedst her and she
loved thee, and we will assuredly slay thee." And quoth she,
" Allah forfend. Indeed, the affair is the clear reverse of this."
They asked, " What proof hast thou of that ?" and she answered,
" Bring me women." They did so, and when the matrons looked
on her, they found her a woman. As soon as the townsfolk saw this,
they repented of that they had done and the affair was grievous
to them ; so they sought pardon of Allah and said to her, " By the
virtue of Him whom thou servest, do thou crave pardon for us."
Said she, " As for me, I may no longer tarry with you and I am
about to depart from you." Then they humbled themselves before
her and shed tears and said to her, " We conjure thee, by the
might of Allah the Most High, that thou take upon thyself the
rule of the realm and of the lieges." But she refused and drew
her back ; whereupon they came up to her and wept and ceased
not supplicating her, till she consented and undertook the king-
ship. Her first commandment to them was that they bury the
Princess and build over her a dome and she abode in that palace,
worshipping the Almighty and dealing judgment between the
people with justice, and Allah (extolled and exalted be He !)
vouchsafed her, for the excellence of her piety and her patience
and renunciation, the acceptance of her prayers, so that she
sought not aught of Him (to whom belong Might and Majesty),
but He granted her petition ; and her fame was bruited abroad
in all lands. Accordingly, the folk resorted to her from all parts
and she used to pray Allah (to whom belong Might and Majesty)
for the oppressed and the Lord granted him relief, and against his
oppressor, and He brake him asunder ; and she prayed for the
sick and they were made sound ; and in this goodly way she
tarried a great space of time. So fared it with the wife ; but
as for her husband, when he returned from the pilgrimage, his
brother and the neighbours acquainted him with the affair of his

The Tale of the. Devotee accused of Lewdness. 275

spouse, whereat he was sore concerned and suspected their story,
for that which he knew of her chastity and prayerfulness ; and he
shed tears for the loss of her. Meanwhile, she prayed to Almighty
Allah that He would stablish her innocence in the eyes of her
spouse and the folk, and He sent down upon her husband's
brother a sickness so sore that none knew a cure for him.
Wherefore he said to his brother, " In such a city is a Devotee, a
worshipful woman and a recluse whose prayers are accepted ; so
do thou carry me to her, that she may pray for my healing and
Allah (to whom belong Might and Majesty) may give me ease of
this disease." Accordingly, he took him up and journeyed with
him, till they came to the village where dwelt the Shaykh, the grey
beard who had rescued the devout woman from the pit and carried
her to his dwelling and healed her in his home. Here they
halted and lodged with the old man, who questioned the husband
of his case and that of his brother and the cause of their journey,
and he said, " I purpose to go with my brother, this sick wight, to
the holy woman, her whose petitions are answered, so she may

pray for him, and Allah may heal him by the blessing of her

orisons." Quoth the villager, " By Allah, my son is in parlous
plight for sickness and we have heard that this Devotee prayeth
for the sick and they are made sound. Indeed, the folk counsel
me to carry him to her, and behold, 1 I will go in company with
you." And they said, " Tis well." So they all nighted in that
intent and on the morrow they set out for the dwelling of the
Devotee, this one carrying his son and that one bearing his
brother. Now the man who had stolen the clothes and had forged
against the pious woman a lie, to wit, that he was her lover,
sickened of a sore sickness, and his people took him up and set
out with him to visit the Devotee and crave her prayers, and

