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Daniel N. Eisendrath, M. D.
Professor Clinical Anatomy, Medical Department,
University of Illinois, Chicag-o.
THE PLEXUS
THE OFFICIAL ORGAN OF
THE COLLEGE OF PHYSICIANS AND SURGEONS
MEDICAL DEPARTMENT OF THE
UNIVERSITY OF ILLINOIS,
VOL. VII. " MAY 20th, 1901. NO. 1
THE TIMELY DIAGNOSIS OF SURGICAL TUBER-
CULOSIS.
By Daniel N. Eisendrath, M, D.
Professoi- Clinical Anatomy, MedicalDepartment University of Illinois,
The timely diagnosis of surgical tuberculosis covers such a
vast field that it will not be possible for me to do more than to
refer briefly to the various forms of this formidable disease which
shows itself in other portions of the body than those which we
are accustomed to describe to-the domain of internal medicine
The relation of these manifestations of tubercular disease to the
duration of life is an exceedingly important one for the life in-
surance examiner, for naturally enough cases will not present
themselves, or rarely so, with active surgical tubercular lesions,
at least, none of which the patient himself is aware of possessing-
The majority will be those in which there has been some prece-
ding disease in the skin, bones, joints, etc., and who desire in-
insurance, in spite of such healed tubercular foci. The question
at once arises, does not previous disease influence the duration of
life? I am not prepared to answer such a question with statistics
because none exist, except in the case of bone and joint disease
where, as will be referred to later, 27 per cent, of those discharged
as apparently healed, die later of pulmonory tuberculosis. We
know% however, from general observation that the saying which
is ascribed to von Bergmann, that every tubercular focus is a
menace, is only too true, and no matter whether such a seat
of disease ha« healed and remained so for a number of years,
there is always considerable danger of recurrence in later life, or
- :,.%'^c ^ The Phi^itsy;',
of the development of pi(lmon^ry't\iDerculosis, so that we may in
general say that if an applicant gives a history of a previous
tubercular disease in any part of the body, he ought not to be ac-
cepted on an equal footing with others.
For purpose of life insurance the examiner must not go to
work with the idea that he is going to make a diagnosis, but
rather ascertain approximately how long will the applicant live.
Many of the companies now^ have a class of what they call sub-
standard or under-average lives, and based upon these cases are
obsei'vations of all forms of impairment. Those who have been
previously affiicated with surgical tuberculosis, in whom there has
been no recurrence for a considerable number of years, say fifteen
or twenty, might be accepted under this class.
Surgical tubercular affections are seldom, if ever, primary.
In the majority of cases there is some previous seat of disease
elsewhere, as, for example, Koenig has pointed out, in the cases
of tuberculosis of the bones and joints, to which I shall refer later,
in only forty -pQY cent, of the cases is the disease primary; in over
sixty per cent, foci are present in the lungs, glands, and otlier
organs. This factor must also be thought of in considering long-
evity, because the healing of the secondary focus does not neces-
sarily imply the healing of the primary. The latter may remain
latent for a number of years, and then suddenly the process be-
comes active, often shortening life by a considerable period.
In taking up the manifestations of sui-gical tuberculosis in
the various organs. Lean of course only briefly refer to the diag-
nosis and prognosis. As I have said before, the insurance exam'
iner is not expected to be a diagnostician alone; but yet there are
so many cases in which a surgical tuberculosis must be diag-
nosed, that it will be of interest to take the organs up somewhat
individually. I shall begin with the tubercular involvement of
the lymph glands.
The term scrofula was formerly applied to an enlargement
of the cervicel lymph glands, and it and tuberculosis were re-
garded as separate diseases. We now know that the majority of
these cases are tubercular, and have abandoned the former term .
The lymph glands are amongst the most susceptible tissues of
the body to tuberculosis; next is the spleen, lung and the liver.
Tubercle bacilli can remain virulent for years in glands without
causing enlargement or symptoms, probably owing to the fact
limeJji Dlagno^ii^ of Surgical Tiil>ercnl<i.fi!i. 8
that the number of bacilli is too small. If the general nutrition
is lowered, the few that are present have the opportunity to in-
crease and the process may become quite active. Hereditary or
acquired predisposition play but a slight role, especially in lym-
phatic tuberculosis.
With regard to age, it is most frequent between the ages of
ten to twenty; in fact, seventy per cent, of the cases occur be-
tween ten and thirty. The cervical- lymph glands are affected in
ninety per cent, of the cases because the primary process is most
frequent in the eyelids, the nose and mouth.
Hyperplastic glands, which remain for years palpable in the
neck, are almost invariably tubercular. Caries of the teeth is
one of the most frequent causes, or. we might say more properly
infection atrium for tuberculosis of the cervical lymph glands.
The tonsils are also a frequent cause. The reason why tubercu-
losis is so frequent in the young is sometimes explained by the
fact that children in crawling on the floor inhale pulverized tu-
bercular sputum.
With reference to the significance of enlarged tubercular
glands of the neck, the simple hyperplastic kind may remain
perfectly normal; but in many of the cases pulmonary tubercu-
losis develops later, the percentage from a large number of sta-
tistics varying from ten to twenty-seven per cent. Prelat ob-
served cases in which the glands enlarged one-half to one year
prior to the development of the pulmonary tuberculosis. In 160
cases observed in Heidelberg, twenty-six per cent, developed
pulmonary tuberculosis, and fourteen tuberculosis elsewhere.
Volland found in a large number of children examined 'v. the
Swiss schools that between the ages of seven and nine years
96.6 per cent, of the glandular enlargements were tubercular;
between the ages of ten and twelve, 91.6 per cent.
The bacilli in these cases of pulmonary tuberculosis are in
all probability carried by the leucocytes to the lungs, becoming
agglutinated to the capillary wall in the apex, especially if there
is a coincident anemia. This is the indirect mode of infection.
The direct mode of infection is that the leucocyte wanders
through the lymph spaces into the pleural cavity, and then by
an adhesive pleuritis attacks the lungs. The inhalation theory
of tuberculosis has no longer as firm a foundation as it formerly
had.
5551)0
4 The Plexus.
Two-thirds of all persons carry tubercle bacilli latent in the-
lymph glands through life. An isolated gland gives a better-
prognosis than a diffuse and multiple enlargement. In children
the prognosis is bad: later on it becomes better. Hereditary pre-
disposition makes the prognosis worse. According to Von Berg-
mann, every tubercular gland, every encapsulated tubercular
focus is a menace.
The differential diagnosis must be made from
Syphilis.
Hodgkins Disease.
Pseudo Leukemia.
Simple Inflammatory Enlargement.
Suppurative Enlargement.
Malignant Lymphadenitis.
The peritoneum is especially susceptible to tubercular infec-
tion, particularly in the female sex, due undoubtedly to the pri-
mary disease being in the Fallopian tubes or uterus. The forms
in which it occurs are tubercular ascitesj either encapsulated or-
difl:'use, and fibrinoplastic peritonitis. In the first named, we
have the ordinary evidences of a free fluid in the peritoneal cav-
ity in the absence of the ordinary causes of ascites. There is
not infrequently more or less elevation of temperature, and some-
tenderness; in fact the temperature may sometimes completly
resemble that of typhoid fever, as in one case which I saw, which
was treated as a typhoid for several weeks before a cojrect diag-
nosis was made. Such cases, with a slow onset, abdominal ten-
derness, low continued fever resemble typhoid very closely.
Other cases set in acutely with fever, abdominal tenderness, and
the symptoms of an ordinary acute peritonitis. A striking pecu-
liarity of tubercular peritonitis is the frequency with which it is
mistaken for a tumor, due to the fact, (1st) that the omentum is
frequently puckered up in this form of the disease; 2nd, to an en-
capsulated exudate, the latter especially frequently being mis-
taken for ovarian tumor, and, 3rd, by the great thickening of the
intestinal coils. The enlarged mesenteric glands, which so fre-
quently occur with peritoneal tuberculosis, may form quite large
tumors.
Primary intestinal tuberculosis arises most frequently from
nfected ingesta. This is the form which occurs especially in
nursing infants and young children because it is well known.
Timely Diagnosis of Surgical Tuberculosis, 5
that their intestinal tract is much less resistant than that of
adults, and also on account of the fact that their nutrition is al-
most exclusively milk. Undoubted cases of primary intestinal
tuberculosis have been described in adults by Girode, Ronseff.
Hermsdorf, Zahn, Wyss, and Melchior. In general, however,
the majority of cases of intestinal tuberculosis in adults and
older children are secondary. To show the frequency of intes-
tinal tuberculosis as a secondary infection, Eisenhardt found it
566 times in a thousand post-mortems of phthisical patients. Ac-
cording to some authors the proportion is even larger. If the
pulmonary tuberculosis improves, the intestinal form does so in
direct ratio.
In regard to the location of intestinal tuberculosis it does
not equally aifect all portions of the alimentary canal. A favor-
ite place is the lowermost portion of the ileum and the cecum
which, according to some authors, is affected in eighty-five per
cent, of the cases. In the esophagus and stomach it is rare, al-
though it has been observed. The reason for its occurrence in
the cecum is possibly on account of the stagnation of the fecal
matter at this place, and also from the fact that the circulation
both vascular and lymphatic, favors its development here The
terminations of this form of tuberculosis may be either in re-
covery, with or without the formation of strictures, in perfora-
tion, in general infection, and death. Of chief interest from a
surgical standpoint are the strictures. Perforation occurs in
about five per cent, of the cases.
In regard to the symptoms of intestinal tuberculosis, they
are at first those of a simple catarrhal enteritis. In extensive
disease the stools have a peculiar brownish-black color due to the
admixture of blood. Diarrhoea is the most prominent symptom.
The number of bowel movements 'varies from one to many, but
always of very thin consistency. Constipation is very rare, but
at times diarrhoea and constipation may alternate. There is sel-
dom any spontaneous pain, but most frequently there is pain on
movement of the bowels. If the pain is localized in the ileo-cecal
region, there is frequently a tumor present, to which Durante
and Billroth first called attention, and which has sometimes been
taken for malignant growths. It has been maintained by some
that many of the cases of carcinoma and lympho-sarcoma of the
cecum have in reality been cases of tuberculosis.
6 The Plexus
In regard to the sex, Conrath in eighty-five cases found it
thirty-six times in men, and forty-one times in women. As to
age, over fifty per cent, were between twenty and forty years.
The symptomatology of this form of localized tuberculosis is
quite different from that of intestinal tuberculosis in general.
There may at first be no symptoms; in fact, no abnormal pheno-
mena from the alimentary tract in some cases. In others there
may be dyspeptic symptoms; at times, an uncomfortable feeling
in the ileo-cecal region. There is not the uncontrollable diarr-
hoea of phthisical patients, but a constant change between con-
stipation and diarrhoea. They are quite characteristic colickly
l^ains, accompanied at times with visible peristalsis and borbor-
ygmi. In the interval many cases have absolutely no pain;
others have diffused pains in the abdomen, or in some the pain
may be confined to the ileo-cecal tumor, the formation of an ab-
scess and an external fistula. The tumor itself may not be felt
for some time after these indefinite symptoms have appeared,
and it may be frequently noticed by the patient himself.
In regard to the duration, the tumor is usually observed one
to two years before operation.
In regard to the diagnosis, in the majority of cases the tumor
is situated in the ileo-cecal region; it is hard and nodular, and
does not move with respiration. On percussion there is a dull
tympanitic sound. Upon filling the colon with air or water the
tumor is made more prominent. A differential diagnosis must
be made from actinomycosis, intussusception, sarcoma, fecal
tumors, appendiceal tumors and carcinoma.
These cases of localized tuberculosis should be absolutely
refused as risks.
GENITO URINARY TUBERCULOSIS.
The epididymis is more frequently than the testicle the seat
of acute infective processes which prepare the soil for the bacil-
lus of tuberculosis. This fact may to a certain extent explain the
greater frequency with which primary tuberculosis occurs in the
former than in the latter. Councilman believes that the most
common seat of the primary disease in uro-genital tuberculosis is
the epididymis. From this the disease extends along the vas
deferens to the seminal vesicles or prostrate. Prom the bladder
the extension is in the direction opposite to the flow of secretion,
with or without anv involvement of the ureter. From this infec-
Timeh) Did gnosis: of SurgicnJ 7 uherculosis. 7
tion of the pelvis of the kidney and of the adjoining kidney tissue
takes place. Senn states that in his clinical experience the pri-
mary starting point of urogenital tuberculosis has been in the
epididymis in fifty per cent of the cases. Gonorrhojal epididymitis
is mentioned frequently as a precursor and often imparts to the
tubercular process a very malignant type. Such a case is re-
ported by Birch-Hirschfeld. A soldier twenty-four years of age,
in perfect health, contracted gonorrhoea vv^hich led to acute epi-
didymitis, and in the course of eight days the patient died of
miliary tuberculosis. Miliary tuberculosis v^^as found in the peri-
toneum, pleura and other organs. The epididymis was trans-
formed into a cheesy mass. The disease presents itself clinically
in the form of a caseous inflammation or ulcerative suppurative
catarrh. It is a very insidious disease. It is often overlooked
by the patient for a long time; it is frequently preceded by a
slight urethral discharge; usually begins in the globus major of
the epididymis as a hard, almost painless, swelling, and the
patient's attention is frequently called to it by a
complicating hydrocele. The absence of any well-
marked symptoms during the incipiency of the dis-
ease is the reason why the cases come so rarely under the care of
the surgeon at this time. Kocher regards as the most character-
istic symptoms of tuberculosis of the testicle and epididymis
rapid development of swelling, early softening of the inflamma-
tory product, and the absence of acute subjective symptoms.
Other authors, especially Senn, do not agree with this more rapid
course of development, although cases of double galloping tuber-
culosis of the testicle have been described. The disease may
remain limited to one testicle, or after months or years may make
its appearance in the opposite organ. As a rule, the vas deferens
is early affected, infection extending along its entire length in a
short time. From the vas defei'ens the disease extends to the
seminal vesicles; from here to the lateral lob'^s of the prostrate.
In the differential diagnosis we must consider acute and
chronic inflammations and syphilitic affections. La tuberculosis
the swelling in the epididymis is usually larger than in other
forms of inflammation. Tenderness and pain, conspicuous symp-
toms in gonorrhoeal epididymitis, are absent or slight in tubercu-
losis. Tubercular inflammation is characterized by periodical
exacerbations. The diagnosis of tuberculosis of the bladder is
8 The Plexus.
exceedingly difficult. It most frequently appears in the form of
chronic inflammation, which, in the absence of tangible evidence-
of infection from chronic obstruction, etc., should always lead to
suspicion of the tubercular nature of the affection. The places
where it most frequently commences are the ureteral orifices and
the trigone of the bladder. Extension of the tubercular inflam-
mation over the surface in the direction of the difterent coats of
the walls of the bladder, is hastened in case the bladder becomes
infected with pus microbes, which is so often the casvi.
In regard to the symptoms, they frequently resemble those
of stone in the bladder. If tubercle bacilli can be found in the
urine the diagnosis is of course positive, in the absence of evi-
dences of uro-genital tuberculosis elsewhere. Amongst other
symptoms are frequent desire to urinate, vesical tenesmus and
occasionally slight hematuria. Later on incontince of urine be-
comes a conspicuous clinical symptom. Morphologically, the
latter contains all the evidence of chronic cistitis. Senn states
that the pain is to be compared with the pain in cases of stone in
the bladder. It may be stated chat in tubercular disease of the
bladder, pam is present before, during and after urination, but is
not so much aggravated after emptying the bladder as in the case
of stone. It is most acute about the middle of the act of urina-
tion, increasing toward the termination, and subsiding slowly
after the bladder is emptied. Tenesmus is also less severe than
in vesical calculus. Pain at the end of the penis is also less con-
stant and severe. Sudden stoppage of the flow of urine does not
occur during urination, We must differentiate it from renal cal-
culus, suppurative pyelitis, and tumors of the kidney and blad-
der. Hematuria is never as profuse as in tumor of the bladder
and usually is not constant. Pus appears in great quantity,
especially when caseation and ulceration set in. In the sediment
tubercle bacilli may be found. Not infrequently a cystoscopic
examination, if it is possible to be made,' aids greatly in making
the diagnosis. It is very difficult indeed to differentiate renal
tuberculosis from vesical tuberculosis. The prognosis is always
grave. Appropriate general and local treatment will prolong
life. Cases in which permanent cures are effected are few.
Through a more refined means of diagnosis we are now able
to make the diagnosis fairly early in cases of renal tuberculosis.
Many authors maintain that the kidney is' often the seat of pri-
Timely Diagnosis of Surgical Tuherculosis. 9
-mary tuberculosis; others that it is an ascending process, and
that the kidneys are affected secondarily. The Jvidney may be-
come infected by tubercle bacilli from the blood without demons-
trable tuberculosis in any other part or organ of the body; sec-
ondly, fi'om the blood as a secondary affection in pulmonary
tuberculosis or other organ; thirdly, by continuity of surface and
ascending tuberculosis of the genital organs. Roberts found it
in 5.(3 per cent of 1,317 tubercular subjects which he examined
out of a total of 6,000 bodies.
In regard to the etiology, antecedent inflammatory infections
and trauma are the conditions which most frequently determine
tubercular infection.
The symptoms of tuberculosis of the kidney are insidious in
the onset, and none of them are pathognomonic. Often symp-
toms of chronic cystitis precede those of the kidney for a long
time, and in the absence of a local cause for the supposed cysti-
tis renal tuberculosis should always be suspected. In the ascend-
ing form the kidney affection is preceded by symptoms referable
to the chronic inflammation of the lower portion of the urinary
tract. In primary renal tuberculosis the extension from above
downwards is, according to Senn, strong, if not positive, proof of
the tubercular nature of the lesion. Pain is either slight or
entirely absent unless there is obstruction of the ureter. There
is usually more or less tenderness; vesical symptoms sometimes
precede quite early the renal. There is always some rise of
evening temperature, except in the advanced state, when there
is more or less obstruction in the ureter if there is any swelling.
Examination of the urine shows albumin, blood, pus, and debris.
It rarely contains casts. Hematuria is seldom profuse, although
several very interesting cases have been published lately of almost
fatal hemorrhages as the first symptom of incipient tuberculosis
of the kidney. One case is of sufficient interest to quote at some
length.
A young lady, twenty-four years of age, whose mother had
a cough and hemoptysis, and whose two brothers died of pulmon-
ary disease, was suddenly seized with severe pain in the right
kidney, severe headache, and lassitude, followed by hematuria.
The urine then became clear and the symptoms were repeated la
three days. . The right kidney was palpable, but not enlarged or
painful. Some catarrh of the apex of the lung; tubercle bacilli
10 The riexus.
were found in the urine: the kidney was cut down upon and tuber-
culosis found. Bacteriological examination of the urinary sedi-
ment is of great diagnostic value, and the tubercle bacillus can
often, but not always, be found in the urine. General symptoms,
such as anorexia, marasmus, hectic fever, etc , may be "present.
Catheterization of the ureters is of the greatest value. The injec-
tion of tubercular urine into the subcutaneous tissues or perito-
neal cavity of guinea pigs or rabbits causes typical tuberculosis.
The prognosis in tuberculosis of the kidneys is extremely
grave owing to the progressive nature of the disease and the fre-
quency with which it is bilateral.
Tuberculosis of the bones and joints is seldom primary; that
s to say, in abort sixty per cent, of the cases foci are found in
other organs of the body, of which the lung comes first, with
twenty-five per cent., other bones ten per cent., lymphatic
glands ten per cent., peritoneum three per cent., and pleura two
per cent. Trauma is a marked predisposing cause. The excit-
ing cause, of course, is the tubercle bacillus. Pain is almost a
constant symptom, but may vary greatly in intensity. Fre-
quently it is more severe during the night. It may be referred
to the affected bone or joint, or to some other point, as, for ex-
ample, the in hip disease to the knee. There is usually more or
less tenderness; not infrequently swelling; interference with the
function of the joint, and evidences of an intraarticular effusion.
The primary focus is more frequent in children in the bone; in
adults, in the joint. Many neglected cases of joint of tubercu-
losis die of pulmonary or general tuberculosis. Koenig, from a
table of 117 operations for tuberculosis, found, after four years,
sixteen per cent, had died from general tuberculosis. Every per-
.son who has suffered from an attack of osteal or joint tubercu-
losis during childhood or youth, even if an apparent cure has
been effected spontaneously or by operative measures, is always
in danger of becoming the subject of reinfection from the pri-
mary or osteal focus at any subsequent period. The prognosis
is more grave in persons advanced in years than in children on
account of the rapidity with which the diseases spread in adults.
According to the statistics of some authors the vertebrae are
most frequently affected; next in order the knee and foot, hip,
nand, elbow, etc.
The x3rognosis of tubercular arthritis depends upon the treat.
Timrhi Diagnosis of /Surgical Tni}erciih>sis. 11
ment instituted and upon the degree of local disease. In general
it is more favorable if in a bone than if in a joint or internal or-,
gan. . Billroth stated that twenty -seven per cent, of those who
had joint tuberculosis died within sixteen years of pulmonary
disease.
It is hardly necessary for me to refer to tuberculosis of the
tendon sheaths further than to say that it is regarded in as seri-
ous a light for insurance purposes, especially on account of the
danger of future pulmonary or general tuberculosis, as previous
joint or bone disease.
Tuberculosis of the skin occurs in the form of lupus, which
is now universally accepted as a tubercular affection, and in the
form of tuberculosis verrucosa cutis lupusis, most freqi.ent in
middle aged persons; it attacks the nose, eyelids, cheeks and
hands. In this form the small, red vascular nodules may or may
not ulcerate. In the other form of skin tuberculosis there is a
marked tendency to ulceration, with the formation of wart- like
projections, giving quite a characteristic clinical picture. There
is also an inoculation form, the anatomical tubercle incurred in
dissection operations, etc. All of these forms of cutaneous dis-
ease have only slight effect on longevity, although the adjacent
lymph gland and later general infection must not be forgotten in
considering the possible duration of life.
There are two forms of tuberculosis of the rectum. There
is a form of ulceration in the tubercular subject which attacks
the tissues in and about the rectum, manifesting no evidences on
the outside. I had occasion to see such a case not lon^ since in
a man, about thirty-five years of age. He discharged some mu-
cus each day, which was accompanied by a good deal of tenes-
mus, and, at times, blood. Examination of the rectum showed
ulceration just above the sphincter muscle, oval in shape, hav-
ing all the peculiar characteristics of a tubercular ulcer. It
must be differentiated from syphilitic and gonorrheal ulcerations.
Another form of tubercular disease of the rectum is the
chronic fistula-in-ano. Among the old authors the idea was pre-
valent that a discharge from this fistula in phthisical patients
had a modifying influence on the disease. Consumptives are
frequently the subject of fistula. But there are many cases in
which tubercular fistula often precedes by a considerable length
of time a demonstrable pulmonary disease, In any person in
12 The Plexus.
whom we have a long-standing fistulain-ano, and microscopical
examination of the tissue conforms the suspicion of a tubercu-
losis, the prognosis must be exceedingly guarded, owing to the
fact that it is often only a forerunner of the pulmonary condi-
tion. The ordinary fistula as the result of the rupture of an
acute periproctitic abscess is not tubercular, and patients who
have been operated upon three to five years before an insurance
examination with such a history may be regarded as safe risks.
Where, however, a fistula has existed for years without any pre-
ceding acute symptoms the subject is to be regarded with sus-
picion. Tuberculosis of the eye shows itself in the form of an
iritis which often necessitates enucleation.
INJURIES OF THE EYE.
Oscar Dodd, M. D.
"Surgeon (EyeDepartment), Illinois Charitable Eye and Ear Infirmary.
Wounds of the eye are of such a variety that it would be im-
possible to even mention the different conditions that might
occur. I shall therefore simply describe a few cases that have
occurred in my practice, as illustrative of the different problems
they present, and some of the means of handling them.
WOUNDS OF THE EYELIDS.
As the eyelids are easily drawn out of shape by any cicatrices
that are left, it is of great importance to secure prompt healing in
good position Whenever the lid is cut through it is necessary to
sew up the conjunctiva as well as the skin in order to prevent re-
traction as well as infection from the under surface. A few weeks
ago a child, three years of age, was brought to me at the Eye and
Ear Infirmary with a bad wound of the eyelids caused by falling
from a high chair on a broken cup. The upper lid was torn
loose at the outer end so that it was hanging by a narrow
piece at the center and the lower lid was cut through. The cor-
nea and ciliary body were so badly cut that the eyeball could not
be saved. Alter sewing up the lids carefully, bringing both the
conjunctiva and the skin into perfect position, I did an eviscera-
tion of the eyeball and filled the sclera with iodoform and stitched
it up. This was done to make as large a stump as possible and
prevent sinking in of the lids until the child is old enough to wear
an artificial eye. A glass ball is used for the same purpose but I
have found the iodoform to answer very well. The eyelids
healed well, leaving only a narrow scar, with no adhesions to
prevent the wearing of an artificial eye, as would have been the
case if the wound had been allowed to heal in bad position. The
removal of an eye from a young child is to be avoided if possible
as the orbit does not develop properly and they have much
trouble in wearing an artificial eye.
CONTUSIONS OF THE EYE-
Blows on the eye with the fist or a blunt instrument may
rupture the eyeball, although it is far more rare than one would
think considering the number of such a,ccidents. As an illustra-
tion of this kind of an injury: A man came under my care at the
14 'ihe Plexus.
hosp ital with the history of having been hit with a fist the night
before. The lids were badly swollen and chemosed, the eyeball
was soft and to the nasal side of the cornea, under the conjuncti-
va, was a large mass consisting of part of the choroid and ciliary
bod}^ that had been forced out. This portion of the sclera, near
the corneal margin, is weakest and most likely to rupture from
a blow. The eye was filled with blood and vision was gone.
There was nothing to do but remove the eye to pi'otect the other,
but he refused to have it done, preferring to take the risk of
sympathetic ophthalmia.
Blows on the eye do not have to be so severe in order to pro-
duce serious results. A young man came to me a few months
ago with the history of having been struck on the upper eyelid,
over the eye, with a knotted whiplash. The lid was slightly
marked but the eyeball had no outward sign of an injury. At
the back of the eye, however, the choroid was torn for quite a
distance. This is possible on account of the sclera being the
more elastic coat. The rupture in his case was accompanied by
a small hemorrhage and involved the macular region, which is so
necessary for clear vision, so that his sight was permanently im-
paired to a considerable extent.
PENETRATING WOUNDS OF THE EYE.
Penetrating wounds of the eye are always serious and usu-
ally more so than they seem at first. Some time ago a little boy
was brought to me to determine the nature of a spot that was
growing on the front of the eye. Abut two weeks before he had
fallen and cut the forehead and eyelids with broken glass, but
they did not know that the eye was injured. The physician who
attended him said there was nothing wrong with the eye, but "a
few days later they noticed the spot, which was growing larger.
I found a small cut in the cornea through which a part of the iris
wa.s protruding, forming a d^irk colored cyst and preventing clos-
ure of the wound. Such wounds are easily infected and it was a
fortunate thing that the eye in this case had escaped such a fate.
After removal of the encysted iris the wound closed leaving the
iris adherent at one point to the posterior surface of the cornea,
producing an irregular pupil but otherwise quite normal.
When dressing a wounded eye care should be taken not to
mistake the prolapsing iris for a foreign substance. A young
man came to me recently who had been struck over his glasses, .
Injuries of the Eye.
15
driving the pieces through the lid into the eyeball. The doctor
who attended him, seeing the prolapsing iris, and thinking it a
foreign body, pulled out nearly the whole iris.
Should infection of the wound take place, so as to cause a
loss of part of the cornea, the results are not only serious as re-
gards sight, but may also necessitate the removal of the eye.
When the cornea is perforated the iris falls against the back of
the wound and fills the gap. The weakened cornea, with the iris
adherent to it, is not able to withstand the pressure of the fluids
in the eye and bulges, forming a staphyloma such as is seen in
Cut No. 1.
Staphyloma following ulcera-
tion and perforation of the cor-
nea. The iris is adherent to the
back of the cornea completely
shutting off the drainage through
the angle between the cornea and
iris into the canal of Schlemm.
This produced the increase of
tension which made it necessary
to enucleate the eye. The lens
is in place. The optic nerve was
cupped but does not show in this
specimen.
cut No. 1. Another factor also entering into the production of
the bulging is that when the iris falls forward in this way the
principal source of drainage of the fluids from the eye, the spaces
of Fontana at the angle between the iris and cornea, is closed.
That causes the condition known as secondary glaucoma, in which
the pressure of the fluids in eye is greatly increased.
If the lens should be injured the problem may be quite dif-
ferent for we have the swollen lens to care for. In young people
this is usually absorbed without any interference but in older
people a comparatively simple wound may prove to be a hard
problem to deal with. A few years ago I was called to see a
woman, aged 37, who had injured her right eye two weeks before
with a large needle. While sewing^^carpet the thread broke and
the needle perforated the cornea near the centre and also went
16 • The Plexus.
through the lens capsule. She had no pain at first but later the
lens swelled and at the time I was called the eye was very hard
and the pain was intense. The swollen lens had pushed the iris
up against the back of the cornea so it was impossible to open
the eyeball as usual, to relieve the tension. I managed to make
a small opening through the cornea, however, and relieved the
tension by removing part of the lens, and the remainder was ab-
sorbed. Unless the tension had been relieved at once the sight
of the eye would have been destroyed, as such an increase is soon
followed by destruction of the optic nerve. She was fortunate
to save very fair vision in the eye after its recovery. There is
one point that should always be remembered in estimating the
damage of such an injury, namely, that an eye with the lens
gone, even when good vision is obtained with a correcting glass,
is of little assistance as long as the other eye remains as before,
for they do not work well together.
There is one region in the eye where even the smallest wound
is very serious, not only to the injured eye but also to the other.
We designate this region, over the ciliary body, as the "danger-
ous zone," for when that is injured we have the double danger of
shrinking of the globe of the eye and of sympathetic ophthalmia.
Wounds in this region, which at the time appear insignificant,
may be followed by the most serious results. A few years ago a'
boy came to my clinic at the Eye and Ear Infirmary to see if any-
thing could be done to restore his sight. About a year before he
fell on the sidewalk and a small nail penetrated the eye in the
region of the ciliary body. He was taken to an oculist who
treated him and did not tell the parents the danger of such a
wound or advise removal of the eye. A few weeks later trouble
began in the other eyej and in spite of treatment his sight was
destroyed in both eyes. At the time I saw him he could only see
large objects, not enough to enable him to go about alone. Near
the margin of the cornea was a very small scar where the nail
had penetrated. Such a condition would have been a good basis
for a mal-practice suit. The patient should always be warned of
the danger of sympathetic trouble and the necessity of watching
an injured eye carefully for a long time. Even if the eye quiets
down after the injury, sympathetic trouble may begin at any
time from a slight blow, or even without any known cause.
That sympathetic trouble may occur a great many years after
Injuries of the Eye.
17
the injury was well illustrated by a patient whom I had under
observation for a long time. He had his right eye injured over
16 years before I saw him and had an operation on it by a noted-
oculist. It had shrunken into a small, hard lump, and he said it
had never troubled him. He had tried to wear an artificial eye
but the socket was so badly shrunken from the injury that it was
impossible for him to do so. He had had a mild inflammation of
the remaining eye for about a year, sufiicient to hinder him from
working part of the time. I found an intiammation of the choroid
and ciliary body which would subside under treatment but would
return soon after the treatment was stopped. I did not at first
think the stump of the injured eye had anything to do with the
trouble, as he never had pain in it, and it was not inflamed or
Cut No. 2.
Injury of the lens and ciliary
body. The part of the lens show-
ing white is breaking down and
near that point is an exudate
from the ciliary body. The re-
tina Is hazy from the inflamma-
tion and the cloudiness behind
the lens is an exudate into the
vitreous. The ciliary body and
iris on the side opposite to the
injury appear about normal.
tender to touch when under my observation. After having him
under treatment for several months I saw one day that the stump
was some inflamed and tender to touch. I immediately advised
removal of it to which he consented a short time after. Follow-
ing this the inflammation subsided and he has had no return of
the trouble since, a period of over two years. Such a case is
particularly instructive, for it was impossible to tell what had
been done to the eye at the time of the the operation on account
of the changes that had taken place in the stump, and also the
fact that it had gone nearly 16 years without giving trouble.
In cut No. 2 you will see the great damage that may take
18
The Plexut.
place in the eye with very little outward sign. The eye was
struck by the broken end of a wire rope near the margin of the
cornea. The cut did not seem to extend through the cornea, and,
although the eye was considerably inflamed at the time I was
called in consultation, I did not advise removal. It was found
necessary to remove the eye later, however, on account of the
severe pain and irritation of the other eye. It can be seen by
the cut how extensive the changes were. The ciliary body had
been injured as w^ell as the margin of the lens. Such a wound
would have produced atrophy of the globe even if sympathetic
inflammation had not occurred.
WOUNDS OF THE SCLERA.
Penetrating wounds of the sclera back of the ciliary body
Cut No. 3.
Purulent exudate into the vit-
reous following- a penetrating-
wound. Back of the lens is a yel-
low mass and the whole vitreous
is opaque and filled with exudate.
It has shrunken some, separating
it from the coats of the eye. The
eyeball was quite soft before re-
moval.
usually heal readily unless infection takes place. The vitreous
is such a good medium for the growth of bacteria that infection
must be guarded against very carefully until the w^ound heals
completely. A good illustration of the condition when infection
takes place is given in cut No. 3. The eye was struck with a
piece of metal back of the ciliary body. About five days later it
began to get soft and the pupil gave a yellow reflex; almost a
sure sign of pus in the vitreous. You will see by referring to the
cut that near the point of injury there is a yellow mass, a begin-
ning purulent destruction of the vitreous. Removal as soon as
we are sure that will be the result is advisable, for if the puru-
Injuriesi of the Eye. 19
lent destruction goes on and produces panophthalmitis there will
be great pain and removal of the eye in that condition is attended
with the danger of meningitis.
FOREIGN BODIES IN THE VITREOUS
Penetrating wounds of the eye with retention of the foreign
body .usually require immediate attention in order to save the
eye. When the lens has not been injured and there has not been
too large an amount ol hemorrhage into the eye we can usually
see the foreign body and locate it with the ophthalmoscope. If
it is impossible to see the fundus of the eye we have two other
means of determining the presence of a foreign body — the X ray
and the Haab magnet. The Haab magnet is a large, stationary
one, with a conical point, capable of lifting several pounds.
When an eye in which is a piece of steel is brought near to it the
patient can usually feel the pulling on the metal very distinctly.
Cut No. 4.
Detached retina, etc., following
removal of metal from eye with
magnet. The piece of metal is
shown in front of eye. The eye
had to be removed two years af-
ter on account of a severe inflam-
mation of iris and ciliary body.
The retina is completely de-
tached, being continuous from
the optic nerve to the I'emains of
the lens and the point at which I
introduced the magnet in front.
The iris can be seen fastened at
its pupillary margin to the lens
capsule and bulging forward
forming an "iris bombe."
This large magnet is also useful in removing the metal from the
eye, as the entrance of the point of the magnet into the eye is
not necessary as it is with a small one. The result of the mag-
net extraction is very good in many cases, good sight being re-
tained in a few, and the eyeball being saved in others with par-
tial vision or none at all. About four years ago a young man
came to me with the history of having betn struck in the eye by
a piece of metal while at work in the machine shop of the State
20
The Plexus.
University, about six months before. He did not have a great
amount of trouble at the time but the sight of the eye had been
growing dim. In the lower part of the fundus of the eye was a
small piece of metal. About it there was a degeneration of the
retina and choroid and the field of vision showed complete loss
of sight in that area. Dr. Gradle and I operated on it by mak-
ing an opening below, as near the metal as possible, and insert-
ing the tip of a small magnet. After a few attempts the piece*
measuring about one-eighth inch across, came out quite readily.
The eye healed with no reaction and he wrote me recently that
the sight had improved from what it was at the time of the oper-
ation. While such results are quite frequently obtained, cut No.
4 shows one of the less fortunate ones. The man from whom the
Cut No. 5.
Section of an eye in which a
piece of steel was lodged for over
four years before enucleation.
The piece can be seen near the
optic nerve. To the left of the
lens is a light spot showing the
place where it entered the eye.
The lens was probably displaced
in preparation of the specimen.
There is atrophy of the retina
and the entire uveal coat.
The illustrations are made from
photographs of half sections o
eyes which were mounted in glyr
cerine jelly according the Priest,
ly Smith method.
eye was removed, came to my clinic a few hours after having
been struck in the eye by a piece of metal. It had entered near
the margin of the cornea and wounded the lens in passing back
into the vitreous. I made an opening in the sclera and extracted
the piece with the magnet. The eye healed well but the heon-
orrhage and destruction of the vitreous caused a detachment of
the retina and loss of sight. This is the most frequent cause of
failure in these cases, for if there is much disturbance of the vit-
reous, detachment of the retina is sure to result. The eye was
quiet until two years later when he had an accidental blow on it,
producing such a violent inflammation it was necessary to enu-
Injuries of the Eye. 21
cleate it. I had saved the piece of metal which was extracted and
so mounted it with the section of the eye.
In the section of an eye shown in cut No. 5 is a piece of metal
which had been in the eye for four years. At the time of the in-
jury the eye was inflamed for some time and very painful, but the
man did not know that a piece of metal had entered the eye.
About four years later he again had a severe attaok of inflamma-
tion and had the eye removed. The piece of metal about one-
eighth inch in diameter can be seen lying at the back of the eye,
having produced atrophy of the retina and other structures.
THE PLEXUS
THE OFFICIAL ORGAN OF
THE COLLEGE OF PHYSICIANS AND SURGEONS
MEDICAL DEPARTMENT
UNIVERSITY OF ILLINOIS.
Plexus Committee of Faculty.
T. A. DAVIS, M. D., D. A. K. STEELE, M. D., F. GREGORY CONNELL, M. D.
H. C. WADDLE, 03, Editor-in-Chief.
Supt. W. H. BROWNE, W. T. ECKLEY, M. D.. D. N. EISBNDRATH, M. D.,
W. A. EVANS, M. D., THOMAS FAITH, M. D., A. GERHMANN, M. D.
Associate Editors. L. HARRISON METTLER, M. D.
Local Editor, L- H. S. FRECHTLING, '03
Class Editors:
C. W. BURT, '01, W. M. FRENCH, 02, R. L. ELDREDGE, '03
M- R. MARTIN, '04.
Faculty Departmetit, DR. W. A. PLSEY. Clinical Laboratory Dept , DR. W. E. COATES
Alumni Editor, DR. C. C. O'BYRNE, '94. i Clinical Department, JOS. ZABOKRTSKY, '01
Athletic " R. C. CUPLBR '01 Library Department. GRACE W. BRYANT.
Advertising Solicitor, GEO. E. ROSENTHAL, '02.
Publisher, H. C. WADDLE.
Subscription $1.00 per Annum in advance. Single copies, 15 cents. Issued Monthly
Send all remittances and communications as to subscriptions and advertising to H. C.
WADDLE, 813 W. Harrison St.
Entered at Cliicago Post Office as Second-Class Matter.
Any subscriber desiring the .Journal discontinued at the expiration of his subscription
should so notify the Publishers; otherwise it will be assumed thai the subscription is to be
continued and the Journal sent accordingly.
Contributionsof matter suitable for publication are invited, and should be sent in not
later than the 25th of the month previous to tliat of publication. The publishers willnot hold
themselves responsible for the safe return of MSS. unless sufflcient stamps are forwarded
Some time ago we. sent out statements of indebtedness to the
Plexus, and there are quite a number of subscribers who have
not responded as yet. It will save us quite a little trouble by
attending to this at once.
» *
*
It was our plan to get out a change of design of cover with
this issue and to make it more of a special number than we have
but w^e have met with several reverses which we were unable to
Editorial. I'i
forestall and are disappointed in that we could not carry out our
plan. Nevertheless we may be able in the near future to realize
some of our anticipations.
•X *
*
We are very desirous of sending the Plexus to each mem-
ber of the senior class. We plan to make the Plexus a medium
through which the members of the alumni may keep record of
each other, and we can accomplish this to the greatest extent by
the hearty co-operation of the alumni. Each alumnus should
stand by the official organ of his Alma Mater. Be loyal.
* *
*
Volume seven of The Plexus begins with this issue and we
shall keep up the plan recently instigated and published at close
of volume a Table of Contents, making it possible for our readers
to have the volume bound in book form. We notice the number
of subscribers is increasing who are going to have the Plexus
thus bound. It makes a very neat book, giving the pictures of
the members of the faculty and some of the alumni.
•Alurppi Deparbmept,
officers 1901-1902.
President, A. J. Behrendt, '91, 93 Fowler St., Chicago; Vice-
President, W. T. Stewart, '93, 978 Douglas Blvd., Chicago; Sec-
retary and Treasurer, W. H. Berard, '94, 1107 W. Chicago Ave.
' Chicago.
'93. A. A. Absher, of Sibley, 111., was renewing acquaint-
ances recently. The Dr. is enjoying a nice practice.
'94. D. W. Evans, Scranton, Pa., was among the visitors to
the college during commencement week.
'94. E. J. Bradley is now located at Elkhorn, Mont. , having
recently gone there from Iowa. He sent us a copy of the Mon-
tana State Board examination questions recently, and any one de-
siring to see them can do so by calling at the Plexus office. The
Plexus wishes him success in his new field.
'94. Joseph M. Dekraker, 61 W, Leonard St., Grand Ra pids
-Mich,, was a recent visitor at the Plexus office.
24 Th€ Plexus.
95. Alfred Belitz is now located at Waumandeej Wis. He
was formerly at Saa Jose, Cal.
'96. T. J. O'Malley recently resigned his position as Physi-
cian of State Penitentiary at Joliet, 111., and received most flat-
tering testimonials from all those directly connected with the
institution, showing that the Dr. has not only done his duty as a
physician, but that he has made a great many friends.
'99. F. D. Moore was recently appointed surgeon to Prazer
& Chalmer's employee's aid association.
"99. C. M. Coen was a recent visitor at the Plexus office
He moves from Maroa, 111., to Belleflower, 111.
99, J. W. Backus has passed examination to enter the navy,
as surgeon.
'00. P. E. North was a recent visitor at his Alma Mater.
CLASS ROLL.
Alexander, E. S.
Amerson, W. H., 150 S. Sacramento Ave., Chicago.
Ames, A. J., 1826 4th Ave., South, Minneapolis, Minn.
Aplebaum, D., 589 N. Hoyne St., Chicago.
Baumann, P., 703 Jackson Blvd., Chicago.
Bechtol, C. O., interne. Dunning Institution.
Bennett, H. S., Moline, 111.
Beyer, A. E., Guttenberg, la.
Birk, J. W., interne West Side Hospital, Chicago.
Billig, G. W., with Dr. Webster, Euglewood, Chicago
Boss, J. H., Plymouth, Ind.
Bracken, G. P., Lemont, 111.
Bradfield, J. H., LaHarpe, 111.
Buechner, P. E. A., 1538 35th St., Chicago.
Burke, E. W., Iowa Palls, la.
Burt, C. W., Valley Junction, la.
Buss, P. J., 634 Loomis St., Chicago.
Cameron, W. L., Lead, S. Dak.
Carpenter, Mrs. C. W., 1038 N. Clark St., Chicago
Chassell, J. L., Iowa Palls, la.
Church, E. E., LaPayette, 111.
Clark, L. W.
Class Roll. 25
Couway, H. P., Elroy, Wis.
Corbett, G. W., Depere, Wis.
Corbus, B. C, interne West Side Hospital, Chicago.
Cory, W. B., 1056 13th St., Chicago.
Coumbe, W. R., Muscoda, Wis.
Coy, W. D., Canfield, O.
Culver, Miss. L. L., Sycamore, 111.
Cunningham, W. D., Youngstown, O.
Cupler, R. C, Interne Chicago Hospital, Chicago.
Dennert, P., Dubuque, la.
Denny, A. R., 616 Foster St., Burlington, la.
Diven, G. R., Augustina Hospital, Chicago.
Dodson, C. A., 157 S. Wood St., Chicago.
Dohrmann, G., Hamelsvorden, Prov. Hannover, Germany.
Domer, W. A., Wabash, Ind.
Donkle, A. DeF., Interne Augustina Hospital, Chicago.
Dwyer, J. C, Women's Hospital, San Francisco, Cal.
Eberhart, N. M.
English, E. G., Interne German Hospital, Chicago.
Fernow, J. A. W., 752 W. Jackson Blvd., Chicago.
Frank, M.
French, G. M., Danville, 111.
Galloway, G., 500 70 State St., Chicago.
Garnett, Miss J. M., 753 Austin Ave., Chicago.
Garraghan E. P., Interne St. Elizabeth's Hospital, Chicago
Gorrell, T. J. H., 475 Oakley Blvd., Chicago.
Gould, Miss H., 266 S. Lincoln St., Chicago.
Gustafson, J. A., Galesburg, 111.
Hanshus, J. W.
Heintz, E. L., 518 Adams St., Chicago.
Heilman, E. S., Ida Grove, la.
Henbest, G. M., Black Creek, Wis.
Hess, W. C, Yale, la. . .
Hews, L. D., Rockwell City, la.
Hoerrmann, B. A. , Augustina Hospital, Chicago.
Hombach, W. P., Carroll, la,
Howe, F. S., Interne Augustina Hospital, Chicago
Hoxsey, R. P., Storm Lake, la.
Hubbard, C. W., 1417 A Ave, Cedar Rapids. la
Hunt, H. H., Independence, la.
26 The Flexus.
Irish, H. E., 2787 N. Robey St., Chicago
Jacobs, M., Perth, Kau.
Johnson, A. C, Horace, 111.
Johnson, C. C, Wilton Junction, la.
Jordan, M. S., Grand Mound, la.
Kaeser, A. F., Highland, 111.
Kellogg, J. R., Portage City, Wis.
Kennedy, Miss J. C, Rochelle, 111.
Kerrigan, G. P., 229 Walnut St., Chicago.
Kinder, R. G. W., Elgin, 111.
Kisecker, D. E., 376 Jefferson Ave., Greencastle, Pa.
Koch, W. A., Pekin, 111.
Kubicek, A. C, 435 S. Paulina St., Chicago.
Little, Z., 363 State St., Chicago.
Lampe, H. G., interne St. Anthony's Hospital, Chicago
Lemon, H. K., 3031 Indiana Ave., Chicago.
Lennon, A. J., 700 Herkimer St., Joliet, 111.
Leonard, H. S., Liberty, Ind.
Liggitt, F. L., Clinton, 111.
Ling, P. B., 431 Ogden Ave., Chicago.
Lockhart, C. W., Chicago Hospital, Chicago.
Loope, T. R., Ironwood, Mich.
Lorch, G. J., Bangor, Wis.
Luehrs, H. E., Hay ton. Wis.
Lanting, D. B., Drenthe, Mich.
Major, W., Santa Mesa, Mexico.
Martin, W. B., Weldon, 111.
Martin, H. R., Bement, 111.
Maxwell, J. C.
Meadows, L. H., Waverly Junction, la.
Meyer, E. F., 363 N. Ashland Ave., Chicago.
Morton, F. R., interne Cook County Hospital Chicago
McAuliffe, A. F., 1976 Fillmore St., Chicago.
McCall, H. K., Ft. Dodge, la.
McCall, F. B., 945 Turner Ave., Chicago.
McClellan, C, 1301 Michigan Ave., Chicago.
McCoy, W. M., Clinton, la.
McDonald, R. J., Columbus, Wis.
McDowell, W. O., Waterloo, la.
McDowell, W. D., Monmouth, 111.
Class Roll. 27
McGuinn, J. J., Interne Alexian Bros. Hospital, Chicago.
McPherson, W. G., Toledo, 111.
Nelson, E., 170 Locust St., Chicago.
Newman, W. M., Deek Park, Wash.
Noble, C. M., Interne Pon du Lac, Wis.
Noland, P. D., Kouts, Ind.
Oliver, C. I., Gilbert, la.
Orcutt, D. C, 103 Adams St., Chicago.
Palmer, J. M., Milton, Wis.
Parker, W. R., Sterling, 111.
Parry, I. A., Mankato, Wis.
Peterson, H. P.. 133 Humboldt Blvd., Chicago.
Petry, F., Akron, Ind.
Peth, Mrs. V. W. W., 750 W. North Ave., Chicago.
Poison, Miss N. D., Interne Francis Willard Hospital, Chicago.
Pratt, Mrs. I. R., Austin, 111.
Rhodes, O. M., Bloomingtoa, 111.
Rich, Miss. K. B.
Ridenour. J. E., Garrison, la.
Ringo, G, R., Interne Cook County Hos^jital, Chicago.
Robertson, W. F., Eagle Grove, la.
Rolfs, T. H., Interne St. Mary's Hospital, Milwaukee, Wis.
Sage, E. D., Gobleville, Mich.
Sawyer, F. B., Sidney, O.
Scholtes, T. W., Read's Landing, Minn.
Scofield, C. J., 7221 Jeffery Ave., Chicago.
Sears, C. E., Rock Island, 111.
Seifert, M. J., 803 N. Leavitt St., Chicago.
Severson, W. R., North and Kedzie Aves., Chicago.
Shaw, R. H., Lyndon, 111.
Shanks, J. W., 41 Long Court, Grand Rapids, Mich.
Sherwood, H. H.
Shook, W. E., Auburn, Neb.
Smith, H. E., Kalamazoo, Mich.
Smith. J. T., 6365 Washington St., Chicago.
Smedley, Miss I., Nashua, la.
Sommers, J. C, Madison, Wis.
Soegaard, E., 638 Clermont, Ave., Chicago.
Sternberg, W. A., Mitchelville, la.
Stilwill, H. R., Tyndall, S. Dak.
28 The Plexus.
Stober, A. M., Interne Cook County Hospital.
Storck, W.
Struthers, H. R., 240 N. Kedzie Ave., Chicago.
Streich, E. A., Oshkosh, Wis., 563 7th St.
Talmage, G. C, Brushy Prairie, Ind.
Thorwick, Mrs. M. G., 622 N. Hoyne St., Chicago
Tillmont, C. P., Centrevilie, la.
Tracy, F. A., Lewiston, Mont.
Turner, Miss A., South Bend, Ind.
Turner, D. A, 773 E. 1st St.. Salt Lake, Utah.
Ulrich, J. H., 709 Hay ward St,, Peoria, 111.
Urquhart, R. T., South Bend, Ind.
Van Horn, J. A., Ft. Sheridan, 111.
Vestling, V, I., Marquette, Kansas.
"Von Wadelstaedt, B., Deadwood, S. Dak.
Wallace, F. L., 458 E. 45th St., Chicago.
Wells, W. B., Milton, Wis.
Wheat, F. C, Ida Grove, la.
Willing, Miss B. L., 534 Adams St., Chicago.
Wiltfong, C. O., 89S W. Harrison St., Chicago.
Wiudrone, Mrs. A. S.
Wright, C. F., Rock Island, 111.
Yelton, Miss W. A., Yale, 111.
Zabokrtsky, Joseph, Interne West Side Hospital, Chicago.
HOSPITAL APPOINTMENTS.
The following members of the class of '01 have received ap-
pointments for hospital internships:
Frank R. Morton. Cook County Hospital, exam., 4th place.
A. M. Stober, Cook County Hospital, exam. ; 6th place.
G. R. Ringo, Cook County Hospital, exam., 16th place.
C. E, Sears, Cook County Hospital, (alternate 3rd).
J. J. McGainn, Alexian Bros. Hospital, Chicago, exam., 1st
place.
H, G. Lampe, St. Anthony's Hospital, Chicago, exam., 1st
place.
E. G. English, German Hospital, Chicago.
E. F. Garraghan, St. Elizabeth Hospital, Chicago, exam.
J. W. Birk, West Side Hospital, Chicago, exam., 1st place.
Hosp!t((l Appoint ments. 29
Joseph Zabokrtsky, West Side Hospital, Chicago, exam.,
2nd place.
B. C. Corbus, West Side Hospital, Chicago, exam., 3rd place.
Carl Lockhart, Chicago Hospital, appointment.
R. C. Cupler, Chicago Hospiial, appointment.
Geo. R. Diven, Augustana Hospital, appointment.
F. S. Howe, Augustana Hospital, appointment.
B. A. Hoermann, Augustana Hospital, appointment
A. DeF. Donkle, Augustana Hospital, appointment.
C. M. Noble, St. Agne's Hospital, Fon du Lac, Wis., ap-
pointment.
T. H. Rolfs, St. Mary's Hospital, Milwaukee, Wis., exam-
Ist place.
Miss Nina D. Poison, Francis Willard Hospital, Chicago, ap-
pointment.
CLASS DAY PROGRAM.
Piano Duo, Morceau de Concert - Rive-King
Miss Alice M. Borgmeier, Dr. M. J. Seifert
Invocation,
Rev. William J. McCaughan
Piano Solo, Polonaise No. 2 - Liszt
Miss Alice M. Borgmeier
Violin Solo, (a) Adagio de Concerto No. 5 - David
(b) Polish Dance - - - Drake
Mr. Robert Morris Staples
Address, - - - Dr. William A. Evans.
Ouartettp ^ ^ Zither, Violin ) Fantasie aus H Trovatore
^ [11 Zither, Piano \ Feyertag- Verdi
Mrs. M. J. Seifert, Mr. R. M. Staples
Miss Anna Knutzen, Dr. M. J. Seifert
Vocal Solo, Gipsy Love Song - - Herbert
Miss Francesca Bairn
Piano Solo, Rhapsodie Hongroise - - Liszt
Miss Alice M. Borgmeier
Presentation of Class Picture and Tablet, W. D. McDowell
Response by the Dean, Dr. Wm. E. ,Quine,
COMMENCEMENT WEEK.
ISTotification of standing of graduates, Monday, May 20.
Class day (C. A.) 2:30 P. M.. Monday, May 27.
Alumni meeting (C. A.) 8 P. M., Monday, May 27.
Graduating exercises, Studebaker Building, 2:30 P. M., Tues-
day, May 28.
Alumni banquet, Auditorium Hotel, 6:30 P. M., May 28.
SENIOR NOTES.
As with this issue my duties as class editor shall be severed,
I wish to take this last opportunity to express my gratitude and
thanks to those members of the class who were willing and did
come to my assistance by sending in some news items when
asked. Many do not realize what a task it is some months to
collect news items especially in a quiet month. In such a time a
few notes from outsiders is to the editor what a draft from home
is to the freshman. Again I wish to thank the class as a whole
for the courtesy they have shown toward the work. Of course I
fully realize that some members of the class have taken offense
at certain articles which were nor intended to be personal at all
and were given with sincere respect toward the said individual
or individuals. There never has lived an individual who could
take a class of 180 men and women and exactly coincide in
thought and action for one year and please each individual. I
do not pretend to be an exception to the rule. I trust I have
made no personal enemies, and I assure you all that you have my
deepest respect and good wishes for your future success. There
is a passage of scripture which says "Love your enemies," and I
believe this a good time to apply the quotation. So if any one
feels that he has been offended why "forget it," by knowing that
it was not intended to be taken so seriously. Soon we shall be
cast to the four winds, and perhaps some of us may at least be
blown to the same state and perhaps county — so let us go out
holding the memories of these past 3 or 4 years as sacred memo-
ries and ever be loyal to the members of the class and the insti-
tution of which we are a member.
Too much reward cannot be given to the executive commit-
N(Aes. 31
"tee of the senior class. Their work has been much more ardu-
ous and time-consuming than most of us are aware, yet every
thing has been done in time and satisfactorily. They have met
with the least opposition in their suggestion of any like commit-
tee in the history of the institution. Meeting opposition only
once I believe, and that was in regard to a class motto which was
immaterial — otherwise their sailing has been . unobstructed by
squalls. The programs which they selected are substantial and
unique in every detail and are worthy to represent the institution
from which they are sent. Any words that might be said in be-
half of this committee are insufficient to express our gratitude
toward them for the interest they have taken in the work, and
with what efficiency they have carried it to completion. The
class is to be congratulated that they have as their executive
committee composed of such men that know just what the class
wants and what they will be willing to put up for the same. In
behalf of the class I wish to thank the committee for their un-
tiring efforts in carrying forward their work as best they were
able and to the best interest of the class.
Dr. Quine, quizzing. Mr. Sternberg, give treatment for
arthritis deformans.
Mr. Sternberg. It is chiefly climateric.
Dr. Quine. Is it climateric or climatic?
Mr. Kisecher contemplates striking for Wisconsin just as
soon as he has his diploma. He has in mind a town of about
1,000 inhabitants and only one physician. We wish him much
success in that cold climate, and trust we shall learn in the fu-
ture that he is doing well.
Mr. Jordan reports that he has awaiting his readiness a po-
sition as assistant to his preceptor which guarantees him a sala-
ry of $4,500 per year. Can you blame him -for not wanting a
hospital job? If Mr. Jordan undertakes the work, its a cinch it
will be done, and done well. The class rejoice with Mr. Jordan
and congratulate him that he has awaiting such an opportunity.
While he is waxing fat in his field of labor, he must not forget
the number of his own class who are on the contrary becoming
anaemic in the anticipation of an opportunity to test their ability.
As the father of the class we all shall look to him for succor in
-case of need.
32 The Plexus.
Dr. Lydslon, during the month, gave the boys two beneficiaT
and certainly practical talks. Dr. Lydston is his student's friend
and one to whom a student may approach without feeling that
perhaps he has offended him by so doing. Dr. Lydston is truly
a student in the full sense of the word. His command of the
English language is self evident, that the words which are need-
ed to best express his thoughts seem to flow readily from the
fountain of knowledge which he has accumulated by his travels
and careful stud3^ May we hear more of him.
Mr. Gustafson was caF.ed home for a few days owing to the
illness of his mother. Returning he reports that she was taken
with an attack of pneumonia. We rejoice with him that no seri-
ous results in cervened, but that his mother is now convalescent
and prospects for return of health are evident.
The great event of the year has come. We saw and we con-
quered. Out of the eight men who wrote the examination for
internship in the Cook County Hospital, five received places-
Two of these go in the first of June, viz. : Messrs. Morton and
Stober. Two others go in six months later who are Messrs.
Ringo and Sears. Mr. McGuinn, receiving first place at the
Alexian Bro.'s Hospital, resigned his place as first alternate in
the Cook County Hospital, and accepted the position at the Alex-
ian Bro.'s Hospital in preference. Our main competitor was
Rush with her 22 men. Out of those 22 eight received places —
giving us a better percentage for the number of men entering for
the examination. All that we ask is our share.
On May the 4th occurred the competetive examination for
internship at the West Side Hospital. There are three places
to be won. Five men reported for the examination. The three
men receiving places in order were J. W. Birk, Joe Zabokrstky
and B. C. Corbus. Mr. Birk and Mr. Corbus serve each an.
eighteen months term while Mr. Zabokrstky will serve two years.
Messrs. Diven and Howe immediately upon graduating go in
the Augustina Hospital under Dr. Ochsner as externes to serve a
term of four months. This is an excellent opportunity for them,,
and we have no hesitancy in saying that Dr. Ochsner will find in
them good and apt material out of which he can mold excellent
doctors. They are to be congratulated that they^were the first.
Xotes. 33
to hand in their names for the position. It is an opportunity
seldom picked up.
Mr., W. G- Cameron, slyly but not secretly, of recent date
took unto himself a wife. Mrs. Cameron is a graduate nurse of
the West Side Training School. This alone speaks much in her
behalf, for we always hear of the special fitness of the West Side
nurses. Mr. Cameron is to be congratulated upon his selection
of so amiable and competent a helpmate. We wonder why he
had to take her away so early and not stay with his class to re-
ceive his honors publicly and as a class? The congratulations of
the class go with Mr. and Mrs. Cameron, and while we regret
very much their absence on Commencement Day, we neverthe-
less believe that they will be with us in spirit if not in body.
May God's blessings go with them.
One extreme follows another. First there is joy and happi-
ness, then on the next mail a message comes reporting the death
of a father. Just such news came to E. W. Burke early in May.
Mr. Burke took the first train for home. The sympathies of the
class go with him. More and more are we brought to the reali-
zation that how uncertain is life. A shadow of darkness will con-
front Mr. Burke during Commencement time, while many will
seem never to have had sorrow to confront them in any form.
Let us all join in with Mr. Burke and share this burden with him
and perhaps by so doing we can make it seem lighter. This may
be done in many ways which may be as gentle sun-beams and not
as a veil of darkness.
Mr. Geo. Dohrmann came to America from Hamelworden,
Germany, when but 14 years old. He landed on American soil
not knowing a single person and with but a few shillings in his
jeans. Success as his aim he fought desperately onward, work-
ing during the day and attending night school in the evening.
His first study was stenography and typewriting. Having mast-
ered these he received employment which brought him good
money. His desire was to obtain a scientific education as well,
so he began the medical course at Jenner Medical College of Chi-
cago. Completing his' Junior year here he concluded to finish
his course at the College of Physicians and Surgeons. Yet not
satisfied, and as soon as he receives his M. D., he expects to re-
turn home and visit his parents and do a year's work in some
34 The Fltxus.
good school in Germany. Mr. Dohrmann is evidently what may-^
be termed a self made man, and may success be meted out to him
in every undertaking.
Dr. Wells to Miss Willing: '-Give a prescription containing
Salicylic acid for rheumatism.''
Miss Willing: "Why, I'd give 10 grs. three times per day/
Dr. Wells: -'Yes 'um," how would you give it?"
Miss Willing: "By the mouth.'"
Von Wedelstaedt loaned his knife to Domer that he might in-
vestigate the interior of a Dermoid tumor. Ask "Von" if he has
succeeded in sterilizing his knife since?
Dr. Ferguson came to his clinic one day and desiring to know
what he did at his last clinic, so aslred Mr. Jacobs. Jacobs told
him that he operated on a young man. You removed the vas
differens and the vesiculse "semi-lunaris."
Mr. Ames is the only member of the class who so far this
year has gone against a state board. He took the Minnesota
State Board in April, and reports that his returns were favor-
able. Mr. Ames has a hospital position awaiting him in Minne-
apolis. Andy is a lucky boy.
Mr. Urquhart expects to locate at South Bend, Ind. , just as
soon as he is foot free from Cliicago.
W. D. McDowell, our class president, has gone and done like-
wise, i. e., he has purchased a new covering for his head. It will
be a question whether or not the old one was too tight or too old.
There is no question in our president's case but that he concluded
the old one too antique. If there is any person in the class which
by the acquiring of knowledge will affect less than our president,
why bring him forward. His head does not take those periodical
spells of expanding in circumference and contracting. Of all the
level headed men, "Mack" has proved himself to be one. As the
wielder of the gavel he has carried the class tlirough the entire
year in perfect peace and harmony, ever ready to comply to the
wishes of the class if it were sanctioned by the majority. Too
much honor and respect cannot be tendered McDowell for his
kindness and interest he has shown toward the members of the
class. We shall ever look back to our senior year and its class
leader with respect and reverence. May success lay at his
threshold of life.
A'^otes. 35
Mr. Fernow having demonstrated to Dr. Ferguson that he
knows where the canal of Nuck is located, thinks now that he too
will stop in Chicago.
Many of the class have either hospital positions or are located
already. Some have so designated.
Mr. Geo. Galloway has located here in the city at 70 State
St. No. 500.
Mr. English has an interneship in a German Hospital here in
the city.
D. B. Lanting sets sail for Michigan.
Mr. Heintz intends to remain in the city and make a specialty
in Gynecology.
Drs. Kaeser and Rhodes are going in together as partners.
They may be found in Bloomington, 111., after June 15, 1901.
This is nice that two classmates can have confidence in each oth-
er's ability and thus go in "cahoots." We shall expect some
good reports from the firm.
Mr. Bradfield also intends locating here in Chicago.
It is the intention of Dr. Von Wederstaedt to sail for Hono-
lulu. Von says he wants some practice before operating on the
civilized.
Mr. F. A. Treacy may be found in Lewiston, Montana, a few
weeks hence.
Mr. Bracken has a hospital position on the North Side.
THE LEGEND OF THE DOCTOR.
Henry Herbert Slater, Class Poet,
i. the country.
Far beyond the western ocean with its glimmering gleam of
light,
At an age long since forgotten in time's swift and ceaseless
flight,
In a land where lavish nature spread her best gifts wild and free,
In most wonderful profusion, yet with rarest harmony, —
Lived a quiet race of people running out their sands of life,'
Far secluded from the tumult of the world's unceasing strife.
Hei'e no spirit born of envy sowed the seeds of discord wide.
Here no haggard wolf of hunger swam the sea of famine's tide;
Here no tempest's blast or earthquake drove the dweller to his
death,
Here no hot wind of the desert blew its torrid, withering breath;
But a teeming .soil gave answer to the suns alluring heat,
And a recompense unbounded rose the peasant's toil to greet.
Flowers of fairest form and fancy shed their perfumesonthe air,
Birds of bright and brilliant plumage colored gay the foliage
fair:
* Class Poem, Clafs of 1902, Collego of I'liysicians and Surgeons. Chicago
Junior Poem. 37
Mingled with melodious music of the songsters of the trees,
Came the busy song of labor, wafted by the balmy breeze.
Southward lay the dimpling ocean sending back the sky's bright
blue,
Ever changing with the sunlight, ever showing beauties new:
Sprinkled o'er its ample bosom far as keenest eye could reach.
Multitudes of tiny islands lured the boatmen from his beach,
Step by step, enticing onward, with their beckoning beautie s
grand, —
Drawing the resistless wand'rer to the South's enchanted land
Miles away toward the northland, with their glittering peaks of
white
Lifting to the arch above them one long line of glistening light
Rising first by gentle stages from the peaceful plain below.
Then abruptly leaping skyward, ending in perpetual snow, —
Stood a range of lofty mountains, with their moss-grown ru n
old,
Keeping from the quiet valley's warriors fierce and bandit's bo
Glistening in the changing sunlight like a stream of silver
bright.
Rushing down the rocky gorges from the snow-line's misty
height,
Rivulets of sparkling water sought the valley's restful shade,
Passing onward to the ocean, slaking thirst of man and maid.
II. THE LEGEND.
Every Eden has its serpent — life goes hand in hand with death,.
Summer's smiles are always followed by the chilly winters
breath:
And this land by nature perfect had its heavy load of grief;
Life w^as but a scene of sadness — death meant but one long relief-
Towering high above his fellows rose a mighty, massive peak,
Those beside it but appearing dwarf-like pygmies, small and
weak;
Round its head the storm clouds linger, lightnings play and
thunders crash,
People look aloft with terror, starting at each vivid flash.
Men rush round in helpless horror wildly seeking vain relief,
Women kneel and clasp their children, trembling like a shaken
leaf;
iiS Ihe Plexus.
For a fearful, frightful monster, with a hundred hands and feet.
Made his den upon the mountain where the snows and vapors
meet;
And, refused an awful tribute by the multitude below,
Swore aloud a mighty vengeance — vowed them deep, relentless
woe.
So he went to distant regions and for many weary days
Gathered up the deadliest poisons — seeking out their devious
ways;
Found the insects that would torture and not take their victim's
life,
Keeping him in constant torment with the pain of endless strife.
Then returning to his mountain thundered out his sentence loud,
Unaffected by the pleadings of the hosts beneath him bowed.
With a hundred hands he labored, stopping not to sleep nor eat.
Heeding not the cold of winter nor the summer's scorching heat:
Poison put into the rivers, caught the insects large and small,
Blew his breath into their bodies, poisoned raindrops in their
falL
As the terrible tornado rushes on in furious haste,
As the livid, lurid tire-cloud onward sweeps o'er blackened
waste, —
So disease with all its anguish wrought its havoc through the
land,
From the sunny, verdant foot-hills to the whitening wave- washed
strand.
Babes with sweetly smiling faces, dreaming of their toys and
play,
Woke with harsh and cruel choking, and ere came the dawn of
day,—
Lay with little forms enshrouded while their parents sadly said:
" Twas the vile breath of the monsterfound our baby in his bed.""
People drinking of the water from the rivers' pebbly shores,
Siezed with burning, wasting fevers, lay for months within their
doors;
Others, bitten by the insects, when they sought the evening's
breeze.
Sickening in the warmest weather seemed to feel their life blood
freeze;
Peasants following the furrow bruised their feet upon the stones,
Junior Poem. 39
Seized with spasms and convulsions, died with most heart-rend-
ing groans.
Every form of human tortur§ had this awful poison brought; .
Minds without the light of reason constantly for succor sought.
Hideous sores their victims covered, breaking out with sickening
stench;
Bodies blackened by the roadside with no one to dig their trench.
All the while the sun above them shed his choicest, lovliest
smiles;
And the breezes still swept landward, perfume laden from the
isles.
Pleadings went unto the monster, but in rage he listened not;
And with crafty cunning added worse afflictions to their lot.
Desperate grown, a youth of courage sought the spoiler in his
den.
Thinking he could slay the tyrant— bringing happiness again.
Back he came, with face distorted, tongue extended cleft in
twain;
Eyes like fire from sockets bursting, body bent and racked with
pain.
But when asked about his journey, pointed to the mountain
height,
Crouching as he wildly muttered, quaking as in fearful fright.
Living happy with her parents by the bright and billowy beach,
Was a modest, mirthful maiden scarce beyond her girlhood's
reach;
Close beside them where the waters of the river reach the sea,
Lived a youth by nature quiet, thoughtful far beyond degree,
When the blissful days of childhood found them gleeful at their
Oft he looked into the future, trying to divine its way;
When the mark and mein of manhood changed the lighter form
of youth.
Oft he sought the merry maiden, gazed into her eyes of truth;
Oftentimes, when tired and moody, seeking wisdom's ways to
learn;
Felt the impulse of her spirit, lighting up his visage stern;
But at length a mutual feeling, taught them that they both were
one
40 The Plexus.
And they pledged their love together 'neath the smiling summer
sun.
By her husband's side she wandered in his search for nature's
lore,
Soothing him in times of sorrow, adding to his learning's store.
Often on some snowy summit caught the first bright beam of day
Often in the shadowy twilight lost its last faint fading ray.
When the summer's sunny solstice from the south returned once
more,
A new life with theirs was mingled, and their cup of joy ran o'er;
How they planned its little future, thought of joys that it would
bring;
Life looked one eternal sunshine — hope breathed but the breath
of spring,
But the future had its shadow, and when scarce a week had
passed,
After hours of pain and struggling, child and mother breathed
their last.
As from place of final resting turned the father's saddened face;
He had pledged ]-evenge undying on the slayer of his race.
Where the human foot w^as stranger, built a habitation lone,
Studied barks and leaves and rootlets, substances from earth and
stone.
Delved into their deepest darkness, walked the paths before un-
bidden;
Drew by long and tireless labors mysteries from others hidden.
Then went back from depth of forest, over desert, hill and plain
To release his loved country from the demon's direful stain;
Made the people cleanse their houses, driving out the hidden
foe.
Taught them how to make the water harmless as the mountain
.snow,
Gave them dark, mysterious ointments to destroy the insects'
bite,
Kept the breath of mountain monster from the children in the
night;
Cured the sick ones of their illness, taught them of the ways of
health.
Also how to meet the cunning of the sly old monster's stealth.
Junior Poem. 41
So, a race of happy people occupy that land once more,
Nature sending food and plenty to that shining sandy shore;
Bu"" the demon of the mountain from his cave is watching still,~
Ever ready with his weapons, ever vigilant to kill.
Many a time they think him sleeping, or forget and careless
grow;
But his ever ready poison seeks them out and lays them low,
III. OUK CLASS.
With our eyes upon the rainbow of the future's promise cast.
And our backs toward the sunset of the dark and dismal past;
With the goal of our ambition scarce beyond the reach of hand,
Through the dim delusive hazes, look toward the promised land.
We have passed through tearful trials, while with paper spread
before,
Racked our brains to find an answer from our mind's much mud-
dled store.
We are human — like all others — and with sorrow and remorse.
Some have offered, like King Richard, all their kingdom for a
horse;
And for fear its size too ample was for passage strait and stony,
Satisfied themselves by riding a more unpretentious pony.
But while thinking that their broncos were unseen in stable
tucked,
Were perceived by the professors and like beauteous lilies
plucked.
This is painful — let's forget it — 'tis the nightmare of a dream;
Turn our thoughts into the future, join its onward rushing stream.
We have heard the wails of anguish rising from a stricken world,
Heard the moans of dying warriors where the battle bolts were
hurled,
Seen the weeping widow watching lone beside her husband dead.
Heard the plaintive voice of orphans in their feeble cry for
bread;
So, with souls detp stirred with pity, and with aim and purpose
high,
Have prepared us for our mission, answering the world's great cry.
Though the bright and dazzling dollar feed the flame of hunger's
fire,
It will ne'er requite the longings of a soul by nature higher;
42 The Plexus.
Though it build a costly mansion, though it stem the nortn
wind's cold,
May our worth be never measured by a piece of gaudy gold.
We shall meet man on his coming bare and naked to the earth,
Wrap the first unshapen garment round his tiny body's girth;
And when babies' croup and colic he has safely shaken off,
Watch him through the scarlet fever, measles, mumps and
whooping cough.
0"er him watching in his boyhood, or, if he should be a she.
Guarding o'er her growing girlhood just the same as if 'twere he
Soothe the pains of indigestion from his wedding dinner's wealth,
Praise his red-faced, unbleached infant, bring the mother back
to health.
When the strength of manhood weakens, and the gray of age
appears.
Ease the aches and pains of parting, cheer him in his failing
years;
When the dew of death has gathered on the ashen brow of age,
Peel the last weak flickering heart beat, finishing his life's last
page.
Though the world be oft ungrateful, and hold back our rightful
due,
Though man cavil and abuse us, holding up to laughter's view;
He will get quite deferential when he feels Death's icy clasp,
And implore our skill and wisdom'to cast oif his tightening grasp
When the moon in all her splendor sheds her pale light over-
head.
When all nature lies in slumber and to outward aspect dead, —
On a lone and quiet roadway we shall view the starry skies.
See the beautiful aurora with its shifting, changiug dyes;
Scan the glorious eastern heavens, eager catch the dawn's first
ray:
See more glories in the moonlight, find new beauties in the day
Learning more of our Creator, by his works in nature shown
Never jarring tune harmonic with a harsh discordant tone.
Ever true to Alma Mater, may we duty's pathway plod,
Never sending luckless mortal prematurely to his Gcd
SOPHOMORE NOTES.
Miss Jones, who has been trying to renew her youth with a
case of measles, has recovered sufficiently to resume her studies.
Eddy also took an enforced vacation for the same reason.
Hall is with us again, having recovered from an infection of
the finger, contracted, supposedly, in the Pathological prepara-
tion room. He had rather a serious illness, which necessitated
removal of the axillary glands. We congratulate him on his re-
covery.
West furnished some amusement by stating the diet he would
recommend in Bright's disease. He will doubtless do better next
time,
Butterfield stirred up something when he inquired about the
"cure," but realizing that there is nothing like keeping everlast-
ingly at it, he finally succeeded in finding out what he wanted.
He pleaded not guilty, however, to the charge of sending in the
repeated requests, but frankly admitted to being the author of
the first note.
Poorman, C, W , has, we are informed, transferred his base
of operations from the Chemical Laboratory to the Anatomical
Amphitheater, where, it is rumored, he is reviewing the subjects
of materia medica and anatomy. This however, is not thought
to have any connection with Dr. Shaw's request that the sewing
work be left at home.
The lectures on Pathology, given by Prof. Evans and other
members of the faculty, as well as representatives of Rush and
Northwesten colleges, have been highly instructive and greatly
appreciated by the class. Probably no branch of instruction dur-
ing the winter term has furnished more entertainment than these
lectures, the stereoptican slides enhancing their enjoyment not a
little.
The baseball team has had a somewhat disastrous experience
with their out-of-town games, sustaining defeat at both Valpar-
aiso and Kankakee. The members of the team report a pleasant
social time at both places, however, particularly at Valparaiso,
where they were met at the depot with carriages and escorted to
their headquarters The Normal boys are represented as thor-
44 Ihe Plexus.
ough gentlemen and true sportsmen. This was demonsuratecl to
the satisfaction of the visitors when the details of the game were
arranged, the home team courteously offering to allow the visi-
tors to name the umpire. This was in strong contrast to. the
action taken at Kankakee, where the home team not only insisted
upon having one of their men referee the game, but refused to
alternate their umpire with that of the opposing team until the
last two innings, when the odds were hopelessly against us. The
final result was not materially affected by the umpiring done in
the former game, but the same could not be truthfully said of the
latter contest.
The boys have been unfortunate, too, as regards the weather
conditions this spring, nearly all their dates falling on cold, raw
days, when only a seasoned "fan" would go to see the best game
of ball on earth. It is hoped another season may prove more
auspicious in this respect, and that the team will have the sup-
port it justly deserves by both students and faculty.
At this writing there seems to be an evident desire on the
part of the students to get away at least ten days ahead of sched-
ule time, and it is doubtful if many classes are held after the 18th
inst. In fact, the hegira has already commenced, and goodbyes
are being said. As the laboratories have all been closed, and
keys turned in, there really seems little to hold the class togeth-
er. In some cases the expected letter from home has not yet ar-
rived, but it is only a little delayed, and many dreams of bud-
ding trees and green fields in the country are replacing the hid-
eous nightmares of the chemical and bacteriological laboratories.
The duties of your class editor practically cease with this
issue of the Plexus, and he embraces this opportunity to ex-
press to the members of the class grateful appreciation of the
patience and forbearance accorded him during the last six
months, and a hope that his successor may meet with the same
courteous treatment. It is hoped that we shall all be classed
again next October — not in "A. A.", but in a splendidly equipped
modern building, — ready and willing to take up -the duties of the
Junior course, and to enjoy all the good things provided by the
faculty and management for our physical and mental comfort
and advancement.
FRESHMAN NOTES.
Twohig was called home the latter part of last month ou ac-
count of the serious illness, and which proved fatal, of his sister.
The class extends its sympathy.
Case spent two weeks at home. We wonder if he got all the
oats in in good shajDe.
The freshman class received an invitation from Mrs. Dr.
Eekley to spend Friday evening at their home. The invitation
was not extended to the freshman class alone, but also tq the
better halves of the married members and those that would be
married before Friday. An enjoyable time is anticipated with
our pleasant instructors both at the examination in dissectino-
Friday morning and their party in the evening, and the class
wishes partly to show its appreciation of their cordiality by pre-
senting to them a small token of remembrance.
THE RECEPTION.
To say that we spent an enjoyable evening at Dr. Eckley's
on the tenth inst., is expressing it mildly. Almost the entire
class accepted their kind invitation and together with a part of
the faculty and a few friends outside the college, a large number
was present.
The fore part of the evening was spent in social chat. Later
we listened to Supt. Brown's talk to Mrs. and Dr. Eekley. It
was a characteristic address, being full of wit and humor in which
our superintendent excels. His adress was followed by stories or
short talks or recitations from Dr. Eekley, Dr. O'Byrne, Dr.
Coates, Dr. Santee and Mr. Eisendrath, Wood and Rietman.
Then came the refreshments of which I dare not speak, in as
much as that when men are tantalized they sometimes make
trouble.
Mrs. Eekley fully repaid the class for its effort in presenting
to her a token of its respects.
Each member of the class contributed generously and trusted
to Miss Sherlock and Miss Ketcham in selecting the present.
They were equal to the occasion and selected a handsome library
table.
At a late hour the crowd began to disperse, each feeling that
it would be well to fail in dissecting, if the next year's class
would be favored by having this year's instructor.
NEWS ITEMS.
For Sale — Tution to Post Graduate College, 2400 Dearborn-
St. Chicao-o. Address L. M. H. care of Plexus.
P. J. Buss of the Senior Class received the Davison medal for
best record of work in his clinics. Mr Buss has a good record in
all his work.
M. J. Seifert of the class of '01 had full charge of the musical
entertainment given on May the 15 at Central Music Hall, for the
Alexian Bros. Hospital. Dr. Seifert is a Musician that has re-
ceived quite a little honor and has proven himself thoroughly
capable on every occasion.
M. S. Jordan "01 was recently operated on for appendicitis
and is getting along nicely.
H. O. Shafer has been appointed House Surgeon. R. E
Brown, tirst assistant, and L. R. Sleyster. second assistant.
These apointments are well received as the appointees are well
deserving men.
The members of the graduating class were loyally entertained
by Searle Hereth & Co. on Friday May 24 at their laboratories.
A great many of the students are t-iking advantage of the
time offer of the Api)leton Company upon their Medical library
books.
ROLL OF HONOR, CLASS "01.
1. Jno. W. Birk.
2. Marion S. Jordan.
3. Warren D. Coy.
4. Mortimer Frank.
o: Miss Agnes Turner.
(). Albert G. Kaeser.
7. Francis J. Buss.
8. Miss Irene Smedley.
9. Mrs. Irene Pratt.
10. C. I. Oliver.
THE PLEXUS
THE OFFICIAL ORGAN OF
THE COLLEGE OF PHYSICIANS AND SURGEONS
MEDICAL DEPARTMENT OF THE
UNIVERSITY OF ILLINOIS,
VOL. VII. .JUNE 20th, 1901. NO. 2
MAX MULLER (1823-1900.)
[From "My Autobiography," by Prof. F. Max Muller, Coiivriaht 1901, by
Charles Scribner's Sons.]
As far back as I can remember I was a martyr to headaches.
No doctor could help me; no one seemed to know the cause. It
was a migraine, and though I watched it carefully I could not
trace it to any fault of mine. The idea that it came from over-
work was certainly untrue. It came and went, and if it was one
day on the right side, it was always the next time on the left,
even though I was free from it sometimes for a week or a fort-
night, or even longer. It was strange also that it lasted beyond
one day, and that I always felt jjarticularly strong and well the
day after I had been prostrate. For prostrate I was, and gener-
ally quite unable to do anything. I had to lie down and try to
sleep. After a good sleep I was well, but when the pain had been
very bad I found that sometimes the very skin of my forehead
had peeled off. In this way I often lost two or three days in a
week, and as my work had to be done somehow, it was often done
anyhow, and I was scolded and punished, really without any
fault of my own. After all remedies had failed which the doctor
and nurses prescribed 4;. ^ ^ I was handed over to Hahne-
mann, the founder of homeopathy. Hahnemann (born 1755) had
been practising as doctor at Dessau as early as 1780 *
but had left it, and when in 1820 he had been prohibited by the
government from practicing and lecturing at Leipzig, he took
refuge once more in the neighboring town of Coethen. From
there he paid visits to Dessau as consulting physician, and after
48 The Plexus.
I had explained to him as well as I could all the symptoms of my
chronic headache, he assured my mother that he would cure it at
once. He was an imposing personality, a powerful man with a
gigantic head and strong eyes and a most persuasive voice. I
can quite understand that his personal influence would have gone
far to effect a cure of many diseases, People forget too much,
how strong a curative power resides in the patient's faith in his
doctor, in fact how much the mind can do in depressing and in
reinvigorating the body. I shall never forget in late years con-
sulting Sir Andrew Clarke and telling him of ever so many, to
my mind, serious symptoms. I had lost sleep and appetite, and
imagined myself in a very bad state indeed. He examined me
and knocked me about for full three-quarters of an hour, and
instead of pronouncing my doom, as I fully expected, he told me
with a bright look and most convincing voice, that he had exam-
ined many men who had worked their brains too much, but had
never seen a man at my time of life so perfectly sound in every
organ. I felt young and strong at once, and meeting my old
friend Morier on my way home, we ate some dozens of oysters
together and drank some pints of porter without the slightest
bad effect. In fact, I was cured without a pill or a drop of medi-
cine. * * *
However, Hahnemann did not succeed with me. I swallowed
a number of his silver and gold globules but the migraine kept
its regular course, right to left and left to right, and this went
on till about the year 1860. Then my doctor, the late Mr.
Symonds of Oxford, told me exactly what Hahnemann had told
Qje— that he could cure me, if I would go on taking some medi-
cine regularly for six months or a year. He told me that he and
his brother had made a special study of headaches, and that there
were ever so many kinds of headache, each requiring its own
peculiar treatment. When I asked him to what category of head-
aches mine belonged, I was noL a little abashed on being told that
my headache was what they called the Alderman's headache.
"Surely," I said, "I don't overeat or overdrink." I had thought
that mine was a mysterious, nervous headache, arising from the
brain; but no, it seemed to be due to turtle soup and port wine.
However, the doctor, seeing my surprise, comforted me by telling
me that it was the nerves of the head which affected the stomach,
and thus produced indirectly the same disturbance in my diges-
Max Mailer. 49
tion as an aldermanic diet. Whether this was true or was only-
meant as a solatium, I do not know. But what I do know is that
by taking the medicine regularly for about half a year, the fre-
quency and violence of my headaches were considerably reduced,
while after about a year they vanished completely. I was a new
being and my working time was doubled.
One lesson may be learned from this, namely, that the Eng-
lish system of doctoring is very imperfect. In England we wait
till we are ill then go to a doctor, describe our symptoms as well
as we can, pay one guinea or two, get our prescription, take dras-
tic medicine far a month, and expect to be well. My German doc-
tor when he saw the prescription of my English doctor told me
that he would not give it to a horse. If after a month we are not
better, we go again, he possibly changes our medicine and we
take it more or less regularly for another month. The doctor
cannot watch the effect of his medicine, he is not sure even
whether his prescriptions have been carefully followed, and he
knows but too well that anything like a chronic complaint re-
quires chronic treatment.
The important thing, however, was that my headaches yielded
gradually to the continued use of medicine. It would hardly have
produced the desired effect if I had taken it by fits and starts.
All this seems to me quite natural, but though my English doctor
cured me and my^ German doctors did not, I still hold that the
German system is better. Most families have their doctor in
Germany, who calls from time to time to watch the health of the
old and young members of the family, particularly when under
medical treatment, and receives his stipulated annual payment,
which secures him a safe income that can be raised, of course, by
attendance on occasional patients. Perhaps the Chinese system
is the best; they pay their doctor while they are well and stop
payment as long as they are ill. ^ ^ ^
But to return to Hahnemann. He was very kind to me, and
I looked up to him as a giant both in body and in mind. But he
could not deliver me from my enemy, the ever recurrent migraine.
The cures, however, both at Dessau and at Coethen, where he had
been made a Hofrath by the reigning Duke, were very extraordi-
nary. Hahnemann remained in Coethen till 1835, and in that year,
when he was eighty, he married a young French lady, Melanie
d'Hervilly, and was carried off by her to Paris, where he soon
50 The Plexus.
gained a large practice and died in 1843, that is at the age of
eighty-eight. Much of his success I feel sure was due to his pres-
ence, and to the confidence which he inspired. How do I know
that Sir x\ndrew Clarke, seeing that I was in low spirits about
my health, did not think it right to encourage me, and by encour-
aging me did certainly make me feel confident about myself, and
thus raised my vitality, my spirits, or whatever we like to call it?
"Thy faith hath made thee w^hole" is a lesson which doctors
ousrht not to neglect.
James Moreau Brown, M. D.
Surtfeon Continental Guard. Instructor Rhino-Laryngology and Otology Col-
lege of Physicans and Surgeons. Asst. Laryngology Chicago Policlinic.
A CASE OF SUB-GLOTTIC STENOSIS.
James Moreau Brown, M. D.
Surgeon Continental Guard. Instructor Rhino-Laryngology and Otology Col-
lege of Physicians and Surgeons. Asst. Larynarology Chicago Policlinic.
The following case, being one of particular interest from a
medical standpoint, was recently placed under my care by Prof.
M. R. Brown.
A. D., aged eleven years; American born, school boy; father
dead, cause unknown; mother alive and healthy. Had diphtheria
at two years of age, was intubed twice, tube remaining in first
time seven days, second time three days.
The effects of the diphtheria seemed to have continued even
nine years after recovery, at which time he came under ourobser
vation. His general appearance at this time was anything but
healthy. Growth stunted, aneamic, breathing labored, constant
wheezing, and has vomited large quantities of mucous and pus
during the past three years. However, at times he engages in
active exercise, goes to school but is unable to articulate above a
whisjDer.
When first seen he was constantly coughing a quantity of
foul smelling pus, which upon microscopical examination was
found to be free of tubercular baccilli.
Upon examination, the larynx and pharynx were found to be
in a condition of mild inflammation, the vocal cords being thick-
ened, but their action not impeded. Immediately below the cords
there was seen a membrane extending entirely across the larynx
with two small openings through which air passed during respi-
ration.
\.y
It was thought advisable to keep him upon local treatment
for a short time in order to accustom him to the presence of in-
.struments in the larynx, so that the membrane could be divided
54 The Plexus.
Internal treatment was also administered, together with deep
inhalations.
During the first month marked improvement was shown
under this treatment; the expectoration decreased greatly, but lit-
tle headway was gained in controlling the child so that he would
submit to the introduction of instruments in the throat. Later
he rapidljT- became so weak that it was impossible for him to leave
his bed and immediate tracheotomy was decided upon.
In consultation with Dr. E. T. Dickerman it was determined
to perform a low tracheotomy and give the patient time to gain,
a little strength before attacking the larynx.
The operation was performed at the Policlinic by Doctor
Dickerman and myself, the usual coughing fit occurred when the
trachea was opened and a quantity of muco-purulent matter was
expelled through the wound nearly suffocating the patient. At
the time. Dr. Dickerman was inclined to think that there was an
empyema with a fistula into the bronchus; an aspirating needle
was used to explore the suspected area of the left pleural cavity,
there being a dullness over the lower part of the left lung poster-
iorly, but with negative result. Temperature at this time 100 to
102 degrees. A later diagnosis of bronchiectasis was made. The
patient was put to bed, given an infusion of normal salt solu-
tion, and placed upon nutritive treatment.
Laryngeal examination was now less difficult and the web
was seen to lie about one-half inch below the true cords within
the cricoid ring. It was decided to split the crico-thyroid mem-
brane; this was done and the web was exposed at the level of the
cricoid cartilage; this cartilage was now cut through in the-
median line, the web removed and its seat of attachment cauter-
zed. A large tracheal tube was then introduced through the-
crico-thyroid membrane; and the lower wound allowed to heal.
The patient remained in the hospital about two weeks after
the operation, during which time he steadily improved; expector-
ation became less, voice more distinct and general health seemed
much better. The parents were anxious to take the child to the
country, to which I consented, giving them strict instructions as
to the cleansing of the tube and above all to keep the opening
clean.
Shortly after this I received a letter from the patient stating
that he was growing stout and could talk much better, but did
Suh-Glottic Stenosis. 55
not like to wear the tube, it being expelled several times and
having lost the inner tube.
Soon after this the mother and patient appeared at my office.
Upon examining the opening into the trachea it was found to
have healed beautifully by granulation; he explained that the
tube had blown out and the mother was afraid to replace it. The
patient was in such a good condition I thought it best not to per-
form another tracheotomy at that time. Local treatment was
administered, and upon examination no signs of the membrane
could be found. Voice at this time was greatly improved.
An interval of a week passed during which I saw the child a
couple of times and he seemed to be improving. Two days after
this the boy became worse, expectorating quantities of muco-pus,
and there were frequent paroxysms of coughing, which were
almost suffocating. I was sent for but being out of the city a
physician in the neighborhood was summoned, prescribed an
emetic and went in search of someone to perform tracheotomy.
When he returned the child had died during one of the paroxysms.
I regretted exceedingly that a post mortem was not held, as
I am sure that more points of interest could have been brought
out.
34 Washington St.
TREATMENT OF CHRONIC ULCERS.
By C. J, Drueck, M. D., Chicago, Illinois.
Professor of Physiology and Histology at Illinois School of Dentistry and
"Liecturer to the Nurses of Mercy Hospital, Chicago.
In the following lines I desire to speak of a few cases the
counterpart of which are occurring constantly in every physi-
cian's practice. Some of these were seen in connection with my
work at the Mercy Hospital, Chicago, and the remainder in pri-
vate practice.
In the treatment of chronic ulcers I do not rely w^holly on
local applications, but supplement these with special attention to
the lymphatic circulation and bowels, for I believe that if the
bowels are kept oi)en the capillary circulation is- rendered more
active in consequence of more blood being diverted to the ab-
domen, and the flow of lymph also accelerated. In all ulcerating
surfaces we have to depend almost if not wholly upon the lymph-
atic circulation to carry away the inflammatory products in and
around the ulcer and to carry medicaments into the affected
structures. I have noticed that nearly all such cases, and especi-
ally^ the chronic ones, require a laxative. Even those that do not
appear to need it will do better under its administration. This is
as essential as the use of local applications that are absorbable
Many of the local remedies are only slowly absorbed, and some
are even insoluble. Moreover, the prolonged use of some exerts
a toxic and irriiating effect on the adjoining tissue, and while
they may not produce an actual necrosis, they impair the granu-
lating surface.
Granulations are well supplied with capillaries and lymph-
atics from the surrounding tissues. Unless these act freely the
new formed tissue will be of low vitality. I have used all sorts
of powders, lotions and ointments with variable results, especi-
ally in slow, indolent and poorly nourished structures. Of late I,
have resorted to europhen with gratifying results. The iodine
which it contains seems sufficient to stimulate healthy granula-
tion without any caustic action. I believe it acts as an altera-
tive. I find it a bland, non-irritating, and even sedative applica-
tion. Its odor is slight but pleasant. These are properties in
which it favorably contrasts to iodoform, boric acid, etc.
Tr^.atnoenf of Chto^iiG Ulcers. ] 57
Around all ulceratiiig surfaces we have the caking of the dis-
charges with a subsequent derm-itiVitj. This In itself produces a
congestion of the deeper structures. ' We have all noticed the
ecchymosis and edema around a varicose ulcer. I always apply a
bland but mild antiseptic ointment all over the hyperemic area,
usually five per cent europhen. This keeps the secretions from
the skin and promotes healing. The removal of this source of
irritation is often sufficient to subdue the congestion. The skin
itself absorbs only slowly, and I doubt if the deeper structures
are affected directly by this ointment. To furthur promote cir-
culation I have recourse daily to the hot bath of at least one half
hour's duration. At night the hot water bag is applied, always
a small one and not too heavy. A light weight bag as hot as can
be comfortably borne is my rule. As to the ulcerating surface, I
always cover it with a dry dressing, and of late have used euro-
phen almost exclusively, because I have never yet seen any toxic
or untoward effect resulting from large amounts of the powder,
or from its use for a long time. Then having applied the above
ointment to the surrounding surface for at least two inches and
more, I ccver the whole with a piece of gauze, and over this
place a piece of absorbent cotton. This dressing is always loosely
applied. If it is an arm or leg in an ambulatory patient I prefer
to draw on a stocking to hold the dressing rather than use a
bandage. Sometimes, to prevent edema, I apply a bandage dis-
tally to the ulcer, but never cover the whole area with a firm
bandage which leaves its mark when removed. I prefer a stock-
ing even on the arm, because it is easily rolled on or off, and if I
want the hand exposed I cut off the toe.
Caution should be exercised by the patient when dressing the
ulcer himself. I never allow him to meddle with it. If he uses
the hot bath he dries the rest of the body, but not the ulcer.
When changing the dressing he simply removes it and applies
another. When I see the ' case I remove the crusts, etc., that
may be present. However, I find by using the ointment that
crusts do not form to any extent. I believe that promiscuous
rubbing and disturbing of the surface is likely to implant infec-
tion, and besides lacerate the granulations, which by bleeding
cause the gauze to adhere to the surface. By applying plenty of
europhen the gauze becomes covered with serum powder, and this
coating prevents adhesion.
Under this di-essiug I find that invariably the edema and hy-
peremia around the ulcer ^le promptly relieved; that the dis-
charge lessens, and the circulation in the parts is accelerated.
The nutrition of the tissues is improved, and the ulcer grows
smaller and more shallow. I dwell upon the details because these
cases are usually stubborn things to treat. I believe all treat-
ment should aim toward a mild stimulation of the ulcer, a sooth-
ine; protection to the surrounding tissues, and an alterative action
upon the w^hole area. The twenty-eight per cent iodine in euro-
phen acts as an alterative, but is not caustic even in prolonged
use. The employment of caustics in any form I consider out of
the question, because such treatment destroys the delicate new
structures, and immediately the surface is covered with a closely
adhering slough. Streptococci and staphylococci are always
present under such a slough, which keeps the discharge of the
ulcer penned up. I therefore use a light absorbent dressing
which carries aw^ay the discharge.
The condition of the tissue replacing the ulcer is important.
The more the deeper structures are involved the denser will be
the scar. The leucocytosis around the ulcer always assists in the
formation of new connective tissue. I have often been impressed
that the greater the discharge of an ulcer the denser the cicatrix.
In the foregoing plan of treatment we promptly remove the
peripheral congestion, and allow the granulations to develop rap"
idly. Since using europhen I have. seen tliat the scars are softer,
the capillary circulation is more active, and subsequent contrac-
tion moderate.
Every physician constantly meets cases of obstinate chancers,
etc., which positively resist all ordinary treatment. These are
usually of the phagedenic order, and besides being aggravatingly
chronic, are also destructive of tissue and leave ugly and perma-
nent scars. I remember such a case observed a few years ago, in
which, after tw^o w^eeks hospital confinement with both local and
constitutional treatment, including inunctions daily, the patient
could be classed as improved only. When the following case
came under- observation I feared I had another of the above class:
Case I. — Mr. J. H., aged 30; family history good. The chan-
cer appeared angry from the beginning and rapidly grew worse.
He consulted his family physician promptly, and was given mixed
treatment, internally and lotions locally. As the sore did not
Treat mrmt of Chronic Ulcers. 59
improve various jDOwders a^d ointments were used, including
iodoform, which was very objectionable. When he came to me
he presented a deep phagedenic ulcer, involving all of the lower
half of the glands. He begged me not to use iodoform. I dusted
the surface freely with europhen, or rather plastered it on and
into the ulcer with a spatula. The discharge was quite free, and
a large part of the powder applied in the morning w^as gone at
nighi. On retiring the penis was bathed in hot water, but
the ulcer was not wiped or touched at all. Europhen being
insoluble in water, any that remained was not disturbed but acted
as a protection. More powder was applied. This treatment was
continued daily. He called on the third day, and his first re-
mark was: "Doctor I feel lots better." The aching and soreness
was almost gone, and in that short time a decided improvement
was shown. In three weeks the whole surface had cicatrized.
This w^as remarkably prompt in that a case that had so resisted
treatment began immediately to improve and healed quickly.
Case II. — Mrs. O. H., aged 34 years, height five feet five
inches, weight ll06 pounds. Varicose veins were present on both
legs, and an ulcer about the size of a dollar was situated about
the middle of the shin and just external to the tibia on the right
side. Considerable ecchymosis existed over an area of about
three inches all around. The leg became edematous on standing.
The ulcer was a dark blue color. She had had the sore for over
three months, and had used several powders and salves. As in
the preceding case, I filled the ulcer with europhen and over the
surrounding ecchymosed surface applied a 10 per cent,
ointment of europhen. I also incorporated a small
amount of parafine in this ointment, as I find that
by making its melting point higher it will not tend to run,
and makes a more durable coating. Improvement at first was
rather slow. The patient could not be kept off her feet. But
any improvement is gratifying in these cases. The ulcer became
more shallow and narrow, and finally healed. When healing was
fairly under way I*applied an elastic bandage as high as the knee,
and placed a large wad of absorbent cotton over the ulcer.
Case III. — BabyR., eczematous eruption on the nates. The
child at birth appeared well nourished and healthy, but in about
one month began to have eczema. The father had had syphilis
and had treated himself. The eruption began at the anus and
60 The Plexus.
spread rapidly all over the nates. Blebs and scabs covered the
whole buttock. Of coui-se, there was considerable secretion and
the clothing constantly stuuk to the parts. The child was peevish
and crying. Salves and lotions had been used to no avail. I
ordered all water kept from the parts and used sweet oil for
cleansing. But do not wash in these cases except for visible
dirt. I then dusted the parts freely with europhen. When the
surface became moist more of the power was applied. The cruF;ts
were removed as much as would easily come off each time I saw
the patient. I was always careful not to try to remove any that
were very adherent, so as to prevent bleeding, because I believe
that this will do more harm than the benefit to be derived from a
week's treatment. Improvement in this case was slow, but grad-
ual and steady. Finally, however, I was repaid by a complete
cure, at least as far as the local symptoms are concerned.
Case IV. — Bedsores; Mr. A. R., aged 3(*, physically a fine
specimen. In about the third week of typhoid bed sores de-
veloped, and after he had recovered from his illness the ulcers
had little tendency to heal. They were bluish in color with dense
and various margins. The discharge was profuse. Europhen
was applied freely twice daily, and attention paid to the patient's
hygiene. The appearance of the ulcers was altered in a few days.
Granulations began to appear and soon filled up the whole space.
All that remains today is the scar, and it is not as dense as one
would expect from a deep ulcer that had existed a long time.
Case V. — Chas. C, fireman in a packing house. While stand-
ing before the boiler a steam pipe broke and drenched him with
scalding steam and water. The burnt parts had been dressed
with carron oil on cloth and cotton. The blebs had broken and
the resulting ulcers were bathed in pus. I trimmed off all the
loose skin and applied a ten per cent ointment of europhen.
When first seen he had a daily chill and suffered agonizing pain.
The pain was greatly relieved in two days. By the fourth day
many patches showed granulations, and I applied europhen pow-
der freely. These areas in a few days had so ceased discharging
as to need dressing only every two days — a relief which was ap-
preciated by all. The reaction in this case was extraordinary.
The pain was relieved almost immediately, suppuration began to
decrease, and the resulting scars are remarkably soft and pliable.
Case VI. — G. O., .several chancroids discharging freely.
Treatment of Chronic Ulcers. 61
Europhen was dusted on freely twice daily, and the parts bathed
at night, the ulcers being washed without touching them or
mechanically removing any of the adhering powder. The sores,
healed rapidly from the beginning and had cicatrized in ten days.
The scars are small and almost imperceptible.
In the above cases I have tried to describe my treatment in
detail, because they represent a number of common conditions,
w^hich are often bug bears, and in w^hich I believe my method
gives more than ordinary good results.
MEDICO-FRAI ERNAL RELATIONS.*
'•'■Treason does never i^rosper; What's the reason?
Why, if it prospers, none dare call it tieason.'^
Mr. Toastmaster and Members of the Association: I am un-
certain whether our toastmaster intended I should speak on pros-
perity and its effect on treason, or on treasonable prosperity.
Judging from the appearance of the company I am addressing,
prosperity is too familiar to merit discussion, while the require-
ments for membership in this association preclude the possibility
of even a suspicion of treason obtaining against this body indi-
vidually or collectively. I will, therefore, speak only on the topic
assigned me.
The subject of this toast is not strange to gatherings of med-
ical men. On the contrary, its frequent consideration under cir-
cumstances similar to the present, together with the amount of
literature embodied in the code of our national association, would
seem to postulate either certain moral phases peculiar to the
practice of medicine, or an insidious tendency on the part of the
disciples of Esculapius to lapse from the higher tenets of moral
philosophy.
This is not the proper occasion for a critical discussion of the
practical workings of the code of ethics which is supposed ta
govern the professional relations of physicians, but the struggle-
which has ever been going on in connection to their fraternal
relations brings up the question as to why, in this respect, physi-
cians differ from their brothers of the other learned professions.
*A response to a toast at a banquet of the Western Alumni Association of
the University and Bellevue Hospital Medical College, by Joseph M. Patton,
M. D.
'62 Ihe Plexus.
'There is a proverbial distinction between odium medicum and
•odium theologicum to the extent of recognizing the former as the
opprobrium medicorum. I am not competent to analyze this
question, and am, therefore, not prepared to prove that the cler-
ical brethren contains room to whom the sarcastic lines of Cowper
may be applied:
' ^From such apostles, 0, ye mitered heads,
Preserve the church! and lay not careless hands
On skulls that cannot teach and will not learn.''^
No more would I deny the appropriateness of the paraphrase
of Bacon to the effect that "Lawyers should be more witty than
learned, more plausible than reverend, and more confident than
advised." Nevertheless it is apparent that medical men are more
lax in regard to ethical matters or are more concerned in their
breach. It is possible that the fault may be educational, and this
calls up the force of Pope's lines:
"^ little learning is a dangerous thing;
Drink deep, or taste not the Pierian spring.
This idea was given by Bacon as follows:
"It is true that a little philosophy inclineth man's mind to
-atheism, but depth in philosophy bringeth men's minds to re
ligion.'*
But, you say, it is not only the lowly of the profession that
^are unetherial. Quite true. There are those in high places that
do not realize the falsity of: "If it prospers, none dare call it
treason,"' nor have they learned the force of South's epigram:
"Prosperity is but a bad nurse to virtue.*'
I claim that however renowned and brilliant a man may be
for his knowledge of and ability to practice the art of medicine, a
•deficiency in his knowledge and application of the ethical princi-
ples of the science of medicine marks him as one of its most lowly
and unworthy members.
Time was, in the beginning of medicine, when the fraternal
relations of medical men was one of the strongest elements of the
profession, as is shown by the teachings of Hippocrates, and yet
even at that time there were backsliders, for Hippocrates in his
tract on "The Sons," in which he gave a description of the ideal
physician, says: "Physicians are many in title, but very few in
reality." The cause he attributes both to deficient education and
.to imperfect legal requirements.
Medico- Fraternal Relations. 63
Later in the history of medicine, with the development of
medical education, a spirit of independence developed, which
diminished the degree of fraternal dependence, but the rapid
development of modern medical science, which places it beyond
the mental or physical energy of the individual to keep abreast
of the times in all the departments of medicine, and which is the
strongest factor in the development of specialism in modern med-
icine, creates an interdependence of medical men, and a demand
for such fraternal relations as will allow of reciprocal use of each
others talents and knowledge to the benefit of the profession and
of the public. The evidence of such necessity may be seen in
such discussions as recently occupied the attention of a local
society, which though futile and to which we might apply the
proverb: ^^Portitriunt monies, nascetur rediculus mus.'' — The moun-
tains are in travail, a ridiculous mouse will be born, — yet indi-
cates the signs of the times.
Ethics has been called the science of morals. The word
originally meant simply that which arises from use or custom.
Aristotle first employed it to designate the science of moral duty
based on unchanging laws and not on changing custom. The
principles of ethics are as old as the j^hilosophy of Leucip-
pus, the Abderian philosopher, and are interwoven in the physi-
cal philosophy of his disciple, Democritus, and of the Athenian
philosopher, Epicurus. Indeed much of the ethics as well as of
the theories of medicine inculcated by that father of medicine,
Hippocratus, were derived from the philoso^Dy of the Pythagore-
ans, Peripatetics, Platorists, Stoics and Epicureans. Thus we
are told that medical ethics is as old as medicine itself.
Medical ethics embraces the physicians moral duty to his
family and himself, to his patients, the public, and to his profes-
sional associates. The tendency for a spirit of commercialism to
creep into the practice of medicine has been blamed for the low-
ering of ethical standards. To some extent this may be true, for
here there is an unconscious assimilation of an aphorism of Sen-
aca that "the good things which belong to prosperity are to be
wished, but the good things which belong to adversity are to be
admired."
It has been successfully contended that moral honesty and
success in business life are perfectly compatible, and to hold the
re verse in relation to the practice of medicine is a libel on human
64 The Plexus.
nature and a total disregard for the teachings of the fathers of
medicine. It is probable that the supurlative quality of abstract
virtue indicated in the lines of Dryden:
"T/ie golden age was first, luhen nia}}, yet new,
No rule but uncorrupted reason knew:
And. with a native beat, did good inirsue.'^
is not to be applied to contemporary ethics, but we must remem-
ber that Aristotle taught that every virtue is a mean between
two vices, and a golden mean in which the virtue of moderation
as taught in Cooke's lines:
^^Let every action prove a man confessed,
A moderation is in all the best,"
-can be adapted to both worldly circumstances and moral duties-
That summary of the teachings of the prophets emanating
from the Sermon on the Mount, "Therefore all things whatsoever
ye would that men should do to you, do you even so to them,"' is
an epitome of ethics. Four hundred years before its promulga-
tion this axiomatic rule had been adopted by the occidental phil-
osopher, Socrates, and likewise by Theng tsen, a disciple of the
oriental philosopher, Confucius. The latter was asked if there
was a word in the language which would answer for a guide for
our life. He answered, "There is, the word chon, of which the
meaning is that what we would slioald not be done to us let us
not do to others.'"
Therefore if we but illumine our ethical pathway with amber
glints from the golden rule, each and every alumnus of the asso-
ciation may close his medical career with an ethical record, a
source of pride to his alma mater which gave him professional
being.
THE PLEXUS
THE OFFICIAL'ORGANiOF
THE COLLEGE OF PHYSICIANS AND SURGEONS
MEDICAL DEPARTMENT
UNIVERSITY OF ILLINOIS.
Plexus Cotutnittee of Faculty.
T. A. DAVIS, M. D., D. A. K. STEELE, M. D., F. GREGORY CONNELL, M. D.
H. C. WADDLE, 03, Editor-in-Chief.
Supt. W. H BROWNE, W. T. ECKLEY. M- D., D. N. EISENDRATH, M. D.,
yt. A. EVANS, M. D., THOMAS FAITH, M. D., A. GERHMANN, M D.
Associate Editors. L. HARRISON METTLER, M. D.
Local Editor, L- H. S. FRECHTLING, '03
Class Editors:
W. M. FRENCH, 02, R. L. ELDREDGE, 03
M R. MARTIN, 04.
Faculty Department, DR. W. A. PLSEY. Clinical Laboratory Dept-, DR. W. E. COATES
Alumni Editor, DR. C. C. O'BYRNE, '94.3 Clinical Department, JOS. ZABOKRTSKY, '01
Athletic " R. C. CUPLER '01 Library Department. GRACE W. BRYANT.
Advertising Solicitor, GEO. E. ROSENTHAL, '02.
Publisher. H. C. WADDLE.
Subscription $1.00 per Annum in advance. Single copies, 15 cents. Issued Monthly
Send all remittances and communications as to subscriptions and advertising to H. C.
WADDLE, 813 W. Harrison St.
Entered at Chicago Post Office as Second-Class Matter.
Any subscriber desirins the Journal discontinued at tlie expiration of his subscription
■should so notify the Publisliers; otherwise it will be assumed thai the subscription is to be
continued and the Journal sent accordingly.
Contributions of matter suitable for publication are Invited, and should be sent in not
later than the 25th of the month previous to that of publication. The publishers willnot hold
themselves responsible for the safe return of MSS unless sufficient stamps are forwarded
We appreciate greatly the interest shown in the Plexus by
Dr. Thomas J. Jackson, of 521 E. 39th street, Chicago, as it is
through his effort that we are able to present to our readers Max
Mueller's ideas concerning medicine.
* *
*
At 11:15 P. M. on Tuesday, .June 25, during an electrical
storm, the dome of the old P. &. S. was struck by lightning, and
In a few moments the upper part of the building was ablaze.
66 The Plexus.
The fire alarm was sent in and about a dozen engines promptly
responded and lended aid to the many willing hands, and soon
the flames were under control, and by :2:30 A. M. the last glim-
mer of a most exciting fire was extinguished. The fire burned
out the dissecting rooms, Dr. Eckley s laboratory, the carpenter's
rooms, the anatomical amphitheater and the upper part of the
clinical amphitheater. The entire building was thoroughly
water soaked, but there was little loss so far as apparatus was
concerned. There was practically no loss in the library, patho-
logical, bacteriological, physiological and chemical laboratories.
This was greatly due to the effective manipulation of the tarpau-
lins In the hands of Chicago's most efficient firemen. There were
no serious accidents in connection with the fire but the greatest
excitement prevailed among the patients at the West Side Hos-
pital. The hospital was crowded and for fear that it would
catch fire or the walls of the Medical College would fall toward
it, the sixty or more patients were hurriedly moved, some to
their homes if they lived near, but the great majority to Cook
County Hospital, where they remained for the night and were
brought back the next morning. The nurses deserve great
credit for the manner in which they conducted themselves. They
were calm, heroic and stuck to duty throughout the entire ordeal.
The fire came at a most opportune time for the Medical De-
partment of the University of Illinois assumes control of their
new buildifig July 1st, and the Dental Department of the Uni-
versity of Illinois will occupy the building new occupied by the
Medical Department. The summer work is now in progress and
there are about 150 students enrolled, over 50 of which are en-
rolled in the senior class. The senior class work was immedi-
ately taken up in the clinical amphitheater of the West Side
Hospital, and there was but a couple of days lost by the remain-
ing students, and now things are moving on as if there had not
been any disturbance. The Junior, Sophomores, Freshmen and
Dispensary work is being done in the new building (West Divi-
sion High School).
•Alurppi Deparbmepb.
'87. G. J. Kaumheimer, Milwaukee, Wis., was one of the
visitors at commencement time. There is no alumnus who is
more enthusiastic than is Dr. Kaumheimer.
'89. Jay H. Radley is now located at 225 High street, Hart-
ford, Conn.
'92. J. H. Cole has moved to Council Bluffs, la., from Cedar
Rapids, la.
'94. G. A. Woodcock has moved from Milledgeville, 111., to
Armstrong, la. He has gone through an epidemic of smallpox,
having treated about thirty cases.
'94. W. P. Burke, Iowa Falls, la., was in the city to attend
the commencement exercises, his brother E. W. being one of
the graduates.
■95. E. A. Matthsei of 626 W. Chicago Ave., will spend a
year in research work and pleasure abroad.
'96. T. Lidd, of Marinett, Wis., was a commencement visitor.
He is connected with the railroad hospital and is enjoying a good
practice.
'99. B. Fantus is doing some special work at Ann Arbor,
Mich , with Dr. Gushing.
'97. S. B. Dickinson has moved to Watertown, S. Dakota,
from Austin, 111.
'99. W. E. Young, of Rockford, la., is in the city doing post
graduate work.
'99. W. L. Irwin of Plymouth, 111., was a recent visitor at
his Alma Mater.
'00. E. O. Church, Henry, S. Dakota, was a recent visitor at
the Plexus office. He had been attending National Association
at St. Paul, Minn.
'00. O. B. Dunham is now located at 3500 Cottage Grove
Ave., Chicago.
fil. J. A. W. Fernow, locates at 2330 Michigan, Ave.,
Chicago.
'01. W. E. Shook is located for the summer at Hot Springs.
S. Dakota.
68 The Plexus.
'01. W. Major is surgeon for a mining company at Villa! -
damme, Mexico.
'01. E. L. Heintz has taken the practice of Dr. E. A.
Matthtei at 626 W. Chicago Ave., while the latter spends one
year abroad.
•01. C. O. Wiltfong, Chesterton, Ind.
"01. J. A. Van Horn has passed the examination as surgeon
U. S. A. and has received an appointment to post at Ft. Wayne,
Mich.
"01. B. C. Corbusis now interne in Lake Side Hospital, 4147
Lake Ave., Chicago.
'01. W. P. Hombach is now located at ,o31 1st Ave., Council
Bluffs, la.
■93. Elmer E. Goldthorpe died at his home, Englewood,
Chicago, May 18, age 35.
■94. J. W. Townsend, Malcolm, la., died recently of pulmon-
ory tuberculosis.
Dr. E. A. Gansel, who served for a year as interne at the
Emergency Hospital, died Sunday evening at the home of his
parents, 773 Twenty sixth St. He had suffered from weak lungs
for a long time, but was confined to his bed only four weeks. Dr.
Gansel was 27 years old. He graduated from the Milwaukee
normal school in 1894, and after teaching for a time at Schlesin-
gerville, took up the study of medicine at the Chicago College of
Physicians and Surgeons. He graduated from that institution
in 1900 and soon after receiving his medical degree was appointed
interne at the Emergency hospital. His character and mental
equipment were such that he was certain to have succeeded in
his profession, had he lived. The funeral will be held Wednes-
day afternoon from the family residence. — From Milwaukee Eve-
ning Wisconsin, June 3, 1901.
Dr. Gansel carried off the class honors and was one of the
most popular members and his death will be a shock to the mem-
bers of his class. He also served as editor of the clinical depart-
ment of the Plexus and proved himself very efficient. The
Plexus extends heartfelt sympathy to the bereaved parents and
family of the deceased.
LIBRARY NOTES.
Grace W. Bryant, Librarian.
The following articles by members of the Faculty have been
noted in the journals:
Dr. W. L. Ballenger, Functional tests of hearing, Phil. Med.
Jour., May, 1901, p. 972.
Dr. Carl Beck, Case of atresia ani vesicalis, Chic. Med. Re
corder. May, 1901, p. 479.
Dr. Sanger Brown, Etiology of neurasthenia, Chic. Med. Re-
corder, April, 1901, p. 316.
Dr. D. N. Eisendrath, Surgical cases, Chic. Med. Recorder,
April, 1901, p, 354.
Dr. W. A. Evans, A short consideration of some of the points
n the pathology of ulcer of the stomach, Chic. Med. Recorder,
May, 1901, p. 441.
Dr. A. H. Ferguson, Removal of the superior maxilla through
the mouth. Western Med. Rev. April 15, 1901, p. 39.
Dr. Adolph Gehrmann, Effect of physical conditions and
sera on the typhoid bacillus. Chic. Med. Recorder, April, 1901, 349.
Dr. G. F. Lydston, Briefs on the surgery of the genito-urin-
ary organs. Interstate Med. Jour., April, 1901, p. 138,
Dr. L. H. Mettler, Munich, Doctors Mag., April, 1901, p.
139 and Pathology of neurasthenia. Chic. Med. Recorder, April,
1901, p. 316.
Dr. H. P. Newman, Tracheloplasty, Jour. A. M. A., April,
20, 1901, p. 1088 and gynecological and obstetrical significance of
girlhood. Chic. Med. Recorder, May, 1901, p. 458.
Dr. A. J. Ochsner, Appendicitis and its treatment, Med.
Standard, May, 1901, p. 237.
Dr. W, E. Quine, The Doctor's Wife, Doctor's Mag., April
1901, p. 133.
We extend our thanks to Dr. D. N. Eisendrath for his gift of
40 books during this last month, and to Dr. A. McDermid for his
gift of 34 books; lists of each will be found below.
DR. EISENDRATH'S GIFT.
Ashton, W. E. Essentials of obstetrics, 1888.
Brunton, T. L. Pharmacology, therapeutics, and materia
medica., 1888.
70 2he Plexus.
Connorton's Med. Directory, 1897.
Druitt, R. Surgeon's Vade-mecum, 1887.
Foster, M. Physiology, ed. 3, 1885.
Fraenkel, C. Bacteriology, ed. 3, 1895.
Hamilton, D. J. Pathology, 1889.
Herschell, G. Indigestion, ed. 3, 1895.
Jacobson, W. H. A. Operations of surgery, 1889,
Jaksch, R, von. Clinical diagnosis, 1890.
Keyes, E. L. Surgical diseases of the genito-urinary organs,
1890.
Limbeck, R. R. on. Klinischen pathologie des blutes, 1892.
Lusk, W. T. Science and art of midwifery, 1886.
Morris, H. Essentials of materia medica, therapeutics and
prescription writing, 1889.
Nancrede, C. B. Essentials of anatomy, ed. 2, 18*^9.
Obersteiner, H. Auat. of the central nervous organs, 1890.
Robertson, J. M. Physiological physics, 1884.
Robinson, P. B. Intestinal surgery, 1891.
Schenk, S. L. Grundriss der bacteriologie, 1893.
Schimmelbusch, C. Aseptischen wundbehandlung, 1892.
Schroeder, C. Lehrbnch der geburtshulfe, ed. 31, 1891.
Sedgwick, W. T. and Wilson, E. B. Genoral biology, 1896.
Semple, C. E. A. Essentials of legal medicine, toxicology
and hygiene, 1890.
Senn, N. Intestinal surgery, 1889.
Senn, N. Principles of surgery, ed. 2, 1896.
Sihler, C. Hydriatic treatment of typhoid fever, 1891.
Smith, J. G. Abdominal surgery, 1892.
Strumpell, A. Text-book of medicine, 1889.
Tillmanns, H. Allgemeinen chirurgie, ed. 3, 1806.
Treves, F. Operative sargery, 1892, 2v.
Tyson, J. Practical examination of urine, ed. 5, 1886.
Vierordt, O. Medical diagnosis, 1891.
Weichselbaum, A. Pathologischen histologie, 1892.
Wiethe, T. Wiener receipt— taschenbuch, ed, 9, 1893.
Wood, H. C. Therapeutics, materia medica and toxicology
ed. 6, 1886.
Yearbook of treatment, 1892, 1895.
Ziegler, E. Allgemeinen pathologischen anatomie, 1887.
Ziegler, E Speciellen pathologischen anatomie.
Notes. 71
DR. MCDERMID'S GIFT.
Barwell, R. Diseases of the joints, 1881,
Bristowe, J. S. and others. , Diseases of the intestines and
peritoneum, 1879.
Buck, A. H. Ear diseases, 1880.
Charcot, J. M. Diseases of old age, 1881.
Clarke, W. P. Practice of surgery, 1879.
Coulson, W. J. Diseases of the bladder, 1881.
Dickinson, W. H. Albuminuria, ed. 2, 1887.
Prerichs, P. T. Diseases of the liver, 3vol., 1879.
Hilton, J. Rest and pain, 1879.
Guttman, P. Physical diagnosis, 1880.
Johnson, L. Medical formulary, 1881.
Keyes, E. L. Venereal diseases, 1880.
Lyman, H. M. Artificial anaesthesia and anaesthetics, 1881.-
Mackenzie, M. Diseases of the pharynx, larynx and trachea,
1880.
Munde, P. P. Minor surgical gynecology, 1880.
Nojes, H. D. Diseases of the eye, 1881.
Pavy, P. W. Pood and dietetics, ed. 2., 1881.
Phillips, C. D. P. Materia medica and therapeutics 1879
Piffard, H. G. Materia medica and therapeutics of the
skin, 1881.
Poulet, A. Poreign bodies in surgery, 2 vol., 1880.
Putzel, L. Punctional nervous diseases, 1880.
Rosenthal, M. Diseases of the nervous system,
Routh, C. J. P. Infant feeding, ed. 3, 1879.
Savage, H. Pemale pelvic organs, ed. 3, 1880.
Tait, L. Diseases of women, ed. 2, 1879.
Tilt, E. J. Uterine therapeutics, ed. 4, 1881.
Trousseau, A. and Pidoux, H. Therapeutics, 3 vol., 1880.
Wilson, J. C. Continued fevers, 1881.
OTHER GIFTS.
Am. Laryngological Ass. Annual report, 1900.
Ass. of Am. Med. Colleges; report 1900.
Connell, P. G. Intestinal suture, all knots inside, 18 p., 1901 .
Hersey, G. D. Medical library as a factor in medical pro-
gress, 11 p. 1901,
Luria, A. New device of a medical surgical bedstead, 24 p.
Mass. Gen. Hospital. Annual report, vol. 87, 1900.
72 The Plexus.
N. Y. Hospital. Annual report, vol. 21, 1900.
■ R.I. Health, B'd of. Annual report, vol. 21, 1898.
R. I. Med. Soc. Transactions, vol. 6, pt. 2.
Lusk, W. T. Science and art of midwifery, 1893. Dr. F. E.
Wynekoop, donor.
WEDDING BELLS.
No doubt the lady member of our faculty had her informa-
tion from authentic source when she announced to Dr. Quine that
fifty per cent of the lady members of class of '01 were soon to be
married "for humanity's sake" as already three of them have
been married,
POLSON-MERRITT.
Miss Nina D. Poison of class '01 was married on May 22, to
Charles H. Merritt, M. D., and are at home at 5429 Washington
Ave., Hyde Park, Chicago.
Misses Willing and Yelton both of class '01 were recently
married, the former at Kansas City on June 20, and the latter n
Chicago on June 3rd, but we have not the names of their "better
halves.'"
HUMISTON-WHEELER.
Dr. Charles E. Humiston of the class of '96, was married to
Miss Myrtle Wheeler of Lincoln, Neb., on Tuesday, June 18th.
The doctor will be at home on Wednesdays in September at 107
Howard Ave., Chicago.
FREEMAN- YOUNG.
Miss Nacoochee A. Freeman and Mr. C. C. Young, both mem-
bers of the present senior class, were married at Topeka, Kansas,
on Sunday, June 9th, after which they came to Chicago and
are now doing work in the summer term. The Plexus extends
congratulations and wishes them much happiness.
NEWS ITEMS.
Dr. C. N. Ballard is now doing office work on third floor of
Reliance building, 100 State street, Chicago.
. Dr. J. G. Massie, a student at P. and S. during the year of
'96-97 is now practicing at Belleville, 111.
Dr. C. N. Ballard has professor.ship of Clinical Gynecolog}^
at the Harvey night school.
NOTES OF THE FIRE.
Dr. Eckley soon found it impossible to save anything from
his dejoartment and set about assisting others in their trouble.
Dr. William Quine was early at the scene of destruction, so
also was Dr. D. A. K. Steele and Dr. F. B. Earle, our new secre-
tary of the college.
John Lock, who has charge of Dr. Eckley's laboratories was
putting down the windows when the building was struck and he
was knocked down and bruised although not severely injured.
George, it is said was not so excited but that he could take
care of his mail, even in the thickest of the fray; but it is said ne
was a little excited at the beginning as he neglected to put on
his entire dress until he had the building well lighted.
P. D. Whyte, curator, his wife and family, who were living
in the basement were early out, but their household goods were
damaged somewhat by water. The joke of the fire was that one
of the Chicago papers spoke of Mr. Whyte, the curator and his
wife, as very old and ill people who were carried out of the
building by one of the heroic young men of the school.
P. G. Kitterman lost the most of his library by the fire,
having been using it in Dr. Eckley's department.
Carpenter Evans lost all of his tools.
The specimens that were recently collected for the National
Association meeting held at St. Paul, Minn., were all destroyed.
These represented a great deal of work on the part of both
teacher and pupil.
A number of the professors, students and others directly
connected with the college were greatly surprised upon coming
74 The Plexus.
to the college on Wednesday morning to find thingsas they were^
but not as they were the night before.
An Additjon to our Next Materia Medica Earnestly
Recommended. — For many years I have prescribed Sanmetto
extensively, and I should assassinate Truth were I to assert that,
in a single instance, the results were otherwise than wholly sat-
isfactory. There is not a form of genito-urinary inflammation
wherein I have not u^ed it. I can sincerely and earnestly recom-
mend its addition to our next Materia Medica.
A. Mazetta Rowe, M. D.
Glasgow, Ky.
Sanmatta in Uterine Congestion. — Dr. Al. J. Halsey, of
Fowler, Ind., writing, says: •'! have found Sanmetto perfectly
satisfactory and I take pleasure in recommending it in cases of
uterine congestion, having tried it and proved its efficacy in such
a case. I have placed it in the foremost of my list of favorite
remedies for congestion of any mucous membrane in the body."
Adelbert H. Peck, M. D., D. D. S.,
Dean, College of Dentistry, University of Illinois.
THE PLEXUS
THE OFFICIAL ORGAN OF
THE COLLEGE OF PHYSICIANS AND SURGEONS
MEDICAL DEPARTMENT OF THE
UNIVERSITY OF ILLINOIS,
VOL. VII. JULY 20th, 190L NO. 3
THE DOCTOR'S WIFE.*
By Wm. E. Quine, M. D.
Dean and Professor of Practice of Medicine and Clinical Medicine, College
of Physicians and Surgeons, Medical Department of the University of Illinois,.
Chicago.
^'■Well may your hearts believe the trutJi //e//.'"— Taylor.
Mr. Toastmaster: The unmarried gentlemen of this com-
pany who know all about woman's nature — in their minds — and
also have some acquaintance with my domestic relations, doubt-
less imagine it is easy for me to speak on the Doctor's Wife, be-
cause they know, or think they know, I have one.
For a few joyous months I, too, injagined I had one; but
I've been suspicious for many a somber year since that she
had me.
It is a trite maxim, the realization of which has humbled
many a proud spirited man, that "Husband and wife are of one
mind — and that belongs to the wife."
I have had so many impressive lessons on this point that I
am not in the least inclined to argue it now.
He is a fatuous man, who, at my age, does not know when
the facts are against him. He must be of the class, I imagine,
that has to be killed to be convinced; and I am not that kind of
man. A rolling-pin in repose, but within reach, convinces me.
Indeed, I am ready now to endorse the diagnosis of the old
*A Trebute to Wifehood: Being an after-dinner speach originally delivered be-
fore a general audience at the annual banquet of the College of Physicians and Surgeons,
April. 1899. and su':)3 ?quently repeated on another occasion.
76 The Plexus.
sea captain, a man of varied experiences and assorted sorrows,
who, when expatiating, upon the "strong p'ints" of his fourth
wife, boldly declared that "When a woman is right, sir, she is
the rightest ship that floats;"' and it must be remembered, Mr.
Toastmaster, that if doubt should ever arise, in the presence of
my wife, concerning the correctness of that proposition, I am
not to be coanected with it in any way. I have already as much
of the "White man's burden"' as I'm able to carry.
How to speak of the Doctor's Wife in her presence, and in
yours, is one of the most difficult problems I have ever under-
taken to solve.
On the one hand, it would be dreadfully embarrassing to get
up before you all and tell a lot of complimentary lies about her —
not because I object to telling a few lies on proper occasions, as
when she and I are alone — but because it is humiliating to tell
them before company and to have the company know they are
told on compulsion.
On the other hand, if I do not decorate her with some fic-
tional ornaments on such an occasion as this, and do present her
as she really is, "i? pluribus natur alibus,'' as Mrs. Malaprop
might say — well, a fellow has to go home, some time!
The easiest way out of the dilemma I can think of, is to paint
a composite f)icture embodying characteristics of a number of
doctors" wives I have known, and put that before you as the sub-
ject of a dream. This plan has the charm of simplicity and
the great merit of irresponsibility; for it enables me to say
exactly what I think without referring to, and mucii less with-
out fastening attention upon any particular individual.
As soon as the Doctor"s Wife had made a preliminary inves-
tigation of her new sun-oundings, and had ascertained which of
her wedding presents were solid silver and which were merely
plated, and had taken stock of her neighbors through a slit in
the window .shade, and had read all the Doctor's old letters she
could find — the Doctor having left a few well selected letters
where they would be found — she addressed herself to the study
of her bargain counter prize, the Doctor himself; and she did
this as composedly, ])atiently, systematically and conscientiously
as the student of chemistry undertakes to analyze a complex
mixture and prove the identity of each of its ingredients.
It didn't take her lonor to discover that the Doctor was a
2 lie Doctors Wife. 77
fraud, and immensely beneath her preconceptions. His airy
show of consequence had a very Unsubstantial foundation in fact;
for he was distressingly poor.
She didn't mind that, however, for she knew it was common
in this country for men to rise from poverty and obscurity to
wealth and renown; and, really, she was secretly glad of the op-
portunity to show her own metal. But she was shocked to learn
that her husband was not the most important personage in the
community; that he did not outrank all his competitors in popu-
lar esteem, and that he was not the court of final appeal which
settled obscure scientific problems for his .professional brethren.
He was merely "The New Doctor;" that was all.
He got an impecunious patient, now and then, who owed
every other physician in the county; and, occasionally, a patient
of better circumstance who had baffled tne skill of all; but the
well-to-do and curable sick forgot that he was there.
You see the Doctor's Wife had gotten her opinion of the
Doctor from the Doctor himself; and she did not know that the
opinions of a young doctor concerning himself have to be dis-
counted fifty per cent, to begin with, and that the rest has to be
taken in small doses and with much caution; while his opinions
of his competitors are still more grotesquely unreliable but in
the opposite direction.
Though sick at heart with disappointment and chagrin, she
instantly resolved that the world should know nothing about it.
"He is my husband," she said, "and my way through life is clear.
I've married him to be one with him, to share his name, his
home and his future.'"
She pitied rather than blamed him, for he seemed sincere
and earnest, and certainly was not actively bad. She pitied his
feeble struggles with poverty, his bemeaning privations and her
own, his nothingness in the community, his absurd show of self-
confidence, and the hopeless barreness of his prospects. Never-
theless, on one occasion, when she found herself ruefully contem-
plating these things, she straightway blamed herself for discov-
ering them; and the next instant, in a blaze of self-condemnation
scornfully inquired, "Who am I that I should hold myself above
my husbandV Am 1 so much better than he"? Maybe he is dis-
appointed, tool Ohl Ohl I wonder! No, he hasn't shown iti
78 ^/'c Phxus.
He seems happy. He is happy. Dear old fellow— his devotion,
puts me to shame!''
As time wore on and furnished opportunity for larger exper-
ience and maturer judgment, and she saw that the Doctor was
gaining a little in popular confidence and favor, and was work-
ino- to merit success with a savageness of determination that
scarce brooked interruption or rest; and that he seldom failed to
sustain himself strongly when the opportunity was fair; she be-
o-an to suspect that she had been mistaken all along and that the
future was not so dreary as it seemed.
And later still, when he had won some ease of circumstance
and a strong footing in the respect of his professional brethren
and other neighbors; and she remembered that he had never
complained and had never shown the white feather, even in the
darkest days, and had never had wants of his own till hers had
been supplied, she was ready to prostrate herself at his feet in
penance for the unjustness of her earlier thoughts.
He was different from what she had supposed. The self-suf-
ficient suitor for her hand was one: her husband, who had sensed
the responsibilities that faced and bore upon him, was another
man. As the difference took form and grew upon her mind she
saw its meaning, and she gloried in it and magnified it far be-
yond its merit. "He is my husband,'* she whispered; but as she
said it now her soul's calm light shone in her eyes.
In the early years of struggle and self-denial she was studi-
ously and ingeniously economical; and yet, withal, so productive
of the pretty nothings that adorned the little home as to be a
source of pleasure and of pride to her wondering husband. But,
with the instinct of feminine genius, she had always, so far as
possible, compelled considerations of economy to stop short of
impairing her personal attractiveness. Poverty did not lessen
herpiide of person or of bearing. But, notwithstanding this
appearance of self-indulgence, try as her husband would to keep
his personal expenses below his wife's, he was invariably con-
founded by the discovery that her seeming prodigality had cost
but little more than the exercise of her nimble mind and fingers.
The question of money never jarred a moment of their lives.
There w^as partnership between them from the first — he the pre-
sident and, jointly, both were treasurer, of the firm. She knew
his every plan and helped to make and foster it. She was free
The Doctors Wife. 79
to draw upon the treasury without consulting him — but seldom
did; and never, for herself. She never had a want beyond his
means, nor made one known at a inconvenient time. He never
had a plan include neglect of her, for she came first in every
plan. His wish for her was never smaller than his purse; and
her only trouble was to keep the wish within the realm of
reason.
At no time had she been able to convince herself that it was
compatible with her own dignity, or with the respect she had for
her husband, to try to create opinion in his favor. And well she
knew that he had standards of his own concerning such matters;
and she loved and honored them. He felt himself a man. But,
when he had fairly earned good opinion, it was sure to be
strengthened and confirmed, without a word being said, the in-
stant it was touched by the influence of the personality of the
Doctor's Wife, i
She was superior to him — but felt inferior; and a wife in that
condition of mind is at the summit of her power. Then she can
infuse some of her own dignity of aim into the life of her hus-
band and inspire and guide him, and do it so unconsciously and
unobtrusively as to forget her agency in the contemplation of its
results.
It is easy for a woman in love to make a nobleman out of
common clay; and the Doctor's Wife accomplished the feat with-
out an effort. Love beguiled her into exaggerated appreciation,
and this was helpful to her husband. For, when she held him
before himself as a man among a thousand, she gave him a
strength and steadiness of purpose and of effort which enabled
him to bring forth the best and most abundant fruit he possibly
could bear. And if, then, she set him before the world with un-
due show of consequence, it was because her love magnified his
virtues and cancealed his faults. He was her husband.
She was to him a bewildering mystery — a kaleidoscope of
ever-changing surprises and delights. He was to her an open
book. She read him at a glance and often answered his thoughts
before he had spoken them. But, notwithstanding her great
acumen, she had much difficulty in comprehending the Doctor's
jokes — doubtless on account of their pathologic quality. She
was quick to learn, however, that when a wife fails to show ap-
preciation of her husband's jokes the husband is liable to become
so The Plexus.
dreadfull}' solemn and grumpy. And so she applied herself to
the study of the awful problem with fortitude and patience, and,
with such effect, that in six or seven years she got to be able to
perceive when a joke was intended. And then! Whenever she
had a fair opportunity to watch her husband's face and varying
intonations, she would break into laughter and applause with
ecstatic spontaneity and enthusiasm and at exactly the proper
time and place — but without ever seeing the point or caring a
straw about it I
She noted with interest and with pride the Doctor's progress
and growth in power, and she clearly saw that she must be up
and doing if she would keep abreast of him. No, indeed! She
would not be outrun in the graces of education and culture, but
she would lead and beckon him on. She would achieve a work
and a position in the world, in harmony with his, but distinctively
her own, and womanly.
Her unassuming refinement and pride of character; her swift
and unerring judgment; her courteous reserve, yet friendliness
of bearing; never failed to command the instant respect of man
or woman. Everybody was her friend, though few were admit-
ted to her confidence; and those of her sex who were unable to
go through life without "adventures" were never included in
the list.
She knew well the effectiveness of silence when silence
meant reproof; and she knew just as well when silence meant
dishonor.
She had tested the courage of unyielding hope and the
power of unconquerable faith as an antidote for disappointment
and trial.
She had sensed the wisdom of a few words fitly spoken; and
her life shone with the light and glory of perennial sunniness of
heart.
Though earnestly and eagerly devout, she was a stranger to
intolerance and bigotry, and she sought for Divinity in sunshine
rather than in gloom. The vocabulary of can't she had no pa-
tience with and never tried to learn.
If she had troubles, they were her own and not for her
nearest friends to know; but her efforts were unwearying to
lighten others' woe.
She had no time for idle gossip and no countenance for un-
Ihe Doctors Wi/^. 81
friendly criticism. Charity stood guard upon her lips and Dis-
cretion governed the movements of her tongue — or kept it still.
She would help the smallest and the meanest of God's crea-
tures, but she would injure none. It made her happy to give
others joy. but she never found pleasure in another's pain.
Though cheery and cordial ever, and ready for laughter or
for song, she had serious visions often, and looked out upon man-
kind with thoughtful eyes. She saw more trouble and sorrow
than other women, and was more gentle and tender. She knew
the world better than others — ^the ups and downs of human
strength and human weakness, and was more charitable and in-
dulgent in spirit. She grieved over the sin that was clone, and
rebuked it; and then held out her hand to the sinner. She saw
the temptation that was resisted, and, in the privacy of her
heart, wept and laughed in ecstacy of joy. To her own sex was
she true; and, whether she found it in poverty or in shame, she
stood by it with unflinching courage. She was a woman's wo-
man; and women knew and loved her.
Her husband's confidences with his people she never sought
to share; and if, perchance, a stray one came to her, 'twere safer
in her bosom than in his own.
The alertness and constancy of her loyalty to him; her readi-
ness to explain shortcomings* without discredit to him; the
promptness and fierceness of her defense of him; the joy she
had in sacrificing self and in serving him; — the Doctor caught a
glimpse of it now^ and then and, swallowing the lump in his
throat, struck out with lusty sinews to merit all; but, though he
toiled and strained aud worshipped on, he felt deep in his heart
that were he then the best of men he could not merit that.
His shrine was Home; his creed, the Golden Rule. His
guide was Conscience; and his soul was free from fear. His
wife, his Queen, and heaven, without her, could not be.
And many and many a time, when breasting the pitiless storms
of winter and chilled to the marrow, was he w^armed into comfort
by the picture in his mind of the little winsome, witching crea-
ture at home who sometimes called him "Papa" — and, some-
times,— ''Jim." She of tireless volubility and eager friendliness
for all the world; of floweret face, and glinting golden hair, and
eyes and smile so like her mother's! And many a time did the
old horse slacken its pace to a walk as the Doctor listened and
82 \ The Plexus.
listened to the crooning of a lullaby that was soft and low as the
cooing of the doves upon the hills of Judasa. And then, in the
stillness of the night and the solitude of the storm, he prayed —
but not for himself. No, not for himself.
And so they lived, through weal and woe, as years crept
slowly on. And by the arduous process of many an hour of
wearying toil, and many an effort, and an occasional triumph;
and by virtue of being ever more and more careful of what he
said and did, the Doctor came to be regarded as a worthy mem-
ber of his profession and an honor to the community whose con-
fidence was reposed in him.
But with all his dignity of conscious strength and with all
his pride of honorable endeavor and honorable achievement, he
felt himself a mei'e sattelite, revolving around and ever drawing
nearer and nearer the central figure of his home, his dearest,
most trusty, most indulgent friend — his wife.
And those who saw them smiled — and then they watched and
wondered. And the aging couple "climbed the mountain to-
gether," bearing their burdens seriously, but cheerfully — each
helping the other over hard places and each ministering to the
other's bruises and chatting and chumming as they went, just as
they had been doing for forty years. And when they reached
the top, they turned and gazed with searching eyes upon the
scene of activity and turmoil from which they had emerged.
There they saw misery and joy, exultation and dispair; defeat
and triumph; oppressor and oppressed; captor and captive; vic-
tor and victim; and, sickened by the sight, they turned again,
without regret or sigh, and hoped for more beyond.
As they began their course adown the further side, they
were astounded when they saw the shortness and directness of the
path to the bottom of the mountain. And there, stretched out
before them, was a valley and a river; but they feared no evil.
And they continued on their way with spirit undisturbed, com-
menting as they went upon the increasing profuseness of the
falling leaves and upon the quiet lights and gently stealing
shadows of declining day. And now they stopped, just as they
had done a hundred times before, to resc, and to review the his-
tory of their life together. And they talked about their intro-
duction and courtship; their marriage; the birth and death of
heir children: their hardest trials and their dearest triumphs:
The Doctors Wife. 83
"the friends of their youth and of their later years; ending, as
they always did, with the prattling of sweet nonsense that was
worth more to them than all the riches of the world.
At the close of the conversation, which contained an espe
cial wealth of reminiscence, the Doctor's Wife said, in serious
tones, "Darling, we have lived together man and wife for well-
nigh fifty years With the memories of the past all fresh in
mind and the vistas of the future all plain before, tell me the
dearest wish of your heart — the uppermost desire of your soul."
Then the Doctor, turned, with short and faltering step, like
an old man: and, gazing into the face of the Doctor's Wife wist-
fully, and never so tenderly, said:
" 'To smile, whene'er thy smiles I see;
To sigh, when thou art sighing;
To live, while life is left to thee;
And die, when thou art dying.'"
* * * * *
Even as he spoke, the eyes of the Doctor's Wife wandered,
and rested upon the valley and the river, and then looked away,
away off beyond. And her lids drooped; and her lashes glistened
with tears; and her lips moved, silently, as if she were commun-
ing With God. But when her husband had finished she turned
blithely to lead the conversation into more cheerful cnannels —
just as though she had had no vision. But the Doctor who h ad
seen it all, gently restrained her, and said: "You must tell me
the prayer of your heart. Mamma."
And then her head fell, and she answered, at first musingly
and brokenly, and then more strongly, "Dear — old — -Jim! Sturdy
and true — every — minute of his life — and to the very end.
Darling— I hope — ^I mean — I — husband —
Husband, I pray, all heaven's array
May fail our love to sever;
And ties that hold us one today.
May hold us one forever.
The ties of love which God above
Has sanctified and strengthened,
Have held us fast as years have passed
And span of life has lengthened.
8-4 The Ptexus.
Oh, vasiy these ties, above the skies,
With Jesus" love all blended,
Bind you and me and babies three,
Through time that's never ended.''
******
I saw her face as she said it, and noted the expression of her
eyes as they looked into his. And as she spoke, I prayed — that,
when — T — come — to — the — last — extremity — of— liffe, the eyes —
of a Doctor's Wife — may look into mine — like that.
? , .<,5es»-
,«?««
William Lincoln Ballengek, M. D.
THE PRINCIPLES OF TREATMENT OF SUPPURATIVE
OTITIS MEDIA.
By William Lincoln Ballenger, M. D., Chicago.
OBSCURE notions AS TO SUPPURATIVE OTITIS MEDIA.
For reasons patent to anyone who will study the curricula,
and more especially the actual teaching of otology in most medi-
cal colleges, obscure ideas are prevalent among physicians as to
the nature and pathologic significance of supperative otitis media.
The author has for years been impressed by the almost total
ignorance among physicians coming under his instruction in post-
graduate teaching on this important subject. In seeking for an
explanation of this state of affairs his conclusion is, that otology
is not commonly well taught in many of our medical colleges. It
is not uncommon to find otology combined with the chair of
ophthalmology. It is sometimes, and with much more reason,
combined with the chair of Rhinology and laryngology. Whe'n
combined with ophthalmology it is usually a side show and is
passed over with less than a half dozen lectures. When com-
bined with rhinology and laryngology it is also often slighted,
either for the want of time to cover the ground or because the
lecturer has but little interest in the subject, and naturally
devotes most of his time to rhinology and laryngology, in which
he is more interested.
AnjT^way, the result is seen in the comparative ignorance as
to otology among the great mass of practitioners of medicine.
The author therefore begs to briefly consider a few facts which
may throw some light on the hazy notions prevalent regarding
one of the most important of the diseases of the ear, namely,
chronic suppuration of the middle ear and the mastoid spaces.
a. Obscure notions as to the treatment. — We well remember our
own limited ideas as to treatment when the first case of otorrhoea
presented himself. There was an ill- defined recollection that
boric acid should be used. We know now that boric acid may or
may not be indicated. At the International Congress of Otolo-
gists, held in London in 1899, the writer heard one of America's
best known ophthalmologists and otologists make the amazing
statement in open discussion that he still relied upon boric acid.
Another notion regarding treatment is that the syringe is a
88 'ihe Plexus.
desirable method of prosecuting the treatment. It may or may
not be a proper mode of treatment. This will depend upon
the activit}" or virulency of the suppuration, and upon the
way in which it is used. Unless the proper use of the syringe
and water or other solution is thoroughly and intelligently com-
prehended it is a very bad method of treatment. With the pres-
ent state of knowledge among graduates of medicine, the writer
does not hesitate to condemn it, as it usually renders the condi-
tion of the patient worse than before Its use.
b. Obscure notions as to the anatomy of the middle ear and mas-
toid spaces.- — The best way to familiarize oneself with the anatom-
ical arrangement of tne spaces is to take sections of the temporal
bone and examine them repeatedly from all points of view. In
this way one may get a mental picture of the parts so that he can
readily recall it to mind when needed in clinical work. We have
elsewhere in this paper prepared a drawing (Fig. 1) which, while
it is diagramatic, presents the essential relationship of the parts.
c. Obscure notions as to cei tain pity siolog ic functions oj the mech-
anism of the middle ear. — There is a prevailing notion that the
drumhead and ossicles are essential to hearing. This is not
true, for we have seen many cases in which both the drumhead,
malleus and incus were gone in which the patient had very good
hearing indeed. It was not of normal acuteness, to be sure, but
was quite good enough for conversation in quiet tones. When
the ossicles are bound together, or to the walls of the middle ear
by adhesive bands (as often occurs in dry middle ear catarrh and
chronic sujDpurative inflammation) hearing is very much impaired.
Theoretically, if the malleus and incus were removed, hearing
should be markedly improved. Clinical experience has taught us
that hearing is usually much improved by their removal in sup-
purative processes with adhesive bands, but that there is usually
little or no improvement by such a procedure in dry catarrh with
adhesions. The cause of the failure to improve hearing is usually
due to ankolosis of the foot plate of the stapes in the oval window
of the habyrinth. The stapes may also be bound down by adhe-
sive bands, thus having its mobility interferred with. If, how-
ever, the drumhead and malleus and incus are gone, while the
stapes is intact and freely movable in the oval window, hearing
is often but slightly impaired, at least not to the extent commonly^
thought.
Treatment of Otitis Media. 89
d. Obseure notions as to tJie jMtJioligic signijicance of chronic
supperative otitis media. — It is no uncommon saying among prac-
titioners of medicine that it is useless to treat chronic otorrhoea
as it will "wear itself out" in time if left alone. It is also a
source of great comfort to such practitioners to observe that "the
discharge is not so profuse as it used to be." They flatter them-
selves and their patients that the disease is "wearing itself out."
This, too, is a belief which facts will not support. Chronic sup-
puration of the middle ear is a disease which manifests itself
intermittantly. The discharge is profuse, becomes gradually less
and finally is not noticed by ths patient. It is then they flatter
themselves that they are cured. After weeks or months the
otorrhoea reappears and subsides as before. This process may
be continued indefinately, or until an acute mastoiditis, sinus
thrombosis, meniugitis or intra-cranial abscess develops and
arouses the patient and physician to renewed activity. Even
then the relationship between the chronic ear disease and the
sequellae is not often recognized.
The I rue pathologic significance of chfonic otorrhoea is em-
braced in the following statement, namely: When suppuration
has continued for a period of two or more years there is a ten-
dency or liability for tiie vessels of the mucosa lining the middle
ear and accessory mastoid spaces to become thrombosed. Some
of these vessels also supply the periosteum and penetrate the
bone beneath. The blood supply being cut off by the thrombi
necrosis of the mucosa periosteum and bone results. The thrombi
may be infected and detached particles carried through the cir-
culation to the meningess, brain, lungs, kidneys, spleen, liver
and other parts of the body, thus extending the infection, caus-
ing meningitis, brain abscess, pneumonia, tuberculosis, and dis-
eases of the kidneys, liver and spleen. It is well known that all
pathogenic bacteria which float in the air gain entrance into the
ear through a perforated drumhead, and may therefore not only
infect the ear, but through the thrombi may be carried to other
parts of the body. The bone necrosis may continue for months
or years without excitfng particular comment, but as McEwen
has so well expressed it, the patient is going about with a load of
dynamite in his head, which may explode at any moment. One
of the commonest causes of meningitis, exclusive of the epidemic
and tubercular types, is chronic suppuration of the middle ear_
90 The Plexus.
Primary acute suppuration excites more apprehension in the
patient and physician than does the chronic form. In truth there
is little danger in the primary acute form, as the mucous mem-
brane, periosteum and bone are intact. An acute inflammation
supervening upon a chronic form is, indeed, dangerous, as it
usually signifies the presence of necrosis, granulations and re-
tained pus.
Having thus briefly called attention to some of the fancies
and facts relating to otorrhoea we will turn our attention to the
main thought of the paper.
PRINCIPLES OF TREATMENT.
The treatment of suppurative processes of the middle ear and
mastoid spaces should be based upon three principles, namely:
(a) the establishment and maintenance of free drainage of the
pus and secretions; (b) the removal of all morbid material,
whether it be pus, debre or sequestra of bone; (c) the maintenance
of asepsis of the parts.
The success of the treatment will be proportionate to the
accomplishment of the foregoing conditions. Free drainage,
without the removal of the morbid material will not be entirely
successful, as the morbid material remains to perpetuate the pro-
cess. In brief all three conditions must be met. Iq certain
cases this may be done by very simple measures, while in others
it will be necessary to resort to more heroic measures.
In order to more clearly present this phase of the subject we
will subdivide chronic suppurative inflammations of the middle
ear and mastoid spaces into the following groups:
a. Suppurative inflammation limited to the middle ear pro-
per, i. e., to that portion of the middle ear below the heads of the
malleus and incus. In other words to the portion of the cavity
covered by the membrana tensa.
b. Suppurative inflammation involving the middle ear and
attic.
c. Supperative inflammation involving the middle ear, attic
and mastoid antrum.
d. Suppurative inflammation involving the middle ear, attic,
antrum and mastoid cells.
a. Suppuration limited to tlie middle ear xyroper. — Here the treat-
ment may be successfully accomplished by simple local treatment
through the external meatus (Fig. 1). Free drainage may be
Treatment of Otitis Media.
91
established through the perforated drumhead by means of a
gauze wick inserted into the perforation and packed in the meatus.
The morbid material may consist of pus and bacteria and is
readily carried oif with the drainage. The ear being thus drained
and freed from morbid material is maintained in a state of asep-
sis, and having thus met the three principles of treatment, pro-
ceeds toward a rapid and successful issue.
b. Suppuration involving the midgle ear and attic. — In these
cases the treatment is not so easily accomplished. The estab-
lishment of. free drainage is not so easy, nor is the removal of the
morbid material. Tt follows, then, that assepsis san not be so
well brought about. By referring to Fig. 1, it is seen that the
Fig. 1. Schematic drawing of the
middle ear antrum and mastoid
cells.
Fig. 2. The Drumhead, malleus
and incus removed to facilitate free
drainage of the attic and antrum.
heads of the malleus and incus, together with the ligaments and
fibrous bands which suspend them, form the floor of the attic or
roof of the middle ear proper. While ii^, is true that when the
attic is involved there is a usually a perforation through the
membrana flacida (upper flacid portion of the drumhead), it is
usually small and does not permit of free drainage. Necrosis of
the head of the incus or even the malleus is often present in
these cases as the blood supply is very meager (especially to the
incus), and liable in the course of the inflammatory process to be
materially lessened or shut off entirely, thereby leading to necro-
sis of the part named. It is apparent, therefore, that the removal
of the morbid material cannot under such circumstances be
accomplished by means of local treatments or the use of gauze
packing. It is true that sometimes a regenerative process may
92 The Fhxus.
be stimulated by the injection of 5 to 10 gr. solutions of nitrate of
silver into the attic, and the necrotic process thereby checked
and health to the parts re-established. It is often well to make
attempts in this line of treatment before resorting to more heroic
measures. It is our custom +o do this in nearly all cases, and the
results are often very gratifying indeed. In others, however,
simple local treatment is not successful. We then sometimes
advise the removal (Fig. 2) of the malleus or incus or both, in
order to establish free drainage, to remove the morbid material
and make it possible to maintain asepsis of the parts. With the
jemoval of the two ossicles, the drumhead is also almost entirely
taken away so that it is possible to insert gauze into ,the middle
ear, or even into the attic by means of a small curved probe. In
this way the middle ear and attic are converted into one open
cavity, and all three principles of treatment are made compara-
tively easy of accomplishment. In some cases, however, there
is necrosis of the roof of the attic or other wall of the attic and
middle ear, which may interfere, with the success of this mode of
treatment. With a curved probe the necrotic areas may some-
times be located, and by the use of curved curetts the areas
scraped.
This is not always possible or feasable as there is dan-
ger of penetrating to the cranial cavity, or wounding the facial
nerve. Then, too, it is not always possible to remove all the
necrossed bone in this way. In such cases it is advisable to do a
radial mastoid operation as shown in Fig. 3.
c. Suppuration Involving the Middle Ear, Attic aud Antrum. —
Here we have the mastoid antrum affected in addition to the mid-
dle ear and attic. The attic and antrum communicate through a
narrow channel called the ad addihis. The narrowness of the ad
additiis materially interfers with the free drainage of the antrum
as well as with the discharge of the morbid material. Hence
treatment through the external auditory meatus is usually inade-
quate. In a certain number of cases, however, the removal of
the malleus and incus (fig. 2) with the drumhead affords ample
drainage and enables the principles of treatment to be carried
out.
It should be remarked that it is hardly possible for the an-
trum to be involved without them astoid cells also being affected.
As the mastoid cells rarely develope before puberty we find this
Treatvient of Otitis Media. 93
class of cases in children under 14 years old. Occasionally adults
do not have the cells developed to any extent.
If it is found that drainage, asepsis and the removal of the
morbid material cannot be accomplished either by simple local
treatment or the removal of the ossicles and drumhead it may be
necessary to advise a mastoid operation;preferably what is called
the radical operation, (fig. 3) namely opening into the mastoid
antrum back of the auricle and then removing the bony wall be-
tween the antrum and the middle ear. The antrum attic and
middle ear are thus converted into one large freely communicat-
ing cavity. In this way the entire diseased surface is exposed
to inspection so that all morbid material may be removed, drain-
age established through the meatus and through the post auricu-
Fio. 3. Drumhead, Malleus and Incus
removed, the mastoid antrum and cells con-
verted into one large cavitj^ freely communi-
cating with the middle ear. The bony wall
between the meatus and antrum has been
removed to permit thorough inspection of the
middle ear through the mastoid wound. This
operation is known as the Radical Mastoid
Operation. The mastoid cells, antrum and
middle ear are converted into one large cav-
ity, all morbid material removed, free drain-
age established, and asepsis of the parts
made possible.
lar opening. This operation is illustrated in Fig. 3, except that
the mastoid cells are therein represented as ablated.
d. Suppuration Involving the Middle Ea?\ Attic, Antrum
and Mastoid Cells. — Here we have much the same conditions to
be met that we had in the preceeding subdivision, except that
the involvement is deeper, including the mastoid cells. This
renders the accomplishment of all three principles of treatment
more difficult. Simj)le treatment of this class of cases is rarely
successful. It becomes necessary to resort to the radical mastoid
operation in many cases if we would eradicate the disease. Un-
der the paragraph on the pathology and its significance we have
already pointed out the danger attending these cases and need
dwell no further upon that phase of the subject in order to justify
the recommendation of the mastoid operation. In Fig. 3 we have
illustrated diagramatically the end accomplished by this opera-
94 The Plexus.
tion, namely, the middle ear, attic, antrum and mastoid cells are
converted into one freely communicating cavity, so that the three
principles of treatment may be successfully carried out. In thi&
operation it should be remembered that the ossicles and drum-
head if not removed at a previous operation should be taken out
after the wall separating the attic and mastoid antrum has been
chiseled away.
It must not be inferred that this or any other method of
treatment is recommended by the author as always being suc-
cessful. There are many circumstances whieh modify the re-
sults, but their discussion is outside the limits of this paper. We
intend to present only the principles of treatment and not the
details of the technique.
100 state St.
THE DEFORMITIES OF INFANTILE PARALYSIS.
A clinical Lecture at the College of Physicians and Surgeons, Chicago.
By John Lincoln Porter, M. D.,
Professor in Orthopedic Surgery.
These two little ones that I have to show you this morning
are of interest as illustrating the deformities resulting from in-
fantile paralysis. We are especially fortunate in having them
here together as they show two different degrees of paralysis
with consequent differences in the resulting condition. They are
nearly of the same age age, the little girl being ten years old,
and the boy nine. We will lift them onto the table so that you
can see better the condition I want to call your attention to.
They are not in any way related, as you can probably tell by the
way they eye each other, and these are not cases illustrating any
family or hereditary type of paralysis. Before I say anything
about the history in these cases I will ask Mrs. Carpenter, who
sent the little boy here, to tell us what she knows about the case.
(Mrs. Carpenter): I know very little about him. I have no-
ticed him on the street near where I live and asked his mother to
let me bring him over here to see what can be done for him. It
seems that he was all right up to four years of age when he went
to bed one night apparently well and woke up in the morning
crying with pain and anable to get up. He was quite sick for
some time, unable to move at all. but gradually got better and
when he got entirely well it left him like this. (Dr. Porter). Do
you know what time of the year that was? (Mrs. Carpenter):
Yes, in October. (Dr. Porter): Has he grown any worse lately?
(Mrs. Carpenter): I don't know. (The patient): No I have
been just like this ever since I was sick. (Dr. Porter): That
givesifyou almost a typical history and I can tell you as to the
other case that it is much the same except that the disease oc-
curred when she was only two years old. You see both these
cases occurred under five years of age. It is essentially a dis-
ease of childhood. I don't know the statistics in the matter but
I think there are more cases occur at the ages of four and five
years than all other years together. Although just now we are
more concerned with the deformities resulting from the disease
han with the acute disease itself, I will refer briefly to the path-
56 The Plexus.
ology and symptomatology of these cases, for in making differ-
ential diagnoses it is necessary to remember them. The usual
history in such a case is something like this: A child under
eight years of age in in ordinary good health is suddenly taken
ill with marked fever, more or less prostration, sometimes vom-
iting, complains of pain in the trunk and extremities and is un-
able to move. Frequently this occurs during the night or is no-
ticed in the morning and by far the larger percentage of cases
occur during hot weather. The attack resembles that of an
acute infectious fever and in tiie early stage the loss of motor
power is attributed to the general prostration, especially if the
patient is an infant. These symptoms last usually from two to
ten days, the child gradually gets better, the fever subsides, and
as convalescence is established it is noticed that motion gradu"
ally returns, first to the upper extremities and later to the lower,
but always there is some paralysis of some muscles that remains.
Now this paralysis varies very much in extent and location in
different cases and this brings us to the pathology of the disease.
The lesion in these cases is an acute inflammation of the anterior
divisions of the spinal cord, as the neurolgic name, poliomyelitis
anterior, indicates. As a result of this acute inflammation some
of the large ganglionic cells of the anterior horns of gray matter
are destroyed, probably by a process of coagulation necrosis,
and the motor nerves leading out from these cells lose their
function and the muscles which they supply become paralyzed.
Some of the motor cells which are affected by the inflammation
recover, which accounts for the fact that the paralysis at first is
always greater than that resulting after recovery, but in those
cells that are completely destroyed regeneration does not occur
and the motor fibres leading from them always remain useless
which allows us to make a very definite prognosis that those
muscles or fibres of muscles that remain paralyzed three months
after the attack will always be paralyzed. Prof. Wing of this
city has recently brought out, in a monograph on the subject,
the fact that the inflammation affects more severely the anterior
columns and more frequently the lumbar segment of the cord be-
cause the greatest affluent branch of the anterior spinal artery is
here; it supplies blood to the anterior horn of gray matter only,
and the greatest number of ganglion cells is in the lumbar seg-
ment. Whatever the etiogical factors may be that determine
Deformities of Infantile Paralysis. 97
the localization of the inflammation we do know that it occurs
most frequently in the lumbar segment of the cord because the
resulting paralysis is generally' limited to the lower extremities,
and in a great majority of cases some or all of the anterior tibial
group of muscles are involved. Sometimes the paralysis is very
extensive, involving all the anterior muscles of the thigh as well
as of the leg and occasionally both legs are involved. I have
within the past year seen two rare types of paralysis in this dis-
ease, involving only the deltoid muscle. Associated with this
paralysis is a marked atrophy of the muscles of the limb. This
is a true atrophy of the muscles involved and not a diminution in
size of the limb from disuse, as is sometimes thought. It is
very well shown in both these cases, the difference between the
normal leg and the paralyzed one is probably very evident from
where you sit. In these cases the atrophy is more marked in the
leg than in the thigh, as the paralysis is confined almost entirely
to the leg, but we shall probably find a slight difference in the
thighs also.
By measurement I find there is a difference of one and one-
half inches in circumference of ths calves, and one -half inch dif-
ference in the thighs of the boy. We shall probably find nearly
the same difference in the other case and I will not stop to meas-
ure the limbs now.
Perhaps you can see a slight difference in the color of the
•legs in these cases. It is more marked in the little girl. It is
due to the deficient circulation, which is another result of the
impaired innervation in these paralyzed limbs. The affected
limb has a purplish appearance as compared with the normal
pinkish fiesh color of the other — just as our hands look blue or
purple when they are cold. And if you should take hold of these
extremities you should notice that the weak one feels decidedly
colder than the other. That is a complaint that the parents often
make, that the affected leg is always cold. Now the deformities
that result from these paralyses are due to two factors: the loss
of power in the paralyzed muscles, and contraction of the oppos-
ing muscles. I can demonstrate that in the case of the little girl
here. You see she is unable to flex the toes, or the foot on the
ankle, and the foot hangs down and the toes drag in walking —
what is called a "toe drop." If we hold the leg and try to forc-
ibly flex the foot we find, as you see, that the foot cannot be
98
The Plexus.
brought up to a right angle by all the force I can apply with my
hands. In the case of the little boy it is not so marked. The
foot can easily be brought up but not as far as the normahone
can. You notice another curious thing in the case of the boy.-
FiG. 1. Showing- atrophy of the leg, complete loss of dorsal
flexion and beginning talipes-equinus due to contractures.
While he was unable to flex any of the other toes he can flex the
big toe. Why is that? Because, you remember, the big toe is
dorso flexed by the extensor proprius pollicis muscle, and it has
escaped, while all the rest of the toes are supplied by the exten-
Deformities of Infantile Paralysis.
99
Fig. 2. Showing atrophy of the leg, partial dorso-
ftexion and contraction possible in the extensor prop-
rius pollicis muscle.
100 The Plexus.
sor communis digitorum which is paralyzed. To come back to
our inability to flex the foot. The reason why the deformity is
so hard to overcome is because the opposing muscles of the calf
of the leg have undergone tonic contraction and shortening, hav-
ing no opposition in the anterior muscles, and we have here
what is known as contractures, which are always a strong factor
in the causation of deformities following paralysis. Now what
shall we do in the way of treatment for these cases? Let me say
that sometimes a great deal can be done to improve the useful-
ness of the affected limb and ivhat we shall do depends upon the
condition of each individual case, and each case requires careful
study to determine just what muscles have been paralyzed and
how much power there is in those that have escaped. We find
in the case of the boy here that he not only has the use of the
extensor poUicis muscle but evidently some fibres of the anterior
tibial or peroneal muscles are still intact, for he can by strong
effort feebly dor.so-flex the foot a trifle and it requires but little
force to flex it very well by hand, although the paralysis has
lasted longer in his case than in the little girl's. In such cases
the indications are to educate and develop what power we have
left to the utmost and at the same time overcome what oppoFing
contraction there is by mechanical means. We will send the lad
to the neurolgic department for more careful examination by
means of electrical reactions to determine just what muscles have
some power left. Then we will instruct the mother how to exer-
cise and massage those muscles so as to develop them to their
utmost usefulness, and possibly electrical treatment two or three
times a week can be had at the clinic and that will help in the
stimulation. As an aid to the muscles in overcoming contrac-
tion, we will have made for the foot a modified form of club-foot
brace, with a plate to fit the plantar surface of the foot and a stem
going up the outside of the leg and fastened at the garter line by
a strap. This stem is joined to a flange on the foot plate by a
stop joint thus (illustrating) which you see will allow of the foot
being dorso-flexed to any degree, but it cannot be extended be-
yond a right angle. In many cases it is necessary to do a teno-
tomy of the Achilles tendon to overcome the contracture before
applying the brace, but here the tendon is not tense and the foot
can be brought up so well that we will not do that. This brace
will be worn inside a large shoe. It will prevent the dragging
Deformities of Infantile Paralysis. 101
of the toes and enable him to set his foot down flat, and, with the
measures advised to strengthen the anterior tibial muscles will,
I believe, in a few months result in a decided improvement. If
it does not, we will do a transplantation operation, attaching the
tendon of the extensor proprius pollicis to the tendon of the an-
terior tibial or extensor communis muscles which are paralyzed,
and educate it to take their place. But in the other case, the
little girl, we shall have to do more than that. Although she
has had treatment and worn braces for a long time before coming
to us, they have been insufficient. Often the parents are care-
less about keeping the braces fitted tightly or they get broken
and the patient is not taken to the aurgeon regularly for inspec-
tion beca,use they do not realize the necessity of the constant
vigilance.
We will at some future clinic anaesthetize the child, sever the
Achilles tendon and flex the foot to a right angle or more, and if
necessary cut the tense, contracted fascia on the plantar surface
and perhaps the tendon of the tibialis posticus muscle, so as to
overcome the tendency to varus.
Then we will put the foot up in plaster of Paris for two
weeks until the wounds have healed, and renew the plaster dres-
sing at intervals of two weeks for a month or two longer, or un-
til the child can set the foot flat down upon the floor and step
upon it without pain. After that we shall fit a brace similar to
the one I have described for the boy and begin the same meas-
ures for stimulating the activity of the well muscles to their ut-
most usefulness. If a good position can be maintained until the
little one is grown up and realizes the necessity of constant effort
to keep the foot from dropping and getting out of sbaj)e again,
that very effort will probably be sufficient to accomplish the de-
sired result and allow her to walk very well without any mech-
anical support.
THE PLEXUS
THE OFFICIALLORGANiOF
THE COLLEGE OP PHYSICIANS AND SURGEONS
MEDICAL DEPARTMENT
UNIVERSITY OF ILLINOIS.
Plexus Committee of Faculty.
T. A. DAVIS, M. D.. D. A. K. STEELE, M. D., F GREGORY CONNELL, M. D.
H. C. WADDLE, '03, Editor-in-Chief.
Supt. W. H BROWNE, W. T. ECKLEY, M. D., D. N. EISENDRATH, M. D.,
W. A. EVANS, M. D., THOMAS FAITH, M. D., A. GERHMANN, M. D.
Associate Editors. L. HARRISON METTLER, M. D.
Class Editors:
F H. HORNIBROOK, 02, R. L. ELDREDGE, '03
M R. MARTIN, '04.
Faculty Department, DR. W. A. PUSEY. Clinical Laboratory Dept., DR. W. E. COATES
Alumni Editor, DR. C. C. O'BYRNE, '94 Clinical Department, C. E. DIKE, '02
Athletic " R. C. CUPLER '01 Library Department. GRACE W. BRYANT.
Publisher, H. C. WADDLE.
Subscription $1.00 per Annum in advance. Single copies, 15 cents. Issued Monthly
Send all remittances and communications as to subscriptions and advertising to H. C.
WADDLE, 813 W. Harrison St.
Entered at Cliicago Post Office as Second-Class Matter.
Any subscriber desiring the Journal discontinued at the expiration of his subscription
should so notify the Publishers; otherwise it will be assumed "hai the subscription is to be
continued and "the Journal sent accordingly.
□ Contributionsof matter suitable for publication are invited, and should be sent in not
later than the 25th of the month previous to that of publication. The publishers willnot hold
themselves responsible for the safe return of MSS. unless sufficient stamps are forwarded
It is with pleasure that we present in this issue of the
Plexus the half-tone likeness of our most honorable Dean, Dr.
William E. Quine and also are able to print "The Doctor's Wife,"
an after dinner speech which has been much sought for by the
medical profession and the student body of the P. & S. College.
Rarely does a single speech receive the praise and very credit-
able mention that "The Doctor's Wife" has received, and it has
given its most worthy author a high position as an after-dinner
speaker.
William Lincoln Ballenger, M. D., Assistant Prof. Otology,
Editorial. 103
Rhinology and Laryngology, College of Physicians and Surgeons,
'Chicago, has one of the leading articles in this number of the
Plexus. There is also a review of the text book on diseases of
the Ej^e, Ear, Nose and Throat (Ballenger and Wippern) which
appeared from the press of Lea Bros. & Co., last October. The
subject of this sketch graduated from Bellevue Hospital Medical
College in 1886, after which he practiced general medicine and
surgery in Richmond, Indiana. In 1893 he removed to Chicago
since which time he has limited his practice to the diseases of
the Ear, Nose and Throat. In 1895 he was elected to the posi-
tion of instructor in Laryngology and Rhinology in the College
of Physicians and Surgeons. In 1897 he was promoted to lec-
turer to fill the vacancy made by the resignation of Dr. Bennett.
In 1900 the Spring course was abolished and the all-year plan
adopted, and the position of lecturer was abolished. Dr. Bal-
lenger was then elected to the position he now holds, namely,
Assistant Prof, of Otology, Rhinology and Laryngology, Prof.
M. R. Brown being head of the department.
At present he is giving the entire course in his department,
holding two dispensary clinics a week and one clinic in the lower
amphitheater Defore the juniors, beside the didactic lectures.
Beside the position Dr. Ballenger holds in the College of
Physicians and Surgeons he has held that of lecturer in the Chi-
cago Policlinic and Professor in the Chicago Eye, Ear, Nose and
Throat College. He has given up all other positions in order to
give all his time and teaching faculties to the College of Physi-
cians and Surgeons. He was also chief assistant ear surgeon at
the Illinois Charitable Eye and Ear Infirmary a few years ago.
The portrait which we publish is made from a hasty sketch
by Mr. Able, an artist friend of the doctor, and while it is not a
perfect likeness is nevertheless a clever character sketch and
more interesting than a half tone from a photograph.
Dr. Ballenger is a member of the International Congress of
■Otologists which met in London in 1899, and which will meet in
Bordeaux, France, in 1902. Dr. Ballenger will read a paper be-
fore its members at this meeting, on the Diagnostic Value of the
Functional Tests of the Ear.
The doctor is also a member and secretary of the Western
■Ophthalmologic and Oto-Laryngologic Association, and a Fellow
of the American Otological and Laryngological Society, as well
as numerous local special and general medical societies.
•Alurppi Deparbmepb,
'84. R. M. Curtiss has moved to Marengo, 111., from 95
Evanston Ave., Chicago.
'94. E. A. Plank, of Union, Mich., was a recent visitor at
his Alma Mater.
'94. T. L. Round, Tampico, III., was here recently viewing
the ruins of A. A. & C. A.
'95. A. F. Lemke has returned from his Southern trip and
reports a very pleasant time. He is located in the Reliance
Building, Chicago.
'95. J. P. Riggs has moved from Roseville, 111., to Toluca,
111.
'96. Cleaves M, Pennett, of Mattoon, 111., spent a few days
in Chicago recently.
"97. W. S. Royce has moved to 1194 N. California Avenue,
Chicago, from 240 Honore Street.
'98. C. D. Stone has moved to 2220 Calumet Ave., Chicago.
'98. W. T. Dowdall is now located at 57 East Washington
street, Chicago.
"99. J. E. Metcalf has completed his interneship at West
Side Hospital. Chicago, and has located at Pennimore, Wis.
"99. R. J. Goggins was married at Appleton. Wis., in April.
He is practicing at Ocontee Falls, Wis. The Plexus extends
congratulations.
'00. F. C. Knauf, of New Holstein, Wis., was a recent visi-
tor at the Plexus office. He is enjoying a very nice practice
and says that the Plexus is a very welcome visitor.
'00. G. H. Moldenhaur, 418 W. Chicago avenue, city, reports
a very lucrative practice. G. H. was married on April 24th to
Miss Alma Gauschow, Chicago. They took in the Pan Ameri-
can Exposition on their wedding trip. Dr. Moldenhaur has been
very successful in surgical work since graduation.
'00. O. B. Dunham, cor. 63rd St. and Stewart Ave., Chicago.
'00. A. H. Geiger has completed his interneship at the Ger-
man Hospital, and is now located at 101 Clybourn Ave.. Chicago.
'01. W. G. McPherson is located at Bement, 111.
01. J. J. McGuinn is now serving as interne in Cook County
I
Alumm. 105
Hospital. We have four '01 seniors in Cook County Hospital
now, Morton, Stober, McGuinn and Sears. Ringo enters upon
his work in December. He is now located at South Bend, Neb.~
'01. Eric Soegaard has accepted an interneship in Womans'
Hospital, San Francisco, Cal.
'01. H. S. Leonard is now located at 1205 East 19th street,
Indianapolis, Ind.
'01. Mrs. B. L. Willing Braley, Kansas City, Mo.
'01. D. Apfelbaum, 589 N. Hoyne avenue, Chicago.
'01. J. A. Van Horn was married on July 2nd to Miss L,
Huntoon, of Detroit, Mich. They took in the Pan-American Ex-
position and the eastern sights on their wedding trip. He will
locate at Pueblo, Colo., instead of taking up his work as army
surgeon.
'01. C. C. Johnson has accepted an interneship in the Silver
•Cross Hospital, at Joliet, 111.
'01. A. J. Lennon was a recent visitor at the Plexus. He
is now serving as interne in the St. Joseph's Hospital, Joliet, 111.
'01. Carl W. Lockhart resigned his interneship at Chicago
Hospital and is now practicing at Mellen, Wis. He has a drug
store there, too.
'01. A. R. Denny is Dr. W. L. Ballinger's assistant in the
•college clinic and in his private practice in the office.
LIBRARY NOTES.
Grace W. Bryant, Librarian.
The recent fire has made it impossible to have the Library
•open to readers until the insurance shall be adjusted. Between
three and four thousand dollars worth of books and plates were
damaged by water. Fortunately nearly all these can be replaced
•or restored. Aside from the temporary inconvenience and addi-
tional work, we can but congratulate ourselves on our good for-
itune in escaping so well.
The following articles by members of the faculty have been
^noted in the journals: Dr. R. H. Babcock, -'Limitation of Drug
Therapy." (Pres. address delivered at the Eighteenth annual
meeting of the American Climatological Association, at Niagara
Falls, May 30, 1901.) Neio York Medical Journal, July 6, 1801, p. 6.
Dr.. Bayard Holmes: "Case of Antrum Infection and Sigmoid
106 The Plexus.
Sinus Thrombos is Without Present Middle Ear Disease. Ameri
can Mrdicine, June 1, 1901, p. 385.
Dr. G. F. Lydston: "Should the Physician Write?" Doctors'
Magazine, May, 1901, p. 184; and "Unusual Symptoms in Appen-
dicitis," Medical Brief, July, 1901, p. 1043.
Dr. H. P. Newman: "Section on Obstetrics and Diseases of
Women." (Chairman's address delivered at the Fifty-second an-
nual meeting A. M. A. at St. Paul, June 4-7, 1901), Journal A.M. A. ^
June 22, 1901, p. 1747.
GIFTS.
Bos worth, F. H.— Diseases of the Throat and Nose, 3881.
Drs. M. R. and J. M. Brown, donors.
Coakley, C. G.— Nose and Throat, 1899. Drs. M. R. and J. M.
Brown, donors.
Illinois State Health Board. — Sanitary Investigations of tha
Illinois River and its Tributaries, 1900. Drs. M. R. and J. M.
Brown, donors.
Lakeside Hospital (Cleveland). — Thirty-fourth Annual Re-
port for 1900. Hospital, donor.
Merck & Co.— Annual Report for 1900. Merck & Co., donor.
New Jersey State Board of Health.— Twenty-fourth Report,
1900.
Harvard University Medical School. — Announcement for
1901-02.
Fischkin, E. A.— Eczema and Its Treatment, 12 p. An erup-
tion resembling pemphigus vegetans in an infant, 3 p. Dr. E. A.
Fischkin, donor.
Ninety-five journals and fifty pamphlets. Drs. M. R. and J.
M. Brown, donors.
The thanks of the Quine Library are due to Wm. Wood & Co.,
of New York City, and Lea Bros., a company of Philadelphia, for
furnishing books at a very nominal price, and to P. Blakiston's
Son & Co., of Philadelphia, for donating books to replace the
desk copies of their publications which were watersoaked in our
recent fire.
We also desire to express our appreciation of the kind efforts
of E. H. Colegrove, agent for Medical and Dental books, Chicago, .
in securing these concessions for us.
SENIOR NOTES.
Prof. Bayard Holmes is giving us a very thorough course on
diseases of the gall bladder and is bringing about an acquaintance
with current medical literature by assigning subjects to different
members of the class which require the reading of a few hundred
reported cases. A good idea too.
When President McDowell made the request on class day
that the 1901 picture be put in the new building, did he know
what was coming?
Smith (the orator) came to the college a few days ago and
seeing sixty on the senior roll said he guessed he would wait till
October and avoid the crowd.
To those of '02 who went home for vacation we will answer
"Yes, it is pretty hot here, but we don't feel it any worse than
you do at home plowing corn, stacking straw, and mowing away
the hay in the barn."
The '"Profs" will have to get through guessing soon or Inks
and Wachowski will not know that their names have been called
this term; but when it comes to calling upon Young's elongated
friend they very wisely run through his list of names till they
reach the one most easily pronounced and then triumphantly call
it out.
Who would have thought that after being able to pass him-
self off as a young man during the first three years of his college
course, Curator Why te would be given away in his senior year by
some reporter who happened to know him "way back in the thir-
ties." You might as well throw away your wig and h^r dye,,
Whyte, and own up.
It was with feelings of sadness that we arose the morning of
the 26th ult. to look upon the fire-scarred walls of the college
that has been the scene of so many happy recollections; and
while we have long harbored secret desires to get into our new
home, yet we regretted exceedingly the circumstances that madt
the change necessary. We have had a few inconveniences to put
up with, but none have complained as the frequent change of
classrooms has given us so much exercise that we have felt justi-
fied in giving up our morning walks. The Professors have kept
108 The Plexus.
up with the changes remarkably well, hence we have had excel-
lent instruction, and that's all we ask for.
Supt. Browne would have saved money, words and an enor-
mous strain upon his temper by borrowing a "Don't ask for
credit" sign and hanging it up in his oftice after adding an "s" to
the last word. Too late now, but it might be useful next October.
After appearing before us and telling us all to be good boys
and girls Prof. Ferguson, smilingly announced that he expected
to spend the summer in the land of his ancestors, presumably
Germany or some country near by. We hope and believe that he
will have a very enjoyable vacation. Dr. Connell will take his
place.
We have several who believe that they would make good
chairman of committees in Prof. Wells' clinic, yet are too modest
to suggest their own names.
Pi'of. O'Byrne often has a skeptical smile on his face as he
looks around the room during roll call; but he is only endeavor-
ing to associate the new names and faces.
When first ushered into the new building the old familiar
school seats aroused memories which were too much for the grav-
ity of even the serious. The old familiar "Good morning,
teacher,'' "Please may 1 pass the water," etc., were brought into
use and the bent pin made to serve its traditional purpose, until
quieted by Dr. Barrett's remark that we behaved more like post
graduates than seniors.
THE FIRE.
In order to let our readers know the condition of affairs after
the fire we have placed in this issue a group picture of those
parte of the building which were damaged , the most. In the
upper left hand corner, the alumni will recognize the much loved
clinical amphitheater, where much blood has been shed, not only
by the surgeon's knife, but from the brow of many a senior while
trying to ride a broncho Through his final exams, just below it
the much hated dissecting room, where -all operations were
bloodless, aye, heartless, too often; in the up[)er right hand
corner the much honored institution — north east corner view —
with P. Gad Kitterman and Mis- Jones so enraptured in each
other's conversation that they were not aware of having their
110 . The Plexus.
picture taken, and below the much reviled A, A. the "D. J's"
headquarters together with Dr. Eckley's department. It is need-
less to say that it was this part of the building that suffered the
most as it can be clearly seen by the two right hand pictures.
The damage was greater than it was at first thought to be.
There were two large rains shortly after the fire that thoroughly
drenched the building as the entire roof was off.
Little has been done to the building as yet as the insurance
has not as yet been adjusted; however, the building will be
thoroughly remodeled and in order by October first, when the
Dental Department of the U. of I. will open its fall term's work.
The college work has gone on as before the fire — the labora-
tory work being delayed the longest. The greater part of it is
being done in the new building, while the clinical work is done
in the West Side and Cook County Hospital clinic amphitheaters.
NEWS ITEMS.
Miss Grace Bryant, our very accommodating librarian is tak-
ing her well earned vacation now. During her absence the
library will be open only a few hours each day:
Monday— 11 to 12; 12:30 to 3:50
Tuesday— 11 to 12; 12:30 to 3:50
Wednesday— 9 to 10; 12:30 to 2:50
Thursday— 9 to 10; 12:30 to 2:50
Friday— 10 to 12; 12:30 to 3:50
Saturday— 10 to 12.
One of the students gave the following prescription recently
in the class in therapeutics:
^ Hydrar. Chlor. Cowos 15
SodtiChlor 15
Aqua q. s 15.
Sig. — Inject syringe full deep into buttock and jerk out sud-
denly every other day.
Our efficient superintendent, W, H. Browne, leaves in a few
days for a much earned three week's vacation. He goes to Penn-
sylvania.
Picture of the fire like those which appear on another page
of this issue may be had at the Plexus office for 40 cents apiece,
the four for $1.25. These are large well mounted pictures and
will make good souvenirs.
BOOK REVIEWS.
BaLLINGER & WlPPERN ON THE EyE, EaK, NoSE AND ThROAT.
A Pocket Text-Book of Diseases of the Eye, Ear, Nose and
Throat, for Students and Practitioners. By Wit.liam L.
Ballinger, M. D., Assistant Professor of Otology, Rhino-
log-y and Laryngology in the College of Physicians and Sur-
geons, Chicago, etc., and A. G. Wippern, M. D., Professor
of Ophthalmology and Otology in the Chicago Eye, Ear,
Nose and Throat College. In one handsome 12mo. volume
of 525 pages, with 150 engravings and 6 full-page colored
plates. Cloth, ^2.. 00, net; flexible red leather, -"^2.50, net.
Lea Brothers & Co., Publishers, Philadelphia and New York.
In this book nearly all of the affections of the Eye, Ear, Nose
and Throat are more or less briefly described, the more common
ones being treated with a fulness commensurate with their im-
portance.
The section on the Diseases of the Eye is intended for both
medical student and the general practitioner; the nomenclature
and classification having been made as simple as possible.
In the section on the Ear the physiologic tests of liearinO are
given considerable prominence as these are of great value in the
diagnosis of the lesions of the middle ear and labyrinth,
Siqypurative diseases of the middle ear and mastoid are fully
described, with especial reference to the pathology of chronic
suppuration, caries and necrosis.
The mastoid operation is fully dealt with, each step being
given in the order usually employed by the author.
As to the Nose: The physiology and physics of obstructed
nasal respiratioji as an etiological factor in many nasal and naso-
pharyngeal diseases is fully described.
The rationale of the symptoms of sinusitis of the accessory
nasal sinuses as dependent on their peculiar topical anatomy and
relation to the turbinate bodies is explained.
In the section on the throat, under postnasal adenoids there is
an explanation of the symptoms, which has not appeared before
and which show the originality of the author.
The etiologic interrelationship of chronic inflammation of the
nose, nasopharynx, and larynx is strongly advocated.
The book has been well received and will continue to be well
received by the medical student and general practitioner as it is
112 The Phxus
a publication that should be in every students" and practitioners'
library. It is a very good book as a ready reference upon these
subjects.
Principles of Surgery. By N. Senn, M. D., Ph. D., LL. D.,
Professor of Surgery in Rush Medical College in Affiliation
with the University of Chicago; Professorial Lecturer on
Military Surgery in the University of Chicago; Attending
Surgeon to the Presbyterian Hospital; Surgeon in- Chief to
St. Joseph's Hospital; Surgeon General of Illinois; Late
Lieutenant-Colonel of United States Volunteers and Chief of
the Operating staff with the Army in the field during the
Spanish-American War. Third Edition. Thoroughly Re-
vised with 1^30 Wood-engravings, Half-tones, and Colored
Illustrations. Royal Octavo. Pages, xiv — 700. Extra
Cloth, S4. 50, Net; Sheep or Half-russia, ^.'i.aO, Net. Deliv-
ered. Philadelphia: P. A. Davis Company, Publishers,
1914-16 Cherry Street.
The author in this third edition has thoroughly revised his
"Principles of Surgery," has rdded a number of new illustra-
tions many of which are original, also two new chapters, one
"Degeneration," the other "Blastomycetic Dermatitis," which
should be included in each "up-to-date" text book on "Principles
of Surgery."
The "Principles of Surgery" is a book for the medical stu-
dent as well as the practitioner, serving the purpose of a sys-
tematic treatise on the causation, pathology, diagnosis, progno-
sis and treatment of the injuries and affections which the sur-
geon is most frequently called upon to treat and because of the
great experience of the author as a surgeon, is a book of great
value and should be in the library of every medical student and
practitioner. The book teems with the original ileas of the
author.
The subject of tumors has not received as thorough a treat-
ment as the author should like to have given it, but this subject
is to receive special attention by Dr. Senn in the near future by
a special work on "The Pathology and Surgical Treatment of
Tumors."
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COLLEGE OF DENTISTRY,
Dental Department of University of Illinois. Chicago
Adelbert Henry Peck, M, D., D. D. S.,
Dean of College of DentUtry,
Dental Department of University of Illinois. Chicag-o.
Daviu Mahlon Cattell, D. D. S.
DENTAL DEPARTMENT, UNIVERSITY OP ILLINOIS,
CHICAGO.
OFFICERS OF FACULTY.
Andrew Sloan Draper, LL. D., President.
Oscar A. King, M. D., Chairman Committee of Organization.
Adelbert Henry Peclv, M. D., D. D. S., Dean.
Bernard John Cigrand, M. S., D. D. S., Secretary.
Daniel Atkinson King Steele, M. D. — Actuary.
FACULTY.
Adelbert Henry Peck, M. D., D. D. S., Prof essor Materia Med-
ica, Special Pathology and Therapeutics, Stewart Building.
David Mablon Cattell, D. D. S., Professor Operative Dentistry
and Operative Technics, Reliance Building.
Bernard John Cigrand, M. S., D. D. S., Professor of Prosthe-
tic Dentistry, Technics and History, corner North Avenue and
Robey Street.
George Washington Cook, D. D. S., Professor of Bacteriology
and General Pathology, Forty-seventh and Kenwood Avenue.
Daniel Atkinson King Steele, M. D., Professor of Oral Surg-
ery, Columbus Memorial Building.
James Nelson McDowell, D. D. S., Professor of Orthodontia,
Reliance Building.
William Thomas Eckley, M, D., Professor of Anatomy, 979
Jackson Boulevard.
Jacob F. Burkholder, M. D., Professor Physiology, Reliance
Building.
Fred. Carl Zapffe, M. D., Professor of Dental Histology, 925
Warren avenue.
John Alfonzo Wesner, Ph. C, M. D., Professor of Chemistry,
Columbus Memoiial Building.
Seth Eugene Meek, M. S., Ph. D., Professor of Comparative
Anatomy, 695 Fifty- seventh street.
Oscar A. King, M. D., Professor of Neurology, 70 State street.
ElmerDDeWitt Brothers, B. S., LL. B., Professor of Dental
Jurisprudence, New York Life BuildiQg.
Joseph Mclntyre Patton, M. D., Professor General Anesthe-
sia and Physical Diagnosis, 237 South Hoyne avenue.
124 TIu Plexus.
George Walter Dittmar, D. D. S., Associate Professor of
Operative Technics and Superintendent] of Infirmary, 813 West
Harrison street.
Charles Orville Bechtol, M. D., Adjunct Professor of Chem-
istry, Dunning, 111,
CHIEF DEMONSTRATORS.
G. Walter Dittmar, D, D. S., Department of Operative Den-
tistry.
Charles Erwin Jones, D. D. S., Department of Prosthetic
Dentistry .
Charles Nye Thompson, D. D. S., Department Cof Porcelain.
Ralph Waldo Parker, D. D. S., Department of Oral Surgery.
Corinne Buford Eckley, Department of Anatomy.
DEMONSTRATORS.
Clayton McCauley, D. D. S., Operative Department.
Fred William Parker, D. D. S., Porcelain Department.
Bert Horace Kershaw, D. D. S., Microscopic Department.
ANATOMY.
Louis J. Pritzker, M. D., Winifred Conley, D. D. S., William
Henry Walsh, D. D. S., P. Gad Kitterman, Louise Martin, M. D.,
Nancy Lee Martin, Erich Benno Ruthenberg,'M.'_D., U. G. Win-
dell, M. D.
QUIZ MASTERS.
Clayton McCauley, D. D. S., Operative Department.
Charles Erwin Jones, D. D. S., Prosthetic Department.
Ralph Waldo Parker, D. D. S., Special Pathology.
Fred William Parker, D. D. S., Materia Medica.
Corinne Buford Eckley, Anatomy.
CLINICAL ASSISTANTS.
William Fuller, M. D., Oral Surgery.
Lloyd Steele Lourie, D. D. S., Orthodontia and Oral Surgery .^
Robert Patterson Donaldson, Superintendent, 813 West Har-
rison street.
B. J. CiGRAND, B. S., M. S., D. D. S.
George W. Cook, D. D. S.
ADELBERT HENRY PECK, M. D., D. D. S.
The Dean of the Dental Department of the University of
Illinois, Adelbert Henry Peck, M. D., D. D. S., was born April
17, 1862, at Hammond, Wis. His early life was spent on a farm
and his early education was obtained at the village school. In
order that he might prepare himself for a useful career tie at-
tended the State Normal School at River Falls, Wis., and at the
age of seventeen taught his first school. He continued teaching
for several years, during the winters, and working on the farm
during the summers. In the years 1884 and 1885 he held the
position of priacipal of the graded school of his home town, and
was actively interested in all educational matters, and was presi-
dent of the County Teachers' Association. In the fall of 1886 he
he entered the Chicago College of Dental Surgery, from which
he graduated in the spring of 1888, delivering the valedictory
address for his class. The following year he was awarded by his
Alma Mater the position of Adjunct Professor of Operative Dent-
istry and Demonstrator of Clinical Operative Dentistry In the
spring of 1891 he graduated from Rush Medical College. In
1894 Dr. A. W. Harlan resigned the chair of Dental Materia
Medica and Therapeutics in the Chicago College of Dental Sur-
gery and Dr. Peck succeeded him, which position he held for
two years, when he resigned to take a similar chair in the North-
western University Dental School, from which position he has
but recently resigned.
Dr. Peck is a member of the Chicago Dental Society. He
was its secretary for four years and its president one year. He
is also a member of the Odontographic Society of Chicago and
the Chicago Academy of Medicine, Northern Illinois Dental So-
ciety, Illinois State Dental Society, of which he is now the sec-
retary and has been for five years. Also a member of the Ameri-
can Medical Association and the National Dental Association, of
which society he is its recording secretary for two years past;
honorary member of Wisconsin State Dental Society and South-
western Michigan Dental Society. Professor Peck has been a
frequent contributor to the literature of the dental profession,
almost entirely through the various dental societies of which he
is a member. One of the most interesting of his writings was
entitled "The Essential Oils and Other Agents, Their Antiseptic
130 'ihe Plexus.
Values; Also Their Irritating and Non-irritating Properties,"
which was read before the Illinois State Dental Society in 1898
and afterward by special request before the American Medical
Association and the Northern Iowa Dental Society.
DAVID MAHLON CATTELL, D. D. S.
David Mahlon Cattell, D. D. S., was born in Ohio, June 26,
1852, Losing his parents at an early age, his youth was spent
"With relatives from whom he received an excellent training and
moral discipline always found among the Quakers. His educa-
tion prior to professional studies was acquired almost wholly at
Quaker schools and colleges. His occupation aside from school
work was that of farming, his people belonging to the better
class of farmers found in central and eastern Ohio. In May of
the Centennial year he began the study of dentistry under the
guidance of Dr. H. H. Harrison, of Cadiz, Ohio, graduating at
the University of Michigan, receiving the degree of Doctor of
Dental Surgery in the year 1879.
He began the practice of dentistry May 1, 1879, in Chicago.
For five years he was associated with Dr. J. N. Crouse as assist.
ant in his office practice.
In the fall of 1888 the doctor was called to take charge of
Operative Technics, a department in the curriculum of dental
school work just instituted under the advice of Prof. G. V. Black,
who was at that time connected with the Chicago College of
Dental Surgery. He remained with this school till the reorgan-
ization of the Northwestern University Dental School in 1891, in
which school be accepted the chair of Operative Technics, re-
maining several years. At the organization of the Illinois School
of Dentistry in 1898. he was called to the chairs of Operative
Dentistry and Technics. He was also made director of the
Operative Clinic, which positions he now occupies.
Dr. Cattell became a member of the Chicago Dental Society
soon after beginning practice in 1879. Was secretary of said
society in 1881-'82 and president in 1892-'93. He is also a mem-
ber of the Odontographic Society of Chicago, The Illinois State
Dental Society, The National Dental Association, The Post
Graduate Dental Association of the United States, The Dental
Protective Association of the United States of America, and
G. Walter Dittmar. D. D. S.
J^
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i
!
1 ' ■
Charles Erwin Jones. D. D. S.
David MaMon Cattell. D. D. S. 135
honorary member of the Minnesota and Wisconsin State Socie-
ties and the Southwestern Dental Association of Michigan.
The doctor was a member of the World's Columbian Dental
Congress, before which he read a paper on the "History, Devel-
opment and Prospects of the Department of Operative Technics
in Dental Schools.'' In the discussion of this paper it was pro-
posed to orgagize a society of teachers interested in the work,
resulting in the organization of the National School of Dental
Technics, of which he was twice elected president. Owing to
the development and growth of the society widening its field of
usefulness, it became known as the Institute of Dental Pedagog-
ics. At the present time he is chairman of its executive board.
B, J. CIGRAND B. S., M. S., D. D. S.
Dr. B. J. Cigrand, born Oct. 1st, 1866, at Fredonia, Wis., re-
ceived his early education from tho public school, and after
graduating from the higli school of that place, he spent some
time in the State Survey, atiendiug to the compass most of the
time. He graduated from the Northern Indiana Normal School
as "Teacher'" in '85, and as "Bachelor of Sciences" in '8(3; taught
the public school of his native town. Received the degree of
Master of Science in 1891, from N. I. N. S. Graduated from the
Lake Forest University in '88, conferred upon him the degree of
D. D. S. (valedictorian of the class); graduated from the
Chicago School of Sciences in '91; graduated from the Haskell
School of Prosthetics in "92; took a non-resident course in Indus-
trial, Educational and Political Economy at the Chicago Univer-
sity in "92 and '93- He was elected to the chair of professor of
Prosthetic Dentistry in the American College of Dental Surgery
in '93, and an additional professorship in Metallurgy in "9^ ;
elected president of the American College of Dental Surgery in
'93, elected to the chair of Dental Prosthesis in the Northwestern
University in "96. Married in "89 to Miss Allie N. Crispe. They
have four children. He is the author of "Compendium of Den-
tistry"" and "History of Dentistry"' (both books being employed
as text-books in the dental colleges), "The Story of the great
Seal of the United States,'' in two volumes containing 700 origi-
nal engravings. Is a member of the Greek Letter Society of the
Northwestern University; member of the Illinois State Dental
Society; the Chicago Dental Society; the Odontographic Society;
136 The Plexus.
Hayden Dental Society: the Columbian Dental Club, and kindred'
dental associations- He is an honorary member of the South-
west Michigan Dental Society, and also the Alumni Society of
the Northwestern University. Formerly editor of the Dental
World, The American Standard Magazine, and is at present the
associate editor of the Dental Digest. Has, contributed "paid"
articles to many American periodicals and to Chicago dailies;,
is ex-president of the Alumni Association of the Northern
Indiana Normal School. In 1899 he accepted the chair of
Dental Prosthesis and History in the Illinois School of Dentis-
try. In 1900 he was a delegate to the International Dental Con-
gress at Paris, and his wife accompanied him on a visit through
seven countries.
GEORGE W. COOK, D. D. S.
Dr. George W. Cook was born in Kentucky of southern'
parents in 1866. The war having destroyed every prospect of
living in the south, at the age of two years,his family moved into-
Southern Illinois, locating in Harrisburg, Saline county. Soon
after this the father died, leaving the mother with three chil-
dren. A year or two later she died, leaving the children unpro-
vided for. At eight George lived in the families of farmers.
At eleven he went to live with Dr. Hastings near Carbondale, 111.
Here he attended school, doing all kinds of work. The doctor
had a very large surgical practice in the country. The boy was
soon taught to administer ether and chloroform for surgical
operations, in the meantime studying anatomy and physiology,
and his daily duty soon became that of dressing wounds, ex-
tracting teeth, etc.. and at the age of fifteen he held a small lamp
for the doctor to do a hysterotomy in a small farm house (both
mother and child lived). At sixteen he obtained a position in
the Southern Illinois Hospital for the Insane, where Dr. Horace
Wardner was superintendent. Dr. W. W. Hester, first assistant,
and Dr. L. E . Stocking, second assistant. From these gentle-
men he received valuable training in anatomy and physiology.
Having a great capacity for hard work he had become a pro
ficient druggist, at the same time attending almost all the post
mortems in the institution. At about this time cocaine was
brought out as an anaesthetic, and, under the assistance of Dr..
George W. Cook, D. D. S. 137
Stocking, he made a long series of experiments with this drug
as a local agent for the relief of pain.
Having already desired to study dentistry he came to Chi-
cago. His brother, John C. Cook, a physician, advised a broad
education. He attended one years's lectures at the Northwest-
ern Dental College, taking only the medical course. He went
from there to the University of Iowa. Graduating from there in
1890 he returned to Chicago, spending most of that year and part
of the next in L. P. Haskell's Post Graduate School of Mechan-
ical Dentistry. After completing his work there, opened an
office on the South Side in Chicago. After the close of the Co-
lumbian Exposition he again took up the study of bacteriology
and pathology under Dr. Stanley P. Black, who at that time was
pathologist at Mercy Hospital, spending five half days a \veek
for about two years. His , brother returned from Europe where he
had been studying the same subject, and together they fitted up
a private laboratory where considerable work was done of a
practical nature. In '95 and '96 he attended Dr. Fenger's sur-
gical clinic, and at the dispensary made a study of infection
through decayed teeth, demonstrating that tubercular infection
will take place through open pulp canals. At that time he was
also under the instruction of Professor Klebs, of Kiebs-Loeffler
bacillus fame. He has had the benefit of clinical instruction in
surgery under Drs. Andrews, Penger, Morgan, Schroeder and a
number of other well known surgeons of Chicago. He was pro-
fessor of oral surgery at the Northwestern College of Dental
Surgery. He is a member of the National Dental Association,
the Illinois Dental Society, the Chicago Dental Society, the
Odontographic Society of Chicago; is an honorary member of
Southwestern Dental Association of Michigan, was a member of
the World's Columbian Dental Congress in 1893, was elected
president of Chicago Dental Society in 1900, and was a delegate
to the International Dental College in Paris last August, and
while abroad visited numerous hospitals and bacteriological
laboratories.
Dr. Cook has written many papers of interest to the science
of dentistry, among which are "Tubercular Infection of Lym-
phatic Glands," "Pathology of Pulp Gangrene," "Effects of
Heat on Dentine " "Antiseptics and Disinfectants," "Bacterio-
logical Study of Pyorrhea Alveolaris,"' "Actinomycosis." "A
138 The Plexus.
Study of the Systemic Action of Mercury in Amalgam Fillings."
For the past three years Dr. Cook has been professor oE pa-
thology and bacteriology in the Illinois School of Dentistry.
GEORGE WALTER DITTMAR, D, D. S.
George Walter Dittmar, Superintendent of the Infirmary and
Associate Professor of Operative technics in the College of Den-
tistry of University of Illinois, was born on a farm in Derinda,
Jo Daviess County, Illinois. He obtained his early education at
a little country school house which, after the age of ten he at-
tended but a few months each winter. At nineteen, on account
of poor health, he went to southern California, a year later to
San Francisco, and then to Philomath, Oregon, where he took a
course in preparatory work, in the Philomath college. He then
turned his attention to teaching school. In 1893 he returned to
his native county, and resumed his vocation until fall "95, when
be entered the Northw^estern University Dental School. In the
spring of "98 he graduated with honors, beginning the practice of
his profession at Apple River, Illinois. Through the influence of
some of his professors, in particular Dr. D. M. Cattell, the Illi-
nois School of Dentistry induced him to take the position of Su-
perintendent of the Infirmary, and Instructor of Operative tech-
nics, promoting him a year later to the position he now occupies.
Dr. Dittmar is an active member in the Chicago Odontographic
and the Illinois State Dental Society. In the spring of 1900 the
Chicago Dental Society elected him a delegate to the National
Association of Dental Faculties at Old Point Comfort, Va., and
to the International Dental Congress at Paris. He traveled
throughout France, Belgium, Germany, Holland and England
enjoying to his full capacity the interesting benefits of a trip
abroad. He was also delegated to represent his college at the
Institute of Dental Pedagogics, which convened at Nashville,
Tenn. in December, 1900.
CHARLES ERWIN JONES, D. D. S.
Charles Erwin Jones, demonstrator in chief in clinical pros-
thetic dentistry in the College of Dentistry, University of Illi-
nois, was born at Chenoa, 111., December 14, 1876, graduated from
the common and high school of his native town, then entered
Charles Erwin Jones, D. D. S. 139
college, taking both a commercial and scientific course. In 1897
he matriculated in Northwestern University Dental School,
graduating from the Illinois School of Dentistry in 1900. Dr.
Jones in his junior year won the scholarship for highest average
in all departments. He was president in his class besides win-
ning the gold medal for greatest proficiency in operative dent-
istry in the senior class.
THE PLEXUS
THE OFFICIAL'ORGANjOF
THE COLLEGE OF PHYSICIANS AND SURGEONS
MEDICAL DEPARTMENT
UNIVERSITY OF ILLINOIS. ^
Plexus Committee of Faculty.
T. A. DAVIS, M. D., D. A. K. STEELE, M. D., F. GREGORY CONNELL, M. D.
H. C. WADDLE, '03, Editor-in-Cliief.
Supt. W. H. BROWNE, W. T. ECKLEY, M. D., D. N. EISBNDRATH, M. D.,
W. A. EVANS, M. D., W. H. BEBARD, M. D., A. GERHMANN, M D.
Associate Editors. L. HARRISON METTLER, M. D.
Class Editors:
F H. HORNIBROOK, 02, R. L. ELDREDGE, 03
M R. MARTIN, '04.
Faculty Departtnent, DR. W. A. PLSEY Clinical Laboratory Dept.. DR. W. E. COATES
Alumni Editor, DR. C. C. O'BYRNE, '94 Clinical Department, C. E. DIKE, '02
Athletic " R. C. CUPLER '01 Library Department. GRACE W. BRYANT.
Publisher, ------ H. C. WADDLE.
Subscription $1.00 per Annum in advance. Single copies, 15 cents. Issued Monthly
Send all remittances and communications as to subscriptions and advertising to H. C.
WADDLE, 813 W. Harrison St.
Entered at Chicago Post Office as Second-Class Matter.
Any subscriber desiring the Journaldiscontinued at tlie expiration of his subscription
should so notify the Publishers; otherwise it will be assumed t,hai the subscription is to be
continued and the Journal sent accordingly.
Contributions of matter suitable for publication are invited, and should be sent in not
later than the 25th of the month previous to that of publication. The publishers willnot hold
themselves responsible for tlie safe return of MSS. unless sufficient stamps are forwarded
OUR NEW HOMH.
The readers of the Plexus have no doubt examined its
pages carefully for the recent issues to note the changes that-
have been taking place in the College of Physicians & Surgeons,
but during the last few weeks there have been some very impor-
tant changes taking place in the new abode of our most worthy
college. It is now located in its new quarters and changes are
rapidly being made in the now very elegant and commodious
building which will place the College of Physicians & Surgeons
in the finest quarters of any medical college west of the Alle-
ghany mountains if not in the United States. The building now
Editorial. 141
used by the college is the largest single building devoted entirely
to the study of medicine in the United States, if not of the
world, and its equipment is to be second to none. The state of
Illinois and the Alumni and friends of the P. & S. College can
well be proud of it and its new home and equipment.
As to the building itself the first floor will contain the offices
of the dean actuary, secretary, superintendent, clerk, post office,
PLiExus office, anatomical museum, bacteriological and histolog-
ical laboratories; the second floor will contain library, reading-
room, amphitheater, seating 280, pathological and phyisological
laboratories;on the third floor will be found chemical laboratories,
clinical laboratory, room for clinical diagnosis work, amphi-
theater, seating 280, and several recitation-roooms; on the fourth
floor will be the finest clinical amphitheater in the United States.
It will be modern in every detail, will be well equipped, and will
seat from 360 to 400 persons.
In the basement will be found the entire dispensary, drug-
room, bicycle-room, smoking-room, toilet rooms and supply-
rooms.
On the four floors there are ten or twelve rooms that can be
used for recitation-room.
The college is to have its own electric plant, which will fur-
nish its light and power for elevators, as an elevetor is to be
placed in the old building as well as the new, to be used for pa-
tients going to clinical amphitheater and dental infirmary.
With us housed in our new home the College of Physicians
& Surgeons will grow more rapidly than it has in the past,
although it has doubled its attendance during the past three
years and it will rank second to none in the United States.
OUR OLD HGIVIE.
The building formerly used by the College of Physicians &
Surgeons is being thoroughly renovated and will make the finest
dental college building in the west. The building will be thor-
oughly lighted by electricity, and the former Plexus office has
entirely disappeared to make room for a passenger elevator for
the infirmary patients. The infirmary is to located on the top
floor and will take up two-thirds of the space. The laboratories
of the dental department will be fouud on the first, second and
142 The Plfxus.
third floors. The entire work in dissection of the medical and
dental departments of the University of Illinois will be done in
commodious rooms on fourth and fifth floor, extending from Har-
rison street to alley-way. There will be an amphitheater on the
second floor seating 250 students, and one on the third floor seat-
ing over 300 students.
The present prospects are very flattering for a large attend-
ance in both the medical and dental departments, and no doubt
from 1,200 to 1,500 students will be enrolled in these departments
during the school year of 1901,
Former graduates will surely feel ''lost" when they visit
their Alma Mater now as they will not only find new faces among
the student body, but they will also find new faces among the
members of the faculties and entirely new conditions surround-
ing everything connected with the old institution.
ALUMNI DEPARTMENT,
'94- A. E. Lauson, 848 Marshall St., Milwaukee, Wis,
"94, I. C. Auker, of Indiana and 51st St., Chicago, soon
takes a trip through the west with view of location,
'95. C, H, Wilder, of DeKalb, 111., is now at Springfield, 111.,
with the Third Regiment.
'96. C. A. Yates of Merrill, Wis., was a recent visitor in the
city.
'96. T. J. O'Malley was recently married at Joliet, 111.
"99. J. H. Dugan, of Oglesby, 111., was a recent visitor in
the city.
'99, The following was clipped from the Morrisonville
Times of Morrisonville, 111. : Dr. M. A. Reasoner has received
county warrants to the amount of $550 for his attendance on
small pox patients here this spring. He attended in all sixteen
patients. His prompt efforts and energy anent the cases doubt-
less prevented an epidemic.
'01. F. L. Wallace was married to Miss Sara F. Stevenson,
of Downer's Grove, 111., on June 25th, He is now located at
Shelby, Mich.
'01. J. C. Sommers was a recent visitor at the Plexus
oflice. He is located at 14 E. Mifflin St., Madison, Wis.
'01. C. I. Oliver was married do Miss Myrtle Goddard on
.June 26th and is now located at Graceville, Minn.
Alumni. 143
'01, W. B. Martin recently returned from a trip along the
western coast and will return at the beginning of next year to
locate in the state of Washington.
'01. Geo. Lorch is located at Bangor, Mich.
. '01. W. C. Hess is now practicing at Bayard, la.
'01. Eugelbrecht Nelson has a nice practice at 153 92nd St.,
Chicago.
'01. C. O. Wiltfong is enjoying a lucrative practice at Ches-
terton, Ind. He operated on a case of appendicitis at West Side
Hospital recently and was successful.
'01. P. A. Tracey has located at Lewistown, Mont.
'01. R. H. Shaw was a receni visitor at his Alma Mater.
He is located at Annawan, 111.
'01. H. H. Sherwood, New Windsor, 111.
'01. L. H. Meadows, National Jewish Hospital, Denver,
Colo.
'01. W. F. Robertson, Rolla, N. Dak.
'01. C. E. Wright, Dixon, 111.
'01. B. Von Wectelstaedt and P. S. Howe are located at
Deadwood, S. Dak.
