PLUTAECH'S
LIVES
WITH AN ENGLISH TRANSLATION BY
BERNADOTTE PERRIN
IN ELEVEN VOLUMES
II
THEMISTOCLES AND CAMILLUS
ARISTIDES AND CATO MAJOR
CIMON AND LUCULLUS
LONDON
WILLIAM HEINEMANN LTD
CAMBRIDGE, MASSACHUSETTS
HARVARD UNIVERSITY PRESS
MOMLIX
First Printed, March 1914
Reprinted, 1928, 1948, 1959
rsi
Printed in Great Britain
CONTENTS
PADS
PREFATORY NOTE vii
ORDER OF THE PARALLEL LIVES IN THIS EDITION . . ix
TRADITIONAL ORDER OF THE PARALLEL LIVES .... X
THEMISTOCLES 1
CAMILLUS ... 93
ARISTIDES 209
MARCUS CATO 301
COMPARISON OF ARISTIDES AND CATO 384
CIMON 403
LUCULLUS 469
COMPARISON OF CIMON AND LUCULLUS 610
DICTIONARY OF PROPER NAMES 623
PREFATORY NOTE
As in the first volume of this series, agreement
between the Sintenis (Teubner, 1873-1875) and
Bekker (Tauclmitz, 1855-1857) texts of the Parallel
Lives has been taken as the basis for the text.
Any preference of one to the other where they
differ, and any departure from both, have been in-
dicated. The more important ameliorations of the
text which have been secured by collations of Codex
Parisinus 1676 (F*) and Codex Seitenstettensis (S),
have been introduced. The relative importance of
these MSS. is explained in the Introduction to the
first volume. No attempt has been made, naturally,
to furnish either a diplomatic text or a full critical
apparatus. The reading which follows the colon in
the critical notes is that of the Teubner Sintenis,
and also, unless otherwise stated in the note, of
the Tauchnitz Bekker.
Among editions of special Lives included in this
volume should be noted that of Fuhr, Themistokles
und Perikks, Berlin, 1880, in the Haupt-Sauppe
vii
PREFATORY NOTE
series of annotated texts ; that of Blass, Themistokles
und Perikles, Leipzig, 1883, in the Teubner series of
annotated texts ; and the same editor's Aristides und
Cato, Leipzig, 1898, in the same series. All these
editions bring F* and S into rightful prominence as
a basis for the text. This has been done also by
Holden, in his edition of the Tkemistocles (Macmillan,
1892).
The translations of the Tkemistocles , Aristides, and
Cimon have already appeared in my " Plutarch's
Themistocles and Aristides" (New York, 1901), and
'^Plutarch's Cimon and Pericles " (New York, 1910),
and are reproduced here (with only slight changes)
by the generous consent of the publishers, the
Messrs. Charles Scribner's Sons. The translations
of the Camillus, Cato, and Lucullus appear here for
the first time. All the standard translations of the
Lives have been carefully compared aud utilised,
including that of the Lucullus by Professor Long.
B. PERRIN.
New Haven, Connecticut, U.S.A.
February, 1914.
vm
ORDER OF THE PARALLEL LIVES IN THIS
EDITION IN THE CHRONOLOGICAL SEQUENCE
OF THE GREEK LIVES.
Volume I.
(1) Theseus and Romulus.
Comparison.
(2) Lycurgus and Numa.
Comparison.
(3) Solon and Publicola.
Comparison.
Volume II.
(4) Themistocles and
Camillus.
I
(9) Aristides and Cato the
Elder.
Comparison.
(13) Cimon and LucuUus.
Comparison.
Volume III.
(5) Pericles and Fabius Max-
im us.
Comparison.
(14) Nicias and Crassus.
Comparison.
Volume IV.
(6) Alcibiades and Coriola-
nus.
Comparison.
(12) Lysander and Sulla.
Comparison.
Volume V.
(16) Agesilaiis and Pompey.
Comparison.
(8) Pelopidas and Marcellus.
Comparison.
Volume VI.
(22) Dion and Brutus.
Comparison.
(7) Timoleon and Aemilius
Paulus.
Comparison.
Volume VII.
(20) Demosthenes and Cicero.
Comparison.
(17) Alexander and Julius
Caesar.
Volume VIII.
(15) Sertorius and Eumenes.
Comparison.
(18) Phocion and Cato the
Younger.
Volume IX.
(21) Demetrius and Antony.
Comparison.
(11) PyrrhusandCaiusMarius.
Flam-
Volume X.
(19) Agis and Cleomenes, and
Tiberius and Caius
Gracchus.
Comparison.
(10) Philopoemen and
ininus.
Comparison.
Volume XL
(24) Aratus.
(23) Artaxerxes.
(25) Galba.
(26) Otho.
IX
THE TRADITIONAL ORDER OF THE
PARALLEL LIVES.
(1) Theseus and Romulus.
(2) Lycurgus and Numa.
(3) Solon and Publicola.
(4) Themistocles and Camillus.
(5) Pericles and Fabius Maximus.
(6) Alcibiades and Coriolanus.
(7) Timoleon and Aemilius Paulus.
(8) Pelopidas and Marcellus.
(9) Aristides and Cato the Elder.
(10) Philopoemen and Flamininus.
(11) Pyrrhus and Caius Marius.
(12) Lysander and Sulla.
(13) Cimon and LucuUus.
(14) Nicias and Crassus.
(Jo) Sertorius and Eumenes.
(16) Agesilaiis and Pompey.
(17) Alexander and Julius Caesar.
(18) Phocion and Cato the Younger.
(19) Agis and Cleomenes, and Tiberius and Caius
Gracchus.
(20) Demosthenes and Cicero.
(21) Demetrius and Antony.
(22) Dion and Brutus.
(23) Artaxerxes.
(24) Aratus.
(25) Galba.
(26) Otho.
THEMISTOCLES
eEMI2T0KAH2
I. Se/JLiaTOK\€L Be rh, jjiev ck y€vov<; afxavporepa
TTpo^ Bo^av virrjp'^e' irarpo^ yap r)v N€0/€Xeov<; ov
T(bv dyav i7n(j)avcov *A67]V7J(ti,, ^peappiov rSyv
Bijficov CK T?}? AeovTiBo^i (j)v\rj<;, v66o^ Be 7r/909
fi7}Tp6<;, ft)? XeyovaLV
^A^poTovov ^pijicra-a yvvrj yevo<;' aXXa reKea-Oai
Tov fieyav "^Xkrjaiv (prj/jLi ©efMiaroKkea,
2 ^avia^i fievToc rrjv jxr^jepa tov Se/jLt(TTOK\eov(; ov
%paTTav, aXKa Kaplvrjv, ovB* ^A^porovov ovo/na, Parfa
aXX ^vrepirriv avaypd<f>€i, 'Nedv6r]<i Be /cal a. i62^4,'^p.
irokiv avrfj t^9 K.apla<i 'AXtKapvao-aov irpoa-- 112
TiOrjai,.
Ato Kol Tojv voOcov et9 K.vv6o-apye<; awreXovv-
Tcov (tovto S' ia-rlv e^co irvXcav yvfjuvdaiov 'H^a-
KXeov^y eirel fcaKelvo^ ovk rjv yvrjcno^ ev 6eoU, dXX*
iveixero voOeia Bia rrjv /uLrjrepa Ovrjrrjv ovaav)
eireide TLva<; 6 Sefjbi,(TTOKXrj<; tmv ev yeyovoTcov
veavlaKcov /cara^aLvovra^ et? to Kwoo-apye^;
dXelcpea-dat fjier avrov. Kal tovtov yevofiepov
THEMISTOCLES
I. In the case of Themistocles/ his family was too
obscure to further his reputation. His father was
Neocles, — no very conspicuous man at Athens, — a
Phrearrhian by deme, of the tribe Leontis ; and
on his mother's side he was an alien, as her epitaph
testifies : —
" Abrotonon was I, and a woman of Thrace, yet 1
brought forth
That great light of the Greeks, — know ! 'twas
Themistocles." ^
Phanias, however, writes that the mother of
Themistocles was not a Thracian, but a Carian
woman, and that her name was not Abrotonon, but
Euterpe. And Neanthes actually adds the name of
her city in Caria, — Halicarnassus.
It was for the reason given, and because the aliens
were wont to frequent Cynosarges, — this is a place
outside the gates, a gymnasium of Heracles ; for he
too was not a legitimate god, but had something
alien about him, from the fact that his mother was a
mortal, — that Themistocles sought to induce certain
well-born youths to go out to Cynosarges and exercise
with him ; and by his success in this bit of cunning
^ It is probable that one or more introductory paragraphs
of this biography have been lost. ^ Athenaeus, xiii. p. 576.
PLUTARCH'S LIVES
BoKct iravovp^(o<i tov tcov poOcov kclI yvrjaioDV
ScopicTfjLov aveXelv.
3 "Ori fJLevTOi tov Avko/jllBcop yivov<; fierel')(€
Br}\6^ icTTL' TO yap ^\vrj(Ti TeXeaTijpiov, oirep
Tjv AvKOfJbthcov Kocvov, ifiirprjaOev vtto tS)V pap-
^dpcov avTO<i iirea-Kevaare kclI ypa<j)al<i iKoa/njcrev,
ft)9 ^i,/j,(oviBr)<; larop'qKev.
II. "Ert he 7ra'l<; ayv ofJLoXoyelTat (jiopd^; fieaTcx;
elvai, KoX rfj /lev (pvaet (TvveTo^;, Trj Be irpoatpecei
/jLeyaXoTTpdy/jLcov koI ttoXltlko^. ev yap rat?
aveaea-i Kal crxoXat'; diro rwv fiadrjjjLaTcov yivb-
fi€VO<; ovK eiraL^ev ov8^ ippaOvfiet, KaOdirep oi
XoiTTOt TratSe?, oX>C evpuo-zceTO Xoyov; tlvcl^ fie\e-
TMV Kal avvTaTTOfievo^ irpo^ kavrov. rfq-av S' ol
Xoyoi KaTTiyopia tlvo^ rj cruvrjyopia t&v TralScov.
2 odev eldyOei Xeyeiv tt/jo? avrov 6 ScBdafcaXof; to?
** OvSev ea-rj, iral, av fiiKpov, dXXa jxeya 7rdvT(o<i
ayadov rj KaKovT eirel Kal tmv TratBeva-ecov Ta<;
fxev rjdoiTOiov^; rj 7r/)o? yBovijv Tiva Kal X^^P^^
eXevOepLov o-7rovSa^o/ieva<; oKvripo)^ Kal dirpo-
6vfjL(i)<; e^e/jbdv9ave, t&v 8e eh Gvveaiv rj irpd^iv
Xeyofiivcov Sr)Xo9 yv VTrepopcov ^ nrap' rfkLKiav, w?
TTj <^VaeL TTKTTeVWV.
3 "Odev vdTepov ev Tal<; eXevOeploL<; Kal d(TT€iai<;
Xeyopievat^ BiaTptfiai<; vtto t&v TreTratBevadai
BoKovvTcov ')(Xeva^6fievo^ rjvayKd^ero (\>opTLK(o-
T€pov ajJbvveaOaiy Xeyatv, otl Xvpav fiev dpfioa-a-
1 vvepopwv Sintenis- with the best MSS.; Sintenis^ and
Bekker have ovx vvepopwVf showed attentiveness.
4
THEMISTOCLES, i. 2-11. 3
he is thought to have removed the distinction
between ahens and legitimates.
However, it is clear that he was connected with
the family of the Lycomidae, for he caused the
chapel shrine at Phlya, which belonged to the
Lycomidae, and had been burned by the Barba-
rians, to be restored at his own costs and adorned
with frescoes, as Simonides has stated.
II. However lowly his birth, it is agreed on all
hands that while yet a boy he was impetuous, by
nature sagacious, and by election enterprising and
prone to public life. In times of relaxation and
leisure, when absolved from his lessons, he would
not play nor indulge his ease, as the rest of the boys
did, but would be found composing and rehearsing
to himself mock speeches. These speeches would be
in accusation or defence of some boy or other.
Wherefore his teacher was wont to say to him : "My
boy, thou wilt be nothing insignificant, but some-
thing great, of a surety, either for good or evil."
Moreover, when he was set to study, those branches
which aimed at the formation of character, or
ministered to any gratification or grace of a liberal
sort, he would learn reluctantly and sluggishly; and
to all that was said for the cultivation of sagacity or
practical efficiency, he clearly showed an indifference
far beyond his years, as though he put his confidence
in his natural gifts alone.
Thus it came about that, in after life, at entertain-
ments of a so-called liberal and polite nature, when
he was taunted by men of reputed culture, he was
forced to defend himself rather rudely, saying that
PLUTARCH'S LIVES
<r6ai KOI ixeTa^etpicraaOai yjraXrrjpiov ovk irrri-
ararai, iroXiv he fJiiKpav koX dSo^ov irapaXaffcbv
evSo^ov Kol jjLeyd\r)v airepydaaaOat. Kalrov
Xr7jai/jL^poTO<i ^Ava^ayopov re SiaKovcrac rov
%€fjLiaTOK\.ea cprjal koI irepl ^eXtaaop (Tirovhaaai
rov (pvaiKov, ovk ev rwv ^(^povcDV aTrrojuLevo^;'
UepL/cXel yap, o? ttoXu ve(OTepo<; tjv Sefitaro-
KKeov<^, MeXto"cro9 fiev avTearparriyei irdXiopKovvTi
XaiJLiov<;, ^Ava^ayopa^ Be (TwhieTpL^e.
4 yiaWov ovv dv Tt9 Trpoaexot toI<; Mvr]ai,(f>i\ov
rov %efii(TTOK\ea rov ^peappiov ^rjXojrrjv yeve-
aOai Xeyovcriv, ovre p7]ropo<; ovro^ ovre rSiV
(^vcriKOdv KXijOevrayv ^ikoao^cov, aXXa rrjv rore ^
KaXovfjiivrjv (T0(f>iaVy ovaav Be Betvorrjra ttoXl-
rcKTjv Kol Bpaarrjptov avveaiVy eTririjBev/jia ire-
TTOirjfievov kol BLaorco^ovro^ wcnrep aipeacv €k
BiaBo')(^r]^ aTTo 'Z6X(ovo<;- rjv ol fierd ravra
BiKavi/caL<; fjbi^avre^ rexvai^; koI fjuerayayovre^
CLTTO ro)v TTpd^ecov rrjv daKrja-LV eirl rov^ \6yov<;,
cro(t)iaral 7rpo(rr}yopev0r]aav. rovra fiev ovv rjBr]
irdXirevofjbevo^ eTrXijaLa^ev.
5 'Ei^ Be ral^ rrp(i>rai<; rr}<; veorijro^; opfxah dvco-
fjLaXo^ rjv KOI dardOfjiriro^, are rfj ^uaei KaO^
aurrjv ')(p(t)/jLevo<i dvev \6yov Kal TracBeia^ eir
d/jL^orepa fxeydXa^ rroiov^evr) jjuera^oXa^ rcov
eiTLrTjBevfxdrcov kol jroWdKi^ e^icrrafievr} irpog ro
y^elpov, o)? varepov avro^; wfioXoyet,, Kal rov<;
rpaxvrdrov<; ttcoXou? dpLa-rov^ tTTTroL'? yuveadai
(j)d(TK(ov, orav ^9 irpoaijKei. rvywai iraiBela^ Kal
6 Karaprvaeco^. a Be rovrfov i^aprcoatv evioi
BLrjyrjjjiara rrXdrrovre^;, diroKripv^iv fxev viro rov
^ r)]v T6Ti Fuhr and Blass with S : tV.
6
THEMISTOCLES, ii. 3-6
tuning the Ijrre and handling the harp were no accom-
plishments of his, but rather taking in hand a city that
was small and inglorious and making it glorious and
great. And yet Stesimbrotus says that Themistocles
was a pupil of Anaxagoras, and a disciple of Melissus
the physicist ; but he is careless in his chronology.
It was Pericles, a much younger man than
Themistocles, whom Melissus opposed at the siege
of Samos,^ and with whom Anaxagoras was intimate.
Rather, then, might one side with those who say
tliat Themistocles was a disciple of Mnesiphilus the
Phrearrhian, a man who was neither a rhetorician
nor one of the so-called physical philosophers, but a
cultivator of what was then called "sophia " or tvisdom,
although it was really nothing more than cleverness
in politics and practical sagacity. Mnesiphilus
received this '' sophia," and handed it down, as though
it were the doctrine of a sect, in unbroken tradition
from Solon. His successors blended it with forensic
arts, and shifted its application from public affairs to
language, and were dubbed " sophists." It was this
man, then, to whom Themistocles resorted at the
very beginning of his public life.
But in the first essays of his youth he was uneven
and unstable, since he gave his natural impulses free
course, which, without due address and training, rush
to violent extremes in the objects of their pursuit,
and often degenerate ; as he himself in later life con-
fessed, when he said that even the wildest colts
made very good horses, if only they got the proper
breaking and training. What some story-makers
add to this, however, to the effect that his
father disinherited him, and his mother took her
^ 440 B.C.
PLUTARCH'S LIVES
irarpo^i avrov, Odvarov Se Trj<; fjurjrpo^ eKOvaiov
iirl rf] Tov TratSo^; arL/JLLa irepikvirov yevofievr)^;,
Bo/c€t Kare-ylrevaOar Kav rovvavriov elalv oi
\€yoPTe<;, ort tov ra^ Koiva irpdrreiv dirorpeTroDV
avTov 6 Trarrjp iireheiKwe irpo^; rfj OaXdrrrj ra?
7ra\aia<i rpirjpet^ ippi/jifievaf; Koi Trapopwpiipag,
<W9 Srj Koi 7rpo<; tov9 Brjpiaycoyovf;, orav d'^prjaroi,
(fyaivcovraL, tmv ttoXXwv o/jLolco<s e')(^6vT(ov,
III. Ta'xp iJievTOL koX v€aviK(o<; eoiKev dyjraadat
TOV @6fjitaTOK\6ov^ TO, TToXiTLKa TTpdyfiaTa KoX
a<l)6Bpa 7) irpo^ Bo^av opfir) Kparrjaai. Bl* r)v
€vOv<; ef dpxv^ tov irpcoreveiv e^iefxevo^ lrap,a)^ 113
v^io-raro ra<; 7rpo<; tov<; Bvva/xevov^ iv rfj iroXei
KoX irpcorevovTa^; d7re')(^9ela<;, /adXiara Be 'Api-
(TTelBrjv TOV Avatfjid)(^ov, ttjv evavTiav del rropevo-
pevov^ avTfp. KaiTOt, BoKel irayTdiracnv rj 7rpb<!
TOVTOV e^Opa p,€cpaKLd)B7} Xa^ecv dp^ijv rjpdcrdrj-
aav yap dp.(f>6Tepoi tov koXov ^Tr^aiXew, Kevov
TO yevo<; ovto<;, tw? ^ApiaTccv 6 ^LK6ao(^of; laTO-
prjKBV. €K Be TOVTOV BceTeXovv Kal irepX to.
Br)p6(Tia (TTacnd^ovTe^, ov p,r}v dXX* rj tcov ^lcov
Kal TMV Tpoirwv dvopotOTTj^i eoiKev av^rja-ai ttjv
Btacfiopdv. 7rpao<; yap wv (f)vaei Kal KuXoKaya-
OiKo^i TOV TpoTTOV 6 ^ KpL(7TeiBri<^, Kal TToXiTevo-
p,evo<; ov Trpo? X^P^^ ovSe tt/oo? Bo^av, aXV avro
TOV ^eXTiCTTOv pbeTa da<^aXeiaf; Kal BiKaioavvrjf;,
TjvayKd^eTo tw Qep^iaTOKXel tov BrfpLOV eirl iroXXa
KLvovvTi Kal p,eydXa^ eiri^epovTi KaivoTopia^
evavTiovaOat TroXXdKifjf €ViaTdp,evo<i avTov 7rpo<;
TrjV av^r](7LV.
1 rod TO. Fuhr and Blass with F^S : rek.
^ iropiv6ixivoi' with Bekker and the MSS. : voptvSjxtvos,
8
THEMISTOCLES, ii. 6-111. 2
own life for very grief at her son's ill-fame, this
I think is false. And, in just the opposite vein,
there are some who say that his father fondly tried
to divert him from public life, pointing out to him
old triremes on the sea-shore, all wrecked and
neglected, and intimating that the people treated
their leaders in like fashion when these were past
service.
III. Speedily, however, as it seems, and while he
was still in all the ardour of youth, public affairs
laid their grasp upon Themistocles, and his
impulse to win reputation got strong mastery
over him. Wherefore, from the very beginning, in
his desire to be first, he boldly encountered the
enmity of men who had power and were already first
in the city, especially that of Aristides the son of
Lysimachus, who was always his opponent. And
yet it is thought that his enmity with this man
had an altogether puerile beginning They were
both lovers of the beautiful Stesilaiis, a native
of Ceos, as Ariston the philosopher has recorded, and
thenceforward they continued to be rivals in public
life also. However, the dissimilarity in their lives
and characters is likely to have increased their
variance. Aristides was gentle by nature, and a
conservative in character. He engaged in public
life, not to win favour or reputation, but to secure
the best results consistent with safety and righteous-
ness, and so he was compelled, since Themistocles
stirred the people up to many novel enterprises and
introduced great innovations, to oppose him often,
and to take a firm stand against his increasing
influence.
PLUTARCH'S LIVES
3 Aiyerai yap ovrw 7rapd<f)opo<; 7rpo<; So^av
elvai KoX TTpd^ecov fieydXcov vtto (f)iXoyLfjL[a<; ipa-
o-T?;?, Mare vio^ wz/ en Trj<; iv Mapadwvt, p>d'^rj<;
7rpo9 Tov<; ^apPdpov<; yevo/juevrjf; /cal r?}? MiXTid-
Bov aTparrjyLa^; Sia^orfOeia-rff; auvvov^ opdaOao
Tct TToWa TT/oo? iavTM fcal ra<; vvKTa<; dypvirveiv
4 /cal Toif^ TTOTOU? TrapaiTetaOac tov<; crvvr]d€i<;, KaX
Xiyetv 7r/0O9 tov<; ipoDTMvra^ Kal Oavfid^ovraf; rrjv
irepl Tov ^Lov /LberafioXTjv, C09 KaOevSetv avrov ovk
ecprj TO TOV MiXr^aSoi; Tpoiraiov. ol fjuev yap
aXXoi 7r€pa<i wovto tov iroXifiov ir]v iv ^apadcovc
T(bv papjSdpcdV rjTiav elvat, SefjLLa-TOKXrji; Be
dpxv^ /jLCL^ovcop dycovwv, e^' 01/9 kavTov Inrep t^9
0X779 'EXA,a8o9 rfXei^e Kal ttjv ttoXlv i]a/C€i irop-
peodev €Ti^ irpodhoKOdv to fiiXXov.
IV. Kal TTpcoTov fiev Trjv AavpecoTiKrjv Trpoaohov
diro TMV dpyvpeiwv fieTdXXcov 6do<; e')(^6vTwv
*AOr)vaLa>v Stavi/jLeaOai, ix6vo<; elireiv eToXfjur^ae
irapeXOcbv eh tov Brjfiov, 0)9 XPV '^V^ Stavofirjv
edcravTa'^ e/c Toiiv 'X^prjfjbdTcov tovtcov KaTacrKevd-
aaaOai Tpirjpetf; eirl tov irpo^ AlyivijTa<; iroXe/mov.
•^Kfia^e yap 0VT0<i iv tj} *FiXXdBi fjidXiaTa Kal
KaTel')(pv ol vqaiWTai ^ rrXrjOei vewv Tr)v OdXacr-
2 aav. rj Kal paov @efjLio-TOK\r]<; avveTretaev, ov
Aapelov ovBe Tlep(7a<; (/xaKpav yap rjaav ovtol
1 in Fuhr and Blass with F^S : ^5??.
' vnaioarai Fuhr and Blass with F^S : Pdyiv^rai,
10
THEMISTOCLES, iii. 3-iv. 2
It is said, indeed, that Themistocles was so carried
away by his desire for reputation, and such an
ambitious lover of great deeds, that though he was
still a young man when the battle with the Barbar-
ians at Marathon ^ was fought and the generalship of
Miltiades was in everybody's mouth, he was seen
thereafter to be wrapped in his own thoughts for
the most part, and was sleepless o' nights, and
refused invitations to his customary drinking parties,
and said to those who put wondering questions to
him concerning his change of life that the trophy of
Miltiades would not suffer him to sleep. Now the
rest of his countrymen thought that the defeat of
the Barbarians at Marathon was the end of the
war; but Themistocles thought it to be only the
beginning of greater contests, and for these he
anointed himself, as it were, to be the champion of
all Hellas, and put his city into training, because,
while it was yet afar off, he expected the evil that
was to come.
IV. And so, in the first place, whereas the Athe-
nians were wont to divide up among themselves the
revenue coming from the silver mines at Laureium,
he, and he alone, dared to come before the people
with a motion that this division be given up, and
that with these moneys triremes be constructed for
the war against Aegina.^ This was the fiercest war
then troubling Hellas, and the islanders controlled
the sea, owing to the number of their ships.
Wherefore all the more easily did Themistocles
carry his point, not by trying to terrify the citizens
with dreadful pictures of Darius or the Persians —
» 490 B.a « 484-483 B.a
II
PLUTARCH'S LIVES
KoX Beo<; ov irdvv ffejSaiov o)9 dcfu^ofievoi irapel-
X^v) iirKTeicov, dXXa rrj tt/oo? AlytV7]Ta(; opyfj xal
^iXoveiKia r&v iroXircov d'jroxp'n^d[JLevo<; evKaipo)^
eiri Tr)v 7rapa<7K€V7]v. eKarov yap diro t(ov xPV'
fidrcov i/ceivcov i7rot,rjOr}(Tav Tpti]p€t<i, ah^ xal
irpo^ 'B^ep^rjv ipav/jbd'^VO'CLV'
'E/ff 8e rovTov Kara fii/cpop virdycov koI Kara-
fiijSd^cov Trjv iTokLv TTpo^ Tr)v OdXaacrav, co? rd
ire^d fiep ovBe to?9 ofiopoi^i d^iofidxov<; 6vra<;,
TJj 8' diro TUiV vecov dXfcfj kol tov<; ^apffdpov<i
dfivvaaOai koI t?}? 'EXXaSo? dpx^iv BvvapAvov^,
dvrl fJLOvlfKov OTrXiToyv, w? (fyrjo-tv 6 HXdrcov, vav-
^dra^ /cat 6a\aTTLov<; e'jroir)<T€, kclI Bca^oXrjv
Ka6* avTov Trapea^Gv, ax; dpa Se/jLiaTo/cXrjt; to
Bopv Kol T^i/ dcnriha twv ttoXctcov irapeXofievo'i
eh virripeaLov KaX koottijv avvearetXe top 'AOrj-
paicdp BrjfjLOP. eirpa^e Be ravra MiXridBov
Kparrjo-a^ dpTCXiyopTo<;, co? laropel ^ttjo-l/jl-
^pOTO^.
Et jiep Brj Trjp dxpl^eiap koI to KaOapop tov
7roXLT€vfJLaTO<i e^Xayfrep rj fir) TavTa Trpafa?, €<ttco
^LXo<70(j>(t)T€pop eiTKTKOirelp' OTi Be T) t6t€ acoTr)-
pia Toh "EXXrjaip eK tt)? OaXdaarjf; vwrjp^e koI
Tr)P ^ KOrjpaKOP ttoXlp avOi,<; dpiarTrjaap at TpL't]p€i<;
eKecpaty ra t' dXXa kol Se/of?;? avTo^i ifiapTvpTja-e.
T7J<; yap 7r€^tK7J<; Bvpd/JL€Ot)<i dOpavcTTOV Biafiepov-
a7)<i €(f)vy€ fjueTa ttjp twp pecop rjTTap, oy^i ovk wi
d^iofjba'xp'i, Kol MapBoPLOP ifMiroBcop elpau To'k
* aXs Fuhr and Blasa with S : ol.
12
THEMISTOCLES, iv. 2-4
these were too far away and inspired no verjf
serious fear of their coming, but by making
opportune use of the bitter jealousy which they
cherished toward Aegina in order to secure the
armament he desired. The result was that with
those moneys they built a hundred triremes, with
which they actually fought at Salamis^ against
Xerxes.
And after this, by luring the city on gradually and
turning its progress toward the sea, urging that
with their infantry they were no match even for
their nearest neighbours, but that with the power
they would get from their ships they could not only
repel the Barbarians but also take the lead in Hellas,
he made them, instead of "steadfast hoplites " — to
quote Plato's words,^ sea- tossed mariners, and brought
down upon himself this accusation : " Themistocles
robbed his fellow-citizens of spear and shield, and
degraded the people of Athens to the rowing-
pad and the oar," And this he accomplished in
triumph over the public opposition of Miltiades, as
Stesimbrotus relates.
Now, whether by accomplishing this he did injury
to the integrity and purity of public life or not, let
the philosopher rather investigate. But that the
salvation which the Hellenes achieved at that time
came from the sea, and that it was those very tri-
remes which restored again the fallen city of Athens,
Xerxes himself bore witness, not to speak of other
proofs. For though his infantry remained intact, he
took to flight after the defeat of his ships, because
he thought he was not a match for the Hellenes,
and he left Mardonius behind, as it seems to me,
1 480 B.C. « LaioSf iv. p. 706.
13
PLUTARCH'S LIVES
^ISWrjai TTj^ Sia)^6co<; fxaWov rj BovXcoao/xevov
avTov^, ft)9 e'/AOi hoKel, KariXcTrev.
V. SvvTovov Be avTOV yeyovevat 'XprjfjLartaTrji^ 114
ol fJL€V TLvi^ (^acTL hC iXevdepiorrjra' koX yap
<f>i,\o6vTr]v ovra koI Xafiirpov iv Tal<; irepl tov<;
^evov<i BairdvaL^ a(f>66vov SelaOai ')(ppriyla<;' ol he
TovvavTLOv y\La)(^p6T7]Ta iroXXrjv koX jxiKpoXoyiav
Karrjyopovo-LV, o)'; koI ra irepbiropbeva tojv iScoSi-
2 fjL(ov TToiXovvTO^. iwel Be ^tXtSi;? 6 i7r7rorp6(j)of;
alT7]0€l<; VTT avTov ircoXov ovk eBcofcev, r^ireiXTjae
rr)V OLKiav avrov ra')(v Troojcreiv Sovpeiov lttttov,
alvt^dfievof; eyKXrjfiaTa avyyevLKa koL Bi/ca^; tco
dvOpcoTTCp 7ry909 oIk€i,ov<; TLva<i rapd^etp.
Ty Be (pLXoTtfiia irdyra^; virepefSaXev, w(tt ere
fiev veo<; wv koX d(f)avr)<; *Et7ri/cXia tov ef * Ep/jbi6vr]<i
Kidapiarr^v aTTOvBa^ofMevov vtto tcov *A6r]vaiQ)v
eKXiTrapTjaaL /leXerdv irap" avrS), <f)cXoTi/JLOvjjL€vo<;
TToXXov^} rrjv oiKiav ^r^relv koX ^oltclv 7rpo9 avrov,
3 et? 8' ^OXvfiiTiav eXOoav koX BiajxiXXodixevo^ tS>
Ki/jLcovi Trepl Belirva koI crfcrjva<; koX Tr)v dXXrjv
Xafi7rp6T7]Ta Kal nrapaaKevrjV, ovk ijpeo-Ke roc<;
''l£iXXrj(TLv. eKeivco /Mev yap ovti vecp Kal dir
oiKia^ IJLeydXr)<; wovro Belv rd roiavra avyx^copelv
6 Be fxrjTTa} yv(opL/jLO<i yeyov(o<;, dXXd Bokcov e^
ov'X^ vnrap^ovTwv Kal Trap* d^iav eTralpeadac
4 7rpo(T(0(f)XLa-Kavev dXa^oveiav. iviKrjae Be Kal
')(ppr]y(ov rpaycpBoU, fieydXrjv ijBrj rare aTrovBrjv
Kal (jicXoTifjulav rod dycovo<i e;^oyT09, Kal irlvaKa
14
THEMISTOCLES, iv. 4-v. 4
rather to obstruct their pursuit than to subdue
them.
V. Some say that Themistocles was an eager
money-maker because of his liberality ; for since he
was fond of entertaining, and lavished money
splendidly on his guests, he required a generous
budget. Others, on the contrary, denounce his
great stinginess and parsimony, claiming that he
used to sell the very food sent in to him as a gift.
When Philides the horse-breeder was asked by him
for a colt and would not give it, Themistocles threat-
ened speedily to make his house a wooden horse ;
thereby darkly intimating that he would stir up
accusations against him in his own family, and
lawsuits between the man and those of his own
household.
In his ambition he surpassed all men. For instance,
while he was still young and obscure, he prevailed
upon Epicles of Hermione, a harpist who was eagerly
sought after by the Athenians, to practise at his
house, because he was ambitious that many should
seek out his dwelling and come often to see him.
Again, on going to Olvmpia, he tried to rival Cimon
in his banquets and booths and other brilliant
appointments, so that he displeased the Hellenes.
For Cimon was young and of a great house, and
they thought they must allow him in such extrava-
gances ; but Themistocles had not yet become
famous, and was thought to be seeking to elevate
himself unduly without adequate means, and so
was charged with ostentation. And still again, as
choregus, or theatrical manager, he won a victory
with tragedies, although even at that early time this
contest was conducted with great eagerness and
15
PLUTARCH'S LIVES
T^9 vCk7j<; dveOrjK€ rotavTTfv iiriypa^rjv €')(pvra*
" S€fiL(rTOKXr}<i ^pedppio^ ixoptjyei, ^pvvL'Xp^
ehiZa(7K€Vy ^ASeLfjLavTO<; ^p'^^evJ*
Ov fJLTjv dWd Tol<; ttoWo?? iv^pfiorre, tovto
fjL6V kicdcrrov tcop ttoXctcov rovvofia Xeycov diro
aTOfiaTO^;, tovto Be KpiTrjv d(T(f>d\,7] rrrepl to,
avfiffoXata Trapixcov iavTov, wcrre ttov koI 7rp6<s
Xi/jlcovlBtjv tov K.elov etTreiv, alTOVfjuevov ti t&v
ov fieTpLcov Trap" avTov o'TpaTr}yovvTO<i, 0)9 ovt
€KeZvo^ av yevocTO iroirjTrjf; dyaOo^ aBcov irapd
/A6\o9 OVT avT0<; d(jT6L0<; dpx^v irapk vopuov
5 ')(apL^6p£vo<i. TToXtv Be ttotc tov '^LficoviBrjv iiri-
<rK(t)7rTa)v eXeye vovv ovk, ex^tv, J^opivOlovq fiev
XoiBopovvTa p^eydXrjv oiKovvTa^ ttoXiv, avTov Be
TToiovfievov elicova^ ovTcaf; 6vT0<i ala")(pov ttjv
Q-^iv, av^ojjbevo^ Be koI toc<; ttoXXol^; apeaKCDV
TeXo9 KaTeaTacriacre koI fieTecrrjaev e^oa-Tpa-
KiaOevTa tov ^ KpKTTelBrjv,
VL ^WBt] Be TOV yiriBov KaTaffaivovTO<; eVt ttjv
'KXXdBa real tmv ^AOrjvaicov ^ovXevop^evcov irepl
<jTpaT7)yov, T0U9 p^ev dXXou<; e/covTa^ eKo-Trjvat
Tr}9 (TTpaTr]yia^ Xeyovaiv iKireTrXrjyp^evov^ top
KLvBvvov, ^EiTLKvSrjv Be TOV 'Ev<l>r)p.lBov, Brj-
p,aycoyov ovTa Betvov pev elirelvy puXaKov Be
TTjv '^V)(^r}V Kol '^(^prjp.dTcov ^TTOva, Trj<; dp')(rj<;
icfyteo-dac teal KpaTrja-eiv eTrlBo^ov elvau Tjj j^et,-
poTOvla. TOV ovv ©epcaTOKXea BeiaavTa, p.r) Td
irpdypbaTa Biac^Oapeir] iravTdiraaL rrf^ r)y€p,ovla<%
eh i/celvov epirecrovar)^, ')(^p^pu(TC ttjv (fxXoTip^Laif
i^cov^o'aaOai, irapd tov *E7riAcuSou9.
16
THEMISTOCLES, v. 4-vi. 1
ambition, and set up a tablet commemorating his
victory with the following inscription : " Themis-
tocles the Phrearrhian was Choregus; Phrynichus
was Poet ; Adeimantus was Archon." ^
However, he was on good terms with the common
folk, partly because he could call off-hand the name
of every citizen, and partly because he rendered the
service of a safe and impartial arbitrator in cases of
private obligation and settlement out of court ; and
so he once said to Simonides of Ceos, who had made
an improper request from him when he was magis-
trate : " You would not be a good poet if you should
sing contrary to the measure ; nor I a clever magis-
trate if I should show favour contrary to the law."
And once again he banteringly said to Simonides
that it was nonsense for him to abuse the Corinthians,
who dwelt in a great and fair city, while he had
portrait figures made of himself, who was of such an
ugly countenance. And so he grew in power, and
pleased the common folk, and finally headed a success-
ful faction and got Aristides removed by ostracism.^
VI. At last, when the Mede was descending
upon Hellas and the Athenians were deliberating
who should be their general, all the rest, they say,
voluntarily renounced their claims to the generalship,
so panic-stricken were they at the danger; but
Epicydes, the son of Euphemides, a popular leader
who was powerful in speech but effeminate in spirit
and open to bribes, set out to get the office,
and was likely to prevail in the election ; so Themis-
tocles, fearing lest matters should go to utter ruin in
case the leadership fell to such a man, bribed and
bought off the ambition of Epicydes.
i 476 B.a « 483-482 B.a
17
PLUTARCH'S LIVES
2 ^EtTraivetraL 5* avrov koI to irepl rov BljXcottov
€pyov iv Tot9 TrejucpOeiaiv viro ^aaLke(o<; iirl yrjf;
Kol vBaTO<; airrjaiv. epfjirjvia jap ovra avWa-
^cov Sta '\jrr)(piafjLaTO<; aireKreivev on (fxovrjp
'FiWrjviBa /3apj3dpoi<i irpoardyixadLV iroXfjurfo-e
3 ')(prj(TaL. €TL Be koI to irepl *'Ap9fiiov top
Ze\et,T7]V' ®e[JiiaTOKkeov<; jap eiirovTO^ Kal tov-
Tov 6t9 Toij^ aTLfiov^ Kal TratSa? avTov Kal yevo<i
iviypa^jrai/f otl top etc ^tjBodv 'X^pvaov el<i TOV<i
"KWr)va<i eKOfXicre. fiejiaTOv Be ttclvtcov to /cara-
Xvaai T0v<i ^EXXtjvcKov'; TroXeyxou? Kal BiaWd^ai
Ta9 TToXet? aXX7]Xai,<;, ireiaavTa ra<^ e')(9pa<; Btci
Tov TToXefjLOu dva^aXeadar irpoff o Kal ^eiXeayv
TOP 'ApKaBa /jbaXiara avi^aycovlcraaOai XiyovcTL.
VII. HapaXajScbv Be ttjv cLp')(r)v ev6v<i fxev
iirex^ipei tov<; vroXtra? epbpL^d^eiv eh Ta<i TpLrj- 115
peL<;, Kal Tr]v itoXlv eireiOev eKXiirovTa^ tw? irpo-
crwraro) t^9 'EWaSo? diravTav to) ^ap^dpco
KaTCL OdXaTTav. ipiaTapIvcov Be ttoXXcop i^rj-
yaye ttoXXtjp (TTpaTcap eh tcl TepLTrrj pbeTa AaKe-
BaL/jiOPLCOP, 0)9 aVToOl TTpOKLpBvPeVO-OPTCOP T7J9
2 @eTTaXia<; ovirco totc p^rjBi^eip BoKOvar}^' eirel
3' dpe')((jop7]aap eKeWep drrpaKTOi Kal SeTTaXcop
jSaaiXel irpoayepo/Jbiprnp ifjL-^Bt,^€ t^ t^XP'' ^oio)-
Tta9, fjLoXXop tjBt) tw SefiLffTOKXel TrpoaeX^op ol
^AdrjpaloL irepl Ti)9 OaXdaar)^, Kal irefiireTac pueTct
pea>p eir ^ApTepLLcnop to, aTepa (pvXd^cov.
"FipOa By Tcop fiep '^XXijpcop ^vpv^cdBrjp xal
18
THEMISTOCLES, vi. 2-vii. 2
Praise is given to his treatment of the linguist in
tlie company of those who were sent by the King to
demand earth and water as tokens of submission :
this interpreter he caused to be arrested, and had
him put to death by special decree, because he
dared to prostitute the speech of Hellas to Barbarian
stipulations. Also to his treatment of Arthmius of
Zeleia: on motion of Themistocles this man was
entered on the list of the disfranchised, with his
children and his family, because he brought the gold
of the Medes and offered it to the Hellenes. But
the greatest of all his achievements was his putting
a stop to Hellenic wars, and reconciling Hellenic
cities with one another, persuading them to postpone
their mutual hatreds because of the foreign war.
To which end, they say, Cheileos the Arcadian most
seconded his efforts.
VH. On assuming the command, he straightway
went to work to embark the citizens on their tri-
remes, and tried to persuade them to leave their city
behind them and go as far as possible away from
Hellas to meet the Barbarians by sea. But many
opposed this plan, and so he led forth a large army to
the vale of Tempe, along with the Lacedaemonians,
in order to make a stand there in defence of Thessaly,
which was not yet at that time supposed to be medis-
ing. But soon the army came back from this position
without accomplishing anything, the Thessalians
went over to the side of the King, and everything
was medising as far as Boeotia, so that at last the
Athenians were more kindly disposed to the naval
policy of Themistocles, and he was sent with a fleet
to Artemisium, to watch the narrows.
It was at this place that the Hellenes urged
^9
PLUTARCH'S LIVES
AaK€BaLfioviov<s rjyeloOai fceXevovrav, t(ou S*
*AdrjvaL(ov, on irXTjOei rcov vefav (TvixiravTa^ o/jlov
Tfc Tovf; aX\ov<; virepi/SaXkov, ov/c a^tovvTcav
3 erepoLf; eirecrOai, avvthchv rov klvBvvov 6 Se/ni-
aTOK\rj<; avro^ re rrjv apxw '^^ ^vpvfiidBri
7rapr]K€ fcal Kareirpdvve tov^ ^Kdrjvaiov^, vTrca^-
vovjxevo^iy av dvBp6<; dyadol yevcovrao 7rpo<; rov
TToXe/uLOv, cKoi'Ta^; avToc<; irapi^etv eh rd Xoiird
'jreido/jLevov; tou? "EXXrjva^. htoirep Bokcl t%
<T(OTt^pia<; alTicoTaTo<; yevecrOai ry 'EWdSt kov
fidXiara tov? *A6rjvaLov<; Trpoayayetv eh Bo^av,
tt)9 dvBpela fiev tmv 7ro\efiia)Vy evyvayfioavvrj Be
TWi^ (Tvpbjjidx'^v TTepLyevofievov^.
4 'ETret Be rah ^Acperah rov ^apffapiKOV crroXov
irpoa/JLL^avTo^ eKirXayeh 6 Ftvpvl3cdBrj(; rcov /card
crrofia vecov to ttX^^o?, dWa<; Be TrvvOavofievo^
BiaKoaia^ VTrep I^KidOov TrepcirXeiv, e^ovXero rrjv
ra^La-rriv eto-co t?}? 'EXXaSo? KOfxiaOeh dyjrao-Oai,
HeXoTTOVvijcrov koI tov ire^bv arparov rah vaval
TrpoaTrepLjSaXia-dai, Travrdiraaiv dirpoapiaypv
r}yovp.evo<; rrjv Kard ddXarrav dXKrjv /SacriXeox;,
BeiaavTe<^ ol EuySoet?, firi (T<j)d<; oi "¥iXXr]ve<; irpb-
(ovrai, Kpvcba rch %ep.ia-T0KXel BteXeyovro, IleXa-
5 yovra fiera 'X^pi^pbdrcov ttoXXojv '7refjL'\jravT€<;. a
Xa^cbv eKelvo^, oo? 'H/3o8oto9 laropTjKe, roh Trepl
TOV Evpv^idBr^v eBcoKev.
^FivavTiovfievov 8* avra> jidXiaTa tmv ttoXitcov
'Ap%fcTe\oi;9, 09 ^v fi€v eVl T7J9 l€pd<i veco<i rpi-
Tjpapxo^, ovK e^ftiv Be XPVH-^'^^ '^^h vavrai^
Xoprjyelv eairevBev d-n-OTrXevaai, irapw^vvev en
fiaXXov 6 %ep.L<TT0KXr}<i TOV<i Tpirjpira^ eir avrov,
20
THEMISTOCLES, vii. 2-5
Eurybiades and the Lacedaemonians to take the lead,
but the Athenians, since in the number of their ships
they surpassed all the rest put together, disdained
to follow others, — a peril which Themistocles at once
comprehended. He surrendered his own command
to Eurybiades, and tried to mollify the Athenians
with the promise that if they would show themselves
brave men in the war, he would induce the Hellenes
to yield a willing obedience to them thereafter.
Wherefore he is thought to have been the man most
instrumental in achieving the salvation of Hellas,
and foremost in leading the Athenians up to the
high repute of surpassing their foes in valour and
their allies in magnanimity.
Now Eurybiades, on the arrival of the Barbarian
armament at Aphetae, was terrified at the number of
ships that faced him, and, learning that two hundred
ships more were sailing around above Sciathus to cut
off his retreat, desired to proceed by the shortest
route down into Hellas, to get into touch with Pelo-
ponnesus and encompass his fleet with his infantry
forces there, because he thought the power of the
King altogether invincible by sea. Therefore the
Euboeans, fearing lest the Hellenes abandon them
to their fate, held secret conference with Themisto-
cles, and sent Pelagon to him with large sums of
money. This money he took, as Herodotus relates,^
and gave to Eurybiades.
Meeting with most opposition among his fellow-
citizens from Architeles, who was captain on the
saered state galley, and who, because he had no
money to pay the wages of his sailors, was eager to
sail off home, Themistocles incited his crew all the
^ viii. 5.
21
PLUTARCH'S LIVES
6 ft)<TTe TO SetTTVov apiTOLG-aL avvBpa/jL6vTa<;» rov S*
^Ap)(^iT6\ou<; aOvjjbovvTO^ iirl rovro) Koi ^apeco<i
(^epovTO^, elaeTTefX'y^rev o ©ejXiCTTOickrj^ irpo^i avTov
iv Ki(TT7} helirvov ciprcov koI Kpecov, viroOeX^i Karon
TaKavTov apyvpiov koX Kekevaa<i avrov re Bei-
iTvelv iv T& irapovTL KaX fieO^ rjfiepav €7ri,fji€\r]6rjvat
rwv TpirjpiroiV' el Se fxrj, Karaporjaetv avrov
'iTpo<i rov^ rrapovra^; ^ <h<; e^ovro^ apyvpiov irapa
ro)v TrdXejjLLcov. ravra [xev ovv ^avia^ 6 Aicrffio^
eLp7]Kev.
VIIL At he r^evojxevai rore 'irpo<; ra<^ r&v
^ap^dpcov vav<; irepl ra areva fid-^ai Kpicnv fiev
619 ra oka fjieyaXrjv ov/c i7ro[r](Tav, rfj Be iretpa
fieytara tou<; "FjWr)va<i wvrjaav, viro rwv epywv
irapa rov<; klvBvvov^ BLha')(6evra'^, a)9 ovre TrXrjOrj
vecjv ovre koct/jlol kch \afji7rp6rr)re<; eTrccnj/jLcov
ovre Kpavyal KOfirrcoBei^ rj fidp^apoc iraLcive^
€)(^ov(Ti ri Beivov dvBpdaiv eTnara/aivot^ eh ')(^elpa<;
levav real iidyecrOai roXacoaiv, dXka Bel r5)v
roiovrcov Kara(ppoiovpra<; eir avra ra acafxara
<f>epeadai Kal 7rpo<; i/cetva Biaycovl^eaOai, avfi-
2 rrXafC€vra<;. o Brj Kal IltVSa/JO? ov KaKWf;
eoLKe avviBcbv cttI t^9 ev * Aprefuauo fiaxv^
elirelv
"OOl iralBe'^ ^KOavaiwv e/3dXovro (paevvav
KprjirlS* e\evOepia<;'
^PXV J^P oVtco9 rov VLKciv ro dappeZv.
"EcTTt Be rrj^ Evffoia<; to ^Aprepuiaiov virep
rrjv 'Ecrruaiav alyta\o<; eh ^opeav avaireirra-
fjbivo^, avrtreivei 3* avrS> fidXcara t% vtto
^ Trap6vTas Fuhr and Blass with F^S : voXiras.
22
THEMISTOCLES, vii. 6-viii. a
more against him, so that they made a rush upon
him and snatched away his dinner. Then, while
Architeles was feeling dejected and indignant over
this, Themistocles sent him a dinner of bread and
meat in a box at the bottom of which he had put a
talent of silver, and bade him dine without delay,
and on the morrow satisfy his crew ; otherwise he
said he would denounce him publicly as the receiver
of money from the enemy. At any rate, such is the
story of Phanias the Lesbian.
VIII. The battles which were fought at that time
with the ships of the Barbarians in the narrows were
not decisive of the main issue, it is true, but they
were of the greatest service to the Hellenes in giving
them experience, since they were thus taught by
actual achievements in the face of danger that nei-
ther multitudes of ships nor brilliantly decorated
figure-heads nor boastful shouts or barbarous battle-
hymns have any terror for men who know how to
come to close quarters and dare to fight there ; but
that they must despise all such things, rush upon
the very persons of their foes, grapple with them,
and fight it out to the bitter end. Of this Pindar
seems to have been well aware when he said of the
battle of Artemisium : —
"Where Athenians' valiant sons set in radiance
eternal
Liberty's corner-stone." ^
For verily the foundation of victory is courage.
Artemisium is a part of Euboea above Hestiaea,
— a sea-beach stretching away to the north, — and
just about opposite to it lies Olizon, in the territory
» Bergk, Frag. 77.
VOL. II. T> 23
PLUTARCH'S LIVES
^iXoktiJttj yevo/JbivTjt; '^a)pa<; ^OXi^wv. e%64 S^
vaov ov fieyav ^AprefiiSo^ eiriicXrjatv Tipoarjcoa^y 1 1
Koi SevBpa irepX avT(p ire^VKe koI arrjXai Kv/c\q>
XiOov XevKov TreTTTJyaariv 6 Be XlOo'i rrj %6i/ol
Tpiffofjuevo^ Kol XP^^^ '^^'' oo-/z.^z/ KpOKL^ovaav
3 avaUBwa-iv. eV fjLia Be r&v o-ttjXwp iXeyetov ^v
ToBe yeypa/jL/jievov'
JlavToBaTTcbv avBpcav yeveh^ 'Acta? aivo %ft>/)a9
TTolBe^ ^AOijvaicov T&Be iror iv ireXdyei
vavfiaxir) Bafidaavref;, iirel <TTpaTo<; cjXero
M.7]Bo)v,
(T^fiara ravr eOeaav irapOevfp ^ AprefiiBi,
BeiKwrai Be tt}? dfcrrjf; Toiro'; ev ttoXX^ rfj irepi^
Bivl Koviv re^pcoBrj koI fxeXaivav itc jSaOov;
dvaBLBov<;, oddirep irvpiKavaTov, ev oS ra vavdyia
KOI veKpov^ Kavcrat Bokov(tl.
IX. Tcjv fxevTot, irepl %epfjboiTvXa^ eh to
^Apre/ua-Lov dirayyeXXovToav ^ irvdopbevov Aeco-
vLBav re KelaQai kcli Kparelv B^ep^v rwv Kara
yrjv irapoBcov, etaa) t?}? 'EWaSo? dve/co/ii^ovTO,
T&v ^AOrjvaicov eirl iracn Terayfiivrnv Bl dperrjv
Koi [xeya toI<; ireirpayixevoi^; <^povovvT(ov. irapa-
irXeoav Be rrjv X^P^^ ^ SejuncrroKXrj^f yirep
fcardpa-ei^ drayKaia<; koX KaTa(j)vya<; ecopa T0t9
iroXefiioLfi, evexdparre Kara rojv XiOwv eTTKpavi]
2 ypd/jifjuara, rov<; fiev evpi<TK(av drro rvx'H'^i rov<i S'
^ o7ra77eAA(J»'T&jj' Fuhr and Blass with F*S : kvaYyeXOevrtav,
24
THEMISTOCLES, viii. 2-ix. 2
once subject to Philoctetes. It has a small temple
of Artemis sumamed Proseoen, which is surrounded
by trees and enclosed by upright slabs of white
marble. This stone, when you rub it with your
hand, gives off the colour and the odour of saffron.
On one of these slabs the following elegy was
inscribed : —
" Nations of all sorts of men from Asia's boundaries
coming,
Sons of the Athenians once, here on this arm of
the sea.
Whelmed in a battle of ships, and the host of the
Medes was destroyed ;
These are the tokens thereof, built for the Maid
Artemis." ^
And a place is pointed out on the shore, with sea
sand all about it, which supplies from its depths a
dark ashen powder, apparently the product of fire,
and here they are thought to have burned their
wrecks and dead bodies.
IX. However, when they learned by messengers
from Thermopylae to Artemisium that Leonidas was
slain and that Xerxes was master of the pass, they
withdrew further down into Hellas, the Athenians
bringing up the extreme rear because of their
valour, and greatly elated by their achievements.
As Theirtistocles sailed along the coasts, wherever
he sav/ places at which the enemy must necessarily
put in for shelter and supplies, he inscribed con-
spicuous writings on stones, some of which he found
to his hand there by chance, and some he himself
caused to be set near the inviting anchorages and
» Bergk, Poet. Lyr. Oraecit iii.* p. 480.
as
PLUTARCH'S LIVES
auT09 l(TT^<; irepl ra vav\o')(a kol t^<; vSpeta^;,
i'ma-Krj'jrTcov "Ioxtl Sth rayp ypafi/jLaTcov, el jxev
olov T€, fierard^acrOai, 7rpo<; avrov^ irarepa<;
6vTa<; fcal TrpoKLvBvvevovra^ virep t?)? ifcelvoov
ikevdepiaf;, el 8k fitj, xaKovv to ^ap^apixov iv
Tat9 fJidxaL<; KoX a-vvTapdrreiv. ravra S' ^X-
TTi^ev rj /jLeraa-Tija-eiv tou? "lcova<; rj rapd^eiv
v7ro7rTOT6pov<; roi? ^ap^dpoL^ ^yevofievov^.
3 Hep^ov he Sea t?)9 Acopi8o<i dvcoOev ifJu/Sa-
\6vTo^ €t9 Tr)v ^(OKiBa fcal ra rcov ^coKecov da-Trj
TTVpTToXovvTO^ ov 7rpo(Tr)fJbVvav ol ^'EXKr]V€<;,
Kaiirep t5)v ^AOrjvaiayv Seo/nevcov el<; rrjv ^occoTiav
diravTrjaat irpb t?}? ^ArTCKr]<;y cocnrep avrol Kara
ddXarrav iir ^ApTejxicnov ifiorjOrjcrav, /jLr)Sevo<;
8* viraKovovTO^; avroL^, dWa rrj^ HeXoTrovvrjcrov
7repLe')(piMev(ov koI iraaav ivro^ ^ladfiov rrjv
hvvaixLV (hpfjLTj/iivcov avvdyeiv, kol Biareiy^L^ovTcov
4 Tov ^lo-Ofiov eh OdXarrav i/c OaXdTTrj<i, dfia fjuev
opyr} T779 irpoBoaia^ eZ%e T01/9 ^AOrjvalov^, afw,
Be Bvadvp^ia koI KaT7]^eta /JL€/jLOVcofievov<;. fjbd-
')(^eaOai> fiev yap ov BuevoovvTO fivpidai, (TTparov
ToaavTair ^ rjv fiovov dvayKalov iv ray irapov-
Ti, TTjv TToXtv d(f)6VTa<i ifK^vvai Tat9 vavalv, ol
TToXXol p^aXeTTw? 7]kovov, ft)9 fiyre vlk7]<; Beofievoi
jUi7]Te (TcorrjpLav eiriardfjievoL Oecov re lepd koI
irarepMV rjpia TrpolepAvoDV.
X. "Ev^a Br] SejuLKTroKXTji; diropcov roi<; dvOpco-
7rlvoi<i Xoyio-/jLo2<i Trpoadyea-BaL ro 7rXrjOo<;, coairep
26
THEMISTOCLES, ix. 2-x. i
watering places. In these writings he solemnly
enjoined upon the lonians, if it were possible, to
come over to the side of the Athenians, who were
their ancestors, and who were risking all in behalf
of their freedom ; but if they could not do this,
to damage the Barbarian cause in battle, and
bring confusion among them. By this means he
hoped either to fetch the lonians over to his side,
or to confound them by bringing the Barbarians into
suspicion of them.
Although Xerxes had made a raid up through
Doris into Phocis, and was burning the cities of the
Phocians, the Hellenes gave them no succour. The
Athenians, it is true, begged them to go up into
Boeotia against the enemy, and make a stand there
in defence of Attica, as they themselves had gone
up by sea to Artemisium in defence of others. But
no one listened to their appeals. All clung fast to
the Peloponnesus, and were eager to collect all the
forces inside the Isthmus, and were building a
rampart across the Isthmus from sea to sea. Then
the Athenians were seized alike with rage at this
betrayal, and with sullen dejection at their utter
isolation. Of figliting alone with an army of so
many myriads they could not seriously think ; and as
for the only thing left them to do in their emergency,
namely, to give up their city and stick to their ships,
most of them were distressed at the thought, saying
that they neither wanted victory nor understood what
safety could mean if they abandoned to the enemy
the shrines of their gods and the sepulchres of their
fathers.
X. Then indeed it was that Themistocles, despair-
ing of bringing the multitude over to his views by
27
PLUTARCH'S LIVES
iv Tpayq)Bia fjurj^avrjv dpa<i, arifxela Sai/JLovia fcal
'X^prjafjLOVf; iTrrjyev avrol^' <rrjfielov fiev Xafi^dvayv
TO Tov hpoLKOVTO^y 09 o^avrj^ ifC6Lvai<; rah
^fiepai^ ifc TOV arjKOV BokcI yeviadar fcal ra^
Kad' rjixepav avTa> 7rpoTi6€fiiva<; a7rapxa<i evpC-
(TKovre^ a-ylravarovf; ol iepet^y i^rjyyeXkov €t9
Tou? 7roX\ou9, TOV @€fiiaTOK'K6ov<;\6yov BiSovTO<i,
ft)9 aTToXekoiire Tr)v iroXiv r] Oeo^ vcftrjyovfiivrj
2 TT/oo? T^i^ OaXaTTav avToh. t& he Xprjafi^
TToXiv eBrjfuiycayei, Xeycov fir)Bev dWo SrjXovadat
^vXivov T6t%09 ^ Ta9 vav<i' Bib teal ttjv ^aXa/uva
deiav, ov')(l Beifrjv ovBe a')(eTXiav /caXelv tov deov,
(09 €VTV)(^^/JLaTo<i fieydXov tol<; ^'KXXrjaiv iirco-
vvfiov iaofJLevrjv. KpaT^o-a^i Be Trj yvco/jurj yfr^-
(j)cafia ypd^ei, Trjv fjuev iroXiv TrapaKaTuOeaOat
TTJ ^AOijva Ty *A6r}vdcov fieBeovarj, Tov<i B^ ev
TjXiKLa nravTa^ ifi^alveiv eh Ta9 Tpirjpei,^, TralBa^
Be Koi yvvacfcaf; kol dyBpairoBa aco^eiv e/caaTOv
3 0)9 BvvaTov. KVpcoOivTO^ Be tov '\jrr)(p[crfULT0^
ol irXetdTOi TMV ^AOrjvalayv vire^edevTO yeved<i ^
Koi yvvoLKa^ eh Tpoc^ijva, (^iXoTifKOf; irdvv t(op
TpoL^TjvLcov vTroBe^o/jLevoyv' koI yap Tpe(l)ecv eyfrrj- jjy
(plaavTO BrjfjLOo-La, Bvo oySoXou9 eKdaTq) BiB6pTe<;,
/cat T7J<s oirdipafi Xajx^dveiv tov^ iralBaf; e^elvai
^ yivtas Madvig's correction, adopted by Blass : yovias
parents,
28
THEMISTOCLES, x. 1-3
any human reasonings, set up machinery, as it were,
to introduce the gods to them, as a theatrical
manager would for a tragedy, and brought to bear
upon them signs from heaven and oracles. As a
sign from heaven he took the behaviour of the
serpent, which is held to have disappeared about
that time from the sacred enclosure on the Acropolis.
When the priests found that the daily offerings
made to it were left whole and untouched, they
proclaimed to the multitude, — Themistocles putting
the story into their mouths, — that the goddess
had abandoned her city and was showing them their
way to the sea. Moreover, with the well-known
oracle ^ he tried again to win the people over to
his views, saying that its "wooden wall" meant
nothing else than their fleet; and that the god in
this oracle called Salamis " divine," not " dreadful "
nor " cruel," for the very reason that the island
would sometime give its name to a great piece of
good fortune for the Hellenes. At last his opinion
prevailed, and so he introduced a bill providing
that the city be entrusted for safe keeping " to
Athena the patroness of Athens," but that all
the men of military age embark on the triremes,
after finding for their children, wives, and servants,
such safety as each best could. Upon the passage
of this bill, most of the Athenians bestowed their
children and wives in Troezen, where the Troe-
zenians very eagerly welcomed them. They actually
voted to support them at the public cost, allowing
two obols daily to each family, and to permit the
boys to pluck of the vintage fruit everywhere, and
» Herod., vii. 141.
«9
PLUTARCH'S LIVES
irawayoOeVi ert 8' virep avrcov ScSaa/cakoL^; reXeiv
jjnaOov^, TO he 'yjrTJcpLa/jLa '^iKayopa^ ejpayjrev.
4 Ov/c ovTGOV Be Brj/Moalcov '^prj/iaTcov tol^ ^A.9rj-
vaioL^, ^Apt(TTOTe\r}<; fiev (j)r)aL rrjv ef 'Ayoetof
rrrdyov fiovXrjv iropicraaav oktoo Bpax/^o.<; eKaaro)
tS)v (TTpaTevofievcov alricoTarTjv yeviaOat rov
irXrjpcoOi^vai ra<; Tpir)p6L^y KXeLBr]fio<; Be Kol
TOVTO Tou SejjLi(TT0/c\60V<; TTOLeiTac arparijyijfia.
fcarafiaLvovTcov yap et? Heipatd roiv 'AOrjvaleov,
<f)7}alv airo\e(jQai to Vopyoveiov airo t^9 6eov
Tov ayaXfiaTOf;' tov ovv @efit(7T0K\ea irpoar-
TTOiovfievov ^7)T6Lv fcol Biepevvcofievov UTravra
')(^prjfidTO)v dvevpiaKeiv TrXrjOof; iv rat? aTTO-
(TKeval<i dTTOKeKpvfjujjbevov, wv eh fiea-ov KOfita-
OevTwv evTTopija-ai to 1)9 eii^alvovTa^ eh Ta<; vavf;
e<f)oBia)V.
5 'E^TrXeoucri;? Be ttj^; TroXeoj? Toh fxev oIktov
TO Oeafjuay rot? Be Oavp^a t^9 toX/i^? irapel'xe,
yevea^ p^ev dWy it poire p.Tr6vTOiv, avTCov B^ d/cdp.-
TTTcov 7r/)09 olp>coyd<; /cal Bd/cpva yovecov Kal
irepi^oXcif; BtaTrepcovTcov eh ttjv vrjaov, KairoL
iroXkol p,€V Bca yrjpa^ vTroXeLTrojiievoi, tmv iroXiTcav
eXeov el^ov rjv Be rt? ical diro tS3V rjpApcov /cal
(TVVTp6(pQ)V ^(i>(ov eTTLKXCiaa yXvfcvOvpLia, p,eT
fjDpvyr]<; kcu ttoOov avp^TrapaOeovTcov ip,/3aivovac
6 Toh eavTa>v Tpo(f)evai,v. iv oh laTopeoTat /cvcov
'B^avGiTTTTOV TOV Ilepi/cXeov<; Trarpo? ovk dva-
(ryopjevo^i Tr)v air avTOv pLovaxTLV ivaXeaOai ttj
daXdTTTj KoX Ty Tpitjpei irapavrj^opsvo^ ixireaeiv
30
THEMISTOCLES, x. 3-6
besides to hire teachers for them. The bill was
introduced by a man whose name was Nicagoras.
Since the Athenians had no public moneys in hand,
it was the Senate of Areiopagus, according to Aristotle,
which provided each of the men who embarked with
eight drachmas, and so was most instrumental in man-
ning the triremes; but Cleidemus represents this too as
the result of an artifice of Themistocles. He says
that when the Athenians were going down to the
Piraeus and abandoning their city, the Gorgon's head
was lost from the image of the goddess ; and then
Themistocles, pretending to search for it, and
ransacking everything, thereby discovered an
abundance of money hidden away in the baggage,
which had only to be confiscated, and the crews
of the ships were well provided with rations and
wages.
When the entire city was thus putting out to sea,
the sight provoked pity in some, and in others
astonishment at the hardihood of the step ; for they
were sending off their families in one direction,
while they themselves, unmoved by the lamentations
and tears and embraces of their loved ones, were
crossing over to the island where the enemy was to
be fought. Besides, many who were left behind
on account of their great age invited pity also,
and much affecting fondness was shown by the
tame domestic animals, which ran along with
yearning cries of distress by the side of their
masters as they embarked. A story is told of one
of these, the dog of Xanthippus the father of
Pericles, how he could not endure to be abandoned
by his master, and so sprang into the sea, swam
across the strait by the side of his master's trireme,
31
PLUTARCH'S LIVES
et9 TTfv ^aXa/Mva koX XtiroOvfirjaa'^ arroOavelv
6vOv<i' ov Kol TO SeiKPVfievov dxpi' vvv koX koXov-
fjuevov Kvvo<i arjjma Td(j)Ov elvai \eyovai.
XL TavTo. T€ Brj fjLeyaXa rod Se/jLLaTOKXeov^,
Kot T0U9 TToXira^ aladofievo^i iroOovura^ 'A/?t-
(TT6iBr}V Kol BeBioTa^i, fir) 5t* opyrjv rw fiap^dpo)
irpocrOeh kavrov dvarpi-ylrrj ra irpdyixara t^9
'EXXaSo? {i^wdTpaKLaTO yap irpo rov TroXifiov
KaraaTacnaadel^i viro ^efiiaroKkeov^), ypdf^ei.
yjnjcpKTfjba, rol^ iirX 'X^povcp fiedearcjaiv i^elvai
KarekdoixTL TrpdrreLV kol \eyeiv to. ^ekTiara Trj
^RXkdBi, /jLerd tcov a\Xoi)v iroXtrSyv.
2 ^vpv^tdBov he rrjv fiev r)yefjLOVLav tcov vecov
e%oi/T09 Sia TO T^9 X7rdpTr)<i d^lcofia, fJuaXaKOv
Be. irepl tov kivBvvov 6vto<;, alpetv Be PovXofievov
KOi ifKelv iirl rov ^laOfiov, qttov /col to ire^ov
rjdpoLOTTO T&v UeXoTTOVvrjaicov, 6 SefjLia-TOKXrjff
avriXeyev ore kol ra fjbvrjfiovevo/jueva Xey67Jval
(f>aac. TOV yap Rvpu^tdBov 7rpo9 avrov el-
irovro^' "'XI ©efiiaTOKXei^y ev toI<; dywac tol'9
TTpoe^avia-Tafievov^ pairi^ovaiy^ " Nat," elirev 6
%6fiLaT0KXrj<;y " aSXa tol'9 diroXetf^OevTa'i ov
3 arecfyavovacv,** eirapafievov Be rrjv jSafCTrjpiav &)9
Trard^ovTo^i, 6 Se/jLiaTOfcXrj^; 6(f>7}' " ndra^ov fiev,
a/covaov BeJ* Oav/jLdo-avTO<i Be Trjv Trpaorrfra
TOV Etvpv^tdBov fcal Xeyecv KeXevaavTO<it 6 fiev
Se/jLKTTOKXrjfi dvrjyev avrov errl rov Xoyov, el-
TTOvro^ Be Tivo<;, 0)9 dvrjp drroXi^ ovk 6p6S)<i
BiBdaKei T0U9 exovra<i eyKaraXiTTelv xal irpoeaOat
3,2
THEMISTOCLES, x. 6-xi. 3
and staggered out on Salamls^ only to faint and die
straightway. They say that the spot which is
pointed out to this day as " Dog's Mound " is his
tomb.
XI. These were surely great achievements of
Themistocles, but there was a greater still to come.
When he saw that the citizens yearned for Aristides,
and feared lest out of wrath he might join himself to
the Barbarian and so subvert the cause of Hellas, — he
had been ostracized before the war in consequence of
political defeat at the hands of Themistocles,^ — he
introduced a bill providing that those who had been
removed for a time be permitted to return home and
devote their best powers to the service of Hellas
along with the other citizens.
When Eurybiades, who had the command of the
fleet on account of the superior claims of Spai-ta, but
who was faint-hearted in time of danger, wished to
hoist sail and make for the Isthmus, where the
infantry also of the Peloponnesians had been assem-
bled, it was Themistocles who spoke against it, and
it was then, they say, that these memorable sayings
of his were uttered. When Eurybiades said to him,
" Themistocles, at the games those who start too
soon get a caning," "Yes," said Themistocles, " but
those who lag behind get no crown." And when
Eurybiades lifted up his staff as though to smite him, "
Themistocles said : '' Smite, but hear me." Then
Eurybiades was struck with admiration at his calm-
ness, and bade him speak, and Themistocles tried to
bring him back to his own position. But on a
certain one saying that a man without a city had no
business to advise men who still had cities of their own
* Cf. chap. \.fin.
PLUTARCH'S LIVES
T^9 irarpiha^t 6 Se/JLicrroKXr]^ iTno-rpi-^jra^; rov
4 \6yov' " 'H/Aei9 roi," elirev, " w jjboxOrjpi, ra? fiev
olfcia^; Kol TO. rel'^rj KaraXeXoiirafiev, ovk a^i-
ovvT€<; dyjrv^cov eveKa BovXevetv, ttoXi^ B* 'r)fuv
€(rTi /jL€yL(TTrj T03V ^^IXXrjvihoiVi al SLaKoaiac
TptTjpeifj, at vvv fiep vfuv irapea-rdat I3oy]0ol
(Too^eaOaL 5t' avTMV ^oyXofxevoLf;, el 8' dircre
hevrepov r)fid<i Tr/^oSoz^re?, avri/ca Treucrerat rt? 'E\-
Xrjvcov ^AOrjvaiov; koI ttoXiv iXevdipav kol %a>/)ai/
6 ov 'X^lpova K€KTr)ijLivov<; 979 diriffaXov.*^ ravTa
Tov S6fjLi(TrofcXeov<; elir6vT0<; evvoia kol Seo9 ea^e
Tov ¥iVpvl3LdBr)p TMv ^KOrjvaiwVy /xrj (T(f)d<; diro-
XeiirovTe^ oX'^ovrai. rov 3' *EpeTpL6(o<; Treipco- 118
fjbivov Ti Xeyeiv irpo^ avroVy **'H ydp,^^ e^V* " ^^''
vfilv irrepl iroXepuov Tt9 eVri Xoyo^;, ot fcaOdirep al
revOiSef; pd^aipap fiev e^ere, KapSlav Be ovk
XII. AiyeTai S' vtto tcvqjv rov p^ev %ep,i(TTo-
KXea Trepl tovtcov diro rov KaTaaTpcopaTO<^
dvooOev Tr]<^ V6cb<; BiaXiyeaOai, yXavKa 8' 6(l)9t]vaL
BtaTreropivrjv diro he^id^ rcov vecov Kal rol^
Kap^r]crLoc<i iTTiKaOi^ovaav Bio Brj Kal paXccrra
irpoaiOevTo rrj yvcop^rj /cal Trapeafcevd^ovTo vav-
2 p,axn^ovTef;. dXX' eTrel to)v TroXefiicov 6 re
crTo\o9 ry ^Attlkt} Kara rb ^aXrjpiKov TTpoo-'
(f)6p6p,evo<; Toi'9 rrrept^ direKpy^ev alytaXov'^,
avr6<! re I3aat7<£v^ p,erd tov ire^ov arparov
Kara^d^i iirl ttjv OdXarrav dOpov<; axfyOrj, rS)v
Be Bwdp^ewv ojjlov yevopAvcoVt e^eppvrjo-av ol rov
SefjbLcrroKX€ov<; Xoyoi rcov 'FtXXrjvcov /cat rrdXtv
errdinaLvov ol YleXoirovvriaLOi, 7rpb<; rov ^Ia-6fi6v,
34
THEMISTOCLES, xi. 3-xii. 2
to abandon and betray them, Themistocles addressed
his speech with emphasis to him, saying : " It is true,
thou wretch, that we have left behind us our houses
and our city walls, not deeming it meet for the sake
of such lifeless things to be in subjection ; but
we still have a city, the greatest in Hellas, our two
hundred triremes, which now are ready to aid you if
you choose to be saved by them ; but if you go 06F
and betray us for the second time, straightway many
a Hellene will learn that the Athenians have won for
themselves a city that is free and a territory that is
far better than the one they cast aside." When
Themistocles said this, Eurybiades began to reflect,
and was seized with fear lest the Athenians go away
and abandon him. And again, when the Eretrian tried
to argue somewhat against him, " Indeed ! " said he,
" what argument can ye make about war, who, like
the cuttle-fish, have a long pouch in the place where
your heart ought to be ? "
XII. Some tell the story that while Themistocles
was thus speaking from off the deck of his ship, an
owl was seen to fly through the fleet from the right
and alight in his rigging; wherefore his hearers
espoused his opinion most eagerly and prepared to
do battle with their ships. But soon the enemy's
armament beset the coast of Attica down to the
haven of Phalerum, so as to hide from view the
neighbouring shores ; then the King in person with
his infantry came down to the sea, so that he could
be seen with all his hosts ; and presently, in view of
this junction of hostile forces, the words of Themis-
tocles ebbed out of the minds of the Hellenes, and
the Peloponnesians again turned their eyes wistfully
towards the Isthmus and were vexed if any one spake
35
PLUTARCH'S LIVES
€t Tf9 dWo Ti \eyot ')(^a\€7ratvovTe<;, iSoxei S^ t?}9
vvkt6<; a'iTO')(a>pelv koX iraprjyyiWero ttXoi)? toU
3 Kv^epvtjTaiff, evda Brj jSapewf; <j)6p(ov 6 ©eyLtt-
<TT0K\7J<;y el rr)v airo tov tottov koX twv arevoov
7rp06fjL6P0t> ^orjOeiav ol "^\Xrjve<; BcaXvOija-ovrat
Kara TroXet?, iffovXevero xal (TvverLdei rrjv irepl
TOV Xlkivvov Trpayfiareiav,
*Hi/ 8e Tw fjL€v yevci Uepa-Tjt; 6 %LKt,vvo<;f alxfJM-
\&)T09, €vvov<i Be rw SefiLcrroKXel koI t5)V reKVcav
4 avTOv iravBayoayo^. ov eKTrep^iret 7rpo9 rov
B.ep^rjv Kpv(j>a, KeXevaa^ Xeyeiv, on ^ejjLKTTOKXri^
6 Twv ^Adrjvaioyv o-rparrjyo^i alpovfievo^; rh ^a-
cnXeco<; e^ayyeXXeo tt^wto? avrcp tou? "EW^/ra?
airoBiBpaaKovra^, koI SiaKeXeverat /jltj Trapeivat
(f>vyeLV avToh, aXV iv (o rapdrrovTac t(ov ire^&v
X'^P^^ ovTe<; €7ri0ea-0ai kol Bia^Oelpai rrjv vavTi-
5 K7JV Suva/JLiv. ravra S' o Hep^r)*; eo? aTT* evvoia';
XeXeyfJbeva Be^afxevo^ rjaOrj, koI TeXo<; evdv^
e^e<^epe 7rpo<; tou? r)yefi6va<; tmv vecov, ra? fiev
aXXa<; TrXrjpovv Ka0* rja-vxiciv, BiaKocriai<; B*
avaxpevra^ rjBrj TreptffaXeaOai top iropov ev
KVfcXo) TrdvTa kol Bia^wa-ai, ra? vrjaov^, otto)?
eK(f)vyoi /jLr]Bel<; tcjv TroXe/jLiayv.
6 TovTcov Be TTpaTTOfievcov ^ApiaT€[B7j<; 6 Aval'
fid^ov 'TTpcoTO^ alffdofievo^ rJKev eirl ttjv (Tktjvtjv
TOV S€/iMi(TTOKXeov<i, ovK o)u <j)bXo<;f dXXa kol Bi
e/ceivov i^coGTpaKtcTfievo^, wairep eipijTar irpoeX-
OovTi Be T& %e/jbi,(7T0KXel <f)pd^€c ttjv KVKXaxnv.
6 Be Trfv T€ aXXr)v KaXoKayaOiav tov dvBpo^
36
THEMISTOCLES, xu. 2-6
of any other course ; nay, they actually decided to
withdraw from their position in the night, and orders
for the voyage were issued to the pilots. Such was
the crisis when Themistocles, distressed to think that
the Hellenes should abandon the advantages to be
had from the narrowness of the straits wliere they
lay united, and break up into detachments by cities,
planned and concocted the famous affair of Sicinnus.
This Sicinnus was of Persian stock, a prisoner of
war, but devoted to Themistocles, and the paeda-
gogue of his children. This man was sent to Xerxes
secretly with orders to say : " Themistocles the Athe-
nian general elects the King's cause, and is the first
one to announce to him that the Hellenes are trying
to slip away, and urgently bids him not to suffer
them to escape, but, while they are in confusion and
separated from their infantry, to set upon them and
destroy their naval power." Xerxes received this as
the message of one who wished him well, and was
delighted, and at once issued positive orders to the
captains of his ships to man the main body of the
fleet at their leisure, but with two hundred ships to
put out to sea at once, and encompass the strait
round about on every side, including the islands in
their line of blockade, that not one of the enemy
might escape.
While this was going on, Aristides the son of
Lysimachus, who was the first to perceive it, came to
the tent of Themistocles, who was no friend of his,
nay, through whom he had even been ostracized, as
I have said ; and when Themistocles came forth from
the tent, Aristides told him how the enemy sur-
rounded them. Themistocles, knowing the tried
nobility of the man, and filled with admiration for
3^:
PLUTARCH'S LIVES
etSft>9 KoX tt}? Tore Trapovaia^i aydfievo^ \eyei
TO, irepX Tov ^LKivvov avro) kolI irapeKoKeL rS)V
^^Wrjvwv (TweTTtXafi^dveadaL koI avfiirpoOvjJLel-
adai TTLo-Ttv eXoPTa fidWov, ottco^; ev rot? (JTevol^
vavfiax/iawaLV. 6 fiev ovv 'ApicrretST;? iTraiviaa*;
rov Sep^iaroKXea roif^ dXkovf; iiryet a-rpa-
T7770V9 Kal rpC7}pdpxov<; iwl ttjv p^dx^jv irapo-
^vvcov. €TL 8' oyLtG)? dinaTOvvTwv i(j)dvr} Trivia
Tpi7]p7j<; avTop^oXo^y rj<i evavdpxei TIavaLTio<;,
dirayyeXkovcra ttjv kvk\w(jlv, wo-re koI Ovp,^
T0U9 "FiW7]va9 opfjLTJaac fiera t^9 dvd<y/cr]<; tt/jo?
TOV KivBvvov.
XIII. "Kp.a 5' r}pLepa Hep^rj^ pAv dvco /caOrjaro
TOV (TTokov iiroTTTevcov Kal TTJV TrapdTa^iv, o)?
p>ev ^avo^rjpLo^; (pTjaiv, virep to ^HpdKXetov, fj
^paxel TTOpfp Bi6Lpy€Tai ttj^ ^A-ttlkyj^; rj vr](To^,
ft)9 3' *AKeaT6Bcopo<:, ev puedoplw t^9 yieyapiho<i
virep Tojv KoXovpevayv K.6pdTcov, XP^^^^^ Sc^pov
Oepuevo^ KCLi ypapupaTel^ ttoWov^ TrapaaTTj-
(rdp.evo'^i wv epyov rjv diroypd^eadai tcl kuto, ttjv
puaxw 'TrpaTTop.eva.
%epiGTOKkel he irapd ttjv vavapxi'Ba Tpitjpr)
cr<f)ayLa^op.ev(p Tpel^f irpoo-yxOrja-av alxP'dXcoToi,,
KaWiaTOL p,6V ISicrOai ttjv oyjriv, ecrOrjo-i he Koi
Xpy(^^ K€Koap.7]p.evoi BtaTTpeircjf;. iXiyovTO Se
XavBavK7j<; 7raiB€<i elvat ttj^ jSaaiXicof; dBeX(f)ij<;
Kal ^ApTavKTOV. tovtov<; ISmv ^v<^pavTiBrj<; 6
/jLdvTt<;, ft)9 dp,a pLev dviXap^-^ev eK tcov lepoiv
pLeya Kal irepLcjiavh irvp, dpba he wTapp^o^ ^''^ 119
38
THEMISTOCLES, xii. 6-xiii. s
his coming at that time, told him all about the
Sicinnus matter, and besought him to join in this
desperate attempt to keep the Hellenes where they
were, — admitting that he had the greater credit
with them, — in order that they might make their
sea-fight in the narrows. Aristides, accordingly,
after bestowing praise upon Tliemistocles for his
stratagem, went round to the other generals and
trierarchs inciting them on to battle. And while
they were still incredulous in spite of all, a Tenian
trireme appeared, a deserter from the enemy, in
command of Panaetius, and told how the enemy
surrounded them, so that with a courage born of
necessity the Hellenes set out to confront the danger.
Xni. At break of day, Xerxes was seated on a
high place and overlooking the disposition of his
armament. This place was, according to Phanode-
mus, above the Heracleium, where only a narrow
passage separates the island from Attica ; but accord-
ing to Acestodorus, it was in the border-land of
Megara, above the so-called "Horns." Here a
gilded throne had been set for him at his command,
and many secretaries stationed near at hand, whose
task it was to make due record of all that was done
in the battle.
But Themistocles was sacrificing alongside the
admiral's trireme. There three prisoners of war
were brought to him, of visage most beautiful to
behold, conspicuously adorned with raiment and with
gold. They were said to be the sons of Sandauce,
the King's sister, and Artayctus. When Euphran-
tides the seer caught sight of them, since at one and
that same moment a great and glaring flame shot up
from the sacrificial victims and a sneeze gave forth
39
PLUTARCH'S LIVES
Se^icov i<rriiJb7]vey rov ®€fii,<TTOK\ea Be^icocrdfievo^
eKeXevae tcov veavtcKcov Kardp^aaOat koI KaOie-
pevaav irdvra^i oyfirja-rfj Atovvao) •npoa-ev^dfievov
ovT(o yap djxa (rcoTqplav re koX vi/crjv eaeaOai
Toh "EXXr}(Ttv, ifcirXayevTO^ he rov Se/uaro-
k\€ov<; q)9 /jieya to /jbdvTevfia koX Betvov, olov
emdev iv /ji6yd\,0L<; dyaxn koI irpdyfxacrt %aX€-
TTot?, jxaXkov CK TCOV irapakoycov rj rcov evkoywv
TTjv acoTrjplav iXiri^ovTe'^ ol iroKkol tov Oeov d/jua
KOLVfj KaTCKaXoVVTO (jiCOVTJ Kol TOU? al)(/JLa\oi)TOV<;
Tft) ^(Ofio) 7rpoaayay6vTe<; r)vdyKaaav, ew? o fiavri^
ifceXevae, ttjv Ovaiav avvreXeadrjvai, ravra
fiev ovv dvrjp (j)iX6ao<l)o<; koI ypafi/judToyv ovk
direipo^ laTopiKCdv ^avia<; 6 Kea^io^ etprj/ce.
XIV. Uepl Be TOV ttXiJOov^ tmv ^ap^apiKwv
vecdv Kl<T')(yXo<; 6 irotr}Tr)<; ft)9 av €lBco<; koX Bia^e-
ffaLOv/jL€VO<; iv TpaycoBia Ilepa'ai<; Xiyet TavTa'
"Bep^rj Be, Kal yap olBa, p^tXta? /juev rjv
0)V rjye ^ TrXrjdot;' at 8' vTripKOfiTTov Td')(€i,
eKarov Bl<i ^aav kirTa 6*' (wS* €%€i Xoyo%.
TMV B^ *AttckS>v eKarov oyBorjKovra to irXrido^
ovacov eKaa-TT] tov<; drro tov KaTa(rTp(o/iiaro<;
/jLa'x,o/JLevov<; oKTcoKalBsKa el'y^evy cov TO^OTai Tea-
(Tape<; rjaav, ol Xotirol B' oirXlTai.
AoKel B* OVK rJTTov ev tov Kaipov 6 SefML-
(7T0KXrj<i rj TOV TOTTov (TVviBwv Kol <^vXd^a<;
/jLTf TTpoTepov dvTi7rpa)pov<; KaTacTTrjaai rat?
^apl3apiKal<i Ta<; Tpiijpei,^, rj ttjv elwdvlav
^ UP Jiye Fuhr and Blass with Aeschylus : veoip rh.
49.
THEMISTOCLES, xiii. 2-xiv. 2
its good omen on the right, he clasped Themistocles
by the hand and bade him consecrate the youths,
and sacrifice them all to Dionysus Carnivorous, with
prayers of supplication ; for on this wise would the
Hellenes have a saving victory. Themistocles was
terrified, feeling that the word of the seer was mon-
strous and shocking ; but the multitude, who, as is
wont to be the case in great struggles and severe
crises, looked for safety rather from unreasonable
than from reasonable measures, invoked the god
with one voice, dragged the prisoners to the altar,
and compelled the fulfilment of the sacrifice, as the
seer commanded. At any rate, this is what Phanias
the Lesbian says, and he was a philosopher, and well
acquainted with historical literature.
XIV. As regards the number of the Barbarian
ships, Aeschylus the poet, in his tragedy of " The
Persians," as though from personal and positive
knowledge, says this : —
" But Xerxes, and I surely know, had a thousand
ships
In number under him ; those of surpassing speed
Were twice five score beside and seven ; so stands
the count." ^
The Attic ships were one hundred and jeighty in
number, and each had eighteen men to fight upon
the decks, of whom four were archers and the rest
men-at-arms.
Themistocles is thought to have divined the best
time for fighting with no less success than the best
place, inasmuch as he took care not to send his tri-
remes bow on against the Barbarian vessels until the
» Verses 341-343 (Dindorf).
41
PLUTARCH'S LIVES
Mpav irapafyeveadai, to irvevfjua Xafiirpov ck
ireXdyovi ael koI KVfia Blo, tmv crrevSiv Kara-
yovcrav h Ta<; fiev ^FXXrjviKa^ ovk e^Xarrre vav^
aXtreveU ovaa^ koI raireLvorepa^, ra? Be ffapfia-
piKa<i TOL^ T6 irpvpLvai^ avearwaa^ Koi toI<; Kara-
arpcofiaa-tv v'^op6<^ovf; koI fiapeuaf; iiri^epofieva^
€(T(f)aW6 'rrpoairliTTov teal nrapehiBov 7r\ay[a^
ToU ''^Xkrja-iv 6^6(0^ 'jTpo(T<f)epo[ievov^ Koi tw
%ep.LaTOic\el Trpoa-exova-iv, o)? opcovTV pLaXtara
3 TO avpb(p€pov, KOI OTL KttT* iKelvov Hip^ov
vavap'xp^ 'Api,apbev7]<; vavv eycov fieyaXijv coairep
diro T€t^oi;9 iro^eve /cat rj/covn^ev, dvrjp djaOof;
MV KCLi tS)v fiacn\ico<i dSeXipcov ttoXv KpanaTo^;
re KoX BiKatoraro^i, rovrov pLcv ovv 'Ap.€tVLa<; 6
AeKeXev<i koX ^cokXtj^ 6 Yiaiaviev^ ^ opbov irXeovre^,
C09 at vTje^ dvTL7rpG)pot irpoairecrovaai koX avve-
peiaaaat rol^ yoKKonp^ao-iv evea'xedr](TaVi iin-
fiaivovTa rrj^ avrcop rpLijpovf; v7roaTdvTe<; koi
Tot? BopacTi rv7rT0VT€<i eh rrjv OdXdacrav e^e-
jSaXov Kal TO aSypLa pbeT dXXcov Biacfiepopievov
vavayiwv *ApT€fii(TLa ryvcopiaaaa tt/oo? B,ep^7]p
dvijvey/cev.
XV. 'Ei^ Be TOVTO) Tov dr/a)VO(; ovto^ <^co9 pev
eKXdp^^Jrac pueya Xeyovaiv ^^XevcnvoOev, rj-^ov Be
Kal cjycourjv to Spidaiov Kare^eiv TreBiov d')(pL
6aXdTTr)<;, ft)9 dv6 poDircdv opLOV iroXXoiv tov pLvari-
Kov e^ayovTcov "Ia/t%oz;. e/c Be tov tcXtjOov^^
TMV (j)0 eyy opievcov Kara puKpov diro yrj<; dva(j)e-
popievov ve(f)o<; eBo^ev avOi^ virovoaretv Kal Kara-
(TKYjiTTeLv eh Td<; Tpirjpei^;. ^Tepot Be (pdcrpuaTa
^ Uaiaviehs correction of Blass : lleSifhs.
49
THEMISTOCLES, xiv. 2-xv. i
hour of the day had come which always brought the
breeze fresh from the sea and a swell rolling
through the strait. This breeze wrought no harm
to the Hellenic ships, since they lay low in the
water and were rather small ; but for the Barbarian
ships, with their towering sterns and lofty decks and
sluggish movements in getting under way, it was
fatal, since it smote them and slewed them round
broadside to the Hellenes, who set upon them
sharply, keeping their eyes on Themistocles, because
they thought he saw best what was to be done, and
because confronting him was the admiral of Xerxes,
Arianienes, who being on a great ship, kept shooting
arrows and javelins as though from a city wall, —
brave man that he was, by far the strongest and
most just of the King's brothers. It was upon him
that Ameinias the Deceleian and Socles the Paeanian
bore down, — they being together on one ship, — and
as the two ships struck each other bow on, crashed
together, and hung fast by their bronze beaks, he
tried to board their trireme ; but they faced him,
smote him with their spears, and hurled him into
the sea. His body, as it drifted about with other
wreckage, was recognised by Artemisia, who had it
carried to Xerxes.
XV. At this stage of the struggle they say that a
great light flamed out from Eleusis, and an echoing
cry filled the Thriasian plain down to the sea, as of
multitudes of men together conducting the mystic
lacchus in procession. Then out of the shouting
throng a cloud seemed to lift itself slowly from the
earth, pass out seawards, and settle down upon the
triremes. Others fancied they saw apparitions and
43
PLUTARCH'S LIVES
Kol €iBo)Xa Kadopav eSo^av ivoirXayv dvBpoov dir*
AlyLV7)<i ra^ X^^P^'* dvexovTcov irpb Tcav 'EtWrjvtKcjv
TpiTjpcjv ov<; eXica^ov AlaKLBa<; elvai irapaKeKKr)-
fievovf; eu^at? irpo rrjf; fidxv^ ^'^i' '^hv ^orjdeiav.
2 IlyowTO? p^ev ovv Xap^dvet vavv AvKopT]Srj<i,
dvrjp ^AOrjvaio^ rpcrjpapxcov, rj<; r^ irapdarjpu
irepvKO'^a^ dvidrjKep ^AttoWcovi ha<f)Vif)(f)6p(p ^Xv-
rj<nv. ol B' dXXoi. Tot9 ^ap^dpoi^ i^caovp^voi
TO 7r\r]do<; iv arevw Kara pepo^i irpocrc^epop.evov'i
Kol irepnriirTOvra'i d\K'q\oi,<i irpi'^avTo, p>ixP''
BelXr^^i dvTiax6vTa<:, &)? etprjKe %ip.(oviB7jf;, tt)p
KaXrjv €K6ivrjv Koi Trepi^orjTov dpapuevot viicqv,
rj(; 01)6* "EiW7}(TLv 0VT6 ^apPdpoL<; ivdXtov epyov
etpyacTTaL \ap.7rp6T€pov, dvBpeia pev kol irpoOvpia
Koivy t5)v vavpuxv^^^T^^* yvQ)p>y Bk fcal Beivo-
TrjTL ry^ Sep,iaTO/c\eov<i,
XVI. Mera B^ Tr)v vavpiax^CLv Hep^rj^ pJev en 120
dvpopux^ov Trpofi Trjv dirorev^tv iirex^Lpei Bid
'X^copudrajv iirdyeiv to iretpv Toh '^EXkrjaiv €l<:
%a.\aplva, €p.(f>pd^a^ top Bid pbiaov iropov Sepia-
T0/c\rj<i S* d'7ro7reipa>p,evo^ ^ApiaTeiBov Xoytp
yvoop^rjv eiroielTO Xveiv to ^evypua Toi^ vavalv
eirnrKevaavTa'^ eh ^RWijcnrovTOv, ''"Oirca^^^
60?/, " Tr]v ^Aaiav iv tt} FiVpcoTrrf Xdffcop^v.^'
i Bvax^pci^POPTOf; Be tov ^ApiGTelBov /cat XeyovTO<;
OTi, " Nw pev Tpv(f>o}vTi TM ^apfidpo) ireiroXep,!^
fcapuep, dp Be KaTaKXeicrcopLep eU ttjv *EXXdBa
Kul icaTaaTrj(T(op,ep eh dvdyKrjv vtto Beov<i dpBpa
TrfXiKovTOiP Bvpdpeayp Kvpiop, ovkcti KaOijpepo^
^ SeivSr-nri rp Fuhr and Blass with S : SctvJri^ri.
44
THEM ISTOCLES, xv. i -xvi. 2
shapes of armed men coming from Aegina with their
hands stretched out to protect the Hellenic triremes.
These, they conjectured, were the Aeacidae, who
had been prayerfully invoked before the battle to
come to their aid.^
Now the first man to capture an enemy's ship was
Lycomedes, an Athenian captain, who cut off its
figure-head and dedicated it to Apollo the Laurel-
bearer at Phlya. Then the rest, put on an equality
in numbers with their foes, because the Barbarians
had to attack them by detachments in the narrow
strait and so ran foul of one another, routed them,
though they resisted till the evening drew on, and
thus " bore away," as Simonides says,^ "that fair and
notorious victory, than which no more brilliant ex-
ploit was ever performed upon the sea, either by
Hellenes or Barbarians, through the manly valour
and common ardour of all who fought their ships,
but through the clever judgment of Themistocles."
XVI. After the sea-fight, Xerxes, still furious at
his failure, undertook to cany moles out into the sea
on which he could lead his infantry across to Salamis
against the Hellenes, damming up the intervening
strait. But Themistocles, merely by way of sound-
ing Aristides, proposed, as though he were in
earnest, to sail with the fleet to the Hellespont and
break the span of boats there, "in order," said he,
" that we may capture Asia in Europe." Aristides,
Jiowever, was displeased with the scheme and said :
" Now indeed the Barbarian with whom we have
fought consults his ease and pleasure, but should we
shut up in Hellas and bring under fearful compul-
sion a man who is lord of such vast forces, he will
1 Ilerod. viii. 64. ^ Bergk, Poet. Lyr. Graeci, iii.* p. 423.
45
PLUTARCH'S LIVES
VTTO (TKidBt XP^^V ^edcrerai rrjv fid^V^ i<p'
rjavxia^i dWa iravra toX/jlmv koL Trdaiv avT6<;
irapoDV Sid tov klvBvvov iTravopOcocrerai rd Trapet-
fieva Kol ^ovkevaerai fiiXriov virep t(ov oXcov
3 ov TTjv ovaav ovi/," e<f r;, " Set ^ecjivpav, w Se/jui-
cTTOAcXet?, Vf^^ dvaipelv, aXV erepav, eXirep olov
T€, 7rpo(rKaTa(TK€vd(TavTa<; eK^aXetv Sid rdxpv'i
TOV dvOpCOTTOV e/C T7J9 FtVpCOTTT)^.*^ " OvKOVv"
elirev 6 SefjLKrTOfcXrjf;, *' el Soxet ravra (rvficpepetv,
copa aKOirelv koI fiTj^dvacrOai Trdvra^i rj^<i,
oTTco^; dTTaWary^aeTai tt)v Ta^ff^Trfv i/e t^9
'EXXaSo9."
4 'ETret Se ravTa eSo^e, irefiirei Tivd t&v ^acriki-
Kwv evvovx^v iv rot? al'XJJ'CiXcoroi<i dveupcov,
^Apvdfcrjv ovofia, (ppd^eiv ^aaikel KeXevaa^, on
TOi? fxev "FiWtjo-i SeSo/crai Tcp vavTcxS KeKparr]-
K6ra<; dvaTrXeiu 6^9 tov 'EXXt^o-ttoi^toi/ iirl to
^evyfia koI Xveiv rrjv <ye(j>vpav, S€/jLLaTo/€\rj<; Se
KrjSofievof; ^acrikeay^ irapaivel (TirevSeiV iirl rrjv
eavTov OdXarrav kol TrepaiovaSai, fjuexpt'^ avro^
i/jLTToiei TLva^ Siarpi^d^; T0t9 a-vfifid^oi^; xal
5 fjLeWT]cr€i<; 7rpo<! Trjv Slco^iv. ravB* 6 ^dp^apo<i
dK0V(7a<; koX fyev6[jLevo<i irepl^o^o<; Sid rdxpy^
iiroLeLTO rrjv ai^a^copT^crii/. kol irelpav t) %eyi,i-
GTOKkkov^ KoX ^KpLareLSov ^povrjcrifi iv MapSovio)
irapecrxev, elye iroXKoarr^^picp rrj^ 'Bip^ov Svvd-
fX€(o<i Siaycovcadfxevoi UXaratdaiv eh tov irepX
Tcov oXcov KivSvvov KariaTTjaav.
XVIL UoXecov fievovvTrjv AlycvrjTcov dpcaTev-
cral (f)r](Tiv 'H/00S0T09, SefitaTOKXei Se, Kaiirep
46
THEMISTOCLES, xvi. 2-xvii. i
no longer sit under a golden parasol to view the
spectacle of the battle at his ease^ but he will dare
all things, and, superintending everything in person,
because of his peril, will rectify his previous remiss-
ness and take better counsel for the highest issues
thus at stake. We must not, then," said he, " tear
down the bridge that is already there, Themistocles,
nay rather, we must build another alongside it, if
that be possible, and cast the fellow out of Europe
in a huiTy." " Well, then," said Themistocles, " if
that is what is thought for the best, it is high time
for us all to be studying and inventing a way to get
him out of Hellas by the speediest route."
As soon as this policy had been adopted, he sent a
certain royal eunuch whom he discovered among the
prisoners of war, by name Amaces, with orders to
tell the King that the Hellenes had decided, since
their fleet now controlled the sea, to sail up into the
Hellespont, where the strait was spanned, and
destroy the bridge; but that Themistocles, out of
regard for the King, urged him to hasten into home
waters and fetch his forces across; he himself, he
said, would cause the allies all sorts of delays and
postponements in their pursuit. No sooner did the
Barbarian hear this than he was seized with ex-
ceeding fear and speedily began his retreat. This
thoughtful prudence on the part of Themistocles and
Aristides was afterwards justified by the campaign
with Mardonius, since, although they fought at
Plataea with the merest fraction of the armies of
Xerxes, they yet staked their all upon the issue.
XYII. Among the cities, now, Herodotus^ says
that Aegina bore away the prize of valour; but
1 Tiii. 03.
47
PLUTARCH'S LIVES
aK0VT6<i VTTO (jiOovov, TO irpcoretov aireBoa-av
a7ravT€<;, iirel yap dva'^cop^aravT€<; 6t9 rbv
^laO/jLov airb tov ^co/xov ttjv '^rj<j)ov ecpepov ol
(TTpaTrjyoi, irpSiTov [xev eKaaro^ eavrov aire-
(j>aLvev aperfj, Sevrepov Se fxeO' eavrov Sefjuaro-
fcXia. AaKeBatfiovLOL 8* et? tt]v XirdpTrjv avrov
Kara^ya'yovre^ ^vpvffidSr) fiev dvhpeLa<iy CKeCv^
Be cro(f>La<; dpiaretov eBoaav OaXkov <ne<^avov,
Kot tS)v Kara rrjv ttoXiv dp/juaTCov to irpoDTevov
iBooprjaavTO xal TpLaKoaiov^i tcjv vecov irofiirov^
2 dxpi' TOiV opcov o-vve^eTrefjLyjrav. Xiyerai B*
'OXvfMTTLcov T<av e(l>e^rj<i dyofjuevcov koX irapeX-
66vT0<; 6t9 TO aTaBvov tov ®6fiL(TT0KX60v<;, dfieXr)-
(TavTa<; tcov dycovtaToov tov<; irapovra^; 6Xt]v ttjv
rjixepav i/celvov OedaOai kol TOL<i ^evoi^ eTTiBet-
Kvveiv dfjba 6avp.d^ovTa<; koI KporovvTU^, ware
/cat avTov rjaOevTa 7rpo<i Tov<i ^tXcf? oixoXoyrjaai
TOV fcapTTov aTrex^iv tcov virep tt)^ 'EXXaSo?
avT(o TTovrjOevTcov.
XVIII. Kal yap rjv ttj (pvaei (fnXoTtfioTaTO*:,
el Bel TeKfiaipeaOai Btd tcov diro/JLvrj/jLovevofMevcov.
alpeOeU yap vavapyjo^i viro ttJ? iroXeco^; ovBev
ovre tcov lBlcov ovt€ tcov kolvoov Kara p,ipo<i ixP^~
fiaTt^eVy a>OC iirave/SaXXeTO ^ to irpoa-TrlTTTOV
eh TTJV rjfjbipav eKeivrjv, Kad^ fjv exirXelv efieXXev,
IV ofJLOv TToXXa TTpaTTcov irpdyfiaTa fcal nravTO-
Ba7roL<; dvOpcoirot^ ofitXcov ixeya<; elvai BoKfj Kal
nrXelaTOv Bvvaadat.
1 aA\' iirave^dw^To Fuhr and Blass with F^S: iAAA vir
avefidWero every duty.
48
THEMISTOCLES, xvii. i-xviii. i
among individuals, all virtually awarded the first
place to Themistocles, though their envy made them
unwilling to do this directly. For when the generals
withdrew to the Isthmus and solemnly voted on this
question, taking their ballots from the very altar of
the god there, each one declared for himself as first
in valour, but for Themistocles as second after him-
self. Then the Lacedaemonians brought him down
to Sparta, and while they gave Eurybiades the prize
for valour, to him they gave one for wisdom, — a
crown of olive in each case, — and they presented
him with the best chariot there was in the city, and
sent three hundred picked youth along with him to
serve as his escort to the boundary. And it is said
that when the next Olympic festival was celebrated,
and Themistocles entered the stadium, the audience
neglected the contestants all day long to gaze on
him, and pointed him out with admiring applause to
visiting strangers, so that he too was delighted, and
confessed to his friends that he was now reaping
in full measure the harvest of his toils in behalf of
Hellas.