1 Arab. "Wa ha "etc., an interjection corresponding svith the Syriac "ho* 1
lo ! (*".#., look) behold ! etc.

276 Supplemental Nights.

Destiny brought them altogether by the way. So they fared
forward in a body till they came to the city wherein the man
dwelt for whom she had paid the thousand dirhams to deliver
him from torture, and found him about to travel to her by reason
of a malady which had betided him. Accordingly, they all
journeyed on together, unknowing that the holy woman was she
whom they had so foully wronged, and ceased not going till they
came to her city and foregathered at the gates of her palace, that
wherein was the tomb of the Princess. Now the folk used to go
into her and salute her with the salam, and crave her orisons ; and
it was her custom to pray for none till he had confessed to her
his sins, when she would ask pardon for him and pray for him
that he might be healed, and he was straightway made whole of
sickness, by permission of Almighty Allah. When the four sick
men were brought in to her, she knew them forthright, though they
knew her not, and said to them " Let each of you confess and
specify his sins, so I may sue pardon for him and pray for him.
And the brother said, " As for me, I required my brother's wife
of her person and she refused ; whereupon despite and ignorance
prompted me and I lied against her and accused her to the towns-
folk of adultery ; so they stoned her and slew her wrongously and
unrighteously ; and this my complaint is the issue of unright and
falsehood and of the slaying of the innocent soul, whose slaughter
Allah hath made unlawful to man." Then said the youth, the
old villager's son, " And I, O holy woman, my father brought to us
a woman who had been stoned, and my people nursed her till
she recovered. Now she was rare of beauty and loveliness ;
so I required her of her person ; but she refused and clave in
chastity to Allah (to whom belong Might and Majesty), wherefore
ignorance prompted me, so that I agreed with one of the youths
that he should steal clothes and coin from my father's house.
Then I laid hands on him and carried him to my sire and made
him confess. He declared that the woman was his mistress from

The Tale of the Devotee accused of Lewdness. 277

the city and had been stoned on his account and that she was
his accomplice in the theft and had opened the doors to him ; but
this was a lie against her, for that she had not yielded to me in
that which I sought of her. So there befel me what ye see of
requital." And the young man, the thief, said, " I am he with
whom thou agreedst concerning the theft, and to whom thou
openedst the door, and I am he who accused her falsely and
calumniously and Allah (extolled be He !) well knoweth that I
never did evil with her ; no, nor knew her in any way before that
time." Then said he whom she had delivered from torture by
paying down a thousand dirhams and who had required her of
her person in his house, for that her beauty pleased him, and
when she refused had forged a letter against her and treacherously
denounced her to the Sultan and requited her graciousness with
ingratitude, " I am he who wronged her and lied against her,
and this is the issue of the oppressor's affair." When she
heard their words, in the presence of the folk, she cried
" Alhamdolillah, praise be to Allah, the King who over all things
is omnipotent, and blessing upon His prophets and apostles!"
Then quoth she to the assembly, " Bear testimony, O ye here
present, to these men's speech, and know ye I am that woman
whom they confess to having wronged." And she turned to her
husband's brother and said to him, " I am thy brother's wife and
Allah (extolled and exalted be He !) delivered me from that where-
into thou castedst me of calumny and suspicion, and from the
folly and frowardness whereof thou hast spoken, and now hath
He shown forth my innocence, of His bounty and generosity.
Go, for thou art quit of the wrong thou didst me." Then she prayed
for him and he was made sound of his sickness. Thereupon she
said to the son of the village Shaykh, " Know that I am the woman
whom thy father delivered from strain and stress and whom
there betided from thee of calumny and ignorance that which thou
hast named." And she sued pardon for him and he was made