'01. J. M. Palmer, Grays Lake, 111.
'01. Prank Petry of Akron, Ind., was in Chicago August
20. He is very pleasantly located and is doing nicely.
NEWS ITEMS.
The quiz class will begin its work on September 1st and any
desiring information concerning it should address Dr. Adolph
Gehrmann, 103 State St., Chicago.
Dr. Joseph W. Patton is spending his vacation at St. Mary's,
Pa.
The Chicago Eye, Ear, Nose and Throat College has a num-
ber of free beds in its hospital for the use of the profession but
the practitioner should inform them a few days in advance when
wanting them.
Supt. Wm. H. Browne recently returned from his eastern
trip, to the ill-fated Johnstown, Pa., and report.^ a very pleasant
time.
A. E. Baer's wife visited him a few days last week.
144 The Plexus.
C. C. Slemmons made a flying business trip home last week-
Loupee is sick, threatened with typhoid.
Dawes, a freshman, who is in the County Hospital with
typhoid fever is slowly improving.
Huff. — "Well, doctor, I think that is just as I explained it.'^
Dr. Jarvis.^ — "Teeth extracted free without pain."
FOOT BALL.
The prospects for a good team to represent P. & S. are grow-
ing brighter as the opening of the season approaches. Several
new men of university experience have already entered and
others are expected to report by October 1st.
The first game will be played at Minneapolis Oct. 5tb with
the University of Minnesota. This promises to be the hardest'
game of the year for P. & S. Other games scheduled are:
North Western Chicago Dental College, University of Notre
Dame. Efforts are being made to bring a university team to
Chicago. This will be an innovation as heretofore P. & S. has
been obliged to play all of their games away from home. A com-
plete schedule will be published in the next issue of the Plexus.
Sanmetto in Urethral Stricture. — Dr. Jos. Swindell, of
West Burlington, Iowa, writing, says: "I have been using San-
metto for several years. I find nothing that suits me as well in
genito-urinary diseases, I am using it right along in conjunction
with treatment of urethral stricture. It soothes, checks and pre-
vents vsmarting and inflammation that is so common after passage
of bougie. Its ease of administration and formula should recom-
mend it to the profession."
WILLIAM K. QUINE M. D.
JJean and Professor of Practice of Medicine and Clinical Medicine,
('ollejie of Physicians iV' Surj^-eons. ('hi(»a^o.
THE PLEXUS
THE OFFICIAL ORGAN OF
THE COLLEGE OF PHYSICIANS AND SURGEONS
MEDICAL DEPARTMENT OF THE
UNIVERSITY OF ILLINOIS.
VOL. VII. SEPTEMBER 20th, 190L NO. 4
WM. E. QUINH, M. D.
Dr. W. E. Quine was born in the vilbi«i'e of K. K. St. Ann, in
the Isle of Man, Feb. 9, 1847. The youno* Manxman, bade adieu
to his native home at the age of six years and accompanied his
parents to Chicago, with whose growth, development and pros-
perity he has been an integral part.
He obtained his early education in the public schools of Chi-
cago, completing his literary course iti the West Side High
School, which he enterei in his thirteenth year. He was a
class-mate of Luther Laflin Mills. After leaving school he en-
tered the drug store of Dr. Jones at the corner of Eighteenth
and State streets, where he familiarized liimself with the details
of pharmacy and acquired a knowledge of materia medica and
therapeutics, which in a few years later- so attracted the atten-
tion of the faculty of the Chicago M' eicril College, that he was
elected professor in that department un hs graduation from the
Chicago Medical College, in the clas^ oi 1869. He assumed his
professional duties in the fall of 1870, mi •! was one of the most
popular teachers in the college until l'^-', when he resigned to
accept the chair of Principles of Praciie« of Medicine and Clin-
ical Medicine in the College of Physici;n s and Surgeons, which
chair he still occupies.
Prof. Quine's prominence and po])iil;' i ity as a medical teacher
is due to his great natural gift as an oniUir, his careful .system-
atic presentation of a subjec*", the rare : acuity he possesses of
emphasizing the points of a lecture, so t,liat they are never for-
146 ■ The Plexus. ,
gotten, and also in a marked degree, no matter what his subject
is, of impressing his audience that it is tlie most important med-
ical topic in the whole curriculum, and that their success depends
upon a thorough knowledge of it, hence he carries his students
with him most enthusiastically.
In 1891, Dr. Quine was elected Dean of the College of Physi-
cians and Surgeons which office he fetill very creditably fills.
Immediately after his graduation, he w^as appointed interne in
the Cook County Hospital where he remained for one and one-
half years, gaining such recognition for the quality of his work
that at the expiration of his term, the Medical Board of the hos
pital appointed him a member of the statT as attending Gynecol-
ogist and Obstetrician, which position he retained for about ten
years. During this service he was elected president of the
Medical Board.
Dr. Quine has always taken active part in medical societies
and is a member of the American Medical Association, Illinois
State Medical Society, Chicago Pathological and Chicago Medico-
Legal Societies, etc. He has been a frequent contributor to
medical journals. His most appreciated works are a series of lec-
tures on "Homeopathy"' which attained great popularity and his
after-dinner speech, "The Doctor's Wife." Both of these con-
tributions have been very generally read by the profession and
have received much merited, praise.
Dr. Quine was married to Miss Lettie Mason, of Normal, 111.,
in 187G, a lady of great culture and refinement, well known for
her zeal as a medical missionary to China, who has contributed
in no small way to her husband's success.
Dr. Quine founded the library of the College of Physicians
and Surgeons, which bears his name and has donated veryf reely of
books and money to it until it is the best medical library in the
west. Within the past year he has given $25,000 to be used for
the library. He also took a very prominent part in the affiliation
of the College with the University of Illinois which has been a
very important incident in the life of the College of Physicians
and Surgeons.
JOSEPH M. PATTON, M. D.
\ssociate Professor of Medicine, College of Physicians and Surgeons,
Medical Deparlment of University of Illinois. Chicago, Professor
of Medicine. Chicago Policlinie.
THE HYPOSYSTOLIC PERIOD OF CHRONIC ENDO-
CARDITIS.
By Joseph M. Patton, M. D.
Associate Professor of Medicine, College of Physicians and Surgeons, Medical
Department of University of Illinois, Chicago, Professor of
Medicine, Chicago Policlinic.
The hyposystolic period of* all chronic cardiopathies is in a
measure synonymous with the period of muscular failure incident
to the history of the particular lesions to which the title of this
article would limit us. There is yet sufficient individuality in the
{Etiology and clinical history of dynamical inability on the part of
the heart muscle as resulting from chronic endocarditis to war-
rant its consideration apart from that resulting from the various
degenerations of the heart muscle which are of less frequent
occurrence and which clinically are more obscure.
The great frequency of endocarditis as compared with other
cardiac diseases renders it of ever present interest to every practi-
tioner of medicine. While the difficulties which beset the man-
agement of the period of the disease under consideration consti-
tute it a condition of which familiarity can never engender
disregard.
When we consider the insidious manner in which, in many
instances, the advent of muscular failure is brought about in
chronic endocarditis, and that w^hen this condition causes symp-
toms of which the patient is aware an almost, if not quite, irre-
parable damage to the heart muscle may have taken place, the
importance of early recognition of the approach of muscular ina-
bility is readily appreciated. Who can tell how many years
might be added to the life of these patients by an early recogni-
tion of the imminence of muscular failure, and a forceful presen-
tation of its dangers, before cough, dyspnoea, and passive con-
gestions compel them to acknowledge their limitations'? The
difficulty, if not impossibility, in most instances, of convincing
the individual patient of his limitatinns is admitted, but does not
modify the force of the argument in the least.
The earliest general indications of approaching failure of the
heart muscle is loss of the muscular element of the first sound,
148 The Phxus.
which becomes shorter and soft, relative intensification of the
second sound all over the praecordial area and especially toward
the apex of the heart, a want of correspondence betw^een the
apparent force of the heart's action and the actual force of the
radial pulse, irregularity of the heart action under moderate ner-
vous stimulation, and diminution in the intensity of a murmur, or
its disappearance altogether. Intensification of the second pul-
monic sound with or without a tendency to reduplication of the
same, occupies, in aortic endocarditis, a chronological position
between the above symptoms and the later ones of dyspnoea,
cough, oedema, etc. In mitral lesions the second pulmonic sound
is always intensified to some extent, but its exaggeration carries
the same relative indications.
Without taking up space with a consideration of the general
conditions governing the prognostics of chronic endocarditis let
us consider some of the mechanical conditions incident to chronic
endocardial disease and which precede the hyposystolic state.
We recall that the effect of an aortic stenosis is to cause hyper-
trophy of the left ventricle. It is true that this enlargement of
■ the ventricle is accompanied by some dilatation, so that the term
eccentric hypertrophy is abstractly true, but unless the stenosis
be very marked we may, for clinical purposes, disregard this
feature, and look upon the condition as one of simple hypertro-
phy as long as compensation is perfect. The length of time
which this condition will last depends on the degree of stenosis,
the absence of further attacks of endocarditis, and on the condi-
tions of life of the subject. I have known of its lasting for thirty
years. During this period there will be no evidence of inability
of the heart muscle. With the advent of failure of the muscle
resulting either from overstrain, recurrent endocarditis or from
degeneration due to faulty nutrition, dilatation of the venticler
gradually develops until it becomes the dominant feature of the
physical state of the left ventricle, the mitral ring stretches, rel-
ative mitral regurgitation develops, the second pulmonic sound
becomes accentuated, the right ventricle becomes overtaxed and
the subject shows evidences of cardiac failure — has reached the
hyposystolic period.
In aortic regurgitation the first effect on the left ventricle is
dilatation resulting from the overfilling of its cavit}' during dias-
tole by the regurgitated blood, and from the greater effort re-
Hyiyosystolic Feriod of Chronic Endocarditis. 149
quired to get rid of this blood. In compensation for this we have
hypertrophy of the ventricular wall. Yoa will readily see that
while the length of time which compensation will last in aortic
regurgitation depends mainly on the extent of the leak, yet if
the latter be at all considerable the condition of compensation is
never stationary. The leak being always present, the ventricle
is constantly overfilled and the dilatation is progressive. It is
necessarily only a question of time, the length of which depends
on the amount of the leakage, until the dilatation exceeds the
hypertrophy, and thus the stretching of the mitral ring with its
consequent relative regurgitation is brought about much earlier
than in aortic stenosis. These facts explain the great enlarge-
ment in cases of aortic regurgitation — the cor bovlnum of the older
writers. Extensive hypertrophic dilatation of the heart in these
cases is s© common a feature that it is one of their diagnostic
signs. When we see the apex beat in the sixth or seventh inter-
space and an inch or inch and a half outside of the mammillary
line we conclude at once that we have a case of aortic disease, and
if the patient is fairly comfortably it is most likely aortic regur-
gitation, because in aortic stenosis great displacement is only
arrived at when dilatation exceeds the hypertrophy, which is
later in the history of the case.
We find in the books many statements and tables of statistics
on the length of time which compensation will last in various
valvular lesions. That these statements have no abstract value
needs no argument. They contain no more reasoning than the
statement that one patient with pneumonia died on the sixth day
and another on the eighth day. Every case is a law unto itself,
as much so in regard to prognosis as in relation to therapeutics.
In mitral regurgitation the effects on the left auricle are not
as a rule important. The back pressure affects the right ventri-
cle and its hypertrophy may compensate for indefinite periods of
time. The old view that over-distention of the left auricle re-
sulted in stretching of the left ventricle from overfilling during
diastate eventuating in more or less hypertrophy of the latter, is
now modified by the view that whatever changes may occur in
the left ventricle in mitral disease are probably due to concurrent
myocardial changes of rheumatic origin.
In mitral stenosis the overfilling of the left auricle results
in more or less dilatation with a slight degree of^ hypertrophy.
150 The Plexus.
Compensation occurs in the same manner as in mitral regurgita-
tion— through hypertrophy of the right ventricle whose walls
vadby become as thick as those of the normal left ventricle. The
left ventricle is usually not enlarged, and may even be smaller
than normal from its diminished intraventricular pressure. In
mitral lesions when the right ventricle weakens and begins to
dilate, back pressure through the tricuspid opening gives rise to
symptoms indicating failure of the heart muscle.
Before such symptoms of tricuspid incompetence as jugular
pulsation, oedema, congestion of the liver, etc., can be deter-
mined, however, we usually have indications of the approach of
such a condition, such as the cough in mitral regurgitation, or
some bloody expectoration, though the latter must be distin-
guished from the haemoptysis of the earlier stages of mitral re-
gurgitation; slight dyspnoea, irregular heart's action and pain
about the heart may also indicate beginning dilatation. Pain
about the prascordium on slight exertion is indicative of high in-
traventricular pressure and may disappear as dilatation comes
on and relieves the pressure. Thus we often find that pain dis-
appears in aortic regurgitation when relative mitral regurgita-
tion sets in.
Of the signs of the hyposystolic period of cardiopathies it is
not necessary for me to speak. They are all perfectly familiar.
With the idea that this abstract grouping of some of the condi-
tions leading up to the hyposystolic period of chronic endocar-
ditis will recall more clearly the therapeutic indications govern-
ing its management let us briefly consider the treatment of this
stage of the disease.
1 do not mean to intimate thai previous to some degree of
failure of the heart muscle ihere is no indication for treatment.
Undoubtedly much can be done, previous to this period, through
proper diet, hygiene, exercise, and general regulation of the
mode of life to postpone the development of inability of the
heart muscle, but the occurrence of the latter condition is the
prime indication for active therapeutical measures. A patient is
not treated because he has a heart murmur indicative of chronic
endocarditis, but because of the physical changes in the heart
consecutive to a lesion of which the murmur may be a sign he
has developed dynamical inabiliry of the heart muscle — the ac-
tion of the heart as a pump falling short of the demands upon it.
Hyposifstolic Period of Chronic Endocarditis. 151
The great majority of the cases of endocarditis do not come
under the notice of the physician, at least for advice, until they
have already entered upon the hyposystolic state. The prac-
tical management of this period is therefore of the greatest^
interest. The drug treatment of cardiopathies is prac-
tically limited to this period. There are certain measures which
while applying to to that period of diseases of the heart which
antedates dynamical failure are also more or less directly of
interest in this connection.
Regulation of the diet is essential. The observations of
Adler and Stearns show that the stomach of cardiopathic patients
is not materially different from the normal stomach. Einhorn
concludes that the acidity of the gastric juice is not diminished
in cardiac disease, and that gastric symptoms are due to conges-
tion of the mucosa. Cardiac patients should be definitely in-
structed as to their diet. They should eat regualarly. There
should not be less than five or more than six hours between
meals. If marked heart failure is present and nourishment is
important, food may be given in concentrated form every three
hours. Such foods as somatose, beef peptonoids, peptonized
milk, malted milk,«or milkine are most useful. The amount of
fluid taken with the meals should not exceed eight ounces. Min-
eral water, plain water, or seltzer and milk may be taken between
meals. Balfour says ihat sipping hot water between meals is a
stimulant more valuable than alcohol. The observations of
Striclder and Priedrich show that cold water diminishes the pulse
rate and raises the blood pressure; that very cold water some-
times diminishes the blood pressure; luke warm water usually
lowers the blood pressure; and that warm water quickens the
pulse rate and raises the blood pressure. As a rule alcoholic
drinks should not be allowed to cardiopathic patients. An occa-
sional glass of dry wine like Rhine wine, moselle, or claret may,
however, be of benefit at meal time. Tea and coffee should be
used sparingly as they are apt to cause irregularity of the heart's
action as was pointed out long ago by Stokes. Tobacco should
be altogether interdicted. It increases the pulse rate as shown
by Bernard, and while I bslieve that the paruicious effect of
tobacco on the heart is largely due to its effect on the stoaaach,
and have never been able to satisfy myself of the correctness of
the views of Praentzel, Dec^aisne et al in relatiou to the specific
152 The Plexus.
effect of tobacco on the heart, nevertheless, I am free to admit
the necessity of interdicting its use.
The character of the food should be adapted to individual
necessities and peculiarities and be such as to be easily and com-
pletely digested. In general the carbohydrates — fats, sugars,
and starches, should be eliminated from the diet as far as is con-
sistent with the maintainance of a nutritious diet. In cases of
pronounced failure of the heart muscle the diet should be re-
stricted to milk, buttermilk, milk and seltzer, or some concen-
trated beef food. If there be renal incompetence with auto-toxic
disturbances, then milk is especially valuable. Milk is a valu-
able diuretic because of the lactose it contains. In dropsical
cases a dry diet is recommended to favor elimination of fluid. In
my experience the effect of an absolutely dry diet does not bal-
ance the difficulty of maintaining it.
The intestinal digestion should be regulated, if defective, by
the use of pancreatin or like preparations. Intestinal antiseptics
may be employed with great advantage when arrhythmia results
from intestinal disturbances. Benzosol, thymol, and charcoal are
useful in this connection.
Many of the disagreeable symptoms in these cases arise from
visceral congestions which may be remedied by attention to the
gastric and hepatic functions. Mercury is a valuable aid in this
connection. It is wonderful what a relief is obtained at times by
the use of a little blue mass. Murry says that blue pill is ex-
tremely valuable in some cases of heart disease, and relates an
instance of a man with chronic heart disease who took 20,000
grains of blue pill in ten years with great benefit. A favorite
combination of mine is one of from 3-5 grains of blue mass with
i of a grain of extract npx vomica, and i grain each of euonynim
and irisin. Calomel, red iodide, and corrosive sublimate are all
very useful in the management of chronic cardiopathies.
One of the most important measures in the management of
the hyposystolic period when dilatation is the dominant feature
is rest. Rest is practically as important here as it is in acute
cardiac dilatation wht-re permanent increase in the peripheral
resistance is not present. For, in these cases, there is relatively
the same disproportion between the pumping force of the heart
and the resistance to be overcome. Rest, by limiting the work
to be done by the heart, increases its functional ability until the
Hyposy.s folic Period of Chronic Endocarditis. • 153
latter can be rendered efficient through, other means. In the
severest cases absolute rest in bed is indicated, and exercise
should be given by massage. Rest should be enforced until the
patient can get up and move about without unduly exciting the
heart's action.
Along with rest we may use what is now recognized as a very
valuable method of treatment, namely, exercise of the muscles
after the method whose efficiency has been so clearly demon-
strated at Maiiheim, Germany. These exercises, as you are
aware, consist of passive and resistance movements. Passive
movements may be used with the marked cases of dilatation
which are not suited to resistance movements. Exercise pro-
motes the flow of blood through the muscles from the arterioles
into the veins. There is, during exercise, a primary and tempo
rary rise in blood pressure, followed by a fall in pressure which is
of greater or less duration. Ludwig's experiments on the capac-
ity of the peripheral circulation furnishes good reason for the ef-
ficiency of mechanical 'therapeutics. Marked conditions of arterial
selerosis, and advanced nephritis constitute contraindications to
the use of mechanical treatment. This method of treatment
requires intelligent individualization. It has great possibilities
for harm as well as for good. Any of you who have given resis-
tance exercise will appreciate how little resistance it requires, in
some instances, to produce dyspnoea.
We may grade our exercises into three classes:
1. Passive Exercises. — These exercises were originated by
Ling. They consist of movements given by the operator, with
entire passivity on the part of the patient. They dtaare aped to
the marked cases of dilatation which will not bear resistance
movements. They consist of rolling and kneading of the foot,
kneading of the calf and thigh, flexion of the knees, rotation of
the hips, massage of the abdomen, movements of the hands and
arms, arm movements to expand the thorax, manipulation of the
spine, percussion of the prsecordial area and intercostal spaces of
the left side.
2. Movements ivith limited resistance after the Schott method, a,
modiflcation of the Swedish system. — They consist of a series of nine-
teen movements; flexions, extensions, adductions, and abduc-
tions of the forearm, leg, thigh and trunk. Each motion being
154 The Plexus.
made against slight resistance on the part of the operator, each
individual movement being succeeded by a short rest. This sys-
tem is adapted to cases which are not limited to the first grade,
but which may or may not stand the baths to which I will refer
directly.
3. The climbing method of Oertel. — This method is restricted
in its application to .cases which Have never reached or have
improved beyond the necessities which indicate the first two
methods. Great care is required in giving resistance movements.
They should be stopped on the appearance of dyspncBa as shown
by inspiratory dilation of the alas nasi, palpitation, or irregular
pulse. A slower pulse, lessening of the area of cardiac dullness,
easier respiration, constitutes the good effects.
Medicated baths may be used in all cases not limited to the
first grade of exercise. They may be given at home or in a hos-
pital. The carbonated baths are more efficient than the plain
baths. The baths should be given during the morning and on an
empty stomach. A forty gallon bath should be used, the patient's
whole body being immersed. The patient should make no un-
necessary exertion. Light friction of the body is used while in
the bath. The bath should last from eight to ten minutes.
Irregularity of the pulse, dyspnoea, cyanosis, or apncea indicates
removal from the bath at once. After removal the patient
should be well rubbed down, placed in bed and kept absolutely
quiet for an hour. At first, especially in advanced cases, the
plain, medicated baths may be used. It consists of 4-5 lbs. of
sodium chloride and 6-8 oz. of calcium chloride. The carbonated
baths vary in strength from one containing 6 lbs. of sodium
chloride, 10 oz. calcium chloride, 6 oz. sodium bicarbonate, and
8 oz. of a 25% solution of hydrochloric acid; to one containing 11
lbs. of sodium chloride, 12 ozs. calcium chloride, 1 lb. sodium
bicarbonate, and 2 lbs. of a 25% solution of hydrochloric acid.
In carbonating the bath the bottle containing the acid may be
inverted below the surface of the water, the stopper removed and
the liquid diffused through the bath, or a cylinder of compressed
gas may be used if convenient.
Unquestionably the baths and mechanical therapeutics give
good results in properly selected cases. They require experi-
ence and gooi judgement in order that they may not do harm.
Hyposi/stollc Period of Chronic Endocarditis. 155
Before considering the medicinal treatment of the hyposys-
tolic period, I wish to direct your attention to the importance of
correctly estimating the pumping force of the heart as related to
the peripheral resistance. We often find a heart which is, appar- ~
ently," beating with considerable force, and still the peripheral
circulation is deficient, its tension being high. This often ac-
counts for the failure of cardiac stimulants to act. I have seen a
considerable dropsy disappear, dyspnoea relieved, and a laboring
heart quieted by simply increasing the size of the peripheral
channels by giving five drops of tincture of opium every four to
six hours. In this connection let me allude to the necessity of
the simultaneous administration of vaso-dilators with cardiac
stimulants, particularly with digitalis, in all cases of vascular
selerosis, and in all patients above middle life.
A solution of digitalin 1-20,000 will contract the vessels of a
frog's web so that a staining solution will not pass through them.
The best dilators are opium, nitrate of sodium, and nitroglycer-
ine. Opium is preferable because it is the safest, easiest to ad-
minister, and its effects last longest. From 2 to 5 drops of the
tincture is sufficient. Chemically pure nitrate of sodium is a val-
uable vasodilator, but the dose is difficult to adjust. From 1 to 5
grains may be given thrice daily. Nitroglycerine is a powerful
dilator, but evanescent in its effects. Its dose is from 1-200 to
1-100 of a grain.
The medicinal treatment of the hyposystolic period of chronic
endocarditis consists in the employment of those medicaments
which have the power of increasing the dynamical power of the
heart muscle. The chief of these remedies is digitalis. It is not
necessary at this time to enter into a consideration of the nature
of its action. The one cardinal indication for its employment is
dynamical inability of the heart muscle irrespective of the
mechanical nature of the primary lesion. It was formerly taught,
and to some extent is yet, that in certain lesions, such as aortic
regurgitation, digitalis should not be administered. These objec
tions are theoretical rather than practical, and clinical experi-
ence has demonstrated their fallacy. It is true that, generally
speaking, the results obtained from digitalis in aortic regurgita-
tion are less stable than in other lesions, but this is due to the
progressive nature of the disease and to the unfavorable mechan-
ical conditions which characterize this lesion. Relatively speak-
156 The Plexus.
ing the results are as good as in other lesions, but in order to
obtain them we must give comparatively larger doses, at least
one-half more. As far as the cumulative effects of digitalis is
concerned I am somewhat skeptical and think they are the result
of its administration in improperly selected cases. I frequently
give digitalis for long periods and have never had trouble from
such a source. Unquestionably it is better to interrupt its ad-
ministration every three or four weeks for short periods, though
I have not much faith in its continued effect for any length of
time after the cessation of its administration. There is no rou-
tine dose. Every case is a law unto itself and has its own require-
ments. The drug is what we may call a symptom remedy — given
to produce certain effects.
The most reliable preparation of digitalis is a fresh infusion
made from the English leaves, Allen's preferred. The English
leaf is a cultivated leaf comparatively free from stalks and stems
which according to Broeker contains only 20 per cent, as much
digitalin as the leaf. Digi toxin, the most toxic principle of digi-
talis is insoluble in water and is therefore absent from the infu-
sion. The latter is consequently the safest preparation of
digitalis to use in a case where the application of the drug is
questionable. A good infusion can be made from Sharp &
Dohme's pressed leaves. The tincture and the fluid extract of
digitalis probably contain all of the alkaloids of the drug in
varying proportions. The tincture is the best for general use.
The great fault is the unreliability of many tinctures. Secure a
good tincture from assayed drugs and you may count on its
effects. One of the best tinctures on the market is Squibb's.
The powdered leaf is probably the best of the solid preparations
of digitalis. Its maximum dose is 5 grains; toxic dose 10 grains.
The most reliable of the alkaloids is digitalin. The best prepar-
ation, in my experience, is Merck's German pure digitalin. The
dose is from one-tenth to one- quarter of a grain thrice daily. This
may seem a large dose, but the dose given in the books is much
too small, Digitalin is particularly adapted to the treatment of
cardiopathies in elderly people. It may be given in capsules
along with enough powdered opium (i of a grain) to reduce the
peripheral resistance in the circulation.
Strophanthus is another valuable heart stimulant. Reliable
effects can be obtained from P. D. & Co.'s tincture in doses of
Hyj)osystolic Period of Chronic Endocarditis. 157
from eight to twelve drops three times daily. It acts best when
given in laurel-cherry water. Strophanthus is particularly val-
uable in the minor degrees of ataxia exhibited by irritable, ner-
vous people, especially in connection with mitral stenosis. The
distressing palpitation, pain and dyspnoea so often associated
with mitral stenosis usually yields readily to strophanthus In
the more severe conditions of dynamical failure of the heart
muscle strophanthus is not equal to digitalis. It has little or no
tonic action on the heart muscle as its action is not maintained
after the cessation of the drug. Strophanthus sometimes causes
gastric disturbance and diarrhoea. If so, it should be stopped.
Strophanthin fairly represents the action of the tincture, but is
not as reliable. The dose is from 1-200 to 1-60 of a grain. The
diuretic action of strophanthus is questionable, at least it is un-
reliable.
Caffein is an efficient cardiac stimulant and diuretic in car-
diopathies associated with vascular diseases or with nephiitis, or
both. In asystolism which is purely the sequence of a valvu-
litis, caffein is not usually effective as a stimulant, though it may
be as a diuretic. In too large doses it causes dizziness, faintness
and irregular pulse. It should be given after the following for-
mula: Caffein (alkaloid), 5ii to oiii; sodium benzoate, 5ii to oiii;
distilled water q. s. ad giii. The dose is a teaspoonful three or
four times a day.
Strychnia, next to digitalis, is the most useful of cardiac
stimulants. It is a valuable adjuvant of digitalis, and is pre-
eminently the stimulant for the right ventricle in all stages of
cardiopathies. Hypodermically, it is useful in emergencies. In
chronic cases it may be given for long periods in doses of from
1-30 to 1-25 of a grain with great benefit.
Spartein is a useful stimulant in neurotic or functional ir-
regularities. It may be used as a stimulant until we have time
to get the effect of digitalis, as it acts rapidly. It is useful in the
cardiac ataxia of opium or alcohol habitues. The dose of the
sulphate of spartein is from ^ to 2 grains. It is readily soluble
and may be used hypodermically if desired.
Convallaria majalis is a fairly reliable stimulant, and is in-
dicated in dropsical conditions and in the irregularities of the
heart incident to the early stage of mitral disease. The dose of
158 The Plexus.
the fluid extract is from 16 to 30 minims. The dose of con valla-
marin is from i to 1^ grains.
Cactus grandiflora is useful in the arrhythmia, tachycardia,
etc., of cardiac neuroses. It is sometimes useful in controlling
the action of the heart in Grave's disease. The dose of the fluid
extract is given as from 5 to 10 mihims, though I have given it
in much larger doses.
Adonis vernalis and its alkaloid adonidin is similar to cactus
in its action. The dose of adonidin is from 1-20 to i of a grain.
In regard to the symptomatic management of the hyposys-
tolic period of chronic endocarditis we will, by the use of the
remedies already mentioned, often obviate symptomatic medica-
tion, though fully as often we are obliged to resort to other-
means to temporarily control some more or less distressing
symptoms.
Palpitation may be very annoying. In association with val
vular lesions it is generally met with in connection with aortic
regurgitation and mitral stenosis. In the earlier stages it may
be largely nervous and is controlled by rest, bromides, cold ap-
plications, aconite, etc. In the palpitation of the asystolic per-
iod of aortic regurgitation opium is the only satisfactory relief.
Opium is, in a measure, a cardiac stimulant and its careful use
in these cases is both proper and satisfactory.
Pain is hardly an attribute of chronic endocarditis. How-
ever, with increased intraventricular pressure there may be pain
until dilatation allows of regurgitation through the mitral or
tricuspid rings when the pain may be relieved. Pain may be
associated with extensive dilatation of the left ventricle from
aortic regurgitation, possibly from irritation of the basic plexus
of cardiac nerves. With rapid, nervous heart action, bromides
and cold apj)lications may be used, also opium if necessary. In
atheromatous, aortic valvulitis in elderly people, some vasodilator
is necessary, such as nitrite of amyl, nitro glycerine or opium.
Aside from the dyspnoea of cardiac failure, which is amenable
to measures already considered, we often have distressing attacks
of dyspnoea which demand special attention. When spasmodic in
character, and especially when roctui'nal in occurrence, the vaso-
dilators are demanded. Nitro-glycerine, morphine, codeine,
deodorized tincture of opium, or nitrate of sodium.
Syncope and cyanosis are likely to occur in cases of aortic
Hi/poei/stolie Period of Chroiii.c Endocarditis. 159
Stenosis or of mitral stenosis. In syncope, place the patient in
the recumbent position with the head low. Hypodermic injec-
tions of camphorated oil may be given, or musk may be used,
though forty or fifty minims of either hypodermically is better.
If there is cyanosis, use also from 1-25 to 1-15 of a grain of strych.
nia by hypodermic injection. With marked venous stasis it may
be necessary to bleed.
If gastric distress is troublesome restrict the diet and make
use of such aids as sodium bromide, charcoal, glycozone, bismuth,
thymol, etc. If watery diarrhoea is troublesome use five drops
each of tincture of opium and camphor, with lU drops of dilute
nitric acid, given in simple elixir after each stool.
Insomnia is often a troublesome condition, especially in
patients with aortic lesions. The mental peculiarities so marked
in some cases of heart disease associated with nephritis are
always more pronounced at night. It is sometimes difficult to
decide when to use a hypnotic, as well as what to use. Usually,
after trying some of the newer remedies whose hypnotic powers
and safety are exploited with great assurance by their manufact-
urers, I have been obliged to return to the old stand-by — opium.
A quarter of a grain of morphia and fifteen grains of bromide of
sodium is the most efficient hypnotic. Chloral and sulfonal are
unsatisfactory in moderate doses, and unsafe in full doses. Trio-
nal in from 5 to 10 grain doses, and tetronal in from 5 to 15 grain
doses are safe, but are uncertain in conditions effecting the intra-
cranial circulation. Chloralamid in from "10 to 40 grain doses is
relatively safe and efficient. In large doses it disorganizes the
red blood cells. Paraldehyde is a good hypnotic, but disagree-
able-to take. The dose is from k to 1 dram. Jt does not depress
the heart. It may be given with tragacanth, syrup of orange, and
a few drops of spirit of chloroform.
In conclusion let me refer to a symptom which causes more
uneasiness in the mind of the patient, and more uncertainty as to
the tenure of office of the attending physician than any other,
namely, dropsy. If we relieve the dropsy the patient rests sat-
isfied with our management of the other features of his case.
Dropsy may be largely a matter of gravity and low blood pres
sure, and is then relieved by digitalis. This is the ca.se in thos^
instances where there is a weak, irregular pulse and a soft,
doughy, easily-pitting oedema. The use of active cathartics is
160 The Plexus,
helpful, such as teaspoonful doses of compound jalap powder.
If the vascular tension is high, the use of vaso-dilators must not
be neglected. The acetate or nitrate of potash may be added to
the infusion of digitalis. The old time pill of digitalis, squills and
calomel is useful. Squills, broom tops, juniper, bitartrate of
potassium, etc., are useful with digitalis. The old "Imperial
driuk'" — Potus Potassii Tart. Acidse — consisting of 60 grains of
the acid tartrate of potash and a sufficient quantity of sugar and
boiling water with the juice of two lemons, stirred until cold and
then skimmed, is a pleasant diuretic drink. Again we may use a
decoction of long use in London hospitals, consisting of tartrate
of potash, gr. x x; spirit of juniper, m x x x; decoction of scopar-
ius, §i.
In cases associated with nephritis we may use caftein after
the formula already given. Or we may use Trousseau's diuretic
wine, a very useful preparation in these cases. Its formula is as
follows: Digitalis leaves, 10 grams; squill root, 5 grams; juniper
berries, 50 grams; white wine, 750 grams. Macerate for four
days, add 15 grams of acetate of potash and filter. The dose is a
lablespoonful three or four times a day.
In many cases we need more active stimulation of the kid-
neys, and then we should employ our most reliable remedies for
this purpose. These remedies are calomel and diuretin. The
latter is a sodio-salicylate of theobromine, containing, it is said,
about CO per cent of theobromine. Either of these drugs is com-
paratively certain in effect, providing Ihe kidney is at all compe-
tent. Their failure is generally due to too low blood pressure,
and they should not be given until ihe circulation has first been
stimulated with dfgitalis. This may require two or three days.
The failure to observe this rule is responsible for many failures.
Diuretin probably acts entirely upon the kidney. It may be
given in watery solution. The dose is from 90 to 120 grains in
twenty-four hours. Small, continued doses are useless. The
effect usually lasts for some days. Twenty grains may be given
every 4 hours for six doses. The drug should then be stopped.
The chief objection to its use is an occasional disturbance of the
stomach. Merck's sodio-salicylate of theobromine is reliable,
and is cheaper than diuretin.
M\'' own preference is for calomel as a special diuretic in
cardiac dropsy. It is cheap, easy to administer, and effective.
Hyposystolic Period of Chronic Endocarditis. 161
If the kidney is not too badly diseased, and the circulation be
first properly stimulated then calomel will surely cause diuresis
when properly administered. It should be given in 3 grain doses
three times daily for two days; six doses, eighteen grains in all.
It should then be stopped. Five drops of the tincture of opium
should be given one-half hour after each dose of calomel in order
to keep the bowels from moving, otherwise the diuretic effect of
the calomel will not be marked. A saline may be given on the
morning of the third day. The effect of the calomel may be de-
layed for 12 hours after the last dose. I have never seen ptyal-
ism except in two instances when extra doses were taken on the
patients own responsibility. I have frequently seen extensive
dropsies disappear in three or four days after this treatment, the
urine increasing from 10 or 15 ounces to four or five quarts daily.
In cases when the blood pressure is low the effect of these drugs
may be hastened by bandaging the lower extremities.
In intractable cases we may be obliged to resort to punctures
or incisions of tne skin of the legs, under antiseptic precautions,
or to the introduction of Southey's capillary tubes under the skin,
but these measures I have never found necessary in cardiac
dropsy when the above treatment was properly carried out.
THE PLEXUS
THE OFFI0IAL:ORGANjOF
THE COLLEGE OF PHYSICIANS AND SURGEONS
MEDICAL DEPARTMENT
UNIVERSITY OF ILLINOIS.
Plexus CotntMittee of Faculty.
T. A. DAVIS, M. D., D. A. K, STEELE, M. D., F. GREGORY CONNELL, M. D.
H. C. WADDLE, '03, Editor-in-Chief.
Supt. W. H. BROWNE, W. T. ECKLEY, M. D., D. N. EISENDRATH, M. D.,
W. A. EVANS,. M. D., W. H. BEBARD, M. D., A. GERHMANN, M. D.
Associate Editor, L. HARRISON METTLER, M. D.
Local Editors, P. E. GRABOW, '02, R. L. ELDREDGE, '03.
Class Editors:
F. H. HORNIROOK, 02, M R. MARTIN, '04.
Faculty Department, DR. F. B. EARLE. Clinical Laboratory Dept., DR. W. E. COATES
Alumni Editor, DR. C. C. O'BYRNE, '94 Clinical Department, C. E. DIKE, '02
Athletic " H. H. EVERETT, '02 Library Department. METTA M. LOOMIS.
Advertising Solicitor, C WALLACE POORMAN, '03,
Publisher, ------ H. C. WADDLE.
Subscription $1.00 per Annum in advance. Single copies, 15 cents. Issued Monthly
Send all remittances and communications as to subscriptions and advertising to H. C-
WADDLE, 813 W. Harrison St.
Entered at Chicago Post Office as Second-Class Matter.
Any subscriber desiring the Journal discontinued at the expiration of his subscription
should so notify the Publishers; otherwise it will be assumed ^hai the subscription is to be
continued and the Journal sent accordingly.
Contributions of matter suitable for publication are invited, and should be sent in not
later than the 25th of the month previous to tliat of publication. The publishers willnot hold
themselves responsible for the safe return of MSS unless sufficient stamps are forwarded
With this issue a great many of our subscription? become
due, and it will save us a great deal of trouble if delinquents will
send us amount due.
We are sending out many sample copies of this issue to mem-
bers of the alumni and should be pleased to enroll iheca. upon our
supscription list.
* *
*
Dr. Joseph M. Patton, the author of the leading article of
this issue of the Plexus was born in Ralston, Pa., in 1860. He
Editorial. '163
completed his medical education in the University Medical Col-
lege of New York City in 1882 and began the practice of medicine
in Chicago the year following. He served as chief assistant to
Medical Clinic, College of Physicians and Surgeons from 1884 to
1890; Professor of Internal Medicine, Chicago Policlinic from
1890 to present time; Professer of Physical Diagnosis P. & S.
College, 1900 to 1901, and is at present associate professor of
Medicine College of P. & S., and Professor of Internal Medicine,
Chicago Policlinic; Professor Physical Diagnosis, and General
Anaesthetics, Dental Department of University of Illinois, and
Secretary of the Therapeutic Club. He is member of national
and local medical societies and as frequent contributors to medi-
cal journals. He is author of the book "Clinical Lectures on
Heart, Lungs and Pleura."
PHYSIOLOGY AND MATERIALISM.
It is a curious fact that the much-dreaded materialism of
science is gradually dissolving into a sort of pure spiritualism, a
spiritualism much purer than that of the erstwhile orthodox folk
who looked with fear and trembling upon the materialism seem-
ingly fostered by the modern scientific explanations of the phe-
nomena of nature. Modern science is proving even more for-
cibly than revelation itself that only the spiritual is true and
eternal. An axiom of evolution and physiology is that structure
(material) always follows and is the result of function (spiritual).
Hitherto we have calmly and rather childishly adopted the be-
lief that there could be no function until after the appropriate
organ had come into existence We have thought that only the
existence of eyes warranted our talking about vision; that nutri-
tion was impossible without a developed alimentary tract; that
even thought itself had to have a brain as a sine qua non. In
all this time latent function, potential energy, was hardly
dreamed of and as a result we have been kept in a boiling pot of
discussion between our scientific materialism and theological
spiritualism. As our knowledge becomes broader and deeper,
however, we are learning to make broader and deeper generali-
zations. Evolution especially, which at one time was thought to
be so antagonistic to revelation, is telling us in no uncertain
language that latent function precedes structure, that an idea,
consistent and persistent, underlies the development of material
164 The Plexus.
manifestations^and that a necessity is the cause of the changes
and variations occurring among organic beings. Wings do not
give rise toi the^notion of flying but the need of flying develops
the wings. Muscles are not the cause of movements but the
effort of primitive protoplasm to move differentiates it into mus-
cles.£^ Eyes are evolved in response to a demand for vision. The
brain is constructed out of primitive nerve elements through the
necessity of. more^complex thinking. The organic world islike the
waves of the ocean, ever changing in response to a latent neces-
sity, which latent necessity operates, as Darwin and others have
shown, through such combined agencies as heredity, environ-
ment, natural, selection, sexual selection, etc. Necessity and all
that it involves is the law by which the organic world is evolved
and developed. There is no mere chance in the ultimate work-
ing of the principle of evolution. If there were, brains, muscles,
alimentary ^tracts, 'etc., would assume all sorts of bizarre and un-
expected forms'and structures in individuals as well as in species.
But on the contrary everything proceeds in an orderly, systema-
tic, rational way; so much so that we can almost prophesy what
form and structure an organ will assume if we can only know
beforehand the necessity, the latent activity, which the organ
when evolved will put into actuality.
The animal world 'then, according to the new science, is the
effect of a consistent, never-ceasing, never varying, powerful
cause. Call it "energy,'" or "force," or "molecular motion," or
"natural selection," or "survival of the fittest," or "adaptation
to environment," or what you will, it all amounts to the same
thing. In its last analysis, it is merely an idea, an intangible,
consistent, ever-acting, latent something, a law, a principle, an
abstract function in response to which and under the control of
which all matter, both organic and inorganic, is evolved and
molded and constructed. The existence of this consistent and
persistent idea, this something very like an eternal, spiritual
force which operates through and upon matter, is the greatest
of the lessons of modern science. That ideal or latent function
precedes and provokes structure is the crowning fact taught by
physiology and modern biology.
Whence cometh this latent function, this potentiality, this
causal idea which subdues matter, and forces it to grow in harmo-
ny with a plan and not according to a mere haphazard chance?
Editorial. 165
"Where and what is the origin of this principle or principles lying
behind and beneath all the phenomena of evolution? Science it-
self does not tell us; at least physical science does not. Philosophy
theorizes about it and calls it the First Cause. Both science and
philosophy are agreed, however, as to its existence and to the fact
that it precedes and underlies all physical phenomena. The
Bible declares that it originates in and is one with God; in fact,
it is the Divine Idea; the Plan of the Creator; it is the Intang-
ible, the Spiritual, one and eternal, operating upon matter which
is many and changeable, in accordance with its own divine will.
Evolution and physiology are proving the marvelous truth of
the words of Paul when he said "the things which are seen are
temporal; but the things which are not seen are eternal."
L. H. M.
ALUMNI OF THE COLLEGE OF MEDICINE OF THE
UNIVERSITY OF ILLINOIS— COLLEGE OF PHYSI-
CIANS AND SURGEONS OF CHICAGO.
Tt in the purpose of the Plexus to publish the addresses of the entire alumni
in the Plexus in the next few issues and if there are any mistakes or if
any of our readers know of the addresses not given, we should be pleased
to have them notify us or Dr. W. H. Bernard, Alumni Sec'y, of such
changes.
CLASS OF 1883.
Abbott, William B., M. D., Pinconning, Mich.
Arnold. George W., M. D.
Auld, James H., M. D., Lincoln, Neb.
Brooks, James Miles, M. D., Newell, la.
*Buchanan, R. W.
Buchanan, Walter W., M. D., Detroit Mich.
Burke, Thomas F., M. D.
Caldwell, Francis C, M. D., 167 Dearborn Ave, Chicago.
Carhart, John W., M. D., LaGrange, Tex.
Coe, Charles M., M. D., 915 Walnut St., Kansas City, Mo.
Darby, Henry Charles, M. D., Wilmot, Wis.
DeWitt, Charles Herman, M. D., Glenwood, la.
*Dyer, Ralph B.
Edick, George H., M. D., 290 Woodward Ave., Detroit, Mich.
Elliott, Elihu N., M. D., 1603 N. Clark St., Chicago.
Ferro, Claude M., M. D., 404 Masonic Temple, Minneapolis,
Minn.
Gaflford, James A., M. D., Shawnee, Okla.
*Harris, John B., M. D.
*Harsh, I. M.
Harvey, Z. T., M. D., Council Grove, Kas.
Hoover, John C, M. D., Owensboro, Ky.
Jay, Daniel D., M. D., Pulaski, la.
Keith, Alva Nelson, M. D., Peoria, Dl,
Kirkpatrick, Thomas, M. D., Garnett, Kan.
Linabery, William L., M. D., Wyanet, 111.
Lovejoy, Halsey E., M. D., Rippey, la.
Lovejoy, Walter, M. D., Kemmerer, Wyo.
*Dead.
Alumm. 167
McCullough, J. R., M. D., 69 State St., Chicago, or 75 Plum St,,
Detroit, Mich.
Mathieu, L., M. D., St. Anne, 111.
Maxon, O. P., M. D., Waukegan, 111.
Morton, R. J., M. D., Green, Kas.
Riggs, J. S., M. D., Redlands, Cal.
Robertson, W. M., M. D,, 602 McRree Bldg., Denver, Colo.
Roehr, C. G,, 822 W. Division St., Chicago.
Ross, I. N., M. D., Emporia, Kan.
Roth well, J. T., M. D., Centralia, Mo.
Roy, William C, M. D.
Schuyley, W. C, M. D., Cocur d'Alene, Idaho.
*Sherman, F. L.
Skinner, H. S., M. D., Shawnee, Oklahoma.
Soper, J. H., M. D., 247 Noe St., San Francisco, Cal.
*Spencer, T. H.
*Sweat, I. M.
Tanquary, J. H., M. D., 4960 Easton Ave., St. Louis, Mo.
Thatcher, J. B., M. D.
Thompson, C. M., M D., Elk Rapids, Mich.
Van Patten, E. H., Dayton, Wash.
VanTuyl, E. A., M. D.
Walrath, H. S., M. D., 11 East 7th St., St. Paul, Minn.
Weaver, Wm. H., M. D., 92 State St., Chicago.
Weidner, M. R., M. D., Dolton, 111.
Wood, C. B., M. D., Honolulu, Sandwich Islands.
Wood, J. W. M. D., Long Beach, Cal.
CLASS OF 1884.
Anderson, H. B., M. D., Orfordville, Wis.
Babcock, Elmer E., M. D., 3239 Indiana Ave., Chicago.
Barber, Chauncey L., M. D., Lansing, Mich.
Barkow, Gustav C. W., M. D.
Bellamy, William Thomas, M. D., Pleasant View, 111.
Bird, John Henry, M. D., 11 Congress St., Chicago.
*Blakeslee, N. P.
Brick, Samuel L., M. D,, Ogden, Utah.
Brumback, Arthur H., M. D., 109 Loomis St., Chicago.
Chittenden, R. H., M. D., Kansas City, Mo.
Church, Archibald, M. D., 805 Pullman Bldg, Chicago,
■Coomes, Asa, M. D.
168 The Plexus.
Curtis, Razel M., M. D., Marengo, 111,
Doig, J. R., M. D., Russell, Kan.
Edelin, Benedict H., M. D,, Gorin, Mo.
Evans, Niels C, M. D., Mt. Horeb, Wis.
Foster, Irving C, M. D., Albion, Mich.
Fowler, W. E., M. D., Brookville, Kan.
Goodman, Thomas B., M. D., Cobden, 111.
Harkness, George S., M. D., Stockton, Cal.
Harlan, Alison W,, M. D.
Harrison, "W. K.. M. D., Masonic Temple, Chicago.
Hatton, William D., M. D.
Horrell, Charles B., M. D., Galesburg, 111.
Horton, Jackson D., M. D., Nashua, la.
*HougblaQd, A. C.
Inks, John S., M. D., Nappanee, Ind.
Jenckes, Herbert D., M. D., Pipestone, Minn.
*Jones, R. W.
Jordon, L. M., M. D., No. Manchester, Ind.
Luckey, C. M., M. D., Baldwin, la.
Lumbeck, Frank, M. D., Kingston, O.
Mathers, W. R., M. D., Rock Hill, Cotton County, Texas,
Mikkelson, M.. M. D., Wells, Fairbault County, Minn.
Mitchell, T. B.. M. D., 348 S. Campbell Ave., Chicago.
Morrison, D. M., M. D. .
*Munzer, I.
Printz, E. T., M. D., Moulton, la.
Raimonde, L. S. J., M. D.
*Romans, L. L.
Sawyer, F. M., M. D,, South Bend, Ind.
Schmitz, E. A., M. D., Wauwatoso, Wis.
*Shearer, I. W.
Stevenson, P. W., M. D., Gettysburg, Pa.
Sweemer, W. M., M. D., 622 11th St., Milwaukee, Wis.
Van Patten, L., M. D., Altavista, la.
Wassail, J, W., M. D., 92 State St., Chicago.
Whitnall, William R., M. D., Hastings, la.
Wilson, William H., M. D., Table Rock, Neb.
Winterbotham, William H., M. D., Salina, Kas.
*Younger, W. I.
Ahmint. 169'
CLASS OF 1885.
Allen, Albert F., M. D., Chicago, 2601 State St,, Chicago.
Allen, William E., M. D., Grand Rapids, Mich.
*Bahnsen, W. J.
Brinkerhoff, Clarence E., M. D., 182 N. Halstead St., Chicago.
Brinkerhoff, G. Erwin, M. D., 1003 Broadway, Oakland, Cal.
Bundy, William C, M. D., Aurelia, la.
Caldwell, W. C, M. D., 172 S. Halsted St., Chicago.
Cook, E. L.. M. D., Harlan, la.
Crowley, D. D., M. D., Central BankBldg., Oakland, Cal.
Cummings, Charles G., M. D., 301 Baltimore Blk., St. Paul,
Minn.
Davis, Thomas A., M. D., 979 Jackson Blvd., Chicago.
Drost, Casper M., M. D., l7l S. Jefferson St., Grand -'Rapids,
Mich.
Dunning, Arthur W., M. D., Arcade Building, St. Paul, [Minn.
Eagleson, James B., M. D., Seattle, Wash.
Earle, Francis B., M. D., 903 W. Monroe St., Chicago.
Eddy, William J., M. D., Shelby ville, 111.
Fallis, Charles W., M. D., Danville, 111.
Fliesburg, Oscar A., M. D., 102 Washington Ave., Minneapolis,
Minn.
Fordyce, Oscar, M. D., Guthrie Center, la.
Gillette, Leslie B., M. D., Marion, Kas.
Gfroerer, George S., M. D., 439 W. Taylor St., Chicago.
Hall, Alonzo H., M. D., Niantic, 111.
Harvey, W. Scott, M. D., Salina, Kas.
Herb, Samuel M., M, D.
Henry, James M., M. D., Sioux City, la.
Hood, Calvin T., M. D., 992 W. Adams St., Chicago.
Johnson, Hartland C, M. D., 176 Concord St., St. Paul, Minn.
*Kiskadden, H. S.
Kynett, William H., M. D., Battle Creek, Mich.
Latta, Ulysses G., M. D. , 70 Madison St., Chicago.
Luce, Joseph E., M. D., Chilton, Wis.
Martin, J. A. J., Red Oak, la.
Malone, Edward William, M. D., Waukesha, Wis.
Miles, R. H., M. D., Lyndon, Kas.
Moore, M. T., M. D., 92 Higgins Ave., Chicago.
Murray, A. J., M. D., Frederickton Junction, New Brunswick.^
170 The Plexus.
Paul, I. O., M. D,, Winnebago, 111.
Pearce, W. W., M. D., Waukegan, 111,
Phelps, G. M., M. D., Kankakee, 111. •
Phillips, J. B. C, M. D.
Pierce, N. H., M. D., 149 Lincoln Park Blvd., Chicago.
Eaymer, H. S., M. D., Cedar Rapids, la.
Robey, P.R., M. D., Houston, Tex.
Rogers, B. W., M, D., 55 E. 33nd St., Chicago.
Safley, L. E., M. D., Bozeman, Mont.
Safley, W. M., M, D.
Senn, F. C, M. D., Oshkosh, Wis.
Shepherd, W. W., M. D., 108 Loomis St., Chicago.
Sherwood, O. W., M. D., West Port, Cal.
Stevens, J. S., M. D., Cedar Palls, la.
Sutherland, D. E., M. D., Bay City, Mich.
Tebbetts, P. M., M. D., 92 State St., Chicago.
Tobias, G. J., M. D., 950 W. Monroe St., Chicago.
*Thompson, J. R.
Tollington, G., M. D., 410 Masonic Temple, Minneapolis, Minn.
Trulson, T. A., M. D., Stanton, la.
VanHook, W., M. D., 103 State St., Chicago.
Wagner, A. L., M. D., Lapaz, Ind.
*Waldron, J. M.
Winstead, M. L., M. D., Wetaug, 111.
CLASS OF 1886.
Abaly, W. C, M. D., Madison, Wis.
Anderson, Perry L., M. D.
Beach, William M., M. D., Shelton, Wash.
Bell, Allen, M, D.
Bertrand, J. H., M. D., De Forest, Wis.
Boice, George W., M. D.. 119 W. 29th St., Chicago.
Brainard, Benjamin P., M.D., Martin City, Mo,
Brendecke, A. C, M. D., 242 W. Randolph St., Chicago.
Brigham, Bray ton A., M. D., 260 S. Oakley Blvd., Chicago.
Brock, William B., M. D., Olin, la.
*Brown, Robert A., M. D.
Buttner, W., Adolph, M. D., 769 Lincoln Ave., Chicago.
Case, Charles E., M. D., Tacoma, Wash.
Chidester, Chancy W., M. D., Newark Valley, N. Y.
Cook, Chas. H., M. D,
Alumni. 171
Crepin, Henry E., M. D., Tuscon, Ariz.
*Densmore, D. T.
Doyle, James F., M. D., Antigo, Wis.
Duff, Vincent E., M. D., Lyndon, Kan.
Ellis, Samuel A., M. D., Azusa, Cal.
English, William T., M. D., 321 5th Ave., Pittsburg, Pa.
Follansbee, Willard S., M. D., Paoma, Colo.
Fortner, Elbert C, M. D., 579 W. Adams St., Chicago.
Gallison, Frank E., M, D., Coulterville, Cal.
Gibson, James, M. D., Janesville, Wis.
Goldstein, Louis, M. D., Beaumont, Tex.
*Hall, D. W.
Hass, Archibald, M. D., 52 N. Western Ave., Chicago.
Henderson, N. H., M. D., 4147 Lake Ave., Chicago.
Hileman, J. E., M. D.
Holmboe, Antoin, M. D., 92 State St., Chicago.
Johnston, Stuart William, M. D., Venetian Building, Chicago.
Kane. William W., M. D., Pinckneyville, 111.
Kaszer, Jacob, M. D., Plymouth, Ind.
Knapp, William H., M. D.
Laughlin, Willet H., M. D.
Lee, Julius H., M. D., 116 N. Center Ave., Chicago.
Loope, G. L., M. D., Bessemer, Mich.
Lowe, F. O., M. D,, Kewanee, 111.
McCallum, William, M. D., Gladstone, Mich.
McClellan, J. J.. M. D., 63 S. High St., Columbus, Ohio.
McCracken, T., M. D., Payallup, Wash.
McGlasson, T.F., M. D., Lewiston, Mo.
Malcolm, F. B., M. D., care Local Post, Kong Kow, China.
Marnes, C. M., M. D., Rouse Point, N. Y.
Martin, E. C, M. D.
*Merrill, S. B. L., M. D.
Miller, B., M. D.
Miller, E., M. D., 11456 Indiana Ave., Kensington, 111.
Miller, W. H., M. D., Hanford, Tulare County, Cal.
Mitchell, L. J., M. D., 498 W. Adams St., Chicago.
Parsons, G. F., M. D., 100 State St., Chicago.
Peabody, H. A., M. D., Webster, S. D.
Rittenhouse, W. F., M. D., 975 Warren Ave., Chicago.
Roberts, William, M. D.
172 The Plexus.
Rogers, H. S., M. D., Red Oak, la.
Ryan, C. O., M. D.
Shallabarger, D. S., M. D.
Shidler, A. L., M. D.
Smith, G. E., M. D.
Taggart, T. E., M. D., Bakersfield, Cal.
Tillotson, H. T., M. D., 6301 Wentworth Ave., Chicago.
*Turnock, E.
Weir, William A., M. D., Edinburg, O.
Wiggin, T. B., M. D., 100 State St., Chicago.
*Wikkerink, G.
Williams, J. R., M. D., White Pigeon. Mich.
Wilson, A. R., M. D., 1058 Walnut Ave., Milwaukee Wis.
Wintermute, C. E., M. D., Kilbourn, Wis.
Wisse, I., M. D., 18 W. Bridge St., Grand Rapids, Mich.
CLASS OF 1887.
*Bein, William.
*Bradway, A. C.
Bruner, J. M. O., M. D., Port Byron, 111.
Casey, Samuel B., M. D., 534 Putnam Ave,, Brooklyn, N. Y.
Cone, C. Conrad, M. D., Oskaloosa, la.
Cooney, Henry C, M. D.
Earle, Clarence A., M. D., Des Plaines, 111.
Eversol, Garibaldi, M. D., Chandlerville, 111. »
Finley, E. L., M. D.
Fisher, John, M. D., S68 LaSalle St., Chicago.
Flint, Edward N., M. D., 1207 Guarantee Loan Bldg., Minneapo-
lis, Minn.
Flower, Ward Z., M. D., Gibbon, Minn.
Eredigke, Charles C, M. D., 3414 State St., Chicago.
Gile, Ulysses A., M. D.
Goodsmith, Heber M., M. D., 100 State St., Chicago.
Hanson, F. A., M. D.
Harris, Philander H., M. D., 426 Milwaukee St., Milwaukee, Wis.
Hart, Albert B., M. D., Roberts, 111.
Hektoen, Ludwig E., M. D., Rush Medical College, Chicago.
*Heffelfinger, W. W.
Holmes, Edgar R., M. D., Ayr, Neb.
Hulen, Vard H., M. D., 406 Sutter St., San Francisco CaL
Hund, J., M. D., Athens, Wis.
Alumni. 173
Johnston, A. Ralph, M. D., 4454 Cottage Grove Ave., Chicago.
Jones, Richard H., M. D., Cullom, 111.
Kaumheimer, G. J., M. D., 577 3rd St., Milwaukee, Wis.
Kincheloe, M. B., M.D., Joplin, Mo.
Klophel, C. G. B., M. D.
*Koontz, S. E.
Kordenat, C. F. W., Reedsburg, Wis.
Lane, Myron E., M. D., 350 North Ave., Chicago.
McNamara, J. M. , M. D., 5501 S. Halsted St., Chicago.
McNulty, C, A., M. D., Basin, Mont.
Miller, R. C, M. D., Shannon, 111.
Miller, W. E., M. D., 1143 S. California Ave., Chicago.
Moraux, J. D., M. D., Green Bay, Wis.
Mulder, D., M. D., Sioux Center, la.
Norderling, K. A., M. D., 1684 N. Clark St.
O'Connell, Jefferson J., M. D.
Oviatt, Charles W., M. D., Oshkosh, Wis.
Remmen, N E., M. D., 103 State St., Chicago.
Richmond, J., M. D., Loyal, Wis.
Roberts, J. C, M. D., Second and Spencer Sts., Peoria, 111.
Rogers, Fred C, 2036 Wells St., Milwaukee, Wis.
Sargent, J. S., M. D.
Schick, G., M. D., 1529 Wells St., Los Angeles, Cal.
Schneider, A., M. D.. Milwaukee, Wis.
Sweet, C. A., M. D., East Jordan, Mich.
Voiding, N. M., M. D., Des Moines, la.
*Ward, C. B.
Way, J. P., M. D., 567 Western Ave., Chicago.
Weil, C. A., M. D., 104 Belmont Ave., Chicago.
Whiting, J. B., M. D., Janesville, Wis.
Wirt, G. M., M. D.
CLASS OF 1888.
Anderson, William 0., M D., New Castle, Pa.
Baily, F. M., M. D., Waynesburg, 0.
Bradfield, J. A. L., M. D., La Crosse, Wis.
Breiigle, Gr. C, Winchester, 111.
Brown, T. W., M. D., New London, Wis.
*Bulson, H. R., M. D.
Burrell, H. L., M. D., 206 McCagne Bldg.. Omaha, Neb.
Burrows. A, W.. M. D., Commercial Blk.. Salt Lake City. Utah.
Burson, S. W., M. D., 67 N. Clark St., Chicago.
174 The Plexus.
Cameron. Neil. M. D., Burwell, Neb.
Casey. Levi B., M. D., Marion. 111.
*Coe. M. P.
Coker, William W. . M. D. , 2802 Archer Ave. , Chicago.
Cullen. Frank C, 561 W. 12th St., Chicago.
*Davis. J. H.
Duckworth, Frank E., M. D.
Fall, Clifford, M. D., Beatrice, Neb.
Feltenstein, David W., M. D., Voris, Mo.
Fowler. William S., M. D.. Ventura, Cal.
Glover, John F., M. D., Nordhoff, Cal.
Haines, Thomas J., M. D,. Three Rivers, Mich.
Harris, B. Y., M. D., Box 422 P]ureka. Cal.
Holliday, Henry A., M. D. Amery, Wis.
Hueston, David P., M. D., 24 Homer St., Chicago.
Jones, David T., M. D., Wausau, Wis.
Malone, W. F.. M. D.. 3(53 National Ave., Milwaukee, Wis.
Mattisou, F. C. £. M. D., Pasadena, Cal.
Michael, R. R., M. D.
Miller, E. J., M. D., Sycamore, 111.
Myers, F. L.. M. D., Sheldon, la.
Nesbit, G. M., M. D., LaPorte City, la.
Paterson, H. F. W.. M. D., Dundee, 111.
Pile, 0. G., M. D., Memphis, Mo.
Selbach. J. J. Eau Claire, Wis.
Shallern, B. V.. M. D., Ripon, Wis.
Shidler, S., M. D., Sheridan, Mo.
Sinclair, J. D.. M. D.
Staib, 0. W., M. D., Bartlett, 111.
Stanton, J. T., M. D., 173 N. Halsted St., Chicago.
Sterling, C, M. D. , Concordia, Kan.
Stewart, W. B., M. D., Joliet, HI.
Towle, W. B., M. D., 197 St. Urbain St., Montreal, Canada.
White, H. E., M. D., Fairmount, 111.
Williamson. L. R , M. D., cor. Clark and Bremen Sts., Milwaukee. Wis.
*Wood, J. J.
Wylie, D. B., M. D., Empire Bldg., Milwaukee, Wis.
CLASS OF 1889.
Borland. S. F., M. D., Dillon, Colo.
Burcky, William E., M. D., 6641 Halsted St., Chicago.
*Cady, G. M.
Cargill, Chauncey W., M. D., Mason City, 111.
Cheney, Eranklin S., M. D., Kedzie and Fulton Sts., Chicago.
Alumni. 175
Cronk, Harvey R., M. D., 273 30th St., New York.
Dempster, William H., M. D., Gumming, la.
Dougherty, B. F., M. D., Chariton, la.
Eames. H. F., Egg Harbor, Wis.
Eddy, J. Henry M. D., 908 E. Eldorado St., Decatur.
Ewing, Harry P., M. D.,6056 Monroe Ave., Chicago.
Gillmore, C. Marsh, M. D.
Gluck. Isidor, M. D., Profesa, Mex.
•Godard, W. A.
Grace, Thomas J., M. D., Clark's Mills, Pa.
Gray, Albert S., M. D., 103 State St., Chicago.
Hebert, 0., M. D., 1517 Green Bay Ave., Milwaukee, Wis.
Hibbs. F. B., M. D.. Mitchelville, la.
Holbrook, F. D., M. D.
Hornbogen, Alfred W., M. D., Marquette, Mich.
Karreman, A. R., M. D., 534 W." 63rd St., Chicago.
Kennicott, P. A., M. D., Glenview, 111.
Leusman, Frederick, M. D., 270 E. Huron St., Chicago.
Liddy, T. F., M. D., 629 31st St., Chicago.
Linden, F. C, M. D., 1.398 Jackson Blvd., Chicago.
Loewy, Arthur, M. D.. Oak Park, 111.
*Luce, J. 0.
MacCornack, E. A , M. D., 2 Nabling Blk.. Elgin, HI.
Martin, E., M. D., 3919 Indiana Ave., Chicago.
Moras, E. R., M. D., 171 Blue Island Ave.
Morton, A. J., M. D.
Moyers, L. E., M. D., Fairdale, 111.
Munford, J. R., M. D , 5011 Pennsylvania Ave., Pittsburg, Pa.
Mulder, Derk, Sioux Center, la.
Onstott, E. E., M. D., Saltsburg, Pa.
Owen, William R., M. D , Sublette, 111.
Phar, W. I.,M. D.
Porter, W. J., M. D.. Hedrick, la.
Post, G. A., M. D., Lake Geneva. Wis.
Powell, Preston, M. D., Adair, la.
Radley, J. H., M. D.. 225 High St , Hartford, Conn.
Rogers, F. W., M. D., Hartford, Wis.
Stremmels, S. C, M. D. , Macomb, HI.
Soule, C. E., M. D., Sheridan, 111.
Terry, C. C, M. D.. So. Bend, Ind.
Walford, E. S., M. D., Diamondale, Mich.
Walsh, T. M., M. D., Joplin. Mo.
Warren, H.S., M. D., 1360 Jackson Blvd., Chicago.
Watson, F. L., M. D.. Boda. la.
Wermuth, W. C. M. D.. 277 Bissell St . Chicago.
Weber, C. E. L , 43rd and Grand Blvd., Chicago.
TO THE MEMORY OF THE ANATOMICAL AMPHI-
THEATRE.
(Affectionately known as "A. A.")
Henry Herbert Slater, '02.
Three brief years ago, when the summer's hot breath
Was replaced by the cool autumn breezes, —
A time in our lives that will ever gleam bright.
When mem'ry reverts as it pleases —
How radiant the dawn and how light were our hearts,
As with wonderful anticipations;
We left the old home with its quaint peaceful scenes
And our numberless friends and relations.
As onward we sped and new sights came in view.
How fair was the world to our vision;
The maple leaves bold with their first touch of gold
Mocked the first autumn frosts in derision;
The fast rip'ning corn we could now view witl^ scorn,
And with pleasure and deep satisfaction.
Reflect that the knell of the four o'clock bell
Would call us no more into action.
Through hurrying throngs we were crowded along
Till the college erect stood before us, —
The mystical theme of a fond youthful dream —
And a feeling of rapture came o'er us.
To thy dear haunts "A. A." we were soon shown the way,
Cheered along by the guys of the guyer,
Till we reached thee at last when six stairways were passed —
The canines alone going higher.
With wonderful thoughts are our fond fancies fraught,
Woven in with our lessons of science;
How we went through the air and the chairs climbed the stairs,
Setting gravity's laws at defiance:
Mingled oft with the howl of the poor canine's growl
Rose aloft the wierd fries of the seniors;
And how often we spied the door opened wide
And "D. J.'" yelled in by the juniors.
Poem. 177
But learning to love thy proud station above
With the joys that we now cannot measure,
Thy long hallowed walls and thy oft perfumed halls
We long shall continue to treasure.
At last came the day when below we must stay,
But with feelings both sad and regretful;
How often we yearned in our hearts to return
Though we sometimes appeared quite forgetful.
In the short lapse of time we have managed to climb
Still higher in medical pathways.
But we ne'er can believe that we know quite so much
As when we were nothing but D. J's.
One morning we went up the long tiresome stairs
And saw there a sad transformation,
Thy chairs were replaced by some long ugly pews —
A stiff Puritanic creation.
Thy sad walls stood dumb, but to us seemed to speak
And instead of a feeling of gladness.
We never could visit those once cherished scenes
Untinged with a feeling of sadness.
But the saddest was yet, for one day 'twas announced
That banished we were from thy portals,
To take up our home in a building unloved '
Disregarding the feelings of mortals.
In the dead of the night a fierce storm raged above
And knowing thy future, what wonder.
That with cry of despair thou thy head raised in air
And drew down a bolt from the thunder.
The building was saved, but thy wreck was complete.
Thy black, crumbling walls but remaining;
They may build thee again, but 'twill be thee no more —
Thy mem'ry no longer profaning.
As we pass on in life and our thoughts wander back
To the haunts of our early successes.
Thy walls as they were shall retain the first place
In our cerebrum's treasured recesses.
Oh better by far that thy ruin be wrought
In a war with the storm's regimentals,
Than have our hearts pained to behold thee profaned
By becoming a classroom for dentals!
LIBRARY NOTES.
Metta M. Loomis, Librarian.
The library was moved the third week in August and the
valuable collections of books, periodicals and pamphlets which
compose the Quine library are now in quarters that are much
more suited to the accommodation of the books as well as the
many patrons of the library.
The rooms occupied by the library are on the second floor of
the new building, and are five in numbea*. The two largest
rooms are used as a reading and a stack room. There is also a
private office for the librarian, a room for the shelving of dupli-
cate periodicals and books, and a small work room.
The reading room is in the southeast corner of the building.
It is large and well lighted, furnishing an excellent place for
study and reference work for the many students who daily make
use of the library. In the west end of the room is a large wall
case where are to be found the many valuable indices and refer-
ence books which are owned by the library. The current peri-
odicals are also kept in this room, also a book case containing
the Quine library collection of old and rare books.
West of the reading room and connected with it by double
arch ways is the stack room, which not only accommodates the
present collection of books, but also allows ample room for
growth. This room has been furnished with new L. B. steel
stacks which are superior to all other makes of library shelving.
One of the chief advantages of the stack being that the shelves
are easily adjusted to accommodate different sized books, and are
readily raised or lowered when filled with books. The new stacks
supply a long felt need, it having been almost impossible with
the old primative form of book cases to care for and make acces-
sable such a collection of books and pamphets as compose the
Quine library.
Study tables will be placed in the stack room for the accom-
modation of students doing special reference work. The rooms
are all well lighted and in every way adapted to the needs of a
good working library.
The following articles from members of the facult;f have
been noted in the recent issues of medical journals:
Lihrary Notes. 79
Dr. A. J. Ochsner. Appendicitis and its Treatment. Med-
ical Standard, September, pages 4H2-484.
Dr. A. P, Heineck. Thoracentesis: Its Indications, Tech-
nique and Accidents. Medical Standard, September, pages
482-484.
Dr. E. H. Lee. Fracture of the Humerus, Fracture of the
Femer, Strangulated Inguinal Hernia, A Surgical Clinic. Clin-
ical Review, September, pages 427-442.
Dr. J. M. G. Carter. Diseases of the Stomach. Medical
Fortnightly, Sept. 10, pages 600-604. To be continued.
Dr. W. S. Christopher. The relation of unbalanced physical
development to pubertal morbidity as shown by physical meas-
urements. Journal of American Medical Association, September
14, pages 691-700.
The library has received the following gifts:
Hirst's Obstetrics. Dr. F. B. Earle, donor.
A copy of Gould's Dictionary of Medicine, Biology and Al-
lied Science has been presented to the library by the publishers,
P. Blakiston's Son & Co.
Several valuable reprints and pamphlets have also been pre-
sented to the library.
NEWS ITEMS.
Your subscription is due.
Supt. Browne was well pleased with the basket of choice
peaches recently sent him by H. M. Voris, of Neoga, III., mem-
ber of the class of "03. Yes, we considered them very fine
peaches, too.
Miss Elizabeth M. Healan, our congenial clerk, enjoyed her
two weeks' vacation recently,
Ira J. Sexton, '02, was married to Miss Nxidiene Willette, on
Monday, Aug. 5th, at Chicago. Miss Willette is the grand-
daughter of the late Thomas Metcalf, former governor of Ken-
tucky. They spent their honeymoon in the Michigan pleasure
resorts and are now at home at Plat H, 506 S. Oakly Boulevard,
Chicago.
The Quiz Class began work Sept. 1st. The following are
members: Jas. G. Carr, J. H. Cleary, Jos. Dean, H. W. Howard,
B. J. McConvill, J. M. Meyers, E. W. Poinier, R. O. Shelton,
H. H. Slater, E. A. Streich, Jas. Tyvand and A. F. W. Werelius.
A few more may enter as they may enter until Oct. 1st,
BRYANT-HUTSON.
Miss Grace Bryant, for three years librarian of Quine lib-
rary, was married September 11 to Mr. W. H, Hutson, a success-
ful attorney of this city. The wedding, which was one of the
social events of the north side was held at the home of the
bride's brother, Mr. Geo. Bryant, 2609 North Hermitage Ave.
Mr. and Mrs. Hutson will live in the city and after Dec. 1 will be
at home at 447 Winthrop Ave,
During the three years which Miss Bryant was the efficient
librarian of Quine library it has had a remarkable growth, not
only in the number of additions of books, pamphlets and general
medical literature, but also in the rank and standing of the lib-
rary among the medical libraries of the city and country. A
large proportion of the additions to the library have been period-
icals, nearly all of the library's valuable collection of periodical
literature having come through the personal efforts of the
librarian.
The students and friends of P. & S. will gratefully remember
Miss Bryant's efforts in behalf of Quine library and will extend
their best wishes for her future happiness.
Sanger Brown, M. D.,
Professor of xMedicine, Collejie of Physicians and Surgeons, < hic-a-o.
THE PLEXUS
COLLEGE OF PHYSICIANS AND SURGEONS
MEDICAL DEPARTMENT OF THE
UNIVERSITY OF ILLINOIS,
CHICAGO.
VOL. VII. OCTOBER 20th, 190L NO. 6
^ANNUAL ADDRESS.
What I have to say on this occasion is intended alone for
those young people who have resolved to become practitioners
of medicine, and v^ho are either just beginning their professional
studies or have already covered more or less of the prescribed
course. While I highly appreciate the honor of addressing an
audieoce composed exclusively of individuals actuated b}' a noble
ambition and endowed with all the enthusiasm, energy and vigor
of youth, I am not unmindful of the responsibility I assume, for
the same qualities that make you ready to applaud, also render
you quick to criticise.
Most of you have doubtless devoted may hours of your best
thought in trying to decide upon your line of life work. The
predominating considerations which have moved you have very
likely been widely different in individual instances, depending
upon tempermental characteristics, opportunities for observa-
tion and what not. It may bring you some disappointment — it
should not bring you discouragement, when you discover, as dis-
cover you must, no matter how searchingly you may have scru-
tinized the subject, that the thing itself is very different from the
anticipations you had formed of it. But you may be comforted
and consoled when you reflect that this would have been no less
true had you chosen any other course whatsoever. I will even
venture to say that there are those whose experience entitles
them to a respectful hearing, who might tell you candidly, if
•Given by Dr. Sanger Rrown, General Assembly Hall, College of Physicians and Sur-
geons, Tuesday evening, Oct. 1st.
182 The Plexus.
they would — but very, very confidentially, that the holy state of
wedlock is not completely and altogether composed of those par-
ticular strains of connubial melody to which the ardent wooer
had fondly hoped to listen. This is a popular secret, and yet it
does not abate the impetuosity of love or sensibly recruit the
ranks of celibacy.
In the pursuit of every laudible career to the earnest devotee
new, beautiful and grand vistas open, demanding the delight-
ful exercise of his best power. Before these the inevitable dis-
appointments encountered at the outset seem trivial and are soon
entirely forgotten. Perhaps you could not have chosen a calling
affording a fairer field for the exercise of your talent than that
presented by modern medicine. Its watchword is the relief and
succor of suffering humanity, and science is its brightest weapon.
In striving to accomplish their mission physicians have from the
earliest times energetically and carefully investigated nearly
everything that could be perceived by the senses or conceived of
by the mind. No task has been too tremendous, no sacrifice too
severe to suppress their noble efforts
Above everything else the spirit of modern medicine seeks
facts — demonstrable facts and truths. It aims to rise above
creeds. It will not stifle investigation nor suppress its results in
deference to error and i>rejudice, no matter how firmly estab-
lished and sanctimonious these may be. Yet it is not offensively
irreverant nor actively iconoclastic. It respects precedent but
unlike the law it is not greatly hampered thereby. Though in
the van of progress, it cannot forget its responsibility. It must
be alert, critical, deliberate and conservative in the acceptance
of new departures from established doctrine and practice.
Change and reformation are by no means synonyms of progress
and improvement, but I think it may be safely said that our pro-
fession has suffered far more from a hasty and enthusiastic en-
dorsement of new doctrines that afterward proved unsound, than
from the too tardy recognition of merited achievement. In esti-
mating the importance of original scientific investigation, a
broad and tolerant view is necessary, for one sees an overwhelm-
ing mass of years of painstaking work, the great majority of
which appears utterly devoid of direct value in advancing the
subject in behalf of which it was performed. Yet this illustrates
Nature's plan of progress, for as from the countless seeds of the
Annual Achhess. 1§3
forest only a few take root, so here now and then a new" truth is
discovered and a new step taken in advance. Hence we can
hardly overestimate the importance of thorough, methodical and
intelligent original research.
The student who begins the study of medicine today has
greatfer advantages than any who have preceded him, for the
fund of scientific knowledge is steadily increasing and methods
of investigation are being all the time perfected and extended.
Here they are all at your disposal and you cannot bring too much
talent, application and vigor to their intellectual acquisition.
For, if you set to work ever so earnestly, you will find the time
all too short. A thorough knowledge of method and technique
is essential to progress after graduation. You must uiaster them
here if ever, so that you may correctly examine whatever prob-
lems may be presented to you and understand fully the published
investigations of others. Thus you may enjoy the satisfaction of
knowing that you can keep in touch with all substantial advance-
ment in your profession.
It is our purpose to select what we regard as the most essen-
tial parts of special knowledge required by the physician in the
investigation and treatment of disease and present them to the
student in a manner best suited to his powers of assimilation
within a prescribed time. We shall try to give you enough to
enable you to make a fair start; but you should do all your work
here in anticipation of being able to go alone.
Quite aside from his scientific attainments, however, the
physician's proper attitude as a social factor is worthy of serious
consideration; much more extended consideration, indeed, than I
can now give it. It has been charged in the indictment that the
modern medical student is prone to become so engrossed in the
revelations of science and so enamored of its pursuits that he
loses sight of what at least the world at large regards as his
proper mission, and that without really intending it, his
interest is manifestly far more in the disease from which the pa-
tient suffers than in the patient himself; that his sensibilities are
dulled and his sentiments inert; that his faith in things human
and divine has weakened and wasted; that when he starts in
practice he is not mindful enough that perhaps the patient and
his family are looking to him for succor and relief in their alfiic-
184 The Plexus.
tion; that they are watching his slightest movement and gesture
for a ray of solace and comfort.
Making due allowance for individual peculiarities, I am not
prepared to say that there may not be some slight foundation for
some of these charges. If there is, how does it come about?
Science holds no controversy. Its province is simply the meth-
odical investigation of phenomena and the furnishing of reliable
facts. And these, if their value is properly understood, will not
injure anything worthy of presentation. They can only purify
sound sen in ent.
It may be true that the sturly of medicine exposes rather
more promptly and pointedly than any other pursuit current
frauds and fallacies which however the thoughtful must, sooner
or later, discover in any case. But this rarely detrimentally dis-
.turbs a vigorous and well balanced mind. The necessary new
adjustment are readily made and the character is rather strength-
ened by the process than otherwise. If the charge is to hold in
any degree, therefore, we shall have to look further for the
cause, and this may appear when we consider the matter studied
and the manner of studying it, or the matter taught and the man-
ner of teaching it. Those of you who are just entering upon
your course will, for the next four years, spend practically your
whole working force in the acquisition of special knowledge,
now, happily, mostly scientific, in the line of your professional
work. In the class room and laboratory your instructors will
make you acquainted with bare facts. They will teach you tech-
nique and try to train your special senses. And this is substan-
tially all they will do and probably all you will expect them to
do. And so in all your work here you will detect any other odor
sooner than the "odor of sanctity." Especially in the latter half
of your course, you will have an opportunity of seeing the sick.
It is not pretended that the main purpose of a clinical demonstra-
tion is to benefit the patient, though incidentally, he gets the
best possible service. The primary object is the demonstration,
and this all parties to the procedure plainly understand. In
short, the teacher is wholly absorbed in presenting his subject,
and the student is no less intent in trying to comprehend it. And
nojv, since medicine is extending further and further into the do-
main of an exact science, since the course embraces so much of
an absorbing interest; and since the time spent in preparation is
Annual Address. 185
SO long, it is not unreasonable to suppose that some minds might,
inadvertantly become so habituated to scrutinizing the scientific
aspects of disease as to appear to display a painful indifference
to the sensibilities and sentiments of the patient and his friends.
Indeed, I think nearly all of us might, from time to time, profit-
ably indulge in some more or less careful introspection in this re-
gard. It is so easy to glide unconsciously into a bad habit and
so much easier to avoid its formation than to eradicate it when
once established.
The student may best guard against this habit by keeping in
mind the proper relations of the physician to society; his obliga-
tions, or what society may rightly demand of him, and his duty,.
or how he should respond to these demands. And this he may
do without in any way interfering with the successful pursuit of
his scientific studies.
His patient may, of course, justly demand a fair degree of
.scientific proficiency, honesty, respectful attention to his interests-
and inviolable secrecy as to his personal or family blemishes..
These are some of the most important and positive obligations,
which the physician is, of course, always ready to meet. But
society demands a great deal more than this. It has opinions,
prejudices and sentiments of its own, and when sickness enters
the family these often become relatively active and dominating.
Shall the doctor oppose them, or retire in disgust v;hen they ar-
ray themselves in flagrant contempt of his most trusted scien-
tific demonstrations; or should he concede to them somewhat
and cheerfully do what he can under the circumstances y To be
sure there is always a point beyond which self-respect and dig-
nity will not permit him to pass. But I believe the physician
who has the clearest and most correct conception of his missioiL
will experience a growth in charity and patience in this regard
as the years pass. He will come to recognize more and more the
force and tenacity of sentiment and how slowly it may be mould-
ed in the masses by the exposition of scientific deductions, no^
matter how obvious these may be.
Science at the bottom is not destructive to sentiment though
superficially viewed, it may appear to be. And thus it often
happens that people who are mainly actuated and controlled by
sentiment and know practically nothing of science, display great
bitterness when the discovery of some new fact' appears, to
186 The Plexus.
threaten'their peace of mind. This is only natural and should
not irritate nor discourage the student of science. To say that
sentiment has accomplished quite as much as, if not more than
science in the development of our race, is in no way discreditable
to the latter. Sentiment, like many other forces of nature, not
infrequently become irresistable and sweeps everything before
it. It is a supreme social power. It comprises mainly the in-
tegrity and beauty of the home, the family and the nation. It is
a holy thing. Let it be cherished. There are a thousand re-
cesses in the human heart fragrant with emotions, pure, sweet
and tender, whose sacred precincts the cold rod of science may
never seek to scale. The tendency to turn to his fellow man for
comfort and succor when overtaken by dire disease is, if not a
primitive instinct, one of the earliest acquirements of civilized
humanity. It is spontaneous, deep and universal. No amount
of science nor sophistry can destroy it. The stricken physician
listens as eagerly for the footsteps of his brother in attendance
as his own were ever listened for. He forgets his pain and takes
new courage and comfort from a well made visit. This and all
kindred sentiments entertained by the patient and his family
should be fairly estimated and respected; but they should not, of
course, be cultivated so as to beget a condition of unwholesome
dependence and weakened self-reliance.
Skillful concession to and encouragement of these sentiments
constitutes the whole stock in trade of the medical pretender, how-
ever, and what with his polished and sympathetic manners and his
elegant appointments, how often do we see him luxurating in the
•emoluments of a lucrative practice and enjoying the confidence
and adulation of a grateful clientele. This, certainly, is grossly
reprehensible, but that a practice is liable to great abuse may be
the strongest argument that could be advanced in support of its
worthiness, and is so in this instance. Hence I repeat, the physi-
<}ian should never fail to carefully consider the feelings of those
who employ him. In short, the scientific value of his services
should not be impaired by the ungracious manner of their be-
•stowal.
Finally, whatever eifect the study of medicine may have
iipon the moral nature of the student, its practice is certainly
conducive to the development of the nobler and gentler senti-
ments. It is true that the physician has thrust before him more
Annual Address. 187
plainly than anyone else certain phases of insincerity, hypocricy
and moral weakness, and his varied and peculiar perspective
permits him to contemplate very vividly the ugly and seamy fea-
tures of depravity and vice. But he is likewise allowed, above-^
all others, to see such grand attributes as love, friendship and
unselfish devotion sweetly bloom above t*he withering breath of
want, goverty and wretchedness. And if duly consecrated to his
calling, the pure figures of Faith, Hope and Charity are sure to
hover around his pathway and illumine and guide his footsteps.
Perhaps it may be thought that these words had been more
fitly spoken after you had finished your course of study and were
about to embark in actual practice- I think, on the other hand,
they may do much more good if clearly apprehended at the out-
set, for not only are you forewarned from forming habits that
might expose you to an imputation of insufficient respect for your
patients, but by four years of cosmopolitan residence you will be
afforded an exceptional opportunity of gaining an intimate ac-
quaintanceship with the manner, customs g,nd controlling senti-
ments of a wide variety of people . This opportunity, if properly
utilized, may prove of great practical advantage to you, for, no
matter what your scientific accomplishments, your success and
satisfaction in practice will largely depend upon your being able
to meet your patrons agreeably and on common ground.
In conclusion I want to say that no part of my remarks have
been prompted by the observation of disrespect on the part of
students for patients in clinic or elsewhere. On the contrary,
their^deportment has invariably been marked by the most com-
mendable delicacy, and has always ciitilienged my warmest ad-
miration, The dangers I have hinted at, I am glad to say, are
neither dreadful, wide-spread, nor alarmingly imminent. But if
what I have said shall have the effect of encouraging the student
to maintain a proper equilibrium between the end he is striving
for^and the means to the end, if I shall have helped him to pre-
serve one pure and generous sentiment which otherwise might
have perished, I shall be. well repaid.
CLINICS FOR FRESHMEN.
A Plea for the Natural Method in Medical Education.
The function of a medical college is to aiake doctors — to pre-
pare men for work in the prevention and cure of disease. In any
rational medical pedagogy, therefore, the primary theme should
he disease and i7} jury. The jMtient should first engage the stu-
dent's attention. Then ideally, the study of anatomy, physiolo-
gy, pathology, and medical chemistry should follow, for the elu-
cidation of the primary subjects, rather than studied as inde-
pendent sciences for themselves alone. The entire medical field
should, at once, be uncovered, its boundaries located and an in-
telligent exposition of the kinds and of the amount of work to be
performed should be fully conveyed to the mind of the student,
at the earliest possible moment. The subject should then, with
order and system, be pursued as a whole. This we regard as
most important, in order that knowledge gained in one branch
may be co-ordinated with that gained in another, thus storing
the memory with usable facts in practical form and systematic
order, easy of recall when occasion demands. On the other
hand, to begin on the edge of the field with a subject in which
the interest of the student has not yet been awakened and the
application of which, in the mind of the student, is remote and
of the haziest kind, is but to burden the memory with a knowl-
edge which is abstract, unusable and, therefore, quickly forgot-
ten. If we can imagine reasonable retention in the memory of
bare facts, acquired under such conditions, they will still require
re study and re-combination with clinical facts yet to be gained,
before they can be recalled in a form available for practical use.
The student from the day of his matriculation, should be permit-
ted never to be out of touch with the central idea involved in his
future vocation.
In the case of children and youths the susceptibility of their
minds, their dependence upon others for direction and guidance,
their blind curiosity, love of activity and absence of a fixed pur-
pose, make possible a system of education for them which omits
consideration, to a great extent, of any motion in the mind of the
pupil of practical application of the knowledge being gained.
Possibly, this system of education, even better than any other,
may meet the needs of the younger students in colleges and uni-
Clinics for Freshmen. 189
versities who are pursuing a course of general culture. By the
time, however, when men have attained the age of the average
medical student and have elected a vocation, it no longer suffices.
Henceforth, the methods of thought and manner of procedure of
students who are to become successful workers, are those of the
mature mind. Education, in the acquirement of vocation, is es-
sentially of the quality and character of practical work. There-
fore, the methods of professional schools should not differ essen-
tially from the methods of the so-called manual training
school.
In the advance of medical education in the United States,
during the last twenty years, all the great schools, up to a recent
date, have pursued essentially the same methods. Of late, how-
ever, a large number of schools have been invaded by university
methods, and the places of teachers of the first two years have
been taken by a corps of non -medical teachers, teachers with
honorary medical degrees and non-practising graduates in medi-
cine. "Pure science" is the cry. Each science is taught inde-
pendently and for itself alone. The student, for the first two
years, is not permitted to see the sick, nor is he intentionally
brought into contact with anyone who does. He is separated
from contact with disease almost as completely as are the stu-
dents of theology and political economy. Professors, under
these conditions, cannot long remain in touch with the science of
medicine, while students are deprived of medical motive. Those
who progress satisfactorily do it under other motives — the mo-
tives of thp scientists by reason of enthusiasm awakened in in-
dependent science found in the curriculum. Such take up the
professor's problems and become assistants in the professor's re-
search work, which for the present, lies outside the realm of
usefulness in medicine. They become anatomists, physiologists,
chemists or pathologists like their teachers — or nothing. At
best they are lost to medicine. Others almost forget there may
be a useful end to their studies and being of practical turn, find
motive beyond the university campus, quit their classes and em-
bark in business or embrace other vocations. They, also, are
lost to medicine. It is not the fault of the system if some of the
remaining majority are not without medical motive, but when
found it is due to unusual inherent ability and great fixedness of
purpose, in exceptional students. The practical net results are
190 The Plexus. ^
best told in the confessions of Rush Medical College, one of the
victims of this system: —
"The fundamental principles of medicine, which are taught
in the first two years, are in large part forgotten by students
when they enter the upper classes, and in larger measure when
they are preparing to be graduated. This renders the passing
of examinations of the several State Boards a difficult undertak-
ing, for in them a knowledge of the fundamental branches is
required. * * * * ,
"The teachers of the upper classes find a lack of knowledge
of the primary branches, especially when the preliminary course
has been taken a year or more before. In surgery, for instance,
the students may be relatively ignorant of anatomy, the basis of
surgery." — Universitii {of Chicago) Record, July 26, 1901, pay/e 159.
Here is a vaunted system of medical education, designed'
especially for the instruction of students in the fundamental
brandies during the first two years to the exclusion of every-
thing else. -If now, as stated by the Record, students, at the end
of the second year are relatively ignorant of the fundamental
branches, under this system, has it not proved a failure? Could
anything more conclusively demonstrate the faults of such a
pedagogy? The saddest part of the story is the fact that the
first two years having been largely wasted, only two years
remain in which to acquire a working knowledge of med-
icine and surgery, and this in "relative ignorance" of the
fundamental branches; and that, notwithstanding the fact that a
suitable study-motive has at last been supplied, there is now
neither time nor opportunity to take up again the basic sciences;'
As a consequence, practical medicine, as taught by the clinics, is
not easily understood, and it is possible that some of the difficul-'
ties experienced in passing the State Examining Boards may lie
in this fact.
It is an admitted fact that an American medical student
learns as much in one year as is learned by a student in the con-
tinental schools in two years. The reason, doubtless, is because
the continental schools employ the system of pedagogy described
above, and now being adopted and imitated by some of the fore-
most American schools. The continental schools have endeav-
ored to mend the deplorable defects of scholarship of the first
years, by extending the course to five and six years. But the
American schools, judged by standards of practical scholarship,
are they not descending toward the level of the old time two-
Clinics for Freshmen. 191
year schools? Will they not soon have to add one or two years
to the present long course, in order to make up for wasted time?
The College of Medicine of the University of Illinois is for-
tunate in the liberality of the Board of Trustees of the Univer-
sity in having made the faculty of the College of Medicine a co-
operative power in determining its educational policy. To this
fact, more than to any other, is due its rapid advancement in
standards of practical work, the spirit by which it has made its.
great material progress in buildings and equipment, and the
marvelous growth of its classes. The members of ics faculty
have always been close to the members of its classes. There has
been almost a fraternal relationship between them — a nearness
of association seen in but few schools. Its government has never
been beyond the reach of petition. These facts have not been
without their influence in the development of its educational pol-
icy, a policy not only of high standards, but economical, natural,;
practical and sane.
We have now come to a divergence of the ways. The Col-
lege of Medicine of the University of Illinois will continue on in
practical lines. With the opening of the new term, freshmen
and sophomores will be admitted to clinics — each class to its own
exclusive clinics, which will be of a character suitable to their
understandings and designed as motives through which may be
acquired a knowledge of the fundamental branches, thorough,,
practical and remembered.
These clinics will be given by the clinical professors of the-
junior and senior years. They are designated as "elementary'"
and the cases presented will be simple, though not necessarily
or commonly trivial. There is no reason why serious cases
should not be presented, provided only that they are simple and
comprehensible. For example, there is no time more opportune
for clinical presentation of fractures and dislocations than the
time when students are engaged m the study of descriptive anat-
omy, thus supplying a motive for accurate, thoughtful applica-
tion and for practical dissections in the laboratory. The princi-
ple is true, as it affects every fundamental branch. Would you
fix' in the mind of the student, never to be forgotten, the locali-
zation of function of the brain, then, while he is still engaged
with anatomy and physiology, and has the time, opportunity and
advantage of personal supervision therein, show him cases of
192 Ihe Plexits.
limited brain destruction with the results. Would you arouse
the interest of a student of physiology in the subject of animal
heat, to pursue it to a full understanding, show him first cases of
lever. Would you make of him a pathologist, present to him
first the grosser aspects of disease a^nd afterwards send him into
the laboratory to pursue the subject.
The College of Medicine does not seek to lower the standards
of scholarship in the fundamental branches but to elevate them.
The objects of these elementary clinics is not, in haste, to make
doctors, but is primarily to make students. The purpose, as it
affects the first two years, is to insure the making of better
chemists, better anatomists, better physiologists and better pa-
thologists— if it is not taxing the imagination too severely to
contemplate the making of pathologists of any character under
a system which concludes pathology before contemplating mala-
dies. Could anything be worse than the present order? To be
concrete, could anything be more absurd than the beginning of
the study of pneumonia under the microscope — unless, indeed, it
be the study and completion of general therapeutics before a
single case of disease or injury has been seen by the student or
a single symptom disclosed for his consideration. The natural
order of beginning the study of any subject would be to contem-
plate first that which nature has permitted us to see with the
naked eye and later use the microscope to scrutinize that which
lies beyond the limits of unaided vision. It is, also, in natural
order to consider the nature of disease in advance of considera-
tion of means for its cure. Even with elementary clinics, thera-
peutics should be placed in the fourth year rather than in the
second. To sum up the whole matter: Let us have order and
natural sequence; let us have economy of time and let us supply
the student with a motive which will give him independence of
thought, virility and success. Oscar A. King, M. D. — Bulletin of
the College of Medicine of the University of Illinois.
THE SEMINAR METHOD IN MEDICAL TEACHING.
The present is a time of great change in methods as well as
in the principles of pedagogy in our medical schools. The ex-
tent of medical science is so great that no individual can expect
to be master of the whole field. The duration of the course pre-
paratory to the practice of medicine is now long enough, and the
preliminary education is now thorough enough to allow the best
methods of study to be used. For a certain part of the medical
curriculum there is no plan of teaching which promises so much
as the seminar
In previous publications* I have called attention to my own
efforts in this direction. It is my purpose here to make another
plea for the more general adoption of the seminar, in teaching
almost any topic of interest to the student.
In order that we may understand each other, let me say that
the seminar is a method in which each member of the class does
independent laboratory, clinical or library work on a subtopic
of general interest to the class as a whole, this subtopic chosen
by the student or assigned by the teacher. The seminar is a
meeting of the students and the teacher to hear, question, criti-
cise and discuss the work of individuals. When the seminar
meets for the first time the teacher presents the general subject
in the form of a lecture, in the course of which the whole topic
is outlined and interesting questions are put forward. From
these questions and the outline, and from a knowledge of the in-
dividual members of the class, the assignments of subtopics are
made. A student takes his assignment and studies up the ques-
tion, and at the next or some subsequent meeting of the seminar,
he presents to the class in such a manner as the case requires,
the results of his study. This time it may be analysis and black-
board talk, the next time a carefully-written abstract, then again
a microscopic demonstration and written paper, or later and
more complete than any of these, a finished thesis. During the
presentation the student who has the floor is in the position of
the teacher. The teacher for the moment becomes one of the
*Holmes, Bayard: '"The Seminary Method in Teaching Surgery." THE
Journal A. M. A., Aug. 8. 1896, et mj.
194 Ihe Plexus.
students. At any moment during the presentation questions
may be asked or explanation required. At the end criticisms
are to be expected. Such exercises, Wke laboratory investiga-
tion, are time consuming. The student-should have not less than
one-half his daily study time for a seminar of two hours a week.
The seminar class should not exceed 20 students, selected by
their interest in a topic or in the teacher. The management of
larger classes is limited to unusual teachers and special topics
and methods of procedure. In a very limited field I have used
the seminar with a class of 150 students.
The seminar presupposes an elective course. In no other
way can the student have time for the exhaustive study of a lim-
ited number of subjects. The student will, however be bound
to learn in the course of this study, most of the general informa-
tion which lectures and text-book study is intended to teach.
The seminar requires an open library of current and standard
medical literature and an ability on the part of the student to
make economical use of it. The library must be open during all
reasonable study hours, e. g.. from 8 a. m. to 10 p. m., and it'
must be thoroughly catalogued even down to the monographs
and important articles in the serials. It will often, in the course
of a study, be necessary to get material from the Surgeon Gen-
eral's Library and even to make purchases, and provision should
be made for these contingencies so that there will be no paralyz-
ing delay. The laboratories, museums, collections, clinics and
other equipment of the college must be recidy and at the unob-
structed, even helpful, disposal of the student. If the student
has for his topic the appearance of fat necrosis in gallstone dis-
ease, he may require not only the literature from the library,
specimens from the museum and laboratory, but he may need to
undertake considerable correspondence with pathologists and
surgeons, and even wait for autopsies or operation specimens.
The seminar is certainly a poor method at the beginning for
the bottle-fed incompetents of our compulsory, graded medical
course, but many of them even grow and thrive under the exer-
cise and liberty of the seminar and in moments of forgetfulness
manifest the ardor of enthusiasm. But there are always some
in every class who bear with difficulty the straight jacket of a re-
quired course and the lockstep of class instruction, and these
erratic men are the delight of the seminar. They plunge with
The Seminar Method. 195
fervor into tbeir subject and devour the literature. They seek
on the cadaver or at the operation table the positive anatomical
knowledge which their topic requires. They leave no stone un-
turned which promises the least elucidation of the subject, and
they present the results of their study to the class in a convinc-
ing argument and with a persuasive enthusiasm.
There are, of course, certain conditions which the student
must meet. He must have a motive for study based for the most
part upon a considerable amount of bedside experience. Unless
the student is actually in the position of the physician with the
immediate obligation to cure the patient safely, quickly and
pleasantly, he does not possess the strongest, truest and surest
motive for study. When this motive is lacking it can often be
supplied by giving the student the necessary patient, or by tak-
ing such a topic as the student has already met in his practice.
When all other means fail, the student's own ailments or defor-.
mities may secure the necessary interest.
The student must also have such a preliminary literary;
training as will make his routine work perfect in form and avail-
ability. It is necessary sometimes to secure at the beginning a
chirography suitable to such accurate and manageable work as
this form of study demands. Every page must be written as
perfectly as if for the printer. The slipshod penmanship which
the ordinary note-taking in our medical schools begets, entirely
precludes the idea of good work. The student must, from the
first, do all his work neatly, in an orderly manner and complete-
ly, so that it may never require revision or correction. It is only
by writing a library hand or something approaching it that good
literary work of such a technical character as medicine requires
can be satisfactorily done.
The student must know how to use the library. Only a rare
librarian can put students in the way of using the library inde-
pendently. The shelves as well the catalogue should be acces-
sible to stT:.dents. The stacks should be in alcoves, with tables
and writing material handy so that the student, after his ability
to find them and replace them has been established, can easily
consult many books without troubling the librarian. The same
may be said of the laboratory and museum. In order that the
student may master his subject completely he must be able, if
the subject requires it, to study the anatomy of the part con-
196 The Plexus.
cerned in a thoroughly equipped anatomic laboratory, in the
pathologic laboratory and in the autopsy room. In fact the
seminar method of study presupposes for its fullest utilization a
complete co-ordination and co-operation of all the resources of
the medical school. Through its best and freest use the student
becomes an investigator of the topic in his hand, of the litera-
ture of the various aspects of his subject, and incidentally of the
history of medicine itself. The student is put or puts himself in
the position which he will occupy after he leaves the school when
he attempts to study any medical topic suggested by the require-
ments of his practice.
Last of all. through the seminar, the medical teacher may
secure for the profession the careful literary and experimental
study of a large and growing number of subjects which he can
never have time to follow out by himself, and he may be instru-
inental in bringing these subjects before the profession through
his students" theses. A considerable number of the most valu-
able contribution to medical literature comes to us now through
the theses of applicants for the doctor's degree in foreign uni-
versities. The American students are not less talented or dili-
gent. Our teachers are not less devoted. The continuous
course which many medical schools are adopting promises that
the end of the course shall be punctuated by the discarded thesis.
To make the thesis possible or valuable a considerable portion of
the curriculum must be conducted on the seminar plan, whether
it is called by that name or not. Bayard Holmes, M. D. — Bulletin
of the College of Medicine of the University oj Illinois.
SEVENTY-THIRD MEDICAL CONGRESS, HAMBURG
SEPTEMBER 22-28, 1901.
By George Dohrmann, M. D.
Hamburg, who has not heard of the enterprising spirit of its
merchants, and the hospitality of its citizens. Unlike most har-
bor towns, it possesses many fine streets and squares, its beauty
being also greatly enhanced by the Outer and Inner Alster, two
lakes formed by the expansion of a tributary of the Elbe. These
twin streets of water, joined by the handsome Lombard's Bridge,
and animated by numerous boats and troops of elegant swans,
present a strikingly beautiful aspect. It is consequently not sur-
prising that around them have been built some of the handsomest
villa-lined roads of Hamburg, such as "An der Alster," " Alster-
damm'" and "Jungfernstieg,"' the last, widened by embankment,
being one of the finest promenades in Europe.
True to its old traditions, it has made elaborate preparations
to welcome the disciples of ^Esculapius within its walls. The
festivities began Sunday afternoon with a so called " Blumen-
corso'' on the Alster, for which purpose the Uhlenhorst boat-
house was reserved for the members and their ladies. From the
picturesquely situated place a beautiful view could be had of the
magnificently bedecked river, wiih flower decorated boats as
they slowly passed by — one by one; some flying sails made en-
tirely out of carnations and roses, others representing the Han-
seatic arms and still others having assumed the form of floating
castles. After sundown, thousands of sky rockets went up,
illuminating the dark but tranquil horizon.
The large "Concerthaus Ludwig,"' having a seating capacity
of over 5,000, did not prove any too spacious for the guests it
was to accommodate, for almost every seat was taken long ere
lU o'clock Monday morning, when Burgomaster Dr. Hachmann,
with a number of senators of the city of Hamburg, the presiding
officers of the association, and many men bearing illustrious
names in medical literature, such as Virchow, Bergmann,Koenig,
Curschmann, Quinke, Schede, Mikulicz, Tuckerhandl and others
too numerous to mention filed in and took seats upon the stage.
Dr. Voller and Burgomaster Dr. Hachmann delivered welcome
198 The Plexus.
and Dr. Hertwig of Munich, the president of the association, the
opening address. Prof. Lecher of Prague entered into the first
dissertation, subject: " Ueber die Hertz'sche Entdeckung
elektrischer Wellen und deren weitere Ausgestaltung.'' Of other
noteworthy addresses I will only mention Boveri of Wuerzburg
"Das Problem der Refruchtung;"\ Ehrlich of Frankfort, "Die
Schutzstoffe des Blutes"; Curschmann Leipzig, "Medizin und
Seeverkehr"': Nernst Gottingen, "Ueber die Bedentung
elektrischer Methoden und Theorien fiir die Chemic,"'
Through the kindness of Drs. Lenhartz and Ktimmell we had
ooccasion to inspect the newly furnished Eppendorfer Kranken-
haus, able to accommodate about 2,000 patients. This with all
modern hygienic innovations equipped hospital is built upon the
pavilliou system. Each of these pavillions, of which there are
about sixty-five, is surrounded with trees and flowers, so that
one is impressed with the idea of being in a large park rather
than in a hospital. The operating rooms are in a building con-
structed specially for that purpose, lying separate and apart
from all others, to which patients are conveyed by means of cars.
Of sx^ecial interest is the bath house, in which there are about
sixteen water beds, a department for hot air and steam baths,
and above all a large swimming basin, the contents of which is
renewed every morning. It may be remarked here that the in-
ternes are especially fond of taking a dive so as to work up a
good appetite for breakfast. As in every well regulated hospital
there is a chemical, pathological and bacteriological laboratory.
Last, but not least, two X-ray laboratories, in charge of trained
nurses. Space does not permit of entering upon any detailed de-
scription of this so beautifully located, modern hospital, a lasting
tribute to the Hamburg Senate, and Dr. Curschmann, the princi-
pal originator of the pavillion system.
The social side of the affair was by no means neglected. The
Hamburg- American Line had invited about a thousand guests to
partake of a superb supper, served on board of three of its great
ocean grey hounds which happened to be in the harbor, Palatia,
Prinzessin Victoria Louise, and Auguste Victoria. It must be
said that they accomplished their task very creditably indeed.
However, just before leaving, in spite of the fact that only a mild
southwest wind was blowing, quite a numberihad become seasick
as it would have to be termed under these circumstances. The
Medical Congress. 199
Germans ordinarily term this condition " Katzenjammer" The
cause of this irresistable desire to feed the monsters of the deep,
remains of course a mystery and subject to conjecture. The
probability, however is this: The cook among other delicacies ~
had prepared fish, — fish want to swim and not being supplied
with the necessary HoO, decided to leave their ungrateful host.
Another party of guests was invited by Burgomaster Dr.
Hachmann and Senators of the city of Hamburg to a reception
in the " Ratha,us "' (town hall). This imposing Renaissance
structure completed in 1895, has three facades of sandstone, and
a tower in the middle, some 370 feet high, affording a superb
view of the city and its environs. The exterior is sumptuously
adorned, the facade being ornamented with statues of twenty
emperors, while above the windows are numerous representa-
tions of Hamburg characters, and a series of Hanseatic arms. In
the interior there are some magnificent suites of rooms; the
Ph5nix Saal in commemoration of the great tire of Hamburg
contains a symbolic painting by Pitger, and an enormous picture
of the Ralhaus Room of 1860. The Kaiser Saal possesses a
beautiful vaulted ceiling in Renaissance style, and marble busts
of the Emperor William I, Bismarck and mother. The Haupt
Saal (main hall) forty-one metres in length and eighteen metres
in breadth, has a massive oak ceiling, supported on columns of
black marble — the walls being of yellow marble. The vaults be-
neath the main building form, as is usual in Germany, the Rats-
keller. At the evening of the reception, all of the streets in
front of the Rathaus were barred to traffic by mounted police.
At 7:30 the senators and first guests began to arrive and from
this time on a wealth of beautiful horses and carriages drove up
and its imposing occupants alighted at the main entrance. Army
officers in dazzing uniforms, ladies in splendid cosHimes and men
dressed in faultless elegance, after first being introduced to " Sr
Magnificenz " Dr. Hachmann and the senators, stood chatting
pleasantly together until the doors to the Haupt Saal were thrown
open at 8:30 o'clock. A military band played the " Panf aren-
marsch " as the thousand numbering multitude slowly passed in.
Throughout the whole length of the hall there was a large table,
behind which stood the " Rathausdiener "' in low shoes, white
stockings, knee-breeches, red vests and silver-braided coats.
These, according to custom handed each of the guests a glass of
200 The Plexus.
iced champagn. Senator Monkeberg addressed the members of
the Association and their ladies in belialf of senate and citizens
of Hamburg, while President Hertwig of Munich replied. Soon
everybody was busy looking after the inner man in the beauti-
fully decorated dining rooms. The tables were almost breaking
down under the weight of the very best that the cellar and the lar-
der contained, and the "Rathausdiener"never allowed us to see the
bottom of our champagn glasses. The evening passed only too
quickly for all of the participants, but will remain a lasting
memory to all of the members of the 73rd Medical Congress, who
were fortunate enough to secure invitations to this in every way
splendid affair. Hamburg, true to its history, anew, established
its old reputation of the hospitality of its citizens.
The world famous Ohlsdorfer cemetery is in close proximity
to the city. It is said to be not only the finest in Europe, but
throughout the whole world, and is visited by thousands of tour-
ists every year. Whoever had an opportunity availed himself of
♦ seeing the magnificent monuments, tombs and vaults, many of
which have cost nearly a million marks.
In his closing address Prof. Hertwig mentioned that Karls-
bad had been decided upon for next year. Many who could
leave their practice only a few days, immediately departed for
home, satisfied that they had spent a most pleasant time in the
old Hansa town, socially as well as in the pursuance of knowl-
edge, while a goodly number of their more fortunate brethren
with their ladies, went on an extended excursion to the North
Sea bathing resorts, accompanied by our besi wishes.
THE PLEXUS
COLLEGE OF PHYSICIANS AND SURGEONS
MEDICAL DEPARTMENT
UNIVERSITY OF ILLINOIS.
CHlCAGu.
Plextts Committee of Faculty.
T. A. DAVIS. M. D., D. A. K. STEELE, M. D., F GREGORY CONNELL, M. D.
H. C. WADDLE, '03, Editor-in-Chief.
Supt. W. H BROWNE, W. T. ECKLEY, M- D., D. N. EISENDRATH, M. D.,
W. A. EVANS, M. D., H. W. BE RARD, M. D., A. GERHMANN, M. D
Associate Editor, L. HARRISON METTLER, M. D.
Local Editors, P. E. GRABOW, '02, R. L. ELDREDGE, '03
Class Editors:
F H. HORNlROOK, 02, B. S. MALOY, 03 F. L WOOD, '04.
Faculty Department, DR. F. B. EARLE. Clinical Laboratory Dept-, DR. W. E. COATES
Alumni Edito*, DR. C. C. O'BYRNE, '94 Clinical Department, C. E. DIKE, '02
Athletic " H. H. EVERETT, '02 Library Department. METTA M. LOOMIS.
Advertising Solicitors, C WALLACE POORMAN, 03. H [H. FRUDENFELD. '02.
Publisher, ... - - - H. C. WADDLE.
Subscription $1.00 per Annum in advance. Single copies. 15 cents. Issued Monthly
Send all remittances and communications as to subscriptions and advertising to H. C.
WADDLE, Cor. Congress and Honore Sts.
Entered at Cliicago Post Office as Second-Class Matter.
Any subscriber desiring the Journal discontinued at the expiration of his subscription
should so notify the Publishers; otherwise it will be assumed t,hai the subscription is to be
continued and the Journal sent accordingly.
Contributionsof matter suitable for publicatin ni-'^ inviic'l. ai'l -.I'-i'd '^p sent iu i-t
later than the 25th of the mfmth previous to thai, ni yao.ioa,l.j.L. lh^- j^,^...,a.-i-j. ivIUiidL iiu.U
themselves responsible for the safe return of MSS unless suflScieut stamps are forwarded
The college not only continues to improve as to buildings
and equipment, but it has taken a very important advance in is-
suing an official bulletin. This bulletin is to be issued quarterly
and we, with pleasure, publish in this issue of the Plexus two
articles which appeared in the September number.
DEPARTMENT OF PHYSICAL TRAINING.
The object in opening this department to the students is two
fold. In the first place it offers to the student an opportunity to
202 The Fh'xus.
get sufficient exercise to maintain a healthy body, thereby coun-
teracting the evil effects of prolonged sitting and the close seden-
tary life necessary in a professional school.
Secondly it offers an opportunity for the students to acquire
a knowledge of the subject of physical training, gymnastics, etc.,
which will be of value to him in directing his patients along those
lines.
It is frequent that the physician of today is called upon to
direct the hygienic and physical training of school children, and
it will be greatly to his advantage to have a knowledge of the
various drills and exercises which may be useful.
The work for the fall term will consist of slight and heavy
gymnastics.
Under light gymnastics there will be given various calis-
thenic drills. Methods of breathing, sometimes called pulmonary
gymnastics. Exercises to develop the circulatory and respira-
tory apparatus. Club swinging; dumb bell drills, etc. Exercises
to correct physical deformities; in this work students will be
given individual instruction. If material can be had, one hour a
week will be devoted to clinical instruction in this line of work.
To those who desire it a prescription of work will be given suit-
able to their individual needs.
Under heavy gymnastics instruction will be given on the
various pieces of apparatus, such as horizontal bars, parallel
bars, climbing apparatus,, vaulting horse, vaulting buck, ladders,
etc. Wrestling and sparring. H. H. E.
FOOT BALL.
For several years past our college has boasted of one of the
strong teams of the West, and the teams have always played a
game equal to that of any of the western universities, and taking
into consideration the disadvantages of training, coaching and
facilities for practicing it is not too much to say that our teams
have been the equal of any in the west — such has been our past
history. The future of foot ball in P. & S. looks dark to say the
least. The material from which to develop a strong team is im-
proving each year, and it is safe to say that there is at least fifty
men who have had good preliminary training — men who have
the physique and are anxious to play. What then is the reason
our team has failed to come up to the standard which has been
Editorial. 2XI3'
attained and which we should maintain or cease to play foot balL
The explanation is easy— lack of time. The financial sup-
port has been good, but there is simply not the time to devote to
the development of a good team. The curriculum which is al-
ways crowded in a professional school requires more time and
study than ever before, and with advanced methods of teaching
and increased clinical facilities the students can not and will not
allow practice to interfere with school duties. It is a question
as to whether the institution and students are more benefitted by
these methods than those in vogue heretofore and must be set-
tled by the faculty. In the universities throughout the country
the question has been decided in favor of foot ball, and much
time and money is spent under faculty direction in the maintain-
ance of athletic sports.
The faculty of the college of P. & S. has decided to abolish
foot ball, and for the past two years it has been maintained by a
few individuals who are usually termed cranks — or to be more
explicit are known as "foot ball cranks, "" In justice to some
members of the faculty it must be said that the parphernalia for
this year's team was furnished by a faculty subscription. The
team this year has had more points scored against it in one game
than in all the previous years combined. Even the University of
Illinois was able to roll up a score of 23 points — a defeat which
every loyal P. & S. man is heartily ashamed of, and if we are to
have in the future such teams it is far better to abide by the rul-
ings of the faculty and drop foot ball. On the other hand — with
the material from which to develop a team of which we might
all be proud, nothing remains bnt to arrange the fall schedule so
that on three days of the week two hours of the afternoon could
be devoted to athletics.
If we can have a good team well and good, if not let us give
foot ball a decent burial and not struggle through a few years of
rapid decline and then stop simply because we are too weak to-
meet our rivals.
Are we to join the class of "hasbeens"? H. H. E.
LIBRARY NOTES.
Metta M. .Loomis, Librarian.
The following articles written by members of the faculty of
P. (t S. have appeared during the past month:
Dr. W. S. Christopher. The Aim of Medical Education and
its Relation to Research Work by Medical Students. Journal of
the American Medical Association, Sept. 21, pages 741-742.
Dr. Bayard Holmes. The Seminar Method in Medical
Teaching. Journal of the American Medical Association, Sept.
21, pages 741-742.
Dr. Geo. F. Suker. On ihe employment of agar-agar in the
iormation of a stump after enucleation or evisceration. The
Ophthalmic Record, September, pages 466-469.
Dr. Wm. A. Pusej. Roentgen Rays in the Treatment of
Diseases of the Skin. A Review of Recent Literature and a Per-
sonal Experience. A paper read before the American Dermato-
logical Association, May 31, 1900. Journal of American Medical
Association, Sept. 28, pages 820-825.
Dr. C. A. Wood in collaboration with Dr. T. A. Woodruff.
The Common Diseases of the Eye; how to Detect and how to
Treat them. Medical Standard, October, pages 531-539.
Dr. L. H. Mettler. The Proper Method of Teaching the
Anatomy of the Nervous System. Medical Record, October 5,
pages 523-526.
Dr. F. G. Connell. A Knot within the Lumen in Intestinal
■Surgery with Report of 19 Cases. .Journal American Medical
Association, Oct. 12, jjage 952.
Dr. R. H. Babcock. The Home Treatment of Pulmonary
Tuberculosis. Chicago Recorder, October, pages 245-51.
Our honored Dean has again shown his interest in the stu-
dents of P. & S. by presenting to each one a beautiful little
booklet containing his famous speech 'The Doctor's Wife." The
speech has been widely and favorably commented on and is con-
sidered one of the finest and most beautiful tributes ever paid
to woman.
Quine Library has been the grateful recipient of the follow-
ing gifts which have been presented during the past month:
Library Notes. 205
A donation of particular importance is that of five of the
early volumos of the American Journal of Medical Sciences, sent
by the New Jersey State Medical Society Library. The five
volumes are very difficult to obtain and are especially appreci-
ated as they complete the file of the journal.
Dr. Pusey has given the library a second copy of Mracek,
Diseases of the Skin.
Dr. Evans sent the library a copy of the souvenir book of
the testimonial banquet in honor of Professor Christian Fenger.
Dr. W. Simon of Baltimore, a copy of the latest edition of
Simon's Chemistry.
The annual report and maps prepared by the New York:
State Board of Health.
Dr. Quine has given the library a number of reprints, and
many of the editors of medical magazines have sent us numbers
to complete the volumes which had a number or two lost in the
fire.
Mr. G. L. Miller, "02, presented the library with a copy of
the 1902 Illio.
Dr. P. Becker, professor of Materia Medica at the State Uni:
versity of Iowa, has sent the library a complete set of the Iowa
State Board of Health reports.
The following description of the location and classification-
of the books, journals, etc., to be found in the Quine library is
written in hopes that it may be of benefit to the student who is
not already familiar with the general arrangement of the library.
The librarian is glad to assist the student in finding the material
which he desires but when the library is used by hundreds of
students it is impossible to attend to each one as soon as he en-
ters the library. One loses much valuable time unless he under-
stand the library sufficiently to find the material which he wishes.
Every book and pamphlet is classified and arranged on the
shelves in simple numerical order, and as each subject has a de-
finite number, it follows that all books on any subject must standi
together. The library is classified by the Dewey system which
put medical books in the six hundreds, the general divisions be-
ing 610 general works, cyclopaedias, etc.; 611 anatomy; 612
physiology; 613 hygiene; 614 public health; 615 materia medica
and therapeutics; 616 pathology and disease; 617 surgery; 618
obstetrics; 619 veterinary surgery. Each of these heads is di-
206 The Plexus.
vided decimally into the minor heads, as 611-1 anatomy of circu-
latory system; 611-2 anatomy of respitory system; 611 3 anatomy
of digestive system; 611--4 anatomy of glandular and symphatic
system, etc. The decimals being used indefinitely to designate
any desired degree of minuteness.
Each book and pamphlet is catalogued by author and by sub-
ject, for example Gray's Anatomy may be found in the catalogue
by looking for Gray or Anatomy, the cards in the catalogue be-
ing arranged alphabetically like the words in a dictionary. When
the student finds what he wishes in the catalogue he is referred
to the location of the book on the shelves by the number in the
upper left hand corner of the card. " The yellow cards are used
for cataloguing important articles in the medical magazines. If
the student finds nothing in the catalogue on the desired subject
he should consult the indices for the periodical literature. The
most important indices are the Index catalogue of the Surgeon-
OeneraFs offices, the Index Medicus, and Medical Review of
Reviews.
The library of the late Dr, A. E. Hoadley, who for many
years held the position of professor of Orthopaedic Surgery in
the College of Physicians and Surgeons, has been presented to
Quine library. The collection comprises about 350 books, all of
them valuable works and in most excellent condition. Among
the books are several complete sets of the standard reference
works, the most extensive of which are complete sets of Wood's
Medical Libray; Reference Hand-Book of Medical Sciences, 10
vols.; International Encyclopasdia of Surgery, 7 vols.; Sajou's
Annual, 35 vols. This generous donation of books will be a val-
ued addition to the Quine Library, which is now in ample and
commodious quarters where the books can be arranged in a way
to make them of the greatest value and where they will be safe
and well cared for.
ALUMNI OF THE COLLEGE OF MEDICINE OF THE
UNIVERSITY OF ILLINOIS— COLLEGE OF PHYSI-
CIANS AND SURGEONS OF CHICAGO.
It in the purpose of the Plexus to publish the addresses of the entire alumni
in the Plexus in the next few issues and if there are any mistakes or if
any of our readers know of the addresses not given, we should be pleased
to have them notify us or Dr. H. W. Berard, Alumni Sec'y, of such
changes.
CLASS OF 1890.
Abbey, C. D., M. D., 6913 Stewart Ave., Chicago.
Bagnall, George D., M. D., Millbrook, Pa.
Ballard, W. H., M. D., 4154^ S. Spring St., Los Angeles, Cal.
Bellack, B. F., M. D., Columbus, Wis.
Bennett, O. P., M. D., Mazon, 111.
Bowen, Fred J., M. D., Mt Morris, N. Y.
Brick, Paul L., M. D., Le Mars, la.
Cole, T. E., M. D , 1082 W. 12th St., Chicago.
Corbett, Mathew, M. D., Le Mars, la.
Dahl, Svenning, M. D., 822 N. Western Ave., Chicago.
Darling, U. Grant, M. D., 70 State St., Chicago.
Dodd, Oscar, M. D., 103 State St., Chicago,
Doepp, Edward A., M. D., Blue Island, 111.
Einarson, Benedict, M. D., 640 W. 63rd St., Chicago.
Ellis, James P., M. D., Augusta, 111.
Gilbert, John D., M. D., Fond du Lac, Wis.
Gillette, Geo. M., 4117 Wentworbh Ave., Chicago.
Henkel. F. W. E., M. D. 244 Ashland Ave., Chicago.
Heylman; Charles J., M. D., 289 Webster Ave., Chicago.
Hipke, Gustav A., M. D.
Hooper, William F., M. D,, Magazine, Ark.
Hopkins, A. G., Muscatine, la.
Houston, R. R.
Howard, James J., M. D., Columbus, Wis.
Huennekens, Joseph H., M. D. ; 409 Grove St., Milwaukee, Wis.
Jackson. V. R., M. D., 3017 Wabash Ave., Chicago.
Jenny, F. L. B., 60 Bitter Sweet Place, Chicago.
King, L. R., M. D., Junction City, Kan.
Klemme, J. J., M. D , Strawn, 111.
208 The Plexus.
Karreman A. Rigenald, 534 W. 63 St., Chicago.
Leiter, William S., M. D., Clay pool, Ind.
Lentes, Nicholas E., M. D.
Long, Charles W., M. D., 340 Clarkson St., Denver Colo.
McFarlane, W. A., M. D., 962 W. Taylor St., Chicago.
Mark, J. C, M. D., Clarion, la.
McKlveen, H. B., M. D.
McGuire, John, M. D., Kings Park, N. Y.
McWilliams, C, M. D., Lowden, la.
Mai, Herman, M, D., 2083 North Ave., Chicago.
Manny, J. H., M. D.
Meyerowitz, M., M. D., 103 State St., Chicago.
Mills, E. M., M. D.
Morse, A. J,, M. D., Dotyville, Wis.
Muffat, M., M. D., Palatine, 111.
Nieukirk, J. W.. M, D., Mountain Home, Idaho.
Porter, M.C., M. D., Clay Center, Kan.
Prohaska, O. P., M. D., 1199 Broadway, Cleveland, O.
Purdy, A. H., M. D., 315 Grand Ave., Milwaukee, Wis.
Roach, T. E., M, D.
Shellito, E., M. D., Marcellus, Mich.
Sherr}^ H., M. D., Pasadena, Cal.
Sterrett, R. M., M. D., La Salle, 111.
Tictin, A. J., M. D., Maynard, Minn.
Tallman, W. L., Saratoga Hotel, Chicago.
Tower, F. J., M. D., 106 Mason St., Milwaukee, Wis.
Valby, J. P., M. D., Viborg, S. Dak.
Wahl, E. W., M. D., Tampico, HI.
White, A. G., M. D., 2211 Cedar St., Milwaukee, Wis.
Whitehead, R. M., M. D.
Whitman, C. H., M. D., 43H S, Spring St., Los Angeles, Cal.
CLASS OF 1891.
*Baer, J. F.
Barber, Martin C, M. D., Shullsburg, Wis.
Behrendt, A. J., M. D., 93 Fowler Ave., Chicago.
Brengle, D. D,, Jr., M. D., Winchester, 111.
Brown, Charles F., M. D., Harrison and Ogden Ave., Chicago,
Brown, R. H., M. D.. 1217 Jackson Blvd., Chicago.
Bushby, Alonzo L., M. D., Primghar, la.
Clausen, James J,, M. D., 501 Rialto Bldg., Kansas City, Mo.
Alumnt. 209
Coonley, Dwight, 233 Cass St., Detroit, Mich.
Colegrove, Andrew, M. D., Taylorville, 111.
Craig, Silvius S., M. D., East Troy, Wis.
Earle, Edward G., M. D., 91 Lincoln Ave., Chicago.
Fowler, George W., M. D., Marengo, 111.
Fraser, Jefferson E., M. D., Garner, la.
Gafney, Thomas H., M. D., 447 S. State St., Chicago.
Genung, Frank C, M. D., Wausa, Neb.
Grimme, Ludwig A., M. D., 156 E. Belmont Ave., Chicago.
Harris, J. L., M. D., Webster, S. Dak.
Hessell, Adam A., M. D., Put in Bay, O.
Hipke, William, M. D , Hustisford, Wis.
Howell, James S., 17 Van Buren St., Chicago, 111.
James, Robert L., M. D., Blue Island, 111.
Remington, M. L., M. D., 262 N. Clark St., Chicago.
King, George E., M. D., Mattawan, Mich. '
Lawther, F. H., M. D., 1.519 E, Grand Ave., Des Moines, la.
Leedle, G. T., M. D., 126 35th St., Chicago.
Maxey, E. E . M. D., Caldwell, Idaho.
Medill, W. W., M. D., 809 Nineteenth St., Denver, Colo.
0'Bri3n, William T., M. D., 722 E. 2nd St. Ashland, Wis.
Phillips, F. A., M. D., 100 State St., Chicago.
Poposky, Joseph, M. D., 325 W. Bridge St., Grand Rapids, Mich.
Ricker, S. J., M. D., 127 La Salle St., Aurora, 111.
von Schallern, Ottmar, M. D., Ripon, Wis.
Schlawig, J. J., Jr., M. D., 5151 Fourth St., Sioux City, la.
Sempill, R. A., M. D., 418 S. California Ave., Chicago.
Sullivan, James, M. D., 1083 56th St., Chicago.
*Tanquary, Walter M.
Thorn, F. A., M. D., Benke Bldg., Seattle, Wash.
Train, J. A., M. D., 683 Noble St., Chicago.
Walker, G. B., M. D.
Wallace, H. R., M. D., 163 48d St., Chicago.
Warren, B. H., M. D.
Willard, L. M., M. D., Wausau, Wis.
CLASS OF 1892.
Abeliovitz, J. Morris, M.D., 260 W. Taylor St., Chicago.
Alcorn, David N., M, D., Stevens Point, Wis.
Altenloh, Henry, M. D.
Brianza, Arthur M., M. D,, 34 Washington St., Chicago.
210 The FJexus.
Brown, Robert W., M. D., Greenville, Pa.
Burton, Robert H., M. D.
*Chaffee, C. C.
Chapman, Chauncy F., M. D., 833 Washington Blvd., Chicago.
Cole, James H., M. D , Thurman, la.
Gushing, Martin D., M. D,, Joliet, 111.
Dean, Fred Mark, M. D., Jefferson, la.
Doty, Arthur J., M. D., Coleman, S. Dak.
Edmunds, Geroid O., M. D., Honor, Mich.
Goss, Edwin L., M. D., Sheffield, la.
Grubb, Albert G.. M. D., Mongo, Ind.
Harris, William Elbert, M. D., Hazel Dell, 111.
Hawley, Edgar Reed, M. D., 3747 Ellis Ave., Chicago.
Hazen, S. F., M. D., Hartstown. Pa.
Hilliker, J. B., M. D., 460 S. Division St., Grand Rapids, Uicla..
Holzman, J., M.D., 3910 Calumet Ave., Chicago.
Hopkins, C. N., M. D.
Klimmek, Otto, M. D., 100 State St., Chicago.
Kroening, A. E., M. D., 557 Garfield Blvd., Chicago.
Luce, F. A., M. D., Clyde, 111.
Nordlund, J. E., M. D.
Post, C. M., M. D., Alfred Center, N. Y.
Provan, D. M., M. D., 709 Milwaukee Ave., Chicago.
Richardson, W. B., M. D., Reliance Bldg., Chicago.
Ritter, M. M., M. D., 100 State St., Chicago.
*Roche, J. J.
Seim, G. S., M. D., Blue Island, 111.
Sladek, B., M. D., 1335 W. 22nd St., Chicago.
Slamberg, N. A. L. K., M. D., Kimballton, la.
Smythe, F. R., M. D., Bismarck, N. D.
Stanger, G. H,, M. D., Boone, la.
Stoddard, C H., M. D., 1201 Vliet St., Milwaukee, Wis.
Stol, S., M. D., 564 S. Halsted St., Chicago.
Throckmoton, F. R., M. D., Derby, la.
Unger, A. M., M. D., 277 W. Van Buren St., Chicago.
Whitmer, L. W., M. D , 1508 Aldine Ave., Chicago.
Wood, F. C, M. D., Hancock, Wis.
Woodruff, H. W., M. D., 67 Wabash Ave., Chicago.
Class of 1893.
Abt, Joseph L., M. D., 733 S. Halsted St., Chicago.
Alumni. 211
Absher, Allen Albert, M. D., Sibley, 111.
Adams, J. F., M. D,, 722 63rd St., Chicago.
Alleu, Manning L., M. D., Tama, la.
Archibald, Frank M., M. D., Atwater, Minn.
Arnold, D. Elmer, M. D., Hecla, S. Dak.
Beam, William O., M. D., Moline, 111.
Boddiger, Charles Edwin, M. D., 2801 Archer Ave., Chicago.
Boyd, S. J., M. D., 103 State St., Chicago.
Bogle, H. H., M. D., Pittsburg, Kan.
Brink, Chester A., M. D., Ord, Neb.
*Brooks, Francis R., M. D.
Chamberlain, George E., M. D., Waterville, Minn.
Clark, Henry H., M. D., Watertown, S. Dak.
Connell, Samuel W., M. D.
Cook, R. H., M. D.
Dustin, Herbert D. C, M. D , West Bend, Wis,
Ehrman, Fred J. E,, M. D., Hoyne Ave. and 22d St., Chicago,
Faith, Thomas, M. D., 103 State St., Chicago.
Fee, Willis, M. D., Meade, Kas.
Fenstermacher, Charles C, M. D., Jones, Mich.
Fetherston, Edward B., M. D., Bertau and Paulina Sts., Chicago.
Fermstead, Olaf, M. D.
Fulton, Arthur M., M. D., Chariton, la.
Fyfe, Richard, M. D., 34 Washington St., Chicago.
Galloway, David Henry, M. D., 206 Oakwood Blvd., Chicago.
*Goldthorpe, Elmer E., M. D.
Haiselden, H. J., M. D., 475 Belden Ave., Chicago.
Hahn, Albert F., M. D., Eau Claire, Wis.
Hardie, C. J., M. D., El Paso, Tex.
Harvfy, A. M., M. D., 120 Ashland Bvd., Chicago.
Hauenstein, G. W., M. D., Elkhart, Ind.
Hegge, C. A., M. D., Austin, Minn,
Hegge, O. H., M. D.. Austin, Mion.
Henssler, O. W., M. D., 719 S. Halsted St., Chicago.
Herrold, R. H., M. D., Peabody, Ind.
Hibbert, G. A., M. D., 2858 Wallace St., Chicago.
Holliday, E. R., M. D., Ellsworth, Wis.
Jacobus, Leon A., M. D., Winfield, Kas.
Kelley, William R., M, D.
Kellogg, Charles Elmer, M. D., Northboro, la.
-•12: 2'Jig Plexus.
Kerr, I. J., M. D., W. Hough Ave., Cleveland, O.
Kilbride, J. S., M. D., Sleepy Eye, Minn.
*Latto, W. W., M. D.
Livingston, W. R., M. D., May wood, 111.
Lumley, W. A., M. D., Renville, Minn.
McDonald, J. S., M. D.
McNulty, J. F., M. D., Niobrara, Nab.
Madison, P. C, M. D., 381 Oakley Bvd., Chicago.
Manley, S. H., M. D.
Mansifee, W. H., M. D., 9 S. 23rd St., St. Louis, Mo.
Martin, J. H., M. D., Centerville, S. Dak.
Miller, W. H. H., M. D., Chadwick, 111.
Mills, F. W., M. D., Ottumwa, la.
Monosmith, O. B., M. D., Lorain, Ohio.
Moore, A. W., M. D., Bristol, 111.
Newcomer, J. S., M. D.. 702 S. California Ave., Chicago.
O'Malley, William H., M. D., Kinsman, 111.
Osincup, F. A., M. D., Waverly, la.
*Otto, Emil. M. D.
Packard, C, D., M. D., Rhinelander, Wis.
Patterson, J. W., M. D., Oconee, 111.
Pierron, J. J,, M. D., 353 5th Ave. and Harrison St., Chicago.
Post, C. C, M. D.. Barron, Wis.
Prescott, H. V., M. D., Dallas City, 111.
Renn, T. H., M. D., 650 W. 21st St., Chicago.
Roff, O. W., M. D., Newton, Kas.
Roos, David William, M. D., South Frankfort, Mien.
Rowe, E. J., M. D., Milford, Neb.
Salter, Allen, M. D., Lena, 111.
Seufert, E. G., M. D., 829 Milwaukee Ave., Chicago.
Smith, E. L , M. D., 457 E. 42nd St., Chicago.
Spach, A. B., M. D., 6629 Harvard Ave., Chicago.
Stevens, M. E., M. D., Texarkana. Ark.
Stewart, J. L., M. D., Irene, S. Dak.
Stewart, W, T., M. D., 978 Douglas Blvd., Chicago.
Stixrud, T. M., M. D., North wood, la.
Stoltz, C, M. D., South Bend, Ind.
Taylor, O. G., M. D., Palestine, 111.
Tucker, W. L., M. D., Hinsdale, Mass.
Upton, F. F., M. D.
Van Duyn, A. H., M. D., Netawaka, Kan.
Warriner, W. W., M. D.
Waxham, C, M. D., North Liberty, Ind.
Williams, J. J., M. D.
Williams, S. E,, M. D., New Bedford, 111.
ALUMNI.
'Ho. G. E. Brinkerhoff, of Oakland, Cal., was a recent visi-
tor to his Alma Mater. The Dr. was the first matriculant at the
P. & S. College.
'87. M. Nelson Voldeng, of Des Moines, la., has been fav-
ored recently by the appointment to the superintendency of the
new state hospital for the insane, now being erected at Chero-
kee, la. Excepting the asylum at Ogdensburg, N. Y., this insti-
tution is to be the finest in the United States. The Plexus ex-
tends heartiest congratulations to Dr. Voldeng and wishes him
greatest success in his new field.
'93, H. H. Clark has moved from White, S. Dak., to Water-
town, of same state.
'95. J. P. Riggs, Rossville, 111.
'96. A. A. Starner, of Danville, Ohio, was a recent visitor at
the college. He found things changed considerably since his
graduation.
'98. Leo Cahill, of Elizabethtown, N. Mex., has recently
been married. The Plexus extends congratulations.
'98. Dr. E. M. Byers, of Belvidere, 111., is one of the pro-
moters of "The Belvidere Hospital." They expect to have an
up- to date and well equipped hospital, also a training school for
nurses in connection.
'98. A. C. Kohler, Moline, 111., recently spent a few days in
Chicago.
'99. Theodore Tieken was married to Miss Bessie Chapman
at Sigel, 111., Thursday, Sept. 18. They sailed for Germany on
Sept. 21st, where the Dr. will continue his studies for a year, and
upon his return he will accept a fellowship in medicine at Rush
medical college and practice on the north side.
'99. M. A. Reasoner, of Morrisonville, III.,* is taking post
graduate work in the city.
SENIOR NOTES.
Gone is our junior year, with all its pleasures. Gone are our
junior professors and learned instructors. Tears cannot bring
them back. Therefore we weap.
Bull Little, the great Iowa tackle of last year is with us.
214 The Plexus.
Mr. Little has a double qualification, being not only an excep-
tional football player, but one of the best scholars in his class.
Messrs. Everett Sabin, Kyes, Leavitt, R. E, Brown and
H. O. Shafer have given anesthetics thus far. Their work has
been very successful.
Mr. Harroun is writing a book entitled "The Maternity
House Scandal or A Night of Horrors."
Mr. Arthur C Mclntyre and Miss Flora G. Snyder were
united in marriage on July 9th at the Wellington Hotel, Chicago.
Our class is increased by thirty students, and five women,
Mr, Nichelson has been practicing medicine during the sum-
mer at Terry, Montana,
Mr. Young is practicing in Kansas and will return as soon
as the work here will keep him busy.
The great drawback to moving into the new building, is that
you can't tell a D. J. from a dignified senior. It's hard on
the senior, but must be nice for the D. J.
Mr. William Yates, our emaciated classmate, was united in
marriage last month to Miss Alice E. Garlock, of Allegan, Mich,
Mr. McConvill of the quiz class is enjoying an extended visit
from his father.
Mr. Wiley has been practicing medicine at Armour, S. D,,
during the summer.
Our class is honored by its claim on Mr, P. G. Kitterman,
who has been made professor of anatomy in the National Medi-
cal College on the North Side.
Mr. Grabou is serving an externship in the Samaritan Hos-
pital.
We have a personage in our class this year who has so in-
spired those who have come in contact with him, as to be pro-
claimed the Messiah.
Mr. R Haynes has been taking treatment for the past two
weeks in the hope of curing his very chronic ailment, and he
states that a peculiar lluid that he is using is producing remark-
able results.
The class in surgery has been divided into four sections, Dr.
Holmes taking up the neck, Dr. Davis the head, Dr, Hartng the
thorax and Dr. Cornell the face. We anticipate a very good
course.
Mr. Inks has returned from his extended vacation.
Notes. 215
Seniors had a warm time in the clinical amphitheatre last
week. Everyone took it upon himself to make the time pass as
"rapidly" as possible.
Extra mural clinics will be given to seniors this year in sev-
eral of the large hospitals of the city.
Juniors do not seem to know their place at the County Hos-
pital. They should bear in mind the fact that they have another
year.
Mr. Jennings started out the season by saying that "one of
the great dangers in labor was laceration of the peritonium.''
Mr. Inks states that "foetal heart sounds donate a female
child."
JUNIOR NOTES.
Miss H. (with assurance): "No sir; I said that a thyrotomy
was a growth in the neck."
We decided that it was right and proper for all the class to
know just why the deplorable change had been made, so \ve
asked "Dad," and he told us confidentially that the class elec-
tion had nothing to do with it, but that "the gosh darned stuff
had been falling out lately and it was just a trifle too long for
the base-line to get in well.""
Dr. Porter (to Cohen in the pit.): "Did you palpate the en-
tire spine, sir?" The silence of a cloister until Cohen steps
lightly forward and deftly percusses the spinous processes with
his knuckles.
Breathes there the man with soul so dead.
Who never to himself hath said —
When asked in quizz, but nit could tell-
In after days when sending statements to your tardy pa-
tients, never lose sight of the fact that often and ever while you
were at college listening to long and important lectures, a
marked and painful s:asis existed in your gluteal regions.
"Lest you forget, we say it yet, uneeda""^ — not a biscuit, but
a gentle reminder of the startling manner in which our goal
year, 1903, is drawing nigh. We are, as it were, away over at
the back turn, just beyond the half-mile post, running the most
important race of our lives. The bunch is well together now,
and running along easily without touch of whip or spur, only
216 The Plexus.
waiting for the final and supreme effort whea they head into the
stretch. True it is, some in the rear are seen to be riding hard,
having been slow in breaking away, or, else they have been early
caught in a "pocket" through misfortune or lack of judgment on
their part. Soon, however, the test will come. Soon shall we
see those who have striven for a place, leading the bunch and
with spur bared and whip drawn, neither looking to the right
nor to the left, heading down the long home stretch for the wire.
What the final outcome will be, no one can definitely say. The
last half mile of a race is always the best ridden, and many are
the races lost and won in the last furlong. Let the watchword
be from now on— ride! Ride as you never rode before, keeping
in the straight course and allowing no one to pass you. True it
is, all can not be winners. However, the steed with the best
metal is not always first under the wire. Many that are fleeter
of foot are at his weathers. Be with the foremost, if possible,
and if not there, be well forward. Remember the eyes of the
multitude are not always directed toward the winner alone- -they
also see those who are striving earnestly for a place. Think of
this and know that many are watching, who are always ready
and waiting to appreciate and applaud earnest efforts, it matters
not from whence they come.
According to custom the annual election of class officers for
the ensuing school year took place Tuesday, October 15, in the
college building. The meeting, consisting of about 140 of the
class members, was called to order in room 303 by our popular
president, P. H. Holmes^
The election of class president was first in order, and the
names of Geo. F". Blough and Benj. Thomas were first presented
for consideration. On the first ballot Mr. Thomas led his oppo-
nent, but the number of votes in his favor not being sufficient to
elect, another vote was called for. The second ballot decided
the majority in favor of Mr. Thomas, he receiving 71 votes while
Mr. Blough received 65. Mr. Thomas was declared duly elected.
Next came the balloting for vice-president. Several nomi-
nations were made, viz: Messrs. D. C. Dodds, J. A. Johnson, G.
F. Blough. G. H. Howard, J. W. Wilson and Miss Anna Hayes.
The first ballot resulted in a vote of 46 for Dodds, 40 for Blough,
Hayes 33, Howard 7, Wilson 5, and Johnson 3. At this juncture
the class withdrew to the gymnasium, owing to the fact that the
Note^. 217
hilarity displayed was causing much discomfort to the class in
progress immediately beneath us. Whether they were in fear of
being buried beneath a shower of plaster or not, we are unable
to say, nevertheless — we withdrew. Upon arriving at the "gym"
the balloting was continued. The second ballot favored Mr.
Dodds by a vote of 34, while Mr. Blough came next with 28
votes. Mr. Dodds will therefore serve in the capacity of vice-
president during the ensuing year.
W. H. Moore's name was proposed for secretary. No other
names were presented so Mr. Moore was given the oflice by ac-
clamation, and, as the ayes rang forth the proof was self-evident
of the high regard we all have for his abilities in such channels.
For treasurer L. Sibley, Anna Hayes, M. F. Joyce, D. G.
Tweed all, G. H. Howard and H. C. McCarthy were nominated.
Much comment was elicited during the balloting, referable to
the position as treasurer, in that it was a -most trustworthy and
responsible oflice to fulfill, and also to the fact that the amount
-of wealth usually confined in the treasury was of such vast pro
portions, that the incumbent of that oflice must needs possess ex-
ceedingly precautious busiiiess instincts, and should be of spot-
less integrity, in order that full protection would be assured
those members of the class who had interests in the treasury.
Two ballots were necessary before Mr. Howard received the re-
quired vote, his nearest opponent being Mr. Joyce.
Following the election of treasurer came nominations for
class editor. The names of Mr. Frechtling and Maloy were pre-
sented. Frechtling having declined, Maloy was elected by accla-
mation.
Last, but by no means the least, came the nominations for
the executive committee, consisting of Messrs. P. H. Holmes, E.
B. Anderson, R. C. King, L. R. Wilson, W. P. Madden, D. G,
Tweedall and W. E. Hart. It was agreed that the one receiving
the greatest number of votes should be chairman of the commit-
tee. Upon ballotting King received 19 votes. Holmes 14, Mad-
den 13, Tweedall 13, Anderson 12, Wilson 12, and Hart 1. Wilson
withdrew and the committee were instructed to decide who
should be the fifth member.
We shall refrain from commenting upon the new set of oflic-
ers. Our earnest desire is, however, that the present incum-
bents in oflice may, through their own efl'orts and by their lively
interests shown toward the welfare of each and every individual
member of the class of "03, bring credit upon themselves and
gain the same hearty good will and friendship their predecessors
Jiave gained during the j^ear now past.
218 Thr Plexus.
SOPHOMORE NOTES.
The annual class election was held Friday, Oct. 11th, and
although some had predicted '-blood and gore," it passed off
quietly. We were glad to note the hearty good feeling that pre-
vailed and hope that it may continue.
The following officers were elected for the ensuing year:
President, S. B. Haessly; vice-president, C. W. Giesen; secre-
tary, H. H. Hatter}^ treasurer, M. Raynor; class editor, P, L.
Wood; surgeant-at-arms, R. E. Stephens; football manager, H.
M. Sloan.
The class is open to congratulations on the excellent list of
professors we are to listen to this year. Everp member of the
class seems to be delighted with every member of our faculty.
We believe they are able to teach us their respective branches,
and they have each expressed their anxiety to help us in every
way possible. Last year some of us formed hasty opinions of in-
capacity in some of our teachers, which subsequent thought and
downright common sense could not justif3^ If we wish to get
the good which we ought to get from our teachers we must cast
aside petty grievances and try to appreciate their efforts in our
behalf.
We are more than delighted with our new quarters and might
write volumes in their praise, but we will leave this to the more
able wa'iters of the upper classes. We may say, however, that
all opportunity for clashes with the D. J.'s and other more for-
midable adversaries lias practically been doae away with. Those
of us who have no money to "throw at the birds" will appreciate-
this improvement over the old college building immensely, as it
will in all probability lessen th'e amount of our breakage fees to
a considerable extent.
As nearly as we can ascertain at present writing our class-
has acquired about thirty-five new members, while about ten of
our old members have not yet returned. We miss "Purty" and
"Minimee Digitee"" Jackson very much and hope they will yet
make their appearance.
Paul Windmueller and H. Elich have gone into the drug
business in Chicako, but they have not forgotten the P. & S. and
expect to be back again some time in the future.
Geo. Moore is working in a hospital somewhere in Wiscon-
sin. He expects to be back for the spring term.
Notes. , - 219
Mr, Coffin ".s tutoring a couple of handsome young ladies on
the North Side and incidentally attending night school at Harvey.
Mr. Curney is working in the city and attending night school
at Harvey.
Mr. Hagyard is quizzing a class in materia medica at Harvey
and attending night school at that institution.
We expect Messrs. Coffin, Curney and Hagyard back with
us next year to take advantage of our unexcelled clinical ad-
vantages.
VVe are glad to note the return of Wm. Montgomery, alias
Foetus, and that he has assumed the dignity of long trousers. We
hope he will arrange to become a full fledged member of our class.
Mr. Twohig has the sympathy of the entire class. While
we are congratulating ourselves on being dignified sophomores,
he must sit in sackcloth and ashes and mourn bc'cause he is still
a D. J., and must always remain so unless Congress intervenes
in his behalf.
THE ANNUAL OPENING EXERCISES.
The twenty-first annual opening exercises were held in the
Assembly Hall of the new college building on the evening of
October 1st, the program being as follows:
Invocation
Music Orchestra.
Address Prof. Sanger Brown.
Music Orchestra.
Welcome by Dean Prof. W. E. Quine.
Benediction
An audience that filled the spacious hall to the doors greeted
Prof. Sanger Brown when he arose to deliver the annual address
to the students. A large gathering of the faculty, together with
a goodly number of ladies, occupied the platform, and altogether
the surroundings were conducive to the best efforts of the
speaker. "The Relations of the Medical Practitioner to Society"
were handled by Prof. Brown in a masterly way, and the subject
presented in such a light as could be only of material benefit to
each member of the student body. Prof. Brown, always popu-
lar with his classes, received a warm welcome from the assem-
bled students, and his remarks were warmly applauded.
Prof. Quine followed in a brief characteristic speech, during
which he took occasion to felicitate the D. J's. on their auspicious
entry into the best equipped, and most modern medical institu-
tion that he had ever seen, and gave them permission to pass
each other up as high as they wished.
After congratulating the members of the faculty, whose ef-
forts had made possible the acquisition of such a magnificent
structure, the dean announced that a clinic in the poetry of mo-
tion, presided over by Prof. Earle, with the assistance of the
220 The Hexus.
orchestra, would be held in the hall at the close of the formal
exercises, and that the students were expected to attend.
Finally the audience was dismissed with an invitaiion to in-
spect the new building, which had been thrown open for the oc-
casion, from cellar to attic, and to partake of the refreshments —
a prominent feature of this occasion for many years.
After assuring themselves of the correctness of the dean's
statement regarding the excellence of the building ard its equip-
ment, the guests of the faculty and management repaired to the
rooms of the Histological department, where a dainty lunch had
been provided by Caterer French. Here the students and their
friends renewed old acquaintanceships and spent an enjoyable
hour discussing past experiences and contemplating the work of
the coming year.
Assembly Hall had, in the meantime, been cleared of seats,
and when Lyons" orchestra struck up the notes of the opening
waltz, it was found that a large portion of the students had
brought their lady friends to attend the first clinic of the fall
term of 1901. The number of cases to be disposed of was unus-
ually large and it was well into the "wee sma' hours" before the
end of the program had been reached, and those who had been
able to longest withstand the anaesthetic effect of the occasion
left the building.
Y. M. C. A. NOTES.
What is the use of a Young Men's Christian Association in a
medical college?
Does it till any recognized need in the lives of busy medical stu-
dents? These questions are frequently and very properly asked.
They are best answered by telling what the Association is doing.
Ten days before the opening of college, a canvas of the stu-
dent district, about 80 blocks, was made by representatives of the
five Christian Associations in dental and medical colleges on the
West Side. Printed blanks, giving particulars about 150 rooming
and boarding places, were filled out and placed at the disposal of
students, new and old. This convenience was particularly ap-
preciated by incoming students unfamiliar with the city. Neat,
leather-bound handbooks; giving information about the city and
the college, with its athletics, Y. M. O. A. and other student en-
terprises; were freely distributed. Maps of the city were given
out.
As far as possible a census of incoming men was taken show-
ing church membership or preference. Of the total number
taken, 51 per cent were church members, while 83 per cent either
were church members or expressed church preference.
Information and help were given by the corps of workers
concerning conflicts in college schedule, and the many other
problems confronting the new men.
Notes. 2?1
For the mutual convenience of students and visitors, a reg-
ister of names and addresses was kept which was in constant use.
The Association Employment Bureau, although a new depart-
ment in P. & S., promises to be valuable. Up to the time of writ-
ing, twenty- eight applications had been made for students help
for various occupations, such as clerical work, waiting on table,
general housework and caring for furnace. Most of these places
were promptly filled. Twenty- four siudents have filed applica-
tions for work. Experienced and competent men in shorthand,
nursing and pharmacy were found, in addition to those willing to
wait on table and to fill oiher such positions. Valuable help will
be rendered to deserving, self supporting students, if members
of the faculty and oihers will notifiy the manager of the Employ-
ment Bureau of any work they may have for students. Notice
sent to the college office, either by mail or telephone, will be
promptly cared for.
Encouraged by the success of last year, the P. & S. Associa-
tion released the house at 596 West Adams street. Numerous
improvements were made so that about twenty members are
comfortably accomodated. A dining club is conducted near by,
which has been thoroughly satisfactory and a great convenience.
These two features of association activity have resulted in a
social life and fraternity among the members, that would other-
wise have been impossible. Ai the opening reception Oct. 12th,
about 50 students were present. Music, games and refreshments
served to fill up a very pleasant evening. During the course of
the evening Dr. Mettler, on behalf of the Association Advisory
Board, welcomed the new men.
The first meeiing of the year was held in the lower amphi-
theatre Sunday evening Oct. 13th. Dr. C. C. O'Byrne and Mr. L.
Wilbur Messer, general secretary of the Board of Managers of
Chlcao^o, addressed the meeting.
Bible and mission study will be prosecuted along regu-
lar college association lines with special adaption to the medical
college field.
Forty-six applications for membership have been received
since October 1st. A determined effort will be made to raise the
membership to one hundred by Jan. 1st.
Aa invitation from the West Side Department to inspect
their building, was accepted by about forty men. The new nat-
atorium was thoroughly tested and the bowling alleys were kept
busy all the aftefuoon.
In these and other ways the as.sociation is endeavoring to
discharge the responsibility placed upon it. Does not such an or-
organization merit the co-operation and support of those, faculty
and students alike, who care for the best interests of our college?
Frederick Cuttle,
Secretary P. & S. Dept. Y. M. C. A. of Chicago.
ike^^^Jpl3tali^R!^^
OFFICERS.— C.S. NEISWAXGER, Pli. G., M. D.. Pres.: EMIL H. GKUBBE, M. D., Vice-Pres.;
A. B. SLATER, Sec'y and Treasurer.
FACULTY.— FRANKLIN H. MARTIN, M. 1)., Electricity in Gynecology; W. FRANKLIN COLE-
MAN, M. D., M. R. C. S. (Eng.) Electricity in Diseases of the Eye; MAY CU.=!HMAN RICE,
• M. D., Electrolysis; C. S. NB^ISWANGER, Pli. G., M. 1)., General Electro-Therapeutics;
EMIL H. GRUBBE, M. ])., Electro-Physics, Radiography and X-Ray Diagnosis; ALBERT
H. ANDREWS, M. D., Ear, Nose and Throat.
Thi.s school is for physicians and is equipped with the most modern up-to-date
apparatus. All the rudimentai'y physics will be profusely illustrated and made plain
even to the uninitiated in electro therapy. No mail course will be given and.no
degrees conferred, but a handsomely engraved certificate of attendance can be ob-
tained if desired after the completion of a course. The courses will be of two weeks
duration and consist of both clinical and didactic instructions. A two-weeks course
will make you self-dependent. Write for further information, terms and jjrinted
matter.
ILLINOIS SCHOOL OF ELECTRO-THERAPEUTICS,
1302-3 Chaitiplain Building, Chicago, 111.
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ART GALLERIES...
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G0II6Q6 and Fraterniiu GroiiDS a Swmu
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195-197 Wabash Ave., - Cor, Adams St.
Henry P. Newman, M. D.,
Professor of Gyn. cology, College of Physicians and Surgeons, Chicago.
THE PLEXUS
COLLEGE OF PHYSICIANS AND SURGEONS
MEDICAL DEPARTMENT OF THE
UNIVERSITY OF ILLINOIS,
CHICAGO.
■ 1
VOL. VII. NOVEMBER 20th, 190L NO. 4
IN REGARD TO ATHLETICS.
By Henky p. Newman, A. M., M. D.
Professsor of Gynecology and Clinical Gynecology, College of Physicians and
Surgeons, Chicago, Medical Department of the University of Illinois,
and Professor of Gynecology, Chicago Policlinic.
Since in the judgment of the faculty it is not for the present
interest of the medical department of the University of Illinois
to participate in athletics as ordinarily understood in intercol-
legiate circles, the position of chairman of the committee on ath-
letics becomes almost a sinecure. But in the fear that we may
lose sight of the wider significance of the subject, when denied
as students the incentive of competitive sport, I would offer this
iDrief consideration.
There is a point of view which permits a broader outlook in
dealing with the question of athletics, and will, I am confident
allow &tudents and faculty to unite in enthusiasm to promote the
cause.
Among all the "isms," "pathies" and so-called "sciences"
which have risen from time to time to do battle with rational sci-
entific medicine there has never been so powerful an antagonist
as the one now threatening, and that because he is armed with
one of our best weapons. Quack nostrums and charlatan pre-
tensions have never prevailed against the sincerity and truth of
our professional conventions. So we have come to look upon all
these contrary movements as irregular and destined to no more
than an ephemeral success. The latest phase of this popular ef-
fort to escape the doctor, to substitute something "just as good"
is one which demands immediate consideration.
224 The Plexus.
Call it what you will, athletics, gymnastics, physical culture,
massage, Swedish movement, mechano-therapeutics, it is all the
same in effect, the theory that symmetrical development of the
body is the best safe-guard against disease in general and the best
cure for some diseases in particular. And the injustice of it is
that so broad a truth, and one taught and preached by the med-
ical profession for so many years as the basis of health, should
be hailed now as a new discovery and the credit given to mer-
cenary outsiders. Do not think that I am exaggerating the
menace. Hundreds are now proclaiming these "new theories,''
creating an enthusiasm in the best lay circles and pocketing for-
tunes, and all on the pretense that they have discovered some-
thing that will do away with drugs and supersede the "anti-
quated methods of the old schools." You cannot take up a
literary magazine of large circulation today without meeting in
the advertising pages these sweeping claims of muscular gentle-
men, photograped in knotty nudity, to do the work of medical
science for suffering humanity at a merely nominal fee. Here,
are extracts from full page ads: "Lung and Muscle Culture, Air
and Exercise. Nature's Remedy for ALL ILLS." "We can
promise you a fine, strong, well-developed physique; a cleaj
brain; a splendid circulation; sound easy-working lungs; good
digestion; an active liver; sound, restful sleep; a cheerful dispo-
sition, etc."
Another -'guaratees'' if his instructions are followed "for a
few weeks," "not only a magnificent muscular development and
improved physique, but with it a condition of vigorous health
scarcely dreamed of by hitherto weak or partially developed men
or "v^omen. No drugs, no artificial stimulants, no pepsin or di-
gestive bitters are needed. I give you an appetite always ready
for meals, a digestive apparatus able and willing to assimilate
your food and fill your veins with pure rich blood, a heart strong
and vigorous, * * * nerves so keen and true that daily work
is a pleasure and the capacity for physical and mental exertion
proportionately increased. " Testimonials to the value of these
systems usually refer feelingly to the fortunes wasted on physi-
cians before commencing the new treatment. Now the fact is
that these advertisers can to a considerable degree carry out
their promises in suitable cases, and to this extent their work
becomes a legitimate part of therapeutics, a branch of medicine..
In Regard to Afliletics. 225-
Why then are we neglecting the use and application of so valu-
able an adjunct to practice? It is true we have long prescribed
in a general sort of way, exercise, massage, and even definite
muscular training, but we have done it rather blindly and in all
cases have been obliged to send our patients outside the profes-
sion or abroad for this sort of thing. The advertised "new sys-
tem" gets credit for the cure, and not rational medicine. Let
me illustrate: A wealthy woman of our own city was suffering
from general weakness and heart difficulty. As the story comes
through lay channels the details are vague. She consulted one
of our best heart specialists who treated her for a year with good
effect and then said to her- "Now, Mrs. , you have reached
a point where I can do nothing more for you, you must do the
rest yourself. Fresh air and an intelligent system of exercise-
are your present need. I do not know where to send you for
this physical training but you can easily find someone to direct
you." The patient found a woman engaged in the teaching of
"deep breathing," "rythmical walking," etc., and finished the
cure under her supervision. But here is where the harm lies:
That cure which most emphatically belongs to the honest med-
ical advisor is unthinkingly and enthusiastically attributed to the
physical trainer.
The doctor suffers frera a personal injustice, the science of
medicine has received a blow in the estimation of an intelligent
class of people, but worse than all, the patient and her little part
of the general public are endangered by putting their trust in a
method that is limited in its application and must fail to take the
place of intelligent medical science in the hour of need. The
patient cited has lately exhibited pronounced symptoms which
may indicate uterine cancer in its incipiency, but not knowing
their import and having been cured of "heart disease" by "deep
breathing" has no idea of going to doctors. Why should medi-
cal science have been obliged to send away such a patient to her
detriment? If the special gymnastic exercises for physical de-
velopment, which did her so much good, could have been taught
her in the office of her physician she might still be within reach
of his skill instead of a prey to the charlatanism and ignorance
which thrive on our neglect. Should not these means so effect-
ual in bringing back to the body lost vitality and tone be made
a legitimate part of our armementarium and included in the cur-
226 The Plexus.
riculum of our colleges?
I have at hand a circular from a prominent teacher of sing-
ing well known in Chicago and of most estimable character. In
good faith she is now bidding for patients, and she will get them
and from the best class of people. Instead of "vocal culture" as
formerly, she now teaches "physical culture" and 'ispecialy re-
commends her method to those suffering from feeble lung
power, weak heart or anemic and dropsical conditions." It is
not mercenary to protest against this usurping of our preroga-
tives; it is only following in the path we have always trod in in-
troducing sanitary science, hygiene and dietetics, prophylaxis,
first, last and all the time, reserving pills, potions and the knife
for intelligent and serious employment in their province of
necessity. Let us show ourselves foremost in this last move-
ment as in all the others which make for health and physical
perfection and take steps to establish such teaching facilities in
this line that not a man shall be graduated from our medical col-
leges who is ignorant of the therapeutic value of scientific phy-
sical training or unfamiliar with its technique and intelligent ap-
plication. To the medical student himself such a course is
invaluable. With the increased hardship of our continuous
courses of study today the physical support and stimulus of all
legitimate athletic exercise is a great benefit, and the special
work he should do in the branch of anthropometry and mechano-
therapeutics while teaching him how to handle certain patients
would be building up his own powers of resistance against the
exactions of his chosen career,
Not to go into the subject of sport in this connection, it must
in justice be said that the present great demand for physical per-
fection has been largely engendered and fostered by our inter-
collegiate contests.
The results of the temperate living and strict training, which
so many college students willingly practice in the hope of fitting
themselves for team work, are magnificently upparent in the
great improvement in the physique of the modern university
mau, and such striking effects cannot but influence the thinking
public in favor of physical culture as brought about by athletic
methods. One of our own faculty was telling me the other day
what athletics has accomplished for his boy, who in early child-
hood was a weakling, subject to much anxiety and medication
In Regard to Athletics. 227
with little benefit to his condition. At last his father prescribed
athletics twice a week at a G-erman Turnverein. The boy has
kept at it for seven years and now at fifteen is strong and sturdy,
larger than either parent.
It is high time we annexed such profitable methods, but I do
not mean to put it as a business proposition. Our profession is
neither a business nor a trade and it is not a pocket regret we
feel in seeing the sentimeat of the better classes so ready to turn
away from the "old school" to every new fad. We regret the
allegiance they owe to the branch of science which has toiled
ceaselessly to guard the health of the community, warning here,
pointing out advantages there. No other class rejoices so much
when disease is on the decrease and public health at its highest
reach. Prom the "business" point of view the great brother-
hood of united physicians is about as money-wise as would be a
liquor-dealers' association for the promotion of total abstinence.
Remember this, students so soon to begin your professional
life, in whatever community you settle, teach your people that
there is but one way for them to look at the science of medicine,
as the promoter and restorer of health and the enemy of disease
in every form. And go so well equipped that no unlicensed rival
can come to supplant you in public esteem. Without much
stretch of the imagination you can place yourself in the position
of the young practitioner who settles in a small town and has for
a patient the wife of the most prominent citizen. There is noth-
ing particular the matter with her beyond the depressing ailments
incident to lack of general tone, with digestive disturbances, etc,,
so common to middle life and 'indolence.
The medical adviser tries all the honest means at his com-
mand while the patient moans on from one unsuccessful prescrip-
tion to another. An osteopath comes along with his impudent
theory of the relation of all diseases to the bones. On the pre-
tense of treating the bones he gives the invalid a violent shaking
up and some active exercise, cures her for the time being, fol-
lows the rainbow of glory through that town and goes off with
the pot of gold. The charlatan by the use of means which should
•have been part of the armamentarium of the regular practitioner
gains supporters for the absurd tenets of his so-called "school,"
-and brings odium upon scientific truth.
Formerly it would have been out of the question to advocate
228 The Plexus,
that each physician should be able to direct and apply these
methods, because the thought of physical training: was insepara-
ble from that of complicated, bulky and expensive apparatus.
Today the isolated development of muscles: rythmical physical
exercises and the various classes of breathing work, may all be
accomplished without any machinery, and the physician himself
or his assistant can most appropriately instruct his patients, pre-
scribing for each just such movements and exercises as the par-
ticular condition calls for. Such cases as call for mechanical
treatwent by means of apparatus cau be looked after in the an-
thropometric departments of our medical colleges or in some cen-
tral depot which should be established with the sanction and
under the control of the profession.
103 State Street.
THE MAN ON THE LINE.
Men cheer for the half-back who's made a long run,
Or the full-back who's smashed through the line;
They yell 'till they're hoarse when an end makes a dash
Declaring it "simply fine."
But they seem to forget 'mid their yells and huzzahs,
Of the man who stands firm on the line;
To open a hole for the end to go through,
With an aptness we cannot define,
And then when the "guards back" come crushing along,
And he drops 'neath "the push" in the mud;
The side lines don't yell at the play he has made,
In nearly the way that they should.
Though others forget him and thoughtless pass by,
With f«rvor this wish shall be mine;
May good luck attend him and prosper his plays,
The man who plays ball on the line. — Ex.
THE PHYSIOLOGY OF MUSCULAR EXERCISE.
By Geo. P. Dreyer, A. B., Ph. D.
Professor of Physiology, Medical Department University of Illinois, Colleg-e
of Physicians and Surgeons, Chicago.
The term "muscular exercise" would in common parlance
probably include all voluntary movements resulting from the con-
traction of the skeletal muscles whether they occur incidentally
in the regular routine of every day life, or are deliberately re-
sorted to for pleasure and hygienic purposes. Physiologically it
might be used to include a great deal more.
The muscles of respiration may be influenced to some extent
by the will so as to change either the rate or the depth of the
breathing movements; but ordinarily they discharge their regu-
lar function without the help of a conscious thought, and during
sleep certainly act entirely without our knowledge. Similarly
the contractions of the heart, digestive tract and other viscera
are beyond our volitional control, and all these involuntary ac-
tions maybe grouped as "automatic."
Then there are numerous reflex movements like the winking
of the eyelids at the approach or contact of a foreign body with
the eyeball or the instinctive withdrawal of the hand on touch-
ing a heated object. These reflex movements may or may not be
accompanied by conscious sensation, but are essentially involun-
tary in origin, and at best only in part under the control of the
will. Finally the so-called "passive movements"' must be added
to complete the list, a class of movements to which the physician
not infrequently has recourse in disease when active contractions
are impossible or undesirable. In certain forms of paralysis, in
locomotor ataxia, in certain diseases of the heart and blood ves-
sels, in nervous exhaustion (neurasthenia), in these and sundry
other conditions the intelligent exercise of the muscles by me-
chanical means (massage) or by electrical stimulation may go far
to replace the loss of normal function. In the present sketch it
is proposed to take the term in its popular and narrower sense
and to attempt a brief outline of the physiology of voluntary
muscular movements alone.
The voluntary or skeletal muscles consist essentially of
highly differentiated histological elements, the striped muscle
fibres, which have departed widely in structure from the condi-
230 The Plexus.
tion of embryonal cells to adapt them for their specific function.
In physiology this is expressed by saying that the "specific
energy'' of the skeletal muscles is "contractility;" its proper re-
sponse to any stimulus capable of exciting it at all is always con-
traction. In common with all living matter, it possesses irrita-
bility and as a matter of fact it may be excited by any of the gen-
eral stimuli whether chemical, thermal, mechanical or electrical.
Their physiological stimulus however is the nerve impulse which
arises in a motor nerve cell of the brain or spinal cord and which
is transmitted to the muscle over its motor nerve fibre. The
motor neurone and muscle fibre are so intimately associated func-
tionally in all voluntary movements that the neuromuscular ap-
paratus can hardly be considered other than a single physiologi-
cal unit. In the development of the individual therefore, a close
relationship is found to obtain between the growth and activity
of the musculature of the body on the one hand, and the com-
plexity and organization of the nervous system on the other.
Another feature of exercise is presented by a study of the char-
acteristic physical and chemical changes occurring within the
muscles, as a result of which not only local effects are produced
but remote influences on the circulatory, respiratory and other
systems may be exerted. These considerations suggest a division
of the subject which is natural and which for convenience of pre-
sentation has been adoped.
1. The influence of muscular exercise on the development of
the central nervous system.
Our knowledge of the growth and development of the ner-
vous system has been greatly extended in recent years, not only
by improvements of old and discovery of new histological meth-
ods, but also by the application of the balances and of the meth-
ods of micrometric measurement and enumeration. In order to
appreciate the relation of muscular exercise to this process of
growth, some of the general facts must be briefly recalled.
According to the current neurone doctrine, nerve impulses
traverse the mature nervous system mainly by passing from the
axone of one unit to the dendrites of another, and conducting
paths of various lengths are constructed of chains of contiguous
elements. When first formed however, the component cells are
immature in structure and completely separated from one another.
They increase rapidly in number in the young embryo, but the
Fhy%iology of Muscular Exercise. 231
process of multiplication is soon arrested and new cells do not
appear to arise after the third month of foetal life. The subse-
quent enlargement must depend therefore on the growth and de-
velopment of these immature cells into the various types of func-
tional elements found later on, and that this kind of growth con-
tinues after birth is apparent from the fact that the adult brain
weighs three times as much as that of the new born child.
A considerable part of the increase in weight is accounted
for by the medullation of the fibres within the central nervous
system. The white fibres in the adult constitute as much as 97
per cent of the total weight of the brain and cord, and one half
of this is furnished by the myelin sheath. There is however an
increase of nerve substance proper, produced mainly by the out-
.growth of cell processes. The afferent cells multiply their col-
laterals, the efferent cells their dendrites, while the central cells
contribute by growth in both directions. In man thisprocessof ma-
turation by the formation of cell- processes after birth is chiefly an
affair of the central cells. It may be well to note at this point a
rather fundamental difference, so far as the net result to the or-
ganism is concerned, between enlargement of the nervous system
and that of other organs. When the latter increase in size by the
growth and multiplication of the constituent tissue elements the
result is a mere quantitative functional gain; not so with the
nervous system. Hand in hand with growth goes progressive
complexity of organization and qualitative functional change.
The responses made by the nervous systems are excited by larger
numbers of incoming impulses, the paths of conduction and
radiation open to these impulses are multiplied, the number,
complexity and refinement of the reactions increase, and new
powers are acquired. The maturation of the central cells is par-
ticularly potent in facilitating such internal organization on ac-
count of their manifold possibilities of growth.
Atrophy, degeneration, and decay, these are the natural con-
sequences of disuse: this seems to be a universal law and holds
good whether applied to moral qualities and intellectual faculties
or to physical and biological properties. Use on the contrary
preserves, strengthens and developes.' In physiology it has
been abundantly shown that functional activity is a sine qua non
to healthy metabolism, and it is not unreasonable to suppose that
the heightened chemical activity which accompanies functional
232 The Plexus.
manifestations furnishes in the complex mixture of katabolic
products the normal stimulus for nutrition and growth. The de-
generation of paralized muscles is a familiar example of atrophy
from disuse After a comparatively short period of peculiar
variations in irritability as tested by electricity, the power to re-
spond to all forms of stimuli lessens and by the end of the
seventh or eighth month, excitability is wholly lost.
The changes responsible for this loss of irritability lead to
the destruction of the muscle probaplasm and that they are the
result of disuse is indicated by the favorable influence of syste-
matic passive exercise which may long delay the progress of the
symptoms. Von Gudden's classical experiment demonstrated
that nerve cells are also subject to this law. When an efferent
nerve is broken away from its attachment to the central nervous
system in animals just born or very young, the cell bodies and
axones lying within may atrophy and disappear. Cases of am-
putation of limbs in man also illustrate this ]3oint. When the
limb is amputated close to the trunk, the patient young, and life
preserved for a considerable period thereafter, the degenerative
changes in the nervous system are well marked and include in
extreme cases: 1. Atrophy of the motor nerve cells in the an-
terior horn along with their efferent axones (anterior root fibres).
2. More or less atrophy of the spinal ganglion cell bodies, the
dorsal root fibres, and their continuation in the cord. These
changes are extremely slow in their development, but unques-
tionably are induced by the loss of the stream of nerve impulses
which normally would have passed to or from the lost extremity.
It appears therefore that the destruction of a group of fibres
which forms the chief pathway for the impulses arriving at a
collection of cells in the central nervous system leads to pro-
gressive atrophy of those cells, and that the activity of each
cell contributes to the strength of its own nutritive processes.
• When a nerve cell is not kept active by impulses passing within
it, it usually atrophies and may degenerate.
In the light of such facts the importance of muscular exer-
cise to the integrity and development of the nervous system
must be immediately apparent. The musculature of the body is
supplied not only with motor nerves but receives a rich sensory
innervation as well. Estimates based on actual enumerations
place the number of afferent fibres coming from muscles, ten-
Fhykiology of Muscular Exercise. 233
-dons and joints at something like two-fifths of all the posterior
root fibres or about 200,000. It is the continuation of these
nerves in the cord which form the long tracts of the dorsal white
columns and the direct cerebellar tract. Voluntary exercise of
the muscles thus involves the transmission of many nerve im-
pulses both to and from the periphery and and along many inter-
central paths and so provides the physiological stimulus on which
motor, sensory, and central cells depend for their maintenance.
Since our newer ideas of the structure of the nervous system
indicate that education consists largely in the development of
association fibres connecting the various motor and sensory
areas of the cerebral cortex it is not improbable, in fact it is
generally believed, that the effect of muscular training extends to
those portions of the brain which are related to mental proces-
ses. An eminent writer on mental diseases. Sir James Crichton-
Browne, has gone so far as to suggest that "swaddling-bands so
applied at birth as to restrain all muscular movements and kept
•^on during infancy and childhood, would result in idiocy." Hav-
ing emphasized the character of the relationship exising between
muscular and nervous development, a word may be added in re-
gard to the kind and amount of the exercise required for the best
results. Since motor activity is obtained by an expenditure of
nerve force, physical overwork readily leads to nervous and
mental disturbances. Bodily fatigue is often in the first instance
a case of fatigue of the nerve cells, and laboratory experiment
shows that muscles which refuse to respond to volitional efforts
after prolonged work may readily contract upon direct electrical
stimulation. Distinct histological changes have also been recog-
nized in nerve cells as the result of prolonged activity. Immod-
erate exercise may therefore easily defeat the very ends for
which it is intended, and excessive muscular developement
secured and maintained at the sacrifice of other organs, is by no
means a positive guarrantee of the best condition of general
health nor a sure high road to Intellectual preeminence. The
day laborer, commonly posessed of a fine musclature,is not equally
gifted in the matter of his nervous system — For the best good of
the mind and nervous system, muscular exercise should be mod-
erate in amount and of such a character as to provoke pleasurable
emotions. Expert opinions further agree in adapting the kind
•of exercise to be employed to the several periods of growth
234 The Plexus.
childhood and youth. To about the eighth year, the natural
playfulness of the child may be trusted to find appropriate games
for the training of its muscles provided adequate space for a
playground is within reach and the freest possible life out of
doors is encouraged. If gymnastics are added, they should be
simple and look rather to the developement of the fundamental
movements employed in walking and running, in bending the
body and in maintaining the erect posture. From that time on-
ward to puberty, the power of co-ordinating movements advances
rapidly and the form of exercise should be more varied, compli-^
cated and difficult. The relative emphasis placed on athletic
sports and gymnastics is determined largely by national preju-
dices and fads, the former having in their favor the healthier
conditions for their pursuit and the greater amount of exhilera-
tion and recreation, while the gymnasium affords an opportunity
for more symmetrical developement and training. The true
course would probably consist in combining both methods of
physical culture. After the sixteenth year attention should be
directed to the developement and perfection of skilled movements
and to the education of the ncuro-muscular apparatus. Manual
dexterity and cunning, requiring the delicate control of many
co-operating muscles can be developed at this time and much
that counts for training of muscles in this connection is in reality
an education of the nervous system.
2. LOCAL AND GENERAL EFFECTS OF MUSCULAR EXERCISE.
A quick pulse, deep and rapid breathing, flushed skin and
copious perspiration, these are some of the general effects of ex-
ercise readily observed in common experience. The problem for
physiological science is to explain these phenoma by bringing
them into casual relation with the processes going on in the
muscles themselves while at work. A complete mechanicaU
i.e. physico-chemical explanation cannot always be given because
of the manifoldness of the interactions of several causes acting
at the same time; nevertheless a knowledge of the intramuscular
changes affords the correct starting point from which to approach
the problem.
The response of muscle to any effective stimulus is of a four-
fold nature presenting electrical, thermal, mechanical and chem-
ical features. Of these the chemical changes are in reality the-
primary and fundamental event, of which the electrical and ther-
Physiology of Muscular Exercise. 235
mal changes are inseparable and necessary accompaniments ac-
cording to modern conceptions of physical chemistry; while the
mechanical response is an indirect consequence, a mere incident,
determined by the peculiar internal organization of the contrac-
tile substance which makes it a machine for converting heat
into mechanical work.
The time required for the development of the electrical re-
sponse after a single momentary stimulus can be accurately
measured and is usually given as 0.001 second, and since the the-
ory requires that the chemical decomposition and heat formation
be synchronous events with the electrical disturbance, we may
conclude that these three sets of changes are practically instan-
taneous in their accomplishment.
The change of form of the muscle, or the visible contraction,
requires a relatively much longer time, say 0.05 to 0.1 second, in
the case of a single twitch. A plausible hypothesis explains the
contraction as a process of imbibition, certain denser doubly-
refracting particles in muscle substance absorbing the more fluid
material around them by virtue of temperature elevations in
their immediate vicinity when the explosive chemical decompo-
sition takes place. Each particle is supposed to be elongated in
form and therefore will shorten and thicken when oy imbibition
it is made to approach more nearly the shape of a sphere. The
combined effect of such a change in the entire aggregate of par-
ticles leads to the shortening and swelling of the muscle as a
whole.
We have no suggestion as to any possible value to the or-
ganism of the feeble electrical currents produced in muscle; the
energy they represent may be a pure loss. The mechanical
energy is practically utilized in locomotion and useful work and
therefore is of supreme importance from the standpoint of ani-
mal mechanics and economics. It may be observed incidently
that as a machine for doing work, the muscle is more economical
than ordinary steam engines. In practice the thermo-dynamic
efficiency of the latter reaches only 10 to 14 per cent, while a
muscle under favorable circumstances may return 25 per cent, of
the total energy liberated in the form of external useful work.
The thermal and chemical changes in muscle deserve a little
more consideration, as it is through them that the remote and
indirect effects of exercise are induced.
236 • llie Plexus.
As regards heat production, direct measurement shows that
75 per cent, or more of the total energy liberated in contracting
muscle is converted to thermal energy. Even at rest the
muscles are the chief source of bodily heat and contribute some-
thing like two thirds of the 2,500,000 cal. dissipated in twenty-
four hours by the human body. The increased production of
heat during exercise tends of course to raise the bodj'^ tempera-
ture and in violent athletic contests a rise of 1.5"C. to 2.5°C. has
actually been recorded. Normally this effect is prevented by the
intervention of compensatory heat regulating mechanisms. The
cutaneous blood vessels dilate and sweat secretion increases so
that heat-loss from the surface of the body both by radiation and
evaporation is accelerated, while the augmentation of respira-
tion aids heat dissipation from the lungs by the increase in the
volume of air there warmed and saturated with moisture. The
reciprocal interactions between the thermogenic and thermo-
lytic mechanisms depend essentially upon certain cutaneous im-
pulses (special nerves of temperature sense) and upon the tem-
perature of the blood. Physical exercise certainly raises the
temperature of the skin and perhaps also that of the blood so the
influence on the heat regulating functions is easily understood.
The chemical phenomena remain for brief consideration.
Muscle cannot create energy; it can simply transform one kind
of energy to another kind, The external work and the heat de-
veloped by a muscle represents so much kinetic energy, which
had to be stored in the muscle in the form of potential chemical
energy before it could be liberated in the free state. The muscle
stores energy in the form of complex organic compounds sup-
plied by the blood and incorporated into the muscle substance by
its proper constructive nutritive processes. These relatively
unstable bodies are eventually oxidized and converted into more
simple and more stable products and in doing so furnish as much
heat weight for weight as if oxidized quickly by combustion in a
furnace. There are three main groups of such compounds, the
proteids or nitrogenous substances, like white of Qg,g, the fats,
and the carbohydrates, i. e., starches and sugars. Fats and car-
bohydrates are completely burned in the body to the condition of
■carbon- dioxide and water; proteids are not, for their nitrogen
leaves the body in the form of urea and related bodies, capable
of further oxidation and therefore representing a certain residue
Physiologg of Muscular Exercise. 337
of potential energy, The heat values of the three principal
classes of food stuffs are as follows:
1 gram of proteid yields 4100 Cal. (corrected for urea.)
1 " " fat " 9300 "
1 " " starch " 4100 "
Contracting muscles are able to utilize any of these sub-
stances for their supply of energy. It has been definitely
shown however that moderate exercise does not increase the ni-
trogenous excreta and therefore the energy of the contracting
muscle must be obtained mainly from its non-nitrogenous consti-
tuents. Dextrose in the circulating blood and glycogen stored
in the muscle itself represent available carbohydrates which are
positively known to suffer ready oxidation during work; per-
haps a small amount of fat, invariably present in muscle, is also
drawn upon during contraction. Proteid metabolism in muscles
seems to depend upon peculiar conditions and under ordinary
circumstances does not contribute to the energy of contraction.
There is a metabolism of rest as well as of 'activity for muscles,
and a certain amount of nitrogenous food is required at all times
to keep them from wasting away. Chemical activity in living
matter is never at a stand still, and while life as a phenomenon
endures its material substratum for ever changes. Muscle is often
compared with the steam engine to illustrate the part taken by
the nitrogenous and the non-nitrogenous constituents respec-
tively; the former are more especially used in making good the
wear and tear of the engine, while the latter correspond to the
fuel which is used to drive it. Like most analogies this gives a
very imperfect conception of the actual facts in the case and ex-
presses only a partial truth. During immoderate, excessive, and
prolonged exercise the nitrogenous constituents become involved
to a greater degree and an increase of urea excretion is observed.
This happens for example during forced marches of armies and
in' long distance walking naatches and indicates not only exhaus-
tion of the stock of preferred cTarbohydrates, compelling the
muscle to resort to proteids for fuel, but probably signifies ab-
normal wear and tear of the living framework of the muscle.
A familiar and natural consequence of exercise is fatigue, a
condition which may involve both the nerve cells of the brain
and^cord, and the muscle. Muscles which have been worked un-
tilthey no longer respond to a voluntary effort may still contract
238 The Plexus.
and do work on direct stimulation by electric currents. By-
keeping up artificial stimulation, a time eventually comes, when
fatigue of the muscle itself prevents further contraction. Two
distinct factors are concerned in the causation of fatigue in so-
far as this affects the muscle fibre. One is the more or less com-
plete consumption of the energy yielding substances which can-
not be replaced fast enough during exercise to keep up the stock.
The use of food hastens recovery and the efficacy of the several
food substances seems to be directly proportioned to ease and
rapidity with which they are digested and absorbed; hence the
almost magical effect sometimes obtained in fatigue by the eat-
ing of a small quantity of sugar. The restorative action of stim-
ulants like tea and coffee or alcohol is also interesting in this
connection, but lack of space forbids the digression at this time.
The other cause of fatigue is found in the accumulation of waste-
products whose removal does not keep pace with their formation
during activity.
Nature provides a self-regulating mechanism to offset and
neutralize both series of changes and the onset of fatigue may be-
long delayed under favorable circumstances. Entrance upon
functional activity is accompanied by increased vascularity and
accelerated blood flow in mnscles as in other organs. The active-
muscle thus receives a richer supply of nutriment while the ex-
cess of waste materials is more effectually carried off. The alter-
nate compression and relaxation of the veins and lymph vessels,
owing to the arrangement of their valves, produce a sort of
pumping action while the small arteries and capillaries are
greatly dilated. An actual measurement made on the chewing
muscles of the horse showed that the blood flow through them
was three times greater while feeding than at rest.
Passing now to the general effect of exercise, which are so-
important from the hygienic standpoint, it may be said that in a
general way their mode of production is not difficult to under-
stand. Afferent impulses are' generated abundantly in contract-
ing muscles, and entering the central nervous system, by reflex
stimulation of various centres may set up correlated functional
changes in any part of the body. The physical and chemical
alterations in the blood returning from the muscles, such as its.
higher temperature and osmotic tension, or its altered contents
in oxygen, carbon dioxide and extractives, may also influenca
Physiology of Muscular Exercise. 339
•distant parts either directly or indirectly by a primary action on
the nervous system. Without attempting the analysis in each
particular case, the more important of these general effects will
be briefly described.
The heart responds promptly to exercise by a quickening of
its beat, increasing its rate even as much as 50 per cent of the
normal; in any given case the observed effect is determined by
individual peculiarities and by the intensity and duration of the
work done. The beat usually remains regular and full, so that
the higher pulse rate raises general blood pressure and every
part of the body participates in the benefits of an improved cir-
culation.
The respiratory movements are also quickened during exer-
cise with the result that a larger volume of air is breathed per
unit of time. A more thorough ventilation of the lungs thus goes
hand in band with a more rapid blood stream and the greater
necessity for oxygen absorption and carbon dioxide elimination is
provided for.
As a third general effect should be mentioned the marked
•changes in the circulation and in the secretory activities of the
skin already described in connection with the heat regulating
mechanisms.
General effects on digestion and nutrition are also secured by
physical exercise. Increased activity and more rapid combus-
tion in so many organs suggest tissue hunger as the possible ex-
planation of the improvement in the appetite commonly ob-
served; certainly more food is taken and better relished. The
improved circulation and hightened tone of the alimentary tract
favor the process of secretion, digestion and absorption, while
the tissues generally are stimulated and raised up to a higher
nutritive level.
Through these general effects muscular exercise becomes an
important factor in the preservation and promotion of general
health; by its local effects upon the muscles, which are hardened
and enlarged, and through them, upon the skeletal structures, it
also secures symmetrical and harmonious development of the
body; and finally, by its effects on the associated nervous mechan-
isms, it developes and expands the mental powers and educates
the muscles for the performance of those delicate co-ordinated
movements required in the successful utilization of muscular
force.
RESPIRATORY GYMNASTICS.
Edward H. Ochsner, B. S., M. D,
It is now almost twelve years since I first became interested
in this subject. At that time I was a student^at'.the].University
of Wisconsin, and the institution was practically without a gym-
nasium and consequently during: the winter months it was often
very diflBcult to get sufficient and proper exercise. In order to
overcome this difficulty my room mate and I improvised a system
of indoor gymnastics compatible with the size of our room and
in keeping with the exhausted conditon of our pocketbooks.
Among many other things this system included respiratory
gymnastics. Fortunately at the very outset we took accurate
chest measurements, at the end of full inspiration and at the end
of complete expiration. We made a record of these measure-
ments and as the term progressed we measured again and were
very greatly surprised at the increase of lung capacity. Ever
since this time I have given the subject of breathing exercises
some thought and attention. At first for my own use alone and
later from the standpoint of the physician, and have found them
most useful in both instances.
Non use leads to atrophy. Atrophy is a predisposing factor
in the production of disease. A reasonable amount of exercise
occasionally pushed near the limit in degree and endurance is
important in order to secure the normal development of an organ,
to establish its physiological function, and to fortify it, as well
as the body in general, against disease. These statements are so
self evident and so generally accepted that arguments to sub-
stantiate them seem superfluous.
If now we find among our people a certain number whose
lungs and respiratory muscles do not get sufficient or proper ex-
ercise, it plainly becomes our duty to look into the matter and
regulate it. Unfortunately in our large cities this class is in the
majority.
To begin with, how about our students (medical or other-
wise), our lawyers, doctors, ministers, teachers, clerks, stenog-
raphers, factory girls, and in fact all of our people who lead
sedentery lives? What proportion of these regularly fill their
lungs to their full capacity, even once or twice a day? I dare
Respiratory Gymnastics. 241
say a very small per cent. It might be said that these all need
general bodily exercise and that if this were insisted upon the
respiratory system would gets its proper amoilnt. This is true
to a certain extent, but even then unlsss the exercise is reason-
ably violent at least for a few minutes at a time, it is not certain
that the lungs will be inflated to their full capacity.
A person may go to bed weary from work every night for a
month and during the whole time never have taken a full deep
breath. Besides I have often found it possible to have a patient
conscientiously follow a system of respiratory exercises for a
long time, who would have found it impossible to get the proper
amount of general exercise daily for even a much shorter period.
Many patients of the above enumerated class, who are not
suffering from any definite disease, but who are run down, who
are below par, consult their family physician in the hope of be-
ing toned up.
These patients must be looked after immediately or they be-
come easy prey to various affections, such as pneumonia, la
grippe or, if exposed, to even a more serious one, namely
phthisis.
The highest function of the physician certainly is to prevent
disease, and in order to do this in the greatest number of cases,
it is necessary to be well equipped. He should be ready to use
intelligently any and every aid which is feasible. He should
above all things have at his command the simplest and most ef-
fective. Respiratory gymnastics are certainly the simplest and
most effective adjuncts to general tonic treatment.
Besides the conditions above enumerated, I have found them
most useful in cases suffering from glandular or bone tuberculo-
sis, from anasmia or chlorosis, from malnutrition from whatever
cause, but especially in cases where the malnutrition is due to
some chronic infection as in gonorrheal or ordinary chronic
rheumatism, or following septic infection. Above all have I
found it useful after empyema operations. It is really remark-
able how nearly perfect one may often find the lung expansion to
be in one of these cases if the breathing exercises have been sys-
tematically taken for six months. I usually start them on mild ex-
ercises just as soon as they can be taken without causing pain,
increasing in extent and continuing them for at least six months
or until the expansion is as perfect on the operated as on the
nonoperated side
242 The Plexus.
It is also remarkable how much it will sometimes do for a
patient with pleurisy with effusion. The first patient in whom I
observed really marked improvement under this treatment was
one suffering from this affection. About six years ago a young
man of thirty came under my care. His left pleural cavity was
about as full of fluid as it could possibly be. When sitting erect
flatness extended to the lower border of the third rib in nipple
line, clear up into the axilla and to the same level posteriorly.
Above this level there was dullness, resulting from the compress-
ion of the lung. We aspirated the pleural cavity and withdrew
a large amount of straw colored fluid. In spite of mild cathartics
and diuretics it filled up in a few days and at the end of a week
he was again aspirated. This again relieved him for a few days
when the cavity filled to the former level and remained so for
fully a month when I put him on systematic breathing exercises,
continuing of course the mild laxatives and diuretics. The flat-
ness began to recede appreciably within a week and at the end of
two months there was not a trace of it left. Of course I am
fully aware of the fact that often the pleuritic effusion will ab-
sorb after even only a few ounces have been removed by aspira-
tion, still it had had a month's time to absorb before I began the
breathing exercises.
I have had other cases where the fluid has been absorbed
completely without aspiration, but I cite the above because it
serves best to illustrate how rapidly so great an amount of pleu-
ritic effusion can be made to absorb.
The breathing exercises which I have used myself and which
I have directed my patients to take are very simple and yet it is
with them as with most other things in medicine, they must be
executed correctly or they will do very little good. In other
words there is a right and a wrong way in even so simple a pro-
cedure as this. The same rule holds good here as with any other
muscular movements taken for the purpose of getting exercise.
They must be executed with a certain degree of "snap" and to
the limit, in order that all of the muscles may be brought into
play. One man may walk a mile and exercise relatively few
muscles, another may walk the same distance and get a great
deal of valuable exercise, calling into play a much greater num-
ber of muscles. So with these exercises, one man may take
twenty at a time, call into play only half the respiratory muscles
Respiratory Gymnastics. 343
and fill only nine-tenths of the alveoli with air, another may-
take five and accomplish much better results.
The exercises may be numbered one, two and three and are
all taken in the erect position, the so-called position of attention.
First exercise : The patient at attention with mouth closed
is directed to inspire through his nose and to slowly filled his
lungs to their utmost capacity by first depressing the diaphragm,
thus completely filling the lower portion of his lungs, then ex-
panding the upper portion of his chest, the shoulders being
thrown back as the lungs become completely filled with air.
Now after a momentary pause the air is slowly expelled through
the mouth, holding it so that the air escapes against resistance.
Second exerc.ise: Same as first except that the forearm is
flexed on the arm and as the lungs are filled and emptied the
shoulders are rotated from before backward.
Third exercise: Same as first except that as the lungs are
filled the extended arms are made to describe a circle with the
shoulder as the center. They are rotated from before back-
wards during the exercise.
Numbers two and three differ only from number one in that
they call into play the accessory muscles of respiration.
I must again insist that they must be gone through with
slowly and to the limit. At first it will be difficult for some pa-
tients to inspire longer than ten seconds or to expire longer than
three, but as they get better control of their muscles and as their
lung capacity increases, it will be possible for them to inspire
slowly and steadily from twenty-five to thirty seconds and to ex-
pire from seven to ten seconds. Another thing that is very diffi-
cult, especially for women, is to make themselves at all proficient
in abdominal breathing. Some find great difficulty in learning it
at all, and it sometimes becomes necessary to direct them to
stand before a large mirror so that they can observe carefully
and learn correctly the process of filling their lungs.
Again it is sometimes difficult for patients to learn how to
blow against resistance. These can either be given a small
goose quill to blow through or they may be directed to blow
against a lace curtain. At first some find it impossible to impart
the slightest motion to a curtain at a distance of three feet, while
as they become proficient it is quite easy to make an appreciable
effect when ten feet away.
244 The Plexus.
There is one more thing against which it is necessary to
caution: namely the taking of too many exercises at one time at
the very beginning. Should this be advised the patient will
either not take them correctly or they may cause syncope. The
sudden unaccustomed enlargement of the chest cavity may cause
sudden anocmia of the brain.
I direct my patients to go through the exercises once morn-
ing and evening for the first week, then to increase one a week
until they have reached five and to continue with this number
for months. I always have them take the exercises on arising
and retiring, when free movement is uninterrupted by constrict-
ing waist bands and heavy clothing.
Every time such a patient comes to my office I have him
show me what progress he has made in learning how to breatb
correctly. I have used these exercises on hundreds of cases and
I have always found them most valuable adjuncts to other tonic
treatment.
710 Sedg-wick Street.
THE ANNUAL JUNIOR PROMENADE.
The annual promenade, tendered by the juniors to the senior
class, to be held Thursday, Dec. 5, promises to be one of the
most brilliant social events of its kind ever held by students of
this institution. Elaborate preparations are being made by the
various committees, and it is inconceivable that their efforts can
fail of success.
An innovation has been inaugurated by which this year's
party will be complimentary to the seniors not only in name but
in fact. Heretofore it has been customary for the members of
the senior class to share the expenses with the juniors, but this
year the juniors unanimously decided to shoulder all the ex-
penses themselves, and make the atfair all that the term "in
honor of the senior class" implies. Tickets have, therefore been
issued to all the members of the senior class who expressed a de-
sire to attend, and it is useless to add that the entire class will be
out in full force.
Great enthusiasm in this affair has been manifested by the
juniors, both individually and as a class, and it is felt that a rare
good time is in store for those who elect to attend. The spacious
Illinois Hall, at Madison street and Ogden avenue, has been se-.
Annual Junior Promenad . 245
lected as the place for holding- the promenade, and as the danc-
ing capacity of the floor is two hundred couples, there will be no
lack of room for the dreamy waltz or the stately quadrille.
Tables will be provided for those who prefer the silent game of
cards to the more active exercise on the waxen floor; while those
who feelMisposed to try the rest cure will find ample facilities
for its indulgence^ The hall will be handsomely decorated, the
college colors of course predominating.
The members of the faculty are showing pronounced interest
in this affair of the students, as might be expected, and it is be-
lieved a large representation of that body will be present, thus
adding brilliancy and dignity to the gathering. Out of deference
to their presence all "shop talk"' will be rigorously tabooed, and
there is even talk of organizing all the demonstrators into a tem-
porary police force to see that this regulation is enforced.
Superintendent Browne will be there between classes, as per
usual.
While the party will be largely attended by both faculty and
student body, and their friends, it is not the intention to mal^e it
a formal, full dress afl'air. Therefore those members of the
sophomore and freshman classes who forgot to bring their swal-
low tailed coats and pumps need net hesitate to attend on that
score. Invitations have been extended to all, and it is earnestly
hoped these classes will send a goodly number to become better
acquainted with their colleagues and tutors.
The following committees have been appointed and it can
safely be predicted they will leave nothing undone to add to the
enjoyment of all their guests:
Reception: The Faculty of the Junior Class. Miss J. Web-
ster, chairman. Miss E. M. Heelan, C. W. Poorman, F. L.
Gourley, M. W. Hall.
Arrangements: L. D. Howe, chairman. T. B. Barnes, W.
H. Moore.
Floor: L. Sibley, chairman. D. L. Parker, L M. Power,
J. C. Weld.
Refreshments: Miss N. L. Martin, chairman. Miss M. B.
Baird, Seth Wicks.
Fitzgerald's orchestra will furnish the music and the re-
freshments will be furnished by Johnson. Both of these names
are too well known to call for further comment, and we bespeak
for the entertainment only the greatest success.
THE PLEXUS
COLLEGE OF PHYSICIANS AND SURGEONS
MEDICAL DEPARTMENT '
UNIVERSITY OF ILLINOIS.
CHICAGO.
Plexus Committee of Faculty.
T. A. DAVIS, M. D., D. A. K. STEELE, M. D., F. GREGORY CONNELL, M. D.
H. C. WADDLE, '03, Editor-in-Chief.
Supt. W. H. BROWNE, W- T. ECKLEY, M. D., D. N. EISBNDRATH, M. D.
W. A. EVANS, M. D., H. W. BBRARD, M. D., A. GERHMANN, M. D,
Associate Editor, L. HARRISON METTLER, M. D.
Local Editors, P. E. GRABOW, '02, R. L. ELDREDGE. '03.
Class Editors:
F. H. HORNIROOK, 02, B. S. MALOY, '03 F. L WOOD, '04.
'Faculty Department, DR. P. B. EARLE. Clinical Laboratory Dept.. DR. W. E. COATES
Alumni Editor, DR. C. C. O'BYRNE, '94 Clinical Department, C. E- DIKE, '02
Athletic " H. H. EVERETT, '02 Library Department. METTA M. LOOMIS.
Advertising Solicitors, R. E. BROWN, 'C2. H H. FRtDEKFELD. '02.
Publisher, - - - - - - H. C. WADDLE.
Subscription $1.00 per Annum in advance. Single copies, 15 cents. Issued Monthly
^end all remittances and communications as to subscriptions and advertising to H. C.
WADDLE, <^'or. Congress and Honore Sts.
Entered at Cliicago Post OiBce as Second-Class Matter.
Any subscriber desiring the Journal discontinued at tlie expiration of his subscription
should so notify the Publishers; otherwise it will be assumed thai the subscription is to be
continued and the Journal sent accordingly.
Contributions of matter suitable for publication are invited, and should be sent in nod
Iter than the 25th of th(
themselves responsible :
•later than the 25th of the month previous to that of publication. The publishers willnot hQj
)le for the safe return of MSS. unless sufficient stamps are forward ojd*
We have devoted this issue of the Plexus to articles per-
taining to systematic physical training and shall be pleased to
publish other articles from time to time along the same line.
The college has taken a good step when it has equipped a
gymnasium and provide a competent instructor who has outlined
a thorough course of work along this line.
*
Would it not be well for the Senior or Junior class, Y. M-
C. A. or some other organization to take up the idea of a College
Annual and get one out.
Editorial. 247.'
The Faculty, Alumni and Students of the college of Physician
and Surgeons ought to support a college annual. Might it not
be well to interest the other representatives of the University of
Illinois in Chicago — The College of Dentistry and Pharmacy —
in a proposition of this kind. Who will take it up"? What do
you think of the proposition?
*■ *
*
The young vvomen of the Y. W. C. A. are to be congratulated
in their efforts to give the students of the Colleges of Physicians
and Surgeons a College Calendar, one expressing the medical
side of school life is planned.
In order to arouse interest in the artistic efforts of our de-
signers, they have offered a prize of twenty dollars to the student
designing the best calendar and a number have entered the con-
test and it promises to be a work of art.
The Faculty, Alumni and Student body should encourage the
efforts of the young ladies and patronize them well, as all these
"side issues" serve to make the school life more pleasant and
and tend to increase college spirit, which too often is below par
in medical colleges where the enrollment is large.
LIBRARY NOTES.
Metta Loomis, Librarian.
During the past month the following additions have been
made to Quine Library. Forty-six volumes of the latest and
most authoritative medical works have been purchased for the
library. Sixty-seven volumes of periodicals have been bound
and placed on the shelves, and the following gifts have been re-
ceived: From Dr. H. A. Hare, of the University of Pennsylva-
nia, a copy of his valuable work on the Pathology, Clinical Hist-
ory and Diagnosis of Affections of the Mediastinum. Dr. Fantus
presented the library with a copy of Tanner's Memoranda of
Poisons.
Mr. E. H. Colgrove kindly remembered the library with a
gift of sixty volumes of medical journals, about half the number
being foreign periodicals. Dr. L. H. Mettler sent the libraryjSOO
valuable reprints and pamphlets,
The manuscripts of the various speeches and toasts delivered
at the banquet given in honor of Dr. Fenger have come into pos-
session of the library through the kindness of Dr. Evans.
For some time there has been a growing demand to have the
library open evenings, and the faculty of P. & S., ever mindful
of the best interests of the students, have made arrangements by
which the library is to be opened three evenings during each
week. The numbers of students who are availing themselves of
the opportunity for night work is an evidence of the necessity
which existed for increased facilities for library work. It is also
an evidence of the rapidly increasing value of Qnine Library to
the student who wishes to do research and reference work in any
line of medical literature.
Five new study tables have been placed in the library for
the accommodation of the students who are doing thesis work.
The following contributions to medical literature by mem-
bers of the faculty of P. & S. have appeared in various medical
journals during the past month:
Dr. W. A, Evans: Report of Pour Cases of Fat Necrosis in
Connection with Gallstones. Journal of American. Medical As-
sociation, Nov. 2, page 1176-1180.
Library Notes. 249
Dr, Carl Beck. Fat Necrosis from a Surgical Standpoint.
Journal American Medical Association, Nov. 2, p. 1180-1182.
Dr. E. N. Eisendrath. The Surgery of Pulmonary Abscess,
Gangrene and Bronchiectases, following pneumonia, Philadel-
phia Medical Journal, Nov. 23, p. 919-928.
Dr. A. J. Ochsner. Femoral Hernia. The Clinical Review.
November, pages 83-94.
Dr. J. M. Patton. The use of Oxygen Gas in Diseases of the
Chest. The Clinical Review, November, pages 94-102.
Dr. G. F. Lydston, A Probable Cause of Failure in Internal
Urethrotomy. Journal of Cutaneous and Genito-Urinary Dis-
eases. November, pages 527-528.
Dr. A. J. Ochsner. Appendicitis and its Treatment. Medi-
cal Standard. November, pages 592-593.
Dr. Casey A. Wood, in collaboration with Dr. F. A Wood-
ruff, The Common Diseases of the Eye. Medical Standard,
November, pages 592-593.
Dr. E. H. Lee. A Surgical Clinic. Medical Standard. No-
vember, pages 594-598.
Dr. Aime Paul Herrick. Treatment of Plural Fist la. Med-
ical Standard. November, pages 597-600,
ALUMNI DEPARTMENT.
'83. C. M. Thompson, Elk Rapids, Mich., adds his name to
our list of subscribers. The doctor is enjoying a lucrative prac-
tice and is an enthusiastic alumnus of the college.
'96. A. A. Starner has moved from Danville. Ohio to Gallon,
Ohio.
'96. Frank E. Culp, of Nome, Alaska, and H, A. Jegi, of
Galesville, were recent visitors at the Plexus office. We are al-
ways pleased to have the alumni call when in the city,
'98. John S. Nagel, recently returned from Philippine Is-
lands, where he has been serving as surgeon in the volunteer
service. He is looking well, and enjoyed very much his year in
the newly acquired territory. He is located on corner of Harri-
son and Western Aee., Chicago.
'98, A, C. Croftan is now in Pepper Laboratory, University
of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pa.
'98. Eugene D. Whitney died at his home, Painsville, Ohio,
50 The Plexus.
on Nov. 4, of typhoid fever, age 32.
'99. J. C. Betz has located in Boscabel, Wis-
'01. I. W. Shanks has removed from Grand Rapids, Mich.,,
to Walkerville, Mich.
'01. Report comes to us that C. W. Hubbard, of Cedar Rap-
ids, Iowa, has recently been married. Congratulations ''Cupid."
'01 W. D. McDowelLis now located at corner Ogden Ave.
and Polk St., Chicago.
'01. Mortime Frank is located in Reliance Bldg., Chicago.
Dr. Frank is doing work on pye only.
'01. R. O. Ringo has given up his work at South Bend,
Neb. and enters the Cook County Hospital Dec. 1. He enjoyed a
very nice practice while in South Bend. His place at South
Bend has been taken by E. C. Ruge.
AGNES TURNER.
Dr. Agnes Turner, of the class of "01 died at South Bend,
Ind., Nov. 18, of Bright's disease, following an attack of typhoid
fever. She was sick nine weeks. Dr. Turner was born in Stur-
ges, Mich., and for a number of years before entering her medi-
cal course, was principal of the Lafayette school of South Bend.
In her medical course Dr. Turner was among the leaders of
hes class, being on the roll of honor at the close of her senior
year, and her prospects for a useful career as a physician were
very bright. She was a universal favorite among a wide circle
of friends and acquaintances.
Dr. F. M. Sawyer, '84, attended Dr. Turner, and Dr. Quine
was called to South Bend in consultation.
SENIOR NOTES.
A class meeting was held in 406, Nov. 5, and after a very
eloquent plea by the president, it was decided to dispense with
the reading of the minutes of the last meeting. The only im-
portant business to come before the class was the announcement
by the president of the executive committee. The following
were appointed: Messrs. Sabin, Lunn, Faith, Beam and Whyte.
After the subsidence of the applause, Mr. Siegfriedt moved that
the meeting be adjourned, and it was immediately carried. The
JVofes. 251
committee men selected are eminently qualified 'for the position
and they have received the universal commendation of the class.
Mz\ C. C. Young has been appointed official interpreter of
the dead languages at the county hospital, Kis v^ork will be
chiefly confined to the morgue.
Miss Green's mother visited the class last week.
THE DREAM OF R. HAYNES.
A senior sat in his hard backed seat,
Though soft and downey it did seem,
And slept and dreamed of things so sweet,
That of heaven itself he caught a gleam.
There was Peter with his beard of white,
There were the stairs of purest gold.
There were the angels in a halo of light,
And there was the register book of old.
The student with a cry of delight.
Rushed up to Peter and did implore
Permission to enter and see the sight,
But said Peter, "He who enters must tell more,"
"Where are you from?" quoth the old man,
"I am late of Chicago, sir,'' he said.
"And what was your business, when on land?"
"I was studying medicine when not in bed."
"Ah!" said Peter, "that is well,
A medical man I am glad to get.
But what is your name, I would have you tell.
For every name in gold is set."
"My name is Haynes," quoth the btudent bold.
"Haynes!"' cried Peter, "no Haynes is dead."
"But sir, my name is Haynes as I have told."
"Your name, on the book, I have not read."
"You are not dead," again quoth Pete,
"But simply sleeping, that is all.
Return, Mr. Haynes, to your earthly seat,
And patiently wait until your call."
Just then a crack on the student's head.
And the sleeper awoke from his dream, and sighed.
He found not heaven, but the surgical clinic instead.
••Hit him again, he deserves it," Dr. Ferguson cried.
Mr. O. E. Beebe has given evidence of his remarkable skill
as a gynecologist. He is always doubly prepared to do this kind
of work.
252 The Plexus.
The fact, that a pair called Adam and Eve are with us this
year, does not at all shatter our firm belief in the Darwin theory.
It even gives us more faith.
Mr. Siegfriedt has returned from his extended trip to Mexico
and other points. School began the following day.
Mr. R. E. Brown gave an ansesthetic this month.
Two weeks ago Mr. Kimball was called in consultation to see
a case in Indiana. The patient was a lady, and is now reported
better.
Dr. K. demonstrated in one of his recent clinics the great
variety of nerve lesions, when he considered it necessary to in-
quire of a male patient as to the number of abortions he had had
The last decade has shown some marvelous advances in sur-
gery and medicine. Even within the last three months it has been
demonstrated clinically that opium and other medicinal hypnot-
ics are unnecessary, The same effect with far better after re-
sults may be obtained by giving the patient a short talk upon
the "peculiar conditions of the blood in different diseases."
Every senior can vouch for the efficiency of this wonderful (?)
remedy.
Dr. King to patient: Do you see the gentleman to the right
of Mr. Tolley?
Ans. : No, I see something light.
It was Weaver's head.
As the time of his graduation approaches. Low gives up the
idea of becoming a "quack" and keeps his hair cut.
Dr. Earle to Podgur: How would you give a Sitz-bath?
Podgur: Put the women in a small pan on the floor.
Leavitt has been called home to see his father who is suffer-
ing from a severe accident received in a runaway.
JUNIOR NOTES.
RONDELET.
For he is it
Since he cut short that head of hair.
For he is it,
And often — yea! — we've seen him hit
Notes. 253
With missies that are all but fit
For one with pate so smooth and bare —
For he is it.
(Apologies to Wochos.) "
Lo.rcl Chesterfield said, "Men are judged not by their inten-
tions, but by their actions." How well this can be applied to
J. C. Weld is indeed not difficult to grasp. One has but to note
that gentleman's actions throughout a minor part of the day in
order to fully understand what is meant.
W. A. Shepherd remarked to several members of the class
the other day that he' was feeling "decidedly punk and all run
down from some cause or another.'' Now we think the diagnosis
exceedingly easy when we take into consideration the distance
from the west side over to Greenwood avenue and Sixty-fifth
street. Especially is the condition aggravated when we con-
sider that the distance is traversed not only on Sunday evening,
but also at stated intervals throughout the week. Will not some
whole-souled creature prescribe for our friend"? We are loath to
see a good man down, but it is quite beyond us to aid him.
An old adage says, "if you trim a baby's finger-nails to any
great extent during infancy, that baby will be light-fingered in
after years." We would suggest that the man (?) who filched
our book a short time ago, endeavor to find out if such adage is
true, by consulting his parents, provided he knows both of them.
Many are the strange names we hear during roll call nowa-
days, viz: Treadwell, Wormstone, Freshlung, Copen and Tom
Hagen, and several names near the middle of the roll which we
can not reproduce in type.