XVIII. And indeed he was by nature very fond
of honour, if we may judge from his memorable
sayings and doings. When, for example, the city
had chosen him to be admiral, he would not perform
any public or private business at its proper time,
but would postpone the immediate duty to the day
on wliich he was to set sail, in order that then,
because he did many things all at once and had
meetings with all sorts of men, he might be thought
to be some great personage and very powerful.
49
PLUTARCH'S LIVES
2 Tmv Sk ve/cpcov tou9 e/c7r6cr6vTa<; iina-KoirSiv
irapa rrjv OdXarrav, cw? elBe 7r€piK6ifievov<:
yjreXLa ')(pvaa koX <7T/3€7rT0U9, avTOf; fiev
iraprjXOe, to) 8' eTTOfjiiva) (piXw BeL^a<; elirev 121
" 'Az/eXou aavT^' av yap ovk el ©ejJLLO-TOKXrjf;/*
7rpo<i Si Tiva tmv koXwv jeyovoTayVt *AvTi<f>dTr}v,
V7repr]^dvw<; avrSt K6')(prj/jLevop Trporepov, varepov
he OepairevovTa Sch rrjv So^av, ""^Xl fiecpaKiov,^
elirev, "6-^6 ^ev, dfjL(f)6T6poc S' djxa vovv icr^^-
3 Kafiev.** eXeye Be tov<; ^AOrjvaiov; ov rifidv avrov
ovBe OavfjLci^eiv, aXV waTrep ifKarofVcp x^i/jba^o-
fievovq fiev virorpe'xeiv KcvSvvevovTa<;, euSta? 8k
irepl avTOV^ yevofievr]^ rlWeiv fcal KoXovetv. rov
Se 2,epL<f)iov 7rpb<i avrov elirovro^, to? ov Bl* avrov
eaxv^^ Bo^av, dX\^ Bih rrjv rrroXtv, *'^K\r)6y]
Xeyei^t^ elirev, " aXX' ovt av 670) Xep[(j)io(; cov
eyevofirjv ez^Sof 09, ovt€ aif ^Adrjvalof;.**
4 'Krepov Be tivo<; tcov (rrpar^^ycov, €09 eBo^e ri ^M
•^pTjcTCfjiov Bia'7reirpa')(dai ry iroXei, Opaavvofievov
irpo^ rov Se/jLiaroKXea Kal Ta<; eavrov ral^
e/celvov nrpd^eaiv dvTiTrapa^dXXovTO^, c^t] rfj
eoprrj ttjv varepaiav epiaat Xeyovaav, a)9 e/ceivi]
fjLev da'^oXicov re jiieaTr) Kal /€07rd>Br)<; earlv, iv
avTTJ Be irdvre^ diroXavovcTL rwv wapeaKeva-
(TfJLevcov (r%oXafoi^T69* rrjv 8' eopTrjv irpo^ ravT
elirelv " ^AXrjOi} Xeyei,<;' dXX^ ifwd fir) yevofxevr)^
(TV OVK av Yjaua' Kufiov roivvv, ecfyrf, " rore
5 fir) yevofievov, irov av ^re vvv vfiel^;*^ rov Bk viov
50
THEMISTOCLES, xvai. 2-5
Surveying once the dead bodies of the Barbarians
which had been cast up along the sea, he saw that
they were decked with golden bracelets and collars,
and yet passed on by them himself, while to a friend
who followed he pointed them out and said : " Help
thyself, thou art not Themistocles." Again, to one
who had once been a beauty, Antiphates, and who
had at that time treated him disdainfully, but after-
wards courted him because of the reputation he had
got, "Young man," said he, "'tis late, 'tis true, but
both of us have come to our senses." Also he used
to say of the Athenians that they did not really
honour and admire him for himself, but treated him
for all the world like a plane-tree, running under
his branches for shelter when it stormed, but when
they had fair weather all about them, plucking and
docking him. And when he was told by the
Seriphian that it was not due to himself that he had
got reputation, but to his city, "True," said he,
" but neither should I, had I been a Seriphian, have
achieved reputation, nor wouldst thou, hadst thou
been an Athenian."
Again, when one of his fellow-generals who thought
he had done some vast service to the city, grew bold
with Themistocles, and began to compare his own
services with his, " With the Festival-day," said he,
" the Day After once began a contention, saying :
'Thou art full of occupations and wearisome, but
when I come, all enjoy at their leisure what has
been richly provided beforehand ' ; to which the
Festival-day replied : ' True, but had I not come
first, thou hadst not come at all.' So now," said he,
" had I not come at that day of Salamis, where would
thou and thy colleagues be now ? " Of his son, who
SI
PLUTARCH'S LIVES
ivTpv(f)0)vra ttj fjLrjTpl /cat 8i ifceivrjp avrtp (tkoi>-
iTTcov eXeye ifkeicnov t(ov ^^XXijvcov BvvaaOar
ToX<; fiev yhp "KKXtjctlv iirirdrTeiv ^ KOrjvaiov; ,
^Adr}vaL0i,<; S' avrov, avrm Be ttjv eKeivov firjrepa,
TTJ firjTpl B' eKeivov, Xhio<; he tl<; iv Traai fiovKo-
fi€vo<; elvai ')((opiov fjLev TriTTpdaKcov i/ciXeve KrjpvT-
reiv, OTi Koi yeiTova ')(p7)(rT6v e%€f r&v Be
fivcofievcov avTov rrjv Ovyarepa tov eTrieiKrj tov
irXovaiov irpoKplvafi e<f>r) ^rjrelv dvBpa ')(p7]fidT(ov
Beofievov fidWov rj '^(^pijfiaTa dvBpo^, iv fiev ovv
Tot9 diro^deyfiacn, toiovt6<; rt? rjv»
XIX. Tev6fjL€vo<; B* diro rcov irpd^eoav eKeuvcov
ev$v<; eirex^ipet ttjv ttoXiv dvoiKoBofieiv Kal ret-
'X^i^eiVf CO? fjb€V IcTTopel 0eo7ro/i7ro9, 'X^prjiMacn
ireLaa^ purj ivavTKoOrjvai tov? i(f>6pov<iy <»9 8* ol
TrXelaToi, irapaKpovadpevo^, rjKe fiev yap et?
X7rdpT7)v ovofia irpea^ela'; iiTLypa-y^dp^evof;' iyKa-
XovvTcov Bk T(ov ^irapriaTSiv, on retxi'^ovav to
darv, Kol JJoXvap'^^ov KarrjyopovvTOfi eTrirrjBe'^
2 ef AlyiV7]<; d7ro(TTaXevTo<;, rjpveiro Kal TrejjbTreiv
eKeXevev eh *A6i]va<; tov9 Karoylro/JLevov;, djua jjuev
e/i^dXXwv tS) reix^o-fi^ 'X^povov i/c Trj<; Biarpi/Brj^;,
dp,a Be ^ovX6/JLevo<; dvr avrov tov<; irefiirop^evovf;
VTrdpx^iv T0L9 ^Adrjvauoi,^. o Kal avve^rj' yvovre^;
yap ol AaKeBaLfjbovioi to dXrjOe^; ovk rjBUrjaav
avTOVy dX)C dBr)X(o^ ')(aXe'TraivovTe^ direirep^-^av.
'E/c Be TOVTOV TOV HcLpaid KarecrKeva^e, rrjv
T&v Xifievcdv ev<j)viav Karavorjaa^ Kal ttjv iroXtv
5?
THEMISTOCLES, xviii 5-xix. 2
lorded it over his mother, and through her over
himself, he said, jestingly, that the boy was the most
powerful of all the Hellenes ; for the Hellenes were
commanded by the Athenians, the Athenians by
himself, himself by the boy's mother, and the mother
by her boy. Again, with the desire to be somewhat
peculiar in all that he did, when he offered a
certain estate for sale, he bade proclamation to be
made that it had an excellent neighbour into the
bargain. Of two suitors for his daughter's hand, he
chose the likely man in preference to the rich man,
saying that he wanted a man without money rather
than money without a man. Such were his striking
sayings.
XIX. After the great achievements now described,
he straightway undertook to rebuild and fortify the
city, — as Theopompus relates, by bribing the
Spartan Ephors not to oppose the project ; but as
the majority say, by hoodwinking them. He came
with this object to Sparta, ostensibly on an embassy,
and when the Spartans brought up the charge that
the Athenians were fortifying their city, and Poly-
archus was sent expressly from Aegina with the
same accusation, he denied that it was so, and bade
them send men to Athens to see for themselves, not
only because this delay would secure time for the
building of the wall, but also because he wished the
Athenians to hold these envoys as hostages for his
own person. And this was what actually happened.
When the Lacedaemonians found out the truth they
did him no harm, but concealed their displeasure and
sent him away.
After this he equipped the Piraeus, because he
had noticed the favourable shape of its harbours, and
S3
PLUTARCH'S LIVES
oXrjv apfJiOTTOfievo^ Trpo^ ttjv OdXaTrav, /cat
rpOTTOV TLvh Tol<i 7raXacoL(; ^aaiXevat, rcov ^Adrj-
3 vaicov avTiirokiTevofievo^. eKecvoi fiev <ydpy w?
Xeyerai, 7rpayfiaT€v6fievoi rov<; iroXLra^ diro-
airdarai t^9 BakaTTT)^ xal o-vveOcaai t,rjv fir)
irKeovTa^, aXkh rrjv %ft)/3av ^vrevovTa^, rbv irepl
Trj<i *A6r]vdf; htehoaav Xoyov, ft)? ipiaavra Trepl
T^9 %ft>iO<3t9 TOP UocreiBco Bei^aaa Tr)v ixopiav roi^
hiKacTTal^ ivL/crjae, ^€fiL(TTOK\ri<; B* ov^, ft)9
^Api(TTO(j}dvr)<; 6 K(OfiiKo<; Xiyec, rfj irokei rov
TLecpaid irpoaifia^ev, dWd t7jv moXiv i^rj\jr€
4 Tou JIeipaicb<; fcal Tr)V yrjv Trj<; OaXdTTr)^;' o9ev
fcal rbv Brjfiov rjv^rjcre Kara rcov dpLarcov /cal
dpdaov^ iv67rXr}a-€V, eh vavTa^ Kal KcXeva-rct^
/cal KvPepvrjTa<i t?}? Bvvdfieoix; dcjuKOfjbevTj^;. Bi,o
Kal TO prffia to iv TIvvkI TreTroLTj/juevov uxtt
diTO^eireiV irpo^ Trjv 6d\aGaav vaTcpov oi
TpidKovTa irpo^ Tr)v 'X^copav direcTTpe^^av, olS/nevoi,
TTjv fiev Kara OdXarrav dp')(rjv ykveciv eivoA,
Brj^iOKpaTia^i, oXtyapx^cL 8' tjttov Bvaxepalveiv ^
T0U9 y€copyovvTa<i. "
XX. Se/jLLCTTOKXrjf; Be Kal fiet^ov ti irepl Trjq
vavTiKTJ^ BievorjOr] Bvvdfiecof;. iirel yap 6 tmv 122
'RXXtjvcov cttoXo^; dTTrjXXayiievov Btip^ov Karrjpev
et9 n.aya(Td<; Kal Btex^ifia^e, BrjfjLijyopcav iv Toh
^AdrjvaLoi'; ecprj TLva irpd^iv e^eiv w^eXi/jLOv fxev
avToh Kal (TcoTrjpiov, airopprjTOV Be 7rp09 tov<;
2 7roXXov<;. T(ov B' 'A6i]vaLcov ^ ApiareiBr) cj)pdaai
jjLOvw KeXev6vT(Dv, kolv €Keivo<i BoKifidarj irepai-
54
THEMISTOCLES, xix. 2-xx 2
wished to attach the whole city to the sea ; thus in
a certain manner counteracting the policies of the
ancient Athenian kings. For they, as it is said, in
their efforts to draw the citizens away from the sea
and accustom them to live not by navigation but by
agriculture, disseminated the stoiy about Athena,
how when Poseidon was contending with her for
possession of the country, she displayed the sacred
olive-tree of the Acropolis to the judges, and so won
the day. But Themistocles did not, as Aristophanes ^
the comic poet says, " knead the Piraeus on to the
city," nay, he fastened the city to the Piraeus,
and the land to the sea. And so it was that he
increased the privileges of the common people as
against the nobles, and filled them with boldness,
since the controlling power came now into the hands
of skippers and boatswains and pilots. Therefore it
was, too, that the bema in Pnyx, which had stood so
as to look off toward the sea, was afterwards turned
by the thirty tyrants so as to look inland, because
they thought that maritime empire was the mother of
democracy, and that oligarchy was less distasteful to
tillers of the soil.
XX. But Themistocles cherished yet greater de-
signs even for securing the naval supremacy. When
the fleet of the Hellenes, after the departure of
Xerxes, had put in at Pagasae and was Mdntering
there, he made a harangue before the Athenians, in
which he said that he had a certain scheme in mind
which would be useful and salutary for them, but
which could not be broached in public. So the
Athenians bade him impart it to Aristides alone, and
if he should approve of it, to put it into execution.
» Knighta^ 816.
VOL. TL C 55
PLUTARCH'S LIVES
vetv, 6 fiev @6fit(TT0fc\rj<; e^paae rw ^Apia-TeiSy,
TO vecoptov i/jLTrpijaai, ZtavoeladaL rSyv ^^Wrjvwv
6 B' 'ApLarecSijf; eh tov Stj/mov irapeXOcov e(f>rj Trj<;
iTpd^eco^y rjv Biavoetrat irpaTTCiV 6 Se/niaroKXrjf;,
fjbTjSefjLiav elvai ^rjT6 XvacTeXearepav iJLrjT clBlko)-
T€pav. oi fi€v ovv ^AOrjvaioi 8ia ravra iravaa-
adai T& (^efiiaTO/cXel irpoo-era^av.
3 'Ei' he Toh ^ AfixfiiKTVovLKoh avveSpLoif; t&v
AaKeBacfiovleov elarjyovfievcov, 07rco<i aireipr^oyvTai
rrj? *A/jL(f>LKTVOVLa^ at fir} avfijia'xrjaacrat Kara
TOV yirjhov TToXet?, ^o^rjOelf;, fir) @€TraXov<; koI
*Apy€Lov^y €TL Be @r}ffaL0v^ eK^aX6vTe<^ tov
crvveBpiov iravreXSi'^ eTriKparijcTcoac tmv yjrTj^cov
Koi yevrjTai to Bokovv e^etVot?, (Twelire Ta2<;
TToXecTL Kol fieTedrjKe ra? fyvco/xaf; tcou TrvXayopcov,
4 BiBd^a^y C09 TpcdfcovTa fcal fila jjuovai TroXet?
elalv at pLeTacT')(pv(TaL tov TroXe/juov, koX tovtcdv
al 7rXeiov<^ TravTairaa-L jMLKpai' Becvov o^v, el
TTJ^ dXXr}<; 'EXXaSo? eKcnrovBov yevoixevr]^ i'/rl
rat? ixeyi<TTai<i Bvalv rj Tptal TroXeaiv ecTTau to
avveBpiov. e/c tovtov fiev ovv fidXiaTa toI^
AaKeBat/jboviOi<; irpoaeKpovae' Bio koX tov Kip^cova
irporjyov rat? Ti/,taZ?, avTiiraXov ev Ty iroXiTeia
Tc3 ^epLicTTOicXel KaOL(rTdvT€<;.
XXI. 'Hv Be fcal toa9 cruyu,yLta;)^0A9 eVa^^i;?
TrepiirXecov t€ Ta<i v^crov; kol %p'>7yu.aTffo/x6vo9
dir avTMV ola kol irpb^; ^AvBpiov^ dpyvpiov
alTOvvTa (prjaiv avTOV ^YipoBoTO^ elirelv re koI
aKovaai. Bvo yap y/ceiv e(f>rj 6eov<i ko/jLl^cov,
UecOo) Kai ^iav oi B^ e^aaav elvat kuI irap
S6
I
THEMISTOCLES, xx. 2-xxi. i
Themistocles accordingly told Aristides that he
purposed to bum the fleet of the Hellenes where it
lay ; but Aristides addressed the people, and said of
the scheme which Themistocles purposed to carry
out, that none could be either more advantageous or
more iniquitous. The Athenians therefore ordered
Themistocles to give it up.
At the Amphictyonic or Holy Alliance conven-
tions, the Lacedaemonians introduced motions that
all cities be excluded from the Alliance which had
not taken part in fighting against the Mede. So
Themistocles, fearing lest, if they should succeed in
excluding the Thessalians and the Argives and the
Thebans too from the convention, they would control
the votes completely and carry through their own
wishes, spoke in behalf of the protesting cities, and
changed the sentiments of the delegates by showing
that only thirty-one cities had taken part in the war,
and that the most of these were altogether small ;
it would be intolerable, then, if the rest of Hellas
should be excluded and the convention be at the
mercy of the two or three largest cities. It was for
this reason particularly that he became obnoxious to
the Lacedaemonians, and they therefore tried to
advance Cimon in public favour, making him the
political rival of Themistocles.
XXL He made himself hateful to the allies also,
by sailing round to the islands and trying to exact
money from them. When, for instance, he demanded
money of the Andrians, Herodotus ^ says he made a
speech to them and got reply as follows : he said he
came escorting two gods. Persuasion and Compulsion ;
and they replied that they already had two great
» Tiii. 111.
St
PLUTARCH'S LIVES
avToh Oeovf; jbieyaXovf; Svo, Ueviav /cat ^Kwopiav,
2 u^' ci)V KcoKvecOai hovvat ')(^p7]jjLara eKeivw.
TLfjLOKpicov S* 6 'P6Si09 fi€\o7TOio<i iv aafULTi
KaOdineTai iriKporepov rod ©e/xto-ro/cXeou?, (09
dWov<; jikv eirX ')(fi'qfiaaL (j^vydSa^ BiaTrpa^a/nivov
KaTekOelv, avrov Bk ^evov ovra koI (f>iXov irpoe-
fiivov Be dpyvptov. Xiyei> S* ovto)?*
'AXV el ryye Havaavlav fj koI rvye advOiir-
TTOv alveU
Tj Tvye AevTvx^Bav, iyoi> S* ^ KpiareiBav iiraiveco
dvBp* lepav dir ^Kdavav
e\6eiv €va \&<nov eireX SeficaTOKXrf ri')(jdape
Karoo,
3 ^Irevarav, dBiKOV, irpoBorav, 09 TtfioKpiovra
^elvov eovT
dpyvpioi^ aKvpcOuKToicTL Treiadeh ov Kardyev
et9 irdrpav ^laXvaov,
Xa^oDV Be rpi dpyvptov rdXavT e/3a irXicov eh
oKeOpov,
TOt'9 p^ev KaTaywv dBtKco^;, toi'9 B^ eKBtd>Kcov,
T0U9 Be Kaivcov,
dpyvptcov vTroirXewfiy ^laOp^ol S* eiravBoKeve
yeXotco^ ^jrv^pd Kpea Trape^cov
oi 8' riadtov ktiv^ovto fir) copav Sep^taroKXev'i
yeveadai.
4 iroXif S' daeXyearepa koX dvaireinap^evr} p,dXXov
€49 Tov ©e/ua-TOKXia l3Xaa(j>r]pia Kexp^rat fierd
s*
I
THEMISTOCLES, xxi. 1-4
gods^ Penury and Powerlessness, who hindered them
from giving him money.
Timoereon, the lyric poet of Rhodes, assailed
Themistocles very bitterly in a song, to the effect
that for bribes he had secured the restoration of
other exiles, but had abandoned him, though a host
and a friend, and all for money. The song runs
thusi:—
''Come, if thou praisest Pausanias, or if Xan-
thippus.
Or if Leotychidas, then I shall praise Aristides,
The one best man of all
Who came from sacred Athens ; since Leto
loathes Themistocles,
" The liar, cheat, and traitor, who, though Timoereon
was his host.
By knavish moneys was induced not to bring
him back
Into his native lalysus.
But took three talents of silver and went cruising
off, — to perdition,
" Restoring some exiles unjustly, chasing some away,
and slaying some.
Gorged with moneys ; yet at the Isthmus he
played ridiculous host with the stale meats
set before his guests ;
Who ate thereof and prayed Heaven *no happy
return of the day for Themistocles ! * "
Much more wanton and extravagant was the raillery
which Timoereon indulged in against Themistocles
^ No attempt is msMle in the translations of Timoereon to
imitate the metre of the original.
59
PLUTARCH'S LIVES
TTjv (f>vr^r]v avTov Kol rr)v fcaraSUrjv 6 TifioKpicov
ao-fia TTOirjaa^it ov iartv apxH'
Movo-a Tovhe tov /jl€\€o<;
&)9 ioLKO'^ Kol 8l/caiov.
XiyeTai S* 6 TifioKpicov iirl fi7}Bicrfia> (f)vyelv
5 (rvyKaTayjr7)(f)i<TafjL€Vov rod %6/jLicrTOK\€ov<;, w?
ovv 6 %eiJLLaTOK\ri^ cuTLav ecrxs fJur^hi^eLV, ravr
iiroLTjarev eh avrov
OvK dpa TtfWKpioDV fiovvo<; "S/lySoiaiv opxia- 'j^^
aW* ivrl koXKoi Bt) wovripol' ovk iyob fwva
KoXovpi^'
evrl Koi aXkai aXa)7reAC€9.
XXIL "HSt; he koX twv ttoXltoov Bi^ to <^6o- 123
velv rjSeco^; Ta<i Bia^oXa^; Trpoate/jbiveov rjvajKd^eTo
Xvirrjpo^ elvai t(op avrov Trpd^ecov iroXXdKL<; ev
Tft) Brip,at fivrj/jLovevayv' kol tt/oo? tov^ hv(j')(^epaL'
vovTa^ " Tt K07ridT€j** elirevy " virb r&v avrmv
TToXXdfCLfi ev 'Trda')(pvTe^; " '^vlaae Be roif^ ttoX-
Xov^ Kol TO T^9 ^ApTefiiBo^ lepov ela-dpuevo^^, yjv
*ApiaTO^ovX7}v fiev irpoa'q'yopevaev, ctx? dpiara
2 Tfi TToXei Kal to?? "EWt^cta ^ovXevadp^evo^i, ttXtj-
(Tiov Be T779 olKLa<! KaTca-Kevacrev ev MeXtTrj to
lepoVi ov vvv Ta aco/juaTa tcov OavaTovpAvcov oi
Brjfiioc Trpo^dXXova-i Kal Ta l/idTta Kal tou9
ffp6xov<; tS)v dirayypp.evtjiiv Kal KaOaipeOevTOiv
eK<f>epovcnv. eKeiTO Be Kal tov %efiLGTOKXeov^
60
THEMISTOCLES, xxi. 4-xxii. 2
after the latter's own exile and condemnation. Then
he composed the song beginning : —
" O Muse, grant that this song
Be famed throughout all Hellas,
As it is meet and just."
It is said that Timocreon was sent into exile on a
charge of Medising, and that Themistocles concurred
in the vote of condemnation. Accordingly, when
Themistocles also was accused of Medising, Timo-
creon composed these lines upon him : —
"Not Timocreon alone, then, made compacts with
the Medes,
But there are other wretches too ; not I alone am
brushless.
There are other foxes too."
XXII. And at last, when even his fellow-citizens
were led by their jealousy of his greatness to welcome
such slanders against him, he was forced to allude
to his own achievements when he addressed the
Assembly, till he became tiresome thereby, and he
once said to the malcontents : " Why are ye vexed
that the same men should often benefit you ? "
He offended the multitude also by building the
temple of Artemis, whom he surnamed Aristoboule,
or Best Counsellor, intimating thus that it was he
who had given the best counsel to the city and to
the Hellenes. This temple he established near his
house in Melit6, where now the public officers cast
out the bodies of those who have been put to death,
and carry forth the garments and the nooses of
those who have dispatched themselves by hanging.
A portrait-statue of Themistocles stood in this
61
PLUTARCH'S LIVES
eiKoviov ev rat vaw r?)? ^Apiaro^ovXrj^; en xaO*
rifia<;' KoX (\)aiv€Tai rt? ov rrjv "^vxv^ jnovov,
aWa fcal rrjv oyfnv rjpwlKo^; yev6fjL€vo<;,
3 Tov fiev ovv i^oarpaKLCTfjLov eiroirjo-avTO kot
avrov Ko\ovovTe<; to a^lwfia koI ttjv virepoxv^)
axTirep elcoOeaav iirl Trdvrcov, ov<; wovro rrj
Svvdfiei ^ap€L^ koX tt/OO? lo-orrjra Brj/noKparLKrjv
dav jJiiieT pov<; elvai. K6\a(n<i yap ovk rjv 6 efo-
aTpaKi(T/jL6<;, dXka irapafivdia (pdovov koI kov-
<f>tafjLo<; rjEofjuivov rw raireivovv rov^ VTrepe^ovra^
/cat Tr)v 8v<Tfiiv6Lav eh ravTTjv rrjv dn-ifilav
dnroirveovrof;,
XXIII. 'E/c7r€(roi/T09 hk t?)? TroXew? avrov koI
StarpC^ovro<; ev "Kpyei rh rrepl Uavcraviav avfi-
ireaovra Kar eKeivov rrapk(T')(e to?9 e')(6pol<;
d<j)opfid<;. 6 Se ypay^rdfjbevo^ avrov irpoSoaLa^
A€co^(or7i<; rjv 6 ^ A\icp.aia>vo^ ^AypavXrjOev, dfjLa
<Tvv€7rai,rLa>fjieva)V ro)v ^TrapTiarcjv. 6 yap Uav-
cravia<^ irpdrrcov cKelva Br) rd irepl rrjv irpoBoaiav
rrporepov /xev dire/cpvirrero rov SefiLaroKXea,
2 Kaiirep ovra (j^cXov co? S' elSev eKTreirrcoKora rrj<i
rroXireia^ Kal cjiepovra %a\67rco9 iddparja-ev eTrl
rrjv Kotvcoviav rcov Trparro/Jiivcov TrapaKaXeiv,
ypdfifJLara ^ rod ^aatkeco^; i7TcBeiKvvfi€vo<; avrq>
Kal irapo^vvcDv iirl rov<; "EW7]va<; (09 irovrjpov^
Kal d')(apiarovf;. Be rrjv jxev Berjacv direrpiy^aTO
rov Yiavcraviov Kal rr}v KOivwviav oXft)9 drreiiTaTO,
7rpo<; ovBeva Be tov9 X070U9 e^rjveyKev ovBe Kare-
fjbrjvva-e rrjv nrpa^LV, etre Travaeadat nrpoG-BoKtav
* ypdfifiara Fuhr and Blass with F^S : rk ypd/xfiara.
68
THEMISTOCLES, xxii. a-xxiii. 2
temple of AristohouU down to my time, from which
he appears to have been a man not only of heroic
spirit, but also of heroic presence.
Well then, they visited him with ostracism,^
curtailing his dignity and pre-eminence, as they
were wont to do in the case of all whom they
thought to have oppressive power, and to be incom-
mensurate with true democratic equality. For
ostracism was not a penalty, but a way of pacifying
and alleviating that jealousy which delights to
liumble the eminent, breathing out its malice into
this disfranchisement.
XXIII. After he had been thus banished from
the city, and while he was sojourning at Argos,
circumstances connected with the death of Pausanias
gave his enemies at Athens ground for proceeding
against him. The one who actually brought in the
indictment against him for treason was Leobotes the
son of Alcmeon, of the deme Agraul^, but the
Spartans supported him in the accusation. Pau-
sanias, while engaged in his grand scheme of
treachery, at first kept it concealed from Them-
istocles ; but when he saw him thus banished from
his state and in great bitterness of spirit, he made
bold to invite him into partnership in his own under-
takings, showing him a letter he had received from
the King, and inciting him against the Hellenes as
a base and thankless people. Themistocles rejected
the solicitation of Pausanias, and utterly refused the
proffered partnership; and yet he disclosed the
propositions to no one, nor did he even give informa-
tion of the treacherous scheme, because he expected
either that Pausanias would give it up of his own
> About 472 B.a
PLUTARCH'S LIVES
avToVy elr aXk(o^ Kara^avrj f^evrjcrearOaL crvv
ovBevl \oyi(Tfi& Trpajfidrcov aroircov kol irapa-
fioKwv opejofMevov.
3 OvT(0 hrj Tov Tlavarariov OavarcoOevro^ eiTL-
aroXai nve^ avevpedelaat kol ypdfjL/jLara irepl
TovTcov et9 vTroyjriav ive^aXov tov SefMCcrTOKXia'
Kol Karefiocov fiev avTOv AaKehatfxovLot, Karrjyo-
povv S' oi (fidovovvre'; rcov ttoXltcov, ov irapovro^,
dWa 8ih ypafMfjLdrayv aTroXoyovfjbevov fidXcara
4 Tal<; irpoTepatf; /caryyopiai^i' Si,afiaW6fi€vo<; yap
inro Twv eydpwv irpo^ rovf; irdXira^ eypacpev, (09
ap'xeiv fiev del ^rjTcov, ap'X^eaOai he pur) ire^vKonf;
p,7jS6 ^ov\6p,€vo<;, ovK dv TTore ^ap^dpoi^ avrov
ovBe TToXepbiOL^ ^ dirohoaOaL pberd ri)^ 'E\Xa8o9.
ov p^rjv dWd (Tvp>ir€i(TOe\fi viro tmv Karrjyopovvrcov
6 5?5//-09 eirep^yfrev dvSpa<;, oh etprjro avWapu^dveiv
KOi dvdyeiv^ avrov Kpidrjaop^evov iv roh'^EWrjaiv.
XXIV. Tlpoaia66pLevo<; 8"* iKelvo<; et? K.ipKvpav
BiCTrepaaev, ovor7)(; avr^ tt/oo? t^z; itoXlv evepyeala^;.
TevopevQt; yap avr&v Kpirr)^ irpb^; KoptvOLOv<;
i')(pvTa)V Bia<l>opdv, eXvcre rrjv e^^pav ecKoai
rdXavra Kplva^ tov<; Kopi,v6Lov<; KarajBaXelv koI
AevxdSa Koivfj vepeiv dpb<f)0Tepwv diroLKov. i/celdev
B* eh "Hireipov €<f>vye' Kal hionKopbevo^ vtto toov
AOrjvalwv Kal rcov AaKeSatpLovicov eppL-yjrev avrov
eh eA-TTiSa? p^aXeTra? Kal diropov^ Karacpvyoov Trpo?
2 "AhpuTjrov, o? ^aorikev^ pev rjv yioXorroyv, BerjOeh
Be rt rcov ^ A0r)vaL(Ov Kal TTpoirrjXaKto-Oeh viro rov
^ avrhv ou5c TroKe/xiois Fuhr and Blass with F^S : Kal jroAe-
fdois avrhv. ^ aviyuv Fuhr and Blass with S ; i.-yuv.
THEMISTOCLES, xxiii. 2-xxiv. a
accord, or that in some other way he would be found
out, since he was so irrationally grasping after such
strange and desperate objects.
And so it was that, when Pausanias had been put
to death, certain letters and documents regarding
these matters were discovered which cast suspicion
on Themistocles. The Lacedaemonians cried him
down, and his envious fellow-citizens denounced
him, though he was not present to plead his cause,
but defended himself in writing, making particular
use of earlier accusations brought against him. Since
he was once slanderously accused by his enemies
before his fellow-citizens — so he wrote, as one who
ever sought to rule, but had no natural bent nor
even the desire to be ruled, he could never have
sold himself with Hellas to Barbarians, much less to
foemen. The people, however, were overpersuaded
by his accusers, and sent men with orders to arrest
him and bring him up in custody to stand trial
before a Congress of Hellenes.
XXIV. But he heard of this in advance, and
crossed over to Corcyra, where he had been recog-
nized as a public benefactor of the city. For he had
served as arbiter in a dispute between them and the
Corinthians, and settled the quarrel by deciding
that the Corinthians should pay an indemnity of
twenty talents, and administer Leucas as a common
colony of both cities. Thence he fled to Epirus, and
being pursued by the Athenians and Lacedaemonians,
he threw himself upon grievous and desperate
chances of escape by taking refuge with Admetus,
who was king of the Molossians, and who, since he
had once asked some favour of the Athenians and
65
PLUTARCH'S LIVES
%efu>(TTOK\eov^y or TjK/ia^ev iv rrj TroXircLa, 8t
opyij^ €t%€z/ avTov ael koI BrjXo^ rjVy el Xd^oi, 124
TL/jLa)prjo-6/JL€vo^. iv Be ry Tore tvxo fJidWov 6
@€fiLaTOK\rj<; ^o^r]0el<; crvyyevrj koI irpoa-^aTov
(pdovov 0/97^9 TTokaidf; fcal /3aG-L\i,Krj<;, ravTrj
<l>ep(ov viredrjKev eavrov, iKerr}^ rov ^ASfiijTov
KaTa<TTa^ vBtov riva koX TraprjWay/nevov Tpoirov.
i'Xpyv yap avTOV rov viov ovra TralBa Trpo? ttjv
eariav irpoae'jrea'e, ravrrjv /jLeyiaTrjv /cat p,6v7]v
G-x^Bov avavTipprjTOV rjyovfievcov iKecriav rcov M
M^o\o(T<T(ov, evLot, fj^ev ovv ^dlav t^i/ yvvalKa rov
fiaariXeco^: \eyovcnv VTToOiaOav Ta> SefiLaroKXel to
iKeTevfia tovto koI top viov eirl rrjv eariav
Kadlaai fier avrov' rivh 8* avrbv tov "ASytwyTor,
6)9 a<f>oarL(t)(Tano rrpof; rov^ Bi,a)K0VTa<; rrjv
avdyxrjv, Bo* fjv ovk efcBlBcoa-i, rov dvBpa, BiaOetvai
Kol o-vvTpaywBrja-ai rrjv iKealav,
'E/^et B* avT^ rrjv yvvai/ca koX tov<; TraiBa^
€KK\e'^a'i ifc Tcav ^Adrjvwv *EiTnKpdTrj<; 6 ^A^cipvevf;
aTreo-Teikev' ov 67rl tovto) K.lfioi)v vcrrepov Kpiva<i
idavdracrev, cw? laropel %Tr}GipbPpoTo<;. elr ovk
olB^ OTTCO'i iiriXaOofievof; tovtcov rj tov SefiiaroKXia
iroicav eTTiXaOojiievov irXeva-ai (prja-cv et? ^iKeXiav
Kai Trap *lepcovo<; alrelv tov rvpdvvov ttjv Ovya-
Tepa 7r/jo9 ydfiov, vTTco-'xyovfievov avT& tov^
'^ISiXXrjva^ virrjKoov; woLTjcreiv' diroTpiyjra/jLevov^ Be
tov 'l€pct)i/09, ovTox; eh ttjv ^Aaiav dirapai,
^ kiforrpv^a^hov Fuhr and Blass with S : airoarp€\l/afi4vov,
66
THEMISTOCLES, xxiv. 2-4
had been insultingly refused it by Themistocles, then
at the height of his political influence, was angry
with him ever after, and made it plain that he would
take vengeance on him if he caught him. But in
the desperate fortune of that time Themistocles was
more afraid of kindred and recent jealousy than of
an anger that was of long standing and royal, and
promptly cast himself upon the king's mercy, mak-
ing himself the suppliant of Admetus in a way quite
peculiar and extraordinary. That is to say, he took
the young son of the king in his arms and threw him-
self down at the hearth ; a form of supplication
which the Molossians regarded as most sacred, and
as almost the only one that might not be refused.
Some, it is true, say that it was Phthia, the wife of
the king, who suggested this form of supplication to
Themistocles, and that she seated her son on the
hearth with him ; and certain others that Admetus
himself, in order that he might give a religious sanc-
tion to the necessity that was upon him of not
surrendering the man, arranged beforehand and
solemnly rehearsed with him the supplication scene.
Thither his wife and children were privily removed
from Athens and sent to him by Epicrates of the
deme Acharnae, who, for this deed, was afterwards
convicted by Cimon and put to death, as Stesimbro-
tus relates. Then, somehow or other, Stesimbrotus
forgets this, or makes Themistocles forget it, and
says he sailed to Sicily and demanded from Hiero
the tyrant the hand of his daughter in marriage,
promising as an incentive that he would make the
Hellenes subject to his sway ; but that Hiero re-
pulsed him, and so he set sail for Asia.
67
PLUTARCH'S LIVES
XXV. Tavra S* ovk elKo^ iariv ovtco yevia-Oai.
%e6(j>paaT0<i yap iv roi<: Hepl fiaaiXeia^ laropei
Tov Se/jLLaroKXia TrifiyfravTOfi et? ^OXvfiiTiav
*\ep(t)vo<i LTTTTOVf! orfcovLaTa*; koI a/crjvrjv rtva
KaTe(TK€vaa/jLiv7]v 7ro\vT€\&<: arrjaavro^, elTrelv
iv T0t9 ^'^Wi^at \6yov, ot)<; ^(^pr] Tr)v afcrjvrjv
hiapTrdaaL rod rvpdwov koI fccoXvo-ai tov^: Xirirov^
2 dycovtaacrOaL. ^ovKvSuSrjf; Se (f^rjai koI irXeva-ai
avTOv 67rl Tr)v irepav Kara^avra OaXaaaav diro
T[vhvr)^y ovhevo^ eZSoro? oaTi^ etr) rSiv irXeovrcov,
P'iXP^ ou TrvevfJLari rr}? 6\KdBo<i eh Nafoz^
KaTa<f>epofjLevr}^ vtto *A6r}valcov irokiopKovfievrjV
TOTS (l>off7}6eU dvaBel^eiev eavrov t& re vavKkr|pt^
KoX T^ Kv^eppyrrj, Kal ra /lev Seofievofjy to,
aireiXSiv Koi Xiyayv, on KaTrjyopjjaoi Kal xart
ylrevaoiTO tt/do? tou9 *Adr)vaiov<i, o)? ov/c dyvoovi
Te9, dWci. xPVf^'^^f' ir€iadevT€<i ef apXV^f dvaXdj.
016V avTov, 01/70)9 cLvayKdaeie irapairXevaai
3 \affeaOai T779 *AaLa<;. rSiv hk "Xprj/jidTcov avT(
TToWa fiev vireKKkairevTa hth, tcov (ftiXcov 6«
"^Kaiav eirXeC t&v Se (pavepoov yevo/iivcov
frvvavOevTcov eU to hrjp,6(TL0v SeoTrofiiro^
eKarov rdXavra, %e6^paaT0<; Be oyBorjKovrd <p'rj(T^
yeveaOai to ttXtjOo^, ovBe Tpiojv d^ca ToXavTcov
Ke/CTTjfJievov tov %ep,LaTOKXeov^ irplv dirTcaOac
T^9 iroXiTeia^.
XXVI. 'EttcI he KaTeirXevaev eh KvfiTfv Kal
iroXXoiff; rjadeTO t&v eirl OaXaTTy 7rapa<l>vXdT-
TOVTa<i avTOV Xa/Selv, /JudXcaTa Be tou9 Trepl
^EpyoTeXr) Kal TLvOoBcopov (171/ yap 17 Oijpa
XvaiTeXTf<: T0i9 to KepBaivei^v diro iravTo^ dr^airCyai,
68
THEMISTOCLES, xxv. i-xxvi. i
XXV. But it is not likely that this was so. For
Theophrastus, in his work " On Royalty," tells how,
when Hiero sent horses to compete at Olympia, and
set up a sort of booth there with very costly decora-
tions, Themistocles made a speech among the
assembled Hellenes, urging them to tear down the
booth of the tyrant and prevent his horses from
competing. And Thucydides ^ says that he made
his way across the country to the sea, and set sail
from Pydna, no one of the passengers knowing who
he was until, when the vessel had been carried by
a storm to Naxos, to which the Athenians at that
time were laying siege,^ he was terrified, and dis-
closed himself to the master and the captain of the
ship, and partly by entreaties, partly by threats,
actually declaring that he would denounce and vilify
them to the Athenians as having taken him on
board at the start in no ignorance but under bribes,
— in this way compelled them to sail by and make
the coast of Asia. Of his property, much was secretly
abstracted for him by his friends and sent across the
sea to Asia ; but the sum total of that which was
brought to light and confiscated amounted to one
hundred talents, according to Theopompus, — Theo-
phrastus says eighty, — and yet Themistocles did
not possess the worth of three talents before he
entered political life.
XXVI. After landing at CyTn6, and learning that
many people on the coast were watching to seize
him, and especially Ergo teles and Pythodorus, — for
the chase was a lucrative one to such as were fond
of getting gain from any and every source, since
» i 137. « About 469 B.C
PLUTARCH'S LIVES
BiaKocTL&v i7ri,K6Kr)pvyfiiv(ov avT(p rakdvrcov vtto
Tov l3aaL\e(o<;), ecfyvyev eh Alyd<;, AloXlkov
TToXia-fidriov, vtto irdvrcov dyvoov/JL6VO<; irXrjv tov
^evov ^LKoyivov^i 09 AloXicov ifkeiarrjv ovaiav
ifC6KTr]T0 Kal rot? dveo BvvaroU yv(iipi^o^ V7rr)p')(e.
2 irapd rovTca KpVTrro^evo^ 'r)fjL6pa<; oXiya^ BLirpiyjrev
elra fierd to helirvov €K Ovaiav tlvo^ "OXySfo?
o TMV TeKV(ov TOV ^LKoyevov<i TracSaycoyofi eKcppoyv
yevopbevo^ koX deo^opifjTO^ dvecfxiovrjaev iv fieTpo) ^
TaVTL'
NvKtI (fxDPTJV, VVKtI fiovX'qV, VVKTL Tr)V vUfJV
BlBov.
Kal fieTo, TavTa KOifxr^Oeh 6 S€fitaT0K\7J<; ovap
eBo^ev ISeiv BpdxovTa kuto. t^9 yaaTpo^; avTov
irepieXiTTOfievov koX irpoa-avepTrovTa tco Tpaxv^o)*
3 y€v6fJL€Vov 8' deTov, cw? '^-yfraTO tov Trpoa-ooTrov,
irepL^akovTa ra? 7rTepvya<; e^dpav koI KOfil^ecv
iroWrjv oBop, ecTa '^pvaov tlvo^ KrjpvKelov
<f>avevT0^y irrl tovtov aTrjaai ^e/Salay^; avTov
dfir}')(^dvov BeifiaToq Kal Tapaxv'* diraXkayevTa.
YiefxireTai B* o^v vtto tov ^iKoyivov^ f^VX^^~ 1^5
aa/jL€Vov Ti TOLovBe.^ tov ^ap^apiKOv yevov^; to
iroXif Kol fjidXtaTa to UepcriKov eh ^rfKoTviriav
TTjv irepX TCL^ yvvaiKa^ dypiov ^vaei koI ')(aXe'ir6v
4 iaTiv. ov yap p,6vov Td<; yafieTd<;, dWd Kal Td<;
dpyvpcovTjTOV^; Kal iraWaKevop>eva^ l(T')(yp(a<^
irapacpvXdTTOvaiv, co? vtto fir}B6V0<i opaaOai tcov
iKT6<i, dX)C OLKOt fJLev BiaLTaadai KaTaKeKXetcr-
fiiva<i, iv Be Tah oBonropiac^ vtto aKrjvdfi kvkXo)
* iivt^dtiniffw iv n4Tpq> Fuhr and Blass with S : av€<pci>vriat
fjiirptf, ' roi6vif Fuhr and Blaas with F^ : roiovrov.
70
THEMISTOCLES, xxvi. 1-4
two hundred talents had been publicly set upon his
head by the King, — he fled to Aegae, a little Aeolic
citadel. Here no one knew him except his host
Nicogenes, the wealthiest man in Aeolia, and well
acquainted with the magnates of the interior. With
him he remained in hiding lor a few days. During
this time, after the dinner which followed a certain
sacrifice, Olbius, the paedagogue of the children of
Nicogenes, becoming rapt and inspired, lifted up his
voice and uttered the following verse : —
" Night shall speak, and night instruct thee, night
shall give thee victory."
And in the night that followed, Themistocles, as
he lay in bed, thought he saw in a dream that
a serpent wound itself along over his body and
crept up to his neck, then became an eagle as
soon as it touched his face, enveloped him with
its wings and lifted him on high and bore him a
long distance, when there appeared as it were a
golden herald's wand, on which it set him securely
doAvn, freed from helpless terror and distress.
However that may be, he was sent on his way by
Nicogenes, who devised the following scheme for his
safety. Most barbarous nations, and the Persians in
particular, are savage and harsh in their jealous
watchfulness over their women. Not only their
wedded wives, but also their boughten slaves and
concubines are strictly guarded, so that they are
seen by no outsiders, but live at home in complete
seclusion, and even on their journeys are carried in
tents closely hung round about with curtains and set
71
PLUTARCH'S LIVES
'7repnre(f)payfi6va<i eVt tmv dp/jba/na^cov o^eio-Oai.
roiavrrj^i t& @€fii>(7T0K\€l Karacr/cevaaOeLO-r]';
a7rrjvr}<; KaTaBif<; i/cofii^ero, rwv irepX avrbv del
TOL<; ivTV'y')(avov(Ti koI 7rvv6avofievot<; XeyovTcov,
OTL yvvaiov *FiWi]viKov dyovcTLV air ^l(0VLa<i rrrpo';
Tiva TMV iirl 6vpaL<i ^acrikeco^,
XXYIL SovKvBlBTjq puev ovv koX \dp(ov 6
Aa/jLy]raKT]vo<; laropovai reOvrj/coTO^; Biep^ov 7rpo<;
Tov vlov avTOV TM ^6fiLaT0K\6i yeveadai rrjv
evrev^tV "Fi(f)opo<; Be koI Aclvcov koI K\eLTap^o<;
/cat 'HpaKXeiBrjf;, ert, 3' dWot irXeiove<^, 7rpb<;
avTov d<f)LKe(TdaL tov ^ep^rjv. toZ? ^e ')(^povLKol^
BoKel fjbdWov 6 @0VKvBlBr)(; avfi^epeadaiy Kaiirep
2 ouS* avTol^ drpefia G-vvrarrofievoif;. 6 S* ovv
SefiKTTO/cXrji; yev6pLevo<; irap avTo to Beivov
evTvyx^dvet wpcorov ^Apra^dvco r^ 'X^iXidpx(p
Xeycov, ''^Wr)v fxev elvac, jSovXeaOac S* evrvxelv
^aa-iXel irepX fieyCcrTayv irpayfidroov koI 7r/)09 a
Tvy^dvec fMaXicrra aTrovBd^cov eKeivo<;. 6 Be
(ftrjo-cv "'n ^eve, vofioi Bia^epovaiv dvOpcoTrcov
dXXa S* dXXoL<; KoXd' koXov Be Trdcn rd oLKeia
3 K0(TfieLV Kot (Tco^etv, v/uLd<; fiev ovv eXevOeplav
IxdXiCTTa OavfJid^eLV Kal la-oTrjTa X0709* ^filv Be
iroXXcbv v6fJL(ov KoX /caXcov ovtcov KaXXiaro^ ovro^
ea-TC, TVfidv ^aa-iXea, koX irpoaKVvelv co? elKova
6eov TOV Ta nrdvTa (tco^ovto^. el fxev ovv eiraivwv
Ta rjp^eTepa irpoaKW^aeLf;, eaTi aoi Kal OedaaaOai
jSaacXea koI Trpoaei^irelv el S' dXXo tl <^pove2<iy
72
I
THEMISTOCLES, xxvi 4-xxvii. 3
upon four-wheeled waggons. Such a vehicle was
made ready for Themistocles, and safely ensconced in
this he made his journey, while his attendants replied
in every case to those who met them with enquiries,
that they were conducting a Hellenic woman, fair
but frail, to one of the King's courtiers.
XXVIl. NowThucydides^ and Charon of Lampsacus
relate that Xerxes was dead, and that it was his son
Artaxerxes with whom Themistocles had his inter-
view ; but Ephorus and Dinon and Clitarchus and
Heracleides and yet more besides have it that it was
Xerxes to whom he came. With the chronological
data Thucydides seems to me more in accord,
although these are by no means securely established.
Be that as it may, Themistocles, thus at the
threshold of the dreadful ordeal, had audience first
with Artabanus the Chiliarch, or Grand Vizier, and
said that he was a Hellene, and that he desired to
have an audience with the King on matters which
were of the highest importance and for which the
monarch entertained the most lively concern.
Whereupon the Chiliarch replied : " O Stranger,
men's customs diifer ; different people honour differ-
ent practices ; but all honour the exaltation and
maintenance of their own peculiar ways. Now you
Hellenes are said to admire liberty and equality
above all things ; but in our eyBs, among many fair
customs, this is the fairest of all, to honour the King,
and to pay obeisance to him as the image of that
god who is the preserver of all things. If, then,
thou approvest our practice and wilt pay obeisance,
it is in thy power to behold and address the King ;
but if thou art otherwise minded, it will be needful
1 L 137.
73
PLUTARCH'S LIVES
dyyeXoL^ ^repoi^ XPl^V '^po^ avrov. ^acrCKel
yap ov irdrpLov avhpb^ aKpoaaOat /jlt) irpoaKvvi]-
4 (TavTO<;r ravra 6 @efii,(7T0K\'f](; aKov(ra<; Xiyei
7r/5o? avTov* "'AXV 'iywye rrjv ^aaCkew^y w
^KpTOLpave, <^riixr}v kol hvvafiiv av^r)(T(ov dcplyjbLai,
Kol auT09 re TreCcTO/JLai Tot9 vp^erepotf; vofiOL^,
iirel dew rcG jieyaXvvovTV Hepaaf; ovreo Boxec, koI
Bl ifie 7r\€Love<; tojv vvv ^acrtXia irpocrKVP^aovaiv,
Scrre tovto puTjhev ifiTToBcov earco to?9 Xoyoi^, ou?
5 ^ovXofjLai 7rpo9 i/cetvov elirelv^* "Tlva 5'," elirev
6 ^ApTafiavo^, " ^EtWTjvcDV d^Lx^cti ere <j)co/jiev; ov
yhp lSi,a>T7} rrjv yvcofjLrjv eoiica^.^^ kol 6 Sefii-
(TTOKXr}^' "Tovr ovKer az//' ecj^rj, " ttvOocto Tt9,
^Aprd/Save, irporepo^ fiaa-tXeod^^
Ot/Tft) fiev 6 ^avLa<; (J)7)(tlv, 6 S* *FtpaTOaOev7j(;
iv Tol<i Hepl ttXovtov irpodLaroprjae, Bid yvvaiKO^;
^EperpiKT]^, fjv 6 X'^^ciPXO'i €Z%e, tw SefiLcrroKXel
rrjv 7r/oo9 avrov evrev^iv yeveaOai koi avaraa-Lv.
XXVIII. 'ETret S' ot>v elarixOr] 7rpo<; ^aatXea
xal Trpoafcvvijaaf; earrj o-lcotttj, irpoard^avro^
r(p epjirjveZ rod j3aaL\eco(s epcoTrjcrai, Tt9 eVrt,
KoX rov eppbrfvew^ ipcorijcravro^, elirev "'^'H^©
(Toiy fiaa-Ckev, @ep,icrroK\7]<; 6 *A6r)vato<; iyo)
<f)vyd<; vcf)* 'EX\i]va)v Bi(oxOei<i, w TroXXd [lev
ocpeiXovcrL JJepaai Ka/cd, irXeica he dyaOd kcoXv-
aavTi rrjv Blco^lv, ore ri)^ 'E\XaSo9 ev dacpaXel
yevofiiv7]<; irapeaxe rd oXkoi (T(o^6fieva x^^p^o'O.o'Oal
2 ri Kal v/jlIv, ifiol fJLev odv irdvra irpeirovra rah
74
THEMISTOCLES, xxvii. 3-xxviii. 2
for thee to employ messengers to him in thy stead,
for it is not a custom of this country that the King
give ear to a man who has not paid him obeisance."
When Themistocles heard this, he said to him:
" Nay, but I am come, Artabanus, to augment the
King's fame and power, and I will not only myself
observe your customs, since such is the pleasure of
the god who exalts the Persians, but I will induce
more men than do so now to pay obeisance to the
King. Therefore let this matter by no means stand
in the way of the words I wish to speak to him."
"And what Hellene," said Artabanus, " shall I say
thou art who hast thus come ? Verily, thou dost not
seem to be a man of ordinary understanding." And
Themistocles said : " This, Artabanus, no one may
learn before the King."
So indeed Phanias says, and Eratosthenes, in his
book " On Wealth," adds the statement that it was
through a woman of Eretria, whom the Chiliarch
had to wife, that Themistocles obtained interview
and conference with him.
XXVIII. That may or may not be so. But when
he was led into the presence of the King and had
made him obeisance, and was standing in silence,
the King ordered the interpreter to ask him who he
was, and, on the interpreter's asking, he said : " I
who thus come to thee, O King, am Themistocles
the Athenian, an exile, pursued by the Hellenes;
and to me the Persians are indebted for many ills,
but for more blessings, since I hindered the pursuit
of the Hellenes, at a time when Hellas was brought
into safety, and the salvation of my own home gave
me an opportunity for showing some favour also to
you. Now, therefore, I may look for any sequel to
75
PLUTARCH'S LIVES
irapova-ai^i a-vfixpopat^ ia-ri, koI irapeaKevaa ^evo^
a(f)ty/jLai he^aaOal re %a/)iv evfievS)^ ^LaWarro-
fievov KoX Trapatretadai, fivrjacKaKovvTO^; opyrjv
<rv he Tov<; efiov<i e^Opoiff; fidprvpa^ 6e^evo<i (av
evepyeTqaa Yiepaa^, vvv aTroyjpr](Tai rat? e/zat?
Tu^at9 irpo^ eiTihei^iv aperrj^; fwXKov rj 7r/?09
airoTrXrjpwaiV opyrjv. (TCt)<reL<; fiev yap l/ceTrjv GoVy
3 airo\e1<^ 8' 'EXXt^z/ojz/ irokefiiov yevojievov^^ ravr
eiTTODv 6 SefjLLaroKXrj^ inTeOeiacre t& \6y(o irpoa-
hie\6(hv T7]v oylnVf rjv elhev iv 'NLKoyevov<;, /cat rb
/idvrevfjLa rod AcoSoovaCov Ato9, a)9 KeXevadeU
7r/oo9 Tov 6/jLcovvfjLov Tov Oeov jSaU^eiv avfi-
(ftpovijaete 7r/0O9 eKelvov avairejJbireaOai' fieyakov<i
yap ajj,(f>OTepov<i elvai re koI \eyea6av 0a(TL\ea<;.
^AKOvcrafi 3* o llep(r7j(;, eKeivw fxev ovBev aire-
tcplvaro, Kaiirep Oav/jAaa^ to ^povqfxa Ka\ rrjv
4 roXjJLav avrov' fiaKapLaa<; Bk 7rpo9 tou9 (jitkovi
eavTov, ft)9 eTT evTV')^La fieyia-Tj}, Kal KaTev^dfievo^
ael T0t9 TToXe/jbioc^; TotavTa<; <j>peva<^ BiBovai tov
^KpLfJbdviov, 07rft)9 eKavvwdi tov^ dpiaTov; ef eav-
T(iiv, Ovaai re T0t9 Oeo2<; Xeyerai Kal 7rpo<; irocrtv
€vOif<; TpaiTeaOaL Kal vvKTwp viro %a/oa9 Bid jxkdwv
T&v VTTVcov fforja-at TpU' ""E;)^© %efiL(JTOK\ea tov
^ k.Or]valovr
XXIX. *' KpM 3' rjfJbepa avyKaXeaa^ roij^ (ptXav^
elarjyev avTOV ovBev^ iXiri^ovTa '^pijarov i^ Sv
ecopa TOv<; iirl Ovpai^;, d)^; eTrvOovro rovvofxa ira-
povTO^ avrov, ;j^aX67ra)9 BtaKeifievov<; Kal KaK(b<:
* oifSfy Fuhr and Blass with F^S : fivSev,
76
THEMISTOCLES, xxviii. 2-xxix. i
my present calamities, and I come prepared to re-
ceive the favour of one vi^ho benevolently offers
reconciliation, or to deprecate the anger of one who
cherishes the remembrance of injuries. But do
thou take my foes to witness for the good I wrought
the Persians, and now use my misfortunes for the
display of thy virtue rather than for the satisfaction
of thine anger. For it is a suppliant of thine whom
thou wilt save, but an enemy of the Hellenes whom
thou wilt destroy." After these words Themistocles
spoke of divine portents in his favour, enlargmg
upon the vision which he saw at the house of
Nicogenes, and the oracle of Dodonaean Zeus, how
when he was bidden by it to proceed to the name-
sake of the god, he had concluded that he was
thereby sent to him, since both were actually " Great
Kings," and were so addressed.
On hearing this the Persian made no direct reply
to him, although struck with admiration at the bold-
ness of his spirit ; but in converse with his friends
it is said that he congratulated himself over what he
called the greatest good fortune, and prayed Arima-
nius ever to give his enemies such minds as to drive
their best men away from them ; and then sacrificed
to the gods, and straightway betook himself to his
cups ; and in the night, in the midst of his slumbers,
for very joy called out thrice : " I have Themistocles
the Athenian."
XXIX. At daybreak he called his friends together
and bade Themistocles to be introduced, who
expected no favourable outcome, because he saw that
the guards at the gates, when they learned the name
of him who was going in, were bitterly disposed and
77
PLUTARCH'S LIVES
X€yovTa<;, en S^ *Va)^dvr)fi 6 %fcXta/o%09, ft>9 Kar
avTov rjv 6 @efJLLaTOfc\rj<i Trpoaicov, KaOr^jxevov
fiaa-iXiax; koX tcov aXkcov o-kottcovtcov, drpifia
(TTevd^a<; elirev ""O^i? "¥iWriv o 7roiK{Xo<;, 6
2 fiaatXew^ ae BaifJLcov Bevpo 7]yay€vJ* ov fjirjv
dX)C eh o-y^LV ekSovro^ avrov koX irdXiv irpoa-
KVvrjaavTO<iy da-iraa-dfievo^ Koi TrpoaecTroov (piXo-
<f)p6v(o<; 6 paaCkev^y ijSr} fxev ecprjaev avrw BiaKoaia
ToXavra o^eiXetv KOfiLaavra <ydp avrov dirokr)-
'^eaOai Si/caLco<; to iirLKtipv^^Oev rq) dyayovrr
iroWo) Be irXeico tovtcov vTrca^velro /cal irapeddp-
pvve /cal Xeyeiv eBLBov irepl tcov *EiWrjvtKG>v, a
^ovXoLTO, 7rappr)aia^6fi€vov.
3 *0 Be S€fii(TTOK\rj<; direKpivaTOt tov \6yov eoLKe-
vai tov dvdpcoTTQV T0i9 iroiKikoi^; a-Tpcofiacriv ft>9
yap cKelva Kal tovtov eKTeivofievov fiev eTriBel/cvv-
aOai TO, eXBr], o-vaTcWofievov Be fcpvirrevv kol Bia-
(^OelpeLV 66ev avT(p XP^^^^ Belv. eirel Be, r)a'6evT0<;
TOV fiao-LXeco^ Ty elfcaa-la Kal Xafi^dvetv KeXev-
cravTo^, eviavTov alT7j(rdfjLevo<; Kal rrjv UepaiBa
yXcoTTav d7roXP(*iVT€i)<; eKfiaOobv evervyxave /3a-
4 aiXel Be avTOVy tol<; fiev eVro? Bo^av Trapeo-^e
Trepl TCOV 'EX\.7)vcKcov Trpayfidrcov BieiXexOai,
TToWcav Be KaivoTO/JLOV/LLevcov irepl ttjv avXrjv Kal
Tov<; <f)tXov<; viro rod ^acnXeco^; ev eKelvcp tco
Kaipcp, (f)66vov eo-%e irapd toi<; Bvvaroh, co<; Kal
KaT eKeivcov jrapprjaCa XPV^^^^^^ 7rp6<^ avrov
d7ror€roX/x7]Kco<i. ovBev yap rjaav at rifial rah
TCOV dXXcov ioiKvlai ^evcov, dXXd Kal KVvr)yea-Lcov
paaiXel fierea'xe Kal rcov oXkoi BiarpiBcoVy Mare
7»
I
THEMISTOCLES, xxix. 1-4
spoke insultingly to him. And besides, Roxanes
the Chiliarch, when Themistocles came along opposite
him, — the King being seated and the rest hushed in
silence, — said in an angry undertone : " Thou subtle
serpent of Hellas, the King's good genius hath
brought thee hither." However, when he had come
into the King's presence, and had once more paid
him obeisance, the King welcomed him and spake
him kindly, and said he already owed him two hundred
talents, for since he had delivered himself up it was
only just that he himself should receive the reward
proclaimed for his captor. And he promised him
much more besides, and bade him take heart, and gave
him leave to say whatever he wished concerning the
affairs of Hellas, with all frankness of speech.
But Themistocles made answer that the speech ot
man was like embroidered tapestries, since like them
this too had to be extended in order to display its
patterns, but when it was rolled up it concealed and
distorted them. Wherefore he had need of time.
The King at once showed his pleasure at this com-
parison by bidding him take time, and so Themistocles
asked for a year, and in that time he learned the
Persian language sufficiently to have interviews with
the King by himself without interpreters. Outsiders
thought these conferences concerned Hellenic matters
merely ; but since about that time many innovations
were introduced by the King at court and among his
favourites, the magnates became jealous of Tiie-
mistocles, on the ground that he had made bold to
use his freedom of speech with the King to their
harm. For the honours he enjoyed were far beyond
those paid to other foreigners ; nay, he actually took
part in the King's hunts and in his household diver-
79
PLUTARCH'S LIVES
fcai firjTpl Tj) /3a(Ti\eco<; et9 oyfriv ekOelv fcal yevi-
adat, Gwrfirj^iy BiaKOVdai Se koI tmv fMa^LKCdV
5 Xoycov Tov ^acnXico^; KeXevaavro^;, eTrel 8^ A77-
fidpaTO<; 6 ^irapTtdTri<; alTrjaaaOai Bcopeav KeX-
evadeh rjrriaaTO rrjv Kiraptv, axrirep ol /SacrtXet?,
€7rapd/j,€V0<; elaekdaai Bia XapSecov, IS/liOpoTrava-
T779 fiev dv6'\lnb<; (ov ^aaCKecd^ elire tov Arj/jiapd-
rov T^9 TLdpa<! dyjrd/jLevo^' " Avtt) fxev rj KLrapcq
ovK e%€fc i<yKe(j>akoVy ov iirLKaXv-^er (tv 5* ovk
6 ear) Zei;? civ \dpr}<; Kepavvov " dirwaafievov he
TOV Arj/judpaTOV opyrj Sia to aiT7)pba tov iSacn-
\€ft)9 KoX 8oKovvTo<; dTrapatTrjT(o^ e'^ecv 7rpo9
avTOVt 6 SefitcrTOKXrjf; BerjOel^ eirecae fcal
Si'^XXa^e,
AeyeTai 8k /cal TOU9 va-TCpov jSacrtXeh, icfy' mv
jjbaXXov at Uepcri/cal 7rpd^€t<! Ta?9 *EXXrjvi,/cat';
dveKpdOrjcrav, oadKL^i heTjdetev dv8po<i "EXXt^vo?,
iirayyeXXeadai kclI fypd(j>ei,v €Ka<TT0V, ax; fiCL^cov
7 €(TOLTo Trap avTO) (&€fitcrTOKXeov<;. avTov 8e tov
Se/jLiaTOKXia (paalv '^Brj puiyav ovTa koI Oepairevo-
fievov VTTO TToXXojv Xafi7rpd<i ttotc Tpairel^r]^ avTm
irapaTeOeicT'qi; ^ irpo^ Toi'9 7ral8a^ eiireZv "^fl
7ratS69, dircoXofMeOa av, el fiy dircoXofJiGOar Tr6XeL<i 127
5' avT(p Tp€t<; fjuev ol irXelaTOi 8odi]vaL Xeyovatv
eh dpTov /cat olvov koI o-^ov, Mayvrjaiav /cal
Kdpi.-\\raKOv Koi M.vovvTa' 8vo 3' dXXa^ irpoaTi-
OrjcTtv 6 Kv^if€r)vo<; NedvOrjf; fcal ^avia^, Hep-
KCOT7JV Kol UaXataKTj'^lnv eh crTpwfivr)V koX
dyinreypvr^v.
XXX. ^aTajBaivovTL S* avrw irpo^ Ta9 'EX-
\T)ViKa^ TTpd^et^ CTrl OdXaTTav tlipa-yf; dvrjp
^ ainf irapaTiOeiaTis Bekker, Fuhr with F*S : irapaTf9d<rr}s,
So
I
THEMISTOCLES, xxix, 4-xxx. i
sions, so far that he even had access to the queen-
mother and became intimate with her, and at the
King's bidding heard expositions also of the Magian
lore. And when Demaratus the Spartan, being
bidden to ask a gift, asked that he might ride in
state through Sardis, wearing his tiara upright after
the manner of the Persian kings, Mithropaustes the
King's cousin said, touching the tiara of Demaratus :
" This tiara of thine hath no brains to cover ; indeed
thou wilt not be Zeus merely because thou graspest
the thunderbolt." The King also repulsed Demaratus
in anger at his request, and was minded to be in-
exorable towards him, and yet Themistocles begged
and obtained a reconciliation with him.
And it is said that later kings also, in whose reigns
Persia and Hellas came into closer relations, as often
as they asked for a Hellene to advise them, promised
him in writing, every one, that he should be more
influential at court than Themistocles. And The-
mistocles himself, they say, now become great and
courted by many, said to his children, when a
splendid table was once set for him : " My children,
we should now have been undone, had we not been
undone before." ^ Three cities, as most writers say,
were given him for bread, wine, and meat, namely :
Magnesia, Lampsacus, and Myus ; and two others
are added by Neanthes of Cyzicus and by Phanias,
namely : Percote and Palaescepsis ; these for his
bedding and raiment.
XXX. Now as he was going down to the sea on
his commission to deal with Hellenic affairs, a
1 Thuc. i. 138.
81
PLUTARCH'S LIVES
'Ett^^ U779 ovojxa, aarpa'Trevcov t^9 avco ^pvylas,
iire/BovXevae, irapeo-KevaKci)^ e/cTraXai, TliaiSa<;
Tiva<i airoKrevovvraf;, orav ev ttj KaXovfievr} K(o/j,r} ^
A6ovTo/C6<f>aXa) y€v6jjL6vo<; KaravXiaOrj. rw Se
Xiyerai KaOevhovri fieo-rj/jL^piaf; rrjv fii^repa rcou
Oecov ovap (f)av6Laav elirelv* "'fl SefiiaroKXei^,
varepet Ke(f>a\7]<; Xiovrcov, Lva fir) Xeovri TrepLirecrr]^.
iyo) Be avrl tovtov ae alrco Oepdiraivav M1/7;-
2 aiTTToXifJiav,^' Biarapa'^^Oeh ovv 6 Sefica-TOKXr}^
7rpo(r€v^dfjb€VO<; rfj OeSt rrjv fiev Xea)(p6pov d(j>rJKeVy
ir^pa Be irepieXOcbv kclL 7rapaXXd^a<i rov roirov
CKelvov i]Bi] vvKTO^ ovcrr]^ KarrjvXLO-aro.
TcovBe Tr)V aKrjvrjv KopuL^ovTcov VTro^uylcov €V0<; eh
Tov TTOTafjiov ifiireaovTO^y ol rod Se/nicTTO/cXeov^
ol/cerai ra? avXaia^ Biappoxovi yevofieva^ eKire-
rdaravre^ dve^jrv^ov, ol Be IltcriSat ra ^[(prj Xa-
/Soz^T6? ev Tovrq) TrpocrecpepovTo, koI ra yjrv')(^6fieva
7r/)09 TTjv aeXrjvqv ovk dfcpi^m IBovre^ (prjOrjaav
elvav T^v (TK7]vr}v rrjv Sefii,crTOKXeov<; KaKelvov
3 evBov evprjaeiv dvairavofievov, 0)9 8* €77^9 yevo-
fjuevot TTjv avXaiav dveareXXov, eirLiriirTovdiv
avTol^ ol TrapacpvXda-aovref; koI avXXafi^dvova-i.
Bia(pvy(bv Be tov klvBvvov ovtco koX Oavpbda-a^ ttjv
€7rt(j)dveiav rrj<; Oeov vaov Karea/cevaaev ev M.ay-
vrjaia ALvBvfi7]vr}<; koI ttjv Ovyarepa Mvrj<TL7rro-
Xifiav lepetav direBei^ev.
XXXI. 'II9 3' ^XOev €i9 XdpB€i<; koI a-^oXrjv
1 Kdfin Fuhr and Blass with F^S : ir6kii city,
82
THEMISTOCLES, xxx. i-xxxi. i
Persian, Epixyes by name, satrap of Upper Phrygia,
plotted against his life, having for a long time kept
certain Pisidians in readiness to slay him whenever
he should reach the village called Lion's Head, and
take up his night's quarters there. But while Themi-
stocles was asleep at midday before, it is said that the
Mother of the Gods ^ appeared to him in a dream and
said : '' O Themistocles, shun a head of lions, that
thou mayest not encounter a lion. And for this
service to thee, I demand of thee Mnesiptolema to
be my handmaid." Much disturbed, of course,
Themistocles, with a prayer of acknowledgment to
the goddess, forsook the highway, made a circuit by
another route, and passing by that place, at last, as
night came on, took up his quarters.
Now, since one of the beasts of burden which
carried the equipage of his tent had fallen into the
river, the servants of Themistocles hung up the
curtains which had got wet, and were drying them
out. The Pisidians, at this juncture, sword in hand,
made their approach, and since they could not see
distinctly by the light of the moon what it was that
was being dried, they thought it was the tent of
Themistocles, and that they would find him reposing
inside. But when they drew near and lifted up the
hanging, they were fallen upon by the guards and
apprehended. Thus Themistocles escaped the peril,
and because he was amazed at the epiphany of the
goddess, he built a temple in Magnesia in honour of
Dindymene, and made his daughter Mnesiptolema
her priestess.
XXXI. When he had come to Sardis and was
* Rhea, or Cybele, Magna Mater, called also Dindymen^,
from Mount Dindyinon, in Phrygia.
83
PLUTARCH'S LIVES
arf(ov iOearo r&v lepcav rrjv Karao-Kevr^v fcal rcov
avadrj/jbdrav to 7r\7J6o<i, elSe Se iv /jLr)Tpb<; lepw
TTjv KaXovfjbivrjv vBpo(j)6pov Koprjv %a\^^i^, fJui^eOo^
Bi7rY)')(vVy Tjv avTO<; ore t&p ^Adrjvqaiv vSdrcov
iiriaTaTi]*; rfv, eka>v Tov<i v^ipovpuevovi to vScop
Kol 7ra/3o%6Tei;oi/T<x9, dviOrjKev ex t^<? J^/Ata?
irotrjadfievo^, ecre Brj iraOcov tl tt^o? ttjp alxM'(i'f^
\(o<7Lav Tov dvaOrjfjLaTO'i etre pov\6p,evo^ evhei^d-
adat. T0*9 *A6r]vaL0i^f oarjv e')(eL ti/jltjv kuI hvvafjULV
iv TOL<; /Sa<7tXea)9 irpdyfjuaai, Xoyov rw Avhla^
aarpdirrj TrpoaijveyKev aiTovp^evo^ dirocneTkaL rrjv
2 Koprjv eh ra? *AOrjva<;. ')(aXeiTaLvovTO<i Be tov
fiap^dpov Kol ^aarCKeZ ypdyjreiv ^7]aavT0<; eiri-
aToXrjVy (fto^rjdeU 6 Se/jLt(TTOK\rj<i e/? ttjv yvvaLKw-
VLTiv KUTecpvye Kal Ta9 iraXkaKiBa^; avTov
Bepairevaas yprjp.aaLv eKetvov re KaTeirpdvve t^9
opyrj*; koX Trpo^i tcl dXXa 'Trapel')(ev eavTOv evKa-
^etTTepov, riBr) koI tov <^66vov t&v ^apfidpcov
BeBoiKco^;. ov yap TrXavcafjuevo^ irepl t^j/ ^Aalav,
0)9 <l>rjai O€07ro/i,7ro9, dXX evMayvrjcTLa fiev oIk&v,
Kap7rovfjLevo<i Be Bcopea<; fieydXa^ Kal Tifico/nevof;
6/jLoia Tlepar(ov tol<; dplaTOi^, cttI TroXifv 'xpovov
dBe(b<; Bcrjyev, ov irdvv ti> T0t9 '^XXrjViKol^ irpdy-
fiaai paaiXeay^ irpoaexovTO^ vir daxpXLiov irepl
Ta9 dvQ) TT/Jaf 6^9.
3 *il9 5* AtyvTTTOfi T€ d<j)LaTa/jLev7} fforjdovvTOJV
^Adrjvaioav Kal TpLrjpetfs ^FjXXijvikoI p^e^pi' l^virpov
Kal K.i,XcKLa^ dva-TrXeovaai koI Klp^cov daXaTTO-
KpaTcov eirio-Tpe'^ev avTov avTeinyeipelv Tol<i
"EXX^ct Kal KcoXveiv av^avojievov^ eir avTOV, tJBtj
84
THEMISTOCLES, xxxi. 1-3
viewing at his leisure the temples built there and the
multitude of their dedicatory offerings, and saw in
the temple of the Mother the so-called Water-
carrier, — a maid in bronze, two cubits high, which he
himself, when he was water commissioner at Athens,
had caused to be made and dedicated from the fines
he exacted of those whom he convicted of stealing
and tapping the public water, — whether it was
because he felt some chagrin at the capture
of the offering, or because he wished to show
the Athenians what honour and power he had in the
King's service, he addressed a proposition to the
Lydian satrap and asked him to restore the maid to
Athens. But the Barbarian was incensed and threat-
ened to write a letter to the King about it ; whereat
Themistocles was afraid, and so had recourse to the
women's chambers, and, by winning the favour of the
satrap's concubines with money, succeeded in assuag-
ing his anger. Thereafter he behaved more circum-
spectly, fearing now even the jealousy of the Bar-
barians. For he did not wander about over Asia, as
Theopompus says, but had a house in Magnesia, and
gathered in large gifts, and was honoured like the
noblest Persians, and so lived on for a long time with-
out concern, because the King paid no heed at
all to Hellenic affairs, owing to his occupation with
the state of the interior.
But when Egypt revolted with Athenian aid,^
and Hellenic triremes sailed up as far as Cyprus
and Cilicia, and Cimon's mastery of the sea forced
the King to resist the efforts of the Hellenes
and to hinder their hostile growth ; and when at
last forces began to be moved, and generals were
^ 459 B.a
PLUTARCH'S LIVES
Sk KoX Svvd/ui€i<i eKivovvTO KoX a-rparriryol SiCTrefi-
irovTO Kol Karefiatvov ^ ayyeXiai. irpo'i @e/jLL(7T0-
K\ea, tS)v *Fi\\r)viK(ov e^diTTeo-dav Kekevovro^
4 fiaaiXeQ)<; kol fie^aiovv ra? vTroa-'X^earei^, ovre Si
opyrjv Tiva 7rapo^vv6el<; Kara rwv ttoXitcjv ovre
iirapdeU Tipbfj roa-avrrj kuI Bwdfiec TT/ao? top
TToXefJLOv, dX)C Lcrco'; fiev ovB^ icfuKTOv ^ rjyovp.evo^
TO epyov, aXXou9 re fieydXov^ t^9 'EWaSo? ^%ov-
ar](; <7TpaTr)yov<; t6t€ kol Yiificovo^ virep^VM^; 128
ev'rjfjb6povvTO<; iv T0t9 7roX€fii,KOt<;, to Bk irXelaTOV
alBot Trj<; T6 Sof?;? r&v irpd^ecov Ttov eavrov teal
T(ov TpoTralcov eKeCvcov, dpiara ^ovXevadfievo^
5 eindelvav T(p ^Lco rrjv reXevrrjv irpeirova-aVi eOvae
Tol<i deoU, Kot T0U9 (plXou^ (Tvvayayayv kov Se^ico-
<Td/JL€vo<;, ft)9 fiev 6 ttoXv^ \0709, alpxi ravpetov
TTtdov, 609 5' evioL, (pdpfiaKOV i^ij/nepov irpoaevey-
Kdp£vo^y iv MayvTja-La tcaTearpeylre irevre irpof:
T0?9 e^rjKOVTa jSejSLCOKcbt; errj fcal ra TrXetara rov-
Twv iv 7roXLT€LaL<; /cal rjyefJUOviaL^. rrjv S* alriav
Tov davdrov kov tov rpoirov nrvdofievov ffaatXia
XeyovcTiv en fxaXXov Oavjidaai tov dvSpa koI
T0Z9 ^LXoL<i avTOv Kal oIk€lol<; 'X^pcofievov StaTeXetv
^tXavOpooirco';.
XXXII. 'ATreXiTre Be Se/JiiaTOKXrjf; 7raL8a<; i/c
fiev ^ A.p')(i'iT'Tr'q<i tt)^ AvadvSpov tov ^AXcorrrefcrjOev
*Ap')(^67rToXcv Kal UoXvevfCTOV Kal KXeocpavTov,
ov Kal TiXdTcov 6 <j>iX6ao<j)o<f w^ t7r7r€ft)9 dpio-Tov,
ToXXa 8* ovB6vo<: d^lov yevofiivov fivqjJioveveL.
* Kari^aivov Fuhr and Blass with F^S : Kare&aivov tls
Mayv7i<riav.
* ovS' iitmerhv Fuhr and Blass with Y*S : ovk e<lnKrhr.
86
THEMISTOCLES, xxxi. 3-xxxii. i
despatched hither and thither, and messages came
down to Themistocles saying that the King com-
manded him to make good his promises by applying
himself to the Hellenic problem, then, neither
embittered by anything like anger against his former
fellow-citizens, nor lifted up by the great honour and
power he was to have in the war, but possibly think-
ing his task not even approachable, both because
Hellas had other great generals at the time, and
especially because Cimon was so marvellously success-
ful in his campaigns ; yet most of all out of regard
for the reputation of his own achievements and the
trophies of those early days ; having decided that his
best course was to put a fitting end to his life,
he made a sacrifice to the gods, then called his
friends together, gave them a farewell clasp of his
hand, and, as the cun-ent story goes, drank bull's
blood, or as some say, took a quick poison, and so
died in Magnesia, in the sixty-fifth year of his life,^
most of which had been spent in political leader-
ship. They say that the King, on learning the cause
and the manner of his death, admired the man yet
more, and continued to treat his friends and kindred
with kindness.
XXXn. Themistocles left three sons by Archippe,
the daughter of Lysander, of the deme Alopec6,
namely : Archeptolis, Polyeuctus and Cleophantus,
the last of whom Plato the philosopher mentions
as a capital horseman, but good for nothing else.^
* Thuc. i. 138. 8 Menoy p. 93.
VOL. 11. D ^7
p PLUTARCH'S LIVES
rSiv Sk Trpea-^vrdroDV Neo/cX^? jxev en irat^ cov
v<j>^ Ilttttov ^T^^^el? diridave, AioxXia 8e Kvaav-
2 S/309 irdiTiro^ viov iiroLrjauTO. 6vyaTepa<; Be
7rXetov9 eV^ei^, oiv MvrjcriTrToXefiav fiev ix r?;?
i7ri,yaiJbrjO€Lcrr}<; yevo/aivrjv ^ Kp^eirToXi^i 6 dBeXcpb^;
ovK a)P 6/iiofjur]Tpio<i eyrjfiep, ^Irakiav Be UavOolBrj^;
6 Xt09, 'Zvpapiv Bl 'NiKo/ju7]B7]<; 6 *K6r)vaio^'
^c/cofid')(7]v Be ^pacriK\rj<; 6 dBe\(j)tBov<; %epi(no-
Kkeovf;, -^Brj TeTe\€VT7jK6T0<; eKeivov, irkevaa'; eh
M.ayv7]aLav eXafie irapa t(ov dBeXcpoJv, vecoTdTrjv
Be TrdvTcav tcjv Te/evcov ^Aaiav edpe^fre.
3 Kal rd<l)ov fx^v avTov \afiirpov ev rrj dyopa
Mdyv7)Te<; exovar irepl Be rwv Xetyjrdvcov ovt
^AvBoklBt} irpoo-e^eiv d^iov ev Ta> 11/909 tov<:
eTaipov<i Xeyovrt, (j>a)pdaavTa<; rd Xei-^ava Biap-
plyjrai. tou9 ^ A.dr}vaiov<; (^^evBerai yap iirl tov
BrjfjLov irapo^vvcov tov<; 6Xi,yap')(^LKov<i), 6 re <J>u-
Xap')(p^i coawep ev rpaywBia ry laropLa p^ovovov
H'VX^^V^ a/3a9 koI irpoayaycov Neo/cXea rivd Kal
Arj/jLOTToXcv, viov<i S€/jii(TTO/cXeov<if dycdva fiov-
Xerai Kivelv Kal irdOo^, o ovB' av 6 Tvj(a)v dyvorj-
4 (Teiev on ireTrXaaraL, Ai6Ba)po<; B' 6 TrepcrjyrjTrjs
ev Tot9 Uepl fivrj/jbdrcov etprjKev C09 vttovomv p.dX-
Xov Tj yiv(Ji>(TK(ov, oTi irepl tov fieyav Xip>eva tov
Ti€ipaLS}<; diro tov KUTa tov "AXKip^ov aKpcoTrj-
plov irpoKeiTai ti<; olov dyKcov, Kal Kdp.y\ravTi
TovTOV eVT09, y to virevBiov Trj<; daXdTTr)^, Kp7}7rL<;
ecTLV €V/j,€ye6r]<; Kal to irepl avTrjv ficofMoeiBe^:
88
THEMISTOCLES, xxxii. 1-4
One of his two oldest sons, Neocles, died in boy-
hood from the bite of a horse, and Diodes was
adopted by his grandfather Lysander. He had
several daughters, of whom Mnesiptolema, bom of his
second wife, became the wife of Archeptolis her
half-brother, Italia of Panthoides the Chian, and
Sybaris of Nicomedes the Athenian. Nicomache was
given in marriage by her brothers to Phrasicles, the
nephew of Themistocles, who sailed to Magnesia
after his micle's death, and who also took charge of
Asia, the youngest of all the children.
The Magnesians have a splendid tomb of Themisto-
cles in their market place ; and with regard to his
remains, Andocides is worthy of no attention when
he says, in his Address to his Associates, that the
Athenians stole away those remains and scattered
them abroad, for he is trying by his lies to incite
the oligarchs against the people ; and Phylarchus,
too, when, as if in a tragedy, he all but erects a
theatrical machine for this story, and brings into the
action a certain Neocles, forsooth, and Demopolis,
sons of Themistocles, wishes merely to stir up
tumultuous emotion ; his tale even an ordinary person
must know is fabricated. Diodorus the Topographer,
in his work " On Tombs," says, by conjecture rather
than from actual knowledge, that near the large
harbour of the Piraeus a sort of elbow juts out from
the promontory opposite Alcimus, and that as you
round this and come inside where the water of the
sea is still, there is a basement of goodly size,
and that the altar-like structure upon this is the
89
PLUTARCH'S LIVES
5 Ta^09 Tov S€fit(7KOK\eov<;. oterat §€ koI JVkd-
Tcova TOV KfOfiLKov avTw fiapTvpetv iv Tovroi<i'
'O 0-09 Bk TVfi^o<i iv Ka\(p /cex(0(T/jL6vo<;
roll:; ifiTTOpott; Trpoa-prjai^; earac 'jravTa')(ov,
rov<: T^ i/CTrXeovra^ elaiiKeovrdf; t oyfrerai,
'X&TTorav afiiWa^ roov vecov Oedaerai.
Tot? 8* diro yevov^ tov ©efito-roKXiov^ /cal
rifiav TLve^i iv Mayvrjcria (jyvXaTTojuevai, /Ji6)(pi,
T&v r/fieTcpcov %/0oi/6)i; ycrav, a? i/capTrovro @6fML-
o-toacXt)? *A0rjpa2o^, rnxeTepo^ avvrjOr}^ koI <^t\o9
Trap AfifJLcovirp to3 ^CKoao^w yevofievo^,
^ rovs t' corrected by Bekker to ots.
* &fiiX\a Bekker has afxtW ^ after Porson.
n
90
THEMISTOCLES, xxxii. 5
tomb of Themistocles. And he thinks that the
comic poet Plato is a witness in favour of his view
when he says : —
" Thy tomb is mounded in a fair and sightly place ;
The merchantmen shall ever hail it with glad cry ;
It shall behold those outward, and those inward
bound.
And all the emulous rivalry of racing ships.**
For the lineal descendants of Themistocles there
were also certain dignities maintained in Magnesia
down to my time, and the revenues of these were
enjoyed by a Themistocles of Athens, who was my
intimate and friend in the school of Ammonius the
philosopher.
9»
n
CAMILLUS
1
KAMIAA02
I. Uepl Be ^ovplov KafiiWov 7roXka>v koX 129
fieydXwv Xejofievcov lBiov elvat BoKel fiaXiara
Kal TrapdBo^ov, ort, irXeldTa jxev iv r)<yepboviai<;
Kol ixeyiaTa KaropOcoaaf;, ScKraTcop Be TrevruKc^
alpeOeif;, Opiajufievcra^; Be T€Tpd/CL<;, /ctI(TT7j<; Be
Trj<i 'Pa)/x?79 dva<ypa<^e\'i Bevrepo^, ovBe aira^
2 virdrevae, tovtov 3' atriov rj rrj^ Tore iroki-
Te[a<i KardaTaaL'iy i/c Bca(l>opd<; rod Brjfjbov tt/jo?
T'r)V avy/cXrjTOv vTrdrovi fiev eplaavTO<i fit] diro-
BeiKvvGQaiy yjXidp^ov^ Be yeipOTOvovvTo^ iirl
Tr)v iQje/jLoviav, (av, Kalirep dir i^ov(7la<s Kal
Bvvdjjiea)^ v7rarifC'f]<; diravra Trparrovrcov, rJTTOP
rjv eira'xOrj^i rj dp^rj Blo, to ifkrjOo^. to yap ef
dvBpa^, dXkd p.rj Bvo, rot? TTpdyfjuaaiv iipcardvai,
irapejJLvOelro rov^ jSapvvo/JLevovi rrjv oXtyap^iav.
3 Kara rovTO Brj /caipou fidXcdra rfj Bo^r) Kal rot?
TTpdyfiaatv dKpLdaa<^ 6 Kd/jLiWo<; viraro^ /xev ovk
r/^Lcoaev ukovtc tw Byfio) yeveaOat, Kalirep ev t&
Bed p.eaov Be^ap,evr]<i viraTtKa^ dp')(aLpeaia<; rrj'i
TToXtreta? iroWdKi^, ev Be rah dWat'i rfye/jLovlai^i
94
CAMILLUS
I. Turning now to Furius Camillus, among the
many notable things that are told of him, this seems
the most singular and strange, namely, that although
in other offices of command he won many and great
successes, and although he was five times chosen
dictator, four times celebrated a triumph, and was
styled a Second Founder of Rome, not even once was
he consul. The reason for this lay in the political
conditions of his time. The common people, being
at variance with the Senate, strove against the
appointment of consuls, and elected military tribunes
to the command instead. These, although they
always acted with consular authority and power,
were less obnoxious in their sway because of their
number. For the fact that six men instead of two
stood at the head of affairs, was some comfort to
those who were bitterly set against the rule of the
few.
Now it was at this period that Camillus came to
the height of his achievements and fame, and he
would not consent to become consul over a reluctant
people, although during his career the city tolerated
consular elections many times. But in the many
other and varied offices which he held, he so con-
ducted himself that even when the authority rightly
95
PLUTARCH'S LIVES
TToWaU fcal TravToBairaL^ yevofievat^; toiovtov
avTov 'iTapea-)(€Vy uxttc Tr)V fiev i^ovaiav Kal
jMovap'XpvvTO'; elvai Kotvijv, rrjv Be Bo^av IBiav
Kal [Jbeff iripcov o-rparrjjovvTO^' Oiv rod jxev 17
lieTpLOTr)^; aiTiov aveTTK^Oovco^ ap)(pvTO^, rod S* r)
(j)p6vr)ai<;, Bt* rjv 6fJLo\oyov/jL6V(a<; iirpcoreuev.
II. OuTTco Be Tore irepl top tmv ^ovpiayv ol/cov
ov(jr)<; /jLe'yaXr]<; eVt^aj/eta? avTo<; a(p^ eavrov irpco-
T09 eh Bo^av iTporfkOev ev Ty /xeyaXy fid^rj Trpo^
A.licavov^ Kal Ovo\ov(7kov<; vtto BiKTaropi Iloa*-
TovjuLLO) Tou/9e/?TCt) (TTpaTev6iJbevo<^. irpOiTrirevcov
yap Tov (jTpaTOV Kal irXrjyi} irepiireaobv et? top
firjpov ovK avrJKeVf aX)C iyKeifMevov tw Tpavfiari
TrapeKKWv to aKOVTiafia Kal aviMirXeKOfievo^ rot?
2 apl(TTOi^ TOdV TroXejXiwv TpG7rr]v eTroLrja-ev. ck Be
TOVTOV Tcov T oXkwv yepcov erv^e Kal Tt/j,r}Tr)<;
direBeiyOrj, jmeya t?}? cupyrj^ d^i(0[xa TavT7}<; iTrl
rSiv TOTe ')(^p6vcov exovar]^;. jjLvrjiJLoveveTaL Be
avTOV TLfir^TevovTOf; KaXov fiev epyov to TOv<i
dydpiov^ XoyoL^ re ireidovra Kal f/;/Atat9 direi-
XovvTa (TvyKaTa^ev^ai ral^; YTjpevoixrac^ yvvai^l
(iroXkal 8' r}(jav avrat, Bid rov^ '7ro\epiou<}), dvay-
Kalov Be TO Kal tov<; 6p<pavov<; vTroreXel^; Trotrjaat
3 iTpoTepov dveL(T(fi6pov^ ovTa^;. alTiai S* rjorav at
crvvex^h (TTparelai /xeydXayv dvaXwjxdrwv Beo-
fievac, Kal fjudXtcFTa Karrjireiyev 97 Ow] tcov iroXiop-
Kia. T0VT0v<i evLOL Ovr)'ievTavov<; KaXovaiv.
^Hv Be TTpoaxni^^ '^V'^ Tvppr)VLa<; y 7roXt9, ottXcov
fiev dpiO/jLO) Kal irXTjOet tcov aTpaTevofieveov ovk
diroBeovaa t?}? *Va)p,7]<;, ttXcvto) Be Kal /3lcov d^po-
T7JTI Kot Tpvcpal^i Kol woXvTeXetaKi dyaXXofiivr)
96
CAMILLUS, I. 3 II. 3
belonged to him alone^ it was exercised in common
with others ; while the glory that followed such
exercise was his alone, even when he shared the
command. In the first case, it was his moderation
that kept his rule from exciting envy ; in the second,
it was his abihty that gave him the first place with
none to dispute it.
II. At a time when the house of the Furii was not
yet very conspicuous, he, by his own efforts, was the
first of his clan to achieve fame. This he did in the
great battle with the Aequians and Volscians, serving
under Postumius Tubertus the dictator. Dashing out
on his horse in front of the army, he did not abate his
speed when he got a wound in the thigh, but drag-
ging the missile along with him in its wound, he en-
gaged the bravest of the enemy and put them to flight.
For this exploit, among other honours bestowed upon
him, he was appointed censor, in those days an
office of great dignity. There is on record a noble
achievement of his censorship, that of bringing the
unmarried men, partly by persuasion and partly by
threatening them with fines, to join in wedlock with
the women who were living in widowhood, and these
were many because of the wars ; likewise a necessary
achievement, that of making the orphans, who before
this had contributed nothing to the support of the
state, subject to taxation. The continuous campaigns,
demanding great outlays of money, really required
this. Especially burdensome was the siege of Veii
(some call the people Veientani).
This city was the barrier and bulwark of Tus-
cany, in quantity of arms and multitude of soldiery
no whit inferior to Rome. Indeed, pluming her-
self on her wealth, and on the refinement, luxury,
97
PLUTARCH'S LIVES
TToXXou? KoX Ka\ov<; dycbva<; rj^ycovicraTo Trepi So^rj^
4 Kal BvvaaT€La<} irdkefjiovaa ^Vwfiaioi^i. iv he roS
Tore ')(p6vq) t?)? fiev (^iKoTi[xia<i a(j)6i(rr'r]K€L avv-
rpifielcra fjbeyaXaL^ yU-a%ai9* eirapafievot he relxH
fieydXa /cat /caprepa Kal rrjv ttoXcv oifkcov /cat
^eXcjv Kal (TLTov Kal TrapaaKevrj^^ airda-ri^ i/juirX^-
aavref^i dheSy^; vire/xevov rrjv iroXiopKiav, [xaKpav
fiev ovaav, ov)(^ rJTTOv Be tol^ iroXiopKOvcriv ip-
5 fycoBr) Kal y^aXeiryv fyevojjLevrjv, eWiapLevot yap ov 130
TToXvv ')(^p6vov dfia wpa 6epov<; e^co o-rpareveiv,
OLKot Be Bca)(^eLfjLd^€LV, Tore irpoorov r)vayKd(T6rjaav
VTTO Tcov ')(^LXidp^(Dv (ppovpca KaraaKeva-d/jLevoi
Kal TO arpaToueBov Tei')(iaavTe^ iv ttj iroXefiia
')(eni5yva Kal 6epo<; awdTrreiv, i]Br] aX'^Bov erou?
e^Bojxov T^ TToXefjLO) reXevrcovTOf;. Scrre Kal
T0U9 dpxovTa^ iv alria yevecrOai Kal fjLaXaK(b<;
iroXiopKelv BoKOvvTa^ dcpaipeOrjvai ttjv dp')(^v,
irepcov alpedevroyv iirl rov iroXe/xov' a)v rjv Kal
6 KdjjLiXXo^ Tore 'x^cXiapx^JV to Bevrepov. eirpa^e
Be irepl t7]v TroXiopKiav ovBev iv eKelvw tc3 y^pov(o,
Xa'x^cbv ^aXepioL^i Kal KairTji^drat^; TroXepLeiv, at
Bi* da'^oXvav Tore TroXXd ryv '^copav KaOvfipi-
aavre<; Kal irapd rravra rov TvpprjvLKov iroXepbov
€VO')(Xo](TavTe(; eTrteaOrjcrav vtto rod KapLiXXov Kal
a-vveardXrjaav eh rd rel'^rf 7roXXov<; diro^a-
Xo^'xe?.
III. 'E/c rovTov TO irepl rrjv 'AX^avuBa Xifxvqv
irddo^ dKfjbd^ovTL rw rroXefiw avveve'^Oev ovBevo<i
'rjTTOv TCOV dirLa-rayv rrvOeaOai Oavfidrcov alrla^
Koivrff; dirooia Kal Xoyov (jjvaiKrjv exovro^i dp^rjv
i<t)6^i]crev, rjv fiev yap &pa p^roTraypivrj, Kal to
98
CAMILLUS, 11. 3 -III. I
and sumptuonsness in which her citizens lived
she had waged many noble contests for glory and
power in her wars with the Romans. At this
time, however, she had been crushed in great
battles, and had given up her former ambitious pre-
tensions. But her people built their walls high and
strong, filled the city full of armour, missiles, grain,
and every possible provision, and confidently endured
their siege, which, though long, was no less laborious
and difficult for the besiegers. These had been
accustomed to short campaigns abroad as the summer
season opened, and to winters at home ; but then
for the first time they had been compelled by their
tribunes to build forts and fortify their camp and
spend both summer and winter in the enemy's
country, the seventh year of the war being now
nearly at an end. For this their rulers were held to
blame, and finally deprived of their rule, because
they were thought to conduct the siege without
energy. Others were chosen to carry on the war,
and one of these was Camillus, now tribune for the
second time. But for the present he had nothing to
do with the siege, since it fell to his lot to wage war
with the Falerians and the Capenates, who, while the
Romans had their hands full, had often harried their
territory, and during all the Tuscan war had given
them annoyance and trouble. These were over-
whelmed by Camillus in battle and shut up in their
fastnesses with great loss of life.
III. And now, when the war was at its climax,
the calamity of the Alban lake added its terrors. It
seemed a most incredible prodigy, without familiar
cause or natural explanation. For the season was
autumn, and the summer just ended had, to all
99
PLUTARCH'S LIVES
Oipo<; eXrjyev ovr eirofifipov ovre irvevfiacrt votloi^
2 ')(a\e'jrov iTn^tjXcofi yevofievov' 7roWa<; Se Xifiva^;
Kol TTOTafiov^ Koi vdfjLara iravroBaTra T779 'Ira-
\ia<; ij(pva7}<^ ra fxev i^eXiire KOfiLSfjy ra S* avr-
ea^e fyKiay^pcd^ /cat /Jb6XL<;, ol Se irora/jiol irdvre^
wcTTrep del koIXol koI Tairetvol Sia depov<; ippvi]-
aav, TO Be t?}? 'AXySaz/tSo? XLp.vr)<i dp')(r]v eyov
ev eavTO) Kal reXevrrjv, opeaiv ev^eioL^ irepiexo-
fievovt diT ovBevo<; alrioVy 7rXr)v el ti Oetov, av^o-
fjbevov einBrjXaif; BccoyKOvro /cal irpocriaTaro raU
vircdpeiai^ kol tmv dvcordrco Xocpcov 6fiaX(b<; errre-
yjravev, di^ev adXov kol kXvBcovo^ i^ap-Lardfievov.
3 Kol TTpMTOV fieV ^V TTOL/jLeVCOV OaVfJLa KOL ^OTrjpCOV
iirel Be, rod Bieipyovro^ diro rrjf; Karco %ft)/?a9
olov laOfjbov TTjv XifJbVTjv vireKpayevro^ viro rov
irXrjOov^ KOL ^dpov<;, pbiya pevjua /caTe/Saive Bed
TMV dpovfievcov kol ^VTevofjuevcov eVl rrjv OdXaT-
TaVy ov pbovov avTol<; Trapelx^ ^J^cofiaioi^ eKirXrj^LV,
dXXd Kal irdaLV eBoKeu rot? T7]v 'iTaXiav KaTot-
Kovat fiT^Bevo^ fJUKpov cn^p^elov elvai. irXelcTTO^;
B^ avTov X0709 ^v ev t& arpaTOireBw tw iroXiop-
KOVVTL TOV^ 0vr)t0V<;, WCTTe KdKeiVOL<; e/CTTVO-TOV
yeveadai to irepl ttjv Xijivrjv 7rddo<;.
IV. Ola 3' ev TroXiopKva Bid "X^povov jjurjKo^
€7ri/JLL^La<i T€ TToXXa? ixovcrrj Kal KOLVoXoyia^
TTpb^ T0V9 TToXe/JLLOvfi, eyeyovet tivI 'Pco/jbaiw
(TVV7]0eta Kal Trapprjata 7r/309 eva tmv ttoXltmv,
dvdpwTTOv efiireipov re Xoyicov iraXaicov Kai ti
Kal TrXeov elBevat tmv dXXwv drro piavTLKrjQ
BoKOVVTa. TOVTOV ouv 6 ^VMfJLalo<;, €09 rjKOvae
Tr)v iTTiBoaiv Trj<i Xipbvrj^;, opcov vTrepyjBop^evov
T€ Kal KaTayeXoiVTa t>}9 iroXiopKia^j ov TavT
100
CAMILLUS, III. i-iv. r
observation, been neither rainy nor vexed by south
winds. Of the lakes, rivers, and streams of all sizes
with which Italy abounds, some had failed utterly,
others barely managed to hold out, and all the rivers
ran low, between high banks, as was always the case
in summer. But the Alban lake, which had its
source and outlet within itself, and was girt about
with fertile mountains, for no reason, except it be
that heaven willed it, was observed to increase and
swell until it reached the skirts of the mountains
and gradually touched their highest ridges. All
this rise was without surge or billow. At first it was
a prodigy for neighbouring shepherds and herdsmen.
But when the volume and weight of water broke
away the barrier which, like an isthmus, had kept
the lake from the country lying below it, and a huge
torrent poured down through the fields and vine-
yards and made its way to the sea, then not only
were the Romans themselves dismayed, but all the
inhabitants of Italy thought it a sign of no small
evil to come. There was much talk about it in the
army that was besieging Veii, so that even the
besieged themselves heard of the calamity.
IV. As was to be expected in a long siege requir-
ing many meetings for conference with the enemy,
it fell out that a certain Roman became intimate and
confidential with one of the citizens of Veii, a man
versed in ancient oracles, and reputed wiser than the
rest from his being a diviner. The Roman saw that
this man, on hearing the story of the lake, was over-
joyed and made mock of the siege. He therefore told
PLUTARCH'S LIVES
e^r) jjbovov iv7)vo')(^ivai, Oavfiaara rov irapovra
')(^p6vov, aW* erepa tovtcov aroircorepa o-rjfieia
'PcofialoLf; ryeyovevat, irepl mv eOekeiv eKeivco
Koivwadjjievo^i el ri BvvacTo, OecrOai tmv ISicov
2 afjueivov ev TOi<; kolvoI<; voaovffiv. vTrafCOvaavro^
he Tov avOpcoTTOV TrpoOvfjuax; fcal BcBovto^ eavrov
eh KOivoXoyiav, co? airoppr}Ta)v tlvmv aKpoarrjv
iao/Jbevov, Kara fiiKpov ovrco hiaXeyojievo^ koX
VTrdycov avrov, 009 Troppcorepo) rcov ttvXmv eyeyo-
veco-av, atpei re fierecopov evpcoa-Torepo^; wv icai
Tivoiv diro arparoTrihov irpoo-hpapLovrcov 'xeipw- fl
(Td/jL€vo<; Kol KpaTri(Ta<; TrapiScoKe rot 9 (rrparrjyoh^ ™
3 ev TOVTcp S* dvdyK'qf; yeyovcD^ 6 dvOpcoiro^ koI
fiadoDV dpa to ireirpayfjuevov 0)9 d(f)VKrov etrj, \6yta
7rpov(j)aiv€V aTropprjra irepl rrj^ eavrov iraTpiho^;,
ft)9 ovK ovar)<; dXwcri/jiOV irporepov rj rrjv ^AX^a-
viBa XifivTjv eK')(v6e'la-av koI ^epofievr^v 68ov<;
erepa^ coaavre^ oiriaw koX irepiaTrdcTavre^; ol
TToXe/jLioi KcoXvcrovai jiiyvvadai rrj OaXdrry,
4 TavTa rfi avyKXrjTfo Trvdofievy kol hiairopovar) 131
KaX(o<; e')(^eLV eSofe Trefjbyjravra'; eh AeX<^0L'9
epeaOai tov Oeov. 01 he ireixc^Oevre^ dvhpe<i
evSo^oi Kol fieydXoL, Kocro'09 Alklvvlo<; koX OvaX-
XepLO<; TloTLTo<; fcal ^d^io^; "A/x/3o 1^(7x09, ttXo)
re ')(^p'r)(TdiJL6V0L koi tmv irapd tov 6eov TV)(6vTe<i
r^Kov dXXa<; re fiavTeia<; /cofil^ovre^, at iraTpicov
Tiv(av irepl Td<; KaXov/jLeva<; AaTiva^ eoprd^;
5 oXiyeoplav ecfypa^ov avroh, kol to T779 'AX^avlSo'^
vhcop e/ceXevov eLpyovTa<^ &)9 dvvcTTOv icrTc t^9
6aXd<7arj^ dvcoOeiv eh tov dp')(alov iropov, rj
TOVTO fiT) Bvvafievov; opvyfxaai koX Td^poi<i
irapdyeiv eh to irehiov /cat KaTavaXla-Keiv,
102
CAMILLUS, IV. 1-5
him this was not the only wonder which the passing
days had brought, but that other and stranger signs
than this had been given to the Romans, of which
he was minded to tell him, in order that, if possible,
he might better his own private case in the midst of
the public distresses. The man gave eager hearing
to all this, and consented to a conference, supposing
that he was going to hear some deep secrets. But
the Roman led him along little by little, conversing
as he M^ent, until they were some way beyond the
city gate, when he seized him bodily, being a sturdier
man than he, and with the help of comrades who
came running up from the camp, mastered him com-
pletely and handed him over to the generals. Thus
constrained, and perceiving that fate's decrees were
not to be evaded, the man revealed secret oracles
regarding his native city, to the effect that it could
not be captured until the Alban lake, after leaving
its bed and making new channels for itself, should
be driven back by tlie enemy, deflected from its
course, and prevented from mingling with the sea.