278 Supplemental Nights.

sound of his sickness. Then said she to the thief, " I am the
woman against whom thou liedst, avouching that I was thy leman
who had been stoned on thine account, and that I was thine
accomplice in robbing the house of the village Shaykh and had
opened the doors to thee." And she prayed for him and he was
made whole of his malady. 1 Then said she to the townsman, him
of the tribute, " I am the woman who gave thee the thousand
dirhams and thou didst with me what thou didst." And she asked
pardon for him and prayed for him and he was made whole ;
whereupon the folk marvelled at her enemies who had all been
afflicted alike, so Allah (extolled and exalted be He !) might show
forth her innocence upon the heads of witnesses. 2 Then she turned
to the old man who had delivered her from the pit and prayed for
him and gave him presents manifold and among them a myriad^
a Badrah ; 3 and the sick made whole departed from her. When
she was alone with her husband, she made him draw near unto
her and rejoiced in his arrival, and gave him the choice of abiding
with her. Presently, she assembled the citizens and notified to
them his virtue and worth and counselled them to invest him with
management of their rule and besought them to make him king
over them. They consented to her on this and he became king
and made his home amongst them, whilst she gave herself up to
her orisons and cohabited with her husband as she was with him
aforetime. " Nor," continued the Wazir, " is this tale, O king of the
time, stranger or pleasanter than that of the Hireling and the Girl
whose maw he slit and fled." When King Shah Bakht heard this, he
said, " Most like all they say of the Minister is leasing, and his

innocence will be made manifest even as that of the Devotee was

f .

manifested." Then he comforted the Wazir's heart and bade him
hie to his house.

1 This paragraph is supplied by Mr. Payne : something of the kind has evidently,
fallen out of the Arab text.

3 i.e. in the presence of witnesses, legally.

3 Lit. a myriad, ten thousand dirhams. See vol. iv. 281.

2/9

Nineteenth Nfft&t of t&e Jfllontfj.

WHEN the evening evened, the King bade fetch the Wazir and
sought of him the story of the Hireling and the Girl. So he said,
" Hearkening and obedience. Give ear, O auspicious King, to

THE TALE OF THE HIRELING AND THE GIRL."

There was once, of old time, in one of the tribes of the Arabs, a
woman pregnant by her husband, and they had a hired servant, a
man of insight and understanding. When the woman came to her
delivery-time, she gave birth to a girl-child in the night and they
sought fire of the neighbours. 1 So the Hireling went in quest of
fire. Now there was in the camp a Divineress, 2 and she questioned
him of the new-born child, an it was male or female. Quoth he,
<"Tis a girl;" and quoth she, "That girl will whore with an
hundred men and a hireling shall wed her and a spider shall slay
her." When the hired man heard this, he returned upon his steps
and going in to the woman, took the child from her by wily
management and slit its maw : then he fled forth into the wold
at hap-hazard and abode in strangerhood while Allah so willed.*
He gained much money ; and, returning to his own land, after

1 The fire was intended to defend the mother and babe from Jinns, bad spirits, the
evil eye, etc. Romans lit candles in the room of the puerpara ; hence the goddess
Candelifera, and the term Candelaria applied to the B.V. In Brand's Popular Antiqui-
ties (ii. 144) we find, "Gregory mentions an ordinary superstition of the old wives who
dare not trust a child in a cradle by itself alone without a candle ; " this was for fear of
the " night-hag " (Milton, P. L., ii. 662). The same idea prevailed in Scotland and
in Germany: see the learned Liebrecht (who translated the Pentamerone) "Zur Folks-
kunde," p. 31. In Sweden if the candle go out, the child maybe carried off by the
Trolls (Weckenstedt, Wendische Sagen, p. 446). The custom has been traced to the
Malay peninsula, whither it was probably imported by the Hindus or the Moslems, and
amongst the Tajiks in Bokhara. For the Hindu practice, see Katha S S. 305, and ProC.
Tawney's learned note analysed above.

2 Arab. " Kahinah," fern, of Kahin (Cohen) : see Kahanah, vol. i. 28.
a i.e. for a long time, as has been before explained.