When you know the "Prof." will call you.
And your heart goes pitapat;
While you shiver as with ague.
Knowing naught just where you're at:
Know you how the sense of pleasure
Kests and soothes your quaking soul,
When the "Prof.'" with seeming leisure —
Stops, and jumps far down the roll.
Among those who made the flying trip to the Buffalo exposi-
tion on the 26th ult. were the following Juniors: C. E. McCar-
ty, D. L. Parker, D. G. Tweedle, C. E. Saunders, L. B. Donkle,
254: • The Plexus.
W. D. Madden, P. Wicks, G. A. Bryan, L. H. Howe, V. C. Burns,
C. E. Smith, T. A. Buchanan and E. J. Mitchell. Owing to the
fact that the trip was made in exceedingly rapid time, the party
were thus enabled to spend a much greater amount of the alloted
time at the fair. Although tlie actual time spent at the exposi-
tion was comparatively short (Saturday until Monday evening),
yet they made use of every moment of the time, and not only
were the principal seats of interest visited, but a visit of sev-
eral hours" duration was made to thai great natural wonder — Ni-
agara Falls. Space will not allow of an extended account of
their journey, but it is fitting to state that they are all unani-
mous in the assertion that it was one of the most pleasurable
and instructive short trips they had ever made.
The work that has been done lately in intestinal suturing in
Dr. Sherwood's class has been of immense value to the different
members who participated. Owing to the untiring efforts of his
assistants, Messrs. Bryan and Haskel, the class was provided
with a goodly supply of intestines which at first blush (and smell)
were acceptable. The second day, however, was somewhat dif-
ferent. Not only could we smell them from afar off, but some of
the class with a very acute sense of hearing avowed that the
movements of the intestines could be distinctly heard while they
still remained in the bucket. That all of the above is absolutely
true we are unable to say, however, we know from actual experi-
ence that the odor which was cutting circles in the atmosphere
in our immediate vicinity, during the ordeal,, would fall far short
of the sweet odors engendered by Arabian perfumes. Instead, it
brought back recollections of by-gone days, through which many
of us so unwillingly passed not many moons ago. Now, we are
fully convinced that intestinal suturing is an all-important part
of surgery but we would suggest that in future the two assist-
ants be more considerate in their choice of dogs and thereby
evince a feeling of brotherly love and affection toward their fel-
low-students.
And now^ De Nevue informs the class that a wheal is a cir-
cumcised area.
Did all grasp McGann's meaning when he asked regarding
the freight trains?
At last accounts L. A. Klinefelter has almost recovered from
the effects of the operation performed on him for appendicitis at
Notes. 255
the county hospital several days ago. Dr. Eisendrath was the
attending physician and performed a most successful operation
which is clearly shown by the patient's rapid recovery. The en-
tire class join us in the hope of a speedy recovery for Mr. Kline-
felter.
"We are informed that the Junior Promenade has been given
due notice on another page of this issue. Notwithstanding, we
feel it our duty to at least mention the fact that in giving this
social event in honor of the Seniors — the Junior class will far ex-
cel any previous efforts ever made in this direction at the Col-
lege of Physicians and Surgeons.
SOPHOMORE NOTES.
Prof. : "We are now coming to the most difficult part of the
subject; will Mr. Shimmelfennig describe the descending cornu."
No reply.
"Will Mr. Spapiro proceed."
How strange it is that we have been so blind to the personal
attractions of one of our members. Had it not been for the ar-
tistic eye of Dr. Evans, Mr. Cone had been "born to blush unseen
and waste his sweetness on the desert air."
Our course in Sophomore clinics is meeting with the unquali-
fied approval of the entire class as shown by the large attend-
ance and deep interest shown. Some very interesting cases have
been brought before the class in the past few weeks. It is hoped
that all may continue, by attendance and interest, to show their
appreciation of the course, in order that those members of the
faculty who oppose the idea may be the more quickly convinced
of its value.
Mr. Kruk has become very pious of late. Not long since, in
the presence of the whole class, he was seen to kneel at the
shrine of one of the fairest of our fair ones and say, "Grace."
Those who were near say that he concluded with a prayer for
forgiveness.
The smiling faces and loud demonstrations of the members
of the class upon the return of Prof Fantus after his recent ill-
ness must have given him some idea of how glad we were to have
him with us again. We considered ourselves very fortunate dur-
ing his absence to have such an able man to fill his place, as Dr.
256 The Plexus.
Williamson, whose interesting and emphatic lectures were list-
ened to with great pleasure and profit.
J. R. Montgomeny has been under a spell for some time.
Some day the good fairy who has him in hand will remove the
spell and he will awake to exclaim with Bottom of Shakespearian
fame: "I must to the barber, far methinks I'm wondrous hairy
about the face!" We do not wish to infer that Jimmy's mustache
makes him look like an ass, but it certainly does mar the beauty
of his features remarkably.
It is remarkable what a beneficial eifect our new environ-
ments have had upon the department of the class. Even Wall
is behaving himself very nicely so that one can hear a lecture
quite well when he is only four seats away. Others have shown
a similar improvement. Taking our class as a whole we never
were guilty of "rough house"' except when forced to it by long
periods of confinement in the old "A. A.," or by the inroads of
the present Senior class. They thought they never were happy
till they met us, but when the meeting came they pang the old
song slightly revised:
"We were happy till we met you,
And the fault was all our own," etc.
It is hoped that the young man who has been bringing a dog
to lectures with him has been persuaded to leave it at home in
future. We have known fellows to bring "ponies" to class with
them, especially when a quizz or examination was expected, but
a dog is an innovation. It would seem that any young man, who
has no higher ambition than that of leading a yelping bull pup
around by a string, had better give up studying medicine and
apply for a position as keeper of the dog parlors, under the
supervision of the department of physiology.
We wish to urge every member to take a hand in the com-
plete organization of the class. Mr. Haessly is putting forth his
best efforts to get our class organization on a firm footing and it
is hoped that all those who have an interest in their own welfare
will assist by nttending meetings and giving suggestions. Let
us build up an organization that will last throughout the re-
mainder of our course.
FRESHMAN NOTES.
The Freshman class this year, we are told, consists of one'
hundred and seven members, the majority of which is of the male
persuasion. Only five members are ladies, a fact which some of
the gentlemen, Peterson prominently included, have been heard
to lament londly.
The class is apparently recruited from many walks of life,
and there is a great diversity of ages, sizes, colors, conditions,
political and religious affiliations, etc. The euphonious appella-
tion, "D. J.," has been liberally, indiscriminately and in some
cases we fear offensively applied to some of our Esculapean em-
bryos, but we are glad to say with no very serious results, as
most of us are of a properly humble spirit. Jennings, indeed,
from somewhere in the depths of his six-foot anatomy, has been
heard to evolve a deep bass growl, which stripped of many lurid
verbs and emphatic adjectives, was to the effect that the other
fellow would develop an instant case of paralysis, if he, Jen-
nings, were termed a "D. J." We would advise no violence^
gentlemen, for are not these medical Gamaliels our superiors and
should we not with a properly contrite spirit be content to sit at
their upper class feet? Provided always, of course, that said
upper class feet have been regularly and with tolerable fre-
quency washed, a proposition we regret to say we approach with,
some timidity for fear of an incorrect conclusion.
A few cases of virulent home sickness have been reported,
but the delightful home flavor, if we may so term it, which hangs
like a halo around the West Side restaurants, has had a vast in-
fluence in warding off this distressing malady and also in dissi-
pating what few cases may have developed. Stoneheart, how-
ever, makes suspicious and very regular trips to Valparaiso.
We have several times been complimented by various mem-
bers of the faculty, particularly by Dr. Shaw, on our collective
personal appearance and precision in recitation. We accept all
such commendations gracefully, and without fear of contradic-
tion venture the statement that the Freshman class of 1901 is
the finest class matriculated by the P. & S. in this century.
A class organization was effected early in the term. The
officers chosen are as follows:
H. P. Bagley, President.
B. C. Grout, Vice President.
258 The Plexus
H. J. Jefferson, Treasurer.
J. Payne Browne, Secretary and Class Editor.
We respectfully suggest that Jefferson be put under bond.
Through the zealous activity of the "Egans three" all the ladies
were elected honorary vice presidents, a courteous recognition of
which we heartily approve. They are the Misses Beardsley
Slocum, Hattendorf, Johnson and Zatlin. In the absence of
Bagley and Grout the soothing effect produced when Miss
Beardsley proudly assumes the chair is very noticeable; even
Pirosh behaves himeelf.
In athletics we possess some stars of the first magnitude.
Powell and Buchan have been on the college football team dur-
ing the season and distinguished themselves on several occa-
«ions. A Freshman team has been organized with line up as
follows: C. Gray, R. G. ; Vankirk, L. G. ; Jennings, R. T. ; Kel-
ley, L. T. ; Parvuhar, L. E. ; Buchan, R. E. ; Thomas and Morton,
•Q. B. ; Captain Powell, L. H. B. ; Bowen, R, H. B. ; Grant and
Rule, F. B., Mount. The class contributed liberally to deck
these gentlemen with appropriate protective and running gear,
and in their new togs they will undoubtedly present a formida
ble appearance. The Sophomores were challenged and the game
will be played Nov. 23.
Passed up — -Wentz twice, Bagley and Jefferson. This cheer-
ful and elevating pastime has practically fallen into "inocuous
desuetude" and stands a good chance of being consigned to obliv-
ion unless perchance "ye editor" is "hoist by his own petard"
when the Plexus comes out.
Bowen went to Madison on Saturday to view the Badger
Gopher game, and returned much exhiliarated by the success of
his Alma Mater.
Dr. Shaw to D. J. — "Now will you tell me into what does
the hiatus Falliopii open?" Astute D. J. — "Into the Fallopian
.tubes, sir."
RUSH WINS.
The first defeat of P. & S. by her old rival, Rush.
On Friday, the 15th of November, P.&S. first mot defeat, and
lor the first time had her goal line crossed by her rival, Rush.
This was the seventh annual contest between the great schools,
Rush Wins. 259
and for the first time the victory lay with the disciples of Ben-
jamin Rush.
The loyalty of the P. & S. students and faculty was never
more apparent than at this game. Six hundred men, a score of
the faculty, including Drs. Quine, Earle, Sherwood, Evans, Har-
dy, Simon, Lee and Graves, five coaches, numerous private car-
riages and smart traps was the representation of the medical
school of the University of Illinois, and an unmistakable token
of support to her sturdy representatives upon the gridiron.
The score of 6-0 is the index of a stubborn fight, of teams
evenly matched, of a struggle for every inch of ground lost or
won, and a defeat in which disgrace has no part. The Rush team
had the advantage of %veight, averaging ten pounds more than
the men from P. & S. Hamill at right half-back, the former
star half of the Chicago University team, gained most ground
for Rush; McKirahan also played good ball.
Monahan, Sawtelle, Bothne and Lockwood won signal honors
-for P. & S.
The line up of the two teams was as fallows:
Rush. P. &. S.
Schwendum, F. B. Little, F. B.
McKirahan, Q. B. Powell, Q. B.
Donaville, L. H. Monahan, L. H.
Hamill, R. H. Donkle, R. H.
Nickelson, C. Sessions' C.
Toben, R. T. Bothne, L. H.
Cady, L, T. Lockwood, L. T.
Keller, R. G. Barabin, R. G.
McClure, L. G. Lumi, L. G.
Olsen, R. E. Sawtelle, R. E.
Harris, R. E. Ingham, R. E.
The game was called at 3:10 and the chief details were as
'follows:
P. & S. kicked off to Rush's ten yard line, Rush advanced
ball to her 25 yard line by hard rallying. Rush then kicked to
•centre of field. P. «fc S. returned the kick but was penalized on
Sawtelle's tackle of Swendum who had signaled for a fair catch.
Rush kicked again to P. & S.'s 20 yard line. P. & S. tried
straight plays through the line with but small gains, the heavy
iine of Rush holding well. Monahan skirted the end for 20 yards
260 Ihe Plexus.
making the longest run of the game. Bothne kicked after three
downs to Rush's 20 j-ard line, Rush returning the ball five yards
by a run. This ended the first half. The game had been played
in Rush territory and P. & S. seemed to have the best of the ar-
gument by a safe margin.
Second half — Rush kicked to P &S.'s25yard line, Bothne
returning the ball to the Rush 40 yard line, Hamill running back
five yards before he was brought to earth. Here began the suc-
cession of fierce pushes that won the game for Rush. Hamill
was put through the line and around the end for gains or three
and five yards at a time and the ball was upon the P. & S.'s five
yard line. Here a stubborn fight was made but with no avail
against the heavy line of Rush. The advance was steady and
irresistable, and the ball was touched down behind the P. & S.
goal line. A successful try for goal followed. Score 6-0.
P. & S. now played with desperate energy, forcing the
ball down into Rush territory, but only seven minutes of play
remained, and time was called with the ball on the Rush 10 yard
line and in her possession.
Y. M. C. A. NOTES.
Membership has been growing apace during November
Sixty-eight new applications have increased the student roll to a
total of 92.
The P. & S. gymnasium class in the West Side Y. M. C. A.
now has an enrollment of 20. The class meets four times per
week. A P. & S. basket-ball team is being talked of to play
Rush and Chicago Dental College.
The regular meetings of the association have been very well
attended, and the interest is excellent. Average attendance to
date is 31.
Mr. E. T. Colton, Travelling Intercollegiate Secretary for the
West spoke at the meeting on Nov. 17th. Fifty-three students
were present. The address was of a high order and thoroughly
adapted to medical student life and thought.
Several good situations have been secured by the association
during the month for P. & S. men. A number of good men.
however, are still in urgent need of employment.
Definite assurance has been received from the metropolitan
secretary that the Christmas conference for professional students
Noles. 261
will convene at Lake Forest during the week following Dec. 26.
Good delegations are expected from all law, dental, medical and
theological schools in Chicago and vicinity. In all probability,
P. & S. will be prominently represented.
The entertainment course given by the Central Department
is well patronized by P. & S. members. A large number have
attended each of the three entertainments given thus far.
Bible study has begun with two classes in the first of the in-
tercollegiate courses. Classes meet Sunday at 9:30 A. M. and
Tuesday at 6:45 at the Association house, 596 West Adams St.
The study of foreign medical work has attracted a good
number to the class held Saturday evening under the able lead-
ership of Mr. M. M. Null.
At the meeting Sunday evening, Nov. 17, the following nom-
inating committee was appointed by President Null: Chairman,
P. W. Johnston, '02; C. C. Benedict, '02; S. M. Anderson, '03;
Geo. Beveridge, '04; F. E. Shimer, '05. The committee was in-
structed to present one nominee for each office at the regular
meeting Dec. 1. Election occurs one week later.
Frederick Cuttle, Department Secretary.
NEWS ITEMS.
Calendar.
Calendar for 1902.
Y. W. C. A. calendar for 1902.
Have you ordered Y. W. C. A. calendar for 1902?
Is your subscription to Plexus due?
Dr. Victor C. Vaughan, dean of Medical Department of the
University of Michigan was a recent visitor at the college. He
addressed the sophomore class in pathology while here.
Dr. F. Gregory Connell, former Professor of Surgery, has
located at Leadville, Colo. The Plexus wishes him well in his
new field.
Dr. Adolph Gehrmann, professor of bacteriology, is enjoying
his trip in Europe. He will be back in time for his work at the
beginning of next term.
C. Gunderson, a member of the sophomore class, fell from a
tally-ho and had his foot crushed on the day of the P. & S. —
Rush football game. He was taken to the West Side Hospital,
where at present writing be is doing nicely. Although probably
262 The Plexus.
crippled, he will not lose his foot.
Dr. Geo. P. Butler, professor of Materia Medica and Thera-
peutics has been granted a year's leave of absence. Dr. Butler is
a very busy man, being chairman of Board to revise Pharma-
copoea, one of the contributors to the Year Book, at work on re-
vision of his text book, editor of Doctor's Magazine, superintend-
ent of Alma Sanitarium, to say nothing of his large regular
practice.
The women of the A. E. I. fraternity entertained the new
women students and the women of the senior class on October
30th at 2:29 Ashland Blvd. Halloween games were indulged in
and fortunes told, after refreshments and the appearance of "the
ghost" the guests departed.
BOOK REVIEWS.
A Treatise on the Acute, Infectious Exanthemata. Including Variola, Ru
beola, Scarlatina, Rubella, Varicella and Vaccinia, with especial reference
to Diagnosis and Treatment. By William Thomas Corlett, M. D., L. R.
C. P., London. Professor of Dermatology and Syphilology in Western
Reserve University, Physician fur Diseases of the Skin to Lakeside Hos-
pital. Consulting Dermatologist to Charity Hospital, St. Alexis Hospital
and tj^e City Hospital, Cleveland; Member of the American Dermatologi-
cal Association and the Dermatological Society of Great Britain and Ire-
land. Illustrated by 12 colored plates. 28 half-tones from life, and 2 en-
gravings. Pages viii-392. Size, 6i by 9i inches. Sold only by subscrip-
tion. Price, extra cloth, $i.00 net, delivered. Philadelphia. F. A.
Davis Company, Publishers, 1914-16 Cherry Street.
This book meets the need of not only the young but the old
practitioner as well, and is a source of great help in differential
diagnosis, which the author gives a special prominence. The book
is practical, concise, complete and up to modern research, and
much enhanced by life-like illustrations.
A Text Book of Medicine for Students and Practitioners by Adolf Strumpell,
M. D. Professor and Director of the Medical Cliuique at the University
of Erlangen. Third American Edition translated from the thirteenth
German edition by Herman F. Vickery, A. B., M. D. Instructor in
Clinical Medicine, Harvard University and Philip Coombs Knapp, A. M.,
M. D., Ex-President of the American Neurological Association, with one
hundred and eighty-five illustrations in the text, and one plate; pages iii
to 1215. Price, Cloth $6.00, Leather $7.00. D. Appleton & Co., New
York and Chicago.
A thorough, complete, brought up to date book, one which
will be well received by practitioners as it is thoroughly in line
with the most recent medical investigations.
The translators have added a chapter upon the place which
adds value to the book, as well as various notes which make it of
more value to the readers. We predict a hearty sale for this
valuable translation.
THE PLEXU
COLLEGE OF PHYSICIANS AND SURGEONS
MEDICAL DEPARTMENT OF THE
UNIVERSITY OF ILLINOIS,
CHICAGO.
VOL. VIL DECEMBER 20th, 190L NO.
malaria: its causation and prevention.
By Edward P. Wells, M. D,
Associate Professor of Medicioe and Clinical Medicine, College of Physicians
and Surgeons, Chicago.
One by one the great medical problem are being solved.
Specific diseases, especially those of extrinsic origin, are being
rigidly differentiated clinically, their respective essential causes
isolated, their etiological factors and avenues of infection dis-
covered, their prevention and cure by rational methods formu-
lated. Thus are they taken from the theorist and empiricist and
handed over to those whose duty it is to make intelligent prac-
tical application of our stores of accumulated knowledge for the
best interests of mankind. The malady which has most recently
had its etiology and prophylaxis thoroughly illustrated by a
short, sharp, and aggressive campaign of investigation is mala-
ria, the subject of our discussion this evening; and if we pause
to remember that in the greater portion of the most fertile parts
of the world this disease is the greatest cause of invalidism and
death and is the most momentous medico-economical question of
the day, we must acknowledge that it challenges our earnest
consideration.
Malaria is a generic term applied to a group of closely re-
lated diseases — the malarial fevers — each of which is clinically
and pathologically distinct and is caused by a specific hemospor-
idian parasite, which is introduced into man by the sting of in-
fected mosquitoes.
264 The Plexus.
The history of malaria, from the most ancient times to the
present, is singularly full and complete. That malarial fevers
■were quotidian, tertian, and quartan in type, and were influenced
by the seasons and proximity of marshes, was recognized by the
primitive physicians. Later the relationship to those of remit-
tent and pernicious fevers was recognized. The introduction
into Europe. 1640, of cinchona bark as a specific remedy for in-
termittent and remittent fevers — which marked an epoch in
medicine — greatly stimulated the study of malaria, rendered its
diagnosis much more satisfactory, and has saved the lives of mil-
lions of its victims.
Cleghorn, who studied malaria in the island of Minorca in
1744 and subsequent years, called particular attention to double
tertian fevers; to the protean forms assumed by the febrile par-
oxysm; to the red color of the serum of the shed blood in some
cases; to the splenic tumor which he found present in all of one
hundred fatal cases submitted to autopsy. Bailly, in 1825, noted
the dark color of the cerebral cortex in some fatal cases of per-
nicious fever: Stewardson, in 1844, demonstrated hepaiic bronz-
ing, and Clark, in 1855, showed that this was due to chromatic
granules, which he regarded as being derived from the coloring
matter of the red blood corpuscles.
The parasitic origin of malaria has been suspected and advo-
cated for a long time. Thus in 18B7 Motaxa wrote: -'There is
no objection to the belief that the parasites of intermittent fever,
the first generation of which is exhausted in the first periodic
attack, may go on to a second generation in the same body. * *
* The duration of the attack being equal to the life of the para-
site." Later Rassori said: "For many years I have been of the
opinion that intermittent fevers are produced by parasites which
recreate an attack in the act of their reproduction, this occurring
at more or less rapid intervals, according to their species." Mit-
chell, in 1849, followed in the same line of argument. Meckel in
1848, and Virchow in 1849, noted the presence of dark granules
in the blood of j^atients who had died of intermittent and remit-
tent fevers, and the relation of this pigment to malaria was soon
established. The malarial parasites were first discovered by
Laveran in 1880, and their varieties, developmental cycles, and
relations to the different clinical forms of malarial fever were de-
termined, chiefly by Italian investigators, during the following
Malaria: Its Causation and Precenfioii. 265
decade. King in 1881, Manson in 1894, and Ross in 1897, in
showing the part played by certain species of mosquitoes as in-
termediary hosts for the malarial parasite and as conveyers of
these from one human being to another, and McCallum, in 1898,
in provingithe2sexual capabilities of these organisms, have com-
pleted the^circle of our knowledge of malaria.
The parasitology of malaria is intensely interesting and ex-
tremely important, but a fuller discussion of this I will leave to
the distinguished^gentlemen who will follow me, contenting my-
self by 'presenting only those facts which are necessary to pre-
serve a continuity of thought and to serve as a basis for my ar-
gument.
For exampleij^The parasites of eslivo-autumnal fever, as
filamentous sporozoites, are introduced into the blood current of
man by anCinfected mosquito. Their presence in the venemo-
salivary gland and duct of such mosquitoes may be readily demon-
strated, but they have not as yet been observed in the liquor
sanguinis of man, and the exact mode of their entrance into the
chromocytes 'is unknown. However, after a few days the para-
site is clearly in -evidence in the blood of the infected person.
As seen within: the chromocyte, in fresh blood preparations,
the young parasites are small, whitish, protoplasmic masses,
possessing amebic. movements. When at rest they assume a len-
ticular form, but from this they pass, by the shifting of their
protoplasm, intoCthe most varied regular anil irregular shapes,
one of which, the annular, is very characteristic of this particular
malarial parasite. The organisms develop at the expense of
their respective 'hosts, appropriating the substance of the cor
puscles by absorption, accelerated by moving and changing pseu-
dopodia.[^,They increase in size, a peculiar pigmentation takes
place, the'^infected corpuscles seek the spleen, bone- marrow, and
other deep- seated^ organs, and at the end of their vital cycle of
about forty-eight[hours the interesting phenomena of segmenta-
tion and. sporulation occur, with destruction of the affected chro-
mocytes, and the. discharge into the blood current of the sporules,
remnants of segmentation, debris of corpuscular destruction
and 'Organic, toxins. These correspond in time to the initial and
subsequent febrile paroxysms. In this form of malaria the par-
asites do not, as a rule, all mature at the same time, and the
fever is therefore of the remittent or sub- continuous type.
266 The Plexus.
The recently freed spores are small, round, homogeneous
bodies, devoid of motility. Many of these quickly adhere to and
penetrate within the red corpuscles and enter upon a new cycle.
Those which fail to do so are removed from the blood plasma by
phagocytosis or undergo solution.
After several of these cycles have occurred, there begin to
appear iu the blood those peculiar bodies known as crescents, of
which the spindle shaped, ovoid, and round bodies appear to
be modifications. These will be fully described by Dr. Preble,
and it suffices for me to say that they are the sexually mature
forms of the organism. They are sterile and innocuous in man,
but under a different and special environment — that is, in the
Anopheles — become sexually active and undergo a further de-
velopment with reversion to their elementary form. Sexual ac-
tivity, to a greater or less extent, may indeed be witnessed in the
fresh blood preparation, after the expiration of twenty or thirty
minutes, the male bodies becoming flagellated, some of the fla-
gellse breaking away -and making attempts at entering the female
bodies, success in which completes the sexual act, but this you
can scarcely expect to witness. The impregnated female body
changes its form, becomes elongated and beaked, and is endowed
with great propelling and penetrating powers.
Let us now hurriedly follow the malarial parasite through
the mosquito. When the Anopheles has ingested crescent-laden
blood from a malarial human being, there occur in the middle in-
testine of the parasite's new host those phenomena of flagellation
and insemination which have been described. The impregnated
body penetrates into the intestinal wall, becomes greatly en-
larged, and in about two weeks ruptures and sets free a very
large number of filamentous sporozoites. These find their way
into the circulation and accumulate in the tubules of the insect's
venemo- salivary gland. When this has taken place the mosquito
is capable of infecting, by its sting, a healthy human being with
estivo-autumnal fever.
In this connection a number of related facts deserve special
consideration. The development of the malarial parasite in the
mosquito must proceed along the lines described in order that the
insect may convey the infection from one human being to another
—that is the mosquito must ingest the sexually mature organ-
isms, not the young forms, and must inject into its victim the
Malaria: Its Causation and Prevention. 267
fully developed sporozoites. So far as is now known, man and
the female Anopheles are the only animals in which the malarial
parasite will complete its vital cycles. All the sporozoites in an
infected mosquito are not discharged at a single sting, and they
may remain in the tubules of the venerao-salivary gland, in a
potential state, for a long time, certainly through a hibernating
period, and for these reasons such an insect may infect any num-
ber of persons, and probably remain throughout its life an ele-
ment of danger to the community.
The study of the other malarial parasites is of equal interest
and importance with that of the estivo-autumnal, but time will
permit only the most cursory reference to those of tertian and
quartan fevers.
Compared with the estivo-autumnal parasite, that of tertian
fever attains a larger size, with greater ameboid, psendopodal,
and pigment granule activity. The infected chromocyte becomes
very large and pale. The sexually mature organisms are round
bodies, and flagellation is less frequently witnessed. The vital
cycle of the parasite is forty-eight hours, and sporulation corres-
ponds in time to the paroxysm of the resultant benign intermit,
tent fever.
The parasite of quartan fever, compared in like manner, has
less motility, both of protoplasm and pigment. The pigment
granules are larger and darker. In segmentation the organism
presents a striking rosette form. The infected corpuscles are
not enlarged. The sexually mature forms resemble those of
tertian fever. The entire development of the parasite occurs in
the general blood current, and every phase may be readily ob-
served. The vital cycle is completed in seventy-two hours, and
corresponds with the paroxysm of the resultant benign, but verj^"
resisting, quartan intermittent fever.
The malarial organisms of every variety vary in virulency
within wide limits. In consequence the clinical pictures differ
infinitely in detail. Relapses, due to incomplete destruction of
the parasites in the blood, are frequent.
Let us now consider, cursorily, the malarial mosquitoes.
With our present knowledge it may be safely asserted that it is
in the mosquito, of the genus Anopheles, that the malarial hemo-
sporon undergoes its extra-human cycle of development, in which
the organism reverts to its elementary form, and that the female
268 The Plexus
insects of this genus are the only disseminators of malarial dis-
ease.
The mosquitoes of the genus Anopheles may be shortly des-
cribed as follows: The black palpi are about as long as the pro-
boscis, being three and four jointed in the male and female
respectively. The legs are long and end in hoofs or denated
claws. There is a crown of scales upon the neck, and the abdo-
men is hairy, not squamous. There are several varieties, of
which the Anopheles quadrimaculatus, with four pigmented spots
upon each wing, is in this country the most important, although
two others have been found. These mosquitoes differ from those
of the genus Culex, which are those ordinary encountered in the
vicinity of Chicago, in being larger and darker, and, as is more
important for ready recognition, by assuming a position with the
right-line body at a greater or less but distinct angle with the
surfaces upon which they repose; whereas the culicidas rest with
their humped bodies parallel with the surfaces upon which they
sit. Compared with the Culex, the Anopheles is a mezzo soprano
or contralto, as its note is several tones lower.
Only the fecundated females survive the winter, by hiber-
nation, and in the early spring these lay their eggs, which are'
quite distinctive, upon the surface of natural pools of stagnant
water. These pass through their larval and pupal stages in
from twenty-five to thirty days, and from three to five genera-
tions appear during the summer. Only the female stings.
These mosquitoes are essentially rurul. or at most suburban,
and are found by accident only in towns and cities. They are
naturally domiciled in damp woods, thickets, and bushes, the
females leaving these only when in search of prey. They do not
rise to any great height; do not migrate far; cannot withstand a
strong breeze; and are most active in the shade and at night,
especially at twilight.
Malarial infection occurs in the natural manner, as has been
stated, by the introduction of the parasitic sporozoite into the
human blood-current by the sting of an infected Anopheles
mosquito. Upon the truth or falsity of this statement rests the
whole question of individual and communal prophylaxis. It can
be affirmed in the most positive manner, however, that the as-
sertion is trup, as has been abundantly proven by observation
and direct experiment. Inasmuch as there must be,necessarilly,
Malaria: Its Causation and Prevention. 269
many gaps, doubts and apparent inconsistencies in ordinary
observation, it will be best for our purpose to appeal at once to
the unequivocal evidence of direct and guarded experiments.
1. Sections of infected mosquitoes have been made, notably
by Italian investigators, which show every phase of the develop-
mental cycle of the malarial parasite, from the entrance of the
impregnated body into the intestinal wall to the sporozoites
crowding the tubules of the venemo- salivary gland and central
duct.
2. Mosquitoes from infected regions have been transported
long distances to malaria-free localities and made to sting healthy
persons who had not recently been in malarial regions, with the
result that some of the persons stung have been given malaria.
3. Mosquitoes have been propagated in laboratories, and
-without previous opportunity have been made to suck blood from
malarial patients with sexually mature parasites in the blood,
and after allowing sufficient time for the completion of the Ano-
pheles cycle of parasitic development, when such infected
mosquitoes were caused to sting healthy persons, malarial fever,.
of the same type and parasitic peculiarities as that affecting the
original patients, was conveyed to the persons stung.
Malarial fever, identical in clinical and parasitic types, may
be and often have been, artifically conveyed from one person to
another.
The period of incubation of estivo-autumnal fever is, by
direct transmission, from two to fifteen days; and by infection in
the natural manner it is from seven to ten, possibly fourteen
days. In tertian fever it is by direct transference, six to twenty-
one days; by the mosquito fourteen to twenty one days. In
quartan fever it is by the direct method ten to twenty -one days,
in the natural manner the extreme limit may be much greater.
Some persons are muoh more liable to be stung by mosquitoes
and infected by malaria than are others. This applies particu-
larly to comparatively recent arrivals in a malarial region. On
the contrary, there are some racial and individual peculiarities
which seems to afford a certain amount of protection against
malarial. The so called tolerance which some people are said to
attain to malaria is very often, in truth, a state of constant in-
fection, and is in no sense an immunity.
The cure of malaria, for the purpose of our argument,
270 The Ptextos.
extends beyond the present relief of symptoms. It must prevent
the development in the blood of sexually mature parasites and
must eradicate evtry form of the organism. Practically this
may be accomplished by the intelligent and systematic employ-
ment of quinine, as will be given in detail by Dr. Favill. The
necessity and desirability of the prompt and complete cure of
every case of malaria can scarcely be overestimated. To the
individual it reduces his- suffering, his peril and his financial loss.
To the community it means one less focus of infection, a lessened
risk of a residence in the locality, and increased material pros-
perity.
With our present knowledge of the varieties of the malarial
hemosporon, including their vital cycles and habits, together
with like information concerning the Anopheles mosquitoes, and
of the incidental etiological factors of malaria, we are prepared
to intelligently consider the problems of individual and communal
prophylaxis. The immense importance of this subject is self
evident.
The individual may protect himself from malaria with a large
assurance of success by avoiding in every practicable manner the
sting of malaria-bearing mosquitoes, by keeping out of their
way, by preventing their access to his person, by driving them
awa}- from him. He should, if possible, keep away from malarial
regions, or should absent himself during the season of greatest
malarial activity. If that is not practicable, he should choose
his residence at as great a distance as possible from collections
of stagnant water, woods, grooves, aud exuberant vegetation, on
ground which is the highest and best drained that can be found.
The doors and windows shou.d be effectually screened with wire
netting, the screen doors provided with self closing springs, and
ths window screens so arranged that they will follow the window
up or down in such a way that the window cannot be opened
without the screen automatically taking its place. There should
be absolutely no unscreened openings. He should not venture
out-of doors before sunrise or after sunset. He should use proper
preventative clothing; the hands should be protected by gloves,
and the neck and face by a veil netting. Quinine, in ten or fif-
teen grain doses, should be taken regularly every fourth to sixth
morning. There can be no doubt as to the efficacy of quinine,
properly administered, as a prophylactic. As is well known
Malaria: Its Causation and Prevention. 271
several, at least six or eight, days elapse after the infective sting
before the organisms become sufficiently numerous in the blood
to produce a malarial paroxysm. Introducing a considerable
quantity of the parasiticide into the circulation will destroy those
which may be present; and if snch a large dose be given in the
morning, the usual time of parasitic sporation will be accurately
anticipated, and the young organisms are at once introduced into,
to them, a lethal solution and are destroyed; hence the frequency,
size, and time of administering the preventative dose. The
measures which I have outlined are intended to be the most rigid
which can be well adopted.
Public prophylaxis in malaria is a complex question, which
must be considered from various points of view. For example,
there are large problems in agriculture and sanitary engineering;
in social and political economy; in epidemiology and public med-
icine, in the solution of which we, as physicians, will be required
to aid the experts in those allied sciences. In the reclamation of
malaria ridden lands efficient drainage is a sine qua non. Some
of the lands may lie so low that restraining levees or dykes must
be built, and the drainage water after being collected in basins,
pumped out. In regions in which it will flourish, the eucalyptus
serves a useful purpose in the upwardard drainage of the soil.
Wherever practicable, intensive systems of cultivation should be
encouraged. All these measures have for their object the de-
struction of the breeding places for Anopheles; but more can be
done to diminish these pests. If it can be done, all waters should
be kept in motion; they should be stocked with fish, because
these destroy the mosquito larva; in the vicinity of residences
stagnant waters may be thinly covered with petroleum.
The Anopheles itself may be driven away and destroyed.
This mosquito will not be found within the range of the eucaly-
ptus. In the evening these mosquitoes are attracted by a bright
light, and if such, with a reflector turned away from the habita-
tion; have beneath it a wide, shallow basin of petroleum, great
numbers of the insects will fall into the oil and be destroyed. It
has been asserted, and further observations may prove its cor-
rectness, that these mosquitoes are attacked and destroyed by
parasitic fungi, and the cultivation of such should be encouraged.
Various substances are obnoxious to the mosquito, and these
-should be used in the rooms and about houses for the purpose of
272 ■ The Plexus.
driving these insects away, or even killing them. Of these agents
the most generally useful are the odor of camphor, the smoke of
tobacco and of eucalyptus leaves, and the fumes of burning sul-
phur.
It is very important to destroy every mosquito possible in
the autumn when these insects seek the shelter of houses, rooms,
closets, stables, caves, hollows of trees, etc., and some of the
insecticides mentioned should be employed. By killing the
mosquito at this time the occupants of these places are not only
spared the sting of a possibly infected insect, but the pregnant
females are prevented from increasing the Anophelses popula-
tion of the next season.
All the measures advocated for individual prophylaxis are
applicable, when suitably modified, to communal prevention. I
am of the opinion that in malarial regions the local governments
should furnish, gratis, quinine, with suitable directions, to every
inhabitant for prophylactic and curative purposes. There can
be no question as to the necessity of furnishing quinine, as above,
to the poor, but, as stated, I believe it expedient to extend such
provisions to all. This plan has been followed for several years
in Java with the greatest success.
Prom a public health standpoint it is of paramount impor-
tance (1) that no case of malarial fever be allowed to develop; (2)
that if malarial fever should develop, it should be promptly
cured. It cannot be amiss to again state the facts, that the sex-
ually adult malarial parasites only appear in the blood after sev-
eral paroxysms have occurred, and that if these be prevented
from forming by appropriate treatment, mosquitoes cannot ob-
tain the only forms of these organisms which can have a life
cycle in the Anopheles, rendering these insects dangerous to
man. It follows, then, other things being equal, that in all ma-
larial regions these specific fevers will prevail to a much less ex-
tdnt in the one in which the rules above stated are more closely
observed. In order that these measures may be intelligently car-
ried out, there should be public physicians, clothed with police
power to enforce reasonable rules, established by the local health
boards. The application of the principle of bounties and fines
might be found a very efficient administrative auxiliary.
In conclusion; as a rule it is in malarial regions that the soil
yields to human labor the most abundant returns and such re-
Malaria: Its Causation and Prevention 2
gions are capable, with the elimination of malaria, of supporting
the densest populations. It is in such lands that, ibecause of the
risks incident to malarial infection, enterprising^and aggressive
capital produces the largest dividends. ThereJ^is, then, every
commercial incentive for men to encounter and'subdue the para-
sitic foe, and take safe possession of this empire, and I am opti-
mistic enough to believe that, in time, this will be accomplished.
In the desirability of bringing about this result public and pri-
vate interests unite, and although you and Ij-will^not, there are
probably some persons now living who may see the day when, in
this country, malaria will be only a memory, and the Anopheles
a tradition.
THE THERAPEUTIC VALUE OF EXERCISE.
Henry H. Everett.
Formerly Professor of Physical Training University of Illinois — Instructor
in Gymnastics University of Wisconsin, etc., etc.
One of the most essential branches of medicine is therapeu-
tics because it treats of the application of remedies and the cura-
tive treatment of disease. In a great many conditions exercise
is of greater therapeutic value than any of the drugs at our
disposal.
As compared to drugs exercise is a physiologic and natural
means of overcoming the diatheses of the body, it is curative and
prophylactic. Drugs are an unnatural force and are employed to
change a pathologic condition to a physiologic or natural state.
There is not a drug nor a combination of drugs which can
produce the same conditions of the body as can exercise.
The practice of exercises tends to alter the various tempera-
ments and to reduce to the same type the most opposite consti-
tutions. This is explained by the fact that exercise produces in
the system two different effects; it increases the process of
assimilation and consequently the body gains new tissues, it in-
creases the process of dissimilation and there is a destruction and
elimination of certain materials. By this process, of building up
and tearing down the body is profoundly altered both microscopic-
ally and macroscopically as well as chemically — ^the excretions are
changed to a marked degree. The obese man is made thin and the
thin man increases in weight and size. This increase is explained
by Dujardin-Beaumetz as follows: "The activity of the cellular
functions increases and becomes more regular, the intra cellular
combustions become more active; the leucomaines, these toxic
materials which the organic cell is constantly manufacturing are
more actively eliminated, and the general effect is that the fats
are burned up, the cellular functions regulated. There is estab-
lished an equilibrium between the cells of the spinal cord and
those of the brain, in a word, general nutrition becomes more
active."
Exercise to be used as a therapeutic agent must be pre-
scribed intelligently and with as much caution as a written pre-
scription for drugs. The physician must be familiar with the
The Thei-apeutic Value of Exercise. 275
needs of his patient and the pathological classification of exer-
cises. A patient whose brain and nervous system are already
overworked, must not be allowed to perform such exercises as
demand close attention of the will; on the other hand the func-
tions of the brain may be developed by prescribing exercises
which demand the attention of the will and consequently certain
centers of the brain will be developed. "Function makes struc-
ture."'
To intelligently prescribe exercise means to prescribe, also
when necessary, drugs, proper food, pure air, sunlight, bathing,
clothing, ventilation, etc.; in short it is ouly one of the many
hygienic measures at our command; but unfortunately too often
neglected; its place in medicine has not been sufficiently recog-
nized.
Other considerations to be taken into account are, heredity,
age, sex, idiosyncrasies, previous diseases, injuries, present con-
dition as to strength, habits, environment and temperament.
The physician should know thoroughly the indications and contra
indications for exercise; he should know and recognize the symp-
toms of exercise, when it is doing good as well as the symptoms
of overwork and exhaustion, otherwise disease is likely to follow
from the lowered resistance of the patient.
In exercise we have an agent that brings into play the organs
of movement, the brain, spiual cord, nerves and muscles, through
the influence of these the circulatory and respiratory systems are
brought into more active use, and every part of the body is stim-
ulated by having sent to it new blood and carrying away waste
products,
Let us analyze an hypothetical case to show the therapeutic
value of exercise.
A professional man has overtaxed his intellectual organs, his
brain has been kept active, nervous changes are manifesting-
themselves in the brain cells, waste products are being produced
such as urates and uric acid, COo, etc. These waste products of
combustion are poisoning the cells, elimination is below normal
owing to the inactivity of the body. The cerebral temperature
is increased, more blood is sent to the brain and the entire organ
is congested, there is not the proper exchange of the waste pro-
ducts for oxygen, and the patient becomes a nervous wreck or
possibly, insanity is produced.
276 The Plexus.
The question now comes up what is the treatment for such a
condition, what drugs shall we prescribe to bring about a normal
condition, sedatives, tonics, or what? If there is any thing such
a patient does not need it is drugs.
Let us for a moment consider what the indications for treat-
ment are. In the first place tne blood must be drawn from the
brain to some other part of the body; relieving the congested ves-
sels and thereby lower the temperature of the brain. Secondly,
we must change the location of the exchange of waste products
and prevent the brain from being exposed to the toxic products
in the blood. This exchange is always greatest in a working
part.
With the above conditions fairly in mind what is more ra-
tional than to prescribe an exercise which is involuntary and in
which the brain takes no part, to prescribe a voluntary exercise
would simply be adding fuel to the fire by demanding additional
work of an already overworked organ.
As the tired and exhausted brain and nervous system may be
restored to normal by suitable exercises, so also can the unde-
veloped brain be developed. After a limb has lost its function
the corresponding trophic centers undergo atrophy, hence we
may assume that the performance of function will increase the
production and development of these cells in the gray matter.
We also know that idiots have the convolutions of the brain
poorly developed, and that the convolutions are well developed
in people who use their brains, arms, legs and muscles to a
greater extent.
In infantile palsies if voluntary exercises are prescribed,
good results usually fellow and the child can be taught to use the
affected muscles to a considerable advantage.
Life and health depend upon the performancs of function of
the millions of cells of which our bodies are composed, and these
again depend upon the performance of the normal functions of
various organs. Exercise increases cell production, it breaks
down and builds up millions of cells, but, in this process it re-
places the weaker by stronger ones, and a better tissue and a
better organ is the result, muscular, nervous," bony, or connec-
tive tissue it matters not, all are subject to the same infalliable
laws.
llie Iherapeu^ic Value of Exercise. 277
The machine thus produced is a better one and can only be
obtained by this means.
The fact that exercise develops both the number and size of
the muscular tissues is well known by the teachers of gymnastics,
school teachers and the laity. The physician should look beyond
this superficial development. It is easily proven that all bodily
movements are much more exercises of the central nervous sys-
tem, of the brain and spinal cord.
We readily comprehend that the use of a muscle causes it to
grow larger, harder and stronger, while disuse causes atrophy;
and we too often overlook the fact that the same is true of nerve
cells and nerve fibres. The mistake is made in trying to split a
human being into a mental part and a physical part and to teach
and develop him as such.
A mechanic who is accustomed to use one group of muscles
to excess has his motor nerves more developed and the cells in
his motor areas are more numerous and larger than those presid-
ing over areas which are used less. These motor cells are more
widely connected with other cells and the stimuli is transmitted
more directly and with greater force to the appropriate muscles.
The functional improvement of the nervous mechanism is
the most important eifect of muscular exercise.
The neglect to exercise any group of muscles during the
growing period will lead to a dwarfing of that center.
The main field of education is to develop the mind and ner-
vous system. This can not be successfully accomplished unless
recourse be had to exercise to develop the circulatory, respira-
tory and nervous systems. All system of exercise which does
not train the neuro- muscular machine is faulty, for reasons
stated above. The results of unnatural teaching is seen in the
many forms of nervous diseases which find expression in St.
Vttus' dance, spasms, convulsions and disordered muscular ac-
tion, headache, nervous exhaustion and mental derangement.
It is not claimed that the desired results can be accomplished
by any form of exercise or gymnastics, the work must be sys-
tematically and scientifically applied.
If the medical profession could only appreciate the thera-
peutic value of exercise, the thousands of men and women who
suffer from nervous diseases could often be relieved and their
worn out bodies could be restored to normal.
27S The Plexus.
Among the long list of diseases which are greatly benefited
by exercise and hygienic measures, may be mentioned gout,
rheumatism, tuberculosis, nephritis, heart diseases, gastro intes-
tinal disorders, scoliosis, lordosis, talipes calcaneus, talipes varus
and many other forms of deformities, many nervous maladies,
diseases of joints, feeble minded children. There are few condi-
tions, indeed, where properly regulated exercise is not beneficial.
In conclusion the words of Dr. S. Weir Mitchell expresses
the situation fully. He says: "Above all, educational wants are
limited in kind and degree, and the physical man, woman and
child are what the state most needs.''
REMARKS ON THE STUDY OF LARYNGOLOGY AND
RHINOLOGY.
BY JAMES MOREAU BROWN, M. D., CHICAGO.
In the study of laryngology and rhinology there are many
points which are frequently overlooked, misunderstood and
omitted from the text books on these subjects which would be
useful to students and physicians. It is not proposed at this
time to call attention to all these omissions, but to point out a
few of the more common ones.
The history should be taken in every case and particular
attention given to the previous treatment as well as to the extent
of the present condition and its influence on the neighboring
parts. It is not always necessary to go so deeply into the history
of the case as is done in those occurring in general medical or
surgical work, particularly where an ocular examination can be
made to determine the cause of the disorder. In the upper air
passages there are numerous cases where the underlying cause is
due to disorders in other parts of the body and judgement on the
part of the laryngologist is required. The surroundings, foods,
occupation and habits should be carefully investigated. A
request is often made for an explanation of the condition found
and this should always be given in the simplest manner so as to
cause no alarm.
Examination of the upper air passages is frequently difficult
because of the nervousness often exhibited in the first consulta-
tion— the inability of the patient to remain quiet, gagging,
coughing and moving the head from one side to the other, all of
which can be overcome by gentleness and diver-,ion of the mind.
Study of Laryngology and Rhinology. 279
The nasal speculum, preferably the solid bivalve blade, should
be introduced so as to dilate the vestibule of the nose but slightly
at first and in removing it care should be taken not to pull the
hairs, which can easily be accomplished by keeping the blades of
the speculum open a trifle or by using an instrument which does
not completely close.
When examining the larynx, pharynx and post-nasal space^
the introduction of the tongue depressor should be slow and
gentle, it should not be placed beyond the anterior two-thirds of
the tongue; first and most important, insisting that the patient
breathe naturally with the mouth open. Inserting the tongue
depressor quickly and roughly will often prevent the examina-
tion. The mirror should be introduced gently and not allowed,
at first, to come in contact with the parts. Anesthetizing the
pharynx and larynx is very frequently practised but this is sel-
dom necessary with a careful diagnostician.
Treatment should be applied locally, as carefully as the ex-
amination, and should be so directed as to cover all parts invol-
ved. It is a frequent occurrence, both in the college and post-
graduate clinics, to see patients, after treatment, suffering from a
severe epistaxis and engorgement of the mucosa, In using the
spray it should be directed to the turbinated bodies and not to
the septum; the mucous membrane of the partition is very thin
and easily bruised, while the turbinated bodies are soft, spongy^
and capable of absorbing the remedies easily.
We frequently hear the term ''catarrh" referred to, especially
in dispensary practice, and it is an easy way of explaining the
ondition to the doctor. The literal meaning of the term is to
"flow downward"' and when properly used in connection with a
catarrhal inflammation, means a special condition in which
secretion and elaboration of mucous are increased. The so called
"inherited catarrh" is due to the inherited structure of the nasal
bones which produce symptoms of disease and not to any inherit-
ed condition.
In answer to the prevalent question as to whether catarrh will
cause consumption, it may be said that so long as there is a
catarrhal condition present there is a fertile soil for the deposit of
tubercle bacilli — just as a disordered condition in any other part
of the body will predispose it to tuberculosis. Disease, like
tissue, never changes type — it can only predispose.
280 The Plexus.
Incorrect breathing, both by habit and occupation, especially
in children where the habit is so easily acquired, is a condition
we must be on the alert to discover. The experiments of Kyle
show a diminution in the normal blood counts ±rom 3,000,000 to
1,500,000 and of haemaglobin a decrease from 50 to 60 per cent,
and a return to the normal blood count after correct breathing
has been established.
These points are the ones which are daily before us as laryn-
gologists and are so hard to impress upon the mind of the laity
while they should, in most instances, be fully explained.
"Burning tumors out" — meaning to cauterize an inferior
turbinated body or the snaring of a polypus with a heated wire —
is another example that is frequently misunderstood. People
have many different ideas in regard to this treatment. An
instance which illustrates the fear of the galvano cautery hap-
> pened recently in private practice: A lady consulted a laryngol-
ogist for nasal stenosis, headache, and all the symptoms of a
hypertrophic rhinitis. Upon being informed that the cautery
would produce beneficial results she was horrified and explained
that she had consulted a physician who had "burnt " her nose by
placing the end of a burned match into the nose after the flame
had been burnt out. Could she be blamed for not wanting
cauterization?
Venetian Building.
THE PLEXUS
'COLLEGE OF PHYSICIANS AND SURGEONS
MEDICAL DEPARTMENT
UNIVERSITY OF ILLINOIS.
CHICAGO.
Plexus Committee of Faculty.
T. A. DAVIS, M. D., D. A. K. STEELE, M. D., F. GREGORY CONNELL, M. D.
H. C. WADDLE, '03, Editor-in-Chief.
«upt. W. H. BROWNE, W. T. ECKLEY. M. D.. D. N. EISENDRATH, M. D.
W. A. EVANS, M. D., H. W. BERARD, M. D., A. GERHMANN, M. D,
Associate Editor, L. HARRISON METTLER, M. D.
Local Editors, P. E. GRABOW, 02, R. L. ELDREDGE. 03.
Class Editors:
F H. HORNiROOK, 02, B. S. MALOY, '03 F. L WOOD, 04.
Faculty Department, DR. F. B. EARLB Clinical Laboratory Dept . DR W. E. COATES
Alumni Editor, DR. C. C. O'BYRNE, '94 Clinical Department, C. E. DIKE, '02
Athletic " H. H. EVERETT, '02 Library Department. METTA M. LOOMIS.
Advertising Solicitors, R. E. BROWN, 02. H K. FRlDE^FELD. '02.
Publisher, - - - - - - H. C. WADDLE.
Subscription $1.00 per Annum in advance. Single copies, 15 cents. Issued Monthly
Send all remittances and communications as to subscriptions and advertising to H. C.
"WADDLE, Oor. Congress and Honore Sts.
Entered at Chicago Post Office as Second-Class Matter.
Any subscriber desiring the Journal discontinued at the expiration of his subscription
should so notify the Publishers; otherwise it will be assumed thai the subscription is to be
continued and tlie Journal sent accordingly.
Contributions of matter suitable for publicaticn are invited, and should be sent in not
later than the 25th of the month previous to that of publication. The publishers will noth^id
themselves responsible for the safe return of MSS. unless sufficient stamps are forward id d
" What is the kernel of therapeutic truth in osteopathy? "'
Simply that the more or less judicious movements of diseas-
ed parts cure such parts. This fact is demonstrated by the
position of the Ling system in Swedish medicine, by the cures
wrought among us by the imported masseurs and their imitative
rubbers, and by the great popularity of osteopathy among the
laity.
What is the harm of it? The harm of it is its indiscriminate
application as a "cure-all" — a system of cure — by its enthusi-
astic but poorly educated leaders. What is the profession doing
282 The Plexus.
to reclaim this lost territory to its ownV With us the little done^
is left to the untrained or the imported. Nothing is done to pop-
ularize the method, and this remedy of undoubted therapeutic
value is wholly neglected in our smaller communities. The time
is ripe for a well officered and well equipped school of massage
and physical culture.- -iV. W. Lancet.
The above taken from the Journal of the American Medical
Association is additional proof to Professor Newman's argument
in the last issue of The Plexus for the teaching of physical train-
ing in our medical colleges.
The physician of the future will be expected by his patients.
to bo familiar with this subject. The laity are being educated
along these lines through the advertising columns of our maga
zines and newspapers and the physician who is well informed
upon- the subject will, no doubt, be a busier man than his neigh-
bor, who is net.
Dr. Hamilton D. Wey, of Elmira, says that " Physical train-
ing and its collateral branches are entered upon for the follow-
ing purposes: "
1. Diversion; 2. Mere muscular increase; 3, Pecuniary
gain; 4. Physical renovation and renewal; 6. Mental quick-
ening and strengthening.
The third object is foreign to the patient, the others are all
useful; to the physician the entire list is of value. The progres-
siveness of the college of Physicians and Surgeons is shown by
the fact that the college is one of the first to recognize the value
of physical training and is offering to the students an optional
course on that subject. It is only a matter of a short time when,
such work will be required of all medical students.
LIBRARY NOTES.
Metta Loomis, Librarian.
The most important addition to the Quine Library made
during the past month is a complete set of Guy's Hospital
Reports. These valuable reports cover the years 1836 to 1897
and contain a vast amount of medical literature which is made
accesable and easy to consult by being thoroughly indexed.
These reports will be of especial value to any one doing thesis
work. Another valuable addition to the reference department
of the Library is volume six of the second series of the Index
Catalogue of the Surgeon Generals Library. The new volume
indexes from G to Hern and includes 15,589 author-titles, 5,962
subject-titles and 30,561 titles of articles in periodicals.
Several valued additions have come to the Library as gifts.
Baron Saneyoshi, Director General of the Medical Depart-
ment of the Imperial Japanese Navy presented to the Library a
copy of the Surgical and Medical History of the Naval War
Between Japan and China during 1894 — 1895.
Dr J. E. Newcomb of New York city kindly sent us a copy
of the Transactions of the 23d Annual Meeting of the American
Laryngological Association.
From the New York Eye and Ear Infirmary we received the
Annual report
"We have noted the following contributions to medical
jonrnals by physicians who are members of the faculty of the
College of Physicians and Surgeons.
Dr. D. N. Eisendrath— The Surgeiy of Pulmonary Abcess,
Gangrene and Bronchiectases Following Pneumonia. Chicago
Medical Recorder, November, page 269 — 284; the same article
also appeared in the Philadelphia Medical Journal, November
6th and was concluded in the issue for November 23d.
Dr. Eisendrath appends a valuable bibliography to his
article.
Dr. Wm. J. Butler; Congenital Heart Lesion. Chicago
Medical Recorder, pages 327—329.
Dr. D. N. Eisendrath; Acute Cholecystitis and Cholangitis
as a Complication of Gall-stones. Journal of the American Med-
ical Association Nov. 30, page 1453 — 1458.
284 The Plexus.
Dr. D. N. Eisendrath; Infection in a General Surgical Sense.
American Medicine Nov. 16, page 771 — 773.
Dr. A. J, Ochsner;. Features Determining Permanency of
Cure in Radical Operations for Hernia. American Medicine,
Nov. 30, page 853—854.
Dr. C. A. Wood and Dr. Thos. A. Woodruff; The Common
Diseases of the Eye; Medical Standard, Dec, page 647 — 854.
Dr. A. P. Heineck; Gunshot Wounds of the Chest, Medical
Standard, Dec. pages 663 — 670.
ALUMNI DEPARTMENT.
'84. P. W. Stevenson enjoys a lucrative practice at Gettys-
burg, Pa. The Plexus is a welcomed visitor at the doctor's
office. . ■ '
'85. H. S. Kiskadden reported dead in^Alumni list in Sep-
tember issue of Plexus is a very lively corps and is enjoying a
nice practice 271 Woodvirard Ave, Detroit, Mich.
'87. vV. E. Miller, 1145 S. California Ave., v^as a recent
caller at the Plexus office. We are always pleased to meet the
Alumni.
'93, J. S. Newcomer has moved to Geddes, S. Dakota.
'94. Harry L. Stevens, Floris, la., recently visited Miss
Helean, also called at the Plexus office while in the city.
'97. T, B. Drew of Oswego, 111., was a recent visitor of his
Alma Mater.
'97. W. D. Kinney is connected with Colfax Springs Sani-
tarium, Colfax, la.
"98. W. Petersmeyer, Ash ton, 111., has added his name to
our list of subscribers.
'98. E. M. Byers of Belvidere, 111., has formed a patnership
with Dr. Park of Cherry VaF.ey an adjoining town This union of
forces will work a benefit to the doctor and will relieve him in
his increasing practice.
'00. G. A. Plippin has moved from Dermott, Ark.
'00. G. G. Dowdall is doing nicely at Clinton, 111.
'00. F. E. North, Taylorville, 111.
'00. C. D. Wall, corner Taylor street and Blue Island Ave.,
Chicago.
Alumni. 285
'01. Geo. R. Diven is serving internship in Homestake Hos-
pital at Lead, S. Dakota.
"01. W. B. Martin has located at Freeport, 111.
ALUMNI OF THE COLLEGE OF MEDICINE OF THE
UNIVERSITY OF ILLINOIS— COLLEGE OF PHYSI-
CIANS AND SURGEONS OF CHICAGO.
It is the purpose of the Plexus to publish the addresses of the entire alumni
in the Plexus in the next few issues and if there are any mistakes or if
any of our readers know of the addresses not given, we should be pleased
to have them notify us or Dr. H. W. Berard, Alumni Secretary of
such changes.
Class of 1894.
Andrews, Benjamin F.. M. D., 227 LaSalle St., Chicago.
Anker, I. Charles, M. D., Indiana and 51st Sts., Chicago.
Atkins, Milton H., M. D.
Berard, H. W., M. D., n07 W. Chicago Ave., Chicago.
Bluhm, G. J., M. D., 352 W. 14th St., Chicago.
Borst, Henry, M. D., Oelwein, ta.
Bradley, Edgar J., M. D., Fenton, la.
Brown, W. S., M. D., Elgin, 111.
Buckley, Thomas J., M. D., Fayette, Wis.
Burke, William P., M. D., 315 W. 6th St., Los Angeles, Cal.
Cole, John H., M. D., Sherman, Mich.
*Crowley, Peter P., M. D.
Cunningham, Milton V., M. D., Youngstown, O.
Darcy, Frank D., M. D.
Davidow, Aaron D., M. D., Troy, N. Y.
Day, Edwin S., M. D., Earlham, la,
DeKraker, James M., M. D., 61 W. Leonard, Grand Rapids, Mich.
Dilworth, William D., M. D., Huenene, Cal.
Doederlein, Theodore J., M. D., 356 Webster Ave., Chicago.
Doepp, Fred P., M. D., Homewood, 111.
Donaldson, Oliver H., M. D., 1012 Garfield Blvd., Chicago.
Evans, Daniel W., M. D., 120 N. Sumner, Scranton, Pa.
Evenson, H. C, M. D., Newark, 111.
*Foster, Albert A. , M. D.
Gregory, Arthur T., M. D., Elroy, Wis.
Hart, Thomas B. M. D., Raton, New Mexico.
Hartung, Henry, M. D., 596 Sheffield Ave., Chicago.
286 The Plexus.
Herriges, Phillip, M. D., Kiel, Wis.
Holmes, J. B., M. D., Macomb, 111.
Hornbogen, Harry J., M. D., Marquette, Mich.
Hemingway, C. E., M. D., 439 Oak Park Ave,, Chicago.
Ide, Oscar M., M. D., Sabula, la.
Isaacs, Lewis Joel, M. D., !^057 38th St., Chicago.
Jamison, Homer, M. D., Milburn, 111.
Josephson, Victor, M. D., 322 W. 12th St., Chicago
Karnopp, Gottfried L., M. D., Mishicott, Wis.
Kerr, Edgar D., M. D.
Kerrigan, J. J., M. D., Michigan City, Ind.
Kuflewski, J. J., M. D., 103 State St., Chicago.
Lanstrum, O, M., M. D., Marysville, Mont.
*Larson, H.
LaSpada, Francisco, M. D., San Jose, Cal.
Lauson, Albert E., M. D.. Brady and Marshall Sts., Milwaukee,
Wis.
Leeson, E., M. D.. Rose Lawn, Ind.
Leviton, A. H,, M. D., 178 S. Halsted St., Chicago.
Levy, J., Jr., M. D.
Lorenz, M. E., M. D., 719 Allport St., Chicago.
*Lowry, G. E., M. D.
Lyon, Samuel B., M. D., 8 Mason St., San Francisco, Cal.
Lyons, J. A., M. D., Bear Creek, Wis.
Manning, G. N., M. D., Gorden Prairie, 111,
Mannon, J. A., M. D., Sherrard, 111.
Mesirow, E. B., M.D,, 1020 Milwaukee Ave., Chicago.
Muller, M. C, M. D., 5900 Wentworth Ave., Chicago.
Naughton, M. T., M. D , 838 Garfield Blvd., Chicago.
Nelson, J. A., M. D., 376 E. Division St., Chicago.
Oakshette, James C, M. D., Jackson, Mich.
OBryne, C. C, M. D., 747 W. Monroe St., Chicago.
Osmess, A. M., M. D., 48th and Jetferson Sts., Dayton, O.
Payne, R, E., M. D., 135 Geary St., San Francisco, Cal.
Pickel, E. B., M. D., Medford, Ore.
Planck, E. A., M. D., Union, Mich.
Pollack, H. L , M. D., 1429 Montana St., Chicago.
Qninn, William A., M. D., 1330 Jackson Blvd., Chicago.
Reis, W. v., M. D., JonkOping, Sweden.
Rhiel, A. C, M. D., Lowell, III.
Alumni. 287,
Rhode, Henry P., M. D., Forest Junction, Wis,
Richmond, F. C, Arcadia, Wis.
Richter, H. M., M. D., 6559 Cottage Grove Ave., Chicago.
Roberts, W. P., M. D., Cleghorn, la.
Round, T. L., M. D., Tampico, 111.
Shebad, A. M., M. D., 214 Blue Island Ave., Chicago.
Shields, A. W., M. D.
Slater, P. A., M. D , Hindsboro, 111.
Smith, H. W., M. D., Roodhouse, 111.
Sornberger, S. J., M. D., Cortland, N. Y.
Steffins, J. W., M. D,, Sheboygan, Wis.
Stevens, H. L., M. D., Floris, la.
Stevens, S.. M. D., Dowagiac, Mich.
Stevens, W. D., M. D., Paw Paw, 111.
Sutcliffe, H. W., M. D., The Rookery, Chicago.
Townsend, J. W., M. D.
Turner, F. A., M. D., Sandwich, 111.
Thorkelsen, Thorneld, Peterson, Minn.
Uckermann, A. W., M. D.
Vaupell, W. R., M. D., 1560 Jackson Blvd., Chicago.
Watrous, H. L., M. D., Seneca, Wis.
Webster, C. L., M. D., 411 E. Prospect St., Cleveland, Ohio.
Weisenberg, B., M. D., 806 Galena St., Milwaukee, Wis.
Wesener, J. A., M. D., 103 State St., Chicago.
Whiteside, C. E., M. D., Moline, 111.
Windell. W. G., M. D., 309 Park Ave., Chicago.
Wohlenberg, A. F., M. D., Stuart, Idaho.
Woodard, W. P., M. D., Cherry Valley, 111.
Woodcock, G. A., M. D., Armstrong, la.
JUNIOR PROMENADE.
Pleasant memories are a source of never ending joy to man
as he is at present constituted. They serve to keep the past
ever fresh in his mind and tend to keep him young in thought
and to ease his cares and, even transient though they be, serve
to make him forget his troubles and, for the moment, lay aside
his cares. They recall the circumstances of their causation in
detail and the possessor of such memories relives a whole day or
evening in a few moments and is made happy by the recollec-
tions of past pleasures and also is caused to fall into reflections
288 The Plexus.
and musings which lead him back to by-gone days, former
associations and friends scattered and almost forgotten.
To some, such memories are constantly recurring and
numerous; toothers, they are few. And he who has none such
memories is to be pitied. In certain walks of life they are less
apt to be experienced than in others, and so when an event
occurs in that condition of life where they are rare, the memory
of that event stands out prominently in the memory of those
whose good fortune it was to have been able to participate in the
festivities and pleasures incident to the occasion.
Never in the history of the class of 1902 of the College of
Physicians and Surgeons was there a more pleasant event
recorded in its annuals than that which occured on the 5th of
December, 1901. On that date the complimentary ball given in
honor of the class of 1902 by the class of 1903 occured. The
Fates were kind and the omens propitious. The night was clear
but cool. The hall, Illinois Hall, where the ball was given, was
easily reached and most admirably adapted for this sort of enter-
tainment. Everything had been well arranged and the program
was carried out without any apparent difficulty, and the host
should feel proud of his success and is to be most heartily con-
gratulated.
The party began to gather about 8:30 and most of the time
until the grand march began was spent in a general good time,
greeting old friends and meeting new ones, and being presented
to the reception committee, which was constituted as follows:
Dr. and Mrs. Sanger Brown, Dr. and Mrs. T. A. Davis, Dr. and
Mrs. Charles Davison, Dr. Evans, Miss Elizabeth Heelan, Miss
Webster, and Messrs. Gourley and Skid more.
The grand march began about 10 o'clock and was led by Dr
W- A. Evans and Mrs. Sanger Brown and Dr. Sanger Brown and
Mrs. G. Prank Lydston, second couple. Other members of the
faculty present were: Dr. F. B. Earle and wife, Dr. T. A. Davis
and wife, Dr. Charles Davison and wife, Dr. John Weatherson
and wife, Dr. G. Frank Lydston Dr. Rachelle S. Yarros, Dr.
James W. Walker, Dr. Charles O. Bechtol, Supt. W. H. Browne
and wife were present, also Dr. Browne's father. Dr Wynekoop
and sister.
Many friends outside the college were present. The junior
class was there en masse and the majority of the senior class.
Junior Promtnade. 289^^-
Orpheus was most excellently represented in Fitzgerald's
orchestra which discoursed most excellent music, agreeable both
to foot and ear. Most of the parties were devotees of Terpsi-
chore and spent the major part of the evening dancing. The
dance program was well arranged and executed, every number
being heartily enchored and the orchestra was most kind in its
ability and willingness to respond.
Those who did not care to dance had the choice of several
methods of entertainment. They could sit and visit and watch
the dancers, or could amuse themselves in the card room. They
could satisfy tne inner man with the refreshments provided by
the caterer, Johnson, who certainly deserves all the praise
which has been so universal andunaminous. Those who enjoyed
smoking were at home in the smoking room.
Dancing continued until about 2 a. m. when the party broke
up. The lateness of the hour was an offense to Morpheus, but
from all account he did good work until late the next day.
To those who were there, the evening will always be a pleas-
ant memory and never forgotten. It will stand out on the bar-
renness of medical college social life like an oasis in the desert.
It served to bring the students and faculty together in a new role
and brought both scholar arid teacher nearer together, also stu-
dent and student. It is a means of promoting good fellowship
and the opportunity of better acquaintance. Medical college life
is all too barren of such opportunities.
The senior class congratulates our host, the junior class, on
the success of the entertainment and most sincerely thanks them
for their courtesy. It is the earnest desire of every senior that
the event may become annual and a time honored custom in the
college. Words can not fully convey an absolute idea of the
evening's entertainment to those who were not there but with the
Queen of Sheba, it must be admitted that "half has not been
told. A Senior.
SENIOR NOTES.
Mr. Keys is working very hard upon his valedictory oration.
He has now three hundred pages completed and hopes to write
at least two hundred more a month until graduation.
The article is going to be short but very comprehensive.
The first eight hundred pages will contain a brief sketch of the
290 The Plexus.
author's life. Following this will be a few short but very beau^
tiful paragraphs telling of the numerous charms of the various
members of the faculty and lastly; a few pages will be devoted
thanking the audience for their very kind attention or at least
commending the janitor for keeping open the hall after the
people had gone.
We wish to retract a statement, made in our last issue, in
regard to that sitz bath that was credited to Podgur. We find
that it was not he at all and furthermore, after inquire, we are
unable to learn of any bath that he has given.
A few loafers in the hall last week through some mistake,
were taken for seniors and given a special quiz in medicine. We
feel quite sure that they will not be so inquisitive next time.
Many great men through their modesty are never known for
their great deeds. But some of these people learn in time to
expound their greatness, as is the case of one of our present
seniors, who, according to his story was the first in this country
to do a gastrectomy. He did not consider it of sufficient import-
ance to report the case, and was therefore given no credit for
this wonderful operation.
Mrs. Burns brought her daughter and> Frankie Leavitt to
school with her one day last week.
This little contribution was . presented to me by one of our
local poets.
Say you " Plexus Man " of old
Why so partial in your roast
Why humiliate such precious few
Why let others joke and boast.
Every thing is fair in love
'Tis said that love is blind
Your love to edit as you note
Causes love and war combined.
Recall when last you printed morgue
Implicating C. C. Young
Causing such vociferation
It cost him most the apex of a lung.
There floats around our heads a mist
Of mystic senior news and jokes
Notes. 291
Permit me, Mr. Plexus,
To clear the haze that floats.
Last month with school in session
And Sessions yet in school
To celebrate his wedding pyre
Used good cigars for fuel.
And Dumas — who did likewise
Helped cupid tie the knot
"Laryngeal " Strong at Xmas
"Will join the happy flock.
There's Leavitt with his whiskers
Gazazas for side burns
He always loves to sit beside
His little one, Mrs. Burns.
We have, oh, Mr. Plexus
Pikers, yes, galore
Who wait until the roll call
Then slip out through the door.
Ask Zohrlaut, Sawtelle, Graham and Nic,
Who in the halls did loiter
Why Dr. Wells did quiz that bunch,
On exopthalmic goitre.
And so on Mr. Plexus
Many points are found
You may call them feathers
I'd simply call 'em down.
J. S. Brown is lecturing on anatomy to the dental students
this year.
Mr. C. D. Strong will be married on the evening of December
25th, to Miss Mary E. Glenn of 375 S. Central Park avenue. The
ceremony will take place at the home of the bride's parents.
Stillman preformed an operation upon a dog last week. He
not only removed both ovaries but also the dog.
The members of the executive committe are doing their best
to find a suitable class motto, They would be pleased to receive
suggestions from any of the members of the class.
Dr. Ochsner to Nickelson : "Now, Mr. Nickelson after you
292 The Plexus.
have passed the catheter into the nose. How would you feed the
child?"
Nick.: "I would use a safety pin, doctor."
Dr. King- to Helmley: "What variety of pneumonia is asso-
ciated with this disease?"
Helmley: "Aqua ammonia."
Dr. Simons to Zilisch: "Give the courses of labor."
Zilisch: "The collecting of carbolic acid in the tissues."
Mr. McNeil in answer to the question of how to diagnose a
breech from a face presentation, says that in the later, by vagi-
nal examination he could feel the teeth of the baby.
Dr. Lemke to Kurtz: "This man is completely paralyzed;
what would be your treatment?"
Kurtz: "Give him rest in bed."
JUNIOR NOTES.
We wish you all a merry Xmas and a happy New Year. May
your holidays be filled with rest and pleasure.
Dr. Sherwood (reading note from office): "Will you please
hold the juniors until two minutes after four?"
On the sick list this month: Mrs. Benj. Thomas, R. L/.
Eldredge, J. B. Barcelli.
After the promenade we have a nest Ggg in the treasury, that
is of no mean proportions, either.
Dr. Walker: "What can you say of the susceptibility of
syphilis?"
Sackett: "Well — everobody has it."
Messrs. Panyo, P. R. Unnston, W. Wochos and L. B. Donkle
are assisting the sophomores in their work in the laboratories of
chemistry.
A photograph of the class was taken in 406, December 6th,
during the clinics of Dr. Porter. The picture does not do full
justice to the class.
Houda (at the close of the meeting): "Mr. President, I move
that the class — I move that the class" — (aud then he stuck.)
Klein felter is with us again, and we are right glad to know
that he has almost regained his normal bodily healh which was
.somewaat shattered by the operation he endured some time ago.
Notea. 293
With the exception of a slightly peaked expression one would
scarcely be able to discern evidences of his previous illness.
There has been considerable talk recently in regard to the
adoption of a new class pin. Many are desirous of having an of-
ficial pin adopted by the entire student body, which in our oj^in-
ion would be a good move.
One has remarked that E. J. Butterfield has developed a
marked abnormality in the size and contour of his thorax lately,
in that he presents a decidedly chesty appearance, all due to
the fact that he is once more playing in the role of uncle-;and yet
he tells us it is not his first "stunf at being uncle, either.
H. C. McCarthy is a very busy man nowadays. Not only
does he attend to his regular class duties — and well, too — but he
is also acting in the capacity of assistant in the freshman and
sophomore clinics, together with Dr. Porter's clinics in Orthoe-
pedic surgery. Beside this he is now special agent for the ^we?'ii-
can Medical Journal in the junior class.
While at the junior dance, Lipman, deeming it prudent that
he should show his lady as pleasant an evening as possible,
purchased several sweet smelling roses for her special benefit.
The sum paid for the roses was entirely within reason, but in
some way Lipman became imbued with the idea that he had given
just four times as much for them as he really had given. Much
distress of mind and an almost irresistible desire "to go out back
and kick himself from behind" was caused thereby, and was only
appeased when upon returning home and counting his shekels he
found that all his anxieties were unfounded. He had simply
made a miscalculation in the amount he had taken with him.
One more has tne class by a dexterous move, added another
to the long list of scalps hanging at its belt. On December 9th
we were informed by our scouts that trouble was brewing, in that
a class rush on the part of the sophomores was to be expected.
When the proper time came we met them, and pandemonium
reigned supreme for several minutes while we carried on the
work of disintegration. The result of the affair was that the
sophomores were worsted and retired within their burrows as
does the proverbial ground hog. In anticipation of the clash we
made preparations to stand as a unit if possible, owing to the
fact that only two-thirds of the class were present. All were
anxious for the fray, especially R. House Porter, who acted very
294 The Plexus
like a well-fed two year- old colt does, when turned loose into the-
back lot to 'iimber up." As usual he was in front, as indeed he
is in many events other than class rushes. Happily the affair re-
sulted in no broken bones, although a score or more of those who
were in the midst of the conflict, were complaining of many and
varied bruises However this all may be, we have once more
demonstrated to a thoughtless and wayward class the necessity
of proper decorum while breathing the same atmosphere with us.
The Junior Promenade as anticipated was a grand success in
every particular. In the language of the gentler sex — it vvas
lovely. Never was there more elaborate entertainment given in
honor of a class of medicine at the College of Physicians and
Surgeons. Everything was arranged and arranged to a nicety,
nothing being spared to make the affair one to be long remem-
bered with feelings of mingled pride and pleasure by the fortu-
nate participants. The music was inexpressibly melodious,
speaking in sweet harmony those strains which affect the heart
as did the airs of Timotheus of long ago. And the crowd of
dancers — it was a charming crowd, teeming with mirth and
gaiety, that waltzed and waltzed again, and whirled laughingly
away on the light arm of pleasure to be taken up — gently, as it
were — and enclosed once more within its own warm embrace.
The dancers — all — reminded one of a beautiful work of art, a
pretty picture in varied shades of colors, moving on and on, ever
changing and forming new beauties before the enraptured eye of
the onlooker. It was only the joyousness of youth again budding
forth into life — the splendor veri, as Plato expresses it.
SOPHOMORE NOTES.
Young has a girl. He refuses to be interviewed.
Archer assisted Dr. Sherwood in a clinic recently.
O'Neil is developing great ability as a blackboard chemist.
C. A. Ayers says that there's nothing like "coffee and cocoa''
for breakfast after a night out.
Man in front, to Howe: "What's this water of crystallization
anyway'/"
Howe: "Ice, of course."
Will somebody be kind enough to ask Boehmer to comb his
Notes. 295
hair. We don't like to be reminded of the ex president of the
Philippines so often.
Jerry Simpson had a free ride to the top of the Clinical Am-
phitheater recently.
Morris and Willmott have come to the conclusion that facial
adornments are not fashionable. Cole, Archer, Beck, Borges,
Kelly, Miller and Wm. Montgomery think they are going to be
about next summer.
Barabin tells Mr. Brown that the recent Junior rush out of
305 was preconcocted. Don't frighten our superintendent that
way, Mr. Barabin, for you know he has acute dilation of the
heart and is apt to go up (?) almost any minute.
The studious habits and ventriloquistic abilities of some
of our members are proving to be a great blessing to those
other students who occupy back seats at quizzes. If you don't
believe it ask Spence and Rep. There are others too.
The following members of the class have been appointed
demonstrators in Freshmen dissection; Morris, Kruk, Harring-
ton, Taylor, Jarvis, Haessly, P. L. Wood, Giesen, Winbigler,
Haslit, Carmack and Miss Sherlock. Twohig, Rubel, Young,
Gailey, Cavanaugh, Henning and Bahl are demonstrating to the
Dental Freshmen.
Mr. Gunderson's condition is improving right along and he
is confident that he will be able to resume his studies at the
beginning of next term. If it were not for the fact that nothing
is too good for Gunderson, we might say, from personal observa-
tions, that he is receiving almost too good care from his fair
attendants at the hospital.
Case has been quite ill for several days with pleurisy and
bronchitis. He is not near the "dead line" however, as has been
inferred and expects to be able to resume work in a few days.
Words of fatherly advice and warning coming from a mem-
ber of the Faculty seem to have little weight with the members
of our class. They seem to think that the professor who urges
us to greater efforts has an ax to grind and they close their ears
to the words of wisdom and continue to walk the crooked but
easy path.
At the recent class meeting it developed that only about
sixty of the members of our class were willing to be placed upon
-296 The Plexus.
their honor during' examinations. After having heard the elo.
quent and earnest appeals of Dr. Evans and some of our members,
including Barabin, Seymour, and Derdiger, the above figures
certainly do not reflect great credit upon our class.
Dishonesty during examinations have become popular, so
popular that the man who refuses to help his neighbor when in
need is considered as having none of the milk of human kindness
in him, and the man who can pony without being detected is con-
sidered a shrewd fellow. Charity is noble, but in seeking to help
others let us make sure we are not doing them a injury.
We are here not only to learn the principles of medicine but
to acquire that confidence in our ability without which we cannot
be successful practitioners. Helping others during examinations
is teaching them dependence, and dependence is fatal, for the
man who depends upon his neighbor finds it easier than studying
and the result is a dwarfed intellect and a perverted moral nature.
As regards "cribbing,'" or the use of the "pony," we cannot im-
prove upon the thought implied in Barabin's words: "It may
seem nice to "cribb"' here at college when nothing but your honor
is at stake, but when you sit down at the bedside of a sick patient
and life is at stake, you can't 'criW there.''
If we are going to consecrate these four of the best years of
our lives to the study of medicine let us take away with us some-
thing to show for it besides a stolen diploma. Let us not go out
with a license to kill people but to cure them. Let us use our
time that when we go out to face the world we can truthfully say,
''I am what I pretend to be, I earned my degree meritoriously
and can prove it before any just board of examiners.'" This is a
possibility with every one of ns; the question is, shall we take
advantage of our opportunities.
Desire for popularity and fear of failure are the two great
causes of dishonest grades. If those who desire popularity would
seek it by other means than by helping others or by cribbing
them.selves, and if those who are afrqiid of failure would employ
their time in studying instead of in preparing "ponies,'" a happier
condition of things would result.
If we care not for our own welfare or honor and want to live
on easy street by "cribbing," if we care not for the real welfare
of our fellow students and therefore teach him dependence by
aiding him over the rough places, have we not enough respect for
the wishes of our esteemed Professor of Pathology to be honest
during his examinations at least.
FRESHMAN NOTES.
Freshman notes during most of the month of December were
at a decidedly lugubrious pitch. Instead of the blithe, jocund
piping heard during the beginning of the collegiate year a decid-
ed gloom seemed to pervade the class. It will be remembered
that the laboratories were not ready for occupancy for some
time after October 1st. This gave the members of the class the
afternoon for preparation of the next day's work, and smooth
sailing was the result. But, alas, when the laboratories started
full blast and dissection was assigned six hours a week then the
bewildered Freshman began to tear his hair and burn the mid-
night oil in a frantic effort to do the work assigned and make
creditable showing in quizzes and exam's. This grinding mental
pace was faithfully kept up during the latter part of November
and the early part of December. About this time mutterings,
not loud but deep and reverberating, began to be heard. Stu-
dents began to be disheartened, a few we fear to the verge of
carelessness.
As on some previous occasions, again some of us sought the
feet of the "upper class Gamaliels" and humbly inquired "was
this ever thus?" Did they have to work at such a heart-crack-
ing pace when they were D. J.'s and what was the result?
These superior people stroked their pretty chin beards and
with hoarse laughter assured us we vrere getting things very
light — that when they were Freshmen they had done infinitely
more work and with brilliant success.
Again we tore our hair and burned the midnight oil- It was
no use — we couldn't get there and a class meeting was accord-
ingly called to review the situation. At this meeting various
kinds of oratory were indulged in, some lugubrious, some fiery,
all eloquent. The consensus of opinion seemed to be that we
couldn't connect satisfactorily with the schedule and that the
matter should be presented at headquarters. A committee was
accordingly appointed to wait upon the Dean and if audience
■were granted the committee was instructed to explain the situa-
tion carefully and the class could abide by the verdict whatever
it might be.
Dr. Quine was first communicated with in writing and im-
298 The Plexus.
mediately and most courteously invited the committee to meet
him in his pritate office at 4:30 on Friday afternoon the 6th inst.
Miss Johnson was chosen to present the case and promptly at
the appointed time the members assembled in the reception room
and were invited into the Dean's office. Besides the spokesman
there were Messrs. Bowen, Eagan, Peisch, Bagley, Wentz and
Browne. Rumor hath it that Bagley in his trepidation fell over
a corner of the rug and that Peisch stuttered when he tried to
ofEer an opinion. We can authoritively pronounce both state-
ments to be malicious fabrications and aver that no indications
of undue alarm were observable.
At the invitation of the Dean, Miss Johnson presented the
case, and we may be pardoned for observing that the renowned
Portia could not have done it better. The Dean made many in-
quiries and asked the members of the committee to speak freely
concerning the entire matter. After a consultation lasting
nearly two hours we were informed that the matter would be laid
before the faculty at a faculty meeting called for the following
Thursday evening. «.
On Friday the verdict was announced— a reduction of ten
hours a week in work and recitations. To say, that this concess-
ion helps matters is to state the case very mildly. A complete
change in feeling was almost immediately observable and the In-
divid a al who was resigned to flunking began to be a rara avis.
The cordial thanks of the class are due and most heartily ex-
tended to Dr. Quine for his quick sympathy and ready apprecia-
tion of Freshman trials, and for the very acceptaple change incur
schedule. We sincerely hope and feel assured that the class, in-
dividually and collectively, will manifest their appreciation by
standard work in the future. Meanwhile Freshman notes have
resumed their jocund pitch and Freshman spirits are again blithe.
NEWS ITEMS.
A. C. Steckle has returned from Reno, Nev., where he had
charge of the football team of the University of Nevada during
the past fall term, and was the means of leading the Nevada boys
to success in many games. He returns in a few months to take
charge of their track team and probably to locate there perma-
nently.
Noles. 299
The Y. M. C. A. calendar has arrived. H. H. Hattery, '04,
was the successful artist. The calendar sells for 35 cents.
On Dec. 17th, Prof. H. V. Wurdemann of Milwaukee, Wis.,
gave a very interesting lecture before the senior class on "Injur-
ies of the Eye."
Dr. Adolph Gehrmann writes Miss Heelan from Berlin that
he and Dr. H. E. Wagner, class of 1895 P. & S., are "still alive."
The Illinois School of Electro-Therapeutic has strengthened
its faculty by the addition of Dr. G. G. Burdick. He has the
chair of Radio-Therapy and Photo-Chemistry.
THE ANTIKAMNIA CHEMICAL COMPANY'S NEW LABORATORY.
Frank A. Ruf, President and Treasurer of The Antikamnia
Chemical Co. has just purchased a lot 80x100 feet on the northwest
corner of 22d and Pine streets, St. Louis, Mo., for fi30,000 cash, on
which his Company will begin the erection, early in the spring,
of a new "Antikamnia Laboratory," five stories high, covering
the entire lot. The improvements will cost about ^45,000 irre-
spective of the laboratory apparatus and appliances which will
be of the most approved pattern, from Darmstadt, Germany.
The offices and various departments will be fitted with all modern
conveniences, making the whole plant one of the most complete
Specialty Laboratories in the United States.
The Antikamnia Chemical Company is one of America's, if
not of the world's best known Pharmaceutical concerns and
justly so. Energy, enterprise and push, backed up by the judi-
cious and liberal use of printers' ink, in keeping their line of
preparations' in touch with the medical profession, from one end
of the universe to the other, have made it so.
BOOK REVIEWS.
SAUNDERS' MEDIACAL HAND- ATLASES, Atlas and Epitome of
Bacteriology. A text-book of Special Bacteriologic Diagnosis. B}- Prof.
Dr. K. B. Lehmann. Director of the Hygienic Institute in Wuzburg; and
R. 0. Neumann. Dr. Phil, and Med., Assistant in the Hygenic Institute
in Wurzburg. From the second Enlarged and Revised German Edition.
Edited by George H. Weaver, M. D., Assistant Professor of Pathology,
Rush Medical College, Chicago. In two volumes. Part I, consisting of
511 paees of text, illustrated. Philadelphia and London: W. B. Saun-
ders & Co.. 1901. Cloth, $5.00 net.
This work supplies a long-needed want in the field of bacter-
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the work is inestimable.
The text is divided into a general and a special part. The
former furnishes a survey of the properties of bacteria, together ^
with the cause of disease, disposition, and immunity, reference
being constantly made to an appendix of bacteriologic technic.
The special part gives, so far as possible in a natural botanical
arrangement, a complete description of the important varieties,
the less important ones being mentioned when worthy of notice.
The causes of diphtheria and tuberculosis, together with the re-
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Most praiseworthy is the reformative tendency in regard to
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As a text book of bacteriology and bacteriologic diagnosis it
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The American Illustrated Medical Dictionary For Practitioners and Students.
A complete Dictionary of the terms used in Medicine, Surgery, Dentistry,
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Bool- Reviews. 201
and Symptoms, Stains, Tests, Method of Treatment, etc. By W. A.
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The general arrangement of the words and their definitions,
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Libertinism and Marriage. By Dr. Louis Jullien, Surgeon of Saint
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$1 net. Philadelphia. F. A. Davis Co.
This book deals with the social laws of gonorrhea. A de-
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Practical Surgery: A Work for the Gi-eneral Practitioner, by Nicholas Senn,
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The author in this, his most recent production, does not pre-
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The early chapters deal with general anesthesia, hemorrhage,
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The chapters on intestinal surgery and intestinal obstruc-
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The book closes with chapters on resection of joints and
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A commendable point of the book is the giving of cases and
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L. Harrison Mettler, A. M., M. D.
Professor of Nervous and Mental DL-eases in Chicago Clinical School,
and Professor of Physiology of the Nervous System in the School
of Medicine of the Univer.-ity of Illinois.
THE PLEXUS
COLLEGE OF PHYSICJANS AND SURGEONS
MEDICAL DEPARTMENT OF THE
UNIVERSITY OF ILLINOIS,
CHICAGO.
VOL. VII. JANUARY 20th, 1902. NO. 9
CEREBRAL SYPHILIS. NEURASTHENIA. SEMINAL
INCONTINENCE. INFANTILE PALSY.
By L. Harr son Mettler, A. M., M. D.
Professor of Nervous and Mental Diseases in Chicago Clinical School, and Professor of
Physiology of the Nervous System in the School of Medicine of the
University of Illinois.
Abstract of Clinic, Dec. 3, 1901, at the Chicag-o Clinical School.
Gentlemen: The first patient I bring before you this morn-
ing is C. L., 34 years of age, German by birth and unmarried,
who presented himself Nov. 30 on account of an excruciating
right -sided hemicrania which seemed to begin the day before
and had steadily increased in severity. The hereditary and per-
sonal history contains nothing of importance, except the con-
traction of syphilis in 1897, which was allowed to go untreated
until the secondaries, scars of which you can easily observe upon
his arms and legs, had become well marked, and then was treated
vigorously with mercury and iodides. About two years ago he
had a similar attack of headache which, however, gradually died
out, leaving him comparatively free up to the present. On Nov.
80 I prescribed for him phenacetin,gr. v every half hour until re-
lieved or until four doses were taken, and then gr. v every fourth
hour, instructing him to come back for further examination.
This preliminary treatment was adopted so as to win the confi-
dence of the patient, a most important object in all of these
cases, to relieve the intense headache so as to obtain a more ra-
tional set of replies from him when the more complete examina-
tion is made, and to carry out the true purpose of medicine
304 The Hexus
in first relieving the patient and then studying more in detail his
particular trouble.
Today he comes before us, free from pain, more cheerful in
spirit, and with confidence so established as to allow us to com-
plete the examination. The headache is almost entirely gone,
but gentle percussion over the right side of the head elicits a
sense of soreness without absolute pain. In connection with the
location of this headache, note the condition of partial hemiple-
gia in the left half of the body. This partial paralysis has sev-
eral characteristics which I wish you would carefully take note
of. It began not very long ago and appeared in a mild form,
somewhat suddenly, but not as suddenly as the paralysis which
accompanies an ordinary apoplexy. It has been getting steadily
worse, with periods of slight remission, and is now quite pro-
nounced. At first, the patient says, the weakness appeared only
in the leg; lately the hand and arm have been getting weak.
When he stands a short time observe how regularly and violent-
ly his left leg trembles. The deep reflexes on the left side are
all exaggerated. The gait Is characteristic of a hemiplegic and
though there is no true incoordination, it is very difficult for the
patient to walk a chalk line. He can carry a glass of water to
his mouth, but his grasp is weaker on the left than on the right
side. The right side in fact seems to be very little, if at all, af-
fected. As yet there are no signs of involvement of any of the
cranial nerves. The face and tongue move normally and there
is no indication of disease of the third, fourth or sixth nerves.
There is a slight paresis of the muscles of the left side of the
face. He says his eyesight is not what it ought to be, but a
rapid examination of the fundus by Dr. W. O. Nache does not
show any sign as yet of optic neuritis or atrophy. All the other
senses are apparently unaffected. There has never been any
vertigo or vomiting though he says a thin watery discharge has
sometimes come up from the stomach, which has made him al-
most vomit and whicli he attributes to indigestion. His bowels
are co.stive. He smokes freely but does not use liquor to excess.
He has never had rheumatism.
There are three important things to remember in regard to
cerebral syphilis, which assist very materially in making the
diagnosis. In the first place cerebral syphilis is vot, strictly sjjeak-
ing, a disease of the brain, but of the blood vessels and related
Cerebral Sypliilis. 30&-
parts. It is pathologically a syphilitic arteritis and meningitis
with infiltration. The brain is involved secondarily, either by
pressure from the gummatous erudation or by malnutrition as
a result of the embolic obstruction in the diseased arteriesf It
is obvious therefore that the symptoms of cerebral syphilis usu-
ally appear insidiously, do not exhibit such definite localization
signs as other forms of focal '.esion, and are subject to great var-
iability, extensiveness and unexpected alterations. The symp-
toms of cerebral syphilis are, as a rule, more definite, so far as
cerebral localization is concerned, than are the symptoms of
the cerebral neuroses and less definite than are the symptoms of
an abscess, tumor, etc. Though there are some localities within
the encephalon which syphilis seems to have a preference for,
yet tl\e disease process is liable to take place anywhere within
the brain. Its destructive action is limited only by the distribu-
tion of the cerebral blood vessels. It follows therefore that all
kinds of symptoms and localizations, more or less indefinite, ap-
pear as evidence of cerebral syphilis. Sometimes they indicate
basal meningitis, sometimes cortical trouble; not infrequently
the lesion will be in the internal capsule and sometimes only in
one or more of the cranial nuclei. Furthermore, these symp-
toms are far from being stationary. Partial paralysis, monople-
gias and hemiplegias come and go as the bloodvessels here and
there in the brain become obstructed and collateral circulation is
established.
In the second place it should be remembered that cerebral
syphilis, somewhat like hysteria, is in its symptomatology the
great mimic of all forms of organic cerebral disease. In the
absence of a clear history, it may even be mistaken for hysteria,
for it often exhibits the same variable, bizarre, irrelavent and ap-
parently unaccountable symptomatology as the latter. This
characteristic of cerebral syphilis, like that of multiple sclerosis,
in thus resembling in some respects hysteria, should not be
lost sight of, else the gravest mistakes in diagnosis will be made.
The same irregular eye symptoms, the same strange alternation
of motor and sensory phenomena and even the same psychic mani-
festations occur in both diseases. The great variety and changes
in the symptomatology of cerebral syphilis is almost patho-
gnomonic.
The third thing to keep well in mind in regard to syphilis of
806 The Plexus.
the nervous system is that it is in no sense a "system" disease as
for instance locomotor ataxia is. The latter, though usually a
sequel of syphilis is not a syphilitic disease; it is a mere degen-
eration in a certain tract because the neurons of that tract are
unable to resist the syphilitic storm which has passed. It is the
wreckage after the storm. Cerebral and spinal syphilis on the
other hand is a focal disease, a gummatous, exudative condition
in the vasomotor apparatus, which condition injures secondarily
the nervous tissues by pressure and malnutrition at the point
where it is located. This fact has an immense bearing upon the
treatment. Antisyphilitic medication is generally harmful in
such a disease as locomotor ataxia whereas it is emphatically
called for, vigorously and promptly, in cerebral or spinal syphilis.
In regard to the treatment of nervous syphilis there is noth-
ing to say further than to emphasize the importance of prompt
and vigorous administration of mercury and the iodides. No
matter how long previously the specific disease may have been
contracted (usually it is from one to ten years prior to the onset
of the nervous trouble), early and active use of antisyphilitic med-
ication is imperatively called for. This patient is now taking
ninety grains of iodide of potash a day and if in a week or ten
da3^s he does not show any improvement whatever, the dose will
be rapidly increased, even up to 300 and 500 grains a day. The
delicate structures of the brain and cranial nerves must be saved
and the only way to save them is to check, as quickly as possible,
the syphilitic disease process now going on in the bloodvessels
and related structures. Already the patient feels a little im-
provement in the soreness of the headache and the weakness of
the arm. His walk does not show any change.
The second case I desire to call your attention to is this
young girl, E. W., 19 years of age and of English parentage.
The hereditary history presents nothing of importance, but as
you observe she is pale and anaemic, which appearance she has
had since her attack of scarlet fever last spring. She is an am-
bitious girl and works in a grocery store, sometimes lifting bun-
dles quite heavy for one of her age, sex and strength. Like
most girls in the same condition she has been careless about her
diet, living upon tea and food not the most nourishing. Her
functions are all normal. Urinalysis shows nothing of special
note except a high specific gravity, 1030. Menstruation began
Nturasthema. 307
at 12, is regular, painless but scanty. Two years ago she had a
prolonged spell of unconsciousness. It lasted two hours, the
mother says, and from her description it was not hysterical, epi- _^
leptic or apoplectic in character. For awhile she was free
from these spells but lately, since her convalescence Jfrom scarlet
fever, they have come back. She will feel a sort of slight chill
pass over her body, a little vertigo, then heat in the head, and im-
mediately there will be unconsciousness. In this relaxed un-
conscious, cyanotic state she will remain quite awhile, fifteen
or thirty minutes. She never knows when the spells are coming
on and after they have passed off she feels perfectly well except
for a slight lassitude. She is a victim of insomnia; has frequent
attacks of indistinct, generalized cephalalgia; experiences a tired
feeling in the back; and dreams sad and depressing dreams. She
has no pulmonary, cardiac or alimentary trouble. She perspires
easily and freely; has attacks of unusual irritability every few
days; and sometimes feels as if she would like to fl.\'^ away. Ap-
petite is good,
I bring this case before you to illustrate a not uncommon
symptom of acquired neurasthenia, namely, syncope. Here is a
girl starting in life with a good heredity and general physique,
but at the age when the menstruation is about establishing itself,
is put to comparatively hard work, becomes careless of her nu-
trition, grows anaemic and is made all the worse by a severe
attack of scarlet fever. You see the girl, you have heard her
history, and are asked to account in some way for these distress-
ing spells. At once you are brought face to face with a diifer-
ential diagnosis between hysteria, epilepsy, apoplexy, drug habit,
uraemia, heart disease and anaemic syncope. Of these, all can be
set aside except hysteria, epilepsy and syncope; for the age and
mode of attack do not belong to apoplexy; there is no heart le-
sion or signs of uraemic poisoning; and drug habit is honestly de-
nied. It is not epileptoid, as none of the aurae, convulsive move-
ments, after headaches and other signs of epilepsy, are referred
to. Is it hysteria? I do not think so, because there are few, if
any — in fact none — of the stigmata of that protean neurosis.
Time will not allow me to detail more of the differential signs
between hysteria and neurasthenia; moreover it would be unnec-
essary for me to do so now as I have called your attention to
them so frequently before. Recalling then the history of the
308 The Plexus.
case, the neurasthenic symptoms elicited and the presence of the-
extreme anaemia, I think we may justly say that these "spells"
are merely attacks of ancsmic syncope and that with proper
treatment the outlook for a cure is promising. This is a case
that is pre-eminently adapted to the application of the so-called
"rest cure," first elaborated by Weir Mitchell. This will consist
in a complete change of environment, almost absolute rest, regu-
lated baths, massage, electricity and tonics. Food and medicines
that will enrich the corpuscular elements of the blood will be re-
commended and all measures adopted to tone up the general con-
stitution.
The third case which I bring before you. gentlemen, I wish
you would observe carefully, though it belongs to a class of cases,
so common that in private practice they are too often hastily
diagnosed and too frequently improperly treated. This young
German, 27 years of age, is a student in a preparatory school in
a neighboring town. His hereditary and personal history is
rather negative. He has never had any serious disease and has
lived, until he began his student life, more or less of an outdoor
life. Several years ago he masturbated quite freely, not remem-
bering now exactly how he happened to begin the practice.
Learning of the dangers of the practice he stopped it. He has
not indulged in the habit for a year or two now. He comes to us
on account of an unnatural degree of irritability, insomnia, bad
dreams, flushing of the face, profuse sweating, frequent nagging
headaches, lack of appetite, constipation, slight backache, He
has no pains, no motor disturbances. The pupils react normally
and the deep reflexes of the l<'g are diminished. He has seminal
losses at night, not oftener than three or four times a month,
usually associated with erotic dreams. The losses follow erec-
tion, and though the penis is flaccid the mornings following the
night when he has the seminal emissions, on every other morn-
ing he finds the penis erect when he wakes up. In general phys-
ique you observe he is apparently vigorous and well built. In
treating this case, which by the way is the most common and the
most amenable to treatment of all the cases of seminal inconti-
nence, we will instruct him about the use of tobacco, alcohol,^
stimulants and diet. We will suggest that he cease all mental
exertion one hour before going to bed and take a short walk in
he open air, eat a light dry eoUation of toast or sponge cake^
Seminal Incontinence. 309'
and retire in a well ventilated room and in a bed with rather light
bedclothing on it. He will be told to cultivate the habit of sleep-
ing upon his right side with the head to the north, to avoid
drinking water during the night and to set his alarm clock to
awaken him about 2 or 3 A. M. to em.pty his bladder. In some
of these cases a bath before going to bed provokes too much ex-
citement, hence 1 omit it; but a cool sponge bath in the morning
is urged, the patient rubbing himself well down with salted tow-
els. If these simple measures and others of like sort, do not im-
prove the patient mentally and physically, I will order every
night a tablet containing gV grain of atropia sulphate and re-
commend him to come daily or at least two or three times a week
to have the cold steel sound passed. If the patient is sincere in
wanting to get well, usually these measures after tour or five
weeks will produce good results.
In regard to the diagnosis — the etiological diagnosis especi-
ally— ^of seminal incontinence much might be said. There are so
many factors playing a roll that each case must needs be studied
carefully by itself. The sexual function is both a psychic and a
local phenomenon. In the begin aing of mental diseases, mastur-
bation is a not uncommon early symptom. On the other hand,
local irritation of any sort, artificial or natural, may keep up an
unnatural excitement of the parts and this reacting upon the
mind of the patient will induce cerebral neurasthenia or even ex-
treme melancholia. Quack literature makes a great ado about
the disastrous effects of the loss of the semen. As a matter of
fact, the mere loss of semen, apart from its ultimate production
of sterility, is not such a terrible affair, but the knowledge of the
shame connected with masturbation and the fear, which is not
unwarranted by any means, of the loss of manhood produces such
a depression of spirits that the brooding mind preys upon itself
and even induces an extreme degree of nervous prostration and
aberration. Masturbation and its consequences are therefore
most baneful in their ultimate results but not in the way that the
quack literature declares. The constant strain on the nervous
system by the frequent repetition of so unnatural a vice of course
produces a high degree of general debility and nervous irritabil-
ity; when this state of the constitution is once established, the
erections and emissions go on as a result of the lack of nervous
tone and vigor, in spite of the most heroic though ill-
'310 The Plexus.
advised measures to check them. Therefore the character of the
trouble, its severity, its connection with erection and psychic
images, its dependence upon local or general conditions, its pre-
sence in a patient of phlegmatic or neurotic temperament, in one
■who is sincere or not in his desire to get well and who has suffi-
cient power of volition, must all be taken into account in decid-
ing the diagnosis, prognosis and treatment of seminal incontin-
ence.
The fourth case, M. M., is this little girl, three years of age,
whom I have shown to you before, with infantile palsy. Nearly
two years ago she had an acute attack of anterior poliomyelitis
and as a result her right leg below the knee as you see, is now
atrophied, partially paralyzed, the paralysis being of the flaccid
type, is cold and somewhat cyanotic and exhibits the electric
phenomenon known as the reaction of degeneration. Observe
her walk; how she drags the foot, resting it on its outer border
and when moving it along the floor how inclined she is to stub
the toes, as it were. These cases are always seen first by the
general practitioner and as they usually appear within the first
two or three years of life— at a time when the diet of the child is
undergoing a change — they are diagnosed as some form of ali-
mentary trouble, because of the high fever, vomiting, etc., that
form the constitutional symptoms of the onset of the disease.
As you all know, the lesion is an inflammation in the anterior
horns of the cord, due probably to some form of toxaemia. In
a few hours or days decided paralysis manifests itself and later
on the atrophy follows. Curiously enough the tibial muscle is
the one most frequently affected, giving you the talipes varus de-
formity. Why the spinal center representing this muscle or
group of muscles should be the one most frequently selected by
so general a cause as toxsGmia is a question for physiology, em-
bryology and evolution to decide. In the nervous system some
tracts, either by reason of their development or particular func-
tion, are very prone to yield to toxic blood states as for instance
the degeneration of the sensory tracts in locomotor ataxia of
syphilitic origin.
Most of these cases of infantile palsy, unlike this one as yet,
show various degrees of permanent contracture and hence call
for subcutaneous tenotomy and a properly fitted brace. We will
have a light, comfortable brace fitted to this little girl's leg soon.
Injantile Palsy. 311
merely as a preventive of such contractures. In the meantime
we are giving her a course of general tonic treatment and insist-
ing upon the regular use of massage, oil rubbings and electricity
to the limb The mother says the limb has improved in appear-
ance since she has been taking this treatment and the gait is a
shade better. Oft times some of the related neurons in the cord
escape the damage caused by the inflammation and the preserva-
tion of the function of these neurons and their associated muscu-
lar elements is the object sought after in the application of this
local treatment with massage, electricity etc.
100 State Street.
A LETTER FROM AFRICA.
Batanga, Kamekuns, West Africa, Oct. 5, 1901.
My Dear Friend:
I am falling in with the custom of the country grandly.
These people never do today what they can put off till tomorrow
and never do themselves what they can get some one else to do
for them. We only have one chance a month to send mail off
and just before it goes I have too many other things to do but as
soon as it is gone "it will not go for a month again," so I rest
easy. Life in Africa is not so hard to take. My new gun came
last week, and I'm just as happy as when I got my first pair of
pants. One gets very hungry for fresh meat out here and a gun
helps out along that line. There is not much game just here but
by going a day into the bush there is lots of it. I had my gun
out yesterday and scared up something like a wild chicken. It
flew swiftly and I shot through the leaves but "nit" bird. The
people do lots of fishing. They have small canoes jast large
enough for one man and they go far out to sea in them. I have
tried to ride them but would rather risk my neck on a "bike."
The women are the laboring class, but the men do fish. You
would not catch them digging their own baits though. Their
system of division of labor is seen in this, for when a man starts
out in the morning he may have baits from six different women.
When he returns he must divide his fish with the women in pro-
portion to the number of baits furnished. They sometime get
their affairs badly mixed up. The other day a man came to one
of our missionaries with a palaver like this: He had given a
-chicken to his neighbor to raise for him. After his chicken had
312 The Plexus.
laid a few eggs, she died. The eggs were set under another
neighbor's hen. After they were grown the first man made claim
for his share. Amglad I was not called on to decide it. They
just live on such palavers and are continually coming to one to
"cut" them for them. There area lot of school boys in this even-
ing learning to sew and one has just consulted me as to whether
be had a good job. I did not expect to teach sewing when I came
here, but one cannot tell what he will be called upon to do. We
keep the house open all the time and nearly every evening there
are a lot of the people in doing something. Some study, others
play games, sew or just sit and watch us work. They have seen
so little that they learn considerable that way. Yesterday a
man was at the hospital who wanted something for his skin. I
inquired into his case and found, that because his sister had died,
he had been sleeping on the ground and had not washed for two
weeks. I gave him a piece of my mind along that line and told
him to go home and wash, and if that did not help him to come
back and I would give him some medicine. Not long ago a woman
brought her child for medicine and the dirt was sticking on her
in chunks. I found she had not washed for a month for the
same reason. I sent her to the beach to wash while I gave the
child the medicine.
I try to get the people to pay something for their medicine
but you know it is easier to give a tramp a piece of bread than t
is to get him to do work to earn it. I take anything but an un-
willingness to pay something. Today I received one mark (Ger-
man), one chicken, one bunch plantain, two bunches of bananas
and twenty mavanda (native bread). Yesterday two men brought
me some sweet potatoes and five ears of corn. Often I get
oranges, fish, crawfish, makabas, eggs, etc. Am making some
headway at the language, although it seems to come like pulling
teeth. (And by the way I get some of that to do.) Our teacher
went home the other day, not that we knew it all, but he wanted
to go and we did not think we were getting enough to pay to
hold him. He was teaching the Benga which is "Classical.
Just here the people have three dialects and he was not good on
them. I frequently have as many as four dialects in the dispen-
sary at one time. Each talks' his own language and is under
stood by all but will reply in his own tongue. It is rather con-
fusing for one who does not understand any fully. I manage to -
A Letter from. Africa. 313
get the drift of the conversation if they use the language I have
studied most.
This morning I took a bed down and found the borers had
eaten all but the varnish on one side. I found they had done the
same with the frame on two sides of a mirror. They never touch
the varnish and you think it is all right till you take hold of it
and you find j-ou have only varnish.
I just dismissed a patient today who had malaria with hema-
turia for a month. He was getting along nicely at first but took
a relapse so I brought him to the house where I could be sure
what was going on. Have had three cases of hematuria and
have not succeeded in killing any of them. The first and last
were traders. Am called frequently by the traders and almost
invariably I have trouble getting them to sleep. The last man
kept a large lamp burning all night in his room, I think because
he was afraid. I think, if they had a little clearer conscience,
they would have less trouble sleeping.
Our wet season is on and it surely known how to rain. We
have had two dry days together now and we hardly know what
to make of it. We do not have such hot weather as at home if
reports of last summer are true. Our temperature is about the
same all the time. The mornings and evenings are cool and
pleasant. We always sleep with one and sometimes two blank-
ets. From ten o'clock till four the sun is very warm but we do
not go out then, unless it is absolutely necessary. I wasjust out
in the yard and settled a pallaver for the school boys, who were
cutting grass. Some of them were entering into a friendly (?)
dispute in which some lips were swollen and bleeding. I cut an
orange limb and appealed to their feelings. There is nothing
that appeals to these people much more forcibly than to get after
their skins. We are in German territory and that is their way
of ruling. I have trouble getting to do any surgery here on ac-
count of their fear of the knife. I manage to get a whack at one
occasionally though.
I have a hospital of twenty beds for the natives and seldom
have a death in the hospital unless it comes suddenly. They
have a :;uperstition against letting any one die away from their
town, so as soon as they give them up they begin to clamor to
take them home. At first I wanted them to let them die in peace
but now, when I give them up, I let them take them. I require
314 The Plexus.
the people to come from eight to twelve, but it is hard for them
to see it that way. The other day a man came in the afternoon
with his child. I asked him how long it had been sick and he
said four days. His town was only a fifteen minute walk from
the office. I asked him why he had not brought it in the morn-
ing. He said his wife was in the garden working and he had to
wait till she came home to "tote the baby." I preached him a
little sermon on laziness and his duty to his wife that he did not
think belonged to his neighbor, and told him to bring his kid
back in the morning himself and I would give it some medicine.
He came the next morning "toting it himself." Had 201 patients
the first month, so am getting my share of practice. Part of the
time there is an M. D. two hours north of me, one five days in-
terior and one about a week south so that I do not feel that the
profession is overcrowded here.
Have only had a few light attacks of malaria and have not
had the pleasure of a chill yet, as mine do not come that way.
My wife took her malaria in a peculiar form. Withbut any other
symptom she would have an excruciating pain in her stomach
which would last three or four hours and go away as suddenly as
it came, after which she would get up and eat a good meal.
Neither morphine nor chloroform had any influence on the pain.
Its daily return made me think it malaria and I tried quinine to
which it yielded nicely. I have known quinine to cut short the
pain so that she would go to sleep in ten minutes after taking it
and rest easy the rest of the night.
Was sorry to hear of the fire at P. & S. but glad that you
were not greatly inconvenienced. It is pleasing to hear that
one's Alma Mater is growing like a bad weed. Am told that I
would scarcely recognize her as the same institution.
The only request I would make for Africa is for more work-
ers and especially medical men. There is plenty of room here
for men of the right sort.
Kindly remember me to my friends in P. & S. and I should
be glad to hear from you if convenient. With best wishes to
yourself and the rest of the faculty, and all others connected
with the institution, I am.
Sincerely yours,
R. M. Johnston, M. D., Class of 1900.
To Dr. W. A. Pusey, lO.'i State St., Chicago.
THE PLEXUS
COLLEGE OF PHYSICIANS AND SURGEONS
MEDICAL DEPARTMENT
UNIVERSITY OF ILLINOIS.
CHICAGO.
Plexus Committee of Faculty.
T. A. DAVIS, M. D., D. A. K. STEELE, M. D., F. GREGORY CONNELL, M. D.
H. C. WADDLE, '03. Editor-in-Chief.
Supt. W. H. BROWNE, W. T. ECKLEY. M. D., D. N. EISENDRATH, M. D.
W. A. EVANS, M. D., H. W. BERARD, M. D., A. GERHMANN, M. D^
Associate Editor, L. HARRISON METTLER, M. D.
Local Editors, P. E. GRABOW, '02, R. L. ELDREDGE, 03.
Class Editors:
F H. HORNI BROOK, 02 B. S. MALOY, 03 F. L WOOD, 04. J. P. BROWN, 05.
FacHlty Department, DR. F. B. EARLE Clinical Laboratory Dept , DR. W. E. COAXES
Alumni Editor, DR. C. C. O'BYRNE, '94 Clinical Department, C. E. DIKE, '02
Athletic " H. H. EVERETT, '02 Library Department. METTA M. LOOMIS.
Advertising Solicitors, R. E. BROWN, '02. H H. FRIDE>FELD. '02.
Publisher. ------ H. C. WADDLE.
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Send all remittances and communication.s as to subscriptions and advertising to H. C.
WADDLE, f -or. Congress and Honore Sts.
Entered at Chicago Post Office as Second-Class Matter.
Any subscriber desiring the Journal discontinued at the expiration of his subscription
should so notify the Publishers; otherwise it will be assumed thai the subscription is to be
continued and the Journal sent accordingly.
Contributions of matter suitable for publicaticD are invited, and should be sent in not
later than the 25th of the month previous to that of publication. The publishers will not hold
themselves responsible for the safe return of MSS unless svifflrient stamps are forwarded.
L. Harrison Mettler, the author of the leading article in this
issue of the Plexus, was born June 1. 1863, in New York City,
and was educated in the Friend's Seminary, a private school in
Stuyvesant Square, New York City; in the public schools of that
city; was graduated B. A. from the college of the City of New
York in 1883, and received the degree of M, A. therefrom in 1886.
He began the study of medicine in 1883, attending one course of
lectures at the College of Physicians and Surgeons (Columbia
College) in the City of New York, and two courses at the Jeffer-
son Medical College, Philadelphia, receiving the degree of M. D.
316 The Plexus.
from the latter institution April 2, 1886. His preceptor was
William H. Pancoast, A. M., M. D., Professor of Anatomy and
Clinical Surgery in the Jefferson Medical College.
Prom 1884-'86, Dr. Mettler was assistant prosector, receiving
many commendations for his dissections, and special mention for
his thesis on "The Biological Cell — An Argument." In 1889, he
attended the clinics at the Hospital for the Paralyzed and Epi-
leptic (Queen Square) London; and at the Hopital de la Salpe-
triere, Paris, afterward visiting the universities and hospitals of
Vienna, Berlin, Heidelberg and Edinburgh.
Dr. Mettler began the practice of medicine in Philadelphia
immediately after graduation. Prom 1886-'87, he was prosector
and assistant to the chair of anatomy in the Medico- Chirurgical
College of Philadelphia; chief of the medical clinics from 1887-'91,
and lecturer and clinical instructor in mental and nervous dis-
eases and electro-therapeutics from 1888-91. In 1891 he removed
to Chicago and commenced practice there. He is medical exam-
iner for the Nederland Life Insurance Company of Holland and
America.
Dr. Mettler is now Professor of Physiology of the Nervous
System in the College of Physicians and Surgeons, Medical De-
partment of the University of Illinois, and Professor of Nervous
and Mental Diseases in Chicago Clinical School. He not only is
a very busy man in the field of Medicine and a frequent contrib-
utor to medical literature but finds time to devote to music and
literature, both of- which he is very fond.
Up to the present writing some six to ten members of the
College of Physicians and Surgeons have been sick at the West
Side Hospital or other hospitals in the city, and have lost much
time, and been at great expense as the result. As to the time
lost, we have nothing to say but as to the expense, we have. If
we are correctly informed, it is the custom of our neighboring
colleges to maintain in a hospital, a college ward, to which mem-
bers of the college can go during sickness and stay without ex-
pense. Would it not be fit and proper for the student body of
the College of Physicians and Surgeons to make a move toward
this end. The Plexus stands ready to give assistance in any
way desired to such a project and we should be pleased to place
our name on list to secure a ward in the West Side Hospital for
exclusive use of P. & S. students.
CLINICAL NOTES ON VARIOUS PAINFUL
AFFECTIONS.
By W. H. Thayer, M. D.
The publication of clinical studies of new preparations by
those who have given them a careful and unbiased investigation
seems to me in the light of a duty, for in no other way is it pos-
sible to determine the mode of action of a drug, its therapeutic
indications, and more important still, its contra-indicatdons. Of
course, I am speaking now of drugs of non -secret composition,
which are the outcome of legitimate chemical research and pre-
sent sufficient advantages over the older remedies to entitle them
to our consideration. It is for this reason that I have contrib-
uted some of my experiences with heroin, or diacetyl morphine;
the more so as my observations relate to the analgesic and anti-
spasmodic properties of this drug, upon which comparatively
little has been written when we consider the vast literature that
has appeared on its cough-relieving qualities.
While the action of heroin is fully illustrated in the histories
of the cases described below, I would state here that when em-
ployed judiciously it seems to be practically free from unpleasant
after-effects. I have never noted any depressing action upon
the heart, while it seemed to invigorate the respiration. Nausea
was occasionally observed, but was always slight and generally
attributable to the presence of gastric disturbances. Constipa-
tion was never noticed. It generally required about twenty min-
utes before the influence of the drug was manifested, and the ef-
fect was then maintained for from three and one-half to six hours.
The heroin was administered preferably in the powder form with
sugar of milk. I have also tried it hypodermically, in which
form it seemed to act most efficiently, but the majority of the pa-
tients objected to taking it in this manner. It is interesting to
note that while using it hypodermically on myself in a state of
good health the only effect manifested was a desire to sleep, even
after the administration of 112 grain every two hours for six
consecutive hours.
Case I. A. C, female, aged 23, complained of neuralgia,
more especially of the facial nerve. She had periodical attacks
lasting from three to four days. No direct cause could be found
318 The riexus.
upon examination. The patient had tried many remedies, and
was at the time using trional, which afforded only partial relief.
The pain increased greatly as night came on, and if she obtained
three hours of broken sleep this was thought to be doing very
well while the attack lasted. I first saw the patient during an
attack at four a. m., and gave heroin 1 12 grain. She went to
sleep in about twenty minutes, and slept until 8:80 a. m., when
she awoke free from pain. I left two tablets to be given at 2 p.
m. and 6 p. m., and on calling the next morning found that a
very comfortable night had been passed. On the day preceding
the next expected attack I ordered a tablet at 3 p. m. and one at
6 p. m., which prevented its occurrence, and since then she has
had no similar trouble. No idiosyncrasies were noted.
Case 11. Male of 40, complained of severe pains in the back
of the head at the base of the brain. He had been troubled with
them for over a month, aad had been to two different physicians
who tried various remedies with no good results. The patient
was in the grocery business and worked hard, but not at his
books. As so many medicines had been resorted to without suc-
cess, I looked about for a new one, and my satisfactory experi-
ence with heroin in the headaches of la grippe led me to give it
a trial in 1-12 grain powders with sugar of milk, morning and
night; also putting him on a tonic. In one week he returned
much relieved. The same treatment was continued for ten days
more; after which he returned to work apparently cured. He
has had no trouble since, and is feeling better than he has for
many months.
Case III. Mrs. S. C. A., aged 42, to be operated upon for
hemorrhoids. The patient, who was naturally of a nervous tem-
perament, was worrying a great deal over the taking of ether,
and sulfonal failed to relieve her. I gave her one -twelfth grain
of heroin hypodermically the night before the operation, which
took place at her home. She slept well that night, and during
the operation her condition was good; the gastric disturbance
was very slight upon coming out of the ether, a quantity of mu-
cous being raised after which the stomach retaiued food. I have
had no further chance to test heroin along this line as yet.
Case IV. Mrs. A., aged 20, tall and slender and of nervous
temperament; married; menstruation always regular up to a
month ago. Shortly before the expected time for her monthly
Clinical Notes. 319
period she caught a slight cold and was attacked with severe
rheumatic pains in the left arm. Her menses failed to appear,
and the pains shifted to the lumbar and uterine regions. At th^
time of my first visit, about one week later, I found the patient
suffering from intense neuralgic pains in the lumbar and ovarian
region and severe neuralgic headache in the left temple. She
was in intense agony and dilirious, had a high temperature,
and had not slept for two nights. I gave a hypodermic of heroin,
one-twelflh grain, and within an hour the pain .subsided slightly,
but the patient continued restless. Three hours later I admin-
istered another hypodermic, and in three-quarters of an hour the
patient slept quietly and passed a tolerably comfortable night.
In the morning the facial neuralgia had entirely disappeared and
the ovarian pains were only slight. I gave one- twelfth grain
tablet of heroin, and left another tablet to be given if the pain
reappeared. When I called at night I found the pain had entirely
ceased half an hour after taking the first tablet, and that the
menses appeared at noon. Since that time, now several months,
the patient has had little trouble from rheumatism or neuralgia,
and the menses have been regular and quite painless. I noticed
a slight dilation of the pupils of the eyes shortly after giving the
drug the first time; the second administration had no effect on
the eyes. There was quite a heavy perspiration during the first
part of the sleep, but this grew less towards evening.
Case V. Male, aged 29 years, had severe rheumatic attacks
every four hours, lasting from one to three days, and rendering
him incapable of even moving himself. The pain was worse in
the small of the back and right hip, and would seize him while
in bed; he would scream if I came near the bed, being so afraid
of my touching him. Massage was employed and did him some
little good after getting over his fright of being touched. I tried
the uric acid solvent, hymosa, and various other remedies, and
finally gave heroin. The pain was not much relieved, but the
drug quieted him, and gave him his first sleep in three nights. I
gave one- sixth grain hypodermically, and he was asleep in one-
half an hour, and slept very quietly for nearly two hours. I have
since used it twice in his case as a sleep-producer, and it has
been successful both times, after sulfonal and trional had failed.
Case VI. Male, aged 34; very irritable stomach, marked
cough, tearing pain in the throat extending downward from the
320 Tn<' Plexus.
pharynx; pulse hard, ranging from 98 to 118. No sleep at
nights, the oough awakening him as soon as he is asleep. Heroin
was prescribed in one twelfth grain doses every two hours. The
patient commenced taking this at about one o'clock p. m.; per-
spired freely at four a.m., but slept better that night than before.
The pain in the throat was less severe the next morning, and the
feeling of extreme weariness of which he complained much de-
creased. The patient had vomited some of the previous medicine,
and did not retain the first dose of heroin, but when it was re-
peated one hour later no gastric disturbance was noticed. No
laxative was given with the heroin, but within eight hours a
complete evacuation of the bowels was produced, since which
time they have been regular. The cough was loosened, so that
on the next day three tablets a day were given, and two days
after the cough had entirely disappear'^-d. The temperature and
pulse were normal on the second morning. No special by-eifects
were noted for the drug. The action would indicate for the re-
lief of pain, for sleep, and for the relief of hard pain with cough.
ALUMM DEPARTMENT.
'85. H. A. Peabody of Webster, S. Dak., was a recent vis-
itor at his Alma Mater. The doctor found very few things as
they were when he was a student here.
'86. Louis J. Mitchell has moved from 498 W. Adams St. to
449 Congress St,, Chicago.
,93. J. S. Kilbride has moved from Sleepy Eye, Minn, to
Canby, Minn.
'00. Dr. B. Corbus of W. Virginia spent a few days in
the city recently.
'00. Dr. 01 in McCormack and Miss Mary H Beattie were
married Tuesday evening Dec. 3rd at the residence of Dr. C. C.
O'Byrne Chicago. At home after Jan. 1st 1902, Hersher III.
'01. Dr. E. C. Ruge and Miss Elsie Creen were married at the
home of the bride's parents Oshkosh, Wis., Nov. 14th 1901. At
home after Dec. 15th, South Bend, Neb.
'01. F. L. Wallace is now located at 484 44th Place, Chi-
cago.
"01. M. J. Siefert has moved from 803 N. Leavitt St, to
171 Eugenie St., Chicago.
Alumni. 3-il
,01. L. H. Meadows has returned to Waverly, la., after
serving interneship in Jewish Hospital, Denver, Colo.
'01. Frank Pe try, Akron, Ind., was a recent caller at The
Plexus office. Practising seems to agree with him as his adi-
pose tissue has increased very materially.
ALUMNI OF THE COLLEGE OF MEDICINE OF THE
UNIVERSITY OF ILLINOIS— COLLEGE OF PHYSI-
CIANS AND SURGEONS OF CHICAGO.
It is the purpose of the Plexus to publish the addresses of the entire alumni
in the Plexus in the next few issues and if there are any mistakes or if
any of our readers know of the addresses not given, we should be pleased
to have them notify us or Dr. H. W. Berard, Alumni Secretary of
such changes.
CLASS OF 1895.
Ainsworth, H. H., M. D., 724 Flounioy St., Chicago.
Beck, Joseph C, M. D., 100 State St., Chicago.
Belitz, Alfred, M. D., Waumandee, Wis.
Bowell, B. C, M. D.. La Porte. Ind.
Bradford, A. W., M. D., Sparland, 111.
Champliii, S. H., M. D., 114 Oakley Ave., Chicago.
Clark, S. B., M. D., Buffalo, N. Dakota.
Coates, W. E., M. D., 2231 W. Congress St., Chicago.
Cochrane, W. J., M. D., Lake City, Minn.
Carey, D. J , M. D., 568 W. 21st. Chicago.
Davis, G. W., M. D.-, Waterloo, Wis.
Diller, Francis S., M. D., Roberts, Til.
Dods, G. D. B., M. D., 1554 Jackeon Blvd. Chicago.
Doty, Maurice F., M. D., New Era Building, Chicago.
Dulin, C. W., M. D., 430 Rialto Bldg., Kansas City, Mo.
Dysart, Lnuis, M. D.
Feltenstein, B., M. D., 1898 Milwaukee Ave., Chicago.
Franken, John G., M. D., Chandlerville, 111.
Gaebler, Arthur, M. D.,4802 Ashland Ave., Chicago.
Gillespie, J. A., M. D., Coin, la.
Grayston, F. W., M. D., Huntington, Ind.
Green, Thomas S., M. D., 39th and Cottage Grove Ave., Chicago.
Hamilton, Charles, M. D,, Carlock, 111.
Hamilton, Howard, M. D.. Bethany, 111.
Heckmau, J. I., M. D, , Hinckley, 111.
Hollebrandt, F. J., M. D., 1.372 Fon du lac Ave., Milwaukee, Wis..
Henderson, G. S., M. D., Holcomb, 111.
322 Ihe Plexus.
Higbee, F. 0., M. D.. Sharpsville. Ind.
Hubbard. W. D., M. D., West Point, Miss.
* Jones, William,
Johnson, G. W., M. D., 733 Grace St., Chicago.
Leach, W. D.. M. D., New Sharon, la.
LeDuc. C. H., M. D., Breda, la.
Lemke, A. F. , M. D.. Reliance Bldg., Chicago.
Leonard, J. Henry, M. D., -167 Milwaukee Ave., Chicago.
Lewis, J. v., M. D.
Lowenthal, A. A.. M. D., 103 State St., Chicago.
Lucas, G. U., M.D., Elgin, 111.
Luria, A., M. D., 100 State St., Chicago.
McClain, Jesse, M. D., Coshocton, 0.
McShane. B., M. D., Hales Corners, Wis.
Matthaei. E. A., 626 W. Chicago Ave., Chicago.
May, L. F., M. D., 264 Clybourne Ave., Chicago.
.Alayhew, J. M., M. D., Lincoln, Neb.
Meltzer, V. L., 166 W. 126th St., New York City.
Miller, A. E. , M. D.
Mueller, F. L., M. D., Foster Ave. Chicago.
Nagle, E. J., M. D., Dixon, 111.
Nahin, H., M. D., 23 Irving Place, Chicago.
Pease, A. S., M. D., Chicago Heights, 111.
Peterson. 0. T., M. D.
Phillips. D. C, M. D., 269 N. Western Ave., Chicago.
Rice, Earl, M. D., Roland, la.
Riggs, J. P., M. D., Piano, 111.
Sachs, T. B., M. D„ 287 W. 12th St., Chicago.
Scott, H. S., M. D., Atlas Blk., Salt Lake City, Utah.
Seville, F. F., M. D., 1573 W. Monroe St., Chicago.
Shepstone, J. A., M. D., 4846 State St , Chicago.
Siemonowicz, W. J., M. D.
Slater, 0. M., M. D., Garrett, 111.
Slocutnb. Jesse, M. D., Plainview, Minn.
Smith, C. B., M. D.,Boody,Ill.
Speice, W. K., M. D., 50 W. Madison, Chicago, HI.
Staller, Max, M. D., 631 Catherine St., Philadelphia, Pa.
Steele, R. E., M. D., Lehi City, Utah.
Stockley. D. R., M. D., Evanston, 111.
Swartz, Albert, M. D., 324 Blue Island Ave., Chicago, 111.
Talbot, E. F., M. D., Flandreau, S. Dak.
TilLsom, E. M., M. D.
Tremblay, J. J., M. D., Moline, HI.
\'aughan, George, M. D.. Hurley, S. Dak.
Alumni. 328
A'eit, J. L., M. D., Van Buren and Robey St., Chicago, 111.
Wagner, H, E., M. D , 551 Armitage Ave., Chicago.
Weatherford, Frank A., M. D., 1700 63d St., Chicago.
Weber, Lee, M. D., Davenport, Iowa.
♦Webster, W. L.
Wilder, C. H., M. D., DeKalb, 111.
Wilson, H. S., M. D., 88 W. North Ave., Chicago.
Wynekoop, F. E., M. D., 1563 W. Monroe St., Chicago.
CLASS OF 1896.
Austin, K. 0., M. D., 148 Dearborn St,, Chicago.
Beck, EmilG., M. D., 100 State St., Chicago.
Bennett, Cleaves M., M. D. . Mattoon, 111.
Berg, 0. H., M. D., 536 California Ave, Chicago.
Bonner, A., M. D., 141 J 5th Ave., New York City.
Briggs, A. E., M. D., Elk Grove, Cal.
Burns, Frank W., M. D., Stevrartville, Minn.
Cheever, William Rockwell, M. D., Kenosha, Wis.
Culp, Frank J].,M. D., Nome, Alaska.
DeFries, A., M- D., Lowden, la.
Dobson, Samuel J., M. D.
Doerr, August, M. D., 648 7th St., Milwaukee, Wis.
Eaton, Roy R., M. D., Lowell, Mich.
Eddy, George S., M. D., Anaheim, Cal.
Edmonson, George, M. D., Clinton, 111.
Gill, George, M. D , N. Ridgeville, 0.
Glenn, Fred L., M. D., 79 N. 45th Ave., Chicago.
Grace, Ralph S., M. D., 25 47th,, Chicago.
Hammond, C. L., M. D., Eureka, Nevada,
Hartigan, Timothy, M. D.
Hoadrick. C. M., M. D., 308 N. Y. Life Bldg., Omaha, Neb.
Hollister, T. C, M. D., Louisville, Neb.
Hudson, J, R., M. D., U. S. Vol., Manila, P. L
Humiston, C. E., M. D., 235 N. Park Ave., Austin, 111.
Jegi, H. A., M. D., Galesville, Wis.
Jenkins, Park B., M. D.
Johnstone, N. A.. M. D., 801 Locust St., Kansas City, Mo.
Laird, Wm. J., M. D., Nalima, Mich.
Lawrence, G- H., M. D., Galesville, Wis.
Leland, Muret N., Jr., M. D., Wells, Minn.
Lid, Torsteni, M. D. , Marinette, Wis.
Linaweaver, A. H., M. D., 237J S. Main, Findlay, 0.
McGready, J. H.,M. D., Independence, la.
McKenzie, W. W., M. D., 100 State, Chicago.
324 The Plexus.
Mason, J. Frank, M. D., Sharpsburg, 111.
*Mitchell, Grant, M. D.
Moses, J. M., M. D., 3823 Yincenr.es Ave., Chicago.
Mount, H. A., M. D., Elm Grove, Wis.
O'Malley, T. J., Venetian BIdg., Chicago.
Pierce. Percival, M, D., Waukegan, 111.
Schwab, L. W. , M. D. , 339 41 st St. , Chicago.
Seagly, I. B., M. D., Thomasboro, 111.
*Shinnick, J. H., M. D.,
Springer, J. C, M. D., 181 W. Madison St., Chicago.
Starner, A. A., M. D., Gallon, 0.
Straus, I. J,, M. 1)., 3640 Cottage Grove Ave., Chicago.
SuTupman, H. A., M. D., Dyersville, la.
Sweetman,R. II., M. D., Grand Rapids, Wis.
Swink, W. T., M. D , Mendon, Tenn.
Vosburg, W. E. H., M. D., Cooperstown, Wis.
Waldron, J. II., M. D., 2170 W. 26th St., Chicago.
Widmeyer, J. P., M. D , Holla, N. Dak.
Wiltner, F. M., M. D , Lakewood. 111.
Yates, Cliarles A., M. D., Bangor, Wis.
Zapffe, Frederick Carolus, M. D., 925 Warren Ave., Chicago
CLASS OF 1897.
Aby, F. S., M. D., Two Rivers, Wis.
Ade. Samuel G.. Ph. G., M. D., 612 W. Madison. Chicago.
Ascher, John A., Cherry Creek, Nevada.
Arnold, Harry L. , A. B., M. D., Girard, Kas.
Auner. J. Frank, M. D., Osage, la.
Banks, J. Harvey, M. D. Atlanta. 111.
Barnett, Miles R., M. D., Oshkosh, Wis.
Bassoe, Peter, B. S., M D., Mt. Pleasant, la.
Bein, Alfred, M. D., 1227 Milwaukee Ave , Chicago.
Beunet, Charles L., M. D., Tepezela, Mexico. (Aquas Calientes).
Biegeleisen, Nathan, M. D., N. Y. City.
Brinckerhoff, John J., Ph. B., M. D., Minooka, 111.
Broderick, Frank W., M. D.
Brown, Albert F. Pli. G., .Marquette, Mich.
Brown, Henry D., ,M. D , Opera House, Denver, Colo.
Brown, .Mont. M., A. B., M. D., I'epin. Wis.
Burroughs. Arthur P., M. D., Galesburg, Mich.
Calbreath. Creed C, M. D , Confidence, [a.
Carter. Charles W., M. L., M. D., Aledo, III.
Clancey, John A., M. D., 74 S. Fullerton, Chicajro.
Cochran, Joseph S., Ph. G., M. D., 425 Clark St., Chicago.
Alumni. 325
Coiinell. J. F., M. D.
Cook, J. F. D., M. D., Langford, S. Dak.
Coplan, Lemuel S., M. D., Colchester, 111.
Cullen, John, M. D., 171 Blue Island Ave., Chicago.
Dickenson, Stanley B., M. D. , Watertown, S. Dak.
Dillon, Richard H., A. B., M. D., 1087 Elm, Manchester, N. H.
Drew, Thomas B., M. D., Oswego, 111.
Duff, Guy C, IV1. D., U26 Roscoe St,, Chicago.
Fanning, Frank D., M. D., Butler, Ind.
Farquhar. Elwood M., M. D., Early, la.
Finn, William H.. M. D., 2522 Wentworth, Chicago.
Frederick, Rivers C. M. D., Point Coupee, La.
Frick, Louis, M. D., Hilbert, Wis.
Fridus, Samuel L., M. D., 4834 S. Ashland, Chicago.
Gailey, Darwin S., M. D., Ashland, 111,
Hall, Henry M., Jr., M. D., 466 Dearborn Ave., Chicago.
Hamilton, E. Mandel, M. D., Cairo, W. Va.
Hansel. Charles E., M. D. , Lakeville, Ind.
Hobbs, Edward J., M. D., Richland, Mich.
Jackson, Taylor R., A. B., M. D. Hocking, la.
Jackson, Thomas J,, A. M., M. D. , 3901 Indiana Ave., Chicago.
Johnson, N. LaDoit, M. D., 23 N. California Ave., Chicago.
Kane, F. C. , M. D. , Logansport, Ind.
Kinney, William D.,M. D., Colfax, la.
Klepinger, John C, M. D., Union, Ohio.
Lerche, Wiihelm, Ph. "G., M. D., Soldiers Grove, Wis.
Lewis, Henry T., M. L.
Lincoln, Walter S., A. B., M. D., Dodgeville, Wis.
Loffer, Orla W., M. D., Maplewood, 0.
Mapes, Reynold J., M. D.
Mayhew, G. Earnest, A. B., M. D., Edgewood, Cal.
Meek, Loring C, M. D.
Mizell, Adolph G., A. B.,.M. D., Shelbyville, 111.
Murphy, Charles C. M. C, 632 E. 3l8t. St., Chicago.
Nellis, James G., M. D., Irvington, Cal.
Novak, John D., M. D., 1060 S. Kedzie Ave., Chicago.
Peacock, Norman F.. M. D., Darlington, Ind.
Pence, Clyde D. , M, D., Venetian Bldng. , Chicago.
Perisho, E. E., Ph.G., M. D., Ancona, 111.
Peterson, William A. C, B. S., M. D., 434 SlstSt, Chicago.
Prough, William C, M. D., Goodland, Ind.
Rice, Daniel S., M. D. , Stevens Point, Wis.
Rice, R. H., M. D. , Kewaunee, Wis.
Royce, William S.. Ph. G., M. D., 1192 N. California Ave., Chicago.
326 The Fhxus.
Sayre. Charles E., M. D., D. V. S., 393 S. ■13rd St., Chicago.
Schindler, F. S.. M. D., No. 262 S. Halsted St., Chicago.
Sedlacek, Frederick A., M. D., Tyndall, S. Dak.
Sizer. Edmund A., M. D., Thorp, Wash.
Smith, Rodney D., A. B , M. D., Manila, P. I.
Stewart. Harry J., M. D., D. V. S., 2118 W. Lake St., Chicago.
Switzer, George 0., M. D., Pentwater, Mich.
Taylor. Ralph C, Ph, G.. M. D., Lily Lake.
Thordarson, Theodore, K. B., M. D., Minneota, Mian.
Treadwell, Clarence L., M. D., Kilbourn City, Wis.
*Virtue,C. W., A. B. M. D.
Wahle, Henry, M. D., Marshfield, Wis.
Walsh, Edmund A.' M. D., Springfield, 111.
Wells, William H„ M. D.
Wever, John S. , M. D., Leavenworth, Kan.
Whiffin, Roscoe A., M. D., Biggsville, Wis.
Williams, Walter, M. D.
W'ray, William E., M, D.
Yoist, Henry J., M. D.
LIBRARY NOTES.
Metta Loomis, Librarian.
A valuable gift to the Quine Library has been received from
the Library of the Medical Society of the County of Kings,
Brooklyn, N. Y. It consists of about 120 volumes of medical
journals, nearly all of them being bound and available for imme-
diate use. There were also about 500 single numbers of medical
journals all of them having been selected with a view to the needs
of the Library, and they were a great help in completing the
files of incompletes.
A number of unbound medical journals were kindly sent
to the Library from The Pi^exus office.
The increase in the number of books in the Library and the
large number who make use of the Library has made it necessary
to adopt a checking system for the books used in the Library.
The checking system was put in operation at the beginning of
the year and so readily did the students accustom themselves to
the change that the new regulations were enforced with very
lictle friction.
The following articles written by various members of the
faculty of P. & S. have been noted in the medical journals.
Notes. 327
Dr. Carl Beck, A Case of Resection of Two- thirds of the
Xiiver for Angiodenomawith Exhibition of Patient and Specimen.
Chicago Medical Recorder, December, p. 383-86.
Dr. R. H. Babcock, Adherent Pericardium. Journal Amer-
ican Medical Association Dec. 14, p, 1578-80, The same article
appeared also in The Medical News, Dec. 14, p. 923-25.
Dr. J. L. Porter, Three points in the Treatment of Deformi-
ties of Infantile Paralysis, Medical News, Dec. 21, p. 976-79. The
paper was read by Dr. Porter before the last session of the Illi-
nois State Medical Society.
Dr. Geo. F. Butler. Personal Elements of Error in Thera-
peutics. American Medicine, Jan. 4, p. 21-28.
Dr. C. A. Wood. Exophthalmic Goitre, its Etiology, Symp-
toms, and Treatment. Buffalo Medical Journal, Jan. 1902.
Dr. C. A. Wood and Dr. T. A. Woodruff. Color-blindness,
Test for. Monthly Cyclopoedia of Practical Medicine, Dec. 190J,
p. 466-67.
Dr. C. A. Wood and T. A. Woodruff, Commoner Diseases of
the Eye. Medical Standard, Jan., p. 5-10.
SENIOR NOTES.
The marriage of Mr. David Charles Strong to Miss Mary
Ellen Glenn was solemnized at the home of the bride's parents,
375 South Central Park Avenue, Chicago, 111., on Wednesday
afternoon, Dec. 25, 1901, at 5 o'clock. Rev. F. Dugan of the
Seventh United Presbyterian Church officiating.
The bride and groom entered the parlor to the strains of the
wedding march. A very pretty and simple ceremony was con-
cluded by the groom presenting the bride with a ring as a token,
and the pastor pronouncing them "Man and wnfe." Following
the prayer came hearty "congratulations" and "Best Wishes"
from a large concourse of friends who had assembled to wit-
ness the occasion. The wedding repast was then served, and
quite early in the evening the young couple, accompanied by
the groom's mother, who was present, left for the latter's home
at Paxton, Illinois.
The bride is a pleasing young woman, well and favorably
known in the circle of the Seventh U. P. church, where she has
•been one of the working members, and also to a larger acquaint-
328 The Plexus.
ance. The groom is a member of the Graduating Class of the P.
& S., and known as a good scholar and faithful student. He
also, is well known in the same church as the bride, having rec-
ently served as President of their Young People's Christian Union.
Mr. Strong expects to complete his college course by the last
of this month, and they will remove at once to Wichita, Kansas,
where he has the appointment of resident physician in the
Wichita Hospital. Mr. and Mrs. Strong were the recipients of
many useful and beautiful presents. To this estimable couple
the Class of 1902 and numerous other friends including The
Plexus, extend Best Wishes for a future as bright as it now
bids fair to be.
E. L. W. Brown has been making a name for himself in the
practice of surgery during his vacation.
A man called Phifer was introduced to the class by Dr. Fergu-
son last week. It was a needy introduction as no one had ever
heard of the individual before.
Mr. G. Walvoord, who has been on the sick list is able to at-
tend classes again.
Mr. Harroun informs us, among other things, that he has
performed as successful operation for the removal of fibroids of
the uterus.
Mr. L. J. Hammers has been taking care of Dr, Hientz prac-
tice during vacation.
Mrs. Robt. Burns was unable to attend dispensary clinic,
last Friday, her husband represented the family.
R. W. Miller has a new treatment for carbolic acid poisoning,
which is ever ahead of Christian Science.
Seven years of foot ball life failed to injure Dick Lockwood
but his first day in the Chicago Hospital was celebrated by a fall
down the elevator shaft — 12 stitches.
Brother Hill, affectionately termed by his class mates.
"Little Egypt," appeared in the pit with a misfit costume last
week and provoked much merriment.
Parke, Davis and company have issued invitations to the
senior class, to attend a smoker, given at their Chicago Branch,
44r-46 Franklin St., Saturday evening, Jan. 18.
JUNIOR NOTES.
C. E. Barnes spent the holidays in Iowa City, Iowa. He re-
ports a very enjoyable time.
We are informed that our class treasurer, Mr. Geo. Howard,
has been detained at the bedside of his wife in New Orleans since
the holidays. She is now convalescing from typhoid.
B, M. Conley is now acting in the capacity of an attendant
at the Detention Hospital, corner of Wood and Polk streets. He
received the appointment through the civil service bureau dur-
ing the holidays.
A lady member of the class is credited with having written
the best paper for the first examination given by Dr. Williamson.
The same was true in the last examination given by Dr. Walker
—a lady student having carried off the laurel.
At a recent meeting of the class it was decided to elect a re-
presentative who would attend to our corner in Ihe Illio, a publi-
cation printed in book-form by the State University. W. H.
Moore wes chosen as the class representative, and was elected
by acclamation. As we understand, his duties will consist in fur-
nishing material to the publication which shall refer directly to
the class in general, and which may also include the Junior fac-
ulty.
During the holidays Fanyo proved to be more studious than
many of us by performing an enterectomy, making use of the
Connell suture in doing the same. The operation was performed
upon a dog, and Mr. Fanyo informs us that after the stitching
was completed he was highly pleased with the ready manner in
which the intestine returned to its natural position. The patient
was principally at fault, however, and bore out his dogship's dis-
regard for surgical fame by "giving up the ghost." In fact he
dropped out of the game early, having absorbed too much of the
anaesthetic. This did not deter the surgeon from proceeding
however, and after operation he performed a post-mortem, pre-
sumably for the purpose of ascertaining why death came so un-
timely.
While the greater share of the class was at home during the
holidays perhaps enjoying a much-needed rest, several members
of the class remained behind, not for present enjoyment, but for
330 The Plexus.
enjoyment which, it is to be hoped, will follow later. We refer
to members of the class who underwent surgical operations dur-
ing that time and two of whom at this writing are convalescing
in the West Side Hospital. D. C. Dodds was operated upon for
congenital hernia; L. D. Howe for appendicitis; D. J. Scholton
for otitis media; R. Von der Heydt for mastoiditis; J. H. Eddy
for alveolar abscess; and O. Balenseifer has undergone three op-
erations lately for periostitis involving bones of the foot. All of
the gentlemen are now able to attend classes, with the exception
of Messrs. Howe and Dodds.
After Dr. Williamson had finished reading the names of the
fortunate students who passed his last examination in medicine,
it was amusing to notice the feelings of pleasure and displeasure
depicted upon the various faces in the class. Many presented
that "I-kind'a-thoughtI'd-pass" sort of air, while others were
talking in disappointed tones, endeavoring the while to convince
themselves that it was no fault of theirs in failing to pass. The
hand-shaking between the happy lot was very like the greeting
one receives after returning from abroad. Seriously, though,
these examinations do not count for much in the opinion of many.
Seldom are the results a criterion to judge of the worth of a fel-
low as a student — perhaps your neighbor that passed did not be-
come so muddled or had more self-confidence than you had when
the test came; or, perhaps he is a post-graduate at "cribbing."
However this may be, one. should not regard his failures too
tragically, for they may be only mere comedies over which you
are stewing and fretting.
Many of the class were much perplexed in attempting to un-
ravel the intricacies in Stage III of the operation for cleft palate..
The class oracle explains to us, however, that the operation is
rather simple and not so hard to understand as has been sup-
posed. The directions submitted do not differ in any great re-
spect from those already given in the book and are as follows:
"In looping the first loop through, one must ever keep in mind
that the curve is of extreme importance, and that once beyond
the curve you carefully withdraw the needle preparatory to
alighting. The next step is to thread a loop within a loop
twisted upon itself while in the erect posture, and while going
down the incline don't fail to give the anaesthetist all that's com-
ing to him. Draw the fourth loop upward, inward and back,.
Notes. 331
and lasso the uvula. This procedure serves to fix the first loop
which at the start is pushed through aud which prevents the
surgeon from slipping. Do not be alarmed if the patient turns
black in the face. Now do the flop, dampen the dorsum of your
left, and before inserting the silver wire turn completely around
thrice while gazing vertically. Search for more loops and if you
discover any. loop them in such a manner that one may see clear-
ly that you have looped loops before. Some surgeons prefer
tying the free ends to the teeth, while others contend that it is
much more pleasant for one to go in the day time.
SOPHOMORE NOTES.
Since the holiday season has passed a feeling of sobriety
seems to prevail with the entire class. The Glee Club has ceased
to warble aad every one is on the alert and in seeming expectan-
cy. The latter condition is probably due to the number of writ-
ten quizzes we have had in the past few days and the number
we expect to have in the near future.
We are glad to be able to say that none of our boys have
been so unwise as to become entangled in the matrimonial net
during the holidays and as we do not notice any new diamonds
glistening on the fingers of our fair co-eds we infer that they
have made no new conquests.
As usual nearly all went home to enjoy the holiday season,
and as usual all report a pleasant time. Some went out in search
of the mighty dollar and came back with pockets well lined with
the filthy lucre. Those who remained in the city found the time
drag heavily upon their hands and were well pleased when work
was resumed.
One of our boys was honored recently when the Y. W. C. A.
selected the design offered by Mr. Hattery for a P. & S. 1902
calender. The design is quite pretty and ingenious, and many
showed their appreciation by purchasing one or more of the cal-
endars to present to sweetheart and friends.
We are much disturbed to know what has become of our
Glee Club since the holidays. There is some excellent vocal
talent in the class, including Replogel, Handsome Harry Sloan,
O'Neil, Harrington, and others. We would suggest that these
332 The Plexus.
gentlemen, and others whose voices we have not recognized, or-
ganize a regular class Glee Club.
Gailey and Case are with us again after their recent illness,
Gunderson's condition continues to improve and he has good
reasons for believing that his leg, except for a little shortening,
will be as useful as it was before the accident.
It is with profound regret that we learn that some of our
remarks in last issue were not well received by a few members
of our class. As far as our own welfare is concerned we are not
greatly disturbed because a few criticise what we have to say,
and even throw a little mud at us. We are, however, sorry if we
have hurt the feelings of anyone, but we do not understand how
we could have done this without hurting all, for no personal re-
marks were made in the article in question.
We try to say the things that are of the greatest interest and
benefit to the class as a whole and it is very discouraging to find
that even five or six men express distinct dissatisfaction. In the
midst of our discouragement however, we are encouraged, for
our object was attained in that we have induced the thoughtless
to think. We only hope that the result of their meditations will
be to their advantage, and we only regret that in our zeal we
have incurred their displeasure, for this has in part undone the
good we hoped to do.
Just previous to sending our notes to press we learn that
Messrs. Spencer and Replogel have taken seriously to heart
what we had to say in last issue about their studious habits and
Yentriloquistic abilities. We took it for granted that everyone
knew that in order to have a joke there must be a handle, and as
these two gentlemen are large of heart and slow to anger their
names were chosen. We must acknowledge that the wording of
the item was somewhat illusive, but we hope that the foregoing
words will remove all doubt as to our intentions.
FRESHMAN NOTES.
The Christmas holidays produced the usual exodus, but we
were very glad to observe that the eletnent of promptness which
so promptly characterizes our class was again to the front, and
practically all members returned on time. Before separating we
all sang with considerable fervor "When the roll is called up
yonder I'll be there" — ^"up yonder" referring particularly to room
305 and we venture the statement that all the Professors will
testify to the rectitude of our motives and the fidelity with which
they were carried out. We learned of no incident of particular
note which occurred during the holidays with the exception of
perhaps one, and this one is certainly of grave importance. We
understand that one of our number has taken the momentous step
which involves* halving our sorrows and doubling our joys and
incidentally our expenses. We are willing to admit that the last
point mentioned is a selfish ore, however, and should never re-
ceive a moment's consideration when the proposition is ap-
proached from an ethical standpoint.
The gentleman who has taken the momentous step is very
popular in the class, never was known to dodge a quiz or ride a
pony, and is fast acquiring a dignified professional appearance.
We suggest that an eminently proper proceeding would be to
bring the lady in question to class, some bright morning, that
congratulations may be fittingly bestowed.
We have feared it was not generally known that a consider-
erable amount of musical talent ia "sloshin' round promiscuous
like" in the Freshman class but we are glad to note that a knowl-
edge of this fact is leaking out and also that it is being appreci-
ated. In the musical items in one of our prominent dailies we
read of Messrs. Bowen and Greenwald appearing in the program
at the installation cermonies of Lodge No. 461, A. F. and A. M.
at the Masonic temple. Mr. Bowen sang "Happy Days Gone
By,, with violin obligato by Mr. Greenwald. The latter played
Mendelsohn's Spring Song and both solos were well received.
Other evidences of musical abiliiy are not lacking. McCracken
whistles with remarkable energy and fluency, Maher's shoes al-
ways squeak melodiously when he comes in late, while the win-
ter zephyrs produce ^olian harmonies as they circulate among
Banker's beautifully trained amber colored whiskers. These
334 The Fhxus.
pleasing evidences of musical culture are highly gratifying and
suggest large possibilities.
No examination was held by Dr. Shaw in the anatomy class
until the 17th inst, when a two hours written quiz was given cov-
ering the entire osseous system. The examination was compre-
hensive but we think the most chronic faultfinder could hardly
claim it to be too difficult or too technical. The popular Doctor
threw a gorgeous bouquet at us when, about fifteen minutes after
the examination had begun, he announced, that a higher stand-
ard of honesty prevailed in tnis Freshman class than in any
Freshman class he had ever appeared before; that as yet he had
detected no sign whatever of attempted crookedness. Thus vir-
tue is her own reward. We repeated this remark of the Doctor's
to one of the '"upper class Gamaliels" with considerable pride
which we considered justifiable. Our statement was received
with derisive jeers and we were informed that "Shaw said that
every year" and that it was one of his "jollies." "Ever thus
since childhood's hour," etc.
At the close of the Fall term we drop Biology, the Biological
laboratory and Embryology. The schedules for the winter term
substitutes Physiology and Pharmacognosy. Dr.Wynekoop who
has piloted us through the mazy ways which lead from the
amoeba to the frog deserves and undoubtedly receives the grati-
tude of the class for the careful way in which the subject was
presented. His lectures always showed research, were compre-
hensive and splendidly illustrated. The course in Embryology
has been short but we judge all essential points have been thor-
oughly' covered. The Winter terra promises to be as pleasant as
it will be profitable.
Y. M. C. A NOTES.
The Employment Bureau has been kept busy during and since
the holidays supplying students. Nineteen men have been ap-
plied for since Dec. loth, thirteen have secured positions.
The reorganization which took effect Jan. 1st constitutes our
P. & S. Association a regular department of the Chicago Y. M.
C. A.
P. & S. was well represented at the conference of professional
students held at the Central Y. M. C. A., Jan. 12. The program
was an unusually strong one. The addresses as well as the con-
ferences on particular branches of student Christian work were
full of interest and suggestion. Thirteen institutions were rep-
. resented with a total of 138 delegates. P. & S. sent 35 men as
follows:
P. W. Johnson, '02; Carrico, '02; Tyvand,'02; Haynes,'02; Null,
'03; Eddy, "03; Wessels, '03; Coffin ex, "03; Haggard ex., '03;
Thomas, '03; Blough, '03; Voris, '03; Wichman, '03; Anderson,
'03; Raynor. '04; Cuttle, '04; Hoag, '04; Bean, "04; Ayres, "04;
Beveridge, '04; Winbigler, '04; Wood, F, L., '04; Schallert, '04;
David, "04; Seeker, '05; Peterson, "05; Parquhar, '05; Bybee, '05:
Shimer, '05; Hay ton, 05; Edwards, 05; Davies, '05.
ANTIKAMNIA HEROIN TABLETS IN PREVALENT GRIPPAL
CONDITIONS.
Thos. G. Rainey, M. D., L. R. C. P., Resident Physician,
British Medical Institute, Atlanta, Ga , in a recent article states,
that the comparatively new combination of drugs, antikamnia
and heroin tablets, which has been so largely used for the control
of cough, is also being successfully employed, to a large extent,
in the treatment of nearly all affections of the respiratory tract,
which are accompanied by dyspnoea and spasm, natnely: asthma,
bronchitis, laryngitis, pneumonia, phthisis, whooping cough,
hay fever, lagrippe, etc. In cases in which the patients were
suffering from the severe attendant pain of these diseases, it was
found that this combination acted most satisfactorily. Each
tablet contains five grains of antikamnia and one- twelfth grain
heroin hydrochloride. One tablet was followed by a rapid
diminution of pain, and after the third tablet the pain entirely
disappeared. In treating the affections enumerated above, the
dose is one tablet every two, three or four hours according to
indication.
NEWS ITEMS.
Is your subscription due?
Dr. C. C. O'Byrne recently made a professional visit to St.
Louis.
Dr. Adolph Gehrmann has returned from his trip abroad and
reports an enjoyable time.
Dr. W. E. Quine delivered a lecture at the Northwestern
Medical College on Jan. 17th, subject "The Teachings and Influ
ences of Samuel Hanneman," The lecture was largely attended
and well received.
During the Christmas vacation 250 lockers were put in the
college, also a system of Babcockiire extinguishers. The lock-
ers are the finest ever put in by the college and are well appreci-
ated by the student body.
The May issue of the Plexus will be a Senior Souvenir num-
ber and will also represent other interests of the college. We
solicit your assistance, and if anyone has anything that would
enhance the value of this issue, kindly hand to us or drop it in
the office. Mr. Grabow has kindly consented to assist, and his
experience in this line of work will be invaluable.
THE SENIOR BALL.
On February the seventh the Senior Class give their annual
ball in honor of Dr. Quine, at Beek's Hall, 164 Warren Avenue,
Elaborate preparations are being made, and a most enjoyable
time is anticipated. Grand March at nine o'clock. Tickets may
be obtained from the committee in charge:
C. J. McGuire, Chairman.
J. D. Garrett.
M. L. Henderson.
B. P. Weaver.
G. A. Howard.
The Beta Chapter of the Phi Rho Sigma Fraternity will
give an "At Home"' at their fraternity house, 188 Warren Ave.
on Tuesday, Jan. 28th. A pleasant time is anticipated.
BOOK REVIEWS.
The Four Epochs op Women's Life. A study in Hygiene. By Anna
M. Galbraith, M. D., Author of "Hygiene and Physical Culture for
Women;" Fellow of the New York Academy of Medicine, etc. With an in-
troductory Note by John H. Musser, M. D. , Professor of Clinical Medicine,
University of Pennsylvania. 12mo volume of 200 pages. Philadelphia and
London: W. B. Saunders & Company, 1901. Cloth, $1.25, net.
Women have at last awakened to a sense of the penalties
they have paid for their ignorance of those laws of nature which
govern their physical being, and to feel keenly the necessity for
instruction in the fundamental principles which underlie the
epochs of their lives.
This is pre-eminently the day of preventive medicine. The
physician who can prevent the origin of disease is a greater
benefactor than he who can lessen the mortality or suffering
after the disease has occurred. Any contribution, therefore, to
the physical, and hence the mental, perfection of women should
be welcomed alike by her own sex, by the thoughtful citizen, by
the political economist, and by the hygienist.
In this instructive work are stated, in a modest, pleasing.
and conclusive manner, those truths of which every woman
should have a thoi'ough knowledge. Written as it is for the laity
the subject is discussed in clear, comprehensible language,
readily grasped even by those most unfamiliar with medical sub-
jects. A valuable and commendable feature of this handy volume
of instructive information is a comprehensive glossary of those
medical terms necessary to a thorough understanding of the sub-
ject under discussion. Without doubt, it is a book that should
receive the thoughtful consideration of every woman.
Saunders' Question Compends. Essentials of Physiology. Pre-
pared especially for Students of Medicine; and arranged with questions follow-
ing each chapter. By Sidney P. Budgett, M. D., Professor of Physiology,
Medical Department of Washington University, St. Louis. 16mo volume of
li33 pages, finely illustrated with many full-page half-tones. Philadelphia
and London: W. B. Saunders & Company, 1901. Cloth, $1.00 net.
This is an entirely new work and a worthy accession to Saun-
ders' excellent series of Question- Compends. It aims to furnish
material with which students may lay a broad foundation for
later amplification, and to serve as an aid to an intelligent con-
338 The Plexus.
sultation o± the more elaborate text-book. The subject of Phy
siology is covered completely, and, the author of the work being
a teacher of wide experience, the salient points are particularly
emphasized. An important feature is the series of well selected
questions following each chapter, summarizing what has pre-
viously been read, and at the same time serving to fix the essen-
tial facts in the mind. Nearly all the illustrations are full- page,
half-tones, and have been selected with especial thought of the
student's needs. In every way the work is all that could be
desired as a student's aid.
GRIPPAL COUGH-LARYNGITIS-BRONCHITIS.
In these affections, antikamnia is indicated for twp reasons:
First, because of its absolute power over pain, at once removing
this element of distress and placing the whole system in the best
possible condition for a speedy recovery. And, second, because
of its power to control inflammatory processes, lowering the
fever by its peculiar action on the nervous system. Codeine is
strongly indicated because of its power as a nervous quietant,
often quickly and completely controlling the cough. In nervous
coughs, irritation of the throat, laryngitis, bronchitis and phthi-
sis, where the cough is altogether out of proportion to the
amount of expectoration, Antikamnia-Codeine tablets will give
prompt satisfaction. In fact, in cases of nervous coughs, irrita-
ble throat, so commonly attendant upon influenza and la grippe,
as well as in sub-acute laryngitis and slight bronchitis, this tablet
alone will often so control the cough that the disease rapidly sub-
sides. This is not strange when we remember that nothing could
keep up this irritation more than constant coughing. In the
more severe cases of bronchitis and in phthisis, the patient is not
only made more comfortable, but the disease itself is brought
more directly under control by checking the excessive ooughing
relieving the pain and bringing the temperature down to the
normal standard.
D, Lee Shaw, M. D.
Professor of Anatomy, College of Physicians and Surgeons, Medical
Department of University of Illinois, Chicago.
THE PLEXU
COLLEGE OF PHYSICIANS AND SURGEONS
MEDICAL DEPARTMENT OF THE
UNIVERSITY OF ILLINOIS,
CHICAGO.
VOL. VII. FEBRUARY 20th, 1902. NO. 10
THE STUDY OF DESCRIPTIVE ANATOMY.
By D. Lee Shaw, M. D.
Professor Anatomy, College of Physicians and Surgeons, Medical Department
of University of Illinois, Chicago.
Id this so called "a^e of fads,*' it is not surprising that cer-
tain novel features are introduced into the curriculums of our
best medical colleges; similar in many respects to some of the
recent innovations tried in the public school system. Among
the more harmful of these would seem to be those which directly
or indirectly complicate or relegate to the background the study
of human anatomy, since this is certainly one of the fundamental
branches upon which practically all medical information is de-
pendent.
As it is necessary for a child to become familiar with figures
before he learns to multiply, subtract, and divide (a statement
which may be disputed by some), so is it necessary for a medical
student to familiarize himself with descriptive anatomy, the
"figures" o^ medicine, before he can hope to decipher the per-
plexing problems occurring in a medical or surgical practice.
At least some knowledge of the human body is absolutely es-
sential for him who actually practices medicine or any of its
specialties; all will admit that it is just as important for the
physician to be familiar with the position and the relations ol the
viscera and the larger vessels and nerves, as it is for the surgeon
to recognize the structures with which he comes in contact while
performing an operation.
In regard to the amount of anatomical knowledge absolutely
necessary for the performance of surgical operations, it might
340 The Plexus.
be claimed that, with able assistance and all modern appliances
at hand, any structure in the body might be exposed, or even
incised, without actually jeopardizing the life of the patient;
even those who minimize the importance of anatomy, however,
would hardly submit to an operation for radical cure of hernia
by one who acknowledged that he knew nothing concerning the
formation of the sac or its contents.
In these days of aseptic and antiseptic surgery one some-
times hears the statement "it doesn't make any difference what
you cut so long as you are clean;" usually the man making the
statement is a first class anatomist, and is noted for the great
care exercised in preparation for operations. Many times in an
offhand manner a teacher makes a statement to which he attaches
no importance, but which "sticks" in the minds of his hearers
and is later brought forth as a plausible excuse for ignorance;
the greater the repu^^^ation of the teacher, the greater is the harm
done by those inadvertent remarks.
In the last decade there has been a revolution in the methods
of teaching anatomy, not only in regard to the subject matter
presented, but also in the manner of presenting it. Judging
from the great diversity of opinion among the teachers, as evi-
denced by the varying methods in vogue in the different schools,
it would seem that, possibly, a perfectly satisfactory scheme has
not yet been developed.
The subject matter presented under anatomy is made to in-
clude all correlated studies, such as histology, embryology, and
comparative anatomy, in the study of any one of which, all the
time allotted to anatomy could be easily utilized. These are self-
evident facts, that a student cannot know too much and that,
other things being equal, the better his preliminary training the
more rapid will be his advancement in the study of medcine.
One other proposition, however, must constantly be borne in
mind, namely, that the great majority of students intend to go-
into general practice.
At the present time when the medical course comprises only
four or five years, great care must be exercised in arranging a
schedule lest so much time be devoted to the interesting sub-
division that an insufficient period is left for the study of the de-
veloped human body; for instance, the study of the development
of the body is much more fascinating, for both student and teach-
The Study of Descriptiye Anatomy. 341
er, than is the grind on the bones, muscles, vessels, etc., and all
the time scheduled for anatomy could be profitably spent in a cnr-
sorysurvey of this one subject. The great advantage arising from
a comprehensive knowledge of all, or any, of these closely related
subjects must not be ignored, but the time necessary for obtain-
ing this complete information cannot well be found after entrance
into a' medical college, except at the expense of other practical
studies, hence usually, it is found expedient to expound cmlj the
principles of these sciences.
It has been said that, with the modern text books, their
diagrams, illustrations, descriptions, etc., there is little or no
necessity for the teacher of gross anatomy; contact, even for a
short time, with students will dispel this illusion and demon-
strate the falsity of the notion that because a man has a text
book he must know its contents. Constant work in the disect-
ing room in connection with strict attention to demonstrations,
supplemented by the quiz, is the only method, old or new, by
means of which a practical anatomical knowledge may be ob-
tained.
With the principles well "ground in" many studies maybe
and are successfully continued after graduation, but on account
of the difflculties necessarily attending the attempt to dissect in
private, to say nothing regarding the scarcity of material, very
little anatomical work is done by the average doctor after he
leaves college. Even the surgeon, who is constantly operating,
rarely has the opportunity of examining normal tissues, as he is
usually engaged in correcting or modifying structures in abnor-
mal conditions. That the study of descriptive anatomy is almost
necessarily limited to undergraduate work, should be an argu-
ment in favor of lengthening, rather than shortening, the period
for its elucidation.
For the benefit of the stvdents of medicine, who expect to
practice, as well as for the well being of the people upon whom
they must practice, the general training should be that which
will, within the prescribed time, best fit them for real duty; if in
addition to this the scientific spirit may be so instilled within
them that their investigation will be continued indefinitely after
graduation, well and good — and even better — but the first duty of
a medical college is to educate doctors of medicine and not simply
to prepare students for the study of medicine!
342. The Plexus.
The result of this pedao^ogic crusade will eventually be an
improvement in the methods, but, as in practically all cases, the
satisfactory scheme will not be found near either extreme. The
pendulum must be kept swinging for the good of the work, but
if it is not regulated and is allowed to swing too far, the inevit-
able result will be damage to the "works."
34 Washington St.
GUNSHOT WOUNDS OF THE CHEST.
a. Their Treatment, b. The Treatment of their Complications.
By Aim^ Paul, Heineck, m. d.
Adjunct Professor of Surgery, College of Physicians and Sui-geons. Medical
Department of the University of Illinois. Attending Surgeon
Cook County Hospital.
Gunshot wounds of the chest are of frequent occurrence in
private and in hospital practice. They may be due to accidental,
homicidal or suicidal intent. These latter, owing to the greater
accuracy of aim, owing to the nearness to the body of the
weapon, owing to the fact that the weapon held by the right
hand is directed towards the region of the heart, have the great-
est mortali*/y. It must be borne in mind that a bullet may be re-
flected by a rib and may pass from the front to the back part of
the chest by making a burrow underneath the skin (a contour
wound). The character of a gunshot wound of the chest (in
this respect being similar to gunshot wounds of other regions)
varies according to the nature of the projectile, the arm em-
ployed, the velocity of the missile, the distance of the body at
which the firearm was discharged, and the direction of the shot.
Revolver and rifle wounds, being those most commonly met in
civil practice, are the only ones that we shall consider in this
article.
The mortality of gunshot wounds of the chest is the mortali-
ty of the associated injuries, is the mortality of their complica-
tions And these are many. "'A gunshot wound of the chest
gives possibility of as great surprise as any trauma to that por-
tion of the body." — Fisher. The fatality of these wounds is in-
increased or lessened by the presence or absence of sepsis, by
the presence or absence of associated lesions of the thoracic vis-
cera and of those tissues that enter into the formation of the
thoracic walls. Wounds of both lungs, the shot having passed
Gunshot Wounds of the Chest. 343
from side to side or very obliquely, ant ero- posteriorly, are grave
lesions. Their mortality can be lessened by prompt recognition
and appropriate treatment of the complications and by close ob-
servance of the teachings of aseptic surgery regarding the hand-
ling and treatment of wounds. Spare no efforts to keep your
wounds surgically clean.
Gunshot wounds complicated by injuries of such a serious
nature, viz., a perforating wound of the heart, etc., as to be im-
mediately fatal we will not discuss. With our present knowledge
surgery cannot successfully cope with these. Death from gun-
shot wounds of the chest may be due to syncope, to asphyxia, to
hemorrhage, to sepsis. I wish lo emphasize the fact that in the
treatment of gunshot wounds of the chest, armed expectancy is
the treatment of choice. In this, we notice that it differs from
the treatment of gunshot wounds of the abdomen which most
always demand active surgical intervention.
For the convenience of discussion, gunshot wounds of the
chest are divided into non-penetrating (that is not penetrating
the chest cavity), penetrating and perforating. The two latter
forms have a more serious prognosis than the first mentioned.
The non penetrating are not of themselves of a serious na-
ture. The bullet having been fired from a distance, has spent
much of its force by the time it strikes the chest. The bullet is
usually imbedded in the rib, which is fissured and often splint-
ered. If infection can be prevented, and hemorrhage controlled,
the recovery of the patient is uneventful. If infection takes
place there develops a spreading inflammation of the cellular tis-
sues (cellulitis). This inflammation is always due to the locali-
zation and multiplication in the tissues of pathogenic germs.
Owing to appropriate treatment, or owing to the mildness of the
infection, the lymphatics may dispose of the poison, and the
process then terminates in resolution. It may run on to suppu-
ration or sloughing of the tissues; the inflammatory process ex-
tending can by involving the auxiliary tissues give rise to an
axillary cellulitis, ^can by extending inward give rise to a puru-
lent inflammation of tho pleural membrane. In the female,
mammary and submammary abscesses are possible complications.
TREATMENT.
1. Thorough sterilization of the surgeon's and assistants'
hands before wound is examined. The surgeon must not con-
344 The Plexus.
vey infection to a wounded surface. Sterilization of the instru-
ments. Tiie most important factor in the ultimate results is in-
fection.
2. Thorough sterilization and shaving of the area around
the wound. Only warm solutions are to be used. Cold solutions
chill the pa.iant.
3. If the bullet is imbedded in a rib, or other bone of the
thoracic cage, remove it. If the rib has been splintered remove
the splinters. The same applies to the clavicle, to the sterum
and to the scapula. If particles of clothing have been carried
into the tissues by the bullet they must be removed. Their non-
removal is attended by pus formation.
4. Stop hemorrhage by compression, hot water, ligature.
Pack the wound with wick of gauze lightly so as to act as a drain
not as a tampon. Apply over the wound and over the surrounding
parts a dressing of aseptic gauze. Encircle the chest with a firmly
applied binder. The patient is kept in bed for three days. If
at the end of three days the pulse respiration and temperature
are normal, be can be allowed to sit up. The shock in these
cases is mild. Unless an intercostal artery has been wounded
the hemorrhage is slight. The dressing of the wound is to be
continued, and performed with aseptic precautions until the
wound is completely healed.
At the Cook County Hospital uncomplicated gunshot wounds
are disinfected and then occluded immediately with a sterile col-
lodion dressing.
In non-penetrating gunshot wounds it is advised by some
authors to excise the track of the bullet by elliptical incisions in
the surrounding tissues. The edges of the wound are than ap-
proximated by silk worm gut sutures so as to get healing by first
intention.
The Cuban war experience of Prof. N. Senn in the treat-
ment of gunshot wounds of the chest prompts him to make the
following statement. "Sealing by aseptic and antiseptic dres-
sings was apparently followed by the best results."
Greenleaf reported twenty- four cases of gunshot wounds of
the chest that occurred during the late Cuban war. Fifteen re-
covered without complications; three developed hemothorax with
no further complications; six developed hemothorax which event-
ually became purulent and required operation. Immediate clos-
Gunshot Wounds of the Chest. 345
ure of the wound with antiseptic dressings was the treatment
employed.
The most common complications in non-penetrating gunshot
wounds are:
1 Cellulitis of the chest wall. 2. Suppuration or abscess
formation. 3 Axillary cellulitis. 4. Incomplete or complete
fractures of the ribs, sternum, clavicle or scapula.
The treatment of cellulitis of the chest wall is that of cellu-
litis of any superficial part of the body. It is local and general.
It is medicinal and operative. As it is very desirable that the
process should not extend either upward to the axilla or inward
to the pleura, active treatment is to be early instituted. The me-
dicinal and general treatment consist in aiding elimination through
the bowels, skin and kidneys, by the use of cathartics (as salines),
of diaphorectics (as pilocarpin and ipecacuanha) and of diuretics
(as an abundance of fluids such as milk, water, potassium ace-
tate, etc.) If the heart is weak, caffein citrate is a good
stimulant diuretic. In addition to this, the patient is to be given
easily digested nourishment. Quinine is also frequently given.
The local treatment consists in the application to the seat of
inflammation of hot antiseptic fomentations. Any unirritating
antiseptic can be used. Boric acid is that most frequently used.
These antiseptic fomentations, to exert a beneficient action, must
be hot, must be moist. Their value lies in their heat and in their
moisture. Hence they must be frequently renewed, that is every
two or four hours. They are covered with paraffin paper (tissue
paper dipped in melted paraffin) or with oiled silk. These (the
oiled silk and paraifin paper) retard the loss of heat and the loss
of moisture. They are kept in place by a bandage. These hot
fomentations will frequently, in fact, will most always control
the inflammatory process; will by the stimulant action of the heat
on the absorbents, secure a resolution of the process. They
markedly lessen the pain. If, despite these, the ihflammatory
process continues and advances, incisions will have to be made.
The incisions give exit to serous and irritating discharges.
They must not extend to the plaura. They are to be kept open by
aseptic gauze. The hot aseptic or antiseptic fomentations are to
be applied to the incised and inflamed surface till thfe process
comes to an end.
If an abscess or a cellulitis developis in ■ the alxiHary- region,
346 The Phxus.
early incision is indicated. The process can by extension-
through the capsule of the shoulder joint involve that joint and
set up a suppurative arthritis with its sequeloe. Your incision
must be made inthe medium line of the axilla from above
downward, so as to avoid the three main sources of danger; the
axillary vessels above, the long thoracic in front, and the sub-
capsular vessels behind.
An abscess developing in the chest wall must be evacuated. A
drain is introduced, rubber tube or gauze, and reaccumulation of
pus in the abscess cavity is to be prevented. Dress the abscess
for the first few days while it is discharging actively with hotianti-
septic fomentations applied in the same way as described above.
Use sterilized absorbent gauze as the material for your fomenta-
tions. It is comfortable to the patient and catches up the dis-
charges well. When the discharge become scanty, use dry steril-
ized gauze dressings.
Penetrating gunshot wounds of the chest are injuries of a
very serious nature. There is always some external hemorrhage.
Frequently there is present a sucking and hissing sound pro-
duced by the air entering the chest through the wound during
respiration. The symptoms vary according to the internal struc-
tures that are injured, according to the complications that are
present. In a gunshot wound of the lower part of the chest,
there may be a perforation of the diaphragm, and injuries to the
abdominal viscera.
These are the most frequent complications;
1. Hemorrhage.
a. Pulmonary.
b. From an intercostal artery.
b. From the subclavian artery. (Treat first by compression
and then ligation.)
d. From the internal mammary artery.
2. Hemothorax,
3. Surgical emphysems.
4. Pneumo thorax.
5. Empyema.
6. Laceration of the lungs.
7. Wounds of the pericardium and heart.
In penetrating gunshot wounds of the lung, do not explore the-
wound, unless it be necessary to extract the bullet, and do not
Gnnshot Wou7ids of the Chest. 347
extract the bullet unless it is just beneath the skin. These
bullets usually become encysted and do no harm. Later, if it is
easily accessible, or if it is causing dangerous complications, re-
move it. "The point is not what to do, but what not to do,"
(Von Esmarch).
Have the patient placed immediately in the recumbent post-
ure. Absolute immobilization of the patient is to be enjoined. The
wound should be promptly and aseptically closed. (Clothes
must be cut off so that the patient will not be moved) The
patient must not talk, must not swallow, must not move, All
cardiac and pulmonary exertion must be lessened; thereby
hemorrhage will be reduced to a minimum. The patient mus
not assume the sitting posture, must not be subjected to a
lengthy percusory and auscultatory examination. Explain to
your patient the necessity of this quietude. Immobilization
lessens hemoptysis, lessens hemorrhage into the pleural cavity.
The patient is to have no callers. A nurse is to be in constant
attendance. The patient will usually be in a state of great
mental excitement, and will be suffering much pain. Calm the
excitement, and attenuate the pain by hypodermic injections of
morphine.
Probing of a gunshot wound of the chest serves no useful pur-
pose. The chances of finding the ball, except when it is super-
ficially located, are not great. Greater are the possibilities of
doing harm, of injuring vessels and nerves. If probe is used, it
must have been previously sterilized by boiling.
There will have been some hemorrhage and some shock will
be present. If the shock beat all marked, combat it by the use of
normal saline solution. The saline remedy will also counteract the
effects of the hemorrhage. The hemostatic action of the normal
saline solution is due to its exciting vaso-motor constriction of
the ruptured arterioles; to the fact that it activates precipitation
of the hematoblasts at the site of hemorrhage thus forming cen-
ters of clot formation. It may be employed intravenously,
subcutaneously or per rectum. Use it warm, at a temperature of
110-115 degrees F. It is non-toxic. If after a few hours symp-
toms of depression again supervene, you will again administer
normal saline solution. When the condition of the patient is not
critical, the rectal route is employed. "The therapeutic effect
of the rectal injections of normal salt solution is precisely the
348 The Plexus.
same as that of the subcutaneous injections." — Lepine. In using
normal salt solution in the treatment of penetrating gunshot
wounds of the chest, the bleeding points owing to their inaccess-
ibility not being secured, we must begin with small doses, say
200 or 300 ccm. Later, larger doses can be employed. The ribs
at the point of entrance may be denuded, contused, fissured or
fractured. Shave and disinfect the area around the wound.
ChecK external hemorrhage. Seal the wound with collodion
and aseptic cotton or gauze. Apply some gauze over this and
then strap the affected side of the patient's chest. Strapping
the chest lessens the patient's pain and limits the activity of
the chest wall. Strapping is done as follows: Take strips of
adhesive plaster about two inches wide and long enough
to extend from the spine to a little beyond the median line
of the sternum. The first strap is heated over an alcohol
or other lamp, so that it will adhere. One end is placed upon
the spine over the lowermost portion of the chest, and the other
extremity is made to adhere upon the skin of the sternum. The
strip is applied to the chest after a full expiration preceded by a
full inspiration. This better immobilizes that half of the chest.
Successive strips are applied in the same manner (always after a
full expiration and preceded by a full inspiration) from below up-
wards, each one overlapping the upper third of the preceding
one, until the axillary fold is reached. A piece of adhesive plas-
ter is then made to cover the anterior ends of the strip.
Other metheds for fixation of the chest walls are: Snug ban-
daging of the chest with a roller bandage, or the application of a
light plaster of Paris jacket over the entire chest. This last
method is not suitable in the treatment of gunshot wounds of the
chest. "If a joint be inflamed, we put a splint upon it to keep it
at rest. Why not strap or bandage the chest in cases of pleu-
risy (the author might well have added in injuries of the chest.)
Surely it would have the tendency to the inflammatory condition
by preventing friction between the two opposite pleural sur-
faces." By strapping the chest, we endeavor to limit the act-
ion of the respiratory muscles. Capacity of chest is diminished.
In the penetrating gunshot wounds associated with much hem-
orrhage, bowels for first two days are to be emptied be enemata.
Patient is also to be fed per rectum for two days. |^v
To secure better immobilization of the affected side after the-
chest has been strapped, the arm can be bound to the side. ^
Gunshot Woimcls of fhe GJiest. 349
Hemorrhage.
The control of hemorrhage is important so as to prevent
acute anemia, so as to prevent accumulation of the blood in the
chest cavity and resulting asphyxia. If the blood escaping from
the external wound be from the lung, it will usually be frothy,
and will escape in greater quantity during expiration than during
inspiration. For the pulmonary hemorrhage, as manifested by
bloody expectorate, by hemoptysis, (the blood being bright red
as it has had a chance to be well aerated,) unfortunately not
much can be done. The best treatment consists in keeping the
patient in a recumbent posture, absolutely quiet. If the bullet
has caused much laceration of the lungs and involved some of
the larger pulmonary larger trunks, a quantity of blood, leading
to death from syncope, may be ejected from the mouth. Or the;
hemorrhage, owing to the blood filling the larger bronchial tubes,,
may cause death from asphyxia. When great restlessness and ir-
ritability are present, give opium and morphin. Opium by lessen-
ing cough, lessens hemoptysis. Cardiac stimulants are contra-
indicated, they are liable to increase the hemorrhage. If the
hemorrhage has ceased, the increased cardiac force following
their use is liable to provoke its reoccurrence. Percussion should
by no means be practiced as it might easily cause bleeding to re-
cur (Cutler.)
The patient must be reassured. He must be enjoined not to
talk. All muscular movements must be avoided. For the pro-
fuse pulmonary hemorrhage taking place into the plural cavity ,^
it has been proposed to mobilize a considerable portion of the
chest wall so as to deal directly with the injured lung. Several
cases in which this has been successfully done, have been record-
ed. These heroic measures are, according to Delorme indicated
when —
1. The traumatism is immediately followed by the flooding
of the pleural cavity as evidenced by dullness over entire side of
chest and by the symptoms of acute anemia, pallor, great rest,
lessness, rapidity and weakness of pulse.
2. When there is a sudden and simultaneous aggravation of
the functional symptoms and of the physical signs; an increasing
hemothorax while the asphyxia becomes alarming and the pulse
miserable. The operative methods employed are well described
"350 2he Plexus.
in Bryant's Operative Surgery Vol. II. Also in Lejars Chirurgie
D'urgence. Rapidity of execution is required.
The following method is quoted from De Costa's Modern
Surgery. I have not had the opportunity to try it. "Bleeding
from the lung can often be arrested by inserting the end of a drain-
age tube into the pleural sac. In cases, where a drainage tube is
inserted into the pleural cavity and free drainage established,
the pleura is immediately filled with air, and the muscles of
respiration are kept from acting on the lung. The lung con-
tracts by its own elasticity as well as by the pressure exerted by
the pneumo thorax, while at the same time the presence of air
favors the clotting in the severed vessels."
The intercostal arteries lie in grooves at the inner and lower
margins of the ribs. Severe hemorrhage may take place from
these arteries, Either of the following methods may" be em-
ployed to stop it: Push in the wound by the aid of a probe the
center of a square piece of antiseptic gauze and after distending
it like a small bag within the chest, stuff the pouch so made with
strips of antiseptic gauze. By seizing the projecting corners of
the square gauze, and drawing the intra- thoracic mass against
the internal surface of the ribs, hemorrhage from these vessels is
usually controlled. In removing this compress, take out the
strips of gauze, one after another, and then remove the large
square piece. This is called Desault's doll,
The bleeding vessels can be compressed against the rib by
lion- jawed forceps.
This method failing, the bullet wound is enlarged after having
previously anesthetized the neighboring tissues by the infiltra-
tion method of anesthesia, along and parallel to the lower border
of the corresponding rib. The incision is carried to the peri-
osteum of the rib. The upper margin of the wound is retracted
upward. The artery runs in the groove along the lower
border of the rib. It will be seen spurting. Catch it, and tie it
with a catgut ligature. Should hemorrhage also come from the
distal end of the vessel, ligate it also. It may be necessary to
resect, sub-periosteally a portion of the upper or lower rib of the
corresponding intercostal space. This takes but a few moments,
gives a better view of the operative field, and very much facili-
tates the ligaturing of these vessels. Bleeding from the internal
mammary can and must be controlled. This artery runs parallel
Gunshot Wounds of the Chest. 351
to the outer border of the sternum from a quarter to a half an
inch external to this margin. It lies between the pleural and the
costal cartilages. The vessel is midway between the outer and in-
ner borders of the costal cartilages. The bleeding point can be
seized with hemostatic forceps, which are left in position for about
twelve hours, antiseptic dressings being packed around them.
However, it is usually necessary to excise a portion costal carti-
lages in order to secure both ends — this being a most necessary
process owing to the freedom of the collateral circulation (inter-
costal and phrenic arteries) and the consequent liability to con-
tinued hemorrhage.
Enlarge your bullet wound along the upper border of th©
costal cartilage. The integument, the facia and pectoralis major
muscles are divided down to the intercostal muscles. Resect the
costal cartilage. The artery is found beneath the intercostal
muscles surrounded by connective tissues, accompanied by the
venae comite«='. They can be included in the ligatures. All this can
be done painlessly under infiltration anesthesia. The vessel is
to be ligated above and below the wound.
Hemothorax is the accumulation of blood in the pleural cav-
ity. It is due either to pleural or pulmonary lesions, or to both.
When due to rupture of the vessels of the thoracic wall, its
progress is more readily controlled. When due to a wound of
the vessels of the hilum, it is almost invariably fatal. (Nimier).
This blood, if kept aseptic, will subsequently be absorbed.
Should it become infected, an empyema results. Infection does
not necessarily come from without. It may be conveyed to the
blood mass by the blood or through the bronchials. The
amount of blood poured into the pleural cavity may be so great
as to cause the patients death from syncope. Hemorrhage into
the pleural cavity is evidenced by a gradually increasing area of
dullness, progressing from below upwards. The physical signs
of pleural effusions are present.
A left hemothorax when abundant can, by displacing the
heart, cause a fatal syncope. Intervention may be necessary to
relieve compression upon the heart and to allow it to return to
its normal position. An hemothorax causes asphyxia, when the
pleural effusion is so large that it displaces the mediastina, and
compresses the sound lung. Hemothorax does not usually de-
mand active treatment. After suturing, or plugging of the ex-
352 The Plexus.
ternal wound and the strapping of the chest, blood accumulating
in the pleural cavity by the pressure it exerts on the lung usually
stops the hemorrhage. This blood is usually absorbed. "The
strong testimony to rapid and complete absorption of even large
amounts of blood from the pleural surface without manifest local
disturbances, favors the exercise of discreet waiting for the evi-'
dence of degenerative changes before active steps are taken.
(Bryant).
The pleura is not only a secreting surface, it is also an ab-
sorbing surface. Should the hemorrhage at the time of the
accident be so abundant as to endanger life by the increasing
loss of blood, or by compressing the lung and thereby interfering
with respiration, if it be not due to a wounded intercostal or in-
ternal mammary artery, it will be necessary as a life saving
measure, to open up the chest cavity so as to be enabled to
remove the blood under hot normal saline solution irrigations, to
see the bleeding point in the lung, and to arrest the hemorrhage
by packing gauze in the lung wound, or by the use of suture
ligatures. If the bleeding vessels be of sufficient size that they
can be seized, ligate them. Preparation in these cases of alarm-
ing hemorrhage for the prompt and effective use of normal saline
solution should always be complete, before the operation is be-
gun.
Blood in the pleural cavity, if present in such quantity as to
cause great dyspnoea can be aspirated four or live days after the
accident. Blood in the pleural cavity will not clot for many
days. Aspiration must not be performed until sufficient time has
elapsed to permit of firm thrombosis in the ruptured vessels. If
done too early, it is liable to be followed by renewal of the hem-
orrhage. Do not aspirate too rapidly; do not completely empty
the pleural cavity. Timely aspiration hastens recovery and
markedly diminishes the dyspenoea. See that your hands
and the aspirating needle are sterile. Inhalations of oxygen gas
may also be used for the dyspnea.
Should a hemothorax become infected, it ceases to be a
hemothorax and is an empyema. It must be treated accordingly.
An immediate subperiosteal resection of a segment of a rib, fol-
lowed by evacuation and drainage of the abscess cavity is indi-
cated.
Associated with the presence of blood in the pleural cavity,
Gunshot Wounds of the Chest. 353
there is usually present a small quantity of air, constituting th«
condition known as hemopneumothorax. The quantity is vari-
able, it is never extreme because as the pleural cavity becomes
filled with air and blood the lung is collapsed and the pulmonary
orifice from which the air has been escaping is thereby closed.
This air most always comes from the air-vesicles and from the
small bronchioles. If the air in the pleural cavity escapes into
the subcutaneous cellular tissues we have produced the condition
known as surgical emphysema.
SURGICAL EMPHYSEMA.
Surgical emphysema, the presence of air in the cellular tis-
sues of the body, occurring after gun-shot wounds of the
chest, almost always indicates a wound of both the vis-
ceral and parietal layers of the pleura, which are slightly sepa-
rated by a space containihg air, and some laceration of the lung.
A slight laceration is sufficient to cause this symptom. It is not
an uncommon complication of gunshot wounds of the chest. At
each inspiration the air in the lung vesicles escapes into this
space. Then, during expiration, it is pumped through the wound
in costal pleura into the subcutaneous areolar tissues. The
air can be forced to a considerable distance from the site of the
costal pleura opening. The condition may be limited to the area
around the external wound, may involve half the body, may in-
volve the entire body. It can also be induced by air being sucked
into the wound during inspiration and failing to escape during
expiration, owing to the edges of the wound coming together.
When due to the latter cause, it is never very marked.
Surgical emphysema is recognized by the appearance of a
puffy swelling, which crackles when pressed upon by the fingers.
This swelling is free from any discoloration, such as occurs in
cutaneous inflammations. It occurs during the first few hours
after the injury, and usually gradually subsides without treat-
ment. It disappears after the wound in the lung has commenced
to heal. The healing of the lung wound occluding the opened
pulmonary alveoli.
Should the condition be so widespread as to need treatment
make multiple punctures in the emphysematous area, and then
apply firm pressure. Another method is to make deep incisions
in the emphysematous area, and by judicious pressure of the fin-
354 The Plexus.
gers from the circumference of the area toward the incision-*
press out the air contained in the tissues.
The following case of widespread surgical emphysema, and'
the successful and novel method of treatment therein instituted,
is reported by Bramann: A heavily laden truck had passed
obliquely over the right side of a young man's chest. An hour
after the accident the subcutaneous tissues of the neck, thorax,
abdomen, legs and arms were emphysematous. The third and
fourth ribs were fractured in the axillary line. At that level
could be heard during inspiration a distinct hissing sound. Dur-
ing the six hours that followed, the emphysema extended and in-
volved the hands and feet, so that the entire surface of the
patient's body was covered by a gaseous swelling. Pulse was
barely perceptible. The face was cyanosed. An incision was
made upon the fourth rib; five centimeters of it were resected.
A trocar was plunged in the pleural cavity, from which there
escaped a large quantity of air. A large, thick- walled, drainage
tube was introduced in the pleural cavity, and the wound was
closed around it, all the soft tissues being opposed to the tube.
With the tube in place, the air that entered the pleural
cavity during inspiration was being emptied during expiration
externally by the drainage tube; laone of it entering into the
subcutaneous tissues. To the outer end of the drainage tube
was attached a soft collapsible rubber tube that allowed exit of
air during expiration, but did not allow the entrance into it of
air during inpiration.
Perforating Wounds. From the presence of two wounds,
perforation of the thoracic viscera cannot be predicated since
the ball may have wound around the body, or the patient may
have been struck by two shots.
Whenever a wound of entrance and one of exit are present,
the intrathoracic course of the bullet corresponds exactly to the
chord of an arc formed by the surface curve uniting these two
orifices.
Perforating gunshot wounds of the chest are subject to the
same oomplications as penetrating wounds. They are met by
the same therapeutic measures. The oridces of entrance and of
exit are disinfected and sealed. Absolute mental and physical
quiet are enjoined. Codeine, in the presence of cough, is valu-
able, as lessening the cough lessens hemoptysis.
Chicago, 111.
THE PLEXUS
COLLEGE OF PHYSICIANS AND SURGEONS
MEDICAL DEPARTMENT
UNIVERSITY OF ILLINOIS.
CHICAGO.
Plexus Committee of Faculty.
T. A. DAVIS, M. D., D. A. K. STEELE, M. D., F. GREGORY CONNELL, M. D.
H. C. WADDLE, '03, Editor-in-Chief.
Sttpt. W. H. BROWNE, W. T, ECKLEY, M. D., D. N. EIS8NDRATH, M. D.
W. A. EVANS, M. D., H. W. BBRARD, M. D., A. GERHMANN, M. D,
Associate Editor, L. H4RRIS0N METTLER, M. D.
' Local Editors, P. E. GRABOW, '02, R. L. ELDREDGE, '03.
Class Editors:
F. H. HORNIBROOK, 02 B. S. MALOY, '03 F. L WOOD, '04. J. P. BROWNE, '05.
Faculty Departmeiit, DR. F. B. EARLE Clinical Laboratory Dept, DR. W. E. COATBS
AlUMiai Editor, DR. C. C. O'BYRNE, '94 Clinical Department, C. E. DIKE, '02
Athletic " H. H. EVERETT, '02 Library Department. METTA M. LOOMIS.
Advertising Solicitors, R. E. BROWN, '02. H H. FRUDENFELD. '02.
Publisher, ------ H. C. WADDLE.
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Send all remittances and communications as to subscriptions and advertising to H. C.
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Entered at Chiicago Post Office as Second-Class Matter.
Any subscriber desiring the Journal discontinued at the expiration of his subscription
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Contributions of matter suitable for publication are invited, and should be sent in not
later than the 25th of the month previous to that of publication. The publishers will not hold
themselves responsible for the safe return of MSS. unless sufficient stamps are forwarded.
The danger of text-books.
I think it was Dr. Samuel Johnson who deplored the intro-
duction and manufacture of encyclopedias. He declared that
they would be the cause of much mental indigestion for people
would try to devour their contents and assimilate nothing.
Such plethora would result in a great mass of half -knowledge
and a mere smattering of information. The old lexicographer's
fears have in part been realized, for nothing is more observable
today than the general dissemination of loose inaccurate knowl-
edge. Thoroughness and a complete mastery of one subject is
356 The Plexus.
quite a rarity. One has but to attend a formal conversatione or
listen to the averag-e club essay to note how much glib talk can
be made upon Milton, Beethoven or Darwin by those who have
never scanned a page of Paradise Lost, the Pastoral Symphony
or Origin of Species. Whole lectures on art are delivered by
those who scarcely know the meaning and the term chia-oscuro.
With the aid of the encyclopedia, they have filled themselves up
with a little information as it needs but a modicum of conceit
and readiness of speech to pass off this smattering for real learn-
ing. As a result of all this there is much nonsense uttered as
old, familiar facts, such as an encyclopedia is expected to con-
tain, are repeated as new and interesting observations. Indivi-
dual opinions are woefully wanting or else aie loudly vociferated
in the hope that mere noise as vehemence will conceal the want
of accurate knowledge. In these opinions, false comparisons
and illogical deductions are made because of the inaccuracy of the
premises. The half knowledge or conceit fostered by the glut-
tonous study of encyclopedias and such short cuts to culture are
undoubtedly responsible for the remarkable development of fads,
religio-hysterical or telepathic nonsense at the present time.
Text book knowledge is dangerously like the knowledge
acquired from an encyclopedia; useful if properly used, worse
than usless if merely memorized. Once upon a time I asked an
advanced medical student to locate for me the lesion in a so-call-
ed crossed paralysis. He gave me promptly a correct answer.
I then requested him to explain to me how the paralysis came to
be crossed with such a lesion. With equal promptness he replied
that he could not do so but that he knew that he was right for he
had just memorized the fact from the text book recommended to
him. I asked him if he thought he knew what was the nature or
cause of crossed paralysis. He said he thought he did, because
he had studied hard his text book and he knew what the text
book said about it. Poor fellow! he not only did not know what
a crossed paralysis was but he seemed to have failed even to
kaow the use of language. In this he was exactly like many
others. When he said he knew all about crossed paralysis, what
he really meant to say was that he remembered what the book
knew or said about crossed paralysis. The two things are not
the same by a long way. To know and to remember are the
results of the operation of two separate faculties. Idiots and
Editorial. 357
automatons often have marvelous memories and yet know almost
nothing. Blind Tom had the mimetic faculty marvelously devel-
oped in regard to music but nobody of intelligence will admit
that Blind Tom knew any thing about music in the sense, for
instance, that Robert Schumann knew it. Many students study
medicine as Blind Tom played his music. For a rational, think-
ing being that is a waste of valuable time. It is a senseless im-
position upon an already overburdened memory. And in the
last degree it is about the most unpractical thing one can do in
this age when the great cry is for practical knowledge.
To memorize a text book as a preparation for the practice of
medicine is about as laughable a thing to do as for a carpenter to
attempt to build a cabinet after viewing the pictures of the nec-
essary tools in an encyclopedia.
As Sydenham said to a student who had come to him with
letters commending him for his knowledge in anatomy, botany
etc., "Sir, this is all very fine, on paper — very fine; but it won't
do. Anatomy! botany! Nonsense. Why, sir, I know an old
women in Covent Garden who better understands botany; and as
for anatomy, no doubt my butcher can dissect a joint quite as
well. No, no. young man; this is all stuff. You must go to the
bedside; it is only there that you can learn disease." And the
good old doctor might have added by way of parenthesis that at
the bedside you have got to think and not memorize.
By knowledge is meant only that which is known and that is
known only which has become, as it were, a fact of one's self.
Knowledge is like the food that has been digested and assimilat-
ed; memory is like the drop of water on the duck's back, where
it may or may not remain. Memory is the storehouse from
which. the knowing faculty draws its supplie? for operating it;
the relationship being much like that between the locomotive
and its^coal tender. To go on filling the tender until it is over
loaded and then expect the engine to move without doing any
thing farther is not a whit more absurd than to go on cramming
the memory with news facts and expect that to take the place of
knowledge. The way many students memorize their text books
it is no wonder that old Sydenham was moved to recommend Don
Quixote to one of his students as about as good a preparation, in
the way of- reading for a medical career as any book.
There is something both humorous and pathetic in the way
358 The Plexus.
that students sometimes cram their memories with textbook lore
in the hope that they are thereby acquiring knowledge. The
humorous side of it appears in its foolishness and hollow results
after so much frantic exertion. The sad side of it is, that the
student^ is thus committing a crime in which he is himself,
blindly of course, both the criminal and the victim. Dishonesty
is justly considered a crime by all civilized people; but the worst
of all forms of dishonesty is where one is dishonest with himself
for it is then not only a crime but also a monumental piece of in-
imitable folly. To delude oneself into the belief that practical
knowledge is being acquired when as a matter of fact, only a few
text book statements are being crowded into an over burdened
memory is about as imbecile a thing to do as one can well imag-
ine. The poor fellow who labors under that delusion is indeed a
trickster who, sad to say, has in himself a fool that can easily be
tricked.
He is wasting, drearily wasting the most precious moments
of the present and dangerously jeopardizing the success of the
future. Too late, he will awake from his delusive dream and dis-
cover, when his memory fails him as it surely will sooner or later
how little he has acquired in the way of available knowledge
after all his years of perverted study. Too late he will see that
the trickster has done his part well but that the poor fool has
been made to suffer sadly for his folly.
L. H. M.
ALUMNI DEPARTMENT.
'85. R. H. Miles, of Lyndon, Kan., has added his name to
the list of Plexus subscribers. He is still proud of his Alma
Mater,
'94. M. T. Naughton has now an office at 103 State St., Chi-
cago.
'94, A. E. Lauson, now Professor of Anatomy in P. & S.
Med. College, Milwaukee, Wis., was renewing his acquaintances
around college recently.
'95. G. N. Lucas, of Elgin, 111., was a recent visitor at the
Plexus office. The doctor is Asst. Supt. at the Northern Illi-
nois Insane Asylum, is in the Annex and has 350 patients under
his charge.
'96. F. L. Glenn has moved from 2391 Indiana St, to 87 N.
Forty- eighth Ave., Chicago.
'97. F. W. Broderick, of Monterey, Mex., called upon us re-
cently.
'98. C. E. Husk is now located at Santa Barbara, Chih.
Mex.
'99. V. Pleth, 1556 Milwaukee Ave., Chicago, who is Lec-
turer of Anatomy at Northwestern University Medical College,
was a recent visitor at the Plexus office.
'99. L. H. Kelley has moved to Hammond, Ind., from Ches-
terton, Ind.
'00 P. S. Mitchell has moved from Hammond, 111., to lola,
Kan.
'00. W. N. Moffett has moved to Conrad, la., from Owasa^
Iowa.
'00. Geo. A. Flippin, Pine Bluff, Ark.
'00. C. A. Buswell has moved to Preeport, 111., from Elgin,
111., where he was serving interneship in Insane Asylum.
'01, C. O. Bechtol has accepted interneship at Alexian Bros.
Hospital, Chicago.
'01. Mrs. Bertha Willing Braley, of Kansas City, Mo., was
a recent visitor at her Alma Mater and was well pleased with the
changes which have taken place since her graduation.
'01. C. C. Johnson was married to Miss Frances West on
Thursday, Jan. 23.
360 The Plexus.
'01. Eric Soegaard is located at Quincy, Cal., with a mining
corporation and is reported to be making |400 to $600 per month.
'01. W. L. Cameron, of Lead, S Dak., is in the city.
'01. Nina Poison Merrett, El Paso, Tex., is the mother of
an 8-pound girl,
"02. John J. Rooks was married to Miss Jenette F, Weland
on Feb. 2nd, at the Douglas Park Christian Reformed Church,
Chicago. At home March 1st, at 314 S. East St., Grand Rapids,
Mich.
'02. C. A. Inks, of Napponee, is to be married on the 26th
inst.
GRADUATES, FEBRUARY 1902.
Arnold, B. J.
Albright, J. L., Augustana Hospital, Chicago.
Brownstein, B., 2580 Blue Island Ave., Chicago.
Breid, Jacob, 606 Fullerton Ave., Chicago.
Breid, Mrs. J., 817 Congress St., Chicago.
Bayer, W. H., Augustina Hospital, Chicago.
Benedict, C. C, Silver Cross Hospital, Joliet, 111.
Cain, C. L.
Corcoran, E. A., 416 Warren Ave., Chicago.
Dike, C. E., Lyon, Wis.
Dorn, C. A.
Everett, H. H., 507 Adams St., Chicago.
Enos, M. M., 1387 Madison St., Oakland, Cal.
Fay, O. J., Des Moines, la.
Fritch, G. A.
Gallagher, R. V,
Gulick, C. D.
Hyde, D. L., 26 Aberdeen St., Chicago.
Heller, W. H., E. Marcus, la.
Haynes, B. H.
Hinkley, H. G.
Hammers, L. J.
Harroun., W. A.
Hill, Mrs. E. L., Oswego, Kan.
Inks, C. A., Nappanee, Ind.
Jamison, G. U.
Kyes, S. H., Interne West Side Hospital, Chicago.
Kimball, G. W., 883 Warren Ave., Chicago.
Alumni. 361
Kitterman, P. G.
Lockwood, C. R,, Chicago Hospital, Chicago.
Montgomery, J. E., Madison, Neb.
Miller, R. W.
McNeil, B. F.
McCarthy, Mrs. K., Interne West Side Hospital, Chicago.
Murphy, F. T.
Podgur, H. P.
Phifer, C. H., Lakeside Hospital, City.
Parker, C. E.
Plice, W. S.
Rooks, J. J., Grand Rapids, Mich.
Steckel, A. C, Reno, Nevada.
Sunde, P. H.
Strong, D. C, Wichita, Kan., Interne Wichita Hospital.
Sheller, W. C, Wabash Ave , Chicago.
Sawtelle, T. F., U. S. Marine Hospital, Chicago.
Slater, H. H. Decatur, 111.
Stillman, W. S.
Venard, T. S. , Ness City, Kan.
Winters, W T., 456 S. Wood St.
Wilson, J. H., Augustana Hospital, Chicago.
Young, C. C.
Young, Mrs. C. C.
ALUMNI OF THE COLLEGE OF MEDICINE OF THE
UNIVERSITY OF ILLINOIS— COLLEGE OF PHYSI-
CIANS AND SURGEONS OF CHICAGO.
It is the purpose of the Plexus to publish the addresses of the entire alumni
in the Plexus in the next few issues and if there are any mistakes or if
any of our readers know of the addresses not given, we should be pleased
to have them notify us or Dr. H. W. Berard, Alumni Secretary of
such changes.
CLASS OF 1898.
Bacon, Victor B.. M. D., 752 Jackson Blvd., Chicago.
Baker, Henry L., 655 W. 12th St., Chicago.
Bebb, Walter S., LaGrange, 111.
Belitz, William, Cochran, Wis.
Beveridge, Sames M., A. B., Buckingham, 111.
Bjorkmano, David, A. B., 714 Main St,, Evanston.
Bingley, M. Arista, 225 Chicago Ave., Chicago.
362 The Plexus
Blaoey, Fred H., A. B., 115 W. Madison St., Chicago.
D. E. Brown, Elk. New Mexico.
Brownell, Wm. Flocton, New London, Wis.
Bursma, Jacob, A. B., Sand Lake, Mich.
Butts, J. Baptist.
Beyers, Emery M., Belvidere, 111.
Cahill, Leo L., Elizabethtown, New Mexico.
Carr, Bert Mather.
Conrad,. A. F.
Connor, F. H., B. S., Nevada, la.
Coon, Geo. E.
Corbin, John Francis, Galesburg, 111.
Crofton, Alfred C, M. D., Univ. of Penn., Philadelphia, Pa.
Dillon, Ira Hugh, Auburn, Neb.
Dolan, A. N. J., A. B., 905 Wilson Ave., Chicago.
Dowdall, Wm. T., 57 Washington, Chicago.
Emerson, Robert, Chihuahua, Mex.
Feeney, Francis Sebastian, New Hampton, 111.
Flannagan, Bartholomew F., Til W. 43rd St., Chicago.
Flemming, Geoffrey J., 416 S. Waller St., Chicago.
Fletcher, Marcus Samuel, B. S., Kidge Farm, 111.
Ford, Ward Redfield. 6738 Honore St., Chicago.
Fuson, Amandus W., Sutter and Market Sts., Stockton, Cal.
Garber, S. C, Cambden, Ark.
Graeser, Henry Bernard, Kensett, la.
Hall, Hugh Martin, Millersburg, Ind.
Hambley, Thomas J., Hurley, Wis.
Hamill, Mrs. Eunice B., Guthrie, Okla.
Hart, W. E., Chihuahua. Mex.
Hill, Geo. B. McClelland.
Homer, Herman Corwin.
Hooper, Martin L. , M. D. , Boulder, Colo.
Hovenden, Jolin Henry, Laurens, la.
Hunt, Ernest A. B. S., Lamoille, la.
Husk, C, E., Santa Barbara, Chih.
Hutchinson, Charles S., M. S., Ames, la.
Irwin, Wentworth Lee, Plymouth, 111.
Johnson, vSimeon R. , B. S., Diveman, 111.
Kalacinski, Felix, 618 Noble St., Chicago.
Kemp, Oliver P., B. S., Greentown, Ind.
King, Charles Bruce, 987 Jackson Ave., Chicago.
Kirkland, Benjamin Franklin, Urbana, la.
Kittredge, Charles Albert.
Knight, Eugene C, 92 State St., Chicago.
Alumni. 363;
Kohler, Arvid C, Moline, 111.
Lucas, Frank B., Elgin, 111.
Lyon, Elijah A., M. D., 2242 Wabash Aue., Chicago.
McClurg, Alberta, 6108 Greenwood Ave., Chicago.
McManes, Metthew, Piqua, 0.
McManus, Thomas, B. A., Waterloo, la.
Miller, A. Baxter, 216 E. Ohio St., Chicago.
Minahan, Patrick Robert, Casco, Wis-
Moat, Thos., Gridley, 111.
Mutchler, John A., B. S.. Swea City, la.
Nagel, John S., Ph. Gr., Cor. Harrison St. and Western Ave,, Chicago.
NeflF, Jas. M., 100 State St., Chicago.
Newhall, George F, 233 Jansen Ave., Chicago.
Overton. T. V., Baldwin, La.
Page, Addison C.
Pagelson, Otto H.
Pennington, William Robert, M. D. , Broken Rod, Neb.
Petersmeyer, William, Ph. G., Ashton, 111.
Phillips, Mrs. Sennie Lind, 601 W. 60th St., Chicago.
Pietrowicz, S. R., 829 Milwaukee Ave., Chicago.
Pratz, Fred D., A. B., Moweaqua, 111.
Proudfoot. Charles Pans.
Purington, William Abraham.
Rogers, Henry Cortland, Primighar. la.
Raszell, R. A., 702 W. 12th St., Chicago.
Rubin, George, 655 N, Francisco Ave., Chicago.
Scheussler, Henry G,, Joliet, 111.
Scholes, Paul, A. B., Canton, 111.
Schuldt, Franz
Sherin. Wesley Morley, 45 Stanley Terrace, Chicago .
Simpson, Austin Ulysses, Neoga, 111,
Simpson, Charles E. , Iowa Falls, la.
Simpson, D, G., Warren, Ohio.
Slater, S. H., Spanish Fork, Utah.
Snydacker, Emanuel F., Venetian Bldg., Chicago.
Sollenbarger, Geo Hartley, Bethlehem, la.
Spickermao, H. R., Muncie, Ind.
Stayner, W. H., 100 State St., Chicago.
Steele, W. J.,B. S.
Stevenson, Bayard Taylor, Henry, 111.
Stone, Carl Downer, 2220 Calumet Ave., Chicago.
Stone, Wm. Truman, M. D., Park Rapids, Minn.
Stotz, Ch»rles F.,1570 Milwaukee Ave. Chicago.
Swink, Henry J., M. A., .
364 Th6 Pleieus.
Vary, William Harold, M. D., 32 Wells St.. Chicago.
Wald, 0. E., Au^ustana, Hospital. Chicago.
~Wegner, William Godfrejs South Bend, Ind.
Wehle, Willibald John, Ph: E. M. D., West Bend. Wis.
Wells, David Gillison, McHenry, 111.
Whitmer, Charles Franklin.
Whitmore, Frank B., M. D. '
*Whitney, Eugene D.
Witherspoon, Louis G., B. S., 1000 W. Madison St., Chicago.
Wolf, M. C.
Wuerth, John Jacob. Ph. G., 148 E. 45th St.
Wyland, George Van, 329 W. Erie St., Chicago.
Wj-nekoop. Chas J., Br S., 1503 Addison Ave., Chicago.
Weicherdds, E., 229 E. Division St., Chicago.
LIBRARY NOTES.
The Quine Library.
One of the most important features of a well-equipped med
ical college, and one of the rarest and most expensive, is a com-
prehensive and up-to-date library, containing the standard med-
ical publications of the world. The Quine Library was the first
of its kind west of the Alleghany Mountains, and one of the first
on the continent to be maintained for medical students and to be
put unreservedly at their command, subject only to the adminis-
tration of a trained librarian. Although not yet outgrown the
age of infancy this collection of well-arranged books already
numbers 5,259 bound volumes, not including duplicates, of which
607 volumes have been added during the past six months. No
account is taken, in this connection, of the steady influx of count
less reprints and of all the important periodicals of this country
and Europe which enable students to follow the evolution of anj'
medical subject down to the very day of their graduation. Suc'_.
a collection of books represents a greater outlay of moueythan
would be required to duplicate the total scientific equipment of
dozens of the smaller colleges such as those of our own city
which, nevertheless, are in good "standing" with examining
boards.