The Senate, on hearing this, was at great loss
what to do, and thought it Avell to send an embassy
to Delphi to consult the god. The envoys were
men of great repute and influence, Cossus Licinius,
Valerius Potitus, and Fabius Ambustus, who made
their voyage and came back with the responses of
the god. One of these told them that certain
ancestral rites connected with the so-called Latin
festivals had been unduly neglected ; another bade
them by all means to keep the water of the Alban
lake away from the sea and force it back into its
ancient bed, or, if they could not effect this, by
means of canals and trenches to divert it into the
IP3^
PLUTARCH'S LIVES
airafyf^eXOevTcov h^ tovtohv ol fiev lepeh ra irepi
ra<; Ov(Tia<^ eirparTOv, 6 Se Bi]/JL0<; i^copei tt/jo?
ra epya koI to vScop e^eTpeirev.
V. 'H Se (rvyK\r}TO<; et? to BcKarov 6to<; tov
TToXifiov KaraXvaaaa ra? aX\a<; ap')(a<; SiKrd-
ropa K.d/jbiXkov direBei^ev irmrap^ov 8' ifceivo^;
avTO) 7rpO(T€\6iJi€Vo<; K.opv^\iov ^KTrjiricova, irpco-
Tov ixev evxct^ eiroirjaaro rot? 6eol<; eirl rw
iroXifMO) T€\o9 eifxXeh Xapovn ra? fieydXa^: 6ea<s
d^eiv KoX vecbv Oea^j rjv fir^repa M-aromav
Kokovai *V(oiJbaloLi KaOiepcoo'etv.
2 TavTTjv dv Ti<; aTro tmv Bpcofjuevcov lepwv
jidXiara AevKoOeav vofjLiaeiev elvai. koX yap
Oepdiraivav eh tov (ttjkov eladyovaai paTri^ovcnv,
eW i^eXavvova-i kol t^ tmv d86X(f>(ov reKva irpo
Twv iSlcov evayKaXi^ovTai kol hpMat irepl ttjv
Ovaiav a tol^ Aiovvo-ov Tpo(f>OL(; koI toZ? Blo, rr^i'
TraXXaKTjv irdOeaL rrj? 'Iz/oO? irpocreoiKe.
Mera Be Ta<; €L'%a9 o Kd/jLLXXo<; el<; ttjv
^aXi(TK(ov eve^aXe, koX {Jluxv fieydXt) tovtov^
T€ KoX K.airrjvdTUf; 7rpoa0o7]Oi]cravra<; avrol^
3 ivLK7]aev. eireiTa 7rpo<; Tr]v TroXiopKiav Tpairo-
/jL€vo<^ TCJV Ovrjto)v Koi TOV €K 7rpoa^oXrj<; dyayva
^(aXeTrov kol Bvaepyov opcov virovoixov^ eTefive,
Ta)v irepX ttjv ttoXlv xcopiwv evBtSovTcov tol<;
opvy/xaac koi KaTaSexo/^f^evcov et? I3d0o<; dyetv
dBrjXov TOt? TToXejiioL^ to, epya. Bio Kal irpo'iovo-rjf;
oBm TTj^ eXirlBo^; avro^ jjuev e^coOev irpoaej3aX\ev,
€KfcaXovjMvos iirl to, Teiy(r) tov<; TroXejjLLovf;,
104
CAMILLUS, IV. 5~v. 3
plain and dissipate it. On receipt of these responses
the priests performed the neglected sacrifices, and
the people sallied out into the fields and diverted the
course of the water.
V. In the tenth year of the war,^ the Senate
abolished the other magistracies and appointed
Camillus dictator. After choosing Cornelius Scipio
as his master of horse, in the first place he made
solemn vows to the gods that, in case the war had a
glorious ending, he would celebrate the great games
in their honour, and dedicate a temple to a goddess
whom the Romans call Mater Matuta.
From the sacred rites used in the worship of this
goddess, she might be held to be almost identical
with Leucothea. The women bring a serving-maid
into the sanctuary and beat her with rods, then
drive her forth again ; they embrace their nephews
and nieces in preference to their own children ; and
their conduct at the sacrifice resembles that of the
nurses of Dionysus, or that of Ino under the afflir-
tions put upon her by her husband's concubine.
After his vows, Camillus invaded the country
of the Faliscans and conquered them in a great
battle, together Avith the Capenates who came
up to their aid. Then he turned to the siege of
Veii, and seeing that direct assault upon the city
was a grievous and difficult matter, he went to
digging mines, since the region round the city
favoured such works, and allowed their being
carried to a great depth without the enemy's knowing
about it. So then, when his hopes were well on
their way to fulfilment, he himself assaulted the
city from the outside, and thus called the enemy
1 396 B.O.
105
PLUTARCH'S LIVES
dXKot 8' ^Sj^Xft)? viroiropevofievoi Sia tmv vttovo-
fKov eXadov ivTo<; yevo/jievoi, rfjq aKpa^ Kara ro
T779 ''Hpa? ^ lepov, o }ik^i(Trov rp iv rfj iroXei Kal
fjudXicTTa rLfjLoofievov.
4 ^Evravda Xiyerai tv%€IV Kar ifcecvo Kaipov
rov '^yefiova rcov Tvpprjvcov i<j> iepol^' rov Be
fidvTiv eh TO, airXdyyya Kanhovra /cal fiiya
(jydey^dfievov eiirelVi oti> vlk7)v 6 Oeb^ BlBcckti, tcS
KaraKoXovOrjo^avrL to?? lepoh iKeivoi^* TavTr)<;
Be T7]<; (jxovrj^i rov^ iv roU VTrovojioi^ *VcofJLalov^
eiraKovaavTa^ ra^v Biaairdaai to eBacpo^;, Kal
fxera j3oi)<; Kal y^o^ov rcov oirXdov avaBvvTa<;,
eKifXayevTcov tmv TroXe^icov Kal (pvyovrcov, dpird-
aavra^i tcu airXdy^a Kopbiaai irpo^ rov Kd/mX-
5 Xov. dXXb. ravra /jlcv Laco<; ioLKevat Bo^ei
/jLvOevfJLaaiv.
'AXouo-*;? Be T?}? TToXect)? Kara Kpdro^^ Kal tmv
^VayjJbaifov wyovrwv Kal (pepovrcov aireipov riva
ttXoutov, i(f>opo)v 6 K.dfjitXXo<; diro Tr}<; aKpa^ ra
TTparrofieva, irpcorov fjuev earco^ eBdKpvaev, elra
pbaKapiaOel^ viro tmv irapovrcov dvka-'ye Ta<?
6 yelpa^ T0fc9 ^€o?9 icaX iTpo(jev')(op,evo<^ elire' " ZeO
fieyiare /cal Oeol yprjarcov iiriaKoiroi Kal irovrj-
peov epycov, avrot ttov avvLare ^Vcofiaiov^i co?
ov irapa Blktjv, dXXa Kar* dvdyKr}v dfivvofievoL
fieTep)(^6fjieOa Bvcrpbevcov dvBpa>v Kal irapavopbcov
iroXiv. el 8' dpa rt^T ^(pV» " '^«^ Vf^^^ dvri-
(TTpo^o^ ocj^eiXerai tt}? irapov<J7j<; vepLeai^; evirpa-
fta?, ev')(ofjLat ravrrjv vwep re TroXew? Kal
(TTparov 'Fw/jbaLcov et? i/iavrov iXa^i(TT(p KaK<^
1 T^s "Upas with C and S : "Upas.
106
^.CAMILLUS, V. 3-6
away to man their walls; while others secretly
made their way along the mines and reached un-
noticed the interior of the citadel^ where the
temple of Juno stood, the largest temple in the
city, and the one most held in honour.
There, it is said, at this very juncture, the
commander of the Tuscans chanced to be sacrificing,
and his seer, when he beheld the entrails of the
victim, cried out with a loud voice and said that
the god awarded victory to him who should fulfill
that sacrifice. The Romans in the mines below,
hearing this utterance, quickly tore away the
pavement of the temple and issued forth with
battle cries and clash of arms, whereat the enemy
were terrified and fled away. Tlie sacrificial entrails
were then seized and carried to Camillus. But
possibly this will seem like fable.
At any rate the city was taken by storm, and
the Romans were pillaging and plundering its
boundless wealth, when Camillus, seeing from
the citadel what was going on, at first burst into
tears as he stood, and then, on being congratulated
by the bystanders, lifted up his hands to the
gods and prayed, saying: '^O greatest Jupiter,
and ye gods who see and judge men's good and
evil deeds, ye surely know that it is not unjustly,
but of necessity and in self-defence that we Romans
have visited its iniquity upon this city of hostile
and lawless men. But if, as counterpoise to this
our present success, some retribution is due to
come upon us, spare, I beseech you, the city and
the army of the Romans, and let it fall upon my
own head, though with as little harm as may be."
*07
PLUTARCH'S LIVES
7 TeXevT^crat.** ravr cIttcov, KaOdirep icrrl 'Pfo-
fjuaioL^i eOof; iirev^afievoL^; Kal irpocrKwrjoraatv cttI
Se^LO, i^6\LTT€LV, i(T<j>aXr) 7reptaTp€(f)6fMevo^. Bia-
Tapa')(6evT(ov he tcov irapovTWV irdXip dvaXa^cov
kavTov ex tov TTTco/iaro? eiTrev, ©9 yiyovev avTca
KaT evxhv (n^aKfjui fiiKpov iir evTV')(la fieyLarr].
VL ^iaTropOrjaa^i Se Tr}v iroXtv eyvco to dyaX- 13-
fia TTJ^ ''Hpa9 fieracpipecv et? ^Vcapirjv, ioairep
ev^aTo, Kal avvekOovTwv eirl tovtg) t&v rexvi-
TMv, 6 fiev e6v€ fcal irpo(Tev')(eTo ttj Oew Se^eo-^at
Tr)V irpoOv/jLLav avrcov koI €v/jl6V7j yeveaOat avvoi-
Kov Tot9 XaxovaL rrjv ^Fco/jltjv Oeo2<;y ro B* dyaXfia
(pacriv v7ro(j)0€<y^dfjL€VOV elirelvy on koI fiovXerai
2 Kol avyKaraivel. Atovio'; Be <f)r](Tip eu^eo-^at
fiev TOV K.d/jbiWov dirTOfjuevov Trj<; deov koL irapa-
Koketv, diroKplvaaOai 8e Tcva<; t&v irapovrcov, ort
Kal ^ovXcTai Kal avjKaTacvet Kal avvaKoXovOel
TTpoOv/JLCOii,
01 S* la")(ypL^6p.€V0L Kal tco irapaBo^fo fiorjdovp-
Te9 fieyi(TT7]v p^ev exovac avv^yopov ttjv tv^V^
T^9 TToXece)?, rjv diro p,iKpd<; Kal KaTa<f>popovp€V7jf;
dpxv*^ €7rl ToaovTOP S6^rj<; Kal 8vvdpe(o<^ irpoeX-
Oelv 3t%a deov iroXXal^ kol peydXaL<i em^aveiaLfi
3 eKdaTOTe avpirapoPTO^i dpr)'yavov' ov p^rjp dXXd koI
avvdyovaip opoetSrj Tipa, tovto pev ISpcoTaf; dyaX-
p,dTcop 7roXXdKi<; eKXvOePTaf;, tovto 8e aTepaypov^i
dKovaOepTa<; dirocTT po<f>d<i T€ heiKPVPTe^ Kal KaTa-
p,v(7€t<; ^odpcop, a<; laTOprjKaaiv ovk oXLyov t&v
irpoTCpop. TToXXd 8^ Kal tojp KaO* 7)pM<; dK7]K06-
Te9 dvdpooiroDp Xeyeip e^ppep d^ia Oavp,aTo<it oiv
loS
CAMILLUS, V. 7-vi. 3
With these words, as the Romans' custom is after
prayer and adoration, he wheeled himself about
to the right, but stumbled and fell as he turned.
The bystanders were confounded, but he picked
himself up again from his fall and said: "My
prayer is granted I a slight fall is my atonement for
the greatest good fortune."
VI. After he had utterly sacked the city, he
determined to transfer the image of Juno to Rome,
in accordance with his vows. The workmen were
assembled for the purpose, and Camillus was sacrificing
and praying the goddess to accept of their zeal
and to be a kindly co-dweller with the gods of
Rome, when the image, they say, spoke in low
tones and said she was ready and willing. But
Livy^ says that Camillus did indeed lay his hand
upon the goddess and pray and beseech her, but
that it was certain of the bystanders who gave
answer that she was ready and willing and eager
to go along with him.
Those who insist upon and defend the marvel
have a most powerful advocate for their contention
in the fortune of the city, which, from its small
and despised beginning, could never have come
to such a pinnacle of glory and power had God not
dwelt with her and made many great manifestations
of himself from time to time. Moreover, they
adduce other occurrences of a kindred sort, such
as statues often dripping with sweat, images uttering
audible groans, turning away their faces, and
closing their eyes, as not a few historians in the
past have written. And we ourselves might make
mention of many astonishing things which we
1 V. 22. ^-"^
t6§
PLUTARCH'S LIVES
4: ovfc av Tt,<; elicy KaTa^povrjaeiev, aXkh rol^
roLOVTOi<^ KoX TO TTLdTeveLv acpoSpa kol to \iav
airicrTeZv i7ria(f>a\e<; iaTi Bta Tr]v avdpwTTLvrjv
acrOiveiav opov ov/c e^ovaav ovBe KpUTOvaav
avTrjf;^ aX}C €/€(})€ pofiivrjv ottov fiev eh Beta-iBaL-
fJLOvlaV KOL TV(l)OV, OTTOV S* €69 oXiyoopuaV T(OV 6eS)v
Kol 7repi(j>p6vr)(Tiv' rj K evXd/Seca /cat to jjbrjBev
ayav apiaTov.
VII. 'O he KdfjLiWo^; elVe /JLeyiOei tov epyov, ^M
iroXtv avTiiraKov rr}? 'Pft>yLtr^9 eTei SeKUTO) Tfj<; ^^
7ro\iopKLa<i KaOr)pr}Kco<;, elVe vtto tmv evSaifiovi^ov-
Tcov avTOV et9 ojkov e^apdel<; koI (f)p6vr}/jLa vo/jll-
fiov Kol TToXtTLKTJf; dpx^]^ i'7ra')(6e(TTepov, to, t€
dWa aoj3apSi<; e0ptdjj,/3evae koI TeOpLTTirov vtto-
^ev^dfievo^; XevKoirwXov eTre^rj kuI Sie^rjXaae r^?
'Pctfyu,?;?, ovBevo<i tovto iroi^^aavTo^i r)yefji6vo^ irpo-
Tepov ovK vaTepov. lepov yap -qyovvTai to toiov-
Tov 6)(;r)/jLa TO) /SaaoXec Koi iraTpl tcov Oecov iiTLTre-
2 ^rj/jLLo-fiivov. €K Te 8r) tovtov Sie^XijOrj tt/jo? T0V<i
TToXiTa^ ovK eWia/jLevov<; €VTpv(j)da6ai, kol BevTe-
pav eXafiev alTiav ivLcrTdfjLevo^ vofiw Scoikl^ovtc
Tr]v TToXcv. elarjyovvTO yap ol BrjiJLap')^OL tov T€
Brj/iiov Kol Tr]v avyKXrjTov taa fJbeprj Buo vepbrjOrjvai,
Kal TOv<; fjuev avToOc KaToiKelv, Tov<i Be KXrjpcp
Xa')(6vTa^ eh ttjv al-^fxdXwTOv fieTaaTrjvac ttoXlv,
CO? evTTopcoTepcov ecrofievoav Kal Bvcrl /xeydXoi^; Kal
KaXoh daTeac Trfv Te '^((opav ofiov Kal ttjv dXXi]v
3 €vBaifiovt,av ^vXa^ovTcov. 6 jxev ovv Brjfio^ ^Bt)
TToXiff; yeyopo)^ xal d'^ijfiaTo^ dafMevo^ eBe^UTo,
no
CAMILLUS, VI. 4-vii. 3
have heard from men of our own time, — things
not lightly to be despised. But in such matters
eager credulity and excessive incredulity are alike
dangerous, because of the weakness of our human
nature, which sets no limits and has no mastery
over itself, but is carried away now into vain
superstition, and now into contemptuous neglect
of the gods. Caution is best, and to go to no
extremes.
VII. Whether it was due to the magnitude of his
exploit in taking a city which could vie with Rome
and endure a siege of ten years, or to the congratula-
tions showered upon him, Camillus was lifted up to
vanity, cherished thoughts far from becoming to a
civil magistrate subject to the law, and celebrated
a triumph with great pomp : he actually had four
white horses harnessed to a chariot on which he
mounted and drove through Rome, a thing which
no commander had ever done before or afterwards did.
For they thought such a car sacred and devoted to
the king and father of the gods. In this way he
incurred the enmity of the citizens, who were not
accustomed to wanton extravagance. They had also
a second grievance against him in that he opposed
himself to a law dividing the city. The tribunes
introduced a measure dividing the people and the
Senate into two parts, one to remain and dwell
there, and the one on which the lot fell to remove
into the city they had captured, on the ground that
they would thus be more commodiously bestowed,
and with tw^o large and fair cities could better
protect their territory as well as their prosperity
in general. Accordingly the people, which was now
become numerous and poor, welcomed the measure
PLUTARCH'S LIVES
KoX avv6)(r}^ rjv Toh irepi to ^rnjua dopv^oi,^ aWSiV
TTjv '>^rj^ov' Y] Se l3ov\rj /cat tmv dWoov ol Kpd-
Tiarot TToXtTCOv ov Siaipecrtv, aX)C avaipeaiv
'q'yovfJievoL rrj^; 'Fcofirjf; iroXtTeveaOai tov<; Bij/Jidp-
%0L'9 /cal Bvaava<T^eT0vuT6<; iirl rov K.dfii\Xov
4 Karecpvyov. Kafcelvo^; oppcoBcov rbv dycjva irpo-
<pda6i(; ivi^aWe t« Bijfiqy koI da^o\La<i, Bl d)v
del rbv vofiov i^expovep. yv fxev ovv Bca ravra
Xv7rrjp6<i,
'H Be (pavepcordrrj koI fieyLcm] tcov dire-
')(^dei(av avra> Trpo? rov BfjfjLOV iic rrj<; BeKdrrj^
T(ov Xa^vpcov virrip^ev, ouk akoyov, el koX firj
irdvv BiKaiav dpxw '^^^ ttoWmv \a^6vT(ov,
5 ev^aro fxev yap iirl tov<; Ovrjtov^, oo? eoifce, jSaBl-
^(ovy el TTfv TTokiv eXoi, tw dea> tovtcov rrjv
BeKdrrfV KaOiepdiaeLV, dXovarj^ Be Trj<; TroA-eo)?
Kol BLapTradOeia-r]^;, etr oKvijo-a^i ivoxXijaac rot?
TToXLTaci;, etVe X'^dr] rt? avrov hiro rcov Trapovrcop
TTpajfidrcop eXa^e Trj<; €V)(^r]<;, irepielBep aycpeXTjOep-
ra?. varepop Be Xp6v(p t^9 dpxv'^ eKelpy]^ rjBrj
Treiravfjiepo'; dv^peyice nrepl tovtcop et? ^ ryp avy-
kXtjtop, ol re fidprei^i ijyyeXXop einrl rot? lepol<i 133
7rpocj)a[pe(T6aL Oecop firjptp IXaa/jbov koI ^apLarTj-
pCcOP Be0JUL€V7]V.
VIII. ^frj^taaixevri^ Be rrj<; ^ovXrj(; rrjp [xep
oii(f>eXeiap {'xaXeirov yap rjp) dvdhaarov fjur] yepe-
adac, TOL'9 Be Xa/Sopra^i avrov<i avp opKO) rrjp
Beicdrrjp irapacpepeip eh fieaov, eyivero iroXXd
^ €js Bekker and Sintenii ^, with most MSS. : itphs,
112
CAMILLUS, vn. 3-vin. i
with delight, and was for ever thronging tumultii-
ously about the rostra with demands that it be put
to vote. But the Senate and the most influential of
the other citizens considered that the measure pro-
posed by the tribunes meant not division but
destruction for Rome, and in their aversion to it
went to Camillus for aid and succour. He, dreading
the struggle, always contrived to keep the people
busy with other matters, and so staved off the
passage of the bill. For this reason, then, they
were vexed with him.
But the strongest and most apparent reason
why the multitude hated him was based on the
matter of the tenth of the spoil of Veii, and herein
they had a plausible, though not a very just ground
of complaint. He had vowed, as it seems, on
setting out against Veii, that if he should take
the city, he would consecrate the tenth of its
booty to the Delphian god. But after the city had
been taken and sacked, he allowed his soldiers full
enjojmaent of their plunder, either because he shrank
from annoying them, or because, in the multitude of
his activities, he as good as forgot his vow. At a
later time, when he had laid down his command, he
referred the matter to the Senate, and the seers
announced tokens in their sacrifices that the gods
were angry, and must be propitiated with due
offerings.
Vni. The Senate voted, not that the booty should
be redistributed, for that would have been a difficult
matter, but that those who had got it should, in
person and under oath, bring the tenth thereof to
the public treasury. This subjected the soldiers to
"3
PLUTARCH'S LIVES
XvTTTjpa Kol piaca irepX tov<; (rrpaTia>Ta<;, av6p(o-
irov<i 7r6vy]Ta<; koX iroXKa TreTrovrjKoraf;, avayKu^o-
fl€VOV<; 03V iK€KTrfVTO KoX KaT6K6)(^p7]VTO yLt€p09
2 €la(j)6p€iv roaovTOv. Oopv^ovfievco 8' vir avrSyv
Tft) Ka/ztXXft) KoX 7rpo(j>d(T€co<; airopovvri ^eXTL0V0<;
€t9 Tov aTOTrcoTarov tS)v Xoycov avviffatve Kara-
(pevyetVy ofioXoyovvri iTriXaOeaOat t?}? ev')(fj<;. ol
3' i'X^aXeiraLvov, el rb, roctv iroXefJuLcov Be/carevaetv
€v^d/jL€vo<; Tore vvv ScKarevei ra twz/ ttoXctcov. ov
fjbrjv dWa TrdvTCOV ocrov eSei fJiApo^ elaeveyKOVToav
eBo^e KpaTTjpa ')(pvaovv Karao-K6vdaavTa<; et?
3 AeXc/)©^? aTToa-TelXaL. ^jOfcrtou 8' rjv airdvL^ iv
rfj TToXer koI tcov dp^ovrcov odev av iropicrOeLrj
o-KOirovvTcov, at yvvalKe^ avral Ka6* avrd<; fiov-
Xevardfievat top ovra ')(pvaovv eKdaTTj irepl rb
aojfia KoafJLOv eTriBco/cav eh to apdOyfia, araOfiM
Xpyo-i>ov yevofxevov oktoo raXdvTwv. koI TavTai<i
jxev r) crvyKXrjTO^i dTroBiBovaa rcfjLrjv irpeirovcrav
iyln](j)l(TaTO fierd Odvarov wairep i'jrl to?9 dvSpdcrt
Kol rat? yvvai^l XiyeaOai tov d^iov eTraivov ov
yap rjv eWca/juevov irpoTCpov iy/ccofiLd^ecrOat yv-
4 vacKa Brj/jLoaia TeXevTrjaaaav eXofievoi Be Tpel<^
dvBpa^ etc TOiv dpL(TTcov decopov^ koI vavv /JLUKpav
evavBpovvTi TrXrjpcofMaTL koI KOG-fKo iravrjyvpLK^
icaTao-/cevdoravT€<; i^eTrefiyjrav.
^}iv 8' dpa /cat ')(eLpL(bv Kal yaXijvT] OaXdaarff;
dpyaXiov, eo? €K€ivoL<; avveTV')(^e TOTe Trap ovBev
€X66vTa<; diroXio-Oai BLa(j)vyeiv avOif; aTrpoa-
BoKrjTw^ TOV fclvBvvov. iTTeTrXevaav yap avTol^
AiiTapecov Tpi'i]pei<i irepl tcl^ AloXov vrjcov^ tov
114
CAMILLUS, vin. 1-4
many vexations and constraints. They were poor
men, who had toiled hard, and yet were now forced
to contribute a large share of what they had gained,
yes, and spent already. Beset by their tumultuous
complaints, and at loss for a better excuse, Camillus
had recourse to the absurdest of all explanations, and
admitted that he had forgotten his vow. The soldiers
were filled with indignation at the thought that it
was the goods of the enemy of which he had once
vowed a tithe, but the goods of his fellow citizens
from which he was now paying the tithe. However,
all of them brought in the necessary portion, and it
was decided to make a bowl of massive gold and send
it to Delphi. Now there was a scarcity of gold in
the city, and the magistrates knew not whence it
could be had. So the women, of their own accord,
deteraiined to give the gold ornaments which they
wore upon their persons for the offering, and these
amounted to eight talents weight. The women were
fittingly rewarded by the Senate, which voted that
thereafter, when women died, a suitable eulogy
should be spoken over them, as over men. For it
was not customary before that time, when a woman
died, that a public encomium should be pronounced.
Then they chose three of the noblest citizens as
envoys, manned with its full complement of their
best sailors a ship of war decked out in festal array,
and sent them on their way.
Calm at sea has its perils as well as storm, it would
seem, at least so it proved in this case. Envoys and
crew came within an ace of destruction, and found
escape from their peril when they least expected it.
Off the Aeolian isles, as the wind died down, some
I/iparian galleys put out against them, taking them
115
PLUTARCH'S LIVES
6 TTvevfiaro^ eKKnrovro^ ax; \r]crTai<;. Beojj^vcov Se
Kal TTpoia'Xp^Jiivayv X^^P^^ ifil3oXrj<i jiev ecr^ovTO,
rr]v Se vavv avaylrd/jLevot Kal KaTayay6vT6<;
cLTreKripVTTOV, cifjua koX ra xpVf^^"^^ '^^^ '^^
aeofiara, ireipaTLKa Kpivavre^; elvat. /toXt? 8'
€1/09 avBpo<; aperfj koX Bwdfiet Ti/irjaiOiov rov
(rrparrjyou TreicrOevTe^ fiedrjxav, 6 Be /cal irpoa-
KadekKvaa'i iBia rrXola irapeireijuy^e Kal avyKad-
cepmcre ro dudOrjfUL* Bt* o Kal Tifid^ ^V^ep, a?
(zIkck; TjVi iv 'Fcofirj.
IX. Twz^ Be Brj/iapx^v av0i^ eTreyeipovTcov rov
irepl Tov BiotKicTfiov vo/jlov, 6 7r/)09 ^a\i(TKov<;
TToXe/jLOf; iv Kaipo) 7rapa(j)av€l<i eBcoKe toI<; TrpcoToi^^
dvBpdatv apxctLpeaidaat Kara yvcofiT^v Kal Ka-
fiCkXov diroBel^ai fieO* erepcov irevre p^tXta/);^oj/,
«9 TMV Trpajfjbdrcov 'q<yefi6vo<; Beofievcov d^lco/jLa
2 Kal Bo^av fier eiMireipia^ exovro^. yjnjcpLaafMepou
Be TOV BrjfjLOV Xa^cov Bvva/JLtv 6 K.d/jLLXXo<; eh rrjv
^aXicTKwv evepaXe* koX ttoXlv epvfxvTjv Kare-
a-KevacTiievYiv irdatv eh iroXefiov KaXw^ ^aXe-
ptov<; liroXiopKeiy to fiev eXelv ov fiCKpov epyov
ovBe %/3oz/ov TOV TV^ovTOf; rjyoviievo^, dXX(o^ Be
Tpi^etv T0U9 'jroXiTa<^ Kal Trepiairav ^ovXofxevo^,
0)9 P'^] (TXoXd^otev oIkol KaOrjp.evoL Brj/jLaycoyelaOai
Kal (TTaatd^eiv. i7rieiK(o<: yap del (papp^dKO)
TovTO) ^/)(WyLtej/oi BieTeXovv, Mcrirep laTpol, Ta
TapaKTiKCb wddrj t?}9 iroXiTeia^ efco TpeirovTe^;,
X. Oi/TO)9 Be T^9 iroXiopKiafi KaTe<f>p6vovv ol
ii6
CAMILLUS, VIII. 5-x. i
for pirates. The enemy had sufficient regard to
their prayers and supplications not to run their
vessel down, but they took it in tow, brought it to
land, and proclaimed their goods and persons for
sale, adjudging them piratical. At last, and with
much ado, through the brave intercession of a single
man, Timesitheus, their general, the Liparians were
persuaded to let the captives go. This man then
launched boats of his own, convoyed the suppliants
on their way, and assisted them in the dedication
of their offering. For this he received suitable
honours at Rome.
IX. Once more the tribunes of the people urged
the passage of the law for the division of the city,
but the war with the Faliscans came on opportunely
and gave the leading men occasion to hold such
elective assemblies as they wished, and to appoint
Camillus military tribune, with five others. The
emergency was thought to demand a leader with the
dignity and reputation which experience alone could
give. After the people had ratified the election,
Camillus, at the head of his army, invaded the
territory of the Faliscans and laid siege to Falerii, a
strong city, and well equipped with all the munitions
of war. It was not that he thought its capture would
demand slight effort or short time, but he wished to
turn the thoughts of the citizens to other matters
and keep them busy therein, that they might not be
able to stay at home and become the prey of seditious
leaders. This was a fitting and sovereign remedy
which the Romans used, like good physicians, thereby
expelling from the body politic its troublesome
distempers.
X. The Falerians, relying on the great strength of
117
PLUTARCH'S LIVES
^aXepLoi T(p 7ravTa')(^69€V i^(i)')(ypMcr6aL irKTrev-
ovr€<;, a>(TT€ irXrjv rcov ra relxv (^vXarrovrcov rov<^
aWovf; iv IfiarLot^; Kara rr]V ttoXlv avaarpe-
(ficaOai, Tou? Se 7ratSa<i avrcov eh re ra BiSa-
(TKoXela (poLTav koX irapa ra Teb^V 'Jrepiira-
Tijaovraf; kol fyvjJLvacrofievovf; vtto tov hihaa-KoKov
Kara^i^d^eaOao. Koivat yap i^pMyro t« hiha-
(jKaX(p, axTTrep ''EXX971/69, ol ^PaXepwi, ^ovXo- 134
fji€voi (TVVTpe^eaOai /cal avvayeXd^ecrOai fier
2 dWrfkoiv €v6v<; ef d,px*l^ tou? TTolha';. ovro^
ovv 6 hihdaKoko^; iiri/SovXevcov roL<; ^aXeploL<;
Sia TMV iralScov i^ijyev avrov^ r}/Ae/?a9 kicdaT7]<;
VTTO TO relxo^ iyyvf; to irpfarov, elr dirriyev
avdi<; etVo) yvfivaaafievov^;, eK he rovrov /carh
fjbiicpov virdycov eWicre Oappelv (»9 7roXXrj<; ovar]<;
dheia^, /cat reXo^^ ^X^^ d7ravra<; el? tol'9 irpo^v-
XaKa^ Tcov 'Fco/naicov eve^aXe fcal TrapeBcoKev,
3 dyeiv KeXev(Ta<; 7rpo<; rov KdfiiXXov, d-)(OeU Be
/cal Karadrd^ eh fieaov eXeye iraLBevrrj'i fiev elvat,
Kal BiBdaKaXo<;, rrjv Bk 7rpo<; eKelvov %apfcz/ dvrX
TOVTwv eXofjuevo^ rcov BiicaUov, rjKeiv avrw rrjv
TToXiv iv TOL<; Tratal KOfii^wv. Beivov ovv d/cov-
aavTL TO epyov icftdvr) K.afiiXXa)' xal 7rpb<; tov<;
7rap6vTa<; elircov, C09 %aXe7roy piev co'tl 7r6Xepbo<;
KOI Bid iroXXrjf; dBi/cia^ /cal ^lalcov 'iTepaiv6pevo<;
4 epycov, elal Be Kal iroXepcov 6p.co<^ Ttve<; vop^oc rol^
dyaOol^ dvBpddL, Kal to vlkolv ovx ovtco Bico-
KTeov, a><7Te fir) (f)€vyeLV Ta9 eK KaKMV Kal dae/Scov
epycov %a/)fTa9 (dperj} yap oiKeia tov p,eyav
CTTparrjyov, ovk dXXoTpla Oappovvra KaKia
XprjvaL crTpareveiv), irpoaera^e toI^ virrjpeTaL^
TOV fiev dvdpcoTTOV KaTapprjyvvvcu rd IfidTia Kal
ii8
CAMILLUS, X. 1-4
their city at all points, made so light of the siege
that, with the exception of the defenders of the
walls, the rest went up and down the city in their
garb of peace. The boys went to school as usual,
and were brought by their teacher along the walls
outside to walk about and get their exercise. For
the Falerians, like the Greeks, employed one teacher
in common, wishing their boys, from the very start,
to herd with one another and grow up together.
This teacher, then, wishing to betray Falerii by
means of its boys, led them out every day beyond the
city walls, at first only a little way, and then brought
them back inside when they had taken their exercise.
Presently he led them, little by little, farther and
farther out, accustomed them to feel confident that
there was no danger at all, and finally pushed in
among the Roman outposts with his whole company,
handed them over to the enemy, and demanded to
be led to Camillus. So led, and in that presence, he
said he was a boys' school-teacher, but chose rather
to win the general's favour than to fulfil the duties
of his office, and so had come bringing to him the
city in the persons of its boys. It seemed to Camillus,
on hearing him, that the man had done a monstrous
deed, and turning to the bystanders he said : " War
is indeed a grievous thing, and is waged with much
injustice and violence ; but even war has certain laws
which good and brave men will respect, and we must
not so hotly pursue victory as not to flee the favours
of base and impious doers. The great general will
wage war relying on his own native valour, not on
the baseness of other men." Then he ordered his
attendants to tear the man's clothing from him, tie
VOL. II. E ^^9
PLUTARCH'S LIVES
T^9 Xetpaf; gttlo-co Treptdyeiv, roh Be iracal
BiaSovvat pa^hov^ fcal fidcrrtya';, otto)? KoXd-
^ovre^: rov TrpoBorrjv ekavvwaiv et? rrjv ttoXlv.
5 "Apr* Se roiiV ^aXepicov yaOrj/nevcov rrjv rov
BiBacTKoXov irpohoaiav fcal rrjv fiev iroXiv, olov
€Ik6<;, iirl avfjxpopa rrfXiKavTy Oprjvov Kare-
^oz/T09, dvBpcov 8' 6/jbov Kal yvvai/ccov iirl ra
T6t;j^i7 Kot Ta9 irvXa'; avv ovBevl XofyLapLO} (pepo-
fiivcoVf irpoarjyov ol 7raiB€<i rov BiSdcrKaXov
ryvfivov KCbi BeBepiivov irpoirrfXaKi^ovre'^, rov Be
¥idpLiXXov acorrjpa /cal rrarepa koX 6eov dvaKa-
6 XowT€9, were fir) puovov T0t9 yoveva-i rwv TraiBoov,
dXXa Kal Tot9 dXXoL<; rroXirat^ ravO^ opcoai
Oavpbd re koX ttoOov i/jbTreaelv rrj<i rov K.apLlXXov
BtKaLoavv7j<;. Kal avvBpafiovre^; eh eKkXTjaiav
iTpeaj^ei^ e'irepi'>^av eKeiv(p rd KaO^ eavrov^ im-
rpeirovre^iy ov<i 6 KayLtfcXXo9 drreareiXev el^
7 *P(o/jb7)v. iv Be rfj jSovXfj Karaardvr€<; elirov, on
^Vcofiaioi rrj<; vLKr}<; rrjv BiKaLoavvrjv rrporLpbrj-
<ravre<; eBiBa^av avrov<; rrjv rjrrav dyarrrjaaL
rrpo rrj^ ekevOepia^;, ov rocrovrov rfj Bwdpuet,
XeiirecrOai BoKovvra^y oaov rjrrdadai, Tt}9 dperrj<;
6/JLoXoyovvra<i. drroBovcrrf^; Be t'59 fiovXr]<; irdXiv
eKeivtp ro Kplvai Kal Biatrrjaai ravra, xPVP'^tO'
Xa^cbv rrapd roiv ^aXepicov Kal (ftiXiav 7r/509
drravraf; ^aXLaKov<; OefjL€vo<; dvex^^PV^^v.
XI. Ol Be arparicarai BiapirdcreLv irpoaBoK'q-
cravre^ rov<; ^aXepiov^, C09 iiravriXOov eh *F(OfjLr)v
Kevah xepai, Karrjyopovv rov K.a/jLLXXov 7ry0O9
TOL'9 dX\ov<; 7roXira<; €09 pi^idoBrjiMov Kal ^Oovyj-
aavrof; dxpeXrjOrjvuL roL<; irivrjcnv. irrel Be rov
irepl Tov BiocKiafjLov vofiov ol Bi^pLapxoc irpoOevre^
120
CAMILLUS, X. 4-xi. i
his arms behind his back, and put rods and scourges
in the hands of the boys, that they might chastise
the traitor and drive him back into the city.
The Falerians had just become aware of the
teacher's treachery, and the whole city, as was
natural, was filled with lamentation over a calamity
so great. Men and women alike rushed distractedly
to the walls and gates, when lo ! there came the
boys, bringing their teacher back stripped, bound,
and maltreated, while they called Camillus their
saviour, their father, and their god. On this wise
not only the parents of the boys, but the rest of the
citizens as well, when they beheld the spectacle,
were seized with admiration and longing for the
righteousness of Camillus. In haste they held an
assembly and sent envoys to him, entrusting him
with their lives and fortunes. These envoys Camillus
sent to Rome. Standing in the Senate, they declared
that the Romans, by esteeming righteousness above
victory, had taught them to love defeat above
freedom ; not so much because they thought them-
selves inferior in strength, as because they confessed
themselves vanquished in virtue. On the Senate's
remanding to Camillus the decision and disposition
of the matter, he took a sum of money from the
Falerians, established friendship with all the Faliscans,
and withdrew.
XI. But the soldiers thought to have had the
sacking of Falerii, and when they came back to
Rome empty-handed, they denounced Camillus to
the rest of the citizens as a hater of the common
people, and as begrudging to the poor the enjoyment
of their rightful booty. And when the tribunes once
more put forward the law for the division of the city
121
PLUTARCH'S LIVES
av6i<; eiri rrjv '\lrrj(j)ov eKoXovv tov Btj/jlov, 6 Sk
Ka/xiXXo9 ov8€fj,i-d<; aire'xOeia^ ovBe irapprjcrLa^
(f>6iad/ii€V0(; i(f)dvrj [idXiaTa nrdvTcov i/c^La^o-
fxevo^ Tou? 7roWov<;, tov fiev vo/jlov d/covT6<;
2 direy^'q^laavTO, tov Se ILdfJuiKXov Bi 6pyr](; el')(^ov,
wcTTe fcal SvcrTvy^TjaavTOf; avTov irepl to. olKela
(tcov yap vlS)V dire^aXe tov eTcpov voarjaavTo)
fjbrjSev oiKTO) TTJ^ 6pyrj<; v(f>ea6aL. kultol to
Tfddo'i ov fjL€Tpico<i 7]veyKev dvrjp r}ixepo<^ (f^vaec koI
%p»;o-T09, dWa t^9 BUrj^ Trpoyeypafijuevrj^; avTcp
Sid irevOo^ oltcovpeu KaOetpyixevo'^ jxeTa tmv
yvvaiKMV'
XIT. 'O fM6v ovv KaTTiyopof; r)v AevKco^ ^Kirov-
\r)'io<^, eyicXriiia he xXotttj^ irepl Ta TvpprjVLKCb
XPV/J^ciTa. Kol BrJTa kol Ovpai TtV6<; iXiyovTO
'X^dXKal Trap* avTW (jyavrjvai, tmv al')(^fxakd>Twv. 6
he hrjiJLo<; e^rjpeOtcTTo kol hrjXo^i r)V ex 7rd<rr)<^
7rpo(f)aa€(o<; kot avTOv ttj '\lr^(p(p ')(^pr)a6/jb€vo<i,
2 ovTw<; o^v (Tvvayayayv tov? re (J)lXov<; /cat tov?
crvaTpaT€V(7afi6vov<; ov/c o\iyov<; to 7rXrj6o<^ oWa?,
iBecTO fir) TrepiiBeiv avTov dhLKco<^ eir aiTLai^ 135
TTOvrjpaLf; 6(f)k6vTa koI KaTayekaaTov viro tcov
i^Opcov yevofjbevov. eirel h* ol (piXoL ^ovXevad-
fievoL Koi ScaXe^Oevrefi eavTOt^ direKpivavTo, 7rpo<;
fiev TTjv Kptaiv avT(p fJLijSev oteaOai, ^oT^drjaeLV, Tr)v
he ^rjfdav 6(j)\6vTt> (TweKTiGeiv, ovk dvacryoyievo'i
eyvw fjLeraa-Trjvai koI <^vyelv i/c tt)? 7r6\eco(; tt/jo?
3 opyrju. dcnraadpievo^ ovv Tr}v yvvaiKa koX tov
vlov eirl Trj(; olKua^ irporjei, aricoTrrj fiexpi t^9
ttvXt]^' CKel he eTrea-Trj, kuI fjueTacTTpa^eU oirio-co
122
CAMILLUS, XI. I -XII. 3
and summoned the people to vote upon it, then
Camillus, shunning no hatred nor any boldness of
utterancej was manifestly the chief one in forcing the
multitude away from its desires. Therefore, they
did indeed reject the law, much against their will,
but they were wroth with Camillus, so that even
when he met with domestic affliction and lost one
of his two sons by sickness, their wrath was in no
wise softened by pity. And yet he set no bounds
to his sorrow, being by nature a gentle and kindly
man, but even after the indictment against him had
been published, he suffered his grief to keep him at
home, in close seclusion with the women of his
household.
XII. Well, then, his accuser was Lucius Apuleius,
and the charge was theft of Tuscan goods. It was
said, forsooth, that certain bronze doors belonging
to the booty had been seen at his house. But the
people were exasperated, and would plainly lay
hold of any pretext whatever for condemning him.
So then he assembled his friends and comrades in
arms, who were many in number, and begged them
not to suffer him to be convicted on base charges
and to be made a laughing-stock by his foes. When
his friends had laid their heads together and dis-
cussed the case, they answered that, as regarded his
trial, they thought they could be of no help to him ;
but if he were punished with a fine, they would help
him pay it. This he could not endure, and in his
wrath determined to depart the city and go into exile.
Accordingly, after he had kissed his wife and son
good-bye, he went from his house in silence as far
as the gate of the city. There he stopped, turned
himself about, and stretching his hands out towards
"3
PLUTARCH'S LIVES
Kal rct<; 'X^etpa^i avaT€Lva<; tt/oo? to J^aTrtrcoXiov
iirev^aTO rol<i 6eol<i, el firj SiKaicof;, aXX' v^pei
Stj/hov kol (fiOovo) 7rp07rr)\aKL^6fjL6vo<; i/cTTLTrrec,
rwx^u 'VcofjLaiov^ /jLeravorjaai Kal iraaiv avdpa>7roi,<;
<j)avepov<; yeviaOai Seo/jLevov; avrov kol 7rodovvTa<i
J^dfJLLWoV.
XIII. ^EiK6Lvo<; fiev ovv, Mcnrep 6 'A^tXXei;?,
apa9 defievo^ eirl tou? TroXtra? KaX fierao-Ta^
0)(j)\e TTjV BlKTJV ipTJ/LLTJV, TifjUrj/Jia flVpLCOV Kol
wevTaKto-'X^iXLcov aa-aapicov exovaav,
'^O <yLV6Tai TT/oo? apyvplov \6yov %t\«at Bpayfjiol
Kal TrevraKocnai' aaadpcov yap rjp to dpyvpiov,
Kal TO SeKaxa^KOv ovtco<; eKaXelro hrjvdpiov.
2 Ovhel<; S' earl *Fo)/xaicov, 09 ov vofii^ei t<z9
ev^j^^ Tov K^afiiWov rax^ 'T'r)v Alktjv vTroXa^elv,
Kal yeveaOat TipLcopiav avT(p Trj<; dhiKia^ ovk
r/Betav, aXX* dviapdv, ovojjuaaTrjv he Kal irepi-
^orjTOV ToaavTT) TrepirfkOe ttjv ^Vcofirjv vejjbea-t^,
Kal ToaovTOV dycov <^66pov Kal klvSvvov d/na fiCT
alaxvvVi ^(pdvr] Kaipo^ eirl ttjv ttoXcv, ecTe ttj^;
Tvxi^ ovTco (TVveXdovari<^y etre Kal Oe&v tlvo^
epyov €<7tI fXT) rrapajJueXuv dpeTrj^ dxapi'O'TOV-
fievr)<;,
XIV. TIpMTOV puev ovv eSo^e o-rj/neXov yey ovkvai
KaKOv fieydXov irpoaLovro^ ?7 'lovXiov tov TLfirjTov
reXevrrj" fjudXiara yap Br) 'Payjiiaioi cre^ovTat Kal
vofil^ovaiv lepav rrjv tcov rtfiTjrcop dpxv^' Bev-
Tepov he irpo r'f]<; Ka/uXXov <pvyr}<^ dvrjp ovk
€7rt(f)avr}<; fiev ovBe eK T'»}9 /SovXrjf;, e7n€iKr}<; Se Kal
p^p77crT09 elvac Bokcov, MdpKO<; KatSiKiof;, dvr]veyKe
irpo^ TOL'9 %tXtap;^oi;9 irpdyiia <j)povTLSo<; a^tov.
124
CAMILLUS, XII. 3-xiv. i
the Capitol, prayed the gods that, if with no justice,
but through the wantonness of the people and the
abuse of the envious he was now being driven from
his country, the Romans might speedily repent, and
show to all men that they needed and longed for
Camillus.
XIII. After he had thus, like Achilles,^ invoked
curses upon his fellow citizens, he removed from out
the city. His case went by default, and he was fined
fifteen thousand asses.
This sum, reduced to our money, is fifteen hundred
drachmas. For the as was the current copper coin,
and the silver coin worth ten of these pieces was for
that reason called the denarius, which is equivalent
to the drachma.
Now there is no Roman who does not believe that
justice followed hard upon the Imprecations of
Camillus, and that he received a requital for his
wrongs which was not pleasing to him, but painful :
certainly it was notable and famous. For a great
retribution encompassed Rome, and a season of dire
destruction and peril not unmixed with disgrace
assailed the city, whether fortune so brought things
to pass, or whether it is the mission of some god not
to neglect virtue that goes unrequited.
XIV. In the first place, then, it seemed to be a
sign of great evil impending when Julius the censor
died. For the Romans specially revere and hold
sacred the office of censor. In the second place,
before Camillus went into exile, a man who was not
conspicuous, to be sure, but who was esteemed
honest and kindly, Marcus Caedicius, informed the
military tribunes of a matter well worth their atten-
» niad i. 407-412.
125
PLUTARCH'S LIVES
2 e(^^ ^ap iv ry '7rapa))(r]/jLevr} vv/crl Ka& ohov
^aSi^cov, fjv }^atvr]v ovofid^ovcTi, KXrjOeh viro rLVo<;
(jiOey'^ajjiivov /jbeTao-rpacfyrjvai,, koX OedaaaOai fiev
ovSeva, (f)(0V7](; Be iLLeL^ovo<; rj Kar dv6 pcoir Ivrjv
aKovaai rdBe Xeyovo-r]';' '*"Ay6, Mayo/ce K.aLBLKi€,
Xeye 7rpo<; tov<; dp'^^oina'^ eodOev iXdoDV oXiyov
y^povov VaXdra^ irpocrBe^^eaOat.^* ravr d/cov-
(Tavre^ ol %iXta/c>;^ot yiXwra kol TracBtdv iiroiovv-
TO. KoX fier 6\iyov (rvve^Sr) rd irepl Kd/itWov.
XY. Oi Be Vakdrai rod J^eXriKov yevov^ ovre^;
VTTO TrX'^dov^ Xeyovrac rrjv avrcov d7ro\L7r6vT6<;,
ovfc ovaav avrdpKTf Tpe(j)€iv diravTa^, eirl 7779
^rjTTjcnv krepa^ opfirjaac fivpidBe<; Be riroWal
yevojJbevoL vecov dvBpwv Koi /jLa')(^ifi(ov, en Be
TrXetou? iraiBwv kol yvvaiKCOV dyovTe<;, ol fiev eirl
Tov ^opeiov ^^Keavov virepPaXovje^ rd ^Viirala
oprj pvrjvai koi rd eayaTa rrj^; EtVpco7rrj<; fcara-
2 a'x^elVi ol Be fiera^if Ilvpp/)vr]<; opov^ kov tmv
"AXirecov IBpuOevreg cVyi;?* Xevcovcov fcal KeXro-
picov KaroiKelv xpovov ttoXvv o^jre 8' otvov yevord-
fxevot TOT€ TTpcoTOv c'f 'IraXiW BiaKO/jbiadevTO^
ovT(0(; dpa SavfidaaL to Tropua koI 7r/?09 ttjv
KaLVorrjTa r7]<; r)Bovr]<; eK^pove<; yeveaOai iravre^y
ft)t7T€ dpdpbevoi rd oirXa /cat yeved<; dvaXa/36vre^
eirl ra? "AXTret? ^^epeadai /cal ^rjrelv eK6Lvr]v rrjv
yrjv, rj roiovrov Kapirov dvaBiBcoa-i, rr)v 8' dXXr)v
d/capTTOv '^yelcrOat xal dvijp^epov.
3 'O K elaayayoov tov dlvov 77/309 avTov<; koi
7rapo^vva<; iwl ttjv ^iTaXiav pudXiaTa koI tt/jwto?
"Appayv XeyeTac yeveadac Tvppr]v6<;, dvrjp eVtc^az/^?
Kal <j)V(T€L pLev ov Trovrjpo^y avpb(j)opa Be TOiavTrj
j(pricrdpLevo<i, rjv eTTLTpoTros iraiBb^ opcjyavov
126
CAMILLUS, XIV. 2-xv. 3
tion. He said that during the night just passed, as
he was going along the so-called New Street, he
was hailed by someone in clear tones, and turned,
and saw no man, but heard a voice louder than
man's saying : " Hark thou ! Marcus Caedicius, early
in the morning go and tell the magistrates that
within a little time they must expect the Gauls."
At this story the tribunes mocked and jested. And
a little while after, Camillus suffered his disgrace.
XV. The Gauls were of the Celtic stock, and their
numbers were such, as it is said, that they abandoned
their own country, which was not able to sustain
them all, and set out in quest of another. They
were many myriads of young warriors, and they took
along with them a still greater number of women
and children. Some of them crossed the Rhipaean
mountains, streamed off towards the northern ocean,
and occupied the remotest parts of Europe ; others
settled between the Pyrenees and the Alps, near
the Senones and the Celtorians, and dwelt there a
long time. But at last they got a taste of wine,
which was then for the first time brought to them
from Italy. They admired the drink so much, and
were all so beside themselves with the novel pleasure
which it gave, that they seized their arms, took
along their families, and made off to the Alps, in
quest of the land which produced such fruit, con-
sidering the rest of the world barren and wild.
The man who introduced wine to them, and was
first and foremost in sharpening their appetite for
Italy, is said to have been Arron, a Tuscan. He was
a man of prominence, and by nature not prone to
evil, but had met with the following misfortune.
He was guardian of an orphan boy who was heir to
127
PLUTARCH'S LIVES
irKovTCp re irpooTov rcov ito\lt5)v kclI davfia^o-
fievov Kar elSo^, ovofia AovKov/ncovof;. ovro^ €k
veov irapa roS "Kppcovt, Siairav elx^t a^«^ fxeipoLKiov
MV ovK direkiire ttjv olfclav, d\\a irpoaeiroteiTO
4 ')(^cLipeiv (jvvoiv eKeivcp. koI ttoXvp ')(^p6vov e\dv6ave
hie^dapKOi)'^ avTov rrjv yvvac/ca koI hi€(j)Oapfji€vo<;
VTT €/€€lvr]<;' ijBrj Be iroppo) rod TrdOov^ djucporepfw
yeyovorayv kol fMrfT d(f)eivai, ttjv iTTidv/xiav ixrjre
KpvTTTeiv erv Bwa/juevcov, 6 fjuev veaviafcof; e'JTe')(eipet.
^avepctx; diroaiTda-af; e)(eiv rrjv dvOpcoTTOV, 6 S*
ciprjp iirl Bufcrjv eXOcov Koi KpaTov/jievo<; irkrjOei
(jylXayv kol 'X^pr^fidrcdv Bairdvac^ viro rov Aovkov-
ficovot; i^eXiire tt^v eavrov- koX 7rv66/jievo<; ra rcov
TaXarcov rjxev el<; avTOv<; /cal KaOr^yrjaaTO t^9 et9
T'qv *lra\iav aTpareia^.
XVI. Ol K e/Jb^a\6vTe<; evOix; i/cpdrovv t^9
')((opa<; oarjv to irakaiov ol Tvpprjvol Kareix^''^*
diTo TMV "AXirecov eir dix(f)OTepa<; KaOrjKovGav Td<;
Oa\d(Tcra<^, o)? Kal rovvo/jua fiapTvpel ra> Xoyw.
Tr)v [xev yap ^opeiov OdXarrav ^ABpuav KaXx)v<nv
diro Tvppr]VLK7]<; TroXect)? 'AS/o/a?, rrjv Be tt/jo?
voTOV KeKXifievrjV avrLKpy; TvpprjvcKov ireXayo^,
2 irdaa 5' earl BevBpocpvro^ avrrj kol Ope/jL/Jiaa-iv
€i;/3oT09 kclI fcardppvTO^ irorafiol^;, Kal iroXei^
el')(ev OKTcoKalBeKa KaXd^; Kal fieydXa^; Kal Kare-
CTKevaajxeva^ irpos re ')(^pr)fiaTt<TfjLbv epyaTCK(x)<i Kal
7rpo9 Biairav 7ravrjyvpiK(o<;, a9 ol TaXdrac tov<;
TvppT]vov<; eK^aX6vT€<; avrol Karea)(^ov. dXX^
Tavra p.ev iirpd-^^drj av^vo) rivi XP^^V irporepov.
XVII. Ol Be FaXdrat rore 7rp6<; iroXiv Tvppr)-
vLBa KXavaLOV arparevcravre^ eiroXiopKovv. ol
Be K.Xov(jlvoi KaTa(pvy6pTe<; iirl 701/9 'Fco/jLaiov<i
u8
CAMILLUS, XV. -xvii. i
the greatest wealth in the city, and of amazing
beauty, Lucumo by name. This Lucumo from his
youth up, had lived with Arron, and when he came
to man's estate, did not leave his house, but pre-
tended to take delight in his society. He had,
however, corrupted Arron's wife, and been corrupted
by her, and for a long time kept the thing a secret.
But at last the passions of both culprits increased
upon them so that they could neither put away their
desires nor longer hide them, wherefore the young
man made open attempt to remove the woman and
have her to wife. Her husband brought the case
to trial, but was defeated by Lucumo, owing to the
multitude of his friends and his lavish outlays of
money, and forsook the city. Learning about the
Gauls, he betook himself to them, and led them on
their expedition into Italy.
XVL The Gauls burst in and straightway
mastered all the country which the Tuscans occupied
of old, namely, that stretching from the Alps down
to both seas, the names of which bear witness to the
story. For the northern sea is called Adria, from the
Tuscan city of Adria; the southern is called out-
right the Tuscan Sea. This whole country is studded
with trees, has excellent pasturage for flocks and
herds, and an abundance of rivers. It had also
eighteen cities, large and fair, well equipped for
profitable commerce and for sumptuous living. These
the Gauls took away from the Tuscans and occupied
themselves. But this happened long before the
time of which I speak.
XVII. At this time the Gauls had marched against
the Tuscan city of Clusium and were laying siege
to it. The Clusians applied for assistance to the
129
PLUTARCH'S LIVES
rjTrjcravTO Trpia/Setf; Trap* avrcjv fcal jpafifiara
7r/309 T0U9 ^apl3dpou<;. i'TrefJL(j>6r)(jav Se rov
^afficov yevov^ Tyoet? dvhp6<^ evhoKLfioi koI rifxaf;
2 fjieydXa^ e;^oi/T€9 iv rfj iroXei. tovtov^ iSe^avro
fi€V 01 TaXdrai if)i\av6p(jd7r(o<i Bia to rrjq 'Pw/at;?
ovofia, fcal iravadfievoi ri)^ 7rpo<; rd rel'^^T) fidxH^
el<; X6yov<; avprjXOov. 7ruv0avo/j,evcov 8' avrcjv,
6 Ti iraOovTe^ vtto KXovalvwv tjkoccv eifl rrjv
ttoXlv, yeXdaa^ 6 ^aaiXev<^ rcov VaXarSiv l^pevvo^i,
"^KhiKOva-LV ^/jLd<;,^^ €^Vy " K.Xovcrlvoi yrjv xal
'^(opav oXiyrjv jxev yecopyeiv Bwdfievoc, nroXXrjv Se
KaTe)(eiv d^tovvT€<; Koi p^rj pL€TaSt86vT€'s rjpfiv
3 ^evoi^ oval xal iroXXoU fcal irevqai, ravra S'
dpa KoX vp,d<^ r)hlKOvv, w 'Pco/jLoIol, irporepov piev
^AX/3avol Kot ^LBrjvdrai kol ^ApSedrat,, vvv Be
OvrjloL Kal KaTrrjvdrat koI iroXkol ^aXiaKoyv koI
OuoXovaKcov 6(f) oi'9 vpL6l<; (rTpaT€vovT6<;, idv firj
p^eraSiScbo-Lv vpblv tcop dyadwv, dvhpairoBi^eade
fcal XerjXareLTe koI KaraaKdirTere rd<i TroXei?
avTcov, ovSev ovBe vpbel<; ye Beivov ovBe dBiKov
4 TTOiovvre^ii dXXd to5 Trpea-^VTaTO) rciyv vopuoiv
dKoXovdovvTe<i, 09 tw KpeiTTOVL rd rcov tjttovodv
BiBoaaiv dp')(^6pL€V0^ diro rod Oeov Kal reXevrcov
€t9 rd Orjpla. /cal yap tovtoi<; ck (pvaeoD^; evean
TO ^rjTelv TrXeov e^^iv Ta KpeiTTOva to)v viroBe-
e<TTepcov. KXovacvov<i Be iravaaaOe iroXiopKov-
p,evov<; ol/CT€ipovT6'^, 0)9 P'Tj /cal TaXdTa<; BtBd^r)T€
XP'n^TOV^ Kal (jiiXoLKTippbova^ yevkadai Tot9 vtto
'Fa)p.ai(ov dBcKovp,6Voc<i. *
5 'E/c TOVTcov Tcov Xoycov eyvcoaav ol 'Vcopialoi
Tov l^pevvov davpL^aTQ)^ exovTa, Kal irapeX-
130
CAMILLUS, xvn. 1-5
Romans, and begged them to send ambassadors in
their behalf with a letter to the Barbarians. So
there were sent three men of the Fabian gens who
were of great repute and honour in the city. The
Gauls received them courteously, because of the
name of Rome, ceased their attacks upon the city
walls, and Iield conference with them. When they
were asked what wrong they had suffered at the
hands of the Clusians that they had come up against
their city, Brennus, the king of the Gauls, burst into
a laugh and said : " The Clusians wrong us in that,
being able to till only a small parcel of earth, they
yet are bent on holding a large one, and will not
share it with us, who are strangers, many in numbei
and poor. This is the wrong which ye too suffered,
O Romans, formerly at the hands of the Albans,
Fidenates, and Ardeates, and now lately at the
hands of the Veientines, Capenates, and many of
the Faliscans and Volscians. Ye march against these
peoples, and if they will not share their goods with
you, ye enslave them, despoil them, and raze their
cities to the ground ; not that in so doing ye are in
any wise cruel or unjust, nay, ye are but obeying
that most ancient of all laws which gives to the
stronger the goods of his weaker neighbours, the
world over, beginning with God himself and ending
with the beasts that perish. For these too are so
endowed by nature that the stronger seeks to have
more than the weaker. Cease ye, therefore, to pity
the Clusians when we besiege them, that ye may
not teach the Gauls to be kind and full of pity
towards those who are wronged by the Romans."
From this speech the Roman envoys saw that there
was no coming to terms with Brennus, and so they
131
PLUTARCH'S LIVES
Oovra et9 TO KXovcTLOv iOdppvvov koX Trapoop-
fjLCOp TOL'9 dvBpa<; iire^ekOelv rol'^ ^ap^dpoi^
fi€T aifToov, €iT€ TTjv €fC€LV(op oXktjv Kara-
fiaOelv ecre ttjv eavrcov iirtBeL^aaOat Oekovre^.
iK8pOfi7J<i Be Tcov Y.Xovalvcov koX fid-^'r]'; irapa rci
reiXV y€V0/j,6vr](; eh T(op ^a/Sicov, Kolvro^ ''A/n-
fiovcrTO<i, LTTTTov e^cov eXijKaaev dvTLo<; dvBpl
fieydXo) Kal Ka\a> FaXdrr) ttoXv irpolirirevovrL
TCOV dWcov, dyvorjOeh iv dp^fj Bid to tt;!^ avvoBov
o^elav yeveadat, Kal tu oirXa TreptXdfiTrovTa ttjv
6 oyjriv diroKpviTTeiv. w? 3' eirircpaTrjaa^; Ty lJ^d')(ri
Kol KUTa^aXoov ia/cvXeve tov dvOponTTOv, yvwplaa^
6 ^pevvo^ avTov iirefiapTVpaTo deov^y ft)9 irapd 137
TO. KOLvd Kal vevofjuafxeva iraaLV dvOpcoirot^ 6a la
KoX BiKaia irpeaffevTov jjuev rjKOvTO'^, iroXifiia Be
elpyaa/iiivov. KaTairavaa^ Be ti^v p^d^^v avTLKa
KXov(rivov<; jxev eca 'XpLipeLV, eirX Be ttjv 'V(op,7)v
TOV (TTpaTOV rjryev, ov PovX6p,evo^ Be Bo^at Tr)v
dBiKtav avToh cja-irep da/j,6V0L<; yeyovevac koX
Beop^ivoL^ 7rpo<j)do-eci)<;, eTrep.yjrev e^aiTMV eVt Ti-
p^wpla TOV dvBpa /cal Trporjyev dp,a cr^oXaiw^.
XVIII. ^Kv Be *l^d)p,7j Tr]<; l3ovX'fj<; avva^O eicrrj^i
aXXoL T€ TToXXol TOV ^a^Lov KaTTjyopovv, Kal
TOiv lepeayv oi KaXovp.evoL ^rjTiaXeh evrjyov
iTTcOeid^ovTe^ Kal KeXevovTa to t5)v ireirpay-
pievwv dyo<; tt^v <TvyKXr]Tov eh eva tov aiTiov
Tpe-^aaav virep tcov dXXoDv d4>o(Tid)o-aa-0ai,
TovTov^ T0U9 ^r)TiaXe2<; Hop^iriXLO^ No/ia?,
jSaariXecov '^p.epcoTaTO^ yevofj-evo^ Kal BcKacoTaTO^,
KaTeaTrjae ^vXaKa<^ p,ev elprjvrj<;, e'7riyvd)jjLova<i Be
Kal ^e^aiCDTa^ acTCMv, at avv BIkij iroXefiov
arvvdiTTOVai.
132
CAMILLUS, XVII. 5-XV111. I
slipped into Clusium, and emboldened and incited
its citizens to sally out against the Barbarians with
them, either because they wished to discover the
prowess of those warriors or to display their own
The Clusians made a sally, and in the fight which
raged along the walls one of the Fabii, Quintus
Ambustus, drove his horse straight at a stately and
handsome Gaul who was riding far out in front of the
rest. At first he was not recognized, because the
conflict came swiftly to pass and his dazzling armour
hid his face. But when he had conquered and un-
horsed his foe and was stripping his arms from him,
then Brennus recognized him, and called upon the
gods to witness how, contrary to the general practice
of all mankind, which was deemed just and holy,
he had come as an ambassador, but had wrought as
an enemy. Then, putting a stop to the battle, he
straightway let the Clusians alone, and led his host
against Rome. But not wishing to have it thought
that his people were rejoiced at the outrage, and
only wanted some pretext for war, he sent and
demanded the offender for punishment, and in the
meantime advanced but slowly.
XVIII. When the Senate convened in Rome,
many denounced the Fabii, and especially the priests
called Fetiales were instant in calling upon the
Senate in the name of all the gods to turn the curse
of what had been done upon the one guilty man,
and so to make expiation for the rest.
These Fetiales were instituted by Numa Pompilius,
gentlest and justest of kings, to be the guardians of
peace, as well as judges and determiners of the
grounds on which war could justly be made.
133
PLUTARCH'S LIVES
2 T?59 S^ ^ovXrjfi eVfc top Bij/xou dveveyKafjbevrjf;
TO TTpdyfia Kol tmv lepewv Ofioia rov ^a/Slov
KarrjyopovvToyv, ovrco irepLv^piaav ol ttoWoI rd
Oeia KOL KareyeXaaav, coare kol x^Xiapyov
drfroBel^ai rov ^d^tov fierd rcov dSe\<f>cbv. ol Be
KeXrol irvdo/jLevoL ravra kol ^aXeTrw? ^epovTe<^
ovSev i/jLTToSobv eiTOiovvro Trj<; o-ttouSt}?, dX)C
3 i')(^copovv iravrX rd^er kol 7rpo<; to 7r\rjOo<i avTMV
Kol Tr)v Xa/jLTrpoTTjTa Tr]<i Trapaa/cevrj^i koI fiiav
KOL dvjjLov eK7r67r\7}y/jLevci)v tS)v Bed fiiaov, koX
Trjv T€ '^copav dTroXcoXivai irdaav tjBt] koI Ta9
7roA,et9 €v6v<; aTroXeLadai, Bokouptcop, irap' iX-
irlBa^ ovBev yBi/covv ou8' iXd/ju/Savov ix T(hv
drypSyv, dXXd /cat irapd ra? TroXetv iyyv<i Trapef-
i6vT€<; i/Socov iirl ttjv ^Pcofirjv TropeveaOai /cat
fx6voi<i TToXe/jLetv ^VcdfialoL^, tou^ B' dXXov<i (fit-
Xoi'9 iiTLaTaaOaL.
4 ToLavTT) Be ^pwpievcov opfjuy tcov /3apl3dpcop
i^rjyov ol yjXiap^oi rou? 'Pw/iatof? eVt tov
dyCova, irXi^OeL p.ev ovk ivBeel^ {eyevovTo yap
oirXcTai TeTpaKta-fjivpioiv ovk eXdacrov<}), dva-
a/€r]Tov<; Be tov<; vroXXov^ koI tots irpSyTov
diTTop^evov^ 07rX(ov. eVi S* i^7)/jLeX7jT0 Ta t&v
deodv avT0L<i ovTe KuXXcep'^aaa-tv ovt6 fidvT€i<i
a TTpb KivBvvov Kol fidxv'i eiVo? rjv ipopuevoi^,
5 ovBevcx; Be tjttov iireTdpaTTev r) iroXvap^ia
Ta TrpaTTop^epa. KaiToc irpoTepop ye kol irpb^
eXaTTOPa^ dyoypa^ elXovTo iroXXd/CK; /xopdp^ovf},
ou? ^LKTaTopa^ KaXovatv, ovk dypoovPT€<;, oaop
eaTip eh eiria-^aXr} Kaipbv o^eXo^ pad ')(^p(opLevov<i
ypcopt) 7r/909 apvirevOvvop dp')(r]v ev %6/)(7t Trjv
6 BLktjp exovaav evTaKTelv. ovx riKiaTa Bk fcal
^34
CAMILLUS, xviii. 2-6
The Senate referred the matter to the people^ and
although the priests with one accord denounced
Fabius, the multitude so scorned and mocked at
religion as to appoint him military tribune, along
with his brothers. The Gauls, on learning this, were
wroth, and suffered nothing to impede their haste,
but advanced with all speed. What with their
numbers, the splendour of their equipment, and
their furious violence, they struck terror wherever
they came. Men thought the lands about their
cities lost already, and their cities sure to follow at
once. But contrary to all expectation the enemy
did them no harm, nor took aught from their fields,
but even as they passed close by their cities shouted
out that they were marching on Rome and warred
only on the Romans, but held the rest as friends.
Against this onset of the Barbarians the military
tribunes led the Romans forth to battle. They were
not inferior in numbers, being no fewer than forty
thousand men-at-arms, but most of them were un-
trained, and had never handled weapons before.
Besides, they had neglected all religious rites, having
neither sacrificed with good omens, nor consulted the
prophets as was meet before the perils of battle.
But what most of all confounded their undertakings
was the number of their commanders. And yet before
this, and on the brink of lesser struggles, they had
often chosen a single commander, with the title of
Dictator, not unaware how great an advantage it is,
when confronting a dangerous crisis, to be of one
mind in paying obedience to an authority which is
absolute, and holds the scales of justice in its own
hands. Moreover, their unfair treatment of Camillus
PLUTARCH'S LIVES
Ka/i«XXo9 ayveofiovrjdel^ e^Xa^jre ra irpayixaray
Tov fir) irpo^ xdpiv ^7)he icokaKevovTa<^ dp^ecv
(fio^epov yefOfiivov,
Tlp06\66vT€<; OVV OLTTO T^9 TToXcft)? (TTahlOV^
ivevTTjKovTa irapd tov ^AXiav irojafjiov tjvXI-
arOrjaav, ov iroppco rod aTparoTriSou tw Sv/i^pLBc
av/jL(p6p6/jL€vov, evravOa Be tcov ^ap^dpcov
i7n(f)avevT(ov al(T^pc!)<; dycovLadfievoi, Bi dra^iav
7 irpdiTovTO. koI to fiev dpiaTepov Kepa^i €v6v^
ifJLJBaXovTefi eh tov iroTapbov ol KeXrot Bie-
(^Oeipav TO Be Be^iov vireKKfuvav ttjv eTrKpopdv ^^
€K TOV TreBiov 7r/)09 tov^ X6<pov^ tjttov e^eKoirr)- H
KOI hie^e'ireaov uTrb tovtcov eh Tr)v ttoXlv ol -
woWoL. Tot9 8' dX\oL<i, oaoc TCOV TroXefjLLcov
aTretTTovTWV tt/oo? tov ^ovov eacodrjaav, et?
Ovrjtov<; at ^vyal Bed vvKTo<i rjo-av^ co? t^9 ^
'Vwpur)^ ol')(pixevr](; fcal tcov €Kei iravrcov diro- fl
XcoXoTcov. "
XIX. ^^<yeveT0 B^ rj fid'^ //.era Tpoirdq Oepivd^
irepl TTjv Trava-eXrjvov, rj koI irpoTepov rj/^epci, fieya
Trdda crvve/Sr] to irepl tou? ^a^iov^' TpiaKocnoL
yap e/c tov yevov^ dvBp€<; viro Tvppr]vcbv dvypeOrj-
aav. eKpdT7]ae Be ttjv yfiepav diro tt}? BevTepa^
7]TT7]<; ^AXidBa fjA^pi' v^v KcCXelaOai Bid tov
iroTapLov.
liepl B* r]pbepcov d7ro(f)pdBcov, eoTe XPV TideaOal 138
TLva^, elTe 6pOco<i 'HpdKXeLTO<i eireirXi^^ev'YiaLoBat
ra? ^ev dyaOd^ TroLOVjJbevcp^ Td<; Be <j)avXa<i, a)9
dyvoovvTi cj)vo-Lv ?7yLte/oa9 dirdcrr)'; fxiav ovaav,
2 6T€pcodc BirjTToprjTai,. ttj B' viroKeLfievr) ypa(j)y to
fjLV7)fjLovevcrac TrapaBeiyjjbaTCOv dXiycov icrco<; dv
136
CAMILLUS, XVIII. 6-xix. 2
was in no slight degree fatal to discipline, since it
was now dangerous to hold command without paying
regard to the pleasure and caprice of the people.
They advanced from the city about eleven miles,
and encamped along the river Allia, not far from its
confluence with the Tiber. There the Barbarians
came suddenly upon them, and after a disorderly and
shameful struggle, they were routed. Their left
wing was at once driven into the river by the Gauls
and destroyed; their right wing was less cut up,
because it withdrew before the enemy's onset from
the plain to the hills, from which most of them made
their way back to the city. The rest, as many as
escaped the enemy's hands, which were weary with
slaughter, fled by night to Veii. They thought that
Rome was lost and all her people slain.
XIX. The battle^ took place just after the summer
solstice when the moon was near the full, on the very
day of a former great disaster, when three hundred
men of the Fabian gens had been cut to pieces by
the Tuscans. But the second defeat was so much
the worse that the day on which it fell is called
down to the present time "dies AUiensis," from the
river.
Now concerning " dies nefasti/' or unlucky days,
whether we must regard some as such, or whether
Heracleitus was right in rebuking Hesiod for calling
some days good and some bad, in his ignorance that
the nature of every day is one and the same, — this
question has been fully discussed elsewhere. Still,
even in what I am now writing, the mention of a few
1 390 B.a
137
PLUTARCH'S LIVES
apfiocreie. rovro fiev rolvvv Boift)Tot9 *l7nrohpo-
jjbiov iJU7]v6^, o)<; 3' ^KdrjvaloL KoKovaiv ^EKaro/jL-
^acMVOf;, lara/Jbivov Tre/jLirry Bvo Xa^elv avve^rj
viKa<i eTrKpaveardra^i, ah TOi'9 "EWt]va<; i]\ev6e-
pwaavy Tijv T6 Trepl AevKrpa koX ti^v iirX Keprja-ao)
Tavrr}<; irporepov erecn irXeioaiv rj BtaKocTLOif;, ore
3 Aarrafjivav fcal @e(T(j-aXov<i ivLKr)(Tav, tovto B'
av ttoXlv Tiep(T(ii jmtjvo^ HorjBpof^ccovof; eicrri /lev
iv M.apada)Vi, Tpirr} S' iv Yi\aTaial<^ a/jua Koi
Trepl MvkoXtjv r)TTrjdr}aav viro r&v 'EWtjvcov,
irefjuTTTr) Be (1>0ivovto^ iv ^Ap^ij\oL<;. ol S* 'AOrj-
valoi KoX T7]v irepl Nd^ov eviKcov vau/jLa')(^Lav, ij?
yLa^pia^ eo-Tparrjjet, rod ^or^Bpopaoivo^; irepX rr/v
wavaeXijvov, iv Be ^aXapJlvi irepl Ta<; €l/cdBa<;,
4 ft)? yp.LV iv T(p TlepX rjpbepcov diroBeBencraL. ivrj-
vo'xe Be KOI 6 SapyrjXiojv p,rjv roX^ l3ap^dpoi<i
eViS^Xco? ViTf^/a?* Kol yap *A\e^avBpo<; iirl
VpavLKw Tov<; PaaiXew^ arparrjyovf; Sapyr)Xia)vo<i
ivLK7](Te, Kal YiapXTjBovLoi irepl ^iKeXlav vtto
Tip,oXeovTO<; rjTTcovTo rfj e^Bopby ^Olvovto^, irepl
rjv Bo/cel /cal to ^IXlov dXcovai, SapyrjXioovof},^ 0)9
"E(j)opo<; Kal ¥iaXXccrOevrj<; koI AapbdaT7]<i Kal
5 ^vXap')(p(; iorToprjfcaaiv. dvdiraXiv S* 6 Merayeir-
VLcoVy ov Botft)Tol TldvepLOV KaXovaiVy rot? '^EX,-
Xrjcrcv ovk evp>evr)<i yeyove. tovtov yap rod p,r)vb^
e^BopLT) Kal Tr)V iv l^paveovi pud^yv rjrrrjOevTe'i vir*
^AvT LIT drpov reXeod^ dircoXovro, Kal irporepov iv
XaLpcovela pLa^opievoc irpo<; ^iXiirirov r]TV')(r)aav.
rrfq 8' avTTJ^i rjpbepa^ ravT7}<^ iv ra MeTayeirvtoovL
Kara tov avrov eviavrov ol pier ^ Ap^iBdpbov Bia-
^dvTe<i eh ^IraXuav vtto tmv ifcel j3ap^dpa)v
^ &apyr]\iwvos deleted by Bekker, after Reiske.
138
CAMILLUS, XIX. 2-5
examples may not be amiss. To begin with, then, it
was on the fifth day of the month of Hippodromius
(which the Athenians call Hecatombaeon) that the
Boeotians won two illustrious victories which set the
Greeks free : that at Leuctra, and that at Ceressus
more than two hundred years earlier, when they
conquered Lattamyas and the Thessalians. Again,
on the sixth day of the month of Boedromion the
Greeks defeated the Persians at Marathon, on the
third day at Plataea and Mycale together, and on the
twenty-sixth day at Arbela. Moreover, it was about
full moon of the same month that the Athenians won
their sea-fight off Naxos, under the command of
Chabrias, and about the twentieth, that at Salamis,
as has been set forth in my treatise " On days."
Further, the month of Thargelion has clearly been a
disastrous one for the Barbarians, for in that month
the generals of the King were conquered by Alex-
ander at the Granicus, and on the twenty -fourth of the
month the Carthaginians were worsted by Timoleon
off Sicily. On this day, too, of Thargelion, it appears
that Ilium was taken, as Ephorus, Callisthenes,
Damastes, and Phylarchus have stated. Contrary-
wise, the month of Metageitnion (which the Boeotians
call Panemus) has not been favourable to the Greeks.
On the seventh of this month they were worsted by
Antipater in the battle of Crannon, and utterly un-
done ; before this they had fought Philip unsuccess-
fully at Chaeroneia on that day of the month ; and in
the same year, and on the same day of Metageitnion,
Archidamus and his army, who had crossed into
Italy, were cut to pieces by the Barbarians there.
139
PLUTARCH'S LIVES
6 Stecpddprjcrav. Kap'XrjBovioi Bk ttjv ivdrTjv ^6i-
vovTO<; ft)? ra ifKela-ra koX fxe^ta-ra rwv aTU^^T/z^a
Twv avTOL<; del (fyepovaav nrapa^vkdrTOVG-iv,
OvK dyvoS) S' on irepl tov tmv fiva-rrjpicov Kaipov
av6i<; ©Tj^aL re KareaKd^'qcrav vtto ^AXe^dvBpou,
Kol fierd ravra ^povpdv ^Adrjvacot MaKeSovcov
iBe^avro irepX avrrjv rrjv evKdBa rov ^07jBpOfii&-
7 V09, y rov fivariKov "laK'yov i^dyovaiv. 6/iiolco'>
Be 'VwjjLatoi rrjf; avrrj<; r^fjuepa^ irporepov fiev vrrb
Ki/i^pcov rb fjbera VLaiiricovo^s dire^aXov arparo-
ireBoVy varepov Be Aov/covWov ar parity ovvro<;
*Apfji€VLov<; KoX Tiypdv7]v ivLKTja-av. "ArraXo^ S*
6 0a(TiXev^ zeal Ilofi7r7]lo<; M.dyvo<; iv rol<s eavrcdv
yeve6\ioi<i drreOavov. kol oX(o<; iarX ttoWov^; iir
djjb(l>6r€pa Tat9 avral^ ')(pr)(Tafievov<; drroBel^ai
ireoLoBoif;.
8 AWa ^FcofiaiOL'^ avrrj fiia tmv fidXicrra diro-
<j>pdBcov ia-Ti, Kol BC avrrjv eKdarov fir)vo^ irepai
Bvo, rrj<i rrpo<i ro (rv/jb,6dv evXajSeta^ /cat BeicrcBai,-
fiovia<; irrl rrXetov, oicnrep e'lcoOe, pveL(Tr}<;. ravra
fjL€v ovv ev ra> Hepl alrioov ^Vcdfialfciav emfjueXe-
arepov Bi-pprjrai.
XX. Merd Be rrjv fJbdxHv eKelvrjv el /mev evdv<;
iirnjKoXovOrjaav oi TaXdrai roL<; (f)evjovaLV, ovBev
dv ifccokvae rrjv 'Yco/jbrjv dpBrjv dvaipeOrjvai Kal
irdvra^; diroXeaOat rov<; ev avrfj Kara\eL<f)6evra^'
roaovrov oi ^evyovre<; evecpyd^ovro Beljia roi?
v7roBexofievoL<;, Kal rocravT7)fi rrdXiv eveTrifiTrXavro
2 rapa^f)^ Kal 7rapa(j)poavv7](;. vvvl 5* dmaria rov
fieyeOov^ ol jBdp^apoi t^9 viKrj<i Kal irpb^ evrrddei-
140
n
CAMILLUS, XIX. 6-xx. 2
The Carthaginians also regard with fear the twenty-
second of this month, because it has ever brought upon
them the worst and greatest of their misfortunes.
I am not unaware that, at about the time when
the mysteries are celebrated, Thebes was razed to
the ground for the second time by Alexander, and
that afterwards the Athenians were forced to receive
a Macedonian garrison on the twentieth of Boe-
dromion, the very day on which they escort the
mystic lacchus forth in procession. And hkewise
the Romans, on the self-same day, saw their army
under Caepio destroyed by the Cimbri, and later,
when Lucullus was their general, conquered Tigranes
and the Armenians. Both King Attalus and Pompey
the Great died on their own birth-days. In short,
one can adduce many cases where the same times
and seasons have brought opposite fortunes upon the
same men.
But this day of the Allia is regarded by the
Romans as one of the unluckiest, and its influence
extends over two other days of each month through-
out the year, since in the presence of calamity,
timidity and superstition often overflow all bounds.
However, this subject has been more carefully treated
in my '' Roman Questions." ^
XX. Now had the Gauls, after this battle, followed
hard upon the fugitives, naught would have hindered
Rome from being utterly destroyed and all those who
remained in her from perishing, such was the terror
which the fugitives infused into the occupants of the
city, and with such confusion and delirium were they
themselves once more filled. But as it was, the
Barbarians could not realize the magnitude of their
» Morals, pp. 269 I
141
PLUTARCH'S LIVES
av CK rov irepL'^apotx; afxa kcu veiMrjaei^ twv
eaXcoKOTcov iv tS> arpaTOTreBo) ^(^prjfMdTcov rpairo-
fxevoVy Ta> fiev iKirLiTTovTL tt]^; TroXeax; o%Xo)
paaTa>vr)v (^vy7)<^ Trapia^ov, iXTricrai B* en koI
TrapacTKevdaacrOaL tol<; vTro/juipovai. rrjv yap
dXXrjv irokiv 7rpoip,6VOL to KaTnrayXcov 6<j)pd^avT0
3 /SiXeac kol Biarei'^^^ia paaiv. iv 7rp(OT0i,<; Be rStv
lepcov a p.ev eh to KairiTcoXiov dveaKevdaavTO,
TO Be TTvp T7J<; 'Eo-rm? al jrapOevot, p^eTa tcov
iepa>v e(f)€vyov dp7raadp,evaL.
K.aiToi TLve<^ ovBev elvat to (f)povpovpevov vir* 139
avTcov €T€pov Tj TTvp d(h9iTov IcTTopovai, ^Ofld
Tov fiacriXeo)<; KaTaaTrj(TavTO<; co? dp'Xr)V dirdpTfov
4 aiffeo-Oai. /avrjriKooraTov yap iv ttj (f>v(Tei, tovto'
KLvrj(Ti<; Be rt? rj avv tlvl Kivjjaret, Trdvrco^; rj yeve-
o-t9* TCb 5' dXXa Trj<; vXi]^; p^opta OeppiOTrjTO^
eV^XfTTovo"^? dpyd Keip,eva Ka\ V€Kpot<; ioiKOTa
TTodel Tr)v TOV TTvpo^ Bvvap^LVy a)<; 'ifrv^tjv, Kai
7rpocreXdov(Tr}(; dp,co<; ye tto)? iirl to Bpdv Ti Kal
7rdcr^€LV TpeireTai. tovt ovv are Br) irepLTTov
avBpa TOV Nopdv /cal Xoyov e^ovTa raU Mou(Tai<;
(Tvvelvat, Bid ao(j>iav i^oaccoaac koI ^povpelv
d/coipbrjTov iv eiKovt rrj<; rd irdvTa Koa p^ovarj^
5 dlBlov Bvvdp,eco(;. ol Be to p,ev irvp, (aairep •nap
' EXXrjcrt, TTpo lepoiv aWeaOat KaOdpaiov, dXXa
Be Td ez^T09 dOeara KpyirTecrOai irdai, ivXrjv Tav-
Tai<; Tal<i irapOevoo^;, a? 'EaTidBa<; iirovop^di^ovai,
142
CAMILLUS, XX. 2-5
victory, and in the excess of their joy, turned to
revehy and the distribution of the good things
captured in their enemy's camp. For this reason the
throngs wlio were for abandoning the city had ample
time for flight, and those who were for remaining
plucked up hope and prepared to defend themselves.
Abandoning the rest of the city, they fenced the
Capitol with ramparts and stocked it with missiles.
But their first care was for their sacred things, most
of which they carried away to the Capitol ; the fire
of Vesta, however, was snatched up and carried off
by the vestal virgins in their flight, along with the
other sacred things entrusted to their care.
However, some writers state that these virgins
have watch and ward over nothing more than the
ever-living fire, which Numa the King appointed to
be worshipped as the first cause of all things. For
fire produces more motion than anything else in
nature, and all birth is a mode of motion, or is
accompanied by motion. All other portions of
matter, in the absence of heat, lie inert and dead,
yearning for the force of fire to inform them, like a
spirit, and on its accession in any manner soever,
they become capable of acting and being acted upon.
This principle of fire, then, Numa, who was an extra-
ordinary man, and whose wisdom gave him the
repute of holding converse with the Muses, is said to
have hallowed and ordered to be kept sleepless, that
it might image forth the ever-living force which
orders the universe aright. Others say that this fire
is kept burning before the sacred things by way of
purification, as among the Greeks, and that other
objects within the temple are kept hidden from the
gaze of all except these virgins, whom they call
'43
PLUTARCH'S LIVES
KCii ifketcTTO^ /Jb€V X0709 KaT€l')(^€ TO TpCOtKOV
cfcelvo UaXXdSiov aTTOKelaOav hC Klveiov koili-
aOev et9 ^Irakiav. elal h^ ol ra ^a/iMoOpaKia
/LLvOo\oyovvT€<; AdpSavov fiev el^ Tpoiav e^evey-
KOLfievov opyidaai koX KaOiepSyaav Krlaavra ttjv
TToXcv, Kiveiav he irepX rrjv aXaxriv iKKKe'^^avra
6 Siaaaycrai //-e^/Ot t^9 €v ^IraXia Karoifc^aeco^. ol
Se Trpoo-TTowv/jbevot irXeov eiriaraaOai ri irepl
TovTcov 8vo (fyaalv ov fieydXov^ aTroKelaOai ttl-
6ov<;, a)v Tov fiev dvefoyora koI KevoVy tov t>l
irXrjpT] KoX KaTaaecrr^pLaa-pAvoVy dp(j)OTepov<: Be
rat? iravaykai pu6vaL<i irapOivoi'; oparovf; elvai,
dXXoL Be TovTov<; Bieyjrevo-dat vopi^ovaL t& ra
irXelarra rSiV lepfav tots Ta<; Kopa^; ip^aXov<Ta<;
6t9 ttlOov^ Bvo fcpv^jrac Kara 7779 vtto tov veoDV tov
KvpiVOV, KOl tov TOTTOV €KeiV0V €Tt KOl VVV TMV
TltOlcr/ccov ^epecrOai ttjv eir(ovvp,iav.
XXL Ta Be KVpicoTUTa xal peyiaTa T(av lepSyv
avTat Xa^ouaai <j)vyfj irapk tov iroTapov iiroi-
ovvTO TTjv d7rox(opr)(7i,v, ivTavOa Aev/ao<; ^AX^l-
vio^^ dvrjp Br]poTLKo<; ev Tot<; (f)evyovcnv eTV')(e
TeKva vqiTia koX yvvoLKa //-era ^prjpdTcov dvay-
Kai(ov e(j> dpd^r)<^ vireKKopl^mv. ft)9 5' elBe Ta9
irapOevov^i ev toI<; koXttol'; ^epov(Ta<i Tct tmv
Oecov lepd Oepaireia^ €pijp,ov<; 7rapa7ropevopeva<;
Koi KaKOTra6ov(Ta<;, Ta^v ttjv yvvacKa peTa twv
iralBrov koI tcov y^pr^pdTcov KaOeXoov aTTO tt}?
dpd^7)<^ eKetvai^ TrapiBcoKev eTn^rjvai koX Bia-
* 'A\$iytos S and Livy, v. 40 : 'AAyStrofc
144
CAMILLUS, XX. 5-xxi. i
Vestals. And a very prevalent story had it that the
famous Palladium of Troy was hidden away there,
having been brought to Ital; hj Aeneas. There are
some who say that it is the Samothracian images
which are hidden there, and they tell the tale of
Dardanus bringing these to Troy, after he had
founded that city, and consecrating them there with
celebration of their rites ; and of Aeneas, at the
capture of Troy, stealing them away and preserving
them until he settled in Italy. Others still, pretend-
ing to have larger knowledge in these matters, say
that two small jars are stored away there, of which
one is open and empty, and the other full and sealed
up, and that both are visible only to the holy virgins.
But others think that these knowing ones have been
led astray by the fact that the virgins, at the time of
which I am now speaking, cast the most of theii'
sacred treasures into two jars, and hid them under-
ground in the temple of Quirinus, whence that place,
down to the present time, has the name of " Doliola,"
or "Jars."
XXI. However that may be, these virgins took
the choicest and most important of the sacred objects
and fled away along the river. There it chanced
that Lucius Albinius, a man of the common people,
was among the fugitives, carrying off his wife and
little children, with the most necessary household
goods, upon a waggon. When he saw the virgins
with the sacred symbols of the gods in their bosoms,
making their way along unattended and in great
distress, he speedily took his wife, with the children
and the household goods, down from the waggon,
and suffered the virgins to mount upon it and make
145
PLUTARCH'S LIVES
2 ^vyelv 6t9 Tiva rcjv 'EWtjvlScov iroketov. rr)v
fi€V ovv ^ AX^tvlov 7rpo<; to Oeiov evXd^eiav kuI
rifiTjv iv TO?'; 67na(f)a\6orTdToi<; Katpol<; €/c(f>avfj
yevo/jievrjv ovk d^tov r)v dfivrjfjLovevTov irapekOeZv.
01 he Twv dXXcov decov lepet^; oX re yripaioX tmv
vTraTiKMv Kol Opcafi/SiKfov dvhpcov ttjv jmIv iroXiv
eKXiirelv ou% vTrefieivav, lepd<; Se kol Xa/juTrpd^ ^
dvaKa^6vTe<; iaOrjTa^, i^rjyov/jLevov ^a^iov tov fl
dpX(^ep6co<;, eTrev^dfievoL toU ^eot?, co? kavTOv<;
virep TTjq iraTpiBo^; tw Baifiovt, /caOi€povvT€<;, iwl
Twv iXecftavTLVcov hL(j)p(ov iv dyopa eKdOrjvTo ^ fl
K€Koa/jL7)fji€voi, TTjv iinoixTav Tvyjqv viTOfxevovTe*;. V
XXII. TpLTTj 5' aTTO T^9 /^d'X^rjf; rj/juepa iraprjv
6 Bpevvo^ dycov iirl ttjv ttoXcv to (TTpdTeufMa- /cal
Ta9 T€ irvKaf; evpwv dvecoyfieva^ /cal rd tclxv
cj)vXdK(ov €p7]/jLa, irpSiTOV fiev eBeiorev ivehpav
fcal BoXoVy diTKTToiiv ovtco TravTdTracTtv direipTj-
Kevat T0v<; ^Fci)fialov<;. eVel S' eyvco to dXr}d€<;,
elaeXdaa^ Sid Trj<; K.oXXlv7)<; ttuXt;? elXe ttjv
'P(o/j,rjv e^TjfcovTa Kal TpLaKoalcov eToyv irXeiova
ffpayij ')(p6vov diro Trj(; KTia-eco<; exovcrav, el t&) «
iTidTov diroaco^eaOaL Tiva tmv )(^p6vcov dxpL^eiav, U
0^9 fcal irepl vewTepwv dXX(ov dfi(f>icr^7jTrj(Tiv r)
2 <Tvy')(vcn(; eKelvr) Trapea^^. tov jxevTOi irdOov^;
avTov Kol Tr}<; dX(iicrew<; eoi/cev dfivSpd ti^ €v6v<;
€L<; TTjv 'EXXaSa (p^fiij SieXdetp. 'Hpa/cXeiBrjfi ydp 140
6 IlovTiKO<; ov TToXv T(av y^povoav eKeivwv aTroXei-
irofievo^; iv tw Tiepl '\/ru^'^9 avyypdfifiaTi (f)7]aiv
diro T779 eo-TTcpa^ Xoyov KaTao-^^elvt ox; crTpaTo<;
ef ^TTrep^opecov iXOcov e^coOev rjprjKOi ttoXlv
'RXXrjvlBa 'IPco/iirjv, iKel ttov KaToy/cijfjLevijv irepl
^ kKaO-nvTo with all MSS. and editors : KaOriuro.
146
CAMILLUS, XXI. 2-xxii. 2
their escape to a Greek city. This pious act of
Albinius^and the conspicuous honourwhich he showed
tlie gods in a season of the greatest danger, could
not well be passed over in silence.
But the priests of the other gods, and the aged
men who had been consuls and celebrated triumphs,
could not endure to leave the city. So they put on
their robes of state and ceremony, following the lead
of Fabius, the pontifex maximus,and vowed the gods
that they would devote themselves to death in their
country's behalf. Then they sat themselves down,
thus arrayed, on their ivory chairs in the forum, and
awaited their fate.
XXll. On the third day after the battle, Brennus
came up to the city with his army. Finding its gates
open and its walls without defenders, at first he feared
a treacherous ambush, being unable to believe that
the Romans were in such utter despair. But when
he realised the truth, he marched in by the Colline
gate, and took Rome. This was a little more than
three hundred and sixty years from her foundation,
if one can believe that any accurate chronology has
been preserved in this matter, when that of even
later events is disputed, owing to the confusion
caused by this very disaster. However, it would
seem that some vague tidings of the calamity and
capture of the city made their way at once to Greece.
For Heracleides Ponticus, who lived not long after
that time, in his treatise " On the soul," says that out of
the West a story prevailed, how an army of Hyper-
boreans had come from afar and captured a Greek
city called Rome, situated somewhere on the shores
147
PLUTARCH'S LIVES
3 TTjv fieydXijv OaKaaaav, ovk av ovv Oavfid-
(Tat/Jbt fjLvOcoBrj KOI ifkaa fiaTiav ovra top 'iipa-
Kkeihrjv aXrjOel \6<y(p rSt irepX t^? a\a)(7ea)9
iiriKo/jbTrdaat tou9 *T7rep^opeov<; koX ttjv /leyakijv
OakaTTav. * KpiaroreX'T]^ Be 6 (ptXoaocpo^ ro fiev
aXwvai TTjv itoXlv vtto K^eXrcov dfcpi^(a<i hrjKo^
iaTLV dK7]Kooi}<;, top Be acoaavTa AeuKtov euvai
(pTjo-iv rjv Be MdpKO<;, ov Aevfcco^, 6 Ka/itXXo?.
dWa ravra pukv elKaap^w XeXeKjat.
4 Karaaxoyv Be rrjv 'Poofjirjv 6 Bp6Vvo<: T(p fiev
KaTnTcoXiO) (f)povpdv irepieaTrjaev, auTo? Be Kara-
I3aiva)v Bi dyopd<; iOavfia^e tov? 7rpOKadr]/j.evov<;
dvBpa<^ iv Koapjip koli (Tccjirfj 6€ot)fi€vo<i, a)9 ovO^
vTre^aviaryaav iircovTcov iroKefiLcov ovr o-yjnv rj
XP^^^ erpe^lrav, dX\.d paOvfiax; seal a8ew? eyxe-
icXipevoi T0t9 arKLTTcoaiv, 01)9 e(f)6povv,^ koI Trpoa-
5 /SXevroi/Te? dXX7]Xoi<i r)orvxci^ov. ^v ovv 6avp.a
Tol<; TaXdrai^ irpo^ rrjv aToirtav, kol iroXvv
Xpovov OKvovvre^ dyfraadai Kul irpoaeXOelv ox;
/cpeLTToai BirjTTopovv. errrel Bk roXpbrjcra^i Ti9 ef
avTCdV €771)9 irapea-TT] Jlaireipifp ^IdpKfp Koi
irpoaayayoov rrjv %€?yoa 7rpa(o<; y-yfraro rov yevelov
KOI Karrjye rrjv iJ7njvr)v ^aOelav ovcrav, 6 p^ev
Yiaireipio^ rfj jSa/crrjpia Tr)V /cecj^aXrjv avTov
irard^a^ a-vveTpi^ev, 6 Be ^dp^apo^ a7racrdp.evo^
6 T^v pLaxaipav direKretvev eKelvov. ck Bk rovrov
Kol TOL'9 Xoi,7rov<; dvrjpovv irpoGirecrovTe^t /cat rcou
dXXcov o(roi<; eTriTVXotev Bie^poyvTO, koi ra^ ol/cia^;
eiropOovv e^ T/pLepa^ TroXXa^ dyovTe<; koi <f>6-
povre^t elra Kareirip^Trpaa'av Kal KareaKaiTTOV
opyt^opevoi rot^ €X0V(tl to IvaircTcoXcov, oti
1 4^6povv with S t icpipow.
J48
CAMILLUS, XXII. 3-6
of the Great Sea. Now I camiot wonder that so
fabulous and fictitious a writer as Heraeleides should
deck out the true story of the capture of Rome with
his "Hyperboreans" and his "Great Sea." But
Aristotle the philosopher clearly had accurate tidings
of the capture of the city by the Gauls, and yet he
says that its saviour was Lucius^ although the fore-
name of Camillus was not Lucius, but Marcus. How-
ever, these details were matters of conjecture.
When he had occupied Rome, Brennus surrounded
the Capitol with a guard. He himself went down
through the forum, and was amazed to see the men
sitting there in public state and perfect silence.
They neither rose up to meet their enemies when
they approached, nor did they change countenance
or colour, but sat there quietly, at ease and without
fear, leaning on their staves and gazing into one
another's faces. The Gauls were amazed and per-
plexed at the unwonted sight, and for a long time
hesitated to approach and touch them, regarding
them as superior beings. But at last one of them,
plucking up his courage, drew near Papirius Marcus,
and stretching out his hand, gently grasped his chin
and stroked his long beard, whereupon Papirius,
with his staff, smote him a crushing blow on the
head. Then the Barbarian drew his sword and
killed him. After that, they fell upon the rest and
slew them, made away with every one else they met,
sacked and plundered the houses of the city for many
days together, and finally burned them down and
levelled them with the ground, in their wrath at the
defenders of the Capitol. For these would not
»49
PLUTARCH'S LIVES
Kokovvrcov avTMV ov')(^ virrjKOvov, aWk Koi irpoa-
^dX\ov(TL 7r\r]ya<; ehocrav airo rov Siarecxi'O-fMa-
T09 afjbvvo/jLevoi,. Bta ravra jxev ovv iXvfjLrjvavro
rriv ttoXlv koI 7rpoaSie(pdetpav roix^ aXiaKOfxevov^,
6/jL0La)<; fjL6V avhpa^ koX yvpaiKa'i, ofioiw^ Ze irpea-
XXIII. T?}? he TToXLOpKia^ p,r}KO<; Xa/jb^avova-rji:
eTnariTLap.ov rot? VdXdraL^; eher kol SieXovre^
€avrov<i ol puev tm /Saa-tkel Trapajnevovrefi icfipov-
povv TO J^airiTcoXiov, ol he rrjv %&Spaz^ Trepuovre^
iXerjXdrovv /cal rd<; Kco/ijba<; eiropOovv irpocnri-
TTToz^re?, ov')(^ 6/jlov Traz/re?, dXXoL 3' dXXy KaO^
r)<yep.oi>ia^ kcli avvrdyixara, T(p p.e'ya <f)poveli>
VTTO TMV evTV')(7^iidT(jov KOL BeBiepat fjLrjhev diro-
2 (TKihydfJuevoi. to 8e irXetaTOV avTcov /cal fidXiaTa
avvTeTajfievov e')((i)p€i Trpo^ r^i^ *ApBeaT(ov ttoXlv,
iv y SieTpc^e Kdp.iXXo<; dpycou Tal<; Trpd^eaL
fjueTa Tr)v (j)vy7]v fcal ISicoTevcov, iX7riBa<; Be
Xa/Jbfidvayv Koi BiaXoyta/jLoij<i ov')(i to XaOelv kul
Bcacfyvyetv tov<; iroXepiov^ dyairoiVTO^ dvBp6<i,
dXX OTTO)?, el TrapayevoLTo Kaip6<;, dfivvelTai
3 cTfcoTTOVVTO^. Bio KoX T0\j<; ^KpBeaTa^ opcov irXi^Oei
fjuev LKavov<i ovTa^y evBeel^ Be toX/jltj^; Bt* dTreipiav
Koi paXaKiav t&v aTpaTTjywv, evejBaXe \6yov
eh T0U9 z/eof 9 irpcorov, co? ov XPV '^V^ 'VcofiaCcov
dTV')(iav dvBpeiav KeXrwz^ vo/jbl^eiv, ovB* a KaKw<i
(ppovTjaaa-L avve^rj iraOelv eKelvovi epya tcop
ovBev eh TO viKfjaat 7rapa(T')(pVT(t)v, dXXd tv^V^
4 eiriBei^Lv rjyetadac. fcaXov jxev ovv elvai xal
Bid KLvBvvoov dircoaaaOaL TroXe/xov dXX6(f)vXop
Kul /Sap/SapiKOVy w rov Kparelv irepa^, waTrep tw
irvpit BiacfiOapTJvai to VLKOifievov ov firjv dXXd
150
CAMILLUS, XXII. 6-xxiii. 4
surrender at their summons, but when they were
attacked, actually repulsed their foes from the
ramparts with loss. Therefore the Gauls inflicted
every outrage upon the city, and put to the sword
all whom they captured, men and women, old and
young alike.
XXI 11. The siege lasted a long time, and the Gauls
began to lack provisions. They therefore divided
their forces. Some remained with their king and
watched the Capitol, others ravaged the country
round about, falling upon the villages and sacking
them, not all together in one body, but scattered
about by commands and companies, some here, some
there, moved by their successes to great confidence
and the fear of nothing. The largest and best
disciplined body of them marched upon the city of
Ardea, where Camillus was staying since his exile.