28o Supplemental Nights.

twenty years' absence, alighted in the neighbourhood of an old
woman, whom he wheedled and treated with liberality, requiring
of her a young person whom he might enjoy without marriage.
Said she, " I know none but a certain fair woman, who is renowned
for this industry." Then she described her charms to him and
made him lust after her, and he said, " Hasten to her this minute
and lavish upon her whatso she asketh." So the crone betook
herself to the girl and discovered his wishes to her and invited her
to him ; but she answered," 'Tis true that I was in habit of whore-
dom, but now I have repented to Almighty Allah and have no
more longing to this : nay, I desire lawful wedlock ; so, if he be
content with that which is legal, I am between his hands." ' The
old woman returned to the man and told him what the damsel
said ; and he lusted after her, because of her beauty and her peni-
tence; so he took her to wife, and when he went in to her, he
loved her and after like fashion she loved him. Thus they
abode a great while, till one day he questioned her of the
cause of a scar 2 he espied on her body, and she said, " I wot
naught thereof save that my mother told me a marvellous thing
concerning it." Asked he, " What was that ?" and she answered,
" My mother declared that she gave birth to me one night of the
wintry nights and despatched a hired man, who was with us, in
quest of fire for her. He was absent a little while and presently
returning, took me and slit my maw and fled. When my mother
saw this, chagrin seized her and compassion possessed her ; so she
sewed up my stomach and nursed me till the wound healed by the
ordinance of Allah (to whom belong Might and Majesty)." When
her husband heard this, he said to her, " What is thy name and
what may be the name of thy mother and who may be thy
father ? " She told him their names and her own, whereby he

1 i.e. at his service. Arabia was well provided with Hetauae and public women long
before the days of AUIslam.

2 Arab. " Athar" = sign, mark, trail.

The Tale of the Hireling and tht Girl. 281

knew that it was she whose maw he had slit and said to
her, "And where are thy mother and father?" "They are
both dead." "I am that Hireling who slit thy stomach."
" Why didst thou that ? " " Because of a saying I heard from the
wise woman." " What was it ? " " She declared thou wouldst play
the whore with an hundred men and that I after that should wed
thee." * Ay, I have whored with an hundred men, no more and
no less, and behold, thou hast married me." " The Divineress
also foresaid, that thou shouldst die, at the last of thy life, of the
bite of a spider. Indeed, her saying hath been verified of the
fornication and the marriage, and I fear lest her word come true
no less in the death.'' Then they betook themselves to a place
without the city, where he builded him a mansion of solid stone
and white stucco and stopped its inner walls and plastered them ;
leaving not therein or cranny or crevice, and he set in it two slave-
girls whose services were sweeping and wiping, for fear of spiders.
Here he abode with his wife a great while, till one day the man
espied a spider on the ceiling and beat it down. When his wife
saw it, she said, " This is that which the wise woman foresaid
would slay me ; so, by thy life, suffer me to kill it with mine own
hand." Her husband forbade her from this, but she conjured him
to let her destroy the spider ; then, of her fearfulness and her eager-
ness, she took a piece of wood and smote it. The wood brake of
the force of the blow, and a splinter from it entered her hand and
wrought upon it, so that it swelled. Then her fore-arm also swelled
and the swelling spread to her side and thence grew till it reached
her heart and she died. "Nor" (continued the Wazir), "is this
stranger or more wondrous than the story of the Weaver who
became a Leach by commandment of his wife." When the King
heard this, his admiration redoubled and he said, " In very
truth, Destiny is written to all creatures, and I will not accept
aught that is said against my Minister the loyal counsellor."
And he bade him hie to his home.

282

tEfaentietf) tNTig&t of t&t

WHEN the evening evened, the King bade summon his Minister
and he presented himself before him, whereupon he required of
him the hearing of the story. So the Wazir said, " Hearkening
and obedience. Give ear, O Kingj to

THE TALE OF THE WEAVER WHO BECAME A LEACH
BY ORDER OF HIS WIFE."

There was once, in the land of Pars, 1 a man who wedded a woman
higher than himself in rank and nobler of lineage, but she had no
guardian to preserve her from want. She loathed to marry one
who was beneath her ; yet she wived with him because of need,
and took of him a bond in writing to the effect that he would ever
be under her order to bid and forbid and would never thwart her
in word or in deed. Now the man was a Weaver and he bound
himself in writing to pay his wife ten thousand dirhams in case of
default. After s