The latest editions pf all important works are on the shelves,
and students are not even required to look for them. On demand
the desired books are instantly handed to them, and if a few
absent minded ones fail to return the books the loss is promptly
Notes. 365
made good, and greater vigilance is thereafter exercised by the
librarian, and more stringent administrative rules are instituted ^
by the committees of management.
An indisputable adjunct to even the greatest collection of
books is a trained librarian who knows how to classify and ar-
range them, and can instruct novices how to utilize them with
the greatest possible effect.
The instruction which our advanced students are now re-
ceiving in thesis or essay writing, and which demands of them
an exhaustive and systematic presentation of the assigned
subjects all ready for the printer's hands, and requires of them
thorough familiarity with the resources of the college library, is
one of the most important and practical of the achievements of
individual teachers. These enterprising and devoted men are,
all unconsciously, not only teaching students but are teaching
some of their colleagues, including the writer, how to utilize a
large collection of books with maximum ease and effect. There
is no doubt that students may receive as much iuformation of a
useful kind from the college librarian as they do receive from,
some of their official teachers. The existence of a library fosters
the literary spirit and the utilization of it insures a breadth and
accuracy of scholarship which cannot be acquired away from
centers of education.
That students of the better class appreciate the opportunities
thus offered to them is shown by the fact that the average daily
attendance at the college library is 134. This means that in the
eourse of the collegiate year of eight months the patronage of
the library is equivalent to forty consultations for each and
every matriculant of the college.
The advantages of the library are so well known in the
neighborhood that from the- beginning physicians and the
students of sister colleges have so freely utilized them as to be
daily, and thus familiar, gWQ^iii. — College Bulletin.
The following articles by members of the faculty of the Col-
lege of P. and S. have been noted in various medical journals:
. Dr. G. F. Lydston. "Note on Gauging Vesical Capacity. "—
Journal of American Medical A ssociaMoli. Feb. 8, pages 391-2.
Dr. G, F. Lydston. "Involuntary Micturition in ChildTen.'
^-Pediatrics. Jan. 15, pages 43-55. ■ ' 'r ^ ■ ';
366 , The Plexus.
Dr. B. F. Holmes. "How to Use a Medical Library. " — Cleve-
land JoiLrnal of Medicine. Dec. 1901, pages 565-68.
Dr. G. F. Butler. "Neglected but Valuable Therapeutic
Measures." — Journal of American Medical Association. Jan. 18,
pages 155-57.
Dr. E. F. Wells. "Consideration on Some Important Sub-
jects Connected with Pneumonia." — Journal of American Medical
Association. Jan. 18, page 163.
Dr. Wm. A. Pusey. "Cases of Sarcoma and of Hodgkin's
Diseases." Treated by exposure to X Rays.
Dr. G. F. Lydston. "General Medical Treatment of Syphi-
lis."— Medical Neivs. Jan. 18, pages 101 to 103.
Dr. J. M. Brown. "Rhinoscleroma."i/edzca? Brief. Feb-
ruary, page 217.
Dr, G. F. Suker. "A New Enucleation Forceps." — Oph-
thalmic Record. Jan. 1902, pages 39 36.
Dr. A. J. Ochsner. ' 'Ventral Hernia" Following Abdominal
Surgery. — The Clinical Revieiu. February, pages 372-880.
Dr. Wm. J. Butler. "Congenital Heart Lesion." — Pediatrics.
Feb. 1, pages 99-105.
Dr. Geo. F. Butler. "Auto-toxemia as a Factor in Neurosis. "^
— Journal of American Medical Association. Feb. 8, pages 363-66.
The following gifts have been sent the Quine Library dur-
ing the past month:
Dr. Eckley kindly presented the library with a copy of his
recently published and very valuable work on "Regional An-
atomy."
Dr. Duncan, of Toledo, Ohio, sent us eleven volumes^of the
"Transactions of the Ohio State Medical Association."
Dr. M. R. Brown and Dr. Sanger Brown have each sentth©
library a collection of unbound journals and theses.
SENIOR NOTES.
An examination was given at the West Side Hospital, lon the
7th of February, for interneship of that institution. Seven of
the cream of our premature M. D's took the examination. S. M.
Keys was awarded the position and has entered upon his duties.
Joe Campbell made a flying trip to Kankakee last Sunday, i
A trip to Europe is a grand thing. Heidleburg is the
center of learning. Von Kittler is the cream of Heidel-
Notes. 367
burg. There, was a time that this learned gentleman was merely
classed .with the""' average student. Now none doubt his super-
human skill. With a simple touch, he can diagnose the most
complex disease. Mr. Kittler demonstrated his wonderful pow-
ers during his short, performance in the pit last week.
Another gentleman, contemporary with the former, a Mr.
Klinger by name, two years before familiarly known as "Hydro-
cephalus," a pleasant liar, in the "grandiose" stage, has shown
his right to rank with Mr. Kittler.
It has been announced by the dean of the faculty that we
will have our commencement exercises in the finest hall in the
city, and that we will have more brass bands than any of the pre-
ceeding classes. We understand that we have the junior class
to thank for the promise of the brass bands.
^"IHollis was at maternity last week. He went out bright and
early one morning to attend his first case, but unfortunately lost
his way and arrived at his destination just as the minister was
baptizing the child.
A sample of the commencement invitations has been shown
to the class, they are considered to be the finest ever sent out
from this institution.
Of the great men who have been giving demonstrations in
the pit this month, perhaps none have shown such marvelous
ability as has Pat "the Irish Jew."
One of the quiz masters in medicine has a new and unique
definition for ambulatory typhoid.
W. V. Johnson is laid up with a sprained ankle.
It may not be complimentary to the forty premature M. D's
who have just left us, to say that the class seems every bit as
large now, as before they left us. It is a fact however.
Miller and Heller are taking a "post-rubberneck" course of
the "ambulatory" type in the different hospitals of the city.
Phifer is wheeling patients and washing babies at the Lake
Side hospital.
Brownstein has a ten thousand dollar practice on the North
side. "Nit."
Kimball has charge of a Christian Science dispensary on
the south side. He mixes all the drugs. *
?68 The Plexus.
Stillman is cleaning test tubes in the Columbus Laboratory.
Venard is farming in Kansas.
Benedict is rolling bandages, and drawing an ambulance for
a manufacturing establishment at Joliet.
Reuben Haynes is resting and sleeping in the city.
The remainder of the "prematue graduates" are either sell-
ing bananas or buying rags and iron.
SENIOR RECEPTION AND BALL.
The second annual senior reception and ball has come and
gone, and with it many a glorious throng of happy dreams.
LTpon the evening set apart for this event there sterns to be
a special compound of the elements and no nights seem so frigid
and unkind.
The ability of the medical man to analyze such acom^DOund
was apparent February 7th. For in spite of the inclemency of
weather, this year, as last, Beek's cozy hall was made a scene of
revelry by night, the throng of darce loons coming from far
and near.
The reception line was composed of the members of the
senior faculty. Dean Quine, the honored guest, being among
the number.
A little tardiness was manifested in the starting of the grand
march, and it was not until 9:35 that Dr. and Mrs. F. B. Earle
led the opening number of the dance program. No more time
was lost after this, and waltz and two-step vied with each other
for supremacy until the morning was well established.
There was not one sorrowful face in the gay and happy
throng, but many a beaming countenance prominent last year
was missing, and a thought in their behalf caused a little shiver
to take hold of one who stopped for a moment to look for an old
face. But an occasional one was found, and the hand clasp and
exchange of "howdys" that followed would do your heart good.
How strange the bond and how sweet, which unites fellows of a
class, especially those of a medical school. Doubtless many a
poor fellow stowed away in some remote corner of the earth, sat
over a copy of practice, or surgery, and the memory of February
7th, last year, caused the words to blur upon the page, and his
researches for diagnosis and treatment transformed themselves
Noles, 369
into memories of a year ago. Of him who was not there the
writer thought, and wished him equal, or even greater joy,
wherever God had sent him. "Oh! memories that bless and
bind" The management was able and satisfactory, and well it
should be, for their predecessors set a pace difficult to follow.
But the class of 1902, in making their party a success, welded a
second substantial link in a long chain of senior receptions, a
society eveni of the season not alone in the great medical school,
but in the city of Chicago.
Goldsmith and his corps of music makers reigned supreme
in the balcony, and made it impossible for feet to resist the
melodious rythm. Even the Dean was seen among the merry
faces filling a program, and his enjoyment of the evening was
great as others To use his own words: "My — my visiting list
is full.-'
French served, and everybody ate, drank, and laughed, as
only dancers can.
No dissenting voices were heard, and everyone had more
than a glorious evening of pleasure and happiness. Long live
the senior annual. Sever SON.
JUNIOR NOTES.
RETROSPECTION.
Ofttimes at night when all the world sleeps on.
Alone I sit, forlorn. That silvery light —
The roving moon, in peai^ly skies, makes night
Appear like day. Yet all God's things seem wan,
And sad and desolate since she is gone.
And as I gaze through white-capped clouds, my sight
Becomes bedimmed with tears. I think how bright
Her smile. 'Twas like the mellow glow of dawn.
'Tis hard to banish dreams of loved ones lost
For aye. What is't below gives peace and rest?
The same she has that died in innocence?
But peace ! In after time when I have crossed
Through golden, jewelled realms — there with the blest
Of God's fair saints, we'll meet, where joys commence.
How do you like the change?
Did they forget you Valentine Day?
The leading question of the hour: "Have you been down in
obstetrics yet?"
370 The Plexus.
Cartoonist Carey, of the Daily IS/eivs is not the only one that
can claim a Brainy Bowers.
Mrs. P. H. Holmes visited her husband at the college the
14th inst., attending several lectures with him.
There are many in the class who are now giving more time
to the study of surgery than they did a short time ago.
Miss Selma Seidel, together with her friend, Miss A. Buer-
kin.Quincy, visited the former's brother, Mr. A. C. Seidel, at the
college February 12th.
He has left us. No more will he suffer tortures of the
dammed while watching the clock demolish time. No more will
he be rudely snatched from those delightful, dreamy reveries to
be brought face to face with the quizz master. He has gone
from us as has yesterday. He — Loveridge — has gone.
Since the last grist one has hinted at using a splint for im-
mobilizing the parts for fistula-in-ano; another says the umbili-
cal cord is tied in two places to prevent the mother from bleed-
ing to death; while another has stated that which can not be
printed because of its extreme indelicacy. We shall only refer
one to its author — Copenhaver.
How often, O, how often, in the days that now are gone,
were we told of the great importance of that bugbear, the minute
neuron. How often, O, how often, we had wished that the hu-
man brain and the cord were mythical structures that we heard
of again and again. But at last we have run up against it, and
we sigh for the time past and gone, that we fiddled away during
lectures on the brain, spinal cord and neuron.
Our old classmate, A. L. Fritz, who was with us during the
first and part of the second year, has again left for England and
the continent. It was impossible for him to arrange his classes
satisfactorily here, so he decided that it was best for him to
return to England and again engage in his previous occupation.
We are confident that we voice the sentiments of the class in
saying that we are sorry he has left us and that we trust his
journey will be a pleasant one. He sailed on the Oceanic for
Liverpool about the first of the month.
A committee, representing the Junior class, met Dr. Sher-
wood some time ago, for the purpose of presenting to him the
thanks of the class for his earnest efforts in giving to us, what
Notes. 371
we considered, a thorough course in surgery. Dr. Sherwood re-
plied in the form of a most excellent letter in which he thanked
the class for the great mark of respect shown him, and of the
pleasure it was to him to know that his efforts in teaching sur-
gery to us had been well received and fully appreciated.
W. T. Barnum took a splendid picture of the class in 406,
February 8th. Some time ago, at a class meeting, the fact was
mentioned, that, although we possessed within the class an ex-
perienced photographer, still we were encouraging an outsider
to come here and do that work. Not only was this true with
regard to photography, but defects existed and still exist within
the class in other lines. There are many in the class, who in
order to advance themselves are perhaps obliged to carry on
some side issue together with their study of medicine, depend-
ing to a considerable extent upon the support of the class for the
maintainance of the same. Right among us are men engaged in
various occupations during their spare moments, such as dispos-
ing of medical books, instruments and medical supplies of all
kinds. Many wait on tables which should be patronized to a
greater extent by P & S men. Some are clerks in nearby bus-
iness houses, while others are representatives and assistants in
various lines in and around the college. By cooperation it
would be a comparatively easy matter for us to aid one another
very materially. What you do to help your class-fellow, in a
measure, you do to help yourself.
At a recent meeting the class president appointed a com-
mittee consisting of the various class officers, whose duty it was
to meet the Dean of the college in order to remedy, if possible,
several defects which seemed to exist within the class. Dr.
Quine agreed with the committee that the greater number of the
grievances presented were perfectly justifiable, and only dis-
agreed with them in a few points. With regard to bed- side
clinics at the County Hospital he explained to us what we now
know to be a fact, that such is impossible while the present
Warden holds the appointment. Within other institutions the
Dean states positively that no bed-side clinics can, or do, exist
where the patients pay for their care and treatment. In closing
the seance Dr. Quine assured the committee that he would make
a most thorough investigation, and if he found any of the various
rumors true which were hovering around the halls of the P. and
372 77<e Plexus,
S. of late, referable to the greater (?) advantages which were
being heralded by certain contemporary colleges, that we might
rely upon it, we would always be given precisely the same op-
portunities and advantages that were reported to be given else-
where.
It was rumored that Kleinefelter had changed his seat in the
lecture room. Such report proved to be untiue, however, for he
was not only there (curls and all), but he has been there every
day since. Sometimes it is difficult to understand why so great an
attraction exists on the lady side of the house between certain in-
dividuals— isn't it? Yet, when one considers for a few mo-
ments, perhaps his memory may carry him back through the
mists of years to creatures possessed of a peculiar attractiveness
— a something in their make-up which seemed at times almost
irresistable to cope with. Not for a moment do we infer that it
is Kleinefelter's curls referred to as the peculiar something while
mentioning his name. Certain it is those well groomed and
glossy curls, although now a trifle shorter than usual, bear a
close relation to the nicely preened tail feathers of one of the
most beautiful of the class aves — the lyre-bird. Still, we are
not yet ready to say that this is the forte he relies upon while un-
concernedly floating around in that section of the class referred
to. Be this as it may, it is indeed strange why some men in-
variably sloj) over the brim while in the company of the op-
posite sex, or when women are indiscriminate enough to allow
them to come within hailing distance.
The "pup" wrote another of his brilliantly worded notes a
few days ago, directed to one of our professors. Not long before
this oifense, some one — presumably the pup — wrote a similar
note to another of the Junior professors. The class took action
at that time and sent a committee, instructing them to inform the
person insulted that the class was not and never would be in
sympathy with the author of such assinine attempts at cuteness-
It is almost useless to notice these petty stabs in the dark, for
the person guilty of such smallness of character has no more re-
gard for the feelings of others than has the hardened criminal.
We, together with the majority of the class, know well who tnis
degenerate is. Personally we know of him and his ilk nothing
good — (of which more anon). It is, of course, understood that
many notes reaching the professor's desk are the epitome of wit
Notes. m%
and are well worth bringing to light. But when an upstart sends
written instructions to his teacher, together with other gross in-
sults, it is time to call a halt. Besides, one would rather receive-
the full force of the lion's paw than to be touched by the hoof of
an ass.
SOPHOMORE NOTES.
A new term's work is begun and we have a new and rather
difficult schedule of work to perform. Notwithstanding this fact
a large number of the boys are taking one or more junior studies.
The Physical Diagnosis class, with the exception of two Juniors
is made up entirely of Sophomores. Some of the boys including
Landau. Simpson, Young, Twohig and Cavanaugh, feeling a
deep interest in certain advanced work, are taking Genito Urinary
and Venereal Diseases under Dr. Lydston.
A few of our members dropped out at the end of last term,
some to attend other colleges, some to take up hospital worj£
while others departed whence they came. J. H. O'Neil has reg-
istered at the Northwestern, and Crouch has taken a position in
a hospital. Two of our bright lights, C. A. Ayers and Mr.
Horstman, have left us, though only temporarily. Mr. Ayers is
working in a hospital, while Mr. Horstman has returned to his
home at Barron, Wis. They will both be back to the P. & S. be-
fore the year is out.
Work in the dissecting room is in full sway, and as the mate-
rial appears to be very good we all expect to do fine work. The
cadaver on which Harrington is working is so nicely injected
that he says he has been able to demonstrate the distal digital
"arterial anastomoses" with great distinctness.
Porges, Dickey and Barker, Dr. Dreyer's laboratory assist-
ants, witnessed an operation, performed by the doctor a few days
ago, to establish gastric fistula in a dog. The operation was en-
tirely successful, the last bulletin being to the effect that his dog-
ship was doing nicely but was a little down in the mouth because
he had been denied all luxuries such as chicken bones and rabbit
fur.
Fred Cuttle has accepted a position as amanuensis to Dr.
Holmes, but he will keep up his college work as usual, also his
work as Y. M. C. A. secretary.
374 The Plexus.
Dr. Eckley has been confined to his home by sickness for
several days, and during his absence we have had our old friend
of our Freshman days. Dr. Shaw, to lecture to us in anatomy.
We all think Dr. Shaw is all right, and he will always find ,the
latch string hanging out, and the bottle of hot stuff setting on the
mantle when he comes to the '04 cabin.
FRESHMAN NOTES.
The Freshman class has lost a few members, but on the
whole has increased, a number of new students entering for the
winter term. The new material shows up very well, and is
somewhat active in pre-empting seats, but we notice that if the
old members are on time they secure their accustomed places.
Among the old men who left at the end of last term are Bawdon
and Renaud. The former has gone home, while Renaud, who is
a Ph, G., has a position as drug clerk at 5500 Wentworth Ave.
A few cases of sickness have been reported, none serious,
however, with the exception of Rowbottom, who was obliged to
submit to a surgical operation, and is still in the hospital. Mr.
Rowbottom was an earnest conscientious student and had made
an enviable record up to the time of his sickness. He has the
sympathy of the entire class and we hope to hear of his early
and complete recovery.
The grip claimed the usual number of victims, including, we
grieve to say, the class reporter. Undoubtedly it would be
wearisome to detail, or even mention the large and vigorous
pains which found convenient lodgment throughout our diminu-
tive anatomy during the progress of the above mentioned mal-
ady. But asking pardon for a personal allusion, we aver it is
with considerable pleasure we can announce in a loud voice,
"Richard's himself again."
The making of the new class rolls for the winter term revealed
the fact that our class claims some distinguished names. Among
others handed in are those of Sir Walter Scott and John Alex-
ander Dowie. While we welcome with pleasure the namesake of
the distinguished Scotchman to our ranks, we fear we must
draw the line at the pugnacious Zion leader. The attitude which
the aforesaid real estate promoter assumes toward our revered
and chosen profession, is discouraging, to say the least, and
should his doctrines prevail, instead of healing the masses for a
Notes. 375
proper consideration, we may have to saw wood for a living.
This, we submit, is not calculated to inspire us with much love~
for the aforesaid jadowie. Therefore, if any member of the
class is really afflicted with such a cognomen, we advise an ap-
plication of the proper authorities for a change.
Among the papers in the January Bulletin the first on "Ele-
mentary Clinics," by Dr. Quine, we think should be read by all
the members of our class. The writer shows clearly the stand
taken by the faculty at first on this experiment, and then leaves
no donbt that, in the mind of the writer, at least, elementary
clinics in the College of Physicians and Surgeons have passed
their experimental stage. While we have no authority to speak
for the class as a whole, we are sure we voice the sentiments of
the great majority when we say that our clinics are much en-
joyed and highly appreciated. As a proof of the interest shown
it may be mentioned that although it is understood the roll is
never called, absences are rare.
Another paper in the same Bulletin, we think, is properly
the course of considerable class pride. We refer to "Co-Education
in Medicine, Prom the Woman's Standpoint," by Carolyn Frances
Beardsley. The writer is enthusiastic on the mutual advantages
to be derived from co-education, and presents a very strong case.
After having finished reading the article Bybee is reported to
have stated earnestly and publicly in his attractive falsetto,
that he wished he "either was a co-ed or had one," But this
"may not be true."
We understand Miss Beardsley's paper was selected as best
from a number prepared on the same subject. Throughout the
article, we of the male persuasion are nicely treated — here slyly
flattered, there elegantly walloped. We are sincerely glad, how-
ever, that the writer testifies "to the unqualified advantages of
co-education." It is apparent to any one that lady students in a
medical school can be placed in many very feeling positions,
which the gentlemen can largely aggravate or ameliorate. We
are glad to note that the attitude assumed by the gentlemen of
our class at least, has practically eliminated any such objection,
and further believe that if the gentlemen will keep abreast of
the mental pace set by the ladies of '05 there will be no trouble
about the coveted sheepskin when the proper time arrives.
NEWS ITEMS.
Dr. W. E. Hosman, of Akron, Ind., is doing post graduate
work at the P. and S. this term.
Dr. W. E. Quine has consented to deliver his lecture on
"The Teachings and Influences of Samuel Hanneman," at a near
date in the Clinical Amphitheater of the college, and we shall
be pleased to publish his lecture in het Plexus.
Supt. Browne has been absent about a week on account of
an attack of the ''Grip."
Dr. D. A. K. Steele has left for an extended trip in the
countries across the sea. He will travel through Egypt, Pales-
tine, Italy, etc.
The members of the Beta Chapter of the Phi Rho Signia
fraternity gave a very pleasant "at home" at their commodious
"frat" house at 18s Warren avenue on Tuesday, Jan. 28. Quite a
large crowd was in attendance, and the members of the Phi
Rho Sig's are to be congratulated upon the success of their re-
ception. It is the social "side issues" of college life that are the
"bright spots" in future reflections.
Wm. E. Quine, M. D.,
Dean and Professor of Practice of Medicine and Clinical Medicine, College of
Physicians and Surgeons. Medical Department University
of Illinois, Chicago.
THE PLEXU
COLLEGE OF PHYSICIANS AND SURGEONS
MEDICAL DEPARTMENT OF THE
UNIVERSITY OF ILLINOIS,
CHICAGO.
VOL. VIL MARCH 20th, 1902. NO. 11
THE TEACHINGS AND INFLUENCE OF SAMUEL
HAHNEMANN.
By William E. Quine.
A lecture delivered to the students of the College March 22, 1902.
"Oh, wad some power the giftie gie us
To see oursels as ithers see us; '
It wad frae mony a fancy free us
And foolish notion."'
Ladies and Gentlemen: —
In response to your request I am now before you to expound
the teachings and influence of Samuel Hahnemann. I have come
not to attack homeopathy, but to explain it; and I have no temp-
tation whatever to embitter or mislead your minds by rancorous
example or by untruthful words. I shall leave you, when I am
through, to decide for yourselves whether I have presented the
subject in fairness and kindliness of spirit.
The first of the doctrines of Hahnemann, both in the order of
announcement and in importaDce, is the so called "Law of Cure"
set forth in the words,
SiMILIA SiMILIBUS CURANTUR.
This "law" is expounded by its alleged discoverer as follows:
"Diseases exhibiting certain symptoms are to be cured only and
are cured invariably by medicines which produce similar symp-
toms in a healthy person."
Such medicines are termed the "similima" of the disease.
"It is not possible, " he says, "to perform a cure but by the
378 Ihc Phxus.
aid of a remedy which produces symptoms similar to the disease
itself."
"It is an infallible, an unerring law."
"The great sole therapeutic law."
"A mode of cure founded on an eternal, infallible law of
nature."
In view of the fact that I have already dealt with this phase
of the subject in a lecture delivered a few years ago before the
faculty and students of the Dunham Medical College (Homeo-
pathic), entitled "Why I am not a Homeopath."; and that copies
of the lecture are already in your hands, I shall limit myself on
the present occasion to the exposition of proofs that the "Law"
is neither of universal applicability nor infallible in its opera-
tions.
1. It prohibits us from dealing with causes and requires us
to limit our efforts to the effacement of effects or symptoms.
Hahnemann is explicit on this point. "The ensemble of
symptoms," he says, "is the sole object a physician ought to
have in view in every case of disease; for the power of his art is
to be directed against that alone in order to cure it and transform
it into health. Only that which is necessary for a physician ta
know of disease and what is fully sufficient for the purpose of
cure is rendered evident to his senses. It is an indubitable truth
that the sum of all the symptoms in each individual case of dis-
ease is the sole guide to direct us in the choice of a curative-
remedy."
Hence you need'nt bother about etiology, pathology and diag-
nosis, and it isn't necessary to know any thing about anatomy^
physiology, chemistry or bacteriology to be a good Hahneman-
nian.
If a patient have convulsions it is of no consequence to know
whether they are due to the invasion of scarlet fever, or to ure-
mia, or to intestinal worms, or to epilepsy, or to a poisonous
quantity of strychnine or hydrocyanic acid. Just give the pa-
tient a siniilimum and you'll hit it every time.
Or, if he have chills, fevers and sweats don't make yourself
ridiculous by trying to ascertain whether they are due to malar-
ial infection, pyemia, or a gall stone in the common duct, but
give the man a homeopathic dose at once and put an end to thfr
business.
Teacliings and Influence of Hahnemann. 379
Or, if he be vomiting, cold and pulseless, don't worry about
thoughts of hemorrhage, strangulated hernia or appendicitis, but
give him the dead shot remedy; and while you wait a few min-
utes to witness the "infallible cure," occupy the time pleasantly
by singing "He's a jolly good fellow."
In short, in every case of disease leave causes alone; for "it
is an indubitable truth that the sum of all the symptoms is the
sole guide to direct us in the choice of a curative remedy."
Now that is mere nonsense. Everyone knows that the first
thing to be done in disease is to remove the cause, if possible;
but Hahnemann asks us to believe that if we efface the effects
the cause will cease to act. The fallacy of this assumption is a
fact of familiar knowledge.
2. The "Law'" excludes the use of antitoxins and other an-
tidotes and of physiologic restoratives.
No one claims that diphtheria antitoxin given to a healthy
person produces symptoms like those of diphtheria. No one
claims that a good variety and quantity of fresh vegetables eaten
by a healthy person cause symptoms like those of scurvy. No
one claims that thyroidein is the "similimum" of cretinism or
myxedema. And yet everyone knows the proper remedy to em-
ploy when he is confronted by the diseases mentioned, — the
"Law" to the contrary, notwithstanding.
3. The "Law" makes no provision for complications. If a
patient have acute nephritis and the usual liability to uremia and
to acute dilatation of the heart; or if he have Addison's disease
and usual liability to syncope; or if he have typhoid fever and
the usual liability to hemorrhage and perforation; or if he have
retention of urine and the usual liability to rupture of the blad-
der; it is not proper to guard against such evils. The scientific
and infallible method is to wait till they confront you and then
combat them by the administration of similars.
4. The "Law" prohibits dealing with pathologic products.
If a patient have empyema, or abscess of the liver, leave the pus
alone and give him the proper thing for chills, fevers and sweats;
or if he have renal colic, under no circumstances disturb the cal-
culus but give the similimum instanter and then comfort him
with the scriptural assurance that "Joy cometh in the morning."
Now every homeopath in the world knows that the "Law of
Similars" is not what Hahnemann claimed. There is not a home-
380 The Plexus.
opathic teacher in existence who would now dare to say to a class
of students, "Only that which is necessary for a physician to
know of disease and what is fully sufficient for the purpose of
cure is rendered evident to his senses.'"
Undoubtedly many homeopaths still believe that there is an
important element of truth in the proposition that "Like Cures
Like;" but there isn't one in the world who doesn't repudiate and
disown its claim to universality and infallibility, every day of his
life by employing measures and methods of treatment which are
in conflict with it. This process of individual repudiation has
been going on for many years, and less than two years ago it
culminated in concerted action. At the annual meeting of the
"American Institute of Homeopathy," the largest body of homeo-
paths in the w^orld, in Atlantic City, in the summer of 1899, it
was formally decided by vote, to change the battle cry of the al-
leged followers of Hahnemann in consonance with their convic-
tions as to the facts of science. This change was made by art-
fully substituting the letter e for the letter a in the second sylla-
ble of the word "curantur," so as to make the expression read
"Similia Similibus Curentur." Hahnemann thundered forth
"like cures like:"" but his pretended followers of to-day lisp bash-
fully, "Like ma?/ cure like." Nobody can object to that proposi-
tion. I accept it cordially. But — poor old Hahnemann! King
Theory is dead and Reason reigns again. Long live the king!
The next feature of the Hahnemannic creed to be considered
is known as
THE ATTENUATION AND POTENTIZATION OF DRUGS.
Hahnemann discovered that when medicines are administered
to the sick according to the law of similars, they aggravate the
sickness, — the more so the larger the dose and the closer the
homeopathicity to the disease. This fact compelled him to ad-
minister his ".similima" in very small doses and, as experience
grew, the doses got to be smaller and smaller and, finally, in-
conceivably minute or "infinitesimal."
To avoid obvious absurdity he promulgated the wonderful
idea as a "great discovery" that medicines became "dynamized,"
"spiritualized,"' or "potentized'" by the process of trituration ©r
shaking employed in their dilution; and that the "spirit power''
or "potency" is increased as the amount of medicinal matter re-
quired for its production is diminished.
Teachings ami Infltimo: of llaltuemann. 381
When such preparations are given to the sick it is not the
medicinal matter in them that cures but the "spirit power"' or
"potency."
As a guard against error in the exposition of this astonish
ing dogma I shall quote from page 231 of the Organon: "The
suitableness of a medicine does not depend upon its accurate ho-
meopathic selection alone but likewise on the proper smallness
of the dose. For if we give too strong a dose it must, notwith-
standing its inherently beneficial nature, prove injurious by its
mere magnitude and by the excessive impression it makes. A
medicine even though it be homeopathically suited to the case of
disease does harm in every dose that is too large, the more harm
the larger the dose; and by the magnitude of the dose it does
more harm the greater its homeopathicity. "
That is to say: It is not medicinal matter that acts but the
"spirit power'" which has been imparted to it. The strength of
the preparation resides in its "potency, " "dynamis, " or "spirit
power." And yet if you get into the preparation much medicine
and correspondingly little "potency" the dose becomes "too
strong." One cannot help smiling at the obtrusiveness of the
contradiction.
But let us regain the thread of the Hahnemannic story:
"If the medicine be accurately homeopathic to the disease,''
he says, "it is of fundamental importance to get the dose small
enough; for if large doses effect a cure that is proof against the
homeopathicity of the medicine."
You see he here admits that non-homeopathic medicines may
effect a cure, — a flat contradiction of his previous contention.
But if the idea of "potency"' is well founded Hahnemann of
course, is quite right in being extremely particular as to the size
of the dose.
"It must be the very smallest, " he says, "for it holds good
and will continue to hold good as a homeopathic therapeutic max-
im not to be refuted by any experience in the world that the best
dose of the properly selected remedy is always the very smallest
in one of the high dynamizations,— a truth that is the inestimable
property of homeopathy, and which, as long as allopathy con-
tinues to gnaw like a cancer at the life of sick human beings and
to ruin them by large and ever larger doses of medicine, will
382 The Plexus.
keep pure homeopathy separated from it as by an impassable
gulf."
Potency is liable to become excessive and dangerous unless
due care be exercised to limit its production. This is made very
clear on page 822 of the "Lesser Writings," in the following
words:
"This result (potentization) so incomprehensible to the man
of figures, goes so far that we must set bounds to the succussion
process, in order that the degree of attenuation be not overbal-
anced by the increased potency of the medicines, and in that way
the highest attenuations become too active. " Then the author
explains that if a drop of the juice of the common Sundew be
carried to the fifteenth attenuation, each attenuation being shak-
en twenty or more times, one drop of the finished product will
endanger the life of a child; but if each succeeding dilution be
shaken only twice, the process can be safely carried to the thir-
tieth,— "a single dose of which cures whooping-cough."
Yet while Hahnemann warned against the excessive potenti-
zation of the juice of the Sundew by too much shaking and atten-
uation, Jenichens carried the juice to the five hundredth attenua-
tion, shaking each attenuation six thousand times by machinery;
and yet it did not go off or kill anybody but just kept on "curing"
whooping-cough without turning a hair.
Let me tell you again that the quality of "potency" or "dy
namis" is not inherent in medicines. It is imparted to them— by
trituration and dilution with sugar of milk, when they are solids,
and by shaking and diluting with alcohol, when they are liquids.
Alcohol and sugar of milk do not become "potentized." Why
they do not is not known, but Hahnemann "learned from experi-
ence" that they do not. Furthermore, substances which in the
crude state are inert, like chalk, charcoal, and silex; and sub-
stances which are constituents of our daily food, like salt and
sulphur; may be just as successfully "potentized" as a dangerous
alkaloid, and thereby be converted into terribly powerful medi-
cines. Each substance evolves a particular kind of potency.
The mode of procedure is as follows: One grain of a solid —
say chalk — is trituated with ninety-nine grains of sugar of milk,
and the mixture is labeled "1st attenuation." One grain of this
is triturated with ninety-nine grains of sugar of milk to make the
< '2nd attenuation." One grain of this is triturated with ninety-
Teachings and Influence of Hahnemann. 383
nine grains of sugar of milk to make the "3d attenuation'' or th
first potency. Every 3d attenuation is a "potency." Potencies
are indicated by Roman numerals with a dash over them — such
as I, II, III, etc. Thus attenuation is carried on by successive
steps till the thirtieth is reached, — marked "X", — the one that
v^as generally preferred by Hahnemann.
Liquids are attenuated and "potentized" by adding one drop
to ninety-nine drops of alcohol and shaking the mixture. This
constitutes the "1st attenuation." One drop of this is shaken
with ninety-nine drops of alcohol to make the "second." And
thus attenuation is carried by successive steps as far as it is con-
sidered prudent to go. Originally Hahnemann used ten or more
shakes for each attenuation, but his later studies induced him to
lessen the number of shakes to two as a guard against the devel-
opment of an excessive and dangerous amount of potency. You
will note that the shakes of the manufacturer of the attenuation,
only, are effective. A country doctor may jolt and rattle these
attenuations in his saddle-bags or buggy for forty years and do
no i harm.
A little computation will show that one grain or drop of the
first attenuation contains y^xr of a grain or drop of the medicine.
Ouegrainof the second, contains to 009 o^ a grain of the medi-
cine.
One grain or drop of the third, contains ^ o^^uuo of a grain or
drop of the medicine.
One grain or drop of the thirtieth, contains one decillionth of
a grain or drop of the medicine — that is, a quantity designated
by a vulgar fraction whose numerator is 1 and whose denominat-
or is the figure 1 followed by sixty ciphers.
Make the fraction and see how it looks. To follow me satis-
factorily you must scrutinize the figures closely and, at your
leisure, do your own computing.
Now suppose a whole grain of chalk be carried to the thirti-
eth attenuation, how much sugar of milk will be required?
"A decillion grains."
How^ many grains in a pound?
"7.000."
How many grains in a car-load of 25 tons?
"350,000,000."
How many car-loads are represented in a decillion grains?
3 84 The Plexus.
"Twenty-five hundred million, million, million, million, mill-
ion, million, million, million car-loads, of twenty five tons each."'
Allowing two hundred cars to the mile, and the distance
from the earth to the sun to be one hundred million miles, how
long would the train be as compared with that distance?
"Long enough to reach from the earth to the sun 150, 000,-
000, 000, 000, 000, 000, 000, 000, 000, 000, 000, 000, 000 tim es. "
And a grain of this mixture taken from any one of the cars,
is the preferred homeopathic dose!
Try the computation and see if I have made a mistake.
Then recall the assertion of Hahnemann, that the more attenuat-
ed a medicine is, and the smaller the quantity given to a patient,
the greater the "potency" or curative force of the dose.
Now, let us inquire into the modes of using these dangerous
agents, — that is theirs.
Administration: Ordinarily the method employed is to
add a quantity of the indicated "potency'" to a glass of water
and to give the patient a teaspoonful of the mixture at stated in-
tervals. Hahnemaun introduced into use small sugar pellets,
three hundred of which are required to imbibe one drop of alco-
hol and one or more of these medicated pellets is given for a dose.
Would you believe it of a sane man? A sugar pellet dipped in
an ocean of alcohol millions of times larger than the planet on
which we live, which ocean has been "medicated" by the addition-
of one drop of a "mother tincture" to it, produces effects which
last several weeks!
A drop of "mother tincture" shaken, not too hard, with
eleven quintillion hogsheads of alcohol of one hundred and forty
gallons each, makes the thirtieth attenuation. If a gallon of this-
preparation were given daily to each of the five hundred million
people on the earth's surface, it would take them fifteen trillion,
years to consume that one drop of "mother tincture."
If you did not know that these statements are easily sus-
ceptible of refutation, in case they are not true, and that my rep-
utation as a teacher is back of the assurance that they are true,
you could not believe that I am speaking in soberness and sin-
cerity. But make the computations for yourselves; and while-
you are planning to do so, allow me to go on and explain the ad-
ministration of "medicines" by
Olfaction. This plan is preferred for excessively impreS'
Teachings and Influence of BaJinemann. 385
sible patients. To quote the '-master's" words: "But if the pa-
tient be sensitive and it is necessary to employ the smallest dose
possible, and attain at the same time the most speedy result, it
will be sufficient to let him smell once. All that homeopathy is
capable of curing will be most certainly and safely cured by this
mode of olfaction. Such a pellet may be applied to the nostrils
of children during sleep with the certainty of producing an ef-
fect. A single pellet will keep good at least twenty years, and
may be smelled a thousand times during that period without
suffering any diminution, if it be protected from heat and sun-
light."
Now, remember that the value of olfaction is not limited to
volatile and odorous substances; it obtains equally well with at-
tenuations of chalk or charcoa", and other things inherently in-
ert and non- volatile.
Then if you are quite sure that your mental equilibrium can
withstand another shock, let your minds rest a moment on the
subtleties of medicinal
"Infection" or "Grafting." This is a "discovery" of
Karsakoif, but is fully indorsed by Hahnemann in his "Lesser
Writings." The central idea of the discovery is that a single
medicated pellet, shaken in a bottle with pure sugar pellets, will
"infect" them, or impart an equal degree of curative energy to
them, without losing any itself. To use the language of the
"master:" "One medicated pellet shaken for five minutes with
13,500 non-medicated, imparts equal power to them, without
losing any itself."
I have found much difficulty in convincing people that such
notions were ever entertained and taught by a rational man.
Nothing less than the actual perusal of Hahnemann's books is
likely to satisfy a fair-minded person that my quotations are act-
ually true.
The soundness of these doctrines can be estimated by study-
ing them in conjunction with the accepted facts of modern sci-
ence. Force is an attribute of matter, and cannot be developed
without it. Its quantity depends on the quantity of matter
brought into play in producing it. A ton of coal produces more
heat than a pound; a thirty-cell electric battery gives a stronger
current than one of three cells of the same size and kind; a
pound of gun-powder will send a missile further than a grain;
'6Se The Plexus.
and yet Hahnemann asks us to] believe that he increases the
amount of curative force, or "potency,"' by lessening the amount
of medicinal matter required for its production!
This astounding assertion presumably has some sort of back-
ing. Let us see what it is.
The proofs offered by Hahnemann and his disciples are of
two kinds, — physiological and therapeutical
The physiological proof is obtained by administering a dose
of any "potentized'' remedy to a healthy person and noting the
effects or symptoms produced by ir.
The therapeutical proof is obtained by administering the
"potencies" to the sick, in accordance with the "law of similars,"
and noting the result.
The process of testing a medicine on a healthy person is
known in homeopathic parlance as "proving;" and the symptoms
caused by the medicine are termed
"Provings." It is obvious that infallible accuracy of ob-
servation in respect to these provings is an essential pre requi-
site to infallibility in the administration of the "law of simi-
lars ■■ That Hahnemann appreciated this fact is shown by his
words: "On these provings depend the exactitude of the whole
medical art and the weal of all future generations of mankind."
At first he used ordinary doses, but latterly confined himself
to the thirtieth attenuation. And he found that a single dose of
such a preparation produced in some instances appalling effects
which lasted several weeks. A few extracts from standard au-
thorities will give you an idea of their reliability as investi-
gators.
From Hahnemann's "Materia Medica Pura" you will learn
that five days after taking a sextillionth of a grain of chalk there
occurs "sudden deafness after dinner; itching on the borders of
the eyelids." Thirteen days after takin^f the dose the experi-
menter is startled by the discovery that "in the evening, on go-
ing out," he had an "unsteady gait." On the seventeenth day he
had strong venereal desire during a walk before dinner." (Hully
gee!)
On the twenty-first day he noticed "Great heat at the ex-
tremity of the big toe," and on the twenty-eighth day "Itching
at the anterior part of the glans penis after urination." "Giddi-
ness from scratching behind the ear." "Alternate buzzing, as of
Teachings and Influence of Hahneviann. 387
mosquitoes, or crackling or breaking of dry straw, in left ear.'*
"Painful pimple on right nostril."
In another case he noticed as an effect of a like dose "Hem-
orrhage from the uterus of an old woman who had ceased men-
struating for many years, in the last quarter of the moon.'"
These quotations are made not for the purpose of exciting
ridicule, but to give you a fair idea of the character and value of
homeopathic provings. He would be a brave man who now dared
to take a sextillionth of a grain of chalk. I wouldn't do it for a
house and lot. This substance, properly potentized, according to
the authorities, produces over a thousand symptoms of the gen-
eral character of the foregoing; and it is instructive to discover
that every prover proves a new series. By "Jahr's Manual,"
vol. 1, p. 108, et seq., we are informed of the following, among nu-
merous others: "Strong desire to be magnetized." "Emaciation
without failure of appetite." "Great ])lumpness and excessive
obesity."
Observe the contradiction. The same dose causes both ema-
ciation and obesity. You will see such absurd contradictions in
almost every proving that has appeared in print, and I am not
sure that they are altogether artless. In this case, for example,
the "proving" furnishes warrant for the administration of chalk
in the treatment of both emaciation and obesity, so that if it act
in either direction the "law of similars" will be exemplified. Such
lack of consistency appears everywhere in homeopathic writings.
You can find authority in somebody's "provings" for the admin-
istration of any important medicine, in any potency and in any
dose, in the treatment of any important disease.
But to resume the quotation from "Jahr's Manual" relating
to the effects of potentized chalk:
"Swelling and distortion of the bones." "Snoring during
sleep." "Disposition to weep, even about trifles." "Vexation
and lamentation on account of old offences." (Thafs what's the
matter with the junior class.)
"Disgust and aversion to all labor whatever." (Merciful
heavens! I must have swallowed a dose myself, some time!)
"Immense size of the head." (That's what ails least year's
graduate.)
"Polypus in the ears." "Fetid odor before the nose as if
from a dung hill, rotten eggs or gunpowder.'" (I know wha
388 Ihe FlexHS.
that was. That was a medical student in the next room smoking-
a pipe.)
"Inability to wear tight clothes around the hypochondria. "^
(That wasn't a woman.)
"Incarceration of flatulency."' (Incarceration of flatulency?
Incarceration of flatulency? Don't know what that means.)
"Pressure of wind towards the inguinal rings, as if hernia
were about to protrude." (Help! Help!)
"Wetting the bed."" (Lord a massy!)
"Cough excited by playing the piano.'" (Til bet that either
the prover was an old codger who had passed "the change of
life"" or that the girl wasn"t very good looking.)
Those are sample ' 'provings"' of chalk.- Heaven preserve us!
Now let us study salt a while. This, you know, is an indis-
pensable constituent of our food. Yet, according to Jahr, a dose
of the twentieth or thirtieth dilution causes over four hundred
symptoms, among them the following: "Tendency to experience
dislocation."" "Bad effects of disappointment." "Agitated
sleep, full of vivid and lascivious dreams." (Whee! Bromide!)
"Typhus fever, with debility." "Anguish, sometimes during
a storm, but especially at night." "Excoriation of the buttocks^
especially when walking." "Corns on the feet, with shooting and
boring pains."'
Now, don't get things mixed. The excoriations relate to the
buttocks and the corns to the feet, and not vice versa. Being med-
ical students, you would naturally think that the corns ought to
be on the buttocks.
Nux vomica causes 1,209 symptoms; sepia, 1,242, and apis,
1,350.
"Allen's Encyclopedia of Pure Materia Medica" consists of
ten volumes, of about seven hundred pages each, devoted to
these important truths.
In the late Professor E. M, Hale's "New Remedies" — and
Prof, Hale was an eminent and successful therapist, — we find
provings by the students of Hahnemann Medical College and,
therefore, of especial accuracy and importance. The following
were obtained with the thirtieth attenuation of hydrastis, "pre-
pared Taefore the class:"'
Mr. E. took a dose Nov. 7th, 1886, it being the "new moon.''
The next day, at 8:45 A. M., he "had a slight headache, first on
Teachings and Infiuence. of Malinemann. 389
the'right side, mainly in the temporal region, then passing to the
left temporal region, leaving the left and returning to the right,
and then leaving altogether."' Nov. 11th he observed that "sneez-
ing in the sun'causes flickering in the eyes." Then he describes
the symptoms of each day up to the twenty-ninth. What the
medicine was doing when he was asleep does not appear; perhaps
it was unlike the much advertised "Cascarets," and did not work
during sleep.
Another "prover" took a dose of the thirtieth, and records
the starting fact that he "had a strong desire for eggs,"- -not a
desire for strong eggs.
Many other^provings are included in the record, among them
those of three young ladies.
Miss v., aged 20, took a drop of the thirtieth and "had a
sharp pain in the right side, in the region of the liver;" "a feel-
ing of sickness and languor which lasted a whole week, with de
presised spirits and sad manner."
Miss S., aged^SO, took a drop of the thirtieth at bedtime,
"and soon after one o'clock the following morning her sleep was
disturbed by irj-itation of the pudendum, compelling scratching,
which relieved." A few days later she "had a dragging, bruised
feeling in the ovarian region." During the proving her "affec-
tions were active," and she was "more cheerful than usual."
MissM., age not given— therefore, she was older than the
other two — took a drop of the thirtieth and "had a pain, but was
too sleepy to notice wh€re; she experienced exhilaration of spir-
its and a feeling of lightness and happiness."
From Hempel's Materia Medica I extract the following mem-
oranda of provings with sulphur: A student tool< five drops of
the tincture and noticed among other disturbances of function
"Quivering and luminous appearances before the right eye;
lightning flashes before the eyes at night; shooting pain through
the pupils." (The pupils are holes. How paiu can shoot through
a hole, and in which direction it shot and what it shot at, in this
particular case, are not explained.)
"Boring pains in the external meatus; inflamed spot on the
nose; sensation as of smelling soap suds."
But in view of the fact that sulphur is insoluble in alcohol,
and that the provers merely proved their own ignorance, I have,
perhaps, said enough. Professor Hem pel closes his lecture on
390 The Plexus.
sulphur as follows: "If you would conquer the great mind of
the profession, then let me urge you to ever think of homeopathy
with hearts full of reverence for the consistency and universality
of her teachings, as a doctrine of life, a heavenly truth which
will not fail, if properly understood, and universally applied, to
link earth and heaven in one great cycle of sensual refinement,
intellectual beauty and social and religious harmony." (Hoop la!
Now I know what ''incarcerated flatulency" means!)
All physicians admit that the testing of medicines on the
well to obtain a guide to their administration to the sick is scien-
tific in principle. But sensible physicians also know that the in-
dications thus discovered may not determine the most important
uses of the medicine. In disease an element may exist which is
not present in health, — such as the germs of malaria in the blood,
or worms in the intestines, — upon which the medicine is specially
fitted to act. Quinine kills the germs and certain anthelmintics
kill intestinal parasites without any reference to their effects on
the human host of these intruders.
But, aside from these considerations, can you imagine a per-
son of good sense accepting such "provings" as I have quoted, —
and practically all homeopathic provings are of that grade, ^ — as
furnishing an infallible g:uide to the selection of medicines for
the treatment of diseases exhibiting similar symptoms?
The absence of uniformity as to the dose employed, — for
many provers do not say whether their reports relate to
the thirtieth potency or to a poisonous dose of a crude medicine,
so that their provings represent all grades of potency j ambled
together. — makes it plain that such provings can furnish no guide
whatever to the selection of any particular degree of potency in a
given case of disease. Then, again, when you see that two or
more perse ns proving the same article are no more alike in their
reports than if they had been proving different articles; and
when you reflect upon the obvious absurdity of ascribing the
sensations, incidents and fleeting thoughts of every- day life,
such as a pimple on the nose, corns on the toes, a desire for
eggs, and the perception of bad odors, — to 'say nothing of the
occurrence of contagious diseases, like typhus fever, — to the in
fluence of a decillionth of a grain of an ordinary article of food,
such as common salt; and when the fact becomes so obtrusive as
to compel recognition that a vast number of "provings" are
Teachings and Influence of Hahnemann. 391
wholly spurious, consisting of the fantastic imaginings of weak-,
minded enthusiasts and the grotesque inventions of counterfeit
investigators whose determination is fixed beforehand to make
unique and startling contributions to '-science;" you cannot help
regarding such provings as a fitting subject for merriment or
contempt. Yet, "On these provings depend the exactitude of
the whole medical art and the weal of all future generations of
mankind."
As to the primary question whether a grain or a drop, or a
smell, of the thirtieth or of the tenth attenuation, of any sub-
stance known to man, can produce any effect on a healthy person
by which its presence in his body can be determined with even
approximate certainty. — if there is one person on this planet
who believes it with such sincerity as to be willing to submit to
a public test in his own person, he has never declared himself.
There is not one. That is enough to say about the provings of
high potencies. They are factitious, every one.
The Therapeutic Proofs of the value of "potencies" are
extraordinarily numerous, — on paper — but even less reliable and
more fantastic than the physiological provings just quoted.
The vaunted "statistics" of homeopathy are based on the
use of "high potencies." Holcombe, for example, a homeopathic
statistics builder of only average merit, by the employment of
high potencies, joyously held the mortality rate of Asiatic chol-
era, in eleven hundred cases, to five per cent., — while the world
at large was groaning in agony of spirit over the usual death
rate of fifty per cent.
And now, in the light of such ' 'provings"as I have given you- and
they are thoroughly representative of homeopathic infallibility —
contemplate the ease and grace with which the "new school" doc-
tors merrily effect instantaneous cures. I quote from "The In-
vestigator," a homeopathic periodical formerly edited by Prof.
T. C. Duncan of this city, who is still engaged in medical teach-
ing and practice here.
On page 331, 1873, Prof. Duncan describes the instantaneous
cure of disappointed love with "Tarantula;" and (1.5, page 24)
another writer accomplishes the same feat with "chalk, thir-
tieth."
1,7, page 194. A writer cured epilepsy with one dose of
•'sugar of milk, high." Hahnemann, you remember, "learned
392 The Plexus
from experience*' that sugar of milk and alcohol are not suscep-
tible of potentization.
1,7, page 445. A writer cured tubercular cavity in the right
lung with "Belladonna, 200th."
1,2, page 473. A writer cured cancer with one dose of
"Bryony."
2,1, page 458. A writer cured caries of the vertebrae with
"Calcarea Carbonica.""
2.1, p, 466. A writer invariably cures cancer with theridion
spider).
1873, p. 471. A writer cured a woman of ovarian tumor with
sugar, 50th.
1.2, p. -173. Dr. Miller recommends "Coral when a patient's
head feels three times as large as natural; mephitis"- — the odori-
ferous product of the skunk — "when it feels elongated; and nux
when it feels as large as a church."
The justifiable elation of the "new school"" doctors resulting
from their triumphs over their decrepit and drivelling old school
competitors, is delicately shown in the volume for 1875, p. 30, as
follows: "An M. D., old school, passed through a siege of bili-
ous fever; treated by brother allopath, secundum artem; suffered
much; friends alarmed; seemingly recovered, but in a month was
seized with intermittent fever; brother allopath called; no good;
sent for me; sulphur, 200th; one dose cured."
4. p. 397. Dr. Nottingham records the observation that
"intermittent fever sorely puzzles the regulars, but I have not
failed in a single case.""
1,7, p. 471. But now Dr. Perkins rises to remark that "No
more effects are to be gotten from homeopathic medicines in in-
termittent fever than might be obtained from the 1-50,000 dilu-
tion of the smell of Hahnemann's Ghost!" Pay your money and
take your choice.
To be a good homeopath, you observe, and capable of mak-
ing good statistics, one needs to be a good diagnostician and par-
ticularly acute in recognizing ovarian tumors, carious vertebrae,
cancers, and tubercular cavities in the right lung. I could easily
go on for weeks in this way, citing therapeutic proofs of the effi-
cacy of potencies, but T have already said enough to give you a
correct idea of their character. That my quotations are not lab-
oriounly sought out samples of exceptional extravagance and
Teashings and Influence of Hahnemann 393
mendacity is proved by the fact that they are all taken from one ^
publication, whose editor is now a medical teacher in this city,
and, I trust, a ''riend of mine. In some instances, the statistics
builder appears to have a conscientious doubt, but he rarely, if
ever, fails to give "potency" the benefit of the doubt. A case in
point is cited on page 306 of Ludlam's work on "Diseases of
Women," the reporter being Dr. W. H. Holcombe. The case was
one of vomiting of pregnancy. A year previous the lady had
"suffered horribly'' from similar disturbances, and was relieved
only by the loss of the ovum. After a little preliminary skir-
mishing with nux, thirtieth, and platina, thirtieth, the doctor got
down to serious business, as follows: "I ordered lachesis,
2,000th, every hour. When I went the next day I found my pa-
tient in ecstasies."' " * * "What a brilliant laurel this would
be for lachesis if lachesis alone had been used. But, alas! My
spirit of empiricism had dictated an adjuvant in the shape of an
injection at night of twenty grains of bromide of potassium, and
I could not tell positively which effected the cure. Afraid to
drop either, and consulting the good of my patient in preference
to my own pure homeopathicity, I continued the prescription,
lachesis, 2,000th, during the day, and a nightly injection of
twenty grains of bromide of potassium. In a few days my pa-
tient was up and at the table, enjoying the pleasures of life, to
the astonishment of her friends and to the glory o homeopathy,'"
(Let her go, Gallagher!)
Herapel's Materia Medica, a standard authority, says of "la-
chesis",— (snake poison, potentiz9d):--"The halo of glory that
has surrounded this secretion proved upon closer examination to
■emanate from the smoke of fancy and not from the light of truth.'"
Pay your money and take your choice.
{Continued.)
PROGRESSIVE PERNICIOUS ANAEMIA.
Report of aa Interesting Case Showing the Importance of Blood Examinations.
By John Weatherson, C. E., M. D.
Instructor in Medicine, College of Physicians and Surgeons, Medical
Department of University of Illinois, Chicago.
The patient, in company with her family physician, came
from Iowa to consult Dr. Quine. The following history was ob-
tained March 4, 1901
Mrs. L. O., age 59, had been in poor health nearly 20 years.
She dates her ill health from 1883, when she had "malarial fever"
9 weeks. Was never sick before except when a child she had
jaundice. In 1883 she also suffered from uterine hemorrhages,
due to a polypus in the cervix, which was removed January, 1884.
Had no uterine pain or hemorrhage after that. Menses stopped
in her 54th year, that is in 1896,
In 1884 she consulted a Dublin physician on account of dis-
comfort and fullness in right hypochondriac region. His diagno-
sis was "Inactive Liver." He sent her back lo Saratoga, N. Y.,
where she stayed two months and drank Congress water during
that time. Patient says her "color was bad" but not jaundiced.
In 1885 she went to Europe again. In 1886 went to California,
where she had a right sided pneumonia for 11 weeks. She was
very feeble 8 or 9 months after and has never been in full health
since. Has had four more attacks of pneumonia. The last at-
tack occurred in April, 1900, at Hot Springs.
She had "gastric fever" in 1892 for five or six weeks; was-
much debilitated. Left leg was greatly swollen (probably phle-
bitis). Swelling lasted two years, when under massage treat-
ment it disappeared. In 1897 and 1899 she was treated for en-
largement of the liver.
In October, 1899, she had ptomaine poisoning from eating
putrid oysters. There was nausea, vomiting and delirium, but no
eruption. The illness was followed by typhoid fever which last-
ed 21 days. Was constipated throughout the attack and deliri-
ous 4 or 5 days. Had a relapse of typhoid which lasted two
weeks. When she recovered from the fever she had pains in the
arms and legs, very severe at times, but had no paralysis. Says
numbness struck her about the umbilicus in a line extending.
Progressive Fernia'ous Anaemia. 39»
down to the genitals, anus and lower limbs, worse in right limb.
Numbness in fingers also. Has had sense of constriction and dis-
comfort about waist line since 1883, but vomiting was rare. Nev-
er severe pain at any time. Limbs not swollen after she had gas-
tric fever in 1892, but both limbs were slightly swollen on getting
up after relapse of typhoid in 1899, and have been more or less so
ever since. Limbs have been much swollen in hast 6 or 7
weeks.
She has had general anasarca with scanty urine, but no albu-
men or casts. Treatment improved her condition. Her color
has always been bad since first mentioned. Her complexion is a
yellowish white. Has now a sense of fullness in hepatic region.
Since June, 1900, has had many spells of transitory fever, last-
ing 2 to 10 days, with a temperature of 100° to 102», which was
thought to be due to malaria.
In August, 1900, her i)hysician noticed she had ataxia. Pa-
tient has been short of breath 5 or 6 months past. This trouble
has been especially marked during the last 2 months. Has no
cough. Color very pale with tinge of yellow. Bowels sluggish
for past 10 days. Has had uneasiness in stomach and occasional
vomiting during the last 3 weeks. Throbbing in her head annoys
her.
PHYSICAL EXAMINATION.
Patient too ill in bed to make satisfactory test, for ataxia
Irregular areas of anaesthesia present however. Mitral regurgi-
tation presest. Also aortic anaemic murmur; apex beat at at 6th
rib, i inch to left of nipple line, due to dilation of left ventricle.
Liver evenly enlarged; lower edge sharp and 2 inches below ribs.
Never had marked pain in chest; only shortness of breath. Eye-
sight much impaired of late. Eyes not examined by an oculist.
Hearing normal.
Up to the time of the blood examination, the diagnosis of the
patient's present condition would be: Valvular diseases of the
heart, with enlargement of the liver, due, supposedly, to passive
congestion. The patient's color, of course, was characteristic
dirty lemon yellow, but she claimed to have shown this color for
many years. The examination of the blood showed most conclu-
sively that the disease she suffered most from was pernicious an-
aemia. As to the symptoms of locomotor ataxia her physician
claimed he observed. Osier states that occasionally symptoms
39 i
The I'ltXHS.
reseiiibling those of tabes appear in pernicious anaemia. The
blood examination not only settled the diagnosis, but what was
of more concern to the patient, it settled the prognosis.
On March 5th, 1901, the day after the abov • history was
written. I examined the patient's blood and reported as follows:
^Mmds^.,
OFFICE
or
DOCTORS QUINE and WEATHERSON,
BLOOD ANALYSIS.
NAME OF PATIENT,
TEL. CENTRAL 851.
SOEClPiC OR
COLOR
RED CELLS
HEMOGLOBIN PER CENT
NjMBER PER C M M.
PER CENT Of NORMAL
COAGULAB'LITt ''^ ^KC-IA/~ I NORMOCrTES
^__y /TVi-B^<'*A~ MICROCYTES.
PLASMODIA MALAR
OTHER PARASITES
TYPHOID REACTIO>
BLOOD PLAGUES -.
MELANAEMIA
LIPAEMIA
REMARKS -.,..„
MACROOYTES
POIKILOCYTES
NORMOBLASTS
MICROBLASTS
MACR0BLA5TS
POIKILOSLASTS
I COLOR INDEX .
I VOLUME INDEX .
fjiur
/JO
WHITE CELLS
N0RMAL--5.000 TO 10,000 PER C. M. M
NUMBER PER C. M. M <77 iT'OP
RATIO OF WHITES TO REDS / ' /^■pQ
SMALL LYMPHOCYTES..
LARGE LYMPHOCYTES..
TRANSITIONAL FORMS...
FOLYNUCLEAR CELLS
EOSINOPHILES..
BASOPHILES
MYELOCYTES -.
REMARKS
^^.e^xso/i-^,^
Examination of the urine showed the following:
907 COLUMBUS MEMORIAL BLO'G.
TEL. CENTRAL. 861
DOCTORS QUINE and WEATHERSON
CHICAGO,
~ / /UJ..\.. NAME OF PATIENT y/T/i^^ ' /\_' (^ '
yo/L
MUCIN
ALBUMIN .
PEPTONES
QUANTITY IN 24 HOURS
PHYSICAL CONDITION...
SPECIFIC GRAVITY
TOTAL SOLIDS -^ 1 SUGAR
REACTION -•T'lV^r^ j B'LIARY MATTER
COLOR ^?<;^..'.. >-^2^>:^, ACETONE
^^S'l.
ODOR
CHLORIDES
SULPHATES
PHOSPHATES
UREA
UftIC ACtD AND URATES
OIACETIC ACID
AROMATIC SULPHATES
EHRLICH'S REACTION.../X.
BLOOD
MELANIN
FAT
MICROSCOPICAL EXAMINATION.
sTs...;*'<(^../!^^^!<*-4k^
LINDRO.DS. .^. J.V^i^MW^
u^.jfihre^^^
BLOOD CELLS.
PUS-
SPERMATOZOA,
CRYSTALS
EPITHELIAL CE
BACTERIA
ff
She was sent to the Chicago hospital and treatment begun
Tinder the direction of Dr. Quine. On March 14th, 1901, a second
blood examination showed the following.-
Progressive Fernicious Anaemia.
39T
907 COLUMBUS MEMORIAL BLD'G.
TEL. CENTRAL 861
/7 DOCTORS QUINE and WEATHERSON,
./.*r. ZZ.V:/.' NAME OF PATIENT,
..IWif^Rd..
ALKALINITY-
SPECIFIC GRAVITY.
COLOR
COAGULABILITY
PLASMODIA MALARIAt
OTHER PARASITES
TYPHOID REACTION ...
BLOOD PLAQUES
MELANAEMIA
LIPAEMIA
REMARKS
RED CELLS
HEMOGLOBIN PER CENT
NUMBER PER. C
PER CENT. OF NORMA
NORMOCYTES
MICROCYTES
MACROCYTES
POIKILOCYTES .V.
NORMOBLASTa.
MICROBLASTS .
MACROBLASTS .
POIKILOBLASTS
COLOR INDEX ..
,.. ,/7
M. ^.S9.6jJito.
WHITE CELLS.
/^
.ZflM^^....
/J/-0.
NORMAL--5,000 TO 10,000 PER C. M M
NUMBER PER C. M. M CP •—' P^
RATIO OF WHITES TO REDS
SMALL LYMPHOCYTES.
LARGE LYMPHOCYTES
TRANSITIONAL FORMS
FOLYNUCLEAR CELLS.
EOSINOPHILES
BASOPHILES
MYELOCYTES
REMARKS
VOLUME INDEX.
This examination showed the rapid destruction of red cor-
puscles taking place in spite of every effort to prevent it.
Many examinations of the urine were made but although hy-
alene casts were always found in abundance, albumen was never
present.
Notwithstanding the use of evQvy available method of treat-
ment the patient died in a short time.
In view of the color the patient exhibited when she arrived
in Chicago for consultation, it is remarkable that the trouble was
not suspected and the blood examined long ago; and considering
the number of eminent physicians she had consulted at home and
abroad, it is surprising that no one examined ihe blood.
The case is reported for the purpose of impressing upon the
reader the importance of exhausting every known means of ex-
amination before making a diagnosis and also to show that the
mere finding of a heart lesion or some one pathological condition
does not excuse the physician for omitting further investigation.
103 State St.
THE PLEXUS
COLLEGE OF PHYSICIANS AND SURGEONS
MEDICAL DEPARTMENT
UNIVERSITY OF ILLINOIS.
CHICAGO.
Plexus Cotntnittee of Faculty.
T. A. DAVIS, M. D., D. A. K. STEELE, M. D., F. GREGORY CONNBLL, M. D.
H. C. WADDLE, 03, Editor-in-Chief.
Supt. W. H BROWNE, W. T. E KLEY, M- D., D. N. EISENDRATH, M. D-
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WADDLE, f'or. Congress and Honore Sts.
Entered at Ciiicago Post Office as Second-Class Matter.
Any subscriber desiring the Journal discontinued at the e.xpiration of his subscription
should so notify tlie Publishers; otherwise it will be assumed t^liai the subscription is to be
continued and the Journal sent accordingly.
Contributions of matter suitable for publication are invited, and should be sent in not
later than the 25th of the month previous to that of publication. The publishers will not hold
themselves responsiljle for the safe return of MSS unless sufficient stamps are forwarded.
We desire to cori'ect a typographical error which occurred
in the v^rite up of "The Annual Senior Ball," in the last issue of
The Plexus. The last sentence of the third paragraph should
have read: "the throng of dance lovers coming from far and
near." We are sorry this typographical error was overlooked.
-x- *
*
The time of Commencement is fast approaching and with it
we associate many events, in some one of which all those inter-
ested in the College of Physicians and Surgeons are interested.
The members of the class of 1892 must remember that this is the
year when they are to have their reunion at the College, as the
Editorml ■ 399
•decennial reunion has been in vogue for some years past. This
one should be the best one held so far. All members of the Al-
umni should be active members of the Alumni Association, and
the only requirement is the payment of the annual dues of 25c.
The Plexus and Alumni dues amount to ^1.25 a year and every
alumnus should be an active alumnus and a subscriber to The
Plexus. The only way either can be supported is by your as-
sistance. If you have not done your duty do so at once by send-
ing your remittance to Dr. H. W. Berard, 1107 Chicago avenue,
Chicago, or to The Plexus. The Alumni Association should be
a thriving one. What have you to say?
* *
*
It is with pleasure that we present, in this issue of The
Plexus, a part of Dr. Quine's lecture on "The Teachings of
Hahnemann," and are sorry that space does not permit us to
print the entire lecture in this issue,
Dr. Quine's ideas concerning Homeopathy have been well
understood by his associates since his delivery of his lecture on
"Why I am not a Homeopath,"' some years ago.
■35- »•
•X-
With this issue of The Plexus its scope is greatly broad-
ened. . It will hereafter represent the interests of the Alumni
and Student body of the Medical, Dental and Pharmacy Depart-
ments of the University of Illinois. In doing this the interest of
the Medical Department will not be lessened but will increase the
size of the Journal and also, we hope, greatly increase the circu-
lation.
*
Mr, F. D. Rugg, who gives the lecture and demonstration
upon liquid air on Saturday, March 29th, in the assembly hall of
the college, is an alumnus of the University of Illinois. His lec-
ture will no doubt be very instructive as well as entertaining and
deserves good patronage by the student body.
ALUMNI NOTES.
'84. C. B. Horrell of Galesburg, 111-, was a recent visitor at
his Alma Mater.
'98. G. F. Newell is now located at 811 W. Irving Blvd.,
Chicago.
"98. Chas. S. Hutchinson has moved to Des Moines, Iowa,
from Ames, Iowa. He is connected with Stell College.
'00. Chas. H. Newell died at Lynch. Neb., Feb. 20, of pneu-
monia; age 26.
'01. B. Von Wedelstaedt is now practicing at 5705 Kimbark
Ave., Chicago.
"01. E. F. Meyer has moved to 479 W. Division St., Chicago.
'01. L. H. Meadow has located at Horton, Iowa.
'01. The report concerning the arrival of a baby at the home
of Nina Poison Merrett in the last issue of The Plexus was
false.
'01. Geo. H. Dohrmann has returned from Germany and re-
ports a very profitable and enjoyable trip.
"02. H. F. Sawtelle has received an interneship in the U. S.
Marine Hospital, Stapleton, Staten Island, N. Y.
'97. Thomas J. Jackson, of 521 Thirty-ninth St., Chicago,
was a recent visitor at the Plexus office.
'01. Ivan A. Parry was one of the successful candidates be-
fore the Washington State Board in a recent examination.
'02. Jno. R. Montgomery was married to Miss Blanche
Pearle Kenney, of Malvern, la., on Wednesday, March 19th. At
home after May 1st, at Madison, Neb., where the doctor has lo-
cated. The Plexus extends congratulations.
SENIOR NOTES.
Tolley and Weaver are taking their maternity work at De
Lee's.
One of the Goldblum brother.s missed a lecture one day last
week.
Belknap has been enjoying a short visit from his father.
Mr. Bundy is making a specialty of children's diseases. He
is feeling very proud of the fact that he was able to make the
correct diagnosis of rickets in a starved, bow legged, hump-
Notes. 401
backed child with a rickety rosary on the chest as large as base-
balls. He certainly deserves great credit.
Dr. Lee, who has been holding Prof. Murphy's clinic at the
county hospital, besides his own excellent clinic, is greatly ap-
preciated by the seniors, who feel that they have received much
valuable instruction from this master of surgery.
The members of the quiz class have hibernated for a period
of six weeks. It is the universal opinion of the differrnt quiz
masters that we have the best hospital candidates ever represent-
ing this institution. It is therefore certain that at least six of the
county interns will come from the College of Physicians and
Surgeons.
Not long ago Mr. Emerson had a rather peculiar experience
with some tablets of methyl blue, and was obliged to seek pro-
fessional advice.
Bath-house Brown, alias Mark Hanna, gave an anaesthetic
this month.
Mr. Hammers is convalescing from a hernia operation, per-
formed by Prof. Ochsner at the Augustina hospital.
In an interview with the different members of the class, we
are surprised to learn that at least ninety-five per cent, intend to
become surgeons. If these intentions are carried out, or rather
attempted to be, we may expect to see the general mortality rate
in surgical operations perceptibly rise. It woul 1 be somewhat
more acceptable to the laity to have a few mc "e Quines and
Ozlers.
Mr. Grabow has performed an apparently successful McKin-
ley operation, the patient being in good condition three weeks
after the operation.
Doc. McCarthy may be seen at the West Side hospital, where
she is assisting Mr. Keys in his duties as interne.
Sawtelle has gone to New York, where he has received an
appointment in the U. S. Marine hospital.
The story is told (as to its truth we cannot vouch) that the
dean of the faculty, during his travels around the city one day,
was riding in a Van Buren street car deeply absorbed in reflec-
tion, from which he was aroused by the shock of a collision be-
tween the car and an ice-wagon. It is said that the dean was in-
stantly heard to proclaim: "What do those d d juniors want
now?"
402 The Plexus.
C. A. Dorn is practicing "economy"' at Lesoues, Minn.
Commencement day exercises will be held May 20th at the-
Studebaker hall. All 1902 graduates are invited.
A box party composed exclusiv^ely of seniors is being formed
for next Saturday. Hand your name to Lane.
Heliney thinks that the prognosis in 'erysipelas would be
worse if the patient were shot through the heart.
Lockwood visited the class last Friday.
Parker, '02, is taking post graduate work.
In a recent class meeting a vote of thanks was tendered to
Prof. Quine for his generosity in regard to the hospital fee for
the obstetrical patients shown at clinic. This fee Prof. Quine
will pay out of his own pocket.
There is much weeping and gnashing of teeth in the senior
class. One of our most beloved members has left the city. Mr.
A. Young has yielded to the persistent entreaties from the citi-
zens of Kansas and gone to their relief.
Mrs. Young has an internship in the Chicago Maternity hos-
pital.
A few seniors are taking advantage of the review course that
is being given in the elementary branches of medicine.
Miss Clara Ross of Cherokee, Iowa, was visiting Editor
flornibrook the first of the month. Mr. Hornibrook inlormed a
few of his friends that he will join the Benedicts shortly. Con-
gratulation to him, and may success ever be his. — [Ed.]
JUNIOR NOTES
Labor pains occur a month apart, according to Doe.
In paresis, Barnsback says we get an atrophy of the ven-
tricles.
Eldridge does not believe in waiting until May 1st. He moved
last week.
Now Barnum tells us to treat a corn by covering the same
"with a felt plug with a ring in it."
Heinen says: "Id occurs in anemik vomans off a tender
frame und schlightly build, und den id takes sometimes a gud
turn — sometimes a quick, bat turn."'
E. B. Anderson and F. Panyo performed an entorectomy on
a dog a short time ago. They used the Connell method of sutur-
Notes. 403
ing and, judging from the healthy condition in which the dog's
entire alimentary tract is at present, the twogentJemen certainly
performed- a successful operation. In a few days the dog will
submit to his last operation, and at that time they will be able to
tell us more about it.
At a recent meeting of the Juniors a committee was ap-
pointed to extend the sympathy and condolence of the entire
class to one of our classmates — J. W. Wilson — whose painful duty
it was recently to bury a much-beloved sister. Such misfortunes
in life are sad and sympathy coming at such a time, especially
from your fellow students, could never be more opportune.
These kind remembrances bestowed upon one another while pass
ing through the cares and trials in this vale of tears constitute a
beautiful ptactice which is far reaching in its effects. It is a
practice that should always be perpetuated.
Arrangements are now in progress by w^hich it may soon be
possible for the class to gain some very valuable and practical
knowledge in obstetrics. A committee has been appointed by
President Thomas to attend to the matter, but thus far nothing
definite has been accomplished.
There are about fifty members of the class who are endeav-
oring to have matters so arranged that by taking the coming
summer term they will thereby be enabled to finish their medical
course next February. In pursuance of this a petition has re-
cently been circulated containiug the signatures of those stu-
dents interested. Briefly stated their main object is to finish
their schooling as soon as possible — many having good, lucrative
positions awaiting them when their studies will have been com-
pleted, while others, perhaps, have an excellent community in
view not as yet overrun with medical men, and which might
prove to be an ideal location for the young practitioner. No
Goubt many would be signally benefitted if the faculty should
condescend to act favorably upon this signed petition. We trust
that the effort on the part of those who desire to attain ihis end
will not prove futile.
There has been some talk lately relating to the ""organization
of a base-ball team. It seems that the idea is to pick the team
from the different classes and thereby have a representative col-
lege team not confined to the members of one class alone. This,
404 Ihe Plexus.
in our opinion, would be the best plan to follow in that it would
interest the entire student body, which certainly must be inter-
ested in order that the team exist. Again, such a move would
tend to show that the best possible players are being sought for,
with partiality occupying a rear seat, and not have it appear that
there is a bunching together of a certain few who have simply
proven to be "good fellows"" to the main shaft of the team. And
be it known that such partiality has been shown on previous oc-
casions relating to athletics in the class with the inevitable result
of a beautiful fiasco. If the class desires a base-ball team and
agree to aid the same financially and otherwise, they prefer to
have the various positions filled with those ball players who have
distinguished themselves in that line. They do not want, and, we
think, will not aid, any new venture headed by some narrow-
minded individual who insists upon "railroading" his boon com-
panions through to a position on the team even though such
companions know less about base-ball than does a rabbit. Ath-
letics should be encouraged whenever it is possible to do so, es-
pecially so in a medical school where we are compelled to lead
sedentary lives against our wishes. In fact we should strive co
convince ourselves that the day is not well spent unless the one
hour is spent in study and contemplation while the other is spent
in labor and exercise. We hope that the devotees of the game
will succeed in bringing together an excellent team consisting of
players who merit the honor of a position, and we are confident
that if all partiality be relegated to the woods that the class, as
a whole, will take much more interest in the matter than they
would do otherwise.
SOPHOMORE NOTES.
Prof.: "Is Mr. Hanan present?"
Heinan: "Is dot my name?"
For the latest approved method of making bread apply to
Thomas and Thomas.
Mr. Haslit has been absent for some time on account of the
sickness and subsequent death of his mother. The class joins us
in extending our sympathy to him in his hour of bereavement.
Blumenthal assisted Dr. Eckley in a demonstration of the eye
before the student nurses at the West Side hospital one evening
Notes. 405
this month. "Blum" is very popular with the ladies, and his
work was highly appreciated by them.
Who got Jackson's heart? Haessly, of course. Cavanaugh
says it was meant for him, but he can't prove it. O. G. made a
noble effort to obtain it but was foiled.
Have you noticed that far-away look in the eyes of Dancing-
Master Young and his followers every Thursday morning?
When from all fear their hearts free.
Who holdeth seats, from one till three,
Way down in front where they can see?
W., H., andB.
But when a quiz in sight they see,
Who roosteth high like hens in tree?
The very same — the only three —
W., H., andB.
The sneak-thief is abroad in the land. A short time ago
Miss Moore lost her Pathology, but, as she is a very energetic
and business- like little individual and began immediate proceed-
ings to recover her property, the guilty party became frightened
and turned the book in at the office. A short time afterward Miss
Jackson suffered a similar loss while at work in the laboratory.
This theft gave evidence of great dexterity on the part of the
operator, for it is a well-known fact that Jarvis and Kingston,
sitting on either hand, jealously guard the person and property
of this young lady. Miss Sherlock is mourning the loss of a coat
taken from the ladies' cloak-room, and several others have re-
ported losses such as baskets of test tubes, etc. This condition
of things is deplorable, inasmuch as the malefactor is not only
dishonest but very ungallant as well, the sufferers in nearly every
case being of the gentler sex. It is quite possible that there is
more than one of these light fingered individuals in our midst,
and it is respectfully suggested that each man appoint himself a
committee of one to try and intercept them in their crooked
career.
NEWS ITEMS.
The Chicago Eye, Ear, Nose and Throat College held its an-
nual meeting recently. The reports of the officers were pre-
sented, and showed the first year in the new building and hos-
pital to have been a very prosperous one. The following were
named as Board of Directors for the ensuing year :
W. A. Fisher, M. D., President.
A. G. Wippern, M. D., Vice President.
J. R. Hoffman, M. D., Secretary.
Thomas Faith, M. D.
H. W. Woodruff. M. D.
Miss Katherine Stanley has received an appointment of
interneship in the Mary Thompson Hospital for Women and
Children, Chicago
The Nu Sigma Phi fraternity gave a "box party" at "The
Grand*' on Saturday, March 22nd.
F. M. Barker, a member of our Senior class, who is a grad-
uate of the Hahnemann College, was persuaded by a friend on
the day of the recent examination for interneship in Cook County
Hospital to take the examination and was successful, having
taken second place. This speaks very highly for F. M. as he
had not "plugged" for the examination.
Supt. W. H. Browne is again on the sick list, having been
out of school a week or more. He is now threatened with ty-
phoid fever.
J. C. Hicks of the senior class has been instrumental in get-
ting out a souvenir spoon of the College of Physicians and Sur-
geons. It ia a very neat design, with the word "Illinois" on han-
dle and the cut of the new building in the bowl. The spoon is
sterling silver, with gold bowl, and sells for §1.75. The same
can be obtained from Mr. Hicks or at the Plexus office.
Word has been received from Dr. D. A. K. Steele, at Ma-
deira, Algiera, Malta and Athens, and he is reporting a very
pleasant journey.
SCHOOL OF DENTISTRY
DENTAL DEPARTMENT
UNIVERSITY OF ILLINOIS.
EDITORIAL COMMITTEE.
D. M.CATTELL, D. D. S., G. W. COOK, D. D. S. B. J. CIORAND, D. D. S.
Supt. R. P. DONALDSON.
D. M CATTELL, Editor-in-Chief. C. E. JONES, Alumni Editor.
CLASS EDITORS
A. E. ALTHER, Oi F. M. STAHL, 03. J. C. GROUT, '04.
Publislier. - K. C- WADDLE
Subscription *1. 00 Per Annum in advance. Single copies, 15 cents. Issued montbly.
Send all remittances and communications as to subscriptions and advertising to H. C
WADDLE, Cor. Congress and Honore Sts., Chicago.
To the Alumni and friends of our scliool we send greeting.
Journalism is new work for all hands concerned, but we hope
to make ourselves understood — v ithout offence. This School of
Dentistry wishes ro know what other dental colleges are doing in
their every day life, and hopes to keep its friends posted in all
important doings going on among us. Just now, we are standing
in a line inti-oducing ourselves and making our best bow. Please
do not stare at us too keenly or we may become confused.
D. M. C.
THE ALUMNI.
The dual pleasure of at last being able to address the mem
bers of the Alumni through our representative organ, The
Plexus, is two- fold for these essential reasons: It gives the
President and Executive Committee the opportunity of keeping
the members enlightened upon our progress and development;
secondly, it acts as a stimulant upon the negligent members, and
in continuation with the second condition it will serve to keep us
all in closer touch with each other. Though many of us be re-
408 The Plexus.
motely situated, the many gatherings given under the auspices of
the Alumni will afford each member the opportunity of once more
greeting old class and schoolmates, some of whom have become
competitors and contemporaries of note and ability.
The object of establishing a journal is one we have thoroughly
gone over with you at our meeting last fall (at the time of our or-
ganization). But for the benefit of those who were unfortunate
enough to be absent I will explain briefly. The journal will be
the official organ of the Alumni. It will be devoted to the pro-
fessional uplifting of its members, and for the mutual and social
advancement of the profession. Several pages will be devoted to
editorials upon leading dental questions. All in all, we want to
make it a bright, up-to-date journal.
We perhaps owe the members of the Alumni an apology for
not consumating this undertaking at an earlier date. Although
our desire and aim has been fully bent that way, we have not
until recently been able to accomplish that end.
Promises have been made you that I trust you will overlook.
A too zealous mind bit off more than it could chew; that perhaps
accounts for our stagnation. But now that our hopes have been
partially realized I trust you will look at it in a brighter light and
give each move your support.
We are using more of a conservative strain now you will per-
ceive. No promises I But mark. We feel confident in saying
that the University will issue to active members of the Alumni a
beautiful steel-engraved sheepskin, a partial fac simile of the di-
ploma to be given each graduate of the dental department. This
is most gratifying to those of us who have worked to secure a
capable representative to present this essential matter before the
University trustees.
And last of all comes the crowning feature of our existence.
The Faculty and Alumni clinic. The members of both bodies
have and are striving to make this an affair of pleasure and profit
for the Alumni and the profession at large.
We have secured many such men as Jonathan Taft, M. D.
D. D. S.,dean of the dental department University of Michigan, to
present a paper and clinic on that date. I simply mention this ven-
erable giant in our profession to depict or show you the character
and worth of our undertaking,
It is hoped that each member will be present, and those who
Dental Department. , 409
have been negligent about sending in their subscription will come
to the front at once. Remember we need your aid and support.
C. E.J.
THE SENIOR CLASS.
We are in the last months of college life and are too busy-
plugging for required points and conning notes for final examina-
tions to do other than say, "Greeting to everybody," and then
turn our face and look pleasant toward the faculty, hoping there-
by to temper its final judgment in our favor. So, to the Faculty
of the Dental Department of the University of Illinois the mem-
bers of the class of 1902, the first to graduate from this depart-
ment, wish to express their most sincere gratitude for past cour-
tesies shown them, and can find no better opportunity to express
themselves than in this first issue of the college journal. We re-
alize that to the faculty we owe everything, and we thank them
most sincerely for their patience and untiring efforts.
The Faculty may rest assured that after we have graduated
the welfare of the school will ever be foremost in our thought?,
and we shall endeavor as alumni to assist them in upholding the
fine standard already established. We shall put forth our best
efforts to uphold the dignity of the school, that it may ever be
one of the few and never of the many. A. E . A.
THE JUNIOR CLASS.
To the readers of The Plexus greeting. The junior class
of the School of Dentistry is glad to be represented in The
Plexus.
Just now we can see, dimly outlined on the wall, these words:
"If you would edit a department in a college paper, practice on
a wheelbarrow and keep pushing."'
We will endeavor to make our columns reflect college and
class life as it is — its work and merriments, its successes and its
failures, its sunshine and its shadows. You will hear more from
us next month; meanwhile we will practice on a wheelbarrow.
F. M. S,
THE FRESHMAN CLASS.
We take this opportunity offered us for introducing ourselves
to the Alumni of this and other dental colleges, under graduates of
410 The Plexus.
other colleges as well as to the dental profession at large. This
being the first year for this department our class is not large,
but with our new and finely-equipped building, and one of the best
faculties of any college in the United States, the coming fresh-
man classes are boud to increase in numbers in years to come.
Our class feels a responsibility that freshman classes of older
dental colleges do not have, and that is for the upbuilding and
improvement of the school. This class is progressing finely in
its studies and laboratory work, and is now far enough along to
take a deep interest in dentistry. Every member is anxious to
come in contact with the bright men of the profession, to become
acquainted wnth and get such ideas as may help them in their
work. This magazine is for that purpose, and may it be a success
in all its undertakings. It is hoped that this may prove a step-
ping-stone for the students to the profession and bring us into
closer relation with the general practitioner, a relation which
would be beneficial to both.
Our class is not so buried in its work but that it has time to
take a healthy and active interest in athletics. In the several
* 'meets" our class has shown marked ability which, with a little
further training, will be found hard to beat. Not only has the
class athletic ability, but several of its members show considera-
ble musical talent both vocally and instrumentally.
Through the efforts of some of the musically inclined a col-
lege band has been organized of about 20 pieces (the leader of
which is a freshman) which adds materially to the social life of
the college.
We have four young ladies in our class who also help in the
enjoyment of college life. The year is coming to a close, the
time will soon pass.
Next year we will be juniors (dignified) and our places taken
by other freshmen. May it be a large one — but no better. Hur-
rah for the freshmen of 1901-1902, and may we live long and
prosper: J. C. G.
COMING CLINIC ANNOUNCEMENT.
In this the first issue of our c(»llege journal we publish the
program of the first annual clinic of the School of Dentistry,
University of Illinois.
A careful perusal of the names of clinicians and the charac-
Dental Department. 411
ter of the clinics to be given goes without saying that it will be
■one of the most interesting clinic days held in Chicago for several
years. All the leading dental supply houses will have exhibits,
and many new appliances have already been promised. It has
been arranged to serve luncheon in the college building, and
ample room will be provided for all. Appended herewith is the
program :
ANNUAL CLINIC OF THE SCHOOL OF DENTISTRY
OF THE UNIVERSITY OF ILLINOIS AND ALUM-
NI ASSOCIATION GIVEN AT THE COL-
LEGE BUILDING, 813 WEST HARRI-
SON ST., CHICAGO, WEDNES-
DAY, MARCH 26, 1902.
COMMITTEES:
FACULTY:
G. W. Cook, D. M. Cattell, G. W. Dittmar, B. J. Cigrand, J.
N. McDowell, C. N. Thompson, A. H. Peck, ex-officio.
alumni:
C. E. Jones, W. R. McGarvey. C. H. Wambold, Clayton Mc-
Cauly, Harry Snyder, S. S. Swihart, Karl Steelier.
EXHIBIT:
R. P. Donaldson, C. N. Thompson.
CLINIC ANNOUNCER:
G. Walter Dittmar.
REPORTERS:
Ralph W. Parker, Fred. W. Parker.
RECEPTION:
A. H. Peck. B. J. Cigrand, J. N. McDowell, R P. Donaldson,
C. E. Jones, D. M. Cattell, G. W. Cook, G. W. Dittmar, C. N.
Thompson, L. J. Lowrey.
ALUMNI— OFFICERS :
President, W. R. McGarvey; Vice Pres., S. S. Swihart; Sec-
retary, C. E. Jones; Treasurer, Clayton McCauly.
ANNOUNCEMENT:
This program gives a complete scope of the clinic to be
given on Wednesday, March 26th, 1902, at the School of Dentist-
ry, University of Illinois, Harrison and Honore streets, Chicago.
The clinics will begin at 9 o'clock Wednesday morning.
At the entrance of the Infirmary you will tind a "Registra-
il2 The Plexus
tion Book," and all present are requested to register home ad-
dress at the earliesc opportunity.
The members of the faculty will not serve as clinicians, but
will devote their entire time in the interests of the visiting prac-
titioners.
It is the purpose of the committee on exhibits to have a lib-
eral display by the various dental depots and manufacturers of
dental supplies, thus adding considerable to the interest and im-
portance of the clinic.
At 3:30 P. M. on the afternoon of the clinic all present are
invited to listen to a paper entitled "The Power of Association,"
by Jonathan Taft, M. D., D. D. S., of Ann Arbor, Mich.
CLINICS.
1. Dr. C. R. Taylor, Streator, 111. Banding Logan crown.
2. Dr. L. P. Haskell, Chicago. Some ideas on continuous
gum cases.
3. Dr. J. H. WooUey, Chicago. Non- cohesive gold in com-
bination with cement, for temporary fillings.
4. Dr. L. W. Nevius, Chicago. The administration of nit-
rous oxide and extraction of teeth.
5. Dr. F. M. Richardson, Chicago. Extraction of teeth.
6. Dr. A. O. Hunt, Chicago. Griswold and Brewster meth-
ods of crowning.
7. Dr. L. O. Green, Chicago. Painless extraction, using
"Acestoria" as local ana3sthetic (antiseptic).
8. Dr. W. A. Stevens, Chicago. Removing teeth from vul-
canite bases.
9. Dr. R. N. Laurance, Lincoln, 111. Treatment of pyorrhea
alveolaris.
10. Dr. F. H. Skinner, Chicago. Gold filling.
11. Dr. C. E. Bentley, Chicago. Porcelain inlay.
12. Dr. W, O. Valletta, Goshen, Ind. Sterilization of instru-
ments.
13. Dr. G. V. I. Brown, Milwaukee, Wis. Surgical clinic.
14. Dr. J. W. Erringer, Chicago. Gold filling.
15. Dr. H. H. Schuhmann, Chicago. Porcelain inlay.
16. Dr. H. E. McDonald, Chicago. Table clinic.
17. Dr. T. Ewing Roach, Chicago. Porcelain crown without
band, and using special soldering pliers.
Dental Dejiartmeiit. 413
18. Dr. W. H. Dwight, LeMars, Iowa. The Dwight detacTi-
able facing.
19. Dr. C. H. Wambold, Chicago. Dies and counter-dies;
Hawes' moulding flask.
20. Dr. C. F. Bryant, Chicago. Partial lower continuous
gum, using Hammond's furnace.
21. Dr, H. B. Tileston, Louisville, Ky. Gold inlay, using
copper amalgam in model.
22. Dr. Geo. A. McMillen, Alton, 111. The use of non-co-
hesive gold in setting Logan crowns.
23. Dr. C. P. Pruyn, Chicago. Oral surgery.
24. Dr, G. A. Miller, Chicago. Simple and accurate method
of making carved cusps for band crowns.
25. Dr. Geo. T. Carpenter, Chicago. Oral surgery.
26. Dr. Lester Bryant, Chicago. Forming and carving por-
celain .
27. Dr. S. M. White, Benton Harbor, Mich. A method of
preparing and filling diseased roots.
28. Dr. Edmund Noyes, Chicago. Gold filling, superior in-
cisor.
29. Dr. W. C. Golbeck, Chicago. Constructing gold crowns
on plaster models.
30. Dr. A. G. Johnson, Chicago. Preparing root for banded
crown.
31. Dr. C. N. Reese, Chicago. Short methods in bridge
dentures.
32. Dr. G. B. Stone, Chicago. New process of forming and
baking porcelain crowns, using Turner gasolene furnace.
33. Dr. L. Phillips, Englewood, 111. A method of making
Richmond crown.
34. Dr. Jno. C. Kinney, Chicago, Combination filling, using
Dr. Hewitt's sterion white alloy and gold.
35. Dr. H. O. Browning, Englewood, 111. Procedures in fill-
ing teeth with amalgam.
36. Dr. E. H. Allen, Freeport, 111. Moss fibre gold and tin
filling.
37. Dr. S. F. Duncan, Joliet, 111. Removing pulp by pres-
sure anaesthesia.
38. Dr. H. J. Goslee, Chicago. Construction and mounting
of porcelain bicuspid crown.
4U The Plexus
39. Dr. C. N. Trompen, Roselancl, 111. Gold fillings, using
cohesive gold by hand pressure,
40. Dr. R. C. Brophy, Chicago. Banded porcelain crown,,
using clinician's furnace.
41. Dr. E. X. Jones, Chicago. A method of attaching
bridges.
42. Dr. C. W. Miller, Toledo, Iowa. Methods and appli-
ances for contouring metal crowns.
43. Dr. A. S. Condit. Mt. Vernon, Ohio. Method of making
removable bridge dentures.
44. Dr. Thomas E. Weeks, Minneapolis, Minn. Table clinic.
45. Dr. C. R. ]3aker, Davenport, Iowa. Seamless gold crown.
46. Dr. H. C. Waack, Chicago. Filling deciduous teeth with-
out dam, using Fellowship cement.
47. Dr. F. H. B. McDowell, Racine, Wis. Care and method
of using hypodermic needles
48. Dr. I. E. Hinkins, Chicago. Tha fixation of loose teeth,
using Kawaiski's cement.
49. Dr. Don M. Gallie, Chicago. Gold filling (complex
cavity).
50. Dr. A. E. Morey. Chicago. Bleaching by Pyrozone
method.
51. Dr. Jonathan Taft, Ann Arbor, Mich. Operative clinic.
52. Dr. G. V. Black, Chicago. The first part of the finish-
ing of proximate gokl fillings. G. W. Cook,
Chairman Program Com.
BAND CONCERT.
The College Band wishes to announce that, before this num-
ber of The Plexus leaves the publishers, it will have given its
first concert, the entertainment to be given in the new amphithe-
ater of the college building. Tickets are selling well, and the
prospect is for a large turnout. We are doing our best, and hope
to give visitors to the coming college clinic a specimen of our
talent.
The program for the evening of the 14th of March is as fol-
lows :
PROGRAM — H P. M. :
I. March New Colonial HalL
Band.
Dental Department. ■ 415
II. ' 'Her Letter" Moreulogue.
Miss Olive Cattell.
III. Trombone Solo Polka Brilliant Steinhauser.
Mr. Holton.
IV. Polka Dear Violet Andauer.
Band.
i (a) She wandered down the
V. Soprano Solo. ... ■< mountainside Clay.
( (t>) At Parting Rogers.
Miss Peabody.
VI. March Kokomo Parrar.
Band.
VII. Duet for Soprano and Trombone Selected.
Mr. and Mrs. Holton.
VIII. "Oh, No!" Reading.
Miss Olive Cattell.
IX. Soprano Solo Spring Has Come White.
Miss Peabody.
X. Overture Fair Maid of Perth WiddeL
Band.
10 P. M. — Dance till midnight. G. J. Shand,
Band Leader.
SCHOOL OF PHARMACY.
SENIOR CLASS.
Morpheus, the god of sleep, numbers some of the seniors
among his devotees, as witness the lectures occasionally. There
will be an aioakening April 14th, loth and 16th, boys.
A syndicate is being formed among the class for the manu-
facture of Swanson's mustard plaster.
The Seniors held a meeting on the evening of the 6th and
listened to the oratorical efforts of the candidates for class speak-
ers. F. H. Heidbreder was elected valedictorian, and F. E. Pierce
salutatorian.
Many of our classmates are now "full-registered" pharma-
cists, having passed the State Board of Pharmacy examination.
At the February meeting the following seniors passed: H. R.
DeLand, .T. T. Fawcett, P. J. Forbrich, W. B. Freeman, W. V.
Keller, T. J. Knaak, G. A. McCormick, H. T. Moyer, F. E.
Pierce, A. T. Schleder; C. M. Snow, J. B Tiseornia, H. D. Val-
bracht and W. E. Wendt. If any of the boys failed, we have yet
to hear from them. G. W. Houseman,
Class Reporter.
\ JUNIOR CLASS.
The class election for the second half-year resulted as fol-
lows: President, S. W. Taliaferro of Roseville, 111.; Vice-presi-
dent, O. A. Fritz of Chicago; Secretary, C. H. Schafer of Mari-
etta, Ohio; Treasurer, W. R. Montgomery of Waterloo, Wis. ;
Sergeant-at-arms, C. S. Marshall of Watonga, Oklahoma.
Under the auspices of the Alumni Association there was
given at he college recently several lectures upon business topics
embraci g: "The Selection, Handling and Sale of Sponges" by
M. L. Landeker, supplemented by "A Talk on the Life History
of the Sponge" by Prof. W. R. Mitchell, of Hyde Park High
School; "Cigars as a Side Line for Druggists," by W. G. Baxter.
The lectures were interesting, and afforded information of a kind
that is not easily accessible. The large attendance was evidence
of the students' appreciation.
At the recent examination by the State Board of Pharmacy
the juniors were very successful. S. W. Taliaferro and O. A.
Fritz were registered in full, and the assistant's certificate was
Pharmacy Department. 4JY
granted to A. H. Bauer, A. M. Corbus, R. R Gharet, O. Hironi-
mus, E. J. Karlovsky, V. E. Lawrence, W. H. Schroeder, H. E.
Walter and C. J. Weimer.
Mr. E. R. Dolson, one of the most popular members of the
class, died March 3rd after a short illness. Mr. Dolson had been
taken with appendicitis the evening of the 28th; an operation was
performed, but failed of its purpose. The young man had been
employed by J. W. Kask, pharmacist at 5727 Wentworth avenue
for the past four years. The class attended the funeral and pre-
sented a handsome floral piece. The following students acted as
pall bearers: S. A. Denis, Frank Wochas, E. C. Rabe, W. K.
Ansorge, A. E. Hahn and H. T. Hatton.
At the final term examination of the course in botany the
assistant, in looking for "ponies,'" unearthed the following effu-
sion, in the handwriting of a well-known junior:
A VERSE ON BOTANT.
A cry of joy went up to "Day,"
"We are through this book of Gray!"
Some have finished, more were finished
By this same old book of Gray.
Some look sad and likewise blue.
For they could not see it through;
Neither could they see through it —
But, A. Gray, forgive, "forgit. "
It was the good fortune of the juniors to have been present
at a very interesting lecture on "Materia Medica." The lecturer
was absent.
It has been reserved for the Professor of Pharmacy to prove
that the caustic alkalies are not only slippery to the touch but
elusive to the memory as well. It was due to this latter property
that so many blanks occurred in the answers to th^ last examina-
tion in pharmacy. David Zamentowsky,
School of Pharmacy, '03.
OFFICERS.— O. S. NEISW ANGER, Ph. G., M. D.. Pres.; EMIL IT. GRUBBE, M. D., Vice-Pres.
A. B SLATER, Sec'y and Treasurer.
FACULTY.— FRANKLIN H. MARTIN, M D., Electricity in Gynecology; W. FRANKLIN COLE
MAN, .M. D., M. R. 0. S. (Ens.) Electricity in Diseases of the Eye; MA/ C USE MAN RICE
M. D., Electiolysis; C. S. Nr.ISWANGER, Pti. G., M. D., General Electro-Therapeutics;
EM r*L H. GRUBBE, M. IX, hlectro-Physics, Radiography and X-Ray Diagnosis; ALBEivT
H. ANDREWS, M. D., Ear Nose and Throat. GORDOM G. BURDICK, M. D., Radio-lhera-
py and Photo Cliemistry.
This school is for physi'jians and is eqaipoed with the most modern up-t<o date
apparatus. All the rudimentary physics wil be profus 'ly illustrated and made plain
even to the uninitiated in elecf.ro thei-apy. No mail course will be g-ivi-n and no
d'^g'rees conferred, bat a handsonely engraved certificate of attendance can be ob-
tained if desired after the comoletion of a coarse. The courses will be of three weeks
duration and consist of both clinical and didactic instructions. A 3-week's course
will make you self depeadent. Write fi>r further information, terms and printed
matter. Phoae Randolph 144.
ILLINOIS SCHOOL OF ELECTRO-THERAPEUTICS,
1302-3 Chattiplain Building, Chicago, 111.
rHE MARION-SIMS HOSPITAL.
438 LaSalle Avenue, CMICAGO.
LONJ DI TANCE TELE'^'HONE, 737 NORTH.
A high-class private Hospital for the recep-
,jr ^ tion of Gynecological cases and for abdominal
Surgery.
Centrally located in one of the best residence
districts of the city, this institution otters
accom nidations which are superior in every
respect and combine the comforts and luxuries
of the home with the strict appointmeuts of
modern sanitary science.
Tlie apartmenis are light and well ventilated,
heated by an improved liot water system. Hard-
wood floors throughout; furnisein^s elegant
and appropriate. Trained nurses of superior
skill are in charge of the patients and the die 1 is
the l)est.
'11 le operating rooms are specially fitted with
all modern appliances for aseptic surgery.
A . ompetent physician is in atteimance at
all liours
Channing W. Babrett, M. D., House Physician
F. GKE(iORY roNNELL, M. D., House Physician
an Pathologist.
For further inforniation address
HENRY P. NEWHAN. A. M , M. D,
Physician St Surgeon i« Charge,
103 STATE STREET, CHICAtiO.
OR
n. C. STEW vRT, Superinteiidt*tit,
(At Hospital) 438 LaSalle Avenue.
Chakles Davison, M. D.
Adjunct Professor Clinical Surgery, College of Physicians and Surgeons,
Medical Department University of Illinois, Chicago.
THE PLEXUS
COLLEGE OF PHYSICIANS AND SURGEONS
MEDICAL DEPARTMENT OF THE
UNIVERSITY OF ILLINOIS,
CHICAGO.
VOL. VIL APRIL 20th, 1902. NO. 12
SUTURE OF THE ABDOMINAL WALL.^
Read before the Mississippi Valley Medical Association, September 13, 1901.
By Charles Davison, M. D.
Chicago.
Professor of Surgery, Chicago Clinical School; Adjunct Professor of Clinical
Surgery, College of Physicians and Surgeons, Medical College of the
University of Illinois: Attending Surgeon to Cook County
Hospital and the West Side Hospital.
In suture of the abdominal wall after laparotomy, the ideal
method of approximation is that of layer to layer apposition,
Uniting peritoneum to peritoneum, fascia to fascia, and skin to
skin by independent planes of suture.
The ideal suture material is one that can be rendered sterile
by boiling in water that will remain sterile while in the tissues,
and that will cease to exist in the tissues when healing is com-
plete and its function has been accomplished.
These indications are not fulfilled by absorbable sutures, of
which catgut is the type, for the reason that this material is of
animal origin, already infected with germs, the sterilization of
which is difficult and uncertain, and cannot be accomplished by
prolonged boiling in water without disintegration of the suture.
Absorbable sutures eventually break down and pulpify, lib-
erating any imprisoned germs and making a line of culture
material, a nidus for pyrogenic germs, either local in the catgut
or brought to it by the blood current. Many times late infection
of a wound after primary union has occurred is due to this action
of catgut.
Permanent buried suiures, the type of which is the twisted
silver wire, are not the ideal sutures.
After healing has occurred and their function has ceased,
they become foreign bodies, and either are encysted in the tissues
418 Ihe Plexus.
or are surrounded by granulation tissue, and are gradually ex-
truded from the tissues months or years after the operation.
I wish to present the method of closure of abdominal sections
that I am using in routine work.
The wounds are closed by suturing each layer with a con-
tinuous silkworm gut suture, the ends of which are left out at the
angles of the wound to be removed by traction when healing is
complete.
The suture in the strongest layer is tied in position at each
end in the layer with knots that can be unlocked by traction en
the exposed ends when the stitch is to be removed.
The closure of the peritoneun in a median laparotomy is
illustrated by Fig 1. The edges of the peritoneum are caught
with forceps and held up away from the intestines by an assist-
ant, and the peritoneum is closed by a continuous herring-bone
suture of silkworm gut.
When the opening in the peritoneum is closed, the suture is
shirred to take up all of the slack and to lessen the length of the
wound, and the ends are left hanging out of the angles of the
wound.
The silkworm gut is kinked in such a manner that it binds
itself in the peritoneum and does not slip or pull apart; but by
the end of a week, when the suture is removed, the elasticity of
the silkworm gut has made the suture perfectly straight, and
has brought the perforations in the peritoneum into a straight
line, making a track around the stitch by pressure necrosis, so
that it is very easy to remove by traction.
In removing this suture, the patient relaxes the abdominal
wall by elevation of the thighs and shoulders; one end of the
siitch is cut short, the other end is grasped in an artery -forceps
protected by a bit of gauze and wound up close to the skin, and
traction is made on the forceps like the handle to a corkscrew.
For identification at removal, this suture may be colored
black with silver nitrate, blue with an alcoholic solution of
meythlene blue, or the ends knotted to correspond.
The closure of the linea alba in a median laparotomy is illus-
trated by Fig. 2. This is the strong layer of the abdominal wall,
and if the tissues are fastened securely there can be no spreading
of the wound. For this suture coarse selected Spanish silkworm
gut thirteen inches long without flaw or defect is used.
A small reverse bow-knot (a diagram of which tied and loose
is shown in Fig. 3) is tied four or five inches from the end of the
strand. The edges of the fascia are caught with forceps and held
up by an assistant. The suture is introduced in a firm place in
Fig. 1.— Suture of peritoneum.
Fig. 2— Suture of linea alba, tied in position
Fig. 3— Diagi-ain of knot.
T
EiG. 4 — Suture of the superficial layer,
Fig. 5. — Suture of the sac.
Suture of the Abdominal }\aU. 41^
the fascia back from the edge of^wound and drawn tightly up to
the knot, and the wound is closed by the continuous herring-bone
suture. At the last stitch the suture is shirred up tightly,
grasped by a smooth pointed dissecting forceps at its exit from
the fascia, and another reverse bow-knot tied below the point of
the forceps. With practice this can be done without a particle
of slack being left in the suture. It can be tied in this manner as
closely as in the ordinary method of tying a continuous suture.
This layer being securely fastened takes all of the tention from
the other layers. The ends are allowed to hang out at the angles
of the w^ound. This suture is removed in two or more w^eeks.
Simultaneous traction on the free ends unties the knots, when the
suture is removed in the same manner as the peiitoneal suture.
The skin is closed by the Halstead subcuticular stitch (Fig.
4) of silkworm gut colored red for identification by alcoholic solu-
tion of carbol-fuchsin.
These sutures act as capilary drains from each layer. If
there are bleeding points which pressure or torsion do not con-
trol, they may be constricted by loops of the nearest suture with-
out making a knot.
This method of suture can be used in appendectomy or any
laparotomy in which there is no provision for drainage and in
which the incision is in a straight line.
The same method of suture can be applied to any of the
standard operations for the radical cure of inguinal hernia.
The sac is closed by a continuous mattress suture (Fig. o) of
silkworm gut, the ends shirred up, making a sort of double purse-
string suture. The lower end is marked by a knot for identitica-
tion, and the ends are tied together and brought out of the upper
angle of the wound. This suture is removed at the end of a
week by pulling up the lower strand and cutting it short and then
drawing out the upper fragment,
In the operation for hernia in which Poupart's ligament is
imbricated over the conjoined tendon behind the cord, which I
usually do, a simple continuous basting stitch (Fig. 6) tied at
either end is used. The suture with the knot tied at one end is
passed through Poupart's ligament about one centimetre from its
free edge, close to the cord, penetrating the ligament from the
outside and emerging from its internal surface.
The suture is next carried across the wound behind, the cord
420 The Plexus
and penetrates the conjoined tendon at the same level and dis-
tance from its edge, emerging on the peritoneal side of the con-
joined tendon. The suture is then returned through the same
tissues in the opposite direction, one centimetre below the first
perforation, completing one unit of the continuous basting or
sailor-stitch, which, when completed, is tied in position with the
knot shown in detail in Fig. 3, and the free ends are allowed to
extend out at the angles of the wound. (Fig. 7.) This is the
strong layer, and when sutured firmly takes the tension from th©
other layers.
The fascia of the external oblique muscle is sutured to the
shelving edge of Pouparfs ligament over the cord with a con-
tinuous herring-bone stitch (Pig. 8) of blael: or blue silkworm gut,
the endg projecting from the angles of the wound without being
tied.
The skin layer is closed by the subcuticular suture of red
silkworm gut already described. (Fig 4.)
The suturing of Pou part's ligament to the conjoined tendon,
by edge to edge apposition, as ia the typical Bassini operation,
can be accomplished by a continuous herring bone suture (Fig. 9)
of silkworm gut tied at each end in the ligament with the reverse
bow-knot.
The suturing of Pouparfs ligam^-nt io the conjoined tendon
by a continuous mattress suture (Fig. 10) of silkworm gut tied at
either end in the ligament, produces the same apposition of tis
sues as in the Halstead operation with the buried interrupted
mattress suture of silver wire.
In general, the advantages of this method of suture are:
(1) Certainty that all suture or ligature material placed in
the wound has been made sterile by boiling in water.
(2) Accurate layer approximation of tissue.
(3) Removal of the buried sutures when healing is complete.
(4) Capillary drainage from each layer.
(5) Safety of intestines from injury during the application of
the sutures.
((■)) Rapidity of application.
(7) Minimum line of irritation on the peritoneal surface and
consequent adhesions to the viscera.
(8) Slight scar in the skin, there being no perforation of the
skin by sutures.
f
Fig. 6. — Basting- suture uniting Poupai^t's ligament to conjoined tendon in
the imbricating operation for hernia.
Fig. 7. — Basting suture uniting Poupart's ligament to conjoined tendon
tied in position.
Fig. 8. — Suture of fascia of external oblique muscle to Poupart's ligament
over the cord by continuous herring-bone suture.
Fig. 9.^Suture of Poupart's ligament to conjoined tendon by continuoui-
herring-bone suture, producing edge to edge apposition
as in Bassini's operation.
•J
Fig. 10.— Suture of Poupart's ligament to conjoined tendon by continuous
mattress suture, producing- the same apposition of tissue
as in Halstead's operation.
Suture of the Abdominal Widl. 421
(9) All of the advantages of a permanent buried suture with
out the danger of future irritation and extrusion of the knot.
(10) The advantages of an absorbable suture without the
danger of sepsis from the suture, and without producing a nidus
for septic germs from the blood current during absorption.
In the seven months following January 3, 1901, the date of
the initial use of the knot, I have used this method in eleven
median laparotomies, in eight appendectomies, in four ventral
herniotomies, and in seventeen inguinal herniotomies, all of my
abdominal operations that were closed without drainage, and ob-
tained sterile primary union in every case. The most recent of
t'lese cases being now six weeks from operation and safe from
suppuration.
The claim for originality which is maintained is not in the
use of a longitudinal suture, but in the tightly and securely tying
of a buried longitudinal suture which can be easily, removed
when healing is complete.
THE TEACHINGS AND INFLUENCE OF SAMUEL
HAHNEMANN.
By William E. Quine.
{Co7\tinued.)
Let us now switch off a few minutes to take a look at what
Hempel appropriately terms
"THE AUGEAN STABLE OF HOMEOPATHY."
We can do this without much effort by turning over the pages
of the book known by the euphonius, alliterative and high sound-
ing title, "The Pharmacopoeia Homeopathica Polyglottica."
I like to say that name. It makes me feel so— so "eddycated."^
It tickles me for the moment by giving me a delightful suspicion
that I am a classical cuss myself. "The Pharm-a-copoe-ia Hom-
e-o path i-ca Poly glot-tic a." Isn't it bewildering^
This entertaining book was published in 1873. It was writ-
ten by Dr. William Schwalbe of Leipsic and rendered into Eug-
lish by Dr. Suss Hahnemann, and into French by Dr. Alphoase
Noack. ("After you, my dear Alphonse.")
It differs in some important respects from the teachings of
Hahnemann. Its dilutions are made on the decimal scale instead
of on the centesimal. Tinctures, mostly ten per cent, prepara-
tions, are described as the "first potency;'" but "potency" is de-
fined as progressive dilution and weakening of medicines. There
is no hint anywhere that "a spirit like power" is developed in
them. Some of them are well known to you, but there are a few
that are unique and the exclusive property of homeopathy. Let
me mention them:
Apis (living bees, crushed). Apium Virus (sting and jioison
bag of the bee). Bufo (the poison of the dorsal glands of the
toad). Gadus Lota (the backbone of the codfish). Spiggurus
(the bristles from the abdomen of a hare). Bombyx (the dust
from the eggs of silkworms). Cancer (the crab, pounded living).
Hippomanes (slime adhering to the allantois of the mare in the
last months of gestation). Guano (the excrement of bii'ds). Cas-
tor equi. (the warts on horses' legs).
The following names refer to the poison of various species-
of snake: Crotalns, Naja Tripudians, Trigonoce]^halus, Liiche-
Teachings and Influence of Hahnemann. -t-3
sis, Viper, Elaps Corallinus, Amphisbaena and Bothrops Lanceo-
latus.
Several kinds of spider are included in the collection — the
living animals crushed: Aranea Avicularis, A. Diadema, Taran-
tula, Thrombidium and Thiridion.
There are also tv^o varieties of snail— the living animal
crushed: Helix Pomata and Limax Ater.
Lizards, scorpions, wasps, plant lice, wood lice, head lice,
beetles and bed bugs — the living animals crushed — contribute to
the display a pleasing variety, especially with the assistance of
Mephitis, the malodorous secretion of the skunk from the gland
under the root of the animal's tail — the blamedest place to look
for medicine I ever heard of I
Mephitis! I wo^ider how they collect that stuff, anyway. Do
they send an innocent D. J. after it, or does the old man go him-
self? Picture him sallying forth with an umbrella in one hand
and a homeopathic vial in the other, while the jDroprietor of the
drug store watches his approach from the roof of the hen-coop
with twinkling eyes and expanding smile that say as plainly as
words can speak, "Ah, there?" But we must draw the curtain.
A proper regard for the sacredness of human life will not allow
me to take you further. Permit me to explain:
Some years ago, on going home
Prom a homeopathic talk,
I saw a student writhing
In convulsions on the walk.
His comrades then upbore him
And took him to his cot;
There, listening to his demoniac shrieks.
They sot, and sot, and sot.
"Five days and nights they watched beside
That very wretched man;
So now, you see, I dare not be
As funny as I can.'"
I do not know how extensively homeopaths use these things.
But I do know that homeopathic literature is full of eulogistic
references to them and that among the contributors of such tes-
timonials are several homeopathic professors of this city. In-
deed, "The American HomeoiDathic Pharmacopoeia" of Boericke
and Tafel, which is the most authoritative publication of the kind
424 The Plexus.
uo\7 iu force, treats many of them as remedies of standard value.
What is more. Dr. Samuel Swan, a New York dealer in homeop-
athic delicacies, is advertising this very day, among his choicest
specialties, "Pus from caries of the os calcis; Pas from rectal
abscesses; Vomito, or blood vomited by yellow fever patients;
Luna, or moonlight; Helios, or sunlight; Pediculus capitis, and
Pediculus corporis, from Boston."'
I do not mention these things for the purpose of provoking
either laughter or disgust. I merely include them in the view I
have to offer of modern homeopathy and I do it to show you the
length to which weak-minded enthusiasts will go when dominated
by unreasoning belief in mystical theories.
Having investigated the "Augean Stable," let us take a bath
and change our clothes and then resume the consideration of the
doctrinal foundations of the "new school."
Hahnemann's idea of potency is now almost universally re-
pudiated by his professed followers. The fact that the decimal
scale of attenuation is rapidly displacing the centesimal is proof
of this. The most authoritative homeopathic writers of the day
specifically deny that any "new power" is imparted to medicines
by attenuation and trituration, or by attenuation and shaking.
Hempel is one of them. He says: "The preparation of our
attenuations has been considerably modified. Instead of taking
one grain or drop of medicine to ninety-nine grains of sugar of
milk, or ninety-nine drops of alcohol, ten grains or drops are
taken to ninety of the vehicle."
That is to say: Potency and not medicine does the curing.
The more potency and the less medicine the better. And yet our
author lessens the potency and increases the medicine ten fold in
the first attenuation, a hundred in the second, a thousand in the
thi)-d, and so on in regular progression! I leave you to reason
out for yourselves the significance of this pharmaceutic soramer-
sault; and while you are doing it allow me to continue the quo-
tation: "If attenuations are used first without previous satura-
tion of the organism by the concentrated tincture of the drug,
perceptible symptoms are scarcely ever obtained beyond the
third attenuation."
Exac'ly. But what about the millions of alleged "provings"
■with the tkirtieth attenuation? Our author characterizes them
as "The tens of thousands of puerile and utterly useless triviali-
ties that have excited the derision of both friend and foe. Our
Teachings and Influence of Halinemnnn. , \2^
materia medica is flooded with a deluge of trifling, unmeaning, and
unreliable symptoms. Such men as Hering, Boeninghauseu and
Gros fanned the incipient aberration into a perfect fury of symp-
toms hunting. Not one of Bering's provings will stand the test
of critical analysis."
In volume I., page 59 of the same work the authoi*. in dis-
cussing Hahnemann's "provings,"" says: "It seems incredible
that such a mass of vague, childish, ill-defined symptoms as are
recorded in the four volumes on 'Chronic Diseases' should have
been accepted by sober-minded men as the effects of dru^-s."'
On page 119 of the same volume the author remarks: "We
infer no new powers are developed by the homeopathic method
of preparing drugs except such as arise from mere division of
their particles; and that all ideas respecting spiritualization,
dynamization and magnetism in the preparation of medicines are
erroneous and untenable.""
Of course. That's what I say. But what of your millions
of "cares"" wrought by those dynamizations? "Inventions, ev-
eryone,""
Observe the quibblingof the author on page 789: "Potency,"
he says, "has not reference to quantity but to curative adapta-
tion of drugs to diseases; and Lobethal and Gros insist on the
privilege of giving any dose they please, from the actual dose of
the old school to the highest dilution of which any medicine is
capable.'"
That is the policy of up-to-date homeopaths generally. They
vociferously claim and freely exercise the right to give any dose
they please and they hold themselves sufficiently loyal to the
teachings of Hahnemann w^hen they go through the motions of
prescribing according to the "law of similars.'"
That I am not overstating the extent of the repudiation of
the Hahnemannic tenets by his professed disciples will be seen
from a few other quotations from standard homeopathic litera-
ture.
Rau says, on page 158 of his "Organon:"" "We attenuate
medicines to diminish their excessive action."
That statement is doubtless true. But Hahnemann attenu-
ated medicines to develop "potency'" in them — "a hitherto un-
known, undreamtof change." Was he mistaken? If so, what is
to be said of the millions of "cures" wrought by him and his
early disciples by the tenth potency or thirtieth attenuation?
426 The Phj'us.
Bakody, of BudaPesth, says: "The dilution of a medicine
should not be carried to a point beyond scientific recognition.'"
That means, if it means anything, that you cannot expect
any effect from a dilution unless it contains an appreciable quan-
tity of medicine, and the statement is, by implication, unequivo-
cal repudiation of the idea of potency.
Dr. Charles Neidhard, in an essay on the "Universality of
the Homeopathic Law of Cure," states that "For some peculiar
diseases the homeopathic law requires us to give large doses."
Indeed? But what about the declaration of Hahnemann that
"It holds good and will continue to hold good as a homeopathic
therapeutic maxim, not to be refuted by any experience in the
world, that the best dose of the properly selected medicine is
always the very smallest in one of the high dynamizations?"
And what about his declaration that "When large doses eifect a
cure that is proof against the homeopathicity of the medicine?"
The late Professor R. Ludlam, President of the Hahnemann
Medical College and beloved and honored by all who knew him,
in the course of a doctorate address, delivered more than twenty-
five years ago, and published in the "Investigator"" soon aftei%
said: "When you are fairly launched on the sea of experience,
the false lights that are set up in our literature will often deceive
and disappoint you. You will be very slow to believe that the
provings and reported cures are composed of one part fact and
twenty parts fiction. This species of experience is full of the
self saturation of the quack; it toys with our confidence and tri-
fles with human life: it makes a permanent record of credulity
and ignorance, and will testify against us in the years that are to
come."" (Condensed.)
What an exposition of homeopathy is this! Between Pro-
fessor Ludlam and me there is not the slightest difference con-
cerning the points alluded to. What did he say about the re-
ported cures? "Ninety-five per cent, fiction!"' And yet Pro-
fessor Reuben Ludlam was the most eminent homeopath in the
world in his day!
In his admirable book on "Diseases of Women"" he reveals
very dubious loyalty to the law of similars and supreme indiffer-
ence to the idea of potency. On page 804 he recommends, in the
treatment of hysteria, — camphor, ammonia, musk, chloroform,
ether, alcohol, sinapisms, warm baths, vigorous rubbings, dash-
ing of cold water on the head or spine, electricity, and rectal in-
leachlngs and Influence of Hahnemann. 527
jections of valerian, without saying a word about "potency,"
"similars,"' or dose. On page 814 he recommends, in the treat-
ment of hysterical paralysis, — friction, electricity, animal mag-
netism, the movement cure, the health lift, bathing, exercise,
travel, the careful use of stimulants, ignatia, gelsemium, bella-
donna, ergot and phosphorus, without any reference to dose or
potency. On page 827 he suggests, as the proper treatment of
spinal irritation, belladonna, atropine, aconite, veratrum album,
gelsemium, nux vomica, and colchicum; camphorated oil as a lin-
iment, and arnica and hamamelis as lotions; porous plasters; dry
cupping and Faradization; and all this without a word about sim-
ilia, single medicines, potencies, infinitesimal doses, or anything
else homeopathic. The work, as a whole, is splendid and worthy
of a place in any library; but the author leaves an uncomforta-
ble impression on the mind that he was a terribly promiscuous
and vigorous old school doctor.
Professor Wesselhoeft, of Boston, — the home of the pedicu-
lus corporis, — said in a lecture before the Boylston Medical Soci-
ety of Harvard University, in 18H5: "The dose does not deter-
mine the "pathy, ■' and one may be a homeopathist who uses com-
paratively large doses, while another may be an allopathist, or
regular physician, if you please, although he uses comparatively
minute doses. Provided the remedy be selected homeopathic -
ally, who cares whether one drop or twenty of a tincture or a
grain of the twentieth attenuation be used?'"
With all possible respect I should say that an honest and
consistent disciple of Hahnemann would care a great deal; for
Hahnemann declares that "it holds good and will continue to
hold good as a homeopathic therapeutic maxim, not to be refuted
by any experience in the world, that the best dose of the prop-
erly selected remedy is always the very smallest in one of the
high dynamizations." And he also says that when large doses of
a medicine effect a cure of disease, that is jjviina facie evidence
against the homeopathicity of the medicine. Wesselhoeft's spe-
cious argument deceives nobody. He is not a disciple of Hahne-
mann at all and his utterances show only too plainly the quib-
blings of insincerity.
With the proofs before you of the repudiation of the doc-
trines of Hahnemann by his professed followers you are prepared
to contemplate some of their characteristic practices.
In the Investigator, 1, 7, p. 368,, a writer describes how he
42S The Plexus.
administered five drops of Norwood's tincture of veratrum viride
every fifteen minutes, followed by fifteen grains of quinine, in
the treatment of malarial fever. And he then declares ecstatic-
ally: '-I was never so delighted with the action of medicines in
my life."'
Idem, 4, 9, p. 397, Dr. Morse, of Memphis, also gives warm
testimony in favor of the administration of the same medicines
in exactly the same way and dosage.
Idem, 1, 9, p. 421, Dr. Black describes the cure of puerperal
fever with ten grains doses of hyposulphite of sodium, repeated
every two hours.
Idem, 4, 12, p. 548, Professor E. M. Hale accomplishes the
same feat with three-grain doses of salicylic acid, given every
four hours; and he also recommends (1, 7, p. 486) three drops of
Norwood's Tincture "frequently repeated" in sthenic excitement
of the circulation.
Idem, 4, 12, p. 550, Dr. Navarro, after denouncing the mur-
derous doses of quinine employed by allopaths, blushingly ad-
mits that he has given as much as two scruples for a dose him-
self.
Idem, 1. 7, p. 35, Dr. Bird — and he was a bird— relates how
he got the better of a tape-worm with a quarter of a pound of
pumpkin seeds.
If you see anything of "similia'" or of "potency" in these il-
lustrations please tell me where it is. In the price list of Boer-
icke and Tafel, the most extensive manufacturers and venders of
homeopathic supplies in the world, issued in September, 1895. I
find mentioned, among numerous other products of like kind, the
following list of hypodermic tablets:
Nitrate of aconitia, gr. 1-50; muriate of apomorphine, gr.
1-10; arsenite of potassium, gr. 1-20; sulphate of atropine, gr.
1-50; sulphate of codeine, gr. i; corrosive sublimate, gr. 1-20;
sulphate of hyoscymia, gr. 1-25; sulphate of morphine, gr, ^;
sulphate of strychnine, gr. 1-25; then a compound tablet con-
taining sulphate of morphine, gr. ^, and sulphate of atropine, gr.
1-120. These things, and scores of others like them, are pre-
pared for homeopaths. The smallest doses mentioned in the list
are found in tablets, each of which represents one drop of a con-
centrated mother tincture of approximately the strength of our
fluid extracts.
It is plain that the homeopaths of to day pay no more atten-
Teachings and Influence of HaJinemann. 429
tention to "potency" and "similia" in actual practice than! do.
The facts furnished by themselves convict them of duplicity and
fraud in that they keep homeopathy alive by giving it credit for
the successes wrought by non-homeopathic remedies.
There are two minor parts of the Hahnemannic creed that
deserve passing attention. One of them limits the privilege of
the physician to the administration of but one medicine at a time.
It is known in homeopathic parlance as
"THE SINGLE SIMPLE MEDICINE."
"In no case," says the "master," "is it requisite to adminis-
ter more than one single medicine at one time. The true physi"
bian never thinks of giving more than one article at a time."
Notwithstanding this dictum, it is doubtful whether its au-
thor ever administered a single simple medicine in his life — using
the word "medicine"" as he used it. The sugar of milk employed
by him as a diluent contained from 1.3 per cent, to 4.5 per cent,
of the phosphate, carbonate and sulphate of calcium, and these
ingredients were potentized at the same time as the medicine
which had been added to the sugar of milk. Moreover, the pes-
tle and mortar used in making the attenuations had particles of
their substance, — consisting chiefly of silex, — worn off and in-
corporated into the saccharine mixture and duly potentized every
time they were ground together. We have already learned what
a terrible thing potentized carbonate of calcium or chalk is; and
yet it was contained in every triturate that Hahnemann adminis-
tered. Silex, too, when potentized, is not to be trifled with, for,
according to Jahr, it causes three hundred and seventy two
symptoms, among them the following: "Melancholy and dispo-
sition to weep; anxiety and agitation; taciturnity; scruples of
conscience and repugnance to labor." And yet every triturate of
Hahnemann's contained attenuations of silex I
Furthermore, the water used by homeopaths as the vehicle
of administration is not a simple substance. Every natural
whaler — even rain water — contains chalk and other impurities; and
these impurities have been in process of potentization for count-
less ages by the ceaseless movement of the water containing
them.
But perhaps it is unnecessary to discuss the qusstion seri-
ovsly for, no matter what importance Hahnemann attached to it,
it long ago ceased to be regarded by his avowed disciples as a
430 The Plexus.
vital part of the homeopathic philosophy. I do not make this
statement without authority.
For example, Rau says, on page 176 of his Organon: "If
different systems and organs be affected, the cure is promoted by
giving two remedies, one of which corresponds to one, and the
other to the other affection, in alternation. There are compounds
which have become standard remedies in our pharmacopoeia, and
which we have a right, to retain because we are fully acquainted
with their therapeutic use."'
Hempel remarks, on page 87 of volume I: "We hear of phy-
sicians using four and even six medicines, not only in the same
case, but at the same time, alternating them in regular order;
and Lux, in a late publication, has proposed to mix the remedies
instead of alternating them."
That the proposition of Lux has been received kindly by his
confreres is clearly demonstrated by theiprice lists of Boericke
and Tafel, already referred to, in which^I now find "compound
tablets" advertised as follows:
1. Phosphide of zinc, gr. j'^.; extract of nux vomica, gr, i;
Arsenious acid, gr. 4^.
2. Corrosive sublimate, gr. -g'jj; sulphate of strychnine, gr.
^u; Iron powder, gr. 1.
3. Pulverized opium, gr. i:: Tartar emetic, gr. Jg; Calomel,
gr. i-
4. Tincture of digitalis, m. 8; Tincture of strophanthus, m.
2; in the form of tablets.
5. Santonin, gr. \\ Calomel, gr. \.
6. Corrosive sublimate, gr. ^\\ Extract of belladonna, gr.
yV; Muriate of strychnine, gr. -^\.
7. Podophyllum, gr. |; Leptandrin, gr. i.
8. Sulphate of morphine, gr. i; Sulphate of atropine,
Of r* . 1 _
& ' • 1 5 U •
9. Red iodide of mercury, gr. j^^; Pulverized ipecac, gr. tV.
10. Sulphate of quinine, gr. 4-; Sulphate of morphine, gr.
gV, : Sulphate of strychnine, gr. ^\j; Arsenious acid, gr. s\,5 Ex-
tract of aconite, gr. !.
This list of compound tablets includes about two liundred
combinations prepared exclusively for the "disciples" of Hahne-
mann; hence, it cannot be maintained that the differences be-
tween these "disciples" and plain doctors in respect to the num-
Teachings and Influence of Hahnemann. 431
ber of medicines which they use at one time are any greater than "
those existing between individual homeopaths, or individual
"regulars."' All intelligent physicians avoid complexity in pre-
scriptions as far as possible, but they do not subordinate efticacy
to simplicity when prescribing for the sick.
The last part of the homeopathic "platform" to be consid-
ered is
THE PATHOL3GY OF HAHNEMANN.
I shall say but little about this because there is not now a
person in the world who accepts it. I must, however, refer to it
in order to give completeness to my exposition of the entire
"system."
Hahnemann's pathology was, apparently, deliberately manu-
factured to fit his therapeutics. It has not, as a basis, one min-
ute of actual investigation. It consists of a curious mixture of
spiritualism and materialism. He ridicules allopaths for trying
to discover the causes and the nature of diseases by looking in-
side the body; for the causes are immaterial or spirit-like, and
hence beyond human ken, and the diseases are mere spirit-like
aberrations of the vital force. Hence causes and effects being
spirit-like, it is not only useless but foolish to spend valuable
time trying to find them.
"Diseases," he says, "are produced only by the morbidly
disturbed vital force; hence they are nonentities."
They do not consist of the effects of invading micro-organ-
isms, nor of a toxemia of any kind; they do not have distinctive
individuality; they do not have, each for itself, any specific na"
ture, nor any particular life history; they are nonentities.
Hahnemann rebukes the "old school doctors" for studying
normal anatomy, physiology and pathological anatomy, and for
presuming to attempt to apply conclusions deduced from such
study to the management of diseases. These cannot be treated
in their entirety for they have none. Diagnosis is, therefore, a
delusion and the microscope is the toy of fools. Physiological
chemistry has no connection with the profession of the doctor.
He is to treat symptoms as they arise. That is all.
The "master's" conception of pathology is expressed in the
following words: "By placing into one class all protracted dis-
eases arising from the unwholesome habits of living, together
with the countless drug diseases produced by . the persistent and
debilitating treatment often employed by old school doctors in
432 The Plexus
trifling disorders, we shall find that all other chronic diseases
without exception are derived from the development of three
chronic miasms, internal syphilis, internal sycosis, but chiefly,
and in far greater proportion, internal psora. Each of these
must have pervaded the entire organism and penetrated all its
parts before the representative local symptoms peculiar to each
miasm makes its appearance. In by far the majority of cases,
psora [i. e. itch) is the sole and fundamental cause of chronic dis-
eases, whatever their names may be, and those are often dis-
torted and aggravated by allopathic treatment. They figure as
13eculiar and definite diseases in books on pathology under the
names of nervous debility, hysteria, hypochondriasis, mania,
melancholy, idiocy, madness, epilepsy and convulsions of all
kinds, softening of bones, caries of bones, cancer, gout, varices,
hemorrhoids, icterus, cyanosis, dropsy, amennorrhea, hemorr-
hage from the stomach, nose, bladder, lungs or uterus; asthma
and suppuration of the lungs, impotence and sterility; sick head-
ache, deafness, cataract and glaucoma; renal calculus; paralysis,
deficiency of special senses and pains of every kind."
There is no such thing as a strictly local disease. Condi-
tions so designated are out croppings of a general internal or
constitutional morbid state — the miasm emanating from internal
syphilis, sycosis or psora.
Such out-croppings, whether they appear in the eye, nose,
or elsewhere, are never to be treated by local applications. To
quote Hahnemann's w^ords:
"When an old school physician acting under the impression
that he is curing the whole disease destroys the local symptoms
by external remedies, nature will offset it by awakening and ex-
tending the internal disease, and all the dormant symptoms
which had previously co-existed with the local affection. Local
methods of treatment hitherto so common are pernicious in their
results. ■■
The grotesqueness of these vagaries is mitigated by the fact
that in Hahnemann's time it was not known that psora or itch
was caused by a parasite burrowing in the skin, — and hence is
purely local — , and that sycosis, also, is of a purely local and
parasitic nature; and as tne ignorance of that time is no part of
modern homeopathy, and as Hahnemann's pathology has even
ceased to be laughed at by the sensible people of the world, I
shall quietly pass it by,
Teachings and Influence, of Hahnemann. 433
That is al] I have to say on Hahnemann's teachings. The
whole system of homeopathy was his creation. It was complete
and perfect in every part when it left his brain. No one has ad-
ded a single precept to it since his time and no one has authority
to take a jDrecept away.
But we are told that "Homeopathy is advancing."
Yea, verily, it is advancing — away from Hahnemann.
Every step in advancement has been an act of repudiation of
some of his teachings.
1. The psoric-spiritualistic pathology is out of sight.
2. "Potency'" is repudiated and alkaloids have taken its
place in the medicine-cases of the faithful.
3. The "provings" with potencies are now rib-ticKling com-
icalities and the statistics of homeopathy are a it)aring farce.
4. "The single, simple medicine"' idea is an outcast child.
5. Local treatment for local ailments is now conscientiously
expounded and exemplified by homeopathic teachers and is un-
hesitatingly used by all homeopathic practitioners.
G. "Grafting" is never mentioned now except in the ward
of Hinky Dink and Bat'-House John.
7. The Augean stable is less obtrusive than it was.
8. Like may cure like, — but it does not have to.
What is left of the Hahnemannic system is "advanced hom-
eopathy."
Hahnemann was not a discoverer; he was a theorist. Al-
though he has not added a single fact of importance to man's
store-house of knowledge and although every one of his precepts
has been trampled upon and disowned by his professed followers,
excepting the few who are unable to keep up with the "advanc-
ing" procession, — he has nevertheless achieved a noble work.
He found in vogue a therapeutic system, rock-rooted to the
authorities of antiquity and prohibitive of further investigation.
He broke the shackles of slavery to tradition and tnose of his
brethren whom he did not himself enslave were left without a
''master," and free to think for themselves.
He banished the lancet and other therapeutic weapons of
destruction.
By withholding medicines and using potencies he not only
promoted the study of the natural history of diseases but proved
that many of them end in recovery without the aid of any medi-
cines.
434 The Plexus
Although the provings of himself and his disciples are noyr
scoffed at by the whole scientific world, it must be admitted that
they represent a!] genuine effort to elucidate the physiological
action of medicines, — a field of investigaiion now recognized as
profoundly important.
He gave ajpowerful blow to the polypharmacy of his time
and demonstrated the prudence of small doses and the wisdom of
simplicity in combinations.
He gave^a stirringTimpetus to pharmacy, — for his sugar pel-
lets were so easily swallowed and smelled that his competitors
for popular favor were compelled to discard their nauseous de..-
coctions and boluses and electuaries and devise more eligible
preparations for administration to the sick.
Now^ who will deny that the medical profession of the world
owes a debt of gratitude to Samuel Hahnemann?
Would that his influence had been limited to the develop-
ment of the healing art! But, alas! The rose-bush has its
thorns and Hahnemann had a rancorous personality which ex-
uded hate and strife from every pore. He had a sharp eye for
the weaknesses of his predecessors, but he was blind, — blind
with a bigotry and egotism that would not see, — to their claims
upon his respect and gratitude. He was incapable of nobility of
bearing but capable of descending to the level of the curb- stone
mountebank.
The acrimony of his denunciation and the virulency of his
defamation of those who were unable to agree with him resulted,
as it would do today, in a war of extermination. I say "Similia."
You say "Contraria.'' Therefore let us snarl and squabble and
hate, and thus do honor to a "liberal" profession.
Independent and courageous himself, Hahnemann, like our
own Dowie, was insanely intolerant of independence in others.
To his early disciples he was "The Sage," — "The Master."
Nothing less than unconditional surrender and servitude would
satisfy him and nothing less than insulting epithets had he for
those who refused to bend the knee.
He was a man of prodigious industry and force but lacking
in mental and moral solidity. A visionaire, a rattle-brained the-
orist.— an irresponsible inventor of fantastic dogmas. His gen-
uine disciples have always been of like mental cast and they are
so today. Dreamers of dreams, — ecstatic mystics, like Christian
Scientists, who are charmed with the incom-prehensible subtle-
leacJiings and Influence of Hahnemann. 435
"ties of their own imaginings and prone to paroxysms of vocal
convulsions. They are would be philosophers, — prolifio of as-
sertion but barren as to proofs.
They have held the stage a hundred years and strutted and
vaunted as the ineffable exemplars of the "new school;'' but in
all that time have not contributed one fact of consequence — of
such consequence as to be recognized by the whole world of
science, — to any department of human knowledge.
But things have changed. The tottering form of Hahne-
mannism is being pressed aside by its sturdy young cousin.
Christian Science. The hollowness and sham of modern homeo-
pathy is getting to be painful to its exponents, — and to some of
them, unendurable. These want to cut loose from sectarian ties
and join the ranks of the general profession. This they find
hard to do. They began in good faith. Some of them were
born homeopaths just as some of us were born protestants or
catholics. There are no Hahnemannic homeopaths now, if we
except a few antique remnants of a former age who are so blind
and deaf they cannot learn. [ do not believe there are a dozen
consistent Hahnemannians in Chicago today. I have been told
within a week by an esteemed friend who is a prominent member
of the homeopathic staff of the Cook County Hospital and a
broad-minded non- sectarian practitioner, that in the past year of
his service he has not known a homeopathic interne to give one
dose of a homeopathic remedy. Such men are "regular,"' — but I
-despise that word, — in everything but name. Many of them
especially the older ones, feel compelled to go through life as
they began — and I can not blame them.
What have they to gain by publicly renouncing homeopathy
and allying themselves with non-sectarian medicine?
"The approval of conscience, the luxury of isolation and the
privilege of beginning life anew."'
What have they to lose?
"Friendships, college positions, hospital positions, property
interests, the consultation patronage of their homeopathic breth-
ren, and, perhaps, some of their lay clientele."
Before them is a frowning army of "regulars," from whom
they would get but precious little cheer, to say nothing about a
generous recognition of the heroism of their sacrifice.
Behind them is a smaller army of scowling, quondam
friends, indignant and resentful of their treason.
436 Ihe Plexus.
Cat bono? Would you have the courage to take the step?
And yet some homeopaths of standing have done it and some
are doing it now. If these want my help they will get the best
I have to give. I make .obeisance to them, — for I could do no
better and possibly would not do as well.
For the younger exponents of homeopathy it would not be
so hard. They have little or nothing of material value to lose
and there is much tor them to gain. Many of these graduate
every year from the regular colleges of this city and at once
enter the general profession. I know of several sons and more
distant relatives of homeopathic ex-professors, including the
the sons of Carroll Dunham, a man of great and deserved emin-
ence in his day, in whose honor the Dunham Medical College of
this city is named, who, from the first day of their career as stu-
dents have identified themselves with the general profession.
The barriers are falling. There is expectancy in the air.
The attitude of the organized medical profession in relation to
homeopathy is rapidly improving, and in our own State is now
as courteous and gentle as could be desired. Any respectable
"irregular" — no matter what sort of a diploma he holds,— who is
licensed to practice in Illinois may join the State Society upon
renouncing his sectarian name,- — and thereafter be as free as he
is now, — to do reverence to "similia" or to "potency,' — or to
the penetrating virtues of cimex lectularius, — the pensive bed bug
of the West Side. '
God speed the movement!
There is but little ground for discord between "regular" and
homeopath now. True, considerations of personal interest may
bind the latter to his sectarian connections, but Hahnemann does
not bother him any more than he bothers me. The homeopaths
I know, with, perhaps, two exceptions, pay but little more atten-
tion to the "doctrine of similars" than I, and not any more atten
tion than I to the Hahnemannic conception of potency.
They are intelligent men, with the progressive spirit of the
age and city in which they live, who will not be hampered by
compulsion to follow any "master," but will use all the resources
of the healing art, untrammeled by creed and with all the capa-
city of their minds and hearts, to the glory of God arid the bene-
fit of their fellowmen.
Then let us pray
That come it may
Teachings and Influence of Halintmann. 4^7
As come it will
For a' that,
When truth and worth
O'er a" the earth
Will bear the gree
And a' that.
And a' that,
And a' that.
It's comin' yet,
For a' that;
When man to man
The warld o'er
Will brithers be
And a' that.
THE NEW TERM SYSTEM.
The policy now in force of dividing the year into three terms
of equal length and importance, and of permitting students to
matriculate at the beginning of any term and to finish the re-
quirements for graduation at the end of any term, has re-
sulted in so many complications and grievous misunderstandings,
that the faculty has decided to return to the old policy of holding
one required annual course of instruction beginning about Octo-
ber 1st and running eight months; and an optional summer
course in which scholarship credits but no time credits may be
earned.
The contemplated change will not effect the summer term of
1902, which will be similar to the summer term of 1901. "Part A"
of the curriculum will be offered to Freshmen and Sophomore
students and "Part B"" to the Juniors and Seniors.
The annual required course beginning about October 1st of
this year will be divided into two equal parts. Finish courses
will be given in "Part A"' in the first half, and in "PartB" in the
second half. This arrangement is intended for the accomoda-
tion of students already in the college and those who matriculate
for the ensuing summer term who may have to attend a four
months' session in order to complete a year's work. All other
students who matriculate ia September will matriculate for the
required annual course of instruction.
The term system, as an educational scheme, has proven un-
satisfactory. When students finish "Part A" of any branch, they
dismiss that from their minds and forget much of it within the
year. Seniors recognize this fact and even now are welcoming
review quizzes on some of the parts given in the last fall term in
order to be ready for examining boards when they graduate. If
the whole field of "practice" or of any other branch were ex-
tended over a single term of eight months, the teacher would
then have an opportunity to maintain review quizzes through-
out the entire course of instruction, and at the end of it students
"would be as fresh in one part of the field as in any other.
It is not so now. Wm. E. Quine.
THE PLEXUS
COLLEGE OF PHYSICIANS AND SURGEONS
MEDICAL DEPARTMENT
UNIVERSITY OF ILLINOIS.
CHICAGO.
Plexus Committee of Faculty.
T. A. DAVIS, IM. D,. D. A. K. STEELE, M. D., F. GREGORY CONNELL, M. D.
H. C. WADDLE, 03, Editor-ia-Chief.
Supt. W H BROWNE, W. T. ECKLEY, M. D., D. N. EISENDRATH, M. D.
W. A. EVANS, M. D., H. W. BERARD, M. D., A. GERHMANN, M D,
Associate Editor, L. HARRISON METTLER, M. D.
Local Editors, P. E. GRABOW, '02, R. L. ELDREDGE, '03.
Class Editors:
F. H. HORNI BROOK, 02 B. S. MALOY, 03 F. L WOOD, 04. J. P. BROWNE, 05.
Faculty Department, DR. F. B. EARLE- Clinical Laboratory Dept-, DR. W. E. COATES
Alumni Editor, DR. C. C. O'BYRNE, '94 Clinical Department, C. E. DIKE, '02
Athletic " H. H. EVERETT, '02 Library Department. METTA M. LOOMIS.
Advertising Solicitors, R. E. BROWN, '02. H. H. FRUDENFELD, '02,
Publisher, ------ H. C. WADDLE.
Subscription $1.00 per Annum in advance. Single copies, 15 cents. Issued Monthly
Send all remittances and communications as to subscriptions and advertising to H. C.
WADDLE, f^or. Congress and Honore Sts.
Entered at Chicago Post Office as Second-Class Matter.
Any subscriber desiring the Journal discontinued at the expiration of his subscription
should so notify the Publishers; otherwise it will be assumed thai the subscription is to be
continued and the Journal sent accordingly.
Contributions of matter suitable for publicaticn are invited, and should be sent in not
a ter than the 25th of ihe month previous to that of publication. The publishers will not hold
themselves responsible for the safe return of MSS unless sufficient stamps are forwarded.
Dr. Charles Davison, the author of the leadhig article in this
i.?sue of The Plexus, is a graduate of the Northwestern Medi-
cal College of the class of 1883. After graduation he spent one
year as interne in Cook County Hospital.
Dr. Davison was one of the founders of the West Side Hos-
pital, where he is now attending surgeon, and of the Chicago
Clinical school, where he is now Professor of Surgery, He is on
the Cook County staff and surgeon to Cook County Hospital.
He was formerly Professor of Surgical Anatomy in the Col
lege of Physicians and Surgeons, and now has the position of
Adjunct Professor of Clinical Surgery in the P. and S. College.
4*0 The Plexus.
Dr. Davison is not only a very successful and well known
surgeon, but possesses the very happy faculty of imparting his
knowledge in a very clear, definite and concise manner in his
clinics and in his classes, thus making'his work very satisfactory
from the student standpoint.
During the past month we have sent out statements to those
indebted to us, but up to date have not heard from more than 25
per cent, of them. If you have received one and have not as
yet attended to it, you will conferi quite a favor upon us by doing
so at once.
The following is the sentiment of an alumnus and it should
be the sentiment of every alumnus. We have received similar
expression from a number of our subscribers:
"The Plexus is a welcome visitor at my desk, and it is grat-
ifying to note through its columns the continued advanced posi-
tion our Alma Mater is taking in her equipment for modern
teaching of scientific medicine on a rational. basis. The advances
being made give evidence of being the result, not of one man's
energies, but of the best effort of many men who are each well
trained to fill their several respective capacities. Long live the
college of P. and S., and may the quality of its work continue to
grow better and more practically scientific, and then the quantity
will be self- regulating.
"Undoubtedly The Plexus has a part in the work, which
cannot be lightl}^ passed by, and it appears to be rising to the
occasion. ■'
ALUMNI NOTES.
'88. W. F. Malone, 333 Greenbush St., Milwaukee, has yet
great interest in The Plexus as his sentiments are: "The
Plexus should be supported by every Alumnus of the P. and S."
"89. B. W. Rogers is now located at 539 Van Buren St., Mil-
waukee, Wis.
'91. E. E. Maxey has moved to Boise, Idaho, from Caldwell,
Idaho, having formed a partnership with Dr. L. P. McCalla.
'93. Dr. H. H. Clark is enjoying his practice at Watertown,
S. Dak.
'93. D. E. Arnold of Hecla, S. Dak., says: "The Plexus
is the first journal read when it reaches me."
'93. Hegge, Austin, Minn., was a recent visitor at his
Alma Mater.
'94. L. J. Isaacs is located at 24 Adelaide St., West Toronto,
Ontario, Canada, and is connected with Canadian Ophthalmic
College.
'94. D. W, Evans is located at 217 N. Main Ave., Scranton,
Pa.
'97. S. B. Dickenson is enjoying a nice practice at Water-
town, S. Dak. The doctor is a very loyal Alumnus and has a
"Hurrah! for the P. & S."
'97. H. M. Hall, Millersburg, Ind., is a most loyal support
of his Ahr^a Mater and The Plexus. The Plexus is a very
welcomed visitor with him.
"98. O. E. Wald, who took second honors in his class, after
having taken a post graduate course in Johns Hopkins, is now
serving as interne in Augustana Hospital, Chicago.
"98. L. L. Cahill is located at Elizabethtown, N. M. He runs
a drug store, is postmaster of the town, and is the only physician
in his part of the county.
"99. E. R. Whitmore has been transferred from Port Sheri-
dan, 111., to the Department of the Philippines, and is now on his
way there.
'99. G. F, Sheib is located at Fond du Lac, Wis.
'99. Lora L. Beedy, 808 Pratt Ave., Chicago.
"99. S. A. Yingst Howell— 805 Steinway Hall, Chicago.
'99. W. E. Long is located at Rockford, la.
442 . The Plexus.
'00. James J. Phalen passed through the city on the way to
the Philippines recently. He is in the U. S, army medical serv-
ice. He won the Von Hoff medal at the U. S. army medical
school, being the only western man in his class. '
'01. F, R. Loope of Ironwood, Mich., finds The Plexus a
most welcome visitor. He says he could not do without it.
'01. E. J. Brewer, Shabbona, 111., finds The Plexus an en-
joyable monthly visitor.
'02. M. Podgur is located at 63 E. 101st.- St., New York City.
'94. T. B. Hart, Raton, N. M., has recently been appointed
a member of State Board of Health.
'83. M. Robert Weidner, Dolton, 111., was re elected Presi-
dent of the village on Tuesday, April 15th, for the eighth time,
by a vote of 2^ to 1.
'94. P. Herriges has moved from Keil, Wis., to Cleveland,
Wis.
'95. O. T. Peterson, formerly of Northwood, N. Dak., was
a recent visitor at The Plexus office. The doctor spent three
years in Europe since graduation, chiefly at Berlin and Stock-
holm. He will be at Gibbon, Minn., for a short time.
"96. J. J. Straus, 3640 Cottage Grove Ave., Chicago, was a
recent visitor at The Plexus office. He finds things changed
very materially since he graduated.
'97. R. A. Whiffen, Anzerais Bldg., San Jose, Cal.
'97. C. D. Pence is now located at 859 Turner Ave., Chi
cago.
'98. C. B. King's only daughter, 10| months old, died Sat-
urday, April 19th. The Plexus extends sympathy.
'00. Harry Purcell was recently elected health officer of
Madison, Wis. There is a good salary attached to the position.
'01. D. C. Orcutt has received an appointment as interne in
Royal Opthalmic and King's Cross Hospitals, London, and leaves ~
on May 3 to take up his work.
'01. I. A. Parry is now located at Seattle, Wash. The
Plexus is a welcomed visitor to him.
LIBRARY NOTES.
Metta M. Loomis Librarian.
Several changes recently made in the Quine library is an
Indication of the continuous growth and expansion of this im-
portant department of the college.
The constant increase of books and periodicals has made it
necessary to secure additional shelf-room, which has been done
by fitting up the library work room as a stack room for the in-
completes, which consist of several thousand partial volumes of
domestic and foreign medical journals.
A new single drawer catalogue case has been placed in the
reference room and is a much needed addition to the library, as
the cards had become so crowded in the old case as to be a seri-
ous inconvenience in consulting the catalogue.
During the past few months the Quine Library has done a
large amount of exchanging with medical libraries in various
parts of the United States and Canada, thus completing and
adding to many sets of medical periodicals, transactions and re
ports of various medical societies. Gifts of old medical journals
both volumes and single numbers are always acceptable. They
are carefully assorted and disposed of in one of three ways:
complete volumes, not already in the library, are bound, classi-
fied and catalogued. Single numbers of volumes, not in the
library, are labeled and placed with the incompletes, there to
await other donations to complete the volume. Journals which
are already in the library are labeled and placed with the dupli-
cate collection, and as opportunity offers they are exchanged
with other medical libraries.
The following gifts to the Quine Library are gratefully
acknowledged:
Dr. Eisendrath — Four volumes of Progressive Medicine.
Dr. Santee — A complete set of Paediatrics.
Mr. Tomlinson— Tlie 1901-1902 edition of Who's Who in
A^merica.
The following contributions to medical literature have re-
cently been made by various members of the faculty of the Col-
lege of P. & S. :
Dr. W. A. Pusey — Report of cases treated with Roentgen
Rays; Journal of American Association, April 12, pages 911-919.
444 The Plexus.
The same article is also in Chicago Medical Recorder, April 15,
pages 266^304.
Dr. J. Walker — Further report of a previously recorded case
of blastomycosis; death, autopsy; Journal of American Medical
Association, April 5, pages 867-871.
Dr. D. N. Eisendrath — Accidents of Anaesthesia; Chicago
Medical Recorder, April 5, pages 318-329.
Dr. W. L. Ballenger— Radical Mastoid Operation for Chronic
Suppurative Otitis Media; Chicago Medical Recorder, April 5,
pages 318-329.
LEFT OVER FROM LAST MONTH.
The following articles have been contributed to various med-
ical journals by members of the faculty of the College of Physi-
cians and surgeons:
Dr. E. F. Wells, Exophthalmic Goitre. Chicago Medical
Recorder, Feb., pages 129-141.
Dr. J. M. Brown. The Diagnosis of Adenoids. Medical
Standard. March, pages 124-129.
Dr. A. P. Heineck. Fracture of Sternum, Scapula and
Clavical. Medical Standard, March, pages 123-129.
Dr. Chas. Davison. Suture of the Abdominal Wall. Anuals
o! Surgery, March, pages 297-303.
Dr. W. L. Ballenger. Some Defects of Speech of Peripheral
Origin. Chicago Medical Record, March, 1902.
Dr. G. F. Butler. King Richard III in How to Live, March,
pages 181-185. Paper read before Woman's Club, Alma, Mich.
Dr. C. A, Wood. Herman Von Helmholtz, the Inventor of
the Ophthalmascope. Journal of American Medical Association,
March, pages 552-558.
Dr. G. F. Lydston. Dr. Winfield Ayres" Experience with
Mercurol in the Treatment of Syphilis. Texas Medical Journal,
Feb., pages 284-288.
Dr. G. F. Lydston. True Function.
The Quine Library has been the recipient of a gift from Dr.
Allen Salter, of Lena, 111., of twenty-one volumes, about half of
which are medical Journals.
The following members of the faculty have kindly remem-
bered the library with valuable donations of medical journals
and reprints: Dr. H. P. Newman, Dr. E. F. Wells, Dr. Santee,
Dr. G. F. Suker, Dr. W. L. Ballenger.
SENIOR NOTES.
Seniors are trying very hard to answer correctly two very
important questions, namely, "Where are you going to locate?
and what particular branch of the science are you intending to
take up?" Seeking advice upon these questions from the differ-
ent professors and other medical friends, we get a variety of
opinions. Some say locate in the city; others tell us that the
country is the only place.
The old practitioners tell us that there are now too many men
in the "doctor's trade," and that starvation stares us in the face
the moment we attempt to rely upon it for support.
After very mature deliberation on this point we have decided
to advise the "02 graduates to pick out some "other" good trade,
say carpenter work, coal shoveling or, preferably, well-digging.
This would insure a livelihood. This advice should not, of course,
be taken by all. Mr, Kincaid, a half-breed Junior of night-school
fame, who has wild and fanciful pipe dreams, tells us of the great
sums he will make immediately on his professional entrance be-
fore the American people. He is going to make at least twenty
thousand the first year, with a certain yearly increase of a few
thousand. Surgery will be his specialty. We strongly advise
one Kincaid to stop smoking.
"Bob" Morris received first place in the competitive examin-
ation given for the selection of interns at St. Luke's hospital.
Mr. Morris goes on duty the first of June.
A number of students took the internship examination for a
place in the Alma Sanitarium. As yet no announcement has
been made as to the successful aspirant.
Mr. Helmey, in one of his brilliant recitations, informed the
professor that "exostosis" was the best operation for tubercular
knee-joint disease.
Mr. Mclntire uses the spectroscope for examining the interi-
or of the bladder.
Mr. Zohrlaut recently gave a lecture on hump-backed mos-
quitoes.
William Yates has gone into the telephone business.
Dr. Kimball is located at Stewart, 111.
446 The Plexus.
J. S. Brown is giving a review course in anatomy to Seniors.
Those who are taking advantage of these demonstrations com-
pliment Mr. Brown very highly upon his superb course of in-
struction.
Miss Standley has taken the state board examination at St.
Louis.
A class meeting was recently held in 406 to discuss the prop-
osition of paying alumni dues before our grand entrance into
that association. The majority seemed favorably impressed with
the idea.
The Senior class has invited Prof. Allen, of homeopathic
fame, to discuss the virtues of his trade in the college assembly
hall. The time of the demonstration is not yet announced.
Mr. Harroun is located in Denver, Col. We learn that the
gentleman still possesses an enormous practice.
Paterson is making a collection of placentaes. He now has
several put away in alcohol, and is looking for more. Any per-
son having any will be given a good price for the same on deliv-
ery at the gentleman's residence.
The benefit dance, given under the auspices of the Freshman
class, was well attended by Seniors, who report a very enjoyable
time. How would it be to have a benefit dance for the alumni?
They surely need the money.
Only three weeks more, and the faculty will have concluded
one of the greatest "labor cases'" ever on record in this institu-
tion. Of course we must expect a few "still borrs."' There will,
however, be no "premature births," they having been already
delivered. On the whole, they will be the most active bunch of
infants that ever asked for birth certificates. We fear that some
will be so patriotic, from birth, that they will insist upon imme-
diately contributing to the internal revenue.
Some members of the class, wishing to be remembered by
the good deeds left after them, have been discussing the advisa-
bility of leaving in the school building some memento that will
always be looked upon as a gift from the class of 1902. Those
we have interviewed upon the matter seem to favor the presen
tation of a clock for the library. This would certainly be a very
useful gift. As yet the class has taken no action upon the
matter.
JUNIOR NOTES.
How many have commenced to pack?
"Is that your natural voice, Mr. Fisher?''
Greaves says the best treatment for quinzy would be to "cut
'em."'
Von der Heydt (in med. jur.): "Why, the requirements of
marriage are that man and wife must be up to the standard."
Miss Kavaljian (answering question): "Ita tit iz a ita ze ita
itta-tit-ta-ta ze dena izda tit-ta tit ita tit sssstit uppz tit iz ita za
ta-ita-tu-ta-tit ittit-izz."
Prof, (slowly): "Y-e-s."
It is now thought that about fifty Juniors will take advantage
of the coming summer term of school.
W. E. Scarborough was somewh'Bt alarmed lately on account
of what he thought would eventually result in an infected hand.
Such was not the case, however, the trouble being only of short
duration.
Too late to note in last month's Plexus was the death in the
West Side Hospital of Mrs. J. W. Barnes, mother of C. E. Barnes
of the Junior class. Her death was the result of cerebral hem-
orrhage. Mr. Barnes has our most profound sympathy.
And now the question arises — "What are you going to do
this summer?" Indeed, it is a most perplexing question for us to
answer, and it is troubling some not a little. Various plans are
being made, and if they do not miscarry the greater number of
the class will be so situated that they will be able to gain much
valuable information during the summer pertaining to their cho-
sen profession.
President Benj. Thomas received word a short time ago that
his mother, Mrs. Elizabeth Thomas of Cornwall, England, had
died very suddenly at that place on the 15th of last month. Mrs.
Thomas was a very elderly lady, being almost eighty years old.
Mr. Thomas has the sympathy of the entire class in this his late
bereavement.
Considering the amount of practice the base- ball team has
had this spring, the showing they have made against other teams
is worthy of considerable praise. On March 30th they played
44S The FUxus.
the "Illinois Dents'" on the Rockwell street grounds, winning
with a score of 8 — 7 in favor of the P. & S. The next game was
played on Marshall Field against the U. of C. team, with a score
of 1- — 3 in favor of the opposing team. In this game Hewins is
said to have made two of the longest hits ever made on those
grounds. The third game was played with Northwestern on
Shepherd Field. Misfortune early overtook our team in this
game, allowing Northwestern to pile up a final score of 18 — 5
against us. However, taking the team as a unit, it has played
good ball against the teams it has opposed thus far, and, consid-
ering the fact that the coaching it has received this spring has
practically amounted to nil, the men making up the nine are
worthy of much praise.
SOPHOMORE NOTES.
Derdiger, after a careful study of the Archiv fur Anatomie
und Pathologie, makes the announcement that in case of hemor-
rhage from the radical artery, involving a loss of one-fifth of the
blood, the blood pressure is equalized by air rushing in to take
the place of the blood. He neglects to state the temperature of
the atmosphere which accomplishes this wonderful result, but we
take it for granted thas it is all hot air.
Some startling finds have been made in the personal urine
analyses made by members of the class. Landau found an enor-
mous quantity of phosphates, and could not account for it until
he was told that this was a normal finding after having taken
large quantities of chalk. Ho-ag got the Diazo reaction, but has
not since shown any further signs of typhoid or other fibrile con-
ditions. One of our co-eds found sugar in large quantities and,
being greatly disturbed in her peace of mind, sought out a de-
monstrator to disprove her findings. She was naturally greatly
relieved when it was shown that the sugar was of the cane varie-
ty and had been dropped into the flask by some mischief-maker
when she was not looking.
The recent action of the freshman class for the establish-
ment of a bed in the West Side Hospital for the care of sick stu-
dents is very praiseworthy and should have the support of every
student of the college. This matter was agitated early in the
year by our executive committee, and a special committee was
Notes. 449
appointed to confer with the management of the hospital. The
committee, of which Mr. Jarvis was chairman, did their work
well, but the results obtained were very unsatisfactory, inasmuch
as the hospital people would make no concessions whatever in
our behalf. Under these circumstances the amount of money re-
quired was beyond our means, as an individual class, so the mat-
ter was temporarily dropped.
On April 1st there was more excitement on the third floor
than has occurred since the day in February when our genia^
superintendent, with blood in his eye and his heart in his mouth,
was compelled to take his life in his hands and descend to mother
earth by means of the fire escape. This time, however, the class
got fooled instead of the superintendent.
As it was All Fools' Day, Rep. and Borges, who were de-
monstrating in the Freshman chemical laboratory, thought it
would be a fitting occasion to fool the class, so Borges, like the
crafty Arnold of old, sent Rep into the anatomy class, about fif-
teen minutes before the close of the hour, with the report that
the D. J."s were waiting for us out in the hall "as numerous as
the leaves on the trees." The word was quickly passed over the
room, and in less than two minutes every one was on the qui
vive. Giesen was noticed to tuck his books and hat into his
desk and button up his coat; Gotthelf placed his ledger inside
his coat as a chest protector, and others made similar prepara-
tions. Dr. Eckley, seeing that no one was listening to the lec-
ture, wisely closed his remarks at once, and immediately every
man was in position. The doors were quickly thrown open and
the whole class precipitated into the hall, only to find not a D. J.
in sight.
But the joker had reckoned without his host, for the class
had had a dance and someone must pay the fiddler. The errant
Rep was called for but he had disappeared, so a detachment was
sent out to search for him. After a few minutes they returned
bearing their victim by his several appendages, a brief debate
was held, and it was decided that hanging was too good for him.
It being well known that the victim had a great loathing for
water, and in view of the fact that a Brand bath could not be ad-
ministered on account of lack of appliances, a shower bath was
given as the most scientific aud most awful punishment that
■could be inflicted.
FRESHMAN NOTES.
The Freshman class is again rapidly coming to the front in
athletics. A paper has been passed and liberal contributions are
pledged to purchase base-ball paraphernalia. The material in
the class is abundant and of the best. We confidently expect
that a formidable oombination will soon be organized and numer-
ous challenges will be issued. The Freshman class is represented
on the regular P. and S. team, and the results would justify a
much larger representation. Of the three games played so far,
two were defeats and one was a victory. One Freshman, Pow-
ell, played on the team on the occasions of the two defeats, and
two, Powell and Jennings, when the other fellows were walloped.
These facts must inevitably lead all fair-minded people to see
that the more Freshmen on the team the better the score, and, to
earry the reasoning farther and to a most modest conclusion, it
is plain that, were the team all Freshmen, there would be noth-
ing but victories. We hope that the charming simplicity and
conciseness of this reasoning will impress itself on the proper
authorities, and that they "will take due notice and govern them-
selves accordingly."
Do we, as a class, believe in hazing? Certainly not. Certain
events which took place a few weeks ago might lead misguided
individuals to think that we do, but an unprejudiced view of facts
instantly relieves us of the imputation. The term "hazing"' sug-
gests undignified proceedings calculated to arouse hilarity on one
side and animosity on the other. Justifiable disciplining, we con-
tend, is not only proper but ethically necessary. Accordingly
when, some time since, some most improper "knocking" came to
light, an adjustment was a necessity. The matter was considered
prayerfully, and then action was taken. While we concede that
balsam in the hair or iodine on the countenance is not calculated
to increase the beauty of a pronounced brunette, yet the mental
effects were no doubt decidedly beneficial. This, of course, was
the result desired, and while the methods used were perhaps a
trifle "strenuous," we must remember these are strenuous times
and that "the end justifies the means." It will no doubt be a very
long time before any more such "knocking" occurs in the class
of "05.
JVote.s. 451
And what did you think of the Freshman ball on the evening
af April the 12th? Perhaps we should not call this a Freshman
ball, but as the idea originated with Freshman, was pushed by
Freshmen, was managed by Freshman, and that practically the
entire responsibility was on the Freshmen, we feel justified in
modestly assuming that the Freshmen were somewhat in it. The
generous support from the other classes and the faculty was
highly appreciated and contributed largely to the success of the
venture. The object was to start a fund which, in time, is to be
expended for the relief of P. and S. students who are taken sick
and obliged to enter the hospital. A substantial sum was cleared
and will be placed in the hands of a committee composed of mem-
bers of the faculty and student body. The party itself was most
enjoyable. Frappe in copious quantities was served, the ladies
as usual looked charming, the music was exhilirating and the
Grand March imposing. "Home, Sweet Home," floated out from
the orchestra at 11:45 so that, in all probability, the Sabbath was
not fractured.
Have we been rushed? Personally we are in a state of be-
wildered uncertainty and will take anyone's word for it. Our
recollections are that, while inoffensively engaged in conversa-
tion with a dissembling Sophomore who was standing in the main
hall on the third floor at 2:05 P. M. on a certain day in this year
of Our Lord 1902, we were suddenly struck in the small of the
baclv by a large firm object which, at the time, we thought was a
two story brick building. The exact record of what followed
must remain unwritten history. We recall, in a hazy way, that
a number. of very large students seemed to evince a desire to
crack our ribs. Wilhyte's classical countenance, very much tied
up, was thrust violently into ours; Skahill gave us a fiendish grin
and pushed hard against our sternum; we were hustled, and rat-
tled, and jolted, and rasped, and scraped, and bumped and, final-
ly, one individual more rude than the others, inserted his fingers
fiimly into our back hair and wagged our bewildered think tank
until we wondered vaguely if the oscillations would ever cease.
Finally we landed hard against the east end of the hallway and
heard what seemed to be a triumphant shouting. Observing
standing near us a pale young gentleman who seemed, like our-
self, to be very much out of breath, we inquired if earthquakes
were a common thing in Chicago and if he supposed this one had
452 The Plexus.
done much damage. Eyeing us with contempt the young man
replied: "You darn fool, the Sophs, rushed us.'" We have sinca
learned that, in all probability, this was the case.
Some of the recent balmy days indicative of spring turned
back the dial of our thoughts to the time when we were a beauti-
ful freckled-faced cherub with a tow-colored sausage carefully
arranged on the north side of our cranium. The country village
and its environments came prominently to memory and, yielding
to a gush of sentimental feeling, we hied our way to a sequestered
nook and dashed off the following charming epic on "Spring:"
Oh, the Spring it is a comin'
Can't you feel it in the air?
And the bees will soon be hummin"
All among the blossoms rare;
Soon the rootlet of the piglet
And the rustlet of the twiglet
And the murmlet of the brooklet
Will drive Old Winter from his lair.
Now the boys are playin' marbles
In the street or on the sward,
And the robin — how he warbles
From the tree- top in the yard;
And the south wind is a blowin".
And the roosters are a crowin".
And the grass it is a growin'
In the sod no longer hard.
Early flowers are a peepin'
From the beds till now so cold,
And the worms begin their creephi"
Thro' the grass and in the mold;
And we hear the banjos thrummin,'
And the bicycles are hummin,'
Scorchers yell, "Look outT We're comin",''
Got to dodge "em, young or old.
Now the girls they go paradin'
In the streets most all the day.
And the milliners are tradin'
For spring hats and bonnets gay;
Notes. . 453:
And the loafers get to jokin',
On the drygoods boxes smokin',
And the frogs they are a croakin'
Out their harsh nocturnal lay.
Now you get that "tired feelin'
And you hate to stand up long —
You can feel your senses reelin'
If you go it very strong;
And it's hot if you're a bakin',
You're so cross the kids are quakin',
And the baby gets a shakin" —
You think he needs it — right or wrong.
Feeling quite proud of this charming composition, we re-
solved to submit it for criticism to the Fadladeen of our class.
Although there are a number in the class exhibiting a poetical
tendency, the Byronic neck and Emersonian proboscis of Slo — m
instantly decided that he was the man to whose judgment we
should bow. Accordingly we confided in him and asked for his
unbiased opinion. The production was carefully perused and then
we were informed that, in his opinion, it was "pretty poor;" that
"spring never came that way in his country;" that, like the hash
in the West Side restaurants, it was a "mixed np affair;"' that the
last stanza particularly was a poetical outrage — and, lastly, he
didn't "see what in thunder it had to do with a medical school,
anyway.'" This was discouraging, but perceiving the merited
application of the last criticism we resolved to conclude the effort
with a few lines which, perhaps, might be ' applied local.y.'^
Accordingly we again burst into song:
Yes, the beauteous Spring is coming.
You can see it everywhere;
But especially you note it
When the barber cuts your hair;
For although the sun shines brightly
Chilly breezes come up nightly.
And a cold sore most unsightly
May demand your utmost care.
Now you hate to get up early
And you"re apt to miss your train,
And if you run to catch it
You'll puff and have a pain.
45i
Ihe Plexus.
If you take the elevated
You perhaps may be belated
And then you'll be berated
When the roll is called again.
Now thick underclothes feel sticky
And you long to make a change,
But you know thafs pretty risky
For the temperature may range;
And you're moist with perspiration
And you yield to irritation
At the slightest intimation
Of a lack of preparation
For a perfect recitation
When with modest hesitation
You indulge in calculation
How to make an amputation
Or determine the relations
In the wrist articulations
And hilarious cachinations
Gives you cardiac palpitations
And you're scattered thoughts derange.
Now you have to watch each dollar
For your cash is running low,
One whole week requires one collar —
There's a paucity of "dough."
For the year is nearly over —
(This thought makes you somewhat sober)
For when comes the next October
Yau must hoe the same old row.
This College Souvenir Spoon will be mailed to any address upon the receipt
of price, SI. 75. Address The Plexus.
SCHOOL OF DENTISTRY
DENTAL DEPARTMENT
UNIVERSITY OF ILLINOIS.
EDITORIAL COMMITTEE.
D .M. CATTELL. D. D. g., O. W. COOK, D. D. S. B. J. CIGRAND, D. D. S.
Supt. R. P. DONALDSON.
D. M CATTELL, Editor-in-Chief. C. E. JONES, Aluraai Editor.
CLASS EDITORS.
A. E ALTHER. 02. F M STAHL, 03. J. C. GROUT, '04.
Publisher. - H. C- WADDLE.
Subscription ^1. 00 Per Atiuum in advance. -Single copies, 15 cents. Issued monilily.
!«end all remittances and communications as to subscriptions and advertising to H. C-
WADDLE, Cor. Congress and Honore Sts., Chicago.
In our first issue, a month ago, our readers were told of a
School Clinic our department proposed giving. The thing has
been accomplished and is now behind us. There was some feel-
ing of uncertainty as to the outcome of the undertaking, it being
our first effort in that line. But the result was more than we
had dared to hope for. In preparing a luncheon for our guests
we thought 500 plates were more than enough to go round. By-
actual count there were a little over 600 hungry people refreshed
iu our improvised dining hall on the first floor, between the
hours of 12 and 2 p. m. A number came in only for the morn-
ing, leaving before lunch. Many others came in after lunch.
Our registration book shows nearly 700 names. It is regretted
that the book was closed at the noon recess, hence the after-
noon comers had not the opportunity to leave their autograph.
Before another issue reaches yoa, final exams will have been
given. It is noticed that undergraduates seems less nervous
than tho.se posing for commencement honors. The Senior Class
numbers 41. The question is, who will drop out in the final
spurt. Commencement exercises will be given in Steinway Hall,
E. Van Buren St., Saturday, May 3, at 2 p. m. Please come
everybody and make the graduates feel happy — not forgetting
how you felt a very few years ago when your turn w^as on.
You may not all have special friends in the class of 1902 to
remember you with a special invitation, but you are wanted
456 The Plexus.
there just the same The class invitations have not been deliv-
ered yet, so they cannot be described. But it is understood that
ihey are up-to-date in every particular. We are sorry all cannot
have one to keep and file away. D. M. C.
*
In the last issue of the Plexus the program of the first an-
nual clinic of the School of Dentistry of the university of Illinois
was published. On the 26th day of March that program was ful-
filled and today stands on the pages of history of the institution
as one of the great events, and had the committee to do the
work over again there is but few places whereby they might
change it for the better.
In the fulfillment of such program it is always to be expected
that someone will fail to fulfill their promise as a clinician, but
in this instance we were very fortunate in having but few absent
on that occasion. The operations given were of unusual high
character, there were a number that we might mention as being
especially fine in feature of operation and dexterity for a clinic,
as it is always understood that one can never do as well in giv-
ing a clinic as they would in their own office, and as it was re-
marked by one gentleman from Iowa, "there were three clinics
that would pay him for his time and expense to the city." There
were many complimentary remarks on the operation of Dr. C. E.
Bently's porcelain inlay, and Dr. Don M. Gallis' gold filling, and
Dr. Edmund Noyes' gold filling. There were a great number of
other clinics that would be considered of a very high order.
Over forty clinics were given and there was something to be
learned from each one. Luncheon was served at 12 o'clock to
about six hundred visitors, this was a feature that attracted a
number of complimentary remarks. While the luncheon was be-
ing served the college band furnished music. Mr. Benson, the
caterer, is especially to be complimented on the efficient way in
which he served the crowd. There were between seven and eight
hundred visitors in attendance and all were extremely compli-
mentary about the kind way in which they were treated. The
clinical operations were practically over by 3:30 in the afternoon,
and the audience adjourned to the large lecture hall to listen to
a paper by Jonathan Taft, Dean of the Dental Department, Uni-
versity of Michigan, subject "Power of Association." This paper
and the discussion will become a classic piece of literature, as
he subject was so thoroughly condensed and yet covered all the
Dental Department. 457
points necessary in a paper of that nature. This paper of Dr.
Taffs will be published soon in the Dental Digest.
Dr. Dittmar deserves great credit for the proficient way in
which he looked after the wants of the clinicians. On a whole,
everything went as well as could be hoped under the circum-
stances. A number of the Alumni members were there — all ex-
pressed great satisfaction at the first Alumni Clinic.
It had been arranged to take all of the clinicians to the Opera
in the evening. There were a few, however, who could not go,
but between forty and fifty attended in a body. Everyone seem-
ed to enjoy himself immensely, and Dr. McDowell is certainly to
be congratulated, as Choirman of the Special Entertainment
Committee. One member of the party remarked, "It was like
the setting of the sun on a beautiful day."' There were a great
number of dental supply houses represented by an exiiibit and all
expressed great satisfaction at what they accomplished. Those
who did not exhibit will be scrambling to get into the band
wagon next year.
Taking all things into consideration we really have nothing
to regret, for the visitors, from both in and out of town, were
highly pleased with their visit to the School. G. W. C.
OUR CLINIC.
The first annual clinic of the School of Dentistry — Univer-
sity of Illinois and Alumni Association, a notice of which ap-
peared in last month's Plexus, was held in the Dental schoo
building Wednesday, March 26.
The weather was favorable, the program full of promise of
something worth seeing, and these facts, together with the op-
portunity offered to see our new surroundings, resulted in a rec-
ord-breaking attendance. Nearly seven hundred registered
their names, visitors from all parts of the country.
The clinicians came from Minnesota, Wisconsin, Michigan,
Indiana, Ohio, Kentucky, Iowa, a host from Chicago and Illinois.
The various operations performed and devices shown were full
of interest and value to the practitioner.
All but twenty- five of the chairs were removed from the op-
eratory. These were reserved for the clinicians, while tables
were provided for those who gave table clinics. On the second
floor were the exhibits of the various dental and medical supply
-ioS The Plexus.
houses. To the clinicians and visiting friends lunch was served
on the first floor during- which music was furnished by the school
band.
The Alumni association held a meeting, and late in the aft-
ernoon, after the clinics were over, all assembled in the amphi-
theatre and listened to a paper, "The Power of Association," by
Jonathan Taft, M. D., D. D. S., of Ann Arbor, and a discussion
which followed. Those taking part in the discussion were Drs.
G. V. Black, T. W. Broph^^ H. B. Tylston, E. D. Swain and C.
C. Chittenden. In the evening the clinicians were entertained by
the "Sultan of Sulu" at Studebaker's, the guests of the faculty.
The various committees performed their duties well, clini-
cians were well cared for, the clinical material was ample, and
certainly the management and those in charge are to be congrat-
ulated, for verily there has never been another like it. The day
was a profitable one, ^ F. W. P.
ANAIOMICAL EXHIBIT.
One of the practical features of the dental clinic was an ex-
hibit by the anatomical department, so arranged as to have a
direct scientific bearing on anatomical study. The exhibit took
the form of beautiful dissections of man and some of the lower
animals. Our attention was especially attracted to the Kaiser -
line preparations, in which the minutest details of tissue color is
preserved. The pathological specimens, while presenting vol-
umes for reflection and study (but far too extensive for the lim-
ited time allotted to their study), still have their legitimate field
of usefulness on such occasions.
Beyond doubt, the leading feature of the anatomical exhibit
—at least so pronounced by many of the practitioners in attend-
ance— was in dissections of the upper jaw, showing every possi-
ble view of the Antrum of Highmore. The head sections, show-
ing brain, nose and accessory sinuses, drew crowds of admirers
the entire day. The eye dissections were fine illustrations of the
high art possible to attain in dissecting. Not only the human
body, in every region, but deer, bear, turtle, frog and the domes-
tic animals contributed to the success of the exhibit.
The promoters of the Dental department spare neither time
nor money to make anatomy a substantial feature of the school,
and we bespeak for the institution a bright anatomical future if
the dental museum is pushed along the lines already planned.
An Interested Spectator.
Dental Department. 459
THE ALUMNI.
In our last issue we discussed our plans forgiving our annual
clinic, all of which materialized far beyond our expectation.
Things began rolling about 9 A. M., when some venerable
clinician began expounding his cherished ideas and methods.
Then many followed in his wake until fifty-two of our most able
men had utilized eight hours of that memorial day and depicted
beyond a doubt that the science of dentistry was a cycle of whirl-
ing splendor. A bountiful lunch was served at noon of which the
clinicians, our friends and guests, participated in most heartily.
At 3:30 P. M. the Alumni was called to order by Dr. W. R.
McGarvey, President of the association. A report was given upon
the progress made toward securing our Alumni certificates. For
the benefit of those not} present I will avail myself of this oppor-
tunity to explain just how far we have succeeded. We have been
promised the certificates, and they will be of sterling worth in
construction, and be specific enough for any one to recognize that
our school is now a department of the University of Illinois.
Furthermore I cannot, at this writing, give anythi g of a defi-
nite character.
The executive committee met and decided to hold our next
annual meeting on May 2nd, 1902, one day before the graduation
of this year's class. It is hoped all will try to be present.
General comment among those present at the clinic (both
the Alumni and practitioners) was that our clinic and school have
both almost surpassed the ideal, and we feel that you will be
amply repaid by treating yourselves to a visit to your Alma
Mater and view the strides made by it. It is a tribute you owe
her and yourselves.
The following is a list of those present at the meeting:
F. C. Roe, Albert Hague, W. D. Murto, A. Rodosy, S. S.
Swihart, Charles Payden, A. Grossman, 'O. C. Smedberg, Wm. B.
Spaft'ord, Fred. Bissett, Sig. Wollenberger, E. W. Dodez, J. A.
Brown, H. C. Snyder. J. B. Zielinski. O. P. Morse. Helen Imbritt
W. R. McGarvey, H. N. Lancaster, H. Frankel, Roy Donaldson,'
H. W. Watkins, H. Brophy, W. F. JMisher, Chas. Wombold.
The meeting in May is for the election of officers for the en-
suing year. Those who are still in arrears with their dues are
expected to pay up by that date, May 2nd., '02. The meeting will
be held at the college building at 8 P. M. sharp. C. E. J.
THE SENIOR CLASS.
"Daily we sinners toil and climb and know it not."' How
well does this quotation from Longfellow fit the Senior class.
Daily have we climbed and knew it not, but now that the time
for graduation is but three weeks hence we are beginning to re-
alize that our efforts have at last brought us to the much sought
for goal. We are at last beginning to appreciate the untiring
460 Tin; Plexus. '
efforts of our instructors who have worked hard and zealously to
make us what we are, so that w^e may be a credit to our Alma
Marer. They have done everything in their power to make us
feel that the Dental profession is a profession of vast possibili-
ties, and the dentist, to be successful, mus keep in touch with the
outside world so as not to retrograde, and they have set us a good
example of how to receive our after education by giving for our
benefit the largest and most successful clinic ever held in Chi-
cago by any one school of Dentistry. We, the members of the
Senior class, wish to extend our most sincere thanks and appre-
ciation for their kindness and foresight in giving to us that clinic.
The class, as a body, have the interests of the school at heart,
and we should like to see a well established Dental Library —
something we have lacked this year. A library is essential, and
the class is contemplating to leave a few volumes to act as a nu-
cleus, which w^e hope will grow into a large and well-equipped
library. Another thing that the class would like to see continued
is the Dental Society. Too much interest cannot be taken by the
in-coming Senior class in this society; it is necessary to a well-
conducted school, and we sincerely hope the society will continue
to thrive. A. E. A.
THE JUNIOR CLASS.
The Juniors are too busy getting ready to slide into the
places soon to be vacated by the present Senior body. They wish
to appear well and are coaching themselves in the mannerisms of
the great I Am — Lord Senior — hoping their newness in the role
will not be noticed.
THE FRESHMAN CLASS.
Spring has arrived at last and with it brings the end of our
college year, which to us has been a busy, as well as a most en-
joyable, one.
One of the most important events, perhaps, was the clinic,
from which we derived our share of the benefit. It gave us a
broader view of the profession, and showed us that, if a dentist
is what he should be, dentistry is not such a snap as it is often
thought to be.
Our band concert and dance given after the last issue went to
press, is also worthy of mention. Every one reported a good
time. It is hoped that these concerts may be made an annual so-
cial event. If they are all as successful as the last they surely
will be. The time is short, and every one is preparing for the
grand Jinrfle. The rumors afloat would lead to the conclusion that
everyone will be plucked, but they are rumors only. After that
a five months' rest which all will enjoy, and during which we
will be preparing for the next year's work. J. D. G.,' '04.
TABLE OF CONTENTS, VOL. VH.
pa(;e.
The Timely Diagnosis of Surgical Tuberculosis, Daniel M.
Eisendrath, M. D 1
Injuries of the Eye, Oscar Dodd, M. D 13
Editorial 22, 65, 102, 140, 162, 201, 216, 2sl, 315, 358, 398, 439
Alumni Department
23, 67, 104, 142, 166, 180, 207, 249, 284, 320, 359, 400, 441
Class Roll 24
Hospital Appointments 28
Class Day Program 29
Commencement Week 30
Senior Notes 30, 107, 213, 250, 289, 327, 366, 400, 445
Junior Notes 36, 215, 252, 292, 329. 369, 402, 447
Sophomore Notes 43, 218, 255, 294, 331, 373, 404, 448
Freshman Notes 45, 257, 297, 333, 374, 450
News Items 46, 73, 110, 143, 181, 261, 298, 337, 406
Max Muller (1823-1900) 47
A Case of Sub- Glottic Stenosis. James Moreau Brown, M.D. 53
Treatment of Chronic Ulcers. C. J. Drueck, M. D 56
Medico-Fraternal Relations. Jossph M. Patton, M. D 61
Library Notes 69, 105, 178, 204, 248, 283, 326, 36J, 443
Wedding Bells 72
The Doctor's Wife. Wm. E. Quine, M. D 75
The Principles of Treatment of Suppurative Otitis Media.
Wm. L. Ballenger, M. D 87
The Deformities of Infantile Paralysis. John Lincoln Por
ter, M. D 95
The Fire 109
Dental Department of University of Illinois 123
Biography of Dr. Adelbert H. Peck 130
" Dr. D. M. Cattell 131
" Dr. B. J. Cigrand. 135
" Dr. G. W, Cook .. 136
" Dr. G. W. Dittmar 138
" Dr. C. E. Jones 138
" Wm. E. Quine. M. D 145
462 The Hex us.
The Hyposystolic Period of Chronic Endocarditis. Joseph
M. Patton, M. D . . 147
To tlie Memory of the Anatomical Amphitheater 176
Annual Address. Sanger Brown, M. D X^l
Clinics for Freshmen. Oscar King, M. D 188
The Seminar Method in Medical Teaching. Bayard Holmes,
M. D 193
Seventy-third Medical Congress, Hamburg; September 1^2-28,
1901 197
The Annual Opening Exercises 219
Y. M. C. A. Notes 220, 260, 335
In Regard to Athletics. Henry P. Newman, M. D 223
The Physiology of Muscular Exercise. Geo. P. Dreyer, A.
B, Ph. D 229
Respiratory Gymnastics. Edward H. Ochsner, M. D 240
The Annual Junior Promenade . . •. 244
Book Reviews 262, 300, 337
Malaria: Its Causation and Prevention. Edward F. Wells,
M. D 263
The Therapeutic Value of Exercise. Henry H. Everett. . . . 274
Remarks on the Study of Laryngology and Rhinology.
James M . Brown, xM. D 278
Cerebral Syphilis, Neurasthenia, Seminal Incontinence, In-
fantile Palsy. L, Harrison Mettler, A. M., M. D 303
A Letter From Africa 311
Clinical Notes on Various Painful Atfections 317
The Study of Descriptive Anatomy. D. Lee Shaw, M. D... 339
Gun Shot Wounds of the Chest. Aime Paul Herrick, M. D.. 342
The Teachings and Influence of Samuel Hahnemann. Wm.
E. Quine, M. D 377, 422
Progressive Pernicious Anaemia. John Weatherson, M. D.. 394
School of Dentistry 407, 455
School cf Pharmacy 416
Suture of the Abdominal Wall. Chas. Davison. M. D 410
THE PLEXUS
COLLEGE OF PHYSICIANS AND SURGEONS
MEDICAL DEPARTMENT OF THE
UNIVERSITY OF ILLINOIS,
CHICAGO.
VOL. VIII. MAY 20th, 1902. NO. 1
VALEDICTORY ADDRESS— EPOCHS IN MORAL
GROWTH.
By S. M. Kyes.
Man is disposed to measure progress by material standards.
"We point with pride to the achievements of our age. The steam-
ships plowing the ocean, the railroads spanning the continents,
the telegraph and telephone obliterating distance are all objects
of admiration, all emblems of advancement. Our commercial
and industrial systems, delicate in their mechanism, impressive
by their magnitude, are marks of triumph and valuable indices
of progress. But would we know the actual plane upon which
man stands we must look beyond these outward signs. We must
penetrate the veil that hides the moral man. Carthage with her
wealth and her commerce, Greece with her art and philosophy,
Rome with her laws and her conquests, — all lie in ruins. All fell
because their inner life was not complete; all fell because their
material and their intellectual advancement outran their moral;
all fell because their citizens and their statesmen, their teachers
and their philosophers, failed in their estimate of progress.
Every true advance in civilization is but the triumph of some
moral principle, the overthrow of some selfish interest. It is
fitting, then, that we shouH discuss moral life. It is proper that
we should select and emphasize some of the elements which make
it up.
Students of man have ever detected a dualism in his nature
Plato saw within the human soul two forces, the one striving
heavenward, the other tending earthward. St. Paul found in
2 Ihe Plexus.
human nature the carnal opposed to the spiritual. Later theol-
ogy saw the old Adam struggling with the new life. All these
dualisms modern social thinkers unite in the antithesis of ego-
ism and altruism, selfness and otherness.
The struggle of the race from the savage to the citizen has
been but emancipation from the iaiperial sway of self. In ac-
tions dedicated solely to one's self is seen the brutal side of man.
Here as in the lower animals individualism reigns supreme. Here
the individual pursues his path alone, In his own senses and
their correlated feelings lie the motives for all his activities.
The rights of another are not known to him. Another's woes,
another's joys, find in his heart no place. Contrast with this the
life of the highest human type. Here conduct moves beyond the
borders of self. No deed is done without reference to another's
feelings. The life of the individual is passed in public. He be-
comes the good Samaritan, carrying succour to victims of fam-
ine, binding the wounds of soldiers on fields of battle, heralding
in heathen lands the story of salvation. Here man's soul is as a
focus where meet and blend the faint shades of a thousand ex-
periences other than his own. Such is the great contrast dis-
closed in moral life. The one is egoism, the other altruism. The
one unbridled individualism, the other the triumph over self.
Slowly through the centuries has humanity crept along the
difficult path toward higher life. Behind it lie the quick- sands
of animal appetites and passions; before it the heights of altru-
ism, of self-denial, of social harmony, of love for God.
Our present station on this journey has been reached by a
process of evolution. The individual, by action among his fel-
lows, gradually rises. He forms society, society moulds him. Each
experience records in unfading letters its results upon the inner
man. One of the great epochs in this moral evolution is marked
by justice. This sentiment found man in a selfish state. It found
him the slave of passion. Of justice selfishness is fundamental.
Justice is the product of man's selfishness and his gregarious
nature. From these two elements it has been evolved. It is
part egoism, part altruism. Its egoistic side is seen in many
stages of development. First personal, and then political bond-
age it opposes. The savage sees oppression only in chains and
fetters; the citizen views it from afar in acts of legislation. The
savage jeers at his liberated companion because he has no mas-
Valedictory Address. 3
ter; the citizen opposes with vehemence all acts of parliaments,
congresses and assemblies which tend to oppress him, and ac-
knowledges no man his master. Each manifests in unlike degree
the egoistic side of justice. Its altruistic element is the child of
fear. Fear of retaliation for his selfish acts, fear of the adverse
opinion of his fellows, fear of punishment from his chief, fear of
divine vengeance,— all united to check man in his mad career of
egoism ; all united to overcome his selfish nature and make asso-
ciation possible; all united to develop that feeling for another
which forms an element of justice.
Thus are seen the two components of justice— egoism and
altruism. The one is positive, the other negative. The one de-
clares man's right to act and to enjoy the results of those activi-
ties; the other limits his sphere of conduct and reminds him of
the presence of his brother. Justice involves at once two ideas
—one of inequality, the other of equality. The idea of equality
it manifests when it limits alike to all the realms of selfishness.
The idea of inequality it implies when it leaves the individual
free to enjoy the results of his labors within that limited do-
main.
Here justice does not interfere with products, does not
attempt to change conditions. Here disease may blast the body
or health may rear it in strength and beauty. Here ignorance
may hold the intellect in chains or knowledge may set the pris-
oner free. Here weakness may grovel in the depths of poverty
and shame or strength may soar to the heights of fortune and of
fame. Each sows its own seed. Each reaps its own harvest.
But beyond the borders of this realm justice knows no inequality.
The individual whom weakness or strength, ignorance or wis-
dom, hatred or love leads to cross those hard fast lines must pay
the penalty. Here justice is "no respector of persons." Blind
to the gold of the millionaire, blind to the wisdom of the philos-
opher, blind to the tears of a loving mother, stern justice
"shakes from her golden scales the dust of prejudice and caste"
and quietly weighs man's acts.
Made amid the clash and clamor of a selfish heart, cruel and
relentless in its rulings, unmindful of all man's finer feelings,
this compromise between the highest and the lowest in his nat-
ure marks an epoch in moral growth. It marks the first partial
triumph of altruism. It marks the first defeat of selfishness. It
4 The. Plexus.
marks the overthrow of fear and the dawn of a confidence in
others which ends only in abiding faith in God.
Xo force can stay the progress of this moral principle. Its
approaches are unseen but its consequences deeply felt. It en-
ters palaces most strongly guarded and undermines the thrones
of kings and emperors. It has surrounded man with laws and
institutions which make his body sacred and his life secure. It
has given to him his home, that resort of joy, of love and peace.
It has quenched forever those martyr fires whose devastations
mar history's pages. It has shaken from man's limbs the chains
of slavery and enabled him to breathe the air of freedom. It is
still urging him onward toward higher life, still extending that
foundation from which a grander superstructure can be reared.
That fine balance of egoism and altruism which confines sel-
fishness to a limited field and holds the individual within its
sphere is far from the limits of moral growth. Man must be-
come more than a body moving according to fixed laws; he must
become more than a being who thinks before he has reached a
high place in moral life. He must be a being who recognizes the
wishes and feelings, as well as the rights, of his fellows. That
saciet}' made possible and maintained by justice demands for its
perfection more than a moral element which gives to the individ-
ual his rights. It demands more than an altruism which ignores
human weakness. That moral element generosity meets these
demands. Generosity, as an epoch in moral growth, marks the
overthrow of the selfishness of justice and the triumph of its
altruistic side.
Generosity is the altruism of justice removed from its equal-
ity to egoism, refined by this removal, and borne to limitless
fields by both these changes. Here the compromise of justice is
at an end. The carnal has become the slave to the spiritual.
Man's higher nature has triumphed, his lower is overthrown.
Here altruism, from being rigid and impenetrable, becomes a web
most delicate in texture, sensitive to the slightest wish, the finest
feelings, of another.
Generosity leads man to fields of action which justice only
bounds. Where justice leaves the stricken body to suffer and to
die, generosity raises the drooping head and moistens the parched
lips. When justice liberates the body and leaves the intellect in
chains, generosity lights up the dark dungeon and sets the pris-
Valedictory Address. 5-
oner free. When justice leaves the soul in superstition and idol-
atry, generosity forsakes friends, home and kindred to announce
the story of a New Birth.
This moral element is at the center of the truest civilization
of to-day. Slowly, but with authority, the historian proclaims
its triumph. Sweetly the poet chants its praise in every clime.
Ever and anon society attests its worth. Art, science, literature
— all bear testimony of its workings in the inner man. All serve
as mediums of its expression, all tend to raise humanity to its
ideal. This sentiment, exemplified by the lowly Nazarene, ac-
cepted by philosopher and sung by poet, will penetrate society
through and through with filaments of sympathy, of kindness,
and brotherly affection. It will make society an organism vital
and sensitive in every part. When its triumph is complete life
incorruptible will rush from a thousand springs, and the days
come filled with the exhaustless treasures of a higher existence.
Classmates, as we leave to-day our Alma Mater, let us re-
member that the present age presents problems which justice
cannot solve. With poverty and wealth, ignorance and intellect,
weakness and strength arrayed against each other, justice must
step down and out. Let us not be moved by justice stern which
narrows our own lives and smothers the best there is in others,
but let that generosity which reveals new truths, implants new
virtues, inspires new hopes in others and gives to our own lives
their broadest spheres on earth be ever our guiding star. Should
we meet twentieth century demands, our hearts must be filled
with sympathy and love.
Members of the faculty, for your unselfish and untiring ef-
forts in our behalf we extend our heartfelt thanks. Your en
couragement has been lo us of greatest worth. Your examples
of ability, of industry and of manhood will remain before us as
ideals — ideals which distance cannot darken, ideals which time
cannot destroy. Now, members of the faculty, in behalf of the
class of 1902 I bid you a kind farewell.
To dispense with accuracy, one must have facilities.
Nothing facilitates dispensing as much as the use ^of
S. &D.'s Dispensary Tablets. Prom them one can quickly and
economically make solutions of such drugs as strychnine, mor-
phine, atropine, arsenic and others (the list is very comprehen-
sive).
They save time, loss, and money.
CLASS OFFICERS.
Class motto: "Ubi dolor vocaf— "Where suffering- calls
President— R. W. Morris.
Vice President— L. B. Coates, Jr.
Secretary— J. H. Cleary.
Treasurer -J. L. Albright.
Class Poet— H. H. Slater.
Class Historian— Jos. Dean, Jr.
Class Editor— F. H. Hornibrook.
Valedictorian — S. M. Kyes.
EXECUTIVE COMMITTEE
A. C. Sabine, Chairman.
J. A. Beam, Secretary.
V. P. Faeth.
M. J, Lunn.
P. D. Whyte.
SENIOR CLASS ROLL.
Aaron, W. H., Mendon, 111.
Albright, J. L., Interne Lake Side Hospital, Chicago
Aldrich, F. H., Morton, Minn,
Arnold, B. J., Jefferson, Tex.
Asbury, J. T., Bowen, 111.
Baker, W. E.
Barron, A. E., 365 S. Center Ave., Chicago.
Bartholomew, P. H., Fairfax, S. Dax.
Bashshur, B. L, 715 W. Congress St., Chicago.
Bayer, W. H., externe Augustana Hospital, Chicago.
Beam, J. A., 19.3 Wood St., Chicago.
r^eebe. L. W., leri S. Oak Park Ave., Chicago.
Belknap, W. H.
Ijt^nnett, L. J.
Bice, C. W., Perry, la.
Bon i no, J.G., V,H\ Jackson Blvd., Chicago.
liorden, F. K.
liothne, E. A., Lake Park, Minn.
Brawley, F. E., 823 Madison St , Chicago.
Hroid, M., GOO FuUerton Ave., Chicago.
Senior Class Roll.
Breid, J., Interne Morris Porter Hospital, Chicago.
Benedict, C. C, Silver Cross, Hospital, Joliet, 111
Brown, E. L. W., Creston, la.
Brown, R. E., Washington Court House, Ohio.
Brownstein, B.
Brown, J. S., 32 S. Hoyne Ave., Chicago.
Bundy, C. D., Iriquois, 111.
Burnham, C. M., Watseka, 111.
Burns, E. B., IJSO Ewing St., Chicago.
Burns, F. W., 735 Laurel Ave., St. Paul, Minn
Cain, C. L.
Campbell, P. A.
Campbell, J. H., Danville, 111., route 4.
Carrico, J. H., Oregon City, Oregon.
Cleary, J. H., Interne Cook County Hospital, Chicago
Clemens, E. J., Aberdeen, S. Dak,
Coates, L. B., 1441 Aldine Ave., Chicago.
Cobb, C. H. A., Arthur, la.
Conant, P. B,, Interne West Side Hospital, Chicago
Cornell, .1. P., Galveston, Ind.
Corcoran, E. A., Interne St. Mary's Hospital, Chica-o
Curtis, L. P., Mt. Pulaski, 111.
Dalager, N. O., Austin, Minn.
Davis, E. G.
Davis, C. J., Ogden Ave. and Millard St., Chicago
Day, H. M., 193 Oak wood Blvd., Chicago.
Dean, J., Interne Cook County Hospital, Chicago
Deetken, H. C, 540 Washington Ave., Council Bluffs la
Dike, C. E., Lyon, Wis.
Dittman, G, C, 1631 Belmont Ave., Chicago.
Dorn, C. A., Lazourre, Minn.
Dumas, D. P., cor. Irving and Mt. Curve Ave., N. Minneap
olis, Minn.
Dvorsky, B , 584 Center Ave., Chicago.
Emerson, A. V., Bochester, Minn.
Enos, M. M., 1387 Madison St., Oakland, Cal.
Everett, H. H., Saratoga Springs, N. Y.
Paeth, V. P., 507 Adams St., Chicago.
Parnham, A. J., Traer, la.
Pay, O. J., Des Moines, la.
The Plexus.
Fisher, E. B., Monroe, la.
French, W. M., 273 Ashland Blvd., Chicago.
Fritch, G. A., 408 2nd Ave., Chicago.
Frudenfeld, H. H., Madison, S. Dak.
Fukala, C. V., 103 loth Ave., Newark, N. J.
Fuller, F. E., Adrian, Mich.
Gallagher, R. V., Portland, Mich.
Garrett, E. A., 114 S. Bourland St., Peoria, 111.
Garrett, J. D., Hillsboro, Ohio.
Gibbs, J. A., 25 Lexington St., Chicago.
Glynn, C. E., Gambril, la.
Grabow, P. E., Interne Samaritan Hospital, Chicago.
Graham, A. J., Interne Englewood Union Hospital, 'Chicago,
Grant, M. S.
Green, R. R., Inesta, N. Mex.
Green, M. E., Charlotte, Mich.
Groos, J. O., Rscanaba, Mich.
Gunning, J. M., Reardan, Wash.
Gulick, C. D., Wauwatosa, Wis.
Hahn, L. A. •
Hammers, L. J., Dolton, 111.
Haworm, W.. A., Denver, Colo.
Hathaway, R. E.
Haynes, B. H., 596 W, Adams St., Chicago.
Heller W. H., Marcus, la.
Helmy, C. T.. Canton, S. Dak.
Henderson, M. L., Interne Milwaukee County Hospital
Wauwatosa, Wis.
Harrington, C. W., Madison, Wis.
Hicks, J. C, 75 DeKalb St., Chicago.
Hill, W. C, Murphysboro, 111.
Hill, Mrs. E. L., Oswego, Kan.
Hinckley, H. G.
Hollis, W. A., Hartford City, In:L
Holmes, J. M., Monticello, III.
Hoopes, P. C, Pickrell, Neb.
Hornibrook, F. H., Cherokee, la.
Howard, G. A., Columbus, Wis.
Howard, J. F.
Howard, H. W.
iSenior Class Roll. 11
Hyde, D. L., Spring City, Utah.
Inks, C. A., Napponee, Ind.
Jamison, G. N., Clarksville, Tex.
Johnson, P. W., Externe Augustana Hospital, Chicago.
Johnson, W. B., E. 33rd St., Des Moines, la.
Johnson, W. V.
Jordan, A. B., 796 Polk St., Chicago.
Kaa, N, A., Ashkum, 111.
Kaemmerling, G. P., 2314 Cherry St., Milwaukee, Wis.
Kimball, G. W., Steward, 111.
King, P. A., Beaton Harbor, Mich.
Kirsch, J. P., Madison, Wis.
Kittler, W. E., Externe Augustana Hospital, Chicago.
Kitterman, F. R., Tiskilwa, 111.
Kitterman, P. G., 104 E. 40th St., Chicago.
Klehm, A. L., Jefferson and 12th Sts., Chicago.
Klingler, E. G., Manhattan, 111.
Knox, T. B., Quincy, 111.
Kurtz, F. B., Princeton, Ind.
Kyes, S. M., Interne West Side Hospital, Chicago.
Lahodney, C. J., Pullman, 111.
Lane, C. S., South Lyon, Mich.
Larson, C. L., Interne Marray Freund Hospital, Butte, Mont.
Leavitt, F. J., Langford, S. Dak.
Leahey, F. P., Fairbank, la.
Little, E. H., Minburn, la.
Lockwood, C. K., Interne Chicago Hospital, Chicago.
Lofgren, C. A., Externe Augustana Hospital, Chicago.
Lowe, L. M , Floris, la.
Lowry, N. J., Cresco, la.
Lunn, M. J., 1381 N, Clark St., Chicago.
Lyon, G. E., Toledo, 111.
Magnus, M. E., 681 Hayes St., San Francisco, Cal.
Manning, T. F., 320 N. Montgomery St., Watertown, Wis.
Maris, E. R., Duluth, Minn.
Martinson, M. M., Algona, la.
Martinson, S. C, Algona, la.
Merki, E. J., 140^ Rokeby St., Chicago.
Merryman, G. H., Hillsboro, Oregon.
Meyers, J. M., Interne Cook County Hospital, Chicago.
12 The Plexus.
Miller, G. L., Champaign, 111.
Miller. C. A., Carbondale, 111.
Miller, R. W.
Mitchell, W. F., Interne Samaritan Hospital, Chicago.
Montgomery, J. R. , Madison, Neb.
Morrill, H. J., Minneapolis, Minn.
Morris, R. W., Interne St. Luke's Hospital, Chicago.
Murphy, F. T., Asst. Physician Milwaukee County Hospital,
Wauwatosa, Wis.
McCarty, W. T., Campbellsport, Wis.
McCarthy, K. W., Interne West Side Hospital, Chicago.
McConvill, B. J., 119 Honore St., Chicago.
McGrath, B. R., Savanna, 111.
McGuire, C. J., 3351 Parkhill Ave., Milwaukee, Wis.
Mclntire, A. C, Mendota, 111.
McKinney, I. N. C, Comargo, 111.
McNeil, B. F., Knierim, la.
Nadig, A. T., Stockton, 111.
Nickelsen, G. A., Interne German Hospital, Chicago.
Overmass, S. E., Illinois Steel Co. Hospital, S. Chicago.
Overton, O. P., Brownsville, Oregon.
Ottersbach, C.
Parker, C. E., Sterling, 111.
Patterson, W. M., Colo, la.
Perry, J. M., Princeton, Mo.
Phifer, C. H., Interne Lake Side Hospital, Chicago.
Philips, F. C, Tuscola, 111.
Plice, W. A., 408 S. California Ave., Chicago.
Podgur, M. P., 204 W. 12th St., Chicago.
Ponnier, E. W., 2345 N. 44th Ave., Chicago.
Potter, C. A,
Powers, H. W., Interne St. Elizabeth Hospital, Chicago.
Rodefeld, H. H. C, Quincy, 111.
Rooks, J. J., 314 S. East St., Grand Rapids, Mich.
Root, R. R., Tempe, Ariz.
Rosenthal, G. E., Quincy, 111.
Rydin, C. G. S., 1775 N. Clark St., Chicago.
Ruge, A. C, South Bend, Neb.
Sawtelle, H. F., Interne U. S. Marine Hospital, Stapleton,
Staten Island, N. Y.
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Schaefer, P. H., Burlington, la.
Shafer, H. O., Interne West Side Hospital, Chicago.
Sessions, J. C, 2518 3rd Ave., So. Minneapolis, Minn.
Sheller, W. O., Interne Samaritan Hospital, Chicago.
Shelton, R. O., Interne Alexian Bros. Hospital, Chicago.
Seigiriedt, J. C. F., 702 Pine St., Davenport. la.
Sabin, A. C, Beetrice, Neb.
Slater, H. H.
Steysler, L. R., 661 Jackson Blvd., Chicago.
Smiley, R. B., Waupaca, Wis.
Smith, G. W., 125 Loomis St., Chicago.
Smith, C. L., Shelby ville, 111.
Souder, U. G., Hurley, Wis.
Standly, K. V., La Clede, Mo.
Steckel, A.C., Reno, Nev.
Stettaner, J. L.
Stevens, S. L., 113 E. Moulton St., Bloomington, 111.
Stillman, W. L., Webster City, la.
Stoops, R. E., Edgerton, Ohio.
Strong, C. D., Interne Wichita Hospital, Wichita, Kan.
Sunde, P. H., Interne Norwegian Deaconesses' Hospital, Chi-
cago.
Taylor, C. I., Indianola, la.
Thomas, W. H., Traer, la.
Tolley, E. W., 5832 WashingtoQ Ave., Chicago.
Trail, C. J., Independence, la.
Tyvand, J. C, Mt. Horeb, Wis.
Venn, W. T., Aurora, 111.
Venard, T. S., Ness City, Kan.
Wachowski, J. G., 688 18th St., Chicago.
Walliker, W. M., Clinton, la.
Walvoord, G. W., Cedar Grove, Wis.
Waskow, O. G., 567 W. Chicago Ave., Chicago.
Weaver, B. P., Interne Wabash R. R. Hospital, Springfield,
111.
Welch, J. C, 579 W. Adams St., Chicago.
Werelius, A. F. W., 5800 Union Ave., Chicago.
Wiley, J. B., Buck Falls, la.
Whyte, P. D., 1070 W. Harrison St., Chicago.
Wilson, J. M., Externe Augustana Hospital, Chicago.
16 The Plexus.
Winters, W. T., 456 S. Wood St., Chicago.
Yantis, D. E., Yantisville, 111.
Yeates, Wm., Bonfield, 111.
Young, C. C, 203 S. Wood St., Chicago.
Young, N. F., 203 S. Wood St., Chicago.
Zilisch, W. E., Hustisford, Wis.
Zoehrlaut, G. G., Interne Milwaukee County Hospital, Wau-
^Yatosa, Wis.
ROLL OF HONOR.
Jacob Breid. J. A. Beam.
Mrs. Jacob Breid. Geo. E. Rosenthal.
Robert W. Morris. Emilie R. Maris.
Paul H. Scbaefer. J. S. Brown.
S. M. Kyes. Robt. V. Gallagher.
CLASS DAY PROGRAM.
College, May 19, 1902, 2:30 P. M.
Piano Solo — Selection from Ploradora Mr. George Taylor
Invocation Rev . John Henry Hopkins
Vocal Solo — "Nightingale" — DeKoven Miss Stella Mclntire
Address— "Student, Scientist, Man"..L. Harrison Mettler, M. D
Presentation of Class Picture and Tablet R. W. Morris
Response by the Acting Dean D. A. K. Steele, M. D.
Presentation of Davison Medal to S. M. Kyes
D. A. K. Steele, M. D.
Violin Solo— "9th Concerto"— DeBeriot H. Van Hasselt
TWENTIETH ANNUAL COMMENCEMENT, STUDE-
BAKER HALL, MAY 20, 1902.
PROGRAM.
1. Music
2. Invocation Rev. William A. Burch
3. Music
4. Doctorate Address Prof. Walter Shield Christopher
5. Music
6. Conferring of Degrees and Announcing of Honors
Prof. Thomas Jonathan Burrill, Ph. D., LL. D.
7. Music
8. Response of the Class and Valedictory S. M. Kyes
9. Music \
10. Benediction Rev. William A. Burch
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ANNUAL BANQUET, TUESDAY EVENING, MAY 20,
1902, AT AUDITORIUM HOTEL
MENU.
Little Neck Clams. Consomme Marquise Relishes
Paupiettes Whitefish, Venitienne
Parisienne Potatoes
Tenderloin of Beef, Fresh Mushrooms
Haricots a TAnglaise Asparagus Hollandaise
Pineapple Sherbet
Roast California Squab on Toast
Lettuce Salade Ice Cream in Forms
Cakes Jheese Coffee
PROGRAM.
Dr. Casey A. Wood presiding.
The University of Illinois, Hon. Thos. J. Smith,
Chairman of the Board of Trustees.
The Relation of Dr. J. C. Fred. Siegfriedt.
The College of Literature and Arts,
Prof. David Kinley, Ph. D., Dean
The Relation of Dr. J. S. Brown.
The College of Engineering,
Prof. N. Clifford Ricker, D. Arch., Dean.
The Relation of Dr. G. E. Rosenthal.
The College of Science, Prof. Stephen A. Forbes, Ph. D., Dean.
The College of Agriculture,
Prof. Eugene Davenport, M. Agr., Dean.
The Relation of Miss Elizabeth M. Heelan.
The Woman's Department, Prof. Violet D. Jayne, A, M,, Dean.
The Relation of Dr. F. H. Hornibrook.
The College of Law,
Prof. James Brown Scott, A. M., J. U. D., Dean.