He lived in complete retirement and privacy, it is
true, but cherished the hopes and plans not of a man
who eagerly desired to escape the notice and hands
of the enemy, but of one who sought to avenge him-
self upon them if occasion offered. Wherefore, see-
ing that the Ardeans were of sufficient numbers, but
lacked courage, through the inexperience and effemi-
nacy of their generals, he began to reason with the
young men first, to the effect that the mishap of the
Romans ought not to be laid to the valour of the
Gauls, nor the sufferings of that infatuated people
to the prowess of men who did not deserve their
victory, but rather to the dictates of fortune. It was
a fine thing, he said, even at dangerous risks, to repel
the attack of an alien and barbarous folk, whose only
end in getting the mastery was, as in the work of
fire, the utter destruction of what it conquered. But
VOL, II. F ^5^
PLUTARCH'S LIVES
Kol Oappovai fcal irpoOvfjuovfievoi^ avTol<i clkiv- ^fK^
hvvov iv KaipSi rrjv vlktjv Tvapi^etv.
TouTOf ? Tov<^ X6jov<; Twv vecov Ze^ajievwv eVt rov^
ap'xpvra'; yet koX tov<; Trpo^ovkov^; rcov ^ApBearcov
6 KayLtfcXXo?. ft)9 Be KCLKeivov^ avviireiaev, ^ifkLcre \^\
rov<^ iv rfkLKia 7rdvTa<; kol crvvel')(e tov tcl'^ov^
evTo^y a'yvoelcrOai povko^evo^ viro t&v iroXefiitov
5 6771)9 ovTcov, iirel Be rrjv ')(a)pav LTTTraadfjLevoi
Kol fiap€c<i 6vTe<; V7T0 irXrjOovf; tcov dyo/jiivcov Koi
(j)€poiJbevci)V diJLek(ti<; kclI oXiycDpci)^ iv tm rrreBuo)
/carecrTparoTreSevo-av, iK Se tovtov vv^ iirrjXOe
fxeOvovcTiv avTol<^ kol o-iodtttj /caTecrx^ rb arparo-
irehoVy irvOofxevo^ ravra irapa rcov KaraaKOTreov
6 Kd/j,tXXo<; i^riye TOv<i ^ApBedra^i' Kal BieXOobv
KaO^ r^avx'^av tov jxera^v roirov Trepl fie<Ta<;
vvfcra^ Trpocre/jLL^e rw '^dpaKi Kpavjfj re %pc6/i<ei/09
iroXXfj Kal rat? adXircy^i, iravra'^^odev ifcrapdr-
T(ov dv6pco7rov<i KaKCj<; viro fieOrj^ /cat /jl6Xi<; ix
rcov vTTVcov dva^epovra^i 7rpo<^ tov Oopv^ov*
6 oXlyoi juL€v ovv dvav'i]yjravT€<; iv tm ^6fi(p kol
BiacrKevaadjievoi rov<; Trepl tov J^dfJLtXXov vire-
arrjaav, war d/jLvvofievoL ireaelv tov^ Be ttXci-
(ttov<; eTL KpaTov/juevov; virvrp Kal oXvcp KaTaXajx-
pdvovTe<; dvoirXovf; eKreivov, ocrot Be vvKTOf;
direBpacrav iK tov y^dpaKo^ oh iroXXoiy tovtov;
p.eO^ r}/j,€pav (TTropdBa^ iv ttj %ce)/?a Bia^epopLevov^i
iireXavvovTe<; lnTiTel<i Biecj^Oetpov.
XXIV. 'H Be <^r)fX7] rax^ BiayjeXXovo-a ttjv
irpa^LV iirl Ta9 7roXef9 e^eKaXetro iroXXov^; tcov
iv rjXiKLa crvvtorTafjievovq, fidXicTTa Be 'Vcofiaicdv
OCT 01 Biac^vyovTe^ iK t^9 eV ^KXici fidyrff; iv
Ovr)tot<; rjaav Kal oyBvpovro Kara crcjba? avTov^,
152
CAMILLUS, XXIII. 4-xxiv. i
in the present case, if they were bold and zealous, he
would find occasion to give them a victory without
any danger.
After gaining the support of the young men,
Camillus went to the rulers and councillors of
Ardea, and when he had won them over also, he
armed all who were of age for service and kept
them together within the walls, that they might not
be perceived by the enemy, who were near. These
had scoured the country round about, and encamped
in the plain, without care or concern, and heavily
encumbered with their abundant booty. When night
had fallen upon them, putting an end to their
carousals, and silence reigned throughout their
camp, Camillus, acquainted with this by his scouts,
led forth the Ardeans. Passing quietly over the
intervening space, they reached the camp about
midnight, and with shouts and trumpet blasts on
every hand confounded the men, who were scarcely
brought to their senses by the din, heavy as they
were with drunkenness and sleep. A few of them
were sobered by fear, armed themselves, and made
resistance to Camillus and his men, so that they fell
fighting ; but most were still mastered by sleep and
wine when they were fallen upon and slain without
their arms. A few only ran from the camp, under
cover of darkness, and when day came, were
seen straggling about the fields, but horsemen
pursued them and cut them to pieces.
XXIV. Rumour quickly carried news of this ex-
ploit to the neighbouring cities, and called to arms
many of those who were of age for service, particu-
larly the Romans who had made their escape from
the battle on the Allia, and were in Veii. These
PLUTARCH'S LIVES
" Olov Tf^efiova rrj^ ^'Pco/iirj<; 6 Saifimv a(f>€X6fi€V0<i
*ApB€dra<; eKodfjurjae rots' KafiiXXov KaropOco-
fiaaiv, 7) Be yeiva/iivr} KaX dpeyjraaa tolovtov
2 dvSpa ttoXa? ot%€Tat kol airoXoaXev, T^/xet? S'
airopia (tt parity ojv aXXorpia ret'x^rj Trepi^aXo-
fievoi KaO^fxeda Trpoe/xevoL ttjv ^IraXvav. (pipe,
TrefjLyjravre^ *ApSeaTa9 d7raiT&p,€v top eavrcov
(TTpaTTi'yoVt Tj Xa^6vT€<; avrol ra oirXa 7rpo<;
CKeLvov fiaBL^(o/jL€V' ovK€Ti ydp icTTL (l)vya<; ou5'
iJ/xeZ? iroXlrai TrarpLBo^ ovk ovarj<;, dXXa Kparov-
/jL€vr)<; VTTO rSiv iroXefxiwv,^ ravr eBo^e koI
7refjLylravT€<i iBeovro rov Kap^lXXov Be)(^ea6ai> rrjv
3 dp^TjV, 6 Be OVK €(j)7] irporepov tj rovq iv Ta>
K.a7riT(oXL(p iroXira^; eTrii^rjcpLaacrOaL Kara rov
vofiov, eKeivovi yap 7]yeiaOai rrrarpiBa aco^o-
/jLevov<i, Kol KeXevovai fiev viraKOveiv irpoOvfico^,
oLKovTcov Be fiTjBev 7roXv7rpay/jLovr](T€Lv, rr}? /nev
ovv evXajSeia^ kol KaXoKayaOia^; rov J^dfiiXXov
iOavfiaaap. rjv 8* airopia rov ravra Biayye-
XovvTO<i eh TO "K-aTTLTayXtov' fjbdXXov S' oXw?
dBvvarov iBo/cei rcov iroXeiilwv i')(pvT(ov ttjv iroXiv
dyyeXov eh rrjv aKpoiroXiv irapeXOelv.
XXY. 'Hi' Be Tt? iv roU veoi^ n6vTL0<; Ko-
pivLO^, TO)v fJbe(T(ov Kara yevo<; ttoXctcov, B6^r)<; Be
KaX Tifii]<; epa(Trrj<i' ovto<; vireaTT] rov dOXov
eKovcno<i. Kal ypapifiara jxev ovk eXaffe tt/oo?
rov<; iv tS) KaTrtrtoXto), pur} Xr](j)OevTo<; avrov
^(Opd(TQ)aiv ol TToXep^iOL BC avrcov tov Kap,[XXov
rrjv Bidvocav, io-drjra Be (j>avXr]v e^cov Kal
(f)€XXov<; vir avrfj Kopi^cov rrjv fiev dXXrjv oBov
r)pbepa<; dBeo)<; BirjXOev, iyyv<; Be Trj<; 7roX,e<w9
154
CAMILLUS, XXIV. i-xxv. i
lamented among themselves, saying : " Of what a
leader has heaven robbed Rome in Camillus, only
to adorn Ardea with his victories ! The city which
bore and reared such a hero is dead and gone, and
we, for lack of generals, sit pent up within alien
walls, and see Italy ruined before our very eyes.
Come ! let us send to Ardea and demand our own
general, or take our arms and go ourselves to him !
For he is no longer an exile, nor are we citizens, now
that our country is no more, but is mastered by the
enemy." So said, so done, and they sent and asked
Camillus to take the command. But he refused
to do so before the citizens on the Capitol had
legally elected him. They were preserving the
country, as he thought, and if they had commands
for him, he would gladly obey, but against their
wishes he would meddle with nothing whatsoever.
This noble restraint on the part of Camillus was
much admired, but it was hard to see how the
matter could be referred to the Capitol. Nay
rather, it seemed utterly impossible, while the enemy
held the city, for a messenger to elude them and
reach the acropolis.
XXV. But there was a certain young man, Pontius
Cominius by name, who was, in spite of his ordinary
birth, a lover of glory and honour. He volunteered
to attempt the task. He took no letter with him
to the defenders of the Capitol, lest this, in the
event of his capture, should help the enemy to
discover the purpose of Camillus; but under the
coarse garments which he wore, he carried some
pieces of cork. The greater part of his journey
was made by daylight and without fear ; but as
night came on he found himself near the city.
J55
PLUTARCH'S LIVES
y6v6fjL€vo<; 7]Brj aKoralo^;, irrel Kara ry€(j)vpav ovtc
r]v Tov TrorafjLOV irepaaai, rcov ^ap^dpcov irapa-
2 <f>vXaTr6vT(ov, t^i/ fjuev eaOrjra rfj Kccpdkrj irepi-
a-TTeipda-a^ ov ttoWtjv ovBe ^apelav, roh Be
^eXXot? i(j)€l<; to arw/jLa kol o-vveTrLfcovcfiL^cov rcu ^
7r€ pa tov (7 6 at Trpo? rr]v ttoKlv e^efirj. /cal irapaX-
Xdrrcov del tou? iyprjjopoTa^i, rot? (jyeyyeat koX
tS> 6opv^(o T€K/JLaip6/jL€vo<;, ijSdBc^e tt/jo? ttjv
K.app.evTLBa irvXrjv, rj ir\eicrTif}V elx^v ^o"f%taj/,
Kol fidXtara KaT avrrjv opOio^ 6 tov l^airiTwXiov
X6<j)09 dveaTr]K6 koX ireTpa kvkXw ttoXXtj koI
Tpax^^ct nrepLTrecpVKe' Bt* rj<; dvefii] XaOwv koI
TTpocrefii^e Tol<i (pvXdTTovai, to BtaTei'X^KTp.a
^aXeTTw? fcal /jl6Xi,<; /caTci to XayapcoTarov.
3 dairdaa/jLevo'} Be tol'? dvBpa<; kol ^pd(ra<; eavTov
ef QVOjiaTO^y dvaXr]<f)0€l<i exd>p€i> 7r/)09 toi'9 ev TeXei
Tcov ^Vwfxaiwv, Ta%u Be avyKXrjTov yevofiev^jf; 142
nrapeXOcbv ttjv re vlktjv aTrojyyeiXe tov Ka/MiXXov
TTpOTepOV ov TTvdofieVOl^, /cal TCL BoKOVVTa T0i9
aTpaTLQ)Tai<; BtTjyelTO' Kal irapeKoXei tu) Ka-
filXX^ pepaioicrai ttjv dpx^v, co? /jiovfp nretao-
4 fievcov ifceivw Ttav e^o) ttoXltcov. 01 B* ukov-
aavTe^ Kal ^ovXevadfievoi tov tg K.dfit,XXov diro-
BetKvvovcn BiKTUTopa, fcal tov TLovtcov avOi<i
diroTrepbirovdL ttjv avTrjv oBov 6/jlolq)^ dyaOfj tvxv
XP'^crdfjuevov. eXaOe yap tov<; 7roXefJLLOv<; Kal to.
nraph. Ttj^; /SovXijf; dirriyyeiXe T0t9 e^co 'Pco/iaLoof;.
XXVI. ^EKetvcov Be Be^afievcov '7rpo6v/jL(o<; dcpt,-
KOfievo^ 6 KayLtiXXo9 yBrj pev ev ottXol^ Btap.vpLOV<;
KaTeXa^e, irXeLova'i Be crvvrjyev diro tmv avp,-
* T# Bekker supplies eV with Bryan.
156
CAMILLUS, XXV. i-xxvi. r
He could not cross the river by the bridge, since
the Barbarians were guarding it, so he wrapped
his light and scanty garments about his head,
fastened the corks to his body, and thus supported,
swam across, came out on the other side, and
went on towards the city. Always giving a wide
berth to those of the enemy who were watchful
and wakeful, as he judged by their fires and
noise, he made his way to the Carmental gate,
where there was the most quiet, at which the
Capitoline hill was most sheer and steep, and
which was girt about by a huge and jagged cliff.
Up this he mounted unperceived, and finally
reached, with great pains and difficulty, the sentries
posted where the wall was lowest. Hailing them,
and telling them who he was, he was pulled up
over the wall, and taken to the Roman magistrates.
The Senate quickly convening, he appeared before
it, announced the victory of Camillus, about which
they had not heard, and explained to them the
will and pleasure of his fellow-soldiers. He exhorted
them to confirm Camillus in his command, since
he was the only man whom the citizens outside
would obey. When the Senate had heard his
message and deliberated upon it, they appointed
Camillus dictator, and sent Pontius back again
by the way he had come, wherein he repeated
his former good fortune. For he eluded the enemy's
notice and brought the Senate's message to the
Romans outside the city.
XXVI. These gave eager welcome to the tidings,
so that when Camillus came, he found twenty
thousand men already under arms. He collected
157
PLUTARCH'S LIVES
fid')(a)v KoX irapeaKevd^ero irpo^ rrjv iTrWecr
ovTO) fiev ypedrf BiKTarcop 6 KdfiiWo<; to 8ev
repov Koi iropevOei'i et9 Ov'qtov<; iveTV^js Tol'i
(TTpaTLcoTaL^ KoX (Tvvrjye TrXetoi;? diro TSiv avfi-
fid^cov ft)? eTTcOrjo'ofievof; toI<; iroXeixioL^}
'Ez/ 3e T§ 'VcofiTj tS)V ^appdpcov rivh iiceivr)
Kara rv)(r]v Trapeftoi^re?, y Sid vvkto<; 6 TL6vtio<;
irpoa-e^rj tco KaTriTcoXia), Karap^aOovre^ 7roXKa')(rj
fiev 1X^7} TToBcov Kol 'xeipMVy ft)9 dvTeXafjL^dveTo Kal
TrepteBpdTTCTo, TroWaxv Be tmv iiTLirei^VKOTcov
TOL^ Kp7)fjLvot<; d'7roTpi^d<; /cal irepLokia-Orja-eif; T(ov
yecoBcav, (jypd^ovai tw ^acrCkel. KaKelvo^ iireX-
6cbv Kol 0ea(7dp,evo<^ Tore puev r)(rvxa^€Vy ecnrepa^;
Be Tovf; e\a<j>pordrov^ rol^ ao) fiacre Kal ire(^VK6Ta<^
opeLJSareXv fidXiara r&v KeXrwi^ avvayaycov,
" Trjv p>ev oBovT elirev^ " VJ^^^ ^'<^' eavrov^ dyvoov-
fi€V7)v ol iToXepLLOL BeiKVvovoriv CW9 OUT drropevro^
ovre d^aro^ dvOpcoiroc^; icrrcv, alaxvvrj Be iroW^]
rr)v dpxrjv exovra^; eKkeiireLV rrpo^ ro reko^ Kal
TTpoeadat rov roirov co? dvdXwrov, avrwv rcov
TToXefxidyv y \r}rrr6^ iari BiBaaKovrcov. y yhp
evl Trpoa/Sijvai pdBcov, ovBk 7roXXo?9 KaO^ eva
BvaKoXov, dXXd Kal pcofirj Kal ^oyOeia ttoXXtj
fier dXXrjXcov emx^ipovai. Bcopeal Be Kal
rip^al TTpeTTOvaaL t?}9 dvBpayaOia^ eKdaro) Bodrj-
aovrair
XXVII. Toiavra rov PaaLXeoo<; BtaXexOevro^;
vrrearyaav ol VaXdrai irpoOvp.w^, Kal rrepl
fieaa<; vvKra^ eiTt^dvre^ dpu iroXXol tt}? 7rerpa<i
^ OuTw . , . vo\i/xiois deleted by Bekker, after Reiske.
158
fill- ^H
CAMILLUS, xxvr. i— xxvii. i
still more from the allies, and made preparations
for his attack. Thus Camillus was chosen dictator
for the second time, and proceeding to Veii, he
put himself at the head of the soldiers there,
and collected more from the allies, with the
purpose of attacking the enemy.
But in Rome, some of the Barbarians chanced
to pass by the spot where Pontius had made his way
by night up to the Capitol, and noticed in many
places the marks made by his hands and feet in clam-
bering up, and many places also where the plants
that grew upon the rocks had been torn away, and
the earth displaced. They advised their king of
this, and he too came and made inspection. At
the time he said nothing, but when evening came,
he assembled the nimblest men and the best
mountain-climbers of the Gauls and said to them:
"The enemy have shown us that there is a way
up to them of which we knew not, and one which
men can traverse and tread. It would be a great
shame for us, after such a beginning as we have
made, to fail at the end, and to give the place
up as impregnable, when the enemy themselves
show us where it can be taken. For where it
is easy for one man to approach it, there it will
be no difficult matter for many to go one by
one, nay, they will support and aid one another
greatly in the undertaking. Gifts and honours
befitting his valour shall be given to every
man."
XXVII. So spake their king, and the Gauls
eagerly undertook to do his will. About midnight
a large band of them scaled the cliff and made
f59
PLUTARCH'S LIVES
6')((jt)povv dvco fiCTO, <Tico7rrj<;, ifKpvo/jievoi T0fc9
')(WpiOl<i CLTTOTOflOL^ OV<TL /Col '^aXeiTOL^, OV flTJV
dWa fjLoXXov rj irpoae^OK'qOr) TreLpco/jievcov avrcop
2 7rpOG-L€/jL6VOL^ Kttl TTapeiKOvaLV, uxrre tou? Trpco-
Tou? d'^a/Jiivov'i tcov a/cpcop koI Eca<TK€vaaa-
fiivov^i oaov ovk 7]Bi] rod 'irpoTeL')(i(T[xaTO<i air-
reaOai kol tol<; <j)v\a^LV eiTL'xeLpelv Kot,fjuQ)fjLevoi<;'
yaOero 'yap ovt apOpcoirog ovre kvcov. dXXa ■
Xl'^^'^ ?7craz/ lepol irepl rov vecov t^9 ''H/9a9 Tpe<^6~ ^
fievoi rov aXXov ')(p6vov dcjiOovco^;, rore Be rcov
acricov ijBr} r^Xi(T')(^p(o^ koX /ioA-i? avroh Biap- ^
3 Kovvrwv dfieXovfievoL KaKO)<; eirparrov. ecrri /lev
ovv /cat (pvaeL Trpoq aXadrjaiv o^v kol ^/ro^oSee?
TO ^wov eKecvoi Be kol Bid Xc/jlov dypvTrvrjrifcol
Koi 6opv^(oBec<} jeyov6re<i ra'yp ttjv e(f)oBov rj-
crOovro rwv TaXarcoVf koX puerd Bpo/juov kuI
KXayyr]<i (j)€p6p,evot, 7r/?09 avrov^ eirrjyeipav
diravra'i, ijBr] koI rS)V ^apfidpcov Btd ro p^rj
XavOdveiv d(^eiBovvrcov Oopvfiov KaX fiiaiorepov
4 eiTiriOepievcov. dpirdcravre^ ovv vtto airovBrjf;
c5 Ti9 eKa(TT0<i oirXtp irpoaervy)(avev, ex rov
7rap6vro<; e^orjOovv, Trdvrcov Be irpwro^ MaXXto9,
dvr]p virariKo^, ro re acop^a pcop^aXeo^; koi (hpo-
vrjpiarL '\jrv')(^r]<^ eTri^av)]^, diravrrjaa^i Bvalv opov
rcov iToXepbioov rov puev e^Oacre Birjppuevov KOirlBa
r(p ^L^ei rrjv Be^idv diroKo'^^a^, rov Be rw Ovpe^
7rard^a<} et9 to Trpocrcoirov ecaaev ottLctco Kara rrj<;
5 irer pa<;. eiriard'^ Be ra> reiYet puerd rodv avvBpa-
pLovrcov Kal yevopuevwv irepi avrov direaTpeyjre
TOL'9 dXXov<;, ovre ttoXXov^ dvco yevopuevov^; ovre
rrpd^avrd^ re rrj^ r6Xpr)<; d^iov. ovrw Be rov 143
KLvBvvov eK<f>vy6vre<i dpi rjpepa rov pLev dp^^ovra
i6o
CAMILLUS, XXVII. 1-5
their way upward in silence. They climbed on
all fours over places which were precipitous and
roughj but which yielded to their efforts better
than they had expected, until the foremost of
them reached the heights, put themselves in array,
and had all but seized the outwork and fallen
upon the sleeping watch. Neither man nor dog
was aware of their approach. But there were
some sacred geese near the temple of Juno, which
were usually fed without stint, but at that time,
since provisions barely sufficed for the garrison
alone, they were neglected and in evil plight.
The creature is naturally sharp of hearing and
afraid of every noise, and these, being specially wake-
ful and restless by reason of their hunger, perceived
the approach of the Gauls, dashed at them with loud
cries, and so waked all the garrison. At once
the Barbarians, now that they were detected, spared
no noise, and came on more impetuously to the
attack. The defenders, snatching up in haste
whatever wea})on came to hand, made the best
shift they could. Manlius first of all, a man of
consular dignity, mighty in body and exceeding
stout of heart, confronting two of the enemy at
once, cut off the right hand of one of them with
his sword as he was lifting his battle-axe, and
dashing his shield into the face of the other,
tumbled him backwards down the cliff. Then
taking his stand on the wall with those who ran
to his aid and formed about him, he repulsed the
rest of the enemy, who had reached the top in
no great numbers, and showed no prowess to
match their daring. So the Romans escaped out
of their peril. At break of day, they cast the
161
PLUTARCH'S LIVES
TMV ^vXaKcov epptyfrav el<; tou? TroXe/iiovf; Kara
Tj}9 TTeV/oa?, TO) Se MaWio) Trj<; vikt}^ apiarela
TTpog TLfjiyv fieyaXrjv ^ /xaXkov rj -^peiav ^JrTj^io-d-
fjbevoL avvTjve'yKav octov '^fiepa'i eicaaTO'i ikdp.-
pavev eU rpo^ijv, (rlrov jxev 'qpLiXiTpov i'in')(co piov
(pvT(o yap KoXovaLv avro), otvov he KorvXrjt;
'EWrjvLKTiq TerapTOV,
XXVIII. 'Ea: tovtov to, tcov KcXtcov tjv
ddvpLorepa. koI yap iTnTrjSetoov icnrdvi^ov elpyo-
fjuevoi irpovop.rjf; (j)6ff(p tov KafiiXkov, kuI v6ao<i
vTroiKovprjaev avTov<; iv ve/cpMv 7r\r]0eo %u3?7i^
Kara^e^XTj/juevcov (TKrjvovvra^ iv epeiirioi^;, to re
^d6o<i rr}? ricppa^ dipa ^rjpoTTjri real BpLp.vrr)Ti
(pavXov vTTo TTvevp^drcov Ka\ Kavp^drcov dvadv-
pid}(T7j<; iXvp.aLV6T0 rd ad)p,aTa Btd Tr](; dva7rvorj<;.
2 p^dXiara 5' ^ p^erapoXr) rrj^i avvTp6(j)ov 8caiT7j<;
i/c TOTTWV (TKiepcjv Koi dipov^; Karacpvydfi aXvirovf;
i')(^6vT(ov ip,^aX6vTa<; e/9 'X^copav TaTreivrjv Kal
KeKpap^evrjv d(f)va)<; 7rpo<; to p^eroircopov eKivrja-ev
avTOv^t Tj T6 7rpo<; r& KairircoXLO) KaOiBpa Kal
(TXoXr) yevopbivrj 'x^povLO^. e^Bopbov yap eKelvov
OLKOvpovv pbTjva iToXtopKOvvTe<i. Mare (f>6opdv
elvai TroXXrjV iv roJ arpaTOTriBcp Kal prjBe Odirre-
aOai Bid 7rXr]0o<s ert tov<; dirodv^aKovra';.
3 Ov prjv Trapd^ tovto rd Trpdypbara ^eXriO) toI<^
IT oXiopKov pivots r)V, iireTeive ydp 6 XLp,6<;, y re
TCOV 7T6pl Kdp,LXXov dyvoca Trapel^e BvaOvpLiav
ovBelf; ydp icpOLTa irap avTOiv Bid to ^povpeladai
1 ixfyd\r]v deleted by Coraes and Bekker.
2 irapa MSS. and edd. , including Sintenis^ : vepl.
162
CAMILLUS, Axvii. 5-XXV111. 3
captain of the watch down the cliff among the
enemy, but voted to Manlius a meed of victory
which did him more honour than service. They
collected for him the rations which each man
of them received for one day, namely, half a pound
of native spelt, Roman weight, and an eighth of a
pint of wine, Greek measure.
XXVIII. After this, the case of the Gauls was
less hopeful. They lacked provisions, being shut
off from foraging through fear of Camillus, and
disease lurked among them. They were encamped
amid ruins, where a multitude of corpses had
been cast at random, and besides, an air made
dry and acrid by vast quantities of ashes which
wind and heat sent flying abroad, made breathing
hurtful. But what most of all affected them was
the complete change in their mode of life. They
had come all at once from regions of shade,
where easy refuge could be had from the heats
of summer, into a land v*^hich was low lying and
had an unnatural climate towards autumn. Then
there was their long and idle sitting down before
the Capitol, — they were now whiling away the
seventh month in its siege. For all these reasons
the mortality was great in their camp ; so many
were the dead that they could no longer be
buried.
All this, however, brought no relief to the
besieged, for famine increased upon them, and
their ignorance of what Camillus was doing made
them dejected. No messenger could come from
him because the city was now closely watched
■63
PLUTARCH'S LIVES
rrjv TToXiv aKpi^S)^ vtto t&v jSap^dpcov. oOev
ovTCO TTpdrrovo-iv d[i^orepoi<; iyivovro avfji^arcKol
Xojoi Bta Tcov TrpocjivXaKcov to Trpcorov dXXrjXoL';
4 ivTvy^avovTcov elra, a>9 eSo^e tol<; KparicTTOif;,
(TVveXOovTO^ eh Xojov; 3pevv(p XovXttcklov tov
')(^bXLdp')(OV T&v *V(o/jbaiQ)v, wfjLoXoyrjdrj tou9 fiev
'X^tXlaf; XiTpa<^ '^(^pvaLou KaTa^aXelv, TOV<i 8k
Xa^ovra^ i/c t^9 TroXeo)? avriKa koX ttj^; x^P^'^
az;a%«/oety. iirl rovrot^ yevofjuivcov opKwv koX
TOV xp^o-^ou KOfJUKrOevTo^i, Twv he KcXtcov irepX tov
aTaOjJLOv dyvo)fjbOVOvvTcov Kpv(f)a to TrpMTov, eZra
Kal (f)avepco<; dipeXKovTcov koI BLaaTp€cj)6vTCov t^]v
5 poirrjv, r)<yavdKT0vv ol *Vo)/JLatot tt/jo? avTov<;. 6 Se
Bpivvo^ olov i^v^pi^wv Kal KarayeXcov clttoSv-
o-d/jLevo<i ^ T7]v fidxctt'pCLV d/xa kol tov ^waTrjpa
iTpoa-eOrifce T0L<i <TTaOfioL<;. irvvOavofxevov he tov
'EovX.TriKLOV, " Tt TOVTO / " " Tb yap dX\o,** elirev,
" rj Tol^ veviKrjfjievoi<; oBvvr) ; " tovto /nev ovv rjSr)
TrapoLfiLcoSrjf; X0709 yeyove. tmv Se 'Fcofiabcov ol
fiev rjyavdfCTOVv Kal to ^P^^^^^ (povTo Selv
Xafi6vTa<; avdi^ dinevai kol Trjv iroXtopKiav vtto-
fiivetv ol Be avyx^^petv eiceXevov dBtKou/jLevov<;
fxeTpLa, Kal /iir) tm irXeov BiBovai irpoaXoyii^eaOat
TO alaxpovy avTo ye to Bovvac Bid tov Kaipov ov
KaXa)<; dXX' dvayKai(0<; vTro/aevovTa^;.
XXIX. Ovcrrjf; Be irepl tovt(ov irpo'; re Toi'9
K€Xtou9 Kal 7rpo<; avTOv<;^ Bia(j)opa<i dycov tov
(TTpaTov o K.djjbtXXo<i ev Tac<; TrvXat^ rjv Kal
TTvOoixevo'^ Ta yivofieva tov<; dXXov<; eKeXevcrev ev
Td^ev Kal axeBrjv €7raKoXov9eiv, avTO'^ Be fiCTa
^ hito^vaaixevos with S : aTro\v(rdix(vos unfafttening.
^ avTovs Siiitenis" with C : avrovs Bekker and Sintenis*.
164
I
CAMILLUS, XXVIII. 3-xxix. i
by the Barbarians. Wherefore, both parties being
in such a pliglit, a compromise was proposed,
at first by the outposts as they encountered one
another. Then, since those in authority thought
it best, Sulpicius, the military tribune of the
Romans, held a conference with Brennus, and it
was agreed that on the delivery of a thousand
pounds of gold by the Romans, the Gauls should
straightway depart out of the city and the country.
Oaths were sworn to these terms, and the gold
was brought to be weighed. But the Gauls tampered
with the scales, secretly at first, then they openly
pulled the balance back out of its poise. The
Romans were incensed at this, but Brennus, with
a mocking laugh, stripped off his sword, and
added it, belt and all, to the weights. When
Sulpicius asked, " What means this ? " " What else,"
said Brennus, " but woe to the vanquished .>" ^ and
the phrase passed at once into a proverb. Some
of the Romans were incensed, and thought they
ought to go back again with their gold, and
endure the siege. Others urged acquiescence in
the mild injustice. Their shame lay, they argued,
not in giving more, but in giving at all. This
they consented to do because of the emergency ;
it was not honourable, but it was necessary.
XXIX. Wliile they were thus at odds in the
matter, both with the Gauls and with themselves,
Camillus led his army up to the gates of the city.
On learning what was going on, he ordered the rest
of his army to follow in battle array and deliberately,
* Vac victia I
i6s
PLUTARCH'S LIVES
TMv aplcTTcov i'TT€i'y6iJL€vo<i €vOv<i €7rOpeV6TO 7r/)09
2 Toif<; 'Po)jjbaLov<i. Biaa-rdvTcov Be irdvrayv koI
he^afjiivcov avrov o)? avroKpdropa Koa-jjum koX
aicoTrr}, to fiev ')(^pvaiov dpa<; aTro rod ^vjov roL<;
v7rr)peTat<; eSco/ce, tov he ^vyov fcal rd (TraO/jbd
roix; KeXrou? \a^6vTa<; d'Tro')((opeiv eKekevaev
cIttcov, «9 (TcB'^pq) irdrpiov iari ^VcofxaioL^;, ov
')(^pvaS> rrjv irarplha o-oo^eiv. dyavaKrovvTo<; Sk
TOV Bpivvov Kol ^ddKOVTOf; dBiKecadat \vo/JL6vr}(;
T^9 opjoXoyicL^i dvTetTre fir) vofiC/JLco^ yejovevai
3 /nrjSe Kvpla^ elvat Ta^ avvdrjKa^' ijBr} yap avrov
8c/CTdTopo<; yp7]fi6Vov Kal firjBevcxi dp^ovTO^i erepov
v6fi(p 7r/509 ovK e'XpvTa^ i^ovcriav ofidXoyrjdrivai. ^^
vvvl Se '^pTjvai Xeyeiv et tl ^ovXovTar vo/jlw yap ^||
TjKeiv Kvpio^ y€yovci)<i (TvyyvoojjLTjv re Beofievoif;
tovvai Kal Slktjv, el firj ficTavoovatv, eirLOelvai
4 Tot9 amof9. 7r/}09 TavTa Oopv^r^Qel^ 6 ^p€vvo<i 144
^yjraTO jnev a'«|rtyLia%ta9, fcal irporjkdov d')(pi ft-
^ov\KLa<i e/cdrepoL Kal Sto)0L<Tp,6t)v dvafX6p.Lyp.evoi
irpo^ dXKr)\ov<;y OKrirep elKo^, iv olKiai<; Kal
aTevco7roi<; dvaaTpe^opuevoL Kal ^a)piot9 Be^aaOat
irapdra^Lv ov Bvvap.evot<;. Ta^v Be o-vfi(f)pov7]o-a<;
6 ^pevvo<; aTrrjyaye tol'9 KeXToix; eh to arpaTO-
TreBov ov ttoWcov wecrovTayv, Kal vvkto'^ dvacrTi]-
aa^ d'jravTa'i e^ekiire Ttfv iroXiv, Kal irpoeXOcbv
e^rjKOVTa aTaBiovfi KaTecTTpaTOireBevae irapd ttjv
5 Ta(3iviav oBov. dfia 8' V/^^P^ iraprjv 6 Ka/xtXXo?
67r' avrov (hirXiapevo'; \ap,7rpa)<; Kal TeOapprjKora^
€')((ov Tore T0U9 ^Vcopbaiov^' Kal yevofjuevrj^; la^vpd^
fid^V^ ^'^'^ 'TToXvv y^povov avrov'i re rpeirerai
TToXX^ (f)6v<p Kal Xap0dvei to arpaToireBov. rSiV
1 66
I
CAMILLUS, XXIX. 1-5
while he himself, with the flower of his men, pressed
on, and presently came to the Romans. These all
made way for him, in decorous silence acknowledg-
ing him as their dictator. Thereupon he lifted the
gold from the scales and gave it to his attendants,
and then ordered the Gauls to take their scales and
weights and be off, saying that it was the custom
with the Romans to deliver their city with iron and
not with gold. When Brennus in wrath declared
that he was wronged by this breaking of the agree-
ment, Camillus answered that the compact was not
legally made nor binding, since he himself had
already been chosen dictator and there was no other
legal ruler ; the agreement of the Gauls had there-
fore been made with men who had no power in the
case. Now, however, they must say what they
wanted, for he was come with legal authority to
grant pardon to those who asked it, and to inflict
punishment on the guilty, unless they showed
repentance. At this, Brennus raised a clamour and
began a skirmish, in which both sides got no further
than drawing their swords and pushing one another
confusedly about, since the action took place in the
heart of the ruined city, where no battle array was
possible. But Brennus soon came to his senses, and
led his Gauls off to their camp, with the loss of
a few only. During the ensuing night he broke
camp and abandoned the city with his whole force,
and after a march of about eight miles, encamped
along the Gabinian way. At break of day Camillus
was upon him, in glittering array, his Romans now
full of confidence, and after a long and fierce battle,
routed the enemy with great slaughter and took
their camp. Of the fugitives, some were at once
167
PLUTARCH'S LIVES
Sk (f)€vy6vT(ov ol fiev evdix; avrjpeOrjo-av fcaraBico-
')(6evr6<;, Tov<i Bk TrXetcrroi;? BiacnTap6VTa<i iire/c-
Oiovre'; eic twv irepi^ kwjjlwv koI iroXecov e/creivov,
XXX. OvTco [lev T) 'Fco/jurj TrapaXoyco^ ^Xw koI
irapdXoycorepov iacoOr], fjLrjva<; kirra tou? iravra^
viro Tol'i ^ap^dpoi<i yevofxevrj* 7rape\66vTe<^ yap
eU avTTjv oXiyaL^ r^fiepaL^; vcrrepov t(ov Kvlvti-
Xicov elScov irepl ra<; (^e/Spovapta^ elSov^ i^eirecrov,
6 he KdfiiXXo<; edpid/n^evo-e fiev, w? etVo9 ^]Vt rov
diroX(joXvia<i aoyrrjpa irarpiBo^ yevofievov koI
2 Kardyovra rrjp ttoXiv avrrjv eh eavrrjv oX re
yap e^codev dfia iraitrX fcal yvvai^iv elaeXav-
vovTO^ avTOv (TvyKar^eaav, ol t€ iroXtopicrjOevTe^
ev T(p l^aiTLTCoXiw, fMi/cpov Se'^aavref; diroXeaOai
Bta XifJbov, dirrjVTcov irepLJSdXXovref; dXXtjXovf;
Kol BaKpvovre^ vtto ^ rr]<; irapova-Tj^; ^Bovrj<;, iepei<;
T€ Kol ^dKOpot Oecav, oaa ^evyovre^ avroOi to)v
dpePrjXwv eKpvyjrav rj crvv avToU e^eKXe-^av,
dvaaco^ofxeva^ KOfii^oVTef; iTreBeUvvvro iroOov-
fieva<; o-yjrei^ rot? TroXtrat? BexofievoL^ fiera %a/3a9,
axTTrep avrcov tmv Oecov avdi^ eU rrjv 'Vco/jltjv
3 (TvyKarep'XojjLevcov' 6vaa<^ he roh Oeoh fcal KaOd-
pa<; Tr)V iroXiv e^rjyovfjievcov rcov irepl ravra
BeivMV, rh fJLev ovra toov lepcov KaTea-rrjaev, avro^
Be IBpvaaro vewv ^rjfMTjf; Kal KXtjBovo^;, dvevpcov
eKelvov rov roirov, ev w vvKTCJp rf KarayyeXXovaa
rr]v rcov jSap^dpcov arpartdv eK dead Ta> Kat-
BifciG) Mdpfccp (jxovrj TTpoaeTrea-e,
1 virh with S : airiirrlafor distrust of.
* g.va(ra}(6iJ.cva Koi KtKOfffirifieva S, arid adorned.
i68
CAMILLUS, XXIX. 5-xxx. 3
pursued and cut down, but most of them scattered
abroad, only to be fallen upon and slain by the people
of the surrounding villages and cities.
XXX. So strangely was Rome taken, and more
strangely still delivered, after the Barbarians had
held it seven months in all. They entered it a few
days after the Ides of July, and were driven out
about the Ides of February. Camillus celebrated a
triumph, as it was meet that a man should do who
had saved a country that was lost, and who now
brought the city back again to itself. For the
citizens outside, with their wives and children,
accompanied his triumphal chariot as it entered the
city, and those who had been besieged on the
Capitol, and had narrowly escaped death by starva-
tion, came forth to meet them, all embracing one
another, and weeping for the joy that was theirs.
The priests and ministrants of the gods, bringing
whatever sacred objects they had either buried on
the spot or carried off with them when they took to
flight, displayed them, thus preserved in safety, to
the citizens, who caught the welcome sights with
delight, believing in their hearts that the gods
themselves were now coming back to Rome with
them. After Camillus had made sacrifices to the
gods and purified the city, in the manner prescribed
by those who were versed in such rites, he restored
the existing temples, and erected a new one to
Rumour and Voice,^ having sought out carefully
the spot where by night the voice from Heaven,
announcing the coming of the Barbarian host, had
fallen upon the ears of Marcus Caedicius.
•• Ara Ail Locutii.
169
PLUTARCH'S LIVES
XXXI. XaXeTTw? /xev ovv koI fio\,i<i at rcov
lepSyv aveKaXviTTovTO %ft)/?a* (jytKorifiia rod Ka-
fiiWov /cat TTovo) ttoWo) tcov lepo^avrcov ©9 Be
KaX T7]v iroXtv avoLKoBofielv eBei TravraTracn Sie-
(ftdapfievrjv, aOvfJLia irpof; to epyov eveirnne toI<;
7roWot9 real fieWrjcrif; tjv i(TT€pr}jji€Voi<; diravTcov
Kal TCVo<; iv t5> irapovn pa<TT(ovrj<; koX avairav-
(Te(o<; eK KaKwv Beojiievot^; /jbdWov rj /cd/juvecv
Kol d'KOTpv)(€iv kavTovf; ouT€ ')(pi]fiaaiv ovTe
2 acofiaaiv eppwiievov^i, ovrco Be rjavxv tJ'/'o? tou?
Ovr]tov<i av6i<!; dTroarpe^ofievoi, itoXlv diraai
KaTea/cevaa/jbivTjv Kal Biafievovaav, dp'^df; Brjfia-
ycojLcov eveBoaav to?9 irpo^ X^P^^ eWto-fievoL^
ojJbiXeiv, Kol Xoycov rjKpocovTO arao-iacrrtKcov 7rpo<;
Tov Kd/jbiXXov, Q)9 eKeivov ^iXortixia^; evefca Kal
B6^7}<; lBia<; diroarepovvTO^ avTOv<; iroXeco^; eTOifir)<i
Kal ^ta^ofjiivov (tktjvovv epeiina Kal iTvpKalav
rocrnvTrjv eyeipeiv, oircof; firj jiovov rjye/jLobv *l?d)fjLrj<;
Kal (TTpaTTjyo^, dWd Kal ktIctttj^; XeyTjrai, Trapco-
(Ta<; ^VcofivXov,
3 'Ea: tovtov ^o^rjOelaa rov Oopv^ov ri jSovXr)
TOV fiev KdfjLLXXov ovk etaae ^ovXofievov diro-
OeaOai tvv dpxv^ ivTo^ iviavTov Kaiirep ef
fiTJvaf; ovBevo<i virepPaX6vT0<; CTepov BiKTa-
To/509, avTr) Bh itapejJLvdeiTO Kal KaTeirpdvve
TrelOova-a Kal Be^iovfiivr} tov Brjfiov, eiriBeLKW-
fievrj fiev r/pia Kal Td(j)ov<; iraTepcov, VTrofiifivr)'
(TKOvaa Be x^P^(^^ lepcov Kal tottcov dyicov, 0^9
*Pft}/xu\09 rj ^ofjid^ rj Tt9 dXXo<; avTocq t&v
170
CAMILLUS, XXXI. 1-3
XXXI. Owing to the zeal of Camillus and the
abundant labours of the priesthood, the sites of the
temples were at last uncovered, but it proved a
grievous undertaking. And since the city had also
to be built up again from a state of utter destruc-
tion, the multitude were overwhelmed with despair
of the task, and shrank from it. They were bereft
of all things, and for the present needed some rest
and repose after their sufferings, instead of toiling
and wearing themselves out on a task for which they
had neither means nor strength. And so it was that
insensibly their thoughts turned again to Veii, a city
which remained intact and was equipped with all
things needful. This gave opportunity for mischievous
agitations to such as were wont to consult only the
people's will and pleasure, and ready ear was given
to seditious speeches against Camillus. He had an
eye, it was said, only to his own ambition and fame,
when he would deprive them of a city that stood
ready to receive them, and force them to pitch their
tents among a mass of ruins, while they rebuilt what
had become a monstrous funeral pyre. He wished
not merely to be a leader and general of Rome,
but to thrust Romulus to one side and be styled its
founder.
The Senate, therefore, fearful of this clamour,
would not suffer Camillus, much as he wished it, to
lay down his office within a year, although no other
dictator had served more than six months. Mean-
while the Senators, by dint of kindly greetings and
persuasive words, tried to soften and convert the
people, pointing out the sepulchres and tombs of
their fathers, and calling to their remembrance the
shrines and holy places which Romulus, or Numa,
171
PLUTARCH'S LIVES
4 paaiXiwv i7riO€idaa<; irapehwKev. iv '7rpcoroi,<; Sk
Twv Seioav ti]V re veoa-^ayrj Ke(f)aXr]v irpov^epov 145
iv TTJ OefiekKoaet tov KaTrLrcoXtov (jtavelcravy o)?
T^ Toir^ ireirpwixevov eKeivm jrj^ 'IraX/a? KecjjaXfj
yeveaSai, koX to t^9 'Ecrrta? irvp, o fMera tov
iroXe/jLOV vtto rcov irapdevav avairrofxevov av0t,<i
a<f>ai'i^€tv KoX (T^evvvvav tov^} irpoXiTrovra^ rrjv
iroXiv, ovecBo^ avTol<; iao/ievoVf dv re vir dXXcov
ol/covfiivTjv opwa-LV iTrrjXvScov kol ^eveop dv t
€pr)/iov oZaav koX firfXojSorov,
5 Toiavra Kal 7rpo9 CKaarov IhLa fcal Kocvfj
TroXXaKtf; iv tw S^/jlg) crp^erXtafoi^re? iireKXcoPTO
irdXiv VTTO Ttav ttoXXcov ttjv irapovaav oXo^vpo-
fiev(ov dfi'r)')(aviaVt fcal heofievcov firj a^d<; &air€p
iK vavayiov yvfivov^; Kal dir6pov<; crco6evTa<i
irpocr/Sid^eaOai, rd Xeiyjrava t^? hLe(i>6apfiev7]<i
av jXTT'qyvvvaL iroXew^, erepa^ eTOifir]<; Trapovcrrjfi,
XXXIL "ESo^ei/ ovv ^ovXrjv irpoOelvat rat
ILajxiXX^' Kal iroXXd jxev avro^ hie^rjXOe irapa-
KaXcov virep Tfj<; iraTpLho^y nroXXd Se Kal rcov
dXXcov 6 l3ovX6fM€vof:* reXo? Be tov irpCiTov
eiwOoTa Xiyetv yvcofirjv AevKiov AovKprjTiov dva-
CTT/Jcra? €KeXev(Tev diT0<f)rjvaa6aL rrpwTOv, ecTa
2 T0U9 dXXov^; e<^6f^9. y€V0fM6V7}<; Be aiW7rrj<i Kal
TOV AovKp7}Tiov fieXXovTQf; ivdp)(€aOai, KaTa
TV)(rjv e^codev CKaTOVTap^rj^; dycov Tay/jia (f)vXaKr}<i
rj/jb€pLV7](; irapeiTopeveTO, Kal tov <^epovTa nrpcoTov
TO (TTjiielov /jueydXr) ^covfj irpoo-ayopevaaf; eVe-
Xevaev avTOV jiivetv Kal to arnxelov TvOeaOaL*
172
CAMILLUS, XXXI. 4-xxxii. 2
or some other king, had consecrated and left to
their care. Among other signs from Heaven, they
laid chief stress on the newly severed head that was
found when the foundations of the Capitol were dug,
showing, as it did, that the place where it was found
was fated to be the head of Italy ; also on the sacred
fire of Vesta, which had been kindled anew by her
virgins after the war. If they should quench and
extinguish this again by their abandonment of the
city, it would be a disgrace to them, whether they
saw that city occupied by immigrants and aliens, or
abandoned to flocks and herds.
Thus did the Senators remonstrate with the people,
both individually in private, and often in the public
assemblies. They, in their turn, were moved to com-
passion by the wailing complaints of the multitude,
who lamented the helplessness to which they were
come, and begged, now that they had been saved
alive as it were from a shipwreck, in nakedness and
destitution, that they be not forced to piece together
the fragments of their ruined city, when another
stood all ready to receive them.
XXXII. Accordingly, Camillus decided that the
question should be debated and settled in council.
He himself spoke at great length, in exhortation to
preserve their common country, and every one else
who wished did likewise. Finally, he called upon
Lucius Lucretius, to whom custom gave the first
vote, and bade him declare his opinion first, and
then the other senators in the order due. Silence
fell, and Lucretius was on the point of beginning,
when it chanced that a centurion with a squad of
the day watch passed by outside, and calling with a
loud voice on the man who ltd with the standard,
173
PLUTARCH'S LIVES
KaXkiara yap evravda KaOehelaOai koI fieveiv,
a/jLa Be Ta> Kaipa> koI r^ irepl tov fjueXkovTOf;
ivvoia Kol dBrjXoTTjTi Trj<; (ftcovrjf; yevofxevr]^, 6 re
A.ovKprjTLO<^ e^Tf Trpo(TKVvrj<Ta^ T<p dew TrpoarU
Bead at rrjv eavrov yv(op,r)v koX tmv aXKoav
3 ^Kaaro^ eirrjKo\ov9r}ae. Bavfiaarrj Be koI to
TrXrjdo^; ecr%e fieTa^okrj rrj<i 6pfjb7]<;, aWtjXovf;
irapaKoXovvTcov kol TrporpeTro/jLevcov^ 7rpo<^ to
epyovy ovK eic Biavofirj<; tlvo^ rj Td^ecof;^ dW* co?
€Ka(TTo<; eToifjLOTTjTOf; rj ^ov\t]aeco<i el^e t&v
')((t)pia)v KaTdXa/jL^avo/jLepav. Bio fcal TeTapay-
fievr]v T0Z9 o-TevcoTTOL^ koX avfnrefjivppLevrjp Tat<!
oiK'^aeaiv dviqyayov Tr]V ttqKiv vtto airovBi]^ fcal
ravoi;?. ivTO^ yap ivtavTOv Xeyerai kuI toI^
TeL')(e(Jt KaiVT) kuI Tai<; lBi(OTiKat^ oiKoBofialf; dva-
(TTTjvai irdXiv,
4 Ofc Be TOv<i lepov<i tottov^ dva\aj3etv /cat opiaat
T«%^ez^Te9 VTTO TOV Ka/JLtWov, avyKexvfMevayp
dirdvTwv, 0)9 rjKov iirl ttjv KaXidBa tov ''A/oe&)9
TrepioBevovTe^ to HaXaTiov, avTrjv fiiv, c»9 ra
dWa, Bi€<pOapfjLevTjv Kal KaTaK€Kavfxevr]v evpov
VTTO Twv ^ap^dpcov, axevcopovfjievoi Be xal KaOai-
povTe<; TO ^(copiov evTvyx^dvovac t5> juavTiKM ^vXo)
TOV 'VwfivXov KUTa T6^/oa9 TToXkr]^ Kal 0a6€La^
6 KaTaBeBvKOTi. tovto S' eaTi fiev eTriKafnre^ ex
daTepov 7repaT0<;, xaXecTat Be XItvov ')(^pa)VTai B^
avT(p irpo<i Ta9 tmv irXivOlcov v7roypa<f>d(i oTav eir
6pvi(Ti BtafjbavTevo/jLevoi KaOe^covTaty (09 Kdicelvo^
e)(pfJTo /JLavTtKcoTaTOf; mv. eTreiBrj 5* i^ dvdpcoTrcov
r/^avla-Br], TrapaXa^ovTC^ 01 lepeh to ^vXov
Sairep dXXo tl tcov lepcov dyjravo-Tov icpuXuTTOv.
* irpoTpciro/teVftJi' with S : rpiirofiivuv.
I
CAMILLUS, XXXII. 2-5
bade him halt and plant his standard there, for that
was the best place to settle down and stay in. The
utterance fell at the crisis of their anxious thought
for the uncertain future, and Lucretius said, with a
devout obeisance, that he cast his vote with the god.
The rest, one by one, followed his example. Then
the inclinations of the multitude were marvellously
changed. They exhorted and incited one another
to the work, and pitched upon their several sites,
not by any orderly assignment, but as each man
found it convenient and desirable. Therefore the
city was rebuilt with confused and narrow streets
and a maze of houses, owing to their haste and
speed. Within a year's time, it is said, a new city
had arisen, with walls to guard it and homes in
which to dwell.
Those who had been deputed by Camillus to
recover and mark out anew the sacred places, found
them all in utter confusion. When they came to
the shrine of Mars, in their circuit of the Palatium,
they found that it had been demolished and burnt
by the Barbarians, like the rest, but as they were
clearing away and renovating the place, they came
upon the augural staff of Romulus, buried deep in a
great heap of ashes. The augural staff is curved at
one end, and is called litum. It is used to mark off
the different quarters of the heavens, in the cere-
monies of divination by the flight of birds, and so
Romulus had used this one, for he was a great
diviner. But when he vanished from among men,
the priests took this staff and kept it inviolate, like
175
PLUTARCH'S LIVES
TOVTO Bt} T0T6 TMV oXXcOV dTTOkwXoTCOV aVCtf'
p6vre<i Bia'jr€<j)€vy6<; rrjv ^Oopav 7]hLov<; e^evovTO
Ta69 iXnTiaiv virep t% *P(o/irj<;, C09 alBcov avrfj
TTjv awTTiplav Tov a-rjfieLOV /^e/^atoOi^ro?.
XXXI II. OvTTco Be rrj<; irepX ravra TreiraV'
lxevoL<^ d(r'x^oXia<; avrol^ iTnirLTrret iroXe/Juot;,
Al/cavwv fiev dfxa Koi OvoXov(r/ccov koI Karlvcov
€19 Tr]V "x^copav ip^^aXXovrcoVy Tvppr}vcop Be ttoXi-
opKovvTcov XovTpiv, avpjpa')(LBa 'Pty/xatcoj/ ttoXiv.
iTreiBr) B^ oi rrjv rjyepoviav exovre^; ')(^LXiap')(pL
(TTpaTOTreBevardp.evoL irepl to M.dpKi,ov opo<; virb
TO)v Aaruvcov iiroXiopKOvvTO koX KLvBvvevovTe<i
diro^aXelv to crTpaToireBov eU *P(op,rjv eTrep^yjrav
2 dTToBeLKPVTai to TpiTOV Ka/ztWo9 BiKTaTcop. Trepl
TovTov TOV TToXipLOV BlttoX Xoyoi XiyovTao' Bietp^i
Be TOV puvOoiBrj irpoTepov.
^aaX Tov<; Aartz/of 9, etVe 7rpo^d<rei 'Xfi(Ofievov<i
etre ^ovXop€Pov<; ax; dXr)6(o<; dvap,L^aa0ai tu
yevTj irdXiv ef virapxv^, Trepuy\ravTa<; alTelv irapd 146
TMV 'Vcopumv 7rap6evov<; i\ev$epa<i yvvacKa<:,
diropovvTcop Be tcop ^PcopaucoVy rl ^pr) iroielv (/cat
yap TOP iroXepLOv oyppcoBovp ovttco Ka6eaTC0Te<; ovB^
dpeiX7)(l)6Te<i avTOv^, koX ttjp aLTtjaLP tcop yvpai-
KMP vTrcoTTTevop e^opLr)p6V(Ttp elvai, tov S* evirpe-
irov'i %a/3iz/ eTTLyap^iav KaXelcrOat), OepairaLplBa
3 TOvvopLa TovTOvXaPf 009 S' epioi XiyovcTif ^iXcoTiBa
T0i9 dp^ovai irapaipecrai 7rip,7reLV avv avTJj t(OV
Bp,Q)tBo)p Ta9 ip odpa pdXtcrTa /cal Tai<; oyfreaiv
iXev6epiov<;, KoaprjGaPTa^ ax: vvp(j)a<; evyepel<i,
TO, Xoiird S' avTrj peXrjo-eiP, ireicrdepTa^ Be Tovq
dpxoPTa<; iirtXe^aadat tmv OepairaLpiBwp 6(Ta<;
ifcelvr] 77/009 ttjp '^pelap iBo/CLfiaae, /cal Koap,ijaaP'
176
CAMILLUS, XXXII. 5-xxxiii. 3
any other sacred object. Their finding this at that
time unscathed, when all the rest had perished, gave
them more pleasing hopes for Rome. They thought
it a token that assured her of everlasting safety.
XXXIII. They were not yet done with these
pressing tasks when a fresh war broke upon them.
The Aequians, Volscians, and Latins burst into their
territory all at once, and the Tuscans laid siege to
Sutrium, & city allied with Rome. The military
tribunes in command of the army, having encamped
near Mount Marcius, were besieged by the Latins,
and were in danger of losing their camp. Where-
fore they sent to Rome for aid, and Camillus was
appointed dictator for the third time. Two stories
are told about this war, and I will give the fabulous
one first.
They say that the Latins, either as a pretext for
war, or because they really wished to revive the
ancient affinity between the two peoples, sent and
demanded from the Romans free-born virgins in
marriage. The Romans were in doubt what to do,
for they dreaded war in their unsettled and un-
restored condition, and yet they suspected that this
demand for wives was really a call for hostages
disguised under the specious name of intermarriage.
In their perplexity, a serving-maid named Tutula,
or, as some call her, Philotis, advised the magistrates
to send her to the enemy with some maid-servants
of the comeliest sort and most genteel appearance,
all arrayed like free-born brides ; she would attend to
the rest. The magistrates yielded to her persuasions,
chose out as many maid-servants as she thought meet
177
PLUTARCH'S LIVES
Ta9 iadrJTL Kol ')(^pv(Tm TrapaBovvat tol^ AaTLVOi<;
ov irdvv iroppo) t^9 TroXece)? aTparoTreSevovac,
4 vvKTCop Be ra? fiev aX\a(; v(^e\ea6at ra iy^eipiSta
Tcov 7ro\€fua)v, rrjv S* etre TovrovXav etVe <J>tX&)-
TiSa iTpoa^aaav ipiveco fieyaXo) koI irapaTeiva-
aav oiTLcra) to IfidrLOv apat irvpaov eh Trfv'FcofMrjVy
wairep ^v (TvyKel/Mevov avry Trpo? tov<; dp'XpVTa^,
ovBevo^ aXkov tmv troXtrcov €lS6T0<i, Bi o kol
Oopv^coBr) yeveaOat, rrjv tcov aTpaTi(OT(ov e^oBov,
0)9 KaTrjirevyov oi dp^^ovTe^, dW7]\ov<; dvaKoXovp-
Tcov Koi fjt,6\L<; eh ttjv tu^iv KadidTafjuevcov. iireX-
66vTa<i Be T(p ydpaKi tojp iroXe/JiLwv ov irpoaBexo-
fjLevcov /cat KaoevBovTwv ekelv to (TTpaTOTreBov /cal
5 Bi,a(f)deLpai, tov9 TrXeio-TOVf;. tovto Be yeveadai Tah
vvv ^lovXiai^;, totc Be K.vivTiXiac<; voDvai<i, kcu Tr)V
dyo[xevr]v eopTrjp vTTojjLvrjfia t?79 7rpd^eco<; i/ceLV7}<;
elvai. irpodTOV puev yap €^i6pTe<; dOpooi Bih t^9
Trv\'r]<; iroXka tcov eTrL^copLcov koI Koivcav ovofid-
T(OV ^ofj i^deyyovTait Tdiov, ^dp/cov, Aovkiov
/cal TOL T0VT0i<; OpLOia, fllflOV/JLeVOt TTJV T0T6
yevojJLevqv yLtera a7rovBrj<{ dWi]\cov avd/cXriarLv
6 eireiTa /ceKocTfirjfievat. Xafjurpco^ al OepairaivlBe^i
TTepitaai iral^ovcrai Bid aKcofjifJidTcov eh tov<;
diravTcovTa^. yiveTUi Be kol fid^V Ti9 avTah 7rpo<;
dXX7]Xa<;, ft)9 Kal TOTe tov 7r/)09 Toix; AaTivov;
dycovo<; (7VveiTLXapbPavo[JLevat<;. eaTLco/ievat Bk
KaOe^ovTai KXaBoi^; avKrj<; aKia^ofxevar koX rrjv
rjfiepav vcova<; KairpaTLva^i KaXovaiv, 009 otovTai
Bed TOV ipiveov, d(f> ov ttjv TratBio-Krjv tov irvpaov
dpar TOV yap ipiveov Kairpi^iKov ovo/Jid^ovcTiv.
7 "^Tepoi Be TovTcov ra irXeiaTa BpdaOai /cal
XeyeaOaL (f>aaiv eVl t^ tov 'FcojjlvXov irdOec
1.78
CAMILLUS, XXXIII. 3-7
for her purpose, arrayed them in fine raiment and
gold, and handed them over to the Latins, who were
encamped near the city. In the night, the rest of
the maidens stole away the enemy's swords, while
Tutula, or Philotis, climbed a wild fig-tree of great
height, and after spreading out her cloak behind her,
held out a lighted torch towards Rome, this being
the signal agreed upon between her and the magis-
trates, though no other citizen knew of it. Hence
it was that the soldiers sallied out of the city
tumultuously, as the magistrates urged them on,
calling out one another's names, and with much ado
getting into rank and file. They stormed the en-
trenchments of the enemy, who were fast asleep
and expecting nothing of the sort, captured their
camp, and slew most of them. This happened on
the Nones of what was then called Quintilis, now
July, and the festival since held on that day is in
remembrance of the exploit. For, to begin with,
they run out of the city gate in throngs, calling out
loudly many local and common names, such as Gains,
Marcus, Lucius, and the like, in imitation of the way
the soldiers once called aloud upon each other in
their haste. Next, the maid-servants, in gay attire,
fun about jesting and joking with the men they
meet. They have a mock battle, too, with one
another, implying that they once took a hand in the
struggle with the Latins. And as they feast, they
sit in the shade of a fig-tree's branches. The day
is called the "Capratine Nones," from the wild fig-
tree, as they suppose, from which the maid held
forth her torch ; this goes by the name of caprificus.
But others say that most of what is said and done
at this festival has reference to the fate of Romulus.
179
PLUTARCH'S LIVES
KaTCL ravrrjv ykp dcfyaviadrfvaL rrjv '^/juepav avrov
efft) 7njXr}<;, ^6(j>ov koI 0V6X\t]<; d^vo) irepia^oixrr]^,
0)9 8' evioL vo/jiL^ovaiv, e/cA-etT|reQ)9 rfKiov j€vofjL6vrj<;,
Kol Tr]v ^fjbipav airo rov roirov v(ova<; KaTrparlva^;
KXr]6r}vai, ttjv yap alya Kairpav ovofid^ovcnv 6
Se 'VcofivKo^ rji^aviadr] Srj/irjyopMV irepl ro Trj<;
alyo<; eX,09 Trpoo-ayopeuofievov, co? iv TOL<i Trepl
eKeivov yey pairrai,
XXXIV. Tov 8* erepov Xoyov ol TrXetaroi rcov ,^
avyypa^ewv BoKi,fid^ovT6<; ovtq) Xeyovaiv. diro- B
^ei)(6e\^ hiKTarcop ro rpLrov 6 Ka/xtXXo9 fcai
7rv66/j,€VO<; TO fierd rcov '^iXidp'^cov arpdreufia
TToXiop/covfievov xjiro tmv Autlvcov koX rcov OvoXov-
aKcov, rjvayKdaOr) koX tov<: ovk iv wpa tS)v TroXi-
2 TMVy dXX* 7]Sr} 7raprj^r]K6Ta<; KadoirXicrai, irepieX- fl
6odv he fiaKpdv TrepioSov Trepl ro M.dpKiov opo^ ^
Kal Xadccv tov<; nroXefiiov^ iBpvcre rrjv Grparidv
KaroTTiv avTcbv, kol irvpd iroXXd Kavaa<; Sieo"^-
firjve rr}v eavrov Trapovaiav. ol fiev ovv vroXcop-
Kovfievoi 6apprj<TavTe<; iinevat, Sievoovvro koI
3 fidxnv a-vvdirreiv ol Be AarivoL Kal OvoXova-Koi
<7V(TTeiXavTe<i eXa-co rov ')(^dpaKO<; eavrov^i aTrearav- fM
povv ^vXoi<; iroXXoi^ Kal Bi€(f>pdyvvvro iravrayo-
6ev TO (TTpaToireBov, djiKpijSoXoi yey ovore^; viro rcov
iroXepicov Kal TrepifieveLv eyvcoKore^; erepav oiKoOev
BvvafjLiv, dfia Be Kal Tvpprjvcov TTpoa-Be^^ofievot,
^orjOeiav, rovro B* alaOoixevo^ 6 K.dfjLLXXo<; Kal
BeBoiKa><; rraOelv oirep eiroLrjaev avTO<; rov<; iroXe- 147
/xL0v<i KVKX(o(Td/jL€vo(; ecTTTevBe TrpoXapelv rov
4 Kaipov. ovToq Be rov irepL^pdypLaro^i ^vXivov Kal
TrvevfjLaTO'i jxeyaXov Kariovro^ diro r(bv opcov dfjua
i8o
CAMILLUS, xxxiii. 7-xxxiv. 4
For on this same day he vanished from sight, outside
the city gates, in sudden darkness and tempest, and,
as some think, during an eclipse of the sun. The
day, they say, is called the " Capratine Nones " from
the spot where he thus vanished. For the she-goat
goes by the name of capra, and Romulus vanished
from sight while haranguing an assembly of the
people at the Goat's Marsh, as has been stated in
his Life,'^
XXXIV. But most writers adopt the other account
of this war, which runs thus. Camillus, having been
appointed dictator for the third time, and learning that
the army under the military tribunes was besieged
by the Latins and Volscians, was forced to put under
arms even those of the citizens who were exempt
from military duty by reason of advancing years.
Fetching a long circuit around Mount Marcius and
thus eluding the enemy's notice, he planted his army
securely in their rear, and then by lighting many
fires made known his presence there. "The besieged
Romans at once took heart and purposed to sally out
and join battle. But the Latins and Volscians re-
tired within their trenches, fenced themselves in
with a great wooden palisade, and barricaded their
camp on all sides, for they now had a hostile force in
front and rear, and were determined to await re-
inforcements from home. At the same time they
expected aid from the Tuscans also. Camillus, per-
ceiving their design, and fearful of being himself
surrounded by the enemy as he had surrounded
them, made haste to improve his opportunity. The
enemy's barricades were of wood, and a strong wind
* Chap, xxvii.
181
PLUTARCH'S LIVES
^dei, TTVpof^oXa ^ 7rapaaK€vaad/jb€vo<; xal wep\
rov opOpov i^ayayobv ttjv hvvafjbiv rov<; fiev dX\ov<;
eKekevcre y^prjaOai ffiXeai koI Kpavyrj KaO' erepov
fiepo<;, avTo<; Be tov<; to irvp dcjitjaetv pueWovra^
e^ayv oOev elcoOei p^aXio-ra rrpoairi'iTTeLv 6 dvefiof;
rw 'X^dpaKi TMV TroXe/iiiwv dvepieve rrjv Mpav. iirei
he avv€o-T(0(Tr]<; t^? I^d^fj^ o re rfXio^ avrjei koX to
irvevjjLa Xapnrpov e^eirnne, (T7}fir]va<i eTTLBpofirjv
Kareaireipe rov ^a/ja/to? dcfyOova rcov Trvpo/SoXayv.
5 raxv he Trj<; (j)Xoy6<i ev vXrj rrvKvij Kol (TTavpco-
fiaai ^vXlvoL^ dvarpacfieLcrrjf; koI kvkXw Trepive/juo-
/JLevr]<;, ovBev aKo^ ovBe affea-rrjpiov exovre^; oi
Aarlvot irapeaKevaa p.evov, co? 7rXfjpe<i rjv r^hri to
o-TparoireBov Truyoo?, ctt* oXlyov arvareXXofievot
TOTTOV e^eirLTTTov VTT dvdyKT)^ TTpo^ a)7rXL(T/jLevov<;
Kal 7rapaT€TayfjLevov<i irpo rov x^pa/co^ rov^
7roX€/iiiov<;. Kal rovrcov fxev oXiyoi Bie<f)vyov, rov<!
Be KaTaXeL<f>Oevra<; ev t& (TTparo7reB(p Trdvra^
Bie^Seipe to ttO/?, p^^XP'' ^^ Karacr^eaavTef; oi
*F(i)p,atoL rd xp^/^^'^ct Bujpiracrav.
XXX V. TeyovoTcov Be rovrcov diroXvirQiv eirX tov
arparoTreBov rov vlov AevKLOv (jyvXaKa tmv tjXcoko-
Tcov dvOpoynrcav koX xPV/^^"^^^ auTO? eh rrjv r&v
TroXep,L(ov eve^aXe, Kal rrjv Alxavcbv iroXiv i^eXoDv
Kal Trpoaayayofievo^i tov<: OvoXovctkov^; €vOv<; r)ye
Trjv (TTpaTidv irpo^ to Xovrpiov, ovirto rd avfju^e-
firjKora TOt? 'ZovrpivoL<; Treirvapiei'o^, dXX* ax? en
KLvBvvevovari kol iroXiopKovpevoLf; viro roiiv Tvp-
2 prjvcov ^oTjOrjaat crirevBwv. ol B^ ervxov ijBi] rrjv
fiev rrroXiv roi<i rroXepioc^; TrapaBeBcoKore^i, avrol
vvpo^6\a conjecture of Sintenis^; wpa voWii MSS.,
Sintenis \ and edd.
182
CAMILLUS, XXXIV. 4-xxxv. 2
blew down from the mountains at sun-rise. Accord-
ingly, he equipped himself with fiery darts, and
leading his forces out towards day-break, ordered
part of them to attack with missiles and loud cries
at an opposite point, while he himself, with those
appointed to hurl fire, took his post where the wind
was wont to smite the enemy's trenches with the
greatest force, and awaited the propitious moment.
When battle had been joined and the sun rose and
the wind burst forth with fury, he gave orders for an
onset, and scattered no end of fiery darts along the
trenches. The flames speedily found food in the
crowded timbers of the wooden palisades and spread
in all directions. The Latins had nothing at hand
with which to ward off or quench them, and when at
length their camp was full of fire, they were huddled
together into a small space, and at last forced to
dash out against an enemy who were drawn up in
full battle array in front of the trenches. Few of
them made their escape, and those who were left
behind in the camp were all a prey to the fire until
the Romans put it out and fell upon their booty.
XXXV. This business dispatched, he left his son
Lucius in command of the camp to guard the captives
and the booty, while he himself invaded the enemy's
country. He captured the city of the Aequians,
brought the Volscians to terms, and straightway led
his army towards Sutrium. He was not yet apprised
of the fate of the Sutrians, but thought they were
still in peril of siege by the Tuscans, and so hastened
to relieve them. But they had already surrendered
their city to the enemy, and been sent off in utter
VOL. II. Q 183
PLUTARCH'S LIVES
Se TTCLVTwv ivBeet^; iv IfiariOLq fiovov a^eifievof
KoX KaO' 68ov ovTL T(p Ka/jiiW(p jxera TralBcov koX
r^vvaiKwv airrjVTWv oSvpo^voi ra<^ eavrayp Ti;%a9.
Se Kd/xtXXo^ avTQf; re 7rpo<; rrjv o^^iv eTTifcXa-
aOel^i fcal tov^ 'l?cofiaLov<; opcjv ifi<f>vofiiv(i)v avTol<;
Tcov XovTpLVcov BaKpvovTa<; /cal Svo-avaa^eTovvTa^;
iirl rot? <y€y6vr]fju€V0t,<;, eyvco firj TTOLelaOav t^?
3 TLULa}pLa<i avapoKrjv, aX)C ev6v<^ ayeiv eTrl to
^ovrpiov eKelv7]<i rrj^^ i^fjuipa^, Xoyi,^6/JLevo<; dvdpco-
7roi'9 evBaifiova koX irXovcriav ttoXlv dprc KareiXri-
<^0Ta9 KoX /jurjBepa twv TroXe/jLLoyv viroXeXoiTrora^
iv avTy fir)B€ TrpocrBexofJievovf; e^coOev, i/cXeXvfie-
vov<; iravrdiraaL koI d<^vXdKTov^ evptjaeLV opOm
XoyLcrdfjuevo^. ov yap fiovov ttjv '^copav eXade
BieXOdiv, dXXa Kal 7r/)09 rat? 7rvXai<; yevofievof; /cat
rd rel'xrj KaraXa^cov e(j)vXaTT6 yap ovB6l<;, dXX^
iv OLVO) Kal (TvvovaiaLfs rjaav iGKeBaafxivoi Kara
4 Ta9 oiKLa<;. iirel Be jjaOovro tou9 7roX€fiiov<;
Kparouvraf; 7]Brj, ovtco Bi€K6Cvto fio^OripSy^:; vtto
TrXrja/jLOvfjf; Kal /jL€Or]<;, 0)9 firjBe 7rpo<; (f^vyrjv
op/Jirjaai, iroXXov^;, dXX* iv raL<^ olKiai^i ata')(^i(Tra
TrdvTcov virofxevovra^ aTroOvyaKeiv r) irapaBiBovai
(r(f)d^ avT0v<; tol<; 7roX6yLttot9. rrjv jjuev ovv ^ovrpL-
V(ov TToXiv V/iipa fjuia Bl<i dXovaav ovtco avvifir)
Kal TO '-'9 €'X^ovTa<; diro^aXeLV, Kal tov<; d(f)rjpr)fie-
vov<i arroXa^elv Bid K-djuLiXXov.
XXXYI. 'O S* diro TOVTcov OpLafiPo<; avrw
XdpLv ovK iXdrrova Kal Koafiov 'jveyKe tmv
TrpcoToyv Bvelv. Kal yap tov<; irdvv ^aaKaivovra<^
Tcov iroXcTcov Kal irdvTa ^ovXojJLevov<i evTvyla
184
CAMILLUS, XXXV. 2-xxxvi. i
destitution, with nothing but the clothes on their
backs. As Camillus came marching along they met
him, with tlieir wives and children, all lamenting
their misfortunes. Camillus himself was filled with
compassion at the sight, and noticed that his Romans
too, with the Sutrians hanging upon their necks in
supplication, were moved to tears and anger at their
lot. He therefore determined to make no postpone-
ment of his vengeance, but to march straight upon
Sutrium that very day. He reasoned that men who
had just taken a prosperous and opulent city, leaving
none of their enemies in it, and expecting none from
without, would be found wholly relaxed in discipline
and off their guard ; and he reasoned correctly. He
not only passed unnoticed through the city's territory,
but was actually at its gates and in command of its
walls before the enemy knew it. For not a man of
them was on guard, but they were all scattered among
the houses of the city drinking and feasting. And
even when they perceived that their enemies already
had the mastery, they were so sluggishly disposed
by reason of satiety and drunkenness that many did
not so much as try to flee, but awaited there in the
houses the most shameful of all deaths, or gave
themselves up to their enemies. The city of Sutrium
was thus twice captured in a single day, and it came
to pass that those who had won it, lost it, and those
who had first lost it, won it back, and all by reason
of Camillus.
XXXVI. The triumph decreed him for these
victories brought him no less favour and renown than
his first two had done, and those citizens who had
been most envious of him and preferred to ascribe
all his successes to an unbounded good fortune rather
i8s
PLUTARCH'S LIVES
Tivl fiaWov Tj hi dperrjv KaT(opOco(T0ai, tot m
rjvdjKa^ov at nrpd^et'^ ttj heivorriTL koI tS Spa- "
2 cTTTjpLo) Tov dvSpQf} diToEtBovaL T7)V Bo^uv. Tfv he
TMv Bca/JLaxofJi^vcov avTM koI irpoac^dovovvtcov
i7n<j)aveaTaT0'i MdpKO<i MaWio?, o Trpwro?
oyadfMevo^ tov<; KeXTOi'9 o-tto t?;? aKpa^ ore tw
KaTriTcoXiO) vvkto^^ eiredevro koI hih tovto
Ka7rt,TCi)XLvo<; i7rLK\r)9€L<;. outo? yap d^iMv irpoo-
T09 elvac Toiiz^ ttoXltcov Ka\ /irj hwdfjuevo^ tov
Kd/iiWov aTTo TOV ^ekTiarov Tpoirov Ty Bo^y
3 TrapeXOecv, V7r60e<riv TvpavviBo<i iTTOiyaaTO Koivyv 148
Kal avvrjOrj, BrjfjLaycoycov tou? ttoWov?, /jLaXcara
Be TOiV 6(j)et\6vT(ov %/3ea toI<; fiev dp^vvcov Kal
(tvvBlko)v errX tov<; BaveicTTa^, tou? 3* d(j)aLpov-
fievo<; pia Kal kcoXvcov dyeaOai wpb^ tov v6/jLov,
ccxTTe TToXXoi;? tcov d'rropcov Ta'^^v irepl avTOV
yeveadai Kal iroXvv <^6^ov 'Trapa(T')(elv toI<;
Pe\Ti(TTOL<; TMV itoXltcov dpaorvvofievov^ Kal
4 TapdrTovra^i t^v dyopdv. eTrel Be KaracTTadel^;
eirl Tavra BcKTdTcop Kovlvto'; YiaimcQ\lvo<i eh
TTjv elpKTTjv eve^aXe tov MdWtov, 6 Be Bij/juo^
yevofievov tovtov jjLeTe/SaXe ttjv eadrJTa, irpdyfia
yivdpievov errl avfi(f)opaL<; fi€yd\aL<; Kal By/jLocrLai,^,
Beiaaa-a tov Oopv^ov 77 avyKXrjTO^ eKeXevaev
d(f)edrjvaL tov ^dXXtov. o 3* ovBev rjv d(f)eOel^
dfieivcov, dXXa ao^apcoTepov iBy/nayMyec Kal
Bteo-Taata^e ttjv ttoXlv. atpovvTac By irdXiv
^(^iXiapxov TOV J^d/MiXXov.
5 Ela-ayo/jievcov Be tmv KaTCi tov MaXXtov
BiKcov fxeydXa tov<; KaTyyopov^ e^XaiTTev y
oyfrcf;, 6 yap totto?, e^' ov l3e^yKQ)<i 6 MaXXf09
* vvKThs with S : Sta WKxhs.
186
CAMILLUS, XXXVI. 1-5
than to a native valour, were forced by these new
exploits to set the man's glory to the credit of his
ability and energy. Now of all those who fought
him with hatred and envy, the most conspicuous was
Marcus Manlius, the man who first thrust the Gauls
down the cliff when they made their night attack
upon the Capitol, and for this reason had been sur-
named Capitolinus. This man aspired to be chief in
the city, and since he could not in the fairest way
outstrip Camillus in the race for glory, he had
recourse to the wonted and usual arts of those that
would found a tyranny. He courted, that is, the
favour of the multitude, especially of the debtor
class, defending some and pleading their causes
against their creditors ; snatching others from arrest
and preventing their trial by process of law. In
this way great numbers of indigent folk soon formed
a party about him, and their bold and riotous conduct
in the forum gave the best citizens much to fear.
To quell their disorder, Quintus Capitolinus was
made dictator, and he cast Manlius into prison.
Thereupon the people put on the garb of mourners,
a thing done only in times of great public calamity,
and the Senate, cowed by the tumult, ordered that
Manlius be released. He, however, when released,
did not mend his ways, but grew more defiantly
seditious, and filled the whole city with faction.
Accordingly, Camillus was again made military
tribune.
When Manlius was brought to trial, the view from
the place was a great obstacle in the way of his
accusers. For the spot where Manlius had stood !
187
PLUTARCH'S LIVES
ivvKTOjjia'yrjae nrpo^ tou9 KeXrou?, v7r€p€(j>aLV€To
Trj<; ajopd<; airo tov YLainTwXiov teal Trap€l')(6v
oIktov T0fc9 opMCTCV avTo^i re Ta<i ')(elpa<;
opeyajv eKelae /cal BaKpvcov virejxip.vrjdKe t&v
a^oi)V(ov, &(TT6 Toif^ Kpivovja^ airopelv xal ttoX-
\dKt<; ava^dWeaOat ttjv Blktjv, fiyr d<f>€ivai
^ovKopuevovs 6Tr\ T€KfjLrjpioi<; ^avepol^; to dBiKrjpa
pLrjTe 'Xpijaaadai, ra> vo/jlm Bwapuevov^ iv 6<f)9aK-
6 yLtot9 T179 'Trpd^€Ci)<; ov<T'r]<; Bia tov tottov. o Bt)
avp,^povrj(Ta<; 6 K-dfiiWoq p^errj^yayev efo) 7rv\.rj<i
TO BiKaaTTipLov eh to UeTTjXIvov aXcro<;' oOev ovk
6W09 TOV K.a7riT(oXiov KUTa^avov^ 6 t€ Bocokcov
€XPV<^CLTO TTJ KaTTjyopLa Kol T0Z9 Kplvovai Trape-
')(^ct)pr)aev rj p'Vrjp.r) tmv yeyovoTCov d^lav dvaXa-
7 0€lv^ opyrjv iirl T0t9 irapovaiv d8iKi]p,acnv. 6
fjL€i^ ovv MaXXt09 dXov^ eh to KaTrcTooXtov
d'JTrj')(97), Kol KaTCL T^9 7reTpa<; O)a0el<; tov avTOV
TOTTOV eV^e KoX TMV evTV')(eaTdTwv epycov kol tojv
p.eyi(TTa)v dTv^nfJ^dTcov fivqp^elov. ol he 'Fcopaloc
Tr)v oIkIuv avTOV KaTaaKd'y^avTe^ lepov IBpvaavTO
6ea<;y rjv yiovrjTav KaXov(Ti, koX to Xolttov i'^^r)-
(l>iaavT0 purjSeva tcov TraTpcKLCov eirl t?79 dKpa<;
KaTOiKelv.
XXXVII. 'O he Kdp,(XXo<; eTrl ')(^iXi,ap')((.av
€KTT]v KaXovp^vo<; TraprjTeLTO, yey ovco<; p,€v rfXiKia^
r}hr) TTpoaw Kai irov Tiva koI <^66vov hehioi^ teal
vep^ecnv evrl ho^rj ToaavTrj kol KaTOpd(op,a(Tiv'
rj he (pavepcoTdTtj twv alTccov tjv cippwaTLa acop^a-
T09* eTvyx^DLve yap voacov irepX Td<; rjpepa^ eKeiva^.
2 ov p,r)v Traprjfcev avT^ ttjv dp^rjv 6 hrjfw^, dXXa
* kya\a$e7v with S : \a$e7v,
188
CAMILLUS, XXXVI. 5-xxxvii. 2
when he fought his night battle with the Gauls^
overlooked the forum from the Capitol, and moved
the hearts of the spectators to pity. Manlius himself,
too, stretched out his hands toward the spot, and
wept as he called to men's remembrance his famous
struggle there, so that the judges knew not what to
do, and once and again postponed the case. They
were unwilling to acquit the prisoner of his crime
when the proofs of it were so plain ; and they were
unable to execute the law upon him when, owing to
the place of trial, his saving exploit was, so to speak,
in every eye. So Camillus, sensible of all this, trans-
ferred the court outside the city to the Peteline
Grove, whence there is no view of the Capitol.
There the prosecutor made his indictment, and the
judges were able to forget the man's past services in
their righteous anger at his present crimes. So then
Manlius was convicted, carried to the Capitol, and
thrust down the rock, thus making one and the same
spot a monument of his most fortunate actions and
of his greatest misfortunes. The Romans, besides,
razed his house to the ground, and built there a
temple to the goddess they call Moneta. They
decreed also that in future no patrician should ever
have a house on the Capitoline hill.
XXXVI 1. Camillus, called now to be militaiy tri-
bune for the sixth time, declined the honour, being
already well on in years, and fearful perhaps of the
envy of men and the resentment of the gods which
often follows upon such glorious successes as his.
But the most manifest reason was his bodily weak-
ness, for it chanced that in those days he was sick.
The people, however, would not relieve him of the
189
PLUTARCH'S LIVES
^OMV /jbt]T€ liTTrevovTO*; avTov fi'^re OTrXofxa/x^ouvTO^;
iv Tol'^ aySiat BecaOai, fiovXevofievov he fjuovov koI
TTpocrrdTTOVTOf;, ^vdy/caaev viroaTrjvai ttjv (TTpa-
rrjyLav Koi fjueO^ evo^ r(av avvap^ovrwv AevKLOV
^ovpiov Tov (TTpaTov dyeiv €vOv<; iirl tou?
7ro\€/jiLOV<;. ovTOi ^ r](Tav Tlpacveartvot /cal
OvoXovdKOi fiera ttoXX^? Svvd/jb€a)<i rrjv avfjifia-
3 %t5a rS)V *V(op,ai(iiv 'jrop9ovvTe<;. i^eXOcov B€
Kol Trapaa-TparoTreBeva-af^ rot? Trokejuocf; avTo<i
p,ev rj^iov rpi^eiv tov irokepLov p^poj/w, kolv el
fidxv^ Berjaeie pcoaa^; ro aco/na Eiaycovlaaadai,
x\evKiOV Be TOV avvdp^ovTO^ eirtOvfJiia Bo^rjf;
(pepofievov tt/jo? tov klvBvvov dKaTa(T^eT(o<; /cal
avv6^oppMVTO<; dpa raffap^ou? Kal \o^ayov<;,
^offrjdeU p,r) (pOovw By tivl Boktj /caTopOco/jLa Kal
(f)iXoTt,/jLlav d^aipelaOai vecov dvBpoiv avve)(^clopr)aev
ctKcov eKelvM irapaTd^ai ttjv Bvvap.Lv, avTo^i Be
Bia T^z/ ddOeveiav VTreXelcpdrj pueT oXiycov iv Tq>
4 (TTpaTOTriBq). tov Be AevKLOV irpoireToy^ 'x^prjo-a-
puevov Ty pd-^T} Kal a<^aXevT0<^y ala06p,evo<^ ttjv
TpoTTTjv TMV ^Pcop^aiojv ov KaTea^ev avrov, a\X'
dvaOopcov €K T7J9 (TTi/SdBo^ dirriVTa pueTa TOiv
oTraBwv eVl ra? 7rvXa<; tov ydpaKO^, Bed tcjv ^ev- 149
yovTwv d)6ovpLevo<; eh tou9 oicoKOVTa^, twcrre tov^
pbev evdv<; dvacTpec^eiv Kal avvaKoXovOelv, tov^
Be 7rpo(7(j}epopLevov<i €^(o0ev icrTaadai irpb avrov
Kal avvacnri^eiVy irapeyyvoiVTa^ dXXrjXoL^ p^rf
6 dTToXeiiTeaOav tov aTpaTrjyov. Tore puev ovv
ovTCi)<; d'TrerpaTTOVTO t^9 Bico^eco^; ol TroXepLtor ttj
3' vaTepaia Trpoayaycov ttjv BvvapLtv 6 KdpuiXXo^
190
CAMILLUS, XXXVII. 2-5
office. He had no need, they cried, to fight in the
ranks of the cavalry or the men-at-arms, but only to
counsel and ordain ; and so they forced him to
undei*take the command, and with one of his
colleagues, Lucius Furius, to lead the army at once
against the enemy. These were the Praenestines
and Volscians, who, with a large force, were laying
waste the lands of the Roman allies. Marching
forth, therefore, and encamping near the enemy, he
himself thought it best to protract the war, that so,
in case a battle should at last be necessary, he might
be strong of body for the decisive struggle. But
Lucius, his colleague, carried away by his desire for
glory, would not be checked in his ardour for battle,
and incited the same feelings in the inferior officers
of the army. So Camillus, fearing lest it be thought
that out of petty jealousy he was trying to rob
younger men of the successes to which they eagerly
aspired, consented, with reluctance, that Lucius
should lead the forces out to battle, while he himself,
on account of his sickness, was left behind in the
camp with a few followers. Lucius conducted the
battle rashly and was discomfited, whereupon
Camillus, perceiving the rout of the Romans, could
not restrain himself, but sprang up from his couch
and ran with his attendants to the gate of the camp.
Through the fugitives he pushed his way to their
pursuers. Those of his men who had passed him
into the camp, wheeled about at once and followed
him, and those who came bearing down on him from
outside, halted and formed their lines about him,
exhorting one another not to abandon their general.
In this way, for that day, the enemy were turned
back from their pursuit. On the next day, Camillus
191
PLUTARCH'S LIVES
KoX (Tvvdy^a^ /^«%^^ avroix; tg vlko. Karh KpdTO<;
Kol TOP 'X^obpaKa Xa/jb/Sdvei avveiairea-obv Tot9
(pevyovaL kol Bia^Oetpw^ tov<; TrXetcrrou?. ifc 8e
TOVTOV 7rvd6p,€vo<; ttoXlv SarpLav viro Tvpprjvwv
kaXwKevai Koi Tov<i olKi]Topa<; direa(f)d')(^dai,
'Tco/j,aLov<; diravTa^ ovra^, rrjv fiev TroWyv Kal
fiapelav rr)? Bwd/jbeco^ €t9 'IPco/jLrjv direareiXeVt
avTo<; 8e rou? dtcpbd^ovra^ fidXicrra koI irpoOvfio-
TaT0f9 dvaXaffcov iirefSaXe roU rrjv iroKiv exovaL
Tvpp7)voU fcal KpaTYjaa^ tou? fjuev i^ijXaaev
avTMV, rov<; Se direKTeivev.
XXXVIII. ^^waveXdobv 8e fiera woWwv Xa^v-
p(t)V eh 'Fcofir)v eirehei^e (ppovip^cordrovf; aTrdvrcDV
T0U9 fiT) <f)oP7]0evTa^ ddOeveiav kol <y7]pa<; rjye-
fjLovo*; ifiTrecpiav /cal roXjiav exovro^;, aXX' eXo-
/jLevov<; cKetvov dfcovra /cal voorovvra jxaXXov rj tmv
iv r)XiKia tov<; Beofievovi; Kal (Tirovha^ovra^
apx^tv. OLO Kal TovcrKXavcov d^ea-rdvai Xeyo-
fievcDv meXevov e^ievau rov KdfiiXXov iir avTov^
2 eva TMP irevre (TvaTpaT'^yayv irpoaeXoiievov. 6 Si,
Kaiirep dirdvicov jSovXofiivcov Kal Beo/juepcov, idara^
TOL'9 dXXov^y irpoaeiXeTO AevKiov ^ovpiov ovB€vo<i
av irpocrBoKr)(TavTO<;, e/c€tvo<; yap rjv 6 irapd
yvQ)/jLi]v Tov Ka/jLiXXov BcaycovLaaaOat irpoOv-
fir)6el(; evayvp^ Kal Svarvxv^cL^ irepl rrjv fid^V^'
dXXa fiovXofjL€VO<;, o)? eoiKev, diroKpv'^aL rrjv
(Tv/jL(f>opav Kal TTjv alcrxvvrjv diraXXd^ai tov
3 dvSpb^ dvrl irdpTcov tovtov irporjyev. ol Be Tov-
(TKXavol rrjv dfiaprlav eiravopOovfievot iravovp-
70)9, 7]Br] /BaBl^ovTO^ eir avrov^ rov KafiiXXov ro
fiev TreBiov dvOpcoiToyv co9 iv elprjvrj yetjupyovvTWV
Kal vefiovToav eveTrXtjaav, t^9 Be 7rvXa<5 el^ov
192
CAMILLUS, xxxvn. 5-xxxvnT. 3
led his forces out, joined battle with the enemy,
defeated them utterly, and took their camp, actually
bursting into it along with those who fled to it, and
slaying most of them. After this, learning that the
city of Satricum had been taken by the Tuscans, and
its inhabitants, all Romans, put to the sword, he sent
back to Rome the main body of his army, comprising
the men-at-arms, while he himself, with the youngest
and most ardent of his men, fell suddenly upon the
Tuscans who held the city and mastered them, ex-
pelling some and slaying the rest.
XXXVIII. He returned with much spoil to Rome,
having proved that those citizens were the most
sensible of all who did not fear the bodily age and
weakness of a leader possessed of experience and
courage, but chose him out, though he was ill and did
not wish it, rather than younger men who craved
and solicited the command. They showed the same
good sense, when the Tusculans were reported to
be on the brink of a revolt, in ordering Camillus to
select one of his five colleagues as an aid, and march
out against them. Although all the five wished and
begged to be taken, Camillus passed the rest by and
selected Lucius Furius, to everyone's surprise. For
he was the man who had just now been eager to
hazard a struggle with the enemy against the judg-
ment of Camillus, and had been worsted in the battle.
But Camillus wished, as it would seem, to hide away
the misfortune and wipe away the disgrace of the
man, and so preferred him above all the rest. But
the Tusculans, when once Camillus was on the march
against them, set to rectifying their transgression as
craftily as they could. Their fields were found full
of men tilling the soil and pasturing flocks, as in
193
PLUTARCH'S LIVES
ave(pyfi€va<; /cat tov<; 7ralBa(; ev rol^ Bi,8a(TKa\eiOi<;
fiavOdvovra*;, tov Be Bi]/jlov to jxev ^dvavcrov iirl
Twv ipyao-TTjpLcov ecopctTO irepX ra? T6%ra9, to S*
dcTTelov iirl ttj^; dyopd^ ev IfiariOL^' ol 8' dpxovr€<;
Trepirjecrav (tttovBtj KaraXvaeL^ TOfc? 'Vcoiiaioif;
€7rayy6WovTe<i, eo9 ovBev KaKov irpocrBoKoiiVTe^
4 ovBe (TvveiBore^. Tovrayv Be Trparrofievcov din-
arelv fxev ovk eiTTjei t& KafjulXXcp rr)v irpoBoaiav,
olfCT€ipa<; Be rrjv eVl ry irpoBocria fieTavoiav
avTcov eKeXevae irpo^ rrjv avyKXrjTov eX06vra<;
TTapaLTetadai rtjv opyrjv koX 7rapaLTovjjLevoL<;
(Tvveirpa^ev avTO<; d(f>edrjvai re rrjv iroXiv alria^
d7rda7]<; koI jxeTaXa^elv laoTroXiTeia^;, avrai fiev
ovv eyevovTO t^? €KTr]<; ')(^LXiap')(ia^ eirt^aveaTarai
7rpd^ei<;.
XXXIX. Mera Be ravra Ai/awiov Xt6Xcovo<;
iv rfi TToXei rrjv fieydXrjv ardaiv iyeipovro^, yv 6
Brjfio^ iaraaia^e irpo^ rrjv avyKXrjrov /Sia^ofjLevof^
Bve2v virdrcov KaOvarafjievcov tov CTepov TrdvTcof; ck
BrjfioTcav elvai Kal firj cvvaficpOTepovf; iraTpiKiovf;,
Brj^ap')(pt fiev ypeOrjaaVf Td<i B* V7raTLKd<; dp-
')(^aipe(7ia<; eTriTeXeadrjvaL BieKooXvaav ol ttoXXol.
2 Kol T&v TrpayfidTcov Bi* dvap')(ia^ (pepofievcov e?
pbel^ova^ Tapaxd<i diroBeiKVVTai BiKTdTcop 6 Kd-
fjLLXXo<; VTTO Tri<; fiovXrj<; ukovti t& BijfjLW to TCTap-
TOVi ovB^ avTo^ Mv TTpoOvjJLO'; ovBe l3ovX6p,evo<;
evavTiovcrOai irpo^ dvOpMirov^ TTapprjalav e^ovra^;
diro TToXXcjv Kal fjueydXcov dycovcov 7r/)09 avTov, €09
TrXeiova fjueT avTMv^ BiaireTrpayfievof; iv aTpari]-
yiai^ rj fieTa t(ov iraTpLKioDv iv iroXiT€iac^, Kal
* ju6t' avrwv diaTTevpayfifvos edd., including Sintenis^, and S;
ip CTTparriyiais fier* avrwv with C,
.^94
CAMILLUS, XXXVIII. 3-xxxix. 2
times of peace ; their gates lay wide open ; their boys
were at school conning their lessons ; and of the
people, the artizans were to be seen in their work-
shops plying their trades, the men of leisure sauntered
over the forum clad in their usual garb, while the
magistrates bustled about assigning quarters for the
Romans, as though they expected and were conscious
of no evil. Their performances did not bring Camillus
into any doubt of their intended treachery, but out
of pity for the repentance that followed so close upon
their treachery, he ordered them to go to the Senate
and beg for a remission of its wrath. He himself
also helped to make their prayers effectual, so that
their city was absolved from all charges and received
the rights of Roman citizenship. Such were the most
conspicuous achievements of liis sixth tribuneship.
XXXIX. After this, Licinius Stolo stirred up the
great dissension in the city which brought the people
into collision with the Senate. The people insisted
that, when two consuls were appointed, one of them
must certainly be a plebeian, and not both patricians.
Tribunes of the people were chosen, but the multi-
tude prevented the consular elections from being
duly held. Owing to this lack of magistrates, matters
were getting more and more confused, and so Camillus
was for the fourth time appointed dictator by the
Senate, though much against the wishes of the
people. He was not eager for the office himself,
nor did he wish to oppose men whose many and
great struggles gave them the right to say boldly to
him : " Your achievements have been in the field
with us, rather than in politics with the patricians ;
195
PLUTARCH'S LIVES
vvv Bia (pdovov eKeivcDV yprjjjiivo^ vir avroiv, OTTWfi
Tj KaraXvaeie tov hrj^v lG')(yGa^ y KaraXvOeir)
fir] KpaTqca^, ov fjbrjv dWa ireipcajjuevo^ dfivveiv
Tol<i Trapovai, ttju r]p,epav yvov<;, iv rj vofioOeTelv 150
ol hrjfiapxoi BievoovvTO, Trpoeypa'y^e. aTpaTid<i Ka~
TaXoyov koX pueTeKciXet tov Brjfxov 6K t^9 dyopd<i
6i9 TO ireBiov p.eyd\a<i ^ij/jllu^ direCkSyv Kara tov
fjLT) vTraKOuaavTo^, r&v Be Br)/idp)^a)v ixeWep av
irdXiv dvravtCTTafJiivcov ral^ direLkalf; koI Bcofivv-
fxevoav irevre fivpidaiv dpyvptov ^^^ixicaGeiv, el firj
TravaaiTO rod Btj/jlov tov vopov d(f)acpov/MepoL<; Kal
Tr)v 'y^Tj^oVy etre BeLaa^i <f)vyr]v erepav koX Kara- m
BlKrjv, 0)9 dvBpl TTpear^vrrj koX KaT6ipya<Tp.ev(p f
p^eyaka p^r) irpeirovaav, etre rov Brjpov rrjv /Slav
dp,axov ovcrav koX BvavLKrjrov virep^dXiadaL p,r)
Bwdpevo^i p.r)B€ fiov\6p,evo<;, Tore p^ev virexj^pv^^v
oLKaBe' ral^ B" e^rj<i 'r)p.epaL<i aKrj'^dpevo^ dp-
pwarelv e^copocraro rrjv dpx^v,
'H Be (TvyK\rjro<; erepov BiKraropa Karearr^ae'
KaKelvo^i diroBei^a^; Xmrapxov avrov rov riyepuova
rrj^ (Trdae(o<i %r6X(Dva irapfJKCV eirLKvpayaai rov
vopLOv rov pudXiara Xvirovvra tou9 7rarpiKLov<i.
eKeXevae 3' ouro<; p,T)Beva rrXeOpwv irevraKoaicov
irXelova x^pf^v KeKrrjaOai. rore pev ovv Xap,7rpo<;
6 XroXojv eyeyovet rfj "y^rj^fxp Kparr)cra<;' oXiyw S'
varepov avro<; edXcj KeKT'r]p,evo<i oarjv e^eiv eKco-
Xvev erepovi, Kal /card rov avrov vopov BLktjv
eBwKev.
XL. *T'7roXei7rop,ev7}<; Be rr]({ rrepX rcjv virartKcov
dpxat,peaiO)v (ptXoveiKLa^, o Br) ^dXerrcorarov t^9
ardaecoq rjv kuI irpdrov rjp^e Kal rrXelara
196
CAMILLUS, XXXIX. 2-xl. i
it is through hate and envy that they have now made
you dictator ; they hope that you will crush the
people if you prevail, or be crushed yourself if you
fail." However, be tried to ward off the threatening
evils. Having learned the day on which the tribunes
intended to propose their law, he issued proclamation
making it a day of general muster, and summoned
the people from the forum into the Campus Martius,
with threats of heavy fines upon tlie disobedient.
The tribunes, on the contrary, for their part, opposed
his threats with solemn oaths that they would fine
him fifty thousand silver drachmas if he did not cease
trying to rob the people of its vote and its law.
Then, either because he feared a second condemna-
tion to exile, a penalty unbecoming to a man of his
years and achievements, or because he was not able,
if he wished, to overcome the might of the people
which was now become resistless and invincible, he
withdrew to his house, and after alleging sickness for
several days, resigned his office.
But the Senate appointed another dictator, and
he, after making Stolo himself, the very leader of the
sedition, his master of horse, suffered the law to be
enacted. It was a most vexatious law for the
patrician, for it prohibited anyone from owning more
than five hundred acres of land. At that time,
then, Stolo was a resplendent figure, owing to his
victory at the polls ; but a little while after, he him-
self was found to be possessed of what he forbade
others to own, and so paid the penalty fixed by his
own law.
XL. There remained, however, the strife over
the consular elections, which was the main problem in
the dissensions, as it was its first cause^ and gave
197
PLUTARCH'S LIVES
irpdyfJLara ry ^ov\fj irapecry^e hia^epofievrj TTpot;
TOP Srj/jbov, dyyeXiai. Trpoaeireaov aa(f)el<i, Ke\-
TOV<; av6i<; airo Trj<; *ABpLaTCKrj^ apavTa<; da-
Xd(7(Tr](i fivptdcri 7roXkaL<} iirl rrjv ^PcofjLrjv iXav-
2 v€iv. dpLa Se T(p Xoytp teal to, epya rov irdXepbov
Traprjv TropOov/jiivr)^; t^9 X'^P^^ '^^^ "^^^ dvOpcO'
TTCOv, 6(7ot<; /XT} paBiov Tjv €t9 Tr]v *Fco/ir]v Kara-
(pvyelv, dva ra opij aKeSavvvfievcov, ovro^ 6
(^60o<^ KaTeiravae rrjv ardacv, koX (TVve\d6vTe<^
eU ravTo Tol<i ttoXXo?? ol KpaTicrroc Kal tjj ffovXij
TO BrjpoTtKov eXXovTO '7rdvT€<; i/c jjLid<i yvcofjbi]<; Bl-
3 KTUTOpa TO irefiirTov Kd/jLiXXov. 6 B* r)V fiev
a^oBpa yep(M>v koX fxiKpov aTTeXeLirev oyBorjfcovTa
er't] yeyovevar avvopfav Be ttjv dvdyfcrjv koX top
KivBvvov, 0VT6 vTTOTLfirjaiv elircov, co? irpoTepoVy
0VT6 irpocpdo'ei ^/OT^tra/Aez^o?, aXX' avTodev vtto-
aTCL^ TTJV aTpaTrjyiav KUTeXeye Toif^: fiaxv^o-
fi€vov<;.
EtSa)9 Be T^9 Tcov ^ap^dpcov oXkt]^ tvjv jSLato-
Tarrjv iv tol^ /naxalpai^ ovcrav, a9 ^ap^apLKOd^
Kal crvv ouBefMLo. Te^yy Kara^epovTe^ Mfiov<;
4 pLoXiaTa Kal Ke^aXd^: Bce/coiTTOv, exaX/ceva-aTo
fjLev Kpdvr] Tot9 7rXeiaT0L<i oXoaiBi^pa Kal Xela Tal<=;
7repL(j)€p€iaL<!, 009 diroXiadaiveLV rj Kardyvvadai
Ta9 p^a'xciipa'^, to?9 Be 6vpeol<; kvkXm irepirjpfjboae
XeiriBa ^^Xktjv, tov ^vXov Ka6' auTO Ta9 7rXrjyd<i
fir) (TTeyovTO^* avTOv<i Be tou9 (TTpaTicora^; iBt-
Ba^e T0i9 v(Ta-OL<; jjuaKpol^ Bia %6t^09 %/>5(7^at Kal
T0t9 ^L(f>e(TL TMV TToXe/jLicov vTro^dXXovTa^i ckBc-
XecrOat Ta9 KaTa<j)opd<;,
XLI. ^Errel Be irX'qcriov rjaav ol KeXrot, irepl
TOV ^AvLcova TTOTajjLov (TTpaTOireBov fiapv Kal
198
CAMILLUS, XL. i-xLi. 1
the Senate most concern in its contention with
the people. But suddenly clear tidings came that
the Gauls had once more set out from the Adriatic
Sea, many myriads strong, and were marching on
Rome. With the word, the actual deeds of war kept
pace. The country was ravaged, and its population,
all who could not more easily fly to Rome for refuge,
scattered among the mountains. This terror put an
end to the dissension in the city, and brought to-
gether into conference both the rich and the poor,
the Senate and the people. All with one mind chose
Camillus dictator for the fifth time. He was now
quite old, lacking little of eighty years ; but recog-
nizing the peril and the necessity which it laid upon
him, he neither made excuse, as before, nor resorted
to pretext, but instantly took upon him the com-
mand and went to levying his soldiers.