The Relation of Dr. W. M. French.
The College of Dentistry, Prof. A. H. Peck, M. D. , D. D. S. , Dean.
The Relation of Dr. P. Gad Kittermann.
The College of Pharmacy, Prof. C. S. N. Hallberg, Ph. G.
Religio Medici, Rev. Wm. A. Burch
The College of Medicine, Prof. Bayard Holmes, A. B., M. D.
The Class of 1902, Dr. C. J. McGuire
The above addresses will be published in full in next issue.
WEDDING BELLS.
Dr. C. O. Bechtol, Adjunct Professor of Chemistry, College
of Physicians and Surgeons, and Miss Nancy Lee Martin, mem-
ber of the Junior class, were married at Louisville, Kentucky, on
Tuesday, January 14. At home Thursday's after 1st of June at
"The Plaza," Cor. N. Clark St. and North Ave., Chicago. Both,
Dr. and Mrs. Bechtol are very popular in the college and the
Plexus wishes them well.
Ora M. Rhodes, class of "01, was married to Miss Myrtle
Downs of Ellwood, Ind., on May 8th. They will make their
home at Bloomington, 111., where the doctor is enjoying a nice
practice.
On March 19th at Malvern, la., John Montgomery, of '02
class, was married to Miss Blanche Kerney. Some of his class-
mates remembered him with telegrams galore, white slippers
sent unwrapped through the mail and by express, etc., etc., etc.
They are "at home" at Madison, Neb., where the doctor enjoys
a nice practice. The Plexus wishes them nothing but the best.
THE QUINE LIBRARY.
Metta M. Loomis, Librarian.
That the library is a necessary adjunct of the literary col-
lege has long been an established fact, but the importance of the
medical library as an essential part of the equipment of the col-
lege of medicine is recognized only by the best class of medical
colleges. The College of Medicine of the University of Illinois
has been fortunate in having among the members of its faculty
men who early realized the importance of a medical library and
who also recognized the fact that a mass of books does not con-
stitute a library, that without a systematic classification medical
literature is practically valueless, a sort of literary labarynth in
which one is hopelessly lost.
The foundations of the Quine Library were laid by the first
president. Dr. A. Reeves Jackson, who, at his death left his pri-
vate library to the college. To this nucleus additions were fre-
quently made until 1895 when the library was organized, classi-
fied and catalogued, since which time a trained librarian has
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The Quine Library. 2^
been employed, who not only looks after the disposition of all
material that comes into the library, but assists the student in
making the best use of this material.
Under the fostering care of many kind friends the library
has had a steady growth, not only in the acquisition of books,
but in the number of its patrons, in its usefulness to the medical
student and in its general influence as a center of medical litera-
ture. In 1899 the faculty of the college conferred the name of
our honored Dean upon the library, in recognition of his deep
interest which has been repeatedly manifested by generous dona-
tion and principally by a liberal endowment for the purchase
of books.
The Quine Library suffered but slight loss from the fire
which occurred last July. Rebinding was necessary in some
cases and a number of books were water stained. In the old
building the library was confined to one room, but when it was
moved to the new building last August, more comodious quarters
were provided, and new L. B. steel stacks were purchased for
shelving the books.
Early in the history of the library a system of exchange
with other medical libraries was instituted, by which the library
has acquired hundreds of volumes of medical journals, transac-
tions of medical societies, reports of hospitals, boards of
health, etc., etc.
The library has been the recipient of many valuable gifts,
among the most important of which we may mention the library
of the late Dr. C. A. Logan, consisting of 490 volumes, donated
by Mrs. C. A. Logan; the library of Dr. W. A. Hoadley, late
professor; over 200 volumes from the Surgeon General's office,
donated at the solicitation of Dr. Bayard Holmes; Medical Soci-
ety of the Couuty of Kings, New York, 150 volumes, and a large
number of journals and reprints. A complete list of donors
would include the name of nearly every physician connected
with the college, as well as a large number of the alumni, the
authors of many valuable text-books and the publishers of
medical books.
The following statistics have been compiled from the library
records and may be interesting in showing the growth and pre-
sent standing of the library.
24 Ihe Plexus.
In 1899 the library received the following gifts: 600 books
1,000 pamphlets and 500 journals.
In 1900: 1,186 volumes, 9,877 journals and 951 pamphlets.
In 1901: 1,350 volumes.
The following are the annual additions to the library exclu-
sive of all duplicates, reprints and pamphlets:
1896 400 volumes. 1899 525 volumes.
1887 275 volumes. 1900 1000 volumes.
1898 900 volumes. 1901 1250 volumes.
In the annual report of the librarian for 1899 the average
attendance was given as 90.
Since the beginning of the present college year the average
attendance has been 134.
Books added to the library during the present college year,
877, which is an average of over 100 a month. Total number of
books in library exclusive of duplicates, unbound journals, re-
prints and pamphlets, 5,603.
ALUMNI NOTES.
'87. Nelson Voldeng has moved from Des Moines, la., to
Cherokee, la., where he is head physician and surgeon of the
new insane asylum which was recently completed there.
'90. F. J, Tower has been compelled to leave Milwaukee,
Wis., and go to Pasadena, Cal.. on account of his health. The
Pl,exus wishes him a speedy recovery.
'94. W. D. Dilworth is now located at Oxnard, Cal.
'95. B. O. Bo well, formerly at Rollins Prairie, Ind., is now
located at La Porte, Ind.
'95. O. T. Peterson was visiting his Alma Mater recently.
He will be at Gibbon, Minn., for a short time.
'97. G. E. May hew, Edgewood, Cal., has returned to Chi-
cago on account of the serious illness of his wife.
'98. E. M. Byers, formerly of Belvidere, 111., is now located
at Lake Geneva, Wis. The doctor is connected with the Lake
Geneva Sanitarium at that place.
'98. C. D. Stone has his office at 1912 Archer Ave., Chicago.
'99. W. H. Lerche has moved from 3910 Calumet Ave. to 119
E. Madison St., Chicago.
Alunvii. 25
99. B. Fantus is now located at 443 S. Marshfield Ave.,
"Chicago.
'99. E. A. Cloupeck has moved from Manitowoc; Wis., to 56
Humboldt Blvd., Chicago.
'00. J. R. Birkelund, Tokio, Japan, returned recently for a
short stay, coming back on account of his wife's illness. He ex-
pects to return later. He is at present at 1428 N. Spalding Ave,,
•Chicago.
'00. P. S. Mitchell of lola, Kan., has just recovered from
an attack of smallpox. He says it afforded him a fine opportu-
nity to study the disease, as there were 15 cases in the hospital
during his confinement.
'00. R. G. Gale of Diller, Neb., is in the city doing post
graduate work.
'00. S. S. Norseman of Madison, Wis., has moved to 725
120th St., Chicago.
'01. Wm. Major has moved from Villaldamme, Mexico, to
Aguascalientes, Mexico.
'01. G. P. Kerrigan has moved from 229 Walnut St. to 610
Lawndale Ave.
'01. W. L. Cameron is located at 123 S. St. Louis, Ave.,
Chicago.
JUNIOR NOTES
The class that is to be graduated May 19 at the Studebaker
has extended an invitation to the newly-elected senior officers to
be in attendance at the exercises at the above named place, and
to attend the banquet which will be held the same evening at the
Auditorium.
We have been informed that J. H. Rolfe, formerly a member
of this class during its Freshman year, has recently died of tu-
berculosus. Mr. Rolfe was well known to all of the older class-
men as a bright, energetic student, and his death will no doubt
bring a touch of sadness to the hearts of all who knew him.
Dr. McDermid was presented with a beautiful gold headed
cane by the class at his last hour, as a token of remembrance
and as a grateful acknowledgement of the services he tendered
the class at the confinement case in 406, May 5. Mr. Milton Hall
26 Ihc FJexus.
represented the class, and very ably told of the great respect and
esteem we have for Dr. McDermid. The doctor thanked the-
class with a few well-chosen words, and assured them that his
relations with the different members had always been most cor-
dial, and that the recollection of the class of '03 would ever re-
main fresh in his memory.
A very pleasant social function was the gathering- together
of the section in laryngology under Dr. R. H. Brown, at the home
of the latter on Jackson boulevard, on the evening of May 14.
Some of the recently-elected*senior officers were also in attend-
ance, having been invited to participate out of a desire to return
the compliment they had extended to the doctor a few evenings
previously at the theatre party. All enjoyed a splendid time
and are zealous in praising Dr. Brown's congenial manner and
hospitality.
We give verbatim a letter received from Miss Grace George,
leading actress in "Under Southern Skies,"" which the junior fac-
ulty and class attended in a body on the night of May 5th. To
say that Miss George captivated the entire class is but putting it
lightly. She proved to be a most charming actress, and the easy
and natural manner with which she gave expression to her lines,
brought forth frequent and prolonged applause. At the termi-
nation of the third act a beautiful bouquet of flowers, with the
college colors attached, was presented to her by the class. Pol-
lowing is her letter:
"To Gentlemen of Juuioe, Class:
"Thank you very much for the beautiful I'oses you sent me-
last evening. Your kindness \vas a gracious welcome to a
'stranger in a strange land.' Very gratefully,
May 6, 1902. Grace George."
The theatre party given by the newly-elected Senior officers
to the Junior faculty and members of the class on the evening of
May 5, at the Grand Opera House, was a marked success in every
particular. The affair was the outcome of a plan meant to pro-
mote good fellowship and class spirit, and that such results will
be attained we have no doubt. Such a happy gathering together
as we witnessed on the evening of May 5th cannot prove to do
other than bring the entire class into even closer relationship
than has been their lot heretofore. Only too soon shall we be
taking our final leave of one another; some of us going, perhaps,.
Notes. 27
to tight against the inevitable, and during those times of sorrovv
in after days there will be no greater source of pleasure to us
than the thoughts of our college days and the recollection of
dear old college friends and friendships. We end our college
days forever when we shall have left the College of Physicians
and Surgeons and enter the long, irksome paths of our profes-
sion. And what are college days? College days are merely col-
lege days, as happiness is happiness. No better explanation can
be given — one must live through them in order to understand
with what extreme sadness we bid them adieu. In just a little
space of time our struggle forward begins in earnest. Prom that
time our paths will be marked by many obstacles and pitfalls,
some of which we may be able to override, while others will claim
us for their own. Be this as it may there is always a haven of
rest — a something upon which we can rely and that will never
fail to dispel our gloom and lift the veil of despondency when we
are crestfallen. We refer to the recollection of college life and
college friendships. Were you ever iu a strange land away from
those you know, where everything, the living and inanimate, was
strange to you? Did you note with what pleasure you espied
some object or caught the air of some melody which, like a flash
of light, brought to mind the recollection of some moment of
pleasure or happiness long since forgotten? Such are the results
obtained by efforts during college life to bring all together into
closer relationship. Such is the result of college friendships —
not only linking us together in perfect unison while here, but
strengthening the invisible ties which bind us together forever
after.
Pollowing is a list of the officers in the order elected who
were chosen to conduct the affairs of the class during the coming
Senior year: P. H. Holmes, Pres. ; M. E. McGann, VicePres. ;
W. H. Moore, Secy.; F. C. Fisher, Treas.; R. L. Eldridge, Class
Editor; Geo. F. Blough, D. G. Tweedle, E. B. Anderson, R. C.
King and W. H. Porter, Executive Com. ; J, Sherril, Valedicto-
rian; L. H. Frechtling, Class Historian; B. S. Maloy, Class Poet;
W. P. Wessels, Class Prophet.
Mr. Holmes had no opponent for the presidency but was
chosen by acclamation. His popularity, scholarship and sterling
qualities need no comment, but are attested by the fact that he
has held offices during every year since the class was organized.
28 The Plexus.
During his Freshman year he was elected vice president; during
his Sophomore year he was our president, and last year he was a
member of the executive committee.
Next in order came the election of vice president and Mr. M.
. E. McGann was elected by acclamation. The class recognized in
Mr. McGann the attributes of a scholar of unusual ability and it
hap adhered to its previous sound judgment by placing him in the
position of vice president. In our humble opinion he can be
aptly classed with the very best students our college affords.
Mr. W. H. Moore was also elected by acclamation, this being
his second term as class secretary. Mr. Moore has shown by his
past work that he is a close student and well worthy of honors
bestowed upon him by his fellow classmates.
For treasurer the names of Messrs. F. C. Fisher, G. H. How-
ard, G. F. Blough and H. Fanyo were presented. Mr, Fisher
received a majority on the first ballot and was declared elected.
There is co question but Mr. Fisher will fill the office of treasu-
rer in a most satisfactory manner.
R. L. Eldridge was elected to the office of class editor by
acclamation. This, however, will not be a new venture for Mr.
Eldridge, he having filled the same position during the Sopho-
more year.
The executive committee consists of the following members:
G. F, Blough, R. C. King, E. B. Anderson, D. Tweedal and W.
H. Porter, Mr. Porter received the highest count and he will
officiate in the capacity of chairman during the Senior year. As
much depends upon our executive committee we feel safe in say-
ing that no fears need be felt during the coining year but that all
matters coming under their jurisdiction will be handled with dis
cretion and sound judgment in every particular. In our opinion
the different members constituting the committee are well worthy
of the honor and respect of all their acquaintances, to say ncth-
ing of their excellent work as students.
Messrs. F. Fanyo and J. Sherril were nominated for valedic-
torian, the latter gentleman receiving the highest number of
votes cast. Mr. Sherril has not been with the class during the
entire three years now past, but notwithstanding the fact he has
made a great many friends during that time who have endeav-
ored by their last action to demonstrate that they consider him
worthy of their highest respect and esteem.
Notes. . 29
L. H. Frechtling, D. Tweedle and. B. S. Maloy were nomi-
nated for class historian. Maloy declined and, owing co the fact
that Frechtling was at that time a member of the executive com-
mittee he withdrew from that position, thus leaving a vacancy in
the committee which was filled by Tweedle, who received the
next highest vote. We do not hesitate in saying that Mr.
Frechtling was well chosen, and that he will do full credit to the
honor bestowed upon him.
For class poet B. S. Maloy, the present class editor, was
chosen by acclamation.
Mr. W. F. Wessels was elected to the office of class prophet
at a special meeting of the class. He is one of our best students
and it is a pleasure to associate his name \vith that of class
prophet — a position which we think should not only be filled by
one who is together juet and conservative in every particular,
but by one who is also a close student of the varied shades of
human nature.
GASTRALGIA— ITS TREATMENT.
Gastralgia, is, for therapeutical purposes, divided into two
groups by Professor Saundby (N. Y. Medical Journal). The
first group comprises those cases in which pain occurs indepen-
dently of eating, aod the second group, those cases in which the
pain occurs after food is taken. The treatment of the first class
consists of change of scene, a sea voyage or mountain air and
abundant food at regular intervals. The palliative treatment of
iron, quinine, arsenic, nux vomica and the mineral acids.
For the second class, the treatment is, rest in bed, milk and
lime water in sufficient quantities- say an ounce every hour. A
nutrient enema of one &gg, beaten up in four ounces of milk, to
be given every four hours. The amount of milk should be in-
creased with improvement, and if milk fails, from two to four
ounces of lightly cooked minced meat may be substituted.
For the relief of the pain in both cases, Saundby gives mor-
phia or heroin, but in a recent clinical report Professor Boone,
College of Physicians and Surgeons, St. Louis, states that he
finds one Antikamnia and Heroin Tablet (5 grains Antikamnia;
l-12th gr. Heroin Hydrochloride) given as required, not only re-
lieves the pain, but prevents its recurrence, much more satisfac-
torily than either heroin or morphine alone. In other respects
he concurs with Professor Saundby in his method of treatment.
SCHOOL OF DENTISTRY
DENTAL DEPARTMENT
UNIVERSITY OF ILLINOIS.
EDITORIAL COMMITTEE.
D M. CATTELL, D. D. 5., G. W. COOK. D. D. S. B. J. CIGRAND, D. D. S.
Supt. R. P. DONALDSON.
D. M. CATTELL, Editor-in-Chief. C. E. JONES, Alumni Editor.
CLASS EDITORS.
A. E. ALTHER, '02. F. M STAHL, 03. J. C. GROUT, 04.
Publisher. - H. C. WADDLE.
Subscription $1.00 Per Annum in advance. Single copies, 15 cents. Issued monthly
Send all remittances and communications as lo subscriptions and advertising to H. C
WADDLE, Cor. Congress and Honore Sts., Chicago.
Since our last issue the commencement exercises of the ses-
sion of 1901-02 have taken place. Dr. Draper, the President of
the University, not being able to be with us, was represented by-
Thomas Jonathan Burrell, A. M., Ph. D., LL. D., Vice President,
who conferred the degrees.
The doctorate address was given by Rev. L. A. Crandall,
D. D.
The exercises were held in Steinway Hall, May 3rd, 1902, at
2 P. M.
The banquet in honor of the graduating class was given at
the Victoria Hotel in the evening at 8 o'clock.
The graduating exercises were attended by many friends of
the fledglings; indeed, the hall was well filled. Flowers were in
profusion. The only lady of the class was showered with beau-
tiful bouquets and floral designs, some 27 different pieces in all.
The little lady and her flowers filled a carriage that was placed
at her disposal for carrying the tokens of love and respect to her
home. Many of the young men were evidently favorites in their
respective social circles as evidenced by the many bouquets al-
loted them. The exercises were interspersed with music by an
orchestra of some 20 pieces. It is feared the hall will not hold
the crowds attending another year. This is the fourth time such
exercises have been held in this hall. Earlier in the career of
Dental Department. 31
the school the place was more than large enough to accommodate
those attending. The popularity of the school seems to call more
and more of its friends each succeeding year to its public func-
tions.
Many members of the Alumni were present, both at the com-
mencement exercises and the banquet in the evening.
In this issue will be found the salutatory, valedictory, his ■
tory and class prophet. I speak for them a careful reading.
Also the annual report of the school by its secretary.
Appended is the schedule of class officers and committees
and class roll:
CLASS OFFICERS AND COMMITTEES:
President — Rollo G. Chamberlin,
Vice President— Charles W. Hillier. •
Secretary — Robert J. McGinnis.
Treasurer— Marion F. Carl.
Executive Committee— Marion F. Carl, Alvin S. Wasser,
Devillo Eddie Taft.
Program Committee — John Maxwell Murphy, Louis E. Bake,
John R. Murphy.
Salutatorian — William W. Homan.
Prophet— Claud D. Owens.
Historian— William J. Walk.
Valedictorian — Carrol Breed Abbott.
CLASS ROLL:
Abbott, Carroll Breed . Hillier, Charles W.
Adams. Harry Walter Homan, William W.
Alther, Arthur E. Kelly, Ernest Byron
Atwood, Arthur L. Lichtenberg, Howard F.
Bake, Louis E. Merz, Frank Raymond
Bawden, Arthur C. Means, Jay L.
Benson, Henry William Murphy, John Maxwell
Black, J. Clarence Murphy. John R.
Carl, Marion F. McGinnis, Robert J.
Cameron, Walter P. Owens, Claud D.
Chamberlin, Rollo G. Pipkin, W. L.
Cummings, E. G. Rork, Ray N.
Daniels, Charles Lyle Rice, Charles Vernon
Donaldson, Robert Patterson Ratcliff, Frederick H.
Dubm, Aaron J. Ruzicka, Martin J.
.32 The Plexus
Fales, Arthur H. Tigner, Charles H.
Flachtemeier, Arthur F, Taft, Devillo Eddie
Gi-anger, John Clair Urbanek, Marie R.
Grubb, Harry W. Wasser, Alvin b.
Hawes, David R. ' Walk, William J.
ANNUAL REPORT AND MANDAMUS.
By B, J. CiGRAND, M. S., D. D. S., Secretary.
In conformity with a well-established custom among all de-
gi'eeconferring institutions, an annual report is rendered to
those who are attending its departments, and to those interested
in the progress of liberal education a mandamus is submitted in-
dicating what has been accomplished and what is mapped out
for the future.
in the summer of 1901 the University of Illinois sent out a
statement signed jointly by Dr. Andrew S. Draper, president of
the University, and Dr. A. H. Peck, dean of the Dental Depart
ment, which reads as follows:
"The University of Illinois takes great pleasure in announc-
ing to the dental profession, the Alumni, under-graduates and
other friends of the University that it has organized a College
of Dentistry, and in pursuance thereof has acquired all the
rights, privileges and equijoments of the Illinois School of Dentis-
try, which has been merged in this department. The trustees in
adding this department to the University, do so in the confident
expectation that it will reflect credit upon the State of Illinois
and the profession of dentistry.
"The University has secured for the faculty men of reputa-
tion and standing who are known honorably throughout the
country in connection with their chosen specialties.
"The College of Dentistry will occupy its own building, situ-
ated on the corner of Harrison and Honore streets, Chicago,.
This building, formerly occupied by the College of Physicians
and Surgeons (the medical department of the University) and re-
cently partially destroyed by fire, is now being rebuilt, and will
be completed and equipped, ready for occupancy, by the begin-
ning of the school term, October Srd, 1901. The building, whsn
completed, will be a five-story stone structure, furnishad
throaghoiit with new ani molera eq^uipuja, ani will b) on-
moiious anl complete in every respect."'
Dental Department. 33
The Sunday Inter-Ocean of May 4t.h says of the transfer:
•'The Illinois School of Dentistry has within the past few
years made the most phenomenal record known to the annals of
dental colleges and her career attracted the attention of the
trustees of the University of Illinois. The University has long
felt the need of this professional department, and, after months
of careful consideration, has established it.
'•The University called to her aid the wisdom and judgment
of its medical department, the College of Physicians and Sur-
geons, and after pains-taking investigation covering months of
time, the medical councillor reported that the State University
should create a College of Dentistry and purchase the stock,
charter and good will of the Illinois School of Dentistry and
around this nucleus build a great dental institution.
"The report was accepted, acted upon, and on Lincoln's
Birthday, February 121h, 1901, the Illinois School of Dentistry
became the Dental Department of the great University of
Illi-nois.''
This day marks the first scholastic anniversary of the dental
department and the past year has accomplished much which
deserves recitation in this annual report,
The fire which was first thought so calamitous really proved
to be a blessing, as it provided an opportunity of thoroughly re-
arranging the entire floors, laboratories, halls, amphitheatres and
infirmary and admitted of constructing a college building which,
in every particular, is founded on strictest observation of sani-
tary principles and has all the modern improvements as to heat-
ing, lighting and elevator service. The college contains three
well-lighted and well-ventilated amphitheatres, the smallest of
which has a seating capacity of two hundred.
The laboratories are among the largest and most complete
possessed by any college. The clinical operating room, lecture
halls, chemical and histological laboratories and dissecting rooms
are complete, and all appliances necessary are provided.
The Infirmary occupies the entire top floor of the building.
Advantage is taken of large skylights, as well as north, east,
south and west side lights. The structure, standing as it does
with no immediate adjoining buildings, the light is unobstructed
on all sides. The height is such that the observer has a bird's-
eye view of the city in all directions. The Infirmary is divided
31 The Ple^s.
into the Operative, Prosthetic and Orthodontia sections and is
equipped with 100 new chairs of the latest improved pattern,
with fountain cuspidors attached, double-decked stands for ac-
commodating students" operating cases and sanitary washbowls
with hot and cold water, formaldehyde instrument sterilizers and
all approved appliances that will in any way assist in making the
room what the term modern improvement \m'p\\QS.
The total enrollment during the present session was 134 stu-
dents. These matriculants came from various states in the
union and a few from Canada, England, Germany and other for-
eign parts. The strictest possible censorship was regarded rela-
tive to the new matriculants' educational qualifications. The
rules of the National Association of Dental Faculties, which
have been rigidly observed in this institution, demand that no
student shall be received into the college unless the candidate
presents a diploma, teacher's certificate or credential equivalent
to entrance to the second year high school. This ruling of the
National Association has somewhat reduced the number of new
applicants, but we are glad to announce that it has assisted in
raising the general standing of the student body, and in a marked
degree given promise of more stable and satisfactory progress,
since the fundamental knowledge of the student was well
founded. The sincerity of this statement was tested at the be-
ginning o£ the term when the State Board of Dental Examiners
asked our dean if they might investigate the credentials of the
matriculants; the request was immediately granted, with the re-
sult that the inquisitorial board cheerfully recommended all as
eligible to pursue a course in dentistry. This is the first instance
in Illinois where a College of Dentistry submitted to the judg-
ment of the state authorities the privilege of passing upon the
eligibility of its applicants for matriculation, and it is a course
which this school of dentistry hopes to pursue in the future.
The course of instruction has been exacting, and little could
be added to further dental thought. The time of the several
classes was fully absorbed in either the didactic, experimental or
practical department of the college. During the course there
were 542 general lectures and 27 special lectures. A large num-
ber of these extra lectures were of such a character as attracted
members of the profession to heartnem. Our course of instruc-
tion, though mapped out by the National Association of Dental
Dental Department. 35
Faculties, has in addition much special work, and the course in
reality is in advance of the national requirements. Most of this
special work is in the form of practical dental technique. The
school has emphasized the necessity of having the students pur-
sue a graded curriculum, harmonizing and combining the theo-
retical with the practical. With this in view, the junior students
at this school were afforded the opportunity of doing clinical op.
erative and prosthetic work, and the excellent results which must
follow such a course are evident to persons who are in touch with
the student world. This special feature of the school, in connec-
tion with its supplemental work, led many students of other in-
stitutions to enter our college, and we cheerfully call attention to
the fact that many of our junior and senior students come from
the dental departments of large universities.
The amount of practical work required from our senior stu-
dent this session is fully 25 per cent, more than in the previous
terms, and the fact that all these students performed the requi-
site number of dental operations bespeaks for the splendid clin-
ical advantages of the school. The clinic at the school has been
all that could be desired. It might be interesting to detail to you
the number and variety of operations and substitutions, but suf-
fice it to say that every department which pertains to the study
and practice of the profession has received careful consideration
in both theory and practice.
It would be a grievous oversight not to call attention to the
cheer contributed to the curriculum by the various student or-
ganizations, and especial consideration in this particular is due
to the athletic teams, the foot ball, base ball, road races and
bowling club, but more particularly the college band, whose con-
cert in March we will long remember. The faculty and students
have certainly enjoyed a most happy companionship during the
past course. The kindest possible fellowship has existed between
the student and the teacher, since the professors have diligently
sought to be advisory and helpful rather than dictatorial or ar-
rogant, hence a most respectful regard cgaracterizes the entire
school.
In conclusion, we must incorporate in this annual brief some
consideration of the recent dental gathering. On March 26th
the dental department gave a "Professional Clinic," and the fifty
<;linicians represented, recognized operators of the Mississippi
3t) J'he Plexus.
Valle3^ upwards of 800 dentists attending the clinic, and the
character of the meeting, botn from a professional and social
standpoint, was a great success. The paper read by Dr. Johna-
t.han Taft, of Ann Arbor, on this occasion will be a part of the
classic literature of our calling, and the Faculty of the School of
Dentistry take this occasion to publicly thank those who in any
manner assisted in stamping this a gala day in the record of the
school.
Chicago today is the medical and dental mecca of the world,
and the clinical advantages of this cosmopolitan city are not sur-
passed by any other municipality on earth. Students are avail-
ing themselves of the opportunity of living and studying in a
center where every possible facility in their chosen field of work
can be afforded them, and this tendency of students to come to
Chicago for their professional training, adds new elements of
strength to the generous prophecy that the name Illinois,— b>1-
ready made famous by Logan, Grant and Lincoln, shall have a
new laurel in the glories that come from possessing the greatest
university of America.
SALUTATORY.
By William H, Homan.
In this day and age it is the custom, on occasions like this,
to choose and commission some one to stand up before the audi-
ence and, in formal phrase and set speech, bid them welcome.
I like the old plan best, the plan in vogue when men and
women were more primitive than they now are,^ — a plan which
relied less upon words and more upon acts to indicate the wel-
coming spirit; when even the winds felt free to catch hold of the
latch string hanging from the door and give it a gentle pull;
when the good dame indicated the pleasure she felt at the arri-
val of company by the anxiety with which she watched the hoe
cake and stirred and turned the boiling kettle.
A welcome made manifest by the good man as he tipped a
wink at the new arrival and drew forth the old brown jug, filled
with the goodly proportion of sparkling dew from the sweet lips
of the fabled maid of the mountain mist, tinted with the richness
of the color of her rosy cheeks, followed by the gurgle of the
golden liquor as it poured down the thirsty throat, — or by the
Dental Department. '"^7
alacrity with which he shouldered his rifle and tramped forth in
search of turkey, deer or bear, that the family larder might be
enriched.
I am not so pessimistic as to say or believe that the spirit
which dictated these actions has departed forever from us. The
test now of the sincerity or insincerity of a welcome is the will-
ingness to make sacrifices to please, to overcome the inertia of
selfishness by the exercise of the qualittes of good-fellowship.
As an indication of the sincerity of our welcome I mean to
take you by the hand, as it were, and give you a grasp that will
prove that the heart has moved upon the muscles; I mean to
smile into your faces with such a sunshiney smile that all reserve,
all diffidence will be dissipated as the fogs of the morn are dissi-
pated by the brightness and warmth of the sun; I mean to look
you so squarely in the eye that your souls, peeping into mine,
shall see there no hidden or reserved regret; I mean to call upon
those who will follow me upon this program to do their utmost
to make the occasion so joyous, so entertaining and so profitable
that it will not readily fade from the memory, but remain a green
and invigorating spot to which we may go, in after years, for re-
freshment.
I thank you.
VALEDICTORY.
By Carrol Breed Abbott.
Mr. President, Mr. Dean, Gentlemen of the Faculty, Fellow
Students, Ladies and Gentlemen:
Year by year the friends of almost every school and college,
professional and mechanical alike, gather to witness the confer-
ring of degrees and diplomas upon those who have completed the
course of instruction and to encourage them by their words and
presence. And so to-day, on this auspicious occasion, we are
gathered to witness and to take part in the granting of the de-
gree of Doctor of Dental Surgery upon this, the first class to
graduate from the dental departmeut of the University of Illinois,
What is a degree? What does it mean to you and my fellow
-classmates? Does it mean simply that we have spent a required
amount of time in college, or that we have acquired a specific
amount of knowledge and therefore are qualified to practice our
profession? Is it a meaningless title, or is it a certificate of ac
38 The Plexus.
complishment? A degree is a title conferred by a college and
signifies that, by honorable endeavor, a man or woman has won
the right to be called doctor or master, and that he is capable of
pursuing his course in the world on his own responsibility. There
are innumerable men in all walks of life who have entered their
respective callings unprepared by a college education, and while
many of them have gained marked success, the vast majority do
not rise to the possibilities that their trained minds would have
been capable of attaining. A degree inspires one to live up to
and to strive for the highest that can be attained. In times of
temptation it reminds a man of his position and his duty. It
makes him demand more of himself and to live a higher, abroad
er. a nobler life.
And so to-day, with the presentation of these diplomas and
the conferring of the degree of Doctor of Dental Surgery upon
us, let us stop for a moment and consider what it means to us and
to society. In these days of mad rush for wealth and fame we
forget that, although these are not to be despised, there are some
things more worthy of our ambition. Is it not well for every
young person, in whatever walk of life, as he starts on his career
to ask himself, "Ought fame and riches to be my only aimV"
Isn't there something higher and nobler to strive for? Shall I
not strive to leave my profession something of value when I am
through? Homer, Socrates, Plato, Luther, Washington, Lincoln
and McKinley answered these questions and left to posterity ex-
amples of right living and unselfishness, and thus gained whacis
more than ritches— honor. So there are needed in the frofession
of dental surgery men who will give their lives and thoughts for
its advancement.
Dentistry, as a profession, had its beginning at the time
when Louis XIV". made a division in the ranks of the then so-
called dentists, putting those of a mere mechanical turn of mind
in the one class and those capable of performing operations upon
the teeth and soft tissues of the mouth into another. Previous
to this time jewelers, barbers and blacksmiths had been practicing
regardless of ability. About 1785 England made the same dis-
tinction and from then until the present time the moral tone of
the profession has steadily advanced, and to-day we have these
two great divisions, designated as operative and prosthetic dentis
try. Yet the division, as respects the ability of men in either of
Dental Department. 39
these classes, has ceased to be of hnportance, for there are men
known as mechanical dentists who are as truly doctors as those
who simply operate. The two branches have been drawn closely
together and are taught in conjunction, one being as important
as the other in our college courses.
The dental profession has made vast strides in the last cen-
tury, both in a material and moral way. In no trade or profes-
sion are there instruments more delicate or suitable to perform
the necessary work or operations, and the appliances now in use
to prevent pain are a criterion of the great advancement of this
healing art. There has been a tendency among medical men and
the laity at large to belittle this profession, but it has come to be
a known fact that a graduate from a reputable dental college is
better qualified to pj'actice his profession than are those from any
other professional school. He is trained in mind and in the use
of his hands while they, in a majority of cases; are limited to a
theoretical knowledge. To be a dentist to-day, in the highest
sense of the word and as the profession at large regards him, a
man must be a gentleman, honest, moral and upright. Unless he
lives the ethics as taught by the profession he falls far short of
being a successful dentist,.
Ethics is the art of right living. Professional ethics consid-
ers the character and conduct of professional people with re-
spect to their moral qualities as exhibited in the practice of their
profession. It is unreasonable to expect that professional con-
duct will be good if the character of a dentist or physician is
bad in other respects. History recalls many instances of whole
nations degenerating and becoming extinct simply for refusing to
uphold and encourage a standard for right living and morality
for their people. And if history does repeat itself, then that in-
dividual or profession that refuses to have a high ideal of both
morality and workmanship must fail.
The dental profession has obtained through its code of ethics
a spirit of brotherhood, and now fraternities bind its members in
fraternal union. Societies endeavoring to instill the idea that
our profession is more than a trade are educating the members
and laity to a higher appreciation of its wonderful possibilities
and blessings, The people are beginning to want men to serve
them who are guided by these motives, and our colleges are
teaching their matriculates that it is better to lose temporarily
40 Thi Plexus.
for the sake of principle than to depart from what is ethical.
Dentistry and medicine were never more closely allied than at the
present time, for again and again in recent years has the dentist
been called to consult with the family physician and his opinion
has been respected. It is now a well-recognized fact that dentis-
try is a very important branch of medicine, and that whenever
disease is caused by unsound teeth or pathological conditions of
the mouth the family dentist should be consulted with the family
physician, as the oculist would be in complications of the eye or
the aurist in complications of the ear.
So in view of the responsibility that he may be called upon
to bear it becomes the duty of everyone who takes the name of .
this profession upon himself to strive to maintain its high and
honorable position. And in order to do this he must ever be
ready to respond to the wants of his patients in an honorable
and faithful manner. He ought ever to keep his body and mind
in such a condition that his best faculties can be exerted in be-
half of his patients. He will ever show utmost respect for his
brethren in a like cause. It is the duty of every dentist to ad-
vise his patients in the manner he would be advised. He should
ever strive to perform every operation a trifle better than the
preu'.ous one, for only in this way can proficiency in his work be
attained.
It is considered unprofessional to resort to means disparag-
ing of others — calling attention to one's work in the public press
and offering lower prices than the surrounding dentists, also
claiming superiority over other practitioners. Every dentist
ought to have the advancement of his profession so at heart that
he will try to assist his brethren instead of keeping all his knowl-
edge to himself. In union there is strength, and by combining
knowledge the profession will grow strong. No man has a cor-
ner on knowledge, and he that would learn must impart his own
knowledge also.
The esthectic in dentistry depends to a marked extent upon
the degree of ethics as practiced by the profession. If a man
will invariably lower his professional standing and thereby re-
flect discredit upon his profession, it is reasonable to expect that
he will do those things for his patients that are not for their best
comfort and appearance. The appearance of gold crowns and of
many large gold fillings in the anterior part of the mouth is not
Dental Department . 41
in good taste, but, if an operator simjjly cares for fees and not
for the esthetic in his work, he will not take the pains to advise
other means of restoring nature in a more natural and pleasing
manner. And so we can safely say that the men who try to up-
build and make noble the profession are those who will advise
the people for their own good even if they lose in a Jinanclal tvay.
Thus the temptations that come to a dentist are many, and are
not the least of his difficulties. But if he will ever put his ideal
before him as a man belonging to a great and growing fraternity
he will be enabled to overeome them, and be a factor for good in
his chosen profession.
Gentlemen of the Faculty: It is my pleasant duty to ex-
press to you, in behalf of the class of 1902, our sincere apprecia-
tion for the faithful example which you have so constantly set
befoi'e us during the past three years of pleasant association and
study. We realize the great responsibility of the teacher's ex-
ample, and although we have sometimes seemed inattentive and
remiss to your counsels and instructions, yet we trust we are bet-
ter men and have a higher conception of the dignity of the great
profession upon which we are just entering. We desire to reflect
in our daily professional life the example which you have shown
to us that we may in turn be of some service in keeping the good
name of our profession at the standard you and our brothers
have attained for it. We are proud to be the ffrst class to grad-
uate from the dental department of the University of Illinois,
and to whatever degree of success we attain we shall ever look
back with gratitude to you as our inspirations andfaithsul advis-
ors. Gentlemen, you will ever be held in grateful remembrance
by the class of 1902.
I bid you farewell.
And now, fellow classmates, I congratulate you upon the ad-
vent of this hour; a day looked forward to and anticipated
.through three years of pleasant study, intermingled with days of
discouragement and doubtful forebodings. And now as we have
gained this milestone in the journey of life, let us stop for a mo-
ment and, with a glance into the past, select the incidents and
lessons learned through failures that will aid us in developing our
lives for the future. Also, with a forward look, again raise our
ideal and place it in the loftiest realms of our chosen profession.
Let us forget the days of discouragement, ever keeping in mind
42 Ihe Plexus.
that this life is one continual school, and he that would succeed
must necessarily have his failures, but that every failure has an
opportunity and these must be grasped. Let us then be watch,
ful of our opportunities, ' for Dame Fortune visits every man
once. May we not enter upon our life work with a firm resolve
to be honest, upright and moral? With a steadfast purpose to
enoble and keep pure the profession of our calling. Then we
will cast nothing but credit upon ourselves, and in so doing w^e
honor our Alma Mater and use the counsel of our honored fac-
ulty wisely. Let us part as a class with kindest wishes for all
and with malice toward none, and take with us for our comfort
and inspiration the words of Longfellow:
"Lives of great men all remind us
We can make our lives sublime,
And departing leave behind us
Foot- prints on the sands of time.
"Foot-prints that perhaps another
Sailing o'er life's solemn main,
A forlorn and ship- wrecked brother
Seeing, may take heart again.
"Let us then be up and doing
With a heart for any fate.
Still achieving, still pursuing,
Learn to labor and to wait.'"
Now I bid you a fond farewell.
NOTICE OF CHANGE IN ADDRESS.,
The Grand Rapids X-Ray Manufacturing Co., a firm w^hich
has recently made the pleasant acquaintance of many of our
readers, has for three years had its main factory in Ravenna,
Ohio, and very little has been done in Grand Rapids, Mich., out-
side of the office work. Last year an addition was built to the
Ravenna factory to make space, not only for the manufacture of
more of their static X-Ray aj^paratus now so well known as "The
Sorensen," but also to make room for offices.
Before the building was completed the demand for their dif-
ferent X-Ray apparatus was so great, however, that they had to
use every foot of space for manufacturing purposes, and it was
not until another addition was built this spring, and space rented
in other buildings besides, that they had got room enough to
move everything to Ravenna; but even with the additional space
roem. 43
the demand for their goods has so increased that they must build
again this summer.
The constant demand for "The Sorensen" shows' how much
this machine is used by the medical profession.
The X-Ray Mfg. Co. in Ravenna, Ohio, is the only factory
making static machines all from the crude material into a com-
plete finished machine. The lumber is bought in the woods and
dried and prepared in the factory, and the same way with all the
other material.
Our readers who have formerly had dealings with them, as
well as new customers will, after this, address all communica-
tions to Grand Rapids X-Ray Mfg. Co., Ravenna, Ohio.
DR. GOODCHEER'S REMEDY.
Peel all out of kilter, do you?
Nothing goes to suit you, quite?
Skies seem sort of dark and clouded.
Though the day is fair and bright?
Eyes affected — fail to notice
Beauty spread on every hand?
Hearing so impaired you're missing
Songs of promise, sweet and grand?
No. your case is not uncommon — •
'Tis a popular distress; ,
Though 'tis not at all contagious.
Thousands have it, more or less;
But it yields to- simple treatment.
And is easy, quite, to cure;
If you follow my directions
Convalescence, quick, is sure.
Take a bit of cheerful thinking.
Add a portion of content,
And, with both, let glad endeavor,
Mixed with earnestness, be blent;
These with care and skill compounded
Will produce a magic oil
That is bound to cure, if taken
With a lot of honest toil.
If your heart is dull and heavy,
If your hope is pale with doubt,
Try this wondrous Oil of Promise,
For 'twill drive the evil out.
Who will mix it? Not the druggist
From the bottles on his shelf.
The ingredients required
You must find within yourself.
-Nixon Waterman in Success.
OFFICERS.— C.S.NEISWANfJER, I'll. G., M. D., Pres.; EMIL H. GRUBBE, M. D., Vice- Pre s^
A. B. SLATER, Sec'y and Treasurer.
FACULTY.— FRANKLIN H. MARTIN, M. D., Electricity ia Gynecology; W. FRANKLIN " COLE
MAN, M. D., M. R. C. S. (Eng.) Electricity in Diseases of the Eye; MA/ CUSHMAN RICE
M. D., Electrolysis; C. S.' NETSWANGER, Ph. G., M. D., General Electro-Therapeutics;
EM ^L H. GRUBBE, M. 1)., Electro-Physics, Radiography and X-Ray Diagnosis; ALBERT
H. ANDREWS, M. D., Ear, Nose and Throat. GORDON G. BURDICK, M. D., Radio-Thera-
py and Photo-Chemistry.
This school is for physicians and is equipped with the most modern up-to-date
apparatus. All the rudimentary physics will be profusely illustrated and made plain
even to the uninitiated in electrotherapy. No mail course will be given and no
degrees conferred, but a handsomely engraved certificate of attendance can be ob-
tained if desired after the completion of a course. The courses will be of three weeks
duration and consist of both clinical and didactic instructions. A 3-week's course
will make you self-dependent. Write for further information, terms and printed
matter. Phone Randolph 144.
ILLINOIS SCHOOL OF ELECTRO-THERAPEUTICS,
1302-3 Chaitiplain Building, Chicago, 111.
THE MARION-SIMS HOSPITAL.
438 LaSalle Avenue, CHICAGO.
LONG DISTANCE TELEPHONE, 737 NORTH.
A high-class private Hospital for the recep-
,;i:: ' '^^i.^ - '^ion of Gynecological cases and for abdominal
^**Rii, Surg:ery.
jste Centrally located in one of the best residence
■^^ districts of the city, this institution offers
'f^: A accommdations which are superior in every
T ':, ):.':■ x< /! - *J respect and combine the comforts and luxuries
^ ." ' ''j '■'■■' '^■■':<'-:-i';'W- ■ '.ife^'^s of the home with the strict appointments of
"' '~ ', '.,.;".-■.:■ 's'' •/ .'i'-w^ modern sanitary science.
, ^1 The apartments are light and well ventilated,
y. W heated by an improved hot water system. Hard-
wood floors throughout; furniseings elegant
and appropriate. Trained nurses of superior
skill are in charge of the patients and the diet is
the best.
The operating rooms are specially fitted with
all modern appliances for aseptic surgery.
A competent physician is in attendance at
all hours.
Channing W. Barrett, M. D., House Physician
F. Gregory Connell, M. D., House Physician
an Pathologist.
For further information address
HENRY P. NEWriAN, A. M , M. D,
Physiciati & Surgreoti in Charge,
103 STATE STREET, CHICAGO.
OR
n. C. STEWART, Superintendent,
(At Hospital) 438 LaSalle Avenue.
W. S. Christopher, M. D.
Professor of Pediatrics, College of Physicians and Surgeons, Medical
Department, University of Illinois, Chicago.
THE PLEXU
COLLEGE OF PHYSICIANS AND SURGEONS
MEDICAL DEPARTMENT OF THE
UNIVERSITY OF ILLINOIS,
• CHICAGO.
VOL. VIIL JUNE 20th, 1902. NO. 2
^EVOLUTION OF THE DOCTOR.
W. S. Christopher, M. D.
Professor of Pediatrics College of Physicians and Surgeons, Chicago.
Mr. President, Colleagues, Ladies and Gentlemen —
We are gathered today to express to this graduating class
our good wishes. We wish them success and they hope for suc-
cess in the life they are about to enter. But do we know clearly
what we wish them? Do they see clearly what they should aim
to attain? Success, like everything else, is purely relative. And
a career in one line of human endeavor which may be most com-
mendly successful, may and usually does lack the elements of
success of another career, and measured from such a standpoint
may be an utter failure. Great wealth can not be gained in the
practice of medicine, even less can it be gained in a purely scholas
iiic career. Pasteur conferred material benefits uj)on France,
probably great enough to counter balance the material damage
done by Napoleon. Yet no riches ever became his. Was he
therefore deprived of something which should by right have been
his? Certainly not. All the wealth that he could use was put
at his disposal, and the great institute which bears his name,
and will for many years bear the momentum of his genius, was
quite sufficient for the complete production of all that Pasteur
could do for the world. The magnificent wealth of Morgan, so
extremely useful to the world while under the control of that
eminent financial genius, would have been but the buried talent
♦Doctorate address delivered at the commeacement exercises of the Medical Depart-
,meat University of Illinois, May 20, 190:2.
46 The Plexus.
in the hands of Pasteur, who could not have used it and been-
true to himself, and who therefore would not have used it.
Every man can be successful. What is this success that
every man can reach? Before formulating an answer, a short
digression is necessary. The recent disaster at Martinique has
filled us with pity for the sufferings of those who escaped, and
some feeling more or less acute for those who perished, but the
great truth which is brought home to us all, is the infinite petti-
ness of man in the presence of the great forces of nature. We
are compelled to see the littleness of our boasted greatness when
brought into such rude contrast with cosmic forces. Each one of
us must some day face the infinite. If the opportunity be given
at the supreme moment, as it is toniany to review one's past life,
what part of it think you will be most satisfactory then? No
maiter what his conception of the future may be, no matter what
religious views he may hold, no matter if he have none, it is in-
conceivable that he can have any satisfaction in anything except
in what he has done for his fellow men. At such a time truth
alone prevails. Why not recognize that truth earlier? Then we
can measure our success by that which we do for each other —
for success is usefulness.
When Andrew Carnegie reviews his life which will please
him the more — the great fortune which he amassed or the use
which he is now making of it? He unquestionably recognizes
the truth I am trying to put before you. Be recognizes the trus-
teeship underlying his legal title. He is doing well with his
wealth. A greater mind could do better. The community is a
greater mind.
I have chosen for my subject today the Evolution of the Doc-
tor, and have already given what I conceive to be the best result
of that evolution. Perhaps we can trace some of the steps of the
process. You have finished a course of four years devoted to the
study of your profession. In my student days two years' college
work of only five months each was all that was demanded of the
student before he went out to practice his profession. You have
actually spent more than three times the amount of time in the
medical school than was required twenty years ago, but I can
assure you that you can not possibly feel any better fitted for
your work than did the medical graduate of that day. Neverthe-
less you are better fitted, not only because of the greater mass of
Evolution of the Doctor. -IT
information which has become yours, but also because, owing to
the great scientific advances of the interval, you start with a
truer conception of pathology and a wider armamentarium for
treatment, in short, with a deeper, truer, more useful, medical
philosophy than was then possible to the greatest of the profes-
sion. We have a right therefore to expect greater and better
things at your hands. Will these expectations be met? From
some yes, from others no, for after all the men are the same,
gifted and handicapped as men centuries ago have been, by the
capacities and limitation put upon them by nature. You have
passed examinations more or less rigid, and more or less tinc-
tured with mercy, and you may think that you are through with
this great bore and trial. Of this idea I would disabuse you, for
all the rest of your life will be one great aod constant examina-
tion. You will be judged by your fellows and judged without
mercy. Every act will be taken into account, and furnish its
share of the total estimate. Many of the individual judgments
will be wrong, possibly most of them will be. You will be con-
demned for errors you have not committed, but you will also be
credited with acts that you have not done, and in the long run,
and not so very long at that, you will be judged with an accur-
acy that is astounding. This examination will not be confined
to your professional knowledge and judgment, but will reach to
your innermost soul and lay bare your character to the world.
Truth is mighty and will prevail.
The firgt great struggle of the young doctor is the struggle
for bread and butter, and it is no mean struggle. The difficulty
must be surmounted or no success of any kind can be reached,
for before anyone can be useful he must be self-supporting. It
is not beneath any man's dignity to accept honest employment of
any kind to keep the wolf from the door. The community does
not expect any young doctor to make enough from his earlier
practice to support himself, but it must and does despise him if
he consents to be in part a pauper. No man is a whole man, no
matter what his age or his position, until he becomes self-sup-
porting. Fortunately most of us have something to which we
can turn in this time of trouble: For my own part I can say that
during my first five years in the practice of medicine, the larger
part of my income came from a patent attorney whom I assisted
in his professional work, and I look back upon that service as.
48 The Plexus
one of the best parts of my education. It is at this period in the
doctor's career that certain temptations assert themselres. It is
then that he is approached to do certain things of a criminal
nature which only those of his profession can do. His material
needs are appealed to with money, his emotions are touched with
pitiful appeals to save some one's honor. If he falls the fact in-
invarialjly becomes known, not always unfortunately through evi-
dence which can be used in a criminal court, but by evidence
which blackens his character, and he cannot possibly live long
enough to eradicate the blot. He is tempted to attract business
by false statements of success, let us not call it boasting, for it
always has in it the element of lying. He is tempted to actually
enter the field of the quack, and if he does, his lying becomes
systematic and monumental, for that is what constitutes the
quack, whether he be within or without the professional fold.
But these are not all of his troubles. He finds patients who can-
not pay their bills, and he also finds not a few who will not pay
their bills, and seek to justify themselves by attempts at tearing
down his reputation. Above all things let him beware of the
patient who comes to him with a story of the incompetence, care-
lessness, or neglect of a brother practitioner, who has been dis-
charged from a case, and in whose place he is sought to be put.
It;will be but a short time before he is in turn supplanted without
compensation for his services, and with a story of his incompe-
tence before the community. As a rule I have found that a pa-
tient who berates a doctor has an unpaid account on the doctor's
books. He must also meet the jealousies and faint praise of the
lesser among his colleagues.
It is very strange, too, how the first cases that come to the
young doctor are so entirely difi'erent from anything he has ever
heard of or seen while at the medical college. If he were at
once plumped into a case of pneumonia or scarlet fever, he would
see his way very clearly. If he had to make at once a capital
surgical operation he would not feel entirely at sea. But people
have a way of taking such cases to older men, and bringing to
the young man what they consider trifling ailments, which often
because of their very indefiniteness would puzzle the most experi-
enced man. He finds it very difficult to adjust the lore he has
acquired with the conditions he meets, and no matter how much
clinical training he has had[|in^ school, -he still finds it necessary
Evolution of the Doctor. 49'
to gradually discover what the things he has learned about
actually mean. It takes time to make one's knowledge auto-
matic. These trials, however, are really of very great service,
if the individual has the nerve to stand them right and profit by
them. The man of caliber and true material is improved and
tempered by them. He is taught to know people, to adjust his
tactics to their peculiarities, to acquire generalship and assume
leadership. He is taught by them to see things as they are,
rather than as they ought to be, and his grit is developed.
Coincidently with this stage of his development, if he be
fully alive to his opportunity, he is not only recognizing his
shortcomings, but is filling up the gaps in his training, and is
doing it with stronger motives and more immediate objectives
than he has'ever before had. The rawness of the recruit wears
off rapidly or slowly, according as the recruit himself recognizes
the necessity of the discipline, and takes advantage of it. Famil-
iarity with the duties, responsibilities, and what may be termed
the routine of the profession is thus finally acquired. This is
probably the most important point in the development of the doc-
tor. It is important because it is the stopping point of many.
We must confess that many never get beyond the point of slav-
ishly following and applying that which has been taught to tinem
at college and to which some little of the same kind is added.
Such condition permits of a limited success, a limited usefulness.
Stopping at this point must not be entirely charged up to the
doctor. Like all others he is subject to the law of supply and
demand, and in some communities it is not only useless, but it
may even be fatal to him to progress farther. In the profes
sional demand of the last decade or so for better training of
medical students, I have constantly held that no community is
entitled to better professional service than it can appreciate, and
th^t there is a certain element of injustice to men in training
them highly and then sending them out to practice in communi-
ties where they must go backward and see their earliest ambi-
tions blighted.
The stage of development now reachsd leads to the stage of
investigation of original research which should continue through
out the life of the individual. The time for research comes
when from one's own positive knowledge he is in position to
question accepted views or to see the actual blanks in profes^
■50 The Plexus.
sional knowledge. When one finds the need of some definite
piece of information, and knows also that no one else can supply
it to him, that he cannot get it by mere absorption, as all primary-
information is obtained, then, and not until then is he in position
to formulate a problem ■ for investigation, or in other words to
enter upon research. The working by"a student of a problem
formulated by someione else, generally his teacher, and usually
solved by observations along lines suggested by the one who has
formulated the problem is veritable research work by that
teacher, but nothing more than clerical work by the student. It
is not until he in turn has reached a similar stage of fulness of
his subject that he can undertake investigation. But from this
time on the opportunity of the doctor to become a real contrib-
utor to his science and his art is ever present, and it is one of his
possibilities which he should most sedulously cultivate.
Research more than anything else develops the individuality
of the man from a scientific standpoint. That which one works
out for himself he knows more thoroughly than anyone else can
possibly know it, knows it far more thoroughly than he can pos-
sibly impart it to anyone else. All men do not, indeed, cannot
work along the same lines, and in this way differentiation between
men increases as time goes on, and gives an actual value to in-
terchange of views.
But the doctor is also developing on his social side. He
should never consider himself a mere medicine machine, a relic
of the times when the practice of medicine was largely in the
hands of slaves, but remember that he is also a citizen, and as
such as much interested in the good government of his commun-
ity as anyone else. He should at all times take a lively interest
in politics, keeping well informed on the political movements of
the day. He should not shirk the duties of his citizenship, and
while it is generally unwise for him to hold office, if it should
come his way, he ought not to avoid his public duty in the mat-
ter. It must not be forgotten that the doctor comes in intimate
contact with certain phases of life which generally are hidden
from other citizens, his view point is largely different from that
of men engaged in commercial life, but it is nevertheless an in-
tegral part of that complex thing the community, and his coun-
sel has its value, especially when he assumes co-ordinate respon
sibility with other members of a governing body
Evolution of the Doctor. . 51
In its best forms the evolution of the doctor develops him
into a well rounded man, and useful member of his community.
If he learns the weaknesses of men he also learns their strengthj
and should develop a generous conservatism in his judgment of
his fellows, which can only come witn ripe experience.
I sincerely hope for each of you, members of the graduating
class, the highest development and success of which he is
capable.
Be brave, but not rash. Have courage, but do not confound
it with brutality; be frank, but not tactless; be tactful, but not
shifty, and no trimmer; be firm, but do not confound firmness
with stubbornness; be open to conviction, but not vacillating.
Try to see things as they are rather than as they ought to be,
but do not become pessimistic. Be resourc«ful but never untrue
or dishonorable. You are entering a profession which has al-
waj s held its honor high. As evidence of the ancientness of its
honor we have the grand oath of Hippocrates, administered to
the medical noviate of his day and he was contemporary with
Pericles, Socrates, Plato and Herodotus. This magnitfcent heri-
tage of the past I quote you in closing.
THE OATH.
"I swear by Apollo the physician, and ^sculapius, and
Health, and All-heal, and all the gods and goddesses, that, ac-
cording to my ability and judgment, I will keep this oath and
this stipulation— to reckon him who taught me this art equally
dear to me as my parents, to share my substance with him, and
relieve his necessities if required; to look upon his offspring in
the same footing as my own brothers, and to teach them this
art if they shall wish to learn it, without fee or stipulation; and
that by precept, lecture, and every other mode of instruction, I
will impart a knowledge of the art to my own sons and those of
my teachers, and to disciples bound by a stipulation and oath ac-
cording to the law of medicine, but to none others. I will follow
that system of regimen which, according to my ability and judg
ment, I consider for the benefit of my patients, and abstain from
whatever is deleterious and mischievous. I will give no deadly
medicine to anyone if asked, nor suggest any such counsel;
and in like manner I will not give to a woman
a pessary to produce abortion. With purity and with
holiness I will pass my life and practice my art,
52 * 21ie PJexus.
I will not cut persons laboring under the stone, but will leave
this to be done by men who are practitioners of this work. Into
whatever houses I enter I will go inio them for the benefit of the
sick, and will abstain from every voluntary act of mischief and
corruption: and, further, from the seduction of females or males,
of freemen and slaves. Whatever in connection with my profes-
sional practice, or not in connection with it I see or hear in the
life of men which ought not to be spoken abroad, I will not di-
vulge, as reckoning that all such should be kept secret. While
I continue to keep this oath unviolated, may it be granted to me
to enjoy life and the practice of the art, respected by all men
in all times! But should I trespass and violate this oath, may
the reverse be my lot!"
THE PROFESSION OF DENTISTRY.
By Prof. B. J. Cigrand, M. S., D. D. S.*
Secretary of School of Dentistry, University of Illinois.
Mr. TOASTMASTER, LaDIES AND GENTI.EMEN:—
It is both a privilege and pleasure to be present on so great
an occasion as this. Not in my life do I recall having attended
a professional banquet which presents so beautiful a sight; and
to be among those who are to address you is certainly an honor.
I regret exceedingly that the gentleman who was to respond to
this toast cannot be here, for I am conscious of the fact that
Dr. A. H. Peck, dean of the School of Dentistry, would have
added strength and dignity to the noble purpose of our vocation.
He has paid me the high compliment of delegating me to speak
in behalf of the dean of the dental department, while he in labor
and duty journies to the city of Lincoln, where he is to read a
paper before the Nebraska State Dental Society, the engage-
ment being prior to this and of such a character as admitted of
no change or postponement. I bring from him his sincere re-
grets and heartiest congratulations.
There are times in every man's life when the thought occurs
that he wished he were in some one's else place. The first
half of this banquet I shared in this idea and was satisfied that I
had stolen into an enjoyable task, but now in the second half I
*Toast delivered at an nu;il baruiuet Kiveu Vjy the faculty of Ihe College of Physicians
and Surj:eous, May 20, liiOi.
Ihe Profession of Dentistry. 53
realize the unpleasantness, and wished Dr. Peck would return
and relieve me of this suffering.
The good old Mark Twain gives us somewhat of a guide to
speaking. He says: "A fifteen-minute speech is a good one; a
seven-minute speech is still better; a three-minute talk is excel-
lent, and not to speak at all is often best." Though I feel like
taking his last statement as correct, I am impelled to carry out
my promise and represent in a smcdl measure our own Dr. Peck,
The dean in his absence might very appropriately send a
telegram, as did Mr. Whitcomb Riley, who was at one time to re-
spond to the toast, "The Doctor in the Home" Unavoidable cir-
cumstances necessitated his absence and he sent this message to
the doctors: "I hope you will continue taking life as easily as
usual."
Much has been said this evening concerning the relations
which exist between the several departments of this great uni-
university, and I am delighted to say that the dental department
in its truly American spirit recognizes the worth of the saying,
that in "Union there is strength." We realize that we are a
part of and immediate kinship to a great and noble profession,
and we cheerfully trace our ancestry back to the dim ages when
Alexandria flourished as the distinguished seat of learning; we
look back to a time when her museum and library were the great-
est the world ever knew, and at this same university of old the
medical profession as well as dental profession flourished side by
side, and vBtius, Hypatia and Herophilus taught our arts, crude
as they were. We are gratified that we claim relationship to the
famous physician, iEsculapius, who taught the necessity of keep-
ing the oral cavity clean and hygienic. We are proud that Hip-
pocrates, whom you call the "God of Medicine" we call the
"Father of Dentistry," for he it was who first gave serious atten-
tion to the importance of preserving every tooth, and in his
voluminous writings he wrote much which pertains to the art of
dentistry. We are pleased to mention the name of Galena, who
was the first to advocate the use of gold as a dental filling mate-
rial; we are delighted to put in our distinguished list of ances-
tors. Pare, Hunter and Fox, and in the long catalogue of men
who have rendered service to dentistry, we cannot omit Syden-
ham, of England, who, more than any modern thinker, devoted
^4 The Plexus.
time to the study of the natural history of diseases, giving much
i;hought to the causation or etiology of dental caries.
This leads us to understand that the medical fraternity, as
■^ell as the dental fraternity, worship at the same shrine. It is
-a happy circumstance that the progress and adrancement of the
one necessitates a like condition of the other. I have thus briefly
recited what your noble calling has incidentally done for us, and
I would be doing a great injustice to Dr. Peck, whom I represent,
if I failed to express my high regard for the physicians and sur-
geons of our land, for he is truly interested in the progression of
medicine and surgery, and in this he but represents the thought-
f ul element of our profession, for anything which detracts from
the dignity of medicine must have a similar effect on dentistry
since the former is to the latter as the mother to the child.
We were made a profession by a French enactment in 1741 and
this law had a benign influence for good. From the land of the
fleur-de-lis our calling came to America. Something over a hun-
dred years ago, while the American colonies were struggling for
freedom, and Washington with his "ragged continentals" lay in
in icy Valley Forge, a fleet of Frenchmen came to lend their aid
to an oppressed people. Among those compatriots was one
Joseph Le Maire, a dentist. He was the first emigrating gentle-
man of our profession to practice dentistry in America. He was
afterward sought by General Washington for dental service and
enjoyed the closest friendship with his patron, and in 1781, while
the troops were in winter quarters under Rochambeau, Le Maire
received a commission from General Washington to teach dent-
istry to those of the army who desired to learn. Thus from the
hands of noble Washington came the "order to teach dentistry"
and of this we are especially proud. This was the first course of
instruction, and in 1825 Dr. Hay den, a talented anatomist, was in-
vited to give a course of lectures before the medical students of
the University of Maryland. Today we number upwards of forty
recognized and reputable dental colleges, having about 1,400
teachers. We possess about 20 journals, some daily, weekly and
monthly. In 1800 we had 100 dentists, while in the United States
today we have a dental population of about 23,000.
We have had many distinguished gentlemen in our ranks,
some rendering not only honorable service to our profession, but
noteworthy service to their country, and among these we name
I'he Profession of Dentistry. 55
heroic Paul Revere, who was a prosthetic dentist, and C. W.
Peale, who painted the life likeness of George Washington and
gave to the government the Peale Washington; he, too, was one
of our craft, as was also Dr. John Greenwood, who was the fam-
ily dentist of George Washington, who suffered much with oral
disturbances and whose appreciation of the science and art of
dentistry is a part of interesting history.
We have contributed a liberal share to the glories of the
mother profession, and those who are familiar with the career of
dentistry admit of our valuable donations to both the art and
science of medicine. No name is nearer to suffering humanity
than that of Dr. Horace Wells, a dentist and discover of anaes-
thesia, and medicine fully recognizes what a balm this has been
to the afflicted and distressed. He it was who has made possi-
ble beautiful, I might say, inviting, marble-lined, surgical am-
phitheaters opened the way to cranial and internal surgery, aod
took from the operating room the hitching posts and straps and
bequeathed in their stead the vapors which give sweet dreams.
To Dr. Miller of Berlin you owe the knowledge of many
forms of bacteria which make the mouth their habitation. He
introduced you to innumerable forms of lower life responsible
for a variety of throat diseases.
Dr. Atkinson and Dr. Garretson took the speechless child,
and after restoring the cleft in the palate, taught you that where
distortion of features and muteness of voice existed, both could
be replaced by beauty and eloquence.
These are but a few of the dental donations to medicine, and
with a full knowledge of your appreciation we are delighted, for
from a member of your great body we have received the highest
compliment. It was Dr. Oliver Wendell Holmes, who for years
lectured on anatomy before the dental students of Harvard Uni-
versity, who said, "The dental profession has established the
reign of beauty, lent accents to the charms of eloquence and
lengthened human life beyond the limit of years." This is, in-
deed, a compliment, and Mr. Washington Irving who suffered
much from odontalgia, said, "God bless the dental surgeons."'
With words of appreciation such as these we seek no higher com-
pensation, for an earnost life does not look to be fully repaid in
dollars and cents, but it does ask for appreciation and encourage
ment — the two cheapest investments and highest dividend-paying
elements in human affairs.
56 Ihe Plexus.
None need this strengthening tonic so much as the young
and this applies most emphatically to the dental department^
which requires the good will and support of all who hope to grant
some relief to the ailing races, and we are conscious that he
serves his profession best who serves humanity best. The labors
of our calling are arduous and exacting, audits science is founded
on demonstrative physics and the curriculum of a medical course
We invite inspection, and the alumni of the medical school are
especially welcome, since their cooperation is solicited, and they
will then become acquainted with the good work of such men as
Drs. Steele, King and Harsha, w>ho have lent generous assistance
and honest council to a dental faculty which has at heart the in.
terests of the profession of dentistry- It is the purpose of this
school of dentistry to so conduct its courses that any and all who
shall come from its halls shall add glory to the medical world and
thus in turn yield a quota towards establishing the University o^
Illinois among the profound and imperishable institutions of our
land.
THE LEGAL PROFESSION.*
James B, Scott, Dean of the College of Law.
From the popular standpoint, at least, it seems singularly
appropriate that law should find a place at your board; for in
the past our callings have been closely linked and th@y are, at
the present day, still associated. If you no longer bleed your
patient before you cure or kill him — and that treatment is, I be-
lieve, relegated to the past — we are still accused of "bleeding'
our client, if we are fortunate enough to have one, before we
make or mar him.
The illnatured jibes of our sufferers have furnished food for
the professional jester, and we make our appearance together on
the stage. Passing by Moliere and Racine who flay us alive
listen to the English playwright: "These gentlemen would have
killed you without law or physic and wanted to dub me doctor to
make me an accomplice. " We know that this is idle gossip, if
not scandal, and I do not need to assure you that we are both in-
dispensable to society. The human body owes its strength to
the one, and the body politic its purity to the other. Dr. Gen
*roast fleliverer] at annual l)an(iu jt ^ivea by the faculty of tlie College of Physicians-
and .Sargeijiis, May 20, 1902.
The Legal Profession. 57
eral Leonard Wood has rejuvenated Cuba, just as a generation
and more ago the Lawyer General, Benjamin Butler, pacified,
beautified, and sanified, if I may use the word, New Orleans. -
The one has made an island fit for the foreigner as well as for
the Cuban; and the other freed a city from dirt and disease —
synonymous terms, I believe. Politically, they may have left
something to be desired; but from the standpoint of sanitation
their work was and is thorough.
And in still another way our callings were not dissimilar;
they were both species of handicraft. The future "healer," ap-
prenticed to a physician and surgeon, picked up the tricks of his
trade in an ofiice, but this method of study is a thing of the past,
and we no longer know it of our personal knowledge; for medi-
cine today in all its branches is a science; is studied and prac-
ticed as such. The law, on the contrary, is in many quarters a
business if not a craft, and apprenticeship in an office exists in
fact if not in name. But we too, are gradually awakening to the
conviction that our profession is likewise a science, and the hun-
dred law schools scattered throughout the country, where law is
studied historically and theoretically, as a science, bear potent
testimony to the fact that better days are dawning, both for the
practitioner and the public, popularly termed his victim or prey.
Now if law be not a science, but a trade, the law school is a
mere luxury if not really useless, and the office is the place to
learn it; but if law be a science, and its principles are found in
the printed volumes of the reports and the texts of the learned,
then the school is not only the proper, but the appropriate place
to acquire the principles of the science. And that such is the
case I need hardly assure you. Popular opinion will have it,
however, that the law in a particular suit rests in the hands, if
not in the heads and hearts, of the jury. "For twelve honest
men have decided the cause, who are judges alike of the facts
and the laws." The man who influences the jury is the success-
ful lawyer. Successful no doubt he is, but he is not merely on
that account the typical nor the ideal lawyer, although his repu-
tation as an advocate stands high. Juries are sometimes influ-
enced, if not controlle-i, by reasons other than those advanced in
open court. As Shakespeare puts it in measure for measure:
"The jury passing on the prisoners life.
May in the sworn twelve have a thief or two,
Guiltier than him they try. "
58 The Plfxut.
Then again many cases do not go before a jury, as in equity,
for example, and it is not unknown, indeed it frequently hap-
pens, that the verdict of the "twelve honest men and true" is set
aside by the court. The malicious Pope pays his respects to the
system of trial by jury in the following couplet which I quote,
but would not have you accept as other than a clever libel:
"The hungry judges soon the sentence sign,
And wretches hang that jurymen may dine."
But to return to the advocate. Erskine was a power before
the jury, but his lack of the science of law made him an indiffer-
ent, if not a bad judge. The same criticism applies to Broug-
ham, while it may be said of Scarlett, the verdict-getter of a
generation, that he was a failure on the bench. The felicitous
and insinuating style of Mr. Joseph H. Choate would fascinate
any twelve men; but his great and dazzling triumphs would be
as shortlived as the grass cast into the oven if he were not
deeply grounded in the theory as well as the practice of the law.
Harvard College and Harvard Law School count for much in his
successful career both as lawyer and diplomat.
Equally fallacious is the popular view that the judge makes
the law It is undoubtedly true that judges have made law at
times, for which they have been reversed either by an immediate
or subsequent appeal. It would, however, be a grave mistake
to underestimate the importance of the judge in the development
of the law; but it is true, however beclouded it may be by popu-
lar opinion, that the judge does not create, but declares, applies
and administers the law when discovered, and it is the privilege,
as well as the duty of the lawyer, to aid him in this — at times,
indeed, to inform him of the law. In a word, it is the function
of the judge to follow the law; it is the province of the legisla-
ture to create and repeal, leaving to the court the more modest,
but highly important role, of interpreting the law; statute as
well as common. For the judges are, according to Blackstone:
"The depositaries of the law; the living oracles who must decide
in all cases of doubt, and who are bound by an oath to decide ac-
cording to the law of the land For it is an established rule
to abide by former precedents when the same points come again
into litigation It is not in the breast of any subsequent
judge to alter or vary from according to his own private judg-
ment, but according to the known customs of the land; not dele-
Ihe Legal Profession. 59'
gated to pronounce a new law, but to maintain and expound the
old one."
The statement of the commentator carries conviction with it,
but I desire to cite the opinion of two great and respected judges.
In overruling a decision of Lord Mansfield who was given to in-
novation at times, Lord Kenyon said: "It is my wish and my
comfort to stand super antiquas vias. I cannot legislate, but by
my industry I can discover what our predecessors have done and
I will tread in their footsteps.'' And in the leading case of Gee
vs. Pritchard, Lord El don said: "But I profess this principle,
that if I find doctrines settled for forty years together, I will not
unsettle them Those opinions have been acquiesced in,.
without application to a higher court. If I am to be called to-
lend my assistance to unsettle them on any doubts which I may
entertain, I will lend it only when the parties bring them into
question before the House of Lords."
In this cautious, and I may say reverential way, the law has
grown by a careful and fostering interpretation; good decision
has become precedent, not lightly ignored or discarded, so that
the reports of judicial decisions form the very life and body of
the law. The best writers codify and digest this, and from the
confused mass of precedent the fundamental and underlying prin-
ciples have been discovered and established, grouped and ar-
ranged according to subjects which the lawyer as well as the
judge must know. The principle of decision is applied and fol-
lowed when a like case arises; the spirit is freed from the body
of the text and applied by analogy when a precedent in point
cannot be found. In this way judgments are submitted to a crit-
ical and scientific examination; cases are harmonized and dis-
tinguished, so that justice may be done in a particular case lest
the spirit be sacrificed to the mere letter.
Now if we consider that the common law reports date from
the fourteenth century, and that each state and territory of our
Union has its own reports, you readily see the magnitude of the
task before student and teacher, and it would be as foolish as it
would be impossible to turn the young student loose in a library^
without guidance. The service of summons, the filing of a deed,
or the casual reading of the pleadings of a particular suit, how-
ever thorough that may be, cannot give this grounding in funda-
mental principles. Law is a growth; it must be studied in its
60 The Plexus.
historical development, and it is submitted that an insight into
this growth and development cannot be given in a law office
where the texts and reports are of a practical nature and where
the lawyer, even if he has the knowledge and training, cannot
spare the time from his practice to lead the youth of his office
into "the gladsome light of jurisprudence," as Lord Coke
phrases it.
This can only be done in a law school, or to put it less posi-
tively it can best be done in a law school, and it is for this reason
that the law school has become permanently established among
us. The student may not apply himself, may not follow the
guidance of the master, but he has at least an opportunity, and
a rigid bar examination, such as obtains in this State, offers a
strong and efficient inducement to avail himself of the opportuni-
ties offered. If, as is the case, the most perfectly equipped law
school may not hope to turn out the perfected lawyer, it can at
least show him the way to approach the study of law in a scien-
tific spirit, and it may, and it does, assist him in laying the foun-
dations of the super-structure upon which his success as a man
and a lawyer depends.
This the College of Law of the University of Illinois does
and, albeit it is young, — it is only five years old, — it is vigorous
and the success of its graduates before the bar examinations of
the State leads to the hope, nay, the expectation, that its useful-
ness will be wide- spread, and its influence for good, great and
enduring.
THE MAN BEHIND THE KNIFE.
By G. Frank Lydston, M. D., Chicago, 111.
I've heard a pile uv jawin'
An' guess I've read enuff'
'Bout bugs an' anti-septics,
An' all that knd o" stuff.
An' I've jest about concluded,
From all the talk an' strife,
That the case is mostly settled—
By the Man behind the Knife.
Take a hand that's ever ready,
Tho' the skin /,s somewhat rough,
With a nerve that's good an" steady,
An' a conscience not too tough.
Then a feller needn't worry
"Bout losin' limb er life;
He kin trust 'em both completely—
With the Man behind the Knife.
He may be a great purfessor.
Who does nothin' but purfess,
Er a good ole-fashioned doctor.
What brags an" poses less;
The game is safe fer playin';
Tho' the table stakes is life,
If yer justified in trustin'—
In the Man behind the Knife.
When you've got appendicitis.
With McBurney's tender spot,
Er trubble with yer liver.
With its langwidge polly-glot;
Thar's little time fer foolin',
Er argyment er strife,
Yer only hope of safety-
Is the Man behind the Knife.
As I said in the beginnin'
Uv this homely little rhyme,
62 Ihe Plexus.
Discussions deep an' learned,
Is jest a waste uv time.
Thar's no sense in theorizing
When the stakes is health er life,
Fer the patient's fate is settled —
By the Man behind the Knife.
S'pose you've got a whackin' tumor ,
In yer belly er yer brain,
An' the microscope's a-guessin',
An' the case is fur from plain;
S'pose yer child is lyin' sufferin',
Er yer worried 'bout yer wife,
You'll soon forget the scollops—
Fer the Man behind the Knife.
As it wuz at Santiago,
When we asked how it wuz done,
Came a mighty shout in answer,
'"Twuz the man behind the gun!"
So in our operatin' an' savin' human life,
Don't cheer the fuss an' feathers —
But the Man behind the Knife.
So I offer this suggestion
Ter the wranglers high an' low,
Who do so little cuttin'
But take it out in blow;
Jest quit yor fool discussions.
On the ways uv savin' life.
Don't yer care fer ink er microbes.
It's the Man behind the Knife!
UNIVERSITY OF ILLINOIS.*
Hon. Thomas J. Smith, Chairman Board of Trustees.
Is a subject for a toast, grand in its proportions. Justice to
this toast can only be done by silver-tongued orators, who could
at most inadequately describe its brilliant history, portray its
great achievements, and approximately forecast its future great-
ness.
It came into existence by acts of the legislature in the year
1867, and had its first commencement in June, 1872, when it
graduated a class of twenty young men. Its chief officer at that
time was Dr. J. M. Gregory, then regent. It had a force of five
professors. Since that time it has grown a pace.
In all its departments it has already and will graduate 475
young men and women this year and send them to the four
quarters of the globe, embellished with great learning and clothed
with high honors.
The University of Illinois! what is it?
It is an institution of learning to promulgate higher educa-
tion in all departments of learning in mental achievements.
The University of Illinois now has a president equal to the
greatest president of any university in the United States, Andrew
Sloan Draper, whose absence at this time from this place has
been caused by a most sad and cruel accident resulting in the loss
of a limb. He is honored and loved by all the large faculty and
student forces of this great university and as well by all who
know him. Long may he live to preside over the destinies of the
University of Illinois.
The university now has a faculty in all of its departments of
334 professors, assistant professors, and instructors. The Uni-
versity of Illinois has a wider scope and teaches more subjects
than any other university in this country.
It has more distinct colleges and schools than Harvard, Yale,
Princeton, Cornell or Michigan.
It has a college of engineering which includes architecture,
architectural engineering, civil engineering, electrical engineer-
ing, mechanical engineering, and municipal and sanitary en-
gineering.
♦Toast delivered at annual banquet given by the faculty of the College of Physicians
and Surgeons. May 20. 1902.
"64 The Plexus.
It has a college of science, agriculture, and of medicine; a
graduate school, a library school, a school of music, a school of
law, a school of dentistry and pharmacy, and a school of com-
merce.
These various colleges and schools all have multiplied de-
partnientg, any all of which are the equal in management and
equipment te the best in the country, and the superior in some
respects of many of the best universities
In my judgment the young man or the young woman who
gets through the University of Illinois and secures its diploma
will be as well equipped for the duties, successes, and the pleas-
ures of life in this world, as those who get the indorsement of
any other university. There has been an unparalleled demand
for the services of the graduates of the university and those who
have gone out in the world have already won fortune and fame.
The professors and instructors of the University of Illinois
possess the highest order of ability and purest morals.
The doors of the university are wide open to the students of
the world. The peojDle of the state are proud of its University
of Illinois. Long live this great university to bless mankind.
THE PLEXUS
COLLEGE OF PHYSICIANS AND SURGEONS
MEDICAL DEPARTMENT
UNIVERSITY OF ILLINOIS.
CHICAGO.
Plexus Committee of Faculty.
T. A. DAVIS, M. Do D. A. K. STEELE, M. D., F. GREGORY CONNELL, M. D.
H. C. WADDLE, 03, Editor-in-Chief.
Sapt. W. H. BROWNE, W. T. ECKLEY, M. D.. D. N. EISBNDRATH, M. D.
W. A. EVANS, M. D., H. W. BBRARD, M. D., A. GERHMANN, M D,
Associate Editor, L. HARRISON METTLER, M. D.
Class Editors:
R. L. ELDREDQE, 03. F. L WOOD, 04. J. P. BROWNE, 05.
Faculty Department, DR. F. B. EARLE- Clinical Laboratory Dept., DR. W. E. COATES
Alumni Editor, DR. C. C. O'BYRNE, '94 Clinical Department, C. E. DIKE, '02
Athletic " H. H. EVERETT, '02 Library Department. METTA M. LOOMIS .
Business Manager, W. H. PORTER, '03.
Publisher, H. C. WADDLE.
Subscription $1.00 per Annum in advance. Single copies, 15 cents. Issued Monthly
Send all remittances and communications as to subscriptions and advertising to H. C.
WADDLE, Cor. Congress and Honore Sts.
Entered at Chicago Post Office as Second-Class Matter.
Any subscriber desiring the Journal discontinued at the expiration of his subscription
should so notify the Publisliers; otherwise it will be assumed thai the subscription is to be
continued and the Journal sent accordingly.
Contributions of matter suitable for publicatio'n are invited, and should be sent in not
alter than the 35th of the month previous to that of publication. The publishers will not hold
themselves responsible for the safe return of MSS. unless sufficient stamps are forwarded.
The school year just closed has been the most successful in
the history of the institution. The enrollment — 706 — is the
largest ever recorded, the graduating class of 222 members the
largest ever graduated, the environments the best ever sur-
rounded the students of the College of Physicians and Surgeons.
The equipment of the physiological, pathological, bacterio-
logical, chemical and anatomical laboratories is second to no
other medical college and much better than of former years.
* *
The author of the leading article in this issue of the Plexus,
Dr. W. S. Christopher, professor of Pediatrics, College of Phy-
66 The Plexus.
sicians and Surgeons, is one of the most popular instructors con-
nected with the college. The doctor is thoroughly interested in
his special line of practice, has done a great deal of original re-
search along that line and gives the results of his work to the
student body in a very pleasing and instructive manner. The
doctor not only has time for his extensive practice, but for sev-
eral years he served the city of Chicago very efficiently as a
member of the Board of Education, and it was due to his untiring
efforts that the medical examination of the children of the public
schools was established and practicing physicians were elected to
do the work. Since the establishment of this regulation the de-
crease of contagious diseases in the schools of Chicago has been
marked. This will ever remain a monument to the untiring effort
of Dr. Christopher.
* *
The banquet given by the faculty to the members of the
senior class, the alumni and the friends of the College of Physi-
cians and Surgeons was well attended and in every feature a
grand success. The list of speakers was well chosen and
the toasts given were very good, and it is with pleasure that we
print in this issue some of the toasts given and we shall publish
more in the next issue. We shall also publish Dr. L. Harrison
Mettler's address, "Student, Scientist, Man," delivered on class
day, June 19th.
The only event to mar the banquet was the absence of Presi-
dent Draper, who was unable to attend on account of the serious
accident of a few weeks ago and of Dr. Wm. Quine, our most
worthy dean, who was called south by the illness of his wife.
Dr. Casey A. Wood as toastmaster deierves great credit for the
program of the banquet.
ALUMNI NOTES.
'84. H. D. Jenks, of Pipestone, Minn., is in the city doing
post-graduate work.
'94. A. F. Wohlenberg made The Plexus a pleasant call
recently. The doctor is located at Stuart, Idaho. He is the
proprietor of a drug store, and local surgeon for the Great
Northern Railroad.
'94. Arthur T. Gregory, Elroy, Wis., was a recent visitor at
his Alma Mater. The doctor is doing well as is evidenced by the
fact that he is president of the local bank.
'94. T. B. Hart, of Ratoon, N. M., was in the city recently.
The doctor looks the typical Westerner.
'97. Samuel G. Ade, of Chicago, died on May 11th, aged 43.
'97. R. D. Smith, first editor of The Plexus, went through
the city recently en route for Fort Stevens, Oregon, where he
takes up work in the regular army.
'99. G. E. Mayhew's wife died of acute tuberculosis at her
home in this city on May 28th. The Plexus extends sympathy
to the bereaved doctor.
'99. W. K. Yeakel, of Omaha, has recently been in the city
doing special work. The doctor is Professor of Pathology in
the Omaha Medical College.
'00. H. J. Rock, of Aberdeen, S. Dak., was a recent visitor
at his Alma Mater.
'00. R. F. Teschan has located at Homewood, 111.
'01. F. L. Wallace has located at Tonkawa, Okla.
'01. J, L. Chassell is practicing at Rowan, la.
'01. D. A. Turner has moved from Salt Lake, Utah, to Mil-
ford, Utah.
'01. W. A. Sternberg, of Mt. Pleasant, la., is in the city
doing post-graduate work.
'01. F. R. Loope, of Ironwood, Mich., was a recent visitor
at the Plexus office.
'01. Geo. W. Billig, of Chicago, was married to Miss Glen-
cora Bell, of Streator, 111., on May 27th.
'02. P. H. Bartholomew has located at Geddes, S. Dak.
68 The Plexus.
'02. P. H. Schaefer and W. A. Hollis are serving as internes
in the Brainard Polyclinic, 323 S. Halsted St., Chicago.
'02. E, J. Merki was married to Miss Elsie Agnes Seidel on
June l(3th at the home of the bride in Chicago. Dr. Merki was
formerly business manager of The Plexus. The Plexus ex-
tends congratulations.
"02. T. B. Knox was married June I7th to Miss Ada M.
Kent, of Quincy, 111. They are to take a trip throughout the
Northwest and the doctor will locate at Quincy, 111, The
Plexus extends congratulations.
'02. H. H. Prudenfeld has entered into partnership with
Dr. A. E. Clough, of Madison, S. Dak. He is now in the city
doing post graduate work in the Chicago Ear, Eye, Nose and
Throat College.
'02. H. H. Everett has located at Holland, Mich.
ALUMNI OF THE COLLEGE OF MEDICINE OF THE
UNIVERSITY OF ILLINOIS— COLLEGE OF PHYSI-
CIANS AND SURGEONS OF CHICAGO.
It is the purpose of the Plexus to publish the addresses of the entire alumni
in the Plexus in the next few issues and if there are any mistakes or if
any of our readers know of the addresses not given, we should be pleased
to have them notify us or Dr. H. W. Berard, Alumni Secretary of
such changes.
CLASS OF 1899.
Albrecht, Charles A., 748 S. Halsted St., Chicago.
Andrews. Hubert Franklin, B. S., Salt Lake City, Utah.
Backus, Jesse William, Big Rapids, Mich.
Baker, Ernest Stanley, M. A. 279 LaSalle Ave.
Barnes, Frederick Louis, Bussey, la.
Bay, Hiram Horace, Marshailtown, la.
Bechtold, August Frederick, Belleville, 111.
Beedy, Miss Lora, 5291 Jackson Bid., Chicago.
Best, Elmer Ellsworth, M. D., Park Ridge, 111.
Betz, Johathon Clymont, Boscabel, Wis.
Brown, James Moreau, Venetian Bldg. , Chicago.
Browning, George Stillman, B. S.
Burke, Thomas Jerome, Dewitt, la.
Bush, John H. B. S., Ph. G., Charleston, 111.
Butler, Clarence Albert, Dell Rapids, S. D.
Campbell, Wm. Bernard, M. D., Menomonee Falls, Wis.
Alumni. 69
Carroll, Henry Colistus, 5470 Kimbark Ave. , Chicago.
Chambers, Wm. Henry, B. E., McKeesport, Pa.
Chloupek, Elton Arthur, 55 Humboldt Blvd., Chicago.
Coen, Charles Morgan, Belleflower, 111.
Crosby, Feonard Green.
Czarra, Conrad Howard, 557 Jackson, Bvd., Chicago.
Dugan, Jas. Henry. A. B., Oglesby, 111.
Edwards, John Milton, 116 Madison St.
Evans, Wm. Augustus (ad enudem), 104 State St., Chicago.
Fantus, Bernard, Chicago.
Feingold, Leon.
Fellows, Mrs. Marie Alice, 2723 State St., Chicago.
Fenlay, E. D., 6er43rd St., Chicago.
Fisher, George Carl, 2136 Indiana Ave.
Frank, Ira, 17 Lincoln Ave-, Chicago.
Freas, Frank, 1528 Wrightwood Ave., Chicago.
Garth, Jas. Wm. , Clarion, la.
Gathman, Henry.
Goggin, Robert J., Ocontee Falls, Wis.,
Grabowicz, Broniglaus, Casimer, 576 Milwaukee Ave., Chicago.
Grimes, John Patrick, Wells and Division Sts., Chicago.
Hammond, Jas. Lloyd, Masonic Temple, Chicago.
Harris, Frederick G., 379 Warren Ave., Chicago.
Heald, Harvey Clay, B. S., Willard, Neb.
Herzog, Albert Edmund, Ottawa, 111.
Hillard, Thomas R.
Hillebrand, Henry Justus, 797 W. Wrightwood Ave., Chicago.
Hisom, Mrs, Helen Taylor, Redlands, Cal,
Hukill, Miss Hannah Luella, 103 State St., Chicago.
Hammel, Charles C, Ph. G., Iowa Falls, la.
Hunter, Mary Gill, M. D. , Grand Junction, Colo.
Jacobson, August, Ph. G. , 481 Ogden Ave., Chicago.
Janss, Herman, 3910 Calumet Ave., Chicagc.
Kay, Abbott Elliott, 966 West Lake St., Chicago.
Kelly, Luke H. , Hammond, Ind.
Kelsey, Russell Calvin, M. D., White Rock, S. D.
Kukill, Hannah, 100 State St., Chicago.
Klein, Matthias Joseph, 1002 Wellington Ave., Chicago.
Klokke, Wm. Emil, 572 Blue Island Ave., Chicago.
Knudson, Frank B., 389 W. Erie St., Chicago.
Koenemann, Eugene Oscar, Eldora, Iowa.
Kreuger, Albert G„ Caldwell, Texas.
Laftry, Thomas D.. 1427 Madison S^, Chicago,
emke, Albert Robert, 100 State St., Chicago.
70 The Plexus.
Lerch, "Wm. Heniy, 3910 Calumet Ave., Chicago.
Long, Ross David, 291 31st St., Chicago.
Long, William Earnest, Rockforcl, la.
Lucas, Devid Ellsworth, 1270 W. Madison St., Chicago
Macy, Otto E.
Madjeska, Ernest Henrj% Ph. (>.. Bessemer, Mich.
McCarthy, Robert Graves, 737 W. Madison St:, Chicago.
McClung. Miss Alberta Virginia, 111.
McCormick, Charks Alfred M i).- 1220 Adams St., Chicago.
McWilliani3, Oscar Eugene. Anderson, Ind.
Markey, Francis Frederick, Abrams, Wis.
Metcalf, John Eugene, Fennimore, Wis.
Meyers, Frank William, Dubuque, la.
Moore, Frank Donaldson, 411 S. Oakley, Chicago.
*Myers, Frederick Wiltfong.
Olsen, Wilhelm Carolius, 20b9 Wabash Ave,, Chicago.
Peters, Sames Alphonso, Oxford, la.
Piatt, Benjamin Merchant, M. D. , 60 Institute Place, Chicago,
Pleth, Yaldemar, M. D., 750 W. North Ave., Chicago. '
Potter, Jesse Youngs, New London, Wis.
Ramsey, Frank Paine, Ph. G-. , Rapid City, Mich.
Raw, Elmer Soseph.
Reasoner, Matthew Aaron, Morrisonville, 111.
Reich, Wm. Frederick, 32a 11th Ave., Milwaukee, Wis.
Reid, Wm. F., 420 11th Ave., Milwaukee, Wis.
Rich, Riley Gilbert, I). V. S., Hampton, la.
Richards, Frederick Augustus, Whitewood, S. D.
Russell, Herman Richard, Stewartville, Minn.
Sanderson, Philip G., 204 Warren Ave., Detroit. Mich.
Scheib. Geo. Francis, Fond du Lac, Wis.
Schmitt, Gustav, lu70 W. Madison. Chicago.
Schoenberg, Albert John, office, 100 State St., Chicago; Residence- 422 E..
Irving Park Bvd.
Sisson. Charles E., Elgin. 111.
Slightam, Clarence Howard, Madison, Wis.
Smith, Thurston. A. M., Manila, P. I.
Steele, Frank, B,, Nephi City, Utah.
Stillians. Arthur W. , Cook County Hospital, Chicago.
Strohecker, Samuel Martin, 1033 Winston Ave., Chicago.
Stuart, John, B. A.
Sullivan. Eugene Adelbert. Amboy, 111.
Swanson, John Emil. A. B., S. Wedona, 111.
Taylor, John Richard, B. D.
Tieken. Theodore.
*Dea,(l.
Notes . 71
Timm, Edmund Walter, Ph. G., 95 W. North, Milwaukee, Wis.
Turner, John Hareld, B. A., Corning, la.
Walsh, Jas. Lawson, 288 W. 12th, Chicago.
Wanicek. Edward Matthias, M. D., 90 Johnson St., Chicago.
Weber, Carl Ernest, 348 55th St. , Chicago.
Weiehbrodt, Ernest August, M. D,, 229 E. Dlvtsion St., Chicago.
Wenzel, John Valentine, Ph. G. , Wakefield, Mich.
Wherry, Jas. William, Clarinda, la.
Whitemore, Eugene Rudolph, B. S., W. Sheridan, 111.
Wilson, LeRoy Alvin, Michigan City, Ind.
Winans, Edward Clark, A. B.
Wood, Glenn, 6401 Kimbark Ave,, Chicago.
Yeakel, Wm. Kriebel, B. S., Omaha, Neb.
Yingst, Miss Sallie A., 805 Stein way Hall, Chicago.
Zurawski,Kasimer Ambrose, 4800 Loomis St., Chicago.
LIBRARY NOTES.
The following books have been ordered for the library and
will make valued additions to the several departments:
Reed — Gynecology.
Williams — Bacteriology.
Simon — Clinical Diagnosis.
Osier — Medicine.
Cliester — Determinative Bacteriology.
Lehman & Neuman — Atlas of Bacteriology.
International Text-Book of Therapeutics.
Turner — Medical Electricity.
Butler — Diagnostics of Internal Medicine.
Hemmeter — Diseases of the Intestines, 2 vols.
Mills — Nervous System.
Wallace — Darwinism .
Schafer — Text-Book of Physiology, 2 vols.
Durck — Atlas of Pathological Histology, 2 vols.
Stimson — Fractures and Dislocations.
Morris — Surgical Diseases of Kidney.
Rotch — Psediatrics.
Bryant — Operative Surgery, 2 vols.
Nettleship — Diseases of the Eye.
American Text-Book of Physiology.
Wilson — Atlas of the Fertilization of the Ovum.
Bradford & Lovett — Orthopoedic Surgery.
72 The Plexus.
Harrington — Hygiene.
Schenck & Guerber — Physiology.
Doubleday & Nagel — Medicine.
American Text-Book of Legal Medicine and Toxicology.
Dr, C. A. Wood lately sent us a valuable box of books con-
sisting of bound journals, transactions of societies and Kaposi's
finely illustrated three volume work on Syphilis der Haut. This
gift was especially appreciated as every book in the collection
helped to fill an incomplete set of journals or transactions. Dr.
Wood, knowing of a collection of medical works for sale, took
the trouble to obtain the library want list, and purchased thirty-
three books which were of great value in completing sets.
Dr. Wells who has so frequently shown his interest in the
Quine Library lately sent us a large box of books, journals, re-
prints, etc. Of the collection 53 volumes were catalogued and
placed in the library, while many more were taken to the dupli-
cate room to await their future disposal.
Dr. G. F. Suker show^s his interest in the welfare of the li-
brary in numberless ways. During the past month he has pre-
sented us with several reprints, and through his kind solicitation
complimentary subscriptions to several medical journals have
been received.
A fine collection of reprints received from Dr. L. H. Mettler,
we inadvertantly omitted to mention in a former number of the
Plexus.
Dr. F. B. Earle kindly sent us the last volume of lUini and
of the Wisconsin Badger.
Dr. McDermid lately remembered the library with 78 jour-
nals.
Dr. Quine recently presented us with a box of journals, re-
prints, etc.
The following interesting articles have been contributed to
the medical journals by various members of the faculty of the
College of Physicians and Surgeons:
Dr. Carl D. Beck. Surgery of the Liver. Journal of the
American Medical Association. April 26, p. 1063-68.
Dr. R. C. Turck. Case of Right Cecal Hernia, Complicated
by Hydrocele. Journal American Medical Association, April
26, p. 1075-76.
Notes. 73
Dr. A. J. Ochsner. Umbilical Hernia — Abstract of a Lecture
on Operative Surgery. Clinical Review, May, p. 109-118.
Dr. Wm. L. Ballenger. An Otological Clinic. Medical
Standard, May, p. 229-231.
Dr. J. M. Brown. Perforation of the Nasal Septum. Medi-
cal Standard, May, p. 329-240.
Dr. W. A. Pusey. Acne and Sycosis Treated by Exposure
to Roentgen Rays. Journal of Cutaneous and Genito-Urinary
Diseases, May.
Dr. G. F. Butler. Neglected but Valuable Therapeutic
Measures. Medical Mirror. April, p. 190-195. A paper read at
the fifty-second annual meeting of the American Medical Associ-
ation.
Dr. G. F, Lydston. The Woman of the House — The Trained
Nurse. Medical Age. May 10, p. 321-324. An address deliv-
ered at the graduating exercises of the Training School for
Nurses of the German-American Hospital.
Dr. G. F. Lydston. The Evolutionary Aspect of Infectious
Diseases with Special Reference to the Local Veneral Diseases.
Journal of American Medical Association. May 17 and May 24,
p. 1287-91 and p. 1366-69.
Dr. J. E. Porter. A Case of Fracture of Neck of the Femer
in a man 76 years old, Treated with Thomas Hip- Splint, Perfect
Recovery in ten weeks. American Medicine. May 17, p. 817-818.
Dr. L. H. Mettler. Sciatic Neuritis and Its Treatment.
Therapeutic Gazette. May 15, p. 293-97.
Dr. A. J. Ochsner. Clinical Observations of the Surgery of
the Gall-Bladder. Annals of Surgery. June, p. 708-731. A
paper read before the Chicago Surgical Society.
Dr. H. P. Newman. Haemostasis of the Broad Ligament.
Annals of Surgery. June, p. 802-805. Also in Journal of the
American Medical Association. June 7, p. 1501-03.
Dr. G. F. Suker. Chlorosis and its Relation to the Eye.
Medicine. May.
Dr. L. H. Mettler. Cerebral Localization and Brain Func-
tion. New York Medical Journal. June 7, 1902, p. 969-977.
Dr. J. M. Brown. Treatment of Principal Defects of Speech.
Chicago Medical Recorder. June, p. 458-460.
NEWS ITEMS.
The enrollment for the summer term is 130, over half of
which is made up of senior students.
Messrs. Gardner, Walsh, Whitehill, Young, Haagyard and
Misses Ryerson and Webber, of the Harvey Medical School,
have registered with us.
Truelsen, of Omaha Medical, and Wagner of Iowa Univer-
sity are enrolled in Senior class.
A. B. Jensen is back in school after a year's absence.
Dr. J. F. Burkholder's name has been added to the list of
professors and the doctor will take charge of the Sophomore
Physiology.
Dr. Adolph Gehrmann, for ten years bacteriologist of the
Chicago Department of Health, has resigned his position to de-
vote his entire time to the Columbus Memorial Laboratory and
his college work.
Dr. Charles Davison was operated upon for appendicitis on
Friday, June 20th. Dr. Steele operated. The doctor is doing
nicely and a speedy recovery is anticipated.
Dr. W. E. Gamble, president of the Chicago Alumni Associa-
tion of Iowa State College, acted as toastmaster at a recent ban-
quet held by that association in Chicago. Dr. E. C. Fortner, our
former county physician, a graduate of the Iowa State College,
responded to a sentiment.
For Rent. — Long established physician's office, 683 Wash
ington Boulevard. All modern improvements, telephone, etc.,
§15 per month. Housekeeping privileges if desired. Apply at
above address for further particulars.
SANMETTO IN URINARY TROUBLES IN OLD MEN AND CHILDREN.
So far as my experience has been with Sanmetto in urinary
troubles it is one of the very best remedies we have at present.
I recommend Sanmetto in urinary troubles in old men; also for
children when subjects of that troublesome complaint, wetting
the bed. I have practiced medicine over forty five years.
A. D. H. Kemper.
Sedgwick, Kan.
SCHOOL OF DENTISTRY
DENTAL DEPARTMENT
UNIVERSITY OF ILLINOIS.
EDITORIAL COMMITTEE.
D. M. CATTELL, D. D. S., O. W. COOK, D. D. S. B. J. CIQRAND, D. D. S.
Supt. R. P. DONALDSON.
D. M. CATTELL, Editor-in-Chief. C. E. JONES, Alumni Editor.
CLASS EDITORS.
A. E. ALTHER, '02. F. M. STAHL, 03. J. C. GROUT, '04.
Publislier. - H. C WADDLE.
Subscription $1.00 Per Annum in advance. Shigle copies, 15 cents. Issued monthly
Send all remittances and communications as to subscriptions and advertising to H. C
WADDLE, Cor. Congress and Honore Sts., Chicago.
ANNUAL MEETING OF THE ALUMNL
The second annual meeting of the Alumni Association was
called, to order by Dr, W. R. McGarvey, president of the associa-
tion, at the college building, May 2, 1902.
Twenty-five of our loyal boys gathered around their
Hoosier president and proceeded to elect him president for the
ensuing year, thereby showing their appreciation of the good
work he has accomplished for the organization in the past year
The following is a list of the elected officers:
President — W. R. McGarvey, Goshen, Ind.
Vice-President— J. C. Granger, Belvidere, 111.
Treasurer — F. C. Roe, Chicago.
Secretary — E. G. Cummings, Chicago.
EXECUTIA'E COMMITTEE.
C. E. Jones, Chicago, 111.
K. C. Snyder, Chicago, 111.
C. M. McCauley, Chicago, 111.
O. P. Jessie, Hancock, Wis.
Helen Imbritt, Chicago, 111.
Forty new applications were acted upon and all were elected
to membership, thereby making a decided increase in our num-
ber
No new business was transacted except a report made by
C E. Jones on the certificates, which were received by the mem-
76 Thi Plexus.
bars in their patient, trusting way. Never mind, boys, we wll
surely get them.
The following is a list of the new members:
Attwood, A. L., Ludington, Mich,
Abbott, C. B., Oshkosh. Wis.
Bake, L. E., 63 E. 43d St., Chicago, 111.
Black, J. C- Maryville, Mo.
Bawden, A. E. C, Mt. Carroll, 111.
Chamberlain, R. G., McHenry, 111.
Carl, F. M,, Freeport, 111.
Dubin, A., 1169 Milwaukee Ave., Chicago, 111.
Daniels, C. L., West Chicago, 111.
Flachtemier, A. F., Mendota, 111.
Grubb, Harry, 342 E. 44th St., Chicago. 111.
Granger, J. C, Belvidere, 111.
Hawes, David, Illinois Theater Building, Rock Island
Hillier, C. W., 612 Congress St., Chicago, 111.
Kelly, E. B., 344 S. Wood St., Chicago, 111.
Lichtenberg, H. F.. 288 W. 12th St., Chicago, 111.
Murphy, J. M., Killeen, Tex.
Means, J. T., Anchor, 111.
Murphy, J. R., 560 W. Van Buren St., Chicago, 111.
Merz, P, R., 527 Belle Plain Ave., Ravenswood, 111.
McGinnis, R. J., Alexandra, Ala.
Pipkin, W. L., 591 W. Chicago Ave., Chicago. Ill-
Rork, R. N., with R. O. Owens, Franksville, Wis.
Ruzicka, N. J., 859 W. Harrison St., Chicago, 111.
Rice, C. K., 6463 Murna Ave., Chicago, 111.
Tigner, C. H., Shreveport, La.
Taft, D. C, Monmouth, Hi.
Walk, W. J., Hebron, Ind.
Wasser, Al., LaPorte, Ind.
Ratcliff, F. H., 509 W. Chicago Ave., Chicago, 111.
Homan, W. W. Dallas, Tex.
Owens, C. D., Whiting, Ind.
Adams, H. W., 40th and Cottage Grove Ave., Chicago
Fales, A. H., 523 Park Ave., Chicago, 111.
Donaldson, R. P., 813 W. Harrison St., Chicago, II.
Benson, H. W.
Urbaneck, M. R.
Dental Department. 77
Cummings, E. G., 5441 S. Halsted St., Chicago, 111.
Alther, A. E., Minneapolis, Minn.
Cameron, W. P., Seattle, Wash.
A very interesting and able article on "Facial Neuralgia as
Observed by the Busy Dentist," by C. E. Frazier, class '99, in the
Dental Clippings.
More contributions of this nature would add prestige to our
association.
Dr. E. G. Cummings, the new secretary, is expecting to hear
from all of the boys regarding their annual dues. Reme'mber,
boys, the part you play in this program is an essential one.
Your loyalty and support are measured by your activity and
finance.
Dr. W. R. McGarvey presented each charter member with a
beautiful booklet, containing the minutes, constitution and by-
laws of the association at our May meeting.
The new secretary's address is 5441 S. Halsted St., Chicago.
C. E. J.
CLASS PROPHECY.
By Claud D. Owens.
As I awoke from my dream of ten years, which is all I ask,
I arose and shook myself as old Rip did from his long repast;
I looked upon the world from the skies above,
I perceived my classmates whom I loved.
It was but a miracle, for as I awoke
There stood Santos Dumont with airship ready to float;
With his kind permission we were off in a bunch
And when we posted over Texas I gave him a lunch;
Pointed to him my old classmate. Bill Homan, a mighty craft.
Working politics and dentistry together as a graft.
On one side of the town was Bill while the other Ringling Bros,
show,
He didn't care for a Tallyho just so he had the people all rounded
up to go.
But I am here to tell you Bill was the corner-stone of the class
And his success has followed him to Texas where he is now lead-
ing the mass.
As we sailed o"er another town I could see Louis Pipkin, a me
chanic of great renown,
78 llie Plexus.
Who could construct anything from a steam engine to a porcelain
crown;
Tlie only thing Louis lacked was a helper to force the drive
wheel of his engine around.
A little further up the state was a large electric sign, fancy,
unique, and quite up to date,
Dr. Charles H. Tigner it read on this sign of actions,
A specialty of ladies' teeth and many other questions.
Then further on was J. M. Murphy making splints and third
molar extractions.
Through a misty cloud by the aid of my field glass I scanned the
country below,
Which revealed an enormous large tooth swinging on rods like
the fat lady in the show;
Over the tooth the name of F. H. Radcliff stood out upon the
sign.
Anterior gold crowns my specialty, it read, noticeable to all ex-
cept the blind.
I being tired was nursed to sleep by the birds' and machinery's
humming.
On awaking further north I could distinguish the father of our
class, E.. J. Cummings.
Then as I remember my class there was a jolly good fellow with
a surplus of fat — J. C. Black — thin as a rail, gray beard,
appeared to have been on a spree,
Instead had burned the midnight oil and became a regular G. V.
What M. F. Carl a good workman was he.
Never idle and ever able to command the fee.
Chewing tobacco and Carl could no more agree.
There sat David R. Hawes looking into his mansion fire grate.
Thinking of his school days and what a narrow escape.
C. L. Daniels, as his namesake Daniel in the lions' den.
Had the same peace and content that cannot be described by
tongue or pen;
After raising a mustache, eight girls, and finally boy.
Retired and claimed life's work a joy.
As our ship floated over a busy thoroughfare.
We were all attention to a crowd of patients waiting for the
dentist who operated there;
Over the door a notice was found.
Dental Department. 79
Aaron J. Dubin is not around;
Made his money and gone to Jerusalem to have a good time,
Resolved to see his native clime.
We stopped to take water at a beautiful lake where the waves
toss to kiss the laughing sunbeams,
And would you believe it. in bathing was Kelly, Cameron and
Means.
W. P. Cameron add Jay L. Means were hill-divers, keeping the
feet far above water into cool air
While E. B. Kelly, like a swan, had long side-burns, was floating
on a life preserver, avoiding the water with skill and cure.
Each new-born day seemed brighter to these three classmates,
for prosperity shone to them everywhere,
And then as we turned from the lake to take leave of the sum-
mer resort
My attention was directed to a portly-looking man with a tall
silk hat, himself rather short.
He was the president of a railroad syndicate, they say,
Rollo G. Chamberlain, a noted man of his day;
As the train was about to pull out, all was confusion and fury,
Rollo couldn't forget his old habit, for he raised his voice and
cut, "All aboard, you'll have to hurry."
And then our ship sailed southward in Illinois,
I could see Bake and Bawden working with the integrity of the
farmer to his toil.
A. C. Bowden had just developed a beautiful peroxide beard.
He was talking softly to his patient whom he had been wooing for
for the last six years:
And as for Louis Bake, why you wouldn't have known the old
boy.
He was wearing a continuous gum case and would exclaim with
joy:
'Here's a case I made," and would cough them out as if a mer©
toy.
A. T. Flachtemier was the next old classmate which I saw,
Over his door a notice read, passed up operations on the jaw."
He was playing the American game out in left field where the
grass was tall,
For you remember old Flachto's specialty was a high ball.
Ray N. Rork in a thriving town and his hair turning gray
so The Plexus.
Was the leading surgeon of the day,
"While Henry William Benson, the greatest chemist in the land,
Had all the doctors at his command.
And there was H. A. Fales taking the roll in Uncle Tom's Cabin
as Simon Legree,
Chewing battle axe and cracking his whip at poor little Eva.
For some time our ship was at random as the wing on the aft had
a rub
From a dental magazine, the editor being our old friend Harry
Grubb.
Robert P. McGinnis, the cupid of his class,
Was shooting his arrows at the weaklings just as in the past.
Here was M. J. Ruzicka you would hardly recognize,
For his hair was long and wavy, streaming around his shoulders
and was much oversize.
He was leading the prayer meeting and young men's bible class
Working hand in hand with Devillo Eddie Taft.
Mrs. Maria Urbanek, like P. S. Wasser, had grown not in height
but circumference.
And when ere she inserted a vulcanite plate she used as of old
cement for assurance -
Here was Professor Carroll Breed Abbott of Boston
Drilling a class on bacteriology dating back to his schoolday cus-
tom.
While A. L. Atwood had settled way back in Michigan among
the pine trees.
The only difficulty he experienced was squeezing the farmers for
his fees.
And as our ship returned from the east we began to rise.
For on a tall sign appear real estate for sale by C. V. Rice.
H. F. Lichtenberg appeared to have made Milwaukee famous,
But he, as W. J. Walk, were performing noble operations from
Ant to Ramus;
And as we sailed into Chicago, that royal old town,
I could see J. R. Murphy swinging his club as he patroled his
beat up and then down.
As the trusty old ship soared over our college we could see it
glisten,
From it a current of warm air fanned our cheeks and we listened.
Coming from Dr. B. J. Cigrand as he was confidentially telling a
class
Dental Department . °1
They were the finest material for a dentist he had ever passed,
We lowered our ship right then and there,
Would you believe it, R. P. Donaldson was operating at the chair;
But as I enter the old familiar hall
The sign was there to greet me, elevator broke, stairs four tall;
And winding my way up I met Harry Adams, to my surprise,
After relating my experience he asked, "Have they ponies in the
skies?"
As Dr. Jones explained to me Raymond Merz was his chief com-
panion for three years,
The parting would cause such great distress he appointed him to
run the elevator as chief engineer.
And there was Charles Hillier posing as a demonstrator, for the
college couldn't part
With such a drawing card for clinic, as Charles had such affinity
for all the ladies' hearts.
John Clare Granger had left rather sudden a healthy practice
down in Illinois,
The excuse to me for leaving was his conscience did annoy;
He had returned to college so as not to shirk
The mighty teachings of the junior and some of the senior work.
And I found A. E. Alther the same good old sport,
He was demonstrating a clinic in some specialty work;
Removable fillings at Merz's expense,
Porcelain bridges free from cracks, they were immense.
And Dr. Cook was there, but great holy sounds.
He was thin and stooped and must have lost at least a hundred
pounds;
I inquired into his ailment thinking possibly it was consumption
or luorse,
Instead he had cut in on Dr. Dittmar and married the head nurse.
CLASS HISTORY.
By William J. Walk.
Members of the Faculty, Fellow Students, Ladies and
Gentlemen:
To write a full history of this class would stagger anyone,
except a dental student, who has enough nerve (without counting
the nerves secured from other people) to accomplish any task put
upon them. I being no exception to this rule will endeavor to
82 The Plexus.
give as complete a history as time and knowledge will allow.
This being the first class of dental students graduating from the
University of Illinois can be considered a great honor, and the
state can also consider it a great honor to graduate such a class
as the class of 1902, which has made many discoveries which
have not only benefited themselves but the profession at large.
How well do we remember upon looking back to our first college
days the 6sil0 smile that greeted us by the dental supply men,
who asked us how we enjoyed our trip to the city and incidentally
mentioning that they represented the best supply house in the
world. We next met Dr. Donaldson (who was in reality a doctor,
although not having received his degree), who regretfully sepa-
rated us from our money which we earned down home on the
farm and among the negroes on the cotton fields. I shall take at
random a few of the illustrious lights of our class and endeavor
to give them such a settling as may make them appear fair and
impartial examples of the entire class.
One of the greatest discoveries made was that of the large
hole on the top of the cranium by Mr, Igney, and named by him
the occipital foramen.
Another great discovery was the large bone of the head, and
named the occipital frontalis.
One of the more recent discoveries made was the system of
cementing in ill-fitting plates in the mouths by our only lady stu-
dent, Mrs. Urbanek.
Another one was the remarkable gold filling by our Minne-
sota esquimo; Mr. Alther.
Our students not only confine their researches to dentistry,
but reach one to other lines as well, for example, the trunk burg-
lar alarm by our negro dentist. Dr. Pipkin,
Merz also demonstrated the fact that teeth and crowns can
be put on in any position and properly articulated, also showed
us how to become inflated with the student's patients, especially
ihose of orthodontia. He also is contemplating following the ad-
vise of the professors, to have an operation performed for a hare-
lip which has troubled him for three years or more.
Atwood has made it a practice of attending to the wants of
the young lady patients.
Abbott, the baked-bean man of Boston, has just awakened
to the fact after calling eight or nine times at the former home
Dental Department. 83
of his lady friend that she had moved to another city three
months before.
Bake has demonstrated that it is but a step from the fresh- _^
man class to the senior class.
Benson, another wild esquimo from Minnesota, has clearly
shown us that he was the best man in materia medica.
Bawden is a deep thinker, often thinking as low as his dia-
phragm, and he undoubtedly will be felt in the profession.
Black has shown that after he has gone to a dental school
for three years that he is still honest, as he returned money sent
to another J. C. He has told the boys that he now considers
himself on a par with Dr. G. V. Black.
Carl cannot be convinced that water is not H Oo .
Cummings proved to us that Pyrozone will not only bleach
teeth, but hair also, he having tried it on his hair.
Chamberlain, our honorable president, is a hard working
man. He having operated a dental office in a side door pullman
while acting as a brakeman at the same time.
Cameron, a descendant of Queen Bess, has not decided
whether he will plow teeth with the forceps or extract with the
elevator, or administer anassthetics.
Donaldson was always so busy operating that he could not
attend the lectures and will undoubtedly be promoted janitor.
Daniels, the Pennsylvania Dutchman, was seen very little
during the term. He spent most of his time doing missionary
work or testing hash in restaurants and watching its effects on
the teeth.
Dabin, the man from Jerusalem and where Plaster of Paris
grows, has told us how to till the oral cavity with bananas and
sell papers at the same time.
Pales, the man from South Halsted street, has not decided
whether he will fill teeth for a living or operate a stereoptican
in a classical West Side vaudeville theater.
Plachtemier really comes from Preeport, but from his digni-
fied bearing one would think he is a descendant of the Kaiser.
Grubb, the boy dentist, showed how easy it is to secure
money from patients without doing any work for them.
Hillier has decided to fill teeth with the air of the Bohemian
Girl.
Hawes, who says little but thinks much, and who is of small
stature but is a giant when measured by his ability, he does
work so easily that his patients fall asleep and do not awake
until he presents his bill.
Bill Homan, a young man of the cotton fields, stands forth
before the wiorld an example of what the sunny south can do.
One day he went down to the extracting room to extract a tooth
for a patient. The patient wanted the third molar extracted, bat
Bill insisted the first molar was causing the pain by way of Dr.
84 The Plexus.
Eckley's line of continuity and thereby causing a reflex pain.
They finally split the difference and Bill extracted the second
molar.
Raymond Mezz. like Dr. Cattell, believes that anything dis-
covered by anyone should not be named after him. He still calls
arsenical poisoning Merz's disease.
John Maxwelll Murphy, another one of our famous southern-
ers, tried to prove to us that he is quite a magician. One day
while vve were watching this great man of dental prosthesis he
put a crown on a woman's tooth. He told us to watch him close,
then he made » few mysterious movements with his hands and
said "presto change.'' The crown really disappeared; it did not
pass into his hand, but into the patient's stomach.
Robert J. McGinnis, our authority on orthodontia, is still
waiting patiently for the second deciduous bicuspid to erupt.
Pipkins spent most of his time during the term burning him-
self with gun powder and repairing hand pieces or opening locks.
Rork, Dr Steele's successor as an oral surgeon, showed the
boys that a towel filled with plaster of Paris and thrown at the
boys is quite a temper stimulant.
Radcliff would have left a good record behind him as a good,
accommodating student, but one day he awoke to the fact that
bis school days were drawing to a close and accordingly disap-
peared, finally returning a married man.
An account of this class would be incomplete without the life
of C. H. Tigner of Texas. While othors are struggling for fame
he will sit in his chair and feel content, and advising the profes-
sion not to put 25 per cent. Pyrozone in a tooth.
And there are others: Kelly, who stayed out late to order
.some of Daniels" famous hash; Seedy Demonstrator Means, Seedy
Owens, Diathetesis Rice, Harry Ruzicka, the sign painter, and
our great girl masher, Divello Taft.
And now to close I must acknowledge that I am as Dr. Brown
said, up against it. I find it harder to close than to begin. If this
were a novel I would have the heroes killed by making one of Dr.
Peck's semicircular incisions on the gums with a Black's knife,
and have Ihe sweethearts of these heroes die from eating too
many of Dr. Peck's apples But this is not. So I will have to
use a sharp contra-angle triple-angle 6-11-24 hoe and cut it short.
If I slighted anyone, he or she will please see me after Dr. Cook's
lecture and I will gladly apologize.
I thank vou.
SANMETTO IN PROSTATITIS, ENURESIS, CATARRH OP BLADDER.
In prostatis. enuresis, catarrh of bladder, and all diseases of
the genito urinary system Sanmetto has been indispensable to
me. J. T. W. Kerns,
Bellaire, O,
COLLEGE OF PHYSICIANS AND SURGEONS
MEDICAL DEPARTMENT OF THE
UNIVERSITY OF ILLINOIS,
CHICAGO.
VOL. VIII. JULY 20th, 1902. NO. 3
STUDENT, SCIENTIST, MAN.*
L. Harrison Mettler, A. M., M. D.
Professor of Physiology of tne Nervous System, Oollege of Medicine of Uni
versity of Illinois: Professor of Mental and Nervous Diseases,
Chicago Clinical School.
Class of 1902:
When, through your committee, I was honored by being
asked to address you upon this your class day, I was reluctant at
first to accept the invitation. I sincerely appreciated the compli-
ment, but I felt my utter inability to say anything of interest or
profit upon so general an occasion as this. In this life the head
and heart are often at variance, and so while my thoughts were
teeming with misgivings and excuses, deep down in my feelings
there was a real desire to meet you once more and to give you a
bon voyage before you had finally cast anchor and started out on
the broad and uncertain ocean of life. I fear, therefore, that
your committeeman found it anything but a difficult task to over-
come my half-hearted objections.
Yes, I am glad to look into your faces once more and to come
before you, not as I was wont to do two years ago in the guise of
a bogie man bristling with nervous and spinal tracts and cere-
bral localizations and other frightful paraphernalia of that sort,
but as a friend and a co-worker chatting with you about the good
old college days now gone forever.
There is no class of men to whom I feel more strongly drawn.
* An address delivered at the class day exercises of the graduating class of the College
of Medicine of the University of IlUnois, May 19, 1902.
86 2}ie Plexus.
whose society affords me greater pleasure, and whose friendship
and good will I unconsciously seem to long for, than that of the
student. Who is so free from care, so full of the visions of hope?
"Who has so few regrets when he looks back into the past or
dreams of a brighter Eden of happiness when he peers into the
future, as the college man? Young in years and experience, frank,
sincere and joyous, the student, ever busy with his fads and fan-
cies, his regattas and athletics, his fraternities and glees seems
to have made all his own the very essence of life's jollity. With
his head full of impossible schemes, his imagination running
riot, his muscles ceaselessly in action, and his curiosity and de-
sires absolutely insatiable, he seems to be the typical lord of crea
tion (and not infrequently he thinks he is) and so he always pro-
ceeds to enjoy his own in a most lordly fashion. He is an uncer-
tain chap, this college man, and one can never tell in which di-
rection his exuberant vivacity is likely to break out next; but de-
pend upon it, whatever he does, whether he be an Edward
Waverley or a Tom Sawyer, he does it as a true nobleman should,
without malice or deceit. Like a young war horse he needs the
curb, but we love him all the more for the metal that is in him.
"Youth no less becomes
The light and careless livery that it wears
Than settled age its sables."
In the middle ages the scholar was distinguished by his man-
ners, his mode of dress and his style of living. Many of our
modern customs, as for instance, the cap and gown and the allu-
sions to the midnight oil are relics of the time when the student
body was so unique and so powerful as to exercise a turning in-
fluence upon the affairs of the state. The general advance of
learning and the universal tendency toward a broad democracy
these latter days have obscured in part the individuality of the
student body, but only in part. To have been a college man once
is in itself a badge of membership in a splendid and ancient fra-
ternity. Hence we all love to [^recall with tenderness the days
when it was our privilege * ■
"To walk the studious cloisters pal
And love the high embowed roof
With antic pillars massy proof.
And stained windows richly dight
Casting a dim, religious light "
Student, Scioitist, Man. 87
For those were golden days, full of good cheer and teeming with
high thoughts. So soft and rich are the memories of that by-
gone time that even its temporary hardships have vanished in
the golden halo of a sweet reminiscence just as the black clouds
are transformed into a damask-like glory by the slanting rays of
the setting sun. Ah! yes, the benches may have been hard and
straight, and after many hours upon them we may have discov-
ered the precise location of every bone in our bodies; but no
matter, beneath the magic touch of memory they seem now to us
to have been as soft as eiderdown. The brain-wracking prob-
lems in mathematics, the barbarous jargon of Heroditus and
Livy, the garrulous gossip of the historians and the unspeakable
intangibilities of the metaphysicians, how entrancing now they
all seem to have been, and how we love to fondle the old and
dusty note -books. And then that troublesome bore, the students"
Frankenstein, inevitable as fate, the terror of the day and the
specter of the night, the examination, how delightful it seems
now that it is so far off, where through the vista of time we be-
hold ourselves with a pile of blank paper before us, a half-masti-
cated pencil between our lips, a woe-begone expression upon our
countenance and not the vestige of an available idea in our
brains. In spite of all their trials and stern realities college
days do indeed constitute one of the bright spots of our lives.
Never after vvard are we brought into such close communion with
all that is great and beautiful in the world. The very atmos-
phere was then full of the fragrance of all that is best in human
thought. Art, science, literature, philosophy, history, every-
thing that adorns the life of man and reveals his close relation-
ship with the divine are spread before the college man, who for a
few short years revels in a feast such as LucuUus never dreamed of
and Horace has but faintly outlined. As such a banquet is never
repeated in a lifetime, is it any wonder that we love to bury our-
selves in a great arm-chair, and by the fading embers of an
open fire, dream of those happy days now gone forever!
It is not my intention to guide your thoughts to-day into a
reminiscent mood, pleasant as that would be to me, for I fear it
would not prove so agreeable to you as you are not yet far enough
off from your student life to realize the full force of the truism
that distance lends enchantment. I wish to give expression to a
few rambling ideas in regard to the modern student both in and
88 The Plexus
out of college. As professional men and especially as medical
men you will always be students. The moment you cease study-
ing, that very moment you ostracise yourself from the best of
the company with which you have now elected to cast your lot.
An unstudious physician is a kind of paradox, and in the end is
sure to prove a splendid failure. Hence I assume that I am ad-
dressing those who are students in the fullest sense of the word.
To them I want to suggest what seem to me to be the dangers
and safeguards in the study of modern science.
If there is anything that is pre- eminently characteristic of
this age, it is its realism and materialism. The wonderful dis-
coveries as to the causation of physical phenomena and the ap-
plication of those discoveries in the industrial world have so
filled us with admiration that we have no thought left for things
immaterial. The forces of steam and of electricity, and their
employment in connection with most marvelous machinery have
enabled man to travel^on the wings of lightning, and to produce
articles of comfort and luxury not dreamed of in the past. With
the telescope and the spectroscope to unfold for us the vast stellar
worlds and the microscope to spread before us the panorama of
the world of the infinitely little, it is not to be wondered at that
we have become intoxicated with delight and surprise. We can
measure the film of a soap bubble and find that it scarcely-
reaches the millionth of a millimeter (.03937 of an inch) in thick
ness. We are so well acquainted with the size of molecules that
we now know if one^is lostMn every second from the egg of a
mammal which averages about y^o of an inch in diameter, it will
take at least 5,600 years before the entire egg will be exhausted.
We have found the line where the vegetable world passes into
the animal and we. have seen how a loathsome reptile becomes a
Bird of Paradise. We can uncover the brain and touch the spot
that made Demosthenes the golden-tongued orator and Burns the
sweet singer of the north. We can trace the elements and tell
their condition in stars so/emote that their light traveling at the
rate of 186,000 miles'per^'second, yet takes nearly three years and
a half to reach us. We can analyze those same elements as they
appear in the mysterious living protoplasm of the animal cell.
These things are all so real and our knowledge in regard to them
is iadeed almost godlike. In our pride we shout aloud our great-
ness, almost doubting ]if there is anything outside of the won-
Studeiif, Scientist, Man, 89
derful world of matter that is worthy of our attention. And
still the question presents itself, cui bono? Well, let us see.
In the wake of these wonderful scientific discoveries, com-
merce and manufacture follow close, so that there is not a ham-
let nowadays without its tall smokestack, roaring furnaces and
whirling machinery. All this increase of industrial activity has
increased the wealth of the people. To day many a laborer sits
down to a dinner and many a clerk inhabits a domicile that a
Csesar or an Elizabeth would have deemed luxurious. Great
wealth, great industrial activity and great scientific discoveries
have come to be synonomous with the term success. The ac-
cumulation of luxuries has increased human desire for them and
the increase of human desires has bent men's energies most
strenuously in the way to acquire them. Nowadays a successful
physician means one who has a well-paying clientage, whose
bank account is steadily and rapidly growing as the result of his
practice. No matter if he fails to cure his many wealthy pa-
tients, while his less popular neighbor accomplishes the recovery
of his one charity case, the former is regarded by the world as
the more successful practitioner. His materialistic gains are
more in evidence than are those of the latter, and success these
days is largely measured bj^ a materialistic standard. A student
who studies for the love of study alone is incomprehensible and
one who dares to utter the phrase that he does not care for money
and is not toiling for financial reward, is looked upon as being
just a little bit weak in the head. Men have thought that
Thoreau, "the poet naturalist," was crazy, for refusing a fortune
and going to live alone in the woods. His "Walden" giving his
reasons for so doing is too deep in its philosophy and too fine in
its logic for the dull and coarse faculties of the world. But let
us not be too hard upon our fellow men, for all this is quite natu-
ral and is the outcome of the sudden increase in our scientific
knowledge and industrial achievement. We are like children
with new toys, oblivious for the time being to everything else.
In the future when we shall have become wearied with these gew-
gaws we will begin to look for something beyond mere material
success. In the meantime let us continue to rejoice in the new
knowledge, for with all this material aggrandizement we can
honestly proclaim that we have made some progress. It is
science, exact, searching, irresistible science that has placed in
90 The Plexus.
our hands the weapons with which to overcome the forces of
nature. Anaesthesia has banished pain. The Roentgen ray has
uncovered the secret recesses of the body. The surgeon's knife
pursues disease to the very citadels of life and the newer mate-
ria medica is enabling us to successfully storm the strongholds
of suffering and despair. The micro organisms that prey upon
human existence have been wrenched from their lairs and all but
annihilated with antiseptics. The solution of life itself is said
by some to be not far off. A knowledge of whence it comes and
■whither it goes could hardly arouse our enthusiasm more than
what we already know of its development upon the earth from
the mollusk to the mastodon, and of its mystery in binding the
genius to the jelly-fish. The rocks inscribed all over with fos-
sils and glacial scratches tell to us like a romance the story of
the creation. The great principles and laws of nature which we
are discovering, as for instance, the law of gravitation, the con-
servation of energy, the atomic theory, the undulatory hypothe-
sis, evolution, the cellular doctrine are enabling us as it were to
read the innermost thoughts of the divine Creator.
So vast and marvelous have been the results of modern
science that even science itself is being sharply curbed and
forced within narrower bounds. Hereafter there must be no
theory, no hypothesis, no imaginary conception of things as a
part of true science. The new science is intolerant of every-
thing that bears the shadow of faith or credulity. Heretofore like
conquering Bellerophon she has had the assistance of Pegasus;
now, however, Bellerophon is to be strapped and harnessed close
and made to move on the wooden horse of Troy.
In one of the leading universities of our country is a distin-
guished physiologist whom I once heard declare that knowledge
which was not capable of being utilized to recreate the conditions
out of which the knowledge was obtained was not worthy of the
name of science. Knowledge as to the composition of proto-
plasm, for instance, is not the highest example of scientific
knowledge, unless we are able thereby to recreate protoplasm.
According to this eminent teacher, science includes only work-
able facts, and hence most of the grand generalizations of Dar-
win, Laplace, Haeckel and Lyell are not to be regarded as
science, but merely as imaginary theories, scientific dreams.
This is pushing materialism to its limit and involves a discussion
Student, iScientist, Man. 91
as to the possible meaning of the term fact, for- to most of us
there seem to be phenomena, as for instance, a logical sequence^
an ethical ideal, a passing thought, which are not directly know-
able by way of the five senses, but yet which are quite as real as
those coarser phenomena which are so perceived. Let me warn
you against so narrow a view of science. There is poetry even
in the most material phenomena. The calculation of the volume
of water and the measurement of the height of the fall is far
from exhausting the possible conceptions of a Niagara. A
Cologne cathedral is something more than a collection of mathe-
matically cut blocks of stone. The hewer of wood and the
drawer (»f water are usually in too close proximity to the Pyra-
mids to comprehend the mystery of those strange piles.
In proof of which let us see if progress has really been
made in spite of all our wonderful discoveries and exact science.
Are men more honest to-day than they were in the days of Soc-
rates and Aristotle? Is patriotism stronger now than when
Leonidas with his little band held the pass of Thermopylae? Is
reverence for the Creator of the universe deeper than when
Moses and the prophets spoke the word of God? Is law and
order better observed among men than it was when Augustus sat
upon the Imperial throne? Are jails and punishments less needed
now than when the Ptolemies swayed the destinies of Egypt? Is
human sympathy more sincere than when the Christ trod the
hills of Judea? Are human greed and the love of conquest less
fierce than when Cortez seized the Empire of Montezuma? Do
we even live more in the spirit of the old Roman dramatist who
exclaimed^ -ffo/no sum; humanl nil a me aliemim inito':' In a word,
is man himself better and nearer the divine ideal as the result of
all his science and increased knowledge 'r' I leave you to answer
for yourselves, I wish merely to bring thus forcibly before you
the fact that material progress is far from being the whole of
progress. If one were inclined to doubt the dualistic nature of
man, he cannot doubt the dualistic nature of humanity. Knowl-
edge is one thing, morality is another. Realism is undeniable,
but idealism is equally demonstrable. The danger besetting the
modern student of science is that of explaining all manifesta-
tions upon a physical basis and of rejecting all phenomena that
cannot be so accounted for. The subtlety and ingenuity of his
logic confer upon Herbert Spencer tho doubtful honor of being
92 The Plexus.
the chief instigator of this widespread materialism. But the
scientific seeker, whether he be college student, laboratory-
worker or practicing physician is by the very force of his cir-
cumstances inclined to rivet his attention too closely to
material phenomena and material causes. Had I the time, I
could show how this has hurt the practice of medicine and given
an impetus to the upgrowth of some of the grossest forms of
modern quackery, such as the present faith healing, religio-hys
terical crazes. We may learn much about tyjDhoid fever and ery-
sipelas and other germ diseases by means of the test tube, but-
after all a man is not a test tube. Surgical technique and asep-
sis may be absolutely faultless and the patient yet die of shock
and a broken heart. Man is not a product of the laboratory. He
is something more, and it is just this something more that mere
laboratory knowledge fails to treat and which the faith healing
quacks have discovered to be neglected by the physician. With
the microscope, the sphygmograph and the thermostat we may
gain invaluable information in regard to disease, but after all it
isn't the disease that we treat at the bedside but the patient.
As a result of all this it behooves us, especially as students
of science, to look away now and then from the physical world
and avoid becoming materialists to such an extent as to forget
that there are other things in life to cultivate beside the coarse
logic of science. While we are dealing with matter and training
our reasoning faculties to analyze the underlying causes of the
mysterious phenomena round about us, we should also cultivate
the imagination so as to soar away to a higher plane and obtain a
larger view of God's vast universe. A Frenchman ,very wit-
tily remarked that most men have just enough imagination to
spoil their judgment; and to add to the general deficiency in this
respect, there is a common notion abroad that the cultivation of
the imagination is beneath the calling of the scientist and quite
out of place in this stirring, practical age. It is said that poetry
which has been defined as "the expression of the imagination"
is dead, and that this great age of science is intolerant of the
stuff whereof dreams are made. No greater mistake was ever
uttered. Not all of the poetry of the world is found within the
bounds of rhyme and meter. The highest of the sciences teem<
with poetry and the greatest of the scientists have ever been
veritable poets. When Wordsworth glances into the face of a lit-
Student, Scientist, Man. 93
tie child and from its happy smile gathers intimations of an im-
mortality, his play of imagination is not greater than is that of
Dalton when he ponders upon the subtle phenomena of chemistry
and therein perceives indications of a vast, indestructible world
of atoms. When Burns beholds the tyranny of man in the fall
of a "Mountain Daisy" he is not far from Darwin who discovers
in the variation of species the cruel law of the survival of the
fittest. When Mrs. Browning reads in the "Dead Rose" the les-
son of the constancy of love, she differs not much from Sir Hum-
phrey Davy when he melts two pieces of ice by rubbing them to-
gether and therein detects the great principle of the conserva-
tion of energy. When Schiller hears in the "Song of the Bell"
the mutability of all things human, his train of thought is not
unlike that of Huygens when he gazes at a ray of light and be-
holds it transmutted into a thousand ever-varying undulations,
Coleridge once stood at sunrise in the vale of Chamounix, and
glancing up at Mount Blanc, exclaimed:
"O dread and silent mount, I gazed upon thee
Till thou, still present to the bodily sense,
Didst vanish from my thought; entranced in prayer
I worshipped the Invisible alone,"
Darwin also stood face to face with nature and witnessing
the evolution of her thousand forms reverently, wrote: "There is
a grandeur in this view of life with its several powers having
been originally breathed by the Creator into a few forms or into
one; and that while this planet has gone cycling on according to
the fixed law of gravity, from so simple a beginning endless
forms most beautiful and most wonderful have been and are being
evolved."
Like these great exemplars, we students of science should not
be satisfied with the drudgery of our work, but should ever strive
after the hidden principles, the poetry of our science. As practi-
tioners of medicine we enjoy an opportunity of cultivating the
poetry of science such as no other class of men can boast of. In
tracing the evolution of the mind, in watching the exquisite har^
mbny in the physiological processes of the body, in observing
the entrance and exit of^the' spark of life, in touching all of the
hidden springs of human joy and sorrow, in a word in coming
very close to the great pulsating heart of humanity, we possess
a privilege, the grandeur of which is unique.
91 The Plexus.
But after all even the cultivation of the poetry of science
will not satisfy the hunger of our souls. We are more than sci-
entists, WG are men. We are by virtue of our imaginations creat-
ors, creators of our own ideals. To create is greater than to
discover, hence the world has always paid greater homage to
character than to intellect, to noble sentiments than to scientific
discovery. Homer, who tells the story of love with its attendant
battles and defeats, its fierce ambitions and noble friendships, is
known and cherished where Democritus and Pythagoras with
their theories about atoms and numbers are never heard of. The
four.h book of VirgU is dearer to mankind than is the fourth book
of Euclid. And Shakespeare and Dickins are found on the
shelves of many a home in which Lord Bacon and Adam Smith
are never mentioned. But the poetry of sentiment is not con-
fined to Homer and Virgil and Shakespeare and Dickens. The
sweet face of motherhood as portrayed for us by Raphael and
Murillo, the beauty and dignity of manhood as carved for us by
Michael Angelo and Canova, the songs of the angels as reechoed
for us by Beethoven and Schubert are all practical inducements
to the formation o^ noble ideals. With the aid of this matchless
imagination of ours we can look behind and above and all around
the world of matter and behold in the realms of art and religion
and philosophy verities that have no counterpart in the coarse
phenomena of matter. For our own happiness, for the develop-
ment of the best that is in us, for the creation of the noblest ideals,
we must cultivate a taste for the best that is in music, painting,
sculpture, verse, romance, history and all the refinements of hu-
man thought.
In this age of specialism and keen competition the specialist,
the man of one talent is becoming a drug on the market. The
times are calling loudly for broad and liberally cultivated men.
Such men are the pillars of the profession and uphold its dignity
in the eyes of the world. Such men are poets in their way and
creators of ideals. "The cash nexus and the Devil take the
hindmost," which Carlyle speaks of, cuts a man off from his
kind. Hence we need to cultivate ideals to keep from falling
into the commonplace or becoming one of the flat and unprofit-
able crowd of whichGoethe's scholar said, that if they were books
he would not deem it worth while to read them. In addition to
the cultivation of ideals we need the intensity and enthusiasm of
Student, Scie7itist, 3Ian. 95
the great anatomist Goodsir, of whom the following incident is
told to illustrate the triumph of mind over matter. One day
this great teacher, who was the victim of incipient locomotor
ataxia, became excited over the subject of his lecture and his
poor ataxic legs gave way beneath him. His great body fell to
the floor with a crash. He was quickly helped up by the stu-
dents and assistants that were near him, the table was readjust-
ed, and the delicate bones of the skull upon which he had been
so glowingly and poetically lecturing placed upon it. Though
evidently greatly agitated, Goodsir steadied himself, and after
gazing intently at his favorite sphenoids and ethmoids during a
moment of profound silence, looked up with an air of supreme
delight and said with the greatest earnestness, "Gentlemen,
there is not a bone broken." Such a man lives in the world of
the ideal. In wishing you all a life of the ideal, ideal happiness
and success, I cannot do better than to conclude with the words
of the poet:
"Let Fate do her worst, there are relics of joy,
Bright dreams of the past, which she cannot destroy;
Which come in the night time of sorrow and care,
And bring back the features which joy used to wear.
Long, long be our hearts with such memories filled!
Like the vase in which roses have once been distilled —
You may break, you may shatter the vase, if you will,
But the scent of the roses will hang round it still."
THE CLASS OF 1902.
Charles John McGuire, M. D.
Mr. Toastmaster, Ladies and Gentlemen:
The class of 1902 marks another epoch in the life of a great
school, the College of Physicians and Surgeons of the University
of Illinois. Forever will we remember our alma mater and the
men under whom we have labored, — labored justly for some,
unjustly, perhaps, for others.
The class, since its entrance in '98, has undergone the usual
metamorphosis accorded medical students. It was a long time
before we became accustomed to the new life. We didn't know
just where we got off more than half of the time. We had great
respect for the Seniors and cherished any few words they deemed
advisable to give us. We wondered if we would ever look as
wise as they or would be able to speak their language. When-
ever ihe opportunity afforded we would attend a clinic, and then
write home and tell all about the wonderful operations that were
being done, and how much we were learning. We went through
our course in a happy go lucky way, and when we departed for
our homes, what we didn't know, was not worth telling. We
talke:! about the dissecting room and sprung all the anatomical
names on everyone that would lend us an ear.
This wise condition lasted during our second year. In talk-
ing with a Junior or a Senior we would be sure to ask him some-
thing about anatomy or chemistry, and when they would turn us
down with a "Oh, we've passed that, D, J.,'" we would think they
were very ignorant. Even the books were wrong in places we
thought.
In our Junior year, for the first time we began to realize just
what work there was to be done, and what an unlimited territory
there was to be covered before we would come up for graduation.
Soon a change \vas noted in the whole class. From the all wise
expression, they assumed an anxious, more or less serious one.
More fellows would go to sleep during classes, showing that they
were trying to put more hours on their books than before. Each
professor seemed to think that his was the only subject with
which we had to contend, and when we left the college a year
ao'O, we were glad to get a rest, for it had been nip and tuck to
The CUss of 1902. 97
'keep up with our work. Most of us had come to the conclusion
that what we had learned was but little, and what was to be
mastered was so far beyond our grasp, that we doubted if we
would ever gain hold of enough facts to pass our final examina-
tions.
A Senior's life is a discouraging one. He begins to realize
that he must soon make his living and hold his own against great
odds. But this is not all that bothers him. No matter how hard
he works he may be plucked at the end of the term. Who can
tell? He has heard how hard this and that professor is to pass,
and he sees how much of each subject he is mastering. Day in
and day out he is at the college from eight in the morning until
five or six in the evening. He climbs four flights of stairs three
or four times a day. His evenings are spent in preparation for
some examination, in reading up for one of those burlesque
quizzes w^hich happened on Tuesdays and Saturdays, or in copying
a thesis for Dr. Bayard Holmes. No wonder it was hard to get
the class to attend the two or three social affairs given during
the year. Our social training has been a failure. It should be a
part of a college life. At least one day a month should be de-
voted to class affairs. It would brighten a student's life wonder-
fully.
In looking back, over four years have passed only too rap-
idly. However, the last month nas seemed about a year, at
least to most of us, and it was a year of anxiety. The three or
four days before our returns were announced was one whirl of
excitement. Even the janitors seemed to be on their mettle.
Finally, when the list was read, the spell was broken and over
two hundred jolly good fellows started out to celebrate their vic-
tories, and, as it was a rainy night, many of us were wet through
and through outside and inside. It was ?aid that even our most
sedate president was seen sipping suds and telling how it hap-
pened in the next breath.
Now it is all over. We have received our sheepskins and
soon depart to our fields of conquest. The strong ties of friend-
ship which have been formed during the past few years must be
broken. Perhaps we will never see or hear of one another
again. But we rather expect that some of our members will
achieve fame and honor as physicians and surgeons, but most of
us, I fear, will plod along as the everyday, hard-working, gen-
98 Ihe Plexus.
eral practitioner, as some one has said, the real doctor after alL
Some will leave the ^profession, and, in the words of one of
our most cherished professor.;, "You will not know, and the old
doctor across the streets will get the case and you will have to
bu3^ a drug store."
The class has held together very well. Most of the mem-
bers have entered into affairs in the right spirit and have aided
in every way in making the class a success. Much credit is due
our president for the skillful way in which he has handled af-
fairs, and here I want to extend^to him the heartfelt thanks and
good wishes of the class. He has done his duty well. He has
come up to our expectations in every respect.
Most distinguished members of the faculty, we can but thank
you for the confidence place. You have labored unceasingly to
piepare us for our life's work,andi we trust that your efforts have
not been in vain, that at least we will not bring reproach on your
good names. We hold you in great esteem and look to you as
our ideals. Though at times^we have been dissatisfied and have
murmured, we trust that you and we have gained thereby.
Fellow classmates, we soon must part and scatter to all
points of the compass. Many times we will wish we were back
on the benches without a care, and in thinking of the days we
have spent side by side, no doubt but that we will say, '-Those
were happy days." Lst us part to-night with at least one motive
in common, to do our work conscientiously, never flinching where
suffering calls. If we follow these lines, I know we shall never
give the College of Physicians and Surgeons a regret as to the
class of 190i\
THE PLEXUS
COLLEGE OF PHYSICIANS AND SURGEONS
MEDICAL DEPARTMENT
UNIVERSITT OF ILLINOIS.
CHICAGU.
Plexus Committee of Faculty.
T. A. DAVIS, M. D., D. A. K. STEELE, M. D., F. GREGORY CONNELL, M. D.
H. C. WADDLE, '03, Editor-ia-Chief.
Stipt. W. H. BROWNE, W. T. ECKLEY, M. D., D. N. EISENDRATH, M. D.
W. A. EVANS, M. D., H. W. BBRARD, M. D., A. GERHMANN, M. D,
Associate Editor, L. HARRISON METTLER, M. D.
Class Editors:
R. L. ELDREDGE, '03. F. L WOOD, '04. J. P. BROWNE, '05.
Faculty Department, DR. F. B. EARLE. Clinical Laboratory Dept , DR W. E. COATES
Alumni Editor, DR. C. C. O'BYRNE, '94 Clinical Department, C. E- DIKE, '03
Athletic " H. H. EVERETT, '02 Library Department. METTA M. LOOMIS.
Business Manager, W. H. PORTER, 03.
Publisher. - - - - - - H. C. WADDLE.
Subscription $1.00 per Annum in advance. Single copies, 15 cents. Issued Monthly
Send all remittances and communications as to subscriptions and advertising to H. C.
WADDLE, f^or. Congress and Honore Sts.
Entered at Chicago Post Office as Second-Class Matter.
Any subscriber desiring the Journal discontinued at the e:4piration of his subscription
should so notify the Publishers; otherwise it will be assumed thai the subscription is to be
continued and the Journal sent accordingly.
Contributions of matter suitable for publication are invited, and should be sent in not
alter tlian the 35th of the month previous to that of publication. The publishers will not hold
themselves responsible for the safe return of MSS. unless sufficient stamps are forwarded.
"Student, Scientist, Man,'' is the title of the leading article
in this issue of The Plexus. The lately graduated senior class
were indeed fortunate in securing Dr. Mettler to address them
on class day. His address needs no comment, but speaks for it-
self. Those who fail to read his article are certainly depriving
themselves of a literary treat.
•ir -X-
*
"The Class of 1902," was the toast given by Dr. C. J. Mc-
Guire in behalf of the class, at the Auditorium banquet May 20.
Mr. McGuire's delivery was excellent, and that his remarks
were well chosen was evinced by the prolonged applause which
met his parting words.
ALUMNI NOTES.
'99. E, J, Brewer has moved from Ashton, 111., to Sheb-
bona, 111.
'00. J. R. Berkelund is now located at Phillips, Wis.
'01. R. P, Hoxsey has moved from Storm Lake, la., to
Knierim, la.
'01. W. B. Corey has been appointed as medical examiner
for B. of L. F.
"02. H. M. Day has located at Norveaqua, 111.
'02. J. H, Carrico has located at Woodburn, Oregon.
LIBRARY NOTES.
Metta M. Loomjs, Librarian.
At the time of the refurnishing of the stack room of the
Quine Library an expert estimate was secured of the amount of
shelving necessary to provide for the books then in the library,
and to allow ample room for three years' growth. On this esti-
mate the stacks were purchased. The remarkable increase in
the library during the past year is shown by the fact that a new
stack has become an absolute necessity in less than a year's time.
This rapid growth of the Quine Library is due in part, to our ad-
mirable system of exchange with other medical libraries, to the
gifts of those interested in our library, but principally to the ex-
tensive A. J. Furber collection which has been received during
the past year.
A much needed addition to the library, which has recently
been made, is the journal files for keeping the current magazines,
of which the Qaine Library receives about eighty, including the
best that are published in America, France, England and Ger-
many,
The library attendance, as compared with the total number
of students, has increased rather than diminished during the
summer term, and not only is the library well patronized during
the day, but there is again an urgent demand among the upper
class men that the library be opened evenings.
GIFTS.
During the past month we have become indebted to Dr. S.
Notes. lOr
Dahl for a carefully listed box of medical literature, consisting
of 281 journals, 2 books and. 5 pamphlets.
Through the exchange of the Association of Medical Libra-
ries we have received from the New York Academy of Medicine
22 books, 22 journals, and 5 pamphlets.
From the United States Department of Agriculture we have
had five pamphlets.
Dr. G. F. Suker remembered the library with a reprint of
his article on "Theosinamine" which was read before the Ameri-
can Medical Association.
Dr. Erb and Dr. N.. T. Beers each sent the library a valuable
reprint.
Articles contributed to various medical journals by members
of the faculty of the College of Physicians and Surgeons:
Dr. H. S. Mettler. Cerebral Localization and Brain Func-
tion. New York Medical Journal, June, p. 1093-98.
Dr. A. J. Ochsner. Surgery of the Gall Bladder, Clinical
Review, July, p. 203-279.
Dr. J. M. Patton. Cirrhosis of the Liver, Pathology, otol-
ogy and Symptoms. Clinical Review, July, p. 280-289.
Dr. A, E. Price. Cirrhosis of the Liver, Symptoms and
their Treatment. Clinical Review, July, p. 290-296.
Dr. S. Brown. Tetany. Medical News, July 5, p. 7-13,
Dr. G. F. Suker. Is the Dislocation of the Lens into the
Vitreous ever Justifiable? American Journal of Ophthalmology,
July.
JUNIOR NOTES.
There is no doubt but that we are getting a fine course, and
the general sentiment among our class is, "I'm mighty glad I
stayed for the summer term. "' We have a well arranged schedule,
a good class of students and a strong faculty. We have also had
some pleasant weather for studying and have gotten pretty well
into our work so that in case of a sunstroke later on we can lay
off and take it easy.
Our notorious Clarence Wall has received a few pretty strong
reprimands from several of our highly-thinking and gentlemenly-
acting professors. Of course, Wall took no offense, but says that
if they get smart with him that he'll "'shut 'em out of the Cook
102 The FUxus.
County" or resign from his position as general overseer of that
institution.
Our class and all others who know Mr. Seymour certainly
sympathize w^ith him iu the very recent loss of his mother. It
has not been a great while since he lost his father in a railroad
wreck, which now leaves him quite alone. He is good student
and classmate and we wish him all the courage and fortitude
possible.
The dissecting rooms opened up the earlier part of last
month, and the energetic D. J.'s and "has been" Sophs are dig-
ging away like a lot of researchers looking for sesamoid bones.
The big giant Kingston is head demonstrator, while P. G. Kitter-
man is quizmaster, and Prof. Eckley furnishes the material, dem-
onstrates, quizzes, marks, and finally decides upon those who are
to pass.
Yates and Tirgen were called by Dr. Harsha to an emergency
case, which proved to be a bad case of diphtheria. The patient
showed no signs of apparent breathing, w^hereupon Dr. Tirgin
advised tracheotomy. Dr. Yates agreed, and suggested that it
be done immediately. So Yates started it by making an incision
along the median line of the front of the neck — cutting through
the anterior and left lateral walls of the trachea — a procedure
which did not satisfy Dr. Tirgen, hence she took the knife, hold-
ing it like a writing- pen (or as girls do soda-water spoons), and
proceeded. She said that "in order to successfully avoid the in-
ferior mesenteric artery, it w^ould be necessary to cut directly
through the isthmus of the thyroid." This she did and inserted
the double tube, after which everything seemed satisfactory.
The patient rests easy, has no temperature and is perfectly con-
tented.
D. T. Cole visited our classes for a few days. He has been
enjoying a short vacation in the East, and says that "after a
short visit at home he'll probably be back to keep us company."
NEWS ITEMS.
Dr. Chas. Davison lately underwent an operation for appen-
dicitis at the West Side Hospital, and when last heard from was
rapidly convalescing. The class extended their sympathy
toward Dr. Davison by sending him a beautiful collection of
flowers during his illness.
Dr. Quine, our worthy Dean, has lately returned from a
protracted sojourn in the south, including New Mexice, M^here
he has been during the past several months in company with his
wife who went there for the benefit of her health. We are in-
formed that Mrs. Quine is improving in a very satisfactory man-
ner, and we trust that her further improvement will be most
rapid. She is now with the sisters of St. Vincent de Paul in
Santa Fe, New Mexico.
C. E. Saunders is the latest addition to the number of sick-
members of the summer class that has been compelled to go to
the hospital.
When the remainder of the student body returns to school
in October they will no doubt be surprised when they learn that
the members of the summer class have been attending surgical
clinics on the first day of each week, in which kindergarten
methods of teaching are used. There are times during life when
one is compelled to take bitter pills without a murmur, and this
is an instance worthy of mention. When a teacher (?) knows
that he has the power to "pluck" a students should that student
dare express an opinion against his old-womanish hobbies, and
when the said teacher stands at a distance and drops his bor-
rowed wit and sarcasm upon those who fail to knuckle to his
august person — we say he is very like the mongrel that, securely
protected behind the high fence and barred gate, barks at the
passers-by.
Mr. H. C. Waddle, the present publisher of The Pi^exus is
now lying in the West Side Hospital undergoing the ravages of
a well-marked case of typhoid. The remainder of the class wish
him a speedy recovery.
The Plexus is reliably informed that Mr. Paul R. Urmston,
'03, of Hamilton, Ohio, is now suffering at his home with typhoid.
SCHOOL OF DENTISTRY
DENTAL DEPARTMENT
UNIVERSITY OP ILLINOIS.
EDITORIAL COMMITTEE.
D. M. CATTELL, D. D. «., G. W. COOK, D. D. S. B. J. CIQRAND, D. D. S.
Supt. R. P. DONALDSON.
D. M. CATTELL, Editor-ia-Chief. C. E. JONES, Alumni Editor.
CLASS EDITORS.
A. E. ALTHER, 02. F. M. STAHL, 03. J. C. GROUT, '04.
Publisher, - H. C- WADDLE.
Subscription S^l. 00 Per Aauum in advance. Single copies, 15 cents. Issued monthly
Send all remittances and communications as to subscriptions and advertising to H. C
WADDLE, Cor. Congress and Honore Sts., Chicago.
INJUDICIOUS HASTE IN STUDY A DETRIMENT TO
THOROUGHNESS.*
By Charles Erwin Jones, D. D. S., Adjunct Professor Pros-
thetic Technics.
To properly apply one's mind along a certain line of study
one must be inspired with an inbred or an acquired aspiration.
That aspiration must be of such form and worth as to envelop
one's whole soul and existence. To master a given subject or ob-
ject one must adapt himself to the inlaeQclng environ-
ments that tend to make tliat particular point most acceptable
to the aspiring mind. One must become thoroughly infected
with the desired proclivities, and then the undertaking will as-
sume a form suitable for its proper and thorough digestion.
You cannot after proper selection of a subject allow your-
selves to pass hastily over it, if it is to be long or permanently
fixed within the mind. You cannot for one single minute allow
yourselves to fall into a haphazard way of gaining a proper con-
ception of a desired subject.
The eagerness and strong bend of the human mind after
knowledge, if not properly regulated, is often a hindrance to it.
It still presses into further discoveries and new objects and
catches at the variety of knowledga, and therefore often stays
* Delivered before Freshman class at the beginning of their year's work 1901-1902.
Dental Department . 105
not long onough on what is before it to look into it as it should
for haste to pursue what is yet out of sight.
He that stoops to pick geras of science and philosophy out
of each pebble strewn along his studies is apt to waste a valu-
able purpose upon a purposeless existence. Nor is he thiit passes
hastily through a territory apt to explain in detail all the grand-
eur therein contained. Neither of these extremes at the end can
depict in a lucid way the values existing in the desired object.
First in our consideration of a proper method of obtaining
the desired end is: To what extreme does the object ettect your
future life? Will it fit you to assume a higher social position?
Is it desired that the mastery of a given object will properly pre-
pare you for a successful political life? Or is it that prodigious
all in all, spiritual welfare? Or is your livelihood concerned?
Does your very existence depend upon your becoming proficient
along a certain line? These important questions could be enum-
erated by the thousand.
But it matters not for what gain, whether it be good or bad,
great or small, the same predominating will and purpose must
equip you or you fail. You must be possessed of a purpose and
a conviction.
An axiom, "Ke that fails, fails within himself."
Now to draw nearer home. It is your desire to become a pro-
fessional woman or man. You enter upon a definite line of prepa-
ration, one considered adequate to fit you to take an outlined
course of study. After you have weighed well your choice, it
then becomes your duty to yourself to exert every atom of in-
tegrity upon this bent purpose. You have become an integral
part of a cycle of knowledge. It becomes an intricate mass, out
of which you are expected to prepare each subject and reci-
tation with exacting precision.
Out of this chaos you must pick the wealth, while you are de-
veloping retaining qualities for the chaff to satisfy each profes-
sor's whim and fancy.
But for you to select the valuable from the valueless, you must
weigh each paragraph with your crude unnderstanding to the
best of your ability.
Remember this, that no master hand is developed in a sin-
gle day; only a few are developed in a life time.
At last after diligent study and thought, an awakening will
106 Thr Plexus.
occur, aod things that once seemed deep and unfathomable will
appear as thej' really are, as the foundation, as the fundamental
It is upon the foundation where all men and women meet ad-
versities and you can expect the same to take possession of you
in your undertaking.
Take each allotted branch and give it your best and all.
Pass not hastily over any one particular study, be it ever so in-
significant, lest you develop a habit of treating all of your allot-
ment as insignificant.
How many have failed because their aspirations have led
them to a point where a lack, not of ability or physical power,
but of will power and integrity, of a determination "to do or die"
means failure? How many of you will fail because you lack this
one requisite quality?
Never break the golden wings of your aspirations that they
may fly no more, never strangle your aspiration that you may not
hear their cries.
Aspiration has made the world. Good, deliberate aspira-
tions have made wonderful men, women and nations, not haste
and waste. He that aspires to thoroughness, completeness
and a full conception of what is required of him who undertakes
the mastery of a desired subject alone succeeds.
ALUMNI NOTES.
Our graduates are making unequaled records before the var-
ious State Boards of Dental Examiners.
Dr. Geo. B. Sinclair, class '00, Drs. S. T. Springer and P. A.
Armstrong, class '01, have been successful before the Michigan
Board.
Dr. A. E. Alther, class '02, has just passed the Minnesota
Board.
Dr. Robert McGinnis and C. H. Tigner, class '02, have suc-
cessfully passed the Lousiana Board.
This speaks well for the thorough course of instruction
given by their Alma Mater.
Dr. C. M. McCauley, class "01, is spending the summer
months in sunny Texas. The doctor's health has been poor for
the past year. We hope to have him with us soon again.
Dr. Herman Grossman, the father of the class of '00, brought
a patient to the college clinic recently to have a diagnosis veri-
fied. The patient was found to be suffering with actinomycosis.
Our boys are locating in all quarters of the globe. Dr. R.
N. Rork is filling a lucrative position in India. Dr. Cameron
has located in Seattle, Wash.
Memberg of the Alumni desiring a complete history of the
graduating exercises of this year's class should send in their
subscriptions with a request for the publishers to send them June
and July numbers. These two numbers contain complete de-
tails, the Valedictorian address. Class Prophesy, Class History
and program of the commencement exercises.
Dr. W. W. Homan has located in Dallas, Texas.
Dr. Ramey Merz, the boy wonder, has located in Ravens-
wood, 111.
Dr. Roy Donaldson, class '01, paid the editor a pleasant call
last week.
SCHOOL AND CLINIC NOTES.
The laboratories are being newly painted. Many new equip-
ments are being placed. More room is being provided for lathes
in the freshman and senior Prosthetic laboratories.
108 The Plexus.
An abundance of clinic material is keeping the summer stu-
dents busy.
Dr. Sherwood gave a very interesting clinic the 11th, ult.,
removing a large portion of a necrosed superior maxillary.
Dr. Davidson kindly turned a case over to the oral surgery
clinic, fracture of an inferior maxillary. An interdental splint
was made for the case, and the patient is progressing nicely.
The grades have been mailed out to both the Freshmen and
Junior students. Our classes did excellent work the past year.
Many new matriculations are coming in for all three classes.
The prospects are good for a large attendance this year.
A beautifully bound and well edited Illio was received by the
school several days ago.
CLASS NOTES.
JUNIORS.
Lyle Adams is the Prosthetic specialist at the school this
summer.
Broman is a stamp artist for the American (newspaper).
Cadwallader is a female clerk on a mail train.
Hubbard is a drug clerk on the elevated R. R.
Bill K archer, a natural born carpenter, is building a house
on his farm in Iowa.
Joe McElroy holds a hard job down in the city hall.
Bill Post is still a plumber.
Sprague runs a crazy house at Kankakee.
Palmer is in England, not for his health though.
Old Rass is still explaining and complaining.
FRESHMEN.
Abstein, the man with the Hebrew name is working faith-
fully in the clinic.
Beach has returned to old Iowa for the summer.
Eric Berringer is digging gold in the mine his father discov-
er«d last winter.
Berry man is spending his vacation in old Joe Davis county.-
Brady is keeping up his good record by making lower plates
over.
Mrs. Carey has failed to bless us with her attendance this-
summer.
Dental Deiiartment. 109
Cohn is somewhere, we don't know.
Converse is practicing medicine with his father in old
Springfield, 111.
Cooley holds a responsible position on the L road. Likewise
Sharp, McMasters, Nauman and Ramsey.
Old Rube went home with Stonewall.
Miss Schulz and Tom Ireland, well you can guess?
Geo. Loynd sells socks at Mandel Bros.
Whitbeck and Wilson are clinic pushers.
Vercoe is working in a cemetery.
Not one of our boys is farming.
FACULTY.
The July number of the American Dental Journal publishes a
very able and scientific article by Geo. W. Cook, B. S., D. D. S.,
entitled "Bacteriology and Pathology."'
An article by Dean Peck entitled "Physical Diagnosis as Re-
lated to Our Dental College Curricula." This able article has all
the ear marks of the versatile and original hand of our beloved
Dean. It depicts beyond a doubt the standing he has attained
in regard to our dental education. It is being read diligently by
the educators and profession at large. This article appears also
in the American Dental Journal.
Many new and valuable additions have been made to our
museum. Under the faithful care of Dr. Cattell. We expect to
have within a few years one of the most complete dental li-
braries in America.
Dr. B. J. Cigrand's able address delivered before the Annual
Banquet of the College of Physicians and Surgeons is being
highly commented upon. It appeared in the June number of
this Journal.
Prof. J. Newton Roe, A. M., Sc. D,, for many years past
Professor of Chemistry and Metallurgy in the Chicago College
of Dental Surgery and Northern Indiana Normal School, is one
of the latest additions to our faculty. Dr. Roe needs no intro-
duction. He comes pre-eminently qualified as a teacher and
a man.
In selecting Dr. Sherwood to fill the chair of Oral Surgery,
our executive faculty have again shown their judgment. Those
110 The Plexus.
of US who know Dr. Sherwood feel that he is the right man in
the right place, a thorough teacher and personally a gentleman.
Dr. Sherwood will be assisted by Drs. C, C. Cann and R. W.
Parker.
Dr. C. N. Thompson has just returned from California, where
he was the guest of the State Dental Society. The doctor gave
several clinics during his western trip. He has been recently
elected to the chair of porcelain art.
Dr. J. N. McDowell is spending his vacation in Europe.
You would think by his name he was spending most of his time
on the Emerald Isle. But on the contrary the doctor has
skipped the dot in the sea and is speaking German on the con-
tinent.
Dr. Dittmar is still a single man.
Dr. J. P. Burkholder has been elected Professor of Physi-
ology in the College of Physicians and Surgeons.
THE PLEXUS
COLLEGE OF PHYSICIANS AND SURGEONS
MEDICAL DEPARTMENT OP THE
UNIVERSITY OF ILLINOIS,
CHICAGO.
VOL. VIII. AUGUST 20th, 1902. NO. 4
THE ACCIDENTS OF ANESTHESIA, THEIR PREVEN-
TION AND TREATMENT.
By Daniel N. Eisendrath, A. B., M. D.
Professor of Clinical Anatomy, Medical Department; Universit|y of Illinois.
Attending Surgeon Cook County Hospital.
It would seem as though the subject of anesthetics, espe-
cially Ether arid Chloroform, had been so thoroughly discussed in
the last twenty years, both in America and Europe, as to leave
little to be said. As in many other fields of our profession, each
new anesthetic has been brought forward with extravagant
claims and heralded as a substitute for those hitherto in use. Of
these, Ethyl Chloride, Ethyl Bromide, Schleich's Petroleum
Mixture and Spinal Anesthesia have each been brought forward
and either discarded or their field of employment greatly limited.
The method of local anesthesia of Schleich has outlived all of
these, and its sphere of application is continually being enlarged.
Through all this cycle our two reliable anesthetics, Ether and
Chloroform, have held their place until some agent shall be
found to supplant them, they will remain as, so to speak, the
normal methods.
It shall be the purpose of this paper to take up only these
two anesthetics, to review in the light of our most recent knowl-
edge, their action, immediate and remote, discuss the methods of
administration and of preventing and treating the ill-effects of
the same.
1.12
The Plexns.
Their physiological action can be compared as follows:
Ether.
Chloroform.
Arterial Tension and
Blood Pressure.
Stimulates and in large
doses.
Zone between these
quite large.
Depresses and in larger
doses paralyzes.
Zone between these two
small.
Lungs.
Has slightly direct irri-
tating, causing some
increased T r a c h e o-
Bronchial secretion.
Stimulates resp. centre
and large doses para-
lyzes. Zone very
large.
Slows respiration and in
large paralyzes,
Zone not large.
Mouth, Nose and
Pharynx.
Gi^eatly increases all se-
cretions. Large doses
paralyze muscles of
tongue, epiglottis and
palate. Both above
favor resp.
Scarcely any effect on
secretions.
Large doses also para-
lyze tongue, etc.
Stomach and Intestines.
Considerable nausea and
vomiting. Moderate
tympanites.
Less nausea than Ether
as a rule, in large
doses causes some fat-
ty degeneration o f
muscles.
Liver.
No effect.
Prolonged administra-
tion causes fatty de-
generation with de-
creased glycogen, ic-
terus, and in fatty
liver may cause acute
yellow atrophy.
Kidneys. -
In normal kidneys trans-
itory effect (Casts and
traces of Albumen) de-
creased a m o u n t of
blood and secretion.
In diseased kidneys, has
a bad effect, may
cause anuria and ure-
mia.
In ordinary administra-
tion and normal kid-
neys but slight transi-
tory effect. In pro-
longed administration
causes considera b 1 e
fatty degeneration.
Temperature.
Lowers it.
Lowers it less than
Ether.
Pupils and Corneal.
Pupils contracted some
and "corneal reflex oi
some value.
Pupils somewhat con-
tracted. Secon d a r y
dilitation of pupi^l bad
sig-n.
It will not be found necessary to repeat in detail all of the
names and results of the investigators whose work has permit-
Accidents of Anaesthesia. 113
ted the tabulation of the effects of Chloroform and Ether as given
above. I will therefore begin at once with the indication and
contra-indications for the use of each. Ether should not be
given when there is increased arterial tension and blood press-
ure; for example, in atheromatous conditions. It should not be
given when there is great tympanites or similar conditions which
will interfere with the actions of the diaphragm. It should not
be given in conditions of nephritis, for it decreases the amount of
blood in the kidney, and in cases of nephritis it has frequently
been known to have caused suppression of the urine and death,
I have observed this within the last five years at least four times.
Chloroform, it was formally thought, could not be given-in cases
of functional or organic heart disease, but subsequent observa-
tions as those of Finney last year would seem to contradict this.
He found that in all of the different forms of heart disease, 142
cases, Ether and Chloroform were used, but of the two Ether was
better taken than Chloroform. Myocarditis would perhaps at
the present time be the most grave contraindication against the
use of Chloroform. Chloroform should never be given when it
is necessary to administer for more than an hour,
on account of its degenerative effect upon the unstriped muscu-
lar fibers of the heart and mucous membranes and upon the pa-
renchyma of the liver and kidney. In cases of fatty liver it may
cause atrophy. It should not be given in decreased arterial
tension and blood pressure, as for example, when there has been
a dangerous loss of blood and not in cachetic and ansemic indi-
viduals. A research by Kuncdrat in 1895 in which he reported
twelve fatal cases following the administration of Chloroform in
which the autopsy showed the condition of status thymicus,
that is enlarged lingual tonsils, persistent and large thymus and
enlarged spleen, and recent case by Laquer within the past few
weeks seem to create another contra-indication against the use
of Chloroform in this so-called thymic state. In regard to the
administration of Chloroform and Ether we have learned the fol-
lowing during the past few years. The so called zone between
the safety point and danger point in Chloroform is far less than
in Ether. Chloroform requires on the part of the anesthetizer
constant watching of the pulse and respiration. The anesthe-
tizer should be taught to observe either at the radial or temporal
pulse, the gradual decrease in frequency of the heart's action
114 The Plexus.
and the lowering of the blood pressure as indicated by the di-
minution in volume of the pulse, as the engineer keeps his hand
upon the throttle. He should constantly watch the color of the
face and the respiration how it decreases and becomes more shal-
low. The color of the face is one of the first guides as to the
condition of the patient. It has shown both experimentally and
clinically that when the head has been kept lowered during the
administration of Chloroform there has been far less tendency
toward syncope. A quiet state of mind on the part of the anes-
thetizer or operator, or teaching them the way to count back-
wards from one hundred frequently eases the mind of the patient
and avoids fatal results. Emptiness of ^he stomach by fasting
or by a gastric lavage tends to lessen vomiting and indirectly
syncope. One of the most important points to remember in the
use of Chloroform is to give it drop by drop, never giving a
large quantity at one time, and with free dilution. (Mickulicz.)
In order to accomplish this an ordinary Esmarch mask (cov-
ered with gauze two layers thick) can be used. In order to over-
come a paralysis of the muscles and ligaments of the epiglottis
and the resulting closure of the glottis, the patient should be
kept on the side as much as possible during the administration
of the anesthetic, especially in the administration of Chloro-
form, and the anesthetizer be taught the best methods of pull-
ing the jaw forward.
In the use of Ether one must remember that this anesthetic
greatly stimulates the secretions of the mouth, nose and pharynx
and their aspiration has been beautifully demonstrated by Linde-
mann and Holscher. There is with every inspiratory effort a
direct aspiration of this mucus into the finest bronchiols? These
investigators stained the mouth secretions and found them in the
finest bronchi after one hour's anesthesia. This aspiration of
the mouth's secretions with their myriads of organisms have fre-
quently caused pneumonia following eperations. In case of
Ether, we can avoid this to a certain extent by using an ordinary
Esmarch mask as first suggested by Prince and avoiding as much
as possible the older method of asphyxiation. We can also aid
in avoiding pneumonia, adhering to the same rules as in Chloro-
form, keeping the head dependent below the level of the trunk
and turned on one side. There is little danger in using Ether
other than the bronchial irritation if these rules are strictly ad-
Accidents of Anaesthesia. 115
hered to. It was formally thought that acute pulmonary com-
plications following operations were more frequently found with
Ether than with any other anesthetic. Mickulicz has shown that
the percentage is relatively larger in local anesthetics (Schleich)
than if a general anesthetic is given. In the last few years 107
goitre operations and laparotomies with general anesthesia were
followed in 7.5 per cent of the cases by pneumonia and of this
3 per cent died. Of 273 similar operations under local anesthesia
12.8 per cent were followed by pneumonia, of which 4.10 per cent
died. This shows that we can no longer blame Ether as being
the chief cause of pulmonary complication following operations.
It is now generally believed that these complications may be due
to one or a combination of the following factors: First, they
may follow an anesthetic, especially Ether, when given in too
concentrated a form. Second, they may be hypostatic, and this
may occur with Chloroform as well as Ether due to the recum-
bent position, diminished heart's action, close fitting dressings
and to the tympany following operations, which is frequently a
result of the muscular fibers of the intestines. Thirdly, there may
be aspiration of the particles of food, and this may occur with
Ether as well as with Chloroform, giving rise to pulmonary ab-
scesses and gangrene. Fourth, and this is the most frequent ex-
planation of the causes, including those in which cocaine has
been used, of the pulmonary complications of which we have
spoken, embolism. This is especially frequent after operations
in the pelvis and strangulated hernias, and where there has been
any previous ansemia or in cachetic individuals. We can avoid
these complications to some extent by remembering that both
Ether and Chloroform lower the temperature of the body.
Chilling, which is due to unnecessary exposure of patients and
the overheating of operating rooms, and the application of moist
asceptic towels should be avoided as much as possible. The
operating table whose glass top can be heated by hot water bags
■would seem to assist the ideal condition. In older persons stimu-
lants should be given as a preparation before and after anesthe-
sia. The patient should never be kept in a recumbent position
too long a time. They shonld be encouraged to take deep breaths.
Tympany may be 'somewhat relieved by the use of turpentine
enemas. Whenever it is permissable, we should try to operate
under local anesthesia according to Schleich. As a preparation
116 The Plexus.
for the operation to avoid accidents, tlie urine should be carefully
examined in a twenty-four specimen for casts, albumen, sugar
and urea. It has been observed that latent diabetes is brought
into prominence and may cause death by diabetic coma after the
anesthesia, Examination of the urine after anesthesia will fre-
quently show the cause of persistent headaches and nausea to be
uremic. Patients should be encouraged if possible to take fluids
freely after operations, and if this is not possible to be given an
enemata of salt solution at regular intervals. In case that a
large quantity of blood has been lost and the blood pressure
lowered, an intravenous salt transfusion may be given, as many
a life has been saved in this manner. A quarter to one-third
grain morphia given before the anesthesia begins will greatly
-diminish the difficulty of anesthetizing alcoholics. Among other
preparations the empty condition of the stomach, intestines and
removal of foreign bodies from the mouth, a bath given not too
soon before the operation and absolute mental quiet are requisite.
Having taken all these precautions to prevent an accident,
how can we best treat them? First, in case of a syncope follow-
ing either the administration of Chloroform or Ether, especially
the former after which it is more frequent, there should be in the
minds of every operator a certain sequence or routine of methods
of resuscitation. In every hospital or ambulatory clinic the
anesthetizer should be taught that in order to be successful in
treating a syncope there must be no confusion. Every method
must be tried in a certain more or less fixed succession. This
will of course vary somewhat with the experience of the indi-
vidual operator. The main points are to begin early and system-
atically. The moment or rather second that the cessation of either
pulse or respiration is 'notice "J raise the foot of the table. Do
not lose valuable time trying to get hypodermics with heart or
respiratory stimulants ready. They are of no benefit when there
is no circulation to carry them to the heart. The plan of many
operators is to begin fir.st of all with artificial respiration by the
well known method of raising the arms as far as possible above
the head and then bringing down upon the thorax in a flexed
position at the same time making firm pressure against the side
of the chest with the elbow of the fl3xed arm. I have been in
the habit of using the method of Koaig Maas or massige of the
heart as the first method after raising: the foot of the table. This
Accidents in Anaesthesia. 11*
consists in making at about the rate of 120 times to the minute,
pressure over the pre-cordial region. It is practically a shaking
up of the heart and acts by mechanically stimulating the heart
muscle and thus preventing a clotting of the blood in the ven-
tricles. I have never failed to obtain an immediate response, so
that the heart would begin to contract again very promptly.
During the past three years I have had occasion to try the effi-
cacy of the method in six cases of syncope all in the stage of
deep narcosis. The anesthetic was given in an ambulatory or
dispensary by undergraduates in four and by graduates in the
other two. In such clinics w^here one is engaged in the teaching
of students who change from time to time, it is almost impossi-
ble lo have skilled anesthetists and such accidents will occur.
They are less frequent in hospitals. There was unquestionable
cessation of the heart as was remarked at the time, before that
of respiration. This is far more frequent than has been gene-
rally believed. Such a primary heart syncope is a very serious
condition and must be promptly met. In all six cases shortly
after the massage of the heart was begun the heart was felt to'
contract again, and then with the aid of a second method which
I believe ought to be tried either at the same time or immedi-
ately after the respirations soon returned. This second method
is that of Laborde or rythmical tractions of the tongue. This is
done by taking hold of the tip of the tongue with volsellum for-
ceps and pulling it out as far as possible at the rate of sixteen to
eighteen times a minute. It acts by stimulating the respiratory
center rellexly through the glosso- pharyngeal and superior
laryngeal.
I believe that ordinarily one of these three methods, artifi-
cial respiration, massage of the heart and the tongue traction
will suffice, but in case of the continuance of the syncope there
are a number of other excellent methods which have saved some
apparently hopeless cases. They are the methods of Prus, In-
travenous Transfusion, and the Intratracheal insufflation of air.
The first, or method of Prus was first proposed in 1900 as the re-
sult of experiments on dogs. Out of 21 with cardiac paralysis
following chloroform 16 were resuscitated by this method. Dur-
ing 1901 a case of human being kept alive for eight hours after
all other methods had failed was reported by Maag. The heart
did not begin to beat until it was grasped by the hand placed in
118 Ue Plexus.
side of the thorax and then it continued to beat for eight hours
although the respiration did not begin spontaneously until half
an hour later. This method of Prus certainly ought to be tried
in desperate cases. It consists in opening the pericardial cavity
and making the same movements while the heart is held in the
heart as one would in compressing a rubber ball. Before read-
ing of this, I resuscitated a dog by a similar method with the
hand introduced into the left pleural cavity two years ago. The
object is the same as that of Konig 'Maas, viz., to stimulate the
heart mechanically. The only difference is that in the Prus
method the heart is caused to beat by the direct contact of the
hand, while in the other through the chest wall.
Intravenous Transfusion accomplishes remarkable results
when combined with one of the other methods. Korte rescued a
case which had seemed hopeless, 40 minutes after the heart had
ceased to beat. He employed the method of Konig and Trans-
fusion. This is to be especially recommended when the syncope
is due partly to the sudden lowering of blood pressure due to
the chloroform and a considerable loss of blood. Another method
for use in desperate cases is to perform a Tracheotomy and in-
troduce a trendelenburg baloon canula and then insufflate with
aid of pair of bellows. The object of the special canula is to
prevent the entrance of air into the stomach and intestines, thus
pushing the diaphragm up. The stimulus to the lungs has been
found to start up respiration after a syncope.
Amongst other methods I might mention are the electrical
stimulation of the phrenics, stretching of the sphincter-ani,
irritating the fauces, the finger inserted into the throat and
acupuncture of the heart.
In regard to the Ether accidents, their prevention is the more
important. The Pneumonias and other pulmonary conditions
should be treated as they would if they arose from other causes.
To sum up:
1. Limit as much as possible the administration of a gen-
eral anaesthetic, using the method of Schleich.
2. Chloroform should not be given in Myocarditis. In other
cardiac conditions it is not dangerous as was formerly thought. ■
3. Ether should not be given when there is any stenosis of
the respiratory tract.
4. Chloroform should not^be given in the Status Thymicus
Accidents in Anaesthesia. 119
5. Ether is iu general contra-indicated in diseases of the
kidney.
6. Chloroform causes fatty degeneration of the heart
muscle, liver and kidney after prolonged administration.
7 In choroform the ansesthetizer should watch the respira-
tion constantly.
8. We can avoid chloroform syncope by keeping the head
low and turned on one side and avoid the pulmonary complica-
tions of both Ether and Chloroform by keeping the head below
the level of the body to allow the mouth secretions to run out,
by preventing the chilling of the patient and avoiding conditions
which favor Hypostasis and interfere with action of the dia-
phragm.
9. The order of procedure in case of syncope should be un-
derstood by all who are responsible^jfor patient, viz., raise foot
of table, artificial respiration, massage of heart, rythmical trac-
tions of tongue and intravenous transfusion. If these are. of no
avail, method of Prus (exposing heart and making direct me-
chanical stimulation) or intratracheal insufflation. Hypodermics
of little avail until heart beats again.
TREATMENT OF PRINCIPAL DEFECTS OF SPEECH.
By James Moreau Brown, M. D., Chicago.
It is not my purpose at this time to treat extensively of the
defects of speech, but simply to give a clear diiferentiation and
the most rational treatment of the more frequent conditions —
stammering and stuttering.
Some authors regard stammering and stuttering as implying
the same thing. Others strongly insist upon the necessity of
distinguishing one from the other as implying two different con-
ditions. McCormac, perhaps the earliest writer upon these con-
ditions, defines stammering as a hesitation of speech and stut-
tering as stoppage of speech. The proximate cause being, in
most cases, an effort to utter words or other vocal sounds when
the air in the lungs is exhausted and they are in a state of col-
lapse or nearly so.
Behnke, a later writer, defines stammering as a defect in the
utterance of consonants, and stuttering as a defect in the utter-
ance of vowels. To illustrate this he states that if the stammer-
er wishes to say "pa" he has a kind of lockjaw and cannot get
his consonant out; this, however, once accomplished he has
no trouble in adding the vowel to the consonant. He may be
equally confused in trying to utter a word commencing with a
vowel and in spite of the widely opened mouth no sound will be
forthcoming. If a stutterer wants to say "pa" the case is ex-
actly reversed; he has no difficulty in articulating the consonant
"p" — his difficulty consisting in adding the vowel to it.
It is a general notion that a child will outgrown the imped-
iments of speech and in some instances the difficulty does de-
crease as the maturer age is reached. The child learns speech
by imitation and many defects of speech may be obiviated by
early training. Talking to children in the so- — called "baby-
talk" should in all instances be discouraged.
The treatment of stammering and stuttering is by no means
easy. A systeni has to be employed where, perhaps, the entire
mode of life must be changed to say nothing of the continuous
training which is to be carefully taken, slight mistakes often
causing a complete setback. The treatment, for the sake of con-
venience, may be divided under three headings: —
Treatment of Principal Defects of Speech. 121
Pathological Aspect: — It is the opinion of many that stammer-
ing and stuttering may be successfully treated by the training of
breath and speech alone. This is, however, erroneous as in the
majority of cases it is first necessary to remedy any defects of
the upper air passages, and frequently we find conditions due to
a great extent to nervous affections. The speech difficulty may
be a mere symptom of some grave nervous disorder which should
have careful attention.
Mental Aspect: — It is a well-known fact that people afflicted
with defects of speech, when in the presence of intimate friends
and surroundings such as to make them feel at ease, have com-
plete control over the powers of speech, which shows that the
underlying cause is mental and not physical. An excellent and
amusing illustration of this is given by Kussman of Strasburg.
"A woman was subject to sudden attacks of speechlessness,
which occurred at intervals and lasted some time; during these
attacks she was unable to articulate. Many forms of treatment
has been resorted to without success. Finally she was directed
to mutter under her breath, at the commencement of every at-
tack, the following words: "In the name of God the Father, the
Son and the Holy Ghost", then turn around and expectorate re-
peating at the same time, inaudibly, "That is for thee", while
thinking of the devil. This remedy invariably stopped the at-
tack".
Other mental causes of stammering, together with timidity
and shyness, are distrust, fear of ridicule, eagerness, impatience,
excitement, envy and imitation.
Elocutionary Aspect: — This is,, perhaps the most important, and
the subject of correct breathing and training is to be considered
•under this head. In a majority of cases the speech difficulty can
be traced fundamentally to the management of the breath, and
the results obtained by training the patient to manage his voice
by means of diaphragmatic action are marvellous.
As an illustration of this, a patient presents himself stam-
mering very badly; when trying to say the alphabet he can
scarcely pronounce a single letter and in endeavoring to reply to
questions the whole body is thrown into contortions. Control of
the diaphragm is obtained and a short inspiration taken before
each letter by contracting the diaphragm and pronouncing the
letter by relaxation. These movements can be controlled by
122 The Plexus.
placing the hand upon the abdomen and it is wonderful to ob-
serve the results obtained.
The question naturally arises why diaphragmatic breathing
should have such a beneficial influence upon the voice. In reply
to this we may state that clavicular breathing is unyielding and
clumsy, owing to the bony structure of the upper part of the
thorax and over which it is impossible to get easy and delicate
control. The diaphragm, on the other hand, exercises muscular
force on that portion of the chest walls which is surrounded only
by soft and yielding parts and which can be trained to act with
certainty and precision, the diaphragm being the great muscle
of inspiration and expiration.
Conversation for a time should be avoided as much as pos-
sible and during respiration slowness and equability should be
adhered to. The lips and tongue should be placed in position
and air expired with force, pronouncing one letter at a time, then
two, and later sentences as the training develops itself.
It is a common fault with stammerers and stutterers to try
to speak with either widely distended lungs, or empty lungs,
either of which is fatal to easy and smooth delivery, and to obvi-
ate this habit it is necessary to train the patient to breathe more
lightly and more frequently. Breathing exercises not only give
a more upright carriage to the body, but tend to develop the
chest and keep the blood in active circulation. While they may
not themselves aifect a cure for stammering and stuttering, they
nevertheless are the most important aids in the work Phona-
tion drill of the pharynx depends upon the action of the adduc-
tors, or closing muscles of the vocal cords. If these did not act
no phonation of tone would be possible and if they act with un-
certainty it naturally follows that the voice will be produced
with uncertainty. Control over the soft palate also confers the
invaluable power of breathing through the nostrils while speak-
ing and singing, thereby preventing dryness of throat of which
so many complain.
The time necessary for the treatment of stammering and
stuttering will vary. Long-continued discipline of self-control
is necessary — more so in children than in adults who "are able to
comprehend the importance of and continue the treatment alone.
The above described methods of treatment are based upon
the observations published by Henry McCormac in 1828 and per-
sonal observations in the speech defect clinic of Dr. G. Hudson
Makuen of Philadelphia.
34 Washington Street.
References: Potter— Manual of Anatomy.
McCormac— Treatise on Stammering and Stutieringr.
I^ewis— Origin and Treatment of Stamniering and Stuttering.
Behnke— Stammering
ANAESTHESIA.
By a. DeF. Doukle, Ph. G., M. D.
A few practical points to student and physician on the sub-
ject of anaesthesia as administered at the Augustana Hospital,
Chicago, and a few noted observations of same. (Proi. A. J.
Ochsner, Surgeon in-Chief.)
Here as elsewhere in medicine, the individuality of the pa-
tient must be considered and a mental notation mad© of the con-
dition, age, temperament, fibre habits, etc. This to serve you
as a guide as to how to begin, that is, whether to begin slowly
or rapidly, whether to give much or little, etc., as well as dur-
ing its future administration. It guides you too, in choosing the
drug to be used. The proper preparatory treatment is of valu-
able importance, and must be considered whenever possible. It
means a great deal in the behavior of a patient during the ad-
ministration of an anaesthetic. Patients who are prepared prop-
erly twenty-four hours previously gain not only a physical ad-
vantage, but sufficient time has elapsed for them to become fam-
iliar with all their surroundings, gaining as well a psychicial
advantage. The previous warning has been of sufficient time to
get a reaction from much of the nervous phenomena produced
by the thoughts of giving their bodies into the keeping of some-
body else during a profound narcosis.
The preparations should consist not only of physical meas-
ures to prepare for bodily shock but the mental shock can be in
a great majority of cases so minimized as to make the ordeal
much more tolerant. When possible the anaesthetist should
meet the patient the evening before and impress upon his or her
mind many facts, relating to the proper use of the drug to be
given and his knowledge of these facts. A pleasant reaction is
thus established between them which will be of great service
when the proper time has arrived. Many times one is thanked
for these visits, and take this opportunity whenever it presents
itself.
A theoretical knowledge of how to do, when to do, and what
to do at the proper time, is most particularly essential to every
anaesthetist. But, unfortunately, conditions differ so materially
in each case that a practical knowledge so often upsets the the-
124 The Plexus.
oretical as to make the whole theory at times seem useless.
Every experienced ansssthetist agrees that little or no benefit
can be derived from text-books on this subject. The art of it
can only be learned by experience. The successful anaesthetist
has had first of all sufficient experience to give him self confi
dance. Knowing all the dangers and being ready for them,
should they occasionally arise, and they will with the most ex-
plicit care. The day previous to the operation, a thorough exam-
ination of the condition of the heart, lungs and kidneys should
be made. A warm bath should be given the evening prior to
operation to stimulate the elimination. A cathartic should be
given twenty -four hours prior or evening before (Oleum Ricini
5ii is very good) and in case where any rectal work is to be done
a high colon flushing the evening before and otherwise best
given the morning of operation, (except certain cases of acute
appendicitis with peritonitis, for these details read Prof. A. J.
Ochsuer's pamphlet on Diagnosis and Treatment of Appendi-
citis) having been brought to the point of operation, the anaes-
thetist is now to take a mental picture of his case in about the
following details, viz. :
Age: The extremes of age take much less to anaesthetize,
conseqently danger is greater if great care is not used in the
rapidity of its administration. If, however, sufficient care is
taken anaesthesia can be accomplished easily and safely.
Muscular tone offers another instance in which care must be
used. If the muscles are soft and flabby and the patient one
who has led a sedentary life, narcosis may be induced some-
times so suddenly that the anaesthetist may not realize it, until a
profound coma calls his attention to it. On the other hand, a
firm muscular tone often requires the "pushing'' of the anaesthe-
tic to enable him lo bring the patient under its influence.
Temperament: People with high strung, nervous tempera-
ments do not take anaesthetics as kindly or lemain under their
control as steadily as the placid patient with the relaxed tem-
perament.
Type: Chronic invalidism offers no bar, but on the other
hand most of such cases take it most kindly. Emaciated and
anaemic cases usually pass easily and quickly under its influence.
The color of tlie patient's face and lips and ears should be noted.
Patients having a high color, with plenty of color in the lips,
Anaesthesia. 12&
usually indicate a good heart tone and general good health and
are very often the safest to place under an anaasthetic. Pallor
may or may not indicate the opposite condition. Many cases
which are pale are merely nervous and apprehensive, and this
pallor disappears quickly when ansesthesia is complete. On the
other hand paleness may be due to anasmia or chlorosis, or many
other conditions which require extreme care. Florid, congested
looking patients do not take it kindly and require more air with
its administration, and often may become pallid and the color
leaves the lips as soon as anassthesia is complete. Patients with
drug habits are quite difficult to place under an anaesthetic and
are among the most dangerous class of cases, particularly the
alcoholics. Morphine i gr. often steady these cases tlirough
operations nicely, but its use in normal cases as recommended
by some physicians, I find nauseates the patient loo much
after the operation, so we use it only in certain cases as before
mentioned.
The character of the respiration offers many suggestions and
if properly noted previously is very essential, as any variations
from it during the course of the anaesthetic may mean much.
While the pulse rate is often accelerated by excitement its char-
acter is after all one of your best guides. The 2^upil is perhaps
the most important, as it will be your thermometer, and in order
to understand, you must know beforehand its size, character and
peculiarities, often one pupil will not react due perhaps to some
injury or iritis. Care should be taken not to carelessly get the
anaesthetic in the eyes of the patient as it produces (particu-
larly CHCI3) a bad inflammation of the eye. Many other points
may be noted, but these will suffice to call your attention to the
necessity of acquainting yourself beforehand with the many
sicknesses of your patient and all this and other information
only takes a few minutes. In giving an anaesthetic it is well to
remember that the object to be attained is sufficient narcosis to
produce relaxation of muscles, and the inability of the patient to
realize pain, when this is accomplished, they are sufficiently
anaesthetized and no more should be given. Never allow a pa-
tient to get so deeply or profoundly anaesthetized that he or
she is beyond your control.
You now start your anaesthetic. If C H CI3, use the drops
method, either slowly or quickly as in your judgment the case
126 The Plexus.
requires. Tell the patient to breathe easily and naturally and to
count slo vvly,and aloud and distinctly after you (the an^sthetizer) :
this keeps his or her mind concentrated away from the dreadful
thoughts of the ansesthetic; keep this up until patient can no
longer count. I have seen very few cases even raise the least
of trouble. Now change slowly to your C^ H,„ O (ether) using
your best judgment. If hiccoughs occur during ether anaesthe-
sia, administer a couple c.c. of C H CI3, when they nearly always
disappear very soon. Hiccoughs is very detrimental and annoy-
ing to the surgeon. And here let it be said throw away your
patent droppers as you cannot control them nearly as well as
you can by the ordinary bottle with a small V shaped piece
taken out of the cork and a short piece of narrow gauge extend-
ing from the C H CI3 and one- half inch outside the cork. This
and the ordinary wire (Esmach) inhaler with two pieces of gauze
over same are sufficient for C H CI3 and just as good and better
for ether with a 4- ply gauze on the inhaler. This method for
either we use and find it excellent in its results. The anaesthet-
ist must consider that he has not performed his full duty unless
his entire attention is absolutely and entirely given to his
patient. He must have no eye or ear for anything or anybody
else in the room. Your thermometer, the pupillary reflexes, is
now your guide but never, under any circumstances is the finger
to be placed upon the cornea. This is unclean and unscientific.
A slight movable pupil teaches we have surgical anaesthesia,
when this fails to relax the anassthetist instead of crowding the
ansesthetic gives fresh air for a few seconds, and resume the
anesthetic. This, if repeated a few times, places them perfectly
under your control, and by dropping a few drops on the inhaler
at very frequent intervals you not only retain complete control
but use very little of the anaesthetic. A dilated movable pupil
calls for additional anaesthetic, while the dilated fixed pupil is a
danger sign and calls for the removal of the mask as speedily as
possible (especially so if breathing is shallow), when the face be-
comes pallid and cold, fresh air should be freely admitted at fre-
quent intervals even though the patient shows a tendency to
wake up. If your patient does not take kindly to the anassthetic
at the beginning, frequent intervals of fresh air will soon place
the patient where you can control him easily, and is much better
than trying to control him by forcing the anj»sthetic. A patient
Anaesthesia. 127
under ether anaesthesia, who continually is filling with mucus,
should be changed to chloroform anaesthesia as such patients I
find frequently develop, a pneumonia, which means a serious
complication, when accompanied by a serious operation. Pa-
tients whose blood becomes dark require air, as this goes to
show a bad circulation, and the heart is failing to keep up circu-
lation, which is an essential point to keep in mind. I hav^e re-
peatedly noticed in the administration of anaesthetics that mani-
pulations in the abdomen of inflamed organs wake up the patient
quickly, whereas, if no inflammation be present to any great
extent the patient will not stir a muscle. The Spinchter Ani
muscle, the conjunctiva of eye and gall bladder regions require
profound anaesthesia for muscular relaxation. I have observed
several patients who were strong, hearty, hard muscular fellows,
who have lived out door lives and have noticed that
such patients cannot be kept thoroughly anaesthized on
ether alone, no matter how well the mask may be soaked with
ether, a few drops occasionally of chloroform (C H CI..) take these
fellows along very nicely. It should be remembered that the
mask should always be removed from the face in dilitation of
the Spinchter Ani muscle of the rectum, and always have at
your side a tongue-forceps and mouth gauge. Here let me say
that Strychnia is often the cause of the patient's death in
anaesthesia, because it is resorted to, too late a patient when
nearly dead and respirations stopped and the circulation bad;
physicians so often let the artificial respiration go and the dila-
tation of the Spinchter Ani and Tongue, which are the prime
important factors when respiration has ceased. Strychnine, if
used in time, is of gi eat value but its use as above stated is con-
tra-indicated for the reason that respiration and circulation are
already suffering and by the time the strychnia at this critical
moment has reached the stimulating centers of respiration and
circulation the patient will have died, whereas if the three above
named had been properly and thoughtfully resorted to at that
critical momeiit, the patient would have undoubtedly passed this
stage of the climax. We have resorted to this treatment in this
hospital since June last and before and I have not seen a single
case "go bad" in Prof. A. J. Ochsner's clinic and he averages
around a total number of thirty cases a week or more. A rule
rather than an exception is that sudden failure of the circulation,
128 2he Plexui.
accompanied by pallor of the face and accelerated or gasping res
pirations denotes vaso-motor paralysis and requires inversion
of the patient with pressure on the abdomen. On the other
hand, if the dangers are preceded by struggling, and the faca
is diffused, with signs of a venous engorgement, the patient
should be alternately raised to nearly a vertical position, in
order to empty the heart, and then return to the horiZiOntal posi-
tion. Artificial respiration should be resorted to in either case.
If there is actual failure of the circulation, little that is useful
can be done by efforts to raise the blood pressure by such means
as transfusions, etc. In failure of circulation h/podermic of
strychnia is the most useful means if administered in time.
A few practical points every student and physician should
have at his finger tips for usage, in case of emergency from
chloroform and ether ansesthezia:
(a.) Systematic artificial respiration.
(b.) Elevate foot of bed (table).
(c.) Dilitation of Spinchter ani muscle of rectum.
(d.) Apply tongue forceps and pull same forward.
(e.) Pull jaw forward,
(f.) Rub nose harshly with palm of hand.
(g.) Hypodermics of strychnia grs. ^\ or nitro glycerin
Every student leaving college who has not actually given
several anaesthetics is but poorly equipped to take up his task in
the field of practice. In order that present statistics may be
changed, it is essential that more physicians make a stndy of
and follow as a specialty the giving of ansesthetics, and every
college should strive in its course to thoroughly and practically
cover the ground of anesthesia, as this is an important knowl-
edge to have in the field of practice.
THE PLEXUS
COLLEGE OP PHYSICIANS AND SURGEONS
MEDICAL DEPARTMENT
UNIVERSITY OP ILLINOIS.
CHICAGO.
Plexus Coitttnittee of Faculty.
T. A. DAVIS, M. D., D. A. K. STEELE, M. D., F. GREGORY CONNELL, M. D.
H. C. WADDLE, '03, Editor-in-Chief.
S«pt. W. H. BROWNE, W. T. ECKLEY, M. D., D. N. EISENDRATH, M. D.
W. A. EVANS, M. D., H. W. BERARD, M. D., A. GERHMANN, M. D,
Associate Editor, L. HARRISON METTLER, M. D.
Class Editors:
R. L. ELDREDOE, '03. F. L WOOD, '04. J. P. BR0W^E,'05.
Faculty Departwent, DR. F, B. EARLE. Clinical Laboratory Dept-. DR. W. E. COATES
Alumni Editor, DR. C. C. O'BYRNE, '94 Clinical Department, C. E- DIKE, '02
Attletic " H. H. EVERETT, '02 Library Department. METTA M. LOOMIS
Business Manager, W. H. PORTER, '03.
Publislier, ------ H. C. WADDLE.
Subscription $1.00 per Annum in advance. Single copies, 15 cents. Issued Monthly
Send all remittances and communications as to subscriptions and advertising to H. C.
"WADDLE, <^or. Congress and Honore Sts.
Entered at Chicago Post OiBce as Second-Class Matter.
Any subscriber desiring the Journal discontinued at the expiration of his subscription
should so notify the Publishers; otherwise it will be assumed t.hai the subscription is to be
continued and the Journal sent accordingly.
Contributions of matter suitable for publication are invited, and should be sent in no
alter than the 25th of the month previous to that of publication. The publishers will not hoi
themselves responsible for the safe return of MSS. unless sufiicient stamps are forwarded
TYPHOID FEVER.
Typhoid fever is endemic in Chicago for the first time in
about ten years. In 1892 and 1893 this disease wag responsi-
ble for 6 per cent of Chicago's death rate. Just after that the
city commenced to use the four-mile crib and stopped using
the half-mile erib, Tvherefore the typhoid death rate fell to about
2 per cent of the whole. Then the drainage'canal was opened
and the rate was as low as 1 per cent; in the fall there would be
short periods when it was even less. We had begun to think
that typhoid was never again to be a menace to the community's
health. Several things have conspired to make this hope illu-
130 The Plexus.
sory. In the first place the sewage north of Fullerton avenue
and south of 35th street still flows into the lake. Sewers are
being built which will eventually drain these areas into the river,
but for several years this menace must continue. In the second
place owing to conflicts of authority, injunctions and threats of
injunctions the river is never allowed to drain to its full capacity
and sometimes to a quite limited proportion of its capacity, so
that some sewage goes into the lake from the river. In the third
place the excessive rainfall of this spring has washed the ground
clean, but made the lake dirty. For these reasons we are in the
midst of an endemic of typhoid. To-day over 275 cases are in
the wards of Cook County Hospital and thirty to forty new cases
are coming in every day.
For many years we have known that rainy seasons were
years for typhoid fever, but that malaria was less than usually
abundant. In wet seasons colon group bacilli are washed or
seap into the water supply. Overflow seasons, however, wash out
the ponds, and in consequence they contain less organic matter
than is best for anopheles, wherefore, malaria is less than usual.
THE OCCURRENCE OF CARCINOMA AND TUBER-
CULOSIS IN THE SAME SUBJECT.
Various antagonisms toward carcinoma have been noted
from time to time. For example, there has been a fair amount
of literature on the subject of antagonism between malaria and
carcinoma. That there is such antagonism is held by many
physicians of malarial districts, but unfortunately statistics from
such districts are not to be had. Statistics are gathered in cen-
ters of population and malaria is a country disease Coley inocu-
lated sarcomas and less frequently carcinomas with streptococ-
cus as a curative procedure. Later he used streptococcus toxin
rather than the coccus.
A fair number of authors have advocated antagonism be-
tween carcinoma and tuberculosis, basing their opinion upon the
relative rarety of two diseases in the same individual and «spe-
'cially in the same tissue. This argument would seem to have
some basis of truth if w» believe Naegeli's statement that 929
per cent of all persons over 18 years of age have tuberculosis.
-Moak {Journal of Medical Researcit, June, 1902), reports five cases
Editorial 131
in which tuberculosis and carcinoma were found in the same
patients and in the same organs: He argues that there is no
general or local antagonism. He analyzes the arguments for the
view which he opposes and shows their fallacies. Among his
arguments are the following:
According to Banes" figures 8i^2 per cent of cases of phthisis
are fatal at an age earlier than 50 years. Reiche says that 73.44
per cent of cancer subjects die after they are 50 years of age.
The two diseases do not often invade the same organ because
they have predilections for different groups of organs. Williams
has studied the distribution of 7,297 cases of primary carcinoma
and 80 per cent were in organs that are seldom tubercular. On
the other hand adult tuberculosis is usually primary in the lung
and carcinoma in that viscus is rare.
In the skin the two diseases are not infrequently associated-
Ribbert thinks that the disturbance of position and nutrition in
the epithelium brought about by the tubercular inflammation is
an etiologic factor in the later coming epithelioma.
Moak is of the opinion that the diseases are not antagonistic.
That a carcinoma area may become infected with tuberculosis or
that a tubercular area may become infected with carcinoma, that
either may be engrafted on a latent area of the other and that
there may be simultaneous infection by each.
TEACHERS AND STUDENTS.
This is a good time to think a bit on the different kinds of
teachers and of students.
To begin with some of our teachers are lecturers and of
these some are bad and some are good. They present the sub-
jects systematically, we might say in an orthodox fashion. The
text books give us practically the same data, usually more care-
fully arranged and more accurately stated. Some of these men
have emphatic ways of saying things, quaint expressions, vari-
ous tricks of mannerism that serve to fix what they have to say,
to quicken dead facts into living forces. These are the good lec-
turers.
Then there are the quizzers. Some of these are memory
trainers. They set a lesson of twenty pages and require the
members of the class to recite it even to the minutest detail.
Others of them not only require recitations, but they teach, judg-
132 The Plexus.
ment also. They read between the lines and train the students
to do the same, to find principles where one is disposed to see
associated facts, to learn values, the importance of certain
things, the lack of it in others.
Usually they teach more than the lecturers, because first
they require more of the student; and second, the student telling
the teacher of a thing finds how well or how poorly he knows it
or he can explain it.
The ideal group is composed of those teachers who awaken
the students into a consciousness of latent capacities, the men
^ho teach us to think.
The students in turn can be grouped. One group is com-
posed usually of younger fellows who have been in school pretty
much all of their lives. Generally they do not study very hard
until their senior year. They learn easily, are apt to recite
passably to pick up skill in laboratory work readily. As they
go on they subdivide into three groups: Those who become seri-
ous hard workers in their senior years; those who never do good
work in school, but sober down when they graduate; and lastly,
those whom responsibility does not sober.
If the college or high school man comes to us a sober, seri-
ous, steadied fellow, then his technical skill and his mental
methods speedily makes him a leader.
There is a group of men who start in as freshmen, as models
of industry and application. They generally lead their classes
as freshmen, sophomores and juniors, but as seniors they are
generally among the "also ran"'. Is it that they have run them-
selves out before they turned into the home stretch? Or is it
that at the quarter turn and on the back stretch some strong colt
'S galloping along, hardly knowing yet that this is a race and
.'■hat around the turn yonder lots of people and money are wait-
ing.
And then there is the rowdy student who has a good deal to
do with the troubles of the superintendent and with the small
draw down in the laboratory fee. Oftentimes he has great ca-
pacities, but nobody or no circumstances have harnessed them.
The writer knows well a man who a few years ago threatened to
go to the bad. He had an excess of energy, but he was a gen-
eral misfit. He leaked energy like an old boiler leaks steam.
The Spanish- American war was his salvation. Without previous
military training he rose from a private to lieutenant and he is
going higher. He makes no more steam than he did formerly,
but it does not leak now. *
THE QUINE LIBRARY.
Metta M. Loomis. Librarian,
The following books have been ordered for the Quine
Library :
Crockett. Gynecology.
Johns Hopkins Hospital Reports, vols. 9 and 10.
Hemmeter. Diseases of the Stomach.
Deaver. Surgical Anatomy.
Da Costa. Pathology of the blood.
Striimpell. Practice of Medicine.
Ladd. Psychology, Descriptive and Explanatory.
Practical Year Book of Medicine.
We have also added the following valuable journals to our
list of current periodicals:
Schmidt's Jahrbuecher der Medicine.
American Journal of Physiology.
Journal of Experimental Medicine.
GIFTS.
Dr. W. W. Burns, of Polo, 111., who has recently retired,
after a service to humanity of sixty years as a practicing physi-
cian, has shown his deep and continued interest in the profes-
sion by a large donation to the Quine Library, which was sent
with the doctor's most hearty good will, expressed in the follow-
ing words: "I hope this donation may be the means through
iihe instrumentality of the Quine Library of preparing or
assisting to prepare many students for a life of usefulness in
the medical profession. The gift of Dr. Burns consists of 97
volumes of bound journals, 1,221 numbers of medical periodicals,
and a promise of "more to follow."
In this connection we wish to mention Dr. E. G. Klinger of
the class of 1902, who is now located at Polo, 111. Dr. Klinger
evinced his interest in his Alma Mater and especially in the
Quine Library by calling to the attention of Dr. Burns the mer-
its and usefulness of the Quine Library. We hope others of our
alumni will remember to say a good word for the Quine Library
as the opportunity is offered.
We are under obligations to Dr, Dr. D. A. K. Steele and Dr.
Harsha for a valuable donation consisting of 348 journals, 179
reprints, 7 books and 11 pamphlets.
134 The Plexus.
Dr. S. Brown sent us a carefully listed lot of journals; there
were 141 numbers, being complete volumes of the standard medi-
cal periodicals.
Dr. Bisendrath presented the following valuable books to
the library :
Hart & Barbour — Gynecology,
Hofmaun & Ultzmann — -Analysis of the Urine.
Haab — Atlas der Ophthalmoscope.
Eisenberg — Bacteriological diagnosis.
Landois — Manual of human physiology, 2 vols.
Thomas — Medical dictionary.
Winckel — Text-book of Obstetrics.
Dr. Mettler sent us 11 reprints of his recent contributions to
medical literature. We wish this contribution by Dr. Mettler
might establish a precedent for all the members of the faculty
of P. & S. We are anxious to have in the Quiue library qvqyj
reprint of every doctor connected with the college.
Dr. Seifert gave the library two copies of his reprint on
Medical Education.
Dr. Williamson remembered us with several copies of his
reprint on the Leucocytosis in the Pneumococcus Infection of
the Rabbit and Man.
The following articles by members of the faculty of the Col-
lege of Physicians and Surgeons have appeared in recent issues
of the medical journals:
Dr. M. J. Seifert, Medical Instruction. Chicago Medical
Recorder, July 15, pp. 31-44.
Dr, C. S. Williamson, Muscular Insufficiency of the Mitral
Valve. Journal American Medical Association, July 12 and 19.
Dr. G. F. Lydston, Recent Progress in Prostatic Surgery.
Philadelphia Medical Journal, July 19, pp. 92-95.
Dr. G. P. Suker, Thiosinamine. Journal American Medical
Association, Aug. 8, pp. 299-302.
Dr. G. P. Lydston; Resume of the More Recent Advances in
Urethral Pathology and Therapeutics. Medical Times, August,
pp. 225-227.
Dr. A. P. Newman, Plastic Surgery of the Female Urethra
with Report of a Unique Case. Journal of the American Med-
ical Association, Aug. 9, pp. 304-306.
Dr. G. F. Lydston, Note on the Administration of Water in
Disease. Medical News, Aug. 9, pp. 255-256.
ALUMNI NOTES.
'9J. The wife of Geo. E. Mayhew, of Redwood, Cal., di«d
recently in Chicago. The doctor has returned to his home in
California.
'00. Since completing his interneship in the West Side Hos-
pital Dr. W. E. Potter has taken unto himself a wife and is lo-
cated in Oak Park, 111.
'00. Robert Spain of Des Moines is taking post-gradu
work in the city.
'01. Rudolph Teschan of Komewood, 111,, was recently mar-
ried to Miss Alma Hollinger at the home of the bride in Chicago.
'01. Frederick Tracey of Lewiston, Mont., is visiting in the
city.
'02. T. F. Manning is located in Beloit, Wis.
'02. J. C. Sessions and D. P. Dumas have received appoint-
ments as city physicians under the present city physician. Dr. H.
J. Nelson, of Minneapolis, Minn. They are also doing s«rvice in
hospitals of said city.
'02. H. C. Deetkin is located at Treyor, la., where he has
purchased Dr. D. Williams" medical practice.
'02. C. A. Inks, of Napponee, Ind., brought a patient to Dr.
Harsha's clinic with a pin in her throat, which was diagnosed by
their X-Ray.
'02. C. C. Young has been appointed on the advisory staff of
Cook County Hospital.
'02. P. D. Whyte is now located at Lombard, 111.
'02. J. S. Brown is assisting in the Orthopedic department
at West Side free dispensary.
'02. V. P. Paeth has resigned his interneship in the Prances
Willard Hospital on account of ill health.
JUNIOR NOTES,
Don't tell us that it is too hot to do any studying in the sum-
mer time. At least, we don't find it so. Its much more pleasant
to sit in "303" and listen to the learned professor's propound and
promulgate their veracious theories on zoonomy, while the gentle
zephyrs glide o'er our expanded heads, than to be on a stack of
136 2hc Plexus.
wheat pitching bundles to the thresher while the sun pours its
rays of "luminiferous ether'" down upon our backs until we
think "our pipe's out."
Dr. McDermid, our ever faithful, has given ue another long
and practical examination, and to see us studying one might
imagine we were preparing for the ' 'Stale Board. " But we're not.
Not long ago it was rumored that one of our Romeo's was on
the verge of robbing the Cook County Hospital of one of its
"ministering angels." However, judging from the downcast
look he has carried about for the past few weeks, the warden
must have gotten next and vetoed the little proceedings, thus
robbing the Michigan treasury of its customary two dollars.
But, never mind, old man, just "ginger up" and come again.
The administration has changed hands.
Oscher is making a specialty of medical law and seems to be
progressing favorably. Not only is he successful in evading be-
ing tripped by the professor's cross-questions, but he even suc-
ceeds in putting the distinguished gentleman in the sweat-box.
They can't corner him.
E. A. Kingston, who was called to his home in Canada, to
help settle up the "Kingston Estate" has returned and reports
^'that the weather is warmer up home than down here." He has
resumed his position at the Cook County Hospital, and also in
the dissecting-room.
NEWS ITEMS.
Dr. J. L. Porter has lately suffered from a badly sprained
ankle, but is now improving.
Mr. P. L. Gourley now holds the position of house-surgeon
at the college.
Miss Elizabeth M. Heelan is enjoying her vacation.
H. C. Waddle has improved to such an extent that he has
been removed to his home on Congress street.
It has been reported that Dr. E. B. Earle, who is now
sojourning on the continent, is suffering with an attack of ap-
pendicitis.
After eight weeks spent in dealing successfully with an at-
tack of appendicitis, Dr. Chas. Davison is again attending to his
j)[ews Items, 13T
clinic at the County Hospital. We all welcome his return most
cordially.
After all, don't you — you with the shirtwaists — don't you feel
touched with the sense of pity when you loDk at your sweltering
companion these hot days who is compelled to wear his coat and
vest on account of the lack of a change or because the large rip
in the back will show that he is devoid of an undershirt?
Among the latest additions to the already large number of
typhoid cases in the city, are Mr. Fred Fanyo and Mr. T. A.
Bryan of the senior class. Both gentlemen are now in the
County Hospital and are doing very well, considering their ail-
ment.
Among the fortunate students who have attended their ma-
ternity work this summer, C. E. Barnes heads the procession.
Within the space of about forty-eight hours he attended four
confinement cases. One of these cases he attended unaided and
delivered the woman as would a much older hand at the business.
It is a comparatively easy matter to look pleasant and prosper-
ous upon all occasions when fortune favors one as it did Mr.
Barnes.
C. E. Saunders is again up and around attending clinics. It
seems that fate has declared against Mr. Saunders, however.
Only a short time ago he was bitten on the ankle by a mosquito
with the result that the next morning his ankle was considerably
swollen and so painful that it is only with difficulty he bears his
weight on the foot. He avows that although his stockings were
generously tinted with passionately colored patterns, still the
trouble did not arise from the rubbing in of any of their warmth,
but that the mosquito was solely to blame.
H. W. Lang had the sad misfortune of losing another of his
relatives lately. His father died suddenly July 28 of aortic
stenosis at his home in this city. Mr. Lang has the sympathy of
the entire class.
The following members of our last graduated class have
taken the Iowa State Board: Cobb, Dalager, Farnham, Fisher,
Glynn, Haynes, Heller, W. B. Johnson, Kittermann, Leavitt,
Leehey, Lowry, McNeil, Maris, Patterson, Schaefer, Stillman,
Taylor, Thomas, Grail, Wail, Walliker, Wilson.
SCHOOL OF DENTISTRY
DENTAL DEPARTMENT
UNIVERSITY OF ILLINOIS.
EDITORIAL COMMITTEE.
D. M. CATTELL, D. D. S., G. W. COOK, D. D. S. B. J. CIQRAND, D. D. S.
Supt. R. P. DONALDSON.
D. M. CATTELL, Editor-in-Chief. C. E. JONES, Alumni Editor.
CLASS EDITORS.
A. E. ALTHER, 02. F. M. STAHL, 03. J. C. GROUT, '04.
Publisher, - H. C WADDLE.
Subscription SI. OO Per Annum in advance. Single copies, 15 cents. Issued monthly
Send all remittances and communications as to subscriptions and advertising to H. C
WADDLE, Cor. Congress and Honore Sts., Chicago.
Every student attending our school should arrange to spend
at least one of his summers in Chicago, and a part of the time in
our infirmary.
Several years experience as a teacher in dental schools has
demonstrated to the writer the fact that the best equipped grad-
uates in dentistry, those best fitted to conduct for themselves a
practice, as a rule, are the students who have availed themselves
of the opportunity of spending a part at least of the summer va-
cations in the school infirmary.
The reasons are obvious. The clinical material is abundant,
the cases that present for treatment varied and numerous, and
all the student's timfe is devoted to the practical side of his train-
ing. The lectures already given him together with his reading
have acquainted him with the general facts and principles gov-
erning operative proceedures, and now he must apply himself.
There are no quizzes, no lecture."^, no examinations, nothing to
interfere with his practice which he must build up and -learn to
hold. This is an important point in his education, for a man who
can not establish and hold, a following of patients in a school in-
firmary will never, be able to do so in actual practice after grad-
uation. ,.>....,..-;
In the infirmary the student is gradually thrown on his .own
responsibility, and learns to go ahead and do things, and when,
at the beginning of a new year his fellow class-mates return,
Dental Department. 139
they find him competent and experienced with most of his credits
in, and moreover he then has more time for class room and lab-
oratory work and for study than any of his fellows. He is the
gainer right along.
A number of our students have been with us this summer,
and a true, earnest force they have proven to be, taking care, in
a most satisfactory manner, of everything that came our way.
We would urge the freshman and junior students to arrange
to spend as much of their time as possible during the suoamer
months in our infirmary and take advantage of the clinic and
the instruction.
A demonstrating force is always on hand to assist those
needing assistance and the benefit derived will prove of incalcul-
able value and be well worth a little sacrifice and effort on the
part of any student to arrange to take advantage of the oppor-
tunity. So many men who have been "through the mill"' and
spent their summers in the school infirmary have said: "I got
wore out of my clinical work during that summer I spent in the
infirmary than I did during all the rest of my three years in
school."
Make arrangements ahead. You can get employmant if you
will seek it. Perhaps you must be employed in order that you
may spend a part of your time with us. The city-bred boy can
get a position generally, for he is actiuainted and has a friend to
help him, but the country-bred boy has only to apply to get a
position in this great city. Chicago business men like country
raised boys. Think the matter over, boys. Plan ahead a little
and arrange to spend next summer in our infirmary.
*
This is written for you if you are a user of tobacco. If you
are not a user of tobacco you may read for it will not hurt you.
This is a little heart to heart talk with my two friends Mr.
Smoker and Mr. Chewer.
Now, I am not going to ask you Mr. Smoker to stop smok-
ing, or to ask you Mr. Chewer to stop chewing, but I am going
to ask you both to be reasonable and to be gentlemen. Isn't that
a fair proposition?
First, Mr. Chewer, I am going to ask that you do not take it
upon yourself to paint our floors, walls, base-boards and stair-
steps excepting in the "Smoking Room" which is to be provided
140 The Plexus.
for you and our friend Smoker. I want you to keep tobacco out
of your mouth while you are attending lectures, working in the
laboratories and in the infirmary. No self-respecting man will
operate over a lady patient and at the same time have smuggled
up under his bvccinator a great wad of "Star" or "Jolly Tar."^
His breath IS a "tobacco breath", and our clean, white fountain
cuspidors and bowls are abused at his hands. If you must chew
tobacco chew it, but don't trample on the rights of others, don't
abuse property, don't be dirty and careless about it. A dirty,
careless man will never make a successful dentist.
Now comes your turn Mr. Smoker. You may say you are
cleaner than your brother Mr. Chewer, and that may be, but you
must not take it upon yourself to perfume the air of our halls
and laboratories for others have a claim on that air and want it
unpolluted, and theirs is a just claim. Another thing you da
to. You sometimes throw about "extinguished" matches and
lighted stumps of cigars and ciggarettes. Fires are sometimes
the result and you have no right to place in jeopardy the safety
of people and their property. You have a perfect right to smoke.
No one would deny you that personal liberty, but if you must
smoke on our premises we want to make a few reasonable re-
quests.
We want you to smoke in the "Smoking-Room" and there only.
Such a place will be provided. Don't smoke in the lecture halls,
the laboratories, the elevator and the infirmary for those places
are frequented by women who have rights you must respect.
Think this matter over, be reasonable and you will not be an-
noyed, but will find a good feeling and respect for the user of
tobacco because he is a gentleman willing to be unselfish enough
to respect the rights and feelings of his fellows who don't use
"the weed."
Let us arrange to have a school band again this coming year.
All our instruments purchased last year are carefully stored
away and need dusting only to make them new again. Besides
we have money in the treasury.
We should arrange for rehearsals early in the term and by
Christmas time give a concert and dance perhaps. Last year's
effort proved to us that we have maijy loyal friends who will
Dental Department . 141
support our enterprises, so let us push ahead and give them op-
portunities.
A number of our boys play string instruments, others sing.
Might we not have an orchestra and glee club also? They are
with us, and all we must do is get them together and practice.
Some instruction will be needed but that can be arranged for
when there is a willingness and a demand for it.
Should you have a friend or acquaintance who is going to
either of our schools this fall, tell him of our band, and urge him
if he is a player of any band instrument, to bring his instrument
with him and join us. We should have a good band this
coming year. We had a good one last year but we want a better
one.
Several of the P. & S. boys played with us last year and we
feel much indebted to them. We would extend an invitation to
them to join us again and assure them now of a hearty welcome.
Such organizations have a place in professional schools, for
the student who is penned up in the crowded city boarding-house
is afforded an opportunity to get out away from books and work,
and spend an occasional hour of social enjoyment that will prove
very restful and beneficial.
*
Our school is able to offer unusual clinical instruction and
advantages in oral surgery. By the addition of Professor Sher-
wood to our faculty an opportunity is afforded our students to
attend without extra expense the clinics at Cook County Hos-
pital.
Prof. Sherwood is on the Cook County staff and will hold
one clinic there each week in addition to his weekly clinic at the
school. Other clinics at the hospital of interest to students of
oral surgery will be open to our students holding tickets.
Those who desire to make a specialty of oral surgery will
find this a splendid opportunity to see extensive operations, for
this hospital being one of the largest in the world, will supply
many cases. F. W. Phere.
FACIAL NEURALGIA AS OBSERVED BY THE BUSY
DENTIST.
By Dr. C. E. Frazer, Weatherford, Texas, Class 1899.
When a patient comes in the office, who has been suffering
with a severe case of facial neuralgia all night and perhaps all
of the previous day, something must be done, and that immedi-
ately. Your patient will lose no time in informing you that this
is an urgent case. To send this suffering one away to a physi-
cian, in the patient's mind amounts to an admission that, "He
can't stop a toothache"! and as a result this patient wUl either
tough it out or go to some other dentist who will "pull the
tooth."'
Right here let me say, it is strange how many will try to
"tough it out." But this, to a large extent, I attribute to that
old teaching that it is "Only sun pains," and would get easy
when the sun went down. Now that is one of the peculiar char-
acteristics of this disease. I have sometimes seen patients suffer
the agonies of the lost, almost, and then from no perceptible
cause in a couple of hours become entirely easy. This phenome-
non is undoubtedly due to the rise and fall of the heart. When
the heart beats faster, as it does in the morning (and in some
people it normally varies through the day), there is a greater
congestion of blood in the head, which with increased pressure
on the nerves, increases the pain. And likewise when the heart
beats slower there is less congestion, if any at all, in the head,
and consequently less or no pain. But this latter happy change
is not to be depended upon as it does not always manifest itself.
In this little article I do not propose to dictate any absolute
or specific treatment, but rather to simply tabulate a few ideas
and methods that have been helpful to me in this line of cases.
Cold air, and especially draughts, are inducive of invasions of
neuralgia, but these paroxims of pain are commonly caused (re-
motely if not directly) by an irritation at the peripheral ends of
the fifth facial nerve, which we all know is the tooth. Let me
emphasize though that the teeth are not always the cause for
neuralgia along the course of the trigeminus nerve; for fre-
quently this neuralgia keeps up, in aged or anemic patients, long
after all the teeth have been extracted. In some cases Professor
Brophy's method of excising a section of the nerve has been re-
sorted to with good success. But as the object of this little
thesis is more the relief, and medical rather than surgical treat-
ment, I will go directly to it. Still in passing I would not neg-
lect to mention the absolute necessity of extracting unhealthy
roots, and even devitalized molars and crowded wisdom teeth.
Some may not agree with me in this, but I am satisfied that all
who have had much experience or observation along this lino
will bear me out, that it is only making a long story short. Fr«-
Dental Department. 143
quently the extraction of the unhygienic and troublesome teeth
is all that is needed to stop the neuralgia.
But in the cases where all these unhealthy teeth have been
removed and the mouth to all indications is in a sanitary condi-
tion, and still the neuralgia continues unabated, there's lohere toe
have our troubles. When the teeth present no cause for these
paroxysms of pain, it is well to look to the nose, throat, or ear,
for impactions and mucus irritations in these delicate organs have
much to do with stirring up the tifth facial nerve. It will be
found a good thing to wash out the nose and throat thoroughly
every day with mild solutions of menthol, liquid abolene, glyco-
thymoline or some similar antiseptic. A deranged stomach and
chronic constipation are also able abettors of neuralgia. A good
tonic of the hypophosphites with nitric or hydrochloric acid will
be found a good thing for the stomach, loitli careful dieting. Then
the saline cathartics are a good thing for the bowels. The vege-
table purgatives are also very useful, especially leptandrum and
boletesia. If you but get the eliminating organs open and at
work, you have done a whole lot for your patient right there.
You will have established an avenue of exit for uric acid, which
is claimed to be a very prolific, if not the principal cause for neu-
ralgia, rheumatism, sick headache, hysteria, hypochondria, and
other nervous disorders and their kindred ills. Vapor baths and
massage are very valuable in this treatment; I believe we are
just beginning to find out what a grand eliminating organ is the
epidermis.
The following is a prescription I have often given with very
satisfactory results:
9 — Sodii Salicylatis, 9 gram.
Spts. Gaultheria, 6 c. c.
Ext. Ca8cara3 Aromatic fld., 130 c. c.
Elix. Taraxici Comp , 60 c. c.
Syr. Sarsaparillfe q. s. ad., 180 c. c.
M. ft. Sol.
Sig. Teaspoonf ul in water four times a day.
And another I have found good is, viz:
9 — Sodii Bicarbonatis, 9 i.
Sodii Phosphatis, 5 i.
f Tinct. Gentiange Comp., M. xx.
Syr. Sennae, 3 vi.
Aqua Dist. , q. s. ad., 1 iv.
M. ft. Sol.
Sig. Teaspoonful night and morning.
In cases of gouty diathesis wine of colchicum in small doses
freD[uently administered is indicated. When the neuralgia is of
misasmatic origin, which it is frequently, quinine or Fowler's so-
lution of arsenic and potash should be given. Then the forego-
ing might advantageously be followed up by neurilla, tongaline,
celerina or some such remedy.
^U The Flexu^.
But now to get back to the first relief; often when we are-
applied to for relief there are reasons why the direct causes of
the pain can not be removed, and yet it is absolutely necessary to-
give temporary relief from the excruciating pain our patient is
suffering. For example, a pregnant woman can not have teeth
extracted without considerable risk and danger (and they are
among the most common sufferers from neuralgia), and then too
the extraction of the teeth does not always give immediate relief,
though it ultimately does if the teeth are the sole cause. The
patients themselves sometimes object to having their teeth ex-
tracted (some other dentist having told them it was wrong), but
insist on getting relief. I prefer to relieve my patients all I pos-
sibly can without the use of drugs any more than is actually es-
sential. The principal action of the drugs commonly used in
this treatment is that of heart depressants any way. Heat ap-
plied to the face in the form of hot fomentations or hot water
bags will be a source of some relief. Hot foot baths, to equalize
the circulation (for during these spells of pain there is always a
certain amount of congestion of blood in the head), placing the
hand, of the opposite side from the side of the face attacked by
the neuralgia, in hot water will be of some benefit (from the fact
that the nerves cross in the medulla oblongata), and neuralgia
rarely ever attacks but one side of the face at a time. Linimenta
locally do good, one of the best I know is, viz:
B — Tinct. Benzoin.
Oleum Menth. Piperitae, aa.
Sig. Apply with heat.
I have known this liniment to stop some very severe cases
after many other things had failed.
Another good liniment is:
Chloroform, 1,
01. Turpentine, 1,
Tr. Opii, i,
Tr. Aconiti, i,
Soap liniment, 2 parts, by volume.
But in aggravated cases, frequently after all the local medi-
cation have been applied, the pain continues. Then I find co-
deine,i grain, and antikamnia,4-| grains, given every three hours^
will usually bring the desired relief. Sometimes I give:
B — Tinct. Gelsemium,
Spts. Nit. Ether,
Tinct. Valerian, aa %
Sig. Teaspoonful four times a day.
And then, again:
B — Tinct. Bryonia,
Tinct. Rhus. Tox., aa gtts xv.
AquaDist., q. p. ad. ! iv.
Dental Department, 145
Sig. Teaspoonful every two hours; alternate with:
9 — Tinct. Aconite.
Tinct. Gelseniii, aa gtts xr.
Aqua Dist., q. s. ad. 5 iv.
Sig. Teaspoonful every two hours.
Ten grains of potassium bromide from two to ten times a day-
is a good remedy in some cases. Five drop doses of veratrum
veride, or digitalis may be given with some good results. Aro-
matic spirits of ammonia in fifty drop doses has been recom-
mended. Anti-febrine may be given in five grain doses where
there is no impairment in the heart's action, and morphine only
a drug of last resort. Let me say here, I would discourage the
use of morphine altogether if it were possible. I find that co-
deine answers every purpose that morphine does, and does not
lock the secretions, and leave the other unpleasant after-effects of
morphine. To sum it up, removal of the primary cause, good
purgation, proper dieting (I recommend a food of fatty sub-
stances—butter, creami, olive oil, etc., and plenty of it), and neu-
ralgia will be a thing of the past to that patient. We as dentists
will have plenty of opportunity of success after our sister pro-
fession (the medical profession) has failed, and will have earned
the heart felt gratitude and lasting appreciation of our patients.
—Dental Clippings.
ALUMNI NOTES.
Dr. Charles Hines, class '01, made the school a pleasant call
last week. The doctor is located in Chicago.
Dr. R. M. Rork passed through Chicago on his way to India
where he goes to fill a position as assistant.
Dr. Charles Wombold, class '99, the genial superintendent of
the Chicago Post- Graduate College, favored us with his presence
the 7th ult.
Dr. R. P. Donaldson, class '02, is spending his vacation at
his summer home in Bangor, Mich.
Ten of our graduates have located in Chicago during the
past year.
Dr. F. C. Roe, treasurer of the Alumni Association, made
this ofiice a pleasant call the 12th ult.
We received a communication from Dr. Jno. M. Murphy, of
Temple, Texas, this A. M., stating that he had located perma-
nently in Temple, and was succeeding.
Dr. J. R. Murphy, class '02, made the school a pleasant call
one day last week. He is practicing in Chicago.
JUNIOR CLASS NOTES.
T 1 Sprague called upon the boys recently. He remains
the same old Sprague.
116 The Fhxus.
W. H, Karcher has returned from Iowa and taken up work
at the school.
Seymore Paden has removed the brush from his face, and is
now practicing dentistry at the school.
Geo. Wardner is acting as an assistant to Dr. Morton, at
Hobart, Ind.
Miss Maturznska has matriculated for next year. We sim-
ply cannot get along without the soothing effects of a lady in
each of our classes.
Palmer has just returned from an extended trip through
England. He reports having a grand time.
FRESHMEN CLASS NOTES.
Married. — Vernon Penfield Cooley to Miss . We have
Taeen unable to learn the name of this much favored July bride,
Mr. Cooley, as of old, is inclined to be conservative and reticent
about divulging either the facts of the case or the bride's name,
but we are positive that her name now is plain Mrs. Cooley.
Abstein is contemplating the same move, but Ab is exactly
in our position, he can not ascertain his bride's name.
Loescher's smiling face was photographed upon our sensi-
tive memory this A. M. He is doing time in an office at
Lawndale.
Sam T. Jack is answering the becks and calls of Vanderbilts
and Goulds on a Pullman.
Charles Sharp is hard pressed trying to fill the chair of Pres-
ident of the elevated R. R. and at the same time is hustling
clinic.
FACULTY.
Dr. Peck was unanimously re-elected secretary of the Na-
tional Association of Dental Faculties at a meeting of that body
held at Buffalo, N. Y.
Professors Cattell, Cook, Peck, Dittmar and Thompson at
tended the National Association meeting. All report having
had a very enjoyable time.
Dr. G. W. Dittmar made the school a very pleasant call last
week. The doctor is practicing in Apple River, 111.
Dr. G. W. Cook's series of articles soon to appear in the
American Dental Journal should be read with diligence by our
Alumni. The doctor is one of our profession's most fluent writ-
ers upon Pathology and Bacteriology, as related to the dentist
His proficiency is so well known by the profession at large, that
he is considered authority upon the various forms of bacteria
that make the mouth their habitation.
T
D. A. K. Steele, M. D.
Actuary and Professor Clinical Surgery, College of Puysicians
and Surgeons, Chicago.
THE PLEXUS
COLLEGE OF PHYSICIANS AND SURGEONS
MEDICAL DEPARTMENT OF THE
UNIVERSITY OF ILLINOIS,
CHICAGO.
VOL. VIII. SEPTEMBER 20th, 1902. NO. 5
A GLIMPSE OF JERUSALEM; ITS PEOPLE AND
HOSPITALS.
By D. a. K. Steele, M. D.
Actuary and Professor Clinical Surgery, College of Physicians and Sui'geons,
Chicago.
Last spring when I started on a three months' cruise around
the Mediterranean in the good ship "Celtic" I promised a letter
to The "Plexus" for the Alumni of the P. & S., and fully ex-
pected to find time to write it long ere this; but the leisure hour
never seemed to come until now, when as the result of a trolley-
car accident I have more leisure than anything else. A spring
to the foot-board of a car, an unexpected increase in speed, fail-
ure to grasp the hand-rail, a whirling fall, a snapping of tibia
and fibula below the right knee, and I secure my leisure and your
readers will obtain their belated letter.
Leaving New York on the "Celtic" February oth, our first
stop was at the beautiful flower-bedecked island of Madeira,
"where we spent a delightful day riding in bullock sledges and to-
"bogganing down the mountain- side in a most exciting and exhil-
erating manner. We then in rapid succession visited Gibralter,
Algiers, Malta, Athens, Constantinople, Smyrna, Joppa and Jer-
usalem; and it is from a memory picture of the Holy City, that I
shall write.
We landed at Jaffa, a town of some 15,000 inhabitants. It
has a tropical climate and is noted for its fine oranges, figs and
lemons. Its oranges are unequaled in the world. It also con-
148 TJit Plexus.
tains the house of Simon the tanner, which structure is still
pointed out to credulous tourists. It was here that Jonah em-
barked on his famous voyage prior to the whale episode — and in
this treacherous landing rises the rugged, forbidding, wave-
washed rock to which Andromeda was chained. The water is
shallow and the landing is always made in small boats propelled
by lithe, active, half-naked muscular boatmen from the ship
lying at anchor two or three miles out in the road stead.
From this point we took a train fifty-four miles east to Jeru-
salem; passing through the beautiful and fertile plains of Sharon,
once devastated by the fiery fox- tails set free by Samson — as re-
lated in Bible lore. Soon afterward we entered the hills of Judea
and passed the birthplace of Samson. Entering Jerusalem about
half-past seven in the evening we were immediately surrj/^Inded
by a howling, gesticulating mob of hackmen, and we gathered
ourselves together in a carriage, and were driven to the Hotel
Central, just within the Jaffa gate. There we had fairly com-
fortable quarters overlooking David's tower on the one side and
Hezekiah's pool on the other.
Jerusalem at present contains a population of about 60,000
souls, numbering every sect in the Christian religion as well as
Jews and Moslems — all races and creeds being represented — and
during the tourist season some forty different dialects or langua-
ges are spoken within the walls of the Holy City, although Ara-
bic is the common tongue. David street, with its dark vaulted
shops little larger than closets, is the principal business thor-
oughfare. It runs due east from Jaffa gate and is filled at all
hours with a motley crowd of natives, Jews, Moslems and Chris-
tians, Greeks, Russians, Albanians, Circassians, Africans and
Armenians — people from every country and every clime. Jost-
ling each other on the narrow street and dodging camels, don-
keys, donkey-boys— all seemingly in inextricable confusion — af-
forded us a daily interesting kaleidoscopic view of the manners
and costumes of the whole world as we wended our way down
the queer thoroughfare to Christian street, which branches from
it at right angles to the north, leading by a long flight of steps
to the Via Dolorosa in front of the church of the Holy Sepul-
chre, an edifice of conglomerate architecture located upon the
site of the crucifixion and burial of Christ. It contains chapels
for Catholics, Greeks, Copts, Syrians, Armenians and Abyssin-
'^
A Glimpse of Jemsalem, 149
ians, and holding in its sacred recesses the Stone of Unction, the
Holy Sepulchre, the Seat of the Cross, the Chapel of Angels, and
many sacred relics of religious belief is naturally the Mecca to-
ward which all tonrists turn their faces. Architecturally and
sentimentally it proved a disappointment. Idolatry, superstition,,
credulity and commercialism robbed it of its charm for me. Its
sacredness seemed unreal, its beauty tawdry, its inspiration only
a memory — but I shall never forget a picture of the Christ hung
in an unfrequented corridor of this old church, so touching so
pathetic, so realistic in its delineation of the Son of God it seem-
ed marvelous; and yet probably not one in ten of the visitors no-
tice it — there is so much to demand their attention.
But if the church of the Holy Sepulchre is a disappointment
thf^^Mosque of Omar, standing on the site of Solomon's Temple,
certainly is not. It is built around the rock of Sacrifice, and is
one of the most inspiring and beautiful structures in the world.
The gilded dome with its noble proportions and artistic outlines,
and the harmony of lines in the whole immense structure, leaves
a lasting impression of its massive architectural beauty.
I had intended to write of the hospitals of Jerusalem,, but
my pen has jotted down other things first, so I will recall it to
its duty, for there is certainly no city in the wide world more in
need of hospitals than is Jerusalem. Filth, disease, neglect and
abject poverty are to be seen on every side. Lepers with their
hideous repulsive scarred faces and deformed limbs confront you
in many places without the walls — seeking alms. They are es-
pecially numerous, repulsive and insistant at the Jews'
Wailing Place about the entrance to the garden of Geth-
semene and along the road leading to Bethlehem. Most of
them live in the Kedron Valley, where they have comfortable
homes and marry and intermarry, propagating a race of lepers.
There is a fine Moravian Hospital for lepers just outside of
Jerusalem on the road to Bethlehem, but the lepers prefer free-
dom, beggary and their own homes to the clean comfortable liv-
ing and humane treatment of the hospital.
On the same road is situated the British Ophthalmic Hos-
pital, under the charge of Dr. W. E. Cant, where an extraordin-
arily large number of cases of diseases of the eye are treated.
The prevalence of ophthalmic disease is due to dirt, flies, in-
fection, glaring sun and sand.
150 The Plexus.
In the new Jewish quarters of the city to the north-west of
Jaffa Gate, is located a fine English hospital built in the form
of a semicircle of detached wards, with the administration build-
ing in the centre. It has forty four beds and is in charge of Dr.
Wheeler, a fine English surgeon, who has been in Jerusalem
some nineteen years. Miss McKenzie, a London graduate nurse,
is the superintendent and has a corps of young Jewish nurses
in training. It resembles a small modern English hospital in its
equipment and service, and is of very great aid in the treatment
of the sick and injured. Not many surgical operations are per-
formed, as the natives rarely consent to an operation unless a
cure is guaranteed.
The obstetric ward is always full, as every young Jewess
cither has a baby in her arms or expects one, and they literally
fulfill the biblical injunction to "multiply and replenish the
earth." Syphilis and tuberculosis are comparatively common
diseases. I saw several cases of bone and joint tuberculosis in
the hospital.
Near by is a fine German hospital, and a little further east a
large Russian hospital, but lack of time and the services of an
efiicient interpreter prevented my visiting any other hospitals
as we were obliged to leave in the afternoon for Jericho, the
River Jordan and the Dead Sea.
0-
Archibald Church, M. D.,
Professor of Mental and Nervous Diseases, Northwestern
Medical School, Chicago.
MIGRAINE IN MASQUERADE.
By Archibald Church, M, D., Chicago.
Professor of Mental and Nervous Diseases, Northwestern University Medical
School (Chicago Medical College); Neurologist to St. Luke's,
Mercy, Wesley and Chicago Hosjiitals.
In the majority of instances the physician is not called upon
to make a diagnosis of migraine or sick headache. It is clearly
recognized by its victim. But migraine, like the majority of
neuroses, is capable of putting on the particolored dress of the
harlequin and of disguising itself either by the addition of unus-
ual features or by limitation to a partial programme.
The ordinary attack of sick headache, very often called "bili-
^jcus sick headache" consists in a series of well marked manifesta-
tions occurring with regularity and repeating itself with preci-
sion at intervals more or less exact. Commonly there is a phase
of premonitory symptoms of heaviness or dullness, which the
patient learns to recognize as a forerunner of the most pro-
nounced features. Sensory disturbances then usually develop.
These may be confined to the special senses and may consist of
disturbance of sight, smell, taste or hearing, those of sight being
perhaps the most common. In due course headache appears,
At first usually dull it tends to become severe but not lancinating
and has a decided predilection to one sidedness. With a given
patient it is generally the right side, or the left side that is af-
fected, though in some instances a headache beginning on one
side transfers to the opposite side before the end of the attack*
The headache is usually attended by nausea, sometimes by vom-
iting, almost invariably by anorexia. After persisting for a
period of hours it commonly terminates in a sleep from which
the patient arouses completely recovered and with a fine appe-
tite.
The tendency of sick headaches to appear periodically is one
of their most pronounced characteristics. With women these
periods are prone to fall into harmony with the menstrual rythm.
In men not uncommonly the headache has a tendency to recur
every Sunday, owing to the change in habit and occupation that
marks the seventh day of the week.
Another feature of migraine that is of the first importance is
its association with other nervous disorders and the neurotic here-
154 Tht Plexus.
dity commonly presented. In women particularly one obtains a
history of migraine in the mother and in the grandmother. It
seems to have a tendency to descend by the female side. But a
neuropathic family history of wider dimensions i« perhaps more
commonly encountered. Thus we find migraine in different gen-
erations alternating with hysteria, epilepsy, insanity, periodical
drunkeness and with all the grave neuroses and psychoses.
Gout and rheumatism, Bright's disease and diabetes, are also
hereditarily in frequent association.
While so distinctive in typical cases, so easily diagnosed and
commonly so generally recognized, migraine may mimic serious
organic disease.
A married man, 43 years of age, a civil engineer, some two
years ago suffered an attack of aphasia. This was introduced bj.^
numbness which began in the right hand, invaded his arm then
the face, and speech at first slightly affected, became entirely
babbling in character and incomprehensible. Sometimes the
numbness would extend to the right side of th,e trunk and the
right lower extremity. The first attack lasted several hours and
the physician who saw the patient opined that a severe cerebral
hemorrhage had occurred. These attacks have recurred at in-
tervals of a few weeks ever since. Without occurring regularly
they had a tendency to appear in the middle of the day, and in-
variably present the same train of symptoms, except on four oc-
casions when the left side was involved, though the right side
was affected before the end of the attack.
These attacks of temporary aphasia are always attended by
headache, during whicn the pupils are contracted. His wife
says "his eyes look glazed," and after the attack the pupils are
widely dilated. During the attack the hand affected is somewhat
clumsy although motor power is never seriously involved. In
marked attacks the headache, which is severe, terminates in a
stuporous sleep. This headache is marked at its inception by
peculiar sensory symptoms on the part of the eyes. The patient
sees fortification spectra, with blurring of vision, usually more
marked towards the right side and more pronounced in the
right eye.
During the aphasic attack there is inability to read or to
write. Unable to express himself by word of mouth he has on
a number of occasions attempted to communicate by means of
Migraine in Masquerade. 155
the pencil, but finds himself unable to formyetters or express
himself in writing. In attempting to read at such times he does
not recognize the meaning of the letters and sees them badly.
Sometimes by looking sidewise he can partly see them but their
meaning is not conveyed to him (word blindness). He has him-
self noticed that the field of vision is contracted, particularly on
looking toward the right, and at other times concentrically so
that he seems to be "looking through a tube" as he expresses it.
Upon further inquiry it is learned that his mother had mi-
graine and was rheumatic; that he himself had ordinary sick
headaches from bis 10th to his 22nd year, when they tended to
subside or became at most insignificant until he was 40, when
they returned, and a year later were transformed to the attacks
described. The rest of his family and personal history is unim-
l^ortant.
This instance shows a group of symptoms which first hit
upon might very properly lead to the supposition that the pa-
tient was suffering from organic disease of the brain affecting
largely the left hemisphere. The alexia, the disturbance of the
visual field, the fortification spectra point to disturbance of the
occipital lobe. The numbness of the right side, the contralat-
eral headache, the agraphia, the word blindness point to disturb-
ance of the left motor zone in the Rolandic area, and the parie-
tal convolutions. The absence, however, of any persistent evi-
dence of organic disease, the tendency of this symptom group to
recur with some degree of periodicity, its development in a mi-
grainous subject and its amenability to continuous bromide treat-
ment confirms an opinion which places it under the head of
migraine. The use of a stomach tube or a series of high ene-
mata will usually abort the attacks.
The next patient is a single woman of 23, who has been
earning her living as a musician, playing the violin. For the
past year she has had attacks of numbness commencing en the
left side. Sometimes she has thought that the use of the fingers
on the key board of the instrument for a long period of time
caused this numbness, at other times the numbness has appeared
without reference to the playing of the violin. The numbness
after affecting the hand passes to the entire left side of the body,
particularly the head and face, and commonly is associated with
extreme photophobia and severe headache, which is always
156 The Phxus.
right sided. During the attack, which lasts from three to twen-
ty hours and occurs about once in three or four weeks, she has
no appetite for food but does not complain of distinct nausea or
vomiting.
She states that her] mother had migraine all her menstrual
life, that her father is very nervous, that she has had sick head-
aches at intervals ever since she was 14 years of age.
Upon examination it is found that the eyes are organically
normal. This is confirmed by two competent oculists and I take
pleasure in reporting that two oculists are able to find normal
eyes. Further examination reveals the fact that the entire left
side of the body, face and the mucous membrane as far as they
come within reach are slightly insensitive as compared to the
right side. Morever, there is a loss of the pharyngeal reflex,
considerable tenderness in the left flank, exaltation of the kneti.
jerks with reduction of the plantar response, and the patient
complains of a hysteroneurasthenic group of symptons. In this
case, therefore, we have the undoubted evidence of hysteria, but
in addition a history of ordinary migraine and now attacks of a
right sided hemicrania attended by a left sided numbness. It
is an interesting speculation whether this left sided numbness is
purely hysterical or whether it is a hysteria which has been in-
stigated, so to speak, by the right hemicrania, which is, as in
the former case, associated with the contra lateral sensory dis-
turbance. At any rate, during the headache the numbness is
extreme while in the intervals it is unknown by the patient, al-
though capable of demonstration on careful search.
This patient shows another feature which is of considerable
importance in making a diagnosis of hysteria, namely, concen-
tric contraction and inversion of the color fields of vision. The
accompanying diagram presents a very common feature in hys-
teria. The difficulty in every case of hysteria is that we are
likely to overlook every feature except the hysteria when that
has once been distinctly deciphered. Here, as is very common,
we have a combination of neuroses.
A few years ago I was consulted by a clergyman who on the
previous Sunday had suddenly gone blind while delivering his
sermon, and had to be led from the pulpit. The blindness was
temporary, however, and he was able to see as well as ever after
a few hours. It seemed that while delivering his sermon he
Migraine in Masquerade. 157
noticed a sort of Dyrotechnic display in the margins of his fields
of vision. Wherever he looked was a clear field surrounded by
scintillating, flashing and sometimes colored lights. Gradually
the entire field became invaded and then, also gradually, from
the periphery obscuration set in so that eventually he could see
nothing at all. In spite of the seemingly alarming condition he
continued his discourse to its finish and then requested assis-
tance in getting from the pulpit.
Upon inquiry it appeared that he had formerly had attacks
of a similar though relatively slight character, merely momen-
tary flashes of light. It was further elicited that at these
times he developed an intense headache, one of such severity
that sometimes morphine had been used hypodermically for its
control: that this headache was attended by nausea and vomit-
ing'*'sometimes, and eventually, after a few hours sleep, that full
recovery was attained. Moreover, in the early years of his life
and up until recent times he had had ordinary sick headaches.
The later manifestations or transformation to migraine had
caused him a great deal of anxiety and his friends feared he was
liable to a stroke of paralysis.
To make a long story short, the reduetion of his nitrogenous
food, the institution of exercises securing a better physical state
with the improvement of elimination practically cured his mi-
grainous attacks and the somewhat serious form into which they
were developing.
A young man of 22 whose father had Bright's disease, whose
mother and brothers and two aunts were rheumatic, had suffered
as a child until the age of 14, with typical sick headaches accom-
panied by pronounced vertigo.
He was found to be myopic and his vision was corrected by
suitable glasses whereupon the sick headaches ceased but were
replaced by a, constant peculiaj- jminful pressure in his ears, eyes
and entire face, with periodical exacerbations, at which time he
suffered from the slightest sounds, there being marked hyper-
acusia,and the slighest light was unbearable owing to the sensiti-
veness of the retina. Although there was uneasiness in the
stomach he did not have nausea and never vomited. At these
times the scalp would be very sensitive, and at other times there
has been tenderness of .the heel tendons, vague joint pains
and superficial tenderness of the head, apparently of rheumatic
158 The Plexus.
nature In habit he is rather fat and somewhat indisposed to
sufficient bodily exercise. The urine showed a marked increase
in the amount of nitrogenous waste.
Management looking to the correction of these conditions
resulted in benefit after a few weeks, although he still has his
periodical attacks of peculiar painful pressure with over sensi-
tiveness of the auditory and optic apparatus.
A married lady of 39, who has never been very strong and in
whose family there is considerable consumption and rheumatism,
began with sick headaches at the age of 14. Ten years ago she
was decidedly neurasthenic and so remained for nearly three
years. After this attack of neurasthenia the headaches changed
in character. Previously they had been typical in onset, course
and duration, with nausea and vomiting, lasting from sir to
twelve hours. Later the pain became much more intense and
agonizing in character and of a lancinating order, lasting three
to six days, usually recurring once a month, commonly at the
menstrual period. The pain usually involved the right side of
the head and was of a severe neuralgic nature, in the distribu-
tion of the tirst and second branches of the fifth cranial nerv'-^^ •
which showed at such times the tender spots of Vallaix, Some-
times the side first involved would be freed of the pain which
would transfer itself to the opposite side. During the attacks
the patient is pallid, perhaps as much from the use of coal tar
preparations as from the angiospastic condition of migraine, but
during all she has a fine appetite and really craves food. The at-
tack commonly ceases suddenly and usually in the night.
A careful examination of the patient reveals nothing amiss
aside from a lack of adipose tissue and a slightly reduced condi-
tion of the blood, which promptly responded to B laud's iron. The
correction of her diet, which had been largely one of red meats
because of their reputation as strengthening food, the substitu-
tion of milk, green vegetables, fruit and fish, and the ingestion
of large quantities of alkaline water, such as the Celestins vichy,
produced marked improvement in the attacks which now, in les-
sened severity appear about once in six months.
A married man of 40, of magnificent physical health and
physiquo, states that 'at the age of 20 years, while teaching
school, the periphery of his visual field suddenly showed vibra-
tions, •Ttrjthing s««miuf to move and waver except in the line
Migraine in Masquerade, 159
of direct vision. He described it as if there were a mist or fluid
veil in motion between him and all objects. At first objects in
the margin of the field and subsequently throughout the entire
field were obscured. He experienced no vertigo, no uncertainty
in position, but had difficulty in controlling his thoughts and
mastering any subject upon which he might be engaged. On
the occasion of the first attack he had a large amount of water
pumped on the back of his head, thinking that he was succomb-
ing to the heat which at the time was intense. He eventually
vomited large quantities of undigested food and the attack was
considered one of sunstroke. They have however recurred in a
somewhat modified form ever since at intervals of a few weeks.
After ten or fifteen minutes of the ocular manifestation it sub-
sides, and a severe frontal headache ensues for ten to twenty
hours, passing completely off after a sleep. During this time
there is no disturbance of his appetite, he can eat anything as
well as ever, indeed eats heartily. During these attacks he is
pale, the pupils are somewhat contracted, the pulse is small and
inclined to be rapid, the extremities are cold and clammy. It is
.ed that a glass of whisky taken on the appearance of the first
symptoms has a beneficial effect, and bromo selzer during the
headache also modifies it for the better. Although the interval
between the attacks is usually about six weeks they may recur
two or three times in succession.
These attacks are now readily aborted by small doses of ni-
tro-glycerin, a tablet of one-hundreth of a grain being allowed
to dissolve upon the tongue immediately controls the eye symp-
toms, and its repetition at intervals of thirty minutes for a few
doses prevents the subsequent headache. Correction of his diet
also seems to have largely expanded the interval between the
attacks.
A married woman of 37, who had an epileptic brother and
rheumatic mother but who physically had been in perfect health,
was subject to fainting spells during her pregnancies and at in-
tervals between them for several years. Those occurred under
rarious circumstances and without apparent provocation. On
several occasions she would be sitting quietly busied with her
needle or a book, and would be found unconscious upon the floor
in a syncopic attack. Four years ago these ceased and have not
recurred, but have been supplanted by intense headaches which
160 Ihe Plexus.
seem to be growing worse. At first they occurred twice a week,
now they occur monthly at the menstrual period and last two
days and nights. During this period the pain is so intense that
the patient is delirious, sometimes threatens suicide to escape
from her agony, and requires careful guarding. The left side of
the head is affected and the pain is most severe in the left eye-
ball. Ordinarily these attacks have been attended by no dis-
turbance of the stomach but recently severe nausea has super-
vened. Commonly there is intense photophobia. Physicians
who have seen her in these attacks have thought of acute mania,
and her husband was persuaded that unless they were checked
her mind would be overthrown.
The physical condition is one of such excellence that there
was little room for medication and the patient was j^ut upon the
pontinuous use of bromides, very much as in a case of epilepsy.
Fifteen grains of bromide of sodium was given night and morn-
ing under which the intervals between the attacks was not less-
ened, but the severity of the attack was greatly diminished, and
it is reasonable to suppose that the continuance of the treatment
will result in the practical control of the attacks, it would not
perhaps be proper to say cure of the disease, for recurrence of
migraine is likely to cease with the cessation of the menstrual
rythm at the climacteric, a fact that is of considerable import-
ance and often a source of great encouragement to women who
suffer from this malady.
The very important and interesting question of the relation
of migraine to epilepsy comes forward i: the following case;
A man 34 years of age six weeks ago was found unconscious
in bed. At', 11 o'clock the following morning he had a well
marked epileptic seizure. Four weeks later he had four epilep-
tic seizures in one day between the hours of 10 a. m. and 6 p. m.
Again last week, he had a similar attack.
He presents the following history: His father was a hard
drinker with a tendency to periodical sprees. His twin brother
was a hard steady drinker and finally committed suicide after
being despondent over his liquor habit. He himself has been a
periodicaldrinker since 19 years of age. He has also been the
subject of migraine, the left side of the head being particularly
affected. His sprees have occurred about once in four weeks,
though at times the intervals have been longer.
Migraine in Masquerade. 161
Examination shows a man in excellent physical health in
■every respect. During the past year he has had no attacks of
migraine and it is within this period that the epilepsy has de-
veloped. It would be important to determine whether the epi-
lepsy is a transformrtion of the migraine, as sometimes is un-
doubtedly the case, or whether we have in addition to the peri-
odical drinking and the periodical headaches periodical convul-
sions due to the abnormal rythm in one of unstable nervous tem.
perament.
Yesterday, however, the patient had one of his old time mi-
grainous attacks. The migraine therefore is not entirely substi-
tuted and we have migraine and epilepsy side by side. It is not
impossible that the migraine may subside and the epilepsy con-
tinue. It is very improbable that the epilepsy will subside and
thv migraine be reestablished.
In every group of cases of migraine certain instances will be
encountered in which epilepsy is associated with the milder neu-
rosis. They either appear side by side in the same patient or in
alternation, usually epilepsy being, grafted upon the migraine by
substitution. In other patients with migraine the migrainous
attack is attended by convulsive movements. Here the question
is whether it is migraine plus epilepsy or whether migraine is
capable under certain circumstances of having convulsive feat-
ures. As migraine usually develops in neurotic stock it is not
strange that we find an association with epilepsy in the same
family or even in the same individual. This is very far however
from saying that migraine and epilepsy are identical or even of
contending that migraine is capable of transformation into epi-
lepsy, although for the latter assumption considerable clinical
material may be adduced. We can at least say with every rea-
sonable assurance that they are intimately related.
A final variety of migraine to which attention should be
called is the so-called opJithalmoplegic migraiyie. In this variety a
one sided headache, usually with severest pain in the eyeball, is
attended by more or less loss of power in the motor functions of
the eye so that double vision and squints are produced. There is
a temporary ophthalmoplegia which may involve both the ex-
trinsic and intrinsic muscles of the eye. Such attacks are very
commonly mistaken for evidences of organic disease.
Finally, in reference to treatment, it must be evident that the
162 The Plexus.
coDdition is one which is inherent in the individual and therefore
would naturally be rebellious to management which is incapable
of reaching the fountain head. The individual must be studied
as a whole. Every departure from physical health, every varia-
tion from hygienic requirements, every abuse in the way of
vicious addictions must be corrected. Nervous strains depen-
dent upon disturbance of the ocular apparatus, errors in the
nasopharynx, gastro-intestinal disorders, genito- urinary misde-
meanors, toxic infectious conditions, all must be corrected if
found.
Finally, in the absence of any such disorder or when all
such have been rectified, one is thrown back upon the rather
unreliable support of the bromide treatment, the purpose of
which is to destroy the rythmical nervous explosion. It can be
said in a general way that by such careful, systematic and br^jad
based management the majority of instances of migraine may be
benefited and a few may be cured. We have of course to bear
in mind that in women migraine usually subsides after the meno-
pause and in men after the age of 55 or 60. Too frequently this
is the only encouragement we can hold out to our patients.
THE PLEXUS
COLLEGE OP PHYSICIANS AND SURGEONS
MEDICAL DEPARTMENT
UNIVERSITY OF ILLINOIS.
CHICAGO.
Plexus Committee of Faculty.
M. R. WOOD, M. D. C. A. WOOD, M. D. T. A. DAVIS, M. D.
H. C. WADDLE, '03, Editor-itt-Chief.
Supt. W. H. BROWNE, W. T. ECKLEY, M. D., D. N. EISBNDRATH, M. D.
W. A. EVANS, M. D., H. W. BBRARD, M. D., A. CERHMANN, M. D
Associate Editor, L. HARRISON METTLER, M. D.
Class Editors:
R. L. ELDREDOE, 03. F. L WOOD, 04. J. P. BROWNE, '05.
Alumtti Editor, DR. C. C. O'BYRNE, '94 Library Department. METTA M. LOOMIS
Business Manager, W. H. PORTER, '03.
Publisher, H. C. WADDLE.
Subscription $1.00 per Annum in advance. Single copies, 15 cents. Issued Monthly
Send all remittances and communications as to subscriptions and advertising to H. C.
WADDLE, Cor. Congress and Honore Sts.
Entered at Ciiicago Post Office as Second-Class Matter.
Any subscriber desiring the Journal discontinued at the expiration of his subscription
should so notify the Publishers; otherwise it will be assumed t,hai the subscription is to be
continued and the Journal sent accordingly.
Contributions of matter suitable for publicatic?n are invited, and should be sent in no
alter than the 35th of the month previous to that of publication. The publishers will not hoi
themselves responsible for the safe return of MSS. unless suflBcient stamps are forwarded
Dr. D. A. K. Steele, the author of one of the leading articles
in this issue, v^as born in Eden, Ohio, March 29, 1852. He was
educated in the public schools of Illinois, graduated from the
Chicago Medical College in 73. After graduation he served as
interne in Cook County Hospital. Prom 76 to '84, he was lec-
turer on surgery at the Chicago Medical College.
Dr. Steele was one of the founders of the college of Physi-
cians and Surgeons, in which he has acted in the capacity of pro-
fessor of Opthopedic Surgery, professor of Principles and prac-
tice of Surgery and Clinical surgery.
Dr. Steele was one of the originators of the Chicago Patho-
logical Society, and a charter member of the Chicago Medical
Club; was first president of Chicago Medico-Legal society; was
164 The Plexus.
president of Medical Board of Cook County Hospital; served'
eight years as attending surgeon, Cook County Hospital, and in
the State and National Medical Associations stands in the fore-
most ranks. In 1888, the doctor was sent by the Am. Med. Assn.
as a delegate to the Br. Med. Assn. at its annual convention then
held at Glasgow, Scotland. While abroad, he visited the lead-
ing medical institutions of the old country and embodied his in-
investigations in a paper "A Chicago Physician's Impressions
and Observations of European Surgery.'" Since this time Dr.
Steele has made several trips across the water, one of which he
records in this issue of The Plexus.
In '76, Dr. Steele was united in marriage with Miss Alice L.
Tomlinson, daughter of an old and prominent citizen of Rantoul,
111. ,.
Dr. Steele was one of the founders of the West Side Hospital,
and the Chicago Clinical School, and took a very prominent part
in the affiliation of the P. and S. college with the University of
Illinois. About a year ago. Dr. Steele gave $^25,000 toward the
laboratory of the college. During the history of the college of
Physicians and Surgeons no one has been as prominent in it's
advancement as Dr. Steele,
In closing this short biography, we can do no better than
quote the words spoken of him by one of his colleagues, "Dr.
Steele is an extremely busy and successful surgeon, constantly
over-burdened by demands for his services, both professionally
and socially. He is a man of the highest and purest character,,
an industrious and ambitious student, and a gifted teacher of sur-
gery. Genial in disposition, inobtrusive and unassuming, he is
patient under adverse criticism and in his expressions concerning
brother proctitioners is friendly and indulgent."
Dr. Archibald Church, author of one of the leading articles in
this issue of The Plexus, was born in Pond du Lac, Wis., in 1861^
educated in the public school, graduated in Medicine, College of
Physicians and Surgeons, class of '84. The doctor is now profes-
sor of Nervous and Mental Diseases and Medical Jurisprudence
North Western University Medical School, Neurologist to St.
Luke's Wesley and Chicago Hospitals and is editor of the Chic-
ago Medical Recorder — the official organ of the Chicago Medica
Society.
Editorial, 165
Dr. Church holds a prominent place in local, State and Nati-
onal Medical Associations; is author of book on Nervous and
Mental Diseases, and a frequent contributor to Medical litera-
ture.
* *
The Plexus extends greeting to the incoming student body
of the college, and desires to receive the same hearty support
from the members of the school in the coming year that it has
received in the years past. To the old students, if you are not a
subscriber, see that you become so at once, and to the new mem-
bers— start out in your connection with our school by showing
interest in the students' journal.
The Plexus is the journal of the students and. alumni and is
mcle what it is by the support of both, together with the friends
of the institution who advertise with us. Our advertisers are all
reliable and we desire to have the student body patronize them.
Pxad our advertisements. Those people who are receiving benefits
from our student body, and who do not reciprocate by advertis-
ing in -^/owr paper are not deserving of your ijatronage. Support
your college paper by patronizing those firms that ahvertise in it,
■* *
That the College of Physicians & Surgeons stands at the head
of Chicago Medical Colleges is clearly and emphatically shown by
the summary of those persons taking examination for licenses to
practice medicine in the United States during the year 1901 as
set forth in the article of Charles Mclntire A. M., M. D., Secre-
tary of the Academy, in the "Bulletin of the American Academy
of Medicine," Aug. 1902, a part of which we give below. This
summary speaks for itself and is official so far as official stand-
ing, can be obtained.
The Medical Schools of Chicago.
Number Examined. Passed. Failed. Per cent.
Hahnemann 70 64 6 9L4
Bennett 31 29 2 93.6
Chicago Homeopathic 56 54 2 93.6
Rush 231 225 6 97.4
Northwestern 104 103 1 99.1
Physicians and Surgeons 161 161 1 100
LIBRARY NOTES.
Metta M. Loomis. Librarian.
The following articles to the medical journals have been con-
tributed by the members of the faculty of the College of Physi-
cians and Surgeons:
Dr. H, T. Byford. Clinical Notes upon Abdominal Section
for Puerperal Sepsis. Chicago Medical Recorder, Aug., p.
126-130.
Dr. G. P. Lydston. Neuralgia of the Bladder. Journal of
the American Medical Association, Aug. 23, p. 407-409.
Dr. G. P. Lydston. Briefs on the Surgery of the Genito-
urinary Organs. Medical Age, Aug. 25, p. 601-908. «
Dr. Wm. A. Pusey, A Subsequent Report on a Case of Car-
cinoma, Discharged as Hopeless and Reported as a Failure,
Journal American Medical Association, Aug. 30, p. 485-487.
Dr. A. J. Ochsner. Operations upon the Intestines, Abstract
of Clinical Lecture on Operative Surgery. Clinical Review,
Sept., 1902, p. S24-446.
Dr. A. J. Ochsner. Effect of Rest upon the Progress of
Septic Infections. American Medicine, Aug. 30, p. 329-331.
Dr. H. P. Newman. The Organization of the Medical Pro-
fession. Medical Standard, September, p. 470-471.
CT Dr. M. J. Seifert. The Medical School of the Future. Med-
ical Standard, September, p. 471-473.
Dr. C. A. Wood. The Commoner Diseases of the Eye. Med-
ical Standard, September, p. 473-476.
GIFTS.
The most important gifts received during the past month
was a donation of 88 volumes from Dr. C. A. Wood, whose in-
terest in the Quine Library has been so frequently shown. Dr,
Wood's donations are particularly valuable as they are always
additions to the library rather than to our duplicate collection.
In this connection we wish to acknowledge our indebtedness to
Dr. G. F. Suker, who seems to possess the genius of the true
bibliomaniac for discovering valuable material. Dr. Suker care-
fully consulted the library records and ascertained exactly what
was needed to complete our broken files of journals and then
Notes. 167
made a selection of nearly one hundred volumes which were pur-
chased for the Quine Library by Dr. Wood.
The department of medical jurisprudence has received two
valuable additions; the latest editions of Reese & Taylor. These
much needed books were the gift of Prof. H. L. Tollman.
Dr. Santee has presented the library with a copy of Cun-
ningham's Anatomy, which is a work that will be a valuable ad-
dition to our collection of Anatomies.
ALUMNI NOTES.
'87. Albert Schneider has opened up office at 87 Lake street,
Chicago.
'87. Carl Kordenat, of Reedsburg, Wis., was a recent visitor
at his Alma Mater.
'97. W. E, Wray has moved to Pembine, Wis,, from Den-
mark, Wis.
'98. Addison C. Page recently visited his Alma Mater. The
doctor has been appointed Adjunct Professor Gynecology in
Medical Department of Drake University, Des Moines, Iowa.
'99. J. H. Turner is enjoying a nice practice at Pueblo, Colo.
'99. Theodore Tieken has returned from abroad, and is lo-
cated at 810 Warren Ave. Ke has a fellowship in medicine with
Dr, Billings, Rush Medical College.
'99. J. E. Swanson has moved to Swedona, 111.
'01. B. A. Hoermann has moved to Hartford, Wis., from 327
Bissell street, Chicago.
'01. F. L. Wallace has moved fromTonkawa, Okla., to Ponca
City, Okla., where he takes interest in the Ponca City Hospital.
'01. S. J. Holloin has moved from Euren, Wis., to Lincoln,
Wis.
'01. L. H. Meadows was burned out at Horton, Iowa, and is
now located at Plainfield, Iowa.
'01. R. H. Shaw is now located at Lyndon, 111.
'01. R. W. Kinder is enjoying a lucrative practice at Rock
ford. 111,
'02. Evelyn B. Fisher is located at Reasnor, Iowa.
'02. F. H. Aldrich is doing nicely at Seaforth, Minn
168 The Plexus
"02. C. R. Lockwood sailed recently for Europe, where he
expects to remain for a year or so.
'02, Benj, Weaver is interne in the Wabash R. R. Hospital,
Peru, Ind.
'02. C. D. Gulick has moved to Urbana, 111,, from Wauwatu-
sa, Wis.
"02. E. A. Garrett is located at Kewaunee, 111.
'02. L. J. Hammers, Chenoa, 111.
'02. Philo B. Conant is assisting Dr. D. A. K. Steele until he
takes up his interneship work in West Side Hospital.
'02. E. A. Corcoran and Mrs. Katherine McCarty were mar-
ried recently. The Plexus extends congratulations.
TO THE SENIOR CLASS.
The Faculty at its meeting Tuesday evening, September
16th, 1902, unanimously adopted the following resolutions: —
1. That the action of the Dean in upholding the require-
ments of the college be commended.
2. That the members of the Senior Class, v;ho banded them-
selves together to maintain a position which each of tnem ad-
mitted to be wrong, and to force that position upon the accept-
ance of the Faculty be invited to return to the college only on
condition of their willingness to abide unreservedly by its rules,
3. That the question of deciding the status of said students
n regard to credits for attendance and work be referred to the
Dean with power to act.
THE DECISION.
The Dean decides that the Senior students who, by concer-
ted action, sought to bring to a close the course of instruction ad-
dressed to them, by dispersing and refusing further attendance,
nine or ten days before the date officially decided upon by the
Faculty, shall make up every hour of the time filched from that
course, in such manner as he may hereafter designate, as an es-
sential pre requisite to their eligibility for any credits for work
and attendance in said course.
No penalty beyond the enforcement of obsolute justice will
be inflicted.
The Dean will deal with individual members of the class sep-
erately and not with the class as a body of "strikers."
Wm. E. Quine.
NEWS ITEMS.
Miss Healan returned recently from a short vacation. She
reports a very good time.
Miss Wright, who was Dr. Earle's stenographer during the
past year, resigned recently, soon to be married. The Plexus
■wishes her well.
Thos. Truelson, of the Omaha Medical, who was with us
during the summer term, returned to Omaha recently.
Messrs. Fanyo, Bryan, Urmston and Waddle, the typhoids
of the senior class, are all up and about after their siege.
The following seniors have taken up the quiz class work:
Hrvgkell, Fanyo, E. S. Moore, W. H. Moore, Mellen, Hall, Sher-
rill, Reeves, O. G. Fisher, Casavan, Frechthing, Uran, Haggard
and Miss Baird. Others are contemplating joining at the begin-
ning of the term.
Dr. W. A. Evans has just returned from a trip in the south-
ern land.
Drs. F. B. Earle and T. A, Davis have just returned from a
four months trip in Europe. They report a very enjoyable trip,
both as to profit and pleasure.
Dr. T. A. Woodruff, Editorial secretary of the Ophthalmic
Record, has been elected professor of Ophthalmology in the Chi-
cago Eye, Ear, Nose and Throat College.
M. E. McGann, the genial vice president of the senior class,
represents the Jno. H. Drake Co. instrument house, and will be
pleased to give you his terms.
D. T. Cole, member of the sophomore class, has joined the
list of Benedicts, having been married on Sept. 10th, to Miss
Ethel Martin, of Rantoul, 111.
Dr. D. A. K. Steele, while attempting to catch a street car
in motion, near his home recently, was thrown to the pavement
and sustained a simple fracture of both bones of the leg (right)
a few inches below the knee. At this writing the doctor is get-
ting along nicely, and it is expected he will recover without com*
plications.
Those persons using the library will not be allowed to go to
racks after books or to replace them in the racks, but will leave
170 The 1 lexus.
a slip with the librarian upon which is written the name of the
book used, and when through with it will return the book to her
desk and receive in return the slip. This will prevent the mix-
ing of books upon the racks.
THE ALPHA OMEGA ALPHA SOCIETY.
Very recently there has been organized in the Senior class
of this college what we believe to be the first Honoary society in
a medical school in this country. This organization embodies
features not unlike the Phi Beta Kappa Society in literary col-
leges; it resembles much more closely however the Skull and
Bones society of Yale University because of the high general
stanard required for election, not more than fifteen Juniors will
be elected to membership and the remainder to be chosen out of
that class will be elected by these members in their Senior year.
Not more than thirty names are to be considered for election from
any one class of over 200 students and the proportion can never
exceed one-sixth of the class. The constitution will allow chap-
ters in other medical colleges of the highest standing only, and
honorary members may be admitted who shall, in every case, be
men or women eminent in the profession.
The badge is a key to be worn as a watch charm, designed
after the Manubrium Sterni, upon which is engraved the three
Greek letters, Alpha Omega Alpha.
The object of this honorary fraternity is to maintain a high
standard of thought and action in medical school and in the pro-
session, and to endeavor in a tactful and modest manner to en-
courage the high ideals supported by earnest students and prac-
tioners every where.
The charter members are Messrs. W. W. Root, E. S. Moore,
B. Thomas, C. L. Williams, G. H. Howard, W. H. Moore, W. M-
Wochos, J, E. Haskell, M. W. Hall.
Committee.
George W. Cook, B. Sc, D. D. S.
SCHOOL OF DENTISTRY
DENTAL DEPARTMENT
UNIVERSITY OF ILLINOIS.
EDITORIAL COMMITTEE.
D. M. CATTELL, D. D. S., G. W. COOK, D. D. S. B. J. CIQRAND, D. D. S.
Supt. R. P. DONALDSON.
D. M. CATTELL, Editor-in-Cliief. C. E. JONES, Alumni Editor.
CLASS EDITORS.
A. E. ALTHER, '02. F. M. STAHL, '03. J. C. GROUT, '04.
PHblislier, - H. C- WADDLE.
Subscription * 1. 00 Per Attuum iu advance. Single copies, 15 cents. Issued monthly
Send all remittances and communications as to subscriptions and advertising to H. C
WAviJDLE, Cor. Congress and Honore Sts., Chicago.
SOME PATHOLOGICAL CHANGES IN TISSUE.^*
By Geokge W. Cooe, D. D. S.
The tendencies common to all living organisms when placed
in unnatural environments or when in contact with poisonous
agencies, is of a protective, reparative and adaptive nature. Here
we shall consider only infective inflammation or the poisonous
effects of certain bacteria and their products upon tissue; and
the protective reaction of tissue against these agencies.
The influence of bacterial toxins on tissue is indicated in at
least three changes: First, retrogressive or degenerative
changes; second, proliferative or regenerative changes; third,
complete death or necrotic changes.
In local disease-processes due to infection, these three
changes are more or less intimately associated together. In
fact, it is wholly impossible to draw any definite line of demar-
cation. Such a thing might be possible if we could observe the
changes in a single individual cell.
In the first place, all toxins are, within certain limits, ir-
ritants or tissue stimulants; that is, they cause an increased ac-
tivity on the part of the affected cell; and if long continued, may
result in cell proliferation, as in the case of formation of callouses
on the feet or hands due to friction. This is a transition of the
epithelial tissue into a hard, horny substance, and is one of the
.so called tissue degenerations. We find a similar state of affairs
174 The Plexusi
in various organs of the body. If toxic substances are permitted
to enter the body for a long time, they are liable to set up a mild
irritation of the kidneys; which if permitted to continue may
cause a tissue proliferation, the result of which is the so-called
fibrous degeneration, as seen in interstitial nephritis, or sclerotic
liver. These conditions are especially met with in the excretory
organs of the body —as the kidneys, or in the organs which form
certain secretions, as the liver. These organs have an especially
large blood suj)ply, so that any poison existing in the blood has a
double action on these organs as compared with other organs.
But we are especially interested in certain bacterial toxins of
sufficient intensity to cause local disturbances. Here we may
have regeneration, degeneration and necrosis gomg on hand in
hand. To begin with, the tissues must come in contact with a
poison, the primary reaction being that of increased irritabiljty,
the increased activity of the affected tissue being of a protective
tendency. Such poisons are always positive chemotactics to the
circulating cells. This gives rise to the so called inflammatory
phenomenon, vis., a gathering of the leucocytes and tissue-cells
to the affected area, or towards the affecting agent.
On the theory of positive chemotaxis, we can explain all the
changes in the circulation of the blood and fluids of the body re-
garding offending agents, viz., increased circulation towards the
part, the passing of the leucocytes through the walls of the ves-
els, and the increased proliferation of the final tissue- cells.
If the offending agent is not of sufficient strength to destroy
these tissue elements as fast as they accumulate, the agent is soon
destroyed, or rendered ineffective. Here the internal resistence is
greater than the external cause. In this instance the inflamma-
tory process goes on farther than that of protection; there is no
degeneration or necrosis.
Increase the power of the offending agent, and a very mixed-
up condition of affairs takes place. Now, in spite of the increase
in cellular elements towards the offending agents, they are not
able to destroy it, but in turn are destroyed themselves by the
poison. Here we will have tissue infiltration in the tethered leuco-
cytes; and tissue-cells begin to break up and the affected tissue
becomes full of a mass of dead cells. Those cells nearest the cen-
ter of the affected area completely break up into a mass of nuclei
suspended in a serum. This forms pus, and together with the
Dental Department . 175
dead tissue cells, forms a dead or necrotic area. The passing of
the living cells to dead cells is not a process of necrosis, but of
necrobiosis. The mass of dead cells is necrotic tissue. Then ne-
crosis is not a process, but the result of the process of necrobiosis.
There are no life phenomena, inflammatory or otherwise, in ne-
crosed tissue.
Inflammation is characteristic of living tissue only. While the
cells may be overcome by the poison and the area becomes necro-
tic tissue, around the edge of the necrosed tissue two processes
are going on — protective and reparative. The cells are striving
to prevent further invasion of the offending agent, and the fixed
tissue-cells are striving to repair the damage already done. Here
all the tissue powers are called into action, and as a general rule
the tissue is able to protect itself against further destruction.
It must be remembered that, especially regarding hard tissue,
afe bone, etc., infective inflammatory processes are the same as in
the soft tissue.
If the deleterious infective agent be strong enough to destroy
the life of a considerable area of the bone tissue, the part becomes
necrosed, and no life phenomena are shown. At the edge of the
dead part, inflammatory action of a protective and reparative
nature is going on. On the other hand, if the infective agent is
only strong enough to destroy cell by cell, every particle of the
bone tissue entering into the inflammatory reaction dies and
caries of the bone is the result. This is well illustrated in the
formation of cavities in teeth.
Another inflammatory process seen in the teeth is that of
pyorrhoaa alveolaris. This is an infective inflammation, involving
the peridental membrane and the adjacent tissue. All infective
bacteria have more or less a catalytic or f ermentive action on the
affected tissue. In this disease the tissue cells are gradually de-
stroyed with pus formation, the reparative and defensive powers
of the tissue are not as great as the offending agent, and cellular
destruction is the result. Here the tissues are bathed in saliva,
which is a mucoid solution of inorganic salts. These salts are
partially disassociated by the unbalancing of the normal electrical
energy of the tissue by the injury, and are deposited in the form
of calculi in the adjacent hard parts forming the pyorrhoea de-
posits.
In pyorrhoea in man and many similar diseases in the lower
176 The Plexus.
animals, such as certain diseases affecting the roots of the horns
in cattle and the hoofs in sheep, we have examples of an in-
fectious inflammation, following in each case a definite course
and producing a definite set of pathological conditions. In these
diseases the parts affected are of epithelial origin, and the tissues
are of the horny or keratin type, such as is found in the nails,
horns, hoofs and teeth of animals.
It is a fact, absolutely demonstrated, that these diseases in
the lower animals are infectious and caused by certain specific
organisms, and also from both a priori reasoning, and from
almost definite demonstrating. In the peridential membrane,
where this necrobiotic process is going on, the microscope reveals
the fact that the cell of the parenchyma becomes swollen and
granular, the nuclei become indistinct and disappear in the gran-
ular substance, and finally the whole cell liquefies and passes in-
to solution. This is a chemical change analogous to the action
of certain acids on albuminous substance. Hardy, Matthews and
Hord have shown that acid sugar, 8-10 normal aceptic acid solu-
tion, acts as follows on normal cells: First, the cell swells up
and becomes more transparent and granular; second, the nucleus
passes into the granular substance; third, the cell seems to pass
into semi-solution. The same phenomena are observed in the
action of certain cellular toxins. It is simply a chemical action
due to enzymes, the result of which is a passing of the protop-
lasm from the solid gelatine state to the hydo-gelatin, and finally
into solution.
The pathological processes of the specific bacteria toxin on
such tissue as the peridential membrane are very analogous to
the action of an acid on jelly or albuminous substance. Dental
caries is the enzymatic action of micro-organisms disassociating
the tooth structure. This is a bio-chemical action, which is an
action by contact, whether it be in the gelatin or hydro-gelatin
state. Other observers and myself have isolated a bacterium
from pyorrhoea alveolaris, which brings about this enzymatic
action on tissue-cells in which metabolism is active, and the ex-
igencies of nutrition are imperative. The mere presence of a
bacterium does not always explain the phenomena of the process,
but it does explain the specifics of the disease.
The virulent condition of the germ and the predisposition of
the individual must be considered for the bacterium, nor can the
Dental Department, 177
individual be the true entity of the disease process. The predis-
position of the individual to local infection of the oral cavity ig,
in all probabilty, due to some other infection, either from the
alimentary canal or some fermentive process going on in the
mouth which reduces the power of the tissue to form anti-bodies
or anti-toxin, which, according to Adami, is an inherent property
of protoplasm in its reaction against offending agents. Thrush
is more frequent in the oral cavity than is usually thought. It
is truly a disease of the oral mucous membrane, produced by a
fungus of the class of saccharomyces (ordium albicans). They
are pathogenic only on certain mucous membranes, but the pres-
ence of this micro-organism is necessary to bring about the local
pathologscal lesion, I had the privilege of studying this disease
in senenteen cases; eleven had only local treatment, and made
good recoveries; six had both local and constitutional treatment,
and made splendid recoveries. :When this micro-organism is in-
oculated in rabbits it causes a general mycosis of the internal
organs — a not uncommon disease of the oral mucous membrane,
produced by the bacillus fusiform and spirillum of Vincent. In
this local pathological process two 'micro-organisms apparently
are necessary, one of which is morphologically very unstable. It
is not necessary to confine these pathological processes to the
animal kingdom to see that the entity of disease is not in the
host; neither is it in the bacterium; for instance, the yellow dis-
ease of the hyacinths appears when the plant is growing under
certain environments, but is due to a bacteriam which enters the
vessels of the bulds and leaves, causing a parenchymatous de-
generation, the same as is found in the tissues of many diseases
of animals.
We have every reason to consider pyorrhoea alveolaris as an
infectious disease produced by a specific organism, capable of
producing the characterists pathological changes. In this class
of diseases we have a right to assume that the external bacterial
cause must contain sufficient energy to overcome the internal en-
ergy of the tissue, else no change could result. In other words,
we may say: Whenever a specific micro-organism, which has the
power to lead a sapropoytic existence in tissues of a higher or-
ganism, comes in contact with the tissues of the higher organ-
ism, two actions take place: First, the micro-organism begins
•to grow and multiply and to elaborate its specific products; and
I'J'S The Plexus.
second, the organism invaded begins to react against the offend-
ing agent, to destroy it and its products. This is what we mean
by the external specific cause acting against the internal re-
sistance of the tissues. From this course of reasoning, no dis-
ease processes are possible where the internal energy of the
tissue is greater than the external disease stimulant. In fact, in-
flammation, with all of its multifarious phenomena, is nothing
more than the outward manifestation of the tissue energies
against disease stimuli.
In pyorrhoea alveolaris the disease stimulus in specific and
the disease process is local. All other symptons of a seemingly
general nature are secondary, resulting from the absorption of
the products of the local process. To prove this we mention a
number of instances. Take for instance an ordinary boil, which
is a purely local disease process due to the invasion of the tis-
sues by bacteria, but we all know tha*^ general symptons, such
as increased temperature, swelling of glands and joints, are very
common, and all we have to do to relieve the general symptoms
is to remove the oftending bacteria and their products from the
local conduct.
But in pyorrhoea alveraris we have a slow process going on,
in which the energy of the tissue-cells is a degree less than the dis-
ease stimulus. This constitutes a subchronic disease process, in
which the tissue- cells gradually die or undergo necrobiosis. The
disease process gradually extends, and unless the tissue cells are
aided in their effort to protect themselves, or the bacterial pois-
ons render the tissues immune (antitoxic) to the further action
of the bacteria, the disease process will tend towards destruction
of the affected organs.
But why such a variation in the course of disease processes,
both as regards the energy of the tissue and in the strength of
the disease stimuli, is so often observed?
We know from our studies of pathogenic bacteria that their
power to incite disease or their ability to lead a saprophytic ex-
istence in another organism is extremely variable. We may
inoculate an animal a hundred times with tubercle bacilli, and
the animal never take tuberculosis and the bacilli never be able
to grow and multiply in the body. But change the environment
of the animal, which necessarily cnanges somewhat the chemis-
try of its tissue, and the same bacilli may readily induce tuber-
Dental Department. 179
-culosis. Take for instance an individual affected with tubercul-
osis and give the person plenty of nourishing food and place him.
in an atmosphere rich in oxygen, suck as we have in medium
high altitudes, and the tubercle bacilli can hardly live. So we
saj' the environment of theGindividual .governs to a large extent
the development and course of disease processes.
Likewise, we know that environment has very much to do
with the morphology of bacteria. In one media they may grow
as cocci, in another as short rods, and in another in a thread like
form. And as regards morphology, their power to produce their
specific disease is likewise modified. Diptheria germs grown on
a certain media may be absolutely non-pathogenic, whereas the
same germs grown on a different media may readily produce diph-
theria. Further, a diphtheria germ which may produce the
disease in one child's throat may have no effect in another child's
throat; simply because the chemical conditions of the saliva in
the second throat may destroy the pathogenic powers of the
disease germ.
FACULTY NOTES.
Dr. A. H. Peck, our Facile princeps, is taking a much needed
rest. He is following a canine, and the dog is in quest of
chicken. The doctor is also a famous angler, having manipu-
lated the reel and rod in many a brilliant battle.
Dr. George Hunt says of George Weight Cook in the August
number of the Desmos: "Cook is bringing his weight down to
the summer schedule, He lost three ounces and a half in June,
careless fellow, and now weighs only 298 pounds 7i ounces.
George has done this principally by a strict system of dieting.
While at Maxinkuckee his breakfast consisted of a oeefsteak,
ham and eggs, potatoes, hash, fruit, a bran mash, and coffee and
rolls; no soup and no pie. He hopes that adherence to this diet
during the hot weather will enable him to keep on a belt with,
out fastening it to a pair of suspenders, and will allow him to
sneeze without holding onto his trouser band with both hands.'
Maxinkuckee is not the name of a newly found tissue or organ,
but is a real live town in Indiana. It is said that Geo. Weight
Cook bathed in the sad, sad waters of Lake Maxinkuckee, upon
"Whose shore stiands the famous Culver Military Academy. It is
180 The Plexus.
said also that George wor« only at smile, fearless as he is, never-
heeding the strict discipline in vogue at a militarj institution
regarding such conduct.
Dr. D. M, Cattell drove to Lake Geneva, a distance of ninety
miles, in three hours We are aot certain as to the above state
ment being correct, It seams a little fast, but the doctor is a
great reignsman, and the little mare is still greater. Mrs. Cat-
tell and the family are spending the summer at the Lake, and
the doctor has been keeping batch for a few weeks. This per-
haps accounts for his speedy drive.
Dr. B. J, Cigrand has just returned from Springfield, O. ,
where he read a paper before the State Dental Society. If there
is any one member of our profession who is kept busy appearing
before dental societies it is Dr. Cigrand. '
Dr. and Mrs. Eckley are spending their vacation at ther
summer home at Grand Haven, Mich. The doctor is a great
fisherman, and Mrs. E. a fisherman's wife.
Drs. Fred W. and Ralph W. Parker are spending their vaca-
tion visiting their parents at Yates City, 111.
It is rumored that there will be a wedding in the near future
and that a young member of our faculty will participate.
Dr. R. F. Parker was taken seriously sick several days ago.-
He is now convalescing at his home in Yates City, 111.
ALUMNI NOTES.
Dr. Ratcliff, '02 made the school a pleasant call. He is prac-
ticing in Chicago.
Dr. A. Dubin, the genial mascot of last year's class, made
this office a pleasant call the 10 ult. The Dr.Jis looking for a lo-
cation.
Dr. Wm. J. Walk '02, of Hebron, Ind., gave us the glad
hand one day last week, The Dr. is growing fleshy. The cause
of such an increase of adipose can only be contributed to the
Dr's. agreeable avocation. Jollying the ladies.
Dr. Claude D. Owens '02 spent a few hours at the college
several days ago. The Dr, has just returned from an extended
trip through several states looking for a location. He has de-
cided to locate in Benton Harbor, Michigan. That will neces-
Dental Department. 181
sitate his taking the Michigan board, Jbut] fear not we all remem-
ber Claude's manpulative ability with the pony.
Dr. H. C. Snyder, '99 has just informed us that he and Mrs.
Snyder are at home, after a six week's sojourn at one of Wiscon-
sins most delightful summer resorts.
We reluctently publish this agreeable mite of news.
Dr. J. B. Zielinski '99, married to one of- [Chicago's fair ladies.
Our chagrin is caused by our former prediction; we long ago
prophised that Zi — , would live and die a bachelor. "We were
under the impression he would never find time to gather suffi-
cient courage to popose. May the environments and lives of
those two animated clods of clay be ever pleasant and agreeable.
Dr. Ed. B. Barrows '99, of De Sota, Mo., made this office a
very pleasant call. He remains the same jovial Ed.
Dr. Louis. E. Bake '02, made the school a pleasant call last
week. The Dr. is located at 47th. street and Prairia Ave., Chi-
cago.
Dr. R. P. Donaldson '02, has returned from a very prosper-
ous vacation. The Dr. gained ten pounds avoisdupois.
We are in receipt of a communication from Dr. M. B. Hoag,
class '99, stating that he desires to sell his dental practice loca-
ted at Maxwell, Iowa. Maxwell is a thriving town of one thous-
and people; good surrounding country. £< Any one desiring fur-
ther information, please address the Dr.
Dr. C. E. Frazier, '02, of Wetherford, Texas, made this office
a pleasant call one day last week. The doctor informed us that
he was prospering in the land of his adoption.
There will be a meeting of the executive committee of the
Alumni Association Sept. 19th, '02. Several important matters
are to be acted upon, therefore the alumni can look for important
changes leading to the betterment of our organization.
SENIOR, JUNIOR AND FRESHMEN CLASS NOTES.
Abestein has just handed down a decision, stating, that the
epidermis of a negro can very easily and most always is, taken
for a peculiar leaf that grows in tropical climates, and upon the
Cook County lawn. This decides a very assential point in histol-
ogy, and it is hoped no further disputes will arise regarding
this particular issue.
182 Ihe Plexus.
Joe McElroy is making a specialty of absessed teeth and
pyorrhae alveolaris.
Rasmussen is now counted among the faithful. He having
been one of our clinical aids this summer.
Please note the change in title of this important news col-
umn. We are Juniors and Seniors now. The advancement has
been granted by Dean Peck.
We are looking for many of the late freshmen to put in their
appearence soon. Many of them expecting to get in ail their
clinical work before school opens.
The variety of clinic has been all, and realy more, then we
expected this summer. The character of the work turned out
by our boys is receiving endorsement. Sufficient proof of their
proficiency is demonstrated by the goodly number of patients
attending our clinic.
Converse has returned to school under peculiar circumstan-
ces, he having walked in.
Ed. Kenney is in town. He is looking for patients.
Geo. Jones, the great football and baseball player, has re-
turned. He has been trying some high hurdling upon the pa-
tients in the clinic for the past week.
SCHOOL NOTES.
Our superintendent has a force of men putting the school in
readiness for next year's classes.
Many new and modern appliances will be added to the pre-
sent equipments of our school, making it one of America's best
appointed and equipped dental schools.
The Alumni of the medical department are kindly contribut-
ing their aid to help swell our attendance this year. It shows
the loyalty of the famous old P. and S. graduates.
The number of matriculations show a marked increase over
any previous year. Also the characters of our new students are
far above the standard, assuring us of a bright clean cut lot of
graduates in the future.
Dr. Fioreston Aguilar, the attending dentist to his sovereign
the King of Spain, made the school a pleasant call last week.
Miss Adaline Garrety, our amiable college clerk his just re-
Dental Department. 183
turned from a'two weeks vacation. She having visited many of
Michigans famous summer resorts.
The editor^is the happy recipient of a beautiful pair of link
cuff buttons. The donor is Dr. G. W. Noylock, of Honduras,
Central America,
SCIENTIFIC CLIPPINGS.
SOME TIPS IN PROSTHETIC WORK.
Use shellac varnish^ and wash off with soap for separating
casts.
Burnish number twenty tin on model, to give rubber plate a
high polish.
To insert bridge work use marble dust and paste equal parts.
To invest porcelain work use asbestos and plaster equal parts.
It is not necessary to solder pin to cap, in making Richmond
Crown before]the final soldering of the crown.
Rubber plates should be vulcanized slow. It should take
fifty minutes to go up, and should remain one hour at 320*^,
Alum makes^models harder for rubber work.
Don't use English teeth in porcelain work.
To make Platinum solder, take twenty -five parts of platinum
to seventy-five parts of pure gold.
Be sure to shellac surface of facing before investing to flow
platinum solder^on the pins.— PacZ/zc Dental Gazette.
SOLDERING FLUID FORMULA.
The following is one among the best:
5 Boracic Acid, ,3 j
Ammonia Carb., grs. X
Soda Bicarb. , 5 j
Ammonia Aqua, ,5 s s
M Shake well before using.
— Pacific Dental Gazette.
FINISHING ALUMINUM PLATES.
By V. I. Miller, D.D.S., Fostoria, O. I have been using a
method of finishing aluminum plates which I have found more
satisfactory than any polish I have been able to get on them, and
thought it might be of; interest. After rubber attachments are
polished: First, wash the plate in benzine or gasoline to remove
any grease or oil that may be on the plate; second, apply a 40
^er cent solution of caustic potash; third, nitric acid, full
184 Ihe Plexus.
strength, then wash in clear water. The potash and acid may
be conveyed by means of a small piece of cotton held in solder-
ing pliers. I have plates treated in this manner that have been_
worn about two years and their appearance is still very pleasing .
— Summai^y,
BLEACHING PINK RUBBER.
I have found that the quickest way to bleach pink rubber is-
to focus upon it the rays of the magnifying glass, taking care
not to burn it, as this method gives you a beautifully bleached
pink in about five minutes, — L. Arndt, D.D.S. — (Digest.)
REMOVING PLASTER.
Sugar placed in water, or the use of simple syrup, will
greatly facilitate the removal of plaster from the hands after ap-
plying plaster dressings. The use of sweet oil is also service-
able for this purpose. — Internat. Jour, of Surgery. — (Digest.)
TREATMENT OF NEURALGIA WITH CASTOR OIL.
F. E. Waxham reports several cases of a severe nature, in
which this remedy brought about a speedy cure. It should be
given in doses of from one to two ounces three or four times
daily, although in some cases good results have been obtained
with smaller doses. After the first two or three doses, it usually
loses its cathartic effects. We should guard against its too free
cathartic action by sufficient doses of opium in some form, as it
is the constitutional and not the local effect we desire. It is best
given (after having been thoroughly washed, and a few drops of
some aromatic essence added) either in milk with effervescing
seltzer or in ale, especially Bass' ale. A palatable mixture can
be made by combining the oil with mucilage of acacia and lime
water. It should be thoroughly shaken before given. It may
also be given in hot lemonade. The author urges the trial of
this simple remedy, which has given results in neuralgia never
before obtained by other medicines. — The Colorado MedicalJournal
(Dental Brief.) (Pacific Dental Gazette.)
CHLORETONE AND NITROUS OXIDE GAS.
In using chloretone in connection with nitrous oxide gas, as
a general anesthetic, I begin by administering five grains of
chloretone half an hour before administering the gas, and find
its action very effective. It is much easier to anesthetize a pa-
tient who has had a dose of chloretone, and only one-half to two-
Dental Department. 185
thirds the usual amount of gas is necessary to produce complete
insensibility. — C. H. Oakman, Dental Review {Dental Brief),
AN EXAMINATION PAPER ON OSLER (4th EDITION).
There seems to be a certain monotony about medical exami-
nations, so we suggest the following, by way of variety:
1. Who was Mephibosheth? What parental superstition
dates from his time?
2. What is • 'one of the saddest chapters in the history of
human deception?"
3. Give Osier's quotations from the following authors: John
Bunyan, Byron, John Cheyne, George Cheyne, Montaigne. Ex-
plain the context where necessary.
4. Describe, if necessary, with the aid of diagrams, Kemp's
double current rectal tubes. What are the indications for their
employment?
5. Give in full the name of "the distinguished old Bath
physician." At what period did he flourish, and what is his
claim to distinction?
6. As a sequence, to what therapeutic procedure did the
son of Professor Langerhans die? What was the pathological
and medico-legal interest of the case?
7. What is the chief recorded complication of a lay commit-
tee meeting at St. George's Hospital.
8. Who was convinced that more wise men than fools are
victims of gout? Is there any reason why he, in particular,
should hold that viev?
9. What cases drift to "musems and side-shows?"
10. How did Trousseau's patient make money?
11. What celebrated English physician preferred to die in
^harness? State the cause of death.
12. What internal evidence is there:
(a) That Osier has had an unhappy experience with
cheap bicycles:
(&) That he is interested in the history of Napoleon
Buonaparte?
13. What is O. Rosenbach's dictum on the, custom of wearing
stays?
186 Iht Plexus.
14. Quote Hunter's famous advice to Jenner.
15. What was the counsel of Rondibilis to Panurge?
16. How did Eryximachus treat the hiccough of Aristop-
hanes?
17. Give the references to Lady Mary Wortley, President
Jefferson, Jerome Cardan, the Elder Scaliger, Captain Catlin,
Laurence Sterne, Thomas King Chambers, Robert Druitt and
Colonel Townshend.
18. What did Strabo call "the lisping of the gout?"
19. Give the context of the following quotations, and make
explanatory remarks if necessary:
(a) Cases are given after nearly every one of the specific
diseases.
(&) I saw, some years ago, one of the most distinguished
gynsecologists of Germany perform laparotomy in a case of
this kind.
(c) The doses given by the late Alonzo Clark, of New
York, may be truly termed heroic.
{(1) In a somewhat varied post mortem and clinical ex-
perience, no instance has fallen under my observation.
(c) A history of gorging with peanuts.
(/) I have seen Murchison himself in doubt.
(fir) A toad-like caricature of humanity.
{h) From the accurate view of Laennec and Louis the
profession was led away by Graves, and particularly by Nie-
meyer.
{i) One of the most powerful enemies of the American
stomach at the present day.
Ck) I had a lesson in this matter which I have never for-
gotten.
20. Who was Van Helmont, and when did he live? Give a,
brief account of his opinion on contemporary medicine.
21. Who made an autopsy on Dean Swift, and what did he re-
port?
22. What interest attaches to:
(a) The Pullman car conductor from Chicago.
(&) The Appleton-Swain family,
(c) Yellow cakes at Philadelphia.
_.^7,jj^xt,(d) Chancellor Ferrier.
(«) Master McGrath.
Miscellaneous. 187
(/■) Renferth the Oarsman.
{g) Shattock's patient.
23. Who had a translucent head? What the pathology of
the condition?
24. On what occasion was a surgeon entrapped by a neuro-
tic physician?
D. M. S.^
^From the St. Thomas Hospital Gazette, London, March, 1902.
HYSTERECTOMY FOR CANCER OF UTERUS.
By T. J. Bigg-s, M. D., Sound View Hospital, Stamford, Conn.
Mrs. T,, age 47, American. Diagnosis, carcinoma of uterus.
Entered hospital Oct. 10, 1901, in a greatly rundown condition.
She was put on an absolute bovinine diet until Oct. 14th, when
at one o'clock she was given a high rectal injection of bovinine
and salt solution, three oz. of each, and at two o'clock, under
ether anaesthesia, I performed an abdominal hysterectomy. Just
before the uterus was detatched from the vaginal wall, the pa-
tient showed considerable shock, and consequently the nurse
was ordered to give her another high rectal injection of bovinine
and salt solution, two oz. each. She responded to this beauti-
fully. The operation was completed by the closure of the ab-
dominal wound, the pelvis being drained through the vagina.
Patient was put to bed with the pulse weak and 112. She was
given another high rectal injection of bovinine and salt solution,
three oz. of each. In twenty-five minutes she was conscious,
pulse greatly improved, being 100, and full in character. No
nausea, thirst or vomiting. The second day the vaginal drain
was removed, the wound and the vagina treated by injections of
bovinine pure, employed t. i. d. Previous to every injection of
bovinine into the vagina, the cavity was washed out with borax
solution. These injections were continued three times a day up
to Oct. 19th, when twice in twenty-four hours was deemed suf-
ficient. She was now allowed a light general diet together with
bovinine. Oct. 24 to the stitches were removed and the abdomi-
nal wound found to be healed: From this time on her recovery
was uninterrupted and she was discharged cured Nov. 16th,
THE MARION-SIMS HOSPITAL.
438 LaSalle Avenue, CHICAGO.
LONG DISTANCE TELEPHONE, 737 NORTH.
A high-class private Hospital for the recep-
tion of Gynecological cases and for abdominal
Surgery.
Centrally located in one of the best residence
districts of the city, this institution offers
acoommdations which are superior in every
respect and combine the comforts and luxuries
of the home with the strict appointments of
modern sanitary science.
The apartments are light and well ventilated,
heated by an improved hot water system. Hard-
wood floors throughout; furniseings elegant
and appropriate. Trained nurses of superior
skill are in charge of the patients and the diet is
the best.
The operating rooms are specially fitted with
all modern appliances for aseptic surgery.
A competent physician is in attendance at
all hours.
Channing W. Barrett, M. D., House Physician
F. Gregory Connell,
an Pathologist.
M. D., House Physician
For further information address
HENRY P. NEWriAN. A. M., M. D,
Physician & Surgeon in Charge,
10 3 STATE STREET, CHICAGO.
OR
n. C. STEWART, Superintendent,
(At Hospital) 438 LaSalle Avenue.
E3I^3>TST LEIITZ,
MANUFACTURER OF
MICROSCOPES and microtomes
AND DEALER IN
Bacteriological Apparatus
and Laboratory Supplies.
A Complete Line of Instrumeats and Supplies for Hema-
tology; Urinalysis, Ktc, Kept in stock
AT THE WESTERN BRANCH,
32 Glart St, 6or. o! Lake St,,
TEL. 3020 MAIN.
6fll6flG0.
THE PLEXUS
COLLEGE OF PHYSICIANS AND SURGEONS
MEDICAL DEPARTMENT OF THE
UNIVERSITY OF ILLINOIS,
CHICAGO.
VOL. VIII. OCTOBER 20th, 1902. NO. 6
*ANNUAL OPENING ADDRESS.
By Charles Spencer Williamson, B. S.. M. D.
Mr Dean, Ladies and Gentlemen. —
The principal function of the few words I have to say to you
this evening is, I take it, to say something to you of the career
upon which you are about to enter, of its aims, its aspirations,
its ideals, its realizations.
The first demand which our art makes upon its followers is
that they be men and women of culture, and of reasonably broad
education, especially along the line of the biological sciences. It
is within the memory of all of us that anyone who wished, could,
with no preliminary training, enter upon its study, and no ques-
tions as to fitness be raised. It was not at all an unusual thing
for a student to receive his degree of M. D. several years before
attaining his majority. That day has passed. To-day the stu-
dent of medicine must start his life's work with an adequate
knowledge of biology, of physics and chemistry. Once having
passed the portals of his Alma Mater, the student of today finds
himself in a very different atmosphere from that which he is apt
to expect. He finds himself face to face with the so-called basic
sciences, anatomy, physiology, and their confreres. He sees,
and you will see, little beside work in these first years, and you
may, as many others have done before you, fancy that much un-
necessary work is being forced upon you. Just here a word of
*Delivered in General Assembly Hall, Oollese of Physicians ann Surgeons, Chicag-o
Oct. Ist., 790?.
|8g Thi Fhxus.
explanation. Be sure of one thing: Our aim is to make our de-
mands as regards the basic sciences no greater than is consistent
with a thorough and far-reaching understanding of medicine,
with an ability to grasp all its scientific foundation and to make
scientific investigations connected with it. Here we must distin-
guish sharply between two classes. First, those who are to be
practitioners and teachers of medicine, pure and simple. Second
those who are to adopt the teaching of the basic sciences as their
life work. That amount of the basic sciences which more than
suffices for the best of clinicians is far from being enough for him
who is to adopt the teaching of anatomy or physiology as his
profession. In the first class are the clinicians, and to train
clinicians is the function of the medical college. The latter
group must look for their training elsewhere.
In your third year you will have your first real glimpse of
the practice of medicine. You will have finished the foundation,
and now for the superstructure. At first sight the amount of
work to be accomplished is appalling. The amount of work ab-
solutely essential for even fair practical knowledge is great; to
become a really skillful, trained clinician requires prolonged and
profound study, while to master the entire field of medicine, as
von Frerichs is said to have done but a few short decades ago, is
now infinitely beyond the ability of any single man, and were he
a mental Colossus. Let not that deter you. It may not be given
to all of you to become as skillful as Shakespeare's doctor, of
whom he says that his
"Skill was almost as great as his honesty; had it stretched
so far, 'twould have made Nature immortal, and deatli should
have played for lack of work."'
There is no one amongst you, who, with proper determina-
tion, may not attain a successful knowledge of medicine, one to
do honor to himself and to his profession. One thing keep in
mind: To all this there is no royal road. Faithful, conscientious,
sustained effort is the one method. Avoid everything which
savors of a short cut to the desired knowledge, for, believe me,
there is none such, unless at the expense of thoroughness and
sound work. In all your career seek your knowledge at first
hand. Study disease on the patient whenever possible. A single
case observed, and well observed, is worth a dozen read about.
When this is impossible, and it often will be, consult original work
Opening Address. 189
as much as possible. The short treatise is but too often a copy,
gotten out by some publishing house with no thought of accuracy
or of anything else but its own pecuniary gain.
Now, to all this study certain qualities must be brought, if
you are to be successful. It is not my intention to read you a
homily, but certain qualities are peculiarly medical. First, close
observing powers. Your patient's symptoms constitute your
premises. Every material symptom overlooked is a flaw in your
premise, and your conclusion must needs be in whole or in part
wrong or incomplete. The very suiest way to test a clinician's
real ability is to watch him examine a difficult case. In the ob-
servance of every detail, in the searching for obscure symptoms
and signs is where the master-hand most surely reveals itself. A
hurried examination, slurring over the comparatively minor
points, coming to an immediate conclusion without proper reflec-
tion is always and ever indicative of poor training and a defective
grasp of the subject.
In your intercourse with your fellow practitioners, in your
intercourse with your patients, nothing gains respect and con-
fidence so much as searching examination and mature reflection
before pronouncing your diagnosis. Of all the medical virtues,
if I may call them such, thoroughness is far and away the highest.
Every man makes an occasional mistake from the necessary im-
perfections of our art. Such mistakes are readily pardonable.
The mistake which is never pardonable is the one which comes of
careless examination, of the lack of thoroughness. Let me para-
phrase Emerson, and say to you "Hitch your wagon to the star of
thoroughness."
Thoroughness in examination gives you your premises. To
start with them, and arrive at a just conclusion, requires correct
logic, correct reasoning, which is the second great medical virtue.
The ability to follow out, by close, hard reasoning, a line of argu-
ment to its legitimate conclusion is an integral part of every cor-
rect diagnosis. Nor is medical reasoning quite the same, in its
details at least, as the logic used in other departments of learn-
ing. Mr. Bain, the celebrated logician, devotes a whole chapter
to medical logic, recognizing clearly the intricacy and difficulty
of the problems which confront the physician. Every really
great medical discovery has been the direct outgrowth of reason.
The observations which led Jenner to the discovery of vaccina-
190 The Plexus.
tion were not matters of mere chance, but each point was slowly,
laboriously and carefully reasoned out. For this he has won
mankind's eternal gratitude. And so with Koch and Pasteur,
with Lister, with Behring. Every one of them a close, accurate
reasoner, pursued his idea to its legitimate end. Medicine is an
art strongly tempered with exact science. Chance plays as little
part in making a diagnosis as in building a bridge. Every diag-
nosis is, or should be, a problem in inducLive logic. You will
occasionally see your teachers make a diagnosis almost at a
glance. And yet I reaffirm, every diagnosis is something to be
built up slowly and laboriously. With great practice a rapidity
of observation can be cultivated, which looks to the uninitiated
almost like an intuition. Far from it. This seeming intuition
is but subconscious reasoning. That power to observe quickly
and correctly was attained at the expense of much training and
much slow, labored close reasoning. The most important thing
to shun in diagnosis is a hasty conclusion, one not borne out by
the evidence. Hippocrates himself knew the difficulties of diag-
nosis when he said, "Experience is fallacious and judgment dif-
ficult."
Those tw^o faculties, close observation and correct reasoning,
are the two great essentials, It is a trite old saying in medicine,
as true as it is old, that he who diagnosticates well will cure
well. Bend your best energies to a full, complete diagnosis, and
the treatment, which is in last analysis, the end of all medical
effort, will follow as clearly as the night the day.
These things are essential, yet one who possesses these only
will not be the real master of his art. One thing more is lacking,
that which is just as necessary in our art as in every other — love
of the work, enthusiasm. What a difference between the man
who practices the noblest of callings for no other end than to
gain a livelihood, and the man who sees all the beauty of his
work, realizes its possibilities for good, who constantly seeks to
better our knowledge and increase our means of alleviating
disease and suffering! I can say to you that there is room for all
the enthusiasm you may have. Wonderful as have been the
achievements of the past in medicine, there are still many un-
trodden fields. There are still names to be immortalized; indeed,
there is such a wealtli of opportunity for research, that it is hard
to know where to begin. You will find much routine, much
Opening Address. I9I
drudgery, but if you will have that magic touch-stone — enthu-
siasm— you will convert the crude dross of routine into the bright
and finished metal of the true art.
The heritage of the ages of the past, that heritage which is
soon to be yours, is a truly wonderful one. Every science known
to man has contributed its mite. Some of its most brilliant
achievements seem to us such matters of course, that we scarcely
realize their having been at any time unknown. The circulation
of the blood is today a matter of course to every schoolboy, yet
how different in Harvey's time. With the demonstration by him
in 1628 of the continuity of the circulation began the real spirit
of modern medicine. Its development has been so marvelous
that I cannot forbear to trace for you a little, a very little, of its
subsequent history.
At the time Harvey was electrifying the world with his great
discovery, the man who was to exert the greatest influence upon
the development of rational medicine was hardly in his cradle.
Previous to this, medicine had been a jargon of theories, of fine
spun and hair-splitting distinctions, based on pure speculation.
In Thomas Sydenham this old regime received its death blow.
Sydenham renounced all speculation, and boldly announced that
the proper way to study disease was not by philosophizing, but
by observation of the patient. The natural historj- of disease
was to him, as to us, the all important prequisite to the scientific
knowledge of that disease. It was to Sydenham that we owe the
conception of the word "specific," as applied to a morbid process.
He first recognized the fact that many diseases are due to a
definite specific cause, and not merely to alterations in the humors
which the pathology of that day supposed to exist. The cele-
brated philosopher, John Locke, was Sydenham's most intimate
friend and counsellor. He, too, was a practitioner of medicine,
although not often mentioned in that capacity, and it was to
Locke's influence that Sydenham owed much of his keenness and
insight. Locke says of him in a letter to Molyneux: "You can-
not imagine how far a little observation, carefully made, by a
man not tied up to the four humors, will carry a man in the curing
of disease, though very stubborn and dangerous.'" The modern
world is apt to forget what it owes to Sydenham. He it was
who first clearly distinguished between scarlet fever and measles.
He it was who first put the treatment of fevers upon a rational
192 The Flexus.
foundation. These and a host of other services would hav^e suf-
ficed to have rendered him famous, but all these together are of
small importance as compared with his introduction of the modern
method of studying the natural history of disease.
Sydenham dead, medicine languished for a time. The Brun-
onian system came and went; Hahnemannianism, the last and
greatest absurdity of the speculative mind of the day, went the
way of all such. Medicine was presumed to be, and was, on the
decline. Witness Sam Johnson, when he spoke of William Heb-
erden as the "ultimus Romanorum,"the last of the learned physi-
cians. But the end was not to be then, for upon the horizon
appeared Edward Jenner. Jenner, by the discovery of vaccina-
tion, conferred the greatest boon upon mankind that has ever
been bestowed. He has been called the world's greatest bene-
factor, and rightly, too, for the number of lives saved by vac-
cination is not to be computed. We have now no adequate con-
ception of the horror and fear inspired by smallpox in Jenner's
time. It was truly the magna pesta, the greatest pest of the
ages. It has been computed that in the century before Jenner's
birth fifty million people died of smallpox in Europe alone. Im-
ported into isolated countries, it mowed down the population as
with the scythe of death itself. In Ireland it carried off half the
population in a single year. Lord Macaulay called it "The most
terrible of the ministers of death." May 14th, 1896, was the day
upon which smallpox, as a great epidemic, was relegated to the
pages of history. The joy with which the news of Jenner's dis-
covery was hailed is hardly comprehensible to us, who have
never seen the real terrors of the great pest. The first anni-
versary of vaccination was celebrated by holidays and by special
church services in Germany, and a temple was built to commem-
orate the event. Napoleon Bonaparte made Jenner's signature
his passport. Spain sent a fleet of vessels with vaccine to her
every possession in the old and new world. Perhaps the most
touching of all tributes came from one of the great tribes of our
North American Indians, whose numbers had been decimated by
the great scourge. They sent Jenner a great belt of wampum,
and with it the message: "We shall not fail to teach our children
to speak the name of Jenner, and to thank the Great Spirit for
bestowing upon him so much wisdom and benevolence."
For the next epoch-making discovery in medicine the scene
Opeyimg Address. 193
shifts to the Continent, to Vienna. Leopold Auenbrugger, in a
din^y little room of the Krankenhaus, discovered percussion.
He became known at Paris through Corvisart, his translator, and
shortly after, the necessary complement to percussion, auscula-
tion, was discovered by Laennec. With this, physical diagnosis,
essentially as it stands today, was complete, Prom this moment
medicine made rapid strides. Surgery, in John Hunter, was
making itself felt as a great power. A long list of distinguished
names follows that of Hunter's. In England, Stokes, Abercrom-
bie, Addison, Bright and Graves, all pioneers in some line; in
Prance, Trousseau, Louis, Andral and Bretonneau. In the latter
part of the last century Prench medicine reigned supreme. With
the dawn of this, Germany took the van. The greatness of our
day was ushered in, in that fascinating old stronghold of the
clinician, the General Hospital in Vienna. Here lived and worked
an illustrious galaxy of men with Skoda, Rokitansky, von Hebra,
and Bamberger for their leaders. No less illustrious were their
followers, and no less illustrious the men who hold those chairs
today. To wander around the many courts of that huge, ram-
bling pile, the oldest part of which dates from Maria Theresia, is
in itself an education in the history of medicine.
The strides of medicine in our own day have been just as
brilliant. Lister, with the introduction of antisepsis; Pasteur
and Koch in opening up the vast domain of bacteriology; Behr-
ing, with the discovery of the diphtheria serum, have immor-
talized themselves, and bestowed upon mankind treasures without
price.
In this our time, research is being more actively carried on
than ever before. Hosts of the best trained men of America and
Europe are bending their best energies to the discovery of new
facts and principles in medicine. Every allied science is equally
busy. In the Roentgen ray physics has just made a most im
portant contribution. Biology is making her contributions every
day. There is unfortunately, most unfortunately, a widespread
feeling amongst practitioners that only men who devote their
lifework to research are capable of carrying on such work. No
greater mistake can be imagined. Some of the world's best work
has been and is being done by practitioners, much of it by men
who have large and onerous practices. I urge every one of you
to do some research work, be it never so small. Much can be
194 The Plexus.
done in the leisure hours of a year, if only your heart be set on
accomplishing something definite. Take some small problem,
one for whose solution your material and training are adequate,
and work, work till you solve it. I can assure you that no amount
of success as a practitioner will ever give you half the pleasure
of your first real piece of independent research. That is the
child of your own brain; that forms your contribution to the
making of medicine; that is the part of you which will remain
when you are no more.
Some of you may, perchance, some day wander around the
old cemetery at Paris, Pere Lachaise. You may, among a thou-
sand pretentious monuments, find one that will strike you
beeause of its simplicity — a little iron pyramid, resting on the
grave of Baron Larrey, Napoleon's great physician, who laid
down his life at the battle of the Pyramids. On it the finest
tribute ever paid to a man. Sacred to the memory of Baron
Larrey, and then, in quotation marks, "The most honest man I
ever knew." They are the words of Bonaparte himself, in his
last testament. A fitting epitaph for a life as pure as it was
great, as great as it was true, an ideal physician. Be as honest
with yourself as with your patient, with your patient as with
yourself.
"With these few thoughts in mind, approach the study of
medicine free from all superstitution, free from all mental bias,
but withal with reverence. Modern science may have robbed
medicine of some romance; it has but added to the reverence
which she inspires in her votaries. Deeply as we are permitted
to see into life and consciousness, great as is our knowledge of
them, incomparably greater is that which we have yet to learn.
When you have done for your patient all that your art can do,
and when you stand at his bedside and feel the life blood ebbiug
and flowing, then ebbing, never to flow again-- when you realize that
in that second another soul has passed the bourn from which no
traveler returns to pass to the unknown and unknowable beyond,
in that moment you will grasp the awful mystery of life as never
before. When you then realize that again and again that life
may be saved by your effort, or lost by your mistake, you will
feel the grandeur of your duty, the nobility of the part you are
to play upon life's stage. It is a career worthy and more than
worthy of the best brain, the most loyal work, the finest senti-
ment which you may have. Bring to it courage to work, a just
and true ambition, and, above all, an ideal as high as Heaven.
SEPTICEMIA AND THE CURETTE.
By H. Plympton, M. D.
To attempt to break up an old established custom in any line
of life is at best a thankless job, and one likely to call down harsh
criticism upon the head of the daring iconoclast.
To attempt to uproot old prejudices existing in favor of a
certain line of practice in surgery, and diametrically oppose such
practice, is to invite from some, adverse criticism of the harshest
kind. The only recompense for this is a logical refutation of, or
concurrence in the argument advanced, on the part of other
members of the profession.
This latter is what I hope for, and if I provoke a discussion,
or start a line of thought in the minds of half of the readers of
this article, I shall have achieved all I started out to do.
Curetting the uterus to remove fragments of after-birth or
other debris has been taught in our Medical schools from time
immemorial, and it is firmly fixed in the receptive and retentive
mind of every medical student that the first move following any
such abnormal uterine condition, is to cleanse the uterus by
means of the curette.
That the organ should be thoroughly and aseptically cleansed
admits of no argument, but that the work should be done with
the curette, I deny most emphatically.
The majority of cases of death following the decomposition
of foetus or placenta in utero, are caused by the use of the
curette, and I hold that septicemia may be avoided if a more
rational procedure be resorted to.
The condition of the uterus containing septic matter is one
of great congestion; the thickened walls being coated internally
and over the oz with a thick, brown, tenacious mucus.
The congestion is active, and therefore the more dangerous
in the event of the admission of septic matter into the circu-
lation.
If the curette is used, denuding the walls of their protective
covering, an immediate vaccination takes place with a septic
virus, septicemia following in an incredibly short space of time
(chemical metamorphysis is marvelously rapid in the circulatory
system) and death quickly ensues.
193 The Flexus.
If without using the curette, we can remove the septic mat-
ter from the uterus without disturbing the mucus covering, and
enable the uterus of itself to expel the coating, we shall have
taken a long step forward in the treatment of this class of uter-
ine cases.
The uterus, by reason of its congestion, may be made to per-
form a self-cleansing act by exciting the exudation of the serum
of the blood into its cavity, thereby washing itself out, and ex-
pelling all septic matter instead of absorbing it.
This process of exosmosis is induced by a properly combined
alkaline solution at a temperature above 100*^ and a strict avoid-
ance of Bi-Chloride, Carbolic acid. Formaldehyde, or any anti-
septic of an acid reaction or astringent nature, which would
coagulate the fibrine and albumen of the blood.
My method of procedure is as follows:
First, The gentle removal of whatever fragments are lying
in the uterine cavity, by means of forceps, care being taken not
to tear from the walls any adherent piece.
Second, The gentle flushing of the uterine cavity with the
alkaline solution (110°), the reservoir containing the fluid being
not more than two feet above the level of the hips.
If the flushing could be continuously administered for a few
hours (say two or three), the conditions would be more speedily
reduced to normal, but the discomfort of the position of the
patient (on a Douche pan) prevents this, and a flushing once
every two hours with one quart of solution is about the limit of
treatment.
For flushing the uterus, I use a small dilating uterine douche,
and as there is plenty of room for the escape of fluid and frag-
ments, there is no danger of fallopian colic or salpingitis.
The first flushing is frequently followed by contractile pains
and expulsion of any previously adherent pieces, together with
much of the mucus.
A tablet of Ext. Cannabis Indica, gr. \
Ext. Ergotin, gr. i.
every hour till desired effect is produced will contract uterus and
alleviate pain.
The bowels should be moved freely, both by enema and
catharsis.
During the interval between douches, the patient should be
Septiceviia and the Curette. 197
kept on her back with the hips sufficiently raised to permit the
retention in the vagina of as much of the alkaline solution as it
will hold'.
The rapidity with which this treatment will reduce temper-
ature, relieve pain, stop vomiting and remove offensive odor is
marvelous to one who has not tried it. Sometimes two flushings
are sufficient to cleanse the uterus thoroughly; vaginal douches
being all that are needed subsequently to complete the work.
Uterine congestion is speedily relieved, and the uterine dis-
charge changes from brown, thick bad smelling mucus, to a thin
transjDarent one, accompanied or followed by more or less of a
flow of blood.
A reduction in the frequency of the flushings is desirable as
soon as a tendency to normal conditions begins to be observed,
as it frequently will within twenty four hours. Then simple
vaginal douches every three hours with an occasional uterine
flushing if symptoms indicate it.
The action of exosraosis (and endosmosis, for there is every
reason to believe in the absorption of some of the fluid) is what
is desired to relieve the existing congestion, as in a Bronchitis,
Pneumonia, Congestion of Kidney, congestion of any mucus
membrane, etc., and is the most rational means of restoring to
normal condition.
I do not wish to be understood as decrying the use of that
most valuable instrument the curette, but only the abuse of it
to wit: Its employment under such conditions as make it prac-
tically a sharp weapon loaded with septic matter, dangerous be-
yond the poisoned arrow of the Malay, or the fang of Cobra, and
utterly opposed to our modern ideas of antisepsis
No. 2 MaconSt., Brooklyn, N. Y.
THE PLEXUS
COLLEGE OF PHYSICIANS AND SURGEONS
MEDICAL DEPARTMENT
UNIVERSITY OF ILLINOIS.
CHICAGO.
Plexus Comtnittee of Faculty.
M. R. BROWN, M. D. C A. WOOD, M. D. T. A. DAVIS, M. D.
H. C. WADDLE, '03, Editor-in-Chief.
Sapt. W. H BROWNEr W T. E-KLEV. M. D, D. N. BI58ND>R\TH, M. D
W. A. EVANS, M. D., H. W. BBRARD, M. D., A. GERHMANN, M. D.
Associate Editor, L. HARRISON METTLER, M. D.
Class Editors:
R. L. ELDREDOE, '03. J. F. REPLOGLE, '04. H. P. BAGLEY, '05.
\lamtii Editor, DR. C. C. O'BYRNE, '94 Library Department. METTA M. LOOMIS
ATHLETIC EDITOR, J. J. MONAHAN.
Business Manager, W. H. PORTER, '03.
Publisher. - H. C. WADDLE.
Subscription $1.00 per Annum in advance. Single copies, 15 cents. Issued Monthly
Send all remittances and communications as to subscriptions and advertising to H. C.
WADDLE, '"'or. Congress and Honore Sts.
Entered at Chicago Post Office as Second-Class Matter.
Any subscriber desiring the Journal discontinued at the expiration of his subscription
should so notify the Publishers; otherwise it will be assumed that the subscription is to be
continued and the Journal sent accordingly.
Contributions of matter suitable for publicatii 'H are invited, and should be sent in no
alter than the 25th of the month previous to that of publication. The publishers will not hoi
themselves responsible for the safe return of MSS unless sufficient stamps are forwarded
Never, during our connection with the college, has there
been the interest in football as there is at the present time not
only among the student body but seemingly among the individ-
ual members of the faculty and never has there been so many
candidates for the regular team and has the enthusiasm of the
players been so great as with the present ones. It is to be
hoped that there will be a good team organized and there is every
prospect for one and it is to be hoped that the faculty will offici-
ally sanction and assist in the maintainance of a good foot ball
eleven, one, we as members of the College of Physicians and
Surgeons can with pride hurrah for and one sufficiently well
trained to carry off the laurels. The material at hand is good
Editorial. \^^
and with training and interest shown in the cause, will make an
eleven that we can justly be proud of.
An interest in a glee and mandolin club is being shown by
several members of the student body and it is to be hoped that
the interest shown will materialize in a first claes club. The
College of Physicians and Surgeons ought to support a first class
glee and mandolin club. The material is here, who w^ill take the
lead.
* *
There has been talk on several occasions of getting out a col-
lege annual and this is being revived by some members of the
present junior class. The juniors should get out this annual.
How about it juniorsV To be sure, the uudertakiug is a great
one, but it seems to us the present junior class is well able to
cope with this matter. The Plexus is at your service.
LIBRARY NOTES.
Metta M. Loomis. Librarian.
The following books have recently been added to the Quine
Library :
Bunge. Physiological and Pathological Chemistry.
Newth. Inorganic Chemistry.
Whitman. Orthopedic Surgery.
Woolsey. Applied Surgical Anatomy.
Walker. Introduction to Dermatology.
May. Diseases of the Eye
Powell. Principles in Treatment of Diseases of Heart.
Smith. Diseases of Children.
Sultan. Atlas and Epitome of Abdominal Hernia.
Helferich. Atlas and Epitome of Traumatic Fractures.
Grtinwald. Atlas and Epitome of Diseases of Mouth, Throat
and Nose.
Cohen, System of Physiological Therapeutics,
Handbuch der vergieichenden and expeimenteller,
Entwickelungslehre der Wirbeltiere.
Rose and Carless. Surgery.
Centralblatt fiir Physiologie.
Journal of Childhood and Adolescence.
For the benefit of the new students, attention is called to the
200 Iht Plexus.
following regulations, which are to be observed by all who use
the library:
No wraps or overcoats are to be brought into the library.
The tables in the stack room are reserv^ed for those doing
thesis work, for the members of the Quiz Class and the Pro-
fessors of the College.
Before a book is used by the student, he is expected to fill
out a slip which is to be left with the librarian until the book is
returned to the table.
The primary object of th« Quine Library is to furnish the
best medical literature for the students of the college. The
students are always welcome in the library, and at any time the
librarian is glad to assist in finding references, in explaining the
resources of the library, or aiding in any way to make the Quine
Library of the greatest possible benefit to the students.
The gifts to the Quine Library, received during the past
month have been unusually numerous and of exceptional value,
amounting in all to 2261 journals, 88 books, 45 reprints and a
complimentary subscription of one journal.
Dr. Casey A. Wood sent us a generous donation of 74 books
and 988 journals, which has necessitated a large addition to the
shelf space devoted to Ophthalmology. Among the books sent
were many rare editions of ophthalmic works and a complete file
of the Ophthalmic Record.
Dr. T. L. Catherwood of Shelbyville, 111., sent us a collection
of 1273 journals, which made a valuable addition to our ever in-
creasing files of medical periodicals.
Newth's Chemistry was kindly sent us by the publishers,
Longman Green & Co., and Bunge's Chemistry by Blackiston's
Son's & Co., the publishers.
Dr. Byron Robinson has recently manifested his interest in
the Quine Library by the appreciated donation of six of his well
known works: Landmarks in Gynecology, The Peritoneum, In-
testinal surgery 2 vols., Colpoperimorrhaphy and Strictures In-
volved, The Abdominal Brain, The gift also included his val-
uable set of charts on the utero-ovarian vascular circle. L.J.
Derdiger kindly solicited these books for the library.
Dr. Davis remembered the Quine Library during his recent
trip abroad by securing for us the two volume catalogue of Guys
Hospital Museum.
Library Kotes. 201
The sincere thanks of the friends and patrons of the library
a/re also extended to the following donors:
Dr. and Mrs. Eckley for their recent publication called An-
atomical Nomenclature
Dr. J. E. Harper, for De Schweinitz. Diseases of the Eye.
Dr. E. S. Smith, Boyer's Lectures on Diseases of the Bones.
Dr. E. A. and A. J. Ochsner. Thirty-six reprints of recently
published articles.
Dr. N. K. Armstrong, of Detroit. Two reprints.
When books are presented to the library it is desired that
the name of the donor apjDear in the book. Dr. C, A. Wood, who
has given so generously to the library, places his book plate on
the fiy-leaf of every book which he donates. This seems to be
the most satisfactory method of marking books, and we should
be glad to have others follow the precedent established by Dr.
Wood.
The following articles have been contributed to various
medical journals by members of the faculty of the College of
Physicians ann Surgeons:
Dr, R. H. Babcock. A Case of Pleurisy with More or Less
Permanent Pneumonic Induration — Are they Tuberculosis. Chi-
cago Medical Record, Sep., p. 185-189.
Dr, A. F. Lemke. Arthritis Deformans in a Child, with
Several Lymph Gland Enlargements and Splenic Tumor. Chi-
cago Medical Recorder, Sept., p, 189-195.
Dr. G. F. Suker. A Self-Illuminating Ophthalmoscope.
Ophthalmic Record, Aug., p. 428-431.
Dr. G. F. Suker. Small Foreign Bodies in the Cornea;
Their Results and Treatment. American Medical Compend.,
Sept., p. 251-245,
Dr, B, Holmes, The Trend of Medical Education in the
United States. American Medicine, Sept. 27, p. 491-492.
Dr. A. J. Ochsner. Tuberculosis of the Joints. Clinical
Review, Oct., p. 48-57.
Dr. W. L. Ballenger. A Physiologic Statement Explanatory
of Some of the Symptoms of Mouth Breathing. Annals of Ot-
ology, Rhmology and Laryngology, Aug., p. 470-472.
Dr. C. A. Wood and Dr. T. A. Woodruff. The Commoner
Diseases of the Eye.
Dr. G. F. Lydston. Fatty Degeneration of the Bladder as a
-02 Dental De})artment-
Factor in the Pathology of Genito-Urinary Diseases in Middle
and Advanced Life. Journal of Cutaneous and Genito-Urinary
Diseases, Oct., p. 456-460.
Dr. A. H. Ferguson. Contribution to the Surgery of Cleft
Palate. Annals of Surgery, Oct., p. 560-563.
Dr. G. F. Suker. A Report of Some Interesting Ophthalmic
Cases, Ophthalmic Record, Sept,, p. 462-472.
Dr. A. Gehrmann. The Occurrence of Typhoid Bacilli in
the Urine During Typhoid Fever. Chicago Medical Recorder,
Oct., p. 239-241.
Wm. Rightman of the Senior class has contributed an article
to the September number of Doctors' Magazine, entitled Doctor-
ing 2000 Years Ago.
ALUMNI NOTES.
'94. S. Stevens formerly of Dowagiac, Mich., is now located
at Traverse City Mich.
'95. H. H. Ainsworth, 804 Warren Ave., Chicago was a re-
cent caller at his alma mater.
"00. W. R. McCray of Marble Rock. la., w^as a recent vis-
itor. Mac notes many changes and found but a few familiar
faces. The doctor recently took unto himself a "better-half."'
'02. P. H. Schaefer has gone to Burlington, la., after sum-
mer's work in Chicago.
'02. L. J. Hammers, Chenoa, 111., was a recent visitor at the
Plexus office.
'02. D. A. Strong has located at 201 E. Douglas Ave.,
Wichita, Kan,
OBITUARY.
Leslie E. Meyers, a member of the class of 1889, of Fairdale
111., died at Colorado Springs, Colo., Sept., 2nd, from consump-
tion, age 38.
Maximimilian Muffet, member of the class of 1890, of Pala-
tine, 111., was found dead by the roadside near that village, Sept.
30, He was fifty years old and is supposed to have been thrown
or to have fallen from his buggy.
On W^ednesday evening, Oct, 15th, Dr. C, M, Burnham was
Ohituary. 203
united in marriage with Miss Mary L. Harroun, at the home of
the bride's parents in Watseka, 111.
At the time of the wedding, Dr. Burnham was ill, and re-
mained only a short time after the ceremony. He was sick on
Tuesday, and remarked to his brother that he had some of the
symptoms of Appendicitis, but in a cool determined way charac-
teristic of him, he carried out his part of the ceremony though
quite ill, and returning from which he went back to bed never to
get up.
On Saturday, the 18th, he was decidedly worse and a con-
sultation of physicians was held, at which time it was thought
that the disease was of an extreme type, peritonitis having set
in, and shortly after seven in the evening he passed aw^ay rath-
er suddenly.
The funeral w^as held in the First Presbyterian church of
Watseka, of which the deceased was a member; on Wed. the 22d,
at 1:30 p. m. The services being conducted by the pastor, who
had performed the wedding ceremony a few hours less than one
week before.
Dr. Burnham was in his twenty- second year, and was the
oldest son of Mr. and Mrs. F. H. Burnham, of Watseka, 111,
He graduated from the Watseka High School in 1898, taking
first honors in his class. In the fall of 1898 he entered the P.
and S. of the University of 111., and graduated last spring. In the
summer of 1901 he took special work in the Chicago College of
Eye, Ear, Nose and Throat, and during the past summer did P ost
Graduate Work at the Philadelphia Poly clinic.
Just preceding his marriage he had made a trip to Kansas
and the Indian Territory. and had selected Chickasha, Ind. Ty.,as
a location, intending to follow eye, ear, nose and throat work.
The mild climate being selected on account 'of his wife's health,
which has not been the best for some time.
In the first floor college hall-way, the picture of the class of
which he w^as a member (P. and S. '02) was draped with the col-
lege colors and in mourning, and Fred Fanyo, of the class of
1903, also of Watseka, and a friend of the deceased, sent a col-
lege pennant draped in mourning, which was placed on the cas-
ket.
Dr. J. S. Brown, of this college, also Clyde West, of the
Chicago Dental College, acted as pall-bearers.
To the bride and to Dr. Burnham's family, the Plexus and
many friendr in the college and in Chicago, extend their heart-
felt sympathy.
SENIOR NOTES.
The senior class, its members considerably augmented, as
usual, by new members, has entered upon its work for the final
school year with manifest enthusiasm and earnestness. Not
only do the members of the freshman class of '99, those who
have come to regard the institution with something akin to filial
affection, exhibit unwonted zeal in the work before them, but
those who have since joined the ranks seem also to realize that
the time for business is at hand, and there must be no lagging.
Whether or not this is due to the fact that there are but eight
months intervening before the conferring of degrees, or whether
advancing years in the study of medical science has impressed
the student body of our section with some degree of dignity and
the responsibility attaching to their intended profession, it can-
not be gainsaid that the spirit thus far shown in the studies this
year is in marked contrast to some of the apathy and reckless-
ness of the preceding terms. No one who has followed the rec-
itations throughout the previous three years, can fail to notice
the improvement. Another thing which must have favorably
impressed the faculty and management is the decorum of the
class. It can hardly be said that the seniors are perfect in this
respect but considering past actions, their present conduct has
been above reproach, and the scenes of boyish exuberance, ap-
proaching at times the proportions of rowdyism, have been com-
mendably lacking. No longer do the professors appear on a
scene of bedlam with half the chairs in the pit, and others, torn
from their fastenings ^nd half broken up, lying about in confu-
sion while a struggling mass of tyro physicians is passing up an
unfortunate straggler from another class. No more does our
genial superintendent come in as soon as the recitation is over
and remain until the next -professor arrives in order to prevent
the demolition of the furniture. Even "Si"' has become subdued
and somewhat docile although now and then lapses occur. This
alone speaks volumes for the mollifying influence of education
and scientific training. Let it continue throughout the remain-
der of the session as it has begun, and the benefits will be no less
apparent at the ending of the course than at the present time.
There is every incentive right now to better work and greater
advancement than ever before, and those who do not care to
Notes. 205
avail themselves of the advantages offered, should not be al-
lowed to indulge in monkey-shines during or between classes to
the detriment of the great majority who are inclined to conduct
themselves properly at all times.
It is to be regretted that certain members of the summer
senior class should have so conducted themselves as to result in
the publication of the article headed "To the Senior Class" which
appeared in the last issue. It can safely be stated that this
action by the students does not meet the approval of the major-
ity of the class, and is greatly deplored as tending to strain the
existing relations between faculty and students which had
already been placed on greater or less tension during the closing
days of last Spring's session. Had there been a little more dis-
cussion in the class, and less haste by the radical element, there
would have been less grief for all concerned. While sympathiz-
ing with those who are compelled to do additional time, we can
only regard the decision as perfectly just and honorable. The
boys will take their medicine like men whether prescribed t. i. d.
or p. r. n.
In anddition to the teams of Thomas and Thomas and Beck
and Beck the prospects seem good for the-early appearance of W.
and W. Attention has been called to certain personal adorn-
ments exhibited by the young lady which may or may not have
some significance. It has been suggested that "Jimmie" is en-
titled, under the Dean's ruling, to use the elevator instead of
walking up four flights of stairs, and Dr. Babcock would certain-
ly issue the necessary certificate, as he could scarcely fail to rec-
ognize the pronounced cardiac lesions.
It is reported that McCarthy and Tweedle had a narrow
escape from serious injury a few nights ago-in an encounter with
a folding bed, which secured a strangle hold on them both simul-
taneously. This hold is barred in modern wrestling, and their
vigorous and lusty appeals brought Referee Buchanan to their
aid and a decision was rendered against the bed on a foul.
The quiz class which commenced with an attendance of
about fifteen members has narrowed down to the following list,
the othershaving resumed their regular class work: Miss Baird,
Casavaw, Fanyo, Frechtling, 0..G. Fisher, Hall, Haskell and
Haygard. They report plenty of good hard work together with
satisfactory quiz masters.
206 The Plexus
We are pleased to note the return of Miss Kavaljian who has
just recovered from an attack of pneumonia.
Don Parker is laid up in the hospital with an attack of ty-
phoid fever. His many friends hope for a speedy recovery.
Your class editor would be very glad to have referred to him
anything printable in these pages concerning the senior class or
its members. Nothing is too small for mention or too large for
our space. While we are here together we ought to know some-
thing of what the others are doing, and if there should arise any
contingency which affects the entire lot it should be printed in
our ofiicial organ. The only way to accomplish this is to give
the facts to the editor, and if each one will contribute a little the
aggregate will make a remarkably fine showing.
One of the letters sent out by the faculty travelled over 1,500
miiles before it struck Bottom.
JUNIOR NOTES.
Well! Weill Here we are back again and right to the front.
Juniors? Well I guess yes, and not D, J.'s either, only to the
dignified seniors, but they don't count so many. Of course, it is
generally conceded (by the seniors themselves) that they are the
strongest class that ever entered the domaiiis of P. & S. A dis-
tinction to be proud of but poorly conferred. However, that re-
port was circulated before our class was organized or heard of,
and from all conceivable records and authoritative reports our
general standing is about -'steen degrees centigrade" higher
than was the last junior class. So we must be at least notice-
able. Yet as a class our regard for the dignity of the "worthy
senior" is of the highest order, and any time they, or any other
of our brother classes need the grip of a strong hand just call
upon the juniors and they'll find us in.
Owing to the fact that we have had to wait for a few of the
stragglers, we have been somewhat slow in arranging our class
into sections for the customary quiz work in medicine and sur-
gery, but we don't hear anyone crying for more work.
The prospects for a good stiff course throughout this term,
are quite favorable, as a great deal of good solid work is expect-
ed. We have a large, hard working and congenial class; a well
arranged schedule and an excellent class faculty.
Notes. 207
Most important of the current events of this the first month
•of our junior year, was the class election. Ex-president Haess-
ley officiated as chairman, and the following officers were elect-
ed to execute and conduct the affairs of the class during the en-
suing college year:
E. Taylor Jarvis, President; J. R. Montgomery, Vice Presi-
dent; E. V, David, 'D.D.S., Treasurer: W. E. Harrington, Secreta-
ry; Clarence Wall, Sergeant-at arms, and Jos. F.Replogle, Editor.
There is but little comment necessary as to the class's selection
of officers. All but one of the chosen are members of the origi-
nal class, and are well known. Af for Mr. Jarvis we are all
familiar with his integrity, executive and business ability. He
has always taken a great personal interest in the wellfare of the
class, and is worthy of the support of every member.
Mr. Montgomery, who was elected vice president, is recog-
nized as one of our most scholardly young men, and possesses all
the qualifications necessary to fill the capacity of vice president.
He will undoubtedly be a splendid helpmate for M. Jarvis.
Next in order is Mr. W. E. Harrington, who will act as our
necretary during the ensuing year. We cannot say anything too
good for Mr. H. (His sentiments were — I simply thank the
bunch). He is not only a topnotcher as a scholar, but a thor-
oughly good fellow in every other respect.
E. V. David, D, D.S., who is our treasurer, was a new mem-
ber among us last year, and his general class interest soon
brought him into our confidence. The position of ireasurer will
be no little task this year, as we will have much work to do which
will necessitate the handling of considerable money, and we all
know what it means to get money from students, even class
dues.
Next is the editor who could fill up about three issues of the
Plexus telling of his qualifications, but as they are probably
not of the nature expected, he will refrain from committing him-
self, and just go on an earn his salary which usually amounts to
a few jabs, dissatisfied comments and "call-downs'" from the
class every week. If you know anything of class interest let him
know.
Last and largest in superstructure is our esteemed Mr. Wall,
who swallowed up enough votes to make him honorable sergeant-
at -arms. There is no doubt but this mighty genius when prompted
208 2]ie Plexus.
to undertake his most great and necessary work will execute hi*
duty in a familiar and masterly manner as has been examplified
in the C. C. H. So "Cheer up'" Wall, and if you ever need any
assistance to throw an intruding senior down the back stair, just
call for help, and we'll ring in the whole class if necessary. But
for your own sake don't ever send in any false alarms, like one
of our unfortunate members did last year (about the 1st of April)
because you know w^hat happened to him.
"VYe are all grateful for the rare privilege of seeing Dr.
Lorenz at Prof. Porter's clinic and at the C. C. Hospital. We-
feel that no less a man than Dr. Lorenz could take the place of
Dr. Porter.
Mr. W, K. Jacoby is with us again, and we welcome him but
apparently Mr. White and the bull-pup have taken to the tall
timbers.
Several of our members are at the Northwestern Medical
College this year. We cannot imagine any reason why they
should go there, as we are quite sure our clinics, laboratories^
diadactic work and faculty are far superior to anything this side
of Baltimore. There is probably a personal feeling or a spirit
of wanderlust. However, we have a number of students from
that institution enrolled with us.
Messrs. Curney and Yates who have been out for a year are
with us again.
Neither Miss Wurst or "Minimie Digitee" Jackson have ma-
terialized up to the present writing.
Mr. Iric Danek and J. Howard G'Neil, former members of
our class, are at the Mercy Hospital, where their appendicies
were removed by Prof. Bayard Holmes. Both are convalescing.
A fact worthy our note is the action Mr. Melbourne Raynor
has taken in the P. & S. Department of the Young Men's Christ-
ian Association. Mr. Raynor, whose deep conviction as to the
value of this department, has been identified with the work since
his entering the college. Last year he acted as treasurer and
this year while attending the student's conference at Lake
Geneva was asked to accept the position of department secreta-
ry at this school. He realized the impossibility of doing justice
to both school work and the department work, so decided to drop
the former for at least one year. During July and August Mr.
^otes. 20»
Kaynor attended the summer school of the Secretorial Institute
of Chicago, after which he began planning work for new students
and completing arrangements for a room in the college, which~
has been handsomeJy furnished. The work is of infinite benefit
to both students and faculty, who should appreciate its value by
every known means of support.
SOPHOMORE NOTES.
We find on going over class role that the following men have
failed to return: Burgess, Fink, Morton, Skahill, Sietsema,
Slemmens, Mitchell and Miss Zatlin.
H. B. WENTZ.
Class election resulted as follows: Pres., H. B. Wentz; Vice?
J. P. Browne; Treas., Miss Hattendorf; Sec. and Class Editor,
H. P. Bagley.
There are four Eagens this year.
Many new students have enrolled with '05, swelling our
ranks considerably.
We have quite a large representation on our class role by
the fair sex this year.
210 The Plexus.
Fink is registered this year at an Indianapolis medical
school.
Burgess is attending a Kansas City school.
Morton has moved with his parents to New York City. We
have no foetus now.
Sietsema is attending Eclectic school of medicine here in
the city.
With a very proficient faculty, who are all popular with the
class, a good schedule, and the dethrmination of each student to
be' a star, we bid fair to have the most beneficial, successful and
harmonious year in our short, and so far, troubled existence.
The hospital project of the last year is being revived, and
will surely be carried to a successful finish.
Several of our fellows have returned with additions in the
way of better halves.
The question of a permanent class organization is being dis-
cussed among the boys, and from present indications it looks
very much like success.
C. D. Powell was appointed on the foot ball committee on
funds for the college team this season.
Dr. Shaw happened in one of our class rooms and received a
very rousing ovation from the class. Every '05 student has a
very warm spot in their heart for Dr. Shaw.
Stearns and Ransienn will pro sect for Dr. Price in freshman
anatomy.
Laboratories are again open, for which we are duly thank-
ful for we like work(?)
J. P. Browne is Dr. Eckley's chief scribe. Browne puts up
a very fine concoction in the way of writing.
Stoneheart is going to school in Denver this year. He likes
the climate there better.
Greenwald is at Northwestern this year.
We miss Kyle's smiling face this year.
Sixteen of our former classmates are registered as Juniors
this year.
Bawdin lias given up medicine and is now a private detective.
Renaud is attending school at Louisville this year.
Mtes. 211
We are all glad to have Di'. Wood again this year in chem-
istry.
Savage Stearns is again with us.
We now have a Weiner Snitzel. One of our faculty tests
sugar for urine.
Have you seen Schells' whiskers^.
Ask J. J. Egan about his wife.
J. P. Brovv^ne is again laying foundations for future medical
careers with the D. J.'s.
Davies is well. He won't be so long for he associates with
Hopkins.
Some of our members carry alarm clocks now in order to
wake up before class is dismissed.
The above likeness is of our class president, H. B. Wentz,
and it is an excellent one.
WEDDING BE^LS.
Dr. Henry Sumner Bennett and Miss Helen Grossman of
Moline, Ills., were married September 4th. Dr. Bennett was
graduated from P. and S. w^ith the class of 1900 and for the past
year has been successfully practicing his profession in Moline,
HI.
H. P. Bagley, member of the class of '05, was married on
Sept. J 6th. to Miss Winifred Church of Springfield, Mass. They
are now at home at 427 Washington Blvd., Chicago.
NEWS ITEMS.
A daughter arrived at the home of Dr. C. W. Barrett on Oct.
21st. Congratulations.
Dr. F. Gregory Connell, recently a member of our faculty,
now of Leadville, Colo., was in Chicago recently. He is enjoy-
ing his new western home.
Dr. C. W. Barretfs daughter Florence, 3ge two years and
four months died on Sept. 18tb, of meningitis following measles.
Dr. Wm. Burns of Palo, 111., who has mfde &uch generous
vdonations to the Qaine Library visited Ihe college on Oct. 22n d
The Citizens' Aid Association of Chicago will give a musica
212 The Plexus.
entertaiument for the benefit of the Alexian Bros.' Hospital at
the Auditorium on Wednesday eve, Nov. 12. The President of
this organization is Dr. M. J. Seifeit of the Class of '00. The
doctor will lead the Thomas Orchestra on this occasion, an honor
which few can fill. Dr. Seifert is a musician of no little note as
well as a successful practioner.
Rarely in the school life of a student does an opportunity
come to see the world's renowned physician and surgeon, but
such an opportunity came to the P. and S. students on Monday,
Oct. 14, when Dr. Lorenz of Vienna held a clinic in the amphi-
theater and demonstrated his method of correcting congenital
dislocations of the hip in seven cases, and later in the County
Hospital, where several more patients were operated upon.
These clinics were the result of an agreement brought about by
Drs. T. A. Davis and Prank B. Earle when in Vienna during
their recent visit there.
Alpha Omega Alpha. — Since publishing the names of the
charter members in the last Plexus, the following seniors have
been elected to membership: Thomas A. Bryan, Fred Panyo,
Michael E, McGann, George P. Plough, Charlton E. Haggard,
Louis H. Frechtling, Marion M. Null, Joseph J. Sherrill, Walter
F. Wessels, William P. Casavaw, Lucius A. Donkle, C. W.
Poorman. William W. Root, Sec'y. •
Nargol in Treatment of Empyema of the Antrum of
HiGHMORE. — Dr. A. G. Wippern, in the Medical News, reports
the successful treatment of empyema of the antrum with solu-
tions of nargol, a compound of silver and nucleinic acid. As is
well known, the salts of silver, — the nitrate in particular, — have
been successfully used for the treatment of purulent conditions.
Unfortunately, however, nitrate of silver is a very effective co-
agulant ^nd is on this account self-limited in iis action. In nar-
gol this property, as well as that of staining the tissues of cloth-
ing, is absent. Nargol is a very efficient germicide, and with it
Dr. Wippern has treated successfully three cases of empyema.
He uses it in o 25 per bent, solutions. {fJonmos.)
A. H. PECK, :\I. D.
Dean of the Dental Department University of Illinoif
SCHOOL OF DENTISTRY
DENTAL DEPARTMENT
UNIVERSITY OF ILLINOIS.
EDITORIAL COMMITTEE.
D. M. CATTELL, D. D. S., G. W. COOK, D. D. S. B. J. CIQRAND, D. D. S.
Supt. R. P. DONALDSON.
D. M. CATTELL, Editor-itt-Chief. C. E. JONES, Aluttmi Editor.
CLASS EDITORS.
A. E. ALTHER, 02. F. M. STAHL, 03. J. C. GROUT, 04.
Publisher, - K. C- WADDLE.
Subscription *1. 00 Per Annum in advance. Single copies, 15 cents. Issued monthly
Send all jemittances and communications as to subscriptions and advertising to H. C
WADDLE, Cor. Congress and Honore Sts., Chicago.
THE ESSENTIAL OILS AND SOME OTHER AGENTS,
THEIR ANTISEPTIC VALUE, ALSO THEIR IRRI-
TATING OR NONIRRITATING PROPERTIES.
By a. H. Peck, M. D., D. D. S., Chicago, 111.
Very soon after assuming the duties of the chair of materia
medica and therapeutics in college work, I became convinced
that in our literature there was much loose statement in regard
to the action of the drugs we employ in dentistry. Especially
did this seem true in regard to the antiseptic powers of various
agents employed as antiseptics. Further, the therapeutic action
of ihese agents has generally not been especially considered. It
seems that iodoform is still used by many as an antiseptic, though
it has long been known that it has not that power under ordin-
ary circumstances. Also, that the presence of albumin renders
the ordinary solutions of bichloride of mercury inert as to anti-
septic power, and prevents its effectiveness in treating suppura-
tive surfaces, yet it is persistently used for this purpose. Also,
the essential oils, some of which have previously been shown to
possess antiseptic virtues have seemed to be looked upon as a
group of antiseptics, and, as it has seemed to me, are being used
without reference to their relative merits as antiseptics, or to
their therapeutic effects upon the tissues to which they are ap-
plied. For these reasons I have, in my teaching made trial of
216 The Plexus.
these agents hi the bacteriological laboratory, as to their effec-
tiveness as antiseptics, and have also in various ways made trial
to their effects upon animal tissues in order that I might speak
definitely of my own knowledge of these matters. In this paper
I will state briefly my observations upon a number to these
agents.
To determine the antiseptic value of these agents the follow-
ing experiments were conducted: Test tubes, each containing
ten c. c. of sterilized mutton bouillon, (which amount will here-
after be referred to as the unit of cuUure media,) were used. The
broth in these tubes was infected with microoiganisms. In each
set of plants made, a control tube was used, i. e., a tube in which
the broth was infected, but into which no antiseptic agent was
placed, simply to act as a control for the results of the remain-
ing tubes into which antiseptic agents were placed. In each in-
stance the control tube presented a full development of bacteria,
thus proving the accuracy of each set of plants. One drop of
the essential oil was first used in the tubes. When one drop pre-
vented development of bacteria, the quantity was gradually de-
creased in other 'plants, until the least amount that would pre-
vent development was ascertained. To divide the drop I placed
ten drops of alcohol in a small vial, and into this placed one drop
of the oil; the alcohol dissolves the oil immediately. I then used
in the culture tube such proportion of the drop of the essential
oil desired, one drop of the solution representing one-tenth of a
drop of oil. Those drugs that were found ineffective with one
drop were increased in other plants until found effective, or
were given up as unsuitable, or worthless as antiseptics. The
same dropper was used throughout. When using the same drop-
per it will be observed that a drop of alcohol is smaller in bulk,
than a drop of an essential oil. Because of this difference in the
size of the drops, ten drops of alcohol and one drop of an essen-
tial oil form, as nearly as it can be figured, a ten per cent solu-
tion. And one drop of this solution represents one-tenth of the
drop of oil
An antisepiic must be regarded as a poison to the vegetable
cell, and many of them act also as poisons to the animal cell. I
undertook this series of experiments for the determination of
these differences of poisonous effects with the idea that in selec-
ting antiseptics for use in practice we should have special re-
Dental De'partme'nt. 217
•gard to the effects of the agents upon the animal tissues to which
they are applied. To determine the irritating or nonirri bating
properties of these oils an extensive course of experiments with
them has been conducted, in" connection with sores artificially
produced on guinea pigs, and also on my own person. To deter-
mine uhe effect of these agents when applied directly to soft tis-
sue the applications were made, in each instance, to my own per-
son. And pardon me when I say that I believe I have come to
positive conclusions regarding some of these agents along these
lines.
Oil of Cassia, I find that three-tenths of a drop is the small-
est quantity that will prevent development of bacteria in the
"unit of culture media," and there being sixty-seven drops of oil
of cassia in one c. c, this agent is effective as an antiseptic in 1
to 2,23.3 parts, that is to say, one whole drop of oil of cassia
would prevent develment of bacteria in 2,233 drops of infected
broth. This explanation, if you please, will hold good in connec-
tion with each agent I have used. Oil of cassia is undoubtedly
the most potent of the essential oils as an antiseptic.
I have had at least a dozen samples of cassia, obtained from
as many different sources, and upon analyzing them have found
them to be adulterated in each instance. One sample, especially,
shipped direct from China to a dealer in Chicago, was found to
contain fixed oils in considerable quantity. Others were found
to contain alcohol, etc. This oil, as found in commerce to-day,
is not as potent an antiseptic, by about one-half,' as was the cas-
sia obtained fourteen years ago. A reference to the work of Dr.
G. V. Black along this same line, done about fourteen years ago,
serves to prove the correctness of this statement. The samples
of cassia he used at that time were potent in 1 to 4,000 parts. If
I could have obtained a pure, unadulterated sample of cassia it
would certainly have outclassed oil of cinnamon as -an antiseptic
by a wide margin; but as it is, as to the division of a drop, they
have proven exactly the same. However, you will notice when
we consider that agent, that of oiUof cinnamon only sixty-three
drops are required for one c. c, while of cassia sixty-seven drops
are required. This simply means that one drop of oil of cinnam-
on is just slightly larger in bulk than one drop of oil of cassia,
so that^this discrimination in the number of drops to the c. c.
still places oil of cassia ahead of oil of cinnamon as an antisep-
218 The Plexus.
tic, the potency of oil of cinnamon figuring out 1 to 2,100 parts.
While oil of cassia stands at the head of the essential oils as an
antiseptic, it is also true that it is the most poisonous in its effect
upon soft tissue.
As a test of the irritating properties of oil of cassia,
a pellet of cotton was saturated with it and placed in a
small rubber cup, to prevent evaporation. This was applied to
the surface of the skin and held there by means of a piece of
court plaster large enough to cover it over and stick tightly to
the surface of the skin about the edges. This was retained in
place for twenty-four hours, during which time the irritation to
the soft parts was by no means a pleasant feature. At the end
of this period a blister invariably forms; however, the inflamma-
tion in the tissues at this time is not very great. The blister
will occupy an area from one half to one- third greater than that
to which the oil is directly applied, and will fill and • refill with
serum several times before any tendency to recovery is noticed.
At the end of forty-eight hours the inflammation in the parts in-
volved is intense, and occupies an area four or five times as great
as that to which the oil is directly applied. Numerous small, in-
dependent blisters almost invariably form about the circumfer-
ence of the inflamed area. This condition continues for several
days, and while the inflammatory process is at its height the
sore is one of the ugliest and most formidable in appearance it
has ever been my privilege to look upon. These sores, also, are
very slow in healing. It is with seeming regret on their part
that the inflammation is permitted to subside, and the parts to
return to a normal condition. While these sores are in every
way justasbadas has been described, they are, however, fraught
with no serious consequences.
To further test the irritating properties of this oil, a sore, in
connection with which there was considerable inflammation, was
produced on a guinea pig and treated for a number of days with
the spray of cassia, by means of an atomizer. So long as this
treatment -was continued the parts could not recover, but quite
to the contrary, the inflammation was greatly increased. Sup-
puration was then produced by infecting the sore with pus form-
ing micro organisms. This in turn was treated with the spray
of cassia, with the result that the germs were destroyed, and the
pus formation caused to cease, thus showing quite conclusively
Dental Department. 219
that this agent is an excellent germicide when applied to suppur-
ating surfaces, as well as a most potent antiseptic.
To ray mind, it is clearly shown that while the antiseptic
and germicidal properties of this oil are of the nighest order, it
is one of the most irritating, in its effects on soft tissue, of all
the agents with which we have anything to do. And because of
these effects, as outlined above, I feel perfectly justified in mak-
ing the statement that oil of cassia should never be used as a
dressing in root-canals of teeth.
There is also another reason, aside from the above, why it
should not be used, and that is, its proneness to cause discolora-
tion of the teeth. In almost every instance in which its use is
continued for a time the teeth are more or less discolored, and in
some cases very considerably. This is one of the most difficult
forms of discoloration to correct that we are called upon to treat.
Is it not reasonable to suppose that when cassia is used in
the treatment of pulpless teeth, the above disagreeable condi-
tions may occur in the soft tissues occupying the apical spaces
and also the peridental membrane become involved in the inflam-
matory process y Have you ever thought that the excessive flow
of serum which so frequently occurs from the tissues of the apic-
al spaces of teeth that are being treated with this oil, is nothing
more or less than the discharge of actual blister, as in the cases
above recited? If these are reasonable suppositions — and I be-
lieve they are — is it still a source of wonder to any of you that
teeth, under these circumstances, so suddenly develop such ex-
treme tenderness to pressure, as they frequently do?
Oil of cassia, however, has a place in our practice as dentists.
Cassia water, sometimes, in the treatment of fistulous abscesses,
is very useful. It is so stimulating to the tissues that it excites
a healthy action on the part of the latter when other agents fail.
This oil in the treatment of severe cases of pyorrhoea, so-called,
where the pockets about the teeth are deep, and considerable pus
present, is exceedingly useful. In such cases it may be used in
full Strength by means of a drop syringe. The oil is not permit-
ted to remain in contact with the soft tissues a sufficient length
of time to cause trouble, it is so soon diluted by the fluids of the
mouth.
Oil of cinnamon of Ceylon. We find that three-tenths of a drop
prevents development of bacteria in the "unit of culture media,"
220 Ihe Plexus.
and that sixty-three di*ops constitute one c. c, thus showing this
agent effective as an antiseptic in 1 to 2,100 psrts. Oil of cinna-
mon of Ceylon, as is well known, is very much the same nature
as oil of cassia. However, in some respects there is a marked
difference between them. It has been demonstrated that oil of
cinnamon is not so irritating to soft tissue as oil of cassia. An
application of this oil to soft tissue, in the same manner that cas-
sia was applied, and left for twenty-four hours, caused consider-
able irritation, and formation of blister. At the end of forty-
eight hours the inflammation was severe; however, not so intense
as that caused by cassia, and the area of tissue involved in the
inflammatory process was not so great. Also, the blister that de-
veloped by the application of cinnamon was by no means as large
as that from cassia, occupying the center of the inflamed area and
spreading over tissue in extent equal only to that to which the
agent was directly applied. The blister and inflammation are
not so persistent as is the case with cassia, the former refilling
with serum usually but two or three times, and the inflammation
passing away quite readily.
A sore on a guinea pig, attended with much inflammation,
was treated with the spray of oil of cinnamon with the result that
it was further constantly irritated and thus prevented from heal-
ing, Suppuration was then produced in the sore, and again
treated with the spray of this oil — the germs being destroyed
and the pus formation ceasing. The action of cinnamon was not
so vigorous as that of cassia.
To my mind, cinnamon is altogether too irritating for use in
the treatment of pulpless teeth.
A synthetic oil of cinnamon, a sample of which I secured from
the first lot sent to this country (it being prepared in both France
and Switzerland) proved to be as potent an antiseptic as the reg-
ular oil, three-tenths of a drop preventing development of bac-
teria in the "unit of culture media." Sixty-four drops of this oil
constitute ac. c, thus showing it effective as an antiseptic in 1
to 2,133 parts. It is, however, in its first effects more irritating
to soft tissue than oil of cassia. An application was made to
soft tissue, and at the end of fifteen hours a fully developed blis-
ter, in extent larger than the area of tissue to which the oil was
applied, was the result. There was little inflammation or
discoloration of the tissues. The first effect of this oil on soft
Dental Department. 221
tissue was so vigorous, much tenderness and inflammation
were confidently expected to follow. In this, however, I was dig-
appointed. The blister continued to refill with serum several
times, but actually no tenderness or inflammation worthy of men-
tion developed in the surrounding parts. I cannot recommend it
for use in the treatment of pulpless teeth.
Beech-wood creosote is, the next agent, from point of potency,
as an antiseptic; five-tenths of a drop prevented development of
bacteria in the "unit of culture media." There are sixty four
drops in one c. c, thus showing creosote effective as an antisep-
tic in 1 to 1,280 parts. This agent is practically nonirritating to
soft tissue. An application remaining for a period of thirty- six
hours produced practically no irritation. There was just the
slightest evidence of irritation about the center of the area to
which it was applied. There was no inflammation.. The surface
of the skin was slightly discolored and also slightly burned or
seared over, but not to an extent that caused the loss of any tis-
sue. A sore on a guinea pig was treated with the spray of creo-
sote with the resulcthat the inflammation gradually subsided, and
the sore healed with little delay.
Another sore in which suppuration was produced was treated
in like manner, the germs being readily destroyed and the pus
formation stopped. Continued treatment resulted in the gradual
healing of the sore. Creosote has proven its right to stand
among the first, from point of potency, as an antiseptic, and be-
cause it has been demonstrated that it is practically nonirritating
to soft tissue, it is a safe agent, and in some cases a very desir-
able one, for use in the treatment of pulpless teeth. A case of
putrescent pulp, for instance, of long standing, one in which the
lateral openings and also the dentinal tubules are completely
saturated with mephitic odors and gases, creosote, in my judg-
ment, is the most potent and desirable of the available agents.
It is very penetrating, and one of the most persistent in its ef-
fects of all the agents at our command. I have used it to good
advantage in severe cases of apical pericementitis. However, in
some instances, where discoloration of the teeth has occurred, it
has seemed that it was due to the action of the drug. Creosote
being more or less of the nature of carbolic acid, possesses to a
certain extent the properties of a local anaesthetic, and because of
this property it has quite a beneficial effect upon inflamed tissue.
222 The Plexus.
Oil of cloves. Six tenths of a drop prevented growth in the
*'unit of culture media;" sixty-nine drops constitute one c c,
showing it effective as an antiseptic in 1 to 1,150 parts. Oil of
cloves is absolutely nonirritating to soft tissue. An application
to the surface of the skin for thirty -six hours left no more evi-
dence of having been confined there than so much sterilized
water would have done. No irritation, no discoloration. Sores
were produced on guinea pigs and treated with the spray of this
oil. The inflammation subsided more rapidly than when treated
with any other agent, and the sores healed as readily as they
could, simply proving beyond any possibility of doubt that, while
effectively destroying micro-organisms, the only action of this
oil in contact with irritated, inflamed soft tissue is that of a quiet-
ing, soothing agent, serving to reduce the irritation and inflam-
mation, and causing the disturbed tissues to return to their normal
condition. A sore in which suppuration was produced by being
infected with pus forming micro organisms was treated with the
spray of this oil; the germs were destroyed, and the formation
of pus was stopped.
A sore on my arm, produced by an application of cassia, be-
came infected and pus formed. This was washed thoroughly
with a 1 lo 1,000 solution of bichloride of mercury every night
for several times, and dressed in turn with iodoform, nosophen
and aristol, with no other result than an absolute failure to stop
pus formation. One night, after having washed the sore thor-
oughly with the bichloride solution, I saturated it with oil of
cloves. There was only a slight smarting for a few minutes, after
which its action was that of a quieting, soothing agent. This
application was held in position for twenty-four hours. It was
then removed; no pus was present, and the little granulations
could be seen springing up all over the surface of the sore. It
was immediately dressed with aristol and let alone for forty-eight
hours, at the end of which time it was perfectly healed.
Another sore on the lower part of my right leg, the result of
an application of formalin, was causing a great deal of trouble.
The inflammation was severe, the tissues were very tender, the
muscles felt bound up and were very paiuful, it being exceeding-
ly difficulty to walk. Cjntinued treatment with ordinary reme-
dies resulted in no relief. One morning, after having thorough-
ly cleansed the sore, a liberal quantity of oil of cloves was placed
Dental Department. 223
on it, and the bandage applied. Within four hours" time the very
disagreeable, drawn dondition of the muscles passed away, the
pain ceased, and the foot could be moved in all directions as free-
ly and comfortable as could the other, and could be used in walk-
ing just as well as it ever could.
Oil of cloves, for general use in the treatment of pulpless
teeth, is one of the best agents at our command. It pos-
sesses the property of destroying or rendering inert septic
and infectious material. In cases of apical pericementitis it is
one of the best agents that can be used. It possesses local anaes-
thetic properties to a marked degree, and, like some of the other
agents, because of this fact, serves to reduce the inflammation in
the tissues in the apical space and causes them to return to a nor-
mal, healthy condition.
Oil of bay. Seven-tenths of a drop prevented development in
the "unit of culture media." Seventy-two drops are necessary
for one c. c, showing this agent effective as an antiseptic ^in 1
to 1,028 parts. Oil of bay is a comparatively new agent in den
istry. Five years ago a gentleman spoke to me about this oil,
said he had been using it for some time in the treatment of pulp-
less teeth, and that, so far as his clinical experience went, had
found it to be an efficient and agreeable agent- He stated that
he had not observed any bad effects along the line of producing
irritation, or anything -of that sort. He requested that I test it,
which I did, with the result above stated, which places this oil in
the foremost ranks of the list of antiseptics. I have used it more
or less since, and in one case, that I have in mind, thought the ir-
ritation and tenderness resulting was directly due to the action
of the oil. But in subsequent use, have observed none of these
effects. I came to the conclusion that I was wrong, that there
must have been some foreign, irritating substance present which
caused the trouble. I have made two applications of the oil to
soft tissue, retaining each in contact for thirty- six hours, for the
purpose of observing its effect, and no irritation resulted in eith-
-er case.
A sore was produced on a guinea pig with an irritant which
caused intense inflammation. This was treated with the spray of
ba}^ for several days, and the closest observation did not reveal
any additional irritation, but to the contrary, the inflammation
gradually subsided. However, not so rapidly or willingly as
224 * The Plexus.
when some othei agents were used — as cloves. A sore in which
suppuration was produced, on being treated with the spray of
bay, yielded nicely, the germs being destroyed and the pus
formation stopped. I think we are safe in concluding that this
oil is a valuable addition to our list of agents for the treatment of
pulpless teeth. So far, I can see no objection to its use, and it is
certainly a most effective agent.
Oil of sassafras. Seven- tenths of a drop prevented growth of
bacteria in the "unit of culture media;" seventy drops are re-
quired for one c. c, showing it eifective as an antiseptic in 1 to
1,000 parts. Oil of sassafras in contact with soft tissue for thir-
ty-six hours produced no evidence of irritation. It has proven to
be a very potent antiseptic. I have treated sores, in which there
was marked inflammation, with the spray of this oil, and the re-
sult was much the same as with the last previous agents; the in-
flammation subsiding, the irritation passing away and the sore
healing. It has not exhibited the ability to destroy germs and
prevent pus formatian to nearly the extent that the stronger
agents have. I have never used oil of sassafras in the treatment
of pulpless teeth, but I see no reason why it should not be a po-
tent and harmless agent in this connection.
Oil of i^eppermint. Eight-tenths of a drop prevented develop-
ment of bacteria in the "unit of culture media;" seventy-two
drops are necessary for one c. c. , showing this agent effective as
an antiseptic in 1 to ^75 parts. An application of this oil to soft
tissue continued for thirty- six hours produced no irritation, no
discoloration of the skin, no inflammation, thus showing
that this, also, is nonirritating to soft tissue. A sore in
which considerable inflammation was present was treated with
the spray of this oil, with the result that the inflammation readi-
ly yielded, the irritation subsided and the sore healed. Another
sore in which suppuration was produced was treated in the same
way, with the result that the germs were destroyed, and the pus
formation stopped, which shows that this agent is not only
an antiseptic, but also destroys the germs and thus prevents pu&
formation. This is an agent which I have rarely ever used in
practice. Three years ago I used it a little in treatment cases,
but discarded it simply because of its persistent, penetrating
odor. Other than that, I can see no objection to its use in pulp-
less teeth.
Dental Department . 225'
Dr. Black's "i-2-3." This is the next agent in point of po-
tency. One and four-tenths drops prevented development of bac-
teria in the "unit of culture media;" sixty-five drops are neces-
sary for one c. c, showing this agent effective as an antiseptic in
1 to 454 parts. "1-2-3," is a preparation given to the prof-
ession a number of years ago by Dr. G. V. Black, consist-
ing— the mild solution, so-called, and this is the one used in
these tests — of one part oil of cassia, two parts carbolic acid crys-
tals, and three parts oil of gaultheria. It has always proven it-
self a most efficient agent in the treatment of pulpless teeth, and
has been used by very many in the dental profession for the last
twelve or fourteen years, possibly more than any other one agent.
I have used it continuously since in practice, and have never ob-
served any bad effects. No irritation to the soft parts, no tend-
erness of the tooth to pressure, no inflammation resulting. Pos-
sibly some of you will wonderwhy "1-2 3" is such an efficientand
desirable agent, consisting, as it does, of cassia, carbolic acid and
winter-green; carbolic acid being not a positive persistent antis-
eptic, but one the restraining effects of which upon the develop-
ment of bacteria are only transient; oil of gaultheria being ab-
solutely worthless as an antiseptic, and the use of cassia
being so thoroughly condemned because of its extreme ir-
ritating properties. Of course, this agent is largely depen-
dent upon the cassia for its antiseptic property. The gaul-
theria is uged as a diluent to the cassia. The carbolic
acid was used more especially because of its anasstheiic
property on soft tissue. When these different agents are
properly mixed to form "1-2-3," it is the opinion of Dr. Black
that there is more or less of a chemical union between them, sa
that the individuality of each separate agent seems to be lost,
and the result is the formation of a new agent, or one with differ-
ent characteristics from those possessed by the three individual
agents. At any rate, it is nonirritating to soft tissue. An ap-
plication left on for thirty -six hours produced no irritation what-
ever. There was only a slight searing, and discoloration of the
surface of the skin. Sores with much inflammation present were
treated with the spray of "1-2-3," which did not produce further
irritation. Its action was more like that of a neutral agent (so to
speakj, not irritating the sore, nor, on the other hand, impart-
ing, to any appreciable extent, a soothing, quieting influence, the
22(i The Plexus.
inflammation subsiding about as it would if left to itself with
all irritating influences removed. A sore, in which suppuration
was produced, was treated with the spray of this agent. It de-
monsti'ated its right to be classed as a potent germicide. The
germs were destroyed and pus formation ceased.
"i-2-3,"' as formed with the present cassia of commerce, is
not so potent an antiseptic as that formed with cassia obtainable
several years ago. This must be due to the fact stated above,
that cassia is so adulterated at the present time. In fact, "1-2-3"
is lessened in potency in almost direct proportion to the extent of
the adulteration of the cassia.
Seven- tenths of a drop was effective in ten c. c. of broth, as
shown by experiments conducted by Dr. Black several years ago.
"1-2-3,"" as shown by these experiments, is abundantly effec-
tive, but if cassia is continued to be adulterated the time may
come when it will not be. For general use, in the treatment of
pulpless teeth, "1-2-8" is aa effective and excelleat a^etit.
Carbolic acid, ninety-five per cent. One and eight- tenths drops
prevented development in the "unit of culture media;"' sixty-one
drops are required for one c. c, showing this agent effective as
an antiseptic in 1 to 338 parts. Carbolic acid in this connection
is not a permanent, positive antiseptic. Its restraining power on
the development of bacteria, in the majority of plants one makes
is only transient. One and eight-tenths drops prevented devel-
opment for a period of three days, after which the bacteria de-
veloped in almost every instance. The restraining effects of this
agent upon the development of bacteria seemed to be almost in
direct proportion to the quantity of the agent used in the culture
tube. The use of this agent in dentistry is so familiar I need not
dwell on that point.
Oil of my trot. One and nine-tenths drops were necessary to
prevent development of bacteria in the "unit of culture media;,,
sixty-eight drops constitute a c. c, showing myrtol effective as
an antiseptic in 1 to 357 parts. Oil of myrtol is an agent which
I have used but little in practice. In the majority of cases in
wliich I have used it there has seemed to be more or less irrita-
tion produced, more or less tenderness of the tooth developing,
so that it impressed me as being somewhat of an unfavorable
agent for this purpose. An application of myrtol to soft tissue
for thirty-six hours produced decided irritation, and there was a
Dental Department. 227
strong- tendency to the formation of blister. The surface of the
skin was destroyed. The irritation and inflammation present
continued for two or three days, gradually abating. A sore on
a guinea pig being treated with the spray of this oil, showed
evidence of further irritation. So long as the treatment was
continued, the inflammation could not subside. A suppurating
sore, being treated in the same way, was benefited by a
consequent destruction of the germs and cessation of pus forma-
tion. There is no doabt but that this agent is quite irritating,
and one that should not be generally used in the treatmqjit of
pulpless teeth. There are cases in which I use strong myrtol
water, seemingly to good advantage, and these are in connection
with abscesses with fistulous openings, especially those of long
standing, in which there is more or less irritation of the soft
parts throughout the tract of the fistule, and that uneasy, disa-
greeable sensation oft-times experienced by the patient in con-
nection with these cases.
OU of cqjuput. Six drops are necessary to prevent develop-
ment in the '"unit of culture media;'' seventy-two drops are re-
quired for one c. c, showing this agent effective as an antiseptic
in 1 to 120 partF. Cajuput is nonirritating to soft tissue. Ap-
plications of this oil to soft tissue, retained for thirty -six hours,
produced no evidence of irritation; in fact, the discoloration of
the skin was slight and remained but a short time. A sore
on a guinea pig, in which there was considerable inflammation,
was treated with the spray of this oil, and no increase of the
irritation was produced. Another sore in which suppuration
was produced was treated in the same way, with the result that
the germs were gradually destroyed, its action, however, not
being very positive, for if the treatment was discontinued for a
day or two the pus formation continued as before.
Oil of cajuput is an agent which I have not used extensively
in practice. At first I did use it more or less in the treatment of
pulpless teeth, but latterly I have not used it in this connection;
in fact, the only use I make of it is occasionally to moisten the
inner walls of the root canals previous to filling with guttaper-
cha. For this purpose its nonirritating nature recommends it,
and especially the fact that it is a solvent of guttapercha and
causes the latter to adhere to the walls of the dentin.
Eucalyp.'ol [Sanders and Merck's). Six drops of each of these
228 Dental Department.
preparations are necessary to prevent development of bacteria in
the "unit of culture media;'" seventy drops are necessary for a c.
c, showing each preparation effective as an antiseptic in 1 to 116
parts. Eucalyptol in contact with the skin for thirty-six hours
produced no evidence of irritation, no inflammation, no discol-
oration, thus showing that the agent is nonirritating and harm-
less in contact with soft tissue. A sore in which considerable
inflammation was present was treated with the spray of this
agent with the result that the inflammation readily yielded, the
irritation subsided, and the sore healed, thus further showing that
it is nonirritating even to injured, inflamed soft tissue. A sore
in which suppuration was producec was treated in the same way,
with virtually the same results as with cajuput; it exhibited a re
straining influence upon the development of bacteria and pus
formation, but the treatment being discontinued for a while, pus
formation went on as before. As an agent to place in the root-
canals of teeth after the removal of a pulp, following devitaliza-
tion, in order to keep the parts healthy for a few days previous
to root-canal filling, it is perhaps the agent that I use more than
any other. It is certainly harmless, never exciting irritation.
For the purpose of slightly moistening the inner walls of canals
previous to root-canal filling, eucalyptol is the agent that I near-
ly always use.
The oil of eucalyptus, as found in the market, only produced a
restraining effect upon the development of bacteria in the unit of
culture media," when a saturated solution was formed with the
bouillon.
Oil of gaultheria was carried in my experiments as high as
eight drops, this quantity forming a saturated solution in the
"unit of culture media," that is to say, the broth had taken up,
or dissolved, all of the oil that it could retain, there being also a
large number of free globules floating about in the broth, and
still development of bacteria took place quite abundantly, show-
ing that this agent is useless in restraining the development of
bacteria. It is certainly of no use to us as an antiseptic.
Eugenol. This agent resulted in the same way as gaultheria.
Eight drops were used in the "unit of culture media," which
amount formed a saturated solution with numbers of glubules of
the free oil floating about, and still the bacteria developed, thus
showing'*that eugenol also is useless as an antiseptic.
EDITORIAL.
We know of no better method of promoting loyalty in our
students than for the faculty, individually and collectively, to
support the various athletic pursuits choosen by our student
body. It is true that the developing of our mind must be ac-
companied by similar physical exercises or the mind will predom-
inate, and by exercising it's dominating power selects material
suited for its desires and leaves one's physical system to anthro-
phy and decay. And when our attenuated muscles are called
upon to display their ratio of development how very deficient we
find them.
How magnificent is man when we find him developed men-
tally and physically. We view the long list of the various species
in the animal kingdom and we find man without a peer, an em-
bodiment of universal achievments. Possessed as we are with a
grand conception of the ideal and the sublime, do we not find
man a specimen of the Utopian species"? Do we not also find him
at the pinnacle of complete development morally, physically and
mentally"?
If such glorious conditions are to exist. If we are to sus-
tain the high standard of universal development it will be necess-
ary for those holding the reins, over the abundance of crude
unballanced material, to exert their power and influence towards
this desired condition. But on the contrary if we wish to turn
from our portals men who lack this physical make-up, their
lives will be of such duration that the mature mind will not be
allowed sufficient time to put into application that which it gen-
erates. The antrophial muscles will sap the potential energy of
the mind and leave our lives without a physical and mental
equilibrium, and without this equality of development we will
soon sink into the depths occupied by morbid humanity. The
highly developed brain must be balanced upon a foundation as
strong as Gibraltar. And when our physical construction stands
upon a par with our intellectual attainments, then, and then
only, can we expect to stay the diseases that make the body their
place of habitation.
And 01 the glories of the day when we see our ideal return-
ing from victories upon the gridiorn, the cinderpath, and dia-
mond.
How the joyous yells, of those triumphs of strength, ring in
230 Editorial.
our ears, and carry deep within our souls a longing to be witb
them, a conqueror again.
Find if you can an American who does not appreciate this
truer, stauncher side of life, and for each one you find we will
show you ten thousand strong who will follow our hero true and
brave.
Tn this short editorial we have not tried to compare the two
conditions man assumes. We have said nothing disparagingly
aboui the grand intellectual condition existing today. We only
look with abhorrance upon a man who neglects this essential
achievment. But we wish to emphasize, that by clothing both
the intellectual and physical under one grand cloak we have em-
bodied the ideal, and found a lasting race. To bestow upon our
posterity a heritage endowed with the two above conditions is to
insure our nation and our people stability.
We idealize the classical and the scientific. We love and.
reverence theology, law and medicine. We view with awe the
work of geologists, paleontologists and kindred scientists. We
admire the compilation of statistics upon economics and upon
current conditions. We also love to look beyond this chaos of
knowledge, and view the physical foundation that so materially
aided the mind in its achievments.
It is notour idea to estrange you from developing your in-
tellect. We know too well that your ambitions are sufficient
stimulants to lead you onward and upward. But lest you forget
that which God first gave you, physical existence, I reiterate,
envelop your minds and souls within a case of rugged structure,
and life v/ith its dissipations, its joys and adversities is almost
within your ruling.
We like many of the great institutions offer advantages along
this line of physical as well as mental development. We have
our foot ball team, our base ball team, our track team, our bowl
ing team and a band. With these various advantages proffered
by our school, it remains only for each student to select one or
more of these various athletic pursuits to step beyond our domain
a correct man in everything that goes to make up a correct man.
Besides the advantages offered along the above line, it pro-
motes a lasting loyalty. The battles royal with rival foes will
live long within the mind when hobbies and fancies of an old
foggy professor are dead and buried.
OPENING EXERCISES.
After five months of preparation we again open the portals
of our school and receive a goodly number of young men and
women int© the ranks of our profession.
The increase in number has been marvelous indeed. Five
years ago our school was a struggling embryo, and as all things
advance so have we advanced. The metamorphosis has been a
gradual ascent. The aclivity has had its declines and periods of
stagnation. But in turn those mighty internal powers took pos-
session and pushed our struggling chaos upward and onward un-
til a horizon of prosperity was sighted beyond the range of
adversity.
After three years of existence as an independent institution
we became affiliated with the great University of Illinois, under
whose protecting wing we have been able to add rapidity to our
gradual advancement.
The exercises that ushered, in the new school year consisted
of short talks by several conspicuous members of ours and other
professions.
Drs. D. M. Cattell, W. T. Eckley, J. F. Burkholder and O.
A. King, spoke in behalf of our faculty.
Dr. D. M. Gallis a member of the state Board of Dental Ex-
aminers made the students a very interesting talk.
The exercises were under the direct supervision of our be-
loved Dean Dr. A. H. Peck, who handled the consummation of
all arrangements with tact and in his usual cheerful manner.
Rev. Dr. Leach made a very interesting talk. We all admire
Dr. Leach's cheerful way of reviewing things especially when
he is placed near the end of a program. His eloquence never
fails to counteract the weariness that creeps over us, when wait-
ing for a dance to begin, after hearing the stern demands laid
down to students on such an occasion.
Prof. McKay a member of the trustees of University of Illi-
nois made the students and guests a short talk. We highly ap-
preciated the presence of Prof. McKay and hope to have him
with us again.
After the exercises a dance was given by the school for the
benefit of those present. A very enjoyable time was participated
in by the dancers and onlookers.
232 -?/'« Flexus.
Mr. Frank the amiable caterer served ices and cakes during
the evening.
It is upon such occasions that we bid new and old students
welcome, and allow them to get a glimpse of the social side of
our lives. We drop all formality and assumed dignity and greet
you the same as we always wish to know you.
ALUMNI NOTES.
The executive committee held a meeting last month, a spec-
ial committee was appointed to consider a plan for entertaining
the visiting members of the alumni some time in the near future.
Dr. Clare Granger, '02 of Belvidere, 111, made this office a
pleasant call one day last week. The doctor is prospering in his
new location.
Dr. Ramey Merz, '02, stepped in and made us a short visit
this A. M. The doctor has just a few troubles as usual.
Dr. A.- Dubin helped swell the attendance at the opening
excerises. He has not grown a bit taller.
Drs. Charles Poden, Mattie Huff, Mary Urbanek and many
of our old alumni were present at our opening exercises.
Dr. W. A. Rausch, '99, wishes to sell his practice located at
159 Center St., Chicago. The doctor is compelled to give up
dentistry on account of his eyes. Any one desiring a good prac-
tice very reasonable please write the doctor at the above address.
Dr. H. N. Lancaster's '99, article on pyorrhae alveolaris
appeared in the August number of the "Items of Interest." The
doctor is a very able writer and thinker, and should gain promi-
nence by his concise and practical papers.
Dr. Geo, B. Sinclair '00 has his practice for sale at Hunting-
ton, Kansas. Any one wishing a good practice cheap, please
communicate with the Dr.
THE BAND.
The following is a list of the members of the band: Prof.
Geo. Shand, director; L. W. Myers, cornet; V. A. More, cornet;
B. B. Antenrilh, cornet; J. C. Grout, cornet; G. H. Van Kirk,
cornet; T. M. Hagans, clarinet; Geo. R. Houston, clarinet; I.
T. Smith, clarinet; G. D. Ament, clarinet; C. E. Comer, piccolo;
Notes. 233
A. V. Dunshee, trombone; V. P. Corley, trombone; R. W. Por-
terfield, trombone; Ralph Parker, alto; Geo. A. Jones, alto; Jno.
Rheinbold, alto; Chas. McDowell, alto; G. L. Beach, baritone;
F. R. Granger, bass; F. W. Parker, bass; Geo. Wardner, bass
drum; A. B. Litchenberg, side drum.
FACULTY NOTES.
Dr. A. H. Peck's article appearing in this month's issue
should be read thoroughly by our readers. No one member of
our profession has made such exhaustive and conclusive experi-
ments with essential oils as our Dean has. His laboratory exper-
iments have extended over a great number of years, and the
practical application of his conclusions have been corroborated
by the trading men of our profession for the past ten years.
Dr. C. N. Thompson has proven his loyalty to the athletic side
of school life, by contributing his influence and finance for the
support of our foot ball team. A few more like Dr. Thompson
would make the old school ring with victories truly won.
Prof. Bishop, our new chemistry teacher, has won the hearty
co-operation of our students by his amiable disposition and
concise, lucid way of handling his subject. Prof. Bishop is con-
sidered one of the strongest additions ever made to our faculty.
Dr. B. J. Cigrand is at present in Boston, delivering his fa-
mous lecture upon "Philosophy of Mastication."
Dr. D, A. K. Steele, our esteemed actuary, was seen survey-
ing our school building several days ago. The Dr. i« just recov-
ering from the injury he received several weeks ago.
Dr. Geo. Cook met with a sad catastrophe while visiting
South Bend, Ind., several weeks ago. Some bosom friend
thought to perpetrate ahuge joke upon Uncle Geo. by having him
arrested. The joke worked all O K., as far as the friend was
concerned, but the Dr. had to stay in the station until some good
Samaritan went his bond. "Such is the fate of our mortals who
wander over the face of the earth."
Dr. McDowell is with us again after a four months tour
through Europe. The Dr. has a store of good stories for the boys
on the nature of Orthodontia.
23-t The Plexus.
Dr. G. ^\. Dittmar is with us again. The nurses at West
Side Hospital are all smiling real sweetly these dark and gloomy-
days. A man who can bring sunshine to two big institutions is
all O. K.
Dr. Ralph Parker is slowly recovering from the serious ill-
ness he contracted several months ago.
Dr. C. M. McCauley our old Texas friend will be with us
again, in the infirmary this year.
Lost. Overcoat, nearly new, only worn seven winters. For
discription of coat apply to Dr. Eckley. Of all the times for a
man to lose his overcoat, this seems the best, ha! ha! We would
caution students about asking Dr. Eckley the color of the coat.
It is said he plucked a Senior for not being familiar with the
various tints the coat has assumed.
Dr. J. F, Burkholder will examine the Freshmen on enzymes
the 13th, prox.
Dr. Carl F. Zapffe will spend a good share of his teaching
time with the school this year. This is an agreeable arrange-
ment, allowing the Dr. more time for laboratory work with our
students.
Dr. D. M. Cattell delivered the principal address at the
opening exercises. The Dr. delivered a master stroke. We
never heard him when he displayed so much eloquence as he
did on this occasion.
SCHOOL NOTES.
The clinic is increasing daily, promising ample work for our
boys and girls this year. It only takes time to establish our-
selves. Equipped as we are; a good clean clinic room, good oper-
ators and careful, competent demonstrators, will soon bring in an
abundance of clinical material.
The new rule prohibiting smoking in the building, except in
the smoking room, has proven to be a good one. A much bright-
er and cleaner appearance has taken possession of things around
the school since the boys are acting more like gentlemen, (with
exceptions).
The boys are moi-e sedate then ever this year. We have had
no class rushes, nor evidence of hilarity so far.
SENIOR, JUNIOR AND FRESHMbN CLASS NOTES.
SENIORS.
Miss Maturzynska has returned to school. She is giving the
boys that old familiar handshake. Mata and Theo. Roosevelt
are the only woman and man who possess this rare method of
greeting people.
Steve Bawden has secured a patient with a musical heart.
We hope Steve won't become enchanted with the harmony pealed
by this particular heart.
Several boys from Milwaukee are with us this year. It will
be impossible for us to give their pedigrees. Suffice it to say
that they are a mixture of many races and nations, Taylor,
Murry, Reinbold and Co?
Rasmussen will appear under an assumed name in the foot-
ball list, likewise Karcher and Ryan.
Lyle Adams professes to know nothing about plate work.
He actually told a patient that Hill, his partner, alone held the
secret for vulcanizing.
Those wishing mention in these columns must do something
radically rank and we will give you a page or two.
The following seniors will try for the football team:
Rassmussen prefers Q. B.
Karcher
Ryan
Hill
Paden
Post
Mann
Gottleib
Bawden
JUNIORS-.
Married, — Dr. Charles Everworst Abestein to Miss Ethel
Chloride, Sat. eve, Oct. 11th, '02.
About thirteen invited guests assembled in the lower amhi-
theater to witness the sacred ceremony that binds us mortals
until death severs its constituents.
Dr. Charles Everworst Abestein was born in Jerusalem
July 4, 1876. He possesses an amiable disposition; portrays no
C.
E.
R.
G.
T.
" Coach
F.
B.
H.
B.
L.
E.
236 The Plexus.
particular characteristics except graft is predisposing, that is,
disposes of his vocabulary without assistance. You will readily
understand that the above description corresponds with the
majority of our juniors.
Ttie contracting lady will be described as lucidly as the
editor remembers her. A sort of a clammy-chilly disposition
when allowed to play upon the feelings of innocent parties. She
has a limpid, colorless complexion. Of a volatile, dreamy dis-
position. She is inclined to be egotistical, thinking glass houses
only suitable for her habitation.
The happy couple left for a week's tour through the Mam-
moth Cave, Ky.
"Blessed be him that partaketh of life's pleasures."
The editor gave as a wedding present a year's subscription
to that bright and up-to-date dental journal, the Plexus.
"We forget to mention that Don Jack, Embassador to the
United States from British Guinea, S. A., was an interested
guest. He acted as sponsor for the groom.
Geo. Jones says that one dance a night is just about right
for a junior. Of course he means a junior who failed to become
enlightened when a freshman.
Henry Cooley Lee, the blonde hotel manager from the East,
is with us again. He has charge of our football team this year.
Look out hash boys.
Fred Schwartz said by gum so loud the other day that his
father, a noted devine who resides at Yorkville, 111., claims he
heard Fred's voice in the kitchen at home.
Geo. Lyond, so big and heavy and with such a wide streak
of Spanish on his back, failed to qualify on the scrub team this
year. Geo. has been relegated to the rooters. We have no sym
pathy for a man who displays his yellow at such critical times
(Foot Ball Times.)
You all remember Sam Wells (not Well but Wells) the long
lean man, the fellow that cries all the time. He's back sure nuf
Sam is an inveterate smoker and a Canadian.
Jno. Welch, who was formerly called the silent man, has re
turned to school. Jno. ran an extension department for the St
Luke's Society (commonly called a Turkish bath house) all
summer.
Mrs. Carey and Miss Richter are with us again.
Notes. 237
Tom Ireland wishes the editor to correct an erroneous state-
ment made by this journal some time ago. He denies emphat-
ically that he and Miss Shulz are married. Tom claims she
never asked him but once. We wish our readers to take careful
note of the above correction. Tom is a laboring man and cannot
afford to get married.
Geo. Brady says his delight is full uppers and lowers for old
people. Geo. has never made a partial plate, but Geo. Jones has
— twice or five times.
Several new faces are to be found among the class this year.
Germans from Milwaukee, Irish from Omaha. None from St.
Louis; thank the Lord for that.
Snyder won't be back; he cannot walk it.
It is rumored that there will be a hanging (in efiigy) in the
near future. Verco is to be the victim. The junior class thinks
that by annihilating a full-blooded Englishman that Ireland will
obtain its freedom.
Geo. R. Lyons is a junior now. You all remember what Geo.
did when he got hard pressed. He earned his promotion by gal-
lant rides made on a pony.
Rube started for Chicago three months ago astride a mus-
tang. The last heard of him was just before he started to ford
the Red River. The Red River is inclined to be of an auburn
hue, and noticing Rube's ruddy tint claimed him as her own and
carried him on to the Mississippi and then on to the Gulf. Poor
Rube, a mighty good Prosthetic man was he.
McMasters will try for the scrub team this year. Mc. does
not consider working on the elevated railroad sufficient exercise
for so powerful a physique as he posesses.
Charles Sharp wanted to manage the football team this year.
He has a vague idea that a man can make a good thing out of the
managership, financially and otherwise.
The junior class elected the following officers for the coming
year: J. C. Gront, Pres. ; G. J. Ireland, Vice Pres. ; O. P. Mc-
Masters, Sec'y. and Treas.
FRESHMEN.
The freshmen settled down to business as soon as they ar-
rived in school. They demonstrated their hustling disposition
by electing class officers the first day.
238 Tht Plexus.
The boys are hard at work taking modeling compound im-
pressions. A peculiar gentleness seemed to develope among the
boys about the third laboratory hour. The many sore mouths
seemed to still the hurried manipulating of the sculptor's clay.
We have never had theoppurtunity of looking over a cleaner
and more intelligent lot of men than we now find in the freshman
class.
A lady student has been added to the ranks of the class.
Now boj^s be gentlemen. A caution we know is not necessary.
But we are compelled to judge your class by last year's class
until we know you better.
Use of Calcium Chloridto Prevent Hemorrhage after
Tooth-Extraction. — As is well known, the extraction of a tooth
may give rise to severe hemorrhage in persons suffering from
hemophilia. Dr. C. E. Vallis, assistant dental surgeon in King's
College Hospital, London, has observed the case of a woman
aged 25, presenting the hemorrhagic diathesis, in whom the ex-
traction of a tooth was followed by a hemorrhage which lasted
thirty- six hours. As the teeth of this patient were in very bad
condition, and as the extraction of all the carious teeth became
necessary because of dyspeptic trouble from which the patient
was suffering, Dr. Vallis endeavored to use some means by which
the coagulability of the blood would be increased. With that
object in view he administered calcium chlorid in weak doses
during a period of eight days previous to the time set for the
performance of the operation. He extracted an incisor, an oper-
ation that was performed without the slightest loss of blood.
Continuing to administer the same agent, he was able to extract
every tooth without hemorrhage. Since then Dr. Vallis has ob-
served a similar case in which calcium chlorid has given the same
satisfactory results- The disagreeable taste of this medicament,
and the slight tendency to constipation which it induces, are the
only inconveniences connected with its administration, even after-
continuous use during a period of three to four weeks. — Cosmos..
W. T. ECKLEY, M. D.,
Professor of A.natomy, College of Physicians and Surgeons, Chicago,
THE PLEXUS
COLLEGE OF PHYSICIANS AND SURGEONS
MEDICAL DEPARTMENT OP THE
UNIVERSITY OF ILLINOIS,
CHICAGO.
VOL. VIII. NOVEMBER 20th, 1902. NO. 7
SOME PRODUCTS OF THE INDIFFERENT SEXUAL
STAGE.
W. T. ECKLEY, M. D.
The internal generative organs of the human male and
female have two important developmental stages: (a) an indif-
ferent stage in which there is no distinction of sex; (b) a sexual
stage, characterized by marked organic and psychic features.
The sex determining factors are not known.
Indifferent sexual elements: (a) indifferent sexual or genital
glands; (b) the Wolffian bodies (mesonephros); (c) the ducts of
Mliller. By metamorphosis, the sexual gland becomes either
testicle or ovary, capable of producing spermatazoa or ova, res-
pectively; the mesonephros, losing its urinary function, becomes,
through its mesonephric duct and sexual tubules, the excretory
apparatus of the testicle, especially named parts of which are
the coni vasculosiu, the vasa efferentia, the rete testis, the vasa
recta, the canal of the epididymis, vas deferens, seminal vericles
and the ejaculatory duct, which latter passing through the pro-
static fissure, discharge into the initial or vesical extremity of
the urethia; Miillerian ducts remaining separate in their cephalic
ends, become the Fallopian tubes, but fusing in their caudal ex-
tremities, become uterus and vagina. The sexual tubules of the
mesonephros fuse with or grow into the indifferent sexual gland
and thus is the seminal conduit completed; the Miillerian duct
comes into relation with an ovary (ovarian fimbria) and thua is
completed a conduit for the transmission of ova.
240 The Plexus.
Mtillerian Vestiges. In the adult male, the Miillerian pro-
ducts are atrophic, but like other anatomic vestiges, may give
rise to pathologic processes — Miillerian cysts for example. The
sessile hydatids of testis and epididymis, the uterus masculinus
or sinus pocularis (utriculus prostaticus) and the occasional patu-
lous duct of Rathke, are remains, in connective tissue epitaph, of
the Miillerian ducts during the asexual era.
Mesonephric Vestiges. In the female the mesonephros or
Wolffian body becomes atrophic (except its urethral evagination)
and its vestiges, the parovarium or organ of Rosenmiiller, the
paroophoron and duct of Gartner, obtain often to the detriment
of their host.
The mesonephros and Mullerian duct lie side by side behind
the peritoneum, on the dorsal wall of the body cavity. They
are coextensive in length, parrallel, and extend from the region
of the liver to the cloaca, that is, throughout the greater part of
the body of the embryo. Like the genital gland, with which
they are intimately associated for male or female, each is fair-
ly well understood, but obscurity still surrounds the origin of the
Miillerian duct: it is stated that its cephalic portion is an evagi-
nation of the mesothelium of the body cavity, while its lower
segment is derived, by fission, from the mesonephric duct.
Primitive Wolffian Mesentery. By the eigth week of foetal
life, the mesonephros, the largest and most important structure
of the asexual trio, forms a large glandular body extending from
the fifth thoracic somite to the fifth lumbar somite and presses
into the dorsal part of the body cavity, with consequent displace-
ment of parietal peritoneum. Let us now call this fold of peri-
toneum, extending from diaphragm to groin, the Wolffian mesen-
tery, and locate its three specially named parts: (a) The mesor-
chium or mesovarium, according to sex; (b) The diaphrag-
matic ligament of the primitive kidney, situated above the genital
gland; (c) The inguinal ligament of the primitive kidney, situ-
ated below the genital gland. The first (a) forms the mesentery
of the testicle and ovary, and is firmly attached to their front and
sides. The second (b) disappears with the loss of the urinary
function of the mesonephros; the third (c) develops the guberna-
culum, a structure concerned in the descent of the testicle and
ovary. The mesonephros at this stage is the most important
stracture in the Wolffian mesentery, hence the "ligaments of the
Products of the Indifferent Sexual Stage: 241
primitive kidney, diaphragmatic and inguinal," while not within
the bounds of truth in toto, embyologically, still like poetic li-
cense, find justification for their falsifications in a rhetoric figure
of speech by which a part often represents the whole.
The embryonic testicle is below the kidney, behind the peri-
toneum and in relation with aorta and vena cava, through short
lateral spermatic vessels. The gubernaculum, attached to its
lower pole, and terminating in the scrotum below, is in position
to draw the testicle with its duct and vessels through the ingui-
nal canal at the proper time. Descent of the testicle brings
about logical changes in the direction and relations of the vas
deferens and spermatic vessels; hence in the adult the vas ex-
tends from its lower attachment (prostatic urethra) across the
pelvic brim and along the inguinal canal to the testicle, in
the scrotum. The spermatic vessels, greatly increased in length
run downward, and meeting the vas at the internal abdominal
ring form the beginning of the spermatic cord.
The gubernaculum testis consists of fibrous and unstriped
muscular tissue developed in the inguinal ligament of the primi-
tive kidney. It is attached above testicle, below to the
dartos of the scrotum and pillars of the external abdomi-
nal ring. The muscular element of the gubernaculum is derived
from an ingrowth of the anterior abdominal wall. After the de-
scent of the testicle is completed, the gubernaculum atrophies,
but its vestiges obtain (a) as a fibrous band connecting the testi-
cle to the bottom of the scrotum; (b) in part as the cremasteric
fascia; (c) as scattered fibres in the spermatic cord, the internal
cremaster of Henle. The function of the gubernaculum is (a) to
draw a test-tube-like process of peritoneum (the processus vagi-
nalis) through the inguinal canal into the scrotum; (b) to draw
the testicle down behind this processus vaginalis and bring it
into proper-relation with the same. The gubernaculum is
treated here as a known factor concerned in migration. It
should be borne in mind, however, that there are various the-
ories regarding the descent of the testicle and its homologue,
the ovary and that the whole subject is still sub judice from.
an embryologic standpoint, The gubernaculum of the
ovary acts on this latter in a similar way; the ovary usually be-
comes arrested between the folds of the broad ligament. Occa-
sionally, however, the ovary reaches the labium mangus via the
242 Ihe Flexui.
inguinal canal and is brought in relation with a processus vagin-
alis (the canal of Nuck) as in the male. The gubernaculum ob-
tains in the female as the round ligament of the uterus and
utero-ovarian ligament; in the male as previously stated, it be-
comes atrophic.
Reference to embryology enables one to account for rare
genital occurrences; failure of fusion at the ordinary point ac-
counts for bicornuate uterus and even double uterus and vagina-
Excessive development of the Mlillerian duct may produce a uterus
in the male, with well developed testes and small penis. Failure
on the part of of the gubernaculum may cause arrest of the test-
icle almost at any point between its embryonic location and the
scrotum. This is hidden testicle or cryptorchism. Overviva-
city on the part of the gubernaculum may draw down a second
processus vaginalis and make conditions favorable for infantile
hernia. Almost any of the Mlillerian vestiges in the male or the
Wolffian vestiges in the female may become the seat of diseased
processes and require surgical intervention.
A LETTER FROM A. SLIMMER, THE PHILANTHROPIST.
Success in life, be it as a merchant or in a profession, is
made up of so many factors that it has seemed exceedingly ap-
propriate to publish in this journal a letter written by the phi-
lanthropist and philosopher of Iowa, Mr, A. Slimmer. The letter
was written in response to a request "What are the elements
which make a successful merchant." It's advice has appealed
so forcibly to one of the editors that he thought it would find
many equally interested readers.
Waverly, Iowa, Aug. 20, 1902.
F. O., Esq., Port Smith, Ark,
Dear Sir:—YoVi state that I have been successful, and as you
are a young man starting out in life, you would like to know if I
could give you a few suggestions how to benefit yourself.
Any person of mature age, who went through all the vicissi-
tudes of times and conditions, can fill volumes from his experi-
ences, and if he has profited anything from such, can give more
advice than the average person can follow or assimilate, but for
all this to mention a few points in the line you desire can surely
do no harm.
To make life a success, a few cardinal principles should be
adopted and strictly adhered to, and all other good points will
then follow in the wake of such course without any further effort
on your part. First of all, imbibe the principle that nothing can
be had for nothing, and to obtain something of value you must
give in all cases an equivalent for the same. This principle will
carry the thought with itself that you can fool no one, but if a
person believes himself smart enough to think that he can fool
many for any length of time, he will unexpectedly find to have
been fool enough to have fooled no one but himself.
Make punctuality to meet all your obligations one of the
most sacred of duties, as no class of business can withstand the
injurious effect from indifference to this rule.
To labor as long as we are able to is the mandate of nature,
and by receiving a fair compensation for services rendered, we
can accumulate enough during the term of our activity to provide
for our needs in old age. As this is all there is to life, the cease-
less struggle to accumulate fortunes at the expense of honor,
2U The Plexus.
health and happiness, at the risk of all, should appear to the
rational mind as a species of insanity for which no good reason
can be given. In saving your surplus remember that money is
created for use and not abuse, and to live manly without the
taint of the miser's delight, is the proper use of such, and will
not decrease your prosperity.
Be truthful at all times. Never use policy to build up a rep-
utation or for any other purpose whatsoever, but simply do right
because it is right to do right, as such is the only safe road to a
reputation that will never tarnish. Let your life of simplicity
and moral strength be the evidence of this course, and your sub-
lime faith in the ultimate triumph of every worthy cause.
Do no business under any circumstances with any one whom
you have known to have wronged others, as such persons are
unscrupulous in their action, and aim to be resourceful in their
methods and will turn their weapon upon you when the oppor-
tunity offers. For a time even such persons may prosper and to
the fairminded world the eyes of justice as to them may seem
shut, but sooner or later and when least expected, the search-
light of outraged justice will turn upon them, and with unrelent-
ing efforts overwhelm them with such fate as their lives justly
deserve. When such does take place, the visions of those mis-
creants will always pierce the immensity of space in search of
those that flattered them for a purpose, when successfully sooth-
ing the dangerous seas of deception, but they will not find their
pretended friends to shed tears, when they now have to weep.
Locate wherever you will, engage in any business you de-
sire, you are liable to be benefitted to the extent you will adhere
to the afore-mentioned. Yours truly, A. Slimmer.
MAIMONIDES, THE PHYSICIAN.
Undoubtedly, a very few of the readers of the "Plexus" are
familiar with the name Maimonides, A glance over the history
of ancient medicine will reveal the fact, that Rabbi Moses Ben.
Maimon Iben Joseph, generally referred to as Maimonides, is
well known to the literary world. It would not be out of place
to give here a brief sketch of the life of the great physician and
philosopher.
Maimonides was born in Cordova in the year 1135. He de-
scended from an illustrious line of ancestors tracing his lineage
to the celebrated Rabbi Judah Hanassi, the patriarch of Taber-
ius, from him to pious Hillel the elder, chief of the Sahhadrion
in the time of Herod and through Hillel by the female side to
the royal house of David.
His father Maimon was a judge in Cordovo, a man of high
rank, exalted position and great learning — a fit parent to so il-
lustrious a son. Maimonides never experienced the love and
tender care of a mother, she having died in giving his birth, but
he received a watchful attention of his father by whom he was
instructed, aided, however, by the most celebrated teachers of
that period,
Legend has been busily employed to cast a mystery around
his boyhood days, but a career like that of Maimonides requires
no fables to elevate it. Stripped from all extraneous circum-
stances, it appears that his boyhood did not give promise o^ the
celebrity he obtained in manhood. Dull in acquiring knowledge
and slothful in his habits, he was outshone by his brother. The
praises the latter has received for his diligence, aroused all the
slumbering energy of his nature and brought to light the latent
talent he possessed. He now applied himself to study with un-
tiring zeal. It is said that he left his home and traveled to Lu-
cena, then noted for its famous school and that he was admitted
as a pupil under an assumed name. Here he made such a rapid
and almost marvelous progress in all branches of study that his
reputation began to be noised abroad and the dull slouthful boy
was changed into the famous scholar. He returned home, to
Cordova, where his fame had preceded him. He received per-
mission to deliver a lecture before learned people that was
246 The Plexus.
thronched to hear him. His address was so full learning and so
eloquent, that he called forth the admiration of all present,
among whom was his father, who was afterward delighted to
find in the renowned scholar his own son.
His stay in his native town was attended with disaster, as
both he and his father were compelled, under penalty of death,
to embrace the Mohammedan religion. This they did outwardly,
but Maimonides, however, shortly afterwards escaped from Cor-
dova, and after many trials and anxieties, arrived in Egypt,
where he at once professed his native religion and where he for
a time maintained himself by following the business of a dia-
mond merchant. Maimonides, however, could not long remain
in obscurity. He established a college where he delivered phil-
osophical lectures and he also practiced as a physician. His
fame soon became as established in Egypt as in his native town
and he was appointed by the celebrated Saladin as his physician.
His career now became prosperous, but his success was only ob-
tained by the most unremitting labor. He however found time
for literary pursuit and his writing on every subject touched
bear the stamp of the greatest genius. He was married and had
one son and one daughter, who died ^oung. His son Abraham
was the object of his greatest care and his well known letters
addressed to him remain to this day as models of excellence,
both in composition and in parental forecast. He died at the age
of seventy, in 1205, mourned by thousands; indeed, so great a
calamity was his death deemed that wailing and lamentations
resounded on every side and public fasts and mourning were
ordered everywhere. In complying with his dying wish, his re-
mains were interred in the Holy Land.
As a writer Maimonides may be ranked with the first of any
age and his well deserved reputation is as great and bright now
as in the days when he lived. His principal work is the "Yad
Machsacah" — the strong hand — , a repetition of the law wherein
he endeavored to arrange the Chaotic materials scattered through
two Talmuds. This work was written In pure Hebrew. His
other great work "Guide to the Perplexed," a work which called
down an ex-communication on the writer but which has outlived
its puny adversaries. In this work Maimonides attended to re-
conciliation of religion with philosophy. Parts of the first men-
tioned work have been translated into Latin and English and the
Mawionides, the Physician 247
whole of the "Guide to the Perplexed" was translated into Latin
by Buxtorf and into French from the original Arabic, in which
it was written, by the celebrated Monk of Paris.
As seen from the above description Maimonides ranked
higher in philosophy than in medical art and seems to have been
induced with the methods of his teacher Averroes and is re-
garded by some a theorist rather than a practical physician, al-
though he wrote more or less on medical topics and is especially
remembered for an essay on Poisons.
According to Mangaserian a prayer is a sincere wish uttered
or unexpressed. In this domain of sincere wishes w^e know of
nothing more beautiful, more noble, more lofty, more inspiring,
and at the same time rational than the prayer for physicians
composed by the greatest physician and Rabbi of the Middle
Ages, Dr. Moses Ben Maimon, generally referred to as Maimon-
ide.
Though written seven centuries ago, we believe that its fre-
quent perusal and contemplation would do a great deal of good
to physicians of our time — believers, agnostics and atheists alike.
The prayer follows:
"Oh, God, Thou hast formed the body of man with infinite
goodness; Thou hast united in him unnumerable forces inces-
santly at work like so many instruments so as to preserve in its
entirety this beautiful house containing his immortal soul and
these forces act with all the order, concord and harmony imag-
inable- But if weakness and violent passion disturb this har-
mony these forces act against one another and the body returns
to dust whence it came.
"Thou sendest then to men. Thy messengers, the diseases
which announce the approach of danger and bid him prepare to
overcome them.
"The eternal Providence has appointed me to watch over
the life and the health of Thy creature. May the love of my act
actuate me at all times; may neither avarice nor miserliness nor
the thirst for glory of a great reputation engage my mind, for,
enemies of truth and philantrophy, they easily deceive me and
make me forgetful of my lofty aim of doing good to Thy
children,
"Endow me with strength of heart and mind, so that both
may be always ready to serve the rich and the poor, the good
248 The Fhxus,
and the wicked, friend and enemy; and I may never see in the
patient anything else but a fellow creature of pain,
"If physicians, more learned than I wish to counsel me, in-
spire me with confidence in, and obedience toward the recogni-
tion of them, for the study of science is great — , it is not given
to one alone to see all that others see. May I be. moderate in
everything except in the knowledge of this science; so far as it
is concerned may I be unsatiable: grant me strength and oppor-
tunity always to correct what I have acquired, always to extend
its domain, for knowledge is boundless, and the spirit of man
can also extend indefinitely, daily to enrich itself with new
acquirements. Today he can discover his errors from yesterday
and tomorrow he may obtain new light on what he thinks him-
self sure of today.
"Oh, God, Thou hast appointed me to watch over the life
and death of Thy creatures; here am I ready for my vocation,"
As it would extend this article too much to give a list of all
the work of this eminent man of the twelfth century, I shall con-
clude by saying that Maimonides well deserved the tribute of
honor paid to him, that "From Moses, the law-giver, until Moses
the son of Maimon, none has arisen like Moses."
W. RiGHTMAN, '03,
THE PLEXUS
COLLEGE OP PHYSICIANS AND SURGEONS
MEDICAL DEPARTMENT
UNIVERSITY OF ILLINOIS.
CHICAGO.
Plexus Cotumittee of Faculty.
M. R. BROWN, M. D. C. A. WOOD, M. D. T. A. DAVIS, M. D.
H. C. WADDLE, '03, Editor-in-Chief.
Sapt. W. H. BROWNE, W. T. ECKLEY, M. D,, D. N. EIS8ND>RATH, M. D
W. A. EVANS, M. D., H. W. BBRARD, M. D., A. GERHMANN, M. D.
Associate Editor, L. HARRISON METTLER, M. D.
Class Editors:
R. L. ELDREDGE. '03. J. F. REPLOQLE, '04. H. P. BAGLBY, '05.
Alumni Editor, DR. C. C. O'BYRNE, '94 Library Department. METTA M. LOOMIS
ATHLETIC EDITOR, J. J. MONAHAN.
Business Manager, W. H. PORTER, '03.
Publisher, H. C. WADDLE.
Subscription $1.00 per Annum in advance. Single copies, 15 cents. Issued Monthly
Send all remittances and communications as to subscriptions and advertising to H. C.
WADDLE, Cor. Congress and Honore Sts.
Entered at Chicago Post Office as Second-Class Matter.
Any subscriber desiring the Journal discontinued at the expiration of his subscription
should so notify the Publishers; otherwise it will be assumed thai the subscription is to be
continued and the Journal sent accordingly.
Contributions of matter suitable for publicaticyn are invited, and should be sent in no
alter than the 25th of the month previous to that of publication. The publishers will not hoi
themselves responsible for the safe return of MSS. unless sufficient stamps are forwarded,
THE QUINE LIBRARY.
The College of Medicine of the University of Illinois has
been fortunate in having among the members of its faculty men
who early realized the importance of a medical library and who
also recognized the fact that without a systematic classification
of the books a library is practically valueless. The foundations
of the Quine Library were laid by the first president, Dr. A.
Reeves Jackson, who at his death, left his private library to the
college. In 1895 the library was organized, the books classified
and catalogued, and a trained librarian employed. Under the
fostering care of many kind friends it has had a steady growth.
250 The Plexus.
not only in the acquisition of books, but in the number of its
patrons, in its usefulness to the medical student and in its gen-
eral influence as a center of medical literature. In 1899 the fac-
ulty of the college conferred upon it the name of the Quine
Library, in recognition of Dean Quine's deep interest in its wel-
fare, which has been repeatedly manifested by generous dona-
tions but principally by a liberal endowment for the purchase of
books.
In the old building the library was confined to one room, but
when it was moved to the new building last August, more com-
modious quarters were provided, and new L. B. steel stacks were
purchased for shelving the books.
The library has been the recipient of many valuable gifts,
among the most important of which are the library of the late
Dr. C. A. Logan, consisting of 400 volumes, donated by Mrs. C.
A. Logan; the library of Dr. W. A. Hoadley; over 200 volumes
from the Surgeon General's office, donated at the solicitation of
Dr. Bayard Holmes; and 150 volumes from the Medical Society of
the County of Kings, New York.
The followiug statistics, compiled from the library records,
Volumes
Year. Added.
1896 400
1897 275
1698 900
1899 525 •
1900 1000
1901 1250
1902 to Nov. 1 994
Total number of books in the library Nov. 1, 1902, 7,360
volumes.
This makes the library rank, in size, second among the med-
ical libraries in the west; it ranks first, however, in the number
of its patrons, which averages 134 daily. M. A. L.
ALUMNI NOTES.
'88, F. C. E. Mattison, Pasadena, Cal., is a most enthusias-
tic supporter of the P. and S. College and Plexus. We should
be pleased to read an article in the Plexus from his pen.
'94, E, A. Plank, Union, Mich,, was a recent visitor at his
Alma Mater.
'99, F. H. Blayney is quizzing the junior class in surgery.
He is located at 578 W. Madison St. Chicago.
'00. G. H. Justi, Freeland, Ind., was a recent visitor at the
Plexus office.
'02. J. M. Gunning is enjoying his practice at Wilbur, Wash.
'02. F. J. Leavitt, of Gilmore City, la., was a recent visitor
at the Plexus office.
'02. R. E. Brown is assisting Drs. Harsha and Steele at 103
State St., Chicago.
'02. P. Gad Kitterman, is located at Des Moines. la. He
teaches anatomy in the medical department of Drake University.
"02. C. R. Lockwood is serving as interne in the Rotunda
Hospital, Dublin, Ireland.
'02. D. E. Yantis is now located at Foosland, 111. He was a
recent visitor at the Plexus office.
'02. G. G. Zohrlauthas completed his work at Wauwautosa,
Wis., and is now located at Milwaukee, Wis., 141 Locust St. His
position at Wauwautosa has been taken by W. E. Kittler, '02.
DEATH OF DR. FRANK B. McCALL, D. V. M., M. D.
On Friday morning, Sept. 19th, Dr. McCall handed Dr.
Bayard Holmes his thesis on "Cystic Diseases of the Kidney,"
and his work as a student at P. and S. was complete. On the
afternoon of that day he entered the Union Hospital at Engle-
wood and the following morning at eight o'clock Dr. J. P. Web-
ster, assisted by Dr. E. R. Reynolds, removed a very small non-
infected appendix from behind the caecum, firmly bound to the
psoas by dense adhesions. On being removed from the operat-
ing room the patient suffered considerable anti peristalsis which
continued to a greater or lesser degree until his death. On the
second day he developed a marked tympanites. Turpentine
enemataes, used to relieve this condition, appeared at the mouth.
252 The Plexus.
though not at all foecal in character. At the same time the pa-
tient passed large quantities of fluid foecal. It is presumed there
wa& foecal impaction with channelization. The tympanitus was
but temporarily relieved, and on Friday, the seventh day, caused
dynamic illeus. An exploration of the wound revealed nothing
except a slight pinkish exudate. Dr. McCall showed wonderful
vital force, and lived in this condition until Monday, Sept. 29th,
at 10 A. M. His body was taken for interment to Nevada, Iowa,
the present home of his wife and two children. Dr. McCall was
42 years of age. He graduated from the Iowa State College in
1893, and from the Harvey Medical College in 1900. He was a
man of sterling qualities, strong moral character, with a high
aim and purpose in life. That he would have attained marked
success in life, those who knew him best had no doubt, and in
answer to the great roll call surely it will be said of him, "well
done thou good and faithful servant."
SENIOR NOTES.
Would it not gratify you all to see a larger number of the
faculty at class day exercises, opening of the school year, mass
meetings and all similar affairs than you have seen of late? It
has been noticeable for some time that the attendance at most of
these gatherings has been growing steadily larger on the one
side and correspondingly smaller on the other. Seems as though
it should be more evenly balanced. Take for comparison the
opening exercises of 1899 and those of 1902. At the former the
audience was comfortably seated in the Clinical Amphitheatre
of the old building, while at the latter date Assembly Hall in the
new building, with a much greater seating capacity, was inade-
quate for the students and their friends, in consequence of which
the reticent freshmen, who were too modest to enter the hall
until all the others had secured comfortable places, were given
seats on the faculty platform at the invitation of the Dean. Now
let us compare the attendance by the members of the faculty at
these same dates. No, let's don't. It might look as small as it
really was. We mention this, not in a spirit of criticism, but
merely to call attention to a condition which will probably be a
surprise to many of those who thought every one else was there.
There are many whom we have looked for in vain that we would
Notes. 253
like to have join in our social events. We realize that they are
busy practitioners, and that time means money to them, but we
have noticed that the few who are always with us are busy men
also. This means much to the present student body and to those
who will come hereafter. A great majority of the new-comers —
in fact, nearly all of them — attend the opening exercises at the
beginning of their freshmen year expecting to be confronted by
a considerable representation of professors with whom they are
to be associated more or less closely for the ensuing four years.
If they see only four or five, or perhaps less, of the long list
named in the catalogue on hand to greet them, it must certainly
impress them with the idea that the occasion is of less import-
ance than they had been led to believe, and it cannot add mat-
erially to the warmth of their welcome. Most of them are
strangers in the city — certainly strangers in the college — and
would like to feel that some one has an interest in them be it
ever so slight. What are to be the relations with their new as-
sociates, and after they have finished the course and removed
from the city, what will be the last impressions they will carry
away with them of their Alma Mater? Shall it be that of the
master who appears before the class from time to time merely
to train them in the scientific dogmas laid down in the text
books, or shall it be that of the social, genial friend who has
been not only a guide during school hours but in addition one of
their number at the social events so dear to the student heart?
Particularly pleasing would be the presence of a goodly number
of the faculty at the class day gathering, the junior and senior
hops, and the graduating exercises. The students, their wives,
their sweethearts, their parents and other friends will be there
in force to grace the occasion by their presence. At the next
class day exercises the largest class picture in the history of the
institution, and the finest one procurable, will be presented to
the college. The students intend to turn out en masse to bid
farewell to their teachers. Will an equal ratio of the faculty be
on hand to bid them Godspeed? Perhaps we may be able to
form some idea of the number to expect by the attendance at
the Junior hop soon to occur, and invitations for which are al-
ready out.
There have been a few star recitations recently, during
which some things unique in medical practice have developed.
5-4 The Plexus.
Some of them are such radical departures from the tenets laid
down in the text books that we reproduce them here in the in-
terest of suffering humanity, hoping some benefit may result
from discussing the points raised. Doty has given us an inspir-
ation by naming "cold elbow" as one of the dislocations of the
elbow joint. He has so far failed to describe the anatomical
condition in this affection, however, so we are unable to say just
what the term implies. Possibly pulled elbow would do better.
Derdiger informed us that the ovule originates in the ovum, and
he ought to know. Lang's description of the method of apply-
ing a turpentine stupe was certainly graphic. He first said the
fluid was placed in a basin, over which the patient sat. As this
answer did not seem to quite satisfy his interrogator the man
fron the Steenth ward tried another tack, and said it was given
as an injection per rectum. We would suggest that Lang first
try this method of administration on an alley dog before using it
in his prospective practice.
Our junior contemporary thinks pretty well of his own class,
judging by his remarks in the last issue, and incidentally of him-
self personally, but the energy expended in trying to belittle the
senior class might have been put to better use. It is not quite
clear just what is meant by the statement that the distinction of
being the strongest class is something "to be proud of but poorly
conferred." If jealousy of our position and numerical strength
inspired the writer we can only feel sorry that his realization of
weakness is so acute. If, however, the expression was used
merely for the sake of contrast and to impress us with the im-
mense superiority of the junior over any other grade, we shall
have to smile at the self satisfaction and egotism expressed
therein. At any rate we are glad to see the juniors showing
some signs of life. They will need all the vigor they are cap-
able of before they become seniors.