Knowing that the prowess of the Barbarians lay
chiefly in their swords, which they plied in true
barbaric fashion, and with no skill at all, in mere
slashing blows at head and shoulders, he had helmets
forged for most of his men which were all iron and
smooth of surface, that the enemy's swords might
slip off from them or be shattered by them. He
also had the long shields of his men rimmed round
with bronze, since their wood could not of itself
ward off the enemy's blows. The soldiers them-
selves he trained to use their long javelins like
spears, — to thrust them under the enemy's swords
and catch the downward strokes upon them.
XLI. When the Gauls were near at hand, being
encamped on the Anio and encumbered with untold
199
PLUTARCH'S LIVES
fi€(TTov a(f)66vov Xeta? e^^oi^re?, i^ayaycov rrjv
Bvva/JLLV iBpvo-6 Kara vdirrj^ fia\a/C7]<; Kal avy-
KX,iaeL<; iroWa'^ ixovcr7j<;, warre to fiev ifkelcnov
airoKpijineddaLt to S' opoofievov Sok6lv vtto Seou?
2 6t9 '^copia irpoadvTr] KaTeCkelaOai, TavTrjv Se
TYjv ho^av avTcov 6 Ka/xtXXo? av^eiv ^ovKopevo^
ov TTpoarjixwe tS>v vtto TroSa? iropOovp^evoiv, dWa
Tov 'x^dpaKa (l)pa^dp€vo<; -^pejuec, l^^XP'' ^^ tou?
/lev iv Trpopofial^; eaKehaaiievov<i KarelBe, tou9 B^
iu TO) aTpaTOireSo) iraaav wpav eixTnirXapLevov^
3 a^etSw? Kal fie6vovTa<;. t6t6 Be vvkto^ 6tc tol'9
'^iXov<; 7rpoeK7rep,'\]raf; ifnroBcbv elvai rot? ^ap-
^dpot<; eh Td^iv KadtaTap^ivoif; Kal BiaTapdrTeiv
ev6u<; iire^iovTa^, KaTeffl/Sa^ev opOpov tow? ott-
Xira^ Kal irapeTaTTSV iv Toh eTrcTriBoc^, 'jroWou<; 151
Kal irpodvpLovi, ovx ^cirep ol fidp^apot irpoae-
BoKcov, oXt70u9 Kal aToXjiov^ (pavevTa^. Trpcorov
p.ev ovv TOVTo Tcbv KeXTwz^ dveTpe'xjre to, ^povrj- j
yLtara irap d^iav iTrix^ipelaOai, Bokovvt'-ov. f
eireiTa irpoaTTiirTOVTef; ol yjriXol Kal irplv rj tov
(TVvrjOri Xa/Secv k6(t/jlov Kal BiaKpidrjvac Kara
Xoxovf; KLvovvTe<; avrov^ Kal fiia^op^evot, 7r/?o9 to
4 (TVVTVxov dTdKT0v<; r]vdyKaaav pdx'^crOau Teko^
Be TOV Ka/itXXou Tol'9 07rXtTa9 iirdyovTO^, ol fiev
dvaTeivdfjievoi tol^ /laxct'lpa'i avvBpafielv ea-
TrevBov, ol Be Tol<i vaaoh d7ravT(0VTe<i Kal to,
creaiBrjpcopeva fieprj Tat<: nrXrjyah y7ro(f>epovTe';
dvearpecfyov tov eKeivcov crlBrjpov fiaXaKov ovTa
Kal Xe7rTW9 iXrjXap,evov, coare Kd/jLTrTecrOai Taxv
Kal BiTrXovaOac Ta9 jJiaxalpa^t tov<; Be Ovpeov^
200
I
CAMILLUS, XLi. 1-4
plunder, Camillus led his forces out and posted them
in a gently sloping glade with many hollows, so that
the largest part of them were concealed, and the
part that could be seen had the look of shutting
themselves up in hilly places out of fear. This
opinion of them Camillus wished to strengthen, and
therefore made no defence of those who were
plundered even at his very feet, but fenced in his
trenches and lay quiet, until he saw that some of the
enemy were scattered abroad in foraging parties,
while those in the camp did nothing but gorge
themselves with meat and drink Then, while it
was yet night, he sent his light-armed troops for-
ward to hinder the Barbarians from falling into
battle-array and throw them into confusion as they
issued from their camp. Just before dawn, he led
his men-at-arms down into the plain and drew them
up in battle-array, many in number and full of spirit,
as the Barbarians now saw, not few and timid,
as they had expected. To begin with, it was this
which shattered the confidence of the Gauls, who
thought it beneath them to be attacked first. Then
again, the light-armed folk fell upon them, forced
them into action before they had taken their usual
order and been arrayed in companies, and so com-
pelled them to fight at random and in utter disorder.
Finally, when Camillus led his men-at-arms to the
attack, the enemy raised their swords on high and
rushed for close quarters. But the Romans thrust
their javelins into their faces, received their strokes
on the parts that were shielded by iron, and so turned
the edge of their metal, which was soft and weakly
tempered, so much so that their swords quickly bent
up double, while their shields were pierced and
20I
PLUTARCH'S LIVES
<TV/JL7r67rdpOai koI PapvveaOai tg>v vctctmv ecpeX
K0/jL6PC0V, Sib Koi /jL€0C(7rd/jL€UOL TOiV ISiOiV OTrXofj
iireLpcovTO TOL<i eKeLvcov av(TTpe<p€a9aL koI to
vcraov(; irapat^epeiv eTTcXafM^avo/jLevoL Tal<; 'X^epatu,
ol Be 'Vco/jLaloL fyv/jLVovfievov<;^ 6p(ovT€<i "^Br] rol
^i^eaiv i')(^p(0VT0, koX (povo^ fjuev rjv TroXvf; tcov
TTporaKTcov, (t)vyrj Be tmv dWcov 7ravTa')(^6a6 tov
ireBiov. TOV? 'yap \6^ov^ fcal ra vyjrTjXa irpo/car-
eiXr)(j)€L K-d/jLcXXo^it to Be arparoTreBov Bia to
Oapaelv d(j)paKTOv e%oz/Te? yBecrav ov %aA-e7rco9
aXwcroixevov.
TavTTjv Tr)v fid^vv erecnv vcTTepov TpiaKaiBeKa
fyeveadat Xejovai tt)? ^V(Ofi7]<^ d\d>aeco<i, kcli ^^
fiaiov ef avTTJi: (ppovrjfia KaTcu tcov KgXtwi^ iyy
vecrdai 'F(o/jLaLoc<; cr^oBpa BeBoifcoai tov<; fiap
^dpov(;, ft)? TO TTpcoTov Bta v6(rov<; koX Tv^a
irapaXoyov^, ov KaTO, KpdTO^, vir avTcbv vevLKij
fievovi;. ovTco 8' ovu 6 ^6^o<; yv Icr^vpo^, axTTe
OeaOaL vojjlov d<peia6at tov<; lepet? (JTpaTela^
%ft)/3k ctv firj TaXaTiKo<i y iroXefio^.
XLIL Tcov fjiev ovv crTpaTLcoTCfCMV dya>vcov
ovTOfi rjycdviadr] to) Ka/jLiXX(p TeXevTalo<;. ttjv
yap OveXiT pavcbv ttoXlv elXev iv irapepyw TavT7j<;
T>79 (TTpaTeia<i diJLa')(el irpoayodpriGaaav avT<h.
t5)V Be TToXiTiKcov 6 fJieyL(JT0<^ vireXeLTreTO koi
^aX67rft)T6/309 ^ 7rpo9 tov BrifjLOv la'^vpov iiravrj-
KOVTa TTJ ViKT} Kol ^ia^6/jL€V0V €K BtJ/JLOTCOV UTTUTOV
diroBel^ai irapd tov KaOea-TCOTa vofiov, avTCTUTTO-
[xev7]<i TTJf} ^ovX'r]<; Kal tov K-djuLiXXov ovk ico(Tr]<;
* yvfivovju-evovs with S : yvfivovs.
^ Kol xaAeir£6T6/)os Sintenis*, now supported by S: xaAeTrci-
TCpOS.
■
CAMILLUS, xLi. 4-XL11. I
weighed down by the javehns which stuck in them.
Therefore they actually abandoned their own weapons
and tried to possess themselves of those of their
enemies, and to turn aside the javelins by grasping
them in their hands. But the Romans, seeing them
thus disarmed, at once took to using their swords,
and there was a great slaughter of their foremost
ranks, while the rest fled every whither over the
plain ; the hill tops and high places had been occu-
pied beforehand by Camillus, and they knew that
their camp could easily be taken, since, in their
overweening confidence, they had neglected to
fortify it.
This battle, they say, was fought thirteen years
after the capture of Rome, and produced in the
Romans a firm feeling of confidence regarding the
Gauls. They had mightily feared these Barbarians,
who had been conquered by them in the first instance,
as they felt, in consequence of sickness and extra-
ordinary misfortunes, rather than of any prowess in
their conquerors. At any rate, so great had their
terror been that they made a law exempting priests
from military service, except in case of a Gallic war.
XLI I. This was the last military exploit performed
by Camillus, for the capture of Velitrae was a direct
sequel of this campaign, and it yielded to him with-
out a struggle. But the greatest of his civil contests
yet remained and it was harder to wage it now against
a people which had come back flushed with victory,
and bent on electing a plebeian consul, contrary to
the established law. But the Senate opposed their
demands, and would not suffer Camillus to lay aside
?03
PLUTARCH'S LIVES
aiToOeaOai rrjv ap^^v, ft)9 fJ^T lG')(vpa<i koX
fi6ydX7j<; i^ov(TLa^ t^9 eKeivov fiaxn^ofievrnv av
2 ^eXriov virep Trj<; apLa-TOKparla'^. eTrel Be
TTpoKadrjfievov rov Ka/jLiXkov koX %/?7;yLtaTtfoz/T09
iirl rrjq ayopa^ VTrrjpeTrjf; wefJi^deh irapa tcov
Sr]fidp')(^ci)V eKeXevaev CLKokovdelv kcu ttjv %eipa
Tw (Tco/jiaTi TTpoaijyev co? aTrd^cov, Kpavyrj Be koL
06pv^o<;, olo<; oi/ttg), KaTeax^ rrjv dyopdv, tmv
fiev irepX rov J^d/JLiXkov ayOovvrcov diro rov
PrjfiaTO^ rov Brjfioo-iov, tmv Be iroWcbv KdrwOev
e\.K€Lv eTTiKeXevofjuepcov, diropovfji^vo^ rot? ira-
povai rr)V fiev dp')(r]v ov 'TrpoiJKaro, rou? Be ySof-
Xevra^ dvaXa^cov e^dBi^ev eirl rrjv avyKXrjrov.
3 Kal irplv elcreXdelv fJLeracTTpacjyelf; eh to Kawt-
tmXiov ev^aro Tot<; 6eoi<; KarevOvvai ra irapovra
77/909 TO fcaXXicTTov TeXo9, VTToa'x^oixevo^ vaov
'Ofiovoia^ IBpva-aadai rrj^s ra/oap^^? fcaTa(TTd(Trj<;.
MeydXov S' dyMvc; ev ttj avyfcXtjra) yevo-
fievov 7ry909 Ta9 ivavTia^ yvco/xa^, o/Li(o<; ivUrjaev
7) fxaXaKWTepa koX vTreuKovaa t& Btjfio) koX
BiBovaa Tcov vTrdTcov top eTepov diro tov ttXt;-
4 Oov; dp')(aipe(Jid(TaL. TavTa 8* ft>9 ttj fiovXfj
BoKovvTa tov BcKTdropo<; dvetirovTO'^ ev tw By/jurp,
TrapaxpVM'^ y^^^> o^op eiKo^, '^Bojuevoi ry ^ovXfj
BirfkXdTTOVTO Kal rov KdfitXXov oiKaBe KpoTq)
fcal jSof) irpoeireiJLiTOv, ry S' vcrrepala avveX-
66vTe<; i-yjrijclilaavTO t^9 fiev *OfiovoLa<; lepov,
WGirep ev^aTO KdfiLXXo<^, eh rrjv dyopav koI ttjv
eKKXrjaiav diroTTTOV em To2<i yeyevr^jjAvoi^ IBpv-
5 aaaOaiy Tat9 Be KaXovfievat^; AaTivai<i ixiav
yfiepav irpoadevTa<; eopTa^eiv TeTTapa<:, irapav- 152 |
204
CAMILLUS, xLii. 1-5
his office, thinking that, with the aid of his great
power and authority, they could make a better fight
in defence of their aristocracy. But once when
Camillus was seated in state and des})atching public
business in the forum, an officer, sent by the tribunes
of the people, ordered him to follow, actually lay-
ing hands upon him as though to hale him away.
All at once such cries and tumult as had never
been heard before filled the forum, the friends of
Camillus thrusting the plebeian officer down from the
tribunal, and the multitude below ordering him to
drag the dictator away. Camillus, perplexed at the
issue, did not renounce his office, but taking the
senators with him, marched off to their place of
meeting. Before he entered this, turning to the
Capitol, he prayed the gods to bring the present
tumults to their happiest end, solemnly vowing to
build a temple to Concord when the confusion was
over.
In the Senate there was a great conflict of opposing
views, but nevertheless, the milder course prevailed,
concession was made to the people, and permission
given them to elect one of the consuls from their
own body. When the dictator announced this to
the people as the will and pleasure of the Senate, at
once, as was to be expected, they were delighted to
be reconciled with the Senate, and escorted Camillus
to his home with loud applause. On the following
day they held an assembly and voted to build a
temple of Concord, as Camillus had vowed, and to
have it face the forum and place of assembly,
to commemorate what had now happened. They
voted also to add a day to the so-called Latin festival,
and thereafter to celebrate four days, and that all
205
PLUTARCH'S LIVES
TiKd he Oveiv kov (TTe(f)avr)(j)opeLv *Pco/iabov<;
a7ravTa<;. tmv h' ap^ai-pealcov ^pa/SevOevrav
viro Ka/jLiWov KaTeorrdOrjo'av vTraroi, MapAro?
fiev AlfiL\LO<; sk irarpLKiwv, AevKio^; Be Xe^rto<;
€K SrjfioTcov 7rp(0T0<;. koI tovto 'Trepan at Ka-
/jLikXov 7rpd^et<; ea")(pv.
XLIII. 'Ez/ he T&) KaroTTLv eviavrw \oifi(ohr]f;
v6ao<^ efiTrea-ovaa rfj *P(ofir) rov [xev aXkov 6')(kov
ov TrepiXTjiTTOv dptO fiw hie^Oeipe, twv h^ apyovTWV
Tov^ irkeiaTov^;. 'EreXei^T^yo-e he teal Ka/iiXXo9,
rjXiKia^ fxev ovveKa koI ^lov reXeioTrjrof;, tw? ei
Ti^ a\Xo9 dvdpcoirav oipalo^i, dvidaa^ he 'Fay-
fiaiov^ ft)9 ovhe o-vfjb7ravTe<; ol tjj voaco kut
eKelvov Tov ')(^p6vov diroOavovres,
1
206
CAMILLUS, xLii. 5-XL111. I
Romans at once perform sacrifices with garlands on
their heads. At the elections held by Camillus,
Marcus Aemilius was chosen consul from the
patricians, and Lucius Sextus first consul from the
plebeians. This was the last public act of Camillus.
XLIII. In the year following, a pestilential sick-
ness visited Rome, carrying off an incalculable number
of the common people, and most of the magistrates.
Camillus also died at this time, and he was full ripe
for death, if any man ever was, considering his years
and the completeness of his life ; yet his loss grieved
the Romans more than that of all those who perished
of the plague at this time.
207
ARISTIDES
Pit
API2TEIAH2
I. *Api(TT€Lhr)<; 6 Av(Tifid')(pv <f)v\rj<; /uiev ^v
^Avtlo^lBo<;, tmv he hrjjjLwv ^AXwirefcrjOev. rrepl
8* ovarian avTOV Xoyot, htd^opoi 'ye'yovacnv, oi jxev
<»? €v Trevia avvTovfo KaTa^La>(TavTO<; koX fiera
Tf^v TeXevrrjv diroXiTrovTO^ 6vyaTepa<^ hvo iroXvv
2 'x^povov dveKBoTovf; Be diropiav yevofiiva^;' 7r/?09
Be TOVTOV rov \6yov viro rroXkSiv elprjiievov dvn-
ra(rcr6fjL€vo<; 6 ^a\7]pev(; Arj/jL^Tpio^i iv rw Xcok-
pdrei ywplov ^dktjpoL <f)7)(rt. yivdocTKeiv ^ApiareiBov
yevojjbevov, ev w reOaTTTai, fcal Te/c/jLijpia rrj<; irepX
rov oIkov ev7ropia<i ev fiev rjyelrai Tr)v eirdtvvfjLov
^PX^^' ^^ VPX^^ 6^ rat Kvdfirp Xax^ov gk twv
yevMV T(ov ra jxeytdra TLfirjfJLara KeKTTjfievcdv, ov<;
7r€VTaKoo-iofjL€Bifivov<; TTpoa-Tjyopevov, erepov Be rov
3 i^oo-rpaKia/jLov ovBevl yap tmv irevrjTcov, dXka
Tot9 ef oXkojv t€ fieydXcov kol Bih yevovf; oyKov
e'm(f)66vwv oarpaKOv eiricjiepecrBar rpurov Be koX
TeXevracov, on viKrjf; dvad^/iara 'XPpriyiKovf;
TpLiToBa^ ev Acovvcrov KaraXeXotTrev, ot fcal fcaO^
rjfid^ eBeiKVVvTO TOLavrrjv iiriypa^'qv Btacray^ovref;'
' ^pX^v 6 Blass, adopting Sintenis' conjecture : ^p{«.
2IO
ARISTIDES
I. Aristides, tlie son of Lysimachus, belonged
to the tribe Antiochis, and to the deme Alopec^.
As regards his substance, stories differ, some having
it that he passed all the days of his life in severe
poverty, and that at his death he left behind
him two daughters who for a long time were
not sought in marriage because of their indigence.
But in contradiction of this story which so many
writers give, Demetrius of Phalerum, in his
"Socrates," says he knows of an estate in Phalerum
which belonged to Aristides — the one in which he
lies buried, and regards as proofs of his opulent
circumstances, first, his office of Archon Eponymotis,
which only he could hold who obtained it by lot from
among the families carrying the highest property-
assessments (these were called Pentacosiomedimni, or
Five-hundred-bushellers) ; second, his banishment in
ostracism, for no poor men, but only men from
great houses which incurred envy because of
their family prestige, were liable to ostracism;
third, and last, the fact that he left in the
precinct of Dionysus as offerings for victory some
choregic tripods, which, even in our day, were pointed
out as still bearing the inscription : " The tribe
211
PLUTARCH'S LIVES
" *ArTfco%i9 ivLKa, * ApLa-relSrj^ ixop)]y€i, ^Kpye-
arparo'^ iBiBacTKe.''^
i Tovrl fjiev ovv, Kaiirep elvai Bokovu p,e'yt(noVj
aaOevecrarov iarc. koI yap ^ ETrafMeivcovSa^, ov
irdvT€^ dvdpcoTTOc yivcoa/covaiv ev irevia koX rpa-
(f>6VTa TToWfj Kol jSKoa-avra, /cat TlXdrcov 6 (f)i\6-
ao(f)0<i ovK d<pi\oTi/Jiov(; dveSe^avro 'x^opr}<yia^, 6
fiev av\r)Tac<; dvSpdaiVi 6 Be iraial kvkXloi^;
%o/)7;7»;o-a9, tovto) jxev Almvo'^ 'tov XvpaKOvaiov
rr)v BaTrdvTjv 'Trape')(pvTO^, ^RTrafietvoovBa Be reov
5 irepl HeXoTTiBav. ov yap eari TOt? dya6ol<i
aKijpvKTO^; Kal dcnrovBo<; tt/oo? tol^; irapa rcbv
(j)iX(ov Bo)p€a<i TToXe/xo?, dWa Td<; et? dirodeaiv
Kal irXeove^iav dyevvel^ riyovfxevoi Kal raireivd^i, 319
oaat (f)t\orLp-La<i nvo^ dK€pBov<; e^ovTai Kal Xap,-
TTpOTTJTO^ OVK dlTwdoVVTai.
TlavaLTio<; pLevroi wepl tov rpiTToBo^ dirocpaii^ei
6 TOV At]/jLT]rpiov ofjLCDVVpLLa BiG-^eva jxevov diro yap
TO)v ^rjBiKOdV eh T^z/ reXevTTjv tov IleXoTrovvrj-
(TiaKov iroXifjLOV Bvo pl6vov<; ^ KpLdTeiBa^ ')(op'qyov<^
dvaypd(^ea9at viKMVTa^;, wv ouBeTepov elvai tw
A.vaLpLd')(pv TOV avTov, dXXa tov puev aevo<piXov
7raTp6<;, tov Be 'X^povat iroXXw veooTepov, co? eXey^
%6i Ta ypd/jLfiaTa ttJ? fieT }lvKXeiB7]v ovTa ypapL-
p.aTiKrj<i Kal iTpo(Tyeypa}jif.ievo<^ o Ap^eaTpaTO^ff
ov ev TOfc? M?;St/cot9 ovBel^;, ev Be toI<; UeXoTrov-
vr}(TtaKoi<; av)(^vol ')(pp(i}v BiBdaKaXov dvaypd-
(povcn.
7 To fiev ovv tov YlavaLTLOv fieXTiov eTria-KeTTTeov
212
I
ARISTIDES, I. 3-7
Antiochis was victorious; Aristides was Choregus;
Archestratus was Poet."
Now this last argument, though it seems very-
strong, is really very weak. For both Epaminondas,
who, as all men know, was reared and always lived
in great poverty, and Plato the philosopher, took
it upon themselves to furnish munificent public
performances, the first, of men trained to play
the flute, the second, of boys trained to sing and
dance ; but Plato received the money that he spent
thereon from Dion of Syracuse, and Epaminondas
from Pelopidas. Good men wage no savage and
relentless war against the gifts of friends, but
while they look upon gifts taken to be stored
away and increase the receiver's wealth as ignoble
and mean, they refuse none which promote an
unselfish and splendid munificence.
However, as regards the tripods, Panaetius tries
to show that Demetrius was deceived by identity
of name. From the Persian wars, he says, down
to the end of the Peloponnesian war, only two
Aristides are recorded as victorious choregi, and
neither of them is identical with the son of
Lysimachus. One was the son of Xenophilus, and
the other lived long afterwards, as is proved by
the inscription itself, which is written in the
character used after Eucleides,^ as well as by the
last name, Archestratus, of whom there is no
record during the Persian wars, while during the
time of the Peloponnesian war his name often
appears as that of a choral poet.
This argument of Panaetius should be more closely
* In 403-402 B.C., when Eucleides was Archon Eponymous,
the Ionian alphabet was officially adopted at Athens.
213
PLUTARCH'S LIVES
r) ryevo^i rj \6yov SvvajjLiv virep tov<; ttoXXol'?
vo/jLi^6fjLevo<; vireTnTTTev oirov kuI Aci/mov 6 JJepi-
KXeovf; 8vBdaKa\o<;, otl to ippovelv iBoKCL Ti<f
8 elvat 7r€/)tTT09, i^oDarpaKLaOr). koX fjurjv ap^ai
ye TOP ^ApKTTelBrjv 6 'IBofjueveix; ov Kvafievrov, aX>C
eXofievcov *AOr)vaia)v <j)r)aiv. el Be kol fiera rrjv
iv nXaratat? fid^V^^ VP^^^> ^? avrb^; 6 ArjfjLTj-
Tpio^ yeypacjie, koX irdvv inOavov ia-riv eVt Bo^y
ToaavTT} Kol Karopdcofiacn Tr]\i,KOVTOi<i d^icoOrjvai
Bt* dperrjv ^9 Bta ttXovtov eTvy^avov ol \ay^d-
9 vovTe<i. dWa yap 6 fiev ArjjjUjrpto'i ov jjlovov
^KpKTTelBr^v, dX\.h koI "^(OKpdrrjv S^Xo? icm rrjf;
7r€Via<! e^ekeadau ^L\oTt,fbov/J,€Vo<; (09 fieydXov
KaKOV' Koi yap eKeivoi <f>rja]v ov fiovov rrjv olKiav
vTrdp')(^eLVy dXka koI pbva^ i^Bop^TjKovra tokl^o-
fJL€Va<i VTTO J^pLTCJVO^.
IL ^ApLaT€iBr]<; Be K.\€i(rdevov(; jxev rov Kara-
arrjaafievov rrjv iroXiTelav /nerd tou? Tvpdvvov<}
eralpo^ yevo/juevo^;, ^rjXcoaaf; Be Kal Oavfidaa^
fjbdXtara tS)V iroXiTiKCdV dvBpcov AvKOVpyov top
AaKeBaifjLoviov, ^yjraTO fiev dpidTOKpaTLKYj^; iroXi-
Teta9, 6cr%6 S' avTcraacro/jLevov virep rov Btj/jlov
(&efjLiaTOK\ea rov Neo/cXeot'9. evcoi jiev ovv (paaiv
iralBa<i ovra^ avTOV<i Kal o-vvTpe(po/jL€vov<$ dir
dpxv^ ev iravrl Kal airovBrj^ exo/nevfo Kal 7ratBtd<;
TTpdyfjLarL Kal Xoyw Biaif^epeodai irpo^ aXX>/Xoi/9,
2 Kal Ta9 (^vo"€i9 ev6v<i viro Tr;9 (piXoveiKia^ ixeLpi]^
ARISTIDES, I. 7-II. 2
examined as to its validity ; but to banishment in
ostracism every one was liable mHo was superior
to the common run of men in reputation, or lineage,
or eloquence. And so it was that Damon, the
teacher of Pericles, was ostracized because he
was thought to be rather extraordinary in his
wisdom.^ Furthermore, Idomeneus says that Aristides
obtained the office of archon, not by lot, but by
the election of the Athenians.^ And if he was
made archon after the battle of Plataea, as Demetrius
himself has written, it is cei*tainly very credible
that in view of such a reputation and such successes
as he there won, he should be deemed worthy,
for his valour, of an office which men who drew lots
for it obtained for their wealth. In fact, Demetrius
is clearly ambitious to rescue not only Aristides,
but also Socrates from what he deems the great
evil of poverty, for he says that Socrates owned
not only his house, but also seventy minas out at
interest with Crito.
II. Aristides was an intimate friend of that
Cleisthenes who set the state in order after the
expulsion of the tyrants. He also admired and
emulated, above all other statesmen, Lycurgus
the Lacedaemonian. He therefore favoured an
aristocratic form of government, and ever had
opposed to him, as champion of the people, Themis-
tocles the son of Neocles. Some say that even
as boys and fellow-pupils, from the outset, in every
word and deed, whether serious or trivial, they
were at variance with one another, and that by
* Pericles, iv. 2.
» From 508 B.C. to 487 B.C. the archons were elected by
the Assembly ; after 487, they were once more chosen by lot.
VOL. n. H 2^5
PLUTARCH'S LIVES
avaKaXvTTTeaOat, rrjv fiev ev^^pV '^'^^ irapdfBoXov
KoX Travovpyov ovaav koI fxer ofurr^ro? eirl
irdvra pahiw^ (j)€pofjbev7]v, rrjv 3* ISpvfjuevrjv iv ^dec
fie^aia) koX irpo^ to Blkulov drevi],^ ylrevBo^; Be kol
P(oixoko')(lav KoX dirdrrjv ouS' iv iraiBia^ rcvi
rpOTTO) 7rpO(7l€/l€V7]V,
^Ap[(TTCov 8' Keto9 ef epcoriKrj^ dpxv^ yevi-
aOai (prjal koX irpoeXOelv iirl roaovrov rrjv
3 ex^pdv avTMV, XTTjaiXeco ydp, 09 ^v yevei
Keio?, IBea re koI fiopcfyfj acofiaTO^ ttoXv tcov iv
wpa Xa/jLirporarofif dfitfyoTepov; ipaaOevTW^ ov
jxerpico^ iveyKelv to irdOo^ ovh^ a/xa \r]yovTi rw
KoXXei Tov 7rat8o9 dirodeaOaL rr}v ^ikoveiKLav,
aXV Mdirep iyyv/uLvaaajJievovfi iKeivrj irpo^ rrjv
iroXnelav €vdv<i opfirja-aL BLairvpov^s ovTa<; koI
8ia(f)6p(Ofi e%oz^Ta9.
4 *0 fiev ovv S€/iii,(TTOK\rj<; eh eraipeiav ifx^aXoov
eavrov el%€ TrpoffXrjfjba kol Bvva/JiLV ovk evKara-
(^povTjTov, coare kclI irpo^ tov elirovTa KaX(b<;
avTOV dp^eiv 'Adrjvaiwv, avirep X(T0<; 97 kol koivo^;
aTraai " M.r]B67roTeJ* elirelv, *' eh tovtov iyo)
KaOio-at/jLi tov Opovov, iv o5 TrXeov ovBev e^ovatv
5 ol (piXoi Trap* ifiol twv aXXoTpicov^^ ^ApiaTelBij^; Be
KaO^ eavTov wairep oBov IBiav i^dBi^e Bid ttjs ttoXi-
T6ta9, irpcoTOV fiev ov ^ovXofievo^ GwaBiKelv Toh
eTalpoi^ 7) Xv7rr]po<; elvat fir) '^apt^o/jievo';, eirevTa
TYfV diro Tcbv (piXcov Bvvafxiv ovk oXiyov^ IBodv
iiraipovcrav dBiKelv ic^vXdTTSTOy /jlovw tm )(^prjaTd
^ areVr) MSS. and editors, including Sintenis ^ : areve? after
Classen.
216
I
I
ARISTIDES, II. 2-5
this very rivalry their natures were straightway
made manifest, the one as dexterous, reckless, and
unscrupulous, easily carried with impetuosity into
any and every undertaking ; the other as established
on a firm character, intent on justice, and admitting
no falsity or vulgarity or deceit, not even in any
sport whatsoever.
But Ariston of Ceos says that this enmity of
theirs, which came to be so intense, had its origin
in a love affair. They were both enamoured of
Stesilaiis, who was of Ceian birth, and in beauty
of person the most brilliant of youths ; and they
cherished their passion so immoderately, that not
even after the boy's beauty had faded did they
lay aside their rivalry, but, as though they had
merely taken preliminary practice and exercise in
that, they presently engaged in matters of state
also with passionate heat and opposing desires.
Themistocles joined a society of political friends,
and so secured no inconsiderable support and power.
Hence when some one told him that he would be a
good ruler over the Athenians if he would only be
fair and impartial to all, he replied ; " Never may I
sit on a tribunal where my friends are to get no
more advantage from me than strangers." But
Aristides walked the way of statesmanship by him-
self, on a private path of his own, as it were, because,
in the first place, he was unwilling to join with any
comrades in wrong-doing, or to vex them by with-
holding favours; and, in the second place, he saw
that power derived from friends incited many to do
wrong, and so was on his guard against it, deeming
217
PLUTARCH'S LIVES
Koi hUaia iTpdrreLv koI Xiyeiv a^icov Oappdv tov
dyaOov ttoXlttjv,
IIL Ou fJLTjv dWd, TToW^ Kivou/jiivov rod
Sejxi(TTOKXeov<; TrapajSoXo)^ koI tt/jo? iraaav
avT^ TToXiretav evLara/jbivov koI ZiaK6irTovTO<;, 320
T^vajKa^ero irov koI avro^ ra fiev dfjivvofievo'^, t^
Be KoXovcov T7JV eKelvov Bvva/Miv ')(apnt, tmv
iroWcov av^ojxevrjv vTrevavTiovaOat oU eTrparrev ™
o (de/JLia-roKXrj^, ^ekriov r)yovfievo<; irapekOetv ^
evia Tcou <rvfji(f)€p6vTcov tov Brjfiov rj tc3 KpaTetv
2 eKelvov ev Traaiv lax^pov f^eveaOai, reXo? Be _
TTOre TOV @ejJLL(TTOK\eOV9 irpCLTTOVTO^ TL T(OV 9
BeovTcov dvTi/cpovaa<; koX Treptyevofievo^ ov kutc-
c^ev, dXk* elirev diTo t^9 eKKXrjaLa^s dinoov, eo?
ovK ecTTt (TcoTrjpia toI<; *A6r]vaL0)V Trpdyfiaaiv, el
fjLTj Kol %ejXL(TTOKKea kov avTov eh to jSdpaOpov
ifi^dXotev, irdXtv Be ypdy}ra<; Tiva yvoofirjv eh
TOV Bt]fJb0Vs dvTiXoyia^ ovar}<; irpo^ avTrjv koX
^iXoveiKia^j €KpdTer jjLeXXovTo<: Be tov irpoeBpov
TOV Brj/jbov eirepooTav alaOofievo^ eic tcjv Xoyeov
avT(ov TO davfKpopov direcTTr] tov yjrrj<f>i(T/jLaTo<;.
3 TToXXd/ct^; Be kol Bi eTepcov el(je<f)epe Td<i yvdi>ixa<i,
©9 iJLT) <f)tXoveiKia Tt} 7rpo<; avTov 6 S€fii,aT0KX7]<;
€/JL7r6Bto<; eirj tw avfKpepovri.
%avfiaaTr) Be Tt? icpatveTO avTov irapa ra? ev
Tjj iroXiTeia fieTa^oXa<; 17 evaTdOeia, fxrjTe ra??
Tifiah eiraipoixevov Trpo^ re ra? Bvarjjjuepiafs
dOopvpco^ Koi irpatd^ €Xovto<;, kuI 6/JL0i(a<; r)yov-
218
ARISTIDES, II. 5-III. 3
it right that the good citizen should base his con-
fidence only on serviceable and just conduct.
III. However, since Themistocles was a reckless
agitator, and opposed and thwarted him in every
measure of state, Aristides himself also was almost
compelled — partly in self-defence, and partly to
curtail his adversary's power, which was increasing
through the favour of the many — to set himself in
opposition to what Themistocles was trying to do,
thinking it better that some advantages should es-
cape the people than that his adversary, by pre-
vailing everywhere, should become too strong.
Finally there came a time when he opposed and
defeated Themistocles in an attempt to carry some
really necessary measure. Then he could no longer
hold his peace, but declared, as he left the Assembly,
that there was no safety for the Athenian state
unless they threw both Themistocles and himself
into the death-pit. On another occasion he him-
self introduced a certain measure to the people, and
was carrying it through successfully, in spite of the
attacks of the opposition upon it, but just as the
presiding officer was to put it to the final vote, per-
ceiving, from the very speeches that had been made
in opposition to it, the inexpediency of his measure,
he withdrew it without a vote. And oftentimes
he would introduce his measures through other men,
that Themistocles might not be driven by the spirit
of rivalry with him to oppose what was expedient for
the state.
Altogether admirable was his steadfast constancy
amid the revulsions of political feeling. He was not
unduly lifted up by his honours, and faced adversity
with a calm gentleness, while in all cases alike he
219
PLUTARCH'S LIVES
fxevov 'X,prjvai rfj irarpihi irape'xetv kavrov ov
'X^p'qfjLCLTCOV fiovov, aXXa fcal B6^rj<i irpoiKa koX
4 afiiaOX woXcTevofjievov. odev, 0)9 eoiKe, rwv el<i
^AfKpLapaov vrrr A.lar')(v\ov Treiroirj/jLevcov la/iiffelcop
iv T(p Oedrpo) Xejofiivmv
Ov yap hoKelv hiKaio^, aW' elvat OiXet,
jSaOelav dXoKa Bca (f)p6vo<; Kapirovfievo^y
d(f>* 97? TO, KeBva ^XaardveL ffovXev/juaTa,
7rdvT6<; aTre^Xeyjrav el^ ^ApiarelByPy (w? eKeivfo
fidXiara r?}? dpeTrj<; ravrrjf; irpoarjKovar]';,
IV. Ot' fjLovov Be 7r/)09 evvoiav koI ^(^dpLv, dXXd
Koi 7r/)09 6pjr)v koI 7r/D09 e'xOpav la^vp6raT0<i rjv
virep TO)v BiKaiwv dvTiaTTJvai. Xeyerai yovv
TTore BtcoKtov i^^pov iv Bc/caaTrjpia), fierd rrjv
KaTTjyopiav ov PovXofievcov aKOveiv tov KivBvvev-
01/T09 TOiV BiKa(TTO)V, dXXa ttjv yjrrjcpov €vdv<i
alrovvTCDV eir avrov, dva7rrjB^aa<i Ta> Kpcvo/nevo)
crvvcK6T€V€cv, OTTCOf; aKovadeiT} koI TV'^OI tcov
2 vofii/jLcov irdXiv Be Kpivwv IBtcoTaL^ Bval, tov
erepov XiyovTO^, ft)9 TroXXa rvy^dvei tov ^Kpi-
aTeiBrjv 6 dvTiBi/co<; XeXvirrj/ccof; "Key, oi ^yade^
(pdvat, " fidXXov, et ti ae kukov 7re7roL7jK€' <toI
ydp, OVK e'yLtaUTft), BlKd^CoJ^ TMV Be B7]p.0aL(OV
irpoo-oBcov alpeOeU e7rt/ieX??T^9 ov fjbovov tol'9
Ka6^ avTov, dXXd koi tov^; irpo avTov yevofi€Vov<;
I
220
ARISTIDES, III. 3 IV. 2
considered it his duty to give his services to his
country freely and without any reward, either in
money, or, what meant far more, in reputation.
And so it befell, as the story goes, that when the
verses composed by Aeschylus upon Amphiaraiis were
recited in the theatre : —
"He wishes not to seem, but rather just to be.
And reap a harvest from deep furrows in a mind
From which there spring up honourable counsel-
Ijngs," 1
all the spectators tunied their eyes on Aristides,
feeling that he, above all men, was possessed of such
excellence.
IV. It was not only against the inclinations of his
good-will and personal favour that he was a most
strenuous champion of justice, but also against those
of his anger and hatred. At any rate a story is
told, how he was once prosecuting an enemy in
court, and after he had made his accusation the
judges were loath to hear the defendant at all, and
demanded that their vote be taken against him
straightway ; but Aristides sprang to his feet and
seconded the culprit's plea for a hearing and the
usual legal procedure. And again, when he was
serving as private arbitrator between two men, on
one of them saying that his opponent had done
Aristides much injury, "Tell me rather," he said,
"whether he has done thee any wrong; it is for
thee, not for myself, that T am seeking justice."
When he was elected overseer of the public revenues,
he proved clearly that large sums had been em-
bezzled, not only by his fellow-officials, but also by
* Seven against Thebes, 592 ff. (Dindorf).
i2I
PLUTARCH'S LIVES
dpxovTa<! aireheLKwe ttoWo, vevoa(j)icrfievov^, xal
jxaXLara tov SefiiaTOKXia-
^o^o<; yap av^p, t^9 Se p^etyoo? ov fcparojv,
3 Aio Kol avvayay^v iroXkov^i iirl tov *A/)t-
areihrjv iv ral^ €v6vvat<; Bioofcwv fcXoirrj^ KarahiKr)
TTepie^aXeVy w? <f>7](nv *lSo/jiev€v<;. ayavaKTOvvT(ov
Be tS)v TTpcoTcov iv TTJ TToXet Kal ^€\TLaTO)v, ov
fiovov dcpeCdij T^9 t^qfila^, aWa koI iraXiv dp')(^cov
iirl rrjv avrr^v BLOLKrjaLV aireBel'xPrj, irpoairoL-
ovjjb€VO<^ Be Tcov irporepwv fierafieXeLV avrat Kal
fiaXaKcoTepov €vBLBov<i eavrov, rjpeaKe toZ^ ra
Kotva KkeiTTovaLV ovk i^eXeyx^cov ovB^ aKpi^oXo-
4 yovfievo^, toare Karainfiirkap.evov^ tmv Br]/j,o(TLCov
VTrepewacveiv tov ^ KpiaTeiBrjv Kal Be^LovaOai tov
Brj/jLOV vTrep avTOV, GirovBd^ovraf; dp)(^ovTa ttoXlv
alpeOrjvaL. /leWovTcov Be %6t/)0T0j/efcz^ eTrerlfirjcTe
T0i9 ^A6r}vaL0i<i* ""Ore fiev ydp/^ e<j>r], *' TTio-TW?
Kal Ka\(b^ vfuv yp^a, 'TrpovTrrjXaKiarOrjv iirel Be
TToWa TMV KoivSiV KaTaTTpoetfiai rot? KXeirTOvai
5 $avfiaaTb<; elvai Bokcj ttoX/t/;?. avTO^ fxev ovv
al(T'X}>vofiaL Trj vvv tl/jlt} fiaXkov rj ttj irpoarjv
KaTaBiKTjy (TvvdxOofiat 8' v/xtv, irap' ol<; ivBo^o-
Tepov i(TTi TOV <7a>^eiv tcl Bvjfxoaia to ^(^apL^eaOai
T0?9 7rov7}pot<;.^^ TavTa B* elircav Kal ra? KXo7rd<; 321
efeXeYfa? tov<; fiev totc ^oo)VTa^ virep avTov Kal
fiapTvpovvTa^i eTrecTTOfitcre, tov S' dXrjOivov Kal
BiKavov diro t&v /SeXTiaTcov eiraivov elx^v,
222
ARISTIDES, IV. 2-5
those of former years, and particularly by The-
mistocles : —
"The man was clever, but of his hand had no control."
For this cause, Themistocles banded many to-
gether against Aristides, prosecuted him for theft at
the auditing of his accounts, and actually got a
verdict against him, according to Idomeneus. But
the first and best men of the city were incensed at
this, and he was not only exempted from his fine,
but even appointed to administer the same charge
again. Then he pretended to repent him of his
former course, and made himself more pliable, thus
giving pleasure to those who were stealing the
common funds by not examining them or holding
them to strict account, so that they gorged them-
selves with the public moneys, and then lauded
Aristides to the skies, and pleaded with the people
in his behalf, eagerly desirous that he be once more
elected to his office. But just as they were about to
vote, Aristides rebuked the Athenians. '^Verily,"
said he, "when I served you in office with fidelity
and honour, I was reviled and persecuted ; but now
that I am flinging away much of the common fund
to thieves, I am thought to be an admirable citizen.
For my part, I am more ashamed of my present
honour than I was of my former condemnation, and
I am sore distressed for you, because it is more
honourable in your eyes to please base men than to
guard the public moneys." By these words, as well
as by exposing their thefts, he did indeed stop
the mouths of the men who were then testifying
loudly in his favour, but he won genuine and just
praise from the best citizens.
223
PLUTARCH'S LIVES
V. *E7rel Se AdTi<; viro Aapeiov ireji^Oeif; Xoyw
fiev iinOetvaL Blktjv *A67]vaiOL'i, otl ^dpheL<;
iv67rp7](raVy epyo) Se KaracTTpe^lraaOaL tou9 "E\-
Xr}va<;, eh MapaOcova ttuvtI tw arokcp Karkaye
Kol rr}v ')((iipav iiropOet, tcov Se/ca KaOearcoTCJV
Toh 'AOijvaloLf; iirl rov TToXepuov o-rparrjyMV
pLeyicTTOv fiev el%ej^ a^iw/ia MtXriaS?;?, Bo^j] 8e
2 Koi hvvdfjLei hevrepo^ r)V ^KpiaTeihr]^. kol Tore
irepl Trj<; yLta%^9 yvdypLy rfj McXridBov irpoaOejjLevofi
ov fiLKpav iiroirjae poirrfv /cal irap rjpepav eKaarov
(TTpaTrjyov to Kpdro'i e%oz^T09, <W9 TreptrjXOev 6i9
avTov rj d.p')(riy TrapeBcoKS M-cXrcdBr), BiBdaKcov
TOL'9 (Tvvdp')(^ovTa<;i otl to TreiOeadaL Koi d/coXov-
Oelv Tol<; 6v cj)povov<Tiv ovk ala')(^p6v, dXXa aepLVov
icTTL KOi G(£)Tr]piOV. OVTQ) Be TTpaVVa^i Tr}V (f)lXO'
veiKiav fcal irpoTpeyjrd/jLevo<; avrov^ dyairav fna
yvcojuLrj T7J KpaTL(TT7) '^pcofievovt;, eppcoae rov MtX-
TidBrjv T(p dTrepLaTrdarq) Trj<; e^ovaia<; la')(ypov
yevopLevov. x^^P^''^ 7^P ^^^ €Ka(TTO<; rjBr] ro Trap'
rjfjLepav apyeiv eKeivcp irpoaelxev.
3 'Ez/ Be rfj P'dxv fidXcara rcov 'Adrjvaicov
rov /Jbecrov TTovrjaavrof; koI irXelarov evravOa
Xpovov Twv /Sap/Sdpcov dvrepeiadvTcov Kara rrjv
AeovTiBa /cat rrjv ' Avnoxi^Ba ^vXrjv, rjycovLaavro
XapbTTpoiq reraypevoc irap dXXrjXov^ 6 re Sep,i-
aTOKXijfi KOL 6 'Apfo-retS?;?* o p>ev yap AeovriBof;
4 rjv, 6 8' ' AvTLOxi'Bo<i' eTrel Be rpey^rdpevoi tov<;
^apl3dpov<i ev6/3a\ov eh ra? vav<; kol irXeovraf;
OVK enl vrjacov ecopcov, aXX' vtto rov TTvevfiaTOf;
Kol T^9 daXd(7a7]<i eiao) 7r/oo9 ti]v 'Attiktjv
224
I
I
ARISTIDES, V. 1-4
V. Now when Datis, on being sent by Darius
ostensibly to punish the Athenians for burning
Sardis, but really to subdue all the Hellenes, put
in at Marathon with all his armament and went to
ravaging the countiy, then, of the ten generals
appointed by the Athenians for the conduct of the
war, it was Miltiades who enjoyed the greatest con-
sideration, but in reputation and influence Aristides
was second. By adopting at that time the opinion
of Miltiades about the battle to be fought, he did
much to turn the scale in its favour. And since
each general held the chief authority for a single
day in turn, when the command came round to him,
he handed it over to Miltiades, thereby teaching his
fellow-officers that to obey and follow men of
wisdom is not disgraceful, but dignified and salutary.
By thus appeasing the jealousy of his colleagues and
inducing them to be cheerfully contented in the
adoption of a single opinion (and that the best),
he confirmed Miltiades in the strength which comes
from an unrestricted power. For each of the other
generals at once relinquished his own right to com-
mand for a day in turn, and put himself under the
orders of Miltiades.
In the battle, the Athenian centre was the hardest
pressed, and it was there that the Barbarians held
their ground the longest, over against the tribes
Leontis and Antiochis. There, then, Themistocles
and Aristides fought brilliantly, ranged side by side ;
for one was a Leontid, the other an Antiochid.
When the Athenians had routed the Barbarians
and driven them aboard their ships, and saw that
they were sailing away, not toward the islands, but
into the gulf toward Attica under compulsion of
225
PLUTARCH'S LIVES
airoffta^Ofjiivov^, (l)offr)0ivT6^ firj ttjv iroXiv eprj/jLov
Xd^cocTi, tS)v afivvojiiei^coVy raif; fiev evvea <j)v\aL<;
'^TreCyovTO tt/do? to aarv koX Karijvvaav avOrjfiepov
5 iv Be MapaOcovi fjiera t^? iavrov <j)vX7]^ *Api<r-
TeiSrjc; airoXei^Oeh (pvXa^ tojv al)(/jLa\ooT(ov koL
Ta)V \a(j)vpcov ovk i'^evaaro rrjv ho^avy aXka
X^^V^ /^^^ apyvpov koI xP'^^^v irapovTO^;, iadrJTO';
Be iravTohairri'^ Kal ;^/??7yu.aTft)i/ aXXcov afiv67]TQ)p iv
Tal<; (TKrjvaif; Kal T0t9 rjXcoKoat o-Kd(j)€cnv virap-
ypvTwVy ovr at'ro? iTreOv/xrjae Oiyeiv ovr aXkov
elaaCy 7r\r]v el tlv6<; eKelvov \ad6vT€<; a)(l)6\7]6rj(Tap'
oiv Tjv KOI Ka\XLa<i 6 BaSov^ofi.
6 TovTO) yap Tfc9, co? eoLKe, rcov ffapffdpcov irpoa-
iireaev olrjOel^; ^acnXea Sea rrjv KOfxrjv Kal to
aTp6(j)L0v elvar irpocjKVvrjaa^ he Kal Xa/36fjL€i^o<;
T^9 Se^td<; eSei^e ttoXv ^yOL'o-toi/ iv Xukkco tlvI
Karopcopvy/jLevov. 6 Be KaXXta? wfioraTo^; dvOpco-
TTCov Kal TTapavoficaTaTo^i yev6/jLevo<; tov fiev yp^'
GOV dvdXeTOy tov 8' dvOpcoirov, a)<; [mtj KaTenroi
Trpo'i eTepov<;, aTreKTeivev. iK tovtov ^aal Kal
XaKK07rXovTov<; vwo tcov KwjxiKCdv Tov<; diro t?}?
obKid^ XeycaOat, o-kcotttovtcov eh tov tottov, iv o5
TO xP^^^o^ ^ KaXXta? evpev.
7 ^ kpiaTeiBr]^ Be ttjv i'KQivvp.ov evOi)^ dpxv^ rjp^e.
KaiToi (pTjalv 6 ^aXrjpev'i At^fiilTpiofi dp^ai tov
dvBpa fjLiKpov e/JLTTpoadev tov OavdTov fieTa tt)v
iv TLXaTaiah /Mdxv^- iv Be Tah dvaypa<j>al(s
jjueTO, jxev Hai OcTririBrjVf i(j>* ov MapB6vio<; r^TTTjOrj
HXaTaLCLGiVy ovB^ ojjlcovv/jlov ^ApL(jTeiBr)v iv irdvv
226
I
ARISTIDES, V. 4-7
wind and wave, then they were afraid lest the
enemy find Athens empty of defenders, and so they
hastened homeward with nine tribes, and reached
the city that very day. But Aristides was left
behind at Marathon with his own tribe, to guard
the captives and the booty. Nor did he belie his
reputation, but though silver and gold lay about in
heaps, and though there were all sorts of raiment
and untold wealth besides in the tents and captured
utensils, he neither desired to meddle with it him-
self, nor would he suffer any one else to do so,
although certain ones helped themselves without his
knowledge. Among these was Callias the Torch-
bearer.i
Some Barbarian, it seems, rushed up to this man,
supposing him to be a king from his long hair and the
headband that he wore, made obeisance to him, and
taking him by the hand in suppliant fashion, showed
him a great mass of gold buried up in a sort of pit.
Callias, most savage and lawless of men, took up the
gold ; but the man, to prevent his betraying the
matter to others, he slew. From this circumstance,
they say, his descendants are called by the comic
poets " Laccopluti," or " Pit-wealthies," in sly
allusion to the place where Callias found his gold.
Aristides at once received the office of Archon
Eponymous. And yet Demetrius of Phalerum says
that it was a little while before his death, and after
the battle of Plataea, that the man held this office.^
But in the official records, after Xanthippides, in
whose year of office Mardonius was defeated at
Plataea, you cannot find, long as the list is, so much
^ One of the highest officers at the celebration of the
Eleusinian mysteries, * 479-478 B.C.
227
PLUTARCH'S LIVES
iroWoh Xa/Selv eart, fiera hi ^aiviinTov,^ i(f) o\
Tr)v iv yiapaOodVL fidx^v ivvKcoPy evdv^ *ApLaT€iSrj
ap')(wv ava'yejpaiTTaL,
YI. Uacrcov Be rcov irepl avrov apercov
BiKaLoavvr} /JLoXiara TOL<;7roWoL<; aLcrdrjaiVTrapetx*
Bia TO TTjv XP^^^^ ivBeXexecrrdrrjv avjrj^ Ka
KOivoTOLTriv vTrapx^LV. oOev dvrjp Trevrj^; koI Brjfio
TiKo^ eKTYjaajo rrjv /Saa-tXiKcoTdrrjv koI Oeiordrrjv
2 Trpoarjyopbav rbv /HiiKaLov o tmv fiao-iXecov Kal
TVpdvvcov ovBeU e^rfKcoaev, dXKa TloXLopKTjral Kal 322
l^epavvol /cat Nt/carope?, evcoL S* 'Aerot Kal
^JepaK€<i exai'pov wpocrayopevofievot, ryv aTro rrj<i
Pia^ Kol T?}9 Bvvdp^cD^y ft)? eoiKe, /ndWov rj rrjv
diro T7]<; dpeT7J<; Bo^av dyairSiVTe'^. Kairoi to
Oelov, S yXixpVTai <tvvolk6iovv Kal o-vva^ofioiovv
avTov^, TpiaX BoKet Bia^epeiVi d^dapaia Kal
BvvdjJLei Kal dpeT^, o)V Kal ^ aefivoTaTov rj dpcTr]
3 Kal OeiOTaTov eaTiv. d(ji9dpTU> [xev yap elvau Kal
Tw Kev(p Kal TOt? aTOLX^LOL^ avfjb/Bi/SrjKe, Bvva/JLiv
Be Kal aeLa/JLol Kal KSpavvol Kal TrvevfjidTwv opfial
Kal pevfjidrcov eTricpopal jjueydXrjv exovat, BiKrjf; Be
Kal OejJbiBof; ovBev 6ti> fii] tw (ppovetv Kal Xoyl^e-
(jOai^ /jLeTaXayx^^veL.
Aio Kal TpLOiv ovTcov, a ireTrovOaatv ol iroWol
7r/909 TO delov, ^rfkov Kal (f>6Pov Kal TLfirj^;, ^rfkovv
fiev avTOv<; Kal fxaKapi^eiv ioiKacTL KaTo, to d-
(j>9apT0V Kal dthiov, eKTrkrjTTeaOai Be Kal BeBievai
KaTa TO Kvpiov Kol BvvaTov, dyairdv Be Kal Tijidv
1 ^aiunnrov Bekker, Hercher, and Blass with F^S : *a-
vi-irirov. ^ 03V koL Hercher and Blass with S : uv.
3 KoyiC^aBai Blass : Xoyi^eaQai r)} Oeiov reasoning about the
deity.
228
I
ARISTIDES, V. 7-vi. 3
as the name Aristides; whereas immediately after
Phaenippus, in whose year of office the victory at
Marathon was won, an Aristides is recorded as
archon.^
VI. Of all his virtues, it was his justice that most
impressed the multitude, because of its most con-
tinual and most general exercise. Wherefore, though
poor and a man of the people, he acquired that most
kingly and godlike surname of "The Just." This
no kings or tyrants ever coveted, nay, they rejoiced
to be surnamed " Besiegers," or " Thunderbolts," or
'^ Conquerors," and some " Eagles," or " Hawks," ^
cultivating the reputation which is based on violence
and power, as it seems, rather than on virtue. And
yet divinity, to which such men are eager to adapt
and conform themselves, is believed to have three
elements of superiority, — incorruption, power, and
virtue ; and the most reverend, the divinest of these,
is virtue. For vacuum and the ultimate elements
partake of incorruption; and great power is ex-
hibited by earthquakes and thunderbolts, and rushing
tornadoes, and invading floods ; but in fundamental
justice nothing participates except through the
exercise of intelligent reasoning powers.
Therefore, considering the three feeHngs which
are generally entei-tained towards divinity, — envy,
fear, and honourable regard, men seem to envy and
felicitate the deities for their incorruption and per-
petuity ; to dread and fear them for their sovereignty
and power ; but to love and honour and revere them
» 490-489 B.C.
2 penietrius Poliorcetes ; Ptolemy Ceraunoa ; Seleucus
Nicatqr; Pyrrhus Aetos ; Antiochus Jlierax.
229
PLUTARCH'S LIVES
4 Kot ae^ecrOai Kark Tr}v hiKaiocrvvrjv, aXkdy
Kalirep ovtco hiaKel^voi, tt]^ fiev aOavaaia^, rjv 17
(^v(n<; TJiJbMv ov Sex^Tai, /cat t^9 BvvdfjLeQ)^;, 97? iv
rfj Tvxv^ KeiTai to irXelaTov, iTridufjuovari, rrjv
8' dperijVf o fiovov ia-rl rSyv 6ei(ov dyaOtav e<^'
•qixivy iv va-Teptp ridevraiy Ka/cco^ (jypovovvre^;, ct)9
Tov iv hwdfiei koX tvxj} fieydXij koI dpxfl fi^ov rj
fiev hiKaioavvr] iroiel 0ecov, rj S' dhiKia drjptcoBrj.
VII. Tft) S* ovv ^Apio-relBrj a-vve^rj to TrpcaTov,
dyaTTcofievo) Bik ttjv iircovvfiiav vdTepov <^6oveX\
adai, fidXicTTa /jlcv tov %e[iicrTOK\eov<i \6yov d
T0U9 TToXXou? Bca8iB6vTO<^t^ ft)9 *ApL(rT€iS7j^ dvrjpirf'
KOd^ TO, Bt,Ka(TT7]pia TO) KpLVGlV CLTTaVTa KoX BtKW
^eiv, XiXrjde fiovapx^av dBopv^oprjrov eavT^
KaT€aK6vd(T/ji6V0<;' ■tjBrj Be irov /cat 6 Brjfio<; eVl t^
VLKj) fiiya <j)pov(ov kuI rcov /xeyiCTTCov d^icov avTov
TjxOeTO T0i9 ovofia koI Bo^av virep tov<; 7roXXov9
2 exovai. koI (TVveX06vT€<i eU daTV iravTaxoOev
i^oaTpaKi^ovarc tov ^Api^aTeiBrjv, ovo/ia Ta> (j>66vw
T^9 B6^7}^ (f)6^ov TVpavviBo<; di/nevoi,
Mo%^77/Ota9 yap ovk tjv K6Xa<n<; 6 i^oaTpuKia-
p,6<^, aXX* iKaXetro fiev Bi evirpeTreiav oyKov koX
Bvvdfji€co<i ^apvTepa<; Taireivwaif; fcal koXovcti^, ^v
Be ^Oovov TrapafjuvOia <f>LXdvdpo)7ro<;, eh dvrjKecTTOv
ovBiv, dXX* eh pbeTdaTaacv iTwv BeKa ttjv Trpcx;
I
* Tp T^xv Reiske, Hercher, and Blass with F^S : ryxi?.
' BtaSihovTos Hercher and Blass with F*S : 4K0a\6vTo's.
230
ARISTIDES, VI. 4-vii. 2
for their justice. And yet, although men are thus
disposed, it is immortality, of which our nature is
not capable, and power, the chief disposal of which
is in the hands of fortune, that they eagerly desire ;
while as for virtue, the only divine excellence within
our reach, they put it at the bottom of the list,
unwisely too, since a life passed in power and great
fortune and authority needs justice to make it
divine ; by injustice it is made bestial.
VII. Now, to resume, it befell Aristides to be
loved at first because of this surname, but afterwards
to be jealously hated, especially when Themistocles
set the story going among the multitude that
Aristides had done away with the public courts
of justice by his determining and judging everything
in private, and that, without any one perceiving it,
he had established for himself a monarchy, saving
only the armed body-guard. And besides, the
people too must by this time have become greatly
elated over their victory ; they thought nothing too
good for themselves, and were therefore vexed with
those who towered above the multitude in name and
reputation. So they assembled in the city from all
the country round, and ostracized Aristides, giving
to their envious dislike of his reputation the name of
fear of tyranny.
Now the sentence of ostracism was not a chastise-
ment of base practices, nay, it was speciously called
a humbling and docking of oppressive prestige and
power ; but it was really a merciful exorcism of the
spirit of jealous hate, which thus vented its malig-
nant desire to injure, not in some irreparable evil.
231
PLUTARCH'S LIVES
3 TO XvTTOvv aTrepeiSofievov Suo-fievecav. iirel S'
Tjp^avTo Ttve<; avOpwrrov^ ayevvel^ koI 7rov7jpov<i
I'TTo^aXkeLv TO) Trpdy/jLari, reXevracov airavrwv
'^TirepfioXov e^oarpaKiaavTe^ iiravaavTO. XijeraL
Be TOP 'TireplBoXov i^oarpaKtcrOfjvaL Bia roiavrrjv
alrlav. *A\Ki0idBr]^ xal ^iKia<; /jtAyiarov iv rrj
TToXet Bwafxevov Biearaaia^ov. <h<^ ovv 6 5?5/xo9
eyUfCXXe ^epeiu to oarpaKOv koI BrjXo<i rjv top
erepov ypdyjrayv, BiaXe')(6evTe^ aXXr;Xo£9 tcai tcl^
aTda6i<; e/carepa^ et? ravrb avvayayovret; tov
4 ^TirepPoXov i^ocTTpaKtaOrjvai irapeaKevaaav. ifc
Be TovTOv Bva)(€pdva<s 6 Brjfio^ co? KaOv^pca/jbipov
TO irpayixa kol it poireTrTfkaKta fievuv d^rjKe irav-
TeXo}<; Koi KaTeXvaev.
'Hi/ Be TOiovTOV, 609 TUTTft) (f)pdaac, to jLVOfievov,
oaTpaKOv Xa^wv CKaaTO^ koi ypdyjra<; ov i/Sov-
XeTo fieTaaTTJaaL ro)v ttoXltmv, e^epev el<; eva to-
irov T?)? dyopd^ irepiirecjipayixevov iv KV/cXtp
5 Bpv^dKT0i<i, at B^ dp')(^ovTe<^ irpcorov fiev Bir)p[0-
fjLOvv TO avfjuirav ev TavTco tcov ocTTpdKcov ttXtjOo^;'
el yap e^aKLcr^iXiwv iXdTTOV€<; ol <p€povT€<; ^ elev,
aTeX^9 rjv 6 €^oaTpaKi,(Tp,6<;' eireiTa tcov ovofid-
Tcov eicacFTOv IBici 6evTe<; tov vtto tmv TrXetaTcov
yeypafjLfji€vov .i^EKijpvTTOv eh eTrj BeKa, Kapirav-
jievov TCL avTov.
Tpa(f>op.ev(ov ovv TOTe tmv oaTpd/coiv XeyeTaL 323
TLva TCOV dypajjbpbdTwv koL iravTeXw^ dypoLKcov
dvaBovTa tm ^ApLaTelBrj to oaTpa/cov ci)9 evl tmv
TV)(^6vT0)V irapaicaXelv, olrco^i ^ApLaTeiBrjv eyypd-
6 "^eie. TOV Be 6avpdaavT0<; Kal TrvOofxlvov, p,rj ti
^ <f>epoi>r€S Blass with F^S ; ypdrltayTes,
232
ARISTIDES, VII. 3-6
but in a mere change of residence for ten years.
And when ignoble men of the baser sort came to be
subjected to this penalty, it ceased to be inflicted at
all, and Hyperbolas was the last to be thus ostracized.^
It is said that Hyperbolus was ostracized for the
following reason. Alcibiades and Nicias had the
greatest power in the state, and were at odds.
Accordingly, when the people were about to exercise
the ostracism, and were clearly going to vote against
one or the other of these two men, they came to
terms with one another, united their opposing
factions, and effected the ostracism of Hyperbolus.
The people were incensed at this for they felt that
the institution had been insulted and abused, and so
they abandoned it utterly and put an end to it.
The method of procedure — to give a general out-
line — was as follows. Each voter took an ostrakon,
or potsherd, wrote on it the name of that citizen
whom he wished to remove from the city, and
brought it to a place in the agora which was all
fenced about with railings. The archons first counted
the total number of ostraka cast. For if the voters
were less than six thousand, the ostracism was void.
Then they separated the names, and the man who
had received the most votes they proclaimed banished
for ten years, with the right to enjoy the income
from his property.
Now at the time of which I was speaking, as the
voters were inscribing their ostraka, it is said that an
unlettered and utterly boorish fellow handed his
ostrakon to Aristides, whom he took to be one of the
ordinary crowd, and asked him to write Aristides on
it. He, astonished, asked the man what possible
* About 417 B.C. Cf. Nicias, xi., Alcibiades, xiii.
233
PLUTARCH'S LIVES
KUKov avrov *ApL(TT€iB7j<} ireiroiTjKGV, "Ovhev^
eiTrev, " ovBe ytyvcoa-Kco rov avOpojirov, aXV ivo-
')(kovfiat 'jravTa')(pv rov Ai/caiov aKovwv.*' ravra
cLKovaavra rov ^Apio-TeiBijv airoKpivaaOai /juev
ovBiv, iyypdylrai Be rovvofia t5> oarpaKta koX
cLTToBovvat, Tr}<; Be 7r6\e(o<; airaWaTTo/mevo^; ijBrjy
Ta9 %et/}a? avareiva^ irpo<; rov ovpavov ev^aro
TTjv ivavrlavy co? eoi/cev, evj(7]V rco ^A^iWely
firjBeva Kaipov ^KOrjvaiov^ KaraXa^elv, 09 dvay-
KCLO-et, Tov Brjfiov ^ApLareiBov fivrja-drjvai,
YIIL TpLTO) S' eret Hepfou Blo. ©erraXta?
fcal 3oLcoTLa<; e\avvovTO<; eirl Tr)v ^ArriK^Vy \v-
<javTe<i TOV vofiov €y]rr)(j)LcravTO toU jxeOeaTcoai
KciOoBov, jxaXiara (fyo^ov/jLevoL rov ^ApiaTeiBrjv,
firj irpoaOefievo^ tol<} iroXejuLioi'f BiaipOeiprj koX
fieTaar^crr) 7roWov<; tmu irokirMV irpo<^ tov
ffdpjSapov, ovK 6pd(o<; a-TOX^^^o/JLevoi tov dvBpo^,
09 ye Kot irpo tov B6yfiaT0<; tovtov BieTeXec
TrpoTpeircov koI irapo^vvcov tov<; '' EWrji>a<; iirl
TTJV eXevOepiaVy koX peTcu to Boyfia tovto,
®€fii,(TTOK\eov<; G-TpaTr)yovvTO<i avTOKpdropo^,
TrdvTa o-vveirpaTTe kol (Tvve^ovXevev, evBo^o-
TaTOV iirl acoTi^pia Koivfj iroiwv tov ex^caTOv.
*Il9 yap diroXiirelv ttjv ^dXa/iiLva ^ovXevo-
pevcov Tcov irepX Kupv^idBrjv at jSappapi/cal
TpLrjpei^ vvKTCDp dvax^eLcrat koI TrepLpakovorat
TOV re TTopov ev Kvick(p koX Td<; vrjaov^; KaretxoVy
ovBevof; TrpoeiBoTo^; ttjv kvk\(0(tlv r^Kev 6 ^Apt-
aTelBr]^ air' Alyivr]^ irapafioXcofi Blol tcov
234
I
ARISTIDES, vii. 6-viii. 2
wrong Aristides had done him. " None whatever,"
was the answer, " I don't even know the fellow, but
I am tired of hearing him everywhere called ' The
Just.' " On hearing this, Aristides made no answer,
but wrote his name on the ostrakon and handed it
back. Finally, as he was departing the city, he
lifted up his hands to heaven and prayed — a prayer
the opposite, as it seems, of that which Achilles
made ^ — that no crisis might overtake the Athenians
which should compel the people to remember
Aristides.
VIII. But in the third year thereafter,^ when
Xerxes was marcliing through Thessaly and Boeotia
against Attica, they repealed their law 'of ostracism,
and voted that those who had been sent away under
it might return. The chief reason for this was their
fear of Aristides, lest he attach himself to the
enemy's cause, and corrupt and pervert many of his
fellow-citizens to the side of the Barbarian. But
they much misjudged the man. Even before this
decree of theirs, he was ever inciting and urging
the Hellenes to win their freedom ; and after it was
passed, when Themistocles was general with sole
powers, he assisted him in every undertaking and
counsel, although he thereby, for the sake of the
general safety, made his chiefest foe the most
famous of men.
Thus when Eurybiades wished to abandon Salamis,
but the Barbarian triremes, putting out by night, had
encompassed the strait where he lay round about,
and had beset the islands therein, and no Hellene
knew of this encompassment, Aristides came over to
them from Aegina, venturously sailing through the
» Iliad i. 407-412. » 480 B.C.
23s
PLUTARCH'S LIVES
TToXe/JLicov veojv BieKirXevaaf;' koI vvkto<; iXdcop
inl rr)v aKrjvrjv rov ©e/xto-roAcXeoi'? xal KaXeaa^
3 avTov efft) /jlovov " 'HyLtet?/' elwev, " w Se/Mi-
aroKXet^if el aoxppovov/jLev, 'y]Srj rrjv Ksvrjv koX
fieLpaKt(t)Br) (rrda-tv a<f}evT€<; ap^wfieOa acorrjplov
Kol KaXri<; (piXovecKia^; 7rp6<; dXXtjXov; d/jLLXXco-
fievoL (TMcrat rrjv ^KXXdSa, av fiev dp^oav Kol
(TTparrjyojv, iyot) 8' vTrovpywv koX <TV/jL0ovXevci)v,
67ret Kal vvv ere Trvvddvofiat /jlovov dTrreadat tmv
dpicTTwv Xoyia/jLwv, KeXevovra Biavav/xa)(^€LV iv
4 T0i9 arevolf; rrjv Ta%t<TT77i/. Kal aoi tcov (Tvpu-
fxayfov avTiirpaTTovrayv ol iroXefiioi avvepyelv
ioLKaar to yap iv kvkXco Kal KaroTTiv ijBr]
7r6Xayo<i ipjTreTrXrjdrai vecov iroXefiicov, cjcrre Kal
Tou? fir} OiXovraf; dvdyKrj KarelXTj^ev dyaOov<;
dvBpa^ elvai Kal fJbd')(ea6aL' (^vyrj<; yap 0S09 ov
5 XeXeiTrrai.^* tt/jo? ravra 6 Se/JLLaroKXr}^ elirev
** OvK av iffovXo/jurjv, ay ^ApLa-TeiBrj, ae Kara
TOVTo fiov KpeiTTOva yevearOaiy ireipdaoixai Be
7rpo<; KaXrjv dp^rjv d/itXXoofjievo^ vTrep/SdXXea-Oai
Tot? epyoL<;.^* afia B^ avro) ^pd(ra<^ rrjv u(j)'
eavTOV KaraoTKevaaOelaav dTrdrrjv 7r/309 tov
^dp^apov, irapeKaXei ireiOeiv rov l^upv^cdBrjv
Kal BcBdaKeiv, &)? dfjLrj')(av6v icrrt crwOrjvat /xrj
vavp,a^i]cravra<;' el)(e yap avrou jxaXXov iria-rLV.
6 oOev iv TO) (TvXXoyM rcdv arparyycov elirovro^;
KXeoKpiTOv rod KopLvOiov tt/oo? rov (^efxia-roKXia,
fjLTjB^ ^KpiarelBrf rr)v yvcofirjv dpiaKeiv avrov,
rrapovra yap aiwirdv, dvrelrrev 6 ^Apcar6LB7]<;, to?
OVK av icricoTra /jltj Xiyovro<; rd dpiara rov
%ept(TroKXeov<^* vvv 5* rjcrv^^Lav dyeiv ov Bi*
evvoLav rov dvBp6<i, dXXd rrjv yvcofirjv iiraivSiV.
236
I
1
ARISTIDES, VIII. 2-6
enemy's ships. He went at once by night to the
tent of Themistocles, and called him forth alone.
" O Themistocles," said he, " if we are wise, we shall
at last lay aside our vain and puerile contention, and
begin a salutary and honourable rivalry with one
another in emulous struggles to save Hellas, thou as
commanding general, I as assistant counsellor, since
at the very outset I learn that thou art the only one
who has adopted the best policy, urging as thou
dost to fight a decisive sea-fight here in the narrows
as soon as may be. And though thine allies oppose
thee, thy foes would seem to assist thee ; for the sea
round about and behind us is already filled with
hostile ships, so that even our unwilling ones must
now of necessity be brave men and fight. Indeed,
no way of escape is left." To this Themistocles
replied : " I should not have wished, O Aristides, to
find thee superior to me here ; but I shall try to
emulate thy fair beginning, and to surpass thee in
my actions." At the same time he told Aristides of
the trick that he had contrived against the Barbarian,
and entreated him to show Eury blades convincingly,
inasmuch as he had the greater credit with that
commander, that there was no safety except in a
sea-fight. So it happened in the council of generals
that Cleocritus the Corinthian declared to The-
mistocles that Aristides also was opposed to his plan,
since he, though present, held his peace. Aristides
at once replied that he would not have held his
peace had not Themistocles counselled for the best ;
but as it was, he kept quiet, not out of any good-
will to the man, but because he approved of his
plan.
237
PLUTARCH'S LIVES
IX. Ot fiev ovv vavap)(oi t(ov *K\,\7Jv(t)v ravr
eirpaTTov. 'ApiaTeiSrj^ B opcov rrjv "^vrTakeiav,
rj TTpo T?}? Xa\a/MVO<; iv tw iropw Kelrai vrjao^
ov /jLeyaXr], TroXejJLiwv avBpcjv fiea-rrjv ovaav,
efi^L^daa^ eh virrjpeTCKa Tov<i irpoOvfioraTov^
KOi /X,a%£//.ft)TttT0U9 t5)V TTOXlTCOV 7rpO<T€flt^€ TJ}
'^VTTaXeiay koX fxaxv^ tt/oo? Tov<i ^apl3dpov<;
(Tvvd'^a^ direKTeive iravra^, irXrjv 6<tol tcov eVt-
<f>av(ov fcui^Tfi? rjXajaav. iv Be tovtoi<! rjcav
dheXcj)?]^ ^aatXew<i ovofia %avBavKr]<; rpet? 7rai8e<?, I
01)9 evdi)^ direaTeiXe irpo^; top Se/jLiaroKXia' *
2 xal Xeyovrav Kara rt Xoytov, rod fiavTecoii 324
^v^pavrlBov KeXevaavro^;, cofjurja-r^ Aiovvao) KaO- 1
lepeuOrjvai. ttjv Be vrjalBa TOi? oirXoc^; iravra' 1j
')(p6ev o ^ApcarTeiBrj^i 7r€ptaTeyjra<; e^riBpeve toI<;
eK^epofjiivoif; tt/jo? avTijv, q)<; /irjre tcov (J>lXcop
TLvd Bca<pOap7]vai firjTe tmv TroXefilcov Bia^vyelv*
6 yap irXelcTTo^ oi}0c(7fio<i tcjv veSyv koX Trj<;
/i,tt^»79 TO KaprepcoTaTOv eoiKe irepX rov tottov
eKelvov yeveadar Blo koi Tpoiraiov eaTrjKev iv
rfj "^urraXela.
3 Mera Be Trjv /jLdyrjv 6 @efiL(TTOKXrj<; dTT07reipa>'
/jL€VO^ tov ^ApLareiBov KaXov fxev elvat xal to
TreTrpayfievov avTolf; epyov eXeye, KpeiTTOv Be
XeLireadai to Xaffecv iu tTj FiVpcoirrj t^jv *Aalav,
dvairXevaavTaf; eh ^KXXTjaTTOvTov ttjv Ta')(^iaTr)v
Koi TO, ^evyfjiUTa^ BiaKo-^avTa^;. iirel 5' 'Apt-
aT€iBr](; dva/cpayoDV tovtov fiev CKeXeve tov Xoyov
KaTa^aXelVt a/coireiv Be koL ^rjTelv, 07rft)9 ttjv
Ta')(liaTriv eK^dXcocrt, tov M.i'iBov i/c Trjf; 'EXXaSo9,
4 firj KaTaKXeicrdeU diropia (f)vyrj^ yu-era ToaavTrj(!
* rh (evyfiuTa Horcher and Blass with F'^S : rh CevyfM.
238
I
ARISTIDES, IX. 1-4
IX. While the captains of the Hellenes were
acting on this plan, Aristides noticed that Psyttaleia,
a small island lying in the straits in front of Salamis,
was full of the enemy. He therefore embarked
in small boats the most ardent and the most
warlike of the citizens, made a landing on Psyttaleia,
joined battle with the Barbarians, and slew them
all, save the few conspicuous men who were taken
alive. Among these were three sons of the King's
sister Sandauce,^ whom he straightway sent to
Themistocles, and it is said that, in obedience
to some oracle or other, and at the bidding of
Euphrantides the seer, they were sacrificed to
Dionysus Carnivorous. Then Aristides lined the
islet all round with his hoplites, and lay in wait
for any who should be cast up there, that no
friend might perish, and no foe escape. For the
greatest crowding of the ships, and the most
strenuous part of the battle, seems to have been
in this region. And for this reason a trophy was
erected on Psyttaleia.
After the battle, Themistocles, by way of sounding
Aristides, said that the deed they had now
performed was a noble one, but a greater still
remained, and that was to capture Asia in Europe,
by sailing up to the Hellespont as fast as they could
and cutting in twain the bridges there. But
Aristides cried out with a loud voice and bade
him abandon the proposal, and seek rather with
all diligence how they might most speedily expel
the Mede from Hellas, lest, being shut in and
unable to make his escape, from sheer necessity
* Cf. ThemisiocleSf xiii. 2.
239
PLUTARCH'S LIVES
hwdjieco^i rpaTTTJ tt/oo? ajxvvav vir* avdyKr)<;, ovrco
Trefirret ttoXlv ApvciKTjv €vvov)(^ov 6 @€/jLLaTOKXr]<;
€K Tcov al')(^jJLa\(OTCov Kpv<f)a, ^pdaai tS* fiaa-iXel
/ce\€V(Ta^, OTi TrXelv iirl ra<i yecpvpa^; aDpjxrjfievov;
rov<i "KW7)va<; auro? diroarpeylreie aco^ecrOac
^aaiXea ^ov\6/jL€vo<i.
X. 'E/c rovTOV aep^Tj^ fiev 7r€pt(^o^o? 761^0-
/i€VO<i ev6v<i eirl rov 'EW'^arirovrov rjirelyeTo,
MapS6vio<; Be rov aTparov to BoKLfKorarov ^ e')((ov
Trepl rpiaKovTa /jLvpidBaq vTrekeLircTO, koI ^0-
^€po<; rjv diT la^^P^'^ ^^9 irepX to ttc^ov eXTrtSo?
direiXSyv toX^ "EXXrjai koI ypdcfxov TOtavTa'
" NevLKi]KaT6 6a\a(Taioi<i ^v\oL<i ;)^6/)<ratou<? dv-
dptaiTov^i ovK i7n(TTafX6vov<; kcotttjv iXavveiv dXXd
vvv irXaTela fjuev rj ScttuXcov yrj, KaXov he to
^oia>TLov irehiov dya6ol<i lirirevcTi /cal 07rXtTat9
ivaycovLcraaOac.^^ 7rpo<; Be ^ Adr)vavov<i eTrejx-^ev
IBia ypdfjLfMaTa koX X6yov<; irapd ^aaiXew^, Trjv
Te TToXiv avToU dvaaTrjaeiv iirayyeXXoixevov koI
'^p^/jLUTa TToXXa Scoaeiv kuI tmv 'KXX'^vcop
Kvpiov<; KaTacTTTjcreLv iKiroBcbu tou TroXifiov yevo-
fxevov^i.
01 Be AaKeSaifiovioc TrvOofievoL TavTa koX
Bei(TavT€<^ eire/jLyjrav ^AO>]va^e 7rpea^€i<i, Beo/juepoi
Tcbv ^AQy-jvaidiv, oiray^ iralBa^ fxev koI yvvalKa^
6t9 '^TTdpTr]v dirocFTeiXwaLy tol^ Be irpea^VTepot^i
Tpo^a<i Trap' avrwv Xap^/Sdvcoa-iv l(T')(ypd yap
Tjv diropia Trepl tov Brjfiov aTroXcoXeKOTa teal
Trjv^ ')(^(i)pav Kol Tr}v ttoXlv, ou p,r)V dXXd tmv
Trpea^ewv aKovaavTe^, ^ApLareiBov yjrrjcpKTfjia
I
I
^ SoKifj-wTaTov Blass with F^^S : iLiaxtu<aTarov,
^ Koi Ti]u Hercher and Blass wilh F*S : rifv.
240
ARISTIDES, IX. 4-x. 4
he throw this vast force of his upon the defensive.
So Themistocles sent once more the eunuch Arnaces,^
a prisoner of war^ bidding him tell the King that
the Hellenes had actually set out on a voyage
to attack the bridges, but that he, Themistocles,
had succeeded in turning them back, wishing to
save the King.
X. At this Xerxes grew exceeding fearful, and
hurried straight to the Hellespont; but Mardonius,
with the flower of the army, to the number of
three hundred thousand men, was left behind.
He was a formidable adversaiy, and because his
confidence in his infantry was strong, he wrote
threateningly to the Hellenes, saying : " Ye have
conquered with your maritime timbers landsmen
who know not how to ply the oar ; but now, broad
is the land of Thessaly and fair the plain of Boeotia
for brave horsemen and men-at-arms to contend
in." But to the Athenians he sent separate letters
and proposals from the King, who promised to
rebuild their city, give them much money, and
make them lords of the Hellenes, if only they
would cease fighting against him.
When the Lacedaemonians learned this, they
took fright, and sent an embassy to Athens, begging
the Athenians to despatch their wives and children
to Sparta, and to accept from her a support for
their aged and infirm ; for great was the distress
among the people, since it had so recently lost
both land and city. However, after listening to
the embassy, on motion of Aristides, they answered
* Cf. Themistocles, xvi. 2 f.
241
PLUTARCH'S LIVES
'Ypd'^avTO<;j aireKpivavTO OavjuLaa-rrjv dirofcpiaiv,
T0i9 P'ev 7To\eixLoL<; avyyvoiyixriv €)(6iv ^datcovre^, el
irdvra ttXovtov koI '^(^prjfidTcov (ovia vo/iii^oLev,
cov KpeuTTOV ovoev XaaariVt opyl^ea-Oac Be AuKeSai-
fjLovLoi^t OTL Tr)v TTevlav Kot TTjv diToplav Tr)V vvv
Trapovcrav ^ KOr^vaioL^ jxovov 6pa>cri, t^9 3' dpeTrj^
Kol T^? (pLXoTLfiLWi d/jLvrjfjLOvovcnv cttI aiTioi^
virep ri}? 'EWaSo? dywvi^eadai irapatcaXovvre'^,
5 Tavra ypdylra<i ^ApKTTeiBrjf; koI tou^ Trpeo-^ei^
el<; TTJV eKKXrjcTLav irapayayoov, AaKeSaifiovioif;
ixev eKekevae (ppd^eiVy w? ovk eari 'X^pvaov
ToaovTov TrXrjdof; ovB* vrrep yrjv ov9^ viro yrjv,
oaov ^K6r}valni Be^atvro av irpb Trj<; twv 'EX-
XrjvoDV i\evdepia<;. roh he irapa MapSovlov tov
rfktov Bei^a<i, "*'A;^/9i av ovto<;** €0>;, *' ravrijv
TTopevTjrai, rrjv iropeiav, ^AOrjvacoi, irokepLrjaovat
UepaaL'i virep t^9 BeBrjci}p,evr]<; ')(^copa<; Kal rcov
6 rjae^rjfjLevcov /cal Kara/ceKavfjievcov lepwv." €Ti> Be
dpa<; Oeadai tov<; iepel^ eypayjrev, ec Tt9 eiTiKr)-
pvKevcraLro Mi]Bol<; tj ttjv cry/t/ia^tar dTroXiiroi
Tcov 'RXXrjvcov,
^E/jLl3a\6vro<i Be M.apBovLOv to Bevrepov el<i ttjv
^ATTLKTjVi av6L<i eU XaXafjLcva Bieirepaaav. *Api-
aT€iBrj<; Be 7re/jL^9el<; eh AaKeBaipuova Tr]<; fiev
^paBvTTJTo^i avTOL<; evexdXei /cal t?}? oXiycopla^,
Trpoefievoif} av0L<; toJ ^apjSdpco ra? 'A^jji/a?,
ri^iov Be irpo^ tcl ctc Gco^ofxeva t^9 'EWaSo?
7 ^ot]6elv. Tavra aKovaavre^ ol *'E<j>opoi fied* 325
242
I
I
ARISTIDES, X. 4-7
with an admirable answer, declaring that thej
could be tolerant with their foes for supposing
that everthing was to be bouglit for wealth and
money, since their foes could conceive of nothing
higher than these things ; but they were indignant
at the Lacedaemonians for having an eye only
to the penury and indigence that now reigned
at Athens, and for being so unmindful of the valour
and ambition of the Athenians as to exhort them
to contend for Hellas merely to win their rations.
When Aristides had made this motion and had
introduced the waiting embassies into the Assembly,
he bade the Lacedaemonians tell their people that
there was not bulk of gold above or below ground
so large that the Athenians would take it in
payment for the freedom of the Hellenes ; and to
the messengers of Mardonius he said, pointing to
the sun: "As long as yonder sun journeys his
appointed journey, so long will the Athenians wage
war against the Persians in behalf of the land
which has been ravaged by them and of the
temples which they have defiled and consumed
with fire." Still further, he made a motion that
the priests should solemnly curse all who came to
a parley with the Medes or forsook the alliance of
the Hellenes.
When Mardonius for the second time invaded
Attica, again the people crossed over to Salamis.
Then Aristides, who had been sent as envoy to
Lacedaemon, inveighed against their sluggishness
and indifference, in that they had once more
abandoned Athens to the Barbarian, and demanded
that they go to the aid of what was still left of
Hellas. On hearing this, the Ephors, as long as
243
PLUTARCH'S LIVES
rjixipav fiev eBoKOVV Trai^eiv koX paOu/netv eoprd-
foz^Te?* ^v yap avTol<; *TaKivOLa' vvkto<; Be
irevTaKLaxi^Xiov'^ %7rapTiaT(bv eV^Xefaz^re?, a)v
€fca(TTO<; kina irepl aurov elXayra^ ^^X^^> e^eire/jL-
yfrav ovk elBoroyv tcov ^Adrjvaicov. eVel Be irdXiv
eyKoXSiv 6 ^ApiaT€LBr]<; irpocrrjXOev, ol Se avv
yiXcoTL \7]p€LV avTov €(j)aaKOV koI jcadevSeiv, ijBrj
ryap iv 'Opecrretoi) rov arparbv eivai Tropevofievov
iirl TOv<i ^ivov^ {^evov<i yap eKoXovv Tov<i Hepa-a^),
8 ov Kara Katpov ecjirj irai^eiv avTOV^; 6 ^ApLcrrelBijf;^
avTL Tcou 7ro\€fjiL(ov Tov^ (jyCkov^i i^airarcovTa
ravd^ ol irepl rov ^iBo/xevea Xeyovaiv. ev Be
Tft) y^rji^iajxaTL rov ^ApLarelBov nrpeafievTr]^ ovk
avr6<^, aSXa Klfjiwv Kal HapOnriro'; kuI M.vp(o-
ViBr)<; (j)€povTaL.
XL i^eLpoTOvrjOeU Be (TTpaT7]yo<; avroKparcop
iirl Tr]v fid'X^rjV, Kal rSiV^ AOrjvaicdv OKraKia^iXlovf;
oirXiTa^ dvaXaffcoVy rjKev eh HXarata?. CKel Be
Kal Jlavaavla<; 6 rov G-vfiTravTo^; 'qyovjjbevo^
*FiXkrjvcKov (Tvvefii^ev e'x^cov tou? %7rapTLdTa<;,
Kal rdov aXkcov 'EWijvcov eireppei rb ttXtjOo^.
2 Twz^ Be ^apfidpcov to /jl€V 6\ov rr;? o-rparoTreBeia^
irapd TOP 'AacoTTOV TTOTa/jibv 7rap6KT€TajjLevi]<;
ovBel^i rjv bpo^ Bid to fjbeyeOo^, irepl Be Ta? aTTo-
a-Kevd<; Kal rd KVpicorara relxo^ irepiecfypd^avTO
reTpdycovoVt ov rwv ifKevpo)v e/cdarr] jjL7]K0<i rjv
BeKa araBlcov.
Tiavaavia piev ovv Kal tol<; "FiXkrjai kolvtj
Ttaa/xevb^; 6 'H\6609 e/JLavrevo-aro, Kal irpoelire
vLkt^v d/jLVvofjbevoi^ Kal fir) 'jrpoeTrv')(eLpovai,v
244
ARISTIDES, X. 7-xi. 2
it was day, publicly disported themselves in easy-
going festival fashion ; for it was their festival of the
tlyacinthia. But in the night they selected five
thousand Spartans, each of whom had seven Helots
to attend upon him, and sent them forth without
the knowledge of the Athenians. So when Aristides
came before them with renewed invectives, they
laughed and said he was but a sleepy babbler,
for that their army was already in Arcadia on
its march against the ''strangers" (they called the
Persians strangers). But Aristides declared they
were jesting out of all season, forasmuch as they
were deceiving their friends instead of their enemies.
This is the way Idomeneus tell the story. But in
the decree which Aristides caused to be passed, he
himse)f is not named as envoy, but Cimon, Xanthippus,
and Myronides.
XI. Having been elected general with sole powers
in view of the expected battle, he came to Plataea ^
at the head of eight thousand Athenian hoplites.
There Pausanias also, the commander in chief of
the whole Hellenic army, joined him with his
Spartans, and the forces of the rest of the Hellenes
kept streaming up. Now, generally speaking,
there was no limit to the encampment of the
Barbarians as it lay stretched out along the river
Asopus, so vast was it; but round their baggage
trains and chief headquarters they built a quad-
rangular wall, whereof each side was ten stadia
in length.
To Pausanias and all the Hellenes under him
Tisamenus the Eleian made prophecy, and foretold
victory for them if they acted on the defensive and
* Spring of 479 b.o.
245
PLUTARCH'S LIVES
3 ^ApiarelSov S^ Treji^avro^ eh AeXc^ou? avelXev
6 0€o<; *A0rjvaiOu<; Kadvireprepov^^ eaeaOat tmv
ivavTLCJv eif^ofievov^ tm Ad Kal Trj "H/3a rfj
KiOaipcavia Kal Havl Kal vvfJL(f)ai^ 'XtppayiTicn,
Kal Ovovra^ rjpwdLv ^AvSpoKpuTec, AevKwvt,
lJi€i<ruvSp(pf AafjLOKpdrei, ^TyjrLODVi, *AKTai(ovi,
Ilo\utB(p, Kal Tov KLvBvvov iv 7a Ihia 'Troiovfievov;
ev ra> ireBio) ras: Aajxarpo^ ra^ 'EXeucrij^ta? Kai
4 Ta^ Kopa?. 0^X09 o 'xprjo-fio^ avevexOeU airoplav
TO) ^ApiarelBrj Trapetxev, ol fi€v yap rjpwe^, oh
cKcXeve Oveiv, apxvj^'^^^ UXaraiecov ^aav, Kal
TO Tcov ^^payLTiScov vvfi^MV avTpov iv fiia
KOpv^fj TOV KLdatpMv6<; ia-riv, eh 8va/jLa<; rfkiov
Oepiva^ Terpajufievov, iv w Kal fiavTetov ^v
TTpoTepoVy 0)9 (j)aai, Kal ttoWoI KaTei^ovTo tmv
i'jnx^p'^^'^y o^? vv/ji<l)o\r)7rTov(; Trpoa-rjyopevov.
5 TO Be Tr)9 ^EXevo-ivia^ Ai]fir]Tpo<; jreBioVy Kal to
TTjv fjLd)(rjv iv IBia X^P^ TToiovixevoi^ to2^ ^AOrj-
vaioi.<i VLK7]V BiBoaOai, Trakiv eh ttjv ^Attikijv
dveKaXelTO Kal p^eOiaTrj tov irokejjbov.
"FjvOa TCdv II\aTai6Q)V 6 (tt partly o<;^ ApiiJivr)aTo<^
eBo^e Kara tov<; virvoufi vtto tov Alo^ tov ^coTrjpo^
iirepcoTco/jLevov avrov, 6 tl By TrpdrTeiv BiBoKTai
Toh ''EWrja-LV, elirelv, "Avpiov eh ^EXevaiva ttjv
aTpariav dird^oixeVy <w BiairoTa, Kal BtafiaxovjieOa
Toh Pap!3dpoL<; iKel Kara to ttvOo^PV^^'^ov.^'
6 TOV ovv 6eov ^dvat, Bia^apTaveiv avTov^ tov
iravTO^' avToOt yap elvai irepl Trjv TI\aTalKr)v
TO, TTvOoxpV^'^f^ f^^^ ^7}TovvTa<; dvevprjcreiv.
TovTcov ivapycj^ t^ ^Apifiv^aTtp (fiavevToav i^eypo-
246
ARISTIDES, XI. 3-6
did not advance to the attack. But Aristides sent
to Delphi and received from the god response that
the Athenians would be superior to their foes if they
made vows to Zeus, Cithaeronian Hera, Pan, and
the Sphragitic nymphs ; paid sacrifices to the heroes
Androcrates, Leucon, Pisandrus, Damocrates, Hyp-
sion, Actaeon, and Polyidus; and if they sustained
the peril of battle on their own soil, in the plain of
Eleusinian Demeter and Cora. When this oracle
was reported to Aristides, it perplexed him greatly.
The heroes to whom he was to sacrifice were, it was
true, ancient dignitaries of the Plataeans ; and the
cave of the Sphragitic nymphs was on one of the
peaks of Cithaeron, facing the summer sunsets, and
in it there was also an oracle in former days, as they
say, and many of the natives were possessed of the
oracular power, and these were called nympholepii,
or " nymph -possessed." But the plain of Eleusinian
Demeter, and the promise of victory to the Athenians
if they fought the battle in their own territory,
called them back, as it were, to Attica, and changed
the seat of war.
At this time the general of the Plataeans, Arim-
nestus, had a dream in which he thought he was
accosted by Zeus the Saviour and asked what the
Hellenes had decided to do, and replied : " On the
morrow, my Lord, we are going to lead our army
back to Eleusis, and fight out our issue with the
Barbarians there, in accordance with the Pythian
oracle." Then the god said they were entirely in
error, for the Pythian oracle's places were there in
the neighbourhood of Plataea, and if they sought
them they would surely find them. All this was
made so vivid to Arimnestus that as soon as he awoke
VOL. 11. I 247
PLUTARCH'S LIVES
fievo^ rd')(^iGTa /xereTri/jLyfraro tov<; i/jLTreipordrov^
KoX irpeafivrdrov^; tmv iroXircov, fieO^ ojv Sia-
X€y6/JL€V0<; KoX crvvBcaTropojv evpev, on rcov 'TaLCov
TrXrjaiov viro rov }Li6aipwva va6<; iariv dp^alo^
irdvv ^ A7]/jLr]Tpo<; ^^Xevaivia^ koI l^opr)^ irpoaa-
7 fyop€v6fjL6vo<;. ev6v<; ovv irapakajBcov tov 'Apt-
arelSrjv ^yev eVl rov roirov, 6V(f>v€crraTOV ovra
irapard^ai <j)d\ayya ire^iKr^v iTnTOKpaTOV/iivoi,^,
Sid rd^ viroopeta^ rov Ki6aip(ovo<; dcpcTTTra iroi-
ovaa<i rd KaTcCKriyovTa Kal avyKvpovvra rov
irehiov 7rpo<^ to lepov. avrov 3* ^v Kal to tov
^AvBpoKpdrov; rjpwov iyyv<;, dXcrei ttvkvcov Kal
8 (TuaKLcov SevBpcov irepiexop'^vov. ottco? he /jirjBev
iWiTrh exv 'rrpo^ ttjv iXTTiSa tt}? vlktj^; 6 ^Plf^l^o^*
eSo^e TOL^ nXaTaievaiv, ^ApL/xvija-Tov yvcofjirjv
eLTTovTO^, dveXelv Ta Trpo^ ttjv 'Attiktjv opta tt)? 326
UXaTauSof; Kal Trjv %ft)paz^ eirthovvaL rot? ^Adrj-
vaioif; virep Ti]<; 'EXXaSo? ev olKela KaTa tov
XP'^o-p'OV ivaycavia-aaOai.
9 'IavTr]v fiev ovv ttjv (f>LXoTLfiiav tcov HXaTatecov
ovTco (TVi'i^rj TrepL^orjTOv yeveaOac, axTTe Kal
^AXi^avBpov rjSr) ^aaiXevovTa t^9 'Ao-ta? vcTepov
TToXXoLf; €T€(Ti, Tei^i^ovTa Td<i YiXaTaid^ dveiirelv
^OXvfiTTLdorLV viro KTjpvKO^, OTL TavTTjv 6 ^aaiXev^
diroSiScoo-L UXaTatevat tt)^ dvhpayaOia^; Kal Ti]<;
/jbeyaXo^jrvxi^a^ X^P^^» eVe^S^ Tol<i ^'EXXrja-Lv iv
T(p MrjSLKM iroXifKp ttjv %co/3az/ eTriScoKav Kal
Trapecrxov avTov<; irpo6vpiOTdTov<;.
XII. ^A6r)vaioi<i he TeyeuTat, irepl Td^ew<i
iptcravTe^ rj^tovv, axrirep del, AaKehatfJioviwv to
he^Lov ixovTcov Kepa^, avTol to evcovvfiov ex^iv,
1 irduv omitted by Bekker, now found in S.
248
ARISTIDES, XI. 6-xii. i
he summoned the oldest and most experienced of his
fellow-citizens. By conference and investigation
with these he discoverd that near Hysiae, at the
foot of mount Cithaeron, there was a very ancient
temple bearing the names of Eleusinian Demeter and
Cora. Straightway then he took Aristides and led
him to the spot. They found that it was naturally
very well suited to the array of infantry against a
force that was superior in cavalry, since the spurs of
Cithaeron made the edges of the plain adjoining the
temple unfit for horsemen. There, too, was the
shrine of the hero Androcrates hard by, enveloped
in a grove of dense and shady trees. And besides,
that the oracle might leave no rift in the hope
of victory, the Plataeans voted, on motion of Arim-
nestus, to remove the boundaries of Plataea on
the side toward Attica, and to give this territory
to the Athenians, that so they might contend in
defence of Hellas on their own soil, in accordance
with the oracle.
This munificence of the Plataeans became so
celebrated that Alexander, many years afterwards,
when he was now King of Asia,^ built the walls of
Plataea, and had proclamation made by herald at the
Olympic games that the King bestowed this grace
upon the Plataeans in return for their bravery and
magnanimity in freely bestowing their territory upon
the Hellenes in the Median war, and so showing
themselves most zealous of all.
XII. Now with the Athenians the men of Tegea
came to strife regarding their position in the line.
They claimed that, as had always been the case,
since the Lacedaemonians held tlie right wing, they
1 331-330 B.a
249
PLUTARCH'S LIVES
TToWh T0U9 avTcav irpoyovovf; i>yKO)fjLtd^ovTe<;.
ayava/CTOvvrcov Sk rSiV ^AOijvaiwv irapekOoDV
6 ^ApcaT€LSr}(; etTre* "Teyearai? fjLev avTeiirelv
Trepl €vy€veLa<; koX ayhpayaOiw^ 6 irapoov
Kaipo<i ov hiScoat, 7r/)09 S' vpt,a<;, w '^TrapridraL,
Kol Tou? dWov<s"EWr]va<; Xeyofiev, ore rrjv aperrjv
ou/c a(j>aLp€LTai totto^ ovBe ElSojctlv' rjv 3' av vfiel^i
r)/jLtv rd^iv diroScoTe ireipaaofieOa KO<TfiovvTe<i
Kal (pvXaTTOVTef; purf KaTaL(T)(^uvetv tov<; Trporjycovi-
2 (TpL€vov<i dy(ova<;. rjicopLev yap ov rot? crv/jL/xd')^oi^
(rra(Tid(TovT€^y dWa puaxovp^evoc roh TroXe/xtoi?,
ouS' iTratvearofievoi tou? 7raTepa<;, aXV auToix;
dvSpa<i dyaOov<; ry '^WdSi irape^ovre^i' co? outo<;
6 dyoiv hei^ei koX iroXtv kol dp^ovTa Kal iStcoTijv
OTToaov Tolt;"EW7jaLV d^t6<; 6(ttl.^* ravr aKOV-
aavT6<; ol crvveSpot Kal '^yepLoveg dire^e^avTO rov<;
*Adr}vaiov<; Kal Odrepov avroh K6pa<; dire^oaav,
XIII. Ovar]<; Be puereoopov t^9 'EXXaSo? Kal
pudXiara toI<; ^ KOrjvaioL^ rcov Trpaypbdrcov eVi-
(r<paXa)<; eyovrwVy dvZpe^ ef oXkcov eTrc^avcov Kal
'^prjpidTcov pieydXcov irevr^re^ viro rov iroXepuov
yey ovore^ Kal iraaav dpca rut irXovrco rrjv iv rrj
TToXei hvvapLiv avrcov Kal So^av ol^opiivrjv opcov-
T69, erepcop TLpbCDpievcDV Kal dpxovrcov, avvrjXOov
€t9 oIkluv Tivd rcov iv UXaTaLat^ Kpixpa koI
avvco/j^oaavTo KaraXvaeiv rov S^pLOV el Sk purf
'7rpo)(Q)poir}y XvpbavelaOav rd irpdypbara Kal 70*9
ffap^dpoL'; 7rpoB(ocr€LV.
2 YlpaTTopievcov Sk tovtcov iv rw a-rparoTriSo) Kal
avx^vmv tJBtj Si€(f>OapjLLeva)V, alaOopievo^ 6 *Api-
a-T€iB7]fi Kal (l)o^7]6eh tov KaipoVy eyvco pLijT idv
250
ARISTIDES, XII. i-xiii. 2
themselves should hold the left, and in support of
their claim they sounded loudly the praises of their
ancestors. The Athenians were incensed, and
Aristides came forward and made this speech : " To
argue with the men of Tegea about noble birth and
bravery, there is surely no time now ; but we declare
to you, O Spartans, and to the rest of the Hellenes,
that valour is not taken away from a man, nor is
it given him, by his position in the line. Whatsoever
post ye shall assign to us, we will endeavour to main-
tain and adorn it, and so bring no disgrace upon the
contests we have made before. We are come, not
to quarrel witli our allies, but to do battle with our
foes ; not to heap praises on our fathers, but to show
ourselves brave men in the service of Hellas. It is
this contest which will show how much any city or
captain or private soldier is worth to Hellas." On
hearing this, the councillors and leaders declared for
the Athenians, and assigned to them the other wing.
XIII. While Hellas was thus in suspense and
Athens especially in danger, certain men of that
city who were of prominent families and large
wealth, but had been impoverished by the war, saw
that with their riches all their influence in the city
and their reputation had departed, while other men
now had the honours and offices. They therefore
met together secretly at a certain house in Plataea,
and conspired to overthrow the democracy ; or, it
their plans did not succeed, to injure the general
cause and betray it to the Barbarians.
Such was the agitation in the camp, and many
had already been corrupted, when Aristides got
wind of the matter, and, fearful of the crisis that
Tl favoured the plot, determined not to leave the
251
PLUTARCH'S LIVES
a/jL€\ovfi€vov TO TTpdy/iia jxrjd^ airav eKKaXvirreiv,
a<yvoovfjbevov eh oaov etc^rjcreTai, irXrjdo^; 6 ekeyx^^
TOP TOV SifCaiOV ^rjTCJV OpOV CLVtI TOV aVfl^€pOVTO<f,
3 oxTcb Bf] Tivat; i/c ttoWcov avviXa^e* koI tovtohv
hvo fiiv, ol? TTpwTOi^ r) Kpi(TL<; 7rp06ypd(j)r}, at koI
ifKeicTTr^v aiTiav el^oVi Aiax^^V^ A.apLirTpev<^ koX
*A.yri<TLa<; ^A'X^apvev^, mxovTO cf)€vyovT€<; €K tov
(TTpaTOTTeBov, Tou? S' dWov<; d<l)rJK6y OapcrrjaaL
BtSov<; Kol fieTayvcjvat Toh 6Tt Xavddvetv olo-
jJiivoL^t vireiTTODv q)<; fiiya BiKaaTi]piov €')(0V(TL tov
TToXefJbov diroXvcradOai Td<; atrta? opBcos: Koi
SiKaL(o<!; TTJ TraTpiSc ^ovXevojuevoi.
XIV. Mera TavTa MapB6vto<;, w irXelaTov
iSoKCt, Stacf^epetv, TOiV *^WrjV(ov dTreTreipaTO, Tr)V
LTTTTOv dOpoav avT0L<; e^6fc9 Kade^ofiivoi^^ vnro tov
TrpoTToSa TOV Yit6aip(ji)vo<; iv 'xwpioi^; o^vpot^ koX
ireTpoiihecn ttXjjv Meyapicov. ovtoi Se Tpiax^'Xiot,
TO ttXtJ^o? 6Vt€9 iv T0?9 eTriTriBoif; fidWov
ia-TpaTOTreSevovTO. 8io koX KaKo!)<; eiraaxov viro fl
TTjf; cTTTTov pv€car]<; eir avTov^ Koi irpoafioXdf; ^
2 e%ou£r?;9 iravTayJidev, eizeymov ovv dyyekov
KaTCL Ta%09 Trpo? Uavaavlav ^orjOetv KekevovTe^,
tt)9 ov SvvdfievoL KaB^ avT0V<; vTroaTrjvat to t&v
PapPdpodv TT\rj6o<i, TavTa Tiavaavia^ aKovoiv,
rjBrj Be Koi, xaOopcov dTroKeKpufifievov aKovTiafjid-
Tcov Kal To^evfjbdTcov 7r\i]6ei to aTpaTOTreBov tcov
yieyapeoov Kal avvea-TdkiMevov^ avTov<; eh oTuyov,
auT09 fiev dixrixavo^ r^v irpo^i iTTTTOTa^ dfivveiv 327
252
ARISTIDES, XII!. 2-xiv. 2
matter in neglect, nor yet to bring it wholly to the
light, since it could not be known how many would
be implicated by a test which was based on justice
rather than expediency. Accordingly, he arrested
some eight or so of the many conspirators. Two of
these, against whom the charge was first formally
brought, and who were really the most guilty ones,
Aeschines of Lamptrae and Agesias of Acharnae,
fled the camp. The rest he released, affording thus
an opportunity for encouragement and repentance to
those who still thought they had escaped detection,
and suggested to them that the war was a great
tribunal for their acquittal from the charges made
against them, provided they took sincere and
righteous counsel in behalf of their country.
XIV. After this, Mardonius made trial of the
Hellenes with that arm of his service in which he
thought himself most superior. He despatched all
his cavalry against them as they lay encamped at the
foot of Cithaeron, in positions that were rugged and
rocky — all except the Megarians. These, to the
number of three thousand, were encamped the
rather in open plain. For this reason they suffered
severely at the hands of the cavalry, which poured
in tides against them, and found access to them
on every side. Accordingly, they sent a messenger
in haste to Pausanias, bidding him come to their aid,
since they were unable of themselves to withstand
the host of the Barbarians. Pausanias, on hearing
this, and seeing at once that the camp of the
Megarians was as good as hidden from view by the
multitude of the enemy's javelins and arrows, and
that its defenders were huddled together in narrow
quarters, on his own part had no way of rendering
253
PLUTARCH'S LIVES
oirXiTLKfj <f>d\ayyt Koi papeia rfi '^TrapTiarcov,
3 T0t9 8' aWoi9 (TTparijyoU koX Xoxayol^; tojv *E\-
Xiqvwv irepl axjTOv overt irpovOero ^rfKov ap€Trj<;
Kot (l>tXoTCfiia<;, el 8i] r^z/e? eKovre^ avahe^aivTo
irpoayoivlaaaOat koi fforjdtjaai TOi<; Meyapevo-i.
Tcov 8' aXXcov oKVOvvTOiv *ApLcrTeiBr]f; avahe^dfievo^
virep T(ov ^A6rivai(0v to epyov diroaTeXket rov
Trpodv/JLOTarov rcou Xo%a7wi/ ^OXvfiTrioScopov,
e^ovTa Tov^ vir* avT(p Terayjiivov^; Xoyd8a<;
rpiaKoaiovf; Kol ro^ora^ dvafiefxiyp^evov^i avv
avToX^.
4 Tovrayv Be ^ of eo)? BLacrKevaaa/Jbivcov koX irpoa-
^epofjiii'cov Bpofio), Mao-ta-T£09 6 tcov fiap^dpcov
'iTCTrapxo^y dvr]p aXxy re OavjiaaTo^ fxeyeOet re
Kol KaXXei crco/iiaTO(; nrepiTTo^, «? KaTelBev,
ivavTiov einaTpe^a^ tov Xttitov el<; avTOi)<; rjXavve.
T(bv S' dvaa')(^ofjL6vcDV koI avfi^aXovTcov tjv dyayv
KapTep6<;, <o<; irelpav iv tovtw tov iravTOf; Xafju-
5 ^avovTCOv. CTrel Be T0^ev6el<; 6 itttto? tov Ma-
oiaTLOv dweppiyfre koI ireaoov viro ^dpov<; tcov
ottXcov auTo? re BvaKLV7jTo<; rjv dva(j)epet>v real tol<;
*A6r)va[oL<i eTTiKeifievot^ Koi iraiovai Bvcr/jLeTax^tpc-
0"T09, ov fiovov (TTepva kuI Ke^aXrjv, dXXa koX to,
yvia ')(^pv(7cp kolI yaXKco kol aiBjjpw KaTaire^pay-
fjL€vo<;, TovTOv fiev y to Kpdvo^ viricpatve tov
6<j)6aX/JL0V CLKOVTLOV CTTVpaKL TTULCOV TL^ dvelXcV, ol
S* dXXoL Uepaat, Trpoifievot, tov veKpov €(j)evyov.
6 eyvcoadrj Be tov KaTopOcofiaTO^ to fJieyeOos: tok
"KXXrjaiv ovK UTro tcov veKpcov tov irXrjOov^y
oXiyoc yap ol ireaovTe'i rjaav, dXXa Ta> Trevdec tcov
* rovTuv Sc Hercher and Blass with F*S : roiruv.
254
ARISTIDES, XIV. 2-6
them aid against horsemen, since his phalanx of
Spartans was full-armoured and slow of movement ;
but to the rest of the generals and captains of the
Hellenes who were about him he proposed, in order to
stir up their valour and ambition, that some of them
should volunteer to make contention for the succour
of the Megarians. The rest all hesitated, but
Aristides, in behalf of the Athenians, undertook
the task, and despatched his most zealous captain,
Olympiodorus, with the three hundred picked men
of his command, and archers mingled with them.
* These quickly arrayed themselves and advanced
to the attack on the run. Masistius, the commander
of the Barbarian cavalry, a man of wonderful prowess
and of surpassing stature and beauty of person, saw
them coming, and at once wheeled his horse to
face them and charged down upon them. Then
there was a mighty struggle between those who
withstood and those who made the charge, since
both regarded this as a test of the whole issue
between them. Presently the horse of Masistius
was hit with an arrow, and threw his rider, who
lay where he fell, unable to raise himself, so heavy
was his armour; and yet he was no easy prey to
the Athenians, though they pressed upon him
and smote him. For not only his chest and
head, but also his limbs were encased in gold and
bronze and iron. But at last, with the spike of
a javelin, through the eye-hole of his helmet, he was
smitten to the death, and the rest of the Persians
abandoned his body and fled. The magnitude of
their success was known to the Hellenes, not
from the multitude of those they slew, for few
255
PLUTARCH'S LIVES
jSap^dpcov. fcal yap eavTOV<; e/cetpav cttI tw
Mao-icrrtft) /cal Ilttttov^ fcal rjfiiovovf;, olfx(oyri<; re
Kol KkavOfJbOv TO irehiov iveiripbifkaa-av, co? dv8pa
iroXv irpcoTOV dperfj kol hvvdfiei fierd ye Ma/)-
hovLov avTov diro^aXovre^;.
XV. Merd Be ttjv iTTTrofiax^ccv dfi^orepot, fidxv^
ea-xovTO xpopov ttoXvv dfiwo/jiivoL^ yap ol /idv-
ret? vLKTjv 7rpou(paivov eic tmv lepcov oyototo)? Kal
Tot<; HepcraL^ Kal roW^Xkyjcnv, el 8' iinx^tpolev,
rJTTap. eireira MapBovio^, co? avru) fxev rjfMepcov
oXlycov rd iTriT^BeLa irepirjv, ol S' '^EWrjvef; deu
Tivcov eTTippeovTCOv ifkelove'^ iytvovro, SvaavaaxG-
TMV eyvco fjLrjKeTC fxeveiVy dWd Scal3a<; dfia ^dei
rov*Aaco7TOV iTriOicrOat, To2<;''RWr]a-cv dirpooSoKT]-
Tft)9* Kal TTUpdyyeXfMa tol<; rjyepLocnv eairepa^
eScoKC.
2 Mecrovo-T)^ Be fidXiaTa ttj^ vvkto<; dvr)p Xirirov
e;^ft)^' drpejuLa TrpocrejuLyvve rw arpaTOirehco rayv
^KXXtjvcop' evTVX^v Be ral^ ^uXaKal^ eKeXevev
avT(p irpoaeXOelv ^ApiareiB-qv rbv ^Adr^valov.
viraKOvaavTO^ Bl Ta;^ea)9 e(f)r}aep' " Elpl puev
*AXi^avBpo<^ 6 ^laKeBcov, ^kco Be KtvBvvcov rov fie-
yiarov evvoia ry irpo^ vp,d<s alpopievo^, &)? fir] to
al(j)viBiov eKTrXrj^eiev vp,a<; ^etpoz/ dywvlaaadai.
3 /ia%etTai yap vpuv MapB6vio(; avpiov, ov^ vtt
eX7rlBo<; XPV^'^V'^ ^^^^ Odpaov^, dXX" diropla^ rcov
irapovTCoVy eirel Kal p,dvTeL<i eKelvov diraKrioLf;
lepoh Kal XoyioL^ XPV^/^^^ eipyovai, fidxv^, fcal
rov (TTparov ex^t' BvaOvpula iroXXr) Kal KardirXi]-
f i9. dXX' dvdyKT) roXficbvTa ireipda-OaL ri]^ tvxv^
256
I
ARISTIDES, XIV. 6-xv. 3
had fallen, but from the grief of the Barbarians.
For they shore their OAvn hair in tribute to Masistius,
and that of their horses and mules, and filled the
plain with their wailing cries. They felt that they
had lost a man who, after Mardonius himself, was by
far the first in valour and authority.
XV. After this cavalry battle, both sides refrained
from further fighting for a long time, since only
as they acted on the defensive would victory be
theirs — so the soothsayers interpreted the sacrifices
alike for Persians and Hellenes, — but if they attacked,
defeat. At last Mardonius, since he had supplies
remaining for only a few days, and since the
Hellenes were ever increasing in number as fresh
bodies joined them, impatiently determined to
wait no longer, but to cross the Asopus at day-
break and attack the Athenians unexpectedly.
During the evening he gave the watchword to
his commanders.
But about midnight a solitary horseman quietly
approached the camp of the Hellenes, and falling
in with the outposts, ordered that Aristides the
Athenian come to him. He was speedily obeyed,
and then said : " I am Alexander the Macedonian,
and I am come at the greatest peril to myself,
out of my good- will toward you, that no suddenness
of attack may frighten you into inferior fighting.
Mardonius will surely give battle on the morrow,
not because he has substantial hope or even courage,
but because he is destitute of provisions. His sooth-
sayers, indeed, are trying to keep him from battle by
unpropitious sacrifices and oracular utterances, while
his army is full of dejection and consternation*
but he must needs boldly try his fortune, or sit
257
PLUTARCH'S LIVES
rj Trjv i(r')(aT7]v vrrofieveiv airopiav KaOe^ofievov,
4 Tavra (ppdaa^; 6 ^A\e^ap8po<; iSelro rbv ^Apiaret'
Brjv avTOv elhevat kol /jLvrjjjLOveveiv, eripo) Be firj
KareiTreiP. 6 S' ov Ka\co<; e^eiv ecfyr] Tavra Tlav-
cravlav airoKpyy^aaOai, i/celvq) yap dvaKeladat
rrjv rjyefJLOViav, Trpb^ Be rov^ aXkov; dpprjra irpo
T?}? P'd')(7)<i eBo^ev ^ eaeaOai, vcKwarjf; Be Trjf;
'EXXa8o9 ovBeva rrjv ^AXe^dvBpov irpodvixiav koI
5 dperrjv dyvorjaeiv. \e')(6 evrwv Be rovrcov o re
^aaCkev'^ rcov MaKeBovcov dirrfkavvev OTrlaco
iraXiv, 6 re ^ApiareLBr]<; d(j>Lic6fJievo^ iwl ttjv 328
CKr)vrjv Tov UavaavLov BnjyetTO tov<; \6yov<;' fcal
fieTeTre/JLTTOVTO rov^ dXKov<; rjye/ijL6va<; KaX irap'qy-
yeWov iv Kocrfiw tov (TTparov e^eiv, co? P'd^r]<;
eao/jLevr]<;.
XYI. 'Ev TOVTO) B\ ft)? '}ip6BoTO<i laropel,
IlavaavLa<i ^ApicrTeiBr) Trpoaecpepe \6yov, d^iayv
Tou? ^ A6rjvaiov<; eVl to Be^Lov fieTard^at KaX ^
Kara tov^; Uepaa^ dvnra'xdrivaL, jSeXTLOv yap ^_
aycdvielaOat Trj<; re /^a^?;? epbireipov^ yeyovora^ fl
Kal T(p TrpovepcKrjKevai Oappovvra^;, avrSt Be irapa-
Bovvav TO evcovvfjLOV, oirov tmv 'EWtjvcov ol
firjBL^ovTe<; eirvfidWeiv efieWov.
2 01 fiev ovv dXKoi (TTpaTrjyol tmv ^ A6r)vai(ov
dyvcofjiova /cal (popriKov rjyovvTO tov Uavaaviav,
el Tr)v ak\r]v ecov Ta^iv iv %ft>/)a fjL6vov<; dvco Kal
Kdrco fjLera^epei <y<^d<; taairep etXcora?, Karh. to
^ ilo\^v bracketed by Bekker, omitted by Blass.
2 fieTard^ai Kal MSS., Sinteiiis', Coraes, Bekker: /ifraya-
y6vra.
258
ARISTIDES, XV. 3-xvi. 2
still and endure extremest destitution." When he
had told him this, Alexander begged Aristides to
keep the knowledge to himself and bear it well
in mind, but to tell it to none other. Aristides
replied that it was not honourable to conceal this
knowledge from Pausanias, since it was on him
that the supreme command devolved, but that
it should not be told the other leaders before the
battle ; though in case Hellas were victorious, no
man should remain ignorant of Alexander's zeal
and valour. After this conversation, the king
of the Macedonians rode off back again, and
Aristides went to the tent of Pausanias and told
him all that had been said. Then they summoned
the other leaders and gave them orders to keep
the army in array, since there was to be a
battle.
XVI. At this juncture, as Herodotus relates,^
Pausanias sent word to Aristides, demanding that
the Athenians change their position and array
themselves on the right wing, over against the
Persians, where they would contend better, he
said, since they were versed already in the Persian
style of fighting, and emboldened by a previous
victory over them ; the left wing, where the Medising
Hellenes were going to attack, should be intrusted
to himself and his Spartans.
The rest of the Athenian generals thought it
inconsiderate and annoying in Pausanias to leave
the rest of his line in the position assigned, while
he moved them, and tliem only, back and forth
like Helots, and put them forward where the
» ix. 46.^^^'^^^^
259
PLUTARCH'S LIVES
fiaxtfJ-f^'rarov irpo^aXKofievo^' 6 K ^ApiaTelBr)^
BiajiapTdveip avTov<; ecpaa/ce rov Trai^ro?, el
Trpcorjv fJLev virep rov ro evcopv/iov Kepa^ e%eii/
hLe(j>i\oTVfiovvTO T€y€dTai<; kol irpOKpiOevre^ iae-
3 fivvvovTO, vvp Si, Aa/ceBaifiovLcov eKovcrlo)^ avroh
i^icrra/jLivcop tov Bc^lov kol rpoirov tlvcl rr}v
rjryefjLovLav TrapaBtSovTcop, ovre rrjv Bo^av arfairS)-
(TLV OVT€ K€pBo<; T/yOVVTai, TO firj TTpo? 6fio(j>vXov(;
KOL arvyy€vel<;y dWa ^ap^dpov<; koX (pvcret TroXe-
fiiov<; djcopLcao-Oat,. iic tovtov irdw irpodvfioix;
ol ^Adrjvatot BLrjfjLeLJSovTO rot? XTrapTcdTUL^ ttjv
4 rd^iv Kol \6yo<i e'xdipeu Bl avrSyv iroXv^ a\-
XriXoL^ irapeyyvayvTotv, o)^ ovre oirXa ySeXrtft)
Xa06vT€<i 0VT6 "yjrvxa^; dfieivov^ ol iroXifiLoi t(ov
iv MapaOcovc Trpoalaaiv, dXXd ravra jul€v eKeivoL^
To^a, ravrd S* ia6rJT0<; TTOiKLXfiara Kal ■^(pvaofi
iirl acofjLaai, fiaXaK0i<i kol i/rup^ai9 dvdvBpoL<;' r)ijuv
5' o/jLoia fiev oirXa koI acofiaTa, fiel^ov Be ral<i
VLKai'i TO 6dp(T0<;, 6 B^ dyobv ov^ virep yoapa^ kcCI
TToXeo)? pLovoVy (»9 eKelvoc^, dXX* virep tcov iv
^apadcdVL Kal ^aXafJuvi Tpoiraicav, co? p.7]K cKeiva
M.cXTidBov BoKrj Kal tvxV^* dXXd ^AOyvaLCOv.
6 OvTOC p.€v ovv cr7revBovT€<; ev dp,ei'\jreL t(ov
Td^ecov rjcrav' alcrOopLevoi B^ %7j^aloi Trap* avTo-
fjLoXcov M.apBovL(p <f)pd^ovai,. KaKelvo^ €vdv<i, eiTe
BeBccbf; Tov^ ^AOyvalov^i, ecTe Toh AaKeBacpLOvLoL^i
260
ARISTIDES, XVI. 2-5
fighting was to be hottest. But Aristides declared
that they were utterly wrong ; they had contended
emulously with the Tegeans, but a little while
back, for the occupation of the left wing, and
plumed themselves on being preferred before those
rivals; but now, when the Lacedaemonians of
their own accord vacated the right wing for them,
and after a fashion proffered them the leadership
among the Hellenes, they neither welcomed the
reputation thus to be won, nor counted it gain
that their contention would thus be, not with men
of the same tribes and kindreds, but rather with
Barbarians and natural enemies. Upon this the
Athenians very willingly exchanged posts with
the Spartans, and the word passed from lip to
lip far through their ranks that their enemies
would attack them with no better arms and with
no braver spirits than at Marathon, nay, with
the same kind of archery as then, and with the
same variegated vesture and gold adornments to
cover soft bodies and unmanly spirits ; " while
we have not only like arms and bodies with our
brethren of that day, but that greater courage
which is born of our victories ; and our contest is
not alone for land and city, as theirs was, but
also for the trophies which they set up at Marathon
and Salamis, in order that the world may think
that not even those were due to Miltiades only,
or to fortune, but to the Athenians."
The Spartans and Athenians, then, were busily
engaged in exchanging posts ; but the Thebans
heard of it from deserters and told Mardonius. He,
at once, whether through fear of llie Athenians or
out of ambition to engage with the Lacedaemonians,
26J
PLUTARCH'S LIVES
avfiTreaeiv (j>i\oTi/iiovfi6vo<!, dvTCTrape^rjye tov(;
Ilipcra<; eirl to Se^cov, tov^; Be "FiXkr}va<i cKeXeve
TOV'i avv avT(p Kara rov<i ^AOrjvaiovf} la-raaOat,.
6 yevofiivrjfi Se ttJ? /neraKOcr/iijcrecof; KaTa^avov<; 6
re Havaavia^ aTrorpaireU avOi^ iirl rov Se^tov
Karia-TT}, koI MapSoi^fo?, coairep el^^v e'f dpxv^»
dveXa^e to evcovvfiov KaTO, tov<; AaKeSatfiovCov;
y€v6fi6vo<;, ^ T6 -^fxipa BLC^nXOev dpyi]. koI tol<;
'^KWrjaL ffovXevofi€Voi<; eBo^e 7roppo)T€pco fiera-
aTpaToireBevaai Koi KaToXa^elv evvBpov ')(^copLov,
CTrel TO, ttXtjo-lov vdp^aTa KaOv^pLaTO Kal Bci-
<l)6apT0 t6)v PapPdpayv iTTTroKpaTovvcov.
XVII. 'K7r€\6ova-'r]<; Be vvkto<; Kal tmv aTpaTrj-
ySiV dy6vT(ov iirl ttjv dwoBeBeiy/jLevrjv aTpaTO-
ireBeiav ov irdvv Trpodvfiov rjv eireaOat koX
av/jL/jL6V€CV TO ifKrjdo<;, dW &)? dveaTrjcrav e/c tcov
TTpCOTCOV ipVfldTCOV icfiepOVTO 7r/?09 ttjv TToXlV tS)v
YlXaraLeayv ol ttoXXol, koi 66pv^o<i r^v eKel Bta-
(TKiBvajj,evo)v /cat /caTaaKrjvovvTcov ara/KTO)?. AaK6-
Bai/jb0VL0L(; Be avveffaivev ^ axovac fi6voL<i diroXei-
2 ireaOai TOiv dXXcov ^A/jLO/jL(f)dpeTo<; ydp, dvrjp
0viJLoeiBr)<; koX (j)i,XoKLvBvvo^y eKiraXat irpo^ ttjv
jJidyy^v (TTTapySyv fcal ^apvvofievo^ ra? TroWa?
dva^oXd^ KoX /neXXyjaeig, TOTe Bij irayTdiracn ttjv
IxeTavdaTaatv (jyvyrjv dTroKuXcov Kal diroBpao-iv,
ovK €(j>rj XelyjreLV Tr}v Td^iv, dXX avToOt /aivcov
jieTCL Tcov iavTov Xoxtrcbv viroaTrja-eaOat MapBo-
3 viov. 0)9 Be Uavcravlaf; eireXOcov eXeye TavTa
TTpdTTeiv e-^Tj^KTixeva koI BeBoy/xeva tok '^KKXtj-
cnVi dpd/jLevo<; tolv X'^P^'^^ ireTpov fieyav 6
1 ffvve&aivev Blass, adopting the conjecture of Sintenis^ :
262
ARISTIDES, XVI. 5-xvii. 3
counterchanged his Persians to the right wing, and
ordered the Hellenes with him to set themselves
against the Athenians. When this change in his
enemy's order of battle was manifest, Pausanias
returned and occupied the right wing again, where-
upon Mardonius also resumed his own left wing, just
as he stood at the beginning, facing the Lacedae-
monians. And thus the day came to an end without
action. The Hellenes, on deliberation, decided to
change their camp to a position farther on, and to
secure a spot where there was plenty of good watei^,
since the neighbouring springs were defiled and
ruined by the Barbarians' superior force of cavalry.
XV^II. Night came on, and the generals set out to
lead their forces to the appointed encampment. The
soldiers, however, showed no great eagerness to
follow in close order, but when they had once
abandoned their first defences, most of them hurried
on toward the city of Plataea, and there tumult
reigned as they scattered about and encamped in no
order whatsover. But it chanced that the Lacedae-
monians were left alone behind the others, and that
too against their will. For Amompharetus, a man of
a fierce and venturesome spirit, who had long been
mad for battle and distressed by the many post-
ponements and delays, now at last lost all control
of himself, denounced the change of position as a
runaway flight, and declared that he would not
abandon his post, but stay there with his company
and await the onset of Mardonius. And when
Pausanias came up and told him that their action
had been formally voted by the Hellenes in council.
263
PLUTARCH'S LIVES
^A/jLOfi(j)dp€TO(; Kol KarajSakoov irpo rcov ttoBwv rod
HavaavLov ravrrjv 6(j>r) yjryjcpov avTO<; Trepl tt}? 329
fJLCLXn^ TiOeaOaiy ra Be rojv aXXcov BeiXa jBovXev-
fjLara Kal Soyfiara x^ipeiv idv. a7ropov/jL6VO<; Be
TlavaavLa<; ru) jrapovri tt/oo? /xev tov<; ^AOrjvaiovi
€7r€/iiyjrev airiovra^ rjBr}, Trept/jieXvai Beofievof; koI
Koivrj paBi^eiv, avro^ Be rrjv dWrjv Bvvafitv yye
TTyoo? ra? HXaraia^ to? dvaar^(Ta)V rov ^Kjxojjl-
(pdperov. fl
4 'Ev TovT(p Be KareXdpbpavev '^fjuepa, Kal Map- ™
B6vL0<; (ov yap eXaOov rrjv crTparoireBelav eVXeXot-
TTore? 01 ''EWrjve^i) eyjuiv avvTerayiJievr^v rrjv
Bvvafxiv €7re(f)epeT0 Tot9 AaKeBai/jLovLoa ^oij TroWij
Kal irardyw rcov fiap^dpcov, ox; ov fid^7}<; iao-
fxevT}^, dWa ^evyovTa<; dvapiraaofievcov rov^
"EWr]va<^. o /jLLKpd<; /O07r>79 eBerjae yeveaOai,
5 KartBcbv yap ro yivofievov 6 Tiavcravlaf; ea')(^ero
jiev T7]<i TTopeia^ Kal ttjv eirl /Aa%?7 rd^iv eKeXeuae
Xa/ji/Sdvecv eKaarov, eXaOe S* avrov, eW^ viro
rrj<; TTpo^i rov ^Afio/jL(f>dp6TOV 6pyrj(; etre rw rd-^SL
6opvl3r)6evTa tcov TroXe/jLicov, avvOr}fia firj Bovvau fl
T0fc9 "EXXrjaiv. 66ev our ev6v<; ovr d6p6oif "
Kar oXiyov^; Be Kal o-TropdBrjv, rjBrj rr)<; fid'^rj^
ev ')(epalv ovarj<^, rrrpoae/SorjOovv.
6 'n? Be 6v6/jL€vo<; ovk eKaXXtepei, Trpoorera^e
Tol<i AaKeBaijjLoviOL<; ra? dairiBa^; nrpo tmv iroBoiv
OeiJievov^ drpefia KaOe^eadai Kal Trpoaexciv avrw,
fMTjBeva T(ov 'TToXe/jLLcov dfivvofievovf;, avT6<; Be
irdXiv ea(f)aytd^eTO. Kal irpoaeTTtirTOV ol i7nr€L<;'
ijBr) Be Kal y9e\09 i^iKvelro Kai Ti9 iTreTrXrjKTO
7 Twv ^irapriarcov. ev tovtw Be Kal KaXXiKpdT7]<;f
264
ARISTIDES, XVII. 3-7
Amompharetiis picked up a great stone and threw it
down at the feet of Pausanias, saying that was his
personal ballot for battle^ and he cared not a whit
for the cowardly counsels and votes of the rest.
Pausanias, perplexed at the case, sent to the Athe-
nians, who were already moving off, begging them
to wait and make the march in company with him,
and then began to lead the rest of his troops
toward Plataea, with the idea that he would thus
force Amompharetus from his position.
At this point day overtook them, and Mardonius,
who did not fail to notice that the Hellenes had
abandoned their encampment, with his force in full
array, bore down upon the Lacedaemonians, with great
shouting and clamour on the part of the Barbarians,
who felt that there would be no real battle, but that
the Hellenes had only to be snatched off as they
fled. And this lacked but little of coming to pass.
For Pausanias, on seeing the situation, though he
did check his march and order every man to take
post for battle, forgot, either in his rage at Amom-
pharetus or his confusion at tlie speed of the enemy,
to give the signal for battle to the confederate
Hellenes. For this reason they did not come to his
aid at once, nor in a body, but in small detachments
and straggling, after the battle was already joined.
When Pausanias got no favourable omens from his
sacrifices, he ordered his Lacedaemonians to sit quiet
with their shields planted in front of them, and to
await his orders, making no attempt to repulse their
enemies, while he himself went to sacrificing again.
By this time the horsemen were charging upon
them ; presently their missiles actually reached them,
and many a Spartan was smitten. And then it was
265
PLUTARCH'S LIVES
KoXkiarov *^Xk'i^v(iiv koI aco/uiaTt
'fiijLo-Tov ev eKeivcp rw cTTparw yeveaOau Xeyouaiy
TO^evOeX^ Kol dvrjaKWv ovk ecf^r] top Odvarov
oBvpeadai, Koi yap ikOelv olko06v virep t^?
*KXXdBo(; diroOavov/ievo^, a)OC otl 6vr]aKei ry
^etpt firj '^p7]o-djj,6vo<;. rjv ovv to fiev irddot;
heivov, rj 8* iyKpareia Oav/xacTTrj tmv dvBpcov.
ov yap rjiJLvvovTO Toy? TToXe/jLLOuf; iTTL^aivovra^,
dWa Tov irapa tov deov koI tov aTparyyov
Kaipov dvafi6vovT€<; rjvel'X^ovTo jSaWofievoi Kal
mTTTOi/re? eV ral^ rd^eaiv.
"FjVlol Be (paai rcS TLavG-avia fxiicpov e^co t^?
7rapaTd^€co<; Ovovn Kal Karevxof^ivM tcov AvBmv
Tiva<; d(j>vco irpoaTrecrovTa^ dpird^eiv Kal Bcappv-
TTTeiv rd irepl rrjv Ovaiav, tov Be Havaavtav Kal
Tou? Trepl avTOv ovk e^j^oi^ra? orrXa pd/3Boi,<i Kal
fidaTi^t iraleLV Btb Kal vvv eVetV?;? t^9 iTnBpojurjf;
jjLifxrjixaTa tcl^ Trepl tov ^cofjLov ev '^^irdpTrj TrXr^yd^
Twz/ i(f>7]0cov Kal Trjv jieTa TavTa tcov AvBcov
TTO/jLiryv avvTeXelaOai.
XVI IL Av(T(f)opa)v ovv 6 UavaavLa^ tol<; irapov-
(Tiv, dWa TOV fidvTecof; eir dWoL<; lepeta KaTa-
^dWovTo^, TpeireTai irpo^ to 'Hpatov Ty O'xjrec
BeBaKpvfJLevo^y Kal Td<; ')(^elpa^ dvaa-^cbv ev^aTO
K.i0atpcovLa "apa Kal OeoL<; dXXoi,^, 6l UXaTattBa
yrjv e'X^ovacv, el fxrj TreTrpwTai Tol<i ^'EXXrjcn vlkolv,
dXXd Bpd(TavTd<i ye tl iraOelv Kal BeL^avTa<i epycp
T0L<; 7roXefiLOL<i, &)? gtt* dvBpa<^ dyaOov^ kol fJidx^-
crOai, fiejJLaOrjKOTa's laTpdTevaav. TavTa tov
TIavaaviou 6 eoicXvTOvvTO<^ djua TaL<; eiy^at? ecpavrj
Ta lepd Kal vlktjv 6 fJidvTL^ €(j>pa^e, Kal BoOevTO^
266
ARISTIDES, XVII. 7-xviii. 2
that CallicrateSj said to be the fairest of the Hellenes
to look upon, and the tallest man in their whole
army, was shot, and, dying, said he did not grieve at
death, since he had left his home to die for Hellajs,
but at dying without striking a single blow. Their
experience was indeed a terrible one, but the restraint
of the men was wonderful. They did not try to
repel the enemy who were attacking them, but
awaited from their god and their general the favour-
able instant, while they endured wounds and death
at their posts.
Some say that as Pausanias was sacrificing and
praying, a little to one side of his line of battle,
some Lydians suddenly fell upon him and rudely
hurled away the sacrificial offerings ; and that
Pausanias and his attendants, being without weapons,
smote the intruders with the sacrificial staves and
goads; wherefore, to this day, in imitation of this
onslaught, the ceremonies of beating the young
warriors round the altar at Sparta, and of the pro-
cession of the Lydians which follows this, are duly
celebrated as rites.
XVI II. Then, in distress at this state of affairs,
while the seer slew victim after victim, Pausanias
turned his face, all tears, toward the Heraeum, and
with hands uplifted prayed Cithaeronian Hera and
the other gods of the Plataean land that, if it was
not the lot of the Hellenes to be victorious, they
might at least do great deeds before tliey fell, and
show to a certainty that their enemies had marched
out against men who were brave and who knew how
to fight. While Pausanias was thus calling on the
gods, right in the midst of his prayers, the sacrifices
showed themselves propitious and the seer announced
267
PLUTARCH'S LIVES
a'7ravTa<; rod irapayyekfiaro^; KaOia-raaOai
7rpb<i roL'9 iroXe/jLiovf;, rj re cf)d\ay^ oyjnv €(T')(€v
al^VLhi(D<; evo<; ^wov OvfioetSov'^ tt/jo? dX/crjv
rpeirofievov /cat (f)pi^avTO^, TOi<^ re fiappdpoi^
rore TrapiarTj \oyi(r/i6<;, 009 tt/oo? dvBpa^ 6 dycbv
3 eaoLTO fiaxov/jbivov^i aypi Oavdrov. Bib kul
TrpoOifJuevoL iroWa rS)v yeppcov ero^evov eh Tov<i ^
Aa/ceSaLp^oviov^;. ol he rrjpovvTe^; dfia rov avva-
o-TTia/jLov eTre^atvoVt koX irpoaireaovre^ e^ecoOovv
rd yeppa, koI toI^ Bopaai, TVTnovre^ irpoaajTra
KOI arepva tmv Tiepa-Mv ttoXXou? Kare^aWov,
ovK diTpdKTco^ ovBe d0vp,(i)(; TriiTTOvra^. koI yap
dvTiXafJL^avo/jievot rcov Bopdrcov rah X^P^^^ yvpu-
vah avvedpavov rd TrXeta-ra, Kal tt/oo? ra? 330
^c(f)ov\Kia<; e%ft)yoo fi^ ov/c dpyco<;, dWd rah re
KOTTicry Kai roh d/ccvdKac^ p^pa)//,ez^oi /cal ra?
acTTTtSa? TrapacnTOovTe'; Kal avp,7r\eK6p€V0i xP^^^^
TToXvv dvrelxov.
4 01 S' ^AOrjvaiOL reo)? p^ev rjrpepovv dvapevovre^
Tov? AaKeBaipoviov<^ , iirel Be Kpavyrj re irpoae-
TTiTrre 'TroWy p,axopevcov Kal Trapijv, W9 (j^aatv, m
dyye\o<; irapd Yiavaaviov rd yivopeva (ppd^cov, 9
Mppr)(Tav Kard rdxo^ ^oijOecv. Kal 'Trpox^^pov-
atv avToh Bid rov TreBlov irpo^; rrjv fforjv eVe^e-
5 povro rcbv 'KXXijvcov ol pLr)BL^ovre^, ^ ApLarelB7]<;
Be TTpwrov pev, C09 elBe, iroXv irpoeXOcov efioa,
pbaprvpopevo^ *F/\Xr]VLOv<; Oeo-u^, d7rex'£(^0at, pdxv^
Kal pr) (Kplaiv epiroBoov elvai prjBe KcoXveiv
eirapvvovra^; roh irpoKivBvvevovcnv virep r7]<;
'EXXa8o9, eirel 3' ecopa p,r) rrpoaexovra^ avr5>
Kal avvreraypevov^ eirl rrjv pdx'^v, ovrco rij^i
* €15 T0V5 Hercher and Blass with S : robs.
268
ARISTIDES, XVIII. 2-5
victory. Word was at once passed all along the
line to set themselves in motion against the enemy,
and the phalanx suddenly had the look of a fierce
beast bristling up to defend itself. The Barbarians
then got assurance that their contest vi^as to be with
men who would fight to the death. Therefore they
made a rampart of their wicker targets and shot
their arrows into the ranks of the Lacedaemonians.
These, however, kept their shields closely locked
together as they advanced, fell upon their foemen,
tore away their wicker targets, and then, smiting the
Persians in face and breast with their long spears,
they slew many, who nevertheless did great deeds of
courage before they fell. For they grasped the long
spears with their naked hands, fractured them for
the most part, and then took to short-range fighting
with a will, plying their daggers and scimetars, tear-
ing away their enemies' shields, and locking them in
close embrace ; and so they held out a long time.
The Athenians, meanwhile, were quietly awaiting
the Lacedaemonians. But when the shouts of those
engaged in battle fell loud upon their ears, and there
came, as they say, a messenger from Pausanias telling
them what was happening, they set out with speed
to aid him. However, as they were advancing
through the plain to his aid, the medising Hellenes
bore down upon them. Then Aristides, to begin
with, when he saw them, went far forward and
shouted to them, invoking the gods of Hellas, that
they refrain from battle, and oppose not nor hinder
those who were bearing aid to men standing in the
van of danger for the sake of Hellas. But as soon
as he saw that they paid no heed to him, and were
269
PLUTARCH'S LIVES
cKet l3o7)d€La<; a7rorpa7r6/jL€PO^ crvve^dXe rovTOL<;
6 Trepl irevraKicr fjLvpiov<^ ovcriv. aWa ro fiev
ifkelcTTOV evdi)^ iveSco/ce /cal direxcopT^aev, are
Bt] Koi Tcov fBapPdpcdv aTTTjWay/jievcov, rj 8e
fjidxv '^iyerat fjudXiara Kara ©rj^aiov^ yeveaOai,
irpodv/jLOTara tS)V irpcoTwv /cal Bwarcordrcov rore
irap avToh /JLrjBi^ovrcov /cal to wXyOo^; ov Kara
yvcofirjv, aXX* oXiyapxov/Jievov dyovjwv.
XIX. Ol/to) Se ToO dywvo^ Blxcl (Tuv€aTcoTo<i
TTpcoTOi /JL€V idxTavTO Tou? He/JcTa? ol AuKcSat-
fiovLor KOi Tov MapBoviov dvrjp ^TTapTtdrr]^
ovofjua *ApLfivr}(TTO^ diroicTivvvcrL, \i6(p rrjv k€-
(f>a\r]v TTO-Tafa?, cocnrep avrcp irpoearrjixave to
iv ^A/JLcfudpeo) fiavretov, eirefiylre yap avBpa
AvBov ivravda, Kapa Be erepov eh Tpo<f>covLov
6 ^ iS/lapBovco^* Koi TOVTOV fiev 6 irpocp tJttj^; KapLfcrj
2 yXcoaarj irpoaeliTev, 6 Be AvBo<; iv ru> aTjKO) rod
^Afujiidpeco Karevvacrdel^; eho^ev vTrrjperrjv rivd
TOV Oeov irapaaTrjvai koI KeXeveiv avTov aTrtevat,
fir) ^ovXofjuevov Be XiOov el<i Trjv /c€(f)a\r)v ip^BaXelv
fieyav, axxTe Bo^at wkr]yevTa TeOvdvat tov dv6p(o-
TTOV KOi TavTa pL6V ovTco yeveaOai XiyeTac, tov<;
Be (jievyovraf; eh tcl ^vXiva Teix^H tcaOelp^av.
'0X^70) S' vcTTepov ^AOrjvaloL TOv<i ^rj^aiov^
TpeTTOVTai, TpiaKoaiovf; tov<; e'irL(f)ave(TTdTOV^ Kal
3 irpcoTOv^ Bia(j)OeLpavTe^ ev avTy tt} pbaxV- 7^~
y€vr}/jLev7]<; Be Trj<; t/jottt}? rj/cev avToh dyyeXo^
TToXiopKelcrOai to jSap^apLKov eh to, TeCxV i^ctTa^
^ 6 bracketed in Sintenis^ ; Blass reads ets rh TIt^ov 6 with
S, after Hercher, thus agreeing with Herodotus viii, 135.
270
ARISTIDES, xviii. 5-xix. 3
arrayed for battle, then he turned aside from rendering
aid where he had proposed, and engaged with these,
though they were about fifty thousand in number.
But the greater part of them at once gave way and
withdrew, especially as the Barbarians had also
retired, and the battle is said to have been fought
chiefly with the Thebans, whose foremost and most
influential men were at that time very eagerly
medising, and carried with them the multitude, not
of choice, but at the bidding of the few.
XIX. The contest thus begun in two places, the
Lacedaemonians were first to repulse the Persians.
Mardonius was slain by a man of Sparta named
Arimnestus, who crushed his head with a stone, even
as was fore bold him by the oracle in the shrine of
Amphiaraus. Thither he had sent a Lydian man,
and a Carian besides to the oracle of Trophonius.^
This latter the prophet actually addressed in the
Carian tongue ; but the Lydian, on lying down in the
precinct of Amphiaraiis, dreamed that an attendant
of the god stood by his side and bade him be gone,
and on his refusal, hurled a great stone upon his
head, insomuch that he died from the blow (so ran
the man's dream). These things are so reported.
Furthermore, the Lacedaemonians shut the flying
Persians up in their wooden stockade.
Shortly after this it was that the Athenians routed
the Thebans, after slaying three hundred, their most
eminent leaders, in the actual battle. After the rout
was effected, and more might have been slain, there
came a messenger to the Athenians, telling them
that the Barbarian force was shut up and besieged
1 According to Herodotus, viii. 135, Mys the Carian visited
the shrine of the Ptoan Apollo, overlooking Lake Copais.
271
PLUTARCH'S LIVES
KeicKeiaiikvov. ovrco Sr) aoo^eaOai tov<; "EX\7)va<;
idaavTe<; i^orjOovv irpo^ ra T€i)(rj' >^«^ '^oU
AaKeSai/jLOVLOi^ iravTairao-LV apyco<i 7r/)09 t€£%o-
fxa^iav koI aTrelpax; €')(pvaLv e'jTL<f)avevT€^ aipovai
rb arparoTreBov (f)6vq) ttoXXm tcov iroXefJbiwv.
4 XiyovTai yap airo tcov TpiaKovTa fivpidScov
rerpaKicrfivpLOL ^vyelv crvv ^Apra^d^o), t&v S*
virep rrj<; 'E\Xa8o9 dycovKrafiivcov eireaov oi
7rdvT6<i eVl %tXtofc? k^rjKOvra koX rpiaKocnoi.
TOVTCov ^AOfjvaioi /xev rjaav Bvo /cal irevrrJKovTa,
7rdvT€<; eK t?}? AlavTiBo<i ^uXt}?, w? <f>r](n KXet-
5 ByjfJbo^t dycovi,(Tap,€vrj<; apiara' Bib koI raU
X<ppayLTi,(TL vv[JL(j)aL^ eOvov AlavriBaL rrjv irvdo-
'X,pV^TOV Ovaiav virep t^9 vlk7j<;, ck Brj/xoaiov to
dvd\Q)/ia \a/ifidvovT6<;' AaKeBai/jiovtoi S* em
7rXefcov9 TCOV ivevrjKovTa, TeyeaTai 3' etcKaiBeKa.
SavfiacrTbv ovv Tb 'HpoBoTOv, 7rcb<; fi6vov%
TOVTov^ ^rjalv eh %€t/3a9 ekdelv Toh TroXefjLloif;^
TCOV 8' dWcov ^EW'qvcov p,r]Beva. koX yap to
irXrjdo^ TCOV irecrovTcov p,apTVpel koI to. jbivijfiaTa
6 KOtvbv yeveadai to KaTopOcopw Kal Tbv ficofibv
ovK av eTreypayjrav ovtco<;, el fjLovat Tpet<i 7r6Xei<;
rjycovlaavTO, tcov dXkcov aTpifia KaBe^ofievcov
TovBe iroff* "EXK/qve^; vLKa^ /cpdTei, epyco "Aprjo<;,^
ne/?(7a9 i^e\dcravTe<; eXevOepci ^EjXkdBi kolvov
iBpvaavTO Aio^ ^cofxbv ekevOepiov.
^ Coraes and Bekker insert after this verse the pentameter :
iVT6\fitp iltvxas A^^oTt ir€id6nevoi, following the hold impulse of
their spirit, found in the Palatine Anthology, vi. 50.
272
ARISTIDES, XIX. 3-6
in their stockade. So they suffered the Hellenes in
front of them to make good their escape, while they
themselves marched to the stockade. They brought
welcome aid to the Lacedaemonians, who were
altogether inexperienced and helpless in storming
walled places, and captured the camp with great
slaughter of the enemy. Out of three hundred
thousand, only forty thousand, it is said, made their
escape with Artabazus. Of those who contended
in behalf of Hellas, there fell in all one thousand
three hundred and sixty. Of these, fifty-two were
Athenians, all of the Aeantid tribe, according to
Cleidemus, which made the bravest contest (for which
reason the Aeantids used to sacrifice regularly to the
Sphragitic nymphs the sacrifice ordained by the
Pythian oracle for the victory, receiving the expenses
therefor from the public funds) ; ninety-one were
Lacedaemonians, and sixteen were men of Tegea.
Astonishing, therefore, is the statement of Herod-
otus,^ where he says that these one hundred and fifty-
nine represented the only Hellenes who engaged the
enemy, and that not one of the rest did so. Surely the
total number of those who fell, as well as the monu-
ments erected over them, testifies that the success was
a common one. Besides, had the men of three cities
only made the contest, while the rest sat idly by,
the altar would not have been inscribed as it was : —
"Here did the Hellenes, flushed with a victory
granted by Ares
Over the routed Persians, together, for Hellas
delivered.
Build them an altar of Zeus, Zeus as De-
liverer known."
1 ix. 85.
273
PLUTARCH'S LIVES
7 TavTTjv Tr]v /JLa-^v^ i/uLaxicravTO ry rerpdSi rov
'BorjBpo/JLtcopo'; larafMevov Kar ^AOrjvaiov^, Karct
he Boi,wTov<; TerpaSt rod liave/jbov (J)0lvovto^, ?7 331
Koi vvv en to ^EWtjvikov ev Ti\aTaLal<; aOpoL-
^erai avveBpLov kol Ovovcn tS> iXevOepta) Ad
mXaraietf; virep rrj<; vlk7]<;, ttjv Be rSyv rjfjiepcov
avcofiaXLav ov OavfJuacTTeovy ottov koX vvv Birj/cpt,-
^(Ofjuevcov Tcov ev aaTpoXoyia jxaWov dWrjv dXkoL
lx7]vo<i oLpxv^ fcal TeXevTrjv dyovacv,
XX. 'E« TovTOv T(ov *AOr)vaici)v TO apiareiov
ov TrapaBiBovTcov tol^ ^TrapTcdraL^ ovBe rpo-
iraiov lardvat, o-vy^fopovvrcov eKeivoi<i, irap
ovBev ctv rjXOev ev6v<; dTroXeaOac rd irpdyfiara
T(ov 'EWtjvcov ev roU OTrXoi? BiaardvTcov,
el firj TToXXa 7raprjyop6)V /cal BiBdcrKwv tou?
av(7TpaT7]yov<; 6 ^ ApiaTelBrj^^, fidXicrra Be Aeco-
KpaTT] Kol MvpcovlBrjVf ecT'X^e Kal avveTreta-e rr}v
2 KpLaiv i(f)eLvaL tol^ '^EWrjaiv. evravOa ^ovXevO'
fievwv T(ov 'EXkrjvwv Seoyeiroov p,ev 6 Meyap€v<;
elirevy &)? erepa^ TroXet Boreov eir] ro dptaretov,
el firj /BovXavrac avvrapd^at, TroXefiov ifKpvXiov
iirl TovTO) S' dvaard^ KXeo/cptTo? o K.opiv0LO9,
Bo^av /juev Trapeax^v &)? l^opLvdioL^ alrrjacov to
apiCTTe'lov' rjv yap ev d^LcojuaTi fieyLarq) fierd ttjv
%7rdpT7]v Kal Ta9 ^A6i]va<; r] T^6pivdo<^' elire Be
Trdaiv dpeaavra koI Oavfiacrrbv Xoyov vrrrep
HXaraiecov, Kal o-vve/SovXevcre rrjv (piXoveLKiav
dveXelv eKeivoL<^ to dpco-Telov diroBovTaf;, ol?
3 ovBerepovf; rificofjievot,^ d'x^deaOai. prjOevrcov Be
TOVTCov irp(aTO<i fiev ^AptaTelB7]<i <7vve)(^(oprj(r€v
^ krepa Bekker has obZeTepq, neither city^ adopting a conjec-
ture of Muretus.
274
ARISTIDES, XIX. 7-xx 3
This battle was fought on the fourth of the month
Boedromion, as the Athenians reckon time; but
according to the Boeotian calendar, on the twenty-
seventh of the month Panemus,i the day when,
down to the present time, the Hellenic council
assembles in Plataea, and the Plataeans sacrifice to
Zeus the Deliverer for the victory. We must not
wonder at the apparent discrepancy between these
dates, since, even now that astronomy is a more
exact science, different peoples have different be-
ginnings and endings for their months.
XX. After this, the Athenians would not grant
the Spartans the highest meed of valour, nor allow
them to erect a general trophy, and the cause of the
Hellenes had certainly gone at once to destruction
from their armed contention, had not Aristides, by
abundant exhoi'tation and admonition, checked his
fellow-generals, especially Leocrates and Myronides,
and persuaded them to submit the case to the
Hellenes for decision. Thereupon, in the council of
the Hellenes, Theogeiton the Megarian said that the
meed of valour must be given to some third city,
unless they desired the confusion of a civil war. At
this point Cleocritus the Corinthian rose to speak.
Every one thought he would demand the meed of
valour for the Corinthians, since Corinth was held in
greatest estimation after Sparta and Athens. But to
the astonishment and delight of all, he made a
proposition in behalf of the Plataeans, and counselled
to take away contention by giving them the meed of
valour, since at their honour neither claimant could
take offence. To this proposal Aristides was first to
^ About August 1, 479 B.a. i<i baiuoYJsi briB
PLUTARCH'S LIVES
virep Tcov ^KOrjvaiwv, eireira Yiavaavia^ virep
Tcov AaKeBaifiovLcov. ovro) Be StaWayevTe<;
e^eiXov oyBoiJKovra rakavra tol<; UXaraievcTtv,
a0' MV TO T^9 ^A6rjva<; dvwKoBo/jLTjaav ^ lepov /cat
TO eBo<; eaTfjaav Kal f^pa^al<; tov veobv BieKo-
afjL7]crav, at P'^XP'' ^^^ aKp,d^ovaat Biap>evovcrcv,
eaT7](rav Be Tpoiraiov IBla p^ev AaKeBacpovcoc,
X^Pf''^ ^' ^ A67]valot.
4 liepl Be 6vaLa<; epopuevoL^ avToh dvelXev 6
IlvOio<; Aio<i eXevOeplov ffcopLov IBpvaaadai, Ovaac
Be p,rj TTpoTepov rj to fcaTa Tr)v ')((Dpav irvp diro-
a^e(TavTa<; &)? vtto T(hv /Bap^dpcov pbepiaapbevov
evavaaadai KaOapov i/c AeXcpcov o-tto t^)? Koivrj^
€<TTLa<s. ol puev ovv dpxovT€<i TO)v '^XXrjvwv irepi-
i6vTe<; ev6v<; i^vdyKa^ov diroa ^evvvvai tcl irvpa
TrdvTa TOv<i p^pw/zez^oi/?, i/c Be liXaTaiecov Eu-
X^Ba^ v7rocrxopL€vo<; ax; ivBex^Tai Tdx'^o'Ta /copuieiv
5 TO irapa tov 6eov irvp rjKev et? AeX(f)ov<;. dy-
vlaa^ Be to acopba zeal irepippavdpbevo^ eaTecpavco-
aaTo Bd(j)vr]' Kal Xa/Scov diro tov jScopiov to irvp
Bpopw irdXiv eh ra? TTXarata? ix^pei /cal irpo
rjXiov BvapLMv eTravrjXOe, t^9 avTr}<; rjpepa^
Xi'Xiov<i cTTaBiov^ Karavva-a^. dairaadpbevo^^ Be
Tov<i TToXiTa^ Kal TO irvp irapaBov^ ev0u<i
eireae Kal p,eTa piKpov e^eirvevaev. dydjxevoi
^ avTov 01 nXarate?? eda->]rav ev tw lepSt t?}?
EvA:A,eta9 ^ApTepuiBo^i, eTnypdyjravTe^ ToBe to
TeTpapueTpov
Ev^/Sa? HvOmBc dpe^a<; rfxOe TaB' avOrjpepov.
1 av(fKoZ6fi.riaav Hercher and Blass, following Stephanus,
and favoured by F^S : ^Ko56/xriffav huUt.
276
ARISTIDES, XX. 3-5
agree on behalf of the Athenians, then Pausanias on
behalf of the Lacedaemonians. Thus reconciled, they
chose out eighty talents of the booty for the Plataeans,
with which they rebuilt the sanctuary of Athena, and
set up the shrine, and adorned the temple with frescoes,
which continue in perfect condition to the present
day; then the Lacedaemonians set up a trophy on their
own account, and the Athenians also for themselves.
When they consulted the oracle regarding the
sacrifice to be made, the Pythian god made answer
that they were to erect an altar of Zeus the
Deliverer, but were not to sacrifice upon it until
they had extinguished the fire throughout the land,
which he said had been polluted by the Barbarians,
and kindled it fresh and pure from the public hearth
at Delphi. Accordingly the commanders of the
Hellenes went about straightway and compelled all
who were using fire to extinguish it, while Euchidas,
who promised to bring the sacred fire with all
conceivable speed, went from Plataea to Delphi.
There he purified his person by sprinkling himself
with the holy water, and crowned himself with
laurel. Then he took from the altar the sacred fire
and started to run back to Plataea. He reached the
place before the sun had set, accomplishing thus a
thousand furlongs in one and the same day. He
greeted his countrymen, handed them the sacred
fire, and straightway fell down, and after a little
expired. In admiration of him the Plataeans gave
him burial in the sanctuary of Artemis Eucleia, and
inscribed upon his tomb this tetrameter verse : —
" Euchidas, to Pytho running, came back here
the selfsame day."
277
PLUTARCH'S LIVES
6 T7)v S* JLv/cXetav ol jxev ttoWoI kol KoXovai
KoX vofjLL^ovaLV "ApTCfjiiv, €VLOL Si ^a<TLV 'Hpa-
k\6ov<s jxev Ov^arepa kol Mvprov^; f^eveaOai, t?}?
^evoLTiov [lev Ovyarpo^, UarpoKXov 8' a3eX<^?}9>
T6\evTi]aaaav 8k irapOevov €')(eLV irapa re Botw-
Tot9 Kal KoKpol^ Ti/JLd<;, ySci)yLfco9 yap avry koI
aya\fjui Kara iracrav ayopav iSpvTaL, koX tt/oo-
Ovovaiv UL re yapLOvpLevai Kal ol ya/jLovvre^.
XXL 'Ea; tovtov yevofiivrjt; eKK\i]aia<; KOLvrj(;
tS)V '¥Xkr}V(ov eypayjrev *AptaTeLBrj<; 'ylrT](j)L(T/jLa
avvievai /juev eZ? IlXarata? kuO^ eKaarov iviavrov
airo T^9 'EX\a3o9 irpo^ovKov'^ Kal Oecopov^,
ayeadai Be TrevraerrjpLKOv ayojva to)V 'EXey-
depiwv, elvai Be arvvra^tv '^jXKtjvlktjv puvpia^; fiev
ao-TTtSa?, ')(^ikiov^ Be tTTTrou?, vav<; S' eKarov eVl
TOP 77/309 ^apjSdpovfi TToXefiov, UXaraielf; S'
d(Tv\ov<; Kal iepov<; d<f>eL(T6ai rw deep 6vovTa<;
virep Trj<; 'EXXaSo?.
2 KvpcodevTcov Be tovtcov ol IIXaTatet9 vireBe- 332
^avTO T0t9 ireaovcri Kal KeipuevoL^; avroOu rcov
'EWi]V(ov evayi^eiv KaO' eKaa-rov iviavrov. koI
rOVTO P'^Xpl' V^P BpCOCTL TOvSe^ TOV rpOTTOV' TOV
M.aip.aKTrjpia)VO<; p,r]v6<i, 09 iom irapct BolcotoI^
^ AXa\Kop.evLO<i, rfj eKry eVt BeKa irep^irovdL irop.-
irrjVi ^9 irporjyelrai fiev a/x* V/jiipa aaXiruyKTr]'^
iyKe\ev6p,6Vo<i rb iroXep^iKov, eirovrai S' dpxi^ai
/jLvppiijr]<i p^earal Kal (TTe(j)avcop,dr(t)v Kal fieXa<;
Tavpo<; Kal %oa9 olvov Kal ydXaKT0<; iv dp.<f)opei)a-iv
eXaiov re Kal p^vpov Kpcocrcrovf; veavio-Koi Kop,o-
^ovr€<; eXevOepor BovXa yap ovBevo^; e^eari rcov
' ToVSe Hercher and Blass with F*S : tovtov,
278
ARISTIDES, XX. 6-xxi. 3
Now Eucleia is regarded by most as Artemis, and
is so addressed ; but some say she was a daughter
of Heracles and of that Myrto who was daughter of
Menoetius and sister of Patroclus^ and that, dying in
virginity, she received divine honours among the
Boeotians and Locrians. For she has an altar and
an image built in every market place, and receives
preliminary sacrifices from would-be brides and
bridegrooms.
XXI. After this, there was a general assembly of
the Hellenes, at which Aristides proposed a decree
to the effect that deputies and delegates from all
Hellas convene at Plataea every year, and that every
fourth year festival games of deliverance be cele-
brated — the Eleutheria ; also that a confederate
Hellenic force be levied, consisting of ten thousand
shield, one thousand horse, and one hundred ships,
to prosecute the war against the Barbarian ; also that
the Plataeans be set apart as inviolable and con-
secrate, that they might sacrifice to Zeus the
Deliverer in behalf of Hellas.
These propositions were ratified, and the Plataeans
undertook to make funeral offerings annually for the
Hellenes who had fallen in battle and lay buried
there. And this they do yet unto this day, after the
following manner. On the sixteenth of the month
Maimacterion (which is the Boeotian Alalcomenius),
they celebrate a procession. This is led forth at
break of day by a trumpeter sounding the signal for
battle ; waggons follow filled with myrtle-wreaths,
then comes a black bull, then free-bom youths
carrying libations of wine and milk in jars, and
pitchers of oil and mjrrrh (no slave may put hand to
▼OL. II. K *79
PLUTARCH'S LIVES
'rrepi T7)v htaKOvlav ifccLvrjv irpoad'^^aa-Oat Zih to
4 T0U9 avhpa'i diroOavelv virep ekevOepia^ iirl irdai
Be Tityv TlXaratecov 6 dp)(^cov, tp rbv dWov 'X^povov
ovre cnhrjpov Qu^elv e^ecrrcv ov6^ irepav iadfjra
7rXr)v XevKrjf; dvakaffetv, rore ')(^LTCova cf)oivifcovv
eySeSu^o)? dpd/ji€v6f; re vBpiav o-tto tov ypafjup^aro-
(jivXaKLOv ^i^r)prj<; eVl tov9 Td<pov<; Trpodyet Sid
5 fiio-Tjf; T^9 TToXeo)?. elra Xa^wv vBcop diro t^9
fcpi]V7j<i avrofi diroXovet re ra? (TTrjka^ koI fivp^
%/ot€t, fcal TOV Tavpov eh ttjv irvpdv (T(j)d^a<; kol
KaT€v^d/jL€vo<; Ad koI '^pp^fj ')^dovi(p TrapaKokel
T0W9 dyadov^; dvSpa<; tov<; virep t»}9 'FtWdBo^
dirodavovTa^ iirl to helirvov kol ttjv alpLOKOvpiav.
eirecTa KpaTifpa Kepdaa^ dtvov kol ')(€dfievo<; iiri-
Xiyer ** TLpoTrivo) toI<; dvhpdai TOt<; virep tt)^
eXevOepia^ tcov 'EXXtjvayv uTToOavovat.'' TavTa
p^ev ovv €Tt icaX vvv Bta^vXaTTOvcFiv ol TiXaTael^.
XXII. 'ETre^ K dva')(wpr)(TavTa<; eU to ucttv
T0U9 *A6r]vaLov<; 6 ^ApLaT6LBr]<; ecopa ^r}T0vvTa<;
TTjv SrjfjiOKpaTiav diroXajSelv, dp^a puev d^iov r)yov-
p,evo^ hid TTJV dvSpayaOiav eTTLpbeXeia^ tov hrjp,0Vt
dp^a B^ ovK eTL pdScov la^vovTa toI*; 67rXot<; teal
pukya (f>povovvTa Tat9 VL/caL<i eK^taarOrjvai, ypdcfyet
'\lr7]^i<Tp,a Koivrjv elvai ttjv iroXiTeiav /cal tov<;
dpxovTa^ ef ^Adrjvaicov irdvTODV aipelaOaL. ,
2 %ep^L(TTOKXeov<^ Be irpo^; tov Brjp,ov elirovro^^i 009
€;^€fc TV jBovXevpua koX yvcop^rjv aTTOpprjTOV, ox^e-
Xipbov Be TTJ TToXec koX (TcoTrjpLov, eKeXevaav
^ ApKTTeLBrjv p,6vov aKOvaai koI avvBoKLjidaac.
280
ARISTIDES, XXI. 3-xxii. 2
any part of that ministration, because the men
thus honoured died for freedom) ; and following all,
the chief magistrate of Plataea, who may not at
other times touch iron or put on any other raiment
than white, at this time is robed in a purple tunic,
carries on high a water-jar from the city's archive
chamber, and proceeds, sword in hand, through the
midst of the city to the graves ; there he takes water
from the sacred spring, washes off with his own hands
the gravestones, and anoints them with myrrh ; then
he slaughters the bull at the funeral pyre, and, with
prayers to Zeus and Hermes Terrestrial, summons
the brave men who died for Hellas to come to the
banquet and its copious draughts of blood ; next he
mixes a mixer of wine, drinks, and then pours a
libation from it, saying these words : " I drink to the
men who died for the freedom of the Hellenes."
These rites, I say, are observed by the Plataeans
down to this very day.
XXn. After the Athenians had returned to their
own city, Aristides saw that they desired to receive
the more popular form of government. He thought
the people worthy of consideration because of its
sturdy valour, and he saw also that it was no longer
easy to be forced out of its desires, since it was
powerful in arms, and greatly elated by its victories.
So he introduced a decree that the administration ot
the city be the privilege of all classes, and that the
archons be chosen from all the Athenians.
Themistocles once declared to the people that he
had devised a certain measure which could not be
revealed to them, though it would be helpful and
salutary for the city, and they ordered that Aristides
alone should hear what it was and pass judgment on
381
PLUTARCH'S LIVES
(j>pdaavTO<; Be t& ^ KpLcrreihrj rov @6/JLt(TTOfc\€ov<?,
o)? Siavoetrai, rov vavaraO [lov i^Trprjaai r&v 'EX-
Xrjvcov, ovTOD yap ecreaOai fieyiarov^ koI KVpiov^
arravTcov Tov^i ^AOrjvaiov;, irapekOcbv eh rov
Srjfwv 6 *Api,crTeiBr]f; ecprj tt}? TTyoafeo)?, rjv ^ejnt-
(TTOKXfj<; TTpdrreiv Siavoecrac, /nrjre XuavTeXecr-
repav dWrjv /jl^t dSifccorepav elvai. ravT
dK0V(TavT6<; ol ^Adrjvaioi iravaaaOai rov ©Cfjui-
(TTOKkea irpoaera^av, ovtco fiev 6 Si]/jLO^ r)v
(piXoBiKaiof;, ovTco Be rS Sijfiq) inaro^i 6 dvrjp
KoX ^efiaiof;,
XXIII. *E7r€l Be <rTpaTr)<yo<; eKirefj^del'^ fiera
Kificovo^; iirl rov iroKejJbov ecapa rov re Havcra-
vlav icaX Tov<i dXkov^ dpxovTa<^ rcov '^Trapriarcov
iirax^^h Kcu %aX67roL'9 Tol<i avpbfid'X^oi^ ovTa^;,
a.uT09 T€ irpaco^ koI <l)LXav6p(07rco<; ofiiXwv koX
TOP J^i/jLoyva Trapexdnv eydp/aocrrop avTol<i koI
KOLvov iv Tal<^ o-Tpareiaif; ekade rwv AaxeBai-
/jLovlayv ovx oirXoi'^ ovBe vavcrlv ovB^ tTTTroi?,
evyvwfiocrvvrj Be koX irdKiTeia rrjv rjyefioviav
2 irapeXo/Jievo^. 'TrpO(T<f)L\el<; yap 6vTa<; tou9 'Adrj-
vaiov<; rol^ "^XkTjcn, Bid rr^v ^ApLareiBov BiKaio-
Gvvqv /cat rrjv K[/jlcovo<; iTrieLKeiav ert /jbdWov rf
rov Havcraviov rfkeove^ia koI fiapvrr]<; iroOeLvov^
eiroiei, rol^ re yap dpxpvcTL rwv (TVjJUfjidxwv del
fier opyrj<; evervyyave Kal rpaxeo)<;, rov<; re
iroWov'; cKoXa^e 7rk7]yal<^ rj criBrjpdv dyxvpav
emnOel^ r)vdyKa^ev ecrrdvai BC 6\r)<; tt}? rjjiepa^.
3 (TrijSdBa 5' ovk ^v Xa^elv ovBe x^prov ovBe
Kprjvr) TrpoaeXOeiv vBpevofievov ovBeva irpo r&v
ATTaprtarSiv, dXkd jxdcrrLya^ e^ovre^ vTrrjpirai
3Sa
ARISTIDES, XXII. 2-xxiii. 3
it. So Themistocles told Aristides that his purpose
was to burn the naval station of the confederate
Hellenes, for that in this way the Athenians would
be greatest, and lords of all. Then Aristides came
before the people and said of the deed which
Themistocles purposed to do, that none other could
be more advantageous, and none more unjust. On
hearing this, the Athenians ordained that Themis-
tocles cease from his purpose.^ So fond of justice
was the people, and so loyal and true to the people
was Aristides.
XXIII. When he was sent out as general along
with Cimon to prosecute the war,^ and saw that
Pausanias and the other Spartan commanders were
offensive and severe to the allies, he made his
own intercourse with them gentle and humane,
and induced Cimon to be on easy terms with
them and to take an actual part in their campaigns,
so that, before the Lacedaemonians were aware,
not by means of hoplites or ships or horsemen,
but by tact and diplomacy he had stripped them
of the leadership. For, well disposed as the Hellenes
were toward the Athenians on account of the
justice of Aristides and the reasonableness of
Cimon, they were made to long for their supremacy
still more by the rapacity of Pausanias and his
severity. The commanders of the allies ever met
with angry harshness at the hands of Pausanias,
and the common men he punished with stripes,
or by compelling them to stand all day long with
an iron anchor on their shoulders. No one could
get bedding or fodder or go down to a spring
for water before the Spartans, nay, their servants
» Of. ThemiatocUa, ix. 1-2. • 478 B.a
•«3
PLUTARCH'S LIVES
Tov^ TTpoaLOVTa^ airrfKavvov. virep (ov tov
^ApiarelBov irore Pov\T}9eirro<; iyKaXia-ac koX
SiSd^at,^ avvayayoDV to irpocrcdirov 6 Tlav<ravla<;
ovK 6(^)7} <T')(pXd^eLV ov8* TjKovaev.
4 'E/c TOVTOv TTpocriovTC^ ol vavapyoi koX a-rpa- 333
Trjyol TCdV 'EXX7;z/ft)z/, fiaXco-ra Se Xtot Kal Xd/JLcot,
Kot Aia^ioi, TOV ^ KpKTTeihrjv eireiOov dvaBe^a-
aOac Tr)v rjyepLOviav koI TrpocrayayiaOai tou?
avfifiaxovf; irdXat Seofievovt; aTraWayrjvai r&v
XirapTiaTCiyv koX puerard^aaOai 7rpo<; roix; ^K6r)-
vaiov<;, diroKpivapAvov 5' eKeivov rol^ /jlcp Xoyoc<i
avTMv TO T€ dvayKolov ivopdv Kal to Slkuiov,
epyov Se BelaOat rrjv ttIo-tiv, o irpax^ev ovk edaet
5 irdXiv iMTa^aXeaOaL TOv<i ttoXKov^;, outo)? ol
irepX TOV Sd/Jbiov OvXtdSrjv Kal tov X.lov ^KvTa-
yopav (Tvvofioa-dfievoi irepl ^v^dvnov ifif^dX-
Xovoriv ei<; ttjv Tpirjprj tov Uavcraviov, irpoeKirXi-
ovaav iv fiiao) Xa^ovre^. ax; Be KaTtBcov eKeZvo<;
i^aveaTT) Kal /jlct opyrj^ rjireiXrjaev oXiyco XP^^V
TOV<; dvhpa<; eTnSel^eiv ovk el<; ttjv avrov vavv
i/jb^e^XTjKOTa^, dXX* eh Ta? t^^a? iraTpiBa<;,
eKeXevov avTov dinevaL Kal dyairdv ttjv avvayco-
viaa/iievrjv tv^W iv IIXaTaLai<;' iKelvrjv yap €ti
T0v<; "EXX^yz/a? alcrxyvofjuevovi fjurj Xafx^dveLV
d^lav Blktjv Trap avTov' TeXo? 5' diroaTdvTe^
w%ovTO irpo^ Tov^ ^A$r)vaLov<f.
6 ^'Eivda St) Kal to (^povrjjjLa t*)? '^TrdpTr)<; Bie^dvrf
^ TTore . . . 5t5a(ai Hercher and Blass with F*S : irar' i'^Ka-
\4aai Ka2 Siid^eu 0ov\ofi€yov, .,_ ,^»qo>»tw»j^'i
284
ARISTIDES, xxin. 3-6
anued with goads would drive away such as
approached. On these grounds Aristides once
had it in mind to chide and admonish him, but
Pausanias scowled, said he was busy, and would
not listen.
Subsequently the captains and generals of the
Hellenes, and especially the Chians, Samians, and
Lesbians, came to Aristides and tried to persuade
him to assume the leadership and bring over to
his support the allies, who had long wanted to
be rid of the Spartans and to range themselves
anew on the side of the Athenians. He replied
that he saw the urgency and the justice of what
they proposed, but that to establish Athenian
confidence in them some overt act was needed,
the doing of which would make it impossible for
the multitude to change their allegiance back again.
So Uliades the Samian and Antagoras the Chian
conspired together, and ran down the trireme of
Pausanias off Byzantium, closing in on both sides
of it as it was putting out before the line. When
Pausanias saw what they had done, he sprang
up and wiathfully threatened to show the world
in a little while that these men had run down
not so much his ship as their own native cities ;
but they bade him be gone, and be grateful to
that fortune which fought in his favour at Plataea ;
it was because the Hellenes still stood in awe of
this, they said, that they did not punish him as he
deserved. And finally they went off and joined
the Athenians.
Then indeed was the lofty wisdom of the
»is
PLUTARCH'S LIVES
davfjLaa-Tov. o)? yap yadovro t& fieyiOei t^?
i^ovaia^; hia^deipofievovf; avrSyv rovs ap^ovra^;,
atprJKav eKovaio)^ rrjv rjyefiovLav /cat ire/JLTrovre^
6776 Tov 7r6\€/jLOV iiravaavTO arpaTrjyov^;, fiaXkov
alpovfievoL (7co(j)povovvTa<; e')(eiv Kal rot? eOeaiv
ijjLfievovra^ tov<; TroXtra? fj tt}? 'R\\dSo<; dpx^i'V
a7rac77;9.
XXIV. Ot 5' "^Wr)ve<; irikovv fxev Tiva Kal
AafceSaifiovioov r^yov fievcov airo^opav el<i tov
7r6\6fwv, Ta')(6rivaL he fiovXo/jLevoi, Kara ttoXlv
€KdaroL<; to jJierpiov rJTTJaavTo irapa tojv ^KOtj-
vaicov *Api(TrebSr]v, kclI Trpoaira^av avrw ^(^capav
T€ Kal irpoaoSov'f eiriG-Key^rdfJievov opiaai to Kar
d^lav eKd(JT(p Kal Svva/iLV. 6 he Tr]\LKavT7](;
i^ovaia<; Kvpio^ yevofievo^ Kal rpoirov tlvcl t^?
'EXA,aSo9 Itt avT(p jjlovw tcl irpdyfiaTa Trdvra
6€/jL6i'rj<;f 7rev7)<i fiev e^fjXOev, iiravrfkOe he ireve-
cTTepo^, ov jjLovov Kadapa)<; Kal SiKai(o<;, dXXd Kal
7rpo(T<f>LK(a^ iraaL Kal dpfiohi(D<; rrjv i7rcypa(j>7)v
Tcov 'X^prjfidrcov iroirfadfievo^. a>9 yap ol iraXaiol
TOV eirl Kpovov fiLov, oi/to)? ol avfjufjiaxoi' tcov
^K6i)vai(ov TOV iir ^Apta-TeiBov (j)6pov evTroTfiiav
TLvd TTJi; 'EXXdho^ ovofid^ovTe^ vpuvovv, Kal
IxdXiaTa fjueT ov nroXyv 'X^povov 8nrXaai,aa6evTo<i,
eW avdt^ TpiTrXaaiadOevTO^. ov jxev yap 'Api-
crTet3?79 eTa^ev, r)v eh e^rjKOVTa Kal TeTpaKoaicov
TaXdvTcav \6yov' tovtw he TiepiicXri^ fiev eVe-
BrjKev oXiyov helv to TpLTOV fjLepo<;' e^aKocrca yap
ToXavTa SouKvhLhr}<i (prjalv dp^of^evov tov iroXe-
fjLOV TTpoaievac tol<; *A0r]vaiOL(; diro tS)v (tv/jl-
fidxoDV IlepiKXeov^i 3* dirodavovTO^ iiriTeLVOvTefi
286
ARISTIDES, XXIII. 6-xxiv. 3
Spartans made manifest in a wonderful way. When
they saw that their commanders were corrupted
by the great powers entrusted to them, they volun-
tarily abandoned the leadership and ceased sending
out generals for the war, choosing rather to have
their citizens discreet and true to their ancestral
customs than to have the sway over all Hellas.
XXIV. The Hellenes used to pay a sort of con-
tribution for the war even while the Lacedaemonians
had the leadership, but now they wished to be
assessed equably city by city. So they asked the
Athenians for Aristides, and commissioned him
to inspect their several territories and revenues,^
and then to fix the assessments according to each
member's worth and ability to pay. And yet,
though he became master of such power, and
though after a fashion Hellas put all her property
in his sole hands, poor as he was when he went
forth on this mission, he came back from it poorer
still, and he made his assessments of money not
only with purity and justice, but also to the
grateful satisfaction and convenience of all concerned.
Indeed, as men of old hymned the praises of the
age of Cronus — the golden age, so did the allies
of the Athenians praise the tariff of Aristides,
calling it a kind of blessed happening for Hellas,
especially as, after a short time, it was doubled
and then again trebled. For the tax which Aristides
laid amounted to four hundred and sixty talents
only ; but Pericles must have added almost a
third to this, since Thucydides ^ says that when
the war began the Athenians had a revenue of
six hundred talents from their allies. And after
» 478-477 B.C. » ii. 13.
287
PLUTARCH'S LIVES
ol Sijfutycoyol Kar^ fiCKpbv eZ? %fcXtft)z^ fcal rpia-
Koaiwv raXdvrmv Ke(j)d\atov dvr'j'ya'yov, 0^% ovTa>
Tov TToXifiov Bia fJbr]Ko<; /cal Tu%a9 BaTravrjpov
yevo/juevov koX 7ro\vTe\ov<;, to? tov Btj/jlov et? Sia-
vo/Jb^f; fcal decopiKa koX fcarao-fceva^; dyaX/jLarcov
Kol iep6t)v 7rpoayay6vT6<;.
4 Meya B' ovv ovo/jua rod ^ KpiaTelBov koI Oav-
fMaarov e'Xpvro'^ iirl rfj Biard^eL rcov ^opoav 6
@6jjLL(TT0K\rj<i Xiyerat fcarayeXdv, a>9 ovk dvBp6<;
ovra TOV erratvov, dWa OvXdKov ^pvao<j>v\aKO<i'
dvofwioi^ dfivvofievofi ttjv ^ApiaTeiSov Trapprjalav'
eKelvq) ydp^ etTroi/ro? Trore tov Sefiio-TOKXeov^
dpeTrjV 'qyela-dai /jueyicrTrjv (TTpaTrjyov to yLVU)-
(TKeiv icai TTpoaiaOdvecrdai to, ^ovXevjJbaTa tcov
TToXefiioov, " TovTO fi6V,'^ eiiTelv, " dvayKolbv eVrty,
w %ep.i<JTOK\ei^, KoKov Be /cat a-TparijyiKov dXr)-
0(o<; 7] Trepl ra? ')(6lpa^ iyKpdTeca^
XXV. *0 8' 'A/3to"TetS>79 MpKiae /nev toix;
"EXXr^z^a? fcal co/jLoaev virep twv ^AOrjvaicov, /xv- 33i
Bpov^i efxPaXcDV iirl Tal<; dpal<; els ttjv OdXarrav,
v(TT€pov Be Ttav irpaypbdTcov dp'X,eiv eyxpaTe-
o-Tepov, W9 eoLKev, eK^La^opuevtov i/ceXeve tov9
^AOr}vaiov<^ ttjv eiriopKiav Tpe'^avTas eh eavTOV^
2 ^ <TVfi<f)epeL ')(^prjadai Tot9 Trpd/ypbao-i. KaO^ oXov
8' Se6(f>pa(TT6s ^rjcrt tov dvBpa tovtov irepl r^
oiKela KoX Tovs iroXlTaf; dKp(0<; ovTa BUacov iv
* iKeivtp ykp Hercher and Blass with F*S : iKcluos y6.^,
■ kavrlv Hercher and Blass with F^S : ahrhv.
288
ARISTIDES, XXIV. 3-xxv. 2
the death of Pericles the demagogues enlarged
it little by little^ and at last brought the sum
total up to thirteen hundred talents, not so much
because the war, by reason of its length and
vicissitudes, became extravagantly expensive, as
because they themselves led the people off into
the distribution of public moneys for spectacular
entertainments, and for the erection of images
and sanctuaries.
So then Aristides had a great and admirable
name for his adjustment of the revenues. But
Themistocles is said to have ridiculed him, claiming
that the praise he got therefor was not fit for
a man, but rather for a mere money-wallet. He came
off second best, however, in this retort upon the
plain speech of Aristides, who had remarked, when
Themistocles once declared to him the opinion
that the greatest excellence in a general was the
anticipation of the plans of his enemies: "That
is indeed needful, Themistocles, but the lionourable
thing, and that which makes the real general, is
his mastery over his fingers."
XXV. Aristides did, indeed, bind the Hellenes
by an oath, and took oath himself for the Athenians,
to mark his imprecations casting iron ingots into
the sea ; but afterwards, when circumstances,
forsooth, compelled a more strenuous sway, he
bade the Athenians lay the perjury to his own
charge, and turn events to their own advantage.
And in general, as Theophrastus tells us, while
the man was strictly just in his private relations
to his fellow-citizens, in public matters he often
HBg
PLUTARCH'S LIVES
T0t9 KOiVOL<; TToWh rrpa^ai irpo^; rrjv vir6de<Ttv
Trj<; iraTpiho^y d><; avx^V^ '^^^ aSifcla^; BeofjiivTjv}
/cal yap ra ')(^p7]fiaTd (prjaiv ck AyXov ^ovkevojie-
v(ov ^KOriva^e KOfxicraL irapa Ta<; avvOrJKa^^y koI^
^afiioav elarjyov/jLevcov, elirelv eKelvov, o)? ov
3 SiKacov fiev, av/jL^epov Se tovt iarL koI reXo<;
el's TO dp')(eLv dvOpcoircov to(tovtcov KaraaTrjcra^
rrjv TTokw avro^ ive/jueive t§ irevia koX rrjv diro
TOv 7revr]<f elvat, Bo^av ovSev tjttov dyairSiv r?}?
diro rcov Tpoiraicov SieTeXeae. SrjXov 8' i/ceWev.
KaXXta? o SaSovxo'i V^ avrco yivec 7rpoaiJKO)V'
TOVTOV ol i')(Ppo\ Oavdrov Sc(okovt€<;, evrel irepl
cov iypdyfravTO /jL€Tplco<; Karrjyoprjaav, elirov riva
\6yov e^codev tolovtop tt/oo? tov<; hiKaard^'
4 " *ApL<rT€LBr]Vy'" 6(f)r](Tav, " lare rov AvaifJbdxov
Oavfia^ofievov ev rol<i ^ EiWrjar toutco ttw? oteade
TO, Kar OLKOV ex^i'V opojVTe^ avTov ev Tpi/Scovi,
TOiovTO) irpoep')(ppLevov et? ro hy/jboaiov; dp* ovk
elfco^ ean rov pvyovvra (pavepco^i Kal ireivav oXkoi
KciX rcov dW(ov eTrirrjSeicov aiTavi^eiv; tovtov
fiivToi KaXXta9, dve'^jrcbv ovra, TrXovaicoraTOf; mv
^A.6rjvai(ov irepiopa fierd re/cv(ov Kal yvvaiKo^i
evBeo/JLevov, iroXXd Ke'^prj/ievo'i rw dvhpl /cal
TToXXdKif; avTOV T779 Trap* vfilv Bvvdfieayfi diroXe-
5 XavK(ti<;,^* 6 Se KaXXta? opcov iirl tovt a) /idXcara
* Kol aSiKias Seoficvrfv Blass, favoured by F*S : aBiKias
ifofiev-qs. * Koi bracketed by Sintenis*.
«9?
ARISTIDES, XXV. 2-5
acted in accordance with the policy which his
country had adopted, feeling that this required
much actual injustice. For instance, he says that
when the question of removing the moneys of the
confederacy from Delos to Athens,^ contrary to
the compacts, was being debated, and even the
Samians proposed it, Aristides declared that it
was unjust, but advantageous. And yet, although
he at last established his city in its sway over so
many men, he himself abode by his poverty, and
continued to be no less content with the reputation
he got from being a poor man, than with that
based on his trophies of victory. This is clear
from the following story.
Callias the Torch-bearer was a kinsman of his.
This man was prosecuted by his enemies on a
capital charge, and after they had brought only
moderate accusations against him within the scope
of their indictment, they went outside of it and
appealed to the judges as follows : " You know
Aristides the son of Lysimachus," they said, " how
he is admired in Hellas ; what do you suppose
his domestic circumstances are when you see him
entering the public assembly in such a scanty
cloak as that? Is it not likely that a man who
shivers in public goes hungry at home, and is
straitened for the other necessaries of life ? Callias,
however, who is the richest man of Athens (and
his cousin at that), allows him to suffer want with
his wife and children, though he has often had
service of the man, and many times reaped advantage
from his influence with you." But Callias, seeing
* 454 B.C.
291
PLUTARCH'S LIVES
Oopvpovvra^ tov<; 8iKa<Tra<; koX ^j^aXeTrw? irpo^
avrop e^ovra^ eKoXec top 'ApicrTeLSrjv, a^iow
fiaprvpr}(Tai irpo^ tou? SiKaard<;, on, nroXKaKt^
avrov TToWa /cat BlB6vto<; kol Beofiivov XajSeiv
ovfc r/diXrjaev a7roKptv6/JL6vo<i, co? fiaXkov avrw
Sict ireviav [Jbiya <j)poveiv rj KaWta Bca ttXovtov
irpoarrjKeL' ttXovto) fiev yap ecrri ttoXXol'? ISelv
ev re koX kukco^; ')(pcofievov<;, ireviav he (^epovrt
yevvaico^ ov paSiov evTV')(^elv* ala'X^vveaOai Be
6 ireviav rovf; aKovai(o<; irevofievov^;. ravra Be rod
*AptaTeiBov tu> KaWia iTpo(TiiapTvprj(TavTO<; ov-
Set9 Tjv TMV CLKOVovToyv, 09 ovfc airrjeL wevrj^;
fiaXkov ft)9 * Api(7TeiBr]<; elvai jSoyXofievo^ rj ttXov-
relv 0)9 KaXXta9. ravra fxev ovv ^ Kl<T^iv7}<^ 6
XcoKpariKOf; ava'yeypa<f>e. YlXdrcav Be rcov /leyd-
Xcov BoKovvrcov fcal ovofiaarMv *A6t]V7}(7i fiovov
d^Lov Xoyov rovrov diTO(^aivei rov dvBpa' Se/jui-
aroKXea /jlcv yap Kal Kificova Kal HepiKXea
(TroMv zeal ')(^p7jfidr(ov Kal ^Xvapia<; '7roXX'f](; ifi-
rrXijaai rrjv ttoXiv, ^ApoareiBr]v Be TToXirevaaadai
7r/0O9 dperrjv.
7 ^eydXa S' avrov KaX rd iTpo<i Se/jLiaroKXea
r7]<; eiTLeLKeia^ arifjuela. ')(^pr]crdfievo<; yap avrw
irapd rraaav ofjuov ryv iroXireiav ex^pcp fcal Bi
CKelvov e^oarpaKLcrOei^y eirel rrjv avryv Xaffrjv
Trapea'X^ev 6 dvrjp ev atria yevofievof; 7rpo<; rrjv
rroXiVt ovK e/xvrjaiKdKrjaev, dXX* ^AX/€/jLaicovo<; koI
K.i/jL(i)Vo<; Kal ttoXXmv dXXwv eXavvovrcov kol
Karriyopovvroav /jlovc; ^ApLareiB7}<i ovr eirpa^ev
ovr elire n (f>avXov, ovB^ direXavaev e')(jdpov
^ tikv olv Hercher and Blass with F^S : ixkv.
292
ARISTIDES, XXV. 5-7
that his judges were very turbulent at this charge,
and bitterly disposed toward him, summoned Aristides
and demanded his testimony before the judges that
though often proffered aid from him and importuned
to accept it, he had refused it, with the answer
that it more became him to be proud of his
poverty than Callias of his wealth; for many were
to be seen who use wealth well or ill, but it
was not easy to find a man who endured poverty
with a noble spirit ; and those only should be
ashamed of poverty who could not be otherwise
than poor. When Aristides had borne this witness
for Callias, there was no one of his hearers who
did not go home preferring to be poor with Aristides
rather than to be rich with Callias. This, at any
rate, is the story told by Aeschines the Socratic.
And Plato ^ maintains that of all those who had great
names and reputations at Athens, this man alone
was worthy of regard. Themistocles, he says, and
Cimon, and Pericles, filled the city with porches
and moneys and no end of nonsense ; but Aristides
squared his politics with virtue.
There are also strong proofs of his reasonableness
to be seen in his treatment of Themistocles. This
man he had found to be his foe during almost all his
public service, and it was through this man that he
was ostracized; but when Themistocles was in the
same plight, and was under accusation before the
city, Aristides remembered no evil ; nay, though
Alcmeon and Cimon and many others denounced
and persecuted the man, Aristides alone did and
said no meanness, nor did he take any advantage of
1 Oorgias, pp. 518 f., 626.
293
PLUTARCH'S LIVES
8v(j-TVXovvro<;i ooaTrep ovB' €W]fjL€povvTc irporepov
icfiOovrja-e,
XXYL TeXevTTJcraL Se ^AptaretBrjv ol [xlv ev
YiovTcp (fiacrlv eKirXevo-avTa Trpd^ecov evetca SrjfjLo-
G-Lcov, ol K^K6rjV7]<jL 'yrjpq.y TL/ncofievov Koi Oavpua^o-
pueVOV VTTO TMV TTOXtTCOV. KpaTGyOO? 8* M.aK6Bot)V
TOiavrd rtva irepl rr)? reXevTrj^ rod dvSpo^ etprjKe.
pLera yap rrjv SepLLaro/cXeov^i cfivyyv (f)7]cnv coairep
€^v^pL(Tavra rov hrjpov dva^vaai nrkrido^ <tvko-
<f>avT(ov, o'i Tov<; dpicrTov^ /cal BwarayrdTov;
dv8pa<; Bi(OK0VT6<; virelBaXkov tm (f)66v(p tmv ttoX- 335
2 \(ov iiraipopevoav vir €VTV^La<; /cal hvvdpew<;. ev
TOVTOL^ Kal * ApicTTeiBrjv dXcovat 8copoBoKLa<i, Ato-
(f>dvTOV Tov ^ApbcpiTpOTrrjOev /€aTr}yopovvTO<;, o)?,
0T6 T0V9 (l>6pov<; erarre, irapd rcov ^Icovcov XPV-
para XajSovro^' eKrlo-ai S' ovk €')(0VTa rrjv Kara-
Bifcrjv Trevrrjfcovra pvwv oucrav iKirXevcrai koX irepl
rrjv ^Iwvlav diroOavelv. rovrcov Be ovBev ey-
ypa^ov 6 KpaT6,oo? TCKpuripiov Trapia^rfKev, ovt€
BiKtjv 0VT6 '\^r)<^Lapa, Kaiirep elwOco^; eTneiKM^
ypd(j)€ip rd roiavra Kal TTapariOeaOai rov"; Ictto-
povvra^,
3 01 K dXXot 7rdvT€<;, (w? eVo? elirelv, ocrot rd
m'Xr}ppieXY}devTa rco Br)p(p irepl tov<; a-rpariiyov^
Bie^iacL, Tr)v pbev SepbcaroKXiov^i (jivyrjv Kal rd
^liXridBov Beo-pd Kal rrjv UepcKXiov^; ^rjp^lav Kal
TOV Tld')(7)T0<; €V Tw BiKaarrjplw Odvarov, dveXov-
T09 avTOV errl rov ff7]pLaT0<i &)? rjXicTKeTo, Kal
TToXXd TOiavra crvvdyovcTi Kal OpvXovcnv, Wpt-
(TTelBov Be rov pev e^oarpaKcapov TTapaTiOevrat,,
KaraBiKr^fi Be TOLavTq<; ouBapLov pbvrjpovevovffi*
294
ARISTIDES, XXV. 7-xxvi. 3
his enemy's misfortune, just as formerly he did not
grudge him his prosperity.
XXVI. As touching the death of Aristides, some
say he died in Pontus, on an expedition in the
public service ; others at Athens, of old age, honoured
and admired by his countrymen. But Craterus the
Macedonian tells something like this about the death
of the man. After the exile of Themistocles, he
says, the people waxed wanton, as it were, and
produced a great crop of sycophants, who hounded
down the noblest and most influential men, and
subjected them to the malice of tlie multitude, now
exalted with its prosperity and power. Among
these he says that Aristides also was convicted of
bribery, on prosecution of Diophantus of the deme
Amphitrope, for having taken money from the
lonians when he was regulating the tributes ; and,
further, that being unable to pay the judgment,
which was fifty minas, he sailed away and died
somewhere in Ionia. But Craterus furnishes no
documentary proof of this, — no judgment of the
court, no degree of indictment, — although he is
wont to record such things with all due fulness, and
to adduce his authorities.
All the rest, as I may venture to say, — all who
rehearse the shortcomings of the people in dealing
with their leaders, — compile and descant upon the
exile of Themistocles, the imprisonment of Miltiades,
the fine of Pericles, the death of Paches in the court
room, — he slew himself on the rostrum when he
saw that he was convicted, — and many such a case,
and they put into the list the ostracism of Aristides,
but of such a condemnation as this for bribery they
make no mention whatsoever,
»95
PLUTARCH'S LIVES
XXVII. Kal /L16VT01 Kol Ta</)09 itrrlv avrov
^aXypol BecKVVfiei^of;, ov ^aai KaraaKevdaat rrjv
TToXtv avra> /htjS' ivrdcfua KaTaXirrovrf,. /cat ras
fiev 6vyaTipa<; laropovcnv etc rod Trpvravetov rot?
vvfji(f)LOi<; eK^odrjvat Brjfioala, t^9 TroXeo)? rov
ydfiov iyjvaxTTjq kol irpol/ca rpL(r')^i,\La<; Spax/J^a^
eKaripa '^7}(l)Laa/jL6vr]^, AvaLixd'x^cp Be tc3 vl& fivd<;
/JL€V eKarov dpyvptov Kal 79J9 roaavra irXeOpa 7re-
^vrev/jLevT}^ eBcoxev 6 Brj/jLO<;, dXXaf; Be Bpa'^^fid^
2 T€(7crapa<; eh rj/juepav eKdarrjv direTa^ev, aXkl-
/SidBov TO yjr7](j)i(Tfia ypd^^avro'^. en Be Av(tl-
fidxov dvyarepa UoXvKpLrrjv dTroXiirovros, ft)9
ILaXkio-Qevqi; ^r)(Ti, kol ravrrj atrrjaiv oarjv Kal
Tot<; '0\vfi7noviKai><; 6 Brj/jio<i iyjrrjcpicraTO. Arjfi'^-
Tpio<; S' ^aXrjpeix; Kal ^lepcovvjuo^; 6 *P6Blo<; koI
Kpiaro^evo^ 6 fjuovaiKOf; Kal 'ApLaT0TiXr]<; (el Br)
TO ye^ tlepl evyeveia^; ^l^Xlov ev rot^ yvr)a-LOL<;
^ApLcrToreXov<; Oereov) laropovat M.vpTa) Ovya-
TpiBrjv ^ApiaTelBov ^oyKpdrei tm ao<p(p auvoLKijaat,
yvvacKa fiev erepav exovri, ravrrfv S' dvaXapovri;
X^pevovaav Bed ireviav Kal rcov dvayKaicov ivBeor,^
3 fjbev7]v. 7r/)09 fiev ovv tovtov^ iKavo)^ 6 YiavaLTLo%^
ev T0fc9 irepl %(OKpdTov<^ dvTeiprjKev 6 Be ^aXrjpeif^
ev ra> XcoKpdrei <p7]al fivrj/xovevetv ^ApiarelBov
OvyarpiBovv ev jJbdXa Trevrjra Avdi pLa^ov, 09
kavTov fiev^ eKTTtvaKiov rivo^ oveipoKpiTiKOv irapd
TO ^laKx^tov Xeyo/Jievov Ka66^6fMevo<; e^oorKC. Ty
Be /JLrjTpl Kal ttj TavT7}<; dBeX(j)fj 'y^rj^tapa ypdyjraf;
eireLo-e tov Brjp^ov Tpo(f>r}v BtBovai, Tptco^oXov
€Kd(TT7]^ 'qpbepa^. avTo<i p^evroi (j>7]orlv 6 Ar]/jL7JTpio<;
^ t6 ye Hercher and Blass with F^S : rh.
' kavrhu fiiv Heroher and Blass with F»S : eavrhv.
296
i
ARISTIDES, xxTii. x-3
XXVII. Moreover, his tomb is pointed out at
Phalerum, and they say the city constructed it for
him, since he did not leave even enough to pay for
his funeral. And they tell how his daughters were
married from the prytaneium at the public cost, the
city bestowing the dowry for the marriage and voting
outright three thousand drachmas to each daughter,
while to Lysimachus his son, the people gave one
hundred minas in silver, as many acres of vineyard
land, and besides this a pension of four drachmas
per diem, — all in a bill which was brought in
by Alcibiades. And further, Lysimachus left a
daughter, Polycrite, according to Callisthenes, and
the people voted for her a public maintenance, in
the style of their Olympic victors. Again, Demetrius
the Phalerean, Hieronymus the Rhodian, Aristoxenus
the Musician, and Aristotle (provided the book
" On Nobility of Birth " is to be ranked among the
genuine works of Aristotle) relate that Myrto, the
granddaughter of Aristides, lived in wedlock with
Socrates the Sage. He had another woman to wife,
but took this one up because her poverty kept her
a widow, and she lacked the necessaries of life. To
these, however, Panaetius, in his work on Socrates,
has made sufficient reply.
And the Phalerean says, in his '^ Socrates," that
he remembers a grandson of Aristides, Lysimachus,
a very poor man, who made his own living by means
of a sort of dream-interpreting tablet, his seat being
near the so-called laccheium. To this man's mother
and to her sister, Demetrius persuaded the people to
give, by formal decree, a pension of three obols per
«w
PLUTARCH'S LIVES
vofio9erS)v avrl TpLCdpokov Spaxf^V^ exarepa rd^ai
TMV <ywai,Ka>v,
Kal ovSev ia-ri OavfiaaTOv ovtm (^povTicraL tmv
eu da-rei rov Srj/jLov, ottov dvyarpLBrjv * Kpiaroyei-
Tovo^ ev Ay/JLVM 7rv66fjL€VOi> Taireiva Trpdrretv
dvSpo<; diropova-av Sta irevlav Karriyar^ov ^AOtjva^ey
Kol (TvvoLKiaavTe^ dvSpl twv €v yeyovorcov to
TLoTa/jLol x^p^ov eh (p€pvr)v iiriBcoKav. 'ij? (j>iXav-
6pco7rta<; koX ')(,PV^'^oTr]TO<; en ttoWo, Kal Ka6*
r^p^a^ r) 7roXt9 €K(f)epov(Ta Belyp^ara Oav/jbd^erai
Kal ^rfKovrai ZiKaico^.
298
ARISTIDES, XXVII. 3-4
diem; though afterwards, in his capacity of sole
legislator, he himself, as he says, assigned a drachma
instead of three obols to each of the women.
It is not to be wondered at that the people took
such thought for families in the city, since on
learning that the granddaughter of Aristogeiton was
livijig humbly in Lemnos, unmarried because of her
poverty, they brought her back to Athens, consorted
her with a well-born man, and gave her the estate
in Potamus for her dowry. For such humanity and
benevolence, of which the city still gives illustrious
examples even in my own day, she is justly admired
and lauded.
999
MARCUS CATO
MAPK02 KATQN
I. y[dpK(p Ze K^drcovl (f>a(riv diro Tov<rK\ov to
y6vo<i elvuL, hiairav Se KaX ^iov e-^^ecv irpb rcov 336
arpareccov koI t}]<; TroXtreta? iv ')(a)pioi<^ 'jraTpa>oi'i
irepl ^a^ivov^, rSiv Be irpoyovayv iravrdTraacv
dyvcoarrcov yeyovevac Bokovvtcov avTo<; 6 K.aTcov
Kol TOP iraTepa MdpKov co? dyaObv dvhpa koI
arparicoTLKOV eizaivel, koI J^drcova rov Trpoirair-
irov dptarelcov 7roWdKi<i tv)(€lv (j)r]aL Koi irevre
7ro\6p,Lard<i Xirirov^i iv p^d^at^i diro^aXovTa rrjv
TLp>r)v aTToXa^elv e/c rov Srjp^oaiov Bi dvBp-
2 ayaOlav. elcoOorcov Be tcoi^ 'Paypaicov tov<; aTrb
<y€vov(i p,ev Bo^av ov/c exovra^, dp^op^evov^; Be
ryvcopi^ecrOat Be avrcjv Kaivov<^ Trpoaayopeveiv
dvOpdiTTOV^, wairep KaX rov K^drcova irpoarr]-
yopevov, avTo<; eXeye KatPO<; elvat. irpo<i dp')(rjv
Kol Bo^av, epyoL^ Be irpoybvoav koX dpeTaL<i
7rap7rd\aio<;. eKoKelro Be Ta> rptTO) rcov bvo-
pdrcov irpoTepov ov J^drtov, dWd IJptaKOf;,
varepov Be rbv K.drci)va Trj<; Bwdp^eco^^ e7rd)vvp>ov
eo-')(e' 'Foop^acoi yap rbv epireipov Kdrov bvopd-
^ovcriv.
3 'Hp Be TO plv elBo^ virbiTvppo^ KaX yXavKo^,
302
I
MARCUS CATO
I. The family of Marcus Cato, it is said, was of
Tusculan origin, though he lived, previous to his
career as soldier and statesman, on an inherited
estate in the country of the Sabines. His ancestors
commonly passed for men of no note whatever, but
Cato himself extols his father, Marcus, as a brave
man and good soldier. He also says that his grand-
father, Cato, often won prizes for soldierly valour,
and received from the state treasury, because of his
bravery, the price of five horses which had been
killed under him in battle. The Romans used to
call men who had no family distinction, but were
coming into public notice through their own achieve-
ments, "new men," and such they called Cato.
But he himself used to say that as far as office and
distinction went, he was indeed new, but having
regard to ancestral deeds of valour, he was oldest of
the old. His third name was not Cato at first, but
Priscus. Afterwards he got the surname of Cato
for his great abilities. The Romans call a man who
is wise and prudent, caius.
As for his outward appearance, he had reddish
hair, and keen grey eyes, as the author of the well-
303
PLUTARCH'S LIVES
C09 6 7roi7j(Ta<i TO eirvypa^fiaTLov ovk Gvfievoi)<;
7rap€/ji(j)aLP€i'
Uvppov, iravBafcirijv, yXavKofifjLaTOV, oi/Be
Oavovra
TLopKiov 669 acBrjv ^epaecftovr) he^erai*
Trjv 8e Tov (ra)fiaTO<; e^iv avrovpyia koL BtaiTrf
acocppovi, /cal aTpaTeiaL<^ air apx*]'i <TVvrp6(f>ov
yeyovoTOt} irdvv ^(^pirjaTLKrjv eZ^e, koX irpo^ la-'xpv
4 KoX TTpb^ vyCeiav opbaXco^ avvearwa-av, tov Be
Xoyovy &(Tir€p Bevrepov aciifxa kol tcov KaXwv,
ov p^ovov T<av avayfcaitov ^ opyavov avBpX p>r)
Tairetvcof; ^taxropAvcp p,r]B^ aTTpaKTCD^;, i^rjprveTO
Kol irapeaKeva^ev iv Tal<; TrepLoi/cicrc K(op,aL<; koX
T0i9 iroTuxvlot'; eKaarore o-vvBlkwv roh BeopievoL<;
/cal TTpMTOv p>€V dycopLaT7]<; elvac Bokcov 7rp60up^<;,
elra kol pijTcop Uavo^;. ck Be tovtov p^aXKov
T019 %/)ft)//'€i'0i9 KarecpaLvero ^dpo<; n koX <^po-
VTjpa irepX avrov 7]6ov<; Trpayp^drcov pbeydXmv /cat
5 7roXtT€ta9 Be6p,evov r]y6pbOVtKri^. ov yap fiovov,
CO? eoiK€, pbiaOapvia^^ KaOapov eavrov iirl rd<;
BLKa<; /cat Toif<; dycovas irapei^ev, dX)C ovBe rrjv
Bo^av ft)9 p>eyi<TT^v dyairoiv iipaivero ryv diro tmv
rotovTcov dycovfov, ttoXv Be puaXXov ev Tat<; pd')(ai'^
raU TTpo^ Toi'9 iroXep.Lov; teal Tat<; arparelaifi
l3ov\6p,evo<; evBo/ctp,elv ere p,ecpdKLov mv rpavp.d-
6 Tcov TO a(bp,a p^ecrrov ivavrlcov ^1%^' ^V^*' 7^P
avTOf; eTrrafcalBcKa yeyovw^ err) rrjv Trpcorrjv
(TTparevaaaOaL trrpaTeCav TrepX ov ^Avvi/Sa^;
Xpovov evTV)(^&v €7re(l)\ey€ rrjv ^IraXlav,
^ rSiv iLvayitaiuv Hercher and Blass, with Bekker : kvay-
304
MARCUS CATO, i. 3-6
known epigram ill-naturedly gives us to under-
stand: —
Red-haired, snapper and biter, his grey eyes
flashing defiance,
PoT'cius, come to the shades, back will be
thrust by their Queen.