After much discussion in several class meetings, and a con-
siderable amount of work by committees, the contract for the
class picture has been awarded to Kaehne, whose studio is in
the Bush Temple of Music. Don't neglect to get your sitting
before March 1. Wagner says he has eight left of the last dozen
ordered some years ago, but he may dispose of them to some of
ojr CO eds v/ho have volunteered to help him out of his dilemma
Notes. 255
by accepting them if tendered personally and with his auto-
graph. Apply at the Plexus for the list of names.
De Neveu and Bryan were enthusiastically greeted when
they ushered in the ladies to a recent lecture, but Jacobs seems
to have the greatest variety to present.
The cigar was all right, professor. Thank you.
Doty answered roll call the other day and staid throughout
the entire clinic.
Barnum's brother from Michigan was a recent visitor to
our class.
The class has accepted the invitation of the chemical manu-
facturing firm of Searle & Hereth to visit the latter's plant on
December 4. We can say from experience that the boys will be
given a pleasant afternoon's entertainment. (The ladies also.)
Our obliging class president should be given more courtesy
during the roll call. A considerable number of undeserving ab-
sent marks have already been registered simply because it was
Impossible for the president to hear the response on account of
the confusion. "Dad" says he will be a vocalist by the end of
the year, because of the training his voice is getting. He is
held to strict account in this matter, and it is your duty to help
him as much as possible. You will be the sufferer from the
omissions in the end.
We have received from our class prophet the following com
munication embracing his forecast of the conditions of the mem-
bers of '03 twenty-five years hence. As the document is of too
great length to be presented in one issue it will appear in the
succeeding numbers of the Plexus in these columns.
Greater Chicago, May 28, 1928.
My Dear Class Mate:
I am so sorry that you were not able to attend the re-union
of the class of 1903 of the College of P. & S.
Our Alma Mater has come to be the mecca of all students of
medicine from the ends of the earth. No longer do we go to
Vienna, Berlin or London for post-graduate work, but P. & S.
is the school of medicine from which, to make his medical educa-
tion complete, every physician must have his diploma.
I am practicing in Calcutta, India, and am earning a few
pounds by the prescribing of a few medicines,
. 256 The Plexus.
Fifteen hours ago, while sitting in my office thinking of the
good old college days, and wishing that I might live them over
again, or at least see one or two of the boys, I heard my receiv-
ing instrument ring. Imagine my surprise when it turned out
to be a "wireless'" from our old class secretary W. H. Moore,
who is now instructor of Nervous Anatomy at P, & S.
The message was an invitation to the class reunion. As I
was in need of a vacation I decided on the spot to go. I put on a
change of silks (I have to laugh when I think of the old-fashioned
coats and trousers that we used to wear) and swallowed my din-
ner consisting of "compressed tablets'' of eggs, lobster, chicken
salad, sugar, proteidin and coffee extract. After a few minutes
I entered the station of "The Consolidated Pneumatic Transpor-
tation Co." I took a berth and soon was started on my little trip
underground. In a few hours we arrived at Manila. I knew
that S. M. Anderson and a few others were located there, so I
stopped over. In a few moments I had rigged up my airship,
which, when not in use, I always carry folded up in my pocket.
By means of mental telepathy I got connection with Anderson
and went to see him. I could not believe my eyes when a tall
gentleman greeted me. "No," I thought, "this cannot be S. M,"
It proved to be him however. He had attained this tall height by
the use of the newly-discovered "Growingensis Bacillus of
Barnesback." The only recognizable feature on Anderson was
his little mustache which has not changed a bit.
I spent a few moments with him and then saw G. F. Blough.
He has grown to be in appearance like our dear old Prof. Christ-
opher and, like him also, holds a chair of pediatrics. He in-
formed me that both Miss Ash and Miss Baird had been married
shortly after leaving P. & S. in 1903.
I had just left Blough when I heard a familiar voice say
"Charlie, you're as big and fat as ever," and lo! there were Tom-
my Bryan, little and saucy as ever, and "Clara" Barnes. Barnes
had just come into port, on the U. S. sub-marine "Roosevelt,"
and had met T. A. Bryan, who is conducting a clinical laborato-
ry in Tokio, Japan. I talked with them a while and then, as it
was time for the next "Pneumatic," I left them and again entered
the tube, I was surprised to find E. B. Anderson and W. T.
Barnum here. They told me that they were practicing in
Arabia.
To be continued.
JUNIOR NOTES.
Simpson agrees with Osier in that the chief differential
point between typhoid fever and typhus fever, aside from the
temperature and rash, is the post mortem findings.
Dr. Heineick (to class) : What might cause pelvic cellulitis
in the male?
Wall: Pregnancy.
Dr. Barrett: What might happen if a Graafian Follicle were
to rupture into the peritoneal cavity?
Wise Junior (from Iowa): Probably set up an acute peri-
tonitis.
Mr. Ben Reitman, who has spent the last two summers
abroad, has been appointed curator of the Chicago Medical Soci-
ety, He has also aroused the curiosity of the ladies and new
members of the class by one of his strange but masterly ora-
tions. Ben undoubtedly has the "gift of gab" that may some
day make a Demosthenes of him. Who can tell?
Mr. Ash was called home for a few days on account of the
serious illness of his mother.
In the football game between P. & S. and the St. Ignatius
College, a goodly number of us had the opportunity of seeing
big Giesen demonstrate that he is just as strong and aggressive
on the gridiron as he is in the class room. Not once did the
"Micks" make a gain thro' Giesen's side, and we predict that he
will do his share in the future games.
Mr. Henning claims to have lost his fraternity pin, but it is
reported that a fair young blonde damsel of Kankakee, with big
brown eyes, is wearing a "Phi Rho" pin and it is also known
that Mr. H. went South with his dress- suit case about two weeks
ago. Al. thinks she is a peach but we believe that she must be
related to the Apple sisters as she is of the Baldwin type.
We are very much indebted to Dr. Pischkin for his efforts
and success in getting permission for our class to attend the
clinics at the United Hebrew Charity Dispensary. This is a
rare and valuable opportunity of which we should all show our
appreciation by a regular attendance. It is the deeds and in-
terest of such men as Drs. Fischkin, Barrett and others that in-
258 Tht Plexus.
spire the student to a closer and more amiable relation with the
faculty and school.
The new ladies are making a good showing.
Last year the class lost some of its rough houseness which
so characterized us during our Freshman year. But we hope
the seriousness of our profession will not cause us to forget the
joyful refrain "we want more Lager Beer."
The "Junior Prom" will occur Tuesday evening, Dec. 9th,
and no time or expense is being spared in the endeavor to make
it the most successful affair of its kind. It will be as formal as
an informal dance can be. This will be the customary annual
reception given in honor of the seniors and we trust that every
member of this class will be present to help make it as pleasant
for our guests as possible.
Mr. W. H. Young used to part his hair on the side but if
Miss Jackson stays away much longer it will soon be parted
forever.
SOPHOMORE NOTES.
One new student this year in anatomy is I. D. Clare. Ask
Dr. Brown (?).
W. A. Evans is registered for anatomy (?).
Slocumb is doing original research work on the brachial
plexus.
Brixby specializes on the "splinnic duct."
Okerstrom says the ureter runs from the kidney to the gall
bladder.
Good "Morden" Eagen,
There is considerable talk of a college annual. All it needs
is encouragement. Northwestern dentals get out one. If they
can why can't weV
Brixby thinks the great protecting force of this country is
the "police force," Dr. Evans disagrees with him.
Stough is now known to be the champion eater of the class.
Ever see his satchel, it's "Fuller good stuff."
Recent discovery by Hay ton: — The testicle descends through
umbilical opening.
Notes. 259
Ask Edwards about the chordae tendenae.
Kearney is now growing love vines.
Jefferson has gone home for a few days,
Christenson, who has a little trouble with his eyes, is again
able to return to his work.
W. K. Gray, the slim man is experimenting with Fat en u.
Drs. Moore and Jacks are doing some special work on the
throat.
Powell was injured in one of our late foot ball games but
from late reports from the bedside will recover.
Schell can now give those who scoffed the laugh. His
beard is now a peach.
'05 was represented at this years' Rush game by a tally-ho.
Also several smaller rigs.
Vanatie is still on deck in quiz class. See the point?
FRESHMAN NOTES.
The '06 class have been remarkably peaceful and contented
so far this year, and if there is not a volcanic eruption before
long it will be a miracle. This peacefulness may be due to over-
work, but we have not as yet gotten orders from our faculty to
quit college from this cause.
The class politics have not been interesting enough to even
have a quorum to transact the necessary business of the class
and the most able president has contented himself in the hope
that there might be a way out of these difficulties and has left
the decision to the class. Not only have the various college en-
terprises suffered from this cause, but the Plexus has failed to
be honored with a representative from this department.
How about that dance and smoker?
THE FIRST TIME.
Death hath the power to fright the soul
And unseat reason from control.
But when by a "Prof." and an assistant led
We passed into the dissecting room, to look with dread
Upon the symbols of the dead
We found, instead of black despair.
260 The Plexus.
As we expected, lying there,
A sheet covered thing — a cadaver
And we blessed the soul that dare out brave
The freshman — the promoter of the grave. ,
C. H. TiLLOTSON.
A LETTER FROM BILL'S STOMACH TO BILL'S
MOTHER.
P AND S. Medical College, Chicago, 111., Nov. 16, 1902.
Dear Madam: — It is now nearly two months since your son
Bill brought me from the sweet and gentle confines of your cul-
inary department to do battle with the restaurant chefs who
operate upon the gastro-intestinal tract of medical students.
It is past midnight, and while Bill is sleeping unusually well, I
have siezed his pen in my sphincter pylori and take the liberty of
relating my experiences since your delicate custard pies have be-
come only a memory. The Foramen of Winslow is looking over
my right shoulder and bids me not to be poetical, so I will dip
my pen in bile again and proceed. Bill's liver and spleen have
asked me to tell you their troubles, but I won't, as their troubles
are only secondary to my own, besides they haven't any path-
ology to boast of anyhow.
Bill did take me to a couple of swell hotels for meals when
we first came here and I thought I would have clear sailing —
digesting I mean — even in Chicago, but when Bill settled down
to business and began to copy outlines in anatomy, then I saw
that my hopes had been a fraud, a delusion and a snare. When
I think of your beefsteaks and the last one Bill bolted down to
me, it makes my oxyntic cells weep for sorrow, and then Bill
sends down a big dose of bi-carbonate of soda to neutralize my
grief. Bill used to laugh and talk at meal time and my good
friends the abdominal muscles were of great assistance. They
do not help me any more. Can it be that Bill has become pious?
Extreme piety is a bad sign, they say, in medical students. Then
the aroma of the eighty-cents-a-pound tea you used to make. I
must stop a moment to remember it. Bill passes on to me every
day a most peculiar, mongrel colored, amphoteric concoction,
about which I am very much in doubt. I sent a few sensory im-
pulses to Bill's cortical centres the other day to find out what
the fluid -was. They said they'd be hanged if they knew, but
BilVs Letter. 261
suggested that I use the Xantho proteic test to find out. I've got
acid enough, and if Bill will only swallow a little ammonia I
might reach a satisfactory conclusion.- Bill always calls for tea
before the aforesaid fluid reaches me.
I've been a good friend to Bill and ever since he first tasted
saccharum lactis I've done all I could to keep him feeling well
and happy, but I'm afraid that our relations are going to be re-
adjusted, and if Bill doesn't like it there's only one thing he can
do. He can go home and submit the case to you for arbitration.
I don't think that he and I could find a better arbitrator. Hoping
the date of arbitration will be not later than Thanksgiving, I re-
main, unforgettingly yours, Bill's Stomach.
RUSH S, P. AND S. 0.
Rush wins the 9th annual P. and S. and Rush game on Wed-
nesday, Nov. 18th. The P. and S. for the second time in nine
years met defeat, which was meted out to her by her greatest
rival. Rush.
Last year's game was the first victory for Rush, and though
nobly fought for this year, again we lost.
The true support of the faculty and student body this year
even surpassed that of last, and more noticeable than anything
else was the presence of our faculty members such as Dr. Oscar
King who walked up and down the line watching with fervid in-
terest every play. Among the other Profs, might be seen Drs.
Earle, Davis, Witherspoon, E. M. Brown, Santee and others.
The student body was represented by about 600 animated
rooters occupying five tally-hos, runabouts, and others on foot.
The score is indicative of the game, which was one of the
best ever played on those grounds.
Rush proved her superiority in an honorable way, and
though the weight of her team is undoubtedly what won the
game, her playing was at all times clean cut and the fight was
"honor above all," and glory to her who wins. Captain Mona-
han distinguised himself as did also Donkle, Cremin, Morris and
Powell, while none deserve criticism.
Game called at 2:30 P. M. P. and S. kicked off to Rush's
10 yard line. Rush advanced the ball to center of field by hard
rallying, where they lost it on a fumble.
P, and S. use line plunges with great results and were going
262 The Plexus
fast for Rush's goal, when on Rush's 10 yard line the ball was
fumbled and again in Rush's possession,
Rush advances the ball by a series of mass plays to her 45
yard line, when time was called.
During the entire first half the ball was all the time in Rush's
territory,
SECOND HALF.
Rush kicks to P. and S, 35 yard line Morris and Cremin re-
turn ball to center field, then P. and S, makes steady march
down the field to Rush's 10 yard line, where they were held for
downs.
Rush now takes the ball and by one great series of mass
plays and plunges makes the only touchdown of the game. The
trial for goal was a failure.
P, and S. kick to Rush 20 yard line and ball advanced back
to P. and S. 20 yard line, where Rush was held for downs. P.
and S. secures the ball and the tide is turned, when time is
called.
Time of halves 25 minutes.
This ended the ninth annual game, but to Rush we will only
say beware of the next. For the most loyal enthusiast and hard-
est worker for our team says that next year we will win. Who
says we'll not win?
The line up was as follows:
P. and S.
Position.
Rush.
Houk,
K E.
Speik,
Bundy,
R. T.
Kingston — Geisen,
R. G.
Southworth,
Cory — Harmon,
C.
McClure,
Morris,
L. G.
Speed,
Cremin,
Donkle,
L T
L. E.
Saird,
Powell,
Q.
Kelly,
Monohan,
L. H.
Olson,
Sackett and Pickett,
R. H.
Dondanville,
O'Leary,
F. B.
Irwin,
Referee — Hayner, Lake Forest.
Umpire — Jackson, Lake Forest.
NOTES.
The Illinois Dental band furnished the music for the P. and
Notes. 263
S. crowd and did well by them. The Chicago University band
did likewise for Rush.
Bundy, who is doing work in U. of I. prepartory to medical
course, will be at the P. and S. next year.
/ NEWS ITEMS.
Your subscription is due.
Dr. A. J. Ochner's Operative Surgery is out and has had a
large advance sale. If you desire one, send your order to the
Plexus Office. Cloth, ^6.00; half morocco, §7.00.
Dr. T. A. Davis recently enjoyed a duck hunt. It was about
the same time that Pres. Roosevelt was hunting, too. It is need-
less to say that both enjoyed the same good luck.
Dr. Wm. E. Quine, our most worthy Dean, was called to
New Mexico recently, on account of his wife's illness. It is to be
hoped that her condition will be found to be better upon Dr.
Quine's arrival and that the Doctor's trip will be one of pleasure
and profit rather than one of sorrow. Dr. Wells takes Dr. Quine's
work in college.
The members of the Junior Class will give the members of
the Senior Class a dance in the Illinois Hall on Tuesday, Dec. 9th.
A grand time is anticipated as the Juniors are making prepara-
tions to treat the Seniors royally.
REVIEWS.
The Physician's Visitivg List (Lindsay and Blakiston's) for
1903. Fifty second year of its publication. For 25 patients
per day or week, pencil, pockets, etc., §100. P. Blakiston's
Son & Co., Publishers, 1012 Walnut St., Philadelphia.
A neat, complete and well arranged Visiting List. This
book contains not only special Memoranda for 25 patients per
week, but contains 24 pages of useful information that should be
emphasized by every physician.
Electro-Therapeutical Practice. A ready reference guide
for physicians in the use of electricity. Seventh Edition,
revised, rewritten and greatly enlarged. Chas. S. Neis-
wanger. Ph. G., M. D., Prof, of Electro- Therapeutics Post
Graduate Medical College and Illinois Medical College, Chi-
cago, pp. 5-202. Flexible leather, §1.50. Publisher, E. H.
Colegrove, Chicago. 1902.
A book which will fill the demand of the alive practitioner
264 The Plexus.
in giving liim ])lain facts and simple rules for the guidance to the
use of electricity in their practice as an adjunct to other thera-
peutic agents.
tXCESSIVE PROTEID DIET.
It doesn't require much of an argument to show that good
material must go into the twenty-story building if it is to be
solid and secure.
Yet a great many people seem to think that it matters little
what kind of material goes into the building of the human struc-
ture!
They offer the body thistles and ask it to give back figs.
They feed on thorns and expect to pick roses.
Later, they find they have sown indigestion and are reaping
ptomaines.
It's a wonderful laboratory, this human body. But it can't
prevent the formation of deadly poisons within its very being.
Indeed, the alimentary tract may be regarded as one great
laboratory for the manufacture of dangerous substances. "Bili-
ousness"' is a forcible illustration of the formation and the ab-
sorption of poisons, due largely to an excessive proteid diet.
The nervous symptoms of the dyspeptic are often but the physi-
ological demonstrations of putrefactive alkaloids.
Appreciating the importance of the command, "Keep the
Bowels Open," The Antikamnia Chemical Company offers Laxa-
tive Antikamnia & Quinine Tablets, the laxative dose of which
is one or two tablets, every two or three hours, as indicated.
When a cathartic is desired, administer the Laxative Anti-kam-
nia & Quiniue Tablets as directed and follow with a saline
draught the next morning, before breakfast. This will hasten
peristaltic action and assist in removing, at once, the accumu-
lated fecal matter.
A NEW INVENTION.
Something new, and yet old, is the use of Amber plates in a
Static machine. Amber was the first product in which Electri-
city was found, and this because it was, and is yet the most
Electric product known. Yet it has never been used in Electric
machines, until The Sorensen Mfg. Co. in Ravenna have started
to use it this summer as revolving plates for Static Machines,
Qf course it is a great success, as it cannot break, and gives
many times more current than any other product known.
Prof. D. M. Cattell, D. D. S.
SCHOOL OF DENTISTRY
DENTAL DEPi^RTMENT
UNIVERSITY OF ILLINOIS.
EDITORIAL COMMITTEE.
D. M. CATTELL, D. D. S., G. W. COOK, D. D. S. B. J. CIGRAND, D. D. S.
Supt. R. P. DONALDSON.
D. M. CATTELL, Editor-in-Chief. C. E. JONES, Alumni Editor.
CLASS EDITORS.
Senior, F. M. STAHL. Junior, C. B. SHARP. Freshman, S. F. GORDON.
Publisher, - H. C. WADDLE.
Subscription $1.00 Per Annum in advance. Single copies, 15 cents. Issued monthly
Send all remittances and communications as to subscriptions and advertising to H. C
WADDLE, <Jor. Congress and Honore Sts., Ctiicago.
ADDRESS DELIVERED AT THE OPENING EXERCISES
OF THE SCHOOL OF DENTISTRY, UNIVER-
SITY OF ILLINOIS.
By Prof. D. M. Cattell, D. D. S., Oct. L'd, 1902.
Mr. Dean, Ladies and Gentlemen, Seniors, Juniors and
Freshmen: —
It is to you, the Freshmen, that I shall direct my remarks
to-night on behalf of the faculty of the school of dentistry.
University of Illinois. The seniors and juniors have had this
mark of favor bestowed upon them at the beginning of their
respective freshmen years. It is now your turn, and all others
before me must act the part of spectators while my co laborers,
for whom I speak, must sit quietly by and not let on that they
are bored.
And now, young men, let you and I commune together for a
few minutes. I, who have traveled all the mazy steps that
you are required to do, both as participant and as interested ob-
server many times over, feel it my province to give you both
words of advice and courage.
First, then, what brought you here? Whence came the call
to dentistry? What disturbed your former life, what upset its
equilibrium, what upheaval drove you from the common herd of
mankind and sent you forth on yourJjourney hitherward?
268 2he Plexus.
Bishop Fallows once asked a class of theologians, "From
whence received you the call to go preach God to all men?" In
answering his own question he expressed the thought that some-
times the young plowman in endeavoring to do honestly his fur-
rows of sod, was thrown suddenly to one side by the jerking of
the plow handles that had been thrown out of equilibrium by the
glancing of the plow point on a stone and lifting the machine
from the furrow, upsetting the train of thought that was passing
through the plowman's mind; hence the sudden jarring out of
line of supposed well regulated matter was taken as a "call" to
do God's service.
Again, in the machine shop a mislaid thumb received the
impact of the hammer's blow and so disorganized the systema-
tized plan of mental proceedure, that the quick conclusion was
that a less dangerous and exacting work should be his hence-
forth, and from the fact that the shock produced was so sudden,
unexpected and positive, no wayward expression escaping his
lips, the thought occurred that he would make a preacher of
himself.
Are any of you called to our ranks in similar manner?
Did you ever hear of the young negro who was fond of
"speaking in meeting?" Finding himself a fluent talker and
having some oratorical powers, he presented himself before the
deacons assembled, asking that he be ordained a regular min-
ister.
The old white-haired deacon asked on what grounds he felt
called to preach the gospel to his brothers. The answer waa
that he had had a vision, and in that vision he had seen the let-
ters "G. P. C." written in white and gold high upon the heavens
and that the sign was from God — for him to Go Preach Christ.
Go Pack the Church.
After due deliberation on the part of the deacons of the con-
gregation, the young man, who was noted for his shiftlessness,
was asked to appear and receive the benediction of the pillars of
the church. When assembled, the dean of elders delivered him-
self thus:
"Mista Johnsing, we has deliberated — we has concluded — we
has prayed God to be with you in your work — for we feels sure
that you has had visions — that you has seen letters of white and
letters of gold and that de letters hab a meaning, but that you in.
Dental Department. 269
your zeal have mistooken the meaning. The letters "G. P. C."
that hab so impressed themselves on your mind and in your eye,
Mista Johnsing, mean: Go Ploiv Corn. Go Pick Cotton.
Second, when you have decided to leave all other kinds of
employment and take up as your life's work a profession that
has to do with life or with living tissue, where the aches and
pains of mankind are exhibited, where tissue, in part or the
whole, come under care for treatment or cure, where living
beings are put in your care that the ills of the body may be
overcome, that health may be restored, that life itself may be
preserved, you, in that decision promised to do all in your power
to alleviate suffering humanity, to do it faithfully, to do it will-
ingly and to do it ivithout price. That is, whatever your mind may
conceive or your brain work out in ways or means, health-giving
or life-preserving, it is your duty to give Skud give freely to yonr
brother practitioners, to the %)rofession you have entered and to
the world.
If by your energy and ability you are able to produce life
and health giving influences beyond your fellows, your time be-
comes of value to your fellow-men and they will seek you out
and award you willingly according to this world's standards.
Your greater reward will be in the feeling of living on a mental
plane higher pitched and more beautiful than many around you.
A feeling that you can stand before God Almighty and with
lifted head, clear eye and proud bearing say, "I have done what
I could with the talents Thou gavest me."
Third, of all the professions, I know of none so exacting in
its measure of what constitutes a gentleman. There are men
who act the gentleman in this way, others in that way. All men
have some gentlemanly traits of character, but a dentist should
have every one of the traits that go to make up a gentleman in
the fullest sense of the word.
Doubtless some of you have heard what the Kentucky belle
had to say about the make-up of a gentleman. That a man may
have a foot like a canal boat, a hand like a ham, a voice like a
foghorn, and amble in walking like a Campbell, but if he has
clean hands, clean linen and clean teeth, he may win the heart
of any woman he judiciously sues for. After all, it takes so little
to be a gentleman compared with the comfort experienced in a
gentlemanly act.
270 The Plexus.
Cleanly you must be if you would respect yourselves and not
disgust those near you. I remember in my early school days
when attending a certain boarding school, there was a fellow
amongst us — a nice boy — wouldn't swear or get mad or do mis-
chievous things like the rest of us. But in time there was
noticed a peculiar odor emanating from him. We remarked
about it. His linen was clean, his face and hands were clean.
Finally it was learned that he refused co take a bath, having
gone some three months without when his roommate "struck"
and let the secret out. Well, a number of us got hold of him,
and lie got a hath.
This being a co-educational institution, it is only natural that
there should be friendships formed between the boys and the
girls. Indeed, it is only natural that there should be some love-
making going on, there mostly is, and love making is laudable —
but, ladies and gentlemen, this is not the place to exhibit your
powers in that direction. Love is blind, they say; hence the ab-
surdities that are usually committed in love making are not seen
by the principle actors in the play, but they are the cause of
much jeering often' by class mates, even causing jealousies at
times. If it must be done, call on the young lady at her home
and give the school a rest.
Class pride is one of the good things that may be cultivated
in a school. I have seen so many different classes come and go,
each having a distinct character peculiar to itself, but the classes
that have not that esprit de corp.s are not the ones that leave a
pleasant record behind. Make yourselves into a family. What
one does, alt do. If there are diffeiences of opinion as to what
should be done, discuss it and fight it out to a finish en famile; then
when you come out, present a solid front — one mind, one cry,
one "knock,'" and something will be accomplished -"something
will be doing."'
If you have a real grievance regarding your class duties or
some rvje of the school, come out with it like men and let rs talk
it over. The faculty do not wish to impose upon you; a rule
may have been made that experience shows to be injudicious and
really imposing. Do not sulk about it; talk it over in class and
if it really seems a hardship, come and talk it over with your
dean, who is a reasonable man. But you must be reasonable,
too. You may not have had as much experience as some of the
Dental Department. 27
rest of us in the matter, and things may look different to you
which after hearing our side of the question, may change your.
idea of the matter. So come and talk freely like men, not stir
up dissension and gossip about what, after all, you may not un-
derstand. Frankness saves many hard thoughts, many ugly
words and hurt feelings.
Now, gentlemen, we are situated here in the midst of many
schools, competing schools in a way, but the endeavor has
always been not to antagonize. Each school should be to the
others as neighboring families one with the other. Visit your
neighbors, and when they call on you, show them every courtesy.
Never let them outdo you in the matter of hostship. And above
all things, never pick a fuss, never cause a fight. Let all the
quarreling and bickering and imposition emanate from the other
side — if they have to be. Even take some "sass" without winc-
ing. It shows grit, power, nobleness. But, fellows, there is a
limit to imposition and only a coward takes it all. When the
time eomes to "stop that fussing," do it with a will, do it alto-
gether, do it at once. Have no other thought but that of accom-
plishing what was begun. The cost should have been counted
before the fight began, not after. So, when you fight, fiight.
Fight with your might!
"Man is, to a great extent, a creature of habit. He dislikes
sudden changes, new questions to become familiar with. A dis-
position to hesitate precedes all great undertakings and this is
the great cause of that procrastination known as 'the thief of
time,' which, manifesting itself mainly in reference to repentance
and matrimony, peoples this world with old bachelors, and the
next with reprobates.'
About to engage in one of the great 'professions, shall we
not be allowed to indulge in the luxuries of this universal law of
laziness?
About to embark in a few months' voyage in the peculiar
sea of a new study with imperfect charts and inexperiended sail-
ors, is it any wonder we incline to linger in port and while away
an hour, in view of the peculiar toil before us?
Let us, then, prove ourselves members of the great human
family of procrastinators, by spending this hour with less of toil
and mental labor than will fall to our lot in the hours that are
to succeed it.
272 The Plexus.
Man is also a creature of instinct, He can be taught to
know and do many things; but some things he will, and from his
very nature, must know and do without any teaching, and even
in spite of instruction to the contrary. He eats when he is hun-
gry, drinks when he is thirsty, seeks for warmth when he is cold
and for a cool place when he is hot, not because his reason
teaches him to do so, but simply in obedience to the instincts of
his nature.
Another, and one of the strongest instincts, impels him to
worship that which he regards as worshipful. This instinct
affords him no guide at all as to what he should worship. To do
this is the province of reason and revelation. And while these
infallibly poimt out the Great Creator of all as the only fit object
of worship, in the highest sense of the term, yet there is a sense
in which "Gods many and Lords many" may and should be wor-
shipped, (or honored) with true devotion.
But even here, reason and revelation must be his guide, or
he will sink to the folly and crime of gross idolatry.
All worship, even in this subordinate sense, should be con-
. sistent. Consistent idolatry is far less odious than that which is
inconsistent. We might pardon the astronomer for his worship
of the stars; but we would be disgusted with his homage to a
Golden Calf.
Every man should be engaged in a good cause and should
admire, honor, or worship it accordingly. Being now about to
engage in the study of the important Science of Dentistry, let us
ask ourselves if the cause is not a good one; and if good, shall
we not honor ourselves in honoring it?
As the youth seeks the society of her whom he adores, so
let us manifest our love for this science by seeking an intimate
acquaintance with its truths. But if you doubt the propriety of
rendering homage to this science, and fear that in doing rev-
erence to it in all its many and peculiar ramifactions, then let
common sense prevail on your part, and seek other employment
for mind and body more suitable and congenial to your taste.
Again, "Which of you, intending to build a tower, sitteth
ilot down first, and counteth the cost?"
About attempting to build the superstructure of professional
charactes on the foundation of professional character on the
foundation of professional attainments, may we not spend a part
Dental Department. 273
of this hour in counting the cost? And he who is not willing to
incur the necessary expense, had best not attempt the super-
structure, for only failure will result, "and all that behold it will
begin to mock him, saying, this man began to build and was not
able to finish."
In view of the newness of the special work to which we are
expected to introduce you; in view of the great depths of ignor-
ance into which we are all fallen; in view of the great heights to
which we must climb to gain even a Pisgah view of the promised
land of true science; in view of the fact that our efforts to guide
you will be far too much like the blind leading the blind; in view
of the days and nights of mental toil and study in the months be-
fore you, it would be but human nature to spend this, the first
hour of our acquaintance, in relaxation, if not in absolute rest.
Shall we then abandon the building of the tower? Having
put our hands to the plow shall we look back? As soldiers,
marching against the battlements of ignorance, shall we desert
our colors?
No! But let us inure ourselves to the war by a gentle skirm-
ish, before the grand battle begins. Let us spend this hour in
the way of introducing ourselves to each other, and to our work.
Like children "playing school," let us merely "make believe"
that this is a lecture and you are the students.
EDITORIAL.
The school is greatly in need of professional journals, text
books and professional literature of all kinds for its reading
room tables. Any one having a number of old journals would
confer a great favor should they send them to us. We have sev-
eral incomplete volumes of Cosmos, Dental Review, Digest,
Items of Interest, etc. Especially would we like just now to get
Vol. 1 of the Items of Interest. A number of good works have
come in already, but we have room for a good many more, and
each donor will be given credit on a neat paster attached to the
book or volume of journals. We appeal especially to our Alumni
to look about and gather up from neighbors and friends any-
thing that would enhance the value of our school library and
forward to us. Also any anomalies in tooth forms or casts of
mouths that show peculiar interest.
CLASS NOTES.
SENIOR CLASS.
"Quiz."
"Reflex."
"No Quiz."
How about a senior class?
You have good memorys.
Scott. — New cure for rheumatism.
Good morning, have you tried an interdental splint?
Where is Dr. Jones?
Odds that we don't get a celluloid outfit this year.
Has anybody seen the electric lights in the infirmary.
Ask Mann if he is learning any bad habits.
Gottlieb is going to locate in Kansas. He has started his
hay crop.
Who runs the elevator? The seniors or the elevator boy?
Easy.
Dr. Cattell has just finished a course of lectures embracing
amalgam in all its features.
New method of cleansing root canals. Hot water — steam.
Ask Pat O'Neil.
Mattie is not sore at anybody in the class.
Karcher can tell you how to remove a pulp without an ex-
pose being necessary.
The senior class is glad to see the other Doctor Parker back.
Now for mistakes.
Partial fistic anesthesia is an active agent in supplying pa-
tients for our oral surgery clinic.
Notice. — Professors, when in doubt concerning a statement
look to Ross. He will confirm it if you look toward him as you
finish the sentence.
Dr. Cigrand advocates (Zion)ite. We always knew that our
prosthetic man was a restorer, but since when has he been run-
ning opposition to Dowie?
We, the seniors, tho't that we had taught the juniors better
manners than to fight with the freshmen.
^otes. ■ 275
Well yes, we did have a class election: Pres., Broman; V.
Pres., Cadwallader; Sec, Erlands; Treas., Swartz; valectorian,
Bowden; satutorian, Hanna; prophet, Monahan; historian,
Scott; executive committee, HuUa, Palmer, Mann, McElroy,
Newlin.
JUNIOR CLASS.
The juniors aro still alive, every one of them and just as
noisy as ever. Dr. Cattell says that we were gentlemen last
year, and he doesn't know what has spoiled us, but Dr. Cigrand
delights in our pranks, so we expect to have an interesting de-
bate between the two worthies. The latter gentleman says that
the one who makes the most noise and has the most fun always
comes out on top, so we are inclined to stick by him. However,
we don't mean any harm to Dr. Cattell and hope he will not be
offended at what he hears, and sometimes sees when he comes in
rather suddenly.
Summerfield is going south when cold weather sets in.
Miss Shultz says Abstein will drive her to Dunning or Kan-
kakee with his sarcasm if somebody doesn't interfere.
The freshmen passed up a junior some ten days ago and got
rushed for their pains.
Miss Kichter is back after an absence of a week.
Sam T. Jack (Junior Dentel Student) carries a watch chain
of large gold nuggets in the rough, which he values at 8450.00.
The juniors attended the Oral Surgery Clinic Oct. 30, much
to the discomfort of Dr. Cook, who was scheduled to meet the
class.
If you see a footprint of plaster-of-paris on the street you
can mark it down as a frethman from the U. of I. Dental. Come
in and take a look at the hall floor down stairs for further proof.
Abstein says he is going to sue Miss Shultz for breach of
promise.
John Welsh is spending the week at his home in Kankakee.
Vercose can't speak English and can't peal potatoes, so Miss
Shultz has arranged to send him to kindergarten next summer.
Stout had to change his room because the landlady tried to
get him out every morning for an 8:30 lecture and he couldn't
stand it.
276 The Plexus.
Everybody take a look at the growth on the upper lip of the
foot ball manager.
Last month's Plexus said that the Jr. editor wanted the
managership of the football team, as he thought the position
would be a good financial benefit to his pocket. Well, he wasn't
elected manager, but treasurer, so he iiolds the cash just the
same.
They say McMaster has his lady friend copy his notes on
the typewriter while he takes a nap on the couch, or takes up a
position close behind her chair.
Herbs and Holmes have been out on account of sickness.
Dr. Cigrand says Geo. A. Jones has a serious case on with
some pretty kitchen mechanic on Van Buren St. Must be so.
It is rumored that McMaster is to be married soon. We
hope the cigars will not be as rotten as the bunch that came out
some time ago.
Berry man spent the week at his home at Apple River, 111.
He says she is fine and dandy.
McCormick is back in school after marketing his onions.
FRESHMEN CLASS.
The faculty of our college feel proud over the fact that the
Freshmen class is the largest ever known in the history of the
school.
Class election took place Nov. 26th. A lively time ensued
in which the following officers we elected for a term of one year:
President, J. L. Smith; vice-president, W. F. Fiebig; secretary,
Miss Grace Baker; treasurer, J. C. McKahan.
The Freshmen class consider themselves fortunate We
have a single representative of the of the opposite sex. There
is a spirit of rivalry existing among certain members of the class
as to who shall win her heart. The contest, more strictly speak-
ing, lies between our President and Mr. Thomas. I heard the
latter express his thoughts on the matter to day. The class as
a whole, however, feels so proud of her that they honored her
with the office of Secretary.
One of our members had the misfortune of being robbed
while walking the streets of Chicago at night.
James M. Thomas spent election week at his home in Apple
I^otes.
277
River. Of course we all know he went home on account of
election.
I have been informed that two members of our class have an
unpleasant smell about their persons. We are advised by the
informer that these two fellows should take a bath more fre-
quently and a cascaret before retiring. If you want to know
how they smell ask our vice-president.
Our college football team was defeated by the American
Medical College Nov. 1st, by the P. & S. Nov. 12th, and by Na-
perville Nov. 16th— but then— victories won easily are cheap,
those worth having are the results of a hard fight.
Correction. — In the October issue our proof reader made a
gross mistake in correcting our comment on Doctor Peck's ar-
ticle (appearing in the same issue). Instead of reading "and the
practical application of his conclusions have been corroborated
by the leading men of our profession for the past ten years," the
word "leading" was misread and appeared as "trading," ^*^
OUR FOOT BALL TEAM.
One of the most beautiful pictures has been presented before
our school, for the past month, by our football team.
Those who construe brutality and athletics have surely never
viewed the humble and sweet disposition displayed by our boys
who followed the Gold and Blue. This noble eleven have never
humiliated an advisary's pride by crossing their goal line. But
on the contrary they have bitten the dust in their vain efforts to
build up the reputation of their opponents, and how grandly
have tney succeeded. How grand and beautiful, so simple and
gentle have been the characters displayed by our brave boys.
Who then can say that the wearer of the head-gear and the pad-
ded Jersey is a brute?
We wish to impress upon the minds of those who gave our
team their support, that notwithstanding we never scored upon
an opponent, our boys fought with all the energy and general-
ship they possessed.
The boys displayed, upon several occasions, a brilliant ar*
tide of football. Proving beyond a doubt that the material is
there, crude though it may be, and that with proper coaching
a good team may be developed.
378 The Plexus.
The various teams met by our boys consisted of men who
outweighed our team as much as twenty pounds to the man.
The following is a list of regulars and scrubs:
Jones, L. E. La Due, R. E. Vahue, R. H.
Huston, L. T. Weeks, Q. B. Shaeifer, L. H.
Holmes, L. G. Schwartz, F, B. Jacobs, C.
McDowell, C. Eiser, R. H. Berry, Q. B.
Ramsey, R. G. Huston, L. H. McDowell, C. E,
Mackinson, R. T. Dickinson, E. Gunn, T.
THE STUDENT'S DREAM.
The day was done, the night was come; it was a gloomy day —
I sat within my lonely room and sadly pondered "Gray,"
'Till suddenly it seemed to me the air grew cold and chilled.
Thick mists and darkness gathered 'round and fear my bosom
filled.
Then mists and darkness rolled away and to my gaze revealed
A lot of micrococci in the microscopic field;
While round the edge another crowd, a rod or two from thence,
Were sitting 'round upon the ground or leaning on the fence.
A giant pneumococcus sat on the topmost rail,
And thoughtfully he tickled his proboscis with his tail.
He winked at me his eyelet and he said to me, "Observe
"How easy 'tis to sit upon your pneumo-gastric nerve!
"O come and sit beside me here upon your trapezoid.
And rest a spell the tired brain-cell and think with your hyoid.
I'm glad to see you, glad the opportunity permits
And glad to see how perfectly your epileptic fits!
"Say, doesn't your patheticus give you an inward pain.
Or so much flattery tend to make your long saphenous vein?
And if a woman talks too much and dislocates her jaw.
Do you say, 'I Masseter, that must see to what you saw?'
"And did it make him Gray to write Anatomy for you?
Or was he gray before and wished to make you students blue?
Come be a germ! And do not squirm nor fear to meet your fate,
Though like as not you'll learn just what Corrosive Sublim-ate!
Dental Department. 279
"So dry your tears, allay your fears and be a microbe glorious,
To climb and run with your cerebrum and think with your sar-
torius.
Beef tea is thin but gelatin and serum make good pabulum —
(To light a match you simply scratch it on your acetabulum!)"
Then all the micrococci waved their little tail before 'em
And yelled at me in hellish glee, "Profundus digitorum!
Hurrah for H2S04 and H2No3,
Levator labii superioris alaeque!"
This frightful yell it broke the spell, I sprung from out my chair
With clammy sweat my brow was wet, all dripping was my hair.
I barked my shins, bewailed my sins, and then I softly swore —
That I would eat mince pie, served hot, for supper never more,
Frank L. Rose, M. D., Chicago, 111.
SCIENTIFIC CLIPPINGS.
During the last decade pharmacologists have endeavored to
explain the action of certain drugs upon the living cells by
raeans of physical laws, claiming that electrolosis is the active
factor. By electrolysis we understand the chemical dissociation
of compounds into ions by the galvanic current. When salts,
acids or bases are dissolved in water, the resulttng solution is
termed electrolite, viz: it will conduct a current of electricity
splitting up the solution in electrically charged ions. The pos-
itive is called kation, while the negative is called amo7i. For
example, if sodium sulphate (Na^ Soj) is dissolved in water, two
positive Na ion.> and one negative So^ ion is the result. The con-
ductability of the electrolite varies according to the strength of
of the solution, to the relative electrical charge of the ions and to
tne speed of the ions.
Although all definite soluble bodies share more or less the
same property, at present we can only speak of the salts of the
alkalies with some positive knowledge. The action of these
drugs is known as salt-action;" If we separate two solutions of
salt of different csncentration by a permeable membrane, e. g.,
parchment paper, a continuous current of salt and fluid results,
which ceases only after equal osmotic pressure on both sides of
the memprane is established. The current passes in both direc-
tions, drawing salts from the stronger to the weaker solution
280 The Plexus.
and water, vice versa, until osmotic equilibrium is established.
The two solutions are then called isotonic.
The cells of the animal body are surrounded by colloid mem-
brane, which are more or less permeable to fluids; much however
depends upon the cell-wall, upon the surrounding liquid, and
upon the aflfinity of the cell contents. Furthermore, not all salts
possess the same power of diffusion. To make this statement
plainer, let as cite the following example: If a concentrated
solution of magnesium sulphate is taken internally, osmotic ac-
tion in the intestines is set up, water is absorbed from the blood
the bowels become distended, the weight increrses, promoting,
vigorous peristalis, which results in evacuation. If instead of a
concentrated solution of the salts, a weak solution were employed
it would have only a very mild or no affect at all. On the other
hand, if we ingest an organic drug dissolved in an isotonic salt-
solution, the absorption of the drug is very much retarded. This
is one important factor to remember in connection with hypo-
dermic injections of cocain or similar compounds for local anas
theria. For instance, if a solution of cocain in distilled water is
injected, the drug is rapidly absorbed bp the blood, due to the
osmotic action of the fluids as a reselt of different specific grav-
ity. Much pain is caused, and a general action of the drug may
be produced.
Setting a Banded Crown Painlessly.— When the parts
are dried take a small probe and dip it incarbolic acid ninety five
per cent, then pass the end of the probe under the free margin
of the gum, and carry it around the root so that the acid comes
in contact with the surface of the gum touched by the band of
the crown. This will not only anesthetize the gum and periden-
tal membrane sufficiently to permit the band to go on painlessly,
but it will sear the gum over so as to prevent to a large degree
the seeping of moisture between the gum and the root. After
setting the crown bathe the gum surrounding it with alcohol, to
neutralize any permanent effect of the carbolic acid— particularly
if too much has been used or it has touched the gum some dis-
tance wany from the crown. (Revieiv.)
THE PLEXUS
COLLEGE OF PHYSICIANS AND SURGEONS
MEDICAL DEPARTMENT OF THE
UNIVERSITY OF ILLINOIS,
CHICAGO.
VOL. VIIL - DECEMBER 20th, 1902. NO. 8
THE OFFENDER FEMININE, BEING A DESCRIPTION
OF A NEUROTIC TYPE.
By Dr. X.
Theneurotic type here mentioned is by no means uncommon
yet it is rarely referred to or discussed in the medical journals.
They receive incidental mention in law journals, They figure
very extensively in society gossip and are frequently encountered
by the busy practitioner. The physician very wisely refrains
from discussing these cases or even referring to them when in
consultation with his fellow physicians. The type is usually
well understood by the experienced physician, quite universally
recognized as obnoxious'beyond the influence of medication and the
prognosis is bad. Knowing these things the physician usually
refrains from explaining the case to interested parties as parents
or the husband, knowing that though the information be given
"'nth the best of intentions, such efforts only meet with rebuff or
lead perhaps to a libel suit, if not something even more unpleasant.
The legal fraternity catch glimses of these cases when the
arising circumstances develop a divorce suit, a breach of promise
or a defamation of character suit. Society when it becomes
aware of the true character of the neurotic is for a moment
shocked and sooner or later sinks back into silent apathy.
Even the physician finds the temptation too strong and he
follows the general attitude of society towards this type. Upon
careful consideration it becomes apparent that this is due to a
282 The Fhxiis.
lack of courage and frankness which is in a large measure
responsible for our slow progress in social reform.
We are afraid to face social problems openly. A form of
modesty combined with a species of cowardice prompts us to
screen the defects of others because of an innate feeling that
we ourselves may not be wholly free from the same or
similar defects.
The immortal Goethe himself frankly admitted that he had
within himself the germs of all crimes. Who is there wholly
free from sin and blame?
We hesitate to unveil the grinning, ghastly skeleton in our
neighbors closet; not so much because we wish to screen him,
but rather because we fear that some retaliating spirit may
disclose a similar skeleton in our own closet. Again, nearly
everybody upon encountering something disagreeable for which
he is not responsible prefers to avoid any possibility of compli-
cation by keeping out of the way and permitting things to take
their course. It also happens that authoritative and conscien-
tious efforts to get at the true why and wherefore of mental and
especially moral defects festering within society are often met
with malicious hindrance on the part of that very society. We
need only recall the ignorant vituperative news-paper attacks
upon some of the research work of Mac Donald and other
scientists.
The statements here made are based upon personal observa-
tion extending over a period of about one year. The incidents
are presented from an impartial and critical point of view and
the data recorded will be found to agree with certain data re-
corded by Lombroso, Max Nordau, Mac Donald, Madame
Tarnowsky and other alienists. Although an individual case it
is one of a marked type and this particular case proves of special
interest because of certain accessory circumstances which
aggravate or accentuate the type characters.
Since the type would be of no consequence if it were not for
the influence she exerts upon others it is readily understood
that it will be necessary in the discussion to mention the part
played by others. I may therefore as well introduce the
draiaath'i personae. This will at once indicate possible complica-
tions and simplify the recording of incidents.
Mrs. X., a neurotic type.
The Offender Feminine. 283
Mr. X., her husband, a fairly prosperous business man.
Laura X., aged four years. Theodore X., aged six years.
Cihildren of Mrs. and Mr. X.
Acquaintances and male friends of Mrs. X., physicians and
lawyers.
Place, New York City.
Time, the present.
There is no doubt that the neurotic type is the product of
heredity but in this particular instance it was difficult to secure
reliable information. The father, who led a sea- faring life, was
possessed of undue religious zeal, bordering on insanity; of
apparently fair brain power and intelligence, passionate temper-
ament, a keen sense of right and wrong but often erring in
judgment. Practically no information could be obtained regard-
ing the heredity from the maternal side. It is quite evident
that efforts were made to screen the life histories of two brothers
who died at an early age. There is living a cousin of low morals
and very deceitful. Another cousin has some ability (as an
artist) but is very erratic in morals and temperament. Have
received an uncertain report from an indirect and somewhat
prejudiced source, that an elder sister ended her career in a
house of ill-fame. It will be readily understood that it is a very
difficult matter to get reliable information in cases of this kind.
As already stated the father of the neurotic was exceedingly
religious; of unusual nervous excitability, much of his time was
employed in attempts to humiliate the flesh. While he was not
a criminal yet his great nervous excitability was a continual
thorn in the flesh, a strong prompter and inciter to perform
some criminal act under an unusual strain. Eminent alienists
inform us that excessive religious zeal is very generally found
with criminals or those having criminal tendencies. Criminals
and those having an inherited weakness of the flesh with a full
consciousness thereof, accompanied by a retention of the power
to differentiate between right and wrong are naturally inclined
to religion as it promises strength and salvation. Criminals
condemmed to die quite generally crave or demand religious aid
before execution. This is simply a revulsion of feeling, a pow-
erful emotion, a clinging to the straw as it were; since there is
no hope for human succor, the unfortunate one clings to the
promise of spiritual aid and final redemption. In such cases the
284 The Plexus.
religious craving and manifestation is really evidence of cowardly
selfishness since the culprit expects spiritual pardon when ha
has an innate feeling that he does not deserve it and cannot
obtain it from human source. This is therefore a characteristic
of the hereditary criminal in harmony with the type character-
istics. Nor is it intended to imply that all those who are devoutly
religious are criminals or have criminal tendencies. The religi-
ous feeling of those hereditarily good is a different form of emo-
tion.
It is not intended to enter into a discussion but simply to
point out that in all probability the religious zeal of the father of
the neurotic was engendered through a fear of commit-
ting wrong as a result of an innate feeling of weakness,
an inability to resist the tendencies thereto. Though the data
are incomplete and defective it is quite evident that the inher-
itance of our type was bad.
The following physical characteristics stigmata are usually
noticeable. Although somewhat below the average physically
the neurotics of this type are not deformed or repulsive in ap-
pearance. On the contrary, on superficial inspection, the features
are judged to be delicate and refined rather than coarse and
vulgar. Cranial capacity quite generally below the average.
Expression rather mobile while conscious of observation but
uniformly sullen and immobile when not conscious of observa-
tion. Lips rather full; eyes clear with the lids turned down at
the outer corners. Eyes are restless and the neurotic will rarely
look one straight iu the face. The corners of the mouth are also
turned down. As a whole it is a face expressive of worry and
mental suffering and it may well be. The sense organs are
variable in their functional activities. In some instances they
are dull and again they are very acute. In the case under ob-
servation sight and hearing were abnormally acute. The gait is
peculiar and quite characteristic of the type. Step quick and
short with the toes well turned out (about 45^,) Under mental
strain, worry or disagreeable emotions the gait becomes halting
and uncertain, wavering from right to left. Other more or
less positive physical stigmata indicative of degeneracy or
reversion to remote ancestral types may be present but do not
seem to be marked or constant.
While the physical stigmata are not decidedly marked or
Tye Offender Feminine., 285
constant the mental and particularly the moral characteristics
are very pronounced. They are essentially those of a child^
combined with the reasoning power of the adult, which is in
perfect harmony with the theory that the neurotic is a degenerate,
or one in whom the higher mental and moral qualities have
failed to develop normally. A constant manifestation is unreas.
onable fear; the somewhat sudden appearance of such harmless
animals as cats, chickens, geese and dogs will cause the neurotic
to become panic-stricken. She i,will drop her child and wildlj
run away from the imaginary danger, irrespective of conse-
quences or who may be present. Shadows will cause fright and
she will at times imagine all manner of wild beasts and evil
spirits hidden behind doors, curtains, under beds and in hall-
ways. In the case of an accident she becomes entirely uncon-
trollable. In all of these instances the idea of the most narrow
and selfish self-preservation seems to predominate. Children,
husband and the most intimate friends and acquaintances are
entirely out of mind nor does she turn to them to give aid or
for protection, characteristics peculiar to the infant:
Another mental trait is the inability to concentrate the mind
upon any subject for any length of time. The power of reason-
ing from cause to effect is almost wholly wanting. The neurotic
rarely enters upon a discussion in which she herself in not con-
cerned. During a conversation she is either entirely indifferent
or she interrupts at the most inopportune moments with some
remark having little or perhaps no bearing upon the subject
under discussion. Naturally she is lacking in the powers of
attention and concentration. Again she may be all attention,
absorbing every word and watching every gesture, when to all
outward appearances she is wholly inattentive.
The most marked characteristic and the one which requires
the most conideration is the absence of the sense of moral responsi-
bility, though fully conscious of and comprehending morality in the
highest sense. She feels the necessity of bringing up her children
properly from the standpoint of virtue and truthfulness yet her
own immorality makes these desires impossible of execution.
Already the minds of her children have again and again received
the impress of the lack of morality of the mother. As yet this
means but little to the child-mind because of the tender age,
nevertheless the mental impressions exist and they will be vivid-
286 The Plexus.
ly recalled in after years when it will be the cause of serious
family troubles. More then likely the awful example set will
tend tp lead the daughter and son to destruction, unless indeed
the parental inheritance is sufficiently good and strong to pre-
serve them from such a fate.
Truthfulness is impossible with this type. Lying is the rule
and not the exception. As a mother she lies to her children and
from the earliest instructs them in lying by example as well as
precept. As a wife she deceives her husband in the most shame-
less manner and to such a perfection has she brought the art of
lying that her husband, who is by no means a model of grace
and virtue, is convinced that she is innocence itself and absolute-
ly true to him. She tells lies to her acquaintances even about
the most trivial things. She is continually striving to impress
others, especially her male acquaintances, with her innocence
and Jack of experience. To ingratiace herself and gain sympathy
and approbation, she will profess to be greatly interested in art,
literature, music, philantrophy, etc., as the case may require.
She will boldly present a sketch, a piece of copied manuscript
music or a poem, as her own production, giving detailed informa-
tion as to when and how the work was done. She will present
a piece of machine-made fancy work as the work of her own
hand. If she is accused of deception or wrong doing she either
remains silent or proceeds at once to explain or justify herself,
usually implicating or blaming one or more innocent persons.
When her acquaintances find her out and avoid her she immedi-
ately proceeds to inform such friends and acquaintances as she
may have of the existing feeling and accuse the other party of
the identical misdeeds of which she herself is guilty.
Besides a lack of virtue there is also a lack of humor and
sympathy. The humorous in life does not appeal to her. The
misery of others does not affect her. The daily struggle, toil
and grind of her husband to provide a home for her and the
children means nothing to her, does not appeal to her as demand-
ing consideration; instead she is continually reciting a story of
abuse and neglect on the part of her husband. She spends con-
siderable time in calling on a few equally neurotic female friends
who are her ready listeners, though genuine sympathy is out of
the question, A goodly portion of her time is also spent in try-
ing to mislead (the word is here used advisedly) men of some
The O^^ender Feminine. 287
prominence and social standing, men of more than the average
morality and quick conscience; knowing only too well that if she
can implicate these, a species of chivalry, combined with shame
and the sense of guilt will keep their lips sealed. She usually
selects her victims from among professional men as physicians,
dentists, lawyers and ministers, because these are most readily
accessible. She can always find an excuse to make a profes-
sional call or several calls at the office which gives her an oppor-
tunity to try all the wiles at her disposal. There are very few
professional men of repute who have not had some experience
with one or several women belonging to this type. After one or
two experiences the type is recognized and subsequently she is
figuratively kicked out of the office of her prospective victim.
The intellectual, conscientious man can rarely be caught more
than once. The reasons why the neurotic should wish to en-
snare these victims are various, but all are based upon the most
selfish .motives. Sometimes it seems merely a desire to break
up a family or to blacken if not ruin the man's life, but in this
she does not succeed as well or as often as she imagines she does,
Most of the men find out her true character quite early and avoid
her, whereupon she at once proceeds to accuse them of every
conceivable digression against morality and justice, not infre-
quently leading to a law suit and even murder. Young and
inexperienced professional men cannot be too careful in guarding
against the machinations of this type.
With more mentality, ideality and strength of character
and less blunted morality such women figure in history. As for
example Charlotte Corday the slayer of Marat and Lola Montez,
who became so notoriously associated with King Ludwig of
Bavaria. Similar characters are portrayed in fiction. Becky
Sharp is a most notable example. How successfully she duped
her less artful and certainly more moral husband; but the out-
raged husband answers to the guilty wife's statement, "I am
innocent" shows that his eyes were finally opened and that she
had carried the deception too far. The Greek poetess Sapho
is another notable example, though she had a mentality, tenacity
of purpose and strength of character never found in the fully
developed type. Daudet's Sapho is another example. Some of
the characters in Zolas novels are related to the type. The
same may be said of the heroines in "The Celibates" by Geo.
288 The Plexus.
Moore and in "Unleavened Bread" by Robert Grant. The type
is fully described in Lombroso's "Female Offender." Kipling
had the type in mind when he wrote the poem entitled "The
Vampire" which begins with the lines, —
"A fool there was and he made his prayer
To a rag and a bone and a hank of hair."
And ending with the following verse :
"And it isn't the shame and it isn't the blame
That stings like a white hot brand.
Its coming to know that she never knew why
(Seeing at last she could never know why)
And never could understand."
To sum up, this case belongs to a distinctive and readily
recognizable neurotic type characterized by the absense of the
moral sense, defective sense of humor and a lack of sympathy.
It is essentially a form of degeneracy and not amenable to
medical treatment. Moral suasion has only a very temporary
beneficial influence.
The final questions are what shall be done with these cases?
What should be done with the children? How shall society
protect itself against?
The chief object of this paper is to serve as a warning note
to young physicians. Avoiding the type will save trouble and
worry. The advice is of little value or significance to "men of
the world" or "sports" as they are more generally designated.
It is the man with a keen conscience who will need the warning.
THE DOCTOR'S LIFE— ONE NIGHT ONLY.
Original Poem read before the Mifflin County (Pa.) Medical Society.
A wild March night, the clock struck one.
For miles through sleety storm he'd come;
And when the doctor sought his bed,
"I hope I'll sleep till morn." he said.
"When young, I did not heed the cold.
I'm fifty-eight; pshaw, that's not oldP'
But he was older than he knew;
Fierce storms endured, and many, too;
And winter's cold and summer's heat,
Too often without time to eat.
Poem. 289'
Will age one more than Time maybe
And old at fifty-eight was he.
Yet, oft all day at work he'd kept,
Then worked at night, while others slept.
And when he'd tried to calm the fears
Of anxious friends, and dry their tears.
The horrid pains his patients felt ,
His sympathetic heart would melt.
And he would grieve in sorrow sore.
When Death came knocking at the door;
And fight him back, with might and main,
Till Death would leave — to call again.
Of all the ills his patients knew.
He felt a share and suffered, too.
When all these things a man has done.
Then he has two years lived in one.
"The chills are creeping up my back;
Is it vitality I lack?
Perhaps the sleep will some warmth bring —
Ah, there 1 hear my night-bell ringr
"Doc. neighbor John, six miles away,
Has got the cramp; please don't delay."
Then softly down the stairs he creeps.
Lest he may wake someone who sleeps.
And hear the words, "iVoiy don't you goP^
Oh, how he dreads this cruel blow! —
When go he must, with heart maybe
Grown sad from wanting sympathy.
With visage grim, determined mien,
He meets the storm with edge so keen,
His face is cut, till blood near flows,
As on his lonely way he goes.
At length, his journey's end he nears —
A light, the house itself appears,
He hopes he has not come too late,
Then hears a cry of anguish great.
290 The Plexus.
To him none need that story tell —
The scene within he knows full well —
Yes, knows indeed how runs the tale,
When hurt brings forth the human wail.
Disease, he knows there holds full sway
While anxious friends in silence pray —
Whose hearts are torn by Hope and Fear
While Death, unseen, stands smiling near
To change this scene the doctor seeks.
Ere he begins the patient speaks —
"I knew you'd come, I knew you would!"
With looks of deepest gratitude.
"Yes I've endured the cold and wet.
Although you never pay a debt.
When last I spoke about my bill.
You hinted I might go to — still
I did not feel inclined somehow.
Nor will I let you go there now."
A half hour more, gone is the pain,
Toward home the doctor rides again.
Though fierce as ever is the storm
He smiles to feel his blood grow warm.
His heart is light, his spirits gay —
He's earned these thrills of ecstasy.
Which well he knew to him would come —
A sure reward for duty done.
"Those looks of gratitude," says he,
"Will likely be my only fee.
But when I reach the other side —
Where the great Book lies open wide —
If on the left there seems to be
To much that's wrong there charged to be;
Perchance I'll find, upon the right,
Some record of m.y life to-night."
— Walter H. Parcels, M. D,, in Pen. Med. Jour
THE PLEXUS
COLLEGE OF PHYSICIANS AND SURGEONS
MEDICAL DEPARTMENT
UNIVERSITY OF ILLINOIS.
CHICAGO.
Plexus Committee of Faculty.
M. R. BROWN, M. D. C. A. WOOD, M. D. T. A. DAVIS, M. D.
H. C. WADDLE, '03, Editor-in-Chief.
Sttpt. W. H. BROWNE, W. T. EwKLEY, M- D., D. N. EISBNftRA.TH, M. D
W. A. EVANS, M. D., H. W. BBRARD, M. D., A. GERHMANN, M D.
Associate Editor, L. HARRISON METTLER, M. D.
Class Editors:
R. L. ELDREDGE, 03. J. F. REPLOQLE, '04. H. P. B4GLEY, '05.
Alumni Editor, DR. C. C. O'BYRNE, '94 Library Department. METTA M. LOOMI»
ATHLETIC EDITOR, J. J MONAHAN.
Business Manager, W. H. PORTER, '03.
Publisher, H. C. WADDLE.
Subscription $1.00 per Annum in advance. Single copies, 15 cents. Issued Monthly
Send all remittances and communications as to subscriptions and advertising to H. C.
WADDLE, Cor. Congress and Honore Sts.
, Entered at Chicago Post Office as Second-Class Matter.
Any subscriber desiring the Journal discontinued at the expiration of his subscription
should so notify the Publishers; otherwise it will be assumed thai the subscription is to be
continued and the Journal sent accordingly.
Contributions of matter suitable for publication are invited, and should be sent in no
alter than the 25th of the month previous totliat of publication. The publishers will not hoi
themselves responsible for the safe return of MSS. unless sufficient stamps are forwarded.
There seems to be a general impression that the hospital fund
of last year is past and gone. For the general information we
will state just where it stands.
Classes have been polled with successful results and class
committees met and Dr. Hall the chairman of last year's commit-
tee of the four classes resigned. Mr. Haesley was elected to fill
his places. The committee of last year for conferring with the
faculty was changed to put Mr. Egan in place of Bagley resigned.
This committee then asked the Dean to appoint, Dr. Evans,
Dr. Steele, Dr. Davis, Dr. Pantus and Dr. Holmes as a faculty
committee, to aid student committee in the construction of consti-
•292 Uie Plexus.
ijution by laws, etc. The work has been somewhat delayed by the
absence of Dr. Quine from the city. H. P. B.
THE ELECTIVE SYSTEM IN MEDICAL SCHOOLS.
The curriculum of the modern and progressive medical school
has become a very complex structure. Not many years ago, a few
months of service in a preceptor's office followed by two terms at
a medical college, rarely exceeding five months each in duration,
were all that was required of the student before receiving his de-
gree. Obstetrics, clinical medicine and surgery were taught him
in the same semester with the so-called fundamental branches such
as anatomy, chemistry and physiology.
The introduction of the graded system and the lengthening
of the school term to three years of six months each had scarcely
been made when the rapid development of all departments of
medicine necessitated further extension. At the present time
every college in good standing in thiscountry requires four terms
or years of at least 7 months each.
In the past few years many changes have taken place in the
curriculum. The tendency had been to arrange the courses in
such a manner that the student began his practical work in his
third or Junior year. The first two years were devoted to the lab-
oratory subjects, anatomy, physiology, chemistry, pharmacology
and pathology. In many of the schools, especially in this college,
there has been a feeling that the last two years were so crowded
with clinical work that it would be well to begin some of it in the
earlier years. This movement has been extremely successful and
our clinics to the Freshman and Sophomore clases are but the fore-
taste of a more extensive introduction of instruction in clinical
methods and direct contact with clinical material in these years.
The higher a college can make its preliminary requirements,
the better prepared in the branches ordinarily taught in the first
two years will its students be. Hence, more practical work can be
given them earlier in their medical course than hitherto.
In the same manner in which medical schools were compelled
to devote more and more time to the laboratory branches so the
rapidly increasing demands which modern practice makes of the
physician have necessitated a change in the more practical years.
Even an introduction of some of the clinical work into the first two
Editorial. 293
years will not suffice. We must either add another year to the
curriculum or give the student more latitude in the selection of
his work in the last two years.
When classes in a medical school average 50 students, a small
amphitheatre, in which nearly everyone was close to the clinician
sufficed. In our larger classes, varying in number from 150 to 250,
a different problem presents itself.
In order to equip himself to meet the keen competition of
practice, it is necessary for the student to come in close personal
relation with the teacher and patient. The time has passed when
large amphitheatre clinics are profitable to the student. Clinical
conferences at the bedside, and in the clinic room where a small
number of students can by direct examination of the patient and
by the use of every modern diagnostic means receive inspiration
from an enthusiastic teacher must become the method of teaching
in the future. Didactic lectures and recitations for small classes
(not exceeding 50) will still be of great service.
How can the ambitious student get the best results from his
last two years? By permitting hitn to select to a great extent the
work which he wishes to do. He should not be compelled to sit
in crowded clinic and lecture rooms for nine or ten hours daily,
jumping from a lecture on surgery to one on dermatology and
again to one on medicine, to be followed by a view at a distance
of 100 feet of a case of tabes.
By giving him the privilege of selecting to a certain extent
his teachers and subjects there will be a reciprocal benefit. If a
student is required to take a minimum amount of work so as to
conform to the state laws, he can so arrange his time .'hat under
proper supervision he will choose those courses which tend to de-
velop his mind symmetrically. There will be no over-crowding
and resultant confusion of ideas through being compelled, as at
present, to attend every lecture or clinic no matter by whom it is
given. He can select his work at the beginning of each term so
thai there is a certain sequence or relation of the subjects taken
up. With the present multiplicity of branches taught in a mod-
ern medical school and the increase in number of teachers each
of whom demands some fraction of the student's time, it is abso-
lutely necessary to call a halt. If we do not permit the introduc-
tion of the elective system, we will graduate automatons and not
thinking physicians, men and women who can describe locomotor
294 The Plexus.
ataxia, a greenstick fracture or an enlarged spleen perfectly, but
who have never educated their fingers or eyes sufficiently to re-
cognize one in practice.
What is the reciprocal benefit, that is, to the teacher? The
elective system is the best stimulus for a medical instructor, be
he a professor or mere associate, which ever existed. The writer
has been informed that its introduction at some schools has been
followed by a marvelous waking-up of those who through being
accustomed for many years to have a compulsory attendance be-
gan to grow negligent in their teaching methods and to lose in-
terest in their clinical work. A short season of small voluntary
attendance caused some reflection. The result was that it stim-
ulated to better and more pains- taking work with very happy
results.
Students are severe critics and can form an estimate of the
ability of a teacher rapidly. Give them their choice and the bet-
ter instructor will have a large enrollment, the poor one none.
Another benefit to be derived from the elective system is
that it gives a college a better opportunity to utilize clinical facil-
ities outside of its walls. If the student feels that he can get
credit work done in extramural clinics just the same as if done in
the college building, he will take advantage of many clinical
facilities which are at the present time mere figureheads for ad-
vertising purposes with many colleges. In most of these extra-
mural institutions there is an almost inconceivable wealth of
clinical material wasted and good teachers undiscovered for
lack of opportunity.
The elective system is no longer an experiment. Its success
has been proven and its general adoption is a step in the lines of
progress. In the crowded condition of the present medical cur-
riculum and the necessity of graduating thinking, practical
young men and women, the elective system must ultimately be
adopted by every college. It will best dispose of the problem of
large classes and of more direct contact between student, teacher
and patient. D, N. E.
LIBRARY NOTES.
Metta M. Loomis, Librarian.
The old fashioned library was a little more than a repository
for books which were safely guarded behind iron gratings. In
such a library books were never missing, there was no need of
rebinding, and the fair pages remained unsoiled. When a reader
wished for a book he was handed a printed catalogue, possibly
several years out of date, from this he learned the title of the
books and possibly the number of pages and year of publication.
A book chosen from such meagre information seldom contains
what the reader desires.
The modern library spirit has for its first consideration the
assistance of the reader and not the preservation of its books
In the Quine library the student is at liberty to use any book in
the reading room and upon request to the librarian he is allowed
to go to the shelves in the stock room where he may examine
the books, and not only familiarize himself with the medical
literature but finds the particular subject or reference in which
he may be interested.
The students of the College of Physicians and Surgeons
appreciate the advantages of the Quine Library, and the privi-
leges which are allowed them by the open shelf system, and it is
seldom that any one abuses these privileges.
It is also in accord with the modern library spirit to make the
reading room as attractive as possible. The Quine Library can
report progress in the direction.
The most noticable addition to the reading room are the two
bronze busts of Dr. J Reeves Jackson and Dr. C. W, Earle, which
have been placed on the book case and will be a source of inspi-
ration to all who visit the library,
Mr. J. M. Burrill, Vice President of the State University of
Illinois send us a magnificent palm which now adorns the library.
One other improvement, which meets with the hearty ap-
proval of all students is the rubber tips which have been bought
for the reading room chairs.
The following articles by members of the faculty have ap-
peared in recent journals:
Dr. D, N. Eisendrath. Traumatic Rupture of Abdominal
296 The Plexus.
Viscera without External Signs of Injury. Journal of American
Medical Association. Oct. 25 and concluded in Nov. 1.
Dr. J. M. Patton. The Etiology of Chronic Nephritis.
The Clinical Review, Nov. p. 85-90.
Dr. C. A. Wood. Address on an Exhibit of Early (prior to
1860) British and American Ophthalmic Literature. Journal of
the American Medical Association, No. 8, concluded in Nov. 15.
Dr. E. F. Wells. Pneumonia, its Incidence, Mortality,
Prophylaxis. Journal American Medical Association, Nov. p.
1235-1237.
Dr. D. N. Eisendrath. The Accidents of Anaesthesia and
Prevention and Treatment. American Medicine, Nov, 15, p.
778-779.
Dr. G. F. Lydston. Urethral Papilloma in the male. Surgi-
cal Clinic, Nov. p. 538-539. Also Tubercular Ulcer of Septum
Nasi with Secondary Cervical Gland Tuberculosis, p. 544-558.
Dr. Carl E. Beck. Methods of Diagnosis; Surgical. Surgi-
cal Clinic, p. 552-558.
Dr. A. J. Ochsner. Surgery of the Stomach for the Relief
of Non-Malignant Pathological Condition. Surgical Clinical
Review, Dec. page 165-172.
Dr. L. Harrison Mettler. Facial Palsy of Syphilitic Origin;
Infantile Palsy; Chorea Minor; Hysterical Hemichorea. Clinical
Review, Dec. page 173-184.
Dr. W. K. Jaques. The Microscope in the Diagnosis of
Scarlet Fever. Journal of the American Medical Association,
Dec. 6, p. 1345-1448.
Dr. Casey A. Wood & Dr. T. A. Woodruff. The Commoner
Diseases of the Eye. How to Detect and How to Treat Them.
The Medical Standard, Dec. p. 648-652.
Dr. D. N. Eisendrath. Traumatic Rupture of the Spleen.
Annals of Surgery, Dec. p. 921-927.
GIFTS.
Dr. Casey A. Wood has again shown himself the good friend
of the Quine Library, by a present of Dictionarie de Medicure
et de Chirwgie Praktique. This dictionary is a necessity in
every well equipped medical library as it is the most extensive
work of the kind ever issued, comprising 40 octavo volumes of
about 800 pages each.
Library Notes. 297
Dr. T. L. Catherwood of Shelby ville, 111., sent us a large box
of medical literature, consisting of 20 books and 750 journals.
Our thanks are also extended to the following persons who
have donated to the Quine Library:
Dr. J. M. L. Carter for his new work on Diseases of the
Stomach.
Mrs. Bechtoi, a copy of Dr. Quine's Lectures on the Practice
of Medicine.
Dr. Clark of the class of 1902. for Schleif's Materia and
Therapeutics.
The Macmillian Co. for kindly responding to our request
for a copy of Allchin's Diseases on the Nervous System.
Dr. W. L, Ballenger for the reprints on Otology.
ALUMNI NOTES.
'91. Chas. P. Brown, Pres. Physician's Supply & Drug Co.,
Ogden ave. and Harrison st. Chicago.
'94 T. L. Round, Tampico, 111., died at his home on Nov.
11th, age, 34.
'98. W. H. Stayner, Chicago, recently committed suicide.
'01. W. J. McCoy of Clinton, la., was a recent visitor at his
Alma Mater.
'01. P. J. Buss, 634Loomisst , Chicago was married to Miss
Phoebe M. Dimneut of Chicago on Wed. Dec. 3, '02, Dr. Buss has
a very extensive practice-in Chicago for so young a practicioner.
'02. W. H. Aaron is located at Pawhuska, Okla.
'02, A. Louise Klemm is located at Garfield Blvd. and Hal-
sted St., Chicago.
'02. A. J. Parnham has moved to Reinbeck, la. from Hudson,
la.
SENIOR NOTES.
The Junior hop, which was held on the evening of Dec. 9,
was in every respect a success, and reflected great credit on those
having charge of the arrangements. Following the example set
by last year's Junior class the affair was made strictly compli-
mentary to the seniors, and the latter showed their appreciation
by turning out in strong force. The Juniors, too, were there
almost to a man while not a few of the other classes were among
the gayly attired assemblage. The only weak point in the
attendance was on the part of the faculty, a lamentably small
number put in an appearance. It was estimated that the total
number present, however, was nearly six hundred, and the
capacity of the hall was taxed to the utmost to accommodate
the dancers. Seldom has a party of this character been more
tastefully planned, or more daintily arranged and carried into
execution. The music was all that could be desired; the cusine
sufficient, if meagre, the decorations handsomely arranged, while
all the little details had been looked after with painstaking care
and attention. The work of the various committees had been
well performed and expressions of approval of their effotts were
not lacking. No one had but the warmest congratulations for
the Juniors, and they may well be proud of their justly merited
success on this occasion. Beautifully gowned ladies, with fault-
lessly attired escorts, was the order rather than the exception.
The grand march was led by Prof. O'Byrne and Mrs. Sanger
Brown, immediately followed by Prof. Brown and Mrs. O'Byrne.
Other members of the faculty present included Dr. Williamson,
Dr. Yarros, Dr. Burroughs, Dr. Weatherson and Dr. Nagle.
Dancing was continued until a late hour, and all agreed that it
was one of the most enjoyable parties ever held under the auspi-
ces of the Junior Class. We congratulate them on their success
and wish them equally hospitable treatment in the following year.
The invitation of Searle, Hereth & Co. to visit their chemical
manufacturing plant on Dec. 4th, was responded to by over 200
of the Senior class including nearly all of our fair sisters and Miss
Heelan. The visit resulted in a grand good time for all, and in
no small profit for some. Several are known to have a fairly
good stock of compressed tablets, triturates, extracts, etc. to say
Notes. 299
nothing of '-violets" in "Oshkosh." It is rumored that "Si"^
got hold of a large sized can of ung. hydrag, but couldn't find a
pocket large enough for it and was forced to leave it after de-
ploring his lack of foresight in not having provided himself with
a hand bag prior to leaving home. Johnson thought he had a
nice souvenir in the shape of a canvass covered flask and was
about to add it to his fast growing collection when the guide
held it up for inspection and explained that it contained attar of
roses worth |16 an ounce. Johnson accepted a quart of Heroin
instead. Greaves said he didn't want any henbane because there
were too many in the class now. Seeley said he didn't care for
any "Violets," so he gave Barnum his share. The firm had
arranged a nice spread in the dining-room of the institutions,
and took particular pains to see that no one went away without
a substantial remembrance of the occasion. A few remarks by
Messrs. Hereth and Eastman served to put all at ease. "Dad"
O. Holmes responded for the class in a few well chosen words,
after which a representative of the firm called for the class liar,
and was surprised to hear a score of names mentioned. He
remarked on the unusually large proportion of this element, but
thought it probably due to the size which, he said, was the great-
est to ever visit them on such an occasion. Before dispersing,
the class joined in their own peculiar way in voting the firm all
right, and expressing their appreciation of the afternoon's
entertainment.
A feature of the occasion which only a favored few were
permitted to enjoy the trip with Miss Heelan took after leaving
the north side. Escorted by Tweedle, and accompanied by
Holmes, Maloy, Dodds, Gag, Groff, Poter; et al, our popular
clerk started out on a shopping tour through the retail district
to buy herself a Christmas present. It is rumored the party
spent a few pleasant hours making the circuit up and down State
street, during which the following articles were purchased:
One dozen boxes of powder.
Six dozen boxes of hair pins.
Seventeen yards of blue ribbon.
Four lace embroidered handkerchiefs.
Six pairs of gloves.
Seven yards of veilings.
Five pounds of chewing gum.
300 The Plexus
One quart of Jockey Club.
One- eighth yard of farmer's satin.
Ten cents worth of choclate creams.
The group created something of a sensation in the various
places visited particularly by their erratic manner of financing
the venture. It was agreed to contribute pro rata to each pur-
chase made by "Elizabeth" and the confusion and noise ensuing
caused the shoppers crowding the stores to wonder how so many
apparently "daffy" individuals got away from their retreat
simultaneously. Cash girls were frightened into hurrying back
with the change, and several timid female clerks hid behind
their more venturesome companions, or under the counters until
Dodds explained who they were and guaranteed no harm would
be done by his party.
It was late at night before the party reached home, having
been compelled to walk the entire distance from State street to
the college building because no one had car fare left. When it
came time for the dry goods and notion stores to close the funds
were running very low. In fact it was found on investigation
that Groff was the only one who wasn't dead broke. He had
only a dime left, however, and as that wouldn't pay fare for the
entire party, itwasdecided to spend this for candy and walk home.
Dr. Wells has been very acceptably filling the chair of medi-
cine vacated temporarily by the Dean- We trust the enforced
absence of Prof. Quine will not be prolonged, and that he will
soon resume his highly prized discourses.
If there is one thing Greaves prides himself on it is diagno-
sis. He is so certain in this respect, that he always reads the
diagnosis as part of the clinical history of the surgical cases^
sometimes repeating it by way of emphasis.
The top row in 406 is graduallj' becoming more popular with
the sleepers. During a recent lecture at least six occupants of
that section were to all appearances entirely oblivious of what
was transpiring, even the racket from the basket ball practice in
the "gym." which annoyed all the others, failing to arouse them
from the embrace of Morpheus.
We wish you all an unusually Merry Christmas and an ex-
tremely pleasant and Happy New Year.
• (The prophet's letter, continued from the last issue.)
How strange and how different is this mode of travel from
Notes. 301
the eternally slow 'ocean liners of twenty-live years ago! All
night long I could hear the war of the tossing waves above me.
Mayhaps another Aeneas had incurred the anger of a Juno, at
whose request the gates of the "Caves of the Winds" were un.
barred, and Eolus and Boreas were playing havoc in the domain
of the "Gods of the Sea."
After day break I arrived at Frisco, (the old San Francisco,
which name became too long and cumbersome for the fast times.)
I spent an hour or so prospecting over the city and noticed the
great number of strangers that had arrived since last I was here.
I inspected "The Altman," a physician's offl.ee building.
On the one hundredth floor there is a finely artistic and mod-
ern laboratory, equipped amongst other things, with "Carpenter
Microscope," recentlyi invented. You know they magnify the
old typhoid Bacillus (now only a memory) so greatly that it
appears as large as a potato.
F. P. Beck is superintendent of the laboratory. His assist-
ants are Mrs. Beck, Ammundson, Banberger, Birney and But-
terfield.
They were all present when I called and from them I learned
of some of the other classmates.
Buchanan is running a sanitarium at Derdiger, Philippine
Ids., U. S. A.
One of them told me that Miss Burney had changed her name,
"But only a little bit," be added.
Mrs Brown is practicing successfully in Evanston. Burgess
is Warden of the Frisco Hospital. I shall try to see him while
I'm here.
Burchette is Professor of Chemistry at Keokuk Medical
College.
Cohen, I was told, is a specialists on diagnosis of T. B. of
cervical vertebrae. He still palpates in his forcible manner.
"Immobility" was his subject at a recent meeting of the Rectal
Surgery Society.
I nearly forgot to mention that in this laboratory they make
use of the "Copenhaver Tonicus," a few of which when put
into a plate culture inoculated with any bactera will produce a
colony in forty-five seconds. Strange! But that is not all.
DeNeveu injected some of the substance into a young man and
302 The Plexus.
lo, and behold it was noticed that he became fifty years older
in an hour.
The ninety-nine floor of "The Altman" is occupied by Casa-
vaw's Pathological Laboratory. Conley, his assistant, has
recently discovered the cause of carcinoma and is about to
give his discovery to the world, with also his treatment which
is simple and infallible.
The whole laboratory is packed with rare specimens of
diseased tissues. Of course they are all mounted on slides but
with the aid of the strongly developed "Dakiu- Eye- Glasses"
one can see the minutest pathological changes.
I was about to leave Casavaw when a large gentleman with
a white bald head and a broad smile slapped me on the back.
"Hello," said he. "How do you do, but I'm afraid you are mis-
taken." "Oh no," said he, "I'm not, I expect you might remem-
ber me if I told you that I am Dodds." "Why, yes old boy, but
how you've changed." "Yes, had to. Got out in Kansas. Tried
medicine for a while. Wouldn't work. Went into politics. Won
out. Am now on my way as a delegate from U. S. to 'World's
Nations Convention,' at Pekin, China. Meet my physician and
nurse Dr. Dunn,"
To be continued.
JUNIOR NOTES.
It is a matter of serious regret that so few of the P. & S. fac-
ulty honored us with their presence at our promenade as the ma-
jority of them were conspicious by their absence. Does the faculty
understand that an especial effort was made to have them all
present in order that we might meet them socially?
However, we all had a great time and it was a decided suc-
cess and we trust that in the future the faculty will remember
that they will please us very much by attending our social func-
tions.
A large number of juniors were fortunate enough to have
wives to take to the "prom".
Dr Pusey said he would be pleased to apply an unguentum
Hydrarg plaster on the toughest fellow in the class but Wall ob-
jected.
The class seem to be getting a little rough-house spirit again,
Notes. 303
-evidenced by the fact that we had a call from our worthy Supt.
the other day.
Some one should inform H. P. R. that some of the new young
ladies are married.
E. Rastus Smith's humor is as prominent as Bahl's head.
Have you noticed the Quaker-like silence hovering o'er the
class since Prof. Sherwood threatened to pluck the first person
caught sleeping and thus disturbing the peace of the class.
Sweet says that "patients may live for many years, but they
all die at some time".
Have you noticed that Eisendrathhada shave? Much obliged.
Our new lady members have proven to be positive chemotac-
tic.
We are glad to see Miss Jackson back again and she has the
heart felt sympathy of the class in her bereavement, the recent
death of her mother.
Messrs. Landau, Yates, Shallert, Young and Sweet still
cling to the hen roost.
It was a treat to see at Prof. Porter's clinic, one of the cases
upon which Dr. Lorenz had operated.
We are now able to account for Mr Dan Cole's absence from
the class as he has recently been married.
Have you all seen those beautiful and interesting slides which
Prof Williamson is bringing before the class "at the next hour"?
Everybody should subscribe for the Plexus as Boehmer is go-
ing to have one of his poems in the next issue.
It has again fallen upon our class to issue the annual P. & S.
Calendar. Mr. David Blumstein is the artist.
SOPHOMORE NOTES.
Ask Stough about his paper police club. Dr. Wood saw it
and knows all about it.
Kubrect knows a way that water will boil itself. Wonderful
discovery.
Buxey eats his ice uncooked.
In the new Sophomore play Stough takes the part of the
Circassian girl. Talk about your beautiful hair. Yes?
304 The Plexus.
Sentzel is now a cigar manufacturer. He has a new method'
of his own. Instead of tobacco he uses rubber, hair, string, etc.
Try his new "Rubber Neck" cigar. It is alright.
Our foot ball game this year was a glorious success although
we didn't win. Students and faculty turned out well and the boys
put up fine games. We ought to organize now for next years
foor ball season. "Early bird gets the worm you know. C. D.
Powell one of our classmates distinguished himself in the game
for his fine all around work.
Our Sophomore crop of beards is progressing very nicely.
Have you noticed them?
In regard to the foot ball game. Too bad Egan.
Dr. Hopkins will soon open his new feather foundry.
Davies now makes a specialty of puns.
Sophomore bunch is getting very much wiser and more dig-
nified as shown by bald heads and better deportment during lect-
ure hours.
Mr Stearns is to be congratulated on his success in getting up
tally-ho and really getting a tally-ho instead of a dray, we had
last year.
Jeff has returned from his home where he was ill for some
little time.
We are sorry to learn that Thomas is at his home ill with ty-
phoid.
Prof. Woods: Jacks why is Brown when writing notes on the
board like lact-albumen in milk?
Jacks: Because he is always in the wh(e)y
Above pun was gotten up by one of our members and handed
to Dr. Woods. $10 reward for author.
Swell up and get chesty, Hayton.
J. P. Browne is thinking very seriously in regard to one of
our ladies. The blonde we understand.
Grout must have been infor six months for he is still wearing
the stripes.
Does any one know who "gloomy Gus" is?
J. B. Egan fooled one from "profs" the other day. Naughty
boy.
Notes. 305
Some of the terrible rough house Juniors tried to steal several
of our men but failed. Impossible Juniors. Try D. J' s.
Who in the class makes calls Sunday mornings at 4 a. m. ?
Some Sophs have lessons,
Some have none
Here lies a guy with 21
Epitaph of front row Soph.
Tupper is going to the bad. He was seen flirting the other
day. Wicked man is married too.
Tea circle is now prepared to furnish music for all occasions.
Church music preferred.
Miller is practing to be a quiz master.
We hear Kelley is crooked. Is that straight? (A ]oke?)
Class now has a full fledged undertaker. We are indeed pro-
gressing.
We have two in the class of the same name, initials and every-
thing. One is of the male persuasion, the other female. And
would you believe it; Things look serious.
J. B. Egan now eats air Good boy push it along.
Grant has invented a new cocktail beer and castor oil.
B. C. does quite a little original research work.
Norton is now a sharp shooter. Ask him about it.
Dr. Hall knows a girl whose heart is uncertain. Wonder of
wonders.
Class now has its own lawyer. Talk of progress. O Joy!
Anyone aquainted with Jesse Balloon.
J. P. Browne is general utility man this year. A more use-
ful man cannot be imagined. Bravo, Browne. '
Peterson is in gents furnishing business this year. Mainly
half hose.
Fred Brown is Irish. If you don't believe it ask him.
Dr. Miller has the loveliest crop of beard ever seen. Schell
a close second.
Downs is now doing special work on Statistics.
Slocumb must have soaked alarm clock. He doesn't bring it
with him any more.
306 The Plexus.
Hopkins and Davies are Qgg merchants. Strictly fresh, boiled
goods only.
Ask Park about his living leg.
Jacks now tells fine lizard stories. He is alright along that
line as many others.
J. B. Egan was married on Nov. 25, 02.
Alligator Jacks tells another stronger story on lizard digestion.
Wonderful.
Who knows anything of "bacillus small poxiis,"
McArthur makes swell drawings of the malarial germs for
the profession.
The papers on milk read in Dr. Woods classes were very much
enjoyed by the whole class and every body pronounced time well
spent.
Some very good pictures were taken of the Tally-hos on the
way to the football grounds.
Dr. Eckley says Browne's eyes were different when he was a
"bird.
What follows pleuritic adhesions? asked Dr. Evans. A
bright Soph, answered inflammation.
You ought to see Kubrecht trip gently up to the front to get
his examination paper from Dr. Evans.
Aw-right, aw-right, aw-right, Stearns still maintains he has a
reputation.
One of our ladies says there is 5 gtts of pancreatic juice secret-
ed every 24 hours.
Sanoe has had his face strangely disfigured with scratches etc;
no not bites. Somebody says it was a bull dog.
Dr. Evans: Mr. Roth, is the number of ribs the same in man
and woman.
Roth: Yes sir.
Dr- Evans: Better go home and study your Bible.
Dr. Eckley: How are you getting on in the exam B.
B. : Too much to write in an hour.
Dr. E. : Don't hand your pony in with your paper.
What is the use of pheno talue? Who answered disenfectant?
Notes. g07
Hagans played with the Chicago University at the concert
given at Rush Medical college last week.
Juniors rushed us again and took some of our men out from
class room and passed them up. Sophomores out numbered Juni.
ors 10 to 1 but it seems most of us this year are too tired to help
any one in a pinch. It must be a consolation for the Juniors,
for we are the only class they could ever put it over. We will
take a hand at the Juniors yet and literally eat 'em up.
Dr. Wood thinks a good many men have calls out during class
hours. The joke has been played on so many now that it is get,
ting stale. Spring something new boys.
FRESHMAN NOTES.
The Freshman class wishes to congratulate Mr. Cremin on
the outcome of election for foot ball captain for '03. It is
needless so say that this insures a good team for Mr. Cremin's
ability has been conspicious in all gridiron battles this year
and he has yet to meet his equal in the tackle position.
He not only possesses the "stuff" that makes foot ball men
but has had the advantage of some of our best Eastern
coaching as he has always lived in New Haven, which is famous
for being the home of Yale games.
In the last game this year which was played at Woodstock,
Mr. Cremin unfortunately received a severe fracture of two ribs.
But he gamely held his own till the last down. They are doing
nicely now. With the support of the college and an able leader
P. and S. must regain her lost laurels of '02.
It is quite evident that Mr. Shaw had to raise Kane before
he could get any one to call the roll.
Mr. Howard will not have his text book on Anatomy ready
before next Labor day.
Mr. Rizen who is an attendant at the Detention Hospital
admits that he has "Bats" in his garret.
Mr. Grable is now acting in a new role.
It is too bad that we are not all able to criticise our "Profs."
We can only hope to be as wise as Solomon.
All cadavers must be left in the dissecting room and under
no consideration are they to be lunched upon.
The "medicines" will not take a back seat for anyone.
308 The Plexus.
Isn't Robin a Bird?
Dr. Ochsner has had the most able assistance of Mr. Edson
in several clinics.
Miss Gardner attended a class on Dec. 10.
Miss Dvorak suggests that the song Mr. Dooley be changed
to Mr. Doty. Kindly heed this.
No matter whether Mr. C. K. Smith and Mr. Movius are in
the class room or dissecting room they are bound to cut up.
Mr. Woods is assisting Dr. "Woods in chemistry. Which
is which?
If Mr. Runs only spelled his name with an additional t, he
would be more popular with certain members of the class.
Dr. Zappfe. Where else might these columnar structures
be found. Mr. OLeary. In the new post office.
We have a Mr. Woodneck in our class instead of a rubber
neck.
Dr. Shaw in Anatomy: Mr. Luken will you tell me what
passes through the foramen magnum? Mr. Luken: The
femur and the hyoid. Dr. Shaw: You mean after a foot ball
game don't you?
ATHLETIC NOTES.
Greater interest is being manifested this season than ever in
all departments of athletics. At a meeting held last week, man-
agers and captains for football and baseball were elected and the
work of arranging games for next season will begin at once.
Mr. Cremin, Class of '06, was elected captain of the football
team. Cremin played tackle on '02 team and has proven himself
to be a player of the first rank. He possesses the requisites that
go to make up a first class football man. He has what so few ath-
letes have — the ability to stand grief — he promises to make a
captain that his team mates will respect, even though he is an
under class man. Success to '04's football leader.
Morris, Class of '04, is the football manager elect for next
season. Morris showed what stuff he was made of when he op-
posed Butterworth (an old Michigan star) in the Rush game. It
is all up to Morris to arrange a good schedule and arrange it at
once and not wait until all the games with the big teams are
taken by other schools. In a professional school like P. & S. it
310 The Plexus.
is necessary to have games with the big teams in order to get
good material to work for positions on the team, and have some
of those games with schools outside of Chicago.
Powell, class of '05, is assistant to Morris and in all proba-
bility will make a first class water boy.
Tillotson, class of "06, is manager and captain elect for base-
ball. There is a dearth of good baseball material on hand this
year and the prospects for a winning team are usually bright.
A good schedule will be arranged including games with the U-
of I., U. of C, Beloit and Wisconsin. Mr. Tillotson is an ex-
N. W. U. pitcher, and also played R. H. on this year's football
team.
Basket ball has made its debut in P. & S. gymnasium and
promises to be no small means of athletic entertainment during
the winter months. The first game was played Dec. 14th in P.
& S. gymnasium with West Division High School, resulting in a
victory for P. & S. Score P. & S. 14, West Division 13. Patera
scoring 19 points for the team. Games are arranged with Ar-
mour Institute, Evanston Y. M. C. A., Cresent Five, Lewis In-
stitute, Calumet High School, Austin High School and West
Division High School. The next game will be played with
Armour Institute in P. & S. gymnasium Jan. 14th. The game
will be called at 8:00 P. M.
Not to be outdone by the boys in this line of athletics, our
Co-eds have organized two teams. They have exclusive rights
to the gymnasium Tuesday and Saturday evenings from 5:00 to
6:00 P. M. Their first game will be played with the Co ed team
from Lewis Institute shortly after the holidays.
NEWS ITEMS.
Alpha — Epsilon — Iola.
The Grand Chapter of the inter collegiate medical society
Alpha Epsilon Iota met with Delta Chapter of the College of
Physicians and Surgeons, Saturday, November twenty-ninth.
The business meeting was held in the committee room of the
Chicago Woman's Club in the morning, followed by a dainty
luncheon sent to the delegates, visitors and active members of
Delta, the hostesses being Dr. Rachelle Yarros, Dr. .Julia Roos-
Low and Mrs. Henry P. Newman.
iSotes. 311
In the evening the initiation of new members took place at
the residence of Dr, Yarros. Later a banquet at the Plaza Hotel,
forty-two members of the fraternity being present. The follow-
ing toasts were given by the delegates:
Toast Mistress Dr. Sarah Hackett Stevenson.
"Greetings from Delta" Miss Grace Hagans.
"The Black, White and Green" Miss Burnham (Alpha).
'The Children of the Ghetto to-day" Dr. Michael (Beta).
"Our Star" Miss Hallingshead (Gamma).
"Our Ambitions" Dr. Yarros (Delta).
"The Evolution of a Senior" Miss Wilkinson (Epsilon).
' 'Zeta" Dr. Cosgrove.
' 'Cornell" Miss Loeber (Eta).
' 'The Serpent" Miss Stephenson (Theta).
"Fraternity Toast" Mrs. Martin-Bechtol (Delta).
W. F. Wergin has been appointed as Dr. Evans' assistant in
Pathology.
The national convention of the Alpha Kappa Kappa frater-
nity is to be held at the Great Northern Hotel, Jan. 1 and 2, '03.
The fraternity was founded at the medical department Dart-
mouth College, Hanover, N. H., Sept. 29, 1888, since which time
it has established chapters in all of the largest medical schools
throughout this country. The three Chicago chapters, which are
situated at Rush, Northwestern aud P. & S. are doing what they
can to make the convention one of the most successful in the his-
tory of the fraternity. Several distinguished honorary members
of the fraternity are to deliver toasts the night of the 2nd (at the
banquet), among which are Doctor's Fenton B. Turck and Charles
Davison of this institution.
G. Walter Dittmar, D. D. S.
Associate Professor of Operative Technics and Superintendent of Infirmary,
School of Dentistry, University of Illinois.
SCHOOL OF DENTISTRY
DENTAL DEPARTMENT
UNIVERSITY OF ILLINOIS.
EDITORIAL COMMITTEE.
D. M. CATTELL, D. D. S., O. W. COOK, D. D. S. B. J. CIGRAND, D. D. S.
Supt. R. P. DONALDSON.
D. M. CATTELL, Editor-in-Chief. C. E. JONES, Alumni Editor.
CLASS EDITORS.
Senior, F. M. STArfL. Junior, C. B. SHARP. Freshman, S. F. GORDON.
Publisher, - H. C WADDLE.
Subscription $1.00 Per Annum in advance. Single copies, 15 cents. Issued monthly
Send all remittances and communications as to subscriptions and advertising to H. C
WADDLE, Cor. Congress and Honore Sts., Chicago.
DENTAL NOMENCLATURE— WITH REFERENCE TO
ITS DEVELOPMENT, BEARING ESPECIALLY
ON THAT OF DESCRIPTIVE DENTAL
ANATOMY, CAVITIES AND
INSTRUMENTS.
By G. W. Dittmar, D. D. S., Chicago.
Read before the Illinois State Dental Society, at Springfield, May 13 — 15, 1902.
The development of dental nomenclature very naturally has
impressed upon it the characteristics of the growth of the profes-
sion. It is a historical fact that dental operations were per-
fromed thousands of years before the Christian era, yet it was
not until a trifle over a half century ago that the dental art
assumed the dignity of a scientific profession. Likewise with
dental terminology a few specific terms necessarily were em-
ployed, but most of these were vernacular and unscientific in
their application.
It is unquestionably true that the nomenclature of any art
or science is not a creation, per se, but a slow and steady growth,
which starts from a small beginning and develops gradually.
Up to fifty years ago dental terminology was in an embryonic
condition. Since then the developement of the dental science
has been so rapid that many of the terms chosen to convey the
316 Ihe Plexus.
necessary ideas have unfortunately been selected without a proper
regard for their fitness, and thus we have a multiplicity of words
used to designate one and the same thing, terms really inapt,
wrongly applied, or etymologically incorrect.
This deplorable condition was caused to a marked degree by
numerous instructors in dental colleges and writers of dental
literature, working at about the same time, who in endeavoring
to describe the ever-developing facts and ideas found it necessary
to frequently coin new words or make new applications of exist-
ing terms. Though realizing the need of a uniform and adopted
nomenclature, many of these men, having introduced and used
their particular set of terms, many of which were unscientific
and inaccurate, clung to them as a worknan clings to old and
long-used tools in preference to superior new ones with which
he is unacquainted.
Realizing the chaotic state of affairs, and also that "in scien-
tifiic statements or descriptions exactness and precision of
language is of the utmost importance," the Americn Dental As ■
sociation in 1876 appointed a committee of three, consisting of
Drs. Jonathan Taft, Wm. H. Atkinson and Homer vjudd, on Den-
tal Nomenclature and Terminology. This was the first concerted
effort to establish a uniform nomenclature, and in the following
year Dr. Atkinson submitted a report on the subject. In it he
made a slight attempt at producing a definite starting point for
so gigantic and necessary an undertaking, though the report
contained some excellent suggestions, from which I take the
following: ''We may lay it down as our first business, as found-
ers of nomenclature, if we seriously undertake that task, to keep
clear of special theories in respect to facts, and about which
there is or may be dispute, and confine ourselves
strictly to furnishing the instruments, or that armory of vocal
implements, by which anybody whosoever, with whatever theory
or opinion, may be able to present intelligently his ideas to
all others.,"
Instead, however, of confining himself to dental nomenclature
he introduced and in several subsequent reports continued the pre-
sentation of Universology, which is the science of universal class-
ification, and "Alwato," or the science of the natural and appro-
priate naming for all the results of classification, in whatsoever
department. As music has laws, which had to await their dis-
Dental Dextartment. 317
covery by human observation, so it is now discovered that the
true laws of language has always been latent in the organic
structure of the organs of speech, and Alwato is the one lan-
guage for all the world, which is to result from the full discovery
and practical coordination of those laws." If it had been or
could be possible to devise, adopt and put into application
"Universology and Alwato" for the purposes of general scien-
tifiic nomenclature, it would indeed be a boon to our own as well
as to all other scientific callings, but it seems the labors of Dr-
Atkinson were not appreciated; possibly they were premature —
at any rate nomenclature as it exists to-day has profited little
by his scholarly efforts.
In 1885 Dr. "W. O Kulp submitted to the American Dental
Association a very excellent report, in which he recognized the
lack of system of uniform dental terminology. Though his
report was brief, confining itself to descriptive anatomy, it dealt
with words which have formed the nucleus of our present dental
nomenclature. Unlike the previous reports on this subject, it
received commendable consideration and elicited a healthy
discussion.
Nothing of much note was again submitted to the profession un-
til 1893, when at the World's Columbian Dental Congress Drs. G. V.
Black, W. O. Kulp and Garrett Newkirk presented papers which
have proved to be the corner-stones upon which our present
dental terminology is based. Dr. Black in his very excellent
report discussed in a most through and convincing manner the
need for a definite system of nomenclature, the general princi-
ples underlying its development, and the fixing of a scheme or
standard of beginning, suggesting the following: "1st — The
plan of nomenclature shall be the same in the several languages.
2nd — Use words derived from the Latin or Greek, whenever such
words are available, making use of the root, and giving it such
terminations as may be suited to the language in which it is
employed, (Note. When a word in the Latin or Greek form
lias come into favorable use in any language there will be no
necessity for changing it to the vernacular form.) 3d — When
for any purpose a word from the Latin or Greek is not available,
agree upon a word from another language and use in the same
way. 4th — When it is impracticable to use the same word in the
several languages these should be as nearly exactly translatable
318 Ihe Plexus.
as possible. 5th — Adopt such general and specific rules em-
ployed in other sciences as may be adapted to dental nomen-
clature. 6th — Create such specific rules for the naming of things
discovered in the future, as shall secure their universal use and
prevent the duplication of terms. 7th — Make rules for the
translatioi;! of names arising in one language, which from their
form or for other reasons cannot be used in some other language."
An appended exhibit of the nomenclature of dental anatomy,
compiled from the works of eleven authors, showed plainly the
superiority of Dr. Black's over any of the others, which were
more or less incomplete in classifying and naming the teeth;
naming their parts; roots; surfaces of crowns and surface mark-
ings; the pulp and peridental membrane; names of cusps and
angles, and the expression of directions. An exhibit of the gen-
eral plan of naming carious cavities was also added, which clas-
sified cavities, and following this, cavity wall nomenclature; the
depth and angles of cavities; the division of teeth into thirds, for
the purpose of intelligently locating a certain position, and words
used to properly describe the cavities in teeth, were each made
interesting topics.
Dr. Kulp's paper covered much the same ground, he having
elaborated extensively along the lines he presented in his report
in 1885. While to a marked extent it agreed with that of Dr.
Black, and on the whole showed careful preparation, yet he in-
troduced some very cumbersome combinations. For example, he
spoke of the "third molo- buccal margin of an upper second
molar, instead of the disto-buccal angle," and of the "third molo-
proximal surface of an upper second molar," instead of simply
the "distal surface" of an upper second molar.
Dr. Newkirk's paper dealt with the nomenclature relating to
form* of the dental arch and special positions of the teeth. Some
new and excellent thoughts were presented, and a number of
newly applied terms suggested, which certainly were more con-
cise, definite and self-explanatory than those previously used
In 1894 the American Dental Association adopted a resolu-
tion providing for the appointment of a special committee ol
nine, to be known as "The Committee on Terminology." whose
duty it should be to compile and submit a carefully prepared re-
port at each annual meeting of the association. This committee
consisted of Drs. S. H. Guilford, M. L. Rhein, T. E. Weeks, C.
Dental Department. 319
L. Goddard, Grant Molyneaux, Louis Ottofy, A. H. Thompson,
D. R. Stubblefield and E. C. Kirk and they saw fit to build to a
great extent upon the corner-stone contributed by Drs. Black,
Kulp and Newkirk. In 1895 this committee submitted to the
Association a report which contained 506 technical words, alpha-
betically arranged, designating the parts of speech and giving
their proper pronunciations and most applicable definitions,
taken from such dictionaries as the Century, Dunglison, Gould,
Thomas, Webster and the Standard, and from such writers as
Tryon, Cope, Owen, Scott, Black and others. It was indeed an
admirable effort, and formed a solid foundation upon which a
truly dental nomenclature is gradually building. The following
year this special committee submitted a similar report, compris-
ing 136 words.
In 1897 the American and Southern Dental Association united,
forming the National Dental Association, which, in order to fur-
ther develop the work so well begun, adopted a resolution pro-
viding for the appointment of a standing committee of three
whose duty it should be to submit at each annual meeting a care-
fully prepared report on dental terminology. The succeeding
year Dr. W. E. Walker read a paper on "Cast and Model," and
and at the next meeting another on "Articulation and Occlusion,"
which, while not developing anything new, carefully and thor-
oughly covered the ground. Since then nothing of importance
has been submitted to the Association.
Another potent agency in reforming and establishing a more
uniform and acceptable terminology was the organization in 1893
of the "National School of Dental Technics," now know as the
"Institute of Dental Pedagogics.'" This organization of dental in-
structors and authors, meeting annually, and exchanging views,
made it necessary for them to adopt terms as nearly uniform as
possible, and the effect of this in improving conditions has been
manifest by its influence upon the thousands of students attend-
ing the numerous dental colleges.
Dr. D. M, Cattell, in a paper on "Operative Technics" read
before this body at its first meeting in 1893, called attention to
the importance of having students familiarize themselves with all
the ordinary dental technical terms, so as to be able to compre-
hend their meaniug, properly pronounce, and use them intelli-
gently in the construction of sentences.
320 The PUicus.
In 1,895 Dr. Cattell in "A Talk on Instrumentation Technics"
entered a new field, by introducing a scheme for a systematized
nomenclature and classification of dental instruments.
Dr. Black three years later presented a paper along these
same lines, elaborating extensively on the scheme introduced, by
Dr. Cattell. In this report, published in the Dental Digest for
January, 1898, he not only classified instrument names, but pre-
sented concise and. definite principles for the construction, class-
ification and naming of instruments. He devised a simple and
accurate method of describing an instrument by a formula which
consists of three numbers — e. g., Hatchet excavator 12-5-6; the
first number (12) representing the width of the blade in tenths of
a millimeter, thus designating it to be 12- 10 of a millimeter wide;
the second number (5) representing the length of the blade in
millimeters, and the last number (6) the angle of the blade in re-
lation to the long axis of the shaft, given in centigrades.
Excavators were divided into three lists — Ordinaries,
Specials and Side Instruments. (Note. This classification is from
a revised list.)
ordinaries-} Hatchets.
f Chisels.
Specials-'' ^Pooiis.
^ j Enamel Hatchets.
[ Gingival Margin Trimmers.
f Discoids.
Side Instruments-! g^eoids.
j Extra specials not belonging to the regular
[ special list.
The ordinaries are made in six sizes, ranging from 4-10 of a
millimeter wide and one millimeter long (4-1) to 14-10 of a milli-
meter wide and 6 millimeters long (14-6), and each size is made
in four different angles, viz., 6-12-18-23 centigrades.
Thus: 4-1-6, 12, 18, 23
6-2-6, " " "
8-3-6, " " "
10-4-6, " " "
12-5-6, " " "
14-6-6, " " "
The six sizes in four angles make 24, and these, made in two
classes, viz., hatchets and hoes, "make 48 instruments, which
constitute the entire set of ordinaries.
Dental Department . 321
You will notice that the first number in the formula for the
smallest instrument is 4, and that these first numbers increase in
a two-fold ratio up to and including 14, viz., 2, 4, 6, 8, 10, 12, 14,
and that the second number is 1, and that these increase in a sin-
gle ratio, viz., 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, and that each size is made in four
different angles— 6-12-18-23.
The specials are made in three sizes and two angles, viz. :
10-6-6, 12
15-8-6, "
20-9-6, "
Note. Straight chisels are included under specials. Bin-
angled chisels are, made at an angle of 6 and the rest of the
specials at an angle of 12 centigrades only.
The side instruments can be made to any definite formula.
The following rule for designating "rights and lefts" in in-
struments is introduced: "The instrument which when held
as a pen, with the point downward, has the convex side of the
blade to the right is called a right handed instrument, and the
blade which has its convex side to the left is the left-handed in-
strument. In beveled rights and lefts the beveled side corres-
ponds to the convex side of curved blades."
By means of this very simple and accurate instrument no-
menclature dentists can now definitely designate their wants.
The system is scientific and broad euough to be applied to almost
all dental instruments. Pluggers, burnishers, finishing knives,
files, etc., can all be given their proper formulae, and when these
are given in connection with the rest of the nomenclature, which
for convenience in teaching has been divided into
p. -, j which designate the use of the instrument, as
uraer names ^ piugger, excavator, burnisher, etc.
Q , -, ( which designate the manner, position or purpose
^Doraer names ^ ^^ ^^^^ ^^ enamel hatchet, gold piugger, etc.
r which describe the loorking j^oint of the in-
Class names -< strument, as hatchet, hoe convex-faced, ser-
( rated, etc.
( which designate the number of cmgles leading
Subclass names ■< to the working point, as monangle, binangle
( or triple angle;
the student, office assistant, fellow practitioner, or j'nfljindt
maker understands us exactly when we say, "Give me a mo
322 The Plexus.
angled hatchet excavator 6-2-12,' or a "triple-angled hoe 12-
5-23."
To my mind no one factor has been so potent in simplifying
and making uniform the teaching of instrumentology and cavity
instrumentation, as well as having produced the manufacture of
scientifically formed instruments, as the work on instrument
nomenclature introduced by Dr. Cattell and so thoroughly com-
pleted by Dr. Black.
At the Philadelphia meeting of the Institute of Dental Peda-
gogics in 1899, a committee consisting of T. E. Weeks, D, M.
Cattell and J. A. Dale submitted a syllabus on Operative Tech-
nics, which comprised the most complete report on operative
dental nomenclature yet presented. Systematically arranged
charts, embracing all the latest and most appropriate terms used
in descriptive dental anatomy, instrument and cavity nomencla-
ture, were included. It was the last and best work on the sub-
ject ever presented.
It has been my aim in this paper to review briefly the pro-
gress that dental nomenclature has made, especially since it was
taken under consideration by the two great national organiza-
tions referred to. Some admirable work has been done previous
to this time by such men as Jourdain, Tomes, Karris, Hayden
and numerous more recent writers, by whom many of our pres-
ent terms were employed. We also noticed a unique monograph
more especially on the nomenclature of dental anatomy, written
by Dr. Judd and presented to the St. Louis Dental Society in
1876. All these had their influence, but the two organizations
of which I have spoken, most of whose active members are either
instructors in colleges or writers of dental literature, have been
instrumental in bringing about the gratifying results manifest
during the last decade.
While there now exists a nomenclature which is for the most
part simple, scientific and accurate, especially from the stand-
point of operative dentistry, much needs yet to be done to elimi-
nate the unscientific and inaccurate terms which cling to the
other like barnacles to a ship and impede its progress. I refer
to such terms as "Sixth year molar," "Twelfth year molar," or
worst still, "Six year old molar," "Twelve year old molar,"
"Wisdom tooth," where "First permanent molar," : 'Second per-
manent molar, " and "Third molar" should be used; the use of
Dental Department. 323
"Eye tooth" and "Stomach tooth," for "Upper" and "Lower
Cuspids"' respectively, "Nerve" for "Pulp:" "Dead tooth" for
"Pulpless tooth," "Ulcerated tooth" or "Gum-boil" for an "Al-
veolar abscess," "Fang" for "Root." and many other equally
unscientific and incorrect terms, or such inaccurate expressions
as "Double teeth," where "Molars" are indicated, or "Crooked
teeth" where "Malposed teeth" should be used, or to say "the
second tooth came inside or outside of the first," when instead of
so unscientific and absolutely wrong an expression we should
say, "The permanent tooth erupted linguaily, or labially, or bu-
cally of the temporary tooth."
In a paper of this nature it would be too great an undertak-
ing to review the development of the nomenclature of prosthetic
dentistry, orthodontia, dental pathology, materia medica, thera-
peutics, and the numerous kindred subjects, so in passing I will
simply say that the nomenclature of these subjects has also made
marked progress in the past quarter of a century, but that there
too exist many unscientific terms and expressions which need to
be eliminated and more accurate ones adopted instead.
To further remedy and finally establish a uniform national
dental nomenclature, I believe the course to pursue in the future
should be similar to that followed in the past, in that the selec-
tion, but more especially the adoption, of the new and newly ap-
plied terms should be made only through the recommendation of
the National Committee, after its due and careful deliberation,
and then if every dental teacher and writer of dental literature
would adopt such terms, as well as the profession generally, it
would be but a comparatively short time before the ideals of the
pioneers of this magnificent though laborious undertaking would
be realized.
In conclusion, I append a list of nouns, adjectives, and a few
verbs, which constitute the technical terms from which our pres-
ent descriptive dental anatomy and cavity nomenclature is taken:
NOUNS
Anatomy
Curvature
Gum
Pulp
Angle
Cusp
Horn
Point
Alveolus
Cuspid
Incisor
Ridge
Apex
Cervix
Inclination
Root
Arch
Dentine
Line
Septum
Axis
Edge
Lobe
Space
324
The FTexus.
Bicuspid
Embrasure
Margin
Sulcus
Canal
Enamel
Membrane
Surface
Cavity
Fissure
Molar
Thirds
Cementum
Fossa
Neck
Tooth
Chamber
Foramen
Pit
Tubercle
Cingulum
Gingiva
Plane
Wall
Contact
Groove
Process
Wrinkle
ADJECTIVES
AND PREFIXES
Apical
First
Marginal
Secondary-
Axial
Five
Middle
Second
Anterior
Foraminal
Mesial
Single
Buccal
Four
Multiple
Sub
Bell
Gingival
Oblique
Succedaneous
Cavo
Incisal
Occlusal
Sulcate
Central
Inferior
Peridental
Supernumerary-
Conical
Inter
Permanent
Supplemental
Deciduous
Labial
Posterior
Third
Dental
Lateral
Proximal
Proximate
Three
Developemental
Left
Pulpal
Transverse
Distal
Lingual
Right
Triangular
Fifth
Lower
Superior
Temporary
Articulate Calcify
In combining these
final "al" in all but the
VERBS
Occlude
terms, making compound words, the
Zas/ adjective is substituted with "O;"
thus, in combining "mesial" and "occlusal" it is read "mesio-
occlusal," or in combining "buccal," "gingival," "axial" and
angle, it shonld read "bucco-gingivo-axial angle," etc. Thus by
properly combining these words all the descriptive terms neces-
sary can be formed to accurately convey to the reader or hearer
exactly the thoughts intended.
CLASS NOTES.
SENIOR CLASS.
Sherwood — How about temperatures of patients having pyemia?
Cad— They havo fever and chills. Fever 103<^ to 105^ F. Chills 150° F.
PoSt is now making a specialty of vulcanizing whiskers into lower lips.
The senior class claims the honor of having another lady student, Miss
Leppert, who is taking a post graduate course.
For why are chills?
Monahanski? Present.
Who said counter irritant?
The senior class has been having quite a time over pictures.
Mr. Stengel is reported as progressing very favorably.
Heinie Altenburg wants to know if he should put on the rubber dam to
clean teeth.
Bill Murry, the hod carrier, has more patience than any one else in
school.
Ross has started at his old tricks quizzing in the dissecting room — on the
dead.
Ask Peek about the Friday he stood on the corner all night.
McDowell— How many permanent teeth?
Newlin— 28.
Good bye Anna Sthesia.
AN INCIDENT.
Scene — Senior class meeting — Upper amphitheatre.
Time — 10:30 a. m. Every day.
Personale — Bromo, class president.
Halo, chief of executive committee.
Black, in favor of everything.
Kicker, against everything.
1st photo,
2nd photo.
One half class favoring black.
One half class favoring white.
Class assembly — Enter Bromo with stately mein, advances to rostrum
and gravely calls class to order.
Bromo — Fellow classmates and comrades in misery, would it be asking
too much of this assembled body if I should call upon one of your number to
please state the object of this concourse.
Chorus — There will be a hot time, etc.
326 The Plexus.
Black— May it please your royal highness, we desire exceedingly to hear
the report of our picture committee.
Halo— We respectfully submit our report in favor of 1st photo.
Solo. — I just can't keep loving dat man,
His work's done as good as any man can.
Last night he showed me a high old time,
Tomorrow he said he'd fix our mugs up fine.
I'd give dat man my face and hand,
I just can't help loving dat man.
Black — I move that we accept the report of committee. Carried.
Kicker — I move we reconsider motion. Carried.
Black — I move we accept report of committee. Carried.
Committee signs contract.
Enter 2nd photo.
2nd Photo.
P — That's the way to begin.
H — That's the next letter and
0— That am the third.
T — We're well started in,
0 — That's the same as the third.
S — That's the last letter in.
PHOTOS. That's the way I make Photos
I want to show you how that can be,
For your committee has misrepresented me
EXIT.
Kicker — T move we reconsider our action. Carried.
Bromo — I will now put the question. Lost.
Enter 1st Photo.
Won't you let me do it Seniors?
Won't you let me?
I moan the whole day long.
I'll do you good work, boys,
I'll do it square,
You knows I'se done no wrong, etc.
White — I move neither do it. Carried. (Curtain.)
JUNIOR CLASS.
The Junior Class have a few kicks to register this month, and we hope
they will be taken good nafuredly, but we want them looked into, and, if we
are wrong, we are willing to be shown, and if not, then we want them looked
into. First: we think that we would like another demonstrator or two in the
prosthetic laboratory. We have excellent demonstrations from Dr. Jones, but
one man cannot g^^t arouud to sixty students and give them the right kind of
Attention, especially when he is being called to different parts of the building
Notes. 327
•every five minutes. The faculty know this but have overlooked the matter
in some way. Second, the Junior class want some attention in the infirmary
after Christmas. This thing of every professor thinking he can double his
hours because we are dropping one or two subjects is not greeted very joy-
ously by the boys.
We understand through rumors that we are to spend two afternoons a
week in the chemical laboratory, evidently to keep us out of the infirmary.
If the clinic isn't large enough urge the boys, Seniors, Juniors and Fresh-
men, to hustle clinic and make it large enough to give the Juniors as well as
the Seniors their required amount of points.
Perhaps we are making much noise about nothing, but at least a good
talk from some of the faculty in regard to the rest of this year's course would
do much to relieve the minds of the boys.
"We do not like to be led on blindly but would like to know what we are
coming to. We have paid our money and we want the goods. The catalogue
of announcement reads very well, but a great many ads. don't alwayi pan out.
See! So please enlighten the class as to our requirements and the chances of
filing them.
Mr. Grout, president of the Jr. class, very thoughtfully took up a collec-
tion from the class to buy flowers for our sick member, A. F. McMaster, who
we hope will be on his feet by the time this issue is made public.
Mr. Moore, Jr., thanked the class very profusedly for a boquet which he
received while in the West Side Hospital.
Some of the Juniors are hanging on to that dollar (the $ evidently looks
too good to them) which should be invested for one of the hospital tickets.
It does not look right fellows, and you may be the next to ride in the ambu-
lance, so "dig up" and help out a good cause.
The class as a whole have been treating Dr. Cook very poorly, and just
because he is so good-natured, even "at times making so much noise as to in-
terrupt business. Now we all like to make a noise and play the d — 1 in gen-
eral, but it would be a good idea to get down to business when the Dr. puts
his smiling face inside of the door. Some of the class slip out when the Dr.
is not looking direfctly at them, but of course they know it all. We won't
mention any names, for the class and Dr. Cook know who they are.
Grout: Will an egg hatch after decompositiou has set in?
Prof,: No dear.
Geo. A. Jones is it at the college now, namely, assistant to Dr. Zappfe in
Histological laboratory, office boy to Supt. Donaldson and assistant elevator
boy. Salary one $2 hat every sixty days.
Schulty says to please not roast her in the Plexus any more or she will
be real angry, so that is the reason we don't mention Miss Schulty and — any
more. See?
328 Ihe Plexus.
Did j'ou notice tte roast the editor give our foot ball team? Victories
won easily are cheap, those worth having are the result of a hard fight, As
though our boys did not play the game for all they are worth.
Even the Freshmen Class are sore at the article, we didn't know what he
could have had against the football team, unless he wanted a suit to hang in
his room, and to take home to show the fellows how he did it and they would
not give it to him. It looks very small and we think an apology or a rope
the proper thing.
Perhaps he doesn't know any better, and perhaps he doesn't know what
treatment knockers get around the corners of Honore & Harrison, we might
refer him to a certain P. & S. gent who got his last year. At least the
hydrant would not be to strong, several fellows have been ducked for less
than that.
They say Yercose used to be a good boy, but since be started to make
crowns, he has learned to swear in Chinese, French, German and Polish.
Dr. Cigrand is begging the boys to make crowns that he will not have to
ask what kind they are supposed to represent. Sometimes he says to lay
them on the anvil and hit them with a hammer and see if that will help any.
Roosters fight, do hens?
The Juniors are very much pleased with Prof. Bishop in the Chemical
Department, and well they may be, for the Professor is one of these lecturers
that can get the absolute attention of everyone in the house, with the least
effort, and even with such a subject as chemistry.
Berryman and Sam T. Jack have parted with that very useful appendage^
which Gorny and several others are trying to cultivate. Their mustaches.
Our sympathy is with Gorny, but perhaps we had better lend him a razor.
Gunn, Son of a Gunn, might be called Pistol, we've got him, come around
and get acquainted; he's not loaded; only on holidays.
Acy body desiring practical information regarding bacteria with reference
to the farm or any body that desires to have horses or swap yarns apply to
Chas. Jacobs.
Markinson consulted Dr. Zappfe regarding a troublesome carbuncle, dis-
appeared for twenty minutes and returned pale as a ghost. The doctor's in-
formation is always to the point, fellows.
Wells wants to know how a dentist is going to operate all day, spend the
evening in his laboratory and keep up with the latest professional news. Will
some one tell him?
"Rube" Ramsey has quit chewing. One less to touch on the shoulder
when you're out yourself.
H. C. Lee will demonstrate in the dissecting room this winter. Hurrah!
for Lee.
Notes. 329
FRESHMEN NOTES.
The class as a whole is doing its work at the right time and in the
right way.
A certain female member of the Senior Class is a very frequent visitor
of tbe Freshmen Class room. I suppose you know the reason why. Mr.
Sheral is the happiest boy in the class. I wonder why?
A number of our class mates are on the sick list. We hope they will
soon recover and join us in our work again.
Owing to the fact that a large number of our boys are ill from time to
time, we have raised a student fund, which gives members of our school access
to the hospital free of extra charge.
One of our class-mates said that the reporter of the Junior Class is not
the only pebble on the beach, so when you see his article consider where it
comes from and pass it by.
DR. PRATT'S
X-RAY AND
ELECTRO-TH ERAPEUTICAL
LABORATORY CO.
Telephone Main 3 826. Masonic Temple,
CHICAGO.
X-Ray pictures taken of any portion of
the body, time varying from five sec-
onds to two minutes, leaving- no injuri-
ous effects. We protect the interests
of all Physicians and Surgeons patro-
nizing- our laboratory.
Laboratory established February 7th,
1896, being the oldest laboratory for
scientific and practical X-Ray work.
Now treating patients suffering' from
Tuberculosis, Cancer, and
other infectious diseases.
This laboratory is well equipped for
general Electro -Therapeutical work.
Gives complete assurance in medica
Jurisprudence.
Professional correspondence solicited,
all mail inquiries receiving prompt
attention.
£1$. Spalding
a Bros. fMEB
\ XT MARK J>
Largest Makers in the World VCJkTb^
of Official Athletic Supplies atP^
Base Ball Field Hockey
Lawn Tennis Golf
Official Athletic Implements.
Spalding s Catalogue of Athletic Sports
Mailed Free to any address
B. G. Spalding k Bros.
New York, Chicago, Denver,
Buffalo, Baltimore.
NEW SHAPES. NEW SHADES. NEW
PRICES FOR HATS.
Buy Direct from the Manufacturer and save the
Middleman's Profits.
All Styles and Sizes made to order without
additional cost. Also Full Line of Gents' Fur-
nishing Goods.
Your old hat remodeled into the Latest Shape.
Satisfaction Guaranteed.
J. J. POWERS, The Grand Army Hatter, 347 Ogden Ave.
THE CHAS. H. ELLIOTT CO.
Works: 17th and Lehigh Ave
PHILADELPHIA, PA.
Commencement Invitations and Class
Day Programs, Class and Fraternity
Stationery, Fraternity Cards and Vis-
iting Cards, Menus and Dance Pro-
grams. Book Plates, Class Pins and
Medals.
Class Annuals and Artistic Printing
TLhc bailor
349 C^sd^ia. .J^-xre^rL-VLG
Has always on hand a full line Im-
gorted and Domestic Woolens with
pecial Prices for
STXTiDEinxrT ti=i.-a.id:e:
All Garments Well Fit and Made.
He also cleans, Dyes and Repairs
at very low prices. Satisfaction
(guaranteed.
^^~'''''
Professor John B. Murphy, M. D.
Vice-President American Roentgen Ray Society.
THE PLEXUS
COLLEGE OF PHYSICIANS AND SURGEONS
MEDICAL DEPARTMENT OF THE
UNIVERSITY OF ILLINOIS,
CHICAGO.
VOL. VIII. JANUARY 20th, 1903. NO. 9.
SOME REMARKS ON THE VALUE OF THE ROENTGEN
RAYS.
By John B. Murphy, M. D.,
Vice-President American Roentgen Ray Society; Professor of Surgery North-
western University Medical School, Post-Graduate Medical School and
Hospital, and Chicago Clinical School, Attending Surgeon to
Cook County Hospital, Mercy Hospital, Etc.
X-rays were discovered by Prof. Roentgen in the latter part
of the year 1895. Early in 1896 experiments were begun in the
hope that the rays might have some therapeutic value. Their
diagnostic value was evident from the start, but it required per-
severing and careful investigation to develop their value as a
therapeutic agent. Being interested, in common with other
physicians and surgeons, in everything that promised to aid in
the relief of suffering humanity, I, on June 8, 1896, referred to
Dr. H. P. Pratt, who was then experimenting therapeutically
with the X-rays, a case of lupus, suggesting that he experiment
with this form of tuberculosis rather than the pulmonary form
The case was cured. This was, I believe, the first case of lupus
to be cured by x-rays. Prom time to time since then I have re-
commended the use of the rays in different diseased conditions,
with the view of determining to some extent their therapeutic
value. The results of these experiments, and of thousands of
others which have been reported, have accumulated such a mass
of evidence in favor of the therapeutic value of the Roentgen
rays that they are now universally thought to be the most im-
portant discovery, from a therapeutic point of view, of the close
of the last century,
As an illustration of their diagnostic use, I may refer to the
cases treated by Prof. Lorenz at the Mercy Hospital during his
332 Tht Plexus,
recent visit. The professor treated there twenty cases of dislo-
cation of the hip joint by the "bloodless method," -which consists
in forcible extension of the muscles, particularly the adductors
of the thigh, to such an extent that their elasticity is completely
overcome, after which by a series of manipulations the head of
the femur is made to rest in its proper position in the acetabulum
without much tendency to return to its abnormal position. The
limb is then fixed in the abducted position at right angles to the
body by a plaster cast which is left on for a period of three to
six months or more. The following is a summary of the cases
treated by him:
1. Girl of five years; left hip; reduced with difficulty; well
defined border to the acetabulum. Plaster cast to remain on ten
months.
2. Girl of three and one-half years; tuberculosis of the
right hip joint. This case was treated by the gradual process,
namely, overstretching the muscles and applying a cast to be re-
tained for three months; the process then to be repeated as often
as may be necessary to complete the reduction. A walking
brace can be used on the limb, so that the child is not confined
to bed for any length of time.
3. Boy of four years; right hip; easily reduced. Cast to
remain six months.
4. Girl of four years; double dislocation; left easily reduced,
right with a little more difficuJty. Cast to remain six months.
5. Girl of four; right hip; reduced without difficulty. Cast
to remain six months,
6. Girl of eight; left hip: reduced with much difficulty, re-
quiring forcible traction. There was some bruising opposite the
trochanter. Cast to remain six months, then to be reapplied for
two months or more.
7. Girl of seven; left hip, no difficulty; six months.
8. Girl of five and one-half; left hip; reduced by Dr. F. H.
Brandt with considerable difficulty. It was necessary to stretch
the anterior capsule. Cast to remain eight months.
9. Girl of five; right hip; reduced by Dr. Brandt with some
difficulty. Anterior capsule stretched. Cast to remain six
months.
10. Boy of eight; left hip; easily reduced; cast to remain
six months on account of advanced age.
Remarlis on Value of Roentgen Rays.
333
11. Girl of six and one-half; left hip; reduced with great
difficulty. The femur broke two inches from the groat trochan-
ter. The head was brought near, but not into, the acetabulum
and the leg was fixed in a downward position, with traction; to
remain three montns for healing of the fracture, after which
complete reduction can easily be effected.
TAKEN IN THE OPERATING ROOM OF THE MERCY HOSPITAL, CHICAGO.
1. Prof. Dr. Adolf Lorenz, Vienna. .3. Di'. Fi-ederick Miiller, Vienna.
2. Dr. John B. Murphy, Chicagfo. 4. Dr. D-xter D. Ashley, New York.
Among other prominent physicians and surgeons present in
this group are Dr. F. H. Brandt, Dr. J. T. Conley, Dr. W. G.
334
The Flexui.
Dye, Dr. McManus Hall, Dr. J. M. Neff, Dr. McCraig, Dr. Daley,
Dr. Mullen, Dr. Chas. Elliott, Dr, W. A, Minick, Dr. McDonald,
Dr. O'Neil, Dr. Courtwright, Dr. Wheeler.
Dr. Lorenz states that in all his experience he has had prob-
ably a dozen fractures. A fracture is liable to occur in difficult
cases, but is not a very serious complication.
12. Girl of four and one-half; left hip; reduced with ease;
shallow acetabulum: anterior capsule stretched. Cast to remain
eight months.
CONGENITAL DISLOCATION OF THE FEMUR.
BY PROFESSOR LORENZ.
OPERATED ON
13. Girl of four; easily reduced, but not easily retained in
place; cast six mouths, to be reapplied if necessary.
14. Boy of three and one-half; left hip; no difficulty; aceta-
bulum good: six months,
15. Girl of three; left hip; easily reduced; six months.
16. Girl of five; right hip: no difticulty; good acetabulum;
six months.
17. Girl of four; right hip; easy; six months.
Remarks on Value of Roentgen Rays.
335
18. Girl of three; double dislocation; the right easy, acetab-
ulum flat; the left hard, acetabuJum, deep; six months.
19. Girl of eight; left hip; difficult to retain the head in the
acetabulum; six months.
20. Girl of three and one- half ; left hip; reduced with great
difficulty; good acetabulum; six months.
The operations, of course, are performed under an anes-
thetic. The patient suffers scarcely any pain, and after a few
days^can get about with crutches, using the leg below the knee.
CONGENITAL DISLOCATION. OPERATED ON BY PROF. LOKENZ.
A glance at the annexed x-ray photograph will show how com-
plete the diagnosis may be by this method. Even the condition
of^the rim of the acetabulum may be frequently ascertained, and
a fair prognosis made as to the probable value of the operation.
The results of this treatment depend very largely upon the
condition of the acetabulum. If the acetabulum is deep and its
margin distinct, perfect results may be expected. In all cases
the leg is extended to more nearly its normal length. Cases
older than eight or nine years usually require progressive treat-
ment, namely, stretching the muscles and tendons, traction,
336
The Plexus.
tenotomy, etc., as it is usually impossible to complete the reduc-
tion successfully at a single operation.
21. Wry neck. The sterno-cleidomastoidens was "cut"
■with the hand by a sawing motion, and forcible extension made.
This proved insufficient, and the sternal tendon was cut subcu-
taneously in order to secure sufficient extension. A plaster cast
was then placed over the crown passing behind the shoulder of
the affected side and around under the axilla of the opposite
side. This is to remain three months, to be followed by full
passive motion 100 times per day for thirty days.
STRETCHING THE ADDUCTORS.
Prof. Lorenz declined to operate on a number of cases. For
instance, on a girl of nine, because the distance from the acetab-
ulum to the head of the femur was too great to enable the re-
duction to be accomplished at one operation; on a girl of ten,
partly for the same reason and partly on account of her age; on
a girl of eleven, because the dislocation appeared to be of tuber-
cular origin. In the latter case he recommended slow extension
Remarhs on Value of Roentgen Ray,
337
"With fixation by a plaster cast for two weeks, to be followed by
further extension and fixation.
I have also applied the rays recently in a number of cases of
diseased bones and sinuses, with very gratifying results. The
work of application has been done by Drs. Fox, Brandt, Potts
APPLYING THE PLASTER CAST.
and Dye, To illustrate the value of the ray in such cases I ap-
pend some brief reports:
1. Tuberculosis of dorsal vertebrae. Patient paraplegic; no
control or knowledge of movement of feces or urine. Has re-
ceived twenty-six x-ray treatments of ten minutes each on alter-
nate days, from a tube of medium vacuum, as in all the following
338 The Plexus.
cases. The discharge ceased after twenty-one treatments. Sen-
sation has partially returned. The patient is now conscious
when movement of bowels or bladder is about to occur.
2. Osteomyelitis of the dorsal vertebrae, of tubercular origin.
Several small abscesses were aspirated, but only staphylococci
were found in the cultures. The patient had no control over his
legs, He received twenty-one x-ray treatments of ten minutes
each on alternate days. He could soon move his limbs. Sensa-
tion returned completely, and his condition improved so much
that he left the hospital and went to the country. One day
while out hunting he accidently shot his left foot, tearing the
extensor longus digitorum so that it had to be removed, and
tearing open the ankle joint. He returned to the hospital the
second day after this accident. I repaired the wounds as well
as possible, but later found that infection of the joint had taken
place. He was given x-ray treatments on alternate days, for ten
minutes each and the wound was covered with a dressing of
formalin, one to four thousand. In three weeks he had received
eight x-ray treatments. The pus had all disappeared and the
joint was perfectly healed with the exception of two small
granulating points on the surface. The motion of the ankle
joint was perfect.
3. Three spinal sinuses; two opening from the hip, and One
behind the sacrum. The leg was contracted on the thigh.
X-rays were given daily, ten minutes on the hip and ten minutes
on the back. After twenty eight treatments the sinuses are
much smaller and the patient has gained in weight.
4. Post-peritoneal sinus. A tube was pass through from front
to back and much pus evacuated. The appendix, which was
adherent to the parietal layer of the peritoneum, was removed.
He received seventeen x-ray treatments, on alternate days at
first and later daily, ten minutes in front and ten minutes behind-
The drainage tube was removed ten days ago. The posterior
sinus is now completely closed, and the anterior is only two
inches deep.
.'j. Abscess of the neck with three fistulous openings. I
curetted this, finding only streptococci in the cultures. After
eighteen x-ray treatments each on alternate days the fistulas
were entilely closed.
6. Tuberculosis of the wrist, which was swollen, red and
Remarks on Value of Roentgen Rays. 339
painful. On aspiration, yellow sterile pus was obtained. In-
jection of ten per cent iodin and two per cent formalin in glycerin
was given. Thirteen x-ray treatments have been given on alter-
nate days. There is no redness and much of the swelling is
reduced. Motion of the joint is partly secured, and there is
little pain even on motion.
7. Carcinoma of the stomach. The patient has received
forty or more x-ray treatments, daily, of ten to fifteen minutes
each. The tumor has decreased in size and softened, and the
patient is gaining in weight.
8. Carcinoma of the liver. The liver, which is of immense
size, seemed scarcely affected by fifteen x-ray treatments, though
the patient's generel health improved. He left the hospital
for unknown reasons.
9. Recurrent carcinoma of axilla, after extirpation of the
breast. After ten x-ray treatments on alternating days the large
mass has softened and decreased in size, and there is much
less pain.
10. Psoas abscess, fistulse before and behind. The patient
has received forty-two x-ray treatments, daily, ten minutes be-
hind and five in front. The sinuses are closing, the discharge
is less, and patient's health better.
11. Lupoid ulcer of the neck. After sixteen x-ray treat-
ments of five minutes each on alternate days, the discharge was
less and ulcer smaller. The patient left for unknown reasons.—
Ameriean X-Bay Journal.
THE PLEXUS
COLLEGE OF PHYSICIANS AND SURGEONS
MEDICAL DEPARTMENT
UNIVERSITY OF ILLINOIS.
CHICAGO.
Plextts Committee of Faculty.
M. R. BROWN, M. D. C. A. WOOD, M. D. T. A. DAVIS, M. D.
H. C. WADDLE, '03. Editor-in-Chief.
Supt. W. H BROWNE, W. T. ECKLEY, M. D., D. N. EISBNDRATH, M. D
W. A. EVANS, M. D., H. W. BBRARD, M. D., A. GERHMANN, M. D.
Associate Editor, L. HARRISON METTLER, M. D.
Class Editors:
R. L. ELDREDOE. '03. J. F. REPLOGLE, '04. H. P. BAGLBY, '05.
C. H. TILLOTSON 06.
Alumni Editor, DR. C. C. O'BYRNE, '94 Library Department. METTA M. LOOMIS
ATHLETIC EDITOR, J. J. MONAHAN. Y. M. C. A. EDITOR, H. B. WENTZ,
Business Manager, W. H. PORTER, '03.
Publislter. H. C. WADDLE.
Subscription $1.00 per Annum in advance. Single copies, 15 cents. Issued Monthly
Send all remittances and communications as to subscriptions and advertising to H. C.
WADDLE, Cor. Congress and Honore Sts.
Entered at Ciiicago Post Office as Second-Class Matter.
Any subscriber desiring the Journal discontinued at the expiration of his subscription
should so notify the Publishers; otherwise it will be assumed thai the subscription is to be
continued and the Journal sent accordingly.
Contributions of matter suitable for publication are invited, and should be sent in no
alter than the 25th of the month previous to that of publication. The publishers will not hoi
themselves responsible for the safe return of MSS. unless suffleieut stamps are forwarded.
FOR.^ALIN IN SEPTIC/EIVIIA.
The recovery of a woman suffering from puerperal septi-
caemia and whose life was hanging by a thread, has attracted
much attention in medical circles recently. The patient, a
negress, was admitted at Bellevue Hospital on December 25th,
and had given birth to a child eight days before. When admitted
.she had a temperature of over 104°, and within twenty four hours
this had risen to 107". A bacteriological examination of the
blood confirmed the diagnosis of blood poisoning, and, in fact^
the ca.se was looked upon as hopeless. Dr. Barrows, the assist-
ant to Dr. Polk in the obstetrical ward, then asked if he might
Editorial. 341
try an injection of formalin solution, and, upon the request being
granted made an intravenous injection of 500 cubic centimeters
of a solution of 1 to 5,000 of formalin into the womans' right
arm. The effect of this treatment appears to have been magical.
Soon after the injection the temperature began to fall and by the
next day was 101°. On the second and third days after the in-
jection, however, the temperature again began to rise, and a
bacteriological examination showing that the blood still con-
tained streptococci, formalin solution was injected a second time,
but into the veins of the left arm, the quantity being increased
to 750 cubic centimeter, when the temperature fell and the pulse
dropped to normal within a few hours. Since the above case
was thus treated, a white woman was suffering from septicaemia
at the Hahnemann Hospital has been subject to the same treat-
ment, and with equally satisfactory results. Formalin has been
used for some time in the treatment of tuberculosis. Its active
principles, formaldehyde gas, has been administered by inhala-
tion to consumptive patients, but owing to the harm done to the
lung tissue by the fumes, the out come has been disappointing.
The strong chemical agent has acted in the case noted above
with neutralizing effect, its antitoxic properties have antagonized
the poison of the blood to such a degree that its harmful action
has been arrested, and the opportunity given for the recuperative
power of the system to have fair play.
The discovery of Dr. Barrow — if it stands the test of time —
is assuredly of the highest value, indeed, if formalin fulfills the
expectations formed of its germicidal effects in cases of septi-
caemia, its first use will mark an epoch in the history of medicine.
At the same time it is well that the matter should be regarded
from a conservative standpoint, and that hopes which may prove
elusive should not be raised until a number of patients suffering
from septicaemia have been treated successfully by the method-
The initial experiments have been most encouraging, and inclined
one to the belief that at lenght a specific for blood poisoning
may come within the bounds of practical medicine. — New York
Medical Record.
With the close of this term some 60 students complete their
work with this institution. This marks the change of continuous
work and those completing their work now will be the last to
342 The Plexus.
complete their work at any other time than the close of the
school year. The total enrollment of the senior class is the
greatest that hss ever been enrolled in the institution.
It is to be hope that in the near future the elective system
will be in vogue in this college and the person desiring to special-
ize will not be compelled to go over a great deal of ground that
will be of no avail for his future work. If we are correctly in-
formed there is a committee upon the faculty, which was recently
appointed for the purpose of changing the course of study which
will permit of the selection of one's work within certain limits.
LIBRARY NOTES.
Metta M. Loomis, Librarian.
GIFTS.
We wish to gratefully acknowledge the kind response
which many of the members of the faculty have made to our re-
quest for reprints. We have already received the following.
Dr. E. H. Ochsner 10 reprints, Dr. L. H. Mettler, 9 reprints and
references to nearly one hundred jonrnal articles, Dr. E. Pischkin,
7 reprints, Dr. Babcock, 15 reprints and references to journal
articles. Dr.T. A. Davis, 12 reprints. Dr. Wm. A. Pusey, 3 re-
prints. We have also received promises from many of the pro
fessors to send us the articles and to keep the Quine Library on
their mailing list in the future.
The Ramsey County Medical Library, has made us their
grateful debtors by a gift of 6 books and 297 journals, each one
of which was selected from our want list and helps to complete
our broken files.
The largest donation of the month comes from the Boston
Medical Library. On Jan. 3. we received a box of journals and
on the 23 inst. we were the recipients of four additional boxes.
In all we have received 3388 journal and a few books from our
good friends at Boston.
Dr. Quine who is always interested in the Library, but
above all else in the individual welfare of the students has man-
ifested his interest in a way that has been most highly appreciated,
by sending to the Librarian for distribution several hundred
copies of his famous toast the Doctor's Wife.
The following contributions to medical literature have been
made by members of the faculty of the College of Physicians and
Surgeons:
Dr. R. H. Babcock. The Gravity of Bronchitis in Elderly
Men, and the Safety-Valve Action of Relative Tricuspid Insuffi-
ciency with Report of a Case. Chicago Medical Recorder. Dec.
p. 390.
Dr. G. F. Lydston. Briefs on Genito-Urinary Surgery. —
Over-enthusiasm and Pake Speculation in the Diagnosis and
Treatment of Genito-Urinary Diseases, Medical Age. Dec. 25.
p. 926-929.
344 The Plexus.
Dr. G. P. Lydston. Health Resorts of New Zealand. Phila-
delphia Medical Journal. Jan. 10. pp. 66-69,
Dr. G P. Lydston. Vacation Notes. Journal of the Amer-
ican Medical Association. Jan. 17. pp: 173-1/4.
Dr. Sanger Brown, Organic Diseases of the Nervous Sys-
tem Causing Focal Ocular Symptoms, Chicago Medical Record-
er. January, pp. 61-62,
Dr. A. H Ferguson. Anterior Transplantation of the Round
Ligaments for Displacement of the Uterus. New York Medical
Journal. Jan. 17. pp. 94-97.
Dr. James Moreau Brown. Treatment of Principal Defects
of Speech. Annals of Otology, Rhinology and Laryngology.
November, pp. 665-668.
The attention of the patrons of the library is called to the
fact that the tables in the stack room are reserved for those do-
ing thesis and research work.
The Quine library possesses several good sets of pathologi-
cal charts, also several atlasses of illustrations of skin diseases,
besides some histological, anatomical and physiological charts,
any of which we are glad to send to the class room whenever
they may be desired for purposes of illustrations in the lectures.
Among the new books received the past month is Vol. 5 of
the Reference Handbook of Medical Sciences; Vol. 3 of Deaver's
Surgical Anatomy, Vol. 9 of Hertwig's Handbuch der Entwickel-
ungslehre der Wirceltiere; Ergebnisse der Allgemeinen Patho-
logie and Pathologischen Anatomie des Menschen und der Tiers;
Vol. 10 John's Hopkins Hospital Reports.
SENIOR NOTES.
This the tale of a prospective obstetrician and his experience
in the Ghetto district. Armed with his obstetrical outfit, con-
sisting of a hand bag, weighing something less than hundred
weight, and a determination to do or die, the young gentleman
started out in the "wee sma' hours" of the morning to answer his
first call. His colleague had preceded him to the house but as
his position was that of a subordinate, he was supposed to do no
more than to announce who he was and wait for his chief.
In comes the obstetrician to be, who by the way is of scholarly
appearance, and in a dignified manner befitting his profession,
Notes ■ 345
proceeded with preparations for the expected event. Carefully-
looking over his outfit he selected those appliances which he
knew would be of aid in diagnosing the presentation, called for
hot water, removed his coat, rolled up his sleeves, downed a sur
gical apron and proceeded to carefully scrub his hands for the
prescribed ten minutes. His assistant carefully watched these
maneuvers in order to profit by the pratical lesson about to be
taught, and when his teacher had throughly sterilized his hands
and was ready for the examination, the subordinate asked what
would be the first step. "Let us auscultate first, "he said and
adjusting the stethoscope carefully to his ears was about to
locate the foetal heart, when the infant, which the assistant
had already very cleverly delivered, and which was reposing
comfortably by its mother's side, gave a lusty yell. Who was
the assistant? Ask Seelye, He will tell you all about it.
The members of the Senior class who took the summer
term and will complete their course with this semester, have been
permitted to take the State Board examination this month. The
action of the faculty in certifying to the State Board that these
students, of whom there are upwards of fifty, were soon to grad-
uate is greatly appreciated, not only by those directly interested,
but the whole class as well. Particularly are they grateful to
our honored Dean whose individual efforts made this possible.
We are informed that in addition to calling a special faculty
meeting to pass on this matter. Dean Quine devoted the better
portion of two days to arranging the little details and perfecting
such arrangements as were necessary to pive our colleagues this
immence advantage. Miss Heelan, as usual, was also active in
behalf of the boys, and should receive the personal thanks of
each graduating member of our class for her efforts in helping
secure this favor.
The Senior Ball and Banquet in honor of the Dean's birthday,
has been fixed for Feb. 3rd, at Hlinois Hall. The various com-
mittees are well along with their work; the funds are nearly all
in hand and the Seniors promise to establish a precedent in this
respect as the class has heretofore done in several other ways.
There will be no restrictions as to whom of the various classes
may or may not attend and it is expected that a large number of
the Faculty will be present.
346 The Plexus.
W. H. Porter was late in getting back after the holiday va-
cation, but explained that he was over in upper Canada having
the time of his life and hated to break away. There were all
sorts of rumors in circulation concerning his absence, among
them one to the effect that a young lady with auburn hair had
something to do with it. It was also reported that Annie was
very much worried because he stayed away so long and made
some inquiries as to his address. It was thought "Si" would be
telegraphed for. Porter denies all these rumors however, and
says that he was having a good old fashioned visit with relatives
whose acquaintance he made this winter for the first time.
Cohen has found a new location for the diaphragm. He
places it in the center of the liver.
Reeves has just returned from one of his semi-monthly visits to
"Indiana. We assume, of course, that he went to visit his parents.
We are glad to note the return to the class of Saunders, after
a severe operation for appendicitis performed by Dr. Bayard
Holmes.
One of the most enjoyable lectures since the holidays and
one which will probably be as instructive to the unmarried men
as any during the remainder of the course, was that delievered
by Professor Oscar A. King on his first appearance before the
class this year. The professor spoke some mighty truths and
the subject is one which should receive careful and considerate
attention by all those for whom it was intended.
Miss Hess is another of our sick members who has recently
recovered sufficiently to resume class work. She has been laid
up at the West Side Hospital for several weeks suffering from
Septicaemia.
"Clara" Barnes was about the last of the holiday absentees
to return. It was reported that he was sick but his appearance
belies the rumor.
(the prophet's letter— continued.)
Of course I was glad to meet all of my old classmates, but
"time waits for no one," so I decided to continue my journey, I
was about to "wend my flight" to the "Air-line" office where I,
on a .sudden, was surprised to hear an old familiar voice saying:
"Actually you must repent! Oh, Ye good olden times." I
looked around for the owner of the voice, and lol it was Rev
Notes. 347
Dr. Donkle preaching to his disciples, while Doty, his trusted
lieutenant, was taking up the collection.
As if in answer to Rev. Donkle's call for the old times, a
strange animal was seen approaching. We older people knew
what it was, but the boys thought it a most wonderful animal.
It was only a horse, but great was the excitement created by it.
Don't you remember how commonly we used to see the horses?
But 'tis not so now.
In the driver of the horse I recognized Eldredge. He said
that he was "Press Agent" for the Great Mastoden and Horse
show. Desmond and Eddy are brothers in a juggling act in the
show.
I procured my tickets on "Trans- American Air Line." I
entered the ship and on looking around found quite a number of
old friends.
There was Dorn who is practicing medicine in Oregon, Estes
who is engineer of this air- ship, Fanyo who is the political
"boss" of Washington State. Ficke is on a vacation and Miss
Fogel is taking his practice. F. C. Fisher, who is in the law
firm of Fisher & Fisher (O. G.) at Pekin, told me that Fee has at
last really gotten a good start with his beard.
Forbes lives at Portland, where he is an eye-specialist. He
has a family of fourteen fine looking youngsters, who are in and
about the office part of the time and bother Fucik, his assistant.
Forbes seems to thoroughly enjoy life however.
During the time that I was finding out these things we were
sailing through space like a meteor. We could see the cities as
we passed over them, but in a flash they were left behind.
We made a stop at Pike's Peak on account of repairs. I got
off and was taking a little stroll when I was accosted by a young
man, who said, "How do you do, doctor? My father knew you
were coming through and intended to come down to see you, but
just as he was starting he got an "Inspiration" (you know he is
a poet) and was compelled to write his poem and forego the
pleasure of greeting you, I am A. B. C. D. E. F, G. L. H. S
Frechtling, Jr., and pleased to meet you."
He told me that his father had recently heard from Hall who
is President of Harvard. Hagyard, ever a scholar, is taking
post-graduate work there. Groff holds the chair of chemistry,
and Goldberger is the "Ofiicial Physician."
348 Jhe Plexus,
Again we started. On board ship I learned from some one
that Geiger was in Kansas engineering in a mine, that Geisel
had gone to Africa and is now a leader in politics in one of the
provinces.
Of course you have heard tnat Greaves has been selected as
Postmaster General of U. S.
We were flying along peacefully when all at once there was
an explosion and we were falling, falling down. Strange sensa-
tion when one has no wings to support him. Some one yelled,
"Take out your 'Pocket-ships.' " Most of us did then unfold
our airship and thus were saved. We were forced by this acci-
dent to delay in a little village in Missouri.
JUNIOR NOTES.
The first and last holiday of the year has passed. Most every
body went home, some visited friends and a few remained in Chi-
cago. As far as we know every one is back except Mr. Merritt.
Mr. Haseley, who was ill for a month is back again.
Miss Beardsley is going to assist Dr. Fanhus in the class of
pharmacology during the coming term.
Who said McCrackin, was full? The "Buffalo" McCrakin is
ill.
Who will Miss Wing smile favorably upon Yates; Woods, or
who?
Dr. "Deacon" Brown, held Prof. Porter's Clinic last week, and
with his masterful lecture held the class spellbound.
After an amusing roll call, Dr. Craig filled Prof. Sherwood's
quiz hour and he was alright.
Eoeve's most reliable remedy seems to be that which his con-
sultant would prescribe.
Prof. Dr. Uncle John Fisher, was somewhat vexed the other
day and said, '-Now Pupils; Scholars; Doctors, Etc."
After you have paid up your Plexus subcription, be sure and
read BOerhmer's poem.
We notice that Mr. Newcomb has a new "Frat" pin and also
understand that the old one is being worn by a fair damsel, at
Champaign.
Notes. 349
If any one has any roasts, or other mater, al, suitable for the
"Illio" it should be handed in at once.
Dr. Cunningham:- what sort of blanket would you use during
sweating in pneumonia?
Ericson:- Rubber!
Poor Jacoby, he looks so bad but we all sympathize with him.
It is to order, by request,
That I proliferate this humor,
For a junior "'Doc" percussed my chest
And found a lyric tumor.
The cystic contents we discuss
With you some other time, |
Here goes its old poetic pus
On slides of "classic" rhyme.
Replogle dear, my fate is tough.
And rusty is my lyre;
Where shall I find inspiring "stuff"
And kindling for my fire?
In our town of pork and lard,
With its business-howls and curses,
How can an humble, lyric bard
Find stimulus for verses?
Shall science, tempting and complex,
With its lofty peaks inspire?
Or shall our queens, the fairer sex.
In stanzas we admire?
Shall Alma Mater, P. & S.,
Dearly loved and up to date,
With modern hat and lyric dress
Your rhymster decorate?
Or shall I catch the sunsets hue
As it glorifies our prairies?
Or shall I paint the lake more blue
And more green its mermaid fairies?
Shall I of birds and flowers sing
To scratch your tickling notions?
Or the symphonies of nature bring
Your souls in grand emotions?
350 The Plexus.
Replogle, it is '*up to you"
And our "iunior-classic" nurses,
To bring the laurels that are due
My orthopedic verses.
It seems this rhyming hurts my feet
And my flexor digitorum, —
So good bye, until sometimes we meet
On a larger field and forum!
Olav Boehmer.
THE DANGERS OF "CRIBBING."
The student sat in his little den,
(And a very wise student was Joseph Kenn,)
and
He wrote on a sheet.
In writing so neat.
The copy complete
Of some notes on Pleuritis,
Glossitis and Nephritis —
Also other such "itis."
For tomorrow's exam, he prepared (although
A very wise student indeed was that Joe),
But the Medics" life, at the best, is so bad —
Ye sculls and ye crossbones! but isn't it sad!
The Prof., he stood in the large quiz room,
(And a very wise Prof, was old Doctor Boom);
With
The air of a lord
He wrote on the board.
With vigor deplor'd
Questions on Laryngitis,
Rhinitis, Enteritis —
Also other such "itis."
And nicely and neatly he wrote them also,
(For he. was a very wise Prof, you must knew.)
But the medics' life at the best is so bad —
Ye skulls and ye crossbones! but isn't it sad!
The]student sat a' sucking his pen,
(And a very wise student was Joseph Kenn.)
And
Notes. 351
Many a glance fleet
He shot at the sheet
Where were written neat
Those notes on Myelitis,
Meningitis, Arthritis —
Also other such "itis;"
And he watched the Prof, with his eye, you know,
(For a very sly student indeed was Joe.)
But the medics' life, at the best, is so bad —
Ye skulls and ye crossbones! but isn't it sad I
And the Prof., as he stood in that large quiz room,
(And a very wise Prof, was Doctor Boom) —
He watched this student who was sucking his pen
(And a very wise student was Joseph Kenn.)
And
Sent glances so fleet
At that self-same sheet,
Where were written neat
The notes on Arthritis,
Gastritis and Colitis —
Also other such "itis,"
With
The air of a lord
He came from the board.
With ardor deplor'd
Left Pruritis, Neuritis,
Paelitis, Cytitis —
Also other such "itis."
And he walk'd direct to this student, you know,
(And a very sham'd student indeed was Joe.)
And he tore up his papers, and "pluck'd" him also,
("For he was a very wise Prof, as you know.)
But the medics' life, at the best, is so bad —
Ye skulls and ye crossbones! but isn't it sad!
MORAL.
Beware of the "pony" — 'tis dearly bought —
Oft-times it will "kick," and then you are caught.
And
The best "crib" for you, so sayeth my muse,
Is one that you'll have to get married to use.
David B. Blumstein, '04.
352 The Plexus.
His head, — it really felt so strange —
He leaned against the "Wall;"
And then he "Gailey" cried again,
"Waiter! — another high-Ball."
I would like to announce that the money contributed by the
class at one of Dr. Porter's clinics has been used to endow a
"Home for Paralyzed Medical Students" — the police stations
being overcrowded. Harrington.
Who paid for Eisendrath's shave?
I teach "the young idea how to shoot," An experienced
Archer.
It "Greaves" us much to announce that Mr. Windmuller is
suffering from a bad attack of "Pea Soup Fever," brought on by
eating too many "Vopotatoes."
For months after our colleague Ash was married, the coals
of love burned brightly, but after a few years all that remained
were the "Ashes."
Axe is much "sharper" since he went through the "grind"
of his sophomore year.
A blow on the head will bring a man amongst the stars, but
three beers will take him straight to paradise.
One may not know beans and still know Bean.
Baumgart threw a paper wad at Mrs Wistein sitting near.
He muffed her. Dr. W. saw him.
Dr. W. — Mr. Baumgart, I'm ashamed of you! I'm surprised
to see you throw a missile at a young lady sitting so near you —
and not hit her.
No, I'm no relation to Biesenthal if our noses and names are
similar. Blumenthal.
Wanted — A very experienced hair- cutter to undertake a
tough job, Boehmer.
Boardwell may board well, but he doesn't look it.
An ordinary "Case" is made of "Wood," but a good "Coffin"
is made of "Oake." Oh, Fudge!
No, the editor will not receive rotten eggs in payment for
subscriptions. Neither is he partial to a "drubbing."
Notes. 353
Sitting in the first row all the time doesn't seem to make me
any wiser. Cavanaugh.
Wanted at Once — 200 garls t' foil in love wid moy moostashe,
bo}'- a champeen "loidy killer," be "Jarvis." Deacon.
Oh, I "Marvel" and I ponder,
As I gaze in mute surprise, —
If Cuttle's face doth hurt lam
As much as it does my eyes.
he went through Wood and Dale and Moore in his morn-
ing journey — and only got twenty-two cents and a nickle-plated
watch.
The latest popular song: — "Only a Little Dickey Bird with
Auburn Feathers."
The first time the fellow yelled "Supe" at Foltz (who is a
waiter at Coe's Restaurant), he answered from force of habit,
"What'll you have? Vegetable or noodle?"
The magnitude of Markley's corporosity is only exceeded by
his good nature.
I think the schools ought to build doors through which a
fellow could get without stooping. Giesen.
"Gotthelf"me; I haf fergotten mine "crib" at home end ve
haf von kviz today.
If it takes a hat five months to grow in a "Hatfield" how long
will it take Miss Sherlock to get a hood made in a "Hattery?"
Did you ever "Loupee" the "Luke"?
The best thing I know about Hammel
Is that it rhymes so well with camel.
They say that Treasurer David has "lit" out with nine cents
belonging to the Junior class.
Back to Kankakee. Henning.
Heinan — Is dot my name? Sure, Hainan, nobody else would
care to lay claim to it.
It takes a good Hors(t)man to ride a Swift mare.
The long sought for solution of "Why Smith Left Home."
He couldn't pay the rent.
354 Tht Plexus.
"What happened to Jones? Oh, Keefel
Ter keep frum ketching colds in ther winter. Ketch 'um in
the fall and hold on ter 'om.
Is our King looking for a queen?
"Kruk"' by name, but I'll punch the fellow who says I'm a
crook by trade.
Get on to me whiskers. Landau.
The easist way to get across a "Long street." — Knock her
down and step over.
Alumen ees nae half sae muckle a fule as ye "Mac cracken"
i'm up tae bae. I'll nat taxe twinty-fife cints fer "Mac Quarter,"
cause hae lukes lak thirty cints. — Old Scotch Saijings.
The bible says that the reward of "Mer(r)it" comes beyond
the grave. We would hardly care to go where Merrit will re-
cieve Ids reward.
You can say twice as many hard things of Morton, as of
anybody else without getting into trouble. You see he is deaf in
one ear and can only hear half of what you say.
Harrington wants to know how many Murphy's there are in
the class. Isn't one enough"?
Boehmer, wears his hair long to make up for his short com-
ings. Won t somebody present him with a "New comb" so he'll
appear less Philipino like.
Is Mrs, Pollock a polock or is she Irish?
Wanted- An opportunity to extinguish myself as an orator by
a "Reitman" in the lurong place.
Have you read the latest book? It's called "Disreputable Rep
the terror of Chicago" or "Who stole the Keyhole from the Cura-
tor's office"
Some of Stark's lady friends are "Stark" crazy, they say.
The only and original D. J. Twohig.
Two ill winds:- Windbigler, and Windmuller.
Oh why was I cursed with so much brains, Wistein.
Shoot the voice, Yates.
I may not be "Young" but I'm ': Sweet" Jackson.
SOPHOMORE NOTES.
Merry Xmas. Happy New Year.
How about your good resolutions.
150 reward is offered for any "Soph.'" caught doing anything
wrong. Take notice D. J's, Juniors and Seniors.
XMAS.
Why Christmas is spelt X-mas
Is plain as plain can be —
It takes a mass of X's
To fill an X-mas tree.
E. K. Stone in Lippincott's.
Dillon, a Junior, was passsed up in one of our classes. We
didn't do a thing to him. Beware Juniors.
Powell makes a swell waiter. You can't imagine how well
he handles pathology specimens.
The lecture and practical demonstration in respiration, given
by Dr. Burkholder, proved very instructive and was appreciated
by all.
"Columnae" Carney has returned.
Dr. Burkholder's stethoscope practice was much enjoyed
by the class.
Dr. Wentz was accompanied by his two junior assistants the
other day.
Dr. W, : "Mr. Slocum, how much bile is secreted every 24
hours?''
Mr. S. : "About 3 c. c."
Dr. W.: "Evidently you have been doing some original re-
search work."
Dr. Roth discloses the fact that there are 2,000 c. c. to the
ounce.
We now send our pictures in at roll call as proof of our pre-
sence.
IT IS I.
Where is the man who has not said
At evening, when he went to bed,
"I'll waken with the crowing cock,
And get to work by four oclock?"
356 The Plexus.
Where is the man who, rather late,
Crawls out of bed at half past eight,
That has not thought, with fond regard,
"It's better not to work too hard?"
Murphy is threatened with brain fever caused by reading too
much pathology.
Peterson spends too much time with the ladies. Cut it out
Pete.
Dr. Jennings, the great biologist, is doing some original re-
search work on Chimpansies.
We now have "072e of the 57 varieties.,,
Sis Hopkias is lost, strayed or stolen.
Who said it was in the American text book?
Dr. B. : ' 'What makes air in the street cars stifling these days?"
Some one in the tea circle: "Kearneys feet,"
Miss Mordens voice is bass in clinic roll call.
Bill Gray's Elegy applied to a few "Sophs..-"
"Full many a flower is born to blush unseen,
Full many a pearl is hid beneath the sea.
And many a man of noble mind has been
Who had no chance to show what he could be."
Schell has amputated his beautiful beard.
The flowing, wavy, hair of Stough has sufl'ered at the hands
of some cruel barber. Too bad.
Powell has developed into quite a vocalist.
What Soph, asked a young lady for her company home, and
on flnding he hadn't street car fara turned her over to another
fellow. Some one said he lived in Downers Grove.
Cstrowski is detained at home with typhoid fever. He will
not return to college this term. His home is In Hammond, Ind.
Caron found the middle end of the primitive straight gut
several days ago.
Young Dr. Jefferson is achieving a wonderful reputation in
his chosen profession. His specialty is pingpongitis.
PETERSON'S EPITAPH.
Here lies me and my two daughters
Brought here by drinking seltzer waters
Notes 357
Had we a' 'stuck to Epsom Salts
We would not be in these here vaults.
Fastabend is getting to be quite a Biologist.
We are sorry to learn of J. P. Browne's illness at his home
near Joliet,
Pirosh can't discover endocarditis in the portal circulation.
Ballou is very productive. Raises orange rinds in his mouth.
Grandpa Farquhar will make a balloon ascension soon.
WiJlets says he had a hot old time during the holidays.
Meyers is said to have lost his memory during X-mas week
Girl in the case.
Little Joy Jennings had his stocking filled X-mas (with feet).
Burnsides is a very warm member. Watch out for him.
Parke and Clark formed a partnership for operating on dark
streets. Long & Short.
Groves, the great pathologist, has returned to his work (?)
Jos. JeffersoD, our great actor, will soon produce his great
play entitled "A Pork (in) the Deans (George.")
Eddie Buchan: the great sleuth, run down a dead ha(i)re.
Ballou was caught rushing the Ganoe.
Stough recently had an operation for the removal of the rub
ber in his neck.
Have you seen W. J. Egan's beard.
We were informed that doctors charged a 81 per mile for
visits. Savage took 10.
Roach showed us his new seal skin cap that Santa left in his
half hose.
One of the microscopes was ruined in examing Downs heavy
beard.
Jones makes a specialty of makeing holes in the bottom of
test tubes. Leave orders with Mr. Tomlinson or Hedlain.
Ross Weyer knows all about the cremasteric reflex cause he
explained it.
What did Hopkins face express when he butted into Dr.
Burkholders written quiz?
Merritt says she was a "sweet one" and he knows.
358 The Plexus
Bowsher thinks Norton should have told him.
Slocumb has albloominuria.
Jennings killed a janitor caused he wouldn't fire up. Good
boy push it along.
There are said to be 50,000 muscles in an elephants trunk.
Must have been packed by a woman, — Exchange.
Tupper writing his first death certificate. "Let me see."
"Cause of death." "Myself." How easy!
Moore says he can not "domesticate" his food.
Sophs, administered a good old time rush to the Juniors and
pushed them off the earth.
Thomas will not return to school this year. He is home
having a struggle with typhoid.
Norton is also on the sick list.
Karney smokes stogies instead of cigarettes since he has
moved on the boulevard.
A Skeleton Ode.
O, Skeleton within the big show window!
How oft I envj you your bony quiet
You've no more aches or pains or worries
And now you never have to watch your diet,
"Neuralagy" now never tries to reach you
The rage of "rheumatiz" you no more feel
You're never scared by reading of the microbes
And you've no fear of any surgeons steel.
— Exchange.
While we are going to press the sad news of the death of
John M. Daly comes to us. We regret that in the early years of
his young manhood and usefulness he had to part with this life.
There were many points and characteristics in the life and
character of Mr. Daly that won for him a warm regard and hearty
good fellowship from his class-mates. His death came as a sur-
prise and shock to the class, It occured at St. Anthony's Hos-
pital after a sickness of two weeks on Friday, Jan, 16. Typhoid
fever is remarkably prevalent this season and to this cause is at-
tributed the death of our class mate. The class attended the
funeral on the following Monday morning at the Church of
Sacred Heart.
FRhSHMAN NOTES,
Krouse's membrane is adipose tissue.
Mr. Jewel's inferior maxilJary growth of fuzz has disap-
peared. This is due to a trip to Danville. Let this be a warn-
ing.
Who said foetus in embryology? Ask Mr. Pollock.
Miss Hatfield seems to be having some trouble with her op-
tics which necessitates considerable winking. Who's to blame.
Dr. Shaw should not suffer with that cough when there are
so many learned embryo doctors in the class who necessarily
know it all.
Mr. Frobman is a photographer. Let us hope that all his
time will not be taken up in developing plates when other things
are so needful of attention.
Who drew that picture of the Manhattan cocktail. Now is
your chance, Beck
Miss Schwartz can see through it all now.
If Miss Dvorak has a Senior, then what has Miss Yampolski?
A bunch of hammers.
Please go 'way and let me sleep. I would rather sleep than
have 'em clipped. — Muirhead, who said hair mattress?
Ask Walsh what he knows about curing meat.
Woods is not as dangerous as he looks.
"Butt" Brown, will you pleose wait till you get to be an
M. D. before you get another call?
Furstman, you must make your mark in this world in other
places than in bone, when Dr. Shaw is busy.
Happy J. Rizer. That's all.
Mr. Howard saw the Wizzard of Zo, so he says.
Conhein's area is generally found in the front row in His-
tology.
Who's the class artist?
Where did you tie your horse during the "exam."
Mr. Beck is working hard to get the chair in embryology,
but he forgot the number of the page and so his usual eloquent
recitation had to be postponed.
360 The Plexus.
Schafferzick once worked as a trick rider in a circus and his
horsemanship may stand him well in hand.
Chemistry: Morrow -|--Morrow= 2 Morrow.
According to one member of our congenial class, there is not
a gentleman in it. But let us hope for the best.
LONELINESS.
A doctor sits alone and dreams
Of happy days gone by,
The wintry winds are calling.
And for happiness does he sigh,
As sof tlj^ is falling,
The melancholy snow;
The birds have long departed
From this dismal clime;
There is no singing now.
It is dreary all the time.
I tire for those college days.
When all the world was gay;
These are dreary lonely days,
All hope hath passed away,
Home and peace and gladness
Seem to fill but a little space.
Loneliness and sadness
Are with me in their place.
Ambition passed me idly by,
Soon was happiness flown.
Duty was last to fly,
Now I'm alone;
How I long for those bygone days,
And those who would not stay;
These are long and dreary days,
And I long to pass away,
Thinking of the dear old school house
In a land so far away.
For my boyhood days have gone forever,
But sadness hath come to stay.
Y. M. C. A.
It is with the greatest pleasure that we present this the first
report of the Y. M. C. A. organization which has for its field of
work the College of Physicians and Surgeons, of Chicago. The
organization has done an excellent work among the students
body in the past and is destined to do a still greater work among
them in the future.
The ofiicers of the past have been from among the most effi-
cient students, and those who are now at the head of the organ-
ization have such class records as stamp them efficient and re-
sourceful. The local organization is officered as follows: —
President: H. D. Peterson, California, '05,
Vice President: Provine, Illinois, '06.
Treasurer: C. A. Ayers, Iowa, '04.
Secretary: John Rost, Illinois, '06.
Department Secretary: M. Ray nor, Canada, '05.
Editor: H. B. Wentz, Wisconsin, '05.
Committee of Mangement: Faculty; Dr. Wm. E. Quine, Dr.
Harsha,
Prof. Dreyer, and Dr. O'Byrne. Graduate; Dr. Knight.
Undergraduate; Peterson, Ayers, Rost, and Raynor.
Finance Committee: C. A. Ayers, chairman.
Membership Committee: Fred Cuttle, chairman.
Bible Study Committee; Addison Bybee, chairman.
Religious Meetings Committee: David Parquhar, chairman.
We regret that the limited space of this issue of the Plexus
will not allow of a more extended article, but the next issne will
contain Y. M. C. A. matter of especial interest to all readers of
the college magazine.
_ NEWS ITEMS.
^^^ Mr. Jos. Replogle has been appointed Curator in place of P.
D. Whyte resigned.
Miss. Hodges, for some time past the surgical Nurse, has re-
signed and is now nursing in Holland, Canada. She got there in
time to nurse the victims of the great railroad wreck in that vi-
cinity.
Wm. Pitzele, represents the Therapeutic Gazette, and J. J.
Sherrill, and H. C. McCarthy, the Journal of American Medical
Association.
A LETTER OF CONDOLENCE.
Doctor and Mrs. Sherwood: —
"VVe have just learned on our return to college, of the death
of yourilittle son. We know that no words can make amends
for the great loss you have sustained. We deeply realize that
expressions of condolence wholly fail to restore the loved and
lost one, yet we can not but hope that the heart felt sympathy of
your class will not be deemed intrusion on your grief.
How hard to reconcile our selves to the loss of a dear one,
when their continued presence is so necessary for our happiness.
But may we not hope that the same sweet voice and gentle con-
fiding heart that was so dear to father and mother here, is wait-
ing you in the summer land, "Not dead but gone before" True! .
True! His death teaches us, sooner or later, we must all
make the journey across that mystic river. The angels called,
and, in the ways of an All wise Providence, it was best that he
should go. We all have the ordeal to pass. Fortunate it would
be if all could be as certain of being among the exalted angels
as wasyour darling son.
We condole with you most sincerely on the sad event, and if
sympathy of friends can be of any consolation under the trying-
circumstances, be assured that the members of the Junior class
of P. and S. College share in your sorrow for his loss. There is,
however, a higher source of consolation than earthly friendship,
and commending you to Him who doeth ail things well, we re-
main, yours very respectfully,
( Chester A. Ayres.
Committee, Junior Class of P. & S.-( Jno. Cavanaugh,
D. J. Twohtg.
B. J. CiGRAND, M. S., D. D. S.,
Secretary Illinois'.Dental Colleg-e, Chicago.
SCHOOL OF DENTISTRY
DENTAL DEPARTMENT
UNIVERSITY OF ILLINOIS.
EDITORIAL COMMITTEE.
D. M. CATTELL, D. D. S., G. W. COOK, D. D. S. B. J. CIGRAND, D. D. S.
Supt. R. P. DONALDSON.
D. M. CATTELL, Editor-in-Chief. C. E. JONES, Alumni Editor.
CLASS EDITORS.
Senior, F. M. STAHL. Junior, C. B. SHARP. Freshman, S. F. CORDON.
Publisher, - H. C. WADDLE
Subscription $1.00 Per Annum in advance. Single copies, 15 cents. Issued monthly
Send all remittances and communications as to subscriptions and advertising to H. C
WADDLE, Cor. Congress and Honore Sts., Chicago.
A METHOD OF MOUNTING GOLD CUSPS ON
BROKEN-DOWN BICUSPIDS AND MOLARS.^
By B. J. CiGRAND, B. S., M. S., D. D. S., Chicago, 111.
Few dental operations which we are called upon to perform
demand a keener judgment than cases where the occlusal sur-
faces of teelh are badly decayed, and present conditions some-
what unfavorable for a large gold filling, and at the same time
suggest the possibility of a crown. To be able to discern when
to apply a gold iilling, or any filling for that matter, or when to
resort to one of the various methods of crown work is certainly
a knowledge which can only be ripened by the benign influence
of both hard study and extensive experience. These classes of
operations awaken us to a great responsibility, since the endur-
ance of the dental organs entirely depends on our recognition of
the proper agency which will arrest decay and simultaneously
reproduce the elements which enter into the process of mastica-
tion. In the event of failure to apply the correct remedy we
have in a degree violated the laws of nature, and are responsible
for the consequence. To crown or not to crown is the question;
and the correct solution of the inquisition involves technicalities
circumstances and relations as perplexing as any problem which
may possibly present itself to the conscientious dentist. It is
*lvead before tlie Odontographic Society.
366 The Plexus.
far from being as simple as it appears, and its complexity is more
and more revealed as we study the teeth in their relation to the
human bod3^ To be able to foretell the ultimate of either the
filling or crown would be indicative of a wide scope of learning;
and he who can give this prognostication is in the true sense of
the title — a doctor of dental surgery.
The countless difficulties which might manifest themselves
by either application would require for their correction that the
operator look well to nature for advice, and in search for the
latter he mnst have gained his knowledge from every avail-
able source which would tend to broaden his erudition of the art
as were the science of dentistry. He must call to his aid anato-
my, chemistry, therapeutics, prosthesis, pathology, surgery,
mechanics, sculpture, and all their corelated sciences, if he hopes
to be master of the situation. I repeat that these cases will call
into play all the latent learning of the operator, and those who
have attained any proficiency in this particular direction must of
necessity have faithfully labored to acquaint themselves with
the underlying sciences; and you will agree with me when I say
that few indeed are sufficiently familiar with these collaterals to
promise decisive results. I for one take this opportunity of con-
fessing that my meager and limited acquirements along all these
studies will not permit me to aiford you extensive counsel on this
most intricate query: and those who can, must be well informed
relative to the various liabilities — be they mechanical or patho-
logical— to which a tooth in its functional performance is sub-
jected, and further, they must be intimately acquainted with the
minute anatomical and histological relations of every component
part of the tooth and the soft tissues which surround it.
Who can predict which of these two methods — the filling or
the crown — in the case cited would yield the most favored re-
sults? Both operations are liable to serious consequences, of
which I will speak directly. If I were to pronounce my opinion
without reservation, it would be commendatory of the filling;and
yet I have every reason to believe that a properly constructed
barrel or telescope crown positioned upon properly trimmed sur-
faces, with untiring and exacting care, might rival the perfect
filling. Conservative practitioners throughout the profession
are ever reluctant about substituting an artificial crown when
conditions demonstrate that a filling could be anchored promis-
A Method of Mounting Gold Cusps. 367
sory of dental preservation. I believe the better operators are
in favor of saving a badly decayed occlusal surface by means of
oxy phosphate filling, and at intervals as the material dissolves,
refill with this composition, rather than to cut down unduly the
tooth and subject it to a collar or barrel cro-'vn. If we are to re-
frain from one thing it is cutting too freely what nature intends
and demands shall be retaind. It would be a wise rule to follow
in all departments of dentistry to preserve as much tooth struc-
ture as is possible without liability of abridging the durability
and usefulness of the operation.
There is a disposition abroad to trim off, grind down and
crown teeth which are sufficiently strong to warrant some process
of restoration, other than the usual gold crown too frequent-
ly seen. When I employ the word crown I use it in all pos-
sible latitude, as meaning that portion of a tooth which is ex-
posed to mastication; and when we are told that a tooth is
crowned we infer that its entire exposed surface has been restored
by some of the systems of substitution; thus any appliance
which partially builds up or restores a natural tooth cannot in
the strict sense of the term be called a crown, but must be known
by a term representative of the regional part rebuilt. The prac-
tice of thus cutting away sound dental structure to permit of a
capsuleof gold should be condemned. It not infrequently hap-
pens that the tooth may be in such a condition as to be exceed-
ingly difficult to save by a filling, and yet this tooth may be re-
stored to its original usefulness by a system which embraces the
salient points of both the filling and the crown. Hence if a fill-
ing will not prove serviceable, it does not necessarly follow that
the next process should be that of crowing; but we can rely on a
method which embodies the principles of the two former systems,
and thus arrive at a middle or common ground which will allow
the potent factors of both to assert themselves, and in conse-
quence, between the ultra-conservative and the radical we have
joined the two and are fairly certain in the event of failure that
we have still permitted an opportunity that will allow us to re-
sort to either of the previous methods.
What I hope to emphasize, is that the prevalent use of the
telescope crowns as usually set are a menace to health, and
should not be employed to individual crown work, neither in
bridge dentures, unless there is no other avenue left for redress.
368 7he Plexus.
The injurious results which come from collar or from barrel
crowns is evident to any patient who jealously cares for the hy-
gienic conditions of the mouth; and operators who are concerned
about the welfare of their patrons cannot give the matter of
properly fashioning roots prior to setting these crowns too seri-
ous consideration.
It is indeed alarming the amount of unpleasantness and mor-
bidity which accompanies these illy-set telescope and band
crowns, and the dentist who is unmindful relative to appliances
which encroach upon the gingival margins of the teeth, or which
in any manner grapple the cervical borders of the teeth, is in-
deed jeopardizing the health of the people he serves. And in
connection with these appliances which cause these unsatisfac-
tory events, privilege me to mention that clasp dentures, regu-
lating appliances, partial vulcanite cases and bridges, constructed
regardless of these known principles, bring about untold misery
and loss to hundreds of patients. Any material or agency which,
obstructs the interdental spaces and hinders cleanliness is invit-
ing pathogenic organizations which will irritate, and through
their presence inaugurate inflammatory processes that will even-
tually cause loss of the teeth and the surrounding parts. Conse-
quences of this character are sufficiently unwarranted to entitle
the sufferer to serious charges against the operator.
Writers long since recognized the importance of the inter-
dental spaces; but it remained for the great apostle of dental
science, Dr. G. V. Black, of this State, to elucidate, and in most
scholarly language, the functions of these elevations. It gave
me pleasure and instruction to read and study his series of ar-
ticles entitled "Management of Enamel Margins," and I would
advise those who are enthusiastically in favor of the collar or
telescope crowns to read and digest this most exhaustive treatise
on this subject, and become convinced of the fact that any crown
which is not in direct apposition at the cervical margin of the
tooth, and which endangers the continuity of the gum septum or
constricts the interdental spaces is not conducive to health or
comfort. And should the radical crown worker still long for
further information on this vital question, his desires can be
fully satisfied by perusing the address of Dr. Black read before
the anniversary meeting of the Chicago Dental Society, in which
he authoritatively asserts that proper occlusion of the teeth is
A Method of 3Iounting Gold Cnsps.
369
secondary in importance to the preservation of the interdental
spaces.
The method which I have the pleasure of describing, is one
that will save tooth structure very considerably and does not in-
terfere with the normal conditions of the interspaces, and per-
mits a healthy growth of the gum septum, since it does not in-
vade this region, and in consequence affords all possible freedom
OCCLUSAL SURFACES RESTORED.
to the gingiva. The process of constructing a cope by this
method may at first sight appear difficult and even intricate, but
I assure you upon closer acquaintance with the process it will
prove to be simple indeed, and will appeal to those who intend
to avoid the consequences of a barrel crown. By this method we
avoid the great display of gold accompanying the "all gold
crown,'' and this you will observe is indeed an important feature
in modern prosthetics. Patrons of today prefer to retain natu-
ral dental appearances, and dislike very much to be obliged to
370 The Plexus.
exhibit the too brilliant gold crown. Nature in this particular
cannot be improved upon, and the practitioners who attempt to
beautify their patient by inserting either a colossal gold fill-
ing or a glittering gold crown are certainly blind to the laws of
harmony and sesthesia. The method which will permit of a true
reproduction of natural appearance and usefulness is indeed the
method that will invoke admiration; and if we ever keep in mind
lines from Beattie:
"O, Nature, how in evei^y charm supreme —
Whose votaries feast on rapture ever new."
we will ever be inspired to copy and design after nature, the soul
of God, and cannot go far astray from what is right and endurant.
And in response to the love which we hold for nature we should
be opposed to any unnecessary destruction or uncalled for alter-
ation in shape, color or size of the normal dental organs; and any
method which will approximate nature will be welcomed Dy the
better elements of our communities.
I will consume but little of your time in delineating the sev-
eral steps in the production of the dental cope. Its application
is found advantageous in the case in question, and particularly
so when the dentist is tempted to position an "all gold crown."
It not infrequently happens that teeth decayed as is shown in
Figs. A and B are presented for restoration, and the difficulty of
inserting what is known as an Ottolengui gold filling would re-
quire an unusual amount of time and subject the patient to a se-
vere task, say nothing about exacting from them a considerable
remuneration; and the latter enters into the circumstances as a
potential factor in many cases. To properly reconstruct cusps
on a gold filling, as in Fig. C, will completely tax the ingenuity
and patience of any operator; while by the method proposed the
work is materially simplified, without serious detraction from
durability and usefulness. We begin by placing the rubber dam
in place, cut out the decayed contents of the cavity, shape it for
an occlusal surface amalgam filling; permit the filling to set,
after which grind or trim off the entire occlusal surface to a point
corresponding to the cusp margin, as in Fig. D. Then with the
aid of the HoUingsworth cusp buttons proceed to select a cusp
which will in shape and size completely restore the portion of
the tooth cut down; after selecting the latter with reference to
natural occlusion produce in the usual manner, the swaged or
A Method of Mounting Gold Cusps. 371
solid gold complement Fig. F. If you desire a good swaged cusp
fashion the pure gold cusp outline and flow into it 22k gold
solder; trim off the over-hanging portions of the gold and solder
the cusp to a small piece of plate gold, Fig. G\ this gives you a
swaged cusp thoroughly sealed at the cusp margin and will an-
swer the same purpose as the solid gold cusp. Next use a treph-
ine Fig, S., and cut a circular opening into the occlusal surface
of the tooth Fig, E; fit into this opening a complementary gold
ferrule a trifle wider than the depth of the circular cavity and
position it; next paint the exposed portion of this intradental
ferrule with either rouge or gum arable and by fastening the oc-
clusal surface of the gold cusp on a stick of wood by means of
wax it can be readily brought to its relative position on the in-
tradental ferrule, the rouge will mark the line of contact — or if
you have used the gum arable the ferrule will come forth with
the gold cusp. Now solder the ferrule to the cusp by using a
sparing amount of 18k of gold solder Figs, H and 1 and the en-
tirety is after usual trimming ready to be anchored to the nat-
ural tooth by means of a cement which is free from grit and of a
slow setting character. Permit the cement to completely set
and then with with cuttlefish disks proceed to polish the golden
cusp to conform accurately to the tooth. If the tooth is consid-
erably wasted away a band may be added to the cusp button as
in Fig. K, and solder the piece of gold plate to the free border of
the extending band, and to this you fasten the intradental fer-
rule, as in Fig. L. This system of building up the occlusal sur-
faces of teeth does not confine itself to bicuspids alone but to the
molars as well; but on account of the similarity of the operation
it will be needless to explain the latter process. Should any
pulp or apical troubles arise the case can be readily treated in-
tradentally since access to the pulp chamber can be easily had,
there being no obstructing post.
In the bicuspids whose lingual or palatal surfaces are exten-
sively decayed it can be built up as in Fig, N, after which place
about the tooth a gold band held loosely in position by means of
copper wire as in Pig. 0, then with a longhoeshaped instrument
the obliquity of the tooth is registered, now remove the band and
bring the edges in apposition and solder, trim off at the point in-
dicated by the hoe-scratch, and solder to it a piece of gold, trim
off the excess metal and reposition on the tooth to cut off the
372 The Plexus.
occlusal edge as for a telescope crown. Remove same and at-
tach the gold cusp and affix the intradental ferrule and you have
what is represented in Pig P, and when in position as in Figs,
Q and R.
This latter method can be employed in anchoring a buccal-
bridge denture and avoids completely encapsuling the sound
bicuspid, as is the practice generally. I have not as yet pro-
duced the cope in porcelain .ind there appears to be a favorable
condition in some cases which might permit of the use of porce-
lain; such cusps if they prove sufficiently strong would restore
the tooth admirably. It would necessitate, however, that the
base of the cope, be made of platinum and that considerable of
the occlusal surface demanded restoration, since a thin cusp or
veneer would eventuate in failure, and I quote the language of
Dr. Taggart on this, which reads: "The more you engage in
porcelain work the more artistic you desire to be, providing you
do not sacrifice strength. To attain this end, we must use a
greater bulk of porcelain, as I have learned by experience that
porcelain for grinding surfaces must be in bulk."
It should be the endeavor of every dentist to produce the de-
sired results with the least possible strain on himself and patient.
And the true observance of this rule will prove a most powerful
factor in benefitting the dentist and alleviating the suffering pub-
lic. Too often operators in order to obtain certain effects, per-
form the operation by a method involving more nerve force than
would be required by possibly a similar or more direct process.
It is not always imperative to employ the methods which con-
sumes the greatest amount of time and patience; neither does
such a method indicate that success is its natural and immediate
sequence; far from this do we find the experience of the past to
record, and permit me to refer to the days when the conscientious
operators without the aid of the rubber dam, imbedded large gold
fillings — the work was arduous, consuming time, patience and
even life, while today with the assistance of the thin vulcanite
our ideal is realized with ease and certainty. We all too well
know that our vocation is of a character fully impregnated with
trials and tribulations which not only try our nerves but our
souls as well, and if, in our intercommunications, we arrive at
conclusions which will assist in simplifying, without nullifying
the work in hand, and at the same time afford a diminution of
A Method of Mounting Gold Cusps. 373
suffering to our patrons, I for one, believe we are performing the
purpose of our calling, and responding to the bidding of nature
and humanity. I have tried in my feeble way to implant in the
overzealous and industrious mind the maxim that ' 'There are
many roads which lead to Rome;" many of these highways lead
through uninviting territory, and obstructions greet the trav-
eler at every turn; some of these paths wind their course through
lands low and swampy, making progress slow and uncertain;
while a few of these routs lead directly over portions of the
country teeming with beauty and lending inspiration to the weary
wanderer as he safely and readily journeys toward the desired
goal. And just so with our methods of reaching success, no two
are the same; all promise you the city, but few bring you quick-
ly and comfortably there.
It is the duty of each of us to endeavor in some manner to
improve the dental highway whether you labor on the surface,
toil down deep in the foundation, work on its drainage, or con-
cern yourself about its adjacent attributes, the quota thus con
tributed will in time sequenciate in a road, free from any infirmi-
ties, exempt from any molesting influence or liable to early dis-
use, for with its bed built on the eternal rocks of truth it will
endure and serve as an inviting highway, upon which will travel
in years to come, a corps of men more gallant and an army more
noble in purpose, than were the imperial knights of Caesar's
legion.
SENIOR NOTES.
Hello old boy — Have a Merry Christmas?
Prof. — What do the sinuses contain?
Student — Air.
Prof .—Next— What kind?
Next Student — Hot air.
Oh, no! Mann is not a bird; how foolish.
What a snap it is to take an examination without previous no-
tice, especially when you have taken the same exam, previously
without notice.
Dr. William Post underwent an operation for apendicitis
during vacation.
Who stole Gottleib's whiskers?
Duke Pattison of C. C. D. S. is trying to capture our mascot.
She says she is spoken for, Duke.
Most of the boys are smoking good cigars. Are they Christ-
mas presents, boys?
TO MEMBERS OF STONGEL FAMILY.
We as members of the Illinois School of Dentistry extend
our heartfelt sympathy occasioned by the death of your beloved
son and brother. Prank, who has joined that innumerable cara-
van which moves to that mysterious realm beyond. His smiling
countenance and genial disposition are no more visible. A gap
has occurred in our ranks which can never be filled. May the
Father of infinite benevolence bless and comfort i you in your
deep affliction, soothe your saddened hearts and smoothe the
rugged pathway of your future lives.
"Death is but a path that must be trod, ,
If man would ever meet his God."
With sympathy, ^-
Senior Class.
JUNIOR NOTES.
Back to school again, and realizing that the worst half is
o"er we are all radiant, after spending a delightful two weeks
holiday at our homes; that is, nearly all of the juniors spent at
Dental Department. 375
least part of their vacation at home, and Markinson, the Dear
Old Junior Union Traction Left Tackle, hasn't been able to break
loose yet; But we hope to have his brilliant red head with us
soon again. It isn't everybody that has one that can keep him
at home for an extra week.
Elmer Ramsey made his debut on the ice at Humboldt Park
during the holidays, and such grace. They say it was rich. We
all wish that the whole class could have witnessed it, and are ex-
tremely sorry that some one did not have a camera along. But
Elmer has the sand and so we are looking for a champion skater.
Beringer also tried the ice but Eric possesses an affinity for sofa
pillows and soft couches and found it too hard a proposition.
H. C. Lee spent his vacation at St. Thomas, Ontario, and re-
ports an elegant time, tandem sleighing and innumerable parties.
However the authorities are after him for smuggling a 10c plug
of chewing tobacco across the line for the benefit of Wells, who
likes home made tobacco.
Sam Wells returned to the college with a broken head. He
says he fell on the ice, but we are much inclined to think other-
wise: however we extend our sympathies and hope he possesses
a hospital ticket.
Lyons says that Whitbeck and Frey are going to drive a
water wagon next summer, and have signed a contract for a year
and the other fellows say that Lyons is the one that hired them.
We don't quite understand the racket, and would be pleased
to have some one define water wagon, etc.
Jacobs says that he took 12 girls out sleighriding in the two
weeks he was home, and that it is no trouble at all for a young
man with a cutter to get a girl, so cheer up, boys, perhaps we
can all have a cutter some day. He couldn't prove that he had
the pleasure of taking the same one twice, but we lay that to the
fact! it "Jake" is a great horse trader, and perhaps froze the
ladif ears trying to "swap" with every one he met.
'me one filled Gerny's pipe with tobacco and alcohol last
V and such a commotion; did it burn? well I guess, and say,
jid pipe, which has been between Gorny's teeth 'faithfully
»x 3 Oct. 1, 1901, has a much sweeter odor, thanks to some in-
genious junior.
The Chop Suey joint on Clark street has been doing a rush-
376 The Plexus
ing business lately, since Lyons, Whitbeck, Murray, Loescher,
Abstein. Frey, Converse, Grout, and Beach have learned to like
Chop Suey. rice and prune juice. No wonder they look sleepy.
Loescher sports a bruised nose and two big patches of court
plaster. Grout and Converse say that he ran into a barber's
pole on State street, but Loescher says that they took him out
for a good time and then refused to bring him home.
The Juniors are finishing up their orthodontia specimens,
and such a commotion as they cause trying to polish up bands
that are too thin or are not soldered firmly, and see them vanish
like an arrow when a brush wheel sends them flying, but don't
you care fellows, it will all come right some day.
"Wanted — By Freshmen, at any price, specimens of teeth for
histological work, must be mounted.
Ask the "Wild Ten"' about materia medica.
As happy as can be, with his baby on his knee. What's its
name, Wilson?
Abstein is gaining a reputation as a wrestler, he put Vircose
down in just 39 seconds the first of this week and it all started
this way: Abstein exhibited a crown which he was very proud
of and Vircose said that it looked like a barrel,
A number of the Pzi Si Phi fraternity from the Junior class,
have taken rooms at the new fraternity house, at 571 'W. Con-
gress street. The house has just been newly furnished and is
very comfortably arranged. Delta Siginds and others wish them
prosperity.
''Roughhouse Rodenhauser." That's all.
Wanted — For the 1904 lilio, a caricature of Holmes in foot-
ball uniform, toes turned in and general foxy make-up. jApply to
Loescher, Junior editor of Illio.
We don't know anything special to say for Geo. A. Jones,
because he has moved out on the North Side and is especically
busy just at present, but will try to have a good one for next
time.
A Freshman told a Junior the other day in a muffled voice
that a certain bunch of whiskers. Senior whiskers, was going to
get ducked if he did not absent himself from the Freshman lab-
oratory. Good for the Freshman.
Dental Departme7it. 377
We had a little article on Deacon Tom and his prayer book,
only he offered to buy the cigars for the editor if it did not ap-
pear, aud Miss S. raised it to a box of candj' if we did publish it,
but the matter hasn't been settled yet and we are waiting for de-
velopments. Perhaps we will get a good thing out of it yet.
Somebody said that Beringer returned from a dance at 4 a.
m. during the holidays and found out that he had lost his key.
Better take "Archie, tne Amatuer" and "Boggs" along next
time.
Why is it that everybody picks on Abstein. Will some one
tell. Ab is a good fellow and has the biggest heart in the bunch.
He'll lend you the last nickel he's got. True, A-b-s-t-e-i-n
doesn't spell English, nor Irish, nor Dutch. It does sound like a
Hsbrew name, and his nose is a dead give away, bat what is the
ditference. He is there with the goods, and if he don't fall
through is sure to come out on top. Cheer up Ab.
The Juniors made soap in the chemical laboratory Thursday
and intended to donate the entire lot to "Rube" to wash the
Texas sunburn off his face, but after we got through washing our
own hands there wasn't enough left.
FRESHMAN NOTES.
Vacation is over now and the members of our class have all
returned with the exception of Weeks. His visit home has made
him sick and he has not returned.
Those who stayed at school during vacation busied them-
selves by making plates, skating and taking in the shows be-
tween times,
What did you say about our new demonstrator? (Gottleff).
Oh, yes, he is all right when Jones lost a plaster spatula. Fin-
der please return.
Ferbig — Where has Mattie been all this time? Oh, yes, I
saw her today looking for Sherald.
Ask Dr. Cattell if he ever saw Chicago at midnight.
How about Trandell's mustache? Say, that is all right,
Wood, Shepherd and Breckenridge take warning, the storm is
close at hand. Our class has increased its membership since
holidays. We welcome our new members with heart and hand.
Did you ever hear Prof. Burkholder tell a story? Ask him
to tell you that one in which Mrs. Murphy was not sure whether
she had her hand in her mouth or not.
THE MARION-SIMS HOSPITAL.
438 LaSalle Avenue, CHICAGO.
LONG DISTANCE TELEPHONE, 737 NORTH.
A high-class private Hospital for the recep-
tion of Gynecological cases and for abdominal
Surgery.
Centrally located in one of the best residence
districts of the city, this institution offers
accommdations whicli are superior in every
respect and combine the comforts and luxuries
of the home with the strict appointments of
modern sanitary science. ■■^« 1
The apartments are light and well ventilated,
heated by an improved hot water system. Hard-
wood floors throughout; furniseings elegant
and appropriate. Trained nurses of superior
skill are in charge of the patients and the diet is
A the best.
The operating rooms are specially fitted with
all modern appliances for aseptic surgery.
; A competent physician is in attendance at
all hours.
Channing VV. Barrett, M. D., House Physician
;*J F. Gregory Connell, M. D., House Physician
iW an Pathologist.
5; For further information address
HENRY P. NEWHAN, A. M., M. D,
Physician & Surgreoti iti Charge,
103 STATE STREET, CHICAG 0.
OR
n. C. STEWART, Superintendent,
(At Hospital) 438 LaSalle Avenue.
DF'^ll lESfToots.
NEW SHAPES. NEW SHADES.
PRICES FOR HATS.
NEW
Buy Direct from the Manufacturer and save the
Middleman's Profits.
All Styles and Sizes made to order without
additional cost. Also Full Line of Gents' Fur-
nishing Goods
Your old hat remodeled into tlie Latest Shape.
Satisfaction Guaranteed.
J. J. POWERS, The Grand Army Hatter, 347 Ogden Ave.
THE CHAS. H. ELLIOTT CO.
Works: 17th and Lehigh Ave
PHILADELPHIA, PA.
Commencement Invitations and Class
Day Programs, Class and Fraternity
Stationery, Fraternity Cards and Vis-
iting Cards, Menus and Dance Pro-
grams. Book Plates, Class Pins and
Medals.
Class Annuals and Artistic Printing
Zhc trailer
3-^9 Osdex3. .^L.-«7-e xiixe
Has always on hand a full line Im-
ported and Domestic Woolens with
Special Prices for
All Garments Well Fit and Made.
He also cleans, Dyes and Kepalrs
at Tery low prices. Satisfaction
guaranteed.
THE PLEXUS
COLLEGE OF PHYSICIANS AND SURGEONS
MEDICAL DEPARTMENT OP THE
UNIVERSITY OF ILLINOIS,
CHICAGO.
VOL. VIII. CHICAGO, PEBRUARY 20th, 1903. NO. 10.
A REPORT OF A CASE OF APPENDICITIS.
Illustrating' the Difficulty of Diagnosis, with a Few Remai'ks on the Subjuct of
Diagnosis from Notes taken from the Lectures of Prof. Bayard Holmes
Professor of Surgery College of Physicians and Surgeons, Depart-
ment of Medicine University of Illinois.
From the fact that we profit by the mistakes that others
make and also by request, I will endeaver to report my own case
as nearly as I can remember up to the time of entering the hos-
pital and, from that time I will give the history as Dr. Holmes
had filed it.
First of all I will write the history as I think a history should
be written, meaning by this that it will be complete in all its de-
tails and also following a definite outline.
General Description. — I am 24 years of age, five feet eleven
inches in height, and weighed 125 pounds at time of entrance to
hospital; have black hair, rather fair thin skin and prominent
gray eyes. Most of my life up to the time I began the study of
medicine, four years ago, was spent in Oregon and on the west-
ern plains.
Family History — My father is dead, his death being due to
an accident. My mother is living and comparatively well at the
present, though she has suffered much from rheumatism. There
is no history of pulmonary or specific disease in any of my rela-
tives. Have no brothers or sisters.
Personal History. — Have had all the diseases of childhood
and five years ago suffered a severe sickness with retention of
urine and coma following sleeping out of doors which at that
time was my custom. Four years ago I had an attack of
fever of the typhoid variety from which I made a good recovery.
380 The Plexus.
receive the kind of treatment that I needed, but this advice was
unheeded, and on Dec. 12, 1902, I was feeling so badly and from
the fact that I had been losing from li to 2 pounds a week I went
to Dr. Babcock for another examination. Dr. Babcock ordered
me to go to the hospital which I did, entering a Chicago
hospital at 5 p. m. on Dec. 12, suffering greatly from pain
and tenderness in the abdomen and feeling very weak. I was
given a hot bath, put to bed and external heat applied. My
temperature at this time was 98.4; pulse 70, respiration 24. The
diet ordered consisted of gvi of hot milk with Si of Aqua Calcis
every two hours. During the first few days of my stay in the
hospital the active peristaltic movements of the bowels had
greatly diminished, and the bowels became rather constipated.
The pain and tenderness of the abdomen had only in part dis-
appeared,
On Dec, 16th an examination of the blood showed 5,464,000
red cells; leucocytes 11,000; hemoglobin 80 per cent. Repeated
urinary examinations showed hyaline and granular casts, acid
reaction and otherwise normal. On Dec. 19th I passed 1900 cc.
of urine in twelve hours; urea .7 per cent., or 13.3 gm. in twelve
hours.
This is my history complete, and now the question of a diag-
nosis must be settled, and I will give it as obtained from the
notes of Dr. Holmes' assistants, which I have in my possession.
The present attack is afebrile, attended by diarrhea, pain in
the abdomen, leucocytosis, tenderness of the abdomen, especially
localized over the right hypochondriac region and emacia-
tion.
The diagnosis is exclusive in this respect. There is no val-
vular lesion of the heart; no evidence of synovitis in any of the
joints, and no evidence of pus microbe or other infection of any
of the sinuses of the head. There is an area of apparently bron-
chopneumonia in the upper apex of the right lung, which has never
been demonstrated to be tubercular. Otherwise the head, neck
and chest are negative so far as infectious diseases are con-
cerned. The examination of the urine presents only a minor
significant feature, and that is the presence of a few casts which
might be due to an accumulation of pus in one of the calices of
the kidney, with a surrounding nephritis.
The diagnosis is distinctly against tuberculosis in that it has
A Case of Appendicitis. 381
had repeated chills and rises in temperature, and in that it has
been accompanied by high leucocytosis.
The disease is distinctly a suppurative disease in that it has
had chills and fever, acute and chronic stages, and a continued
leucocytosis. The point of greatest tenderness has never moved
far from the region of the gall bladder, or right kidney or ap-
pendix; it has been free from ureteral symptoms, and it is pre-
sumably a suppurative disease of the gall bladder. Hence an
operation is necessary to relieve this, or if it is not this then it is
needed to aid in a diagnosis as without any doubt there is some-
thing certainly wrong in the abdomen.
History of the Operation, Dec. 19, 1902. — The anesthetic was
started at 11.-15; abdomen scrubbed and prepared, and at 11:30 a
vertical incision, about an inch and a half in length, was made
at the outer border of the right rectus muscles, beginning just
below the costal arch. The finger inserted into the wound Dr.
Holmes said: "I feel a soft and normal gall bladder and the
smooth border of the liver; the kidney is fetal and of normal size,
without any enlargement; I can feel the pulsating renal artery;
I can feel distinctly the ureter, and it is not thickened or en
larged. The kidney is evidently loose and low, and is not cov-
ered with fat."
On withdrawing the finger from the wound the appendix
came out of the opening. The peritoneum over the ascending
colon is inflamed, and the appendix is at least four inches long
and adherent all the way round to the colon. The appendix was
ligated off, and the operation was completed at 11:50. The skin
was closed by a subcutaneous stitch of silkworm gut.
History following the Operation. —During the first 48 hours
following the operation I suffered considerably from flatus. For
this pain, I was given several hypodermics of morphine and atro-
pin; later the flatus was relived by glycerin enemas and also
enemas of MgSOj, glycerin and water. On Dec- 22nd I was feel-
ing much more comfortable, complained very little, and felt
quite bright.
My bowels had been constipated since the operation, and it
had been necessary to administer calomel and magnesium citrate
on several occasions. I had also had frequent enemas for the
relief of constipation and the flatus.
On the 7th day following the operation the single subcuta-
382 The Plexus.
neous silkworm gut stitch was removed without difficulty. On
this day the pain and tenderness in the abdomen had almost^ en-
tirely disappeared. On the 8th day I was allowed some solid
food which I enjoyed greatly, and up to Dec. 31st my appetite
gradually improved.
On Dec. 26th a blood analysis showed 17,000 leucocytes. On
Dec. 30 a blood examination showed on three counts an average
of 11,250.
I had on this day been sitting up and walking around my
room, and on the 31st was told that I was looking very well. Had
no abdominal distress of any kind, but did have a slight head-
ache, which was undoubtedly due to constipation.
I left the hospital on the morning of Jan. 1, 1903, or just
twelve days after the operation, and since that time have not
been sick at all, and my right apex. Dr. Babcock says, is now
perfectly normal, and my blood count shows 9,400 leucocytes and
urine normal so that I can safely say I am cured.
This history as written I think can be called complete, and
in average cases a history taken in this form and the main points
written down, then summarize and a diagnosis should not be
hard, but we must remember that only a few of the doctors take
the time to so get a history and make an examination, or if ne-
cessary, as in my case, repeated examinations, but seeing the
patient for the first time they ask the few common questions,
look at the tongue, ask if the bowels move freely and regularly,
which in nine out of ten cases the patient will answer in the af-
firmative, but yet if they are carefully watched you will find that
words "freely and regularly" has a wide variation and interpre-
tation by the laity, hence the results are that the patient instead
of recovering under your care goes to your competitor or as they
may say "the great man" who is careful, takes the time, and
knows how to make a diagnosis, and then perhaps operates or
successfully treats some slight trouble, which had you but taken
the time, would have increased your practice, prestige and bank
account considerably.
I am willing to admit that in my Junior year in college one
of my greatest "bug bears" was that subject of diagnosis, and if
I had not had to study it, I surely would not, and my one thought
was merely to pass the subject and get my credit. At the be-
ginning of the senior year I could see that when it came to treat-
A Case of Appendicitis. 383
ing a disease,! was perhaps competent, but as for diagnosis, well
I absolutely knew nothing.
The words uttered by Dr, Holmes one morning in one of his
lectures to the students who took the summer course, will always
be remembered by me. He said practically the following: "Medi-
cines are agents used to alleviate suffering and to assist nature
in her efforts to repair the pathological or physiological changes
caused by disease. Surgery is the radical cure of disease by the
use of the knife, but hand in hand, first and foremost of either of
these is the diagnosis." The cause of failure in many cases is
due to a wrong diagnosis. In many cases, or rather I will say in
a few cases it is impossible to make an exclusive diagnosis, such
a case w^as mine, but by careful study both macroscopically and
microscopically the trouble was definitely located in a certain re-
gion and to be of a certain type and to also require surgical treat-
ment. When a case of this kind is "boiled down" then any sur-
geon is perfectly justified in operating, but many cases of
"grave" mistakes, using the word grave to mean the mistake is
marked by a marble slab, are made every day by both the young
and old doctor, and the only reason is because either of a lack of
knowledge on the part of the attending M. D. or through his
own carelessness and greed of money.
The young man just graduated from college perhaps feels
competent to enter the practice of medicine, but that is not proof
by any means that he is. The question will then be asked, when
is a man competent to practice? My answer to this would be
when he is able to make a diagnosis, and in order to do this he
must know pathology, physiology and how to use his microscope.
Then taking it for granted that he can recognize physically a
well and normal individual, he must be able by physical exami-
nation to also detect one who is sick. He must learn to take one
part at a time and carefully examine this, as for example, first
take the head, find out if ever there has been any suppurative
disease of the middle ear or antrum or any envolvement of the
sinuses. Then examine the tongue and throat, then inspect, pal-
pate, percuss, and if necessary measure the thorax and abdomen.
Enquire into the family history carefully and prudently, also the
personal history, and then come to the present trouble in such a
way that instead of the patient making a diagnosis of his or her
trouble, you will have gotten them so interested and confident of
384 The Plexus.
your ability that whatever you say they believe and are ready to
do; then I say, you have accomplished the first step in how to
make a diagnosis.
But then there are still other things to take into considera-
tion, having now made a physical examination, and no matter
what the findings may be, take and carefully examine the urine,
according to the regular form, then examine the blood, and in
ordinary cases you have done enough for one examination, and
the whole of this can be done in an hour and a half, which, while
it may seem a long time, is not, especially to the young practi-
tioner. And I am quite ready to say that you have a patient who
will do as you say, and will also be ready to tell of your ability
and systematic methods.
We must at all times remember the old saying of, "Things
that you do, do with your might, for things done by halves are
never done right. It may seem to some that I am spreading it
on thick in regard to diagnosis, but all I ask of those who may
think so is to refer them back to my history, and then to ask
them just to try and place themselves in the place that I occupied
last fall when a probable diagnosis was made of incipient phthisis,
then I will guarantee that to them the subject of diagnosis will
be as impressive as it is to me, for words can never express the
great load that was lifted from my shoulders when Dr. Babcock
said "your lungs are perfectly normal" and Dr. Holmes has
again made a diagnosis and perfected a cure, and all due to his
systematic, thorough and repeated macroscopical and micro-
scopical examinations.
We who have had the privilege of having such an instructor
in surgery as Dr. Bayard Holmes never stop to appreciate it until,
we are forced to rely on our own ability and then, alas, if we
could but remember a few of the many good things he taught us.
So kind readers do not think these remarks are orginal but
just remember that the first time I awoke to the true valuation
of the word diagnosis, was in Dr. Holmes lectures and then from
the lectures of both Dr. R. H. Babcock and Dr. F. Tice were
gleaned many other interesting points, and in fact from all the
senior faculty I could always notice one thing ever prominent in
their lectures, namely, make a diagnosis then treat.
In conclusion I will say that I will be only too glad if I
have awakened one more student to this great subject, and also
of its vital importance, and also that they may learn to be syste-
matic, thorough and loyal to the grandest and noblest profession
on earth.
Cl,ark E. Saunders.
A CRUISE TO THE WEST INDIES.
The brightest achievement of modern scientific effort, wire-
less telegraphy, threatens to rob of one of its choicest charms,
such atrip as this cruise in the West Indies, a complete isolation
from the annoying varieties of routine daily life, To the over-
worked doctor this is the prime requisite of a profitable vacation.
Just imagine then what it will be to be one day sailing these
tropical seas, drinking in the balmy air of the gulf stream, and
have these lazy breezes getting busy and transmitting the same
old land- cry: "Is the doctor there?" "John Smith's appendix is
missing, return at once." Fortunately, so far Marconi has big-
ger fish to fry, and we poor physicians are left to enjoy an un-
disturbed holiday, The Kaiserin Maria Theresia which left New
York January 15th, numbers among its two hundred and sixty-
six psssengers, five Chicago doctors, including the writer.
The second day out, the wintry crowd which left the States
in overcoats and furs begins to appear on deck transformed in
airy linens and Panama hats. Four days of sailing in a mean
temperature of 75^^ or bO'^ in a south-easterly course for nearly
15,000 miles brings us in the early morning to the Danish Island,
St. Thomas. We entered the beautiful harbor which allowed us
to approach within fifteen minutes' distance from the dock. We
are taken off in lighters and find it a not unpleasant means of
disembarking, particularly as it is our first experience for this
trip, and the novelty amuses us. The operation is enlivened, too,
by the antics of dark skinned natives, big and little, who come
out in boat-loads to dive for coins thrown into the water by the
good-natured passengers. After several such landings some of
them made for an anchorage of four and five miles out, where
we are bundled into shaky small crafts of the sailboat order and
which are manned by a single darky, sometimes in a rough sea,
the method more than ceases to be diverting.
St. Thomas lies in a nest of verdure crowned hills and its
many attractions merit a longer stay than the one day at our dis-
posal. The town is in holiday attire in honor of our party, for
while these regions are well patronized by trading vessels, and
there are occasional tourist parties, it isn't every day that one
of the great ocean liners like our North German Lloyd steamer,
386 The Plexus
leaves her Atlantic track to voyage in these waters. So we have
been made the recipients of special welcome and of special con-
sideration at every port. Although a Danish possession, English
is spoken generally on St. Thomas, and taught in the schools.
In conversation with a member of the local police force, which
excited my admiration by the apparent excellence of its deport-
ment, I learned that there were thirty patrolmen, fifteen white
and fifteen black, and that their principal occupation in the cos-
mopolitan little town is quelling brawls and disorderly cases of
the minor sort and that the graver misdemeanors are rare. In
uniform, equipment and discipline the St. Thomas police force
would do credit to many of our American cities. There is noth-
ing particular doing in a medical way on either St. Thomas or
St. Kitts where we arrived early in the morning of January 20th,
The civil and military hospitals are somewhat primitive in their
appointments although presided over by men of intelligence and
ability. The wards are large and airy, and the sunlight and
beauty of situation compensate for some of the drawbacks. The
Cunningham hospital, at St. Kitts, is in charge of Dr. Branch,
who, with his two sons, is prominent in the medical affairs of the
islands. We are indebted to them for very kindly treatment.