His bodily habit, since he was addicted from the
very first to labour with his own hands, a temperate
mode of life, and military duties, was very service-
able, and disposed alike to vigour and health. His
discourse, — a second body, as it were, and, for the
use of a man who would live neither obscurely nor
idly, an instrument with which to perform not only
necessary, but also high and noble services, — this
he developed and perfected in the villages and towns
about Rome, where he served as advocate for all who
needed him, and got the reputation of being, first a
zealous pleader, and then a capable orator. Thence-
forth the weight and dignity of his character
revealed themselves more and more to those who
had dealings with him ; they saw that he was bound
to be a man of great affairs, and have a leading
place in the state. For he not only gave his services
in legal contests without fee of any sort, as it would
seem, but did not appear to cherish even the repute
won in such contests as his chief ambition. Nay, he
was far more desirous of high repute in battles and
campaigns against the enemy, and while he was yet
a mere stripling, had his breast covered with honour-
able wounds. He says himself that he made his
first campaign when he was seventeen years old, at
the time when Hannibal was consuming Italy with
the flames of his successes.^
» 217 B.a
305
PLUTARCH'S LIVES
Tlapet'X^e 5' avrov iv ral<; ixd')(ai<; rfj filv X^Lpt
irXrjKTrjv, t& Bk ttoSI fiovi/iov koI ffi/SuLov, yavpoif
Se Tq> TrpoacoTTO)' \6yov 8' aTreiXfj koI TpaxvT7]Ti,
(jxovrjf; 'irpo<; tou? 7ro\€fiiov<; i^p^'^o, opOo)^; koI
BcavoovfjL€VO<; koX BiBdarKcov, on TroXkaKif; ret
Toiavra rod ft^oi/9 fJuaWov KaraTrX'^Trerat, rov^
7 €vavTLOV<;. iv Be rat? TTopeiat^i avTO^ i^dBt^e
(pepcop TCL oirka, koI depdirwv eh eXireTo ra Trpo?
Biairav avrw KOfiL^cov, o5 Xeyerac firfBeTrore
Bva/coXavai /jLrjBe fiefj/^^aaOai irapaOevrc dptarov
Tj Belirvov, dXXA koL avWa/nfidvetv avro^; ra
irXelaTa koI avfJuirapacTKevd^eiv diro rcov arpa-
TicoTiK(ov yev6fievo<i epycov. vBcop S' eirivev eirl
aTpareia^, ttXtjv etiroTe Bcylrrja-a^ 7r€pL<j>Xeyco<i
6^o<; aiTTjaetev^ rj r?}? IcT^yo^ evBiBovarj^; iirLXd^ot 337
fjLLKpov oivdpiov.
II. 'Hi^ Be TrXrjaLov avrov rcov dypdov r) yevo-
fievr} M.avLov Kovpiov rod rph 6piaii^evaavro<^
eiravXi^;. eirX ravrrjv <7f z^ep^co? ^aBi^oav KaX dedn-
fievof; rod re x^piov rrjv /jLLKporrjra koX rrj^
olK7](7e(o<; ro Xcrov, evvoiav eXdfjb^ave rod dvBp6<i,
ore ^VoDfiaiodv fieyiaro^; yev6p,evo<i /cal ra /xa^i/AO)-
rara ra>v eOvoiv virayayofjbevo'i /cal Uvppov
e^eXdaa^ rrj^ *IraX[,a<; rovro rb %ct)/)t8£oz/ avr6<i
ecr/cairre xal ravrrjv rrjv erravXtv w/cei fiera rpel<i
2 6pid/jb^ov<;. evravOa irpo^ eaxdpa KaOy/jbevov
avrov eyjrovra yoyyvXlBa<i evpovre^ ol Xavvircjv
TTpea^ec^ iBLBoaav rroXv ^/^vo-toz/* o S' direirefi'
yjraro (l)i]aa<; ovBev ^P^^^^^ ^^^^ ^ Belirvov dpKel
roLOvroVy avr& fievroi rov xp^o-lov e%€iv koXXlov
elvai ro vc/cdv tov? e^ovra^;, ravB* 6 K-drwv
* cuT-lifffitr Blasa, with Bekker : jjttjo-cv.
306
MARCUS CATO, i. 6-11. 2
In battle, he showed himself effective of hand,
sure and steadfast of foot, and of a fierce counten-
ance. With threatening speech and harsh cries he
would advance upon the foe, for he rightly thought,
and tried to show others, that often-times such action
terrifies the enemy more than the sword. On the
march, he carried his own armour on foot, while a
single attendant followed in charge of his camp
utensils. With this man, it is said, he was never
wroth, and never scolded him when he served up a
meal, nay, he actually took hold himself and assisted
in most of such preparations, provided he was free
from his military duties. Water was what he drank
on his campaigns, except that once in a while, in a
raging thirst, he would call for vinegar, or, when his
strength was failing, would add a little wine.
II. Near his fields was the cottage which had once
belonged to Manius Curius, a hero of three triumphs.
To this he would often go, and the sight of the
small farm and the mean dwelling led him to think
of their former owner, who, though he had become
the greatest of the Romans, had subdued the most
warlike nations, and driven Pyrrhus out of Italy,
nevertheless tilled this little patch of ground with
his own hands and occupied this cottage, after three
triumphs. Here it was that the ambassadors of
the Samnites once found him seated at his hearth
cooking turnips, and offered him much gold ; but he
dismissed them, saying that a man whom such a
meal satisfied had no need of gold, and for his part
he thought that a more honourable thing than the
possession of gold was the conquest of its possessors.
Cato would go away with his mind full of these
307
PLUTARCH'S LIVES
ivOvfiovfievo^ airrjei, koI rov avrov irakiv oIkov
i^opcou Kol ')(copLa fcal OepdirovTa^ koI hiairav
eirereive rrjv avTovpytav Kol irepieKOiTTe rrjv
TToXvrekeiav.
3 ^a^LOV Se Ma^lfjLov ttjv TapavrCvcov ttoXlv
IXoi/TO? erv^e fiev 6 Kdrcov arparevofievo^ vtt
avT& fcofjbtSy fieipd/ciov cov, 'N6dp)(^a) Be tlvl twv
HvOayoptKMv ^evw %/)97o-a/i6z/o? eairov^aae twv
Xoycov fieToXapelv. aKOvaa^; Se ravra SoaXejo-
fiivov Tov dvSpo'i, oh Ke'X^prjrai koX TiXdrcoVy rrjv
jjblv r)hovr)v diroKaX&p p>iyi(TTOV kukov SeXeap,
avfJL^opdv he rfj ^vxfj to (rcj/Jba TrpcoTrjv, Xvacv Se
Kal KaOapfMov oh jJudXtara ')(^a)pi,^€L /cal d(j)i<TTr)(TiV
avTTjv rcjv irepl to acofia TraOTjjudrcov XoyicT/jLoh,
en fidXXov rjydirrjo-e to Xltov Kal rrjv ey/cpdretav.
4 dXXa)<; Se 7rai8eLa<; 'EiXXr}VLKrj<; 6(pLjjLaOrj<; yeveadai
Xeyerat, kol TToppco Travrdiracnv i)XiKia^ eXrfXaKw^;^
'EiXXrjviKO, ffi/SXla XajBchv eh %eiyoa9 ^payea pkv
diTO ^ovKvSiSov, TrXeiova S' diro Arj/JLoadevovf; eh
TO prjTopLKov ODcfieX'rjOrjvai. to, fievTot avyypdfi-
fiaTa Kal Soyfiaaiv 'EXXrjviKoi*; Kal laTopLat,<;
i'jrteiK(o<; ScaTreTroLKiXTai' Kal fMeOrjp/arjvevjjLeva
TToXXd KaTa Xe^cv ev Toh diro^OeyiJLao-i Kal Tah
yvwfxoXoyiai^ TeTaKTUi.
III. ^Hz^ Se Tt9 dvrjp evTraTpLSr)^ fjuev ev Toh p^dXc-
aTa ^Pcofiaicov Kal SvvaT6<},dpeT7]v Se <pvo/iem]v jxev
ala-ddveaOai Setvo^, ev/ii€vr}<; Se kol Ope^jrac Kal
Trpoayayelv eh So^av, OvaXXepLo^; ^XdKKO^i.
0VT09 el'xev ofiopovvTa ')((opia Toh Karwi/o?,
TTvOofxevo^i Se Tr)v avTovpyiav Kal SiaiTav avTOv
Trapa t(ov oiKeToyv Kal Oavfjudaa^; i^rjyovfievayv, oti
^ i)\iKlas i\r)\aKi^s Hercher and Blass with S : tiXikIus.
308
MARCUS CATO, ii. 2-111. i
things, and on viewing again his own house and
lands and servants and mode of life, would increase
the labours of his hands and lop off his extrava-
gancies.
When Fabius Maximus took the city of Tarentum,^
it chanced that Cato, who was then a mere stripling,
served under him, and being lodged with a certain
Nearchus, of the sect of the Pythagoreans, he was
eager to know of his doctrines. When he heard
this man holding forth as follows, in language which
Plato also uses, condemning pleasure as " the greatest
incentive to evil," and the body as "the chief
detriment to the soul, from which she can release
and purify herself only by such reasonings as most
do wean and divorce her from bodily sensations," he
fell still more in love with simplicity and restraint.
Further than this, it is said, he did not learn Greek till
late in life, and was quite well on in years when he
took to reading Greek books ; then he profited in
oratory somewhat from Thucydides, but more from
Demosthenes. However, his writings are moderately
embellished with Greek sentiments and stories, and
many literal translations from the Greek have found
a place among his maxims and proverbs.
III. There was at Rome a certain man of the
highest birth and greatest influence, who had the
power to discern excellence in the bud, and the
grace to cultivate it and bring it into general esteem.
This man was Valerius Flaccus. He had a farm
next to that of Cato, and learned from Cato's servants
of their master's laborious and frugal way of living.
He was amazed to hear them tell how Cato, early in
1 209 B.a
309
PLUTARCH'S LIVES
irpoyt fiev eh ayopav ^ahi^et, Koi TrapiCTraraL roh
2 Seofjiivoi^f iiraveXdayv 5* eh to ')(copLov, civ fiev y
'X^etfKOVf i^oofiiSa \affa)v, depovf; Sk yvfivof; ipyaad-
fjL€VO<; fjuera tmv oIketmv iaOlei rov avrov aprov
op^ov KaOrjpevo^ Kal irivei rov avrov olvov, aWrjv
Te TToWrjv iirieiKeiav avrov Kal perpcorrjra Kal
nva^ Kal Xoyov^ d7ro(f)9eypariKov<; Siapvrjpovevov-
3 rcov, eKeXevae KXrjOijvat tt/jo? to SeiTrvov. €k Be
Tovrov ')(^p(op,evo<; Kal Karavocov rjpepov Kal
darelov r)do^, wairep (pvrov da-Kn^aeo)^ Kal x^P^^
i'TTi^avov'i heopevov, TTpoerpey^aro Kal avveireLaev
d-y^aaOai rij^ iv 'Vwp,r] TroXtreta?. KarekOwv
ovv €v6v<; Tov<; pev avro<; eKrdro 6avpaara<^
Kal (f)iXov<; Bid rcoy avvrjyopLMV, TroWrjv Be
rov OvaXkepiov riprjv Kal Bvvapiv avrcp irpoa-
riOivro^; ')(^iXiap')(^ia^ €rv)(^e Trpojrov, elra erapiev-
4 crev. eK rovrov Be Xapirpo'; mv i]Brj Kal irepiclyavj)';
avr(p rw OvaWepiw irepl ra? peyiara<; avve^e-
Bpapev dpxd<;, viraro^ re p>eT eKeivov Kal irdXtv
ripr)rt}<; yevopevo^.
Twz^ Be TTpea^vrepcov iroXtrMV Ma^ipw ^a^LO)
TTpoaevetpLev eavrov, ivBo^ordrco pev ovri Kal
p^eyio-rrjv e^ovn Bvvapiv, pdXkov Be rov rpoizov
avrov Kal rov /Slov &)? KaWicra irapaBeiypara
5 nrpoOepevo'^. Blo Kal XK-rjirloyvi r(p peydXw, verp 338
pev ovn rore, tt/do? Be rrjv ^a^Lov Bvrapcv dvrai-
povrt Kal (f>Ooi'€LadaL Bofcovvri, Trap' ovBev erroir)-
craro yevecrdai Bid^opo^;, dWd Kal rapla^ avr(p
irpo^ rov iv Aifivrj iroXepov avveK7r€pL(f)0eh, co?
310
J
MARCUS CATO, iii. 1-5
the morning, went on foot to the market-place and
pleaded the cases of all who wished his aid ; then
came back to his farm, where, clad in a working
blouse if it was winter, and stripped to the waist if
it was summer, he wrought with his servants, then
sat down with them to eat of the same bread and
drink of the same wine. They told Valerius many
other instances of Cato's fairness and moderation,
quoting also sundry pithy sayings of his, until at last
Valerius gave command that Cato be invited to dine
with him. After this, discovering by converse with
him that his nature was gentle and polite, and
needed, like a growing tree, only cultivation and
room to expand, Valerius urged and at last persuaded
him to engage in public life at Rome. Accordingly,
taking up his abode in the city, his own efforts as an
advocate at once won him admiring friends, and the
favour of Valerius brought him great honour and
influence, so that he was made military tribune first,
and then quaestor. After this, being now launched
on an eminent and brilUant career, he shared the
highest honours with Valerius, becoming consul with
him, and afterwards censor.
Of the elder statesmen, he attached himself
most closely to Fabius Maximus, who was of the
highest reputation and had the greatest influence,
but this was more by way of setting befoi'e himself
the character and life of the man as the fairest
examples he could follow. In the same spirit he did
not hesitate to oppose the great Scipio, a youthful
rival of Fabius, and thought to be envious of him.
When he was sent out with Scipio as quaestor for
the war in Africa,^ he saw that the man indulged in
*204b.o. ^
VOL. II. L 3'^
PLUTARCH'S LIVES
€(opa ry avvijOeo iroKvreXeia y^p^jievov rbv dvBpa
Koi KaraxoprjyovvTa roh arparevfiaa-Lv at^eihrn
6 tS)V 'XprjfjLaTOJV, eTrapprjatd^ero tt/Oo? avTov, ov to
T^9 Sa7rdvrj<; fieyiarov elvai (jidfiepo^, aXX' oti
hLa<^deipei ttjv irdrpvov evriXeiav reov arpaTicorcov
€^' iqBova^ KoX Tpv(f)a<; t& irepiovri t?)? yneia';
Tpeirofievcov. ehrrovTo^i he rod ^KrjTrifavo^, et)? ov-
Bev BioiTo ra/jLLOv \iav aKpi^ov^ 7rXrjaL(TTW<i iirl
TOP iroKepbov (f)ep6pievo<;t irpd^ecov rydp, ov xPV/^d-
7 Tcov, rfj iroXet, Xoyov 6(l>€LXeiv, diryjXOev 6 Kdrcop
ix ^LKeXia^i, koX pLerd tov ^ajSuov KarajBooiV iv t&
cvveBpio) <^6opdv re %/0?;/i,aT6)v dpbvOijrcov viro rov
2/c^7ria)z/09 fcal Biarpcfidf; avTov pLeipaKiooBei<: iv
iraXaiaTpai^ koX Oedrpoi^, axrirep ov aTpaTrfyovv-
T09, dXXd iravrjryvpi^ovTO';, i^eipyda-aTO ire/iKpOi]-
vat, BripLdp')(pvf; eV avrov d^ovra*; eh 'Pcofirjv,
8 dvirep dXrjdei^ at KaTrjyopiat (pavcoaiv. 6 pi^v ovv
^Kr^TTLOiv iv ry irapaaKevfj rov iroXepLOV ttjv
VLKrjv iTTiBei^d/jievof;, koX a^avei^; r)Bv<; pbcv iTrl
cr%oX-779 avvelvai <l)iXoi^, ovBapLOV Be rw (ptXav-
Opdyrrcp T779 Bi,aLT7j<; elg rd (TirovBala koI fieydXa
pd6vpL0<i, i^eirXevcrev iirl rov iroXepuov,
IV. T« Be Kdrcovt ttoXXt) puev drro rov Xoyov
BvvafjLi<; rjv^rjrOf /cat ^Vcapbalov avrov ol ttoXXol
AripLO(T0ev7)v irpoarjyopevov, 6 Be j3lo<; puaXXov
6vo/jLaaro<; r)v avrov kuI 7repL^6r)ro<^, r} p^ev yap
iv r(p Xeyeiv Betv6rrj<i TrpovKecro rol<; veoi<i dyoo-
VKTpua KOLVov r}Brf koI irepta-TrovBaarov, 6 B^ rrjv
irdrpLov avrovpylav vTropuevcov Ka\ Belirvov d<f>eXe^
Ka\ dpLarov drrvpov Kal Xirr}v iaOrjra Kal BrjpLO-
TiKTjv daira^ofievo^ otKrjaiv xal to fir) BelaOai r&v
31a ,
MARCUS CATO, iii. 5-iv. i
his wonted extravagance, and lavished money with-
out stiat upon his soldiery. He therefore made bold
to tell him that the matter of expense was not the
greatest evil to be complained of, but the fact that
he was corrupting the native simplicity of his soldiers,
who resorted to wanton pleasures when their pay
exceeded their actual needs. Scipio replied that he
had no use for a parsimonious quaestor when the
winds were bearing him under full sail to the war ;
he owed the city an account of his achievements,
not of its moneys. Cato therefore left Sicily, and
joined Fabius in denouncing before the Senate Scipio's
waste of enormous moneys, and his boyish addiction
to palaestras and theatres, as though he were not
commander of an army, but master of a festival.
As a result of these attacks, tribunes were sent to
bring Scipio back to Rome, if the charges against
him should turn out to be true. Well then, Scipio
convinced the tribunes that victory in war depended
on the preparations made for it; showed that he
could be agreeable in his intercourse with his friends
when he had leisure for it, but was never led by his
sociability to neglect matters of large and serious
import ; and sailed off for his war in Africa.
IV. The influence which Cato's oratory won for
him waxed great, and men called him a Roman
Demosthenes ; but his manner of life was even
more talked about and noised abroad. For his
oratorical ability only set before young men a goal
which many already were striving eagerly to attain ;
but a man who wrought with his own hands,
as his fathers did, and was contented with a cold
breakfast, a frugal dinner, simple raiment, and a
humble dwelling, — one who thought more of not
313
PLUTARCH'S LIVES
TrepiTT&v fiaXKov ^ to KCKrija-Oai Oav/jid^cov
2 airdvLO'i rjVy 7]Brj rore tt}? iroXiTeia^ ro KaOapov
VTTO fjueyedovi ov (j)v\aTT0va7j<;, dWa rat Kpareiv
Trpayfidrcov ttoWcjv koI dvOpcoTrcov 7r/309 ttoWol
fjLLyvv/j.€vr]<i eOr) koL filcov TrapaSeiyfJLara iravToSa-
TToiiV vTrohe^ojJbevT)^. et/coTO)? ovv iOavfia^ov top
K^dreova, toi»9 /iiev dWov^ vtto tcov ttovcov Opavo-
fi€Vov<; Kol ^aXaaaofievov; viro ^ rSyv rjSovcov
3 6pa)VT6<;, €Kelvov he vir dfKJyocv drfTT-qTov, ov fiovov
€0)9 €TL veo^ KOi (l>iX6rtfjL0<; rjv, dXkh. kol yepovra
Kol ttoXlop ^Btj fjbe6* viraTeiav Kal Opiafi^ov, (acrirep
d6\'r]T7)v vi,K7)(j)6pov, iyKaprepovvra ry rd^eu t^9
d<TKri<T6(o^ Kol BiofJLaXi^ovTa fie'X^pi' rrj^ T€\6VTrj<{,
'Ec^T^ra /juev yap ovBeiroTe <f)7](TL (^opeaai irokv-
TeXearipav eKarbv Spax/^(i^v, irielv Be koI arpa-
Trjycop Kal viraTevcov rov avrov olvov rots ipyd-
rais, oyjrov Be Trapaa-Keud^eadai 7rpb<; to Belnrvov
ef dyopd<; daaapifov TpidKOvra, Kal tovto Bid
Tr)V TToXiVf 07ra)<; lcr')(voi to aSifia irpof; Ta9
4 <TTpaTeia<i. eiri^rjfia Be tS)v ttolkiXwv Bal3v-
X(ovLov eK KXr]povofjiia<; KTrjadfievo'; ev6v<i diro-
B^a-Oac, T(ov Be eiravXecov avrov firiBepiiav elvai
K€K0vca/jLev7jv, ovBeva Be TTciiirore irpiacrQai BovXov
virep Ta9 %A^ta9 Bpa^/Jbd^; Kal TrevraKoalaSy 609
hv ov rpv^epoiv ovB^ wpalwv, dXX! epyariKOiv Kal
arepewVi olov tTrTroKo/j^cov Kal ^orjXarojp, Beo-
fi€vo<;' Kal rovrovs Be rrpea^vrepov^i yevo/jievov<i
wero Belv diroBLBoa-OaL Kal fir) /SocrKeiv d')(^pr)arov<i.
oXq)9 Be fiTjBev evcovov elvau rwv Trepirruiv, d\X'
ov TL^ OV Belrai, kclv daaapiov mirpdaKrjrat,,
^ Ivh Hercher and Blass with S : /coi uvb.
3«4
MARCUS CATO, iv. 1-4
wanting the superfluities of life than of possessing
themj — such a man was rare. The commonwealth
had now grown too large to keep its primitive
integrity ; the sway over many realms and peoples
had brought a large admixture of customs, and the
adoption of examples set in modes of life of every
sort. It was natural, therefore, that men should
admire Cato, when they saw that, whereas other
men were broken down by toils and enervated by
pleasures, he was victor over both, and this too, not
only while he was still young and ambitious, but
even in his hoary age, after consulship and triumph.
Then, like some victorious athlete, he persisted in
the regimen of his training, and kept his mind
unaltered to the last.
He tells us that he never wore clothing worth
more than a hundred drachmas ; that he drank,
even when he was praetor or consul, the same wine
as his slaves ; that as for fish and meats, he would
buy thirty asses' worth ^ for his dinner from the public
stalls, and even this for the city's sake, tliat he
might not live on bread alone, but strengthen his
body for military service ; that he once fell heir to
an embroidered Babylonian robe, but sold it at once ;
that not a single one of his cottages had plastered
walls ; that he never paid more than fifteen hundred
drachmas for a slave, since he did not want them to
be delicately beautiful, but sturdy workers, such as
grooms and herdsmen, and these he thought it his
duty to sell when they got oldish, instead of feeding
them when they were useless ; and that in general,
he thought nothing clieap that one could do without,
but that what one did not need, even if it cost but a
^ The as corresponded nearly to the English penny.
PLUTARCH'S LIVES
TToXkov vofiL^eiv Krdo-Oai Be ret (TTreipofieva koI
ve/jLOfieva fidWov rj rh paivojJbeva kol (ratpo/xeva.
V. Tavra S' ol jiiev eh /JbiKpoXoyiav iriOevTO rod
avhpo^, oi S* 0)9 eVl BtopdaxreL koI acoclipovLcr/jLqt
rSiv aW(ov evSoTepco a-variWovro^; eavrov aTre-
Bi^ovTO. 7r\r)v rb to?9 olKerac^ ct)9 VTro^vyioi^
diro'X^p'qo-dfievov cttI y^pco^ iXavveiv Kal ircTrpd-
(Tfceiv dr6vov<; djav riOov^ &y(oye rWe/Jiai, kol 339
firjBev dvOpcoTTO) 7rpo<! dvOpcoirov olofxevov kolvq)-
2 vrjfia TTjt; %p€ta9 ifKeov vTrdp^etv. Kairoi rrjv
'X^prjaroTTjra Trj<: BiKaio<Tvvr)<; irXarvrepov to-
TTOV 6p5)fiev eTTiXafi^dvovaav vo/jlo) fiev yap
fcal T& Bi/caiq) 7ryoo9 dvOpmrov^ fiovov %/9r}o-^a«
TrecftvKafieVy 7r/oo9 €U€py€<rl,a<; Be Kal ')(^dpiTa<!
eo-TLV ore /cal /^expt tcov dXoycav ^wmv wcrwep €k
7rr]y7J<; irXova-ia^; diroppet T7J<; 'qfieporrjro^, Kal
yap LTTTTcov direipnriKorcov viro %/ooi/ov rpocfyal Kal
KvvSyv ov cTKvXaKelai fiovov, dWd Kal yijpoKOfiiai
Tc3 'XpVO"^^ irpoa-ijKovacv.
3 'O Be T(ov *A6r)vaLCDv Bi]fio<; oIkoBo/jumv rov
^EtKarofiTreBov, ocra^ Karevorjorev rj/ii6vov<; fidXiara
Tot9 7r6voc<; eyKapiepovcra^iy direkvcrev eXevOepa^
vifieaOat koI d^irov^, mv pulav <f)aal Kara^ai-
vovaav dxj)^ eavrrj^ 7rpo9 rd epya rol<; dvdyovai
Ta9 dfid^a<; viro^vyioi^; eh dKpoTroXiv avfiTrapa-
Tpex^t'V Kal irporiyelaOai Kaddirep eyKeXevofievijv
Kal (Tvve^op/jiO)(Tav, rjv Kal Tpe(j>ea6ai Brj/jLoaia
4 fjue'xpi reXevrrj^; iylrrjcpLaavTO. rcov Be Kifi(ovo<;
XiriraiV, ah ^OXvfiina rph evUr^a-e, Kal Ta<fial
316
MARCUS CATO, iv. 4-v. 4
penny, was dear ; also that he bought lands where
crops were raised and cattle herded, not those where
lawns were sprinkled and paths swept.
V. These things were ascribed by some to the
man's parsimony ; but others condoned them in the
belief that he lived in this contracted way only to
correct and moderate the extravagance of others.
However, for my part, I regard his treatment of his
slaves like beasts of burden, using them to the
uttermost, and then, when they were old, driving
them off and selling them, as the mark of a very
mean nature, which recognizes no tie between man
and man but that of necessity. And yet we know
that kindness has a wider scope than justice. Law
and justice we naturally apply to men alone ; but
when it comes to beneficence and charity, these
often flow in streams from the gentle heart, like
water from a copious spring, even down to dumb
beasts. A kindly man will take good care of his
horses even when they are worn out with age, and
of his dogs, too, not only in their puppyhood, but
when their old age needs nursing. j
While the Athenians were building the Parthenon,
they turned loose for free and unrestricted pasturage
such mules as were seen to be most persistently
laborious. One of these, they say, came back to the
works of its own accord, trotted along by the side of
its fellows under the yoke, which were dragging the
waggons up to the Acropolis, and even led the way
for them, as though exhorting and inciting them on.
The Athenians passed a decree that the animal be
maintained at the public cost as long as it lived.
Then there were the mares of Cimon, with which he
won three victories at Olympia ; their graves are
317
PLUTARCH'S LIVES
7r\7]aiov elcn tmv eKeivov /jLvrj/idrcov. Kvva^ ht
<TVVTp6(j)ovf; yevo/jL6vov<; koX (Tvvr]6ei<i dWot re
TToWol fCal 'B^dvOlTT'TTO^ 6 TToXaLO^ TOV €19
XaXafMLva rfj rpii^pet Trapavrj^d/jbevov, ore rrjv
TToXiv 6 hrjfio^ i^ekeinev, eirl rrj^ aKpa^ ifc^Seuaev,
fjv K.vvo^ o-rjfMa fiexpt vvv koXovctvv.
5 Ov yap ft)9 v7roSi]/iiaaiv ri a-Keveai rol<; '^frv^VV
e')(pvcn ')(pr](TT€OV, Koirevra /cat Kararpc^evTa ral<;
vir'qpeGriaL^ dTToppLiTTOvvTa^;, dX\! el 8ia fiijBev
dWoy /jLeXerr)^ eveKa rod (l>ikav6 pdyirov irpoeOi-
ariov eavTov iv tovtol^ irpaov elvai kclI jxeiKi'^ov.
iyo) fiev ovv ovSe ^ovv dv ipydTrjv Btd yrjpa<;
aTToBoi/Jbriv, fjurj ri ye irpea^vrepov dvOpcoTrov,
Ik ')((iipa^ (Tvvrpo^ov kol BiaLrrjf; crvprjOov<; coawep
eK irarpiho^ fxeOiardixevov dvrl K6pfidro)v /jLLKp&v,
d')(^pr}GT6v ye rol^ d}vovfji6voL<; wGirep tol^ inirpd'
6 (TKovdi yeTn^cTOfJievov. 6 Be Kdrcov coairep veavi-
€v6/jLevo<; eirl tovtol<; koX top lttttov, <p irapd
rd<; cTTpareia^ virarevwv ixpvro, (prjalv iv
*10r]pia KaTaXiirelv, Xva fir) rfj iroXei to vavXov
avTOv XoylorrjTai. ravra /nev ovv eire fieydko-
'\jrvx^ci<; €tT6 fxiKpokoyia^ Oereov, e^ean rw irei-
OovTL ^/o?7cr^ai \oyiafjLa>.
VI. Ti)? S' dWr}<; eyKparela^ v7rep(f)vco^ Oav/xa-
(7X09 o dvrip' olov on arparrjycov iXdfi^avev
eavT(p fcal T0i9 irepl avrov ov ifkeov eh top
firjva TTvpcbv r/ rpeh ^Attikov^ fjueSi/jivov^, eh
Be Tr}v rjfiepav KpiOchv roh v7ro^vyioi<i ekarrov
2 TpiS)V r]iJLLixeBifWCDV. eirapx^av Be Xa^cov XapBova,
Tcov irpo avTOV GTpaTrjywv elo^OoTcov ^PV^^^^
318
MARCUS CATO, v. 4-vi. 2
near the tombs of his family. Dogs also that have been
close and constant companions of men, have often been
buried with honour. Xanthippus, of olden time, gave
the dog which swam along by the side of his trireme
to Salamis, when the people were abandoning their
city, honourable burial on the promontory which is
called to this day Cynossema, or Dog's Mound. ^
We should not treat living creatures like shoes or
pots and pans, casting them aside when they are
bruised and worn out with service, but, if for no
other reason, for the sake of practice in kindness to
our fellow men, we should accustom ourselves to
mildness and gentleness in our dealings with other
creatures. I certainly would not sell even an ox
that had worked for me, just because he was old,
much less an elderly man, removing him from his
habitual place and customary life, as it were from
his native land, for a paltry price, useless as he
is to those who sell him and as he will be to those
who buy him. But Cato, exulting as it were in such
things, says that he left in Spain even the horse
which had carried him through his consular campaign,
that he might not tax the city with the cost of its
transportation. Whether, now, these things should
be set down to greatness of spirit or littleness of
mind, is an open question.
VI. But in other matters, his self-restraint was
beyond measure admirable. For instance, when he
was in command of an army, he took for himself and
his retinue not more than three Attic bushels of wheat
a month, and for his beasts of burden, less than a
bushel and a half of barley a day. He received Sar-
dinia as his province,^ and whereas his predecessors
1 Cf. Themistocles x. 6. M98 b.o.
319
PLUTARCH'S LIVES
Kal (TKrjvodfiaa-i Br)/jLoaLOi<; koI K\ivat<; /cat ifjua-
tIol<;, iroWy 8e depaireia Kal (ptkcov irXriOei koX
irepl SetTTva Sa7rdvat<; koI irapacTKeval^; ^apvvov-
Ttor, eKelvo^ aTTiarov iiroitiae rrjv Sta(f)Opav
Trj<; evreXebaf;. SaTrdvrj^ puev yap et9 ovBev ovSe-
fita<i TTpoaeSeijOrj Srjfioa-lafi, iire^oLra Se ral^
iroXeaLv avTO^ fiev avev ^evyov^ 7ropev6p,€vo<;,
6*9 Be r]Ko\o{)9ei Br}pb6(Tio<i eadrjra koX airovBelov
3 auToS irpof; lepovpyiav ko/jll^cov. iv Bk tovtoi<;
ovrco^ evKoko^ koX d(f>e\r)(; toI<; vtto %efc/3a ^aivo-
lievo^y avdi^ dvraTreBLBov rrjv a-ejuLVorrjra Kal
TO l3dpo<; aTrapaLTijTOf; mv iv r& BiKaim koI
TOL<i virep T779 r)yefxovia<; Trpoa-rdyfiaatv 6p0io<;
Kal avOeKo^TO^y axTre pbrjBeiroTe ryv 'Vcofiaicov
dpxv^ iiceivoi<; fujre (pofiepcoTepav fitjre Trpoa-cfyi-
Xearrepav yeveaOai,.
YII. Toi,avr7]v Be riva <f)a[veTaL koI 6 X0709
Tov dvBpo<; IBeav e')(eLV' eifx^api^; yap afjua Kal
Beivo<; rjv, '^Bv<; Kal KaraTrXrjKTiKO^, (ptXoaKcofjb/icov
Kal av(TT7]p6<;, diro<f>6ey[JbaTLKO^ Kal dy(ovLo-TiK6<;,
SxTirep 6 JWdrwv tov XcoKpdTrjv (f>7j(Tlv e^eoOev
iBicoT7)v Kal aaTvpiKov Kal vfiptaTrjv Toh evTvy-
Xdvovai (fyatvofjuevov evBoOev aTrovBr)^ Kal irpay-
IxaToav fxecTTov elvat, BdKpva klvovvtwv toa? 340
2 aKpomfJievoi^ Kal ttjv KapBiav aTpe^ovTcov. 66ev
ovK olB' OTi nreTTOvOaa-Lv 01 t^ Avaiov Xoyo)
fidXiaTa (j)d/j,evoi, irpoaeoiKevat, tov J^droyvot;,
ov firjv dXXa TavTa puev 0*9 fioKXov lBea<; \6ycov
^VcofiaiKcov^ alo-OdveaOai Trpocrrjicei BtaKpivova-cv,
ri/jL€l<; Be tmv d7rofjLvr]p^ov€vopievo)V ^pa^ea ypd-
ylro/juev, at tw Xoyqy 'ttoXv p,dXXov rj tw irpoaoiirm,
^ *P<o/juiXkwv Blass with S : ^tiroptKciv,
320
MAKCUS CATO, vi. 2-vii. 2
were wont to charge the public treasury with their
pavilions, couches, and apparel, while they oppressed
the province with the cost of their large retinues of
servants and friends, and of their lavish and elaborate
banquets, his simple economy stood out in an in-
credible contrast. He made no demands whatever
upon the public treasury, and made his circuit of the
cities on foot, followed by a single public officer, who
carried his robe and chalice for sacrifices. And yet,
though in such matters he showed himself mild and
sparing to those under his authority, in other ways
he displayed a dignity and severity which fully corre-
sponded, for in the administration of justice he was
inexorable, and in carrying out the edicts of the
government was direct and masterful, so that the
Roman power never inspired its subjects with greater
fear or affection.
VII. Much the same traits are revealed in the
man's oratory. It was at once graceful and powerful,
pleasant and compelling, facetious and severe, sen-
tentious and belligerent. So Plato says of Socrates ^
that from the outside he impressed his associates as
rude, uncouth, and wanton ; but within he was full
of earnestness, and of matters that moved his hearers
to tears and wrung their hearts. Wherefore I know
not what they can mean who say that Cato's oratory
most resembled that of Lysias. However, such
questions must be decided by those who are more
capable than I am of discerning the traits of Roman
oratory, and I shall now record a few of his famous
sa3dngs, believing that men's characters are revealed
* Symposium^ p. 215.
321
PLUTARCH'S LIVES
KaOdirep evioi vofii^ovcrc, tmv av6 pccurcov ^afJbev
VIIL yieXkcov TTore Tov'V(Ofiai(ov Brj/iov (hpfirj-
fievov aKaipco^ em atTOfierpia^; koI Bi,avofia<;
cLTTorpeTreiv, rjp^aTo r&v Xoycov ovtco<;' " ^aXeirov
fjiiv ianvy w TroXlrat, tt/jo? yaarepa Xiyeiv wra
ovfc e'Xpva-av^^ KaTrjyopayv Be t>}9 TroXvreXelaf;
6(^7) ')(aX€'irov elvat awOrjvaL iroXtv, ev y ircoXelTai
2 irXeiovo^ Z%^u9 tj ^ov<;. ioiKsvat Be 7r/?o/3aTOt9
€(f)7j Toifg ^Vcoiiaiovfs' ft)9 *yap CKelva KaO^ eKaarov
fiev ov ireiOerai, avfiiravra S' eirerai fxer aXXr)-
Xcov T0t9 dyovatv, " Outo) koI vjiel^r etirevy " ol<;
ovK dv d^L(0(TaLT€ (rvfil3ovXoi<i %/37;cracr^at Kar
IBiaVy VTTO TOVTODV €t9 ^v (rvveX06vT€<; dyecrOe.^^
irepl Be rrj^ yvvaiKOKparLa^; BicCkeyopbevo^i " TLdv-
T€9," elirev, " dvdpwiroi twi/ yvvaiKwv dp)(^ov(Tiv,
r]p,el<; Be TrdvTcov dvOpcoTTcov, rjpcov Be at yvvauKe^,^^
3 Tovro pbev ovv iarLV e/c tmv Sep,taTOKXeov<;
p,eTev7]veypLevov dTTGCpOeyp^drcov. eKecvo^; yap iirc-
raTTOVTO^ avToS iroXXd rod vlov Bid rrj<; fir)Tp6<;
***I1 yvvair elirevy " 'Adrjvaloi, fiev dpxovdi
TMV 'FiXX'tjvcov, iyoi Be ^ KOrjvaiooVy epuov Be aVy
GOV Be vlo^y ware (petBiaOco tt}^ i^ovo-la^;,
Bl* rjv dvoTjro'; oiv irXelcTTOv 'KXXijvoov Bvvarat.^'
4 Tbv Be Brjpov 6 Kdrcov ecf>r} tmv ^Vcop^aicov ov
p^ovov rals 7rop<f}vpai<;, dXXd Kal rol^ eTnrrjBev-
paac rd^ Tip,d<; e'TTiypd(f>ei,v. "*ll9 ydp ol (3a<\)el^r
6(j)r)y " ravrrjv pbaXiara PdirrovaiVy rj ')(aipovTa^
opMaiVy ovTCD^ ol veoL ravra pavOdvovcn fcal
^rfkovaiv, ol^ dv 6 Trap' vp.6)V e7raivo<; eTrrjraty
5 irapeKoXei S* avrov^, elp,ev apery >ral (rQ)(f)po-
322
MARCUS CATO, vii. 2-viii. 5
much more by their speech than, as some think, by
their looks.
VIII. He once wished to dissuade the Roman
people from insisting unseasonably upon a distribu-
tion of com, and began his speech witli these words :
" It is a hard matter, my fellow citizens, to argue
with the belly, since it has no ears." Again, in-
veighing against the prevalent extravagance, he
said: " It is a hard matter to save a city in which a
fish sells for more than an ox." Again, he said
the Romans were like sheep ; for as these are not to
be persuaded one by one, but all in a body blindly
follow their leaders, "so ye," he said, "though as
individuals ye would not deign to follow the counsels
of certain men, when ye are got together ye suffer
yourselves to be led by them." Discoursing on the
power of women, he said : " All other men rule their
wives ; we rule all other men, and our wives rule
us." This, however, is a translation from the sajings
of Themistocles.^ He, finding himself much under his
son's orders through the lad's mother, said : " Wife,
the Athenians rule the Hellenes, I rule the Athenians,
thou rulest me, and thy son thee. Therefore let him
make sparing use of that authority which makes
him, child though he is, the most powerful of the
Hellenes."
The Roman people, Cato said, fixed the market
value not only of dyes, but also of behaviour.
" For," said he, " as dyers most affect that dye
which they see pleases you, so your young men
learn and practice that which wins your praise."
And he exhorted them, in case it was through
virtue and temperance that they had become great, to
1 Themistodea, xriii. 4.
323
PLUTARCH'S LIVES
avvri rfeyovaat, fieyaXoi, fiTjSev^ fiera^aXXeaOat
7r/509 TO %6t/50i/, cl S' CLKpao-la KoX KaKicLy fjuera-
jSdWeadai, 7r/jo9 to /SeXTCov Ifcavco'^ yap 7]Br)
fi€yaXov<; air eKeuvcov yeyovivai. tou? 8e TroXKd-
Kt^ dpx^i'V (TTTOvhd^ovTa^ €<^>7 KaOcLTrep dyvoovvTa^
TTjv oBov del fi€Ta pa^Bovxcov ^r)T6tv Tropeveadai,
6 fjLT) Tr\av7]6&(riv. eTrerifia Be Tot9 7roXlTaL<; tov^
avTov<i alpovfievoL<; iroXkaKi^ dp'XpvTa^. " Ao^eTe
ydp," €<j>7jt " fiT)^ TToWov TO dp^eiv d^iov rj fir)
TToWov^ Tov ap')(€Lv d^Lov<; 7]yel(jdair irepl Be
TOJv ix^pmv Tivo^ atV^/Oft)? koX aSofo)? 0covv
BoKOVVTO^ "'H TovTov jULr/Trfp,'* e(f>7], " Kardpav,
ovK evyriv, r^yelTai to tovtov virep 7^9 dwo-
7 XiTreiv, * tov Be ireirpaKOTa Toif<; 7raTpa>ov<$
dypov<; irapaXiov^ 6Wa9 iirLBeLKvyfievo'; nrpoae-
TTOieLTO Oavfid^etv C09 IffXvpoTepov t?)9 Oa\dTTrj<;'
"'^A yctp eKelvri fjuoXif} e/cXv^ev, ovto<;P e(prj,
"paBioD^i KaTaireircoKev.**
*E7rel Bh IStvfjLevou^ tov ffaa-iXeco^ €7riBr)fi7]aavT0<i
€t9 'PcofJLrjv ri re a-vyKXr]T0<; virep^vS)^ direBe^aTO
KaX Ttav irpcoTcov dfitXXa /cal (TirovBr) irepl avTov
iyiv€TOf BrjXo*; tjv 6 K-dTcov v(f>opQ)fjLevo<i xal
8 (l)vXaTT6fjL€vo<i avTov, eiirovTo^ Be tlvo^ "^AXkd
firjv ;^9;o-T09 ia-Ti ical (l>tXopp(ojiiaio<;" ""Eo-rct)/*
elirev, ' dXXa <^vcrei, tovto to ^&ov 6 fiacrLXev';
aapKO^dyov eariv.^^ ovBeva Be Ttav evBat/bLOvt^o-
puevwv ecjiT] BaaiXecov^ d^cov elvai irapa^aXXeiv
7rpo<; 'E7rafieivd)vBav 7) TlepiKXea rj Se/jLiaTOKXea rj
Mdpiov Kovptov rj ^AfilXKav tov eirLKXrjOevTa
^ fi-qZlv Hercher and Blass with F^S : /*)).
2 fx}) Blass with F^S : ^ fii].
5 icpri fia<rtX4ttv Hercher and Blasa with F»S s fia<ri\iMf,
I
MARCUS CATO, viii. 5-8
make no change for the worse ; but if it was througlt
intemperance and vice, to change for the better ;
these had already made them great enough. Of those
who were eager to hold high office frequently, he said
that like men who did not know the road, they sought
to be ever attended on their way by lictors, lest
they go astray. He censured his fellow citizens
for choosing the same men over and over again to high
office. ** You will be thought/' said he, " not to
deem your offices worth much, or else not to
deem many men worthy of your offices." Of one
of his enemies who had the name of leading a
disgraceful and disreputable life, he said : " This
man's mother holds the wish that he may survive
her to be no pious prayer, but a malignant curse."
Pointing to a man who had sold his ancestral
fields lying near the sea, he pretended to admire
him, as stronger than the sea. " This man," said
he, " has drunk down with ease what the sea found
it hard to wash away."
When King Eumenes paid a visit to Rome, the
Senate received him with extravagant honours,
and the chief men of the city strove who should
be most about him. But Cato clearly looked upon
him with suspicion and alarm. "Surely," some
one said to him, " he is an excellent man, and
a friend of Rome." "Granted," said Cato, "but
the animal known as king is by nature carnivorous."
He said further that not one of the kings whom
men so lauded was worthy of comparison with
Epaminondas, or Pericles, or Themistocles, or Manius
Curius^ or with Hamilcar^ surnamed Barcas. His
325
PLUTARCH'S LIVES
9 'BdpKav. avTa> 5* e\67€ tou9 exOpov^ c^Oovelv, oti
Ka6' rj/Jiipav ck vvkto^^ dvLcrrarai, kol rchv lBlcov
dfjb€\a>v Toh Brj/jLO(rioi,<; (TXoXd^ei. ^ovXeaOai 5*
eXeye fidWov €v irpd^a^ diroaTeprjOrfvaL %a/?ii^ r)
fcaKa)<i fir) TV)(6lv Ko\da6co<;, koX avyyvco/jirjv 6<p7j
hihovav irdai roU djjLapTdvovai irXrjv avrov,
IX. TftJi' he "Vcofjiaicov 6i? ^idvvLav Tpel^ kXo-
fM6V(ov irpealBeL';, wv 6 jjuev 7roBaypiKO<; rjv, 6 Be ryv
Ke(f)aXr)V ef dvaTprjaeco^i kol 7repLK0irr)<^ KoiXr)v
elx^Vt 6 Be TpiTO<i eBoKei ficopbf; elvai, KarayeXoiv
6 K^drcov eiTre irpea^eiav viro *Pco/iiaLO)v diroareX-
Xecrdai firjTe iroBa^ firjTe KecpaXrjv fxi^Te KapBiav
2 exovo'av, virep Be tcov ef *A%aia9 <j)vydBcov iv-
rev^OeU Bed UloXv^lov viro ^K7)7rL(ovo<i, co? 7roXv<;
iv TTJ avyKXrjTtii X0709 iyCvero, tojv fiev BiBovreov
KddoBov avTOL<;, tmv B* ipicTTa/JLevcov, dvaaTd<; 6
Kdroov ""fla-Trep ovk e^oi/re?,*' elirev, "o irpdr-
Toofiev KaOrifieda rrjv rj/juepav oXrjv irepl yepovricov
Tpai/ccbv ^rjTOvvre^, irorepov viro tcov irap i^filv rj
3 TCOV iv 'A%ata veKpo<f)6pa)v eKKOfjLLaOcoai.'* yjrrjcf)!,'
(TdeLar)<; Be t^9 fcaOoBov tol<; dvBpdcnv, r)fjLepa<;
6Xlya<; oi irepl tov UoXvffiov BcaXi,7r6vTe<; av6i<^
€7re%efc/oouv et9 Tr)v avyKXrjTov elaeXOelv, 07ra)9 ^9
irpoTepov el^pv ev ^Kxata Tifid<; ol (f)vydBe<i dva-
Xd^ocev, Koi tov KaTa>z/09 direireipo)VTO t^9 yvd>-
fjLT}<;. 6 Be /jLeLBtd(Ta<; ecprj tov TloXv^tov, wairep tov
^OBvoraeat ffovXeadai irdXiv eh to tov }^v/cXa)7ro<;
(TiTrjXaiov elaeXOelv, to ttlXLov eKel /cal ttjv ^d>vr)v
eTnXeXrjafjLevov.
i Tov9 Be (f)povipLOV<; eXeye fidXXov viro t5)v
dcppovcov rj T0v<; d^pova^ viro tojv ^povifMcov
^ iK yvKrhs Hercher and Blass with F^SD : vuKrhs.
326
MARCUS CATO, viii. 9-ix. 4
enemies hated him, he used to say, because he
rose every day before it was hght and, neglecting
his own private matters, devoted his time to the
public interests. He also used to say that he
preferred to do right and get no thanks, rather
than to do ill and get no punishment ; and that he
had pardon for everybody's mistakes except his
own.
IX. The Romans once chose three ambassadors
to Bithynia, of whom one was gouty, another had
had his head trepanned, and the third was deemed
a fool. Cato made merry over this, and said that
the Romans were sending out an embassy which
had neither feet, nor head, nor heart. His aid
was once solicited by Scipio, at the instance of
Polybius, in behalf of the exiles from Achaia, and
after a long debate upon the question in the Senate,
where some favoured and some opposed their return
home, Cato rose and said : " Here we sit all day,
as if we had naught else to do, debating whether
some poor old Greeks shall be buried here or
in Achaia." The Senate voted that the men be
allowed to return, and a few days afterwards
Polybius tried to get admission to that body
again, with a proposal that the exiles be restored
to their former honours in Achaia, and asked
Cato's opinion on the matter. Cato smiled and
said that Polybius, as if he were another Odysseus,
wanted to go back into the cave of the Cyclops
for a cap and belt which he had left there.
Wise men, he said, profited more from fools
than fools from wise men; for the wise shun the
327
PLUTARCH'S LIVES
w^eKelaOav tovtov^ /jl6v <yap cj^uXdrTcaOat ra?
eKeLV(ov dfiapTLa<;, eKeivov^ Se ra? tovtwv /jltj fxifiel-
aOai KaTOpO(oa6i<;. rcov 8e vecov ecftrj ')(alpeLV T0i9
ipvOpLcoaL jjbdWov rj rot? a)%piwa-^, (nparicorov he
firj helaOai rd^ fiev %e?yoa9 iv t& ^aBu^ecv, tov<; Se
7roSa.9 iv t« pLax^a'dai. klvovvto<^, /jlcl^ov he pey^ov-
5 T09 ^ d\a\d^ovTO<:, tov he virep7ra')(vv kukl^cov
"IIoO S' az^," €(j)rj, " (Tcofia tolovtov Ty iroXei
yevoLTO 'X^p'qaifioVi ov to fiera^v Xatfiov fcal ^ov-
^(ovcov irdv VTTO t^9 yaarpo^; /caTe)(^eTat, ; " rciyv
he ^ikrjhovoDV rivd fiovXofievop avTO) avvelvai
irapaiTovfievo^j e<j)7} purj hvvaaOai ^rjv fier* dv6pa>-
TTOv tt}? Kaphia^ ttjv virepmav evai-adriTOTepav
eyovTO^. TOV 5' ipcovTO^ eXeye Trjv 'sjrvyyv iv
6 aXXoTpi(p (ToofiaTt, t^rjv. fieTafi€Xr)Or}vai h avTO^
iv iravTi t& pim Tpel<i fjLeTafieXeoa^' fitav fjuev
iirl T^ yvvai/cl TrtcrTevcrac Xoyov diropp'qTOv,
eTepav he irXe-u(Ta<; ottov hvvaTov tjv Tre^evaai, Tr}v
he TpLTTjv, oTi fiiav rjjjiApav dhcdOeTO<; efiecve. 7rpo9
he irpeaffvTrjv Trovrjpevofievov ^'"AvOpcoire** elire,
" TToXXd e')(pvTi T(p yrjpa Ta aLa")(pd firj TrpoaTiOec
7 Tr]V aTTO T% KaKLa^i ala^vvqvy 7r/0O9 hi hyfiap^ov
iv hia^oXjj juiev <f)apiJbaKeia<^ yevopLevov, (f>avXov he
v6p>ov ela^epovTa koI ^la^ofievov *"fl fiecpaKiov/
elirev, *' ovk olha, iroTepov %6?yow iaTLV o Kipvr}(;
inelv Tj ypd(j)ei,<; Kvpooaai" pXacn^'qpLovpevo^
8' vir dvOpcoTTOv ^e^LcoKOTO^ daeXyco^ kol KaK&<;
"''Avicro9," elireVy "97 7rpo9 ce puoL pbd^V iaTi' koI
yap dK0V6L^ Ta KCUKa /5a8tft)9 icaX Xkyei<^ 6u%€/>(W9,
ipboX he KCLi Xeyeiv dr}he<; koX dKoveiv dride<i'^ to
fjuev ovv Tcov diro/JLvrj/jLovevfLdTcov yevo<i tolovtov
icTTtv,
328
MARCUS CATO, ix. 4-7
mistakes of fools, but fools do not imitate the
successes of the wise. He said he liked to see
blushes on a young man's face rather than pallor,
and that he had no use for a soldier who plied
his hands on the march, and his feet in battle,
and whose snore was louder than his war-cry.
Railing at the fat knight, he said, " Where can
such a body be of service to the state, when
everything between its gullet and its groins is
devoted to belly } " A certain epicure wished to
enjoy his society, but he excused himself, saying
that he could not live with a man whose palate
was more sensitive than his heart. As for the
lover, he said his soul dwelt in the body of another.
And as for repentance, he said he had indulged
in it himself but thrice in his whole life : once
when he entrusted a secret to his wife ; once
when he paid ship's fare to a place instead of
walking thither ; and once when he remained
intestate a whole day. To an old man who was
steeped in iniquity he said : " Man, old age has
disgraces enough of its own ; do not add to them
the shame of vice." To a tribune of the people who
had been accused of using poison, and who was
trying to force the passage of a useless bill, he said :
" Young man, I know not which is worse, to drink
your mixtures, or to enact your bills." And when
he was reviled by a man who led a life of shameless
debauchery, he said : " I fight an unequal battle
with you : you listen to abuse calmly, and utter
it glibly ; while for me it is unpleasant to utter
it, and unusual to hear it."
Such, then, is the nature of his famous sayings.
329
PLUTARCH'S LIVES
X. "Tiraro^ he fiera ^Xclkkov OvaWepiov
Tov (plXov fcal avvr]6ov<; airoheL'xPel'i e\aj(C
Tcov iTrap^^^Lcav rjv 'Evro? 'laTraviav 'Fcofiaiot
KoXovaiv. ivravda S' avrcp ra fjuev Karaarpe-
(fiojjbevcp tS)v eOvSiv, ra 8' oiKeiovfiepqy Sia Xoycov
ttoWt} CTTpaTLa TOiV ^ap/3dpa)v eireirecre, Kal
KivSvvo<i rjv al(r')(p(i)<i iK^Laadrjvai. Sco tcjv i<y-
2 71/9 ^LeKTiPrjpcov eVe/caXetTO avfjLfMa')(^Lav. oItovv-
Tcov 8* i/ceivcov rrjf; ^orjOeua^i Sca/coata ToXavra
fiiaOov, ol /Jbev aXXoi 7rdvT6<; ovk dvaa'^eTov
iiTOiovvTO 'Fco/JLaLov<; Pap^dpoL^; eiTLKovpia<i ojjlo-
Xoy7]o-aL fiiaOov, 6 he K.dT(op ovSev ecpr) Becvov
elvat, VLKa)VTa<; fiev yap dTrohcoaecv irapa ^ rcov
irokepbicoVi ov irap avrcovy rjTTcofJbevcov he pLTfre
Tov<i o7rai,TOVfievov<; eaeaOai fitjre tov? diraiTOvv-
Ta9. ravTTjv he rrjv fidx^v Kara xparo^ evcKrjcre,
3 Kol raWa Trpovx^P^i' XayLtTT/ow?. UdXv/Sco^; fiiv
ye ^rjori tmv ivTo<; Bamo? TTora/Jbov iroXecov r}p^epa
fjLid ra reixn /ceXevaavro^ avrov irepiaLpedrjvau'
Tra/jLTToWai S* ^aav avrac Kal yepiovaat iJUi')(lpL(ov
dvhpodv. avTOf; he (f>r](Tiv 6 Kdrcov 7r\eLova<i
eiXrj(j)evai, TroXet? wv hirjyayev r)fiepS)v ev ^l^rjpia'
Kal TOVTO Kopnro^ ovk eorrcv, elirep 0)9 dXrjdco^
rerpaKoaiaL rb nrXrjOo^; rjaav.
4 Tot9 fiev ovv aTpartdoraci 'jroXXa irapa rrjv
arparelav axfyeXTjOelaiv en Kal Xirpav dpyvplov
Kar avhpa irpoahLeveifJieVy elwobv 0)9 Kpelrrov ecrj
iroXXov<i ^Vcjdfjbaicdv dpyvpiov 7) ')(pvaiov oXCyov^i
e^ovTa^i eiraveXOelv. eh 3' avrov ck roiv dXcaKO-
fjievoyv ovhev eXSelv X^yec ttXtjv 6<ja ireircoKev fj
pe^pcdKe. " Kal ovk alrmpLai,^^ (prjai, " tow?
1 TTopck Hercher and Blass with F^S : oirb.
MARCUS CATO, x. 1-4
X. Having been elected consul ^ with Valerius
Flaccus, his intimate friend, the province which the
Romans call Hither Spain was allotted to his charge.
Flere, while he was subduing some of the tribes, and
winning over others by diplomacy, a great host of
Barbarians fell upon him, and threatened to drive
him disgracefully out of the province. He therefore
begged the neighbouring Celtiberians to become his
allies. On their demanding two hundred talents
pay for such assistance, all his officers thought it
intolerable that Romans should agree to pay Bar-
barians for assistance. But Cato said there was
nothing terrible in it; should they be victorious,
they could pay the price with the spoils taken from
the enemy, and not out of their own purse, whereas,
should they be vanquished, there would be nobody
left either to pay or to ask the price. In this battle
he was completely victorious, and the rest of his
campaign was a brilliant success. Polybius indeed
says that in a single day the walls of all the cities on
this side the river Baetis — and they were very many,
and full of warlike men — were torn down at his
command. And Cato himself says that he took
more cities than he spent days in Spain, nor is this a
mere boast, since, in fact, there were four hundreds
of them.
His soldiers got large booty in this campaign, and
he gave each one of them a pound of silver besides,
saying that it was better to have many Romans go
home with silver in their pockets than a few with
gold. But in his own case, he says that no part of
the booty fell to him, except what he ate and drank.
" Not that I find fault," he says, " with those who
1 195 B.a
PLUTARCH'S LIVES
oi^eKeiaOai ^r}TOvvTa<i ix tovtcov, aWa ^ovKofiat
fwXkov irepl aperrj^ rot? api(TTOL^ rj irepl 'xprj/jbd-
rcov T0?9 TrXovatardroL^ djiiXXaaOai koI toi<;
5 (jyiXapyvpcordroi^i irepl <j)i\apyvpia<;" ov fiovov
S' avToVy aXXa Kal tou? irepl avrov i^vXarre
KaOapov<; iravro^ \i]/Jb/j,aTo<;. rjaav he irevre
Bepdirovre^ iirl o-rpar€i,a<; avv aviw. tovtcov eh
ovofjua IldKKi,o<; i^yopaae tcov alxp^cLXcoTcov Tpia
iraiSdpia* tov Be KaTcovo^ alaOofievov, irplv eh
o-^jriv ekOeiv, dirrjy^aTO, rov^ Be iralBa^ 6 KaTcov
diroB6fi€vo<; eh to Brj/jLoatov dvrjveyKe Trjv Tijjbrjv,
XI. "Ert S* avTOV BiaTpl^ovTO^ ev 'I^rjp[a
%KriiTio)v 6 fieya^y e^Opo^ cjv Kal fiov\6fjievo<;
evaTTjvai KaTopOovvTi Kal ra? ^IjSrjpiKa^ irpdPei<s
viroXafiecv, Bieirpd^aTO t^9 €irapxi^a<i eKeuvrj^
diroBeix'^V^^^ BidBoxo^:* airevo-a<; S' o)? evrjv
Td'^t'O'Ta KaTeiravae ttjv dp^V^ tov K.dTcovo';. 6
Be \apa)v aireipa<^ oitXctcov irevTe Kal irevTaKO-
(TLOV<; lirireh irpoirofiirov^ KaTeaTpe^aTO puev to
AaKeTavMV eOvo^;, e^aKOcriov^; Be tcov rjvTOfXoXrjKO-
2 TCOV Kop^ia-dfievo^ direKTeivev. e<^' oh a)(€TXtd^ovTa
TOV XKrjirlcDva KaTeipo)vev6fievo<; ovtq)<; e<f>'q Tr}v
'Vcop,rjv ea-ea-Oai fieyiaTrjv, tcjv fiev evBo^cov Kal
fjLeydXayv t^ t?}? dpeT7]<; irpwTela /jlt) fieOievTcov
T0t9 darifjbOTepoi<it tcov S* coairep avTO^; eaTi
Br^fjuoTiKMV djiiiXXcofievcov dpeTy irpo^i tou? tw yevei
Kal TTj Bo^y irp07]K0VTa<;, ov fjirjv dXXd tt)?
(TvyKXriTOV '^ifq^iaapjkvTf]^ firfBev dXXdTTeiv /JbrjBe
KiveZv TCOV BiWKTjfievcov viro J^dTCOvog, rj fjuev dp^V
T& ^Krjiriayvi Tr]<; avTOV fiaXXov rj tt}? KdTCOVO^
dcfieXovaa 86 f 7/9 ev dirpa^ia Kal o-xoXfj pATtjv
332
J
MARCUS CATO, x. 4-xi. 3
seek to profit by such a case, but I prefer to strive in
bravery with the bravest, rather than in wealth
with the richest, and in greed for money with the
greediest/' And he strove to keep not only himself,
but also his associates, free from all taint of gain.
He had five attendants with him in the field. One
of these, whose name was Paccus, bought three boys
for his own account from among the public prisoners,
but finding that Cato was aware of the transaction,
or ever he had come into his presence, went and
hanged himself Cato sold the boys, and restored
the money to the public treasury.
XI. While Cato still tarried in Spain, Scipio the
Great, who was his enemy, and wished to obstruct
the current of his successes and take away from him
the administration of affairs in Spain, got himself
appointed his successor in command of that province.
Then he set out with all the speed possible, and
brought Cato's command to an end. But Cato took
five cohorts of men-at-arms and five hundred horse-
men as escort on his way home, and on the march
subdued the tribe of the Lacetanians, and put to
death six hundred deserters whom they delivered up
to him. Scipio was enraged at this proceeding, but
Cato, treating him with mock humility, said that
only then would Rome be at her greatest, when her
men of high birth refused to yield the palm of
virtue to men of lower rank, and when plebeians
like himself contended in virtue with their superiors
in birth and reputation. However, in spite of Scipio' s
displeasure, the Senate voted that no change whatever
be made in what Cato had ordered and arranged,
and so the administration of Scipio was marked by
inactivity and idleness, and detracted from his own,
333
PLUTARCH'S LIVES
3 hirjXOev, 6 he K.dTa)v 9piafi^evaa<^ ^^X' wo-7re/0 ol
irkelcTTOi TOdV fir) TT^o? apeT)]v, aXXa Trpo? ho^av
afjbtWcofievcov, orav eh ra<; aKpa<; rifia^; i^iKcovrai
KOL 'TV')(W(TLV viraTeia^ koX dpidfi^cov, tjSt] to
\oiiTOV et9 rjBovrjv koX a')(^okr]v (TVcrKevaadfjuevoL
rov ^lov eK tmv Koumv diriaaLV, ovtco koI avr6<;
e^avrjKe Kal KareXvae rrjv dperrjVy dX)C o/noia
TOfc<? TTpcoTOV aTTTOfievoifi 7ro\tT6ta9 fcal Siyjrcbai,
Ti/ji7]<; KOL B6^rj<; d(j)* €Tepa<; dp')(^P]<; o-vvreivas eav-
Tov ev fjieao) vrayoet^j^e kol ^tXoi? 'X^prjaOai /cal
7ro\i,Tac<;, ovre ra? avvr]yopi,a<; ovre ra<; (TTpareia^
direLirdixevo^i.
XII. Ti/SepLM /lev ovu Se/mTrpwviq) ra irepl
^paKijv Kal ^'larpov virarevovTi irpea^evwv avy-
Karetpyaaaro, ^avLco 8' ^AkcXlo) ')(i\iap')(^Mv iir
*Aptlo')(ov tov fxeyav avve^rfkOev eh rrjv 'EWdSa,
cf>n/37]o-avTa ^Vw/iaiov^ ci)9 ovBeva erepov fier
^kvvipav. rrjv yap 'Aatav, oarjv 6 Ni/cdrwp
^e\evKO<; el')(ev, okiyov helv diraarav ef v'Trapyn)<^
dveiXr]^d)^, eOvr] re irdfjuiroXka Kal fid^ifia ^ap-
ffdpcov v7r7]Koa TreTroirj/jbevo^, eTrrjpro avfiTreaecv
'V(OfiaioL<} 0)9 fi6voi<} €TC TTpo^ avTov d^LoiJbd^oLf;
2 oixTiv. evTrpeirrj Be rod iroXefjiOV TrocTjadfievof;
alrlav rov^"¥iW7}va<i ekevOepovv, ovBev heofjuevov^,
dWd Kal ekevOepovv Kal avrovofiovf; ')(^dpLTi rfj 343
^Po)/jbaicov diro ^lXlttttov Kal MaKeSovcov vewarl
yeyovorav, Siefir] jxera Svvdp,eco<;. Kal o-dXov€vOv<;
7] 'EXXa9 elx^ k^clI /lereo) po^; r)v ekTriat 8ia(f)0ei,po-
3 /jLevrj ^aaiXiKah viro rcov STj/naycoycov. eirefiirev
ovv 7rpea;6et<; 6 MdvL0<; eirl Ta9 7roXet9. Kal ra
/lev TrXelcna tmv vecorepi^ovrcov Tlro<; ^Xa/iLvlvo<;
334
J
MARCUS CATO, xi. 3-xii. 3
rather than from Cato's reputation. Cato, on the
other hand, celebrated a triumph.^ Most men who
strive more for reputation than for virtue, wlien once
they have attained the highest honours of consulship
and triumphs, straightway adjust tlieir future lives to
the enjoyment of a pleasurable ease, and give up
their public careers. But Cato did not thus remit
and dismiss his virtue, nay, rather, like men first
taking up the public service and all athirst for
lionour and reputation, he girt his loins anew, and
held himself ever ready to serve his friends and
fellow-citizens, either in the forum or in the field.
XII. And so it was that he assisted Tiberius
Sempronius the consul in subduing the regions in
Thrace and on the Danube, acting as his ambassador ;
and as legionary tribune under Manius Acilius, he
marched into Greece against Antiochus the Great,
who gave the Romans more to fear than any man
after Hannibal. For he won back almost all of
Seleucus Nicator's former dominions in Asia, reduced
to subjection many warlike nations of Barbarians,
and was eager to engage the Romans, whom he
deemed the only worthy foemen left for him. So he
crossed into Greece with an army, making the
freeing of the Greeks a specious ground for war.
This they did not need at all, since they had recently
been made free and independent of Philip and the
Macedonians by grace of the Romans. Greece was
at once a stormy sea of hopes and fears, being
corrupted by her demagogues with expectations of
royal bounty. Accordingly, Manius sent envoys to
the several cities. Most of those which were un-
settled in their allegiance Titus Flamininus restrained
1 194 B.a
335
PLUTARCH'S LIVES
eo")(€v dvev Ta/5<x%^9 xal Karewpavvev, «9 iv roh
Trepl i/ceivov yeypairrai,, K.dTcov Be l^opivOlov^ koI
riar/oet?, ert S* Atytet? Trapea-T'^o-aTO.
4 IlXeLCTTov Be xpovov iv ^A67Jvat<; SLeTpLyfre. koI
Xeyerac fiiv t^9 avrov ^epeaOau \6yo<^, ov 'EX-
\7}vt(TTl Trpo? Tov BrjfjLOv elirev, ax; ^yXcov re ttjv
aperrjv t&v TraXaicjv ^AOrjvaLcov r?}? re TroXect)? Bia
TO /eaXXo? kol to jxeyeOo^ '^Bia)<; yeyovco^; Oearij^i'
TO 5' ovK dXr)Oe<; eariv, dXKci Bt epfi7]V€(o<; everv')(e
TOt? ^ABr^vaioL^y Bvvr)Oeh av avTO<; elirelv, ifjLfxevcov
Be T069 '7rarpioi<; ical /carayeXoiv tmv ra 'EX-
5 XrjviKct reOavfiaKOTcov, UoaTovfitov yovv 'AX-
pivov [(JTOpiav 'EXX97z/t(7Tl ypd^jravra koi avy-
yvoDfirjv alrovjjbevov iiriaKcoyjrev eiiroov, Boreov elva'
T^l/ avyyvodfJbrjv, el Ttov *Afi(f)iKTv6vQ}V ylrrj^ia-a-
fiiveov dvayKacrOel^ vTrefiecve to epyov. Oavfidaac
Be <^r)(TL TOv<; ^AOn^vaiovf! to Ta%09 avTOV kol ttjv
o^vTTjTa T?}9 (fypdaecdfi' a yap avTo<; e^ecjyepe
j3pax^(^^» TOV epfirjvea fxaKpca^ koi Bid iroWtav
dirayyeXkeiv to S' 6\ov oXea-Qai Ta prjixaTa Tot9
fjbev ''EtWrjo-iv diro x^tXecop, tol<; Be ^FcojubaLoc^ diro
KapBta<; (^epeaOai.
XIII. 'EttcI S' ^Avtlo')(o<; ificppd^a^i tu irepl
^epfioirvXa^ <TT€vd tm crTpaTOTreBo), koX toI<;
avTocpvecTC tmv tottcov epvfiacrc TrpoapaXoov yapa-
Kcofiara /cal BLaT€tx^(r/JLaTa, KadrjaTo tov rroXefiov
eKKeKXeifcevai vo/jll^cov, to fiev /caTa aTOfia 0id-
^eaOai iravTdiTaaiv direyivccxTKOV ol 'Ycojmaioi,, t^v
Be Ilepa-c/crjv eKelvrjv ireptrjXva-iv koi KvicKwaiv 6
33<5
MARCUS CATO, xii. 3 xiii. i
without ado, and quieted down, as I have written in
his Life,^ but Corinth, Patrae, and Aegium were
brought over to Rome by Cato.
He also spent much time at Athens. And we are
told that a certain speech of his is extant, which he
addressed to the Athenian people in Greek, declaring
that he admired the virtues of the ancient Athenians,
and was glad to behold a city so beautiful and grand
as theirs. But this is not true. On the contrary, he
dealt with the Athenians through an interpreter.
He could have spoken to them directly, but he
always clung to his native ways, and mocked at those
who were lost in admiration of anything that was
Greek. For instance, he poked fun at Posturaius
Albinus, who wrote a history in Greek, and asked
the indulgence of his readers. Cato said they might
have shown him indulgence had he undertaken his
task in consequence of a compulsory vote of the
Amphictyonic Assembly. Moreover, he says the
Athenians were astonished at the speed and pun-
gency of his discourse. For what he himself set forth
with brevity, the interpreter would repeat to them
at great length and with many words ; and on the
whole he thought the words of the Greeks were
born on their lips, but those of the Romans in their
hearts.
Xni. Now Antiochus had blocked up the narrow
pass of Thermopylae with his army ,2 adding trenches
and walls to the natural defences of the place, and
sat there, thinking that he had locked the war out
of Greece. And the Romans did indeed despair
utterly of forcing a direct passage. But Cato, calling
to mind the famous compass and circuit of the pass
^ Chapters xv-xvii. ^ 191 b.o.
337
PLUTARCH'S LIVES
Karoz' €49 vovv ffaX6fievo<; e^coSevae vvKTcop,
2 avdXuffobv fjbepo^; n Trj<; arpaTLa^. iirel 8' avw
TTpoeXdovTcov 6 KaOoSrjyMV al')(fjiaXcoTo<; i^eireae
T^9 ohov KoX 7r\ai'cofjbevo<; ev tottok; airopoi^ kov
fCpTj/jLVcoBeo-t Beivrjv aOvfiiav kol (po^ov iveipydo-aro
T0i9 (7TpaTi(t)Tat<;, opcov 6 Kdrcov rov kivBvvov
€Kekevae tov<; aXXov^ d7ravTa<} drpe/neiv /cat irepi-
3 fieveiVy avTo<i Be Aevxtov Tiva ^aXXcov, dvBpa
Beivov opecjSarelv, TrapdXajSobv i)(^a}p€o nroXviTovcii'^
KoX irapajBokw^ ev daekrjvcp vvktI /cal fiadela,
KOTivoi^^ Kol irdyot^; dvaTerajJi6V0L<; Bcao-Trda/jLara
iroWa r^9 o'\jreco<; Kal dcrdcpeLav i')(^ov(rr)<;, ea)9
ifjbfiaXovre^ ek drpairov, 0)9 Sovro, Kdrco irepaL-
vovcrav iirl to aTparoireBov r&v TroXefMicov edevro
(T7)/j,6La TTpo^ TLva<; evo-KOTTOVf; Kepala^ virep to
4 ILaXXiBpofJbov dve^ovaaf;. ovtco Be. irdXiv eirav-
eX66vTe<; OTrio-co ttjv aTpaTidv dveXa^oVt kol
7r/909 TO, arj/iieta irpodyovTe^; '^■yjravTO fiev i/cetvrjf;
T779 aTpaiTov Kal fcaTeaTijaavTO ttjv iropeiav,
fjLLKpov Be irpoeXdovdLV avTOL<i eireXiTre (jidpayyo^
v7roXafjL^avovar)<;. kol ttoXiv rjv aTropia Kal Beo<i
ovK eirio-Tapbevcov ovBe avvopcovTcov on, irXrjaiov
eTvyyavov to)v TroXefiLcov yeyov6Te<;. i]Brj Be Bi,e-
XafJbTrev r^jiepa, Kal ^^077779 tl^ eBo^ev eiraKovaaiy
Td'X^a Be KCii KaOopav ^^jXXtjvikov ydpaKa Kal
5 TTpOCpvXaKtJV VTTO TO Kp7)flV(oBe<;. 0VTC0<; ovv eiTL-
GT'qaa^ evTavOa ttjv crTpaTcav 6 J^dTcov eKeXevaev
avrrp irpoaeXOelv dvev tmv dXXcov tou9 ^tpfia-
vov^, ol<; del 7rLaroi<; e')(^prjT0 kclL TrpoOvfxoif;.
(TvvBpapbovTCOv Be kol TrepicrTdvrcov avTov dOpocov
^ Korivois MSS.; KoKwvols {hills) Bekker, adopting the
ccarection of Coraes- ; :|a
338
MARCUS CATO, xiii. 1-5
which the Persians had once made, took a con-
siderable force and set out under cover of darkness.
They climbed the heights, but their guide, who was
a prisoner of war, lost the way, and wandered about
in impracticable and precipitous places until he had
filled the soldiers with dreadful dejection and fear.
Cato, seeing their peril, bade the rest remain quietly
where they were, while he himself, with a certain
Lucius Manlius, an expert mountain-cHmber, made
his way along, with great toil and hazard, in the
dense darkness of a moonless night, his vision much
impeded and obscured by wild olive trees and rocky
peaks, until at last they came upon a path. This,
they thought, led down to the enemy's camp. So
they put marks and signs on some conspicuous cliffs
which towered over Mount Callidromus, and then
made their way back again to the main body. This
too they conducted to the marks and signs, struck
into the path indicated by these, and started forward.
But when they had gone on a little way, the path
failed them, and a ravine yawned to receive them.
Once more dejection and fear were rife. They did not
know and could not see that they were right upon the
enemy whom they sought. But presently gleams of
daylight came, here and there a man thought he
heard voices, and soon they actually saw a Greek
outpost entrenched at the foot of the cliffs. So then
Cato halted his forces there, and summoned the men
of Firmum to a private conference. These soldiers
he had always found trusty and zealous in his service.
When they had run up and stood grouped about him,
339
PLUTARCH'S LIVES
elirev '"'AvBpa YPV^^ XajSelv tcov irdXefiioiv ^tama
Koi TTvOeadaCy rw/e? ol irpo^vXaTrovTef; ovtol, tto-
aov ifkrjdo'i avTwv, rt? o tmv dWcov StaKoo-fio^ ^
TCL^i^ Kal irapaaKevrj, fied^ rj<; vTrofievovaav '^fia^;, i
6 TO S' epyov apTrayjua Set rd^^^ovi; yeviaOai koI t6\- 1
firjf;, fj Kcu Xeovre^ dvoirXoi 6appovvTe<^ iirl rd
SeiXd TCOV OrjpLcov fiaSi^ovair Tavra eiVoi^TO? tov
KaTft)z/09 avToOev 6povaavTe<i, coairep elxov, ol
^LpfjLavol KaTCL tS)v opSiv eOeov iirl Ta9 7rpo(pvXa-
Kas' /cat 7rpo(T7r€(T6vT€^ dTrpoaSoKrjToi irdvTa<i fiev
SteTapa^av koI hiecTKehaaav, eva 8* avTol^i oirXoi^ 344
7 dp7rdaavTe<; ivex^ipio-av tc3 KdTcovi. irapd tov-
Tov fiaOcov, ft)9 rj fjuev dXXrj Bvpafic<i iv Toh aTevol^
KdOrjTai fiBT avTov^ tov ^aaiXea)^, ol he (f)pov-
povi'Te<i ovTOL Td<; VTrep^oXd<i AItcoXmv elaiv
i^afcoaioi XoydBe<i, KaTa<f)povrj<Ta<; t?}? 6XLy6Tr)TO<;
dfjia Kal Tr}<; 6XLya)pla<i €vdv<s eirrjyev dfia adX-
TTiy^L fcal dXaXayfi<p, 7rpa)T0<i airaadp.evo^ ttjv
fidxatpav. ol 3' a)9 elSov utto tS)v KprjfMvojv eVt-
<l>€po/jLevov<;, (f>evyovT€<; eh to fieya aTpuToireBov
KaT€7rLfjL7rXao-av Tapaxv^ diravTa^.^
XIV. 'Ei^ TouTft) Be Kol TOV MavLov KdTcoOev
irpo^ Td BiaTCLx^o-fiaTa ^ua^opAvov kol toI<;
(TT€V0L<; TTpoa^dXXovTOfi dOpoav ttjv BvvapuLv, 6
p,ev ^KvtLoxP^ eh to aTop^a Xi6(p irXi^yeh ixTtva-
yOevTOdv avTOV t5)v oBovtcov aTTecrTpe^lre tov ltt-
TTOv OTTLo-a), iTepLaXyi)^ yevop>evo^, tov be (iTpaTov
2 fiepo<i ovBev virepieLve Toixi ^Vayp^Lovi;, dXXd kol-
irep diropovf; koX dfjurj^dvov^ t^9 01/7^9 6Bov<; Kal
irXdva<; exovo-r]<i, eX&v ^aOeoav Kal TreTpSiv diro-
^ fiiT avTov Blass with S : fterL ^ anavTas Sintenia'
with C ; Bekker reads &vayra, with Sintenis^ and Coraes.
340
MARCUS CATO, xiii. 5-xiv. 2
he said : " I must take one of the enemy's men alive,
and learn from him who they are that form this
advance guard, what their number is, and with what
disposition and array their main body awaits us. But
the task demands the swift and bold leap of lions
fearlessly rushing all unarmed upon the timorous
beasts on which they prey." So spake Cato, and the
Firmians instantly started, just as they were, rushed
down the mountain-side, and ran upon the enemy's
sentinels. Falling upon them unexpectedly, they
threw them all into confusion and scattered them in
flight ; one of them they seized, arms and all, and
delivered him over to Cato. From the captive Cato
learned that the main force of the enemy was en-
camped in the pass with the king himself, and that
the detachment guarding the pass over the mountains
was composed of six hundred picked Aetolians.
Despising their small numbers and their carelessness,
he led his troops against them at once, with bray of
trumpet and battle-cry, being himself first to draw
his sword. But when the enemy saw his men pouring
down upon them from the cliffs, they fled to the
main army, and filled them all with confusion.
XIV. Meanwhile Manius also, down below, threw
his whole force forward into the pass and stormed
the enemy's fortifications. Antiochus, being hit in
the mouth with a stone which knocked his teeth
out, wheeled his horse about for very anguish.
Then his army gave way everywhere before the
Roman onset. Although flight for them meant
impracticable roads and helpless wanderings, while
deep marshes and steep cliffs threatened those who
ZA^
PLUTARCH'S LIVES
TOfiwv ra TTTcofiara koI t<^9 6Xta67]cr€L<; uTToSe^o-
fievcov, €t9 ravra Bia tcop arrevcjv v7rep)(^e6/JLepoi
Kol avvcoOovvrefi aWtjXov; cfyo^o) 7r\'rjy7](; Koi
(Tioijpou TToXefiLcov avTOiJf; Sie^Oeipov.
'O Se KciTcov del fiev ti<; rjv, co? eoiKe, twv
ISlcov iyKoy/jLLCOv d(j)6cSr)<; kol rrjv avriKpVf; fieya-
\av')(^Lav ct)9 eiraKo\ovQic]p,a Tr]<; /jLejaXovpyla^ ovk
eifyevye, irkelaTOv he Tai9 irpd^eo-i Tavrat^; 6<yKov
3 TrepLTeOeiKe, Kai (j)r)at, toI^ IBovcnv avrov Tore
SiooKOVTa Kal nraiovra rov^ 7ro\6fjiLov<i irapa-
(TTTjvai firjBev 6(j)eiX€i,v Kdrcova ra> Stjfia) to-
crovTov, oaov KdrcovL rov Stj/hov, avrov re
Mdviov rov virarov Oepfibv diro rrj^i vIxtj^; en
OepfJLW irepLTrXafcevra ttoXvv xpovov daird^eaOai
Kal fiodv VTTo %ayoa9, ct)9 ovr av avro^ ovO' 6
av/J.7ra<f 8r}/jL0<; i^cacoaeLe Ta9 d/uiOL/Sdf; rah Ka-
4 rcDVO^i evepyealatf;. fierd Be rr]v /jLd^rjp evOv^ eU
Vcopjrjv eirifjiTrero rcov rjycovio-fievcov avrdyyeXo^'
Kal BteTrXevo-e fiev et9 ^pevrecnov €vtv)(^(o<;, ficd S*
rjfiepa BieXdcra<; eKeWev eU Tdpavra Kal ria-
aapa<^ aXXa^ 6Bevaa<; rrepbrrralo'; £t9 ^Ffjo/Mrjp
diro 6aXd(rar)<i d^iKero Kal irpwro^ dirriyyeCXe
rr}v VLKTjv. Kal rrjv fiev ttoXlv evirrXrjo-ev evcppo-
avpr)<} Kal Ovaicov, (ppov^/jbaro^ Be rov Brjfiov ot)<;
7rda-7)<; yrj<; Kal OaXdacrr](i Kparelv Bvvdfjuevov.
XY. T(av fiev ovv rroXefUKoyv irpd^ecov rov
Kdrcovo<i avrac o-^eBov elaiv iXXoyc/jLcararai'
T»}9 Be TroXt,reia^ (f>aiveraL ro irepl rd^ Karrj-
yopia<i Kal tov<; eXey)(^ov<; tmv irovr^pSyv fiopLov
ov /jLiKpdf; d^iov arrovBrj^i rjyr]adfiepo<i. avro^i re
yap iBico^e 7roXXov<; Kal BuoDKOvaiv erepoi<i avv-
r^yoDviaaro koX irapecTKevaaev oXco^ Bia)K0VTa<;,
34a
MARCUS CATO, xiv. 2-xv. i
slipped and fell, still, they poured along through
the pass into these, crowding one another on in
their fear of the enemy's deadly weapons, and so
destroyed themselves.
Cato, who was ever rather generous, it would
seem, in his own praises, and did not hesitate
to follow up his great achievements with boastings
equally great, is very pompous in his account of
this exploit. He says that those who saw him
at that time pursuing the enemy and hewing them
down, felt convinced that Cato owed less to Rome
than Rome to Cato ; also that the consul Manius
himself, flushed with victory, threw his arms about
him, still flushed with his own victory, and embraced
him a long time, crying out for joy that neither he
himself nor the whole Roman people could fittingly
requite Cato for his benefactions. Immediately after
the battle he was sent to Rome as the messenger
of his own triumphs. He had a fair passage to
Brundisium, crossed the peninsula from there to
Tarentum in a single day, travelled thence four
days more, and on the fifth day after landing reached
Rome, where he was the first to announce the
victory. He filled the city full of joy and sacrifices,
and the people with the proud feeling that it was
able to master every land and sea.
XV. These are perhaps the most remarkable
features of Cato's military career. In political life,
he seems to have regarded tiie impeachment and
conviction of malefactors as a department worthy
of his most zealous efforts. For he brought many
prosecutions himself, assisted others in bringing theirs,
and even instigated some to begin prosecutions, as
VOL, n. M ^"^3
PLUTARCH'S LIVES
2 tt)9 €7rl ^Krj7rl>(ova tov<; irepl TieTiWiov. tovtov
fiev ovv air oXkov t€ fieyaXov koI (^povrjixaro^
aXrjOivov Troirjad/jievov viro 7r6Ba<i ra? Sta^oXa^
firj airoKTelvai Bvvr)9el^ dcfirJKe' AevKiov Be rov
dBek^ov avTOV jiera tcov Karrjyopcov avard^
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Brjfioa-iov, fjv ovK €')((ov €K€lvo<; diToXvaaaOai kolI
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7raTpo<; €')(j9pov TjrcficofcoTL koI iropevofievw Bl
dyopd^ fierd ttjv Blktjv diravrrjcra^ 6 Kdrwv
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yovevcTLV ivayt^etVy ovk dpva<; ovS* ipL(f>ov<i, dXX*
e")(dpS)V Bdicpva kol KaraBiKa^;. ov jjbrjv ovB' avT0<;
ev rfj iroXtreia irepLrjv dOwo^, dXX^ oirov rivd
Xa^rjv Trapdaxoi roh i')(Opohy Kpivofievo^; koX
4 KtvBvvevcov BieTiXei,. Xeyerai yap oXiyov diroXt-
irovaa^ tmv irevrrjicovTa (pvyecv BiKa^;, fiiav Be
Tr]V TeXevrauav ^ ef err] Kal oyBorjKOVTa yeyovco^'
ev fj KOI TO fjLVTj/jbOvevofievov elirev, co? x^Xeirov
ecTTLv ev dXXoi<i ^e/StcoKOTa dvOpd)7roi<; ev dXXoc; 345
diroXoyeXaOai, Kal tovto Trepan ovk eiroirjaaTO
TMV dycovcov, Tecradpcov 8' dXXcov eviavrwv BteX-
66vT(ov XepovLov VdX^a KaT7]y6pir]o-ev evevrjKOVTa
5 yeyovax; eV^. KLvBvvevei yap a)9 o ISecTTcop et?
1 T^v Te\evTatav Hercher and Blass with FaS : rtXevralav.
344
MARCUS CATO, xv 2-5
for instance Petillius against Scipio. That great man,
liowever, trampled the accusations against him under
foot, as the splendour of his house and his own
inherent loftiness of spirit prompted him to do,
and Cato, unable to secure his capital conviction,
dropped the case. But he so co-operated with the
accusers of Lucius, Scipio' s brother, as to have
him condemned to pay a large fine to the state.
This debt Lucius was unable to meet, and was
therefore liable to imprisonment. Indeed, it was
only at the intercession of the tribunes that he was
at last set free.
We are also told that a certain young man, who
had got a verdict of civil outlawry against an enemy
of his dead father, was passing through the forum
on the conclusion of the case, and met Cato, who
greeted him and said : " These are the sacrifices
we must bring to the spirits of our parents ; not
lambs and kids, but the condemnations and tears
of their enemies." However, he himself did not
go unscathed, but wherever in his political career
he gave his enemies the slightest handle, he was
all the while suffering prosecutions and running
risk of condemnation. It is said that he was
defendant in nearly fifty cases, and in the last
one when he was eighty-six years of age. It was in
the course of this that he uttered the memorable
saying ; ^*^ It is hard for one who has lived among men
of one generation, to make his defence before those
of another." And even with this case he did not
put an end to his forensic contests, but four years
later, at the age of ninety, he impeached Servius
Galba. Indeed, he may be said, like Nestor,
345
PLUTARCH'S LIVES
rptyoviav t& jSlo) xal raU irpd^eai KareXOeiv.
%icri7ri(OVV yap, w<; XeXeKTai, T(p p,e<yaX(p iroWa
BL€pt(Td^6vo<; iv rfj TroXcreia Scireivev eh ^/cr)-
TTicova Tov veov, 09 tjv eKeivov Kara iroir^aiv
vicov6<;, vio<; 8e UavXov rov Tlepaia /cal Ma^re-
S6va<; KaTairoXefirjaavTO^,
XVI. T979 5* v7raT€ia<^ KaroTTtv erea-i SeKa
TifjLr)T6Lav 6 Kdrcov iraprjyyeiXe. KOpV(f)r) Se
Tt9 ear I Ttfiij^; aTrdo-r)^ rj dpxv f^^^ rpoirov riva
Trj<; iToXiTeia^; iirtTeXe'KxxTt.^;, dXXrjv re ttoXXtjv
i^ovaiav e')(pV(Ta Koi rrjv irepX rd rjOrj koI tov^
Piov<; i^iraaiv. ovre yap ydfiov ovre Traihoirouav
Tivo<; 0VT6 Siacrav ovre o-v/niTocnov ojovto Selv
d/cpiTov /cat dve^eracTTOv, 0)9 eKaaro^ i'jn6vixia<;
2 e^ofc KoX irpoaipeaeco'^, d(f)6l(T6aL. iroXv Se fidXXov
iv TOVTOL<; vop,i,^ovT6<; 77 Tat9 viraiOpoi^ koL ttoXc-
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Koi (TCOcfypovKTTrjv /cal KoXaarr^v rov /irjEiva Kad'
r)8ovd'; iKTpeTrecrOai fcal Trape/c^aiveiv rov iin-
j^copLov Kal awTjOrj ^iov rjpovvro tcov /caXovfievcov
irarpCKLCOV eva Kal rcov SrifioriKWV eva. rtp^rjrd';
Ee TOVTOV<; Trpoavyopevov, i^ovaiav €)(pVTa^ dcpe-
XeaOai fxev Xttttov, eK/SaXe'^.v Be crvyKXi^rov rov
3 cLKoXdaTay^ ^lovvra Kal drdKray^;. ovtol Be Kal
rd rcfjb'^fiara rcov ovctlwv XapL^dvovre^ eireaKo-
irovv, Kal Tal<; aTroypacpal^i rd yevrj Kal Ta9 tto-
Xt,T6ia<i BieKpiVov dX\a<; re fxeydXa^ 6%6£
Bwdfiei^ r) dp-^T].
Alb Kal Tft) K.dTCi)vi irpo^i ttjv irapayyeXiav
34^
MARCUS CATO, xv. 5-xvi 3
to have been vigorous and active among three
generations. For after many political struggles with
Scipio the Great, as told above, he lived to be
contemporary with Scipio the Younger, who was
the Elder's grandson by adoption, and the son
of that Paulus Aemilius who subdued Perseus and
the Macedonians.^
XVI. Ten years after his consulship,^ Cato stood
for the censorship. This office towered, as it were,
above every other civic honour, and was, in a way,
the culmination of a political career. The variety
of its powers was great, including that of examining
into the lives and manners of the citizens. Its
creators thought that no one should be left to his own
devices and desires, without inspection and review,
either in his marrying, or in the begetting of his
children, or in the ordering of his daily life, or
in the entertainment of his friends. Nay, rather,
thinking that these things revealed a man's real
character more than did his public and political
career, they set men in office to watch, admonish,
and chastise, that no one should turn aside to
wantonness and forsake his native and customary
mode of life. They chose to this office one of the
so-called patricians, and one of the plebeians. These
officers were called censors, and they had authority
to degrade a knight, or to expel a senator who led
an unbridled and disorderly life. They also revised
the assessments of property, and arranged the
citizens in lists according to their social and political
classes. There were other great powers also con-
nected with the office.
Therefore, when Cato stood for it, nearly all
» In the battle of Pydna, 168 B.C. « 184 B.a
347
PLUTARCH'S LIVES
aTTijvTTjaav iviardfievot a')(€Bov ol ryvcopt/iKoraToc
Kal TTpCOTOl TOiV GV'^kX7]TlK5iV. TOV^ /X6I/ f^CLp
evTrarplBa^ 6 (f)66vo<; ikvTrei, iravrdiraaiv oiojxev-
of? irpoirrfKaici^eaOai rr]V evyeveiav dvOpooircov
dir dpxv^ dB6^(ov €l<; ttjv aKpav rifirju koI Bvva-
4 fiiv dvapi^a^ofxevcov, ol te fiox^VP^ <rvv6c86T€<;
avTOL<; iTTLTrjBevfjiaTa koX tmv TrarpLcov eKBiaLTrjacv
eOCov icpoffovi^TO rrjv avarrjpiav tov dvBp6<;,
dirapaiTTjTOV iv e^ovaia koI %aX€7r^i/ iaofjbimjv.
Bib (rvfjL(f)pov7jaavT€<; Kal irapaafcevdaavre^i eTrra
fcarijyov iirl rrjv irapayyeKiav dvTLTrdXov^ ro)
Kdroyvi, Oepairevovra'; iXiricn ')(p7j(rTal<i to irXrj-
Oo<i, ft)? Bt) fxakaKm Kal tt/jo? rjBovrjv dp'xeo^Oat
5 Beofievov. rovvavriov S' 6 K^drcov ovBefxiav ivBi-
Bov^ iTTceiKeiav, aW' dvrcKpv^ direiXSyv re to'1<^
Trovrjpolf; avro rov ^7]/jLaTo<; Kal KeKpayco^ fzeyaXov
Kadapfjiov ')(^prj^€LV rrjv irokiv, rj^iov roifi ttoXXoi;?,
el (70i)(f)povovai, jxi] tov 7]BiaT0v, dWd tov <r(f)o-
BpoTaTOV alpeladai tcov laTpcav tovtov Be avTov
elvat Kal tmv TraTpLKLcov eva ^Xukkov OvaX-
XepLov jJueT eKetvov yap oiecrdai /jlovov ttjv Tpv^rjv
Kal TTjv fxaXaKiav coairep vBpav Te/j,VQ)v Kal diro-
Kalxov TTpovpyov tl irofqaetv, tcov S' dXXcov opdv
eKacTTov ap^ai KaKm fiia^ofjuevov, otl tov? KaXm
6 dp^ovTa^ BeBoiKev. ovtco S* dpa pLeya<; rjv w? dXrj6(o<;
Kal fjLeydXcov d^io<} Brj/jiaycoycov 6 'FcofULLCov Brffio^,
&aT€ fiT) (jio^Tjdijvat TTjv dvdTacriv Kal tov oyKov
TOV dvBpo^, dXXd TOV? yBel^i €Kelvov<: Kal tt/oo?
348
MARCUS CATO, xvi. 36
the best known and most influential men of the
senatorial party united to oppose liim. The men
of noble parentage among them were moved by
jealousy, thinking that nobility of birth would be
trampled in the mire if men of ignoble origin forced
their way up to the summits of honour and power ;
while those who were conscious of base practices
and of a departure from ancestral customs, feared
the severity of the man, which was sure to be
harsh and inexorable in the exercise of power.
Therefore, after due consultation and preparation,
they put up in opposition to Cato seven candidates
for the office, who sought the favour of the multitude
with promises of mild conduct in office, supposing,
forsooth, that it wanted to be ruled with a lax
and indulgent hand. Cato, on the contrary, showed
no complaisance whatever, but plainly threatened
wrong-doers in his speeches, and loudly cried that
the city had need of a great purification. He
adjured the people, if they were wise, not to choose
the most agreeable physician, but the one who
was most in earnest. He himself, he said, was
such a physician, and so was Valerius Flaccus, of
the patricians. With him as colleague, and him
alone, he thought he could cut and sear to some
purpose the hydra-like luxury and effeminacy of
the time. As for the rest of the candidates, he
saw that they were all trying to force their way
into the office in order to administer it badly,
since they feared those who would administer it
well. And so truly great was the Roman people,
and so worthy of great leaders, that they did not
fear Cato's rigour and haughty independence, but
rejected rather those agreeable candidates who,
349
PLUTARCH'S LIVES
X^pt'V airavTa iroirjo-eLV hoKovvra^ dTToppiyjraf;
ekeadav fiera tov J^drayvos rov ^Xd/CKOV, wairep
ovK alrovvTo<; dpxv^f dW* dp^ovTo^ '^Brj koI
irpocrrdTTovTO'; dKpomfievo^;.
XYII. Upoeypa-yfre fjuev ovv 6 Kdrcov Trj<; avy-
kXtJtov tov (Twdp^ovra Kal (piXov AevKiov
OvaWepLov ^XdKKov, efe/9aXe Se t^9 j3ouXrj<;
dXXov^; re av')(yov<i koX Acvklov K-otvriov, virarov
fiev eirrd irporepov evcavTot<i jeyevrjfjbivov, o S' ^v
avTcp TTpo^ So^av uTrareia? fiel^ov, dSeXcpbv TItov
*^Xa/jLivivov TOV KaTairoXefi'^a-avTo^ ^iXtirirov.
2 auTLav Be r/}? iK0oXrj<; eV^e TOiavTrjv. fieipd/ctop 346
ifc T7]^ 7rai8LKrj<; wpa^ irai-povv dveiXr](j)a)f; 6 Aev-
Kio<^ del TTepl avTov €L')(e /cal auveTrrjyeTo aTpaTrj-
ywv eiri Tipfr\^ Kal Bwdfjueco^; ToaavTrj^y oarjp ovBeh
e2%e T(ov TTpcoTcov Trap' avT& <J)lX(ov koI OLKeicov.
^Tvyxave p^ev ovv -qyovpevo^ v7raTiKrj<; iirap')(ia^'
iv Be orvpTrocrLO) tlvI to p.ei,pdKLov, axrirep elcoOei,
avyKaTa/cetpsvov dXXijv re KoXaKeiav itcivei, 7rp6<;
dv6p(07rov^ iv otvo) paBico^ dyopevop, Kal (f>tXeLV
axjTov ovTOi><; eT^yev " cocrr'," e(p7j, '* Oea<i ovcrrj<;
oIkol pbovopud^cov ov TeOeapevo^ Trporepov e^cop-
prjaa irpo^ ere, Kaiirep iinOvpcov IBelv dvOpcoirov
3 acjiaTTopevovy 6 Be AevKco^ dvTL^LXo(j)povov'
pevo<i ** ^AXkd TOVTOV ye ydpivr elTre, " prj poi
KaTdKetcTO Xvirovp^evo^;, iyo) yap Idaopauy Kal
KeXeva-a<; eva twv eVl OavaTw KaTaKpoTcov et? to
avpuiToaLOV d')(drivaL Kal tov vTrrjpeTrjp e')(^ovTa
^ irphs &.v6j)<aTroy BlasB with F^SO : irphs rhy 6.v6p(i>iroy,
350
MARCUS CATO, xvi. 6-xvii. 3
it was believed, would do every thing to please
them, and elected Flaccus to the office along with
Cato.^ To Cato they gave ear, not as to one soliciting
office, but as to one already in office and issuing his
decrees.
XVII. As censor, then, Cato made Lucius Valerius
Flaccus, his colleague and friend, chief senator.
He also expelled many members of the Senate,
including Lucius Quintius. This man had been
consul seven years before, and, a thing which gave
him more reputation than the consulship even, was
brother of the Titus Flamininus who conquered
King Philip.'^ The reason for his expulsion was
the following. There was a youth who, ever since
his boyhood, had been the favourite of Lucius.
This youth Lucius kept ever about him, and took
with him on his campaigns in greater honour and
power than any one of his nearest friends and
kinsmen had. He was once administering the
affairs of his consular province, and at a certain
banquet this youth, as was his wont, reclined at
his side, and began to pay his flatteries to a man
who, in his cups, was too easily led about. " I love
you so much," he said, " that once, when there
was a gladiatorial show at home, a thing which I
had never seen, I rushed away from it to join you,
although my heart was set on seeing a man
slaughtered." " Well, for that matter," said Lucius,
"don't lie there with any grudge against me, for
1 will cure it." Thereupon he commanded that
one of the men who were lying under sentence
of death be brought to the banquet, and that
a lictor with an axe stand by his side. Then he
^ 184 B.a * At Cynoscephalae, 198 B.a
351
PLUTARCH'S LIVES
irekeKw Trapao-rrjvai, iraXtv rjpcorrja'e rbv iprnfie-
voVy el ^ovXerai rvirTOfjuevov dedaaaOat. <f)r)(7av-
TO? he ^ovXeadaLy Trpoaera^ev dTroKoyjrai tov
dv6p(07rov TOV Tpdxn^ov.
4 Ot [xev ovv irKelaroi ravra la-ropovcri, koX 6 ye
KiKepcov avrov tov KaTcova Bnjyovfievov iv tw
irepl yrjpco<i BiaXoytp nreTroLij/cev 6 5e Aifiio<i
avTOfioXov elvai ^rjai TaXaTrjv tov avacpeOevTa,
TOV Se Aev/ciov ov Bt virrjpeTOV KTeZvai tov avdpco-
TTOV, o-XV avTOV IBla %et/)t, kolI TavTa iv Xoyco^
yeypd(f)Oai, Karwi^o?.
5 EK0\7]devTO<; ovv tov AevKtov r?}? ySouA-?}? virb
TOV KaTcovo^, 6 dSe\(l)o<; avrov (Bapeo)^ (j)ep(ov iirl
TOV 8rj/jbov KaTe(f)vye koI ttjv aWiav CKeXevev
elirelv tov KaTOiva tt)? €K^oX7]<i. elirovTOf; Be koI
8ir]yrja-a/jbevov to avfiTToacov eVe^etyoe* fiev 6
Aev/ao<; dpvetaOai,, Trpo/caXovfievov Se tov Karw-
6 1^09 6t9 6pL(T/jLov dveSveTO. koI Tore jiev a^ta
iraOelv KaTeyvcocrOr]' 6ea<; S' ov(7r)(; iv OeaTpa ttjv
viraTLKTjv '^(opav irapeXOcov koI iroppcordTO) irov
KaOeaOeU oIktov ea^e irapa tco Brjfio), koI ^ocov-
T€9 '^vdyKuaav avrov fiereXOelv, a)9 r)V Bvvarov
iTTavopOovfjuevoc Kal Oepairevovre'i to yeyevrj-
/xevov.
7 "AXXov Be ffoitXrji; i^e^aXev vTrarevaeiv irriBo^ov
ovra, MaviXXcov, on rrjv avrov yvval/ca fieO' rjfie-
pav opcoarjf; T'fj<; Ovyarpo^ fcarecpLXrjo-ev. avrw S'
€(j)rj TTJV yvvaLKa jjLrjBeTrore 7rXr]v f^povrrjf; iuLeydXr]<}
yevo/jievr)(; irepLirXaKrjvaL, Kal fiera TraiBtdf; elirelv
avrov C09 iiaKdpio^; iarri tov Ato9 ^povTcbvro^*
^ iv \6yq) Hercher and Blass with F*SC : iv r^ \6y<p.
352
MARCUS CATO, xvii. 3-7
asked his beloved if he wished to see the man
smitten. The youth said he did, and Lucius ordered
the man's head to be cut off.
This is the version which most writers give of
the affair, and so Cicero has represented Cato himself
as telling the story in his dialogue " On Old Age." ^
But Livy 2 says the victim was a Gallic deserter,
and that Lucius did not have the man slain by
a lictor, but smote him with his own hand, and
that this is the version of the story in a speech
of Cato's.
On the expulsion of Lucius from the Senate
by Cato, his brother was greatly indignant, and
appealed to the people, urging that Cato state his
reasons for the expulsion. Cato did so, narrating
the incident of the banquet. Lucius attempted
to make denial, but when Cato challenged him
to a formal trial of the case with a wager of money
upon it, he declined. Then the justice of his
punishment was recognized. But once when a
spectacle was given in the theatre, he passed along
by the senatorial seats, and took his place as far
away from them as he could. Then the people
took pity upon him and shouted till they had forced
him to change his seat, thus rectifying, as far as was
possible, and alleviating the situation.