The leper hospital is some ten miles out on a projecting point of
land, and here some eighty or more outcasts are beguiled by
every seduction of nature into forgetting perhaps that "only
man is vile." In all these regions where leprosy is so much in
evidence, it strikes a northerner, unused to the dreadful aspect
of the disease, and undismayed by its history of centuries of un-
availing, hopeless struggle, as not only cruelly but criminally
negligent that more is not done in a spirit of scientific determi-
nation to cope with and exterminate the deplorable thing, It is
not only a horror where it already exists, but it is a menace to
regions where as yet it is not, and our recent acquisition of coun-
tries long infected should open our hitherto careless ears to the
warning cry of our brother Lazarus: "Unclean, unclean" On
St. Kitts the only restriction put upon the lepers is that they
may not engage in the preparation of food. The hospital is open
to those who are unable longer to provide for themselves. They
are supported by the government at a daily expense of twelve
cents per capita. No medication, other than palliative is at-
tempted and no original research is being made. Physicians are
A Cruise to the West Indies, 387
appointed to all the island hospitals by their respective govern- ~
ments. I am informed that arrangements might be made to re-
ceive a limited number of internes at these hospitals, and it would
seem to me that no better opportunity could be afforded the am-
bitious young scientist engaged in hunting the ubiquitous mi-
crobe. Some interesting diseases, including that pest of the
past, yellow fever, is indigeous to the soil in this part of the
world. With material in abundance, patients already corralled
in hospitals and infirmaries and a large class outside eager for re-
lief, the only bar to scientific progress seems to be in the apathy
of the medical management or the opposition of the authorities.
On St. Kitts, we had the pleasure of meeting our old friend and
neighbor Dr. Haven, of the medical profession, who is now serv-
ing his country as consul at that port. His welcome was cordial
and munificent, and our entire party owes to him and to his
charming wife a delightful memory of the day spent on the
island. Through their good offices we were tendered a reception
at the residence of the governor, and every possible courtesy
was shown us by the citizens and officials. Our next stop is at
Antigua, where we see the rarely beautiful botanical gardens
and eighty cases of elephantiasis. These were in the county in-
firmary and some of them were of a most interesting type.
I saw here in the city hospital a hydrocephalic child of about
eight years of age, apparently in good health and sufficiently in-
telligent to answer ordinary questions whose head was of such
enormous proportions that he could not raise it from the pillow.
January 22nd, we arrived at Martinique, landing at Fort de
France. Every foot of this island, so recently scourged by the
most frightful volcanic eruption of history, is interesting, but in
Fort de France there is little physical evidence of the disaster.
There is, of course, a terrible sense of demorilization which is
most oppressive, but the real depth of the horror is not felt un-
til one reaches St. Pierre itself, lying ruined on the other side of
the island, and as completely blotted out of life as if its forty
thousand inhabitants of last May had been buried by the slow-
gathering dust of ages instead of by that awful avalanche of
gases andiearthy debris poured over them in an instant of time.
No vestige of life remains and no more appalling picture of anni
hilation could be imagined. It is said that under the cathedral
alone two thousand bodies are still lying as they fell, and one
333 Ihe Plexus.
cannot disturb ever so itt.e the surface dust without coming in
contact with the bleaching bones that underlie the fallen city.
After gathering the few souvenirs which the considerately closed
eye of the constabulary made possible, we leave the depressing
scene and come back to a more healthy atmosphere. At Fort de
France we saw the only survivor of the tragedy, Sylvanus
Euches, a would be murderer who was confined in an under-
ground dungeon and someway escaped suffocation although bad-
ly burned. Nothing could better illustrate the irony of human
destiny than this survival of the most unfit. Ignorant and illite-
rate to the last degree, and probably a dangerous criminal, he
alone was saved as by miraculous intervention, and his sins lit-
erally washed away in the fiery flood that swallowed up the rec-
ords and the witnesses of his acts. And yet he is not of a calibre
to appreciate these subtle niceties of fate, though he probably
congratulates the luck that prompted him to kill that "nigger"
just in time to get himself locked up out of danger. It is said
that he is to be exhibited at Atlantic City next season at Young's
Pier, on the Board Walk.
La Soufriere was smoking and grumbling as we passed, and
is no doubt nursing a grudge against her sister Mt. Pelee for
having so far outdone her. Our further journey will take us
home by Jamaica, Santiago, Havana and Nassau, of which I may
have something to write later.
Yours truly, H. P. Newman.
On board S. S, Kaiserin Maria Theresia, Carribbean Sea, Jan. 26, 1903.
The Presbyterian hospital, Twenty-sixth and Marcy streets,
after standing idle since last September, will be reopened this
week as the outcome of a legal contest, under a new management.
Dr. Esther A. Ryerson will be manager and house physician and
will have a staff of eighteen nurses. Beside doing regular hospi-
tal work the institution will conduct a nurses' training school,
with a two years' course. Dr. Ryerson is credited with a high
reputation for successful hospital and under her special direction
the hospital, with all new furnishings and equipment, is expected
to achieve splendid results.
The institution, as before, will be under the management of
the Presbyterian general assembly, which has secured a five year
lease on the property. — Omaha Bee, Feb. 0.
THE PLEXUS
COLLEGE OF PHYSICIANS AND SURGEONS
MEDICAL DEPARTMENT
UNIVERSITY OF ILLINOIS.
CHICAGO.
PlexHS Committee of Faculty.
M. R. BROWN, M. D. C. A. WOOD, M. D. T. A. DAVIS, M. D.
H. C. WADDLE, '03. Editor-in-Chief.
Supt. W. H. BROWNE, W. T. E:;KLEY, M- D.. D. N. EISEN»R4TH, M. D
W. A. EVANS, M. D., H. W. BERARD, M. D., A. GERHMANN, M. D.
Associate Editor, L. HARRISON METTLER, M. D.
Class Editors:
R. L. ELDREDGE, "03. J. F. REPLOOLE, '04. H. P. BAGLEY, 'OS.
C. H. TILLOTSON 06.
Alumni Editor, DR. C. C. O'BYRNE, '94 Library Department. METTA M. LOOMIS
ATHLETIC EDITOR, J. J. MONAHAN. Y. M. C. A. EDITOR, H. B. WENTZ
Business Manager, W. H. PORTER, '03.
Publisher, H. C. WADDLE.
Subscription $1.00 per Annum in advance. Single copies, 15 cents. Issued Monthly
Send all remittances and communications as to subscriptions and advertising to H. C
WADDLE, Cor. Congress and Honore Sts.
Entered at Chicago Post Office as Second-Class Matter.
Any subscriber desiring the Journal discontinued at the expiration of his subscription
should so notify the Publishers; otherwise it will be assumed t,hai the subscription is to be
continued and the Journal sent accordingly.
Contributionsof matter suitable for publicati(3'D are invited, and should be sent in no
alter than the 25th of the mcmth previous to that of publication. The publishers will not hoi
themselves responsible for the safe return of MSS unless sufficient stamps are forwarded.
Your editor has asked me if any benefit was derived from the
visit of Prof. Lorenz to this country. My reply is, yes, undoubt-
edly.
First, and logically, the patients whom he saw and treated
will many of them be permanently benefitted. How many of the
cases of congenital dislocation which he reduced will be cured,
how many will be improved, and how many will relapse cannot
be told for at least eight months, but out of the large number
which he succeeded in reducing it is only fair to predict thas
probably 50 per cent, will be cured. And when we remember
that of those cases a large percentage would never have had any.
thing done had they not been attracted to Prof. Lorenz by the
390 The Plexus.
newspaper reports and the public interest, there is no doubt that
there was a distinct benefit to many.
Then again the visit was a benefit to the profession. It gave
a large number of physicians, and particularly those of us who
are especially interested in orthopedic work, an opportunity to
observe minutely the methods of an operator who has done more
than any other surgeon to perfect a certain operation. We
learned that his success is due to (1) the careful selection of cases
under a certain age; (2) to the rigid following of a certain pro-
ceedure, step by step, in every case; (3) to the most painstaking
care in detail, even to the quality and kind of material used, and
the way the plaster bandages are put on.
Moreover it has roused the profession generally, the general
practitioner, and especially our country brothers, to a realiza-
tion of the fact that those cases can be cured or helped, and that
they must not let them slide along until it is too late, with the
idea that nothing can be done. How many such pitiful cases
have we seen as an aftermath of his visit!
The benefit to the public has already been suggested in the
foregoing. They have been educated, by the wide public inter-
est and the newspaper reports of cases that were treated, to a
knowledge that not only congenital dislocations, but the deform-
ities of all kinds are amenable to treatment.
As I have said and written many times, one of the strangest
difficulties we meet is the semi-superstitious idea, so prevalent
among a certain class, that nothing can or should be done for the
deformed, and that appears particularly to paralytic deformi-
ties.
Prof. Lorenz visit has certainly done much to dispel that
idea — at least in the cities he visited.
The specialty of orthopedic surgery has been benefitted.
While Loreuz's frequent use of the phrases "bloodless surgery"
and "bloodless methods" has perhaps created the erroneous im-
pression with the laity that all orthopedic surgery is bloodless,
at the same time the public has been taught that there is a de-
partment of surgery that is devoted to the correction, bloodless
or otherwise, of deformities, and that there are many surgeons
in this country as well as in Europe who are devoting themselves
to that work. In fact, the word orthopedic, which a few years
ago was understood by none outside the profession, and not by
Editorial. 391
all in it, is today intelligently used by a large number of the
laity.
And last, but not least, it was a benefit to Prof. Lorenz him-
self. His ideas of America and the American profession are
changed, and for the better. I think the results of his visit her©
was the greatest surprise of his life. He told me that he ex-
pected to come quietly to Chicago, do the operation he came for,
and in a few days quietly depart, and that he expected, if he met
any of the local profession, to be treated as an interloper.
Instead of that he was met by the most hospitable courtesy;
he was invited to hold clinics; he was wined and dined and greet-
ed with speechmaking by private citizens as well as the profes-
sion, and honored by institutions of learning, with degrees. In-
vitations poured in upon him from all points from Atlantic to
Pacific, and his experience in Chicago was repeated in almost
every city he visited. At the end of three month, instead of
three weeks, he went back to Vienna, worn out with the demands
of a hospitality such as has rarely if ever been tendered to a
foreign visitor. Such an experience cannot be but beneficial to
both Austria and America.
John Lincoln Porter, M. D.
LIBRARY NOTES.
Metta M. Loomis, Librarian.
GIFTS.
A new and important department has been added to the li-
brary by a recent gift from Dr. Quine. The following list of the
books is all that is needed to show the value of this donation:
Darwin — The Descent of Man; Origin of Species, 2 vols.; Ani-
mals and Plants under Domestication, 2 vols.; Insectivorous
Plants; Expression of the Emotions in Man and Animals;
The Formation of Vegetable Mould; Life and Letters of
Charles Darwin, 2 vols.
Huxley — Man's Place in Nature; Science and Education; Meth-
ods and Results; Evolution and Ethics; Science and Hebrew
Tradition; Science and Christian Tradition.
Tyndall^ — Fragments of Science, 2 vols.; New Forms of Water;
New Fragments.
Spencer — First Principles; Principles of Ethics, 2 vols.; Prin-
ciples of Psychology, 2 vols.; Principles of Biology, 2 vols.;
Principles of Sociology, 3 vols.
Ferre— Criminal Sociology.
Bain — Education as a Science.
Whitney — Life and Growth of Language.
Wright — ^Man and the Glacial Period.
LeContre— Evolution.
Painter — History of Education.
Maudsley — Responsibility in Mental Diseases.
Draper — Religion and Science.
Young— The Sun.
Nicholson — Ancient Life of the Earth.
The following historical works were also among [the colloc-
tion:
WiLBERFORCE — Spain and Her Colonies.
Hazletine — China.
Dickson — Japan .
Prescott — Peru, 2 vols.
Hawthorne — United States, 3 vols.
We wish to make grateful acknowledgement for the] follow-
ing gifts which have been sent to the Quine Library during the
past month:
Library Notes. 393
Dr. Babcock, 15 repiints and reference to the journals in
which his articles has appeared.
Dr. Sanger Brown, 161 journals.
Dr. Wm. L. Ballenger, 104 journals 5 reprints.
Dr. H. P. Newman, 21 reprints.
Dr. Wm. Quine, 416 journals, 16 reprints, 6 transactions.
Dr. M. R. and J. M. Brown, 413 journals, 126 reprints.
The Boston Medical Library has made another generous do-
nation of 897 journals and 11 book to the Quine Library.
Dr. Pantus has just completed his book on Pharmacognosy,
Pharmacy and Prescription Writing' and has kindly placed a
copy in the Quine Library.
The following contributions to medical literature have been
made by members of the faculty oi the College of Physicians
and Surgeons.
Dr. L. H. Mettler. Relative Value of Didactic and Clinical
Teaching. Clinical Review. Jan. pp. 290-297.
Dr. A. H. Ferguson. A Contribution to the Surgery of tne
Gall Bladder and Ducts. Journal American Medical Associa-
tion. Jan. 24. Pp. 224-232.
Dr. G. F. Lydston. Vacation Days. Journal American
Medical Association. Feb. 7, Pp. 380-381. Also in Doctor's
Magazine. January. Pp. 58-60.
Dr. Wm. A. Pusey. Report of Cases Treated with Roentgen
Rays. Medical Fortnightly. Jan. 11 and continued in the issues
for Jan. 26 and Feb. 10.
Dr. C. A. Wood and Dr. T. A. Woodruif. The Commoner
Diseases of the Eye. Medical Standard. February. Pp. 53-57.
Dr. G. P. Butler, The Years' Progress in Therapy. Jour-
nal American Medical Association. Feb. 7. Pp. 352-355.
Dr. J. M, Patton. Cardiac Stimulants. Journal American
Medical Association. Feb. 7. Pp. 380-381.
Dr. G. F. Suker. The Use of Paraffin in the Formation of
the Stump after Enucleation.
Dr. G. F. Suker. Diseases of the Fundus in Relation to
General Diseases, Paper read before the Toledo Academy of
Medicine.
SENIOR NOTES.
The S3alor ball aai bxaqaet held on the evening of Feb. 3,
at Illinois Hall in honor of Dean Qaine's birthday was undoubtedly
the greatest social success of the college year and those having
charge of the arrangements therefore are to be specially felic-
itated on the completeness of their plans, and the smoothness
with which every detail was carried out. Never before has one
of these parties been fashioned on a more elaborate model, or
conducted with more elegance, and it is doubtful if anything
could havto been suggested which would add to the completeness
of the entertainment, or to the enjoyment of those who were
fortunat-e enough to attend. And there was no small attendance
either, despite the extremely inclement weather. The elements
seemed to frown on the undertaking but what cares the consci-
entious, sympathetic medical practitioner for a little wind
snow, sleet or rain. It is but an incident of his education and
training to pay but little attention to these disagreeable conditions
of the weather, and so on this night, true to his teachings and
having in mind the pleasure of those whose happiness depended
in considerable measure on him, a goodly number of the young
physicians soon to be, braved the storm to grace the ball with
their fair companions. The faculty, too, we are extremely
pleased to note, displayed a marked interest in the success of the
Seniors principal social function, and turned out in goodly
numbers. Ir was only the blizzard that prevented still more
from attending but we will look for them to be present on class
day. Among the faculty present were the following:
Prof. Quine and Mrs. Dufiield, Dr. Quine's sister.
Prof, and Mrs. King. Dr. Young.
Prof. Pusey. Dr. Yarros.
Prof, and Mrs. P. B. Earle. Dr. Newton.
Prof, and Mrs. Chas. Davison. - Dr. Anabel Holmes.
Prof, and Mrs. Brumback. Dr. Pishkin.
Prof, and Mrs. A. J. Ochsner. Dr- and Mrs. Bechtol.
Prof, and Mrs. E. G. Earle. Dr. and Mrs. R. H. Brown.
Prof, and Mrs. McDermid. Dr. Lang.
Prof, and iMrs. O'Byrne. Dr. Weatherson.
Prof, and Mrs. Mettler. Dr. Nasel.
Notes. 395
Dr. Williamson. Dr. and Mrs. Merki.
Dr. Baldwin. Dr. Dreyer.
Dr. Van Hoosen. Dr. Ballard.
Dr. Witherspoon.
Nearly four hundred persons gathered around the banquet
tables at the conclusion of the grand march, which was led by
the Dean and Mrs. King. The menu, of modest form but elegant
proportions and quality, was thoroughly enjoyed for a brief
hour, after which followed the toasts-
Toastmasker P. H. Holmes, president of the class, rapped
for attention, and in a few brief but appropriate remarks intro-
duced Prof. Oscar A King as the first speaker. Prof. King was
in specially good form, and related a number of humorous in-
cidents concerning the boyhood days of the guest of honor, not
forgetting to give due prominence to those trials of character
which were early developed and admitting the failures of the
speaker to discover anything which would detract in the least
from his conclusion that the object of his remarks was "a very
good little boy."'
Prof. F. B. Earle, the next' speaker, told of the dean's early
connection with the college when he first appeared before the
class of which the speaker was a member. According to this
professor the dean's forceful presentation of the subject in hand
was the same 20 years ago as it is now, except that what is now
a hypnotic influence to those on the top row of the ampitheater
was recognized in those days by the juveniles of weak mentality
in the dispensary, as being the sweetest kind of music. In in-
troducing Supt. Brown who was next on the list of speakers,
toastmaster Holmes referred to him as a man of ups and downs —
up when our class as sophomores passed him up in the amphi-
theatre, and down when a succeeding class gave him a pressing
and something energetic invitation to clamber down the fire
escape. The genial superintendent made it plain that he re-
garded these little incidents in the same spirit as the students,
and expressed his high appreciation of and regard for the in-
dividual members of the senior class, regardless of what grief
they had, as a class, caused him.
Prof. Pusey followed next with a few humorous remarks,
both complimentary and otherwise, about the class whom he
looked upon from the standpoint of godfather.
396 The Plexus.
Then Prof. Williamson held a short clinic, omitting however
the customary "rare case," after which a few pleasing remarks
by Prof. Baldwin brought the program up to the response of the
guest of the evening. Dean Quine, in one of his characteristic
speeches expressed his pleasure and gratification at the demon-
stration in his honor, but took exceptions to most of the things
said about him by the preceding speakers, remarking that it
was surprising to what an extent the inventiveness of the human
brain was possible. The dean gave a brief review of the growth
of the institution of which he is the head, and told in what ways
it excels all others of the west.
At the conclusion of the speech making, which lasted over
two hours, the gathering joined in singing the "Stein song" and
and then the program of dances was carried out, the festivities
being concluded at 2 o'clock. The seniors have set another ex-
ample in this affair, as they have heretofore done in other ways,
by the elegance with which this party was carried out, and have
shown their resourcefulness by defraying the entire cost them-
selves, without financial aid from the faculty, as has been the
case heretofore. Perhaps we may be excused for feeling a
trifle proud of ourselves.
The complete list of the students who, by attending last sum-
mer's class, completed the required work with the close of the
fall term is as follows:
Barnes, C. E. Moore, W. H.
Barricelli, G. Oberholtzer, E. J.
Bechtol, Mrs. N. M Porter, W. H.
Buchanan, Thos. A. Reay, M.
Barker, F. Marian. Reese, E. G.
Bottum, Chas. N. Reeves, E. W.
Dorn, F. R. Ryerson, Mrs. E. A.
Gardner, Geo. A. Saunders, C. E.
Howard, Geo. H. Thomas, Mrs. M. S.
Howe. L. D. Thomas, Benj.
Horn, A. S. Tomhagen, Mrs. Laura.
Hewins, Harry A. ■ Uran, J. A.
Johnson, J. A. Wagner, Wm. C.
Jennings, Harriet B. Wear, A. W.
Jensen, Anton B. Wood, J. N.
Joyce, Martin T Walsh, J. P.
Notes 397
Lang, H, W. Waufle, Guy C.
McNeil, M. N. Whitehill, F. P.
Morgan, C. M. Wochos, W. M.
Maloy, B. S. Young, J. A.
Our ranks appear somewhat thinned out by the withdrawal
of this portion of the class but the diminution in size is only re-
lative, however, and there is no lack of spirit and enthusiasm on
the part of those remaining, Of those who have left us we hear
that Waiufle is located at Capron,Ill.,Wochus is doing an under-
study stunt in Wisconsin, Woods is pounding Latin con-
jugation into the D. J's and waitiug to hear from the state board,
Howard, G. A. Gardner, and Weir are serving as externes at the
Augustana hospital, Thomas is interne at the Brainard Polyclinic,
Mrs. Thomas is interne at the West side Maternity Dispensary,
Young is wheeling a cart at externe at the W^est Side Hospital,
Barnes, Howe and Lang are serving in similar rules at St.
Mary's hospital, Morgan is interne at the Francis Willard while
Hewins is interne at the Silvei- Cross hospital in .Toliet. Reeves
has resumed his farmer place among the Hoosiers of Plymouth ,
Ind., Joyce is at Brinsmade, N. Dak.
Notwithstanding the warnings and advice of our professor
of psychiatry in regard to medical students and young, physicians
committing matrimony, we are informed that two of our class
makes have recently joined the ranks of the Benedicts. L. M.
Johnson, it is said, was married some weeks ago but the facts
have just become known. It may be pleaded in extenuation that
our professor's views were not stated early enough to prevent
this occurrence but the same can hardly be said in the case of
Parkinson who it is rumored was married a day or two after
accompanying the lady to the senior ball. It is supposed she
was favorably impressed with the aggregation of medical young
men gathered there, and decided to cast her lot with them. We
offer our hearted congratulations to both these young gentlemen.
All will extend sympathy to President Holmes who was called
to Bloomington last week by the accidental death of an uncle, whom
some of our members will perhaps recall, was operated on by
Dr. Harsha last winter for an epithelioma of the hand.
Did you all see those photos of Eddy with the Paderewski hair?
It was said one of the twins went with him to the photographer's
and there wielded the curling iron.
398 Jhe Plexus.
By the way have you all had your sitting for the class
picture? The time limit expires March first.
JUNIOR NOTES.
Is it possible for a -class of young men to live together for
three or four years engaging in all sorts of nonsensical "pranks,"
childish plays, and vulgar rowdyisms at college; carousing at
midnight; cutting classes, and necessarily doing more or lesB
dishonest work, and at the end of this time go out into the world
as God-fearing men and as honest doctors, is a question about
which the present Junior class should think,
The deplorable habits which most of us have unconscionsly
fallen into and are following will surprise us all when we pausa
and take an honest look at our present class-life. That the class
is made up of the average well brought up young man no one
will question, and that our previous association and environ-
ments have been possibly respectable will be taken as a matter
of fact. But strangers coming into our class have this impres-
sioD forced upon them (so we are told) that the class as a whole
are disinterested, frivalous, ready to laugh at the slightest pro-
vocation, having apparently but little respect for the professors,
less for the ladies, and a seemingly contempt for the individual
members. If a young man should purposely or accidentally sit
beside one of the ladies of the class, there immediately begins
laughing, jeering, marked sarcastic remarks and the young man
is fortunate if he is not passed up.
Also certain groups of individuals are scattered throughout
the lecture room discussing the "hot old time" they had last
night, "what a lobster" some other member of the class is, and
"how many did the professor flunk last term." While this may
be the stranger's impression, it is partially true but greatly ex-
agerated. We are interested in our work, but at times are apt
to fall into a lethargy from overwork, and if we appear frivalous
or mischievious life for the most of us is a serious affair; how-
ever, we must admit we are ready to laugh repeatedly at trif-
lings. We have great respect, admiration, and even love for
those teachers who are interested in us and try to do their best
for us (even if they didn't turn out for our Junior prom.) The
lack of respect for the ladies is as true as it is apparent, but
why? Until recently the co-eds in this class have treated us as
Notes, 399
if we were a lot of ruffians. They have been too ready to talk of
our short-comings, and their actions were such as to lead us to
suspect that they cared little for our association and friendship.
We were always ready to respect and honor every co ed in this
class just as soon as they permitted We also must admit that
the deplorable habit of jeering, hissing, sending of notes, and
'passing up" of that man who sits next to one of the young
ladies should be unanimously condemned and stopped at once,
for such caprices are not only unbecoming but an injustice to the
dignity and respect of the class. Why should not young men
and young ladies be seen together, sit together, and eventually
if possible match together? Matches in such classes as ours are
perfectly in order, and are to be commended. It is quite possi-
ble that if some of the young ladies do not marry while members
of this class they never will. There are certain sets of individu-
als who incessantly sit together and talk of their daily doings, a
fact which is not only detrimental to the class in the way of dis-
traction but also very annoying to the professor. Let us hope
that after they read this article it will cease. It is also a fact
that the general attitude of the class is not of brotherly love and
fraternal interest, but seems to be one of general dissention and
party interest. There is but little true college spirit. So let us
hope that in the future we will take a larger interest in each
other, and when we meet in the college, on the street, or socially
let us show our interest in each other by immitating the conti-
nential student, which is by a bow, a kind word with a thought
that they are our frisnds and colleagues, never forgetting to pay
our coeds every respect and attention that is due a lady. We
also know that a few members of the class are not on speaking
terms, and we trust this will cease at once and that every one
will know each other personally and have an interest in each
ones life. When we leave the college for our future career we
will all have to take up the same struggles and responsibilities,
as our future lies out in the coming years and is full of doubt
and uphill work. We are to fill the places of noble and trust-
worthy men, hence, if we have a common interest now the future
will be easier and brighter for us all.
There are some in our class who have special talents. In-
stead of making fun of them let us encourage them and give them
an opportunity to demonstrate their talents, so that in later years
400 The Fhxus.
when certain members of the class become great and famous we
will not have to say "well, I did not think that he could do such,
or that she knew so much,"
We will acknowledge that this article does not apply to every
member of the class, but it certainly will apply to many of us,
therefore we must make it a class affair, and if we are mistaken
in what has been written we beg the indulgence and leniency of
the class and close with Aristole's strange but moderate sugges-
tion "That the essence of all living things depend not upon what
they are made of or what they do, but what they do then."
Mavel and Yates have jumped to the Senior class, but Wall
only got one foot over, hence still answers to his name on the
junior rolls.
Rubel is working on a valuable thesis entitled "The Use and
Abuse of the Catheter." We understand Dr. Heinick is coach-
ing him.
Whiskers seem to be popular; cut 'em off.
Who said Hundly sterilized his thermometer over the lamp.
The entire class extend to Mr. Mattison its sympathy in his
late bereavement, the loss of a sweet little two year old boy.
For the first time in the history of our class death has taken
one of members, Mr. Albert Levi Fritz. On Wednesday, Jan. 28,
Fritz, on his way to college, fell and injured his head. He was
taken up to Dr. Harsha's clinic where his head was dressed, then
he was sent home where immediately symptoms of miningitis set
in, and he was then taken to the hospital where he gradually
grew worse and an exploratory operation was performed, and he
died on Tuesday, Feb. 3rd of basilar meningitis. All that medi-
cal treatment could do and loving friends could assist in was done
for Mr. Fritz. As soon as the class learned of his death action
was taken to send a representative to accompany the body to his
home in Earlham, Iowa, where his funeral took place. A beau-
tiful wreath of flowers was sent along, and the class as a body
marched solemnly from the undertakers establishment to the
train.
Mr. Fritz was born Feb. 6, 1877, at Churchville, Iowa, and
at the age of eleven moved to Earlham where he has made his
home ever since. He attended the Friends Academy and began
Mtes. 401
the study of medicine under his preceptor In the fall of '99 he
matriculated in the P. & S. and spent his first two years with
our present Senior class, Last year he was abroad and joined
our class last October.
Mr. Fritz was well known to most of us, and was liked and
admired by all. He v/as a good student and would probably
have been on the roll of honor had he lived. He was also a true
Y. M. C. A. boy and a thorough gentleman. Following is a let-
ter of sympathy sent to his family and also one received from
them.
Mr. and Mrs. Fritz and Family, Earlham, Iowa,
We know how inadequate are words to express to you the
sorrow we feel for you in this great loss that you are called upon
to bear, but on behalf of the Junior class of which your son was
a member, we wish to tell you that our hearts go out to you in
this time of trouble and that we earnestly hope your strength
will be equal to the burden you have to carry.
It is a privilege to tell you that Mr. Fritz was held in high
esteem by the whole class, and it was with deep and sincere re-
gret we learned he would be with us no more. If the condolence
of his friends is in any degree a comfort to you, know that it is
more than freely given, and believe us to be sincerely and sym-
pathetically yours.
Jos. F. Replogle, j
Miss Grace Hagans, >- Committee.
Mr. Horstman, )
Junior class of 1904, College P. & S.
Earlham, Iowa, Feb. 3, 1902.
To the Class of '04, P. & S.
Our heartfelt thanks are extended to the Junior class for the
kind attention given our son and brother during his recent ill-
ness and death. We greatly appreciate the kindness manifest
by your representative Mr. C. A. Coffln whom you sent to assist
us in the trying hour.
These acts of love and kindness will never be forgotten by
us. Mr. and Mrs. Fritz and Family.
SOPHOMORE NOTES.
What did the Junior say who was thrown out?
Clark do you see?
Powell now leads the tea circle choir.
You want to see Buffalo Bill Cady's Show!
What are the constituents of goose Mixture? Ask any soph.
The paper read by Wentz before Dr. Evans pathology class
was very much appreciated by the class.
E. F. Peterson accidentaly woke up in Dr. Santees class. He
just couldn't help it,
Maher says he cant take the course in B Writing. Please re-
consider.
Habit — Stough — Abbot.
Miss M. is a jolly good fellow. So said G,
What did Reitman have to say? The Sophs do not know
The full dinner valise has lost its fascination to S. Who is
she? We wont tell.
Please tell us the name of that fertilizer, Jones.
What is the composition of "Duke's Mixture"?
We nominate Bowen and Hagans as our musicial team.
The circle is rehearsing a new song,
Kindly repeat the latest, Dr. B.
Stough is growing horns.
What was the cause of Miss J's indignation, the other day?
Ask Wentz.
We are happy to annouoce J. P. Brown's complete recovery.
Who said Potatoes? Ask Weir.
"Boys will be boys," said Dr. B, What about the girls, Dr?.
Some of the boys have incorporated as the "Hirsuite Improve-
ment Ass'n. Lim."
Mr. Thomas who was seriously ill, has recovered and paid us
a visit.
The prodigal son has returned. We refer to Greenwall
Notes. 403
Mr. P. as a snowball strikes him in the eye, "Gracious me
whatever will become of him if I catch him."
The sophs continually grumble at the weather and proverbial
luck
Newspapers are in vogue at the morning lectures.
Who stops the clock during anatomy?
Ask Theobalt concerning any knotty point in anatomy. He
knows.
Where were some of the sophs while the B, B. game was in
progress?
Did you enjoy the dance after the game, Mr. S. ?
What makes the class so quiet during Dr. Santee's lecture?
Lost, strayed or stolen:- Anatomy "pony", Fiuder may name
his own reward for instant return to, B. Rightsoph,
Work seems to agree with Werner. Notice his expansive
smile.
We are happy to announce that a class mate of ours, Miss L. E.
Dawes has captured the internship of the Chicago Maternity Hos-
pial from twenty-seven postgraduates. Rah for D.
Ask Miss Abbott if Wentz is back from Missouri. Wentz found
out to his entire satisfaction.
Who is the infant? Vanatta knows.
Murphy has recovered from his spree.
Downs has been absent from class for some time. His nurs-
ing, no doubt, is of the best.
W. & W the Siamese twins, have applied for a license to
practice in the wilds of India.
Do yon recognize Slocumb in his new hat.
Did you notice Dr. Wood's new watch fob. That's what he
gets for running up against the sophmore class.
FRbSHMAiN NOTES,
The Freshman class got together on the 23rd of January and
selected their officers for the coming term. Considerable spirit
was demonstrated and consequently Mr. Porteus was duly elect-
ed president, he being practically the unanimous choice of the
class. Mr. Porteus is worthy of all the honor that the class has
404 The Plexus.
bestowed upon him, and has already proven his ability to care
for their welfare. Mr. Porteus will have an able staff as both
Mr. Smith and Mr. West are easily capable of discharging the
duties of vice president and secretary respectively. Let us con-
gratulate the Freshmen officers.
Dr. Dryer in physiology means one of two thing — burn
midnight oil or burn your bed.
Dr. Zapfe, jollying the D. J's. — I told my wife that you all
studied like and the last word was substituted and ap-
plauded by all, especially Movius and Nebecker who are both
authorities in dead and modern languages.
Did you notice Schaffarzick and Pettit Aim flam that rough
house bunch during the first lecture by Prof Dreyer.
We can't get Dr. Shaw back at any Price, has he taken to the
Woods or some Dreyer place?
Napoleon had his Ney; so did the pony.
All base ball men in the '06 class are hereby notified to be
ready for the call this spring, and any failure to comply with the
demands of Capt. Vaughan, '03, will be severely dealt with by
the pugilists of the Senior class. The team is going to be a dan
dy, and "stickers" instead of knockers are wanted. All "phen-
oms' will be exploded on the 4th of July.
It is impossible to have ankylosis of a "nit" joint according
to Mr. Garstang and Dr. Shaw.
Paralysis is not prevalent in the '06 class, and no doubt this
is due to the fact that we are not as smart as our upper class
men were.
Can it be possible that Mr. Woodnick's confinepjient to his
room was due to labor?
For the sake of science and their fellow students, Messrs.
Movius, Smith, Grable and Rizer are now prepared to lecture on
the mysteries of the obturator internus or the great sciatic nerve.
Were it not for Dr. Eckley these lectures would not have been so
highly developed. Further particulars will be given by the
above named professors.
Mr. Harwood, after examining a section of gum in the his-
tological laboratory, decided that it was "Sen Sen," but Miss S.
attempted to correct him when he said "Kiss Me."
Notes 405
Mr. Filiman before an "exam" seems to be in his glory, and
for the sake of the rest of us gives us the privilege of asking
him something. Have you consulted him?
Mr. N. W. Miller must not be slighted, and in the next edi-
tion of the Plexus a more complete account of his doings will
be published.
It seems too bad that Mr. West had to bandage his arm in
rags of brilliant hues, not to make himself conspicuous. Mr.
West, this is unnecessary for we've all got you spotted.
Mr. Edgecomb gives promise of being a great surgeon some
day, and then we will hail him as a gladiator. Keep your eyes
on him.
Bower is a good eucherist — that last word is not according to
Koyle, but is a suggestion of Mr. Bird.
If you knew how contemptible it looks for you to borrow a
Plexus or gap over some ones shoulder to see how popular you
are, you would cut it out and subscribe for the college paper im-
mediately. After doing this a copy can be mailed to the dear
ones at home, which naturally would insure a happier "future."
Is this worth your consideration?
The O'Neil Brothers have an artistic way of blending their
fine masculine voices so that the roll call is as good as a popular
price show.
Mr. Flannery is a tutor, but don't think for a minute that he
is a Teuton.
A Frephman dance is being talked of. Let's take a trip to
Mars.
Dr. Finney gave a clinic a few days ago. He had the as-
sistance of Dr. Beck, but owing to the importance of the cases
he was forced to do all the work himself, much to the aid of the
scientific world as well as his own researches.
NEWS ITEMS.
Dr. Wm. M. Harsha, Professor of operative and clinical sur-
gery, 'was. the guest of the Muscatine County (Iowa) Medical soci-
ety, Jan. 26, holding two special clinics, and attending a banquet
which had been specially arranged for the occasion.
In the afternoon a clinic was held at the Hershey Memorial
406 Tie Plexus.
hospital where Prof. Harsha performed an appendectomy, fol-
lowing with a discussion of this topic and a review of other cases
presented. In the evening the doctor held a second clinic at
which he demonstrated a cholelithotomy operation before a large
gathering of the profession.
The doctor reports a thorough good time and we are sure the
society learned something new from his visit.
The University of Illnois Club of Chicago will hold its annu-
al banquet at the Victoria Hotel, Friday evening, March 13 at
8:30 o'clock. This is the anniversary meeting aud is held on the
Friday evening nearest to March 11th, the date of the founding
of the University.
General John C. Black will be the principal speaker of the
evening. Dr. Lydston and Mr. Lowenthal, will also respond to
toasts.
All the alumni of the University of Illinois, both those who
graduated from the institution a,t Urbana, and also those who re-
ceived their degree at the College of Physicians and Surgeons,
Dental, and School of Pharmacy, are most cordially invited to at-
tend.
Georgia E. Hopper, Sec.
521 E. 43rd. St., Chidago.
Y. M. C. NOTES.
Jan. 18, a meeting of the college Y. M. C. A, associations was
called at the Central Y. M. C. A. building on LaSalle St. The
purpose of the call was to get the officers of the respective col-
lege associations together and to give such instruction and en-
couragement for the worK of the coming year as seemed necess-
ary and appropriate.
The meeting was called to order by Sec'ry Parker and open-
ed by the customary music and prayer; the attending body was
then sectioned that the new officers might be the more easily
reached. The section on Purpose of Meetings, was under the
management of Raynor, of the P. & S. Of Finance, Ayers, P. &
S. On Membership, Cook, N — W. Management, Sec. Parker.
Tho' the Y. M. C. A. has been in existence for a good many
years, there is still a general misunderstanding of the purpose of
the work to be done on the part of the young men who are not
affiliated with some church organization. The Y. M- C. A. is not
Notes. 407
a church, the many of its members are church members. It
is strictly a representative Christian body, and, as every English-
man and American is a Christian to the extent that he has a strong
desire to see justice done and mercy extended, it of necessity fol-
lows that he is in sympathy with the Y. M. C. A. organization.
It is not a question of: Is'Koskinski right, but shall Koskiuski re-
ceive substantial aid?.
The Y. M. C. A. is to the young man v/ho comes to the col-
lege with religious trend, a home. He is received by friends who
do their utmost to make plain for him the winding ways of city
environment. To the young man of "broad ideas" who comes to
the city, the Y. M. C. A. is full of friends who are ready and will-
ing to give advice and assistance. One of the object of the asso-
ciation is to meet the broadminded men and to affiliate with them,
and if possible to obtain their active assistance in the extension
of the Y. M. C. A. influence.
It would seem, to quote in substance from Secretary Parker's
address to the assembled students in the Central Building, that
the men of brawn and brain in the college look upon the religion
of their childhood with distain and derision.
Religion shoald be looked upon as a busness: it is the devel-
opment of the aesthetic faculty of the mind, after the develop-
ment of the strong moral fiber. It is the establishment of the hab-
it of doing right. To acquire this somewhat difficult habit de-
mands a knowledge of that course of action approved byithat set
of people who have by some means obtained prominence among,
and who have the goodwill of the masses of the people. Strong
personality attracts attention. Of the men who have this quality,
who "give the devil his dues" are held in esteem, and mould the
code of morals. To this class belong Moses, Plato, Epictitis, Ar-
istotle, Paul, John, and all other men who have given their mess-
age for the enlightement of the world. Infinitely superior to
these is the name of the Man of Nazareth. These are the men by
whom the conquerers are conquered: men of resolution, firmness
and the courage of their convictions. They were men who when
they became men put away childish things. The "broadminded"
man does this also, just as does the ags^ressive Y. M. C. A. man.
Now that the religion of the child has been put away, the reli-
gion of the man should be substituted, and acknoiuledged.
Every man on cross examination will admit the fundamental-
408 Th€ Plexus.
ity of the decalogue, also the exquisite and delicate finish of the
Sermon on the Mount, as well as the truth of its profound teach-
ings. And to the extent that men model their lives after these
truths, they are Christ — ians: not church members. To the broad-
minded mad "church" is associated with childishness, effeminate-
ness, superstition, and weakness. He thinks of the anxious seat,
classmeetings, backsliders, and hypocrites; all of which is repell-
ent to him.
All men will agree that in every thing (excepting religion) if
he expects to win out he must "get a move on himself." That is a
man's thought, and is worthy of a man. In religion there is a very
prevailing idea that a man must get very anxious over his hope-
less moral condition; get weezy; confess his sins: have his friends
come in and pray over and with him; go forward at some revival
meeting; have a big excitement; publicly express his desire to
quit being mean; and with considerable display of emotion declare
that he feels the hypnotic influence of local frenzy; and expect
that in some mysterious way the Lord is going to fix things up for
him to do things easy. Why will a man be a child in religion?
Every medical man knows that the sins of the parents are vis-
ited on the children to the third and fourth generation, and can
tell the reason why. Be knows that he who "soweth the wind will
reap the w^hirlwind." and he can give lucid reasons for its truth.
The Y, M. C. A. man knows that these as well as many other
truths are exploited in the Book, and he is not loth to turn there
to find them, Why should any one? If it is because of a feeling
that religion belongs to women and children, as a visit to almost
any of the churches might lead one to suppose, it might be well
to recall the moulders of the modern world, Welltngton, Gladstone,
Washington, Lincoln, Grant, Lee.
It is a source of good deal of satisfaction to know that more men
were present at the Central meeting from the College of Physici-
ans and Surgeons than were present from any other one college,
and it is also a source of satisfaction that at the session which fol-
lowed a very social spread in the evening there were twenty -seven
men who decided to affiliate with the Y. M. C. A. organization.
Men "Whom much learning hath not made mad," and whose
influence will not only be enhanced in the college to which they
belong, but also in the community in which they will reside
after grari nation. The Y. M. C. A. is for the betterment of man-
kind, so also is the study of medicine, and no man should hesitate
to affiliate with the one who is pursuing the other.
THE LATE DR. XELOWSKI-
Dr. John H. Xelowski, son of Dr. and Mrs. H. Xelowski, was
born at Washington, D. C. in 1875. He received his preparatory-
education in the parochial schools and in the ['High school of La
Salle. He then managed W. B. Hummer's drug store for a few
years. With the members of the family he went to Chicago, in
1882. Here he received a degree from the Chicago College of
Pharmacy and immediatly went into business for himself. Al-
though very young Mr. Xelowski soon developed a rare business
sagacity. After a few years he owned and managed personally
two drug stores in Chicaga. Although he had now reached a po-
sition which was considered unusually successful, this young man
still retained his strong ambition to become a physician. In 1896,
although his young shoulders were bearing business and person-
al cares seldom assumed by one of his age, he entered the College
of Physicians and Surgeons at Chicago. Throughout his course
he displayed great intelligence and energy. He managed his out-
side business affairs successfully while a student at ihe medical
college. In June 1900 he was graduated as a medical practitioner
with honors. He was sent forth from his Alma Mater with the
best) wishes of his professors, who for four years had watched his
developement, and who freely propliesied a brilliant career as a
surgeon for this unusual young man. After his graduation Dr.
Xelowski did hospital work for a short time and then assumed a
practice of his own. Hij success in this, as it had been in all
other affairs in which he was interested, was notable. For two
years he worked hard^in his chosen profeision and achieved no
littlejprominence as a clever surgeon. Then came the first in-
timation of impending disaster. The doctor, never very strong
physically, began to suffer from attacks of heart failure, brought
on by his unusual exertions. Eminent specialists were consulted,
but there was very little-hope held out to the Doctor, his relatives
and many friends. A year ago he we it to Oklahoma City hoping
to better his health. But in Septembir he became so affected
that it was thought he would die before relatives could reach him.
T. F. Noon made a hurried trip to Oklahoma and brougt the
Doctor to Peru.
When he arrived here he was in a very bad condition, but
410 The Plexus.
with great care and nursing he became much better and for the
past few months has been in better health than-at'any time since
he went West. His death while at Decatur on a«visit to friends
was noted in yesterday's I'ribnne.
Dr. Xelowski was a man endowed with fine intellect, unusual
energy and a strong ambition. Personally, his characteristics
attracted many friends. Even during his lengthy illness, when
his fondest hopes had been blasted, he retained his old kindly
disposition and jovial nature. A mother and five sisters, Mrs T.
F. Noon, of Peru; Mrs. Anna Pough, Mrs. Lucy Prohaska, Mrs.
Josie Maday and Miss. Louise Xelowski, all of Chicago, survive
to mourn the death of the son and brother. One brother Thad.,
of Chicago, also survives.
The fnaeral will take place tomorrow. Requim High Mass
will be celebrated at St. Mary's church at 10 o'ciock. The funeral
will leave the home of Mr. and Mrs. T. P. Noon, on Rock street,
at 2 o'clock. Services will be held at St. Mary's church. Inter-
ment in St. Vincent's cemetery, LaSalle. The pall-bearers have
been selected from the physicians of Peru and LaSalle. They are
Drs. Burke, Herrick, Crowley, Guthrie, Nauman and Hatton.
TO THE CLASS MATES LEAVING FEB. 1ST.
You leave us now we know,
In numbers two score — plus,
Our good will going with you tho,
Cannot be estimated thus.
Some with us four years, but some less.
All with us long enough,
By constant contest, this I guess,
To make the edges smooth where rough.
Side by side with you we've stood,
Many have been the lessons learned.
Many a thought from bad to good,
No doubt by you have been turned.
Many an hour made btight.
Which otherwise would have been sad,
Had you not assumed the right,
'Twas yours to make it glad.
Many an hour in the class room.
When things didn't go just right.
Many an extra hour, or at noon.
And many a one at night.
Many a thought from you has come,
That has helped us on our way,
Many a kindness done.
That we won't forget in a day.
Oft times when we were discouraged,
When life didn't seem worth the living.
Was on those feelings you've wagei,
By strength and comfort imparting.
Our thanks to you we give,
For many kind words you've spoken.
And its our wish to live,
With our friendships all unbroken.
412 2 he Plexus.
Our thanks for the kind deeds done,
For the thought s which have taken root.
For the days made bright like the sun,
By kind word, deed or look.
And may your lives be all
That's been your sweetest dream.
May you help those who fall,
To buffet the tide of the stream.
We'd ask you to think sometimes,
Of those you have left behind,
By transmitting thoughts on paper and lines,
To lets know what's in your mind.
A note to The Plexus,
Would reach us we're sure,
We guarantee that it would not vexus.
And maybe perform some wonderful cure.
Senior
SCHOOL OF DENTISTRY
DENTAL DEPARTMENT
UNIVERSITY OF ILLINOIS.
EDITORIAL COMMITTEE.
D. M. CATTELL, D. D. S., O. W. COOK, D. D. S. B. J. CIORAND, D. D. S.
Supt. R. P. DONALDSON.
D. M. CATTELL, Editor-in-Chief. C. E. JONES, Alumni Editor.
CLASS EDITORS.
Senior, F. M. STAHL. Junior, C B. SHARP. Freshman, S. F. CORDON.
Publisher, - H. C. WADDLE.
Subscription Si. OO Per Annum in advance. Single copies, 15 cents. Issued monthly-
Send all remittances and communications as to subscriptions and advertising to H. C
WADDLE, Cor. Congress and Honore Sts., Chicago.
DIAGNOSING CASES OF ORTHODONTIA WITH THE
X-RAY.
By J. N. McDowell, D. D. S.
The scientific value and use of tlie X-ray in all departments
of surgery has been fully demonstrated the past few years, and at
the present date it takes its place along with the many other sci-
entific achievements of the last century. The experimental age
of the X-ray is now practically past and its use has become a
necessity for the daily life of the medical and surgical world.
Its use in dentistry for revealing conditions where the teeth
are entirely missing or have failed to erupt; or for a correct diag-
nosis of supernumerary teeth, malformed roots, cystic formations,
abscesses etc. ; has proved very valuable. Every 3hange in the
occlusional contact as a result of delayed eruption, missing teeth
etc. is of vital importance, when such conditions exist in cases
considered for treatment, in orthodontia and especially when the
condition is completely or partially hidden by the bony process,
do they become perplexing. The influence of a missing tooth,
or the delayed eruption, or a supernumerary tooth on the occlu-
sion is two-foid: (1) it alters more or less the positon of all the
teeth, causing a change in the occlusional contact. (2) If this con-
dition is allowed to remain very long, it becomes permanent an I
414 The Plexus.
the probabilities are that it can never be restored to a normal con-
dition.
Malformed, Delayed or Missing Teeth usually work the most
baneful results upon the occulusion of the teeth. When a tooth
fails to erupt and after examination there seems to be no indi-
cation of one, the usual mstruction is to wait two or three years;
thus establishing a permanent abnormal condition by the delay.
Sometimes it is difficult to determine a temporary lateral from a
permanent one. Sometimes a third well-developed tooth is
erupted. And again, sometimes one, two or three permanent
teeth fail to erupt at the j)roper time, and the question arises
wether they have failed to develope entirely or are simply delay-
ed in erupting. Just what course is best to persue at such rimes
is not always clear or satisfactory. By the use of the X-ray the
course to follow is made clear and by its use the old methods of
lancing the tissues, packing in cotton, probing into the process
and other uncertain methods have been more or less eliminated.
If the conditions are known, the advantage of early interference
and treatment for the missing teeth, if in the upper arch, would
be valuable, owing to the fact that the proper course of treatment
could be carried out in the lower arch at the proper time. If a
permanent tooth has been delayed by a temporary tooth, or its
course changed by a supernumerary, the conditions could be ill-
ustrated by the use of the X-ra^, and the cause removed. If
there is sufficient space and no interference by unnatural causes,
permanent teeth will- always erupt at the proper time. If, how-
ever, there is not sufficient space or there is interference of any
kind, they usually erupt remote from the normal position or be-
come imbedded in the process and are enveloped entirely by bone.
Supernumerary teeth should be removed at first appearance.
If not certain of their identity^ — for some are hard to distinguish
— the use of the X-ray usually supplies the necessary informa-
tion.
Malformed permanent teeth, fortunately, are very rare. If
by the use of the X-ray they are found to be malformed per-
manent teeth, it is best to submit to the inevitable, unless they
are monstrosities, when they should be extracted.
All of these four conditions just mentioned vary more or less
the condition of treatment, according to the teeth, position,
numbers and effects upon the occlusion.
• Dental Department. 415
Method of taking. In taking X-rays of the arm, head or
the different parts of the body, the photographic sensative plate
being encased in one or more covers of black paper impervious
to light, is placed under or opposite the part it is desired to photo*
graph and the tube know^n as Crooke's tube is held above or
opposite the part which it is desired to photograph. In taking
X-rays of the teeth, it is found impossible to cut glass sensative
plates to correctly fit the different parts of the mouth without the
spoiling of many plates. To overcome this difficulty it was
necessary to have something that could be easily cut and shaped
to fit the mouth for each occasion and at the same time transmit
light as a negative in making photographs. Celluloid prepared
with sensative chemicals has been found to answer this purpose
best. No special preparation of the mouth in the way of washes
etc. is necessary, as the plate is protected by a covering.
Preparing plate. Cut a piece of cardboard to fit the part of
the mouth that is to be photographed. In the dark-room lay
the cardboard on the sensative celluloid plate and cut to the same
shape. Figures 1 and 2 of the X-ray pictures show the original
shape of the cut celluloid. This is then wrapped in black paper
to protect the plate from light, and the moisture of the mouth.
The head is so placed as to be immovable and the sensative cel-
luloid placed in the mouth directly back of the teeth to be taken.
The usual time of exposure is from 10 seconds to 1 minute, ac-
cording to the machine used. The tubes should be stationed
some six or eight inches above and in front of the teeth to be
taken, in order to secure the outline of the roots. If the tube is
held directly opposite the teeth, the full length of the roots are
not taken, as the plate cannot be inserted high enough, owing to
the shape of the roof of the mouth.
Fiof. 1.
416
Ihe Plexus.
In Figure 1 we have the model and skiagraph of a young
lady aged 22, who was very anxious to have the tioo baby teeth
extracted, because of their diminutive size, and also because she
had been told again and again by dentists that as soon as the two
temporary teeth were extracted, the permanent teeth would erupt.
Such mistakes frequently occur. The skiagraph clearly shows
that the permanent teeth have failed to develop. If the temp
orary teeth had been extracted it would have become necessary
to fill the space with artificial teeth.
Fig. 2.
In Fig. 2 we have the models of a case, before and after treat-
ment, with a skiagraph for diagnosis of same. In this case we
have two permanent laterals, the crowns of which are perfectly
developed. One is a supernumerary tooth, the question is which
one is the normal tooth, the C on the model B, indicated the
position of the cuspid, unerupted. In treating this case the pre-
ference naturally would be to extract the lateral just beneath the
cuspid that is to erupt. Then move lateral next to the centra^
backward sufficiently to draw the central into alignment. As a
rule(there are exceptions)if the crown of a supernumerary is not
deformed, then the root will usually show some abnormal con-
dition. The skiagraph of this case discloses the fact that the
root of the lateral next to the central is badly deformed, then
this lateral, marked X, was extracted, the normal lateral moved
forward and the prominent central moved inward. As soon as
sufficient space was gained, the cuspid made its appearance as
shown on model C.
SENIOR NOTES.
Another addition — Hammersmith.
W. — Have you sold it?
A.— What?
W. — The college.
We have missed Dr. Eckley considerably during the last
month.
Why does everybody cough when Ross gets up to talk?
Somebody has heard of a cavity projecting from a tooth.
Dr. Dittmar— What tooth erupts first .^
C — n. — Central.
Dr. D. — What tooth does 1st Bicuspid succeed?
M — n. — Lateral.
N. B. This was not in the Freshman class.
Ask Pat how he would solder the arch to the centrals. He
can tell you all right, all right.
Anybody who would kick at the recitation we gave Dr. Sher-
wood in oral surgery would kick if he were going to be hung.
Mattie says not to mention her name in the Plexus this
month. How wise she is getting! Now don't you know we
might have forgotten. Anyway the typo can't spell Maturzy-
nokixyz, so what's the use.
B. J. Cigrand is conducting dental society meetings during
his lecture periods. It's a good idea even if Ryan don't make
crown the way O'Neil does.
At the present writing that part of our class known as the
"Milwaukee Boys" are sprouting mustaches. Perhaps they will
still have them when the Plexus is out.
Did you notice how Dr. Dittmar blushed when he received a
photo during recitation period a short time ago.
A Si Omega Fraternity chapter has been organized. The
members are principally from our class. That's the stuff boys,
push it along. We now have three flourishing fraternities in the
school.
Dr. Parker should know better than tell us that he met a
418 The Plexus.
young lady on the train and got so flustrated that he forgot his
quiz record and class roll Yep.
Miss Leppert is soon to leave us. She expects to sail about
the 1st of March. She says she feels amply repaid for her visit
here and highly compliments our school.
It is said to be a race between Adams and Catterson to see
who can come to lectures latest. It would be all right if they
needed the sleep,
Have you noticed the worried look the Seniors are carrying
around with them. Some are afraid they won't get their points
in, others are looking for a location.
Wanted — An artistic swearer. Waterman has a porcelain
crown you can practice on. If you need any help call on Bond.
JUNIOR NOTES.
Shultz. What is the dosage of croton oil as alaxative Prof?
We have a nice little tale on Abstein this time. It appears
that Ab. was doing society a short time ago and was holding a
delightful tete-a tete with a certain young lady, when the gas
failed and they were in the dark. For the rest you will have to
ask Helen.
Chas. Jacobs, found a $10 gold piece on the street one day
last week and refused to set up the cigars. Wasn't that nice of
Charlie?
McCormick is getting his hair ready for the football season
of 1904.
It is reported that Mrs. Carey will soon be in school again.
We don't like to mix with Freshman affairs, but this is too
good. The bunch got noisy last week and started down to the
Peoples Theatre, and finding that closed boarded a car about
50 strong for Halsted street, and the Haymarket. When once
inside, away up high, they started the college yells and other
Rough house tacties, with the result of the manager turning in
a riot call, which was responded to by a load of stars with
numbers on them. The Freshies had all they bargained for.
They came home down Madison street Indian fashion.
"Rube" Ramsey is taking lessons at Roach's Dancing Ac-
ademy.
Dental Department. 419
Kohn has Ihe inside track in Bacteriology, he's always ready
to lend a hand.
Dr.Zapffe,in his course on Embryology to the juniors, is using
monlan's clay and plans before the class some very interesting
illustrations. The Dr. appologized for his amaturism, but
aside from a few mishaps he has succeeded admirably and the
class appreciates the interest he is taking in the work.
The man that sells razors etc. around the colleges is doing
a rushing business with the Junior class; Step up boys, he has
the goods.
Miss Schultz is in receipt of a handseme microscope of very
high power, enclosed in a finely polished hard wood case. The
outfit is a present from the young lady's mother and came from
Germany.
Some of the Juniors caught a youngster a few days ago who
delighted in pegging snow balls at any one he happened to meet,
and strated him for the disserting room, the lad was scared and
begged like a good fellow, so they let him go, next time you
get one give him the water cure, not the Philippine Water cure
but just hold his head under the faucet for a few minutes and
show him the use of both liquid and frozen water.
The Juniors will have to beg off this month, we have been
so busy that we haven't had time to make any fun, or keep track
of jokes so as a cansequence we will be a little bit short on this
months items, but will endeavor to make up for the defficiency by
occupying about two thirds of the Plexus next month.
FRESHMAN NOTES.
Our class is progressing slowly but surely, We begin to feel
that our success depends upon our own efforts and not upon the
efforts of our instructors altogether. True enough good instruct-
ors are essential to our future progress but our teachers can do but
little without the material to do with. No we are not finding
fault with the teachers, they are as good as the state can fur-
nish, but in some of the departments, the inistution has failed to
furnish the necessary apparatus, for instance I site you to our
chemical laboratory, not half of the time have we the necessary
apparatus to perform the required experiments. It is as our
420 The Plexus.
professor says. It is a disgrace to the state to have such a
poorly furnished laboratory. No we are not a band of kickers
we have paid for these things and why not let us have them.
Our friend Darmer is carrying a black eye caused by a chunk
of Plaster of Paris. Porterfield didn't do it no he was out buying
rubber at the time or shortly after
Schroder uses the sink in our Prosthetic Lab. for several
purposes when he is in a hurry.
Mr. Smith Sr, is the guests of his son P. H. G. Smith.
Owing to the fact that Prof. Bishop failed to come on the
after-noon of Feb. 9th we treated ourselves to a Theater party
which was enjoyed by all. The Haymarket is the only place on
such occasions.
The century that has passed, has changed the face of nature
and brought about a revolution in the habits of the dentists.
To day we stand at the dawn of a most extraordinary age.
Man has begun to win the most extraordinary victories in the
dominion of a tooth cavity. One by one he has broken the chain
of bondage and set himself free from ancient thought and super-
stition. Nothing is too difficult for his daring hand to attempt
no region too remote no place too sacred for his daring eye to pene-
trate.
Man has secured and chained for his service the elemental
force of nature, made the fire his steed, the wind his messenger
and the sea his path-way.
Man has raised his head above the clouds and made the im-
pentable air his resting place. He has descended into the bowels
of old earth and walked in safety upon the bosom of the sea.
Man has advanced with such astonishing speed that breathless
we have reached a period when it seems as if time has been an-
nhilated. The inaudable heard; the unspeakable spoke and the
imposible accomplished. But in all the rays of light which il-
luminate the present and cast its dark recesses into the past not
one ray has shot into the future, not one step have we taken
towards the solution of the mistery of life. That remains as
dark and unfathonable as it was a thousand years ago.
We know that we are more intelligent than our forefathers
were. We hope that the time to come will be better, more pros-
XJerous and more glorious than this. We believe that our children
will be happier that we are. We hope. We believe. We think,
Dental Department 421
but we do not know. Across that threshold we may not pass'
behind that vale we may not penetrate. Into that country it may
not be for us to go.
It matters not; the age in which we live is but a link in the
endless and eternal chain. Our lives are like the sand upon the
shore; our voices like the summer breeze, that stirs a leaf for a
moment and then is forgotten.
From whence we came and whether we shall go not one of
us can tell.
If ever you come down Harrison street
And see the footprints of a hunrded feet,
You can take it for certain that close by
Is the school of dentistry of U of I
Where ever you go
You must surely know
That our abundant plaster of paris supply
Though carelessly used, does not often run shy.
Of course, there are exceptions to every rule.
But they are very scarce in our school.
When you come to the door, don't look around
But walk right in like you owned the town.
Look right and left and yo'll be convinced
That the footprints you saw were of Illinois dents
You can go all through the place
You will be stared in the face
With plaster of paris from ceiling to floor
From prosthetic laboratory to the front door
In the main office, out on the front stairs,
Up on the benches, down on the chairs.
You might think we all a dirty lot
Although it might seem so, we are not.
In working with plaster dry or wet.
Work carefully as you can, let the plaster set.
Do it ever so keenly,
Do it ever so clearly.
For it don't matter how careful we are,
There will be plaster around us near and far.
Plaster on our faces, and plaster on our hands,
Plaster on our shoes and plaster on our pants.
422 The Fhxus.
Our freshman class is a very jolly crowd,
Some times they get boysterous and loud,
But as long as no harm or damage is done,
What does the faculty care if we have fun.
Boys will be boys,
Quite full of noise,
They are perfectly harmless if left alone,
But if you disturb them you'll hear a groan.
If they hollow "hats off" when you come in
You better take it off to save your skin.
In making instruments and teeth
We got every thing in Chicago beat,
When Dr. Cattell talks about his scheme,
He is a wonderful man that's no pipe dream.
He is well noted,
His time is devoted
To dental developements near and far.
In dental society he is a shining star.
He teaches up to date although started far back,
He perfectly knows how to teach "a la Black".
The Juniors think they know m.ore than the dean,
But in our estimation they don't know a bean,
They are very nice boys when they are quite,
But if they trouble the freshmen there will be riot,
They know very well.
But don't like to tell.
That we can put them out of the place.
If they only dare to show a face.
But as long as they leave us alone.
We will be civil to them in a friendly tone,
After all we can say we never had a fight.
The class is satisfied that all is alright,
We all are thankful that we are here,
And by good behavior may come back next year,
We will be good
And act as we should.
We just start to realize what we are here for,
And see we know very little, we aught to know more.
Farwell dear brother, I'll be with you soon,
Making a hatchet or twenty-nine twelve spoon.
W. F. Stone.
THE DOCTOR.
All hearts that are human have hopes of their own,
Some struggle for glory and perish unknown;
Some live by good deeds, while the doctors subsist
On mortals deficient in power to resist
The microbes invasion, which in time, late or soon
Will gather you in unless you're immune.
So "why should the spirit of mortal be proud"
In a land where physicians and germs are allowed
To roam at free will and assail you perchance
With toxins and non-title or jalap or lance?
You know not what moment these germs may prepare
There nest in your colon and migrate from there
To that organ the surgeons delight to ligate
Three lines from the caecum and then amputate.
Nor can mortal tell what day or what night
He may have both the germs and the surgeons to fight,
And between their toxins and the bold surgeons lance.
Your prospects, oh, well, there is always a chance
To depart from these scenes of sickness and woe
To that realm where the doctor and germs never go!
And till then you may seek, though doubtless in vain,
For a mundane retreat where these scourges twain
Come not to molest you, and look not around
For wither you journey soon microbes appear
And the up-to date surgeon is close in their rear
With scapel, aseptic and stuff to inhale
And sutures galore from the kangaroo's tail.
And as for the Doctors; why, everyone knows,
They are so thick they are tramping on each others toes;
Each hamlet is crowded, and in cities no doubt,
They are a trifle too thick, but you can't keep them out;
They are everywhere present, at all times are seen
At birth and at death,. all seasons between.
Why, the first one you meet when you come upon earth.
Is a wise looking doctor of more or less worth.
And the last you gaze on before your demise
Is an off spring of Galen who is still looking wise,
Though dejeted some now as a usual thing.
424 The Plexus
But defiant as ever, and still in the ring;
And there he will remain until robed in his shroud,
So "why should the spirit of mortal be proud?"
Dr. S. K. Davis.
OUR SCHEDULE.
Monday comes but onee a week,
With work enough for many,
This we'll prove for those who seek
The truth, if there be any.
Eight to nine comes first you see
To two naught five we'll take you,
And if all's well as it ought to be,
No need to tarry, for we'll soon be through
But if 'tis quiz, 'tis not with ease
We sit there, tho' we "orter,"
And one might diag. the disease
Of some, as xophthalmic goiter.
From nine to ten across the way,
In one Cook County mansion,
We watch the Prof, so that some day
We too can use xtension.
And still we sit and watch the pit,
Or stand and stretch while some poor soul.
Is trundled or wheeled by those who "git"
A living by playing such a role.
This is the hour where hearts are trumps
Where the lungs run a close second;
When chests are inspected for sounds and bumps
And the prog, as to life is reckoned.
Next hour we, not all, but some,
Into the basement sally,
Where one can see how its all done,
And watch the patient rally.
From one to three is four naught six.
There too we sit and list
While our dear Prof, who is up to tricks.
Removes an arm a leg or a simple cyst
Dental Department 425
By this time we, fairly nervous you see
Paper throw as you well know,
Until our Prof, of Psychiatry,
Appears all smiles and face aglow.
Then for an hour, but no more.
We try our little best, to learn
Something 'bout lesions that upward soar,
Into the brain where they twist and turn.
From four to five, all who survive.
In same seat sit or change a bit,
And learn how microbes grow and thrive,
Without — within, it matters "nit."
From five to six we try our best,
To answer questions old or new,
But 'taint at all a fair square test,
For when you're through, there's many a thing that comes to you .
The day is done but I am not.
For Mr. Brown of spotters school.
On other days has changed somewhat
The order of the blue schedule.
Now for sample of such change.
On third day, hour from ten to 'leven.
We hear of those whose ages range
From one day old, on up to seven.
Then fourth, on from three to five
We see, and some, no doubt think,
That 'twould better be, did we continue
Clean lives to live and not at crime to wink.
The days you see are much the same.
With now and then a story
Told by some Prof, who'se not to blame.
If we don't stop .our worry.
Now if you will me xcuse
For putting into rhyme
This schedule which in truth has blues.
I'll take no more your time.
A Senior.
THE MARION-SIMS HOSPITAL.
438 LaSalle Avenue, CHICAGO.
LONG DISTANCE TELEPHONE, 737 NORTH.
A high-class piivale Hospital for tlie recep-
tion of Gynecological cases and for abdominal
Surgery.
Centrally located in one of the best residence
districts of the city, tliis institution offers
accommdatious wliicli are superior in every
respect and combine the comforts and luxuries
of tlie home witli the strict appointments of
modern sanitary science.
The apartment h are liglit H.nd well ventilated,
heated by an improved hot water system. Hard-
wood floor's throughout; furniseinus elegant
and appropriate. 'I'rained nurses of superior
skill are in cliarge of the patients and the diet is
the best.
The operating rooms are specially fitted with
all modern appliances for aseptic surgery.
A.'ompetent physician is in attendance at
all hours.
Channing W. B.\RRETT, M. D., House Physician
F. Gke^ory ('(InnelIj, M. D., House Physician
an Pathologisi..
For further information address
HENRY P, NEWHAN. A. M., M. D,
Physician & Surgeoti in Charge,
103 STATE STREET, CHICAGO.
OR
n. C. STEWART, Superintendent,
(At Hospital) 438 LaSalle Avenue.
NEW SHAPES. NEW SHADES. NEW
PRICES FOR HATS.
Buy Direct from the Manufacturer and save the
Middleman's Profits.
All Styles and Sizes made to order withottt
additional cost. Also Full Line of Gents' Fur-
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Your old hat remodeled into the Latest Shape.
Satisfaction Guaranteed.
J. J. POWERS, The Grand Army Hatter, 347 Ogden Ave.
A Good Prescription
''MCDONALD'S PRINTING"
Q. S- for present and future use.
McDonald & Co-, Printers
Phone Od?en 335 318 Ogden Ayenue
Half a block from P. & S. College.
IMC- :»TJE33P3xrE:n.
Zhe TTailor
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Has always on hand a full line Im-
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He also cleans, Dyes and Repairs
at very low prices. Satisfaction
t?uaranteed.
\i .:■■
>m.
L. HARRISON METTLER. A. M., M. D.
Professor of Mental and Xervous Diseases in tlie Chicago Clinical
Scliool. Adjunct Frofessor of Medicine in the College
of Medicine of tlie University of Illinois.
THE PLEXUS
COLLEGE OF PHYSICIANS AND SURGEONS
MEDICAL DEPARTMENT OF THE
UNIVERSITY OF ILLINOIS,
CHICAGO.
VOL. VIII. BATAVIA, MARCH 20th, 1903. NO. 11.
SYPHILIS AS A CAUSE OF CHOREA WITH REPORT
OF A CASE.*
By L, Harrison Mettler, A. M., M, D.
Professor of Mental and Nervous Diseases in the Chicago Clinical School.
Adjunct Professor of Medicine in the College of Medicine of the
University of Illinois.
Case; Referred by Dr. S. L. M'Creight. H. P., raale, 11
years of age, born at term of German parentage, showing at
present unmistakable signs of hereditary syphilis.
The family history is noteworthy. The father, about 40
years of age, married some 14 years, admitted to his wife and
former physicians that he had contracted syphilis about 9 or 10
years prior to marriage. Nine years ago he experienced his
first apoplectic stroke which involved the left side of the body
and his speech. The loss of speech lasted only a few days
whereas the paralysis continued 28 weeks. A second stroke
occurred 5 years ago, involving the same side. This was pre-
ceded by several spells of transi«>nt weakness, largely in the same
extremities. This second stroke lasted in its effects about 2
weeks. At this time there was amaurosis for several weeks. The
man was admitted into the insane Asylum. He broke out peri-
odically into violent mania, between which however he re-
mained quiescent and foolish. At the present moment he is
living at home a sad spectacle of general dementia with paresis,
irresponsible, harmless and foolish. The mother is a bright,
active woman without the slighest appearance of syphilitic
taint. She denies having had any miscarriages. There are four
*ADstractof a paper read before the Chicago Medical Society, March 4, 1903.
426 The Plexus.
living children, all of whom exhibit traces of inherited syphilis.
The eldest is 12 years of age; has worn glasses since she was 5
years of age; suffers at times from excruciating headache; mani-
fests every now and then a severe eruption of the skin; and
suffers frequently from sore throat. Mentally she is bright and
stands at the head of her class in school. She is the victim of
mild chronic nasal catarrh. The second child is the choreic
patient. The third child is 10 years of age; has ozoena; suffers
from skin eruptions; has the Hutchinson teeth and sore throat.
Seven years ago an ulcer-like eruption began behind one ear
and spread around the neck to the back of the head. The fourth
child is 5 years of age; suffers from ozoena, occasional skin
eruptions and frequent attacks of severe diarrhoea.
To return now to the choreic child. He appeared to be
sound until he was 2 years of age. Then without warning he
had five severe convulsive seizures, each following the other in
rapid succession and all occurring within a few hours. The
mother supposed that these were simply infantile eclampsia and
cannot now give any very clear account of their mode of onset
progress or termination. This is unfortunate as an important
element in the history of the case is thus omitted. It would be
desirable to know whether these seizures were general or local-
ized. It was during these convulsions that the lad's eyes "went
wrong," as the mother expresses it and left him with his present
high degree of internal strabismus. This condition of the eyes
should be remembered in studying the case as one of chorea; but
it is doubtful if there is causal relationship. Of course there was
diplopia with mild vertigo for a time. The vision of one eye is
now however practically useless on account of the extreme strab-
ismus. The examination of the fundi a year or so ago by Dr.
M'Creight discovered nothing very abnormal. There is no cepha-
lalgia. The shape of the head and the development of the body are
indicative of degeneracy. The mother suspects that about three
years ago the boy had an attack of rheumatism with heart failure.
At present however there are no signs of organic heart trouble.
It should be remembered how syphilis of the central nervous
system is prone to simulate almost every other form of disease,
organic and functional. Scarlet fever and measles are to be
added to the history of the case.
l""? After the convulsions at 2 years of age, the left side became
Syjihilis as a Cause of Chorea. 427
noticeably weaker and thinner. These convulsions never re-
curred. At 7 years of age the boy experienced his first attack of
chorea. It seemed to be more pronounced on the left side,
though the attack was a generalized one. Since this attack there
have been three others, all about a year apart, and each one more
severe than the previous one. The attacks each lasted about a
few weeks and then disappeared gradually and almost completely.
The movements were irregular, spasmodic and in-co-ordinated-
They could be controlled partially by the will and they did not
occur during sleep except at the rarest intervals. They involved
all parts of the body, the head, face, arms and legs. It was im-
ppssible to use the knife and fork at table and sometimes the
jactitations were so violent and strong as to throw the lad from
the chair or couch. Between the attacks there were occasional
slight twitchings. The last and fourth attack began about 10
months ago, was more severe than any of the others and
lasted altogether about 4 months. All the usual remedies, from
arsenic down, had been tried and failed utterly to modify the
movements. The patients mental state showed some weakening
and as a result of the constant jerkings there was severe ner-
vous and muscular exhaustion. There are indefinable, slight,
shooting pains about the entire body and a feeling of soreness
in the left arm. The latter is probably the result of muscular
weariness. Two weeks after beginning the administration of
iodide of potassium in full dosage, there was a marked dimi-
nution in the jactitations and in a week or two more they ceased
almost entirely. At present the boy is well, except for a few,
feeble twitchings that occur now and then. The unilateral
character of these movements is to be noted and their appearance
in those parts of the body that show hemiplegic tendencies.
The effort to establish chorea as a "definite, substantire
affection" (Osler)or as "a distinct malady, showing varying de-
grees of permanence and intensity" (Dana) is far from being en-
tirely successful. The enumeration of such diverse etiological
factors, as fright, peripheral reflex irritation, infection and
organic lesions of an irritative sorf, in the production of a de-
finite, substantive affection is, to say the least, somewhat an-
omalous. Hence there is ground for the contention that under
the name chorea many varied conditions have hitherto been dis-
cussed. This is obvious after a careful comparison of the various
428 The Flexus.
socalled choreas such, as Huntingdon's chorea and the chorei-
form movements of Friedreich's disease, the major and minor
choreas, the hysterical and electric choreas and the various tics
of the French authors. The term chorea means a dance and as
applied to the irregular, spasmodic and incoordinated movements
of the voluntary muscles indicates a symptom merely rather than
a disease. As a symptom it indicates a functional or irritative
disturbance of the higher, volitional or inhibitory neurones, which
disturbance may De brought about by various causes. This ex-
plains the multiplicity of causes in true chorea as well as the
frequent association of so many other nervous phenomena with
the choreic forms of jactilation. These movements are but one
feature of a more or less extensive involvement of the upper
motor neurones, especially at or near their origin in the cortex
and basal ganglia. This symptomatic conception of chorea, in
all of its forms, conduces to a more accurate etiological diagnosis
and consequently to a more uniformly effective therapy.
Among the accepted causes of chorea, the infections play a
large role. The authorities enumerate rheumatisQi, pneumonia,
scarletfever, puerperal fever, gonorrhoea, typhoid fever, pyaemia,
septicaemia and others. Syphilis however is rarely if ever men-
tioned. Osier did not observe it in a series of 410 cases of
chorea reported in the Medical News of Oct. 15, 1887 and Good-
all does not mention it in his report of 2(32 cases in the Guy's
Hospital Reports of 1890. It is obviously a rare condition. A
search through literature has rewarded the writer with but a
small list of cases. Under the heading "Some Cases of Syphi-
litic Chorea,"' Robert H. Alison said in the American Journal of
the Medical Sciences for July, 1877, that "chorea dae to syphi-
litic disease of the nervous centers is so rare that up to this time,
after an extended research, I have been able to find only two
cases recorded." To these two cases Alison added two more of
his own, remarking that spasm of the vessels and altered mole-
cular states of nerve tissue would not explain ihem. There was
doubtless "a positive lesion," probably vascular occlusion of the
minute vessels of the corpus striatum and neighborhood. Of
these four cases, three were unilateral, one generalized.
The writer feels quite sure, that rare as syphilitic chorea is,
it is not so rare as to warrant the almost total absence of all
mention of it in the works upon syphilis, nervous diseases and
Syphilis as a Cause of Chorea. 429
general practice. Those who admit the possible relationship
between syphilis and chorea are few in number, and exhibit much
hesitancy and not a little diversity of opinion in regard to the
causal relationship.
The American Text Book of Genito Urinary Diseases says,
"mobile spasms, such as tremors, ataxic movements, athetosis
and chorea have been observed to accompany syphilitic irrita-
tion of the motor cortex and also irritative lesions of the basal
ganglia. Of course these symptoms are unilateral and are ob-
served on the side of the body opposite to the lesion." Such
choreic manifestations are not unlike those in which an embolic
obstruction, a hemorrhage, a minute neoplasm or small inflam-
matory foci have been found postmortem.
Only within comparatively recent times has the organic or
so-called symptomatic chorea, hemichorea, post and pre-hemi-
plegic chorea been carefully studied and described by Mitchell,
Charcot, Hoffman, Jackson and others. Perhaps most of the
cases of choreiform convulsions due to syphilis of the central
nervous system, are of this type. Our own case manifested to
a large extent this localization of the disease. In these cases
the movements are eccentric, with more or less tremor. They
are slower, somewhat more rhythmical, less brusque than they
are in ordinary chorea. They are usually unilateral and depend
in most instances upon a lesion in the pyramidal columns be-
tween the bulb and the cortex. Hence many writers make a
sharp distinction between symptomatic or organic chorea and
generalized or functional chorea. As the writer has shown this
is illogical and leads to confusion. Dana for instance makes the
distinction and then attempts to build up a decidedly organic
pathology for minor chorea. As the writer has shown, all cho-
reas are symptomatic and all depend more or less upon organic
changes; hence there is only a difference of degree, extent and
location between the so-calledorganic and functional choreas, the
difference depending upon the lesion, its nature, extent and lo-
cation.
Nothnagel mentions symptomatic chorea and declares that
it is very rare after syphilis.
Risien Russell observes that measles, variola, diphtheria,
enteric fever, cholera, pneumonia, pertussis, pyasmia and gon-
orrhea may be followed by chorea. Farther along he admits
430 The Plexus.
that ' 'chorea has appeared in the course of secondary syphilis,
-Trhich disease Fer^ considers has been justly regarded as a caus-
ative factor in chorea."
Fare's own words in the Twentieth Century Practice of Medi-
cine are, "syphilis has likewise and justly been given as a causa-
tive factor of chorea."
In his Practice of Medicine, article on chorea, Eicchorst
says in regard to its etiology, "in adults syphilis also is to be
taken into consideration."
Neuuian remarks in Nothnagel's System that chorea, epilep-
sy, visceral neuralgia and angina pectoris are among the neuro
ses of syphilis to be considered along with the hysteria and neu-
asthenia from the same cause.
Diday and Sturgis in their "Hereditary Syphilis," point out
that chorea is one of the results of the inherited infection.
As for the writer, he sees many reasons why syphilis should
be regarded as a possible cause of chorea and but few arguments
against it.
The question might naturally arise in the mind of the reader
then, why do we not observe chorea after syphilis more fre-
quently. Many reasons might be suggested. In Ihe first place
syphilis is very rare in childhood and chorea is a manifestation
of a sort of infantile susceptibility to various toxic and irritative
lesions within the nervous system. The infrequency of syphi-
litic chorea is due to the infrequency of the operative cause,
syphilis, in that period of life when such a cause would be most
likelj'^ to operate in the way of producing the choreic phenome-
non. In other words, were syphilis as frequent in childhood as
are scarlet fever and other infections, it would probably be found
much more frequently as an antecedent of chorea. In the second
place, until very recently, syphilis was not thoroughly studied
in regard to its effects upon the central nervous system, and so
of course its occasional association with choreic manifestations
was completely overlooked from the standpoint of causation. In
the third place it may well be that even here, as in many other
diseases, syphilis needs a peculiar neuropathic constitution for
the expression of its particular activity. All syphilitics do not
develop locomotor ataxia and so it is believed that there is the
predisposing factor of a neuropathic weakness, inherited or other-
tSi/philis as a Cause of Chorea. 431
wise, in the sensory system. The same line of reasoning may
well apply to sj^philitic chorea.
The author's conclusions, formulated after a thorough study
of the whole question, are as follows:
1. Syphilis, in rare instances, is a cause of chorea and
should, therefore, be always kept in mind as a possibility in the
examination of every case.
2. Chorea as well as choreiform movements may follow both
the acquired and the congenital form of syphilis.
3. The large majority of the cases of syphilitic chorea are
of the unilateral type; belong to the pre and post hemiplegic
form of the disease: and are chiefly symptomatic of a gross focal
irritative lesion of the usual form of syphilitic lesions within the
encephalon.
4. A certain minority of the cases of syphilitic chorea are
of the generalized type; may or may not be associated with signs
of so-called symptomatic chorea; are the result of both acquired
and hereditary syphilis, mostly the latter; and are to be attrib-
uted in all probability to a functional disturbance within the
cortical or ganglionic motor cells, which disturbance may be di-
rectly due to the toxin in the blood or secondary to the specifi-
cally diseased blood vessels and meninges.
5. The existence and recognition of these two forms of sy-
philitic chorea, the symptomatic or focal and the generalized or
ordinary, support the inference that all forms of chorea are but'
the outward expression of any one or more of a multiplicity of
causative factors, which factors, disturb primarily or secondarily
the functional activity of the upper motor neurones and which may
be all the way from a gross lesion down to a molecular or chemi-
cal influence so fine as to be quite undemonstrable with our pres-
ent means of investigation. This conclusion carries the corolla-
ry that chorea is not a disease but a mere symptom in the same
sense that paralysis is not a disease but a symptom.
6. When syphilis is recognized as the cause of a case of
chorea, that case should at once cease to be regarded as one of
chorea and should be promptly and vigorously treated as a case
of syphilis of the central nervous system.
100 State St.
THE PLEXUS
COLLEGE OF PHYSICIANS AND SURGEONS
MEDICAL DEPARTMENT
UNIVERSITY OF ILLINOIS.
CHICAGO.
Plexus Committee of Faculty.
M. R. BROWN, M. D. C. A. WOOD, M. D. T. A. DAVIS, M. D.
H. C. WADDLE, '03, Editor-iu-Chief.
Snpt. W. H. BROWNE, W. T. ECKLEY, M. D., D. N. E(SBNORATH, M. D
W. A. EVANS, M. D., H. W. BBRARD, M. D., A. GERHMANN, M. D.
Associate Editor, L. HARRISON METTLER, M. D.
Class Editors:
R. L. ELDREDQE, 03. J. F. REPLOOLE, '04. H. P. BAGLEY, '05.
C. H. TILLOTSON 06.
Alumni Editor, DR. C. C. O'BYRNE, '94 Library Departtueiit. METTA M. LOOMIS
ATHLETIC EDITOR, J. J. MONAHAN. Y. M. C. A. EDITOR, H. B. WENTZ
Business Manager, W. H. PORTER, '03.
Publisher, - - - - - - H. C. WADDLE.
Subscription $1.00 per Annum in advance. Single copies, 15 cents. Issued Monthly
Send all remittances and communications as to subscriptions and advertising to H. C.
WADDLE, Cor. Congress and Honore Sts.
Entered at Hatavia Post Office as Second-Class Matter.
Any subscriber desiring the Journal discontinued at the expiration of his subscription
should so notify the Publishers; otJierwise it will be assumed thai the subscription is to be
continued and the Journal sent accordingly.
Contributions of matter suitable for publicaticin are invited, and should be sent in not
alter than the 25th of the month previous to that of publication. The publishers will not hold
themselves responsible for the safe return of MSS. unless sufficient stamps are forwarded,
Quite a good many subscribers of the Plexus are very much
in arrears as to their subscription, and recently we have sent
out statements to that effect but find that there are too many
who have not given this matter sufficient attention and it is to
be hoped that they will do so in the very near future.
There are several types of people even in the medical pro-
fession, one is the man who receives the paper year after year
and yet after having received several annual statements reports
that he has never received a copy of the journal; another similar
to the above, only he states that he never subscribed for the
journal; a third, who pays promptly when statement is sent, and
the last a rarity — the one who pays several years in advance. It
Editorial. 334
is our desire to have as subscribers such persons as those wh^o
desire to pay promptly when the statements are rendered.
ON ADOPTING A SPECIALTY.
Every one nowadays is consciously or unconsciously a speci-
alist. The wonderful development of modern medicine has made
it simply impossible for any one man to be expert in all of its
departments. Those who attempt so herculean a task are easily
discovered by reason of their failures. As Amiel, a most observ-
ant layman, says in his journal: "Why do doctors so often make
mistakes? Because they are not sufliciently individual in their
diagnosis or their treatment. They class a sick man under some
given department of their nosology, whereas every invalid is
really a special case, a unique example." To be able to recog-
nize these special cases promptly and accurately requires vast
knowledge. The acquisition of such knowledge in relation to
all the ills of the human race and its retention is a physical and
mental impossibility Hence one must narrow his studies and
specialize if he hopes to be an accurate diagnostician and thera-
peutist.
Some men specialize without actually knowing it. They at-
tempt the whole field of medicine but unconsciously their tastes
or environment lead them more and more into certain lines of
study. Other men limit themselves at once to a special depart-
ment and purposely neglect more or less all other departments.
The former might be called the natural specialist, the latter the
artificial. Art and nature are never perfect in themselves; they
are inter-dependent. The natural specialist cannot boast over
the artificial specialist or vice versa. The ideal specialist is the
product of a natural evolution fostered by artificial cultivation.
A man's tastes and opportunities play a large part in the de-
velopment of his specialty; hence he should give himself time
enough to learn his own tastes and opportunities by devoting a
certain number of years to general practice. At the same time
while he is learning his own tastes and o]3portunities, he should
by special study foster and cultivate the specialty into which
they seem to be leading him. The advantages of a specialty
developed in this way, both to the practitioner and to the com-
munity are obvious enough. Like all good things, however,
specialism is liable to the greatest abuses. As it stands for
434 The Plexus
superior attainments, it offers a most seductive opportunity for
the practice of the most contemptible fraud and chicanery. Su-
perior attainments naturally advertise a man and attract" patron-
age when they are known to the community, but the community
cannot always tell between the true and the false, between modest
worth and blatant ignorance. The latter of cause imitates and
poses as the former. The writer knows of a very mediocre
general practitioner who is firmly considered a great specialist
in four different departments of medicine by four different families.^
The humor of this sort of thing is all that relieves it of its utter
contemptibility. A clown may hoodwink the public but few men
of spirit would care to play the role of a clown for the sake of a
few extra dollars I This illustrates the dangers and abuse of
specialism in relation to the community.
The danger to the man himself lies in the fact that it tends
to narrow his ideas and stunt his mental growth. So great a
scientist as Charles Darwin has left it upon record that his de-
votion to biological science all his life had, to his sorrow, caused
him to lose all taste for literature and the fine arts. It was an
impossibility for him to read through a Shakespeare play or a
Dickens novel, though in his earlier years he was unusually fond
of both authors. Specialism is already showing its dangerous
side Men are becoming contracted in their ideas, automatic in
their lives, machine like in their activities and ignorant in every
thing outside of their specialty — a condition which leads to
emotionalism, bigotry, false or childish ideals of life, weakness
of character, faddism and all the hysteroid and neurasthenia
conditions upon which religious, pseudo-philosophical, and
medical quacks feed aud grow fat. The world to day is crying
out for men, broad, educated, liberal, thinking men; it is weary
of. automatons who can only do one thing. It wants men, phy-
sically well developed, intellectually well-rounded. Mere ma-
chines in the form of flesh and blood are already a drug on the
market. There is alwaj'S this danger in specialism and on q^qy^
hand evidences of it are common enough,
A fundamental fact often lost sight of by young men is that
the specialty makes the specialist and not the specialist the
specialty. Herein lies the difference between true and false spec-
ialism, between the real expert and the quack expert. True
specialism is an outgrowth of something, an integral part of a
Editorial. 435
parent trunk; false specialism is a poor sickly shrub struggling
to grow off by itself. To be a true specialist one must have a
certain amount of fundamental growth. Ten or fifteen years of
general practice is the best preparation for the practice of a
specialty. The practice of such an extreme specialty as ophth-
almology is rendered more successful by a few years discipline
in general practice. All other things being equal the diagnoses
of an ophthalmologist who has had such a previous training are
far more to be depended upon than are the diagnoses of one who
selected his specialty before graduation, began practicing it im.
mediately after and there after continued to grow narrower and
narrower in his observations and experience.
Amiel says "the principal grievance which I have against
the doctors is that they neglect the real problem, which is to
seize the unity of the individual who claims their care — A doctor
who does not lead you to the bottom is ignorant of essentials.''
How can a physician, be he ever so expert in his specialty read
his patients to the bottom if he has never had any training in all
of the mental and physical ills to which they are liable?
The true specialist is the result of an evolution. He does
not spring into existence all at once. He grows and develops
and acquires a special knowledge and skill which are founded
upon a broad and firm substratum of a broad and universal
knowledge. He is in the proper sense of the word a specialist,
because specialism means a specialization of some particular
part of a whole. Such a specialist will ever be happy in his
work. His tastes and environment having had much to do with
the adoption and growth of his specialty, his enthusiasm will
continue to grow with it. He will never flag in the steady ac-
quistion of superior skill and breadth of mental horizon. He
will make comparatively few blunders in diagnosis and ther-
apeutics and will accordingly win and hold the patronage of his
confreres and the community.
• The pseudo-specialist is the result of a snap decision, not
the product of an evolutionary growth. That decision is usually
based upon some false notions in regard to the profitableness of
this or that specialty in money. He is not a genuine specialist
in the real meaning of the word for he has specialized out of
nothing in his own past experience. His specialism is an out-
growth of nothing; it is the adoption merely of a limited mode of
336 The Plexus
practice which so far as he and his individual experience goes
has no connection with any of the other departments of the
great science of medicine. He knows nothing of them except by-
hearsay. He has adopted a narrow line of practice but he has
not specialized out of his own experience. Such a man too often
makes use of the word and idea of specialism for the purpose of
cheap advertisement. He lacks enthusiasm of the right sort.
Comparatively numerous are the blunders that he makes in di-
agnosis and treatment, and as a consequence he gradually and
surely loses the confidence of the community and his fellow-prac-
titioners.
Above all the specialist should be an ideal doctor. It is im-
possible for any one man to be ideal in everything. Therefore,
it is all the more imperative that a doctor should be ideal in his
specialty. This is possible but only when the specialty caps the
summit of a broad pyramid of skill and knowledge. In the
words of Amiel again, "the ideal doctor would be a man endowed
with profound knowledge of life and of the soul, intuitively
divining any suffering or disorder of whatever kind and restor-
ing peace by his mere presence."
L. H. M.
LIBRARY NOTES.
Dr. Casey A. Wood has the welfare of the Quine Library-
eve r at heart, and never loses an opportunity to show his inte-
rest. Dr. Wood Lhoroughly understands the needs and the pos-
sibilities of a medical library, and by his gifts and frindly offices
constantly aids in the upbuillding of a library which shall embrace
the entire field of medical literature and the allied sciences.
Dr. Wood's latest gift consists of about 500 volumes, among
these books are many French and German works, some rare first
editions and a collection of Homeopathic journal and transactions
of Homeopathic societies which are almost unobtainable.
Dr. Bayard Holmes has kindly presented the Quine Library
with his recently published took entitled. Surgery of Head.
To Dr. Byford we are indebted for a copy of the late edition
of his work on gynecology.
Dr. Stillians kindly remembered the library with a copy of
Simon's Clinical Diagnosis.
Dr. Barrett and Dr. J. M. Patton have given the library
copies of their reprints.
A box of journals and books from the Boston Medical Library
completes the list of gifts received during the past month.
The following contributions to medical literature have been
made by members of the faculty of the College of Physicians and
Surgeons.
Dr. G. F. Lydston, a series of articles in American Medicine,
entitled Briefs on Physical Training.
Dr. G. P. Lydston Notes on the Plague as Observed by the
Health Authorities of Sydney, New South Wales.
Dr. R. C. Turck Modification of the Cornell Suture. Journal
of American Medical Association, March, 7, p. 637-642.
Dr. G.F. Suker, Paraffin. Its use in the Formation of a
Stump after Enucleation. Annals of Ophthalmology. January.
ALUMNI NOTES.
"84. E. S. Printz is enjoying a lucrative practice at Moul-
ton, Iowa.
"89. Arthur Leary is now located at lOU State St. Chicago,
"93. P. C. Madison has moved to 630 Washington Blvd.
Chicago.
'93. D. E. Arnold, of Hecla, So. Dak., was in the city doing
post graduate work recently.
"93. E. R, Holliday, is surgeon in the Home for the Feeble
Minded at Madison, Wis.
'94. S. Stevens has moved to Charlevoix Mich.
'98. H. C. Rogers has moved to Sheldon la. from Primghar
Iowa.
'98. Dr: O. E. Wald has just opened up his first office on the
corner of Lincoln, Garfield and Cleveland Avenues, after having
worked nearly two years in the Johns Hopkins Hospital of Bal-
timore, and the passed year and a half as interne at the Augustana
Hospital of this city. Dr. Wald graduated next to the head of
his class in '98, and had the appointment of surgeon to a Minne-
sota regiment during the Spanish- American war.
'99. Thurston Smith has returned from the Philippine Is-
lands and is doing post-graduate work in the city. He expects
to practice at Bloomington, Ind.
"99. C. C. Hummell is now located at Dike, Iowa.
• '00. E. O. Church was married to Miss Ethel Peay Davison,
of Kampeska, So. Dak., on Thursday, Dec. 22th, 1902. They
will reside at Henry, So. Dak. Accept congratulations doctor.
'00. W. N. Moffett, Conrad, Iowa, was a recent visitor at
the Plexus office.
'00. S. M. B. Smith has gone to Europe to take a year's
post graduate work. ^
,<»!. D. C. Orcutt has returned from his European trip and
is now located in the 92 State St. Chicago. The doctor ^has
specialized on the eye.
'01. Irene Smedley is located at Tama, la.
Alumni. 439
(>1. D. J. Hammershas moved to Lexiagton,Ill. from Chenoa,
111.
'01. Frank Petry has moved from Akron, Ind. to Monti-
cello, Ind. He was a recent visitor at his Alma Mater.
"01. F, L. Wallace of Ponca, Okla. was a recent visitor at
the Plexus office. The doctor is enjoying his practice in his
southern clime.
'01. A. J. Ames has moved to Wheaton, Minn. The doctor
says of the Plexus, "It is a most welcome visitor and wouldn't
miss it for a good deal."
'02. C. J. Davis has moved to Deerfield, 111.
''02. P. H. Sunde has located at 783 N, Rockwell St., Chi-
cago.
'02. M, E. Magnus, of 781 Hayes St., San Francisco, Cal.,
remembered the Plexus with a neat New Year card.
'02. H. H. Everett is now locarted in 210 Reliance Building,
Chicago.
'02. P. H, Bartholomew has moved from Geddes, So. Dak.
to Nemo, So. Dak.
'02. N. C. McKinney was recently married and is now locat-
ed at Peoria, 111.
'02. P. D. Whyte has resigned his position as curator of the
college and is now located at corner of Lake St. and 42nd Ave.,
Chicago.
'02. C. D. Strong, of Wichita, Kan., was a recent caller at
the Plexus office.
%
"83. H. S. Walrath died suddenly at his home in St. Paul,
Minn., Dec. 2yth, 1902, age 60. The doctor had been an invalid
for many months.
'88. S. F. Shidler died a few hours after a fall from his
horse near Sheridan, Mo.
'98. James Henry Dugan died at La Salle, 111., Monday,
March 2nd, following an operation for appendicitis. The doctor
had been in the best of health and enjoying a very nice practice
in La Salle. He was buried at Westminster, Maryland, his
former home.
440 The Plexus.
'^^?. J. H. Turner was shot and instantly killed by sorae
•'hold-up"' men in a cafe in Pueblo, Colo., on Sunday evening,
March 15th. He and a Mr. Bishop had just stepped into the
cafe when two bandits came in to "hold up" the occupants. Not
complying to the demands of the bandits as readily as deemed
necessary by them both we coldly murdered on the stop — the
bullet passing thro' Dr. Turner's heart and he died instantly.
This sad news will be a shock to Dr. Turner's friends as he
was prominent in all things pertaining to the school while a
student there and was very popular with the siudent body. He
excelled on the foot ball gridiron and his work was as success -
full in the medical profession.
Words from his partner Dr. T. A. Stoddard express well his
character. "He was kind and genial to his friends, fair to his
enemies, of whom he had few and just to all. His skill in oper-
ations surpassed that of most men of his age and his attention
to details insured success. "''
His remains were taken to his home at Corning Iowa.
"01. A. DeF. Donkle died at Augustana Hospital recently of
Empyasma. More concerning his death will appear in the next
issue of the Plexus.
. SENIOR NOTES.
This is the season of the year when the Senior quiz is the
proper and popular fad. In addition to the dozen or so groups
of students who are being coached by their classmates, there has
been arranged a program embracing the more important branches
under the supervision of the professors of some of the first years
studies, including anatomy on Monday with Prof. Eckley materia
medica on Tuesday under Dr. Heinz, pathology Wednesday in
divided classes alternating with autopsies given by Prof. Evans
and O'Byrne. On Thursday Prof. Woods has a class in chemistry,
and Saturday Prof. Dreyer is freshening our memories with a
scientific consideration of physiology.
E. J. Butterfield is convalesing from an illness which was at
first regarded as a case of smallpox but which ultimately proved
to be no more serious than rubella.
There are a number of sore arms in evidence as the result
of the wholesale vaccination instituted a few days ago, and the
results in most cases have boen satisfactory, only a very small
percentage of mixed inflection occuring.
Dr. Wells is again occupying the chair of medicine during
Dr, Quine's absence in New Mexico. His presence is always
welcome and his lectures are pregnant with facts.
S. M. Anderson is at the West Side hospital where Prof.
Steele performed an appendectomy a few days ago. At last
reports "Shorty'' was making a favorable recovery.
L. B, Donkle was called away Friday by the sudden beath
of his brother at Augustana hospital. The class extends its
sympathy to L. B. in his great bereavement.
J. A. Johnson and A, B. Jenson were recent visitors to the
class.
Wonder why Osher's friends left Prof. Harsh a's clinic so
suddenly.
The next event in which the senior class will figure as the
predominating factor will be the annual class day exercises Al-
ready the executive committee is considering the program to be
carried out, and there is no doubt that this function will be pre-
formed with the same energy and spirit that has characterized
442 The Plexus.
the doings of the class throughout its history. This event will
be the last oiDporuuity for the class to make itself known by its
deeds, and it is the desire of those having it»in charge that each
individual member shall take a personal interest in making it
memorable, and without exeption be on hand at the exercises al-
tenring the presentation to the college of the largest and finest
picture yet seen on its walls, to say nothing of the greatest
proportion of good looking graduates.
Announcement is made of the marriage, March 2nd, at South
Bend, Ind., of Ada Simmons Foote of Dr. Emory West Reeves.
The Plepus extends congratulations. We are pleased to note
the many instances, showing the benefit of Dr. King's advice to
the young students, attention to which was directed in our last
issue.
THE prophet's LETTER.
We were passing the time as best we could, looking over the
green fields and running brooks, watching the cattle and sheep
as they munched the verdant grass in the meadows and on the
hill sides. Getting tired of this inactivity I was about to take a
little flight when I noticed a familiar figure coming up the village
street. Yes, my surmise was correct. It was Miss Hays. She
is now on the stage. She said that there were several of our old
friends, in the company, and that they were to play in the village
that night. I went and it was a great treat. The first one whom
I knew was Hilger at the window selling tickets. Howe is man-
ager of the theatre. He insisted on taking me all over the build-
ing, In a little anti-room was the "Fortune Teller." Bless you!
It was McGann. With his newly invented stethoscope, he can,
by listening over the carotid, tell your sweet-heart's name, your
past and future history. Miss Molnar is his interpreter.
But the play! In the first place it was a dramatization by
Hewins, the playwright, of a book written by Dr. P. H. Holmes,
of Bloomington, 111.
The scene is laid in Chicago and the plot is that of a doctor
who sends his son away to school. The son falls into evil ways
but is saved by the son of one of the doctor's classmates. The
boy falls in love with his rescuer's sister and they live happily.
It was a very good story. I would advise you to read the
book if you have time.
J\'ot€s. 443
In the hero of the play, this particular night, I found R. C,
King. Miss Jones was the leading lady. Houda was the leader
of the orchestra.
In the audience I saw only one man whom I knew. It was
Haskell. He is mayor of the town. I spent the night at his
beautiful home. In the morning I received a "wireless" saying
that the "Relief Air Ship" from Mexico was near at hand and
would soon take us on to our destination.
We were again sailing through space, quickly leaving behind
the cities of Missouri. In a short time we arrived at "Greater
Chicago." This was where I meant to disembark. I did so and
began immediately to inspect the town.
As I flew over and through the city, I was struck with the
changes. You would scarcely know the place to be the same as
the one in which we spent the four years of our medical course.
True, some of the restaurants still exist on the West Side,
but they will remain forever, I suppose. By the way I hear that
E. M. Holmes is managing several of them.
I proceeded to the P. & S. buildings. These structures em-
brace many blocks square. Its museum, under the supervision
of Dr. Hawkins, is one of the most complete in the world.
G. H. Howard is surgeon-in-chief of the whole school. His
fame has spread far abroad.
You should see the beautiful library. It is situated in a sep-
arate building, a large marble structure, castle-like in appear-
ance. Gourley is at the head of this department, with Miss
Hensler and Mr. Jackson as assistants.
The library is the most thoroughly equipped of any medical
library. Among its many other features are the writings (both
scientific and non scientific) of the graduates of P. & S. It was
with a great deal of interest that I looked over these works. I
found that quite a number of our old friends and class-mates
have literary tendencies. I will mention only a few of the many
contributions.
1. "The Social Condition of Women in the Far East, since
the Dismemberment of Turkey," Miss Hess.
2. "A Complete Materia Medica," Katz.
. 3. "An Attack on Poligamy," written originally in Turkish
at Constantinople by Miss Kavaljian, in reply to a paper on
"The Defense of Poligamy," by Miss Carpenter.
444 The Plexus. ,
■4. "Love Tales from Iowa,"' Kenney.
5. "Buttered Bread," a humerous sketch by H. C. McCar-
thj", the comedian.
6. "Sweethearts I Have Known," W. S. Madden, the famous
featherweight.
I must not forget, however, to mention "Marriage and Love,"
bj' L. M. Johnston; "Russo-English Dictionary," by Naperalski;
Pathology: Past and Present," by E. S. Moore; "Memoirs of a
Drummer," by J. L. Smith.
But now I shall have to proceed. There is here a "Hall of
Fame" which contains the likenesses of many familiar faces.
There is Slirsfelter's statue. He rescued fifteen lives in a ship-
wreck: M. T. Joyce for having invented Pneumoantitoxin,
Nielson as "The Swedish Patriot;" Morgan as "The Champion of
the South;" Monahan as "The Perfect Modern Man;" Was as
"The Celebrated Swordsman;" Null as "The Great Missionary;"
Porter as "The Surgeon-in-Chief ot Dakota;" Poorman as "The
Millionaire Physician;" Sackettas "The Kansas Wonder;" Thayer
as "The Reformer;" Waddle as "The Successful Graft," and so
there are many others w^ho have attained to great things. One
of the greatest things to attain to is "Happiness." Mr. and Mrs.
Thomas are there as "The Ideal Happiness."
In the Hall I met J. A. Johnston. "I wish I had done some-
thing," said he' "but wait a while, I will; I am now practicing in
Wisconsin and am also doing some laboratory work in chemistry,
the results of which will surprise the world."
I learned that Jewell is a hotel manager in a town in Iowa,
that Lamb is now physician to the governor of Illinois, that
Long is in St. Louis, a railroad doctor; Landau, monacle specia-
list; Mead is in Denver, selling medicine; Reay and Mellen are
in Utah trying not to "do while in Rome as the Romans do."
Myers is on the board of trade in New York. Wilson is
physician on the "Newfield" (named after its owner), the latest
ship to go on the search for the North Pole.
Nowakowski is a general in the Polish Army. Oberholtzer is
experimenting in the Edison Electric Plant, in New Jersey. C.
E. Phillips is lecturing on religion, W. C. Phillips is his mana-
ger. Parkinson is chairman of the committee on irrigation in
Utah. Pickett is enjoying a lucrative practice of medicine in
Louisiana.. Pitzele is assisting at the College of P. & S. Po-
Notes 445
korney has gone back to his "first love." He is again a drug-
gist. Irving Angel Porges is flying high. S. M. and J. W.
Powers are running an electric light plant up in Michigan.
Ransom has turned preacher. Reese and Robbins are silent
partners in a medical firm here. Reeves is Justice of County
Court in Indiana. Rightman has written a new translation of
the "Talmud." Misses Ryerson and Robbins are attending
physicians to a Kansas City hospital of which Mrs. Ryerson is
matron. Snyder is traveling with a show as ventriloquist. See-
lye is in the firm of Seelye, Green & Co., surgical instruments.
Seidel is manager of a carriage factory in New York. Shepard
is assisting Wochos who runs a hospital u,]p in Northern Wiscon-
sin. Sherrill is busy managing his large cotton plantation, Sib-
ley is his foreman, Stoughton is working hard in a blacksmith
shop in Missouri. Stuenkel is salesman for a dry goods firm here
in the! city. Sure is librarian in the Chicago Public Library .
Swarthout is now at his home in Minnesota suffering from an at-
tack of gout Tweedall has taken up a very good obstetrical
practice in this city. Urmston is a stomach specialist. He is
practicing at Cincinnati, O.
JUNIOR NOTES.
O'Donnell seems to be taking the place of the late Jerry
O'Neil.
Are you a candidate for office?
Deacon's hair is returning to the satisfaction of the class.
Mr. Harrington has been appointed interne at the Brainard
Policlinic. Hattery was there last term.
The article of last issue seems to be having the desired effect.
They are already joairing off. Taylor and Thomas: Dicks and
Tanquary; Aloutz and Seattle; Rubel and Pollock.
Vopata, Blumstein and a few others are following the ex-
ample of the eminent Eiseudrath in the cultivation of fuzz on
their upper lip.
Miss Wing seems to have made her choice. Did she get the
Reit-man?
The constitution as revised was read before the class and
446 The Plexus.
adopted without a change, which speaks well for the committee
on revision.
Tlie class election is almost at hand, and there are hosts of
candidates not only willing but very eager to accept the prof-
fered honor. The candidates have various qualifications — but
the paramount issue seems to be that he has a host of friends
and much ambition. We trust that in the coming election a few
things will be borne in mind. Honor to whom honor belongs.
The president ought to be the most popular man in the class; he
must be worthy of the respect of the class, and we should be as
sured of his honesty, integrity and executive ability. He should
be able to not only influence the class but the faculty. The same
can be said of the vice president.
The secretary and treasurer should be two of the brightest
and most popular members of the class.
As for the valedictorian, which is probably the most honored
office. He should have, above all else, the faculty of being able
to deliver a masterl^'^ oration, and have some evidence of origi-
nality.
The historian should be a member who is thoroughly ac-
quainted with our class life, and the prophet should possess a pro-
lific immagination, while the poet ought to be of a true poetic
spirit.
The chairman of the executive committee should be a man
of rare business and executive ability, with a knowledge of such
things as pertain to his office.
The editor should be a man who mingles with the class, and
the executive committee should be popular members.
"VVe hope that no one will be elected to office who has not
shown to the class, at least in part, that he possesses such quali-
fications as above mentioned.
The boys who have recently joined our class are fine fellows
and are making a good showing.
We all appreciate Dr. Ballinger's efforts and expense in giv-
ing to us the steriopticon views with his lectures.
If Reitman continues his persistency he will some day suc-
ceed in making us listen. He should begin by saying -'Lend me
your ears."'
JSotes. 447
The editor wishes to extend his sincere thanks to the class
for the beautifnl flowers sent to him b}^ the class during his re-
cent illness. Thanks.
SOPHOMORE NOTES.
College of Physicians and Surgeons. Chicago, III.
March 5, 1903.
To Mr. and Mrs. Caron and Family:
It is imjDossible to find words with which adequately to ex-
press our heartfelt sympathy for you in this hour of bereavement.
Arthur was a student at our college for nearly two years,
and had made a wide circle of friends b^i' his kind and generous
habits.
He was very fond of poetry, thus showing that he had a
powerful intellect, and a thirst for higher education. His sudden
death at this time is but the will of Him whose faithful follower
he veas.
A TRIBUTE TO ARTHUR J. CARON.
The day is past and the shadows
Fall with the dews of night.
As a bubble is wafted downward
Suddenly bursts from sight.
But the lights they gleam thro the darkness
I see thro the rising mist
And my thoughts are tinged with sorrow
That I can not well resist.
A sense of sadness comes o'er me
That I can not well explain
A classmate who now is immortal
Shall never be seen here again.
Recite to me some sweet sonnet,
Some simple rytlimic lay
That shall carry me on thro the ages
And banish these thoughts away.
Read from some simple writer
And my pain shall soon depart.
Like the rain that descends in the springtime
Make the tears from my eyelids start.
us The Plexus.
These songs have power to sooth me
To drive away such care
They appeal to my soul in its sorrow
Thus act like a secret prayer.
Then recite some childish poems
For they are my sacred choice
And sing to the lay of the lonely
With the utmost of thy voice.
And the darkness shall end with the music
And the cares that end with the day
Shall spread their wings like an eagle
And speedil^;' flee away.
C. MacArthur,
Chairman of committee on resolutions,
FRESHMEN NOTES.
As spring is coming on we will hope that the Parks will
brighten up so the Birds, especially the Robin can perch up on
the highest Bower and sing their melodious songs once Moore.
Those melancholy days have come.
The saddest is to day
My little bird hath left me
And gone to Iowa.
The above is Mr. Rizers correction, also his sentiments of
the season. Poor boy.
Prof. Heintz has been requested to give us something(not ask
us something)for heart disease before out Physiology "exam."
Miss Anderson is always called first — is this due to conduct
or popularity?
Professor Zappfe says that metallic iron gives remarkably
results if properly prescribed. Rev. J. P. O'Neil immediately
telegraphed Mr. Corbett to take a little scrap iron before he
fought [again.
Professor — How much studying do you do, on an average?
Student — I generally do my studying on a table.
Mr. Rach is getting hardened to his many names. This is
no reason why we should throw stones.
Do we want her to stay? Yes, and we'll stick to a man on
this proposition,
Notes. 449
If you iiunked in Embryology, you can console yourself in
the thought that you are still in the early stages of medical de-
velopment.
We were all exceedingly glad to hear that Mr. Carron is well
agin after a continued siege of sickness which at our time was
reported fatal,
That awful? "Soph," rush is still an unkown quantity to
us.
Does Physiology effect your heart, or your anatomy, or is it
merely a constitutional aftiiction.
Mr. Robin has the lead in anatomy at present, he discovered
flexor' longus policis in connection wit?ii the elevators of the
hyoid bone.
Chemistry is also making great progress as Mr. Flannery
gives his opinion that the heat generated by alcohol and water is
"warm heat."
Mr. Beson will entertain a few of his friends at some date
in the near future. A joyful time is expected by those who have
been invited as Mr. Beson has prepared to divulge his secrets in
the art of love making. This event will be a crowning success
in the annals of P. & S. His subject is. My first love or who
stole the clothes pin out of Papa's shirt.
Some of us are gettidg good training in the art of pushing
a four-wheel arrangement. They say it helps in various ways.
This exercise is good for physiological purposes.
A SONG OF TRUST.
A pony is my guide; I shall not fail.
It maketh me to lie down in sweet slumber;
It preserveth me from midnight study.
It restoreth my confidence; it leadeth me into the paths of
gay so'ciety for pleasure's sake.
Yea, though I play in the foot-ball eleven, I will fear no
^'cons," for thou art with me.
Thou prepareth a "crib"" for me in the presence of my pro-
fessors; thou filleth my heart with joy; my cup runneth over.
Surely "Ex's" and "goods" shall follow me through all the
coming semesters, and shall dwell in the temple of learning the
appointed days of my course. — Ex. from the Badger.
Y. M. C. A. NOTES.
At a recent Thursday meeting, the P. & S. Y. M. C. A. and
such of its friends as were present listened to a very forceful ad-
dress from Rev. A. A. Berle, D. D., of the Union Park Congre-
gational church. The Doctor spoke on the lack of culture in
the present day lawyer, minister, and doctor as compared
with those of a decade since.
If the Doctor is correct in his statement that there are fewer
men of culture in the professions to-day than there were ten
years ago, and that the percentage is seemingly on the decline,"
the question is without a cioubt a serious one, and one that should
attract the attention of every thinking man, which means in
this case the entire student body of the College of Physicians &
Surgeons. This is called the commercial age, and the tendency
is to think that the chase for the almighty dollar is the only and
all absorbing one. It would seem to the editor that that view
is an entirely erronious one. To the men of money, money is
secondary to power: power to control successfully every phase
of life that presents itself, whether it be a single individual,
man or woman, or whether it be a combination. It is safe to say
that the man who is superficially most envied is the King of
Lucre who has supped with kings; at whose mandaie ocean lines
work in unison; railroad systems become one; and who holds the
fortunes of dozens of his fellows in his hands. Outside of trade
channels such men as a rule have no accurate, absolute, reliable
knowledge. They admire, venerate, and reverance the men
who can draw them away for a time from their narrow channels
and lead them away into the elysian fields of poetry, art, and
fiction, and perchance waft to them something of the perfume
and sweetness of the beautiful something that in every mind lies
dormant, and in some has come to such exquisite growth.
The men who have this power are the men of culture, and as
men of commercial pursuits are more abundant than they were
ten years ago, and as there is no lack of men whom they esteem
sincerely, as any one may see if he but takes the trouble to ac-
quaint himself with the workings of the prominent religious or-
ganizations, to know who are the physicians who are called in to
administer to the sick, and to meet the men who adjust the busi-
ness difficulties of the large corporations, it must perforce follow
Notes. 451
that men of culture are more plentiful. Note too the effort that
the men who have spent their lives in money accumulation are
doing with their wealth in order to prevent the on-coming gene-
rations from falling into the same rut from which they feel that
it is too late to become extricated theaiselves. Culture is the
philosopher's stone which they desire their sons and sons' sons
to possess, and they are placing their money in the hands of the
men of cultnre in order that that end may be accomplished.
These men of culture are not dreamers only but workers, and in
this particular they differ from the men of culture of the preced-
ing generation. Culture is permeating the masses, and as the
flood rises the mountain tops are the less, distinctly seen, but
their broad bases underlie the whole, and their contours shape
the mass.
The question at issue is: What will the P. & S. fellows do
about the question under consideration?
There are men in the college who possess all of the excellent
qualities which need but the proper development to become emi-
nent in directing the thoughts of others, and in bringing men to
new scenes which is lies not yet in the power of the tongue of
man to tell.
Pay your subscription.
THE OUTLOOK FOR ATHLETICS.
The future attitude of the faculty in regard to athletic sports
in the college is a matter of no little concern to the student body,
and the question of whether such wholesome games as football,
baseball and basket ball will be officially recognized and aided,
should be settled at an early date and in no uncertain manner.
From an early period in the history of this institution until a
vei'y few years ago, the position of the College of Physicians and
Surgeons in the athletic field was an enviable one, especially in
regard to football, and there seems no good reason why that
vantage ground should be lost. There ought to be concerted ac-
tion and material effort put forth to maintain a high standard in
all those sports which have in the past and are still in almost all
similar institutions regarded as one of the popular features of
the education of young men.
452 The Plexus.
Nothing appeals to the active, vigorous young American
college student with more force than the prospect of engaging
in some form of active sport, and nothing is more gratifying to
the average live student than to be able lo say that the college
he is attending has a winning football or baseball team. It has
come to be in these modern times that the college with athletic
features aided and encouraged by its faculty, has a prestige in
many directions that other similar schools are not able to boast
of, and thus attract the attendence of those vigorous physical
youths who are capable of developing gigantic mentalities to re-
dound later to the glory and greatness of their alma mater.
As to showing the inclinations of the students themselves in
this respect it may serve to review the course pursued during the
last year to keep alive the interest in sports. Knowing that
there was to be uo help from the faculty as such, but only a in-
dividual members, the boys set about helping themselves.
A few of the seniors and juniors looked over the Held care-
fully and called a mass meeting to which they invited those of
the faculty known to favor athletics, chose a captain and man-
ager, and set about forming a football team from the goodly
number of men presenting themselves from all the different
classes. They had the support of that staunch friend of manly
sport. Miss Heelan, who consented to act as treasurer, and the
moral and financial aid of all the classes with one exception. The
sophomores failed absolutely to contribute in any way to the
movement, and manifested a woeful lack of class spirit. The
team was formed, however, a schedule of games was arranged,
and although our most formidable contestant was victorious, the
P. & S. team acquitted itself honorably and took a long stride in
the placing the college in its old time place at the head of the
line of athletics iu medical colleges. Their financial success this
year, however, was not quite as great as could have been wished
and, in fact there is a small deficit to be met. The exact condi-
tion of the funds may be seen from the following statement com-
piled from the books of the treasurer:
RECEIPTS.
Cash, balance from previous season $ ] 8.00
Gate receipts from games with Rush, Chicago Dental, St.
Ignatius, etc 174-46
Subscriptions by faculty ■ 185.00
Athletics. 453
Subscriptions by Senior class - ■ • • • 39.75
Subscriptions by Junior class 18. 8Q
Subscriptions by Sophomore class
Subscriptions by Freshman class 10.00
Total -1446.01
EXPENSES.
For equipment of team, suits, balls, etc., as per itemized
vouchers in treasurer's hands i^243. "5
Other expenses, including coachers, rentals of grounds
and incidentals 237.34
Total 4481. 09
Deficit !t^ 35.08
The expenses for equipment were unusually heavy last fall
because entire new suits and uniforms had to be purchased, there
not being enough old ones available for even practice work. All
the bills paid have been auditad by a committee composed of an
ofiicer from each class, and the books are open for inspection by
any one concerned at all times. If any one has any doubts as to
tlie accuracy of the accounts or the integrity of the treasurer
they should go over the figures personally.
As the treasurer of the fund guaranteed to foot the bills, she
is at present out of purse just the amount of the deficit shown
above, and it is up to the proper source to see that she is reim-
bursed.
It is not quite plain just why the faculty should withhold the
support of the college from athletics when there is such a will-
ingness to personally help the game along, as evidenced by the
appended list of contributions to the fund above mentioned:
Dean Quine 125 Dr. F. E. Wynekoop $2
Prof. A. H. Ferguson .... 25 Dr. D. L. Shaw 2
Prof. T. A. Davis 25 Dr. A. Gamble 2
Prof. Wm. M. Harsha. . . . 10 Dr. A. H. Burroughs 2
Prof. N. P. Newman 10 Dr, J. E. Harper 2
Prof. O. A. King 10 Dr. F. C. Zappf e 2
Prof. P. R. Sherwood .... 5 Dr. J. A. Weatherson 2
Prof. F. B. Earie 5 Dr. C. C. O'Byrne 2
Prof. D. N. Eisendrath. . . 5 Dr. C. S. Woods 2
Prof. A. J. Ochsner 5 Dr. J. L. Porter 2
454 The Plexus.
»
Prof. W. T. Eckley 5 Supt. Browne 2
Dr. E. H. Ochsner 5 Dr. L. G. Witherspoon 2
Dr. A. H. Brumback 5 Dr. C. S. Williamson 2
Dr. C. W. Barrett 5 Dr. W. A. Pusey 1
Dr. T. B. Wiggin 5 Dr. B. Pantus 1
Prof. G. P. Dryer 3 Dr. Lois Lindsey Wynekoop . . 1
Dr. A: P. Heinick 3
We were led to believe last fall that the action taken some
time ago which resulted in financial recognition of athletics by
the faculty being withdrawn would in a short time be nullified,
and that once more an appropriation would be made and a di-
retor appointed to have charge of this feature. We trust that
such will shortly be done, not alone for the individual pleasure
and recreation it will afford to a great majority of the student
body, but also for the prominence and preferment it will give to
our great institution. The baseball season is near at hand, and
there is plenty of good material from which to make up a good
team. We had a good team last year and the year before, and it
won its proportion of games.
A SOCIAL EVENING.
Saturday evening, Feb. l!sth, Dr. Rachelle Yarros enter-
tained the women of the Senior class, and the members of Delta
Chapter of Alpha Epsilon Iota, at her home (30s E. Division
street.
The features of the evening were an interesting talk on
mythology, by Mrs. Henry P. Newman; several delightful read-
ings by Miss Snow, and an explanation and subsequent rendition
of the overture from the "Rhinegold," with other selections
from Wagner, by Mrs. Crosbv, whose personal charms and in-
imitable execution were indeed a musical treat.
Following this dainty refreshments were served, and it was
with genuine surprise the guests discovered the lateness of the
hour and bade goodnight to their gracious hostess.
Among other guests present were Dr. Jean Cooke, Dr. Van
Hoo.sen, Dr. Louise Klehm and Dr. Helen Affeld. G. H.
Pay your subsciption.
BASE BALL.
We will have a good team again this year, judging from the
present outlook. There is a great abundance of material from
which to make up a team, and all that is lacking to a successful
season of baseball this spring is the backing of the faculty.
Enough money has been subscribed by the students and their
friends to secure uniforms and like equipment, and under the
management of our own energetic "Si" captianed by Vaughn of
'03, with Tillotson '06, as assistant captain, a team is being
perfect that will make a strong showing against the representa-
tives of similar colleges. Several games have been arranged
for, but the handicap that is holding us down is the lack of
recognition and financial aid of the faculty. Help now means
success. Will the authories not remove the impost and score
the winning run.
BOOK REVIEW.
A Pocket Book of Infant and Childhood Dietetics With
Directions for the Home Modification op milk, by
A. B Spach,A. M., M. D. Instructor in Medicine. Medi-
cal Department of the University of Illinois. Coth 5n cts.
Published by A. B. Spach M. D.
A very pratical and useful book. On the inner cover page is a
Table of Percentages and Ingredients of milk for the first week
by days, first month by weeks and the first year by months, also
for rich, medium and thin milk. On the back cover page are some
notes of food stuffs, with a table of foods employed in infant and
childhood feeding and the diet in childhood and in diseses of in-
fancy and childhood.
The book consists of 50 perforated sheets which are to be
torn out and left with the mother, the first 2.") deal with liquid
foods and the remainder with solid foods both containing very
valuable instructions to the mother as to the methods of prepar-
ation as well as what to prepare. This is a book that should be
in every practitioner's pocket as he will no doubt find it invalu-
able in his pratice.
If any one of the senior students or alumni desire to go to
New Mexico they can learn of an opening by communicating
with the Plexus.
ILLINOIS SFATEBOARDQUESTIONS, JANUARY, 1903.
CHEMISTRY.
1. What is an organic compound? Examples.
2. What is an inorganic compound? Examples.
3. What is an element?
4. Name some of the more important elements found in the
human body.
5. What constituents in a given speciman of HgO would
cause you to pronounce it non-polable.
6. In a chemical sense what significance has the word nas-
cent.
7. Discuss carbon.
8. Discuss nitrogen and mention food relations.
9. Define acid.
10 Define base.
PHYSIOLOGY.
1. What is the function of the nervous system?
2. State the Physiological properties of muscle.
3. Describe the acts of Locomotion.
4. Describe the digestive process.
5. State composition of pancreatic juice.
6. State variation in composition of the blood in different
positions of the bod3\
7. State the object of the circulation apparatus.
8. Define blood pressure.
9. Describe the nervous mechanism of respiration.
10. How s the temperature of the body kept at the standard?
ANATOMY.
1. Give the origin and insertion of Pectoralis Major.
2. Give brief discription of the humerus.
3. Name branches of the abdominal aorta.
4. Give the distribution and function of the trifacial nerve.
5. Give the nerve and blood supply of the stomach.
6. Describe briefly the coverings of the brain.
7. Name lobes, fissures and ligaments of liver.
8. Describe the uterus and name ligament.
10 What organs in body are included in the Hypocondriac
region?
&tate Board Questions. 457
HYGIKNE.
1. Give best method of ventilating a sick room.
2. • Give precautions necessary for the attendant in preventing
the spread of contagious and infecting diseases.
3. How would you render hard water fit for use?
-. 4. When is ground soil most liable to propogate disease?
5. Mention 2 means of disposing of sewage.
6. How would you disinfect the dejecta from typhoid?
7. Mention the effect of high altitude upon pulmonary
diseases and why?
8. What are the beneficial effects of cold bathing?
9. Give the composition of good drinking water.
10. Give the precautions necessary for preventing of disease
of eyes and chest in school children.
MATERIA MEDICA and THERAPEUTICS.
1. Name preparations of nux- vomicia and give dose and phy-
siological action and therapeutic indication of strychnine sulphate.
2. Give therapeutic indication and dose and mode of admin-
istration of calomel.
3. Name one example of two different classes of diuretics
and indication for administration of each.
4. Name three vegetable and one mineral purgative and
dose of each.
5. Name four volatile oils and therapeutic indication of
each.
6. What is an anthelmintic? Name three and give dose
and therapeutic indications'.
7. Name three drugs acting upon the heart and explain the
physiological action of one of them.
8. Give preparation, doses therapeutic indication of arsenic,
9. Mention one drug acting upon the blood vessel in such a
way as to cause dilatation — give dose.
10 Name two resparatory stimulants, give dose and thera-
peutic indications.
PATHOLOGY and BACTERIOLOGY.
1. Gonococcus. Describe it and give method of staining.
2. How do bacteria gain entrance to the body and upon
what factors does their growth depend.
3. What Bacterial processes would you use to differentiate
malarial and typhoid fever':* Describe them.
458 ■ The Plexus.
4. Describe the organism of diphtheria and how -vrould you
make a bacterial examination.
5. Describe the organism of cerebro-spinal meningitis.
6. Describe the tubercle.
7. What is edema and to what pathological conditions may
it be due?
8. Describe the local pathological conditions in diphtheria
9. Give the Pathology of Malignant endocarditis.
10. Leukemia. Name the classes and give characteristic
pathology of each.
OBSTETKICS.
1. What is the dividing line between true and false pelvis?
2. What is symphysiotomy.
3. Define eclampsia and give treatment.
4. Discuss the Psoas and Iliacus muscles in relation to preg-
nancy and labor.
5. How will you make a diagnosis of retained placenta; give
treatment.
6. What are the chief causes of delayed labor?
7. What are the conditions under which forceps should be
applied?
8. Describe the treatment of shoulder presentation.
9. Describe the treatment of arm presentation.
10. Describe the treatment of prolapsed funis.
MEDICINE.
1. How would you manage and treat a case of coincident
pneumonia and whooping cough in a baby one year old. Give
dose of remedies employed. What is prognosis?
2. Give diagnosis, management and treatment of a case of
nonobstructive dilation of the stomach.
3. On what would you base a diagnosis of exuditive neph-
ritis. Give hygienic, dietetic, medicinal treatment.
4. How would you distinguish pleurisy with effusive from-
lobar pneumonia. Give management and treatment and prog-
nosis of former.
5. What symptoms, laboratory evidence and physical signs
would you rely to distinguish typhoid fever from malaria. T.
B. and how treat latter and prognosis?
6. How would you determine whether ascites is due to cirr"
hosis of the liver or T. B. peritonitis. How treat the latter?
State Board Question. ■iSQ
7. How would you distinguish acute bronchitis from Bronch
pneumonia, treatment of former.
8. Give management, local and general treatment of an at-
tack of acute Rhinitis..
9. Etiology, local and internal treatment of acute iritis.
10 Treatment and prognosis in case of hemiphlegia due to
embolism.
GYNECOLOGY.
1. Name conditions that may be the remote results of an
abortion.
2. Give the predisposing and exciting causes of acute me-
tritis.
3. Define menorrhagia and metorrhagia and give general
causes of these conditions.
4. Give the differential Diagnosis between an ovarian cyst
and a parovarian cyst.
5. Give the palliative and radical treatment for prolapse of
the ovary.
6. Name the varieties of fistula met with in gynecology
and which of them is the most common.
7. Ectopic gestation. What varieties are recognized?
8. From what other abnormal condition must an extra-
uterine pregnancy be differentiated?
9. Give the symptoms and treatment of chronic endometritis.
10. Give the technique of an aseptic abdominal section for
the removal of the uterine appendages or a cyst.
SURGERY.
1. In a given case of threatened death during general anass-
thesia what measures should be adopted.
2 . Describe the antiseptic measures that should be instituted
prior to a surgical operation.
3. Describe the various methods of drainage of wounds.
4. What are the varieties, symptoms and treatment of gun
shot wounds of chest?
5. What are the indications and methods of carrying out
abdominal section.
6. What is differential diagnosis between concussion and
compression of brain.
7. Describe an operation for the radical cure of oblique
Inguinal Hernia.
460 The Plexus.
8, Give diagnosis, symptoms and treatment of each variety
of fracture of humerus.
9. Describe in a general way the principal method of am-
putation.
10. Describe the varieties of club foot and treatment, oper-
ations, and apparatus for the same.
MEDICAL JURISPRUDENCE.
1. Give some of the positive signs of death.
2. Enumerate, some things that in a given case would point
to death by hanging.
3. Some that would point to death by drowning.
4. In a given case how would you determine whether death
had resulted from cerebral hemorrhage or apoplexy.
5. In a given case of coma whether this condition resulted
from alcohol or apoplexy.
6. What is civil malpractice and what class of injuries give
rise to most suits of this character.
7. What is criminal malpractice?
8. Define Narcomania?
9. What is Kleptomania?
10. What is a degenerate.
Pay your subscription.
DR. JOSEPH WISTEIN.
On February the LMth the sad news reached us that a great
sorrow had come to- Mrs. Wistein, one of our class mates,
namely, the death of her husband, Dr. Jos. Wistein.
The floral token and the committee who represented the
class at the funeral which took place February twenty seventh,
could but in a small degree express to Mrs. Wistein our deep
and heartful sympathy which we wish not to repeat and to add
that we are glad to see her among us again so soon. — Junior
Notes.
J. N. Mcdowell d. d. s.
Professor of Orthodontia, Dental Department, University
of Illinois.
SCHOOL OF DENTISTRY
DENTAL DEPARTMENT
UNIVERSITY OF ILLINOIS.
EDITORIAL COMMITTEE.
D. M. CATTELL, D. D. S., O. W. COOK, D. D. S. B. J. CIQRAND, D. D. S.
Supt. R. P. DONALDSON.
D. M. CATTELL, Editor-in-Chief. C. E. JONES, Alumiii Egitor.
CLASS EDITORS.
Senior, F. M. STAHL. Junior, C B. SHARP. Freshman, S. F. GORDON.
Pablisher, - H. C. WADDLE.
Subscription $1.00 Per Annum in advance. Single copies, 15 cents. Issued monthly
Send all remittances and communications as to subscriptions and advertising to H. C
WADDLE, Cor. Congress and Honore Sts., Chicago.
BATAVIA, ILL., MARCH 20th, 1903.
HABIT.
Symposium read before '"The Psycological Club of Chicago.
By Charles E. Jones.
The defining of habit carries us with direct steps to the
"Laws of Nature," and then we find that the Laws of Nature
are the immutable habits with which the diiferent elementary
sorts of matter follow in their actions and reactions upon each
other. Even instincts vary in different individuals to meet the
the modified conditions and exegencies of the case. Darwin said:
"The instincts of species show individual differences, and are just
as subject to modification under the laws of adaptation as the
morphological features of their bodily structure. Modifications
usually arise from a change of habits."
The organic world inherits certain of these modifications and
habits. It as a rule preseves the most useful and rejects the
least adaptive.
Primary instincts are the common lower impulses and are
inherent in the psychoplasm from the commencement of life
(especially the impulse of self preservation). Hunger and love
are innate, and we find many of the characteristics of man
secondary instincts and not habits. Therefore the differentiation
462 The Plexus.
between inherited qualities and aquired conditions, or habits,
would require a careful introspection and analysis of mind-states
and environments. This would involve a chapter upon the re-
lative gradation man occupies in the animal kingdom, A thing
we can only partially consider at this time.
The body that is to acquire habits must exist in a sufficiently
plastic state, but retain its intregrity, and not become disrupted
when it yields. It must be able to maintain its physical make up
whether the change be molecular(invisible)or anatomical(visible).
Man always opposes the modifying changes with a greater
or lesser degree of resistance. But the gradual yielding of our
former self, to the influencing environments or conditions, should
not cause an attenuation of our integral self. When our body
yields the new habits formed become in degree of intensity a
condition of comparative permanency. And we find this evident
plasticity manifesting its function in an automatic way.
Man's acquiring of habits is regulated according to his adaptive
and selection plasticity. He recognizes new forms and modes of
life, and from them he selects a major or minor portion of their
potent or detrimental qualities.
The habits he selects may be difficult of execution, or they
may be of a very incompatible nature. The more easily executed
upon its initial application, the more liable the habit is of be-
coming a fixture in our lives. Although, should any great amount
of energy be exerted in acquiring a habit, or whether the expen-
diture he extended over a long period of time, often regulates
the intensity of the fixation of a habit. This is practically de-
monstrated by the repeated spraining of an ankle, or mucous-
membrane that has once been attacked with catarrah. Both are
susceptible to relapse, and with each fresh recurrence the parts
become more prone to substitute the morbid for the sound con-
dition.
The primary causes of the above pathological conditions
may be anything that may attack the plasticity of the cell or
organ, and change its functional activity. It is true that
medicine can and circumstances may arrest or allay the morbid
condition. But their effects are to suspend the acquired idiosy-
ncrasy until physiological forces can re-enter the field and
disperse or drive out the new formal habit.
The above is no new theory. It practically depicts how
The Dental De-partment. 463
much morbid manifestations themselves are due to the inertia of
the. nervous organs when launched upon a false career.
The impressions of outer objects upon the nervous system
form more and more appropriate paths until the expenditure of
energy needed to exert an automatic movement becomes dece-
minated.
A new acrobatic feat may cause a complete weariness to
over come our nervous and muscular systems, and can not be
successfully repeated many times upon its first trial. Bat the
acquiring of proficiency will soon allow us to perform the feat a
greater number of times without any bodily or mental fatigue.
This citation truly shows that the nervous system is of a plastic
and susceptible nature. When the feat was first attempted, we
possessed exactl}' the same muscular power. But ouriiervous
system lacked a harmonizing coordinations, and consequently its
activity was slow and laborous. No paths had as yet been formed
through the lower or automatic centers of the brain, and the
higher centers consequently were belabored with the details of
forming a habit or path of least resistence, which when once
formed became an automatic movement, and hence an accomp-
lishment of the feat without fatigue.
The innate qualities of the psycoplasm may be of great vari-
ance chemically and otherwise in different individuals. The great
designer of the Universe may have prepared each embronic cell of
different chemical constituents, and this synthetic condition of
each cell no doubt causes the great variance of icherent and
susceptible qualities so apparent in different individuals.
Primarly habits simplifies our movements, makes them
more accurate and diminishes fatigue. Secondly habit dimin
ishes the conscious attention with which our acts are performed.
Man is born with a tendency to do more than he has ready-
made arrangements for in his nervous centers.
If practice did not make perfect we would waste half our
muscular and nervous energy in aquiring a perfection of a de-
sired condition. But habit economizes the expense of energy
exerted.
If an act becomes no easier after being done several times,
if the careful directions of consciousness was necessary to its
accomplishment on each occasion it is evident that the whole
464 The Plexus,
activity of life would be expended upon one or two deeds and
no progress made in development.
The small amount of plasticity of the nerve centers of so
many of our students is likened unto the teaching of a child to
walk. How great the pains necessary to teach a child to walk,
the many efforts which it must make, and of the ease with which
it at last accomplishes the feat. The child walks because of
co-ordination of its muscular system, controlled by the aquired
habit voluntarily produced by the nervous system.
In the child, the eye is trained to guard its equiblibrium.
The equipoise is obtained by the perception of the eye comparing
the attitude of the body with surrounding objects. This im-
pulse is conveyed to the lower centers of the brain and there is
modified and carried to muscular system controlling the attitude
of the body. In new students as in the child we find that a
complete and gradual developement is absolutely necessary.
Digital manipulation must become a habit before its success is
guaranteed. Each technical operation must receive its full
quota of accomplishments before it becomes secondary nature.
The above picture is a gradual comparison of the methods
used to bring a student to a perceptive and habit-aquiring state.
How^ vastly different in ratio do we find the susceptible
condition existing in different students. One may posses innate
qualities for mechanics, another an aquired leaning toward
theory alone, and still another possess inherited and aquired
tendencies for both mechanics and theory.
The plasticity of the students mind to select and ajust habits
must be carefully weighed by the individual teacher. The
weak and the unsusceptible must receive strength, and examples
must be forceably placed before him. The plastic fellow must
be stimulated by careful manipulation best he aquire habits of
detrimental character. The student who shows a tendency to
select carefully habits of value and rejects those of non potent
qualities needs little individual attention. But the boy or girl
who selects material unfitted for habitual use should be care-
fully guarded, least they develop habits of indifferent value, or
w^orse.
Professor James(Harved)has given us an axiom we can
truthfully follow: When one has judged rightfully the habits to
be aquired you .should seize the first possible opportunity to act
TliP Dental Department. 465
on every resolution you make, and on every emotional prompting
you may experience in the direction of the habits you aspire to
gain.
BY ERROR.
Prof. McDowell's picture was left out of the last Plexus, so
it is inserted in this number and it should be cut out and pasted
on the page preceediog his article on orthodontia in the Feb.
issue —
Through another error the freshman class notes includes a
poem which appears as a part of the editor's items, The poem
is a distinct artidle and not apart of the items. Also, the two
poems following Freshman Stone's effort belong in the Medical
instead of the Dental department.
On page 421 the last word in the fith line from the bottom
should read clearly. We hope not to have to apologize for so
many mistakes in one issue here after.
SENIOR NOTES.
Fritz Smartz goes down to Yorkville quite frequently. He
don't say there is any attraction but he says ye editor knows how
it is.
Miss Garrity knows a good joke on herself but she won't
tell, so we can't.
V. E. O'Neil is on the sick list. He has been at the West
Side Hospital but has returned to his home for a short time. We
miss "Paf and will be glad to see him return.
Ask Altenburg to clean your teeth.
The last seen of Paden he was still running. He was in the
lab. when the Lyonite plate blew up.
It would not be right to roast Rass about the prices he ex-
pects to get:
Van Vorhees has learned a new game. Ask him about it
If you want to get your class pictures before you graduate
go down and swear at the photographer.
What became of our senior dance, was it lost in the schufile?
One final examination over. Oh yes we feel better..
Most of the Seniors have picked out their locations. We wish
all the best of luck. ,
466 The Plexus.
Have you noticed that worried look the seniors have? It
comes from being confident that they can pass any examination
that the faculty might be able to give them. It comes from the
satisfaction of knowing where they are going to locate. It
comes from counting the money they have to start. It comes
from the pleasure of having all their points in. It does not come
from the pratice of looking dignified.
One does not need to be a Sherlock Holmes to see that some-
thing unusal is happening. All the omens fortell it. One sees
people fighting for the left hand place, walking on the outside
of the side walk etc. Don't consult a fortune teller about it just
go hit a senior on the left arm and he will tell you he has been
vaccinated.
JUNIOR NOTES.
Thank heaven the Juniors don't have to attend three class
meetings a day to fight over the color, size, artist and similar
other objections to photographs, banquets, officers and all things
pertaining to commencement.
No wonder the class president, editor, treasurer and others
are continually brushing away some immaginative web from
their brow.
Class meetings are nice, really enjoyable things, especially
when everybody gets up to talk at once, and talk they do, wheth-
er recognized or not. Will someone please present the sargeant-
at-arms a shotgun to keep order.
A junior is such a nice roommate, he can spend more time
trying to figure up the cost of an office and where he can ob-
tain the wherewith to recompense the dental supply houses for
the same, that you would think they had a hundred patients
booked for the next week, and had just had a fire.
No wonder he has to go home every few weeks and stay
a day or two with his best girl, and what a lot of good it
does do him. Isn't it funny how growly he can get, and
after a day or two with his lady he comes back as radient as
the sun, shakes hands all around like he had been gone a year
and trot off to work like a youngster in his first pair of trousers.
Never mind fellows; about eight weeks more and then your
troubles will begin.
The Dental Department. 467
M, J. e. Grout is passing around a list to get the names of
those who wish to have a new "dog license" to hang on their
vest at ^1.50 per, diamond in shape, '04, and some other charac-
ters attached. They are nice, so step right up "fellars."
How would you like to be Israel Chon's sister? Guess he
won't get all his points in.
Somebody wants to know who the lady is who brings letters
to Converse during luboratory hours. Speak up Con.
Miss Schultz is making bridge work her specialty now days,
and is ably assisted by Mr, Jas. Scott.
Mr. Post sauntered into the chemical laboratory Thursday
and demanded a post-graduate course from the professor in
charge. He got it to.
Mr. Eric Beringer, from Texas, our distinguished inspector
of electric baths, wound about two yards of carpet rags around
the motor in the laboratory, and what do you think, it started,
but the poor fellow that had to untangle it to incert a couple of
carbon brushes had a picnic.
Say fellows dou't use a pair of forceps to tighten a bolt on
your engine, without first consulting Post.
Who smashed Cooley's locker? Who piled Cooley's goods
on the floor? Ask "Mac."
Israel Cohn holds clinics in the prosthetic lab. twice a week.
Thursdays and Fridays.
I)oes any body know the assistants in the Chemical "Lab.?"
Do the assistants in the Chemical "Lab." know anybody.
Has any body got a pull with the assistants in the Chemical
"Lab.?" Well. I should say not.
What is the matter with base ball team? Who said Illinois
wasn't the first out around this part of the country? We have
some excellent material and think we will turn out a pretty fast
team; and by the way ask P. & S. if we didn't make them go
some last year, but they wont know what struck them when we
meet them this year.
The Juniors have a prospective lot in those turning out for
practice. While the new material is also showing up well, to
say nothing of our main stays from the Senior Class Society.
Sprague and Greenfield.
468 The Plexus.
'By the way, the Junior Editor made a bridge this week, a
real nice bridge. Not, Did the facings crack? Did the solder
flow? Did the copings burn up? Did he lay. it on an anvil and
hit it with a hammer? No it wasn't any use to hit it with a
hammer, for the best blacksmith this side of the Village Lur-
iltly couldn't damage it much even if he tried to patch a wagon
tire with it. He just congratulated himself, patted himself on
the back, shook hands with himself, said a few real nice things
to himself and threw it at the organ grinder. Wasn't that lovely?
Who said the Juniors monopolized the choice chairs in the
infirmary; can that Senior be found who was going to devour all
of us along with his oatmeal for breakfast? We would like to
see the color of his hair.
Does he remember those broken hats and head of a few
rushes last year?
Where are those fellows that don't like to have their names
in the Plexus? They don't understand a joke yet already. The
Junior Editor would like to get a good nights sleep once in a
while without dreaming of tar and feather ropes, rails it so if
some of the members of the class '0^ will be kind enough to turn
in some interesting items and some real jokes, and not depend
entirely upon the "thinker," of the editor, perhaps he won't
have those awful sensations, when the winds rattle the windows.
Don't be afraid to tell a good one on your neighbor because
he is going to tell one on you so get to knocking and knock
easly, knock every time you meet the fellow with the ink on his
fingers and a pen behind his ear and well try to get some of the
soreheads tamed down so they can hold their temper when the
control of the same means a $ and a reputation.
FRESHMAN NOTES,
Dr. Cigrand says we are nearing the eve of the exploration of
this years school and it is time to get our houses ready for the
final examinations. Our greatest desire at present is to finish up
our Prosthetic and Tichnic work, then we can stear our canoe
down the stream in safety. Aim high boys and you are sure to
hit above the mark somewhere near 80 per-cent.
Our friend Thomas is sick with the measles, but is recovering
The Dental Dej)artment. 469
under the care of his mother. He hopes to be with us again in a
few days.
Small pox scare is abroad again as a result many of our boys
are suffering from sore arms caused by vaccination. It is better
however to have sore arms, than run the risk of catching the dis-
ease and be compelled to leave this worldly kingdom on a
Twenty Four hour notice.
Say did you see brother Stone's poem in the February issue?
If not look for it, something to the point. He is a poet, and I'm
sure we all know it.
Brother Shepherd who has been ill for some time is among
us again.
How about that athlete day at the Y. M. C. A. Building.
Take an interest boys, do not let a good enterprise die out. I
think the Freshmen class have proven them-selves sufficently
able to take anytliing the other classes can put forth, especially
when it comes to boxing. Did you notice how Weeks put Jacob,
son' out of business the other day.
/ OUR CLINIC.
Somebody told me our clinic is poor.
But for my part I think it is rare,
Lately the infirmary's been filled to the 'door
If it isn't very good it is at least fair.
Our faculty is the very best in town,
You can't find any better wherever you go.
By skillful work they gained great renoun.
This might sound like hot air but it's so.
If to this story you have the least doubt.
Investigation is always cordially invited,
Be sure to exanine it good while you are about.
It wont hurt the trade or make any one excited.
I have seen every infirmary in this town.
But the neatest and cleanest is our own,
I haven't seen a patient in the room frown,
Nor heard them say harsh words or a groan.
Our clinic is not very small indeed.
If any one thinks so let them come and see,
470 The Plexus.
We can do any kind of work the patient need,
In so doing are careful as any man can be.
The students work with the best of will,
They know they are here to do careful work,
They work with cleverness and scientific skill,
And don't let their instruments slip or jerk.
They're not a bit afraid if they draw blood,
In extracting teeth it must be done,
You might think they'd been here since the flood
Mot by their faces but by the work begun.
It might sound like I'm exagerating a bit.
Although it sounds so, I'm sure I'm not.
Our school has certainly made a great hit,
And all their clinics seems to be forgot.
If ever anybody happens to tell me again.
That our clinic is poor, IJl call him a liar,
But I don't care if their number is ten,
I'll surely fight till every one of them retire.
W. F. Stone.
CHARLES DAVISON, 1.1. D.
THE PLE
COLLEGE OF PHYSICIANS AND SURGEONS
MEDICAL DEPARTMENTlOF THE
UNIVERSITY OF ILLINOIS,
CHICAGO.
VOL. Viri. BATAVIA, APRIL 20th, 1903. NO. 12.
SOME INTERESTING KIDNEY CASES.
Charles Davison, M, D.
H. M., German- American, male age 22, brickmaker, was
admit Wd to West Side Hospital August 1, 1901, suffering from
intestinal obstruction from tumor in right side of abdomen. His
family history was good. His health was good until five years
ago, at which time he suffered with an acute attack in which the
prominent symptoms were pain in right side, nausea, vomiting and
constipation. His symptoms were relieved after a couple of days
in bed by active cathartic. These attacks were repeated at inter-
vals getting more severe and more frequent as he grew older.
During these attacks a palpable tumor would appear extending
from the median line back to the right lumbar region. Each
time active cathartics would relieve the symptoms and reduce
the size of the tumor. The last attack was more severe, the
treatment producing no bowel movements or relief from the nau-
sea and vomiting and pain in right side.
At this time I found an extensive tumor extending from the
umbilicus well out toward the lumbar region, smooth, even,
tense and hard, the muscles stretched tightly over it. Percussion
note dull over entire area. On inflation of the colon, there ap-
peared tympany above and below tumor, but dullness remained
over the tumor area. The temperature was normal. The urine
was normal. A small exploratory opening was made through
the abdominal wall over the tumor; the tumor was retroperitoneal;
the ascending colon was empty, a portionof it was firmly pressed
against the anterior abdominal wall by the tumor, producing the
intestinal obstruction. The tumor occupied the position of the
kidney and it fluctuated. Diagnosis Hydronephrosis — Theabdom-
472 The Plexus
inal wound was closed and the patient was immediately turned
on his side and the usual lumbar opening made for drainage of
the kidney. About a gallon of thin fluid resembling urine was
evacuated. Palpation and inspection showed that the fibrous
capsule of the kidney alone remained, that the kidney tissue was
entirely destroyed. The cavity was drained with gauze strips
and the patient, put to bed.
The abdominal wound healed by primary union. The lumbar
wound draiQed bloody seram but not urine. The convalesance was
uneventful for about three weeks and the lumbar wound was
nearly closed. Suddenly there was a rise in temperature, pain
in back, and the urine which had been normal during his con-
valesence became cloudy with pus. The bladder was washed
out and the Harris segregator used — results — normal urine from
left, nothing from right side. Gentle suction brought a small
quanity of pure pus from the right side.
Cystoscopic examinations of the interior of the bladder
dilated by air, showed normal urine trickling from the left
ureter and creamy pus oozing from the right ureter. A dressing
forceps was forced deeply down into. the old lumber wound and a
quantity of pus evacuated. Drainage was established and the
next day the urine was clear and remained so during the re-
mainder of the treatment. At the end of six weeks he left the
hospital with his wound healed and his urine free from pus". He
was kept under observation for some time and became well and
strong.
C. B., German American; female, Age 57, married, house- wife,
was admitted to the West Side Hospital suffering from a painful
tumor in right side of abdomen. Family and personal history
good. Has never been in tropical climate, has lived near Chicago
her whole life. No history of diarrhoea or dysentery. Present
illness began three weeks previous to admission to hospital with
severe colicy pains just below last rib and about three inches to
right of median line, after one-half hour the patient vomitted
and pain was relieved. The following day a similar attack oc-
cured and the patient noticed a tumor mass at the place of pain.
These attacks of colicy pains occurred every two or three days,
•with a dull aching pain between attacks.
Early in the disease she had one chill followed by profuse
sweat and some temperature. At the time of admission to the
iSovie Interest ivg Kiihicj/ Costs. 473
hospital her temperature was 99.8°. The urine contained no
albumen or pus 'but contained many fine granular casts. Her
stools were normal. Patient was well nourished but skin had
an unhealthy color.
A tumor mass on right side extended downward from the
last rib to the ilium; the tumor was smooth firm and even; it
could be moved slightly from side to side but not up and down;
there were indefinitive fluctuations; there was dullness on per-
cussion, Inflation of the colon producei tympany over the
tumor. Believing it to be a case of hydronephrosis I made an
incision in the lumbar region and exposed a very large tense
fluctuating tumor, whose outer wall was the fibrous capsule of the
right kidney.
After diagnostic aspiration the capsule was incised and about
three pints of thick soupy chocolate colored fluid containing
shreds of broken down liver tissue poured out of the wound.
Digital examination showed complete destruction of the kidney
structure except the dilated fibrous capsule. Recognizing the
character of the pus, I searched for a connection with the liver.
An opening was found in the upper part of the kidney capsule
about the size of a lead pencil. On dilating this opening my
finger slipped into a large cavity in the posterior part of the
liver and about two pints more of the same fluid was evacuated.
A very large rubber drainage tube was inserted well up into the
liver cavity, and the kidney cavity was packed with gauze. The
fluid was immediately taken to the laboratory while yet warm
and examined. It contained, in addition to the usual constituents
of a liver abscess many amoebae coli in active motion.
Diagnosis. — AmcBbic abscess of liver, rupturing into and
disintegrating right kidney.
There was never a discharge of urine from the wound. The
wound was completely healed in six weeks and the patient is
well at the present time nine months after the operation.
C. A., Dane, male, age 22, single, plumber, was admitted to
West Side Hospital May 27th, 1902, with an acute prostatic ab-
scess, of one week's duration. Incision of the prostate through
the perineum showed many small abscesses and much pus. Al-
though he had denied all venereal disease the pus from the
abscess contained gonococci.
After drainage he did poorly. The wound healed slowly, he
474 The Plexus.
had a hectic appearance, The urine contained some red blood
cells, large quantities of pus containing strepococci and staphy-
lococci but no bacilli of tuberculosis could be found by repeated
examination. About this time I was taken sick and lost track of
the 23atient. When I resumed my service at the County Hospital,
October 1, he was presented to me with a tender fluctuating
phlegmon in right lumbar region. An incision evacuated a large
quantity of pus containing ordinary staphylococci. Digital
examination showed the kidney partly disintegrated. Drainage
was established and free discharge of pus occurred for several
months, when the wound cleaned up and a continuous discharge
of urine through ihe sinus followed.
The patient became much better in general health, the urine
discharged from the bladder became nearly free from pus. He
asked for the removal of the kidney to relieve him from the
urinary fistula. To be certain that the other kidney was function-
ating a cystocopic examination was made. A typical tubercular
ulcer was seen on the left side of the bladder wall. The bladder
appeared healthy with this exception. A ureteral catheter was
passed into the right ureter (the one leading to the diseased
kidney) and no urine whatever could be withdrawn showing that
all of the urine that passed in the natural way was from the left
kidney. At the nephrectomy which followed it was found that
the sinus lead down to a large irregular mass of tubercular
kidney tissue filled with small abscesses containing ordinary pus.
After the nephrectomy the wound closed quickly and he
gained in strength and recently returned to his home in Den-
mark in comfortable health. ■
G. C, French, female, aged 26, married, housewife, was
admitted to West Side Hospital suffering with pain localized in *
the left side of the abdomen, two inches to the left and one inch
above the umbilicus.
The pain was sharp, cutting and intermittent, present during
expiration and relieved during inspiration. X-Ray examination
negative. Qrine normal, no urinary symptoms. Kidney pal-
pable but not tender. Patient claimed to feel "a lump which
moved" in the abdomen. An exploratory opening was made into
the abdomen large enough lo admit the index finger. No tumor
found. Kidney palpated and seemed large. Abdominal wound
closed and extraperitoneal opening made over kidney in lumbar
So77ie Interesting Kidney Cases. 475
region. It was found that the fatty capsule of the kidney was
replaced by dense cicatricial tissue closely adherent to the kidney
in every direction and firmly attached to the diaphragm above,
producing the apparent enlargement of the kidney to the intra-
abdominal touch. The adhesion to the diaphragm producing trac-
tion on the renal nerves at the hilum whenever the diaphragm was
elevated during respiration and consequently intermittent pain
The kidney itself appeared normal. The adhesions were carefully
separated from the diaphragm and the kidney loosened as well as
possible and the wound closed. The patient left the hospital in
three weeks and has remained free from the pain for seven
months .
6«- 103 Siate St,
A FEW NOTES ON PREPARATION AND DISIiNFEC-
TlONgOF THE PATIENT AS PRACTICED AT THE
NORWEGIAN DEACONESS HOSPITAL.
By Svenning Dahl, A. B., M. D.
Immediate operation not being demanded the patient enter-
ing this hospital is put to bed, and upon a preparatory treatment
lasting from one to four days according to the character of the
case. The objects of such preparatory treatment are mental,
physical, diagnostic and antiseptic.
Most patients entering a hospital are nervous, disturbed,
fearful of operation. During the preliminary stay the patient
will have a chance to become familiar with the new surround-
ings, with the hospital life, to overcome the nervousness and
anxiety to which an approaching operation naturally gives rise,
and to become more confident in the physician by these precau-
tions. Only very few visitors are allowed to see the patient.
The physical condition is improved by rest in bed, diet, hy-
giene and medicines. Rest in bed and quietness improves the
circulatory and nervous system. The diet varies with the na-
ture of the case and the operation to be performed. In all ab-
dominal operations — celiotomy — and with but two or three days
preparation the patient gets only eggalbumen and liquid pepto-
noids, and is urged to drink plenty of sterilized water. Milk is
not given. For operations on the extremities, neck, head and
the walls of the body a light nourishing diet as meat, soft boiled
eggs, toast with butter and milk is given After 12 midnight
476 The Plexus.
previous to the morning set for operation the patient must not
drink much, and after 3 A. M. absolutely nothing is given by
mouth. If after that time the patient feels dry in the mouth he
is allowed to take cold water into the mouth and spit it out again.
This will relieve the dryness sufficiently.
Of hygienic measures we will only mention the cleaning of
the mouth with soap and water applied by tooth-brush, daily
bath, vaginal douches, etc., in accordance with the nature of the
case. The alimentary tract is carefnlly looked after and any ir-
regularity corrected as far as possible. Large fecal masses may
be retained in the sigmoid flexure and colon — even with a regu-
lar daily action of the bowels — and which after the operation
may give rise to auto-intoxication or auto-infection.
The physical condition is further improved by medicaments
varying with the nature of the case. The writer generally gives
to all patients admitted for laporotomy -3V grain of strychnia
three or four times daily and when indicated a diuretic. This
will tone up the heart and circulatory system. Two days pre-
vious to the day set for operation efforts are made to empty and
disinfect the bowels as far as possible: from two to five grains
of calomel are given with some bicarbonate of soda, followed in
24 hours — that is 24 hours before operation — by Sss of epsom
salt, so that the bowels may be through moving at the evening
before the operation, and the patient rest well and sleep well
and undisturbed the night provious to the operation. If flatus
exists I give together with the epsom salt some tincture of senna
and columba. An enema is always given before a laparotomy,
on the morning of the day set for oj^eration, say about 6 A. M.,
that is about two hours before anasthesia is commenced. Some-
times it is found necessary to give two enemas, namely a first
one on the day before the operation, in the afternoon or evening,
and the second on the morning of operation as stated above.
These enemas consist of warm soap- water and are given for the
purpose of more thoroughly emptying the lower bowels.
The preliminary stay in the hospital before the operation is
also of great value in order to arrive at a correct and complete
diagnosis, and at the same time for the physician, to become
familiar with some peculiarities or idiosyncrasy of the patient
which may aid in the further treatment of the case. A complete
clinical history of the patient's previous and present illness is
I^^otes on Prex>aration a'ld Disinfectian of the Patient. ■477
taken. At least two complete, careful, systematic physical ex-
aminations are made and each recorded. Examination of the
. blood, urine and the various other secretions as the case may de-
mand is made and recorded. The first examination is, of course,
made shortly after admittance, before any preparatory treat-
ment has been instituted. The examination is, at this time, often
difficult, and this is especially true when the patient suffers from
abdominal or gyneological diseases. The patient is nervous,
perhaps tirod from a long» journey, and will very often resist
manipulations; the abdominal wall is rigid, rectum filled with
feces, and therefore, although a diagnosis is made a definite
opinion is postponed until a second examination — one or two
days later — when it is found that the disadvantages of the pre-
vious examination have been removed by the preparatory treat-
ment, and a more definite and complete diagnosis is possible.
The object of the first examination is also to elicit contraindica-
tions to an operation, to decide on the condition of heart and
lungs. Should the patient for instance have bronchitis opera-
tion is postponed until this is cured.
Antise2itic.—Th.Q, preliminary step in the antiseptic treatment
consists of mechanical cleansing, which is the most important
point in the external preparation of the patient. Ordinary
cleanliness of the whole body and an aseptic condition of the
field of operation; this is the ideal cleanliness, designated surgi-
cal cleanliness, that we strive to obtain. If the patient is filthy
and dirty he is given a general bath before being put to bed,
otherwise this bath is postponed until a compress of green soap
has softened the skin of the field of operation which generally
takes from 2 to 8 hours. When this layer of soap has softened
the skin and the patient has received the above mentioned bath
he is taken to the dressing-room, where the whole field of opera-
tion is minutely shaved, and this is followed by a thorough
scrubbing with green soap and warm water, using rough steril-
ized towels to scrub with. Brush is not used except in the palm
of the hand and the sole of the foot, for fear of damaging epider-
mis. An intact epidermis is the essential protection against the
invasion of microbes, while the damaged places, so often seen
when brushes are energetically or carelessly used, serve as prob-
able additional infection — atria. The water used at this scrub-
bing should be sterilized and as hot as the patient can bear it in
478 The Plexus.
order to help dissolve the fat secretion of the skin which is al-
ways loaded with microbes. The soap having been removed by-
sterilized water the field is dried off by sterilized towels and
rubbed well with ether to remove the loose epidermis and fat
that might have been left from the preceding procedure. This
rubbing with ether is done with sterilized gauze. The entire
field is now washed with a yoV? mercuric chlorid solution as
warm as the patient can bear it. This mercuric chlorid solution
is poured on the region for some time and rubbed into the skin
with sterilized cotton. The skin is again dried with sterilized
towels and finally rubbed well with alcohol 95 per cent, using
sterilized gauze to rub with. Strong alcohol here serves a
double purpose: In the first place alcohol in that strength is a
germicide, one of the most effective and harmless disinfecting
agents. In the writer's opinion the mercuric chlorid solutio^i
could be discarded as disinfectant of skin when alcohol is used
freely. The former is superficial in its action, the latter deeply
penetrating. In the second place alcohol hardens and strength-
ens the epidermis, softened from the preceding procedure. A
dry sterilized dressing of gauze and cotton is now applied ex-
tending well beyond the field of operation and is held in position
by an appropriate bandage, and the patient is put to bed again.
If this disinfection has been done on the day of admission, i. e.
two days before operation, it is sometimes deemed desirable to
take the patient to the dressing-room again the day after, i. e.
the day before the operation and a similar disinfection made. On
the morning of operation — half an hour before the hour set for
its performance — the patient is again taken to the dressing-room
and the field of operation disintected again in the same manner.
Before this last disinfection the patient's clothing is removed
and sterilized underwear and stockings are put on. The patient
is catheterized at this time, and an hypodermic injection of Mor-
phia Sulph. gr. i, Atropia Sulph. gr. -^{^ and Strychnia Sulph.
gr. ^^ is administered.
The patient having been entirely dried off with sterilized
towels all over, warm woolen sterilized blankets are placed under
his back and around his extremities to keep him warm, and, in
case of abdominal operation, a laparotomy-gown is put on and
ansesthesia is commenced. Two assistants hold the patient so
that toilet is not disarranged. The anaesthesia being completed
the patient is taken to the operating room, the toilet finished,
and the patient is ready for the incision.
622 N. Hoy ne Ave,
THE PLEXUS
COLLEGE OF PHYSICIANS AND SURGEONS
MEDICAL DEPARTMENT
UNIVERSITY OF ILLINOIS.
CHICAGO.
Plexus Comitiittee of Faculty.
M. R. BROWN, M. D. C A. WOOD, M. D. T. A. DAVIS, M. D.
H. C. WADDLE, '03, Editor-in-Chief.
Supt. W. H. BROWNE, W- T. ECKLEY, M- D., D. N. EISBNDRATH, M. D
W. A. EVANS, M. D., H. W. BBRARD, M. D., A. GERHMANN, M. D.
Associate Editor, L. HARRISON METTLER, M. D.
Class Editors:
R. L. ELDREDGE. '03. J. F. REPLOOLE, 04. H. P. BAGLEY, '05.
C. H. TILLOTSON 06.
Alumni Editor, DR. C. C. O'BYRNE, '94 Library Department. METTA M. LOOMIS
ATHLETIC EDITOR, J. J. MONAHAN. Y. M. C. A. EDITOR, H. B. WENTZ
Business Manager, W. H. PORTER, '03.
Publisher. - - - - - - H. C. WADDLE.
Subscription $1.00 per Annum in advance. Single copies, 15 cents. Issued Monthly
end all remittances and communications as to subscriptions and advertising to H. C.
WADDLE, '^'or. Congress and Honore Sts.
Entered at Batavia Post Office as Second-Class Matter.
Any subscriber desiring the Journal discontinued at the expiration of his subscription
should so notify tlie Publishers; otherwise it will be assumed thai the subscription is to be
continued and the Journal sent accordingly.
Contributions of matter suitable for publicaticm are invited, and should be sent in not
alter than the 25th of the month previous to that of publication. The publishers will not hold
themselves responsible for the safe return of MSS. unless sufficient stamps are forwarded.
As another commencement approaches the officers of the
alumni and members of the faculty have made arrangements for
the entertainment of the -visiting alumni, not only, by the special
clinics, but by the Alumni banquet which is to be held on the
evening of May 25th, the night preceding the banquet given
to the senior class and the alumni by the faculty. The place of
holding this banquet has not as yet been fixed but will soon be
and the alumni will be notified in due season to be present. Let
us all turn out and make the attendance of this banquet the
largest and most enthusiastic in the history of the college.
The members of the senior class are most earnestly invited
480 The Plexus.
to this banquet and it is hoped that the members of the present
class will become active members of the Alumni Association
at once and throngh the Association and the Plexus, keep in
close touch with their Alma Mater .
There has been for some years a desire to get thoroughly-
established, a decenuial reunion plan among the alumni, so as to
have the members of the alumni reassemble to again meet their
classmates, their former professors and to note the rapid prog-
ress made by their Alma Mater. This has met with but fair
success so far; would it not be well for the members of class of
1893 to stir up this idea and see how many members of that class
can be re-assembled here this coming commencement week?
Would it not be well ^Iso for the members of the class of ISQ-J to
set at^ut now to see if they cannot break the reunion record
next year?
The secretary of the college as well as the secretary of the
alumni should like to have the correct address of each alumnus
so as to keep him posted as to the workings of the college and
the alumni association. If each alumnus should give this matter
a little more attention, he would be much better posted in these
matters.
SPECIAL CLINIC
The faculty will provide special clinics for visiting alumni
the week preceding cnmmencement. May 18th to 25th inclusive.
It is earnestly hoped that many will take odvantage of this op-
portunity. Commencement exercises will occur at Studebaker
Hall. May 26th, at 2 P. M. President Draper will deliver the
doctorate address. The faculty banquet to the alumni will be
given at the Auditorium the evening following commencement.
May 26th, at 6 P. M. All alumni are urgently invited to attend
this banquet and will be provided tickets therefor by applying to
the secretary.
Frank B. Earl, M. D., Secretary.
LIBRARY NOTES.
The following articles by members of the faculty have been
noted in various medical journals:
Dr. H. L. Mettler, Imperative Conception. A Study in Dif-
ferential Diagnosis. New York Medical Record. April 4.
Dr. J. M. Patton, Streptococcus and Staphylococcus Bron-
chitis. New York Medical Journal. March 28, pp. 540-542.
Dr. R. C. Turck. Hepatic Duct Stones. Annals of Surgery.
April, pp. 539-549.
The following is a list of donors to the Quine Library from
June 1st, 1902, to date;
American Laryngological Association, 2 books; American
Dermatological Association, 1 book; American Surgical Associa-
tion, Ibook; Alabama Medical Association, 1 book; Dr. N. H.
Aronstan, 2 reprints; Dr. W. L. Ballenger, 44 journals, 3 books,
16 reprints; Dr. R. H. Babcock, 7 reprints; Dr. C. W. Barrett,
2 reprints; Blakiston's Son & Co., 1 book ;Boston Medical Library,
4,852 journals, 22 books, 2 reprints; Drs. J. M. and M. R. Brown,
413 journals, 127 books; Dr. Sanger Brown, 161 journals, 65
books; Dr. C. O. Bechtol, 1 book; Dr. H. T. Byford, 1 book;
Dr. Wm. Burns, 1221 journals; Dr. T. L. Catherwood, 2045
journals, 20 books; Dr. M. G. Carter, 1 book, 2 reprints; Cin-
cinnati Hospital. 1 book; Dr. H. Cohen, 2 reprints; Dr. S. Dahl,
281 journals, 2 books, 5 reprints; Dr. T. A. Davis, 2 books, 12
reprints; Dr. Dodson, 1 reprint; Dr. F. B. Earle, 2 reprints;
Dr. Wm. T. Eckley, 1 journal; Dr. D. N. Eisendrath, 9 books,
2 reprints; Dr. Earb, 2 reprints; Dr. G, M. Edebohls, 1 reprint;
Dr. B. Fantus, 1 journal, 7 reprints; Dr. M. Gibson, 1 reprint;
Dr. J. E. Harper, 1 journal; Dr. Bayard Holmes, 1 journal; Dr.
W. W. Keen, 2 reprints; Longmans, Green & Co., 1 book; Dr. G.
Lewis, 1 reprint; L. H. Mettler, 20 reprints; Maryland Medical
and Chir. Faculty, 1 book; Hon, J. R. Mann, 1 book; Macmillan
& Co., 1 book; Dr. A. McDermid, 78 journals; New York Acade-
my of Medicine, 22 journals, 22 books, 3 reprints; Dr. H. P.
Newman, 2 books, 21 reprints; Dr. A. J. Ochsner, 3 books, 11 re-
prints; Dr. E. J. Ochsner, 25 reprints; Dr. J. M. Patton. 132 jour
nals, 3 reprints; Dr. Puriton, 1 reprint; Dr. Wm. A. Pusey, 3
reprints; Dr. P. M. Pottenger, 6 reprints; Dr. Wm. E.
Quine, 545 journals, 67 books, 16 reprints; Dr. Byron
Robiasoa, 5 books; Rhode Island Medical Society, 297
482 The Plexus
journals, 6 books; Dr. H. E, Santee, 3 books; Dr. M. J. Seifert,
2 reprints; Dr. Sutherland, 1 reprint; Dr. G. F. Suker, 4 reprints;
Dr. E. L. Smith, 1 book; Drs. D. A. K. Steele and M. J. Harsha,
348 journals, 7 books, 179 reprints; Baron Saneyoshi, 1 book,
Dr. A. W. Stilliaus, 1 book; Dr. R. C. Turck, 3 reprints; Texas
State Medical Society, 1 book; Prof. H. L. Tolman, 2 books: U.
S. Department of Agriculture, 1 book, 11 reprints; U. S. Bureau
of Education, 2 books; U- S. Census Bureau, 3 books; U. S. Ma-
rine Hospital Service, 3 books, 2 reprints; U. S. War Depart-
ment, 2 books; Dr. C. S. Williamson, 4 reprints; Dr. Casey A.
Wood, 1,062 journals, 1,005 books, 7 reprints; Dr. DeF. Willari
2 reprints; Dr. J. H. Woodward, 1 reprint; Dr. J, Wynekoop, 1
reprint. Mention must also be made of 143 volumes added to the
Columbus Memorial Library collection.
ALUMNI NOTES.
'91. E. E. Maxey is prospering at Boise, Idaho. He is
Secretary of the State Medical Association and physician to
Idaho Soldiers Home.
'93. J. S. Kilbride, Canby, Minnesota is one of the Alumni,
who believes in paying subcriptions in advance a>s,is verified by his
paying to 1905.
'94. E. B. Pickel is enjoying a lucrative practice, at Medford^
Oregon.
'98. G. B. Hill has moved from 233 S. Oakley Ave Chicago
to Gardner, Illinois,
'98. F. C. E. Mattison, of Pasadena, California, is President
of the Southern California Medical Society and a most enthusias-
tic alumnus of the College and supporter of the Plexus.
'00. H. G. Hart is now located at 4346 Vincennes Avenue
Chicago.
'01. E. D. Sage and H. E. Smith called at the Plexus office
recently on their way to Albuquerque, New Mexico where they
are to establish a Sanitarium for tubercular patients.
'01. I. A. Perry of Seattle Washington writes that the
Plexus is a very welcome monthly visitor.
'01. C. C. Johnson, of Durant, Iowa, was a recent visitor
Alumni. 483
at his Alma Mater. There is a new boy in the Doctor's house-
hold. Congratulations.
'01. C. Hubbard is still located at Cedar Rapids, Iowa.
'01. R. P. Teschan is located at 1130 Walnut Street Milwaukee
Wisconsin.
'01. W. P. Homback, of Council Bluffs, Iowa, reports a great
prosperity in his western city.
'02. J. T. Asbury w^as a recent visitor at the Plexus office.
He is doing nicely at Wabasha, Minnesota.
'02. W. H. Thomas is located at Titonka, Iowa.
'02. E, H. Little has moved from Minburn, Iowa, to Somers
Iowa.
'02. C. S. Rydin is doing interme work at the Passavaut
Hospita,l Chicago.
'02. A. C. Mclntyre of Troy Grove, Illinois, was a recent
visitor at the Plexus office. Mac is doing well.
'02. P. E. Grabow has taken offices at the corner of Puller-
ton and Lincoln Avenues, Chicago.
'02. J. Breid it located at Tower, Minnesota where he is
physician to Vermillion Lake School Mrs. Breid visited her
Alma Mater recently on her way to Tower to join her husband.
83. Word has been received of the death of Dr. L. T. Harvey
of Council Grove, Kansas, but as to the time of his death and
cause, we are not informed.
'91. J.J. Schliang Jr. of Souix City, Iowa, died last Septem-
ber at his home in Souix City, Iowa.
'91. M. M. Medill, of Denver, Colorado, died some time ago
but his death has not been reported in the Plexus.
'95. Charles W. Dulin died at his home in Nevada, Missouri,
March 23 from typhoid fever, after an illness of two months, age
30.
'01. Dr. Alfred DeF. Donkle was born at Verona, Wisconsin,
February 20th 1874. His early education was obtained at the
Verona Country School. At the age of fourteen he began his
school work proper at Wayland Academy, which is in affiliation
with the University of Chicago. After attending Wayland for
two years he entered the Madison High School. During his
484 The Plexus.
High School and Academic courses he was first in athletics. H^
held several records, in the Inter- scholastic Field Meet, which is
under the supervision of the University: in the mile run for one
year, one fourth mile for two years and the one half mile for
three years. .
in 1894 he entered the University of Wisconsin to begin his
preliminary medical education In the spring of '97 and '93 he was
on the University track team. He ran in the mile and in the half
mile runs at the Inter collegiate meet in Chicago in '98 winning
third place in both events. He graduated from the University of
Wisconsin in 1898 with the degree of Ph. G. Most of his summer
vacations were spent in drug stores and with doctors. His
prominence as an athlete while at college woa him many friends.
In the fall of '98 Dr. Donkle entered the Medical Department
of the U. of I., completing his medical course in three years; at
no time during his medical course did he take a summer term.
He was a member of the Illinois Medical Society and a very
active member in the Alpha Kappa Kappa medical fraternity.
Soon after his graduation he took the Illinois and Wisconsin
State Boards, passing both successfully.-
In the spring of 1901 he entered the Augustana Hospital and
served as externe for four montns. By his thorough, hard, and
faithful work he was given an interneship by Professor A. J,
Ochsner. One year ago last December he entered upon his
interne service. Dr. Donkle was on his senior service at the time
of his death and would have finished his hospital appointment
June 1st. Two weeks before his death he was taken suddenly
with a severe pleuro-pneumonia the pathology of which is not
known. He was immediately taken to a private room and from
the first he received the very best medical and surgical attention
possible.
In about a week he developed a very markei pluerisy with
effusion in the right side, which soon became infected with the
strepto-coccus infection. How it became infected we will never be
able to say because every measure possible to keep the effusion
from being infected was done, As soon as the Empyaema devel-
oped there was only one line of treatment to follow and that was
to drain the plueral cavity which was done by Dr. A. J. Ochsner
Friday morning. He survived the operation well and was in a
very comfortable condition until about three o'clock when he
Alumm. 485
began to sink gradually until the end came which was about .five
o'clock. Although he was very sick from the first, his death was
unexpected, and a great shock to all who knew him. Dr. Donkle
leaves many friends, as an interne he was very popular and
greatly respected; as a student he was thorough, of but few
words and well chosen.
His remains were taken to his home at Madison, Wisconsin.
The pali-bearers were chosen from his fraternity brothers among
whom were Doctors E. L. Heintz of Chicago and W. M. French of
Hammond. Indiana and Messrs. A. O. Carmock, A. U. de Neveu,
F. B. Tavlor and P. P. Haslitt of this institute.
SENIOR NOTES. -
The question of location is a leading one with a considerable
number of the class soon to graduate, and all kinds. of rumors
are afloat as to good things in the way of practice, from the
modest cross roads corners to a brown stone front on the boule-
vard. Several young gentlemen who aspire to surgery, and not
a few of the other sex who have a leaning towards gynecology
have tried for an interneship at some of the various institutions,
but so far we have heard of only one appointment — Greaves to
the German Hospital. Some of us will hustle around for what-
ever we can find to do at almost anything, and some will wait for
things to come their way. For such there is a rather uncertain
outlook, but the sun will soon shine on both sides of 1,he line rail
fence, and during the winter months in this climate there is us-
ually a plentiful crop of snowballs to feed on.
Don Parker is reported as convalescing favorably at the
West Side Hospital, following an operation for appendicitis.
Don't fail to attend the class day exercises. There will be
something doing that you would like to know about personally.
And that class picture! It will be the most stupendous thing of
its kind ever inside the walls of the college, both in size and ar-
tistic construction. You must certainly be there when it is un-
veiled.
Prof. Quine is once more with us, much to our gratification.
We trust nothing will necessitate his absence from our midst for
the remainder of the school term.
4S6 ' The Plexus.
Are you helping the ball team along by attending the games?
That is the best way we know of to show your appreciation of
their efforts, and they certainly are exerting themselves to keep
the name of the institution to the forefront. They have won all
their games so far, and have a splendid chance of doing still
greater things in the future. The team is stronger this year
than for some time past and it ought to give a good account of
itself in the final reckoning. It needs support, however, and
the individual^encouragement of a goodly number of their friends
at each match game will go far towards securing the desired re-
sults.
"Prophet's Letter" (Concluded.)
Mrs. UUman who often spends many years in traveling in
all parts of the world studying religion, has founded a new re-
ligion and now has many followers.
Uran is in Samoa where he is States Attorney.
Vance is now a. conductor on the Illinois Southern R. R.
Vaughn is manager of the Chicago base-ball club.
Von der Heydt is one of the leading oculists in the city.
Vohris is manufacturing "autos."
Waufle is raising tobacco on his farm in Wiscousin.
Wear is running a general store in a small town in Illinois.
Miss Webster is no. longer Miss Webster but Weld is employed
as a Government Medical inspector.
Wicks has grown considerably. He now weighs 350 lbs. He
is an alderman here.
J. W. Wilson .is still treating "Rheumatism" which made
him so famous while at school.
L. R. Wilson has a fine position as surgeon in the United
States Navy.
Winnie is inspector of drugs at Washington.
Winston has taken Cox's place as weather prophet.
Xelowski is at the head of the P. & S. Dispensary.
Young is practing medicine in Posey County.
Notes 487
So, you see, all of our old classmates and friends are busy.
Scattered here and there over this old globe of ours, they are
doing good wherever they are.
Since we spent those happy days together at P. & S. many
spring times have passed with butter cups and daises, many
summers with their warm breath blowing over the earth, already
parched, many autumns with gold leaved forests, many winters,
with their cold blasts and chilly snows. It all reminds us that
we are getting old and must give up our places to those who
come after us.
The question comes to me. Have we. as a class, made the
world better than it was when we left school? Have we followed
our class motto, "To Relieve and to Heal?" Not only relief and
cure physically, but mentally, morally and socially. Yes, I'm
sure, as I think of the various careers, that we have each one of
us, added our little mite for the enrichment and uplifting of hu-
manity. The years have not been spent in vain. They have
brought us pleasures and sorrows, more of the former than of
the latter if we have lived rightly. Fortune has smiled upon
us, she has extended her hand to us and some have grasped that
hand which leads to success, opportunity it is called.
Some of us have attained riches, others fame, others grati-
tude, and still others (let us hope all) content, which is the
greatest of all.
"Oh, restless fate of pride
That strives to learn, what heaven resolves to hide, —
Vain is the search, presumptuous and abhorr'd,
Anxious to thee, and odious to thy lord.
Let this suffice: th' immutable decree
No force can shake; what is, that ought to be."
Iliad Bk. I.
Dr. C. E. Birney, from Esthersville, la., was visiting his
cousin, V. C. Birney, of the senior class recently.
It is said that George F. Blough is first to report the chirp of
the early spring Robbin. See.
488 The Plexus
JUNIOR NOThS.
We are exceedingly fortunate in having elected for our seni-
or officers, some of the brightest and best members of the class,
which are as follows:
W. T. Oake, President; W. H. Bahl, Vice Presideut; H. J.
Simpson, Secretary; R. A. Gundersou, Treasurer; M. H. Horst-
man, Editor; Miss Hagans, Historian; E. H. Smith, Prophet;
Olof Boehmer, Poet; L. M. Blackmer, Sargent-at-Arms; J. C.
Cavanangh, Valedictorian; A. L. Henning, Chairman Executive
Committee; Chas W. Giesen, C. A. Coffin, E. H. Thomas, D. J.
Twohig, Members of Executive Committee.
A number of others "also ran." It was an ideal class elec-
tioD, and our present president, Mr. Jarvis deserves a great deal
of credit for the diplomatic manner in which he conducted the
election. No one was made unhappy by the result of the elec-
tion and we expect great things from our future officers.
At Dr. Van Hoosen's recent clinic we had the pleasure of
seeing a real Cesarian section. The clinic was a fine one and af-
forded much interest both to our class and the visiting students.
The pit was well filled with Doctresses, most conspicuous among
whom (except Prof. Van Hoosen who is all right) was Miss Supt,
W. H. Browne, who has recently been appointed professor of
Sexology.
Prof. Porter, at his latest clinic, removed the first cast from
the 3 -year old girl whom Prof. Lorenz operated upon last fall.
This was the youngest child upon which the eminent surgeon
operated while in Chicago, and it was with great interest that
members watched for the result. The cast was removed and the
head of the femur found in the acetabulum. The leg was semi-
adducted and a new cast put on. A permanent cure is predicted.
We would be very glad to see Dr. Lorenz again.
Prof Lydston has made for himself a warm place in the
hearts of most of our class. Especially do we appreciate his
extra lectures which are open to the entire school. We should
have more of them.
Our newly elected Sargent-at-Arms made his exit from the
class with Meritt. Why?
Fred. Baumgart has been appointed interne at the Brainard
Polyclinic.
Notes. 489
A few of our class contemplate spendiQg the summer vaca-
tion in Europe.
. Wouldn't Dr. Mettler make you nervous?
Mr. Harmon, who was ill for a time with mastoiditis, is with
us again, thanks to Prof. Ballinger.
Dr. Beschaum, who filled Prof. Ballinger's chair for a few
days, afforded us much amusement as well as good instruction.
How about it Axie?
The tubercular bacillus is an animal one meter long which
can be seen with the naked eye.— E. M. T.
In acute spinal meningitis we have increased reflections —
according to Kruk.
SOPHOMORE NOTES.
Mount has a wonderful way of describing things. He says
"it may be more and may be less,"'
Old Dad Powers is going to raise fleas on his Florida planta-
tian this summer.
We are very sorry to learn that Stough is in the West Side
Hospital, having had an operation for a fistula performed. Last
reports say he is getting on nicely. A nice bunch of flowers and
a call from some of us would help some.
Truthful Stearns ought to stand high in Dr. Santees' esteem.
Our highly honored and esteemed friend B. C. Davies is go-
ing into the frog business soon He expects to supply Dr. Wyne
koop and Dr. Dryer with all the little animals they need. Inci-
dentally he will take in the summer course too.
Our ladies quartette will favor us with a contest soon.
MisQ Sears, is it true? We saw that note.
McArtaur to Gray. — Why Gray, I thought you were a kind
of a dry punster, but I see you are quite witty.
Sentzel is no longer in the hand organ business.
Parquhar will take the summer course. J. P. Browne also
expects to take same course.
490 Ihe Plexus.
We have some very talented musicians in our midst. Bowen
and Powell excel at ragtime and popular melodies, while J. P.
Browne, Dunshee, Hagans and Greenwald, with their instru-
ments, put up an article of music which is really first class.
Maher knows the dose of oleum tiglii. If you don't believe
it ask him.
B. C. Davies has discovered that *the fallopian tubes empty
into the perineum.
Savage thought when he went into the hospital O. H. D
meant "only half drunk.'' Do you know what it means.''
Benny Pirosch's singing in class is very much enjoyed. He
is going to sing in grand opera.
Some of our occupations: Kubrecht is our minister; Hagans,
Greenwald, Dunshee and Browne our instrumentalists; Bowen
and Powell our vocalists; Miller our great author: Buchan our
champion golfer; J. J. Egan our champion indoor base ball man;
Stearns and Ranseen famous prosectors; Savage our Cook County
man; McArthur our Gaelic bard; Wentz our great chemist: whole
class our best students.
Jennings says mammary gland secretes blood sometimes.
We rushed the D. J's, and sad to relate, after the field was
cleared all that was left of them was some poor measly dust.
"Enuf said," beware D. J.
Slocumb always boils his coffee to prevent growth of bubonic
plague germs. Especially since he is married.
Ask Dr, Heinick about Higgins' feet. He knows.
Dr. Heinick's clinics have been very instructive and very
much appreciated by us all.
Slocumb makes a specialty of locating head of humerus.
Stough in anatomy says one side is almost paralyzed, the
other nearly so.
Dr. Santee said one day one might think we were an embry-
ology class. Sometimes it looks that way.
H. H. Johnson has made quite a hit locating centres in phy
Biology.
Notes. 491
Edwards and Hopkins fought eight rounds ta a draw the
other day. Both are good scrappers.
In class rushes, although such things are deplorable and
quite undesirable, every man in the class should have the honor
of his class enough at heart to help out in the work. To say the
least it certainly shows something lacking somewhere. Or per-
haps the stay-at-homes stay to protect the ladies.
Dr. Whitman is certainly giving us a fine course in surgical
pathology, and deserves the respect and support of every mem-
qer in the class.
There seemed to be a general opinion that the hospital fund
business for which we worked so hard last year and the first
part of this, was dead and gone. But finally, after much delay
which was unavoidable, the faculty appointed Drs. Steele, Holmes,
Evans and Davis to confer with the general students' committee
on organization. There was a meeting of this committee and the
matter thoroughly gone over in detail. Dr. Evans, Mr. Haessly
and Mr. J. J. Egan were appointed to draft a constitution, etc.
Mr. Cuttle and Bagley were appointed to get data from Chicago
Dental College which has such an organization in successful ape-
ration. Suffice it to say that from all indications when we re-
turn next year the machinery will be working in first class
shape.
J. B. Eagen is now class histologist.
Do you know Miss (?) Bagley?
Jesse Ballon is detained as home, 665 Jackson Boulevard,
with mumps. A call from the boys would be appreciated.
Dunshee and Sturgeon will operate the Canadian Pacific this
summer.
Dr. Whyte says, "if he wants to go why let him go."
FRESHMAN NOTES.
Cicero the second was discovered during the past month to
be among the D. J's. and is studying the science of dope. The
aforesaid is more commonly known as Mr, Harvino Krausi Bus-
que. Not only is he the superior orator (of his kind) of the class
but also an authority for localties which so many of us are yet
492 The Plexus.
unaware of. The speech which makes him immortal was deliver
ed on the art of "Millinery or the need of caps for little Boys.''
Dr. Wood — Mr. Davis — what is saponification?
Mr Davis — It is the breaking up — hesitating.
Mr. Wood is hitting a stone with a hammer — is that sapo-
nification.
Miss Watson has solved the trouble in "conflicts" — conflicts
in the hall and it is now her opion that things that are not worth
fighting for are not worth having. There was a fight but no
judges.
Mr. Knappru Busgher has informed|us that his name is not
spelled Katzenjammer a la Chicago American.
A great discovery-hair grows two feet in length in twelve
hours-this statement is not false but the hair is. In using this
preparation, don't let any get on your lip or it will be a hair lip
the same precaution should be made in regard to mattresses.
Ask Mr. B. L. G. Woods what he knows about almonds.
Mr. Frustman has not paid the rent for that front seat in
anatomy (and he won't)-bright light.
It is now spring time and its up to Providence to grow thrive
and blossom.
Mr. N. W. Millet is having some new cards printed since
being on the list of stars.
Mr. Edeson was attacked by a naughty "kissing bug", you
know the rest.
The "Sophs" have a representative of the Chicago American
among them, and the description of the rush in which we watched
them walked back meekly to their corners, was only marred
by the fact that the paper had run out of red ink and thus the
vividnessof the story was destroyed. We were all able to attend
classes five minutes later.
Y. M. C. A. NOTES.
There are more people in Christianity than there are that
have Christianity in them.
There are more people who give cups of cold water either
because they expect in this world a reward of flattery and praise
Notes 493
from their fellows, or sycophantal gratitude from the recipient,
or else because, in the coming world, they expect an additional
string removed from their harps of gold, or a Great Mogul added
to the crescent on their coronets, then there are people who
carry a canteen with the cork out, which they make persistent
but unsuccessful efforts to keep full.
Man's standard of social purity is higher than woman's.
Women are as good as they are because man will not stand
for anything less.
Men are as bad as they are because women "like a little
devil" in them.
The Y. M. C. A. is organized for the purpose of having men
live up to the standard he has set for women,
Women will object to the paragraph next before the preceed-
ing one, — but it is true just the same.
No man marries to reform his mate. Woman does.
Men turn women down who are not up to the standard.
Women are satisfied with any old thing.
Women, not yet condemned, jump on those turned down by
men to receive men's commendation.
So society is kept weeded of such women as men condemn.
Women do not condemn in men what men condemn in women.
Each sex lives up to the standard set for and enforced for
them by the opposite sex.
Woman's standard is not so high as man's.
A rake, dead sport, is a candle; women are moths, millers?
ephemera and many are not satisfied until they are burnt a litttle.
Women will get hot over the above paragraph, — not because
it is not true, but because it is in Shakespearian English, or
Bible English if you like.
It is up to women to raise the standard of social purity.
In the Medical school, women expect the treatment accorded
to the rest of the gentlemen.
Women who get hot on reading the foregoing statement
will, on application, be referred to its author.
It is the purpose of theY. M. C. A. to enable men to rise to a
plane of vigorous animalism, active, keen, mentality, sturdy
494 The Plexus.
honor, and to evolutionize his Ego, into something that fears
neither God, man, nor the devil.
A perfect heart casteth out fear.
It is necessary to make this quotation so that certain church
members will understand that the remark concerning Ego is not
intended as a sacrilege.
People who are not church members would do well to try to
find the quotation in the Bible: — if you don't find it you will find
a lot of other readable material that will do you a whole lot of
good.
As a man's thoughts are so will he soon be.
Medical men have an excellent opportunity to verify many of
the philosophical observations made by Moses, Confucius, Epic-
tetus, Christ, and St. Paul.
The sins of the parents are surely visited on the children,
but men — and women — continue to knowingly take chances on
punishing their offspring.
There is certainly a survival of the fittest. N. B. This is
not an observation from either Shakespeare or the Bible.
Man is the only animal that perpetually weakens its resistent
future by caring for the runts, the deformed and the sick.
Man mercifully kills animals injured beyond recovery, but
let mortally wounded men die in agony,
A girl who can't pick out n ribbon for her hat without her
mother's assistance will walk out on the street and select a
husband off-hand.
A physician of character is respected, honored and influences
the community in which he dwells for good, second to none.
Physicians are of two kinds; those who have character and
those who haven't.
This I learned from the shade of a tree
That to and fro did weave upon the wall;
My shadow self, my influence may fall
Where I can never be.
It's up to the Medics, and there are some good things even in
the Y. M. C. A.
That the ofllcers of the young men's Christian Association
of P. & S. do not intend to be mere figure heads was indicated by
J\otes. 495
the splendid delegation at the Annual Presidents Conference at
the University of Chicago March 19-22. The conference was a
splendid success in every way and proved a real inspiration to
the Presidents who came from colleges all over the state.
Among the speakers on the program were Mr. L. W. Messer
Gen. Secy of the Chicago Association, Rev. H. P. Beach, of New
York, Prof. J. M. Coulter of the University of Chicago, Rev. C.
B. McAfee of Chicago, Dr. C. R. Henderson, of Chicago Univer-
sity, Mr. I. E. Brown, State Sec'y of Illinois, Rev. D.W. McKenzie
of Chicago Theological Seminary, Prof. Nathaniel Butler, of
Chicago University, Mr. E. T. Colton, one of the International
Traveling Secretaries, Mr. J. S. Moore, State Student Sec'y of
Missouri, and W. W. Dillon State Student Sec'y of lUinios.
Mr. Messer gave us a brief history of the association since
its inception in 1844, in London, England. He traced its rapid
growth showing how it came to America and how now it is a
great world wide movement embracing 5000 departments with a
membership of over half a million.
This splendid achievement in so short a period is due to its
divine college calling and to its adaptabilty to all classes and
conditions of men. It can be said of the young men's Christian
Association more than of any other organization it afford the op-
portunity for an all-round developement. While the association
makes large use of secular enterprises it seeks to spiritualize
them by permeating each department with the religous spirit.
Perhaps the most striking feature of the conference was the
emphasis placed on personal effort. While organization is es-
sential to the work there is a danger of stopping there. It is the
personal work that counts.
The closing service was deeply impressive as we stood in a
cirle with hands joined and sang.
Blest be the tie that binds.
Our hearts in Christian love.
The fellowship of kindred minds.
Is like to that above,
Whem we asunder part.
It gives us inward pains.
But we shall still be joined in heart.
And hope to meet again.
M. Raynor.
496 The Plexus.
NEWS ITEMS.
At the annual meeting of the De Witt County Medial Society-
April 14, 1903, addresses by invitation were made by Dr. L. Har-
rison Mettler on the "Differential Diagnosis and Treatment of
the Cerebral Apoplexies," and by Dr. Bayard Holmes on "Gall
Bladder Disease."
Dr. T. Sachs, instructor in Senior Practice of Medicine has
been granted a leave of absence for the remainder of the term in
order that he might better pursue his work in Cook County
Hospital.
The article which appeared in the last number giving a
review of the football season showed that the Sophomere class
contributed nothing. This was not the fault- of the class but
rather of the member having charge of the collection who was
somewhat tardy in turning in the ten dollars subscribed.
The Cook County Hospital examination for interneships has
taken place and P. & S. College took fourth, sixth and eighth
place; the successful candidates were Hall, Haggard and Fanyo.
Other Hospital appointments will be mentioned in next Plexus.
Business or calling cards, 100, regular size, printed, in neat
and durable two-pocket, folding imitation leather case, post paid
for 50 cents, McDonald & Co., 318 Ogden Ave., Chicago. All
kinds of printing.
BOOK REVIEWS,
The SuRGEKy of the Head by Bayard HoMLES, B. S., M. D.
Professor of Surgery in the Medical Department of the
University of Illinois, Professor of Sugery in the American
Medical Missionary College, Chicago, Attending Surgeon to
the Chicago Baptist Hospital. Pages 13 to 569. "Cloth. Price
82.50. D. Appleton & Company Chicago and New York,1903.
This is the first of a series of books on every day and emer-
gency surgery which has been in course of preparation for several
years and the author Dr. Holmes is not only a YQry successful
surgeon of many years of wide experience but also a practical
enthusiastic and well equipped instructor in sugery — one who has
the confidence of every msmber of his class and one who can
Notes. 497
"drive home" facts that remain with the instructed and are of
use in future years.
In this series, the surgery of ear, eye, nose and throat and
other well established specialties, is to be ommitted.
At the beginning of each chapter, the author has set forth
in a masterly manner the motive for the study of the matter
considered in the chapter with some concrete examples of the
more important conditions requiring surgical attention and the
doctor's manner of treating surgical cases is simple, rational and
complete — the rare cases are relegated to the background where
they belong and the book is made practical thro'out.
The object of the author, which very cleverly has been met,
is to discuss exhaustively those emergencies which the average
practitioner meets in his daily pratice and the other cases are
passed over briefly.
This book is practical, the subjects are systematically treat-
ed and it should be in the library of every general practitioner as
well as the surgeon.
QUESTIONS ILLINOIS STATE BOARD EXAMINATION
APRIL 1903.
MATERIA MEDICA.
What would you do in a case of poisoning by carbolic acid?
What would you do and how would you treat a case of as
phyxiation from coal gas?
Name preparations and alkaloids of opium drug; give dose of
one of them.
Name three emetics; name one which may be given hypo-
dermically and give dose.
Name three classes of diuretics; give dose of one in each
class and indications for use of one in any one class.
What are the indications for the administration of the fluid
extracts of ergot?
What are the symptoms of Morphine poisoning? How would
you treat it?
Name several cardiac stimulants and give dose and mode of
action of one af them.
Name three respiratory depressants.
What is the rule for calculating the dose of medicine for
children?
SURGERY.
What is pus, its varieties, and what are the symptoms of
supperation?
Describe the varieties and effect of hemorrhage.
Describe the ligatures of arteries, the diiferent methods of
acupressure, torsion, pressure and other methods of controlling
hemorrhage.
What is shock, its cause and treatment?
What are the symptoms of compressure of the brain and
what is the proper treatment?
What are the causes, symptoms, and what is the treatment
of stricture of the urethra?
Describe the operation of intestinal anastomosis.
Describe the varieties of fracture.
Describe urinary calculi, the situation in which they are
found, the composition of same, and treatment of cases.
Describe the operation used in amputation of the leg.
Questions. 499
ANATOMY.
How many bones in human skeleton?
Bones of face. Name them.
Number of true vertebras? Classes? How connected?
Articulations of tibia?
What is periosteum? Organization and uses?
Muscles inserted into greater trochanter?
Origin, insertion, and use of sartorius.
Division between right auricle and left auricle of heart.
General course of carotid arteries and how divided.
Coats of stomach. Name.
HYGIENE.
What is hygiene?
What is bacteriology?
Name diseases known to be caused by living germs or orga-
nisms.
How detect T. B. in sputum? What do with T. B. Spu
tum?
How is impurity in drinking water detected?
Do bacteria thrive best in neutral or slightly alkaline
media?
How long should children be kept from school after scarlet
fever?
Name one of the best, most popular and cheapest disinfect-
ants and deodorants known in solution of proper strength for dis-
infecting sewage or filth.
What are thermal disinfectants?
Can predisposing conditions in themselves originate a dis-
ease?
PHYSIOLOGY.
Object of taking food daily.
How much meat, bread, fat required in 24 hours?
How products of digestion find way into venous blood?
How does pneumogastric nerve influence heartbeat?
How does nervous system influence process of secretion?
Name structures constituting urinary apparatus.
Influence the liver has on formation of urea. Elaboration of
blood.
Branches and functions of pneumogastric nerve.
What eifects follow division lateral half of spinal cord.
500 The Plexus.
Give essential conditions for sense of smell.
MEDICINE.
How would you distinguish the pneumonia of influenza from
lobar pneumonia? Give treatment of former.
Give etiology of thrombo phlebitis. Treatment where fem-
oral vein is involved.
Etiology and diagnosis treatment and diagnosis of pluerisy
with large effusion.
How would you distiguish pericardial effusion from cordiac
dilatation? How treat former?
Etiology, symptoms, diagnosis. Treatment hyperchlorydria.
Management and treatment of migraine.
Etiology, symptoms, diagnosis, prog, and treatment of cirrho-
sis of liver.
Give dietic hygienic and medicinal treatment pulmonary
tuberculosis.
Give management and treatment of chronic myocarditis.
CHEMISTRY.
What is an atom?
What is a molecule?
What is Chemism?
What is an element?
Name the elements of the Haloid group.
What is an organic compound. Give example
What is an inorganic compound? Give example.
Give chemical formula and chemical name, also some proper-
ties of Baking Powder.
Give chemical formula and chemical name and some proper-
ties of Salt peter.
Discuss Hydrogen.
OBSTETRICS.
Describe the proper method of applying forceps.
Descibe cesarian section and name its absolute indications.
Discuss deformities of the pelvis as to position and size.
Give diameters of fetal head.
Management 2nd stage of labor?
Diag. and Tr. i)lacenta praevia.
How prevent ophthahmia of new born.
Which do you prefer for anestpesia CL in or ether? Why?
Management labor in multiple pregnancy.
Questions. 501
Name dividing line between true and false pelvis.
GYNECOLOGY.
By what 2 routes may bacterial invasion and consequence in-
fection travel?
3 principal secondary changes that may take place in ovarian
and parovarian cysts.
To what four causes may uterine prolapse be due.
Symp and Tr. of acute gon. cystitis.
Give 4 symps. that characterize the early stages of a uterine
sarcoma.
Indications and contra indications for Alexander's "operation.
What is understood by vicarious menstruations?
Etiology and symps of vesico- vaginal fistula.
Bacteria of salpingitis and of the bacteria which frequent
incites this disease.
To what path, conditions may stirility be due?
PATHOLOGY AND BACTERIOLOGY.
Descibe the lesions found in cereberal spinal meningitis.
What are the blood changes in pernicious anemea?
What is an aneurism? How is its formed?
Differentiate pathologically between the acute croupous
pneumonia, acute broncho-pneumonia and emphysema.
What are bacteria and how reproduced?
Name several conditions influencing the growth of bacteria.
Decribe bac. of tetanus, its origin, form, properties.
Describe the micro organism of diphtheria.
What are the principal cocci found in supperative pro-
cesses.
MEDICAL JURISPRUDENCE.
What are essential differences between male and female
skelton.
How does the composition of the bone of adult differ from
those of the child?
At what age do tlie diaphyses of bones unite?
Injury to what bone gives use to considerable proportion of
malpractices suits?
What is a normal degernate?
Give a concise definition of idiocy.
What is kleptomania?
What is narcomania?
Give some of the certain signs of death.
What is forensic or legal medicine?
SCHOOL OF DENTISTRY
DENTAL DEPARffMENT
UNIVERSITY OF ILLINOIS.
EDITORIAL COMMITTEE.
D. M. CATTELL, D. D. S., O. W. COOK, D. D. S. B. J. CIGRAND, D. D. S.
Supt. R. P. DONALDSON.
D. M. CATTELL, Editor-in-Chief. C. E. JONES, Alumni Editor.
CLASS EDITORS.
Senior, F. M. STAHL. Junior, C B. SHARP. Freshman, S. F. GORDON.
Publisher, - H. C. WADDLE.
Subscription $1.00 Per Annum in advance. Single copies, 15 cents. Issued monthly
Send iill remittances and communications as to subscriptions and advertising to H. C
WADDLE, Cor. Congress and Honore Sts., Cliicago.
BAT AVI A, ILL., APRIL 20th, 1903.
CONSERVATINE USE OF PORCELAIN AS A
FILLING MATERIAL.
By Prof. C. N. Thompson.
In presenting this subject for your consideration I shall
endeavor to show some of the possibilities of porcelain inlays as
a filling material and to point out the way to its safe and success-
ful use, the experimental stages are past, they are a proven suc-
cess, but like all other things have their place,
The enthusiast recommends them for all cases, no doubt
because he thinks them best, but probably because he is natural-
ly adapted to the art and possibly he is not a success with other
filling materials and naturally uses that which gives best results
in his hands.
Others have abandoned them already, most likely because they
.have had no special instruction and would not take the time to
perfect themselves by doing work along that line on cavities in
extracted teeth and have allowed early failures to discourage
them, of course some of them are physically unable to succeed
because of pcor and defective eye sight as in color b]indness>
The Dental Department. 503
etc., being unable to distinguish or select color neccessary to the
case. But the majority of good gold foil manipulators seldorn
eperience serious difficulty in surmounting the mechanical
difficulties of burnishing a matrix perfectly. And continual prac-
tice in mixing and fusing the colors is the only way to acquire the
skill to match a desired color.
To succeed in this process one must proceed as he did when
first attempting gold by preparing cavities in extracted teeth,
inserting fillings in them until acquainted with all of the mani-
pulation details, when the practical work can be undertaken.
Selecting the very simplest filling possible just as when studying
gold in the beginning and wait until simple filling are throughly
mastered before beginning the more difficult.
Porcelain can be fitted to any rational cavity which will allow
the removal of a perfectly fitted matrix without changing its
form and but for its frailties would be considered the ideal filling
and here is where conservation draws the line, not because it can
not be fitted and shaped perfectly, but because when inserted in
cavities which are exposed to severe masticating strains. It has
not the neccessary resistence properly called edge strength
therefore the only absolutely safe cavities in which to insert
porcelain are those situated where occlusion does not reach
them, but on account of their tooth like appearance we are called
upon to insert many porcelain fillings which shall restore a part
of the incisal or occlusal surface of any trouble in the line of
vision and are therefore compelled to sacrifice durability for
appearance and insert porcelain instead of gold, but in doing so
it is wise to let it be thoroughly understood by the patient, that
while it may prove permanent its durabilty as compared with
gold is doubtful.
One of the most commendable features of porcelain is its
resistance to thermal action and for this property alone is con-
sidered by many the most practiced permanent filling material.
It can be used in the most sensitive tooth or over pulps which
are nearly exposed with perfect safety when cement with its well
known frailties would be the only other alternative short of
devitalization, it seems to protect the tooth better than either
cement or gutta percha and for this reason is particularly adapted
for filling in permanent teeth of children, where the pulp is still
large and the tooth only partly developed. Porcelain therefore
504 The Plexus.
may be used in any case where its well known resistance to
thermal action combined with esthetis effects overshadoivs its
frailties. Another commendable feature is the ease of insertion
when if considered necessary as in cases of aged or infirm patients
a porcelain inlay made and the work divided between two or
more sittings thus eliminating the risk of overtaxing them.
The most vital frailty of porcelain fillings as inserted at
present lies in the weakness of the cement used to retain them,
its usefulness is not unlike the Keystone of an arch which if
imperfect allows the whole to fall, no matter 'how perfectly the
filling may be fitted, shaded, contoured and fused if not well
secured in place it is but temporary. Harvard cement seems to
assume this purpose best.
More harsh criticisms has fallen on porcelain fillings because
they were not properly cemented to place than from any other
cause and perhaps a few suggestions as to the proper procedure
might not be amiss, be sure the cavity is absolutely dry and
kept so, be sure that the cavity side of the inlay is thoroughly
etched and well cleaned afterward, use chloroform to remove all
wax or grease. Cement is commonly used to thin, it should be
like heavy cream, use pressure on filling while cement is setting
which should be at least 30 minutes. Cover with sandrack varnish
before removing the rubber, do not attempt to polish until
subsequent sitting
JUNIOR NOTES.
Get Abstein to define a cherry picker; its worth hearin<^.
We very much appreciate the call from Miss Shultz, while
confined to the Hospital with spring fever and tired feeling etc.
Who said Dr Donaldson couldn't start a joke.
We feel like it would be no more than right to mention George
Hobe's success as a bowler. George is our representative from
Gideon Sibley's and rolled 300 at Shatraan's this week and now
wears one of the coveted gold buttons.
George Loynd and Makinson are marking preprations for
their departure about May 1st for the Indian Territory to practice
dentistry doing the summer.
Why don't you fellows bring your ladies to the bail game.
See!
They say that Charles Jacobs is going to be married this
summer.
Mr. Murray reported a very exciting time at the wake of one
Mr. Dooley on March 25,
Mr. Sam T. Jack is the best friend the Dental supply houses
have,if you don't believe it just come and watch his facings when
he solders up a bridge.
We are looking for the chap that says he met Miss Shultz
and Miss Richter, roller skating hand in hand, theat coliseum.
So are they.
Everybody look at the two tooth worm in the form of a pin,
in the lapel of the coat, of one of our juniors. Ha! Ha!
A graceful exit. C. H. R.
Who were the two juniors who owned up to being foremen to
the gang of street cleaners working by the school Wednesday
April s.
Mr. Grout will tell you all about how it happened. That is;
howthe hole came into the ceiling of the junior labratory, howthe
vulcanized came to be picked up in pieces, and what made the
noise, and how he came to escape etc. The plate came out fast, we
will volunteer that much.
Thanks for the support received from the rooters in the
game with the Chicago Dental on the 9th. We think that with a
few weeks good pratice Illinois Dental could turn out the fastest
amerateur base-ball team in Chicago.
506 The Plexus.
The fellows who attended the ball game Tuesday between
P. e^' S. and Illinois Dental should receive a vote of thanks for
their support. The rooting was the best we have had yet and
helped us to bring a badly lost game to a respectful ending. If
everybody would just lend their luDgs we could play ball, it takes
rooting to win a ball game as well as the players. So get busy
and next year lend your support insteading of rnuning every-
thing down as is the custom with three-fourths of our school.
Nauman has been exhibiting alarming symptoms of appendi-
citis, and was nearly persuaded to enter the West Side Hospital
for treatment and possible operation, but will try to stick it out
till school clofes. We wish him a speedy recovery without the
operation.
We are about to part again, for another vacation, may it be
an enjoyable one to all of you.
Absteiu, Witbock, Nauman, Wilson, Murray, Ireland, and
Miss Shultz remain in the city.
McCormick goes to Newlands to plant onions*
Fry starts out to drive an oil wagon, that great remedy for
soreness.
McMaster goes to Texas to practice.
Maloney will rush clinic at college.
George Jones is going to play base ball, but not in Flanigan.
Cooley is goiug to Delevan Lake, Wis. to do a little on the side.
Beringer wouldn't stay away from Belton, Texas.
Lee is going to hang his hammock at Paw Paw Lake.
"Rube" Ramsay is going to join the bunch bound for Indian
Territory.
Shand is going to his home in Plaiifield Michigan.
"Shultz is going to Ireland."
Holmes is going to plow corn near St. Joseph Illinois.
Hobes is going to do newspaper work on the Chronicle.
Sam T. Jack is going to California to invest in some mining
venture.
Murray is going to manufactures slot machines
Some say Verco is going to open an office in London, others
say he is going to work in a grave yard. We wish him a pleasant
summer.
Lyons can't think what he will do.
Stout is going to "monkey around" Chicago.
Ihe Plexus 507
Comise is going to clerk in a certain liotal in the city some-
where on Madison St.
Israel Cohn is going to hold clinic with the cherry pickers.
Abestien same.
Wertzler is going to operate a peanut farm.
Witbeck says he is going to Alaska to practice Dentistry
Hurrah !
The Junior Editor is going to write for the Plexus. Good
By everybody.
SENIOR NOTES.
Sher\Y00d.— My assistant has been kind enough to wash the
thermometer with hot water and as a consequence our patient
has a temperature of 110.
Have you seen Miss Shultz no, did you want to see her, no
I want to see Ralph Parker.
Several of the class are experiencing bad colds during the
last few days.
Swartz has been favored by another visit from his father
Dr. EuguneS. Talbot has delivered a most interesting course
of lectures to us since the last issue of the Plexus. He brought
out some new points in regard to the peridental membrane and
dental pulp.
Eddie, the terrible Swede says he absolutely abhors the
prospect of being interviewed and states that the idea was
perfectly obnoxious to him.
Have you seen an old man looking for Padden lately?
The time of ourlifehascomewhen we must bid our classmates
our last farewell. For three years we have been most intimately
associated and now that the time has arrived regret exceedingly
to leave the College halls and faces so dear to us. We have by
no means regretted our choice of schools. We are perfectly satis-
lied that the university has supplied us with the best men obtain-
able in their respective line. We have had our difficulty and also
our fun. There has been just enough class spirit to make things
livel^' at times, never carrying things to extremes.
The members of the class have always held the kindleist
feelings toward one another and the harmony has been a benefit
to us all.
We fully realize that it is really and truly a commencement
that is coming. We begin a new life. We must suddenly trans-
form ourselves from the happy-go-lucky student to the dignified
doctor. It will be a rest for us. For a year or so our principle
occupation will be holding down chairs and looking wise.
It has been truly said that our happiest days are our school
days and we ar« benginning now to mora fully realize the fact. —
Farewell.
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Northwestern University Medical School
303 East Chicago Avenue
Chicago
Illinois
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