Cato expelled another senator who was thought
to have good prospects for the consulship, namely,
Manilius, because he embraced his wife in open
day before the eyes of his daughter. For his own
part, he said, he never embraced his wife unless it
thundered loudly ; and it was a pleasantry of his to
remark that he was a happy man when it thundered.
1 Cato Maior, 12, 42. « xxxix, 42.
353
PLUTARCH'S LIVES
XVIII. "HveyKc Be nva rip K-drcovi. koI
AevKLO<; 6 XxTjiricovoq aSeX.^09 i'jri(j>Oovov air lav,
0piafi/3iKo<; avr)p d(j)ai,peOel<; vtt avrov top I'ttttov'
eho^e 'yap olov icjiv^pi^cov ^A(f)pLKava) ^/CTjirlcovt
redpTjKOTi TOVTO TToirjaat,. roi/? Be irXeiarovi
rjviaore fxdkiaTa rfj TrepiKOTrfj t^9 7ro\vT€\6La<i,
7]v avTLKpv^ fiev d^e\ea6av, vevoo-rj/corcov 7]Br}
Kal Bte<pOap/jiepcov vtt avTrj<^ rcov iroWoiv, dBv-
2 varov rjv, kv/cXo) Se irepilcbv yvdy/ca^ev iaOijTO^,
6xvf^CLT0<i, fcoa/jLOu yvvaiKeiov, GKevoiv to)V irepl
hiaiTav, (av ifcdaTOV to rifirj^a Bpax/^d^; ■)(^iXLa(;
Kal 7revra/co(TLaf} vwepe^aWev, diroTijjLdcrOat rrjv
d^iav elf; ro BeKairXdcnov, ^ovKofievof; dirb fiet-
^6v(ov Tt/JLTjfjbdrcov avToh fiei^ova^ Kal ra? elacpo-
pa9 elvat. Kal Trpoa-erifjLrjo-e rpel^ ')(akKOv<; Trpo?
Tot9 xiXlol<;, 07ra)9 ^apvvofievoc Tat9 eTTi^oXac'i
Kal rov<; evaraXelfi Kal A-tTOt'9 opcavre^ diro T(av
vcroav eXdrrova reXovvraf; eh ro Brjfxoaiov dira-
3 yopev(ti(Tiv, rjaav ovv avra> 'X^aXerrol /jLev ol ra<;
ela^opd^ Bid rrjv rpv(f>r]v vTrofxevovre^i, ^aXcTTot
S' av irdXiv ol rr)V rpvcprjp dTToriOi/jLevoi, Bid
Ta9 el<7^opd<;. rrXovrov ydp d^aipeaiv ol iroXXol
vofJLi^ova-L rr}v KaoiXvo-cv avrov t?}9 e7nBel^€(o<i,
eiriBeiKvvadaL Be roh 7repLrrol<;, ov rol<; dva<y-
Kaloi^. o Brj Kal /jidXtard (f)aai rov <f)iX6ao<f>op
^ Kpi(TTwva Oavfid^eiv, ore tol'9 rd irepirrd Ke-
Krrjfievov^ fjbdXXov rj'yovvrai fiaKapiovf; 7) rov<;
4 rcov dvajKaicov Kal '^(^prja-L/jLcov ev7ropovvra<;. ^ko-
7ra9 Be 6 SerraX6<i alrovfievov rvvo? rcov <t>LXcov
354
MARCUS CATO, xviii. 1-4
XVIII. Cato was rather bitterly censured for his
treatment of Lucius, the brother of Scipio, whom,
though he had achieved the honour of a triumph,
he expelled from the equestrian order. He was
thought to have done this as an insult to the memory
of Scipio Africanus. But he was most obnoxious
to the majority of his enemies because he lopped
off extravagance in living. This could not be done
away with outright, since most of the people were
already infected and corrupted by it, and so he
took a roundabout way. He had all apparel,
equipages, jewellery, furniture and plate, the value
of which in any case exceeded fifteen hundred
drachmas, assessed at ten times its worth, wisliing
by means of larger assessments to make the owners'
taxes also larger. Then he laid a tax of three
on every thousand asses thus assessed, in order
that such property holders, burdened by their
charges, and seeing that people of equal wealth
who led modest and simple lives paid less into the
public treasury, might desist from their extravagance.
As a result, both classes were incensed against him,
both those who endured the taxes for the sake
of their luxury, and those no less who put away
their luxury because of the taxes. For most men
think themselves robbed of their wealth if they
are prevented from displaying it, and that display of
it is made in the superfluities, not in the necessaries
of life. This, we are told, is what most astonished
Ariston the philosopher, namely, that those possessed
of the superfluities of life should be counted happy,
rather than those well provided with life's necessary
and useful things. Scopas the Thessalian, when
one of his friends asked for something of his which
S5S
PLUTARCH'S LIVES
Trap avTov ti toiovtoVj o /jlt) a<^6hpa tjv xPV^f'M^v 347
eKeiv(p, /cat X6yovTO<i, ft)9 ovBev alreX tcov avay-
Kaiwv Koi 'x^prjcTLfKov "Kal p.r)v iyo) TovTOt<;,^^
elireVf " evhaifxwv /cal irXovaLo^ elfii, T0Z9 axprj-
<TTOi<; Kot TrepLTToU.^^ ovTco<i 6 Tov ttXovtov
^77X09 ovBevl irdOei, ^vacKO) crvvr)/jL/j,€VO<; €k t^9
o^\665ou9 Kal Ovpaiov h6^r)<^ i7r€C(T68i6<; icmv.
XIX. Ov firjv aWa twv iyKokovvTcov iXax^J'Ta
<f)povTL^oi)V 6 Kdrcov en fidWov eTrereivev, diro-
KOTTTOiv fiev o%eTOi;9, 0*9 TO irapappeov Srj/xoaiov
vBcop V7ro\afJL$dvovT€<; dirrjyov eh OiKia^ ISlaf;
Kal Kri7rov<i, dvaTpeircov Se Kal Kara^dWcov
oaa TTpov^aivev eh to Brj/jLoatov oiKoSofi^fiara,
av(TreXk(ov Se Tot9 ^iia-Qoh rm epyoXa^ia^, ra
Be rekr) rah irpdcrea-Lv eirl ra^ eaxdra^ e\avv(ov
Tt/Jid^. dcf) MV avT(p TToXv auvrJx^V /^^o-o9. ol
Be irepl rov Tltov avardvre^ eV avrov ev re
TTj povXrj Ta9 yey evrjfJLeva^ eichocreLf; Kal fjULadcocreL^
TCOV lepcov Kal Bij/xoaicov epywv eXvaav &)9 76-
yevr}fieva<; aXvaiTeXm, Kal tcov BrjfjudpXf^v tou9
dpaavTarov^ irapco^vvav ev Brjpbw irpoaKoXe-
aaaOau tov J^drcova Kal ^r^pawaai Bval raXdv-
Tot9. TToXXa Be Kal 7rpo<; ttjv Trjf; ^aaiXtKrj^
KaTaaKevrjv rjvavTicoOriaav, rjv eKeLV0<; eK XPV/^^~
TCOV KOLVcov VTTo TO ^ovXevTYjpiov Tjj dryopo,
7rape/3aXe Kal HopKia jBaatXiKr} irpoo-riyopevOr}.^
^aiverai Be OavpLaaTco^ diroBe^dixevo^ avrov
rr]v rifJLTjreiav 6 B7jfJL0<;. dvBpidvra yovv dvaOeh
iv T^ vaw T979 ^Tyieia^ eireypayjrev ov Ta9
^ UopKla ^aa-iXiK^ 7rpo(Triyopev0v Sintenis with the better
MSS., and now S. Cf. Livy 39, 44. UopKlav ^aaiXiK^iv
rpoffiiyipevatv Bekker {and called).
MARCUS CATO, xviii. 4-xTx. 3
was of no great service to him, with the remark
that he asked for nothing that was necessary and
useful, replied : " And yet my wealth and happiness
are based on just such useless and superfluous
things." Thus the desire for wealth is no natural
adjunct of the soul, but is imposed upon it by the
false opinions of the outside world.
XIX. However, Cato paid not the slightest heed
to his accusers, but grew still more strict. He
cut off the pipes by which people conveyed part
of the public water supply into their private houses
and gardens ; he upset and demolished all buildings
that enroached on public land ; he reduced the
cost of public works to the lowest, and forced
the rent of public lands to the highest possible
figure. All these thing brought much odium upon
him. Titus Flamininus headed a party against him
which induced the Senate to annul as useless the
outlays and payments which he had authorised for
temples and public works, and incited the boldest
of the tribunes to call him to account before the
people and fine him two talents. The Senate also
strongly opposed the erection of the basilica which
he built at the public cost below the council-house
in the Forum, and which was called the Basilica
Porcia.
Still, it appears that the people approved of
his censorship to an amazing extent. At any rate,
after erecting a statue to his honour in the temple
of Health, they commemorated in the inscription
357
PLUTARCH'S LIVES
o-rparrjyia^ ovSe rov dpiafi^ov rod KaTft)z/09,
aW\ ft)9 dv T«9 fJb€Ta<f>pda6ie ti]v eTnypacjyTjv,
"' On T7]v *TcofiaL(x>v TroXireiav eyKeKXt/jLevrjv
Kai peirovaav eirl to ^(elpov rtfjbrjrrjf; y6v6fjL€VO<;
XPV^^'^cilf; aycoyaU koX (Tco(f)pocnv idco-fMol^ koX
oioacTKaXiaL^ et? opOov avOi^ (iTroKarearTrjo'e.^^
4 KaiTOi TTporepov avrb"; fcareyeXa tmv ayaTrcovrcov
ra TOiavra, koX \av9dveiv avTov<i eXeyev eVt
'X^aXKecov Kal ^(oypdcpwv €pyoL<; fieya (ppovovpraf;,
avTov Se KaXXi(7Ta<; el/cova^; iv rat? "x^u^at*?
ir€pc<p6p€iv Tov<; TToXtra?* tt/jo? Se rov<; Oavfid-
^ovra^y OTL ttoXXmv dSo^cov dv8pidi>Ta<; e^ovrcov
€K6Cvo<; ovK eyei ''MaXXov yap,'' e(f)7), '' ^ovXojiiac
^TjTetaOat, Bta tl /xov avSpcd^; ov Kelrai y Sid
5 n Kelrai,'' to 8 oXov ovS* eiraivovfjievov rj^iov
Tov dyaOov ttoXlttjv virofxeveLV, el firj tovto XPV-
<7tyL6ft)9 yivOLTO TU> KOIVW.
KaiTOL ^ irXelaTa irdvrwv eavTov eyKeKcopLLaKev,
09 76 Kal T0U9 dfjbapTavovTd^ tl irepl tov ^lov,
cIt eXeyxop'evov<i Xeyeuv (fii^alv, ci)9 ovk d^iov
eyKaXelv avT0L<;' ov yap KaTft)z/69 elcrr Kal Tot'9
evta /jLL/jiela'OaL tmv vii avrov TrpaTTo/ubevcov ovk
e/n/iieXa)^ einx^ipovvTa^; eirapiaTepov^ KaXetaOat
6 KaTcova^;' dxpopdv Se Trjv ^ovXrjv 7r/309 avTOV ev
Tol<; eTTiac^aXecTTdToi,^ Kaipol<^ wairep ev ttXo)
7r/0O9 KvBepvr]T7}v, Kal 7roXXdKL<; jurj irapovTO^
VTrepTiOeaOai ra TrXeiaTrji; d^ia a7rovhrj<^. a Brj
nrapa tcov dXXcov avTco /jLaprvpetTai' fieya yap
ea^^v ev tj} TroXei Kal Std tov filov Kal Bid tov
Xoyov Kal Bid to yrjpa<; d^Loy/xa.
XX. Feyove Be Kal irarrjp dyaOo<i Kal irepl
^ Kalroi conjecture of Blass : koI,
358
MARCUS CATO, xix. 3-xx. i
upon it, not the military commands nor the triumph
of Cato, but, as the inscription may be translated,
the fact " that when the Roman state was tottering
to its fall, he was made censor, and by helpful
guidance, wise restraints, and sound teachings,
restored it again." And yet, before this time
he used to laugh at those who delighted in such
honours, saying that, although they knew it not,
their pride was based simply on the work of statuaries
and painters, whereas his own images, of the most
exquisite workmanship, were borne about in the
hearts of his fellow citizens. And to those who
expressed their amazement that many men of no
fame had statues, while he had none, he used to
say ; " I would much rather have men ask why
I have no statue, than why I have one." In short,
he thought a good citizen should not even allow
himself to be praised, unless such praise was beneficial
to the commonwealth.
And yet of all men he has heaped most praises
upon himself. He tells us that men of self-indulgent
lives, when rebuked for it, used to say : " We ought
not to be blamed; we are no Catos." Also that
those who imitated some of his practices and did
it clumsily, were called ^^left-handed Catos." Also
that the Senate looked to him in the most dangerous
crises as seafarers to their helmsman, and often, if
he was not present, postponed its most serious
business. These boasts of his are confirmed, it
is true, by other witnesses, for he had great authority
in the city, alike for his life, his eloquence, and
his age.
XX, He was also a good father, a considerate
359
PLUTARCH'S LIVES
'yvvaiKa y^prjaro'^ avrjp koI %/?i7/AaTt(7T^9 ovk
€VKaTa(pp6vrjT0<; ou3* w? ri fjbiKpov rj (fyavXov iv
Trapepyo) p,eTa')(6ipL(Tdfievofs Tr]v rotavTTjv iiri-
fieXetav. oOev OLOfiai, Belv /cal irepl rovrcov oaa
KaXm e%efc BieXOelv yvvaX/ca puev evyeveajepav
rj 7r\ovcncoT6pav eyrjfiev, '^yovfievo^ opuoiw^; fiev
a/jL^orepa^ eyeiv ^dpo<; koI ^povrj/jia, ra? Sk
'yevvaia^ alBovjjLeva<; ra alaxpa, fidWov virrjKoov^
2 elvav irpo'i ra Koka rot? ^yeyapjir^Koai. rov Be
TVTTTOVTa yafi€Tr)V rj iralBa rot? dyLcordroi^ eXeyev
UpoU '7rpo(T(f)6p€iv Td<; ')(^eipa<i. iv iwaivw he
fieL^ovt TiOecrdai to yafierrjv dyaOov rj to fxeyav
elvav (TvyKXrjTiKov iirel koI ^coKpdrov; ovhev
aXXo Oavfid^eiv rov nraXaiov irXrjv on yvvaiKi
^a\67r§ KoX iraLaXv dTTOirXrjKTOi^ '^(pco/jLevo^; iin-
€LKM^ Kol irpdcD^ 8t€TiXecr€. yevo/jbivov Se rov
TratSo? ovBev rjv epyov ovt(o<; dvayKacov, el /jltj tv
Brj/jLoatov, ft)9 fir) irapelvai rfj yvvaiKl Xovovay to 3
3 ^p6^o<i Kol crrapyavovcrrf. avrrj yap erpe^ev
ISiO) ydXaKTi' iroXXdKi,^ Be fcal ra tcov BovXoiv
iraiBdpia t& /jLaaTO) Trpoo-te/jievr) Karea/ceva^ev
evvoiav iic Tr}<^ auvTpo^ia<; 7rpo<i rov vlov. iirel
Be rjp^aTO avvLevat, irapaXa^cov avTO^ eBLBaaKe
ypdfifjLara, Kalroc yapievTa BovXov eZ%6 ypafipa-
TKT'trjv ovofia ^LXava, ttoXXov^ BiBdcrKovra
4 7raiBa<;. ovk rj^lov Be rov vlov, w? (j)r]cn,v avro^,
VTTO BovXov KaKM^i uKOveiv rj Tov a)T09 dvarei'
veaOai p^avOdvovra PpdBiov, ovBe ye pLaOij/jLaro^
TrjXiKOvrov tw BovXw X^P^^ 6(f)eiXei.v, dXX
auTo? fJLev rjv ypafjufiaTtaTrj^;, avro^ Be vo^oBc-
360
i
MARCUS CATO, xx. 1-4
husband, and a household manager of no mean talent,
nor did he give only a fitful attention to this, as
a matter of little or no importance. Therefore I
think I ought to give suitable instances of his
conduct in these relations. He married a wife who
was of gentler birth than she was rich, thinking
that, although the rich and the high-born may be
alike given to pride, still, women of high birth have
such a horror of what is disgraceful that they are
more obedient to their husbands in all that is
honourable. He used to say that the man who
struck his wife or child, laid violent hands on
the holiest of holy things. Also that he thought
it more praiseworthy to be a good husband than
a great senator, nay, there was nothing else to
admire in Socrates of old except that he was always
kind and gentle in his intercourse with a shrewish
wife and stupid sons. After the birth of his son,
no business could be so urgent, unless it had a
public character, as to prevent him from being
present when his wife bathed and swaddled the babe.
For the mother nursed it herself, and often gave
suck also to the infants of her slaves, that so they
might come to cherish a brotherly affection for
her son. As soon as the boy showed signs of
understanding, his father took him under his own
charge and taught him to read, although he had
an accomplished slave, Chilo by name, who was
a school-teacher, and taught many boys. Still, Cato
thought it not right, as he tells us himself, that
his son should be scolded by a slave, or have his
ears tweaked when he was slow to learn, still less
that he should be indebted to his slave for such
a priceless thing as education. He was therefore
361
PLUTARCH'S LIVES
SdfCT7}<;, avTO^ Be yvfivaar^<;, ov fxovov aKOVTi^eiv
OvB^ 6TfkOlia')(€LV OuS* llTlTeveLV BiBdcTKCOV TOV viov,
aXXa Kol TTj %6t/5l TTV^ iraieLV koI Kavjua koI
■xJrO^^o? dvkyeaQai koI to, BivcoSr) koX rpa^yvovra
5 'tov irora/iiov Btavr])(^oiJbevov d7ro/3id^eaOai. koX Ta<;
laropia^ Bk avyy pd-yjrac (j)7j(7lv avrb^i IB la %et/)i
KaX ixeydXoL^; ypd/jb/naa-iv, 07rco<; olkoOcv virdp'^oi
T(p wacBl Trpo? ifjuTreipiav tmv irakaiMV koI Trarpl-
(ov CD(f>6\€Ladar ret 8' alar')(pa rcjv prjfidroav ov^
TjTTov 6v\a^€LcrOai TOV 7rafcSo9 irapovTO^s rj rwv
lepoiv rrrapdevcov, a? *Eo-TfcaSa9 fcakovo-r avWov-
aacrOai Be firjBeTroTe. koI tovto kolvov eot/ce
'Fcofjbaicov e6o<; elvar /cat yap irevOepol yafJL^pol';^
€<pv\dTTOVTO (rvWoveadai, Buacoirov/nevoL rrjv
G aTTOKdXvyjrtv Kal yvfivcoacv. elra fjuevroi irap
'^Wrjvwv TO yvfjbvovaOai fia06vT€<^, avTol irdXiv
TOV Kal fjueTa yvvaiKCdv tovto irpdaa-eiv dvaTreiiKy]-
KacTL Tov<;"K\X7]va<;.
OvTco Be fcaXov epyov el<; dpeTTjv t& Karcoi^t
TrXdTTOVTi Kal BrjfiiovpyovvTi tov vlov, eireX to,
TTj^ irpoOvixia^ rjv d/jbefiTTTa Kal Bi ev^vtav
VTTrjKovev rj '^L'%/7, to Be acj/ia juaXaKooTepov
€(j)alveT0 TOV irovelv, vTravrJKev avT(a to avvTovov
7 dyav Kal KeKoXaafievov Tfj<; BiaiTrj^;. 6 Be, Kaiirep
ovTco<; e)(^cov, dvrjp dyaOo<; rjv ev Tal<^ aTpaTeiai^,
Kal Tr)v TT/oo? ilepcrea /jLd')(^r]v 7]ya>vi(TaTo XaixrrpS)^
YiavKov aTpaTTjyovvTO^;. elTa /.levTot tov ^l(J>ov^
eKKpovaOevTO<^ vtto TrXijyrjf; rj St* vypoTijTa Ti}?
^ "TrevOepol yafi^pots Hercher and Blass, adopting the con-
jecture of Sintenis : ■nevd^pols yafx^pol.
MARCUS CATO, xx. 4-7
himself not only the boy's reading-teacher, but
his tutor in law, and his athletic trainer, and he
taught his son not merely to hurl the javelin and
fight in armour and ride the horse, but also to
box, to endure heat and cold, and to swim lustily
through the eddies and billows of the Tiber. His
History of Rome, as he tells us himself, he wrote
out with his own hand and in large characters,
that his son might have in his own home an aid
to acquaintance with his country's an(uent traditions.
He declares that his son's presence put him on
his guard against indecencies of speech as much
as that of the so-called Vestal Virgins, and that
he never bathed with him. This, indeed, would
seem to have been a general custom with the
Romans, for even fathers-in-law avoided bathing with
their sons-in-law, because they were ashamed to
uncover their nakedness. Afterwards, however, when
they had learned from the Greeks their freedom in
going naked, they in their turn infected the Greeks
with the practice even when women were present.
So Cato wrought at the fair task of moulding
and fashioning his son to virtue, finding his zeal
blameless, and his spirit answering to his good
natural parts. But since his body was rather too
delicate to endure much hardship, he relaxed some-
what in his favour the excessive rigidity and
austerity of his own mode of life. But his son,
although thus delicate, made a sturdy soldier, and
fought brilliantly under Paulus Aemilius in the
battle against Perseus.i On that occasion his sword
either was smitten from his hand or slipped from his
1 Pydna, 168 B.O.
PLUTARCH'S LIVES
^ef/)09 €^o\ia$6vro<i ayddeaOeX^ Tpeirerai irpo^
Tiva<; TMV avvrj6a)v, KaX TrapaXaffoov iK€ivov<;
av6i^ eh tov<; TroXe/^tou? eve^aXe. iroXktp B*
ayojvi, KoX fila fieyaXy Siacfxorio-a^; rov tottov
avevpe /jLoyc^: ev TroXXot? crd'yixaaLV oirktov /cal
aoofiaai, veKpcov ojjlov (plXcov re koX TroXe/jLicop
8 Karaaeawpevfievwv, e<f> o5 koX IlaOXo? o arpa-
T7]yo<; rjydcrOrj to /JLeipd/ciov, Kol Karcoz^o? avrov
(jieperai Tt9 einaToXi^ 7rpo<; rov vlov V7r€p(f>va><i
e7raivovpTO<i rrjv ire pi to ^L(f>o<i (piXoTifiCav avTOV
Kal airovBrjv. vaTepov he /cat JIavXou dvyarepa
TepTLav eyrjfiev 6 veavia<;, dSeXcprjv 'ZKr^irLcova,
o^X ^'^'^ov rJ3?7 hC avTOv r) top irarepa KaTapayvv-
/jL€VO(; eh 761/09 ttjXlkovtov. rj fiev ovv irepl top
vlop iirifieXeLa tov KdTcopo<; d^iop ea^ev T6X09.
XXI. OlKeTaf; Se 7roWov<; iKTaro, tojp at%-
fiaXcoTcop oopovfiepo'i fidXiaTa tov<; puLKpov^ Kal
Svpafiepov<i en Tpo(f>r)p koX TraiBevaiv 0)9 (tkv-
XaKa^ r) TTCoXovi epeyKelp. tovtwp ovSeh elarjX-
Oep eh olKLap erepap, el firf 7repu'\jrapTo<; avTOV
KdTcopof; Tj T?59 yvpai/c6<;. 6 B^ epcorrjOeh* ri
irpdTTOL Kara)!/, ovBep direKplpeTO irXrjv dyvoelp.
2 eBei Be rj irpaTTetP tv tcop dpay/caioop oc/coi top
BovXop rj KaOevBetP' Kal acpoBpa to?9 KOLfKOfiipoii;
6 KdTCOP exciipe, irpaoTepov'; re tcop eyprjyopOTcop
vofiL^cop Kal 7r/509 OTLOVP ^eXTiopa<s xpV^^^'' "t^^
Beofxepwp virpov tov<; diroXeXavKOTa'^. ol6fJLepo<i
Be TCL ybkyiGTa paBiovpyelp dffypoBiaiwp epeKa tou9
BovXovf; eTa^ep (hptcrfiepov pop,icr/jLaTO<i opuCXelp 349
Tah depaTTaLPLGLPy eTepa Be yvpaiKi firjBepa ttXtj-
(Tid^eip,
^64
MARCUS CATO, xx. 7-xxi. 2
moist grasp. Distressed at this mishap, he turned
to some of his companions for aid, and supported by
them rushed again into the thick of the enemy.
After a long and furious struggle, he succeeded in
clearing the place, and found the sword at last
among the many heaps of arms and dead bodies
where friends and foes alike lay piled upon one
another. Paulus, his commander, admired the
young man's exploit, and there is still extant a letter
written by Cato himself to his son, in which he heaps
extravagant praise upon him for this honourable zeal
in recovering his sword. The young man afterwards
married Tertia, a daughter of Paulus and a sister of
the younger Scipio, and his admission into such
a family was due no less to himself than to his
father. Thus Cato's careful attention to the
education of his son bore worthy fruit.
XXI. He owned many domestics, and usually
bought those prisoners of war who were young
and still capable of being reared and trained
like whelps or colts. Not one of his slaves ever
entered another man's house unless sent thither by
Cato or his wife, and when such an one was asked
what Cato was doing, he always answered that he
did not know. A slave of his was expected either
to be busy about the house, or to be asleep, and he
was veiy partial to the sleepy ones. He thought
these gentler than the wakeful ones, and that those
who had enjoyed the gift of sleep were better
for any kind of service than those who lacked it. In
the belief that his slaves were led into most mischief
by their sexual passions, he stipulated that the males
should consort with the females at a fixed price, but
should never approach any other woman.
PLUTARCH'S IJVES
3 *EtV apxu f^^v ovv ert irevrjf; oiv koL arrparevo-
fievo^ TT/jo? ovhev iSvaKoXacve rcov irepl hiaiTav,
dX)C ala'X^iaTOV airec^atve Sia yaarepa irpo^
OLKerrjv ^vyofMa^elv, varepov he rcov Trpay/Jbdrcov
eircBLBovTcov iroiovfievo^ €aTida6L<i (piXayv koI
a-vvap')(^6vT(ov eKoXa^ev 6v6v<; pLerd to helnrvov
IpudvTL Tov<i dpekearepov virovpyi^aaviafi on ovv rj
4 crKevdaavTa<i, del Si nva ardaiv eyetv tou? Bov-
Xov<; ip.rj'^^avdTO koI Biacpopdv 7r/909 d\X7]\ov<;,
VTTOVOCOV TTjV OpLOVOLUV UVTCOV KoX SeSoiK(0<i. TOV<ii
5' d^Lov elpydaOai tl davdrov Bo^avre^; iBcKalov
Kpi6evTa<^ ev rol^ oiKerat^i irdaiv diroOvrjaKetv,
el KarayvwarOelev.
5 ^KiTTopievo^ he o-vprovcorepov iropLapLOV rrjv
p^ev yewpyiav pLoXkov rjyetro Biaycoyrjv r/ irpoa-
ohov, eh S' da<j)dkr) Trpdypara koI ^6$ata
KaraTi6epevo<i ra? d^oppi,d^ eKraro Xipva^, vBara
Oeppd, TOTTOf? Kva(f)€V(Tiv dvetpevov^i, epya
iriacrca, ')(^c£>pav^ e-)(^ovaav avTO(pveL<; vopud^ Kal
vXa^, d(p^ u)v avTW ')(^prjp,ara Trpoayec iroWd pajS*
VTTO rod Ai6<;, W9 (f)r)at,v avro^, (SXa^rjvai Bvva-
6 pivcov. i')(^p7]aaT0 Be fcal rw Bia^effXrjpLevo)
pdXtara rcov Baveicrpwv eirl vavrcfC0L<; tov rpoirov
rovTOv. CKeXeve tou? Bavei^opevov^ iirl KOLvcovia
TToXXov^ TTapaKaXelv, yevopbevcov Be TrevrijKOVTa
Kal ttXolcov ToaovTcov avro^ e2%6 puav pepiBa Bid
iiouLVTicovo<; direXevOepov tol<; BaveL^opevot<i avpu-
TTpayparevopuevov Kal avpLirXeovTOf;. rjv S' ovv
ovK et'? dirav 6 KtvBvvo<;, dXX^ eh pepo<; ptKpov
7 eirl KepBeav p^eydXoc^;. eBuBov Be fcal tmv OLKercjv
^ Hpya rrlcra-iu, xalpay Blass with S : ipyuTujaiav x^P°-^i pro-
ductive land.
366
MARCUS CATO, xxi. 3-7
At the outset, when he was still poor and in
military service, he found no fault at all with what
was served up to him, declaring that it was shameful
for a man to quarrel with a domestic over food and
drink. But afterwards, when his circumstances were
improved and he used to entertain his friends
and colleagues at table, no sooner was the dinner
over than he would flog those slaves who had been
remiss at all in preparing or serving it. He was
always contriving that his slaves should have feuds
and dissensions among themselves ; harmony among
them made him suspicious and fearful of them. He
had those who were suspected of some capital offence
brought to trial before all their fellow servants, and,
if convicted, put to death.
However, as he applied himself more strenuously
to money-getting, he came to regard agriculture as
more entertaining than profitable, and invested his
capital in business that was safe and sure. He
bought ponds, hot springs, districts given over
to fullers, pitch factories, land with natural pasture
and forest, all of which brought him in large profits,
and ^'^ could not," to use his own phrase, " be ruined
by Jupiter." He used to loan money also in
the most disreputable of all ways, namely, on ships,
and his method was as follows. He required his
borrowers to form a large company, and when there
were fifty partners and as many ships for his security,
he took one share in the company himself, and was
represented by Quintio, a freedman of his, who
accompanied his clients in all their ventures. In
this way his entire security was not imperilled, but
only a small part of it, and his profits were large.
s**
PLUTARCH'S LIVES
Tot9 ^ovXofjLevoi><; dpyvpiov ol 8' icovovvro
TralSa^, elra tovtov^; aaKrjcravTe^ kol BiSd^avT6<;
dvaXco/xacrt rod KarftJi^o? /jlet iviavrov direSl-
BovTO. TToXXou? Be Kol KaT6L')(ev 6 Kdrcov, oarjv
6 irXeicTTriv BiBov<; icovelro tljutjv viroKoyi^ofjuevo^i.
8 7rporp67ra)v Be rov vlov eirX ravrd (prjaiv ovk
dvBp6<;, dXXd %^pa9 yvvai/co<; elvai to fieiaxrai ti
TMV VTrapxovTcov, eKslvo B* ijBrj a^oBpoTepov
Tov K-drcovo^iy OTC OaufiacTTOv dvBpa koX Oelov
elirelv eroXfirja-e 7r/?09 Bo^av, 09 diroXeLirei irXeov
iv To2<; X6yoi,<; irpoaeOrjKev ov irapeXapev.
XXIL "HSt; Be avrov yepovTO<; yeyovoTO^
Trpea^eis ^A.6rjvr)6ev rjXdov eh 'Pco/jltjv ol ire pi
K.apv6dBr]v rov ^ KKaBr] fialfcov kol Aioyevrj rov
^tco'Ckov ^iX6(T0<f)0v, KaraBiKrjv Tvvd TrapacTTjao-
fievoL TOV BrjiJbov tmv ^AOrjvaLayv, rjv eprjfirjv
fy)(f)X0V ^fipCOTTiCOV fiev BlCO^dvTCOV, ^CKVCOViCOV Be
KaraylrrjcfyLaapLevcov, TbfirjfjLa TaXdvTcov irevTa-
2 Koaicov exovcrav, evOv^; ovv ol (jyiXoXoycoTaTOL
Tcjv veaviG-Kwv eVl tol'9 dvBpa<; levro, fcal avvrj-
aav dxpoco/juepoL kol 6av/jLd^ovT€<; avTOv^. fid-
XtaTa S' 7) KapvedBov %a/)t9, ^9 Bvvaixh re
irXeiarTr) koX Bo^a rrj^; Bvvd/jL60)<; ovk d7roBeov(ra,
fieydXcov eTrcXa^Ofisvr) koX (pcXavOpcoTrcov dxpoa-
Trjptcdv ct)9 TTvevfia Trjv ttoXlv r/x/j^ ive7rXrj<Te.
3 Kol Xoyo9 KareZx^v, co? dvrjp "EXXrjv eh eKirXrj^iv
V7r€p(pvr}(i irdvTa fcrjXwv koX XJ^Lpovpievofi epcjTa
MARCUS CATO, xxi. 7-xxii. 3
He used to lend money also to those of his slaves
who wished it, and they would buy boys with it, and
after training and teaching them for a year, at Cato's
expense, would sell them again. Many of these
boys Cato would retain for himself, reckoning to the
credit of the slave the highest price bid for his boy.
He tried to incite his son also to such economies, by
saying that it was not the part of a man, but of
a widow woman, to lessen his substance. But that
surely was too vehement a speech of Cato's, when he
went so far as to say that a man was to be admired
and glorified like a god if the final inventory of his
property showed that he had added to it more than
he had inherited.
XXn. When he was now well on in years,
there came as ambassadors from Athens to Rome,i
Carneades the Academic, and Diogenes the Stoic
philosopher, to beg the reversal of a certain decision
against the Athenian people, which imposed upon
them a fine of five hundred talents. The people of
Oropus had brought the suit, the Athenians had let
the case go by default, and the Sicyonians had
pronounced judgment against them. Upon the
arrival of these philosophers, the most studious of the
city's youth hastened to wait upon them, and became
their devoted and admiring listeners. The charm of
Carneades especially, which had boundless power,
and a fame not inferior to its power, won large
and sympathetic audiences, and filled the city, like a
rushing mighty wind, with the noise of his praises.
Report spread far and wide that a Greek of
amazing talent, who disarmed all opposition by
the magic of his eloquence, had infused a tremen-
* 155 B.o.
369
PLUTARCH'S LIVES
Beivov ififfe/BXTj/ce toc<; vioi<;, v(f> ov rcov aWwv
rjBovcov Kal BLarpi^cov eKireaovre^ evdovaccba-c
irepl (f>i\oao(j)Lav. ravra toI<; [xev dWoc<; rjpecrKe
*Fco/jLaLOi,<; yipofieva, Kal ra fieipaKca iTat^eia<;
'K\Xt]vik7j<; fjL€TaXajjij3dvovra koI (Tvvovra Oavfjba-
4 ^ojJievoL^ avSpdacv ySiax; icopcov 6 Be K.dTO)p
ef cipxn^ T^ T^^ ^V^ov Tcjv Xoycov 7rapapp60PTO<i
eh Tr]V TToXiV ri)(66TO (j)0/30Ufl6V0<i, jJbrj TO (f)lX6-
TLfJLOV evravOa T/0€^ai^T69 ol vioc rrjv iirl r^
Xiyeiv Bo^av dyuTT'^acocn fiaWov T7]f} airb rcov
epycov Kol rcov crrpaTeicov, iireX Be irpov^aivev
rj Bo^a rcov (pcXoao^cop ev t§ irokei koI Tov<i
TTpcoTOV^; \6yov<; avrcbv 7rpo9 ryv crvyKXrjTov dvrjp
e7n(f>avr]^ airovBdaa^ auTO<; Kal BerjOeU VP/^V~
vevae, TdLO<; ^Akl\io<;, eyvco pier ev7rp67Teia<;
cLTroBiOTropiTrrja-aaOaL rov<; (j)iXoa6(f>ov^ diravraf;
5 CK Trj<; TToA-eo)?. Kal TrapeXdcov eh T7]v crvyKXrj- 35(
Tov e/ze/x-x/raro roi? dp^ovacv, on irpeo-jSeia
KdOrjrai nrdXvv y^pbvov diTpaKTo<^ dvBpcjv, o'c irepl
iravTO'; ov ^ovXolvto paBlw^; irelOeLv BvvavTar
Betv ovv TTjV ra'^iaTTjv yvcovaC tl Kal yjrTjipLaaadac
irepl T?}? irpea^eLa^i, 67rco<; ovrot puev iirl ra^
a^oXa^ TpaiTopLevoL BiaXeycovrat, iraialv *EX-
\rjvoiVy ol Be *Vcop,aLQ)v veoL tSjv vo/jlcov Kal toov
dpxovTcov ft)? TTporepov aKOVcocn.
XXIII. Tavra S* ov^, q)<; eviot vopLL^ovai,
Y.apvedBrj Bva^^epdva^ eirpa^ev, aXV oXo)? cpcXo-
ao<f>La 7rpoaKeKpovKco<i Kal iraaav 'RXXtjvlktjv
p^ovaav Kal TraiBelav vtto ^LXoripiia^ TrpoirrfkaKi-
^cov, 09 ye Kal XcoKpdTrj (prjal XdXov Kal ^laiov
yevofievov eTn')(€ipelv, a> rpoTTw Bwaro^i rjv, rvpav-
velv Tr]<i TTaTplBo^i, KaraXvovTa tA edrj Kal tt/oo?
370
MARCUS CATO, xxii. 3-xxiii. i
dous passion into the youth of the city, in conse-
quence of which they forsook their other pleasures
and pursuits and were "possessed" about philosophy.
The other Romans were pleased at this, and glad to
see their young men lay hold of Greek culture
and consort with such admirable men. But Cato, at
the very outset, when this zeal for discussion came
pouring into the city, was distressed, fearing lest the
young men, by giving this direction to their
ambition, should come to love a reputation based on
mere words more than one achieved by martial
deeds. And when the fame of the visiting philoso-
phers rose yet higher in the city, and their
first speeches before the Senate were interpreted, at
his own instance and request, by so conspicuous a
man as Gains Acilius, Cato determined, on some
decent pretext or other, to rid and purge the city of
them all. So he rose in the Senate and censured
the magistrates for keeping in such long suspense an
embassy composed of men who could easily secure
anything they wished, so persuasive were they.
" We ought," he said, " to make up our minds one
way or another, and vote on what the embassy
proposes, in order that these men may return
to their schools and lecture to the sons of Greece,
while the youth of Rome give ear to their laws and
magistrates, as heretofore."
XXIII. This he did, not, as some think, out
of personal hostility to Carneades, but because he
was wholly averse to philosophy, and made mock
of all Greek culture and training, out of patriotic
zeal. He says, for instance, that Socrates was a
mighty prattler, who attempted, as best he could,
to be his country's tyrant, by abolishing its customs.
PLUTARCH'S LIVES
ivavTia^ tol^ v6fjboi<i Sofa? eXKovra /cat jieOicrTavTa
2 Tou? 7ro\fcTa9. rr]v S' ^l(TOKpdrov<i Biarpt^rjv
ilTKTKOD'TnCOV yTJpCLV <^Y}(TL ITap aVTW T0U9 fiadrjTO,^
ct)9 iv "A.Lhov nrapa Mti/w ')(^pr](rofJLevov<; raL<;
T6')(vat<; Kol 8iKa<; ipovvra^. tov Be iralBa Sta-
^aXKtov TT/OO? ra 'EWrjpiKa ^covfj K€')(prjrat
OpaavTepa tov y7]pQ)<;, olov aTroOeairi^wv koX
TTpofiavrevcov, a><; uTroXovai 'Fayfxalot ra Trpdyfjuara
3 ypa/JLfidrcov ' E\\r]VLK(ov dvairXiia-Oevre^. dWa
ravrrjv jnev avrov rrjv 8va(j)r)/jLLav 6 ')(^p6po<;
diroBeLKWcn KevrjV, iv m rot? re irpdyfjuatTLV
T) TToXi? '^p6r) /jLeyLcrrr] koI 7rp6<; 'EiWrjviKO, fMaOrj-
fiara Kal iraLBelav diraaav e<r%€z/ oiKeio)^.
'O K ov fjLovov dirrj^Odvero roL<; ^iXoao(fiOV<TLV
^EXkrjvayVj dXkd Kal rov^; larpevovra^ iv 'Poo/jlj)
Bl vTToyjria^ eZ%e. fcal tov 'liTTTOKpdrov^y (09
eoiKcv, aKrjicod}^ \6yov, ov elire tov /jLcydXov
l3a(TiX€(0<; KaXovvTO<i avrov eVt 7roXXofc9 ria-i
ra\dvroL<;, ovk dv rrore /3apfidpoL<; ^EWijvcov
7ro\€fiLOt<; kavrov rrapacyx^elv, ekeye kolvov opKOV
4 elvai rovrov larpMV drrdvrcDV, Kal irapcKeXevero
(f>v\drrea6aL ra) TraiBl Trdvra^' avra> Be yeypap,-
jjbivov vTTopvrjfia elvai, Kal 7rpo<; rovro Qeparreveiv
Kal Biairdv rov<; voaovvTa<; oIkoi, vrjariv fiev
ovBeirore Biarrjpcav ovBeva, rpe^cov Be Xa^dvoi^ rj
o-apKiBloi^ vr}aarj<i rj ^da-crr)^; tj Xayco' xal yap
rovro Kovcpov elvai Kal 'irp6cr<^opov dadevovo'tj
ttXtjv otl rroWd av/jL^aivet T0Z9 (payovaiv ivvirvid-
^ecrdar roLavry Be Oepairela Kal BiaLrj) XP^~
fjievof; vyiaiveiv fxev avro^i, vyiaivovra^ Be tov9
kavrov Bia^vXdrreLV.
372
I
MARCUS CATO, xxiii. 1-4
and by enticing his fellow citizens into opinions
contrary to the laws. He made fun of the school
of Isocrates, declaring that his pupils kept on
studying with him till they were old men, as if
they were to practise their arts and plead their
cases before Minos in Hades. And seeking to
prejudice his son against Greek culture, he indulges
in an utterance all too rash for his years, declaring,
in the tone of a prophet or a seer, that Rome
would lose her empire when she had become infected
with Greek letters. But time has certainly shown
the emptiness of this ill-boding speech of his, for
while the city was at the zenith of its empire,
she made every form of Greek learning and culture
her own.
It was not only Greek philosophers that he hated,
but he was also suspicious of Greeks who practised
medicine at Rome. He had heard, it would seem,
of Hippocrates' reply when the Great King of
Persia consulted him, with the promise of a fee
of many talents, namely, that he would never put
his skill at the service of Barbarians who were
enemies of Greece. He said all Greek physicians
had taken a similar oath, and urged his son to
beware of them all. He himself, he said, had
written a book of recipes, which he followed in
the treatment and regimen of any who were sick
in his family. He never required his patients to
fast, but fed them on greens, or bits of duck, pigeon,
or hare. Such a diet, he said, was light and good
for sick people, except that it often causes dreams.
By following such treatment and regimen he said
he had good health himself, and kept his family in
good health.
373
PLUTARCH'S LIVES
XXIV. Ko-t Trepi ye tovto ^alveTai yeyovox; ovk
avefiearjTO^' koI yap rr)v yvvatxa koI tov vlov
uTrefiaXev, avrb^ 8e tw (Tco/naTL 7rpo<; eve^lav Koi
pco/irjv da(f)a\(x)<; TreTrrjyax^ irrl TrXelarov avrely^ev,
ware koX yvvaiKl irpea^vTy}^ (ov a^oZpa ifkyjaid-
^eiv Kal yrj/jLai yd/jLov ov icaG" ifKiKiav e/c TOi,avTrj<;
7rpo<pdcr€(o<;. diropaXcbv tt]v yvvaiKa rrp fxev vIm
TlavXov Ovyarepa, ^Krj7rL(ovo<; Be d8e\(pr)v rjydyeTO
TTpof; ydfxov^ avrb^ Se %?7/)evft)z/ expV'^o iraiUaKri
Kpixfya (jioiTcoaT} tt/jo? avTov. rjv ovv ev OLKia
(jbiKpa vvfKfiriv e%ou(777 rov rrpdyparo^ ata6rj(TL<;'
Kai TTore tov yvvalov Opaavrepov irapacro^yaat,
irapa to Soj/jbdriov ho^avro^ 6 veavla^ elire jmev
ovhevy €/uL^\eylra<; Be tto)? iriKporepov koI BiarpaTreU
OVK eXaOe tov Trpea-^vrrjv. ci)9 ovv eyvco to Trpdy/ia
Bva^epaivojjievov vtt avrcov, ovBev iyKd\,ea-a<; ovBe
fMep,ylrd/jievo<;t dWd /caTa/Salvcov, wcirep elcoOet,
jjberd (j)i\(cv el<; dyopav XaXcovLov Ttva roov vtto-
yey pa fifxaTevKOTCov avTw irapovra Kal o-v/iiTrpo-
TrepLTTovra jJueydXrj (f>covfj TTpoaayopevaa^; i^pcoTTjaev,
el TO Ovydrpiov avvrjpjjiOKe vuficfyUp. tov B^
dvOpdyjTov (f>i]o-avTO^, co? ovBe p^eWet, pur) irpoTSpov
eKeivM KOivcoadpevof; " Kal pirjv ey(o aot,'^ (^rjalv,
'* evprjKa KrjBeaTrjv eiTLTrjBeiov , el pbrj vrj Ala to,
Trj<; rfkLKia'^ BvG-')(epalvotTO' roKXa yap ov p^ep-
TTTo? eVri, a(j)6Bpa Be irpecr^vTr]^.^^ 0)9 ovv 6
^aXcoviO'^ eKeXeve TavTa (ppovTL^eiv Kal BiBovai
TTjv KopTjv <p TrpoacpecTaCy TreXdriv ovaav avrov
Kal Beopbevr]v t^9 eKelvov Kr)BepLovia<i, ovBepiav 6
374
MARCUS CATO, xxiv. 1-3
XXIV. Such presumption on his part seems not
to have gone unpunished, for he lost his wife and
his son. He himself was well confirmed in bodily
health and vigour, and long withstood the assaults
of age. Even when an old man he was prone to
indulge his sexual appetite, and at last married a
wife when he was long past the marrying age. This
was the way it came about. After the death of
his wife, he married his son to the daughter of
Aemilius Paulus, the sister of Scipio, but he himself,
in his widowhood, took solace with a slave girl
who secretly visited his bed. Of course, in a small
house with a young married woman in it, the
matter was discovered, and once, when the girl
seemed to flaunt her Wcay rather too boldly to his
chamber, the old man could not help noticing that
his son, although he said nothing, looked very sour,
and turned away. Perceiving that the thing displeased
his children, Cato did not upbraid or blame them at
all, but as he was going down in his usual way
to the forum with his clients, called out with a
loud voice to a certain Salonius, who had been
one of his under-secretaries, and was now in his
train, asking him if he had found a good husband
for his young daughter. The man said he had
not, and would not do so without first consulting
his patron. " Well then," said Cato, " I have found
a suitable son-in-law for you, unless indeed his age
should be displeasing ; in other ways no fault can
be found with him, but he is a very old man."
Salonius at once bade him take the matter in
charge and give the maid to the man of his choice,
since she was a dependant of his and in need
of his kind services. Then Cato, without any more
VOL. IL N 375
PLUTARCH'S LIVES
Karftjv dva^oXrjv irotrjadfievofi avro^ e^rj rrjv
4 irapOevov alrelv kavTcp. Kal to fiev irpoiTov, &>?
elic6<iy 6 \6yo<; i^eirXr^^e tov avOpmirov, iroppco fiev
ydfwv rov K.dTcova, iroppco S* avrov oiKLa<i
v7rariKr]<; koX Opiafi^iKoyv KrjSevfiaTcov nOeixevov'
airovSr} Be '^(^pcofievov opcov dajxevo^ iBe^aro, Kal
KarafidvT€<; ev6v<; eh cuyopav eiroLovvro ttjv
Uparrofievov Be tov ydfiov irapaXa^cov roix;
eTTLTrjBelov^ 6 vlo<; tov Karcoz^o? ypcorrjae tov
TTUTepa, {JbTj Ti fjbe/jL(f)6fjLevo<; ^ XeXvTrrjfievo^ vir
5 avTOV fjbijTpviav iirdyeTaL. 6 Be KdTcov dva-
porjaa^ ** 'EvcfiTJ/jbrjaov,^* elirev, " o) iral' irdvTa
yap dyacTTd fiOL tcl irapa aov Kal fiejiTrTov ovBev
einOvfio} Be irXeiova'; ifjuavTO) re 7ralBa<; koX
TToXtra? TTj iraTpiBi tolovtov<; diroXiirelv.^^ TavTrjv
Be Tr]v yv(ji)fjbr)v irpoTepov elTretv (jyao-c TLeKTi-
(TTpaTOv TOV ^A67}vaia)v Tvpavvov CTrcy^/iavTa
T0t9 evrfXiKOL^ iraial ttjv *ApyoXiBa Ti/jLcovaaa-av,
ef 179 ^lo(j)(t)VTa Kal SeacraXov avT& Xeyovai
6 yeveaOai. yri\juavTi Be to3 KdTcovi, ylveTai iraU,
c5 TTapcovvjJLtov aTTO T^9 firjTpo^ eOeTO XaXcoviov.
6 Be 7rpecr^vTepo<; vlb^ eTeXevTrjae aTpaTrjycov.
Kal fiefJLvrjTaL fiev avTOv iroXXaKL^ ev T0t9 ^l-
^Xioi^ o K.dTcov 0)9 dvBpo<; dyadov yeyovoTO<;y
TTpaa)^ Be Kal (j)iXoa6<j)(t)<; XeyeTai, ttjv av/Ji^opdv
eveyKelv Kal firjBev dfi^XvT€po<; Bl avTr)v eh
7 Ta iroXiTiKCL yeveaOai* ov ydp, 0)9 AevKio^
AovKovXXo^ va-Tepov Kal MereWo9 Tiio^,
e^eKa/Jbev viro yr)p(0<; nrpof; to, Brjfioata, XeiTovp-
yiav Tfjv iroXiTeiav rjyovfjbevo^, ovB' g)9 irpoTepov
'%Kr)'iTi(ov ^ A(f>piKavo<i Blcl tov dvTiKpovaavTa
MARCUS CATO, xxiv. 3-7
ado, said that he asked the damsel to wife for
himself. At first, as was natural, the proposal amazed
the man, who counted Cato far past marriage, and
himself far beneath alliance with a house of consular
dignity and triumphal honours; but when he saw
that Cato was in earnest, he gladly accepted his
proposal, and as soon as they reached the forum
the banns were published.
While the marriage was in hand, Cato's son,
accompanied by his friends, asked his father if it
was because he had any complaint to make against
him that he was now foisting a step-mother upon
him. " Heaven forbid ! my son," cried Cato, " all
your conduct towards me has been admirable, and
I have no fault to find with you ; but I desire
to bless myself and my country with more such
sons." However, they say that this sentiment was
uttered long before by Peisistratus, the tyrant of
Athens, who gave his grown up sons a step-mother
in the person of Timonassa of Argolis, by whom
he is said to have had lophon and Thessalus. Of
this second marriage a son was bom to Cato, who
was named Salonius, after his mother's father. But
his elder son died in the praetorship. Cato often
speaks of him in his books as a brave and worthy
man, and is said to have borne his loss with all
the equanimity of a philosopher, remitting not
a whit because of it his ardour in the public service.
For he was not, like Lucius Lucullus and Metellus
Pius in after times, too enfeebled by old age to
serve the people, regarding the service of the state
as a burdensome duty ; nor did he, like Scipio
Africanus before him, because of envious attacks
377
PLUTARCH'S LIVES
7rpo9 rrjv ho^av avrov ^Oovov a7roaTpa^6\<i rov
Brjfiov eic fjLeTa^oXrjf; iirotrjcraTo rov Xoittov ^lov
8 reXo? aTrpay/juoavvrjv, aXX\ uiairep tliovvcnov
Tt? €7r€ia€ KoXkiarov ivrd^iov rjyelo-Oai ttjv
TVpavviBa, KoXkLaTov avTO<; iyyijpafia rrjv tto-
\iTeiav 7rot,7)(TdfjLevo<; dvarravcreaLv €^p7]T0 koI
7raLSLaL<i, onrore a'X^o'Xd^oi, tw (rvvTaTTeaOat,
^L/3Xia /cal TW jecopyelv.
XXY. 'ZweTaTreTO fjuev ovv \6yov<; re iravTO-
hairov^ Koi laropia^' yeaypyia he 7rpoael')(e veo<i
fxev cjv ere kol Bca rrjv ')(p€Lav ((j)rjal yap Bval
KexPV^^^^ P'OVOL^ 7Topt(TfjLOL<; yewpyia /cal ^eiSoi),
t6t€ Se Siaycoyrjv /cat Oecopiav avrut ra yiyvop^eva
icaT dypov irapelye, kol a-vvreraKTaL ye ^iffXiov
yecopyiKoVy iv o5 Kal irepl irXaKovvToyv CTKevaaLa^
Kol r7}p'^a-€co<; oTToypa^ yeypa(f)evy iv iravrl (f>i-
2 XoTifjLovjJb6vo<; TrepiTTo? elvai kol tSto?. ^v Be
Kol TO BeiTTVov iv aypS) Ba^^tXea-Tepov ixdXec
yap kfcdarore rcbv dypoyeirovcov Kal 7r€pi')(^copcov
TOV<; avvrj9€i<i Kal avvStrjyev iXapcj<;, ov T0i9
KaO^ rjXcKiav fJb6voi<^ rjBv'^ (av GvyyevkaBai Kal
TroOeivo^;, dXXa Kal rot? veocf;, are Brj iroXX&v
fjL6v efxireLpo^ Trpayfjidrcov yeyovm, 7roXXo2<; Be
ypd/jLjuLaac Kal Xoyot^ d^uoi^ aKorj^i ivTervxrjKox;.
3 Tr)v Be rpdire^av iv roi? pdXcara <^lXottoiov
riyelTO' Kal ttoXXt) puev evcprj/jLia tcov KaXtov
Kal dyaQoiv iroXirSyv iTreicrijyeTo, ttoXXt) B* rjv
d/jLvr]aTLa tS)V d')(^pria-T(ov Kal irovTjpcov, fi'^re
y^roycp firjT iiraivcp irdpoBov virep avrcav rov
}^dTCOVO<^ €t9 TO <JV[JUTr6(TlOV BiB6vT0<^.
XXVL "Eo-p^aTOj/ Be t(ov iroXcrevfidrav avrov
378
MARCUS CATO, xxiv. 7-xxvi. i
upon his reputation^ turn his back upon the people
and make leisure his end and aim for the rest
of his life ; but rather, as someone persuaded
Dionysius to regard his sovereignty as his fairest
winding-sheet, so he held public service to be the
fairest privilege of old age. For recreation and
amusement, when he had leisure therefor, he resorted
to the writing of books and to farming.
XXV. He composed speeches, then, on all sorts
of subjects, and histories, and as for farming, he
followed it in earnest when he was young and
poor, — indeed, he says he then had only two ways
of getting money, farming and frugality, — but in
later life he was only a theoretical and fancy farmer.
He also composed a book on farming,^ in which
he actually gave recipes for making cakes and
preserving fruit, so ambitious was he to be superior
and peculiar in everything. The dinners, too, which
he gave in the country, were quite plentiful. He
always asked in congenial country neighbours, and
made merry with them, and not only did those
of his own age find in him an agreeable and much
desired companion, but also the young. For he was
a man of large experience, who had read and heard
much that was well worth repeating. He held
the table to be the very best promoter of friendship,
and at his own, the conversation turned much
to the praise of honourable and worthy citizens,
greatly to the neglect of those who were worthless
and base. About such Cato suffered no table-talk,
either by way of praise or blame.
XXVI. The last of his public services is supposed
1 De re rustica.
379
PLUTARCH'S LIVES
TT)V Ka/3%>7 801/09 avdarraaLV otovrai yeyovevac, ro)
fiev epycp reXo? iinOevTO^; rod veov '^ktjttlcovo^, 352
^ovXfj Be Kol ryvco/jLT) fioXicTTa TTj K.dTcovo^ dpa-
/jbiveov Tov iroXefiov i^ airias rotdaBe. Kdrcov
i'iTeiJb(j>d7] 7r/309 Kayo%77Soi/toi'9 koX ^aaaavdacrriv
TOV ^ojjbdha TTokefJbOvvra^ dXkrfKoifiy eTrtaKe-^o-
IJb€vo<; Td<; t7]<; Bt,a(f)opd<; irpocpda-et^;. 6 jjuev yap rjv
TOV Brjfiov ^tXo9 dii dp')(ri^y ol 8' iyeyoveiaav ev-
CTTovBoL fieTa Tr)v viro ^ktjttLwvo'; rJTTaVf d(f)ac-
peaet re t^9 dp^V'i kol ffapel Baa-fio) 'X^prifidToyv
2 Ko\ov9evTe<;, evpcov Be tt^v itoKlv ou^, (09 (^ovto
^VcDiialoL, KeKaKa)/jLev7}v koI TUTrecva irpdTTova-av,
dXkd TToWfj fiev evavBpovaav rjXiKia, /jueydXayv
Be ttXovtcov yifiovaav, ottXcov Be iravToBairSiv
/cat TrapacTKevrj^i TroXefiLo-TTjpiov /juecTTrjv koI fiLKpov
ovBev eirl TovTOif; ^povovaav, ov to, No/jbdBcov
ft)6T0 Kal yiaaaavdaaov irpdyfjuaTa 'Peofiacovf;
copav e')(eLV TiOeoSat Kol BiaiTav, a\X' el fjurj
KaToXy-^ovTai, ttoXlv avcoOev e^Opav koX ^apv-
Ovfiov rjv^r) fjbevqv aTrlaTco^, irdXiv ev toc<; Laoif:
3 KivBvvoL<; eaeadai, Ta%e&)9 ovv v7ro(TTpeyjra<; eBl-
BaaKe ttjv fiovXrjVy ft)9 al TrpoTepov ^TTai Kal
(TVfjb^opal K.ap')(^r]BovLO)v ov roaovTov Trj<^ Bwdfieay^
oaov T7]<; dvoia<; dirapvcraaai, KLvBvvevovaLV
avTov<; ovK daOeveaTepovf;, eiXTreiporepov^ Be
TToXefjLeiv direpydcraGQaiy rfit] B\ koX irpoava-
icivelaOai tol<; No/xa8i/cot9 tou9 7r/909 ^Fcofialovi
dy(bva<i, elpijprjv Be kol airovBa'^ ovofia tov
3«0
MARCUS CATO, xxvi. 1-3
to have been the destruction of Carthage. It was
Scipio the Younger who actually brought the task to
completion/ but it was largely in consequence of
the advice and counsel of Cato that the Romans
undertook the war. It was on this wise. Cato was
sent 2 on an embassy to the Carthaginians and
Masinissa the Numidian, who were at war with one
another, to inquire into the grounds of their quarrel.
Masinissa had been a friend of the Roman people
from the first, and the Carthaginians had entered into
treaty relations with Rome after the defeat which
the elder Scipio had given them. The treat}^ de-
prived them of their empire, and imposed a grievous
money tribute upon them. Cato, however, found the
city by no means in a poor and lowly state, as the
Romans supposed, but rather teeming with vigorous
fighting men, overflowing with enormous wealth, filled
with arms of every sort and with military supplies,
and not a little puffed up by all this. He therefore
thought it no time for the Romans to be ordering
and arranging the affairs of Masinissa and the
Numidians, but that unless they should repress a city
which had always been their malignant foe, now that
its power was so incredibly grown, they would be in-
volved again in dangers as great as before. Accord-
ingly, he returned with speed to Rome, and advised
the Senate that the former calamitous defeats of the
Carthaginians had diminished not so much their
power as their foolhardiness, and were likely to
render them in the end not weaker, but more
expert in war; their present contest with Numidia
was but a prelude to a contest with Rome, while
peace and treaty were mere names wherewith to
A 146 B.O. 8 150 B.a
381
PLUTARCH'S LIVES
irokefiov T7J /jL€\\r]<T€L KelaOai Kaipov irepifik-
vovTO<;.
XXVIL II/?09 TOVToi><; (paal rbv K-drayva koX
(TVKa TMV At/3vKcov iTTLTTjBe^; eKpakelv iv rfj
l3ov\fj, rr}v Trjpevvov ava^aXofJLevov elra Oav/xa-
aavTWv TO ixeye6o<; koI to KaX\o<; elirelv, &)?
7) TavTa (fyipovaa %ft)/?a Tpccov rjiJbepSiv irkovv
airkx^i TT]^ 'Po)//-?/?. iKelvo 8' TjBrj kol fftaiorepoVy
TO irepl iravTo^i ov B^TroTe TrpdyfiaTOf; <yv(t)fjir)v
d7ro(f)atv6/ji€vov TrpocreTrKfxoveLv ovtco^' " AoKel Se
fioL Kol K.apX7]S6va fir) elvai^ TOVvavTiov Be
IIoTrXio? ^K'qiTLdov N<xo"iA:a9 iirLKaXovixevo'^
dei BieTeket Xeycov Kal dirocfyaLvofievo^;' " AoKel
2 jbLOL l^ap')(7)B6va elvat^^ iroXKa yap, 009 eoiK€v,
vjBpei TOP Btj/jLov opcov i^Brj TrXTjfjbfjieXovvTa koI
Bl evTV^iav Kal ^povrjfia ttj ^ovXfj BvaKadeKTOV
ovTa Kal TTjv TToKi'V oKtjv vtto Bvi'd/Jb6(0<; otttj
pe'^ete Tat*; opfjiol^ pia avve^ekKoixevov, i^ovXcTO
TOVTOV yovv TOP (f)6/3ov wairep 'XjolKlvov iTTiKelaOai
(TQ)(f) pOVt(TTrjpa Tjj 6pa(TVT7)TL TO)V TToWcOV, eXUTTOV
fiev r)yov/x€vo^ la')(yeLv Kap^T^Soytof? tov irepiye-
veaOaL 'Pco/jLaicov, fiel^ov Be tov KaTa^povelaOai.
3 Tc5 Be ILdTMVi TOVT avTO Becvbv e(j>aiv€To,
^aK')(evovTi Tc5 BrjjJLW Kal acpaWojjLevo) r^ iroWd
Bl i^ovalav ttoXlv del fieydXrjv, vvv Be Kal
vr)(f)ovo-av vtto av/jucfiopcbv Kal KeKoXaa/iievijv
eTTLKpefiaaOai Kal firj irayTdiraai tov<; e^coOev
dveXelv rr)? rjyefjbovia*; c^oySou?, dva^opd^i avTOL<i
7r/309 Ta9 OLKodev dfiapTia<^ diroXiTTovTa^.
4 Oi/TO) fiev e^epydaaadai XeyeTat, tov TpiTov
Kal TeXevTalov 6 K.dTcov cttI Kapx7]BovLov<i iroXe-
382
MARCUS CATO, xxvi. 3-xxvii, 4
cover their postponement of war till a fit occasion
offered.
XXVII. In addition to this, it is said that Cato
contrived to drop a Libyan fig in the Senate, as he
shook out the folds of his toga, and then, as the
senators admired its size and beauty, said that the
country vv^here it grew was only three days' sail
from Rome. And in one thing he was even more
savage, namely, in adding to his vote on any question
whatsoever these words : " In my opinion, Carthage
must be destroyed." Publius Scipio Nasica, on the
contrary, when called upon for his vote, always
ended his speech with this declaration : " In my
opinion, Carthage must be spared." He saw, pro-
bably, that the Roman people, in its wantonness, was
already guilty of many excesses, and in the pride of
its prosperity, spurned the control of the Senate,
and forcibly dragged the whole state with it,
whithersoever its mad desires inclined it. He
wished, therefore, that the fear of Carthage should
abide, to curb the boldness of the multitude like
a bridle, believing her not strong enough to conquer
Rome, nor yet weak enough to be despised. But
this was precisely what Cato dreaded, when the
Roman people was inebriated and staggering with
its power, to have a city which had always been
great, and was now but sobered and chastened by
its calamities, for ever threatening them. Such
external threats to their sovereignty ought to be done
away with altogether, he thought, that they might
be free to devise a cure for their domestic failings.
In this way Cato is said to have brought to pass
the third and last war against Carthage,^ but it had
1 151-146 B.a
383
PLUTARCH'S LIVES
fjboVi ap^afievcov Be iroXe/JLelv ireXevrrjaev, airo-
Oeairiaa^i irepl rov jxeXkovTO^i eindrjaeLv Ta>
TTokefiw reXof; avSp6<;, 09 ^v rore fiev veavia^y
'^iXlapxo^ Be arparevofiepo^; aireBeiKwro /col
yp(Ofir](; epya /cal ToX/jLr)^; tt/oo? tov<; aycova<;,
dirayyeXXo/xivcov Be tovtcov eZ? 'Va)fi7]v irvvdavo-
fievov TOP K-drcovd ^aaiv euTrelv'
olo^ ireirvvraLy toI Be atciaX dtaaovcTi.
5 TavTTjv fJLev ovv Tr)v diro^acTLV Ta'xp Bt epyeov
i^e^aLcoaev 6 %KriirLa)V' Be J^drcov direKiire
yeveav eva /juev vlov e/c t^9 iTnja/jurjdeLcrrjf;, (o
Trapcovvfiiov e^ajjuev yeveaOau XaXcovLOv, eva Be
vlayvov €k tov reXevTrjcravTO'; vlov. koI 'taXcovio^;
fxev ereXevTTjcre arparrjycov, 6 8' ef avrov yevo-
fievo^ M.dpKo<; VTrdrevaev. r)v Be TrdirTrof; ovto<;
rov (f>iXoa6<l)ov Kdrcovo^;, dvBpo<; dperfj Kal Bo^rj
T(bv /car avrbv iTrLcpaveardTOV yevop,evov.
[APISTEIAOY KAI KATONOS 2YrKPi:Sl2]
L Teypa/jLp^evcov Be Kal ire pi tovtcov t&v d^lcov 353*
fjLVi]p^r)<;, 0X09 o tovtov jSlo^ oXm tw OaTepov
wapaTedeU ovk evOecoprjrov e^eo rrjv Bcacjiopdv
eva<^avi^op>evr}v iroXXalf; Kal p^eydXai^ o/jLOIottjo-lv.
el Be Bel Kata p,epo<; Tjj o-vyKpiaei BtaXa/Setu
wdirep eiro^ r] ypaiprjv eKdrepov, to pev e^ ov^
virap'X^ovarj'i d^opp^rjf; eh iroXiTelav Kal Bo^av
384
MARCUS CATO, xxvii. 4-5
no sooner begun than he died,^ having first prophesied
of the man who was destined to end it. This man
was then young, but as tribune in the army, he was
giving proofs of judgment and daring in his engage-
ments with the enemy. Tidings of this came to
Rome, and Cato is said to have cried on hearing
them : —
*' Only he has wits, but the rest are fluttering
shadows." 2
This utterance of Cato's, Scipio speedily confirmed
by his deeds. Cato left one son by his second wife,
whose surname, as we have already remarked, was
Salonius ; and one grandson by the son who died
before him. Salonius died in the praetorship, but the
son whom he left, Marcus, came to be consul. This
Marcus was the grandfather of Cato the philosopher,
who was the best and most illustrious man of his
time.
I
COMPARISON OF ARISTIDES WITH
MARCUS CATO
Now that I have recorded the most noteworthy
things in the careers of these men also, if one compare
the entire life of the one with that of the other, it
will not be easy to mark the difference between them,
obscured as it is by many great resemblances. And
even if, in our comparison, we analyse each life, as
we would a poem or a picture, we shall find that
the rise to political power and repute in consequence
1 149 B.a =* Odyssey y x. 495.
38s
PLUTARCH'S LIVES
aperrj kol hvvdfiei irpoekOelv a/jbcporepoi^ kolvov
2 etTTt. (palverai S* 6 /xev ^ ApL(TT€i8r]<; ovttco rore
fieyaXcov ovacbv tmv ^AOtjvmp koX ral<^ ovaLac<;
ert (TV filler pOL^ kol 6fA,a\o'l<; eTrc^aXoDv Brj^jbayoy-
yoL<; Kol a-rpaTTjyoi^; €7n(f>av7}<; yeveaOar to yap
liiyiarov rjv TL/Jb7jfia t6t€ irevraKoa lcov /neStfivcov,
TO Be BevTepov TpiaKoa-Lcov, ea-yaTov Be kol TpiTov
3 BiaKoaicov 6 Be Y^oltcov ek ttoXlx^V^ '^^ pLiKpd<; koX
BiaiT7)<; aypOLKov BoKOvar)<; (pepwv a(f>r]K6v eavTov
axTTrep elf; irekayo^ a')(^ave<; ttjv ev ^Fcofjur] TToKiTelav,
ovKeTi KovpLcov Kal ^a/Spt/cioyv Koi ^AtiXlcov
epyov ovaav rjyeixovwv, ovS* oltt apoTpov koX
aKa^eiov 7revrjTa<; Kal avTOvpyov^ ava^aivovTa^;
eirl TO firj/jba TTpocnefMevrjv ap')(pvTa^ kol Brj/jbayco-
70 V9, dXXa 7rpo<; yevrj pueyaXa koI ir\ovTov<; Koi
vofia<i fcal aTrovBap')(ia^ diro^XeTretv elOia-fjLevrjv,
Kal Bl^ oyKov rjBrj Kal Bvyafjuv ivTpVipcbaav tol^
4 dp')(etv d^iovartv. ovk r]v 8' OfjLOiov dvTLTraXq)
'^prjarOaL SefJbia-TOKXel pL^jT diro yevov^ Xap^irpw
Kal KeKTTjp^evay pueTpca {irevTe yap rj Tpicov TaXdv-
T(ov ovaiav avTM yeveaOai Xeyovaiv ore irpMTov
rfTTTeTO Tri<^ iroXLTeia^) Kal irpo^ '^^KrjTrLcovaf;
*A(f>pcKavov<; Kal ^epoviov<s TdX^a<; Kal KoivTLov<;
^Xapitvivov^ dpLLXXaaOaL irepl irpwTeiwv, ixrjBev
oppLTjTijpLov e')(pVTa itXtjv <I>(0V7jp irapprjaia^ofjLevqv
virep T03V BiKaicov.
II. *'ETt B' ^Api(TTeiB7j<; fiev ev MapaO&vi Kal
wdXcv ev JlXaTaiaL<; BeKaT0<; rjv (TTpaTY}y6<;,
K.dTO)V Be BevTepo<; p,ev viraTO^; ypiOr) iroXXoiv
dvTtp^eTiovTCOv, BevT€po<; Be Tt/jurjTrj^; eirTo, tov<;
i7n(j)aveorTdTov<; Kal 7rp(OT0v<; dpiXXfop,6vov<;
VTrep^aXopbevo^i, Kal firjv ^ ApiGTelhr^^ fiev ev
386
ARISTIDES AND CATO, i. i-ti. i
of innate excellence and strength, rather than of
inherited advantages, is common to both. But in
the case of Aristides, Athens was not yet great when
he rose to eminence, and the leaders and generals
with whom he dealt were men of moderate and
uniform fortunes. The highest assessment of pro-
perty in those days was five hundred bushels of grain,
the second three hundred, the third and last two
hundred. Whereas Cato, coming from a little town
and from ways of life deemed rustic, plunged headlong
into the boundless sea of Roman politics when they
were no longer conducted by such men as Curius,
Fabricius, and Atilius, nor welcomed as magis-
trates and leaders poor men who had mounted the
rostrum after working with their own hands at the
plough and the mattock, but were wont to have
regard rather for great families and their wealth,
largesses, and solicitations, while those who sought
office, such was now the power and arrogance of the
people, were wantonly handled. It was not the
same thing to have Themistocles for a rival, who was
of no illustrious family and had only moderate
possessions (he is said to have been worth three, or,
at most, five talents when he entered public life), as
it was to compete for pre-eminence with such men
as Scipio Africanus, Servius Galba, and Quintius
Flamininus, having no other advantage than a tongue
which spoke boldly for the right.
II. Besides, at Marathon, and again at Plataea,
Aristides was only one of ten generals, while Cato
was elected one of two consuls out of many com-
petitors, and one of two censors over the heads of
seven of the foremost and most illustrious Romans,
who stood for the office with him. Furthermore,
387
PLUTARCH'S LIVES
ovBevl TMV Karopdw^droDv je'yove tt/dwto?, aXKct,
lSJ[iXTidhr)<i €%et Tov Mapa6(ovo<; to Trpcorelov,
©eyLttcTTO/cX^? Be rrj^ ^a\afuvo<;, iv Be UXaratatf;
<f)r)(Ttv 'Hpo8oT09 dvekeaOai KaWCo-Trjv vlktjv
2 Uavaavlav, 'ApiareiBrj Se koI to)V hevTepeicav
d/j,(l)i(70rjTOV(Tt. Xoxpdvai Kol ^AfietvLat koX KaWi-
p.aypi Kol H^vvatyetpoi hiairpeiTM^; dpLcrT6va-avT6<;
€v iK€iVOt<: Tot9 dywac K-drcnv S* ov fiovov avTo<;
vTrarevcov iirponTeva-e koX %et/?fc icaX ryvcofjurj Kara
TOV ^l/SrjpiKov TToXefiov, dWd koX ')(CKiap')(Oiv
irepX SepfioirvXat; viraTevovTo^ eTepov ttjv So^av
e(r%e t?)? vbKr]<;, /jL€ydXa<i iir ^ KvTLO'Xpv 'PcDfj,aioi<i
dvair^TaGa^ KXei(TLdBa<; koI irpoGcd fiovov opMVTC
T& ^aaCkel irepiaTTjaa^ KaTo, vootov tov jroXefMOv.
3 eKCivrj yap rj viKfj 7repi(j>av(o<i epyov ovaa KdTcovo^
i^rjXaa-e t^9 'EXXaSo? tt^v ^Kaiav koX 'irapea')(ev
iiri^aT'qv avOtf; ^Krjiriwvi.
HoXejjiovvTe^ piev ovv dr]TTrjToi yeyovaatv
dpL(j)6T€poL, irepl Be ttjv iroXLTeiav 'ApiaTelBrjff puev
eiTTaco-ev i^oaTpaKKTOeif; koI KaTaa-TaaiaoOel^}
VTTO @6p,iaTOK\iov<;, KaTG)j/ S*, oXirep rjaav iv
*Vd>pi>rj BvvaTODTaTOL Koi /neyiaToi, irdaiv, o)? eVo?
elirelv, dvTnrdXoif; 'X^pwpLevo^ koI fieypf' yvp(o<i
UKTTrep d6\rjTr}<; dyoyvi^ofievo^ dirT(OTa BieTrip-qaev
4 eavTOV, ifKeicTTa^ Be /cal ^vychv Brfp^oaua^; BiKa^
KoX Bido^a^; TToXXa? p^ev elXe, Trao-a? 3* direcpvye,
7rp6^\r}pa tov fiiov kol BpaaTrjpiov opyavov
6%ft)i^ TOV \6yoVy (p BiKawTepov dv Tt9 rj TV'yr)
KoX BaipovL TOV dvBpo<i to p,7)Bev iraOelv irap
d^iav dvaTvOeiT], p^eya yap Kal *AptaT0Te\et Tot 35i
388
ARISTIDES AND CATO, ii. 1-4
Aristides was not the foremost man in any one of
his victories, but Miltiades has the chief honour of
Marathon, Themistocles of Salamis, and at Plataea,
Herodotus^ says it was Pausanias who won that
fairest of all victories, while even for second honours
Aristides has such rivals as Sophanes, Ameinias,
Callimachus, and Cynaegeirus, who displayed the
greatest valour in those actions. Cato, on the other
hand, was not only chief in the plans and actions of
tlie Spanish war during his own consulate, but also
at Thermopylae, when he was but a tribune in the
army and another was consul, he got the glory of
tlie victory, opening up great mountain passes for the
Romans to rush through upon Antiochus, and
swinging the war round into the king's rear, when
he had eyes only for what was in front of him.
That victory was manifestly the work of Cato, and
it not only drove Asia out of Hellas, but made it
afterwards accessible to Scipio.
It is true that both were always victorious in war,
but in politics Aristides got a fall, being driven into
a minority and ostracised by Themistocles. Cato, on
the contrary, though he had for his antagonists
almost all the greatest and ablest men in Rome, and
though he kept on wrestling with them up to his
old age, never lost his footing. He was involved in
countless civil processes, both as plaintiff and
defendant; as plaintiff, he often won his case, as
defendant, he never lost it, thanks to that bulwark
and efficacious weapon of his life, his eloquence. To
this, more justly than to fortune and the guardian
genius of the man, we may ascribe the fact that he
was never visited with disgrace. That was a great
1 ix. 64.
389
PLUTARCH'S LIVES
(f>iXo(T6(j)q) TOVTO 7rpoa-€/JLapTvp7]a-6v *Ai^Tt7raT/909
ypdcfxov irepX avrou yu-era ttjv rekevTqVy ort irp6<;
TOL<; dWoLf; 6 avi]p koI rb indavov eZ%ey.
III. "Otl fJL€V Br) T^9 7ro\tTiK7](; av6 p(oiro<i ap€T7J(;
ov KTarac reXetorepaVy opLokoyovjievov icrrr rav-
TTjff Bi irov fiopLOv oi TrXetcnoi rrjv oLKOvo/jLCKrjv ov
fjLiKpbv TiOevrar kov yap rj iroXi^ olkcov tl
(Tva-TTjfia Kol K€<paXaiov oiiaa pcovvvrai Trpb^ ra
8rjp,6(Tca rot? lBioi<; ^ioL^ twv ttoXltcov evOevovv-
Tcov, OTTOV KOI AvKOvpjo^ e^oiiciaa<; fiev dpyvpov,
2 i^0LKL(Ta<; Be XP^^^^ '^V'^ XirdpTr]^, vo/iia/jia Be
Bie^OapjJLevov irvpl avBrjpov defi€vo<; avTol<i oiicovo-
fiia<; ov/c aTrrjXXa^e tou? iroXira^, dXXd rh rpv-
ipoovra koI virovXa KaX (fiXeyfiaivovra tov itXovtov
irepieXwv, OTrcof; evTroprjaoaai t5)V dvayKaiayv koX
%jor/o-6yLta)i/ diravTe^, a)9 dXko^ ovBeU vofjLodeTr)<;
irpovvorjore, tov diropov KaX dvearLov KaX Trevrfra
(TvvoiKov eirX Kotvcovia iroXLTeia^ fiaXXov rov nrXov-
3 aiov KaX virepoyKov <f)0^r}dei<;. (pULverat roivvv 6
fiev Kdrcov ovBiv tl (pavXorepof; olkov irpocndrt)^
rj TToXeo)? y€v6/jLevo<i' KaX yap avrb^ rjv^7)(7€ rbv
avTOv Plov KaX KaTearrj BiBdcTKaXo^ olKovojjbia^
KaX yecopyia^ €Tepoi<;, iroXXa KaX XPI^^H^^ TrepX
TOVTCov a-vvra^dfjievo^' * ApiaTelBrjf; Be rfj nrevia
KaX TTjv BiKaLoavvrfv crvvBie^aXev a>9 olKo^Oopov
KaX irrcoxpTTOLbv KaX waai fidXXov rj toi<; KeKrrj-
4 /nevoid d)<f>eXi/j,ov. kclLtol itoXKcl fiev 'HctoSo?
390
ARISTIDES AND CATO, ii. 4-ni. 4
tribute which was paid Aristotle the philosopher by
Antipater, when he wrote concerning him, after his
death, that in addition to all his other gifts, the man
had also the gift of persuasion.
III. Man has no higher capacity than that for
conducting cities and states, as is generally ad-
mitted. But the ability to conduct a household
enters in no small degree into this higher political
capacity, as most believe. For the city is but an or-
ganised sum total of households, and has public
vigour only as its citizens prosper in their private
lives. When Lycurgus banished both silver and
gold from Sparta, and introduced there a coinage of
iron that had been ruined by fire, he did not set his
fellow citizens free from the duty of domestic
economy. He merely removed the swollen and
feverish wantonness of wealth, and so provided that
all alike might have an abundance of the necessary
and useful things of life. He did this because,
better than any other ancient legislator, he fore-
saw that the helpless, homeless, and poverty-stricken
citizen was a greater menace to the commonwealth
than one who was rich and ostentatious. Cato,
then, was no whit less efficient in the conduct of
his household than in that of the city. He not only
increased his own substance, but became a recog-
nized teacher of domestic economy and agriculture
for others, and compiled many useful precepts
on these subjects. Aristides, on the other hand, was
so poor as to bring even his righteousness into
disrepute, as ruining a household, reducing a man to
beggary, and profiting everybody rather than its
possessor. And yet Hesiod ^ has much to say by
» Wwlca and Days, 309.
391
PLUTARCH'S LIVES
7r/oo9 SiKato(Tvvrjv a/na koX oiKOVofjuiav irapaKokSyv
ri/jbd^ ecprjKe koX rrjv dpyiav co? dBcKLa^i dp')(r)V
Xe\ocB6prjK€V, ev Be koI ^OfjLTJpw ireTroLrjTar
epyov Be fiot ov (jjiXov r)ev
ovS* olKaxpeXtT), r} re Tp6(j)6L dyXaa reKva,
dWd fJbOL alel vrj€<; iTnjpeTfjbOL (pLXat rjcrav
KoX TToXejuLoi Kol ciKG"'^*^^ iv^e(TTOi Kol olaToL'
Q)<i TOV<; avTOV<; dfi€\ovvTa<; olKia^ fcal Tropi^ofiev-
5 01/9 ef dBiKiafi. ov yap, &)9 rovXaiov ol larpoi
(paaL Tov (TcofiaTO^ elvai T0t9 fiev iKTO<i dy^eXifKo-
rarov, ro2<; S* ivTO<; fiXa/Sepdorarov, ovrax; 6
BiKaLOf; krepoL^ fiiv iari. ')(^prjaifio<;, avrov Be koI
T(ov IBicDV cLKTjB'q'^j aXX* eoLKC ravrr) TreTrrjpojcrOaL
To3 ^ApiareiBr) to iroXtTLKOVy elirep, a)9 ol irXelo-roL
Xiyovaiv, ovBe irpolKa rol^ Ovyarpioi'^ ovBe
6 ra^yv avTw KaTaXLirecrOai irpovvor^aev. 66ev 6
fxev KaTCt)z^09 0Z/C09 a%/ot yevov<; rerdprov arpaTr]-
yoiff; KoX VTrdrov^ rfj 'Poofiy irapelx'^' i^oX y^p
vloivol Kol TOVTCOV €Ti 7ratSe9 Tjp^av dp^a<i Ta9
/jLeyiara^;' T979 S' ^KpiarTeiBov tou irpcoTevaavTO^
^KXXtjvcov yeveoL^ t) ttoXXt) koI airopo^ irevia rov^
fjuev eh dyvpTCKoif<; Kare/BaXe irivaKa^, rov<; Be Bt)-
jjLoaicp Ta9 %6i/3a9 epdvcp Be epBeiav vTre'X^etv rjvdy-
Kaaev, ouBevl Be Xajj/irpov ovBev ovB^ d^iov eKeivov
TOV dvBpo<; (ppovrjo-ai 7rapea')(ev.
IV. ''H TOVTO irpSiTOv dfjixfuXoyiav e')(ei; irevia
yap alaxpov ovBafwv fiev Bl avTrjV, dX>C oirov
Belypa padvfjLia<; icTTLV, aKpacrla^, iroXvTeXeia^,
392
f
ARISTIDES AND CATO, iii. 4-JV. i
way of exhorting us to righteousness allied with
domestic economy, and abuses idleness as a source of
injustice ; Homer also says well : —
" Labour I never liked.
Nor household thrift, which breeds good children.
But ships equipped with oars were ever my delight,
Battles and polished javelins and arrows," ^
implying that the men who neglect their households
are the very ones to live by injustice. Oil, as
physicians tell us, is very beneficial when externally
applied, though very injurious when used internally.
But the righteous is not so. He is not helpful
to others, while heedless of himself and his family.
Indeed, the poverty of Aristides would seem to have
been a blemish on his political career, if, as most
writers state, he had not foresight enough to leave
his poor daughters a marriage portion,^ or even the
cost of his own burial. And so it fell out that
the family of Cato furnished Rome with praetors and
consuls down to the fourth generation, for his grand-
sons, and their sons after them, filled the highest
offices of state. Whereas, though Aristides was
foremost of the Greeks, the abject poverty of his
descendants forced some to ply a fortune-teller's
trade,^ and others, for very want, to solicit the public
bounty, while it robbed them all of every ambition
to excel, or even to be worthy of their great
ancestor.
IV. Possibly this point invites discussion. Poverty
is never dishonourable in itself, but only when it
is a mark of sloth, intemperance, extravagance, or
* Odyssey, xiv. 222 ff., Palmer's translation.
* AriatideSy xxvii. 1. ' Aristides, xxvii. 3.
393
PLUTARCH'S LIVES
aXoyiaTia^, avSpl Ee a-(o(f>povi kol (JuXottovo) Kal
BcKaiO) Kol avhpeiw kol Brj/jLoa-ievovTL rat? apeTol^i
aTrdcrai^ (Twovaa fie'yaXoy^rvyia's icrrl koI fieydXo-
2 (fypocrvvrjf; arjfieiov. ov yap eari TrpdrTeiv fieyaka
(jipovTL^ovra puLKpoiv, ovBe vroXXot? Seoyu-ez/ot?
^orjOelv ttoWmv avrov Seofievov. /niya 5* ek
irokireiav €<j)6Btov ov^l ttXoOto?, aXX' avrapKeia,
TW firjSevbf; ISla tcov mepLTTwv BelaOat, 7rpo<{ ov-
Sefiiav cLGyoKiav dyovaa tS)v Btj^moo-icov. dirpoa-
Berjf; fiev yap a-TrXw? o 6e6<;, dvd pcoirivrj^i B* dp6Trj<;,
S avvdyerac 7rpo9 to iXdxi'(^TOP rj xpeta, tovto
3 TekeiOTarov Kal decorarov. <W9 yap (Tcojua to 355
Kakco<i 7rpo<; eve^iav KeKpa/juivov ovt iaOiJTOf; ovt€
Tpo(j>rj^ Belrai irepLTTrj^, ovtco koI fiio^ koX olKO^i
vyialvwv diro tmv rv^ovroyv BiOLKelTat. Bel B^
rfj xpela av/jL/xerpov ex^iv ttjv KTrjcnv w? o ye
TToWa avvdycov, 6\iyoL<; Be XP^I^^^^^ ^^'^ eariv
avTdp/CT)^, aXX* etre fir) Belrai, r/}? 7rapaaK€vrj<; oav
ovK opeyerai fidTato^;, etr' opeyeTat, fiLtcpoXoyla
KoXovcov rrjv dirokavcriv dOXio^,
Avrov ye rot Karcoz/o? r)Beco<; av 7rv0oi/iir)v'
4 el fiev diroXavcrrov 6 irXovro^; eari, ri aefivvvr) r(p
iroWa KeKrr}fjLevo<i dpKelaOai ixerpioi^; el Be
Xafiirpov eariv, &crirep earlv, dprcp re XPW^^''
T^ irpoa-TVXovTL Kal iriveiv olov ipydrao rri-
vovcn Kal Oepdirovre^ olvov Kal rropcjivpa^ fir)
Ber)6rjvai, fir)Be olKia^ K€K0VLafjL6vr)(;, ovBev ovt
^AptareiBr)^ ovt ^FiTrafieivcovBa^ ovre Mdvio<i
Kouyoto? ovre Fato? ^a^pLKio<i iveXcTTOv rov Trpocr-
394
ARISTIDES AND CATO, iv. 1-4
thoughtlessness. When, on the other hand, it is the
handmaid of a sober, industrious, righteous, and
brave man, who devotes all his powers to the service
of the people, it is the sign of a lofty spirit that
harbours no mean thoughts. It is impossible for a
man to do great things when his thoughts are busy
with little things ; nor can he aid the many who are
in need when he himself is in need of many things.
A great equipment for public service consists, not
in wealth, but in contented independence, which
requires no private superfluities, and so puts no
hindrance in the way of serving the commonwealth.
God alone is absolutely free from wants ; but that is
the most perfect and god -like quality in human
excellence which reduces man's wants to their
lowest terms. For as a body which is well tempered
and vigorous needs no superfluous food or raiment,
so a healthy individual or family life can be con-
ducted with the simplest outlays. A man should
make his gains tally with his needs. He who heaps
up much substance and uses little of it, is not con-
tented and independent. If he does not need it, he
is a fool for providing what he does not crave ; and
if he craves it, he makes himself wretched by parsi-
moniously curtailing his enjoyment of it.
Indeed, I would fain ask Cato himself this
question : " If wealth is a thing to be enjoyed, why
do you plume yourself on being satisfied with little
when possessed of much } " But if it be a fine
thing, as indeed it is, to eat ordinary bread, and to
drink such wine as labourers and servants drink, and
not to want purple robes nor even plastered houses,
then Aristides and Epaminondas and Manius Curius
and Gaius Fabricius were perfectly right in turning
395
PLUTARCH'S LIVES
rjKovTo^y ')(aip€vv edaavre^ rrjv kttjo-lv mv ttjv
5 y^prjaiv direhoKijia^ov. ov yap rjv dvayKolov dv-
6p(07rq) yoyyv\lBa<; '^Bkttov o'\jrop TreTrotTj/iieva) koX
hi avTov Tavra<; e^ovri, /jiaTTOvarjf; d/xa t?}?
yvvaiKo<; aXcpira, Toaavra irepX dcraapiov OpvXelv
KoX ypd<j)6tv dcj) 179 dv Ti? epyaala<i rd^iara
irXovaiof; yevotro, fiiya yap to eureXe? Kal
avTapKe^i on Trj<; i7n6vjJLta<; dfjLa Kal r^? (f>pov-
6 TiSo^ dTraWdrrec ro)v irepirrajv. Bio Kal rovro
<f)aaiv iv Trj K-aXkuov Slkj] tov ^ ApLaTslhv^v elTrelv,
<»9 ala'xyvecTOaL ireviav irpoarjKev rot? dKov<Ti(o<;
irevoixevoi^iy Toh B\ uxrirep avro^;, €kov(tlco<;, iyKaX-
XwiTi^eaOai. yeXolov yap oteaOat paOvfjiiaf; elvai
rr)v 'ApLO-reiSou Trevlav, m TraprjV aia^pov elpya-
(Tp,ev(p firjBev, aXX' eva aKvkevcravTi ^dp/Sapou rj
fitav aKr^vTjv KaraXa^ovTi TrXovalo) yevkaBai.
ravra fiev ovv irepl tovtcdv.
V. Xrparrjyiai Bk at jxev KdT(ovo<; ovBev d><;
fieydXoif; irpdyfiaai jieya irpoaedr^Kav, iv Be ral^
^KpiareiBov rd KaXKicrra Kal XapuirpoTara Kal
Trpcjra tmp ^FiWrjvcKMP epycov ecrrivi 6 Mapadcov,
7) %a\a/ii(;, al YiXaraiaL Kal ovk d^cov Btjttov
irapa^aXelv ra> 'Bep^y tov ^Avtlo'x^ov Kal rd
irepiatpedevTa tcov ^l^rjpcKcov iroXecov Tel^n '''O'h
Todavrai^; piv iv yfj, ToaavTai<i B^ iv OaXdaarj
2 irecTovaai^ pjvpidcriv* iv oX^ ^ ApiGTelBT)^ *^p^^
pLev ovBevo^ iXeiireTO, B6^7]<; Be Kal o-Te(f)dv(ov,
axTTrep dp^eXec ttXovtov Kal ')(^pr}f.idTCov, v<j>rjKaTO
Tot? pdXXov Beop.evoi<i, otv Kal irdvTcov tovtcov
Bie^epev,
ARISTIDES AND CATO, iv. 4-v. 2
their backs on the gaining of what they scorned to
use. Surely it was not worth while for a man who,
like Cato, esteemed turnips a delectable dish and
cooked them himself, while his wife was kneading
bread, to babble so much about a paltry copper, and
write on the occupation in which one might soonest
get rich. Great is the simple life, and great its
independence, but only because it frees a man from
the anxious desire of superfluous things. Hence it
was that Aristides, as we are told, remarked at the
trial of Callias ^ that only those who were poor in
spite of themselves should be ashamed of their
poverty; those who, like himself, chose poverty,
should glory in it. And surely it were ridiculous to
suppose that the poverty of Aristides was due to
his sloth, when, without doing anything disgraceful,
but merely by stripping a single Barbarian, or seizing
a single tent, he might have made himself rich. So
much on this head.
V. The military campaigns of Cato made no great
addition to the Roman empire, which was great
already ; but those of Aristides include the fairest,
most brilliant, and most important actions of the
Greeks, namely, Marathon, Salamis, and Plataea.
And certainly Antiochus is not worthy to be com-
pared with Xerxes, nor the demolition of the walls
of the Spanish cities with the destruction of so many
myriads of Barbarians both by land and sea. On
these occasions Aristides was inferior to no one in
actual service, but he left the glory and the laurels,
as he did wealth and substance, to those who wanted
them more, because he was superior to all these
things also.
* Aristides f xxv. 6,
397
PLUTARCH'S LIVES
*Etyob S' ov /ji€/jL(j)o/JLac fiev Karojz/o? to /jueyaXv-
V€iv del Kal Trpcjrov eavrov diravrcov TiBeadar
KaLTOi (j)7]a-lv €v TLvi Xoyo) TO iiraivelv aurov
Mairep to XotBopetv droirov elvar rekeLOTepo^^
Be jJbOi SoKel TTpo^ dperrjv tov iroWdKL^ eavrov
iy/cco/JLid^ovTO^ o p>7)B' erepasv rovro iroiovvrwv
3 Seopevog. to yap d(f)L\6TLpov ov p,iKpov et?
TTpaoTTjra iroXiriKyv €(f)6Siov, koX rovvavriov
7) (piXoTip^ia ')(^ake'Trov Kal (pOovov yovcp^corarov,
^9 o fiev dirrpCKaKTO iravrdirao-iVy 6 Se teal
irdvv TToXkrifi p,eT€L)(€v. ^ApcarelSijf} pAv ye
%ep>L(TTOK\el rd p^iytara o-vpnrpdTTwv Kal rpoirov
TLvd rrjv arparriyiav avrov Sopv(f)op(op wpOaxre
4 rd^ ^A6't]va<;, Kdrcov 8' avTcrrpdrrcov XKTjTrlcovc
puiKpov p>ev dpirpeyjre Kal hieXvp^rivaro rrjv iwl
Ka/o%^Soz/tOL'9 avrov arpaTrjyLav, ev rj tov drjr-
T7JT0V ^h.vvij3av KaOelXe, reXo^ Be p^Tj^avcopevo^
del Tiva^ v'jTO'\\rLa<^ Kal Btal3o\d<? avrov puev
e^rjXaae Trj<; TroXect)?, toi' B* dBeXcpov ala^lcrTr}
kXo7T7]<; KaraBiKT) TrepiejSaXev.
VI. """H^v roivvv irXeiaroi^ 6 Kdrcov KeKoapur^Ke
Kal KoXXiaroL^ eTraivoi^ del o-cocppoa-vvijv ^A.pL-
aretBrj^; puev dOiKrov co? dXr)6(o<; Kal KaOapdv
irtjpTjcrev, avrov Be rod KaTcoz/o? o Trap^ d^iav
dp,a Kal Trap* copav ydpbO<; ov piKpdv ovBe (pavXr/v
eh rovro Bia^oXrjv KareaKeBaae. Trpea^vrrjv 356
yap TjBr) roaovrov evifk.icw iratBl Kal yvvai/cl
vvp^r) 7raiB6<; emyrjpai KOprjv virr]perov Kal
Brjp^oo-ievovro^ iwl p,Lada> irarpo'; ovBapbov KaXov^
398
ARISTIDES AND CATO, v. 2-vi. i
For my own part, I do not blame Cato for his
constant boasting, and for rating himself above
everybody else, although he does say, in one of his
speeches, that self-praise and self-depreciation are
alike absurd. But I regard the man who is often
lauding himself as less complete in excellence than
one who does not even want others to do so. Freedom
from ambition is no slight requisite for the gentleness
which should mark a statesman ; and, on the con-
trary, ambition is harsh, and the greatest fomenter
of envy. From this spirit Aristides was wholly free,
whereas Cato was very full of it. For example,
Aristides co-operated with Themistocles in his
greatest achievements, and as one might say, stood
guard over him while he was in command, and
thereby saved Athens ; while Cato, by his opposition
to Scipio, almost vitiated and ruined that wonderful
campaign of his against the Carthaginians, in which
he overthrew the invincible Hannibal,^ and finally,
by perpetually inventing all sorts of suspicions and
calumnies against him^ drove him out of Rome, and
brought down on his brother's head a most shameful
condemnation for embezzlement.
VI. Once more, tliat temperance which Cato
always decked out with the fairest praises, Aristides
maintained and practised in unsullied purity ;
whereas Cato, by marrjdng unworthily and un-
seasonably, fell under no slight or insignificant
censure in this regard. It was surely quite indecent
that a man of his years should bring home as step-
mother to his grown-up son and that son's bride, a
girl whose father was his assistant and served the
public for hire. Whether he did this merely for
1 At Zama, 202 B.a
399
PLUTARCH'S LIVES
aW €LT€ 7rpo9 rjhovrjv ravr eirpa^ev elr opyrj
Sia Tr]v eraLpav a/j>vp6/JLevo9 tov vlov, aicT'X^vvrjv
2 e%efc Kal to epyov koX rj 7rp6(f)aai,<i. o5 8* avro<i
i'^pijo-aro \6ya) KaT€ip(ovev6/JL€vo<; to /juetpaKiov,
ov/c rjv oXr]9r)^. el yap i/SovXcTO '7ral8a<i aya6ov<i
o/JLOLcof; T€KV(ocrai, ydfjuov ehei Xa^elv yevvalov
ef apxv^ cTKeylrdfievop, ov')(^ eo)? fxev ekdvdavev
dveyyvw yvvaiKi Kal koipt} o-vyKot/jLcojjLevo^ dya-
iroPy eirel S* icf^copdOrj rrotyjaaaOai irepOepov,
ov pacTTa ireiaeLPi ov)(^ at /caWtcrTa KrjSevaecp
eiiieXkep,
400
ARISTIDES AND CATO, vi. 1-2
his own pleasure, or in anger, to punish his son for
objecting to his mistress, both what he did and what
led him to do it were disgraceful. And the sar-
castic reason for it which he gave his son was not a
true one. For had he wished to beget more sons as
good, he should have planned at the outset to marry
a woman of family, instead of contenting himself, as
long as he could do so secretly, with the society of a
low concubine, and when he was discovered, making
a man his father-in-law whom he could most easily
persuade, rather than one whose alliance would
bring him most honour.
401
i
I
CIMON
KIMQN
I. IleptTroXTa? o fidvTL<i i/c ©eTTaXia^i eh Boto)-
TLav ^OcpiXrav rov ^aorCKea Koi tov^ vtt avrw
Xaov<; Karayaycbv 761/09 evBo/cifirjaav 67rt ttoXXou?
yp6vov<; KarekiTrev, ov to TrXelcrrov iv XaipcoveCa
KaTWKTjaeVy rjv irpoorrjv ttoXlv ea^ov €^eXaaavTe<i
TOV<i /3apfidpov<;. ol fiev ovv ifKelaTOL tcjv diro
Tov yivov<; (jyuaei /jbd')(^i/jLOi koX dvSpcoBeif; yevofievoL
/caTava\(o6r]aav iv ral^ ^rjhLKai^ iinhpofjbal^; koI
ToZ? TdXartKoU dycjcriv d<f)eiBriaavTe<; eavrcov
2 Xeiirerai Se nrah 6p(pavo^ yovewv, ovo/ia AdfifoVf
irapcovv/jLiov 66 HepiTroXra^;, ttoXv B^ re koI
crcofiarof; icdXXei kol yjrvx^fjf; (ftpovrjfiaTC rov<; xad^
avTov virepalpwv viov^, dXX(o<i 8' diraiBevTo^i koI
aicXripo^ TO ^Oo<;,
TovTOV *l?cofjLalo<; rjye/JiODV o-Tre/pa? tivo<; iv
Xaipcoveia Biax'^tfia^ova-Tj^; ipacrOeU dpri ttjv
TraLBcKTjv rjXiKiav irapTJXXaxoTO<iy ax; ovk eireiOe
irecpcjv Kot BcBov?, BijXof; rjv ovk. a</)efoyLt6j/09 /Sta?, 479
OiTe. Brj KoX T^9 TraTpiBof; '^fieov tote Xvirpd nrpUT-
TOuo-779 Kol Bed fjLi/cpoTrjra koX Treviav 7rapopa)fjL€V7j<;.
3 TOVTO Br) BeBioif; 6 Adficov, koI ttjv irelpav avTrjv
Bl* 6pyrj<; TreTroLrj/jbivo';, iirepovXeve Ta> dvBpl /cal
avvL(7T7j T(av rjXiKLcoTcbv TLva<; iir avTov, ov
TToXXoif^ €V6Ka TOV XaOelv, aXV oi avfjL7ravT€<;
404
CIMON
I. Peripoltas the seer, who conducted King
Opheltas with his subjects from Thessaly into
Boeotia, left a posterity there which was in higli
repute for many generations. The greater part of
them settled in Chaeroneia, which was the first city
they won from the Barbarians. Now the most of
this posterity were naturally men of war and courage,
and so were consumed away in the Persian invasions
and the contests with the Gauls, because they did
not spare themselves. There remained, however, an
orphan boy, Damon by name, Peripoltas by surname,
who far surpassed his fellows in beauty of body and
in vigour of spirit, though otherwise he was un-
trained and of a harsh disposition.
With this Damon, just passed out of boy's estate,
the Roman commander of a cohort that was winter-
ing in Chaeroneia fell enamoured, and since he could
not win him over by solicitations and presents, he
was plainly bent on violence, seeing that our native
city was at that time in sorry plight, and neglected
because of her smallness and poverty. Violence was
just what Damon feared, and since the solicitation
itself had enraged him, he plotted against the man,
and enlisted against him sundry companions, — a few
only, that they might escape notice. There were
405
PLUTARCH'S LIVES
^evofxevoi y^^piovrai fiev aWaXw ra
TrpocrcoTra vvkto^, ifiTrioi^re^ Be d/cparov afju rjfJiipa
TrpoairLTTTOVcn T(p 'VfOfjuaiw Kar ayopav Ovovn,
Kol KaTaffa\6vT€<; avrov re Kal reov irepX avrov
4 ovK oXiyov'i iic t^9 TToXeo)? p^eriaTrjaav. yevo-
p>evr]<; Be rapa'xflf; rj riav X.atpcovecov jSovXr)
crvveXdovaa Odvarov avTMv Kareyvot)' fcal tovto
Tjv virep T^9 7roX6ft)9 a7rd\6yr)pa irpo^ roii*; 'Po)-
fiaiov^. e<T7repa<; Be rcov dpypvTWv, wcirep e^o?
eVrt, Koivrj BeiirvovvTWV ol irepl tov Adp^cova
irapecaTreaovre^ eL<; to dp'^elov direa^a^av avTOV<i
Kal TrdXiv cp^ovTO (ftevjovre^ e/c T779 7roA,ea)9.
5 "ETf%e Be Tvepl Ta9 r}p.epa<; eKeiva<i KevKio^
Aov/€ovX\o<; eiTL riva wpd^iv /lerd Bwdp^Q)<;
7rapepxop'evo<;. iiria-rijaaf; Be rrjv iropeiav Kal
T(bv yeyovoTcov 'iTpo(j(f>dT(Dv ovrcov e^iracnv iToirj-
adp.evo<; evpe rrjv iroXiv ovBevo<; alruav, dWd
pbdWov crvvr]Bi,K7]p.evr]V' Kal roif^ arparicoTa^;
6 dvaXaffcbv aTnjyaye pueO^ eavrov. tov Be Adpuayva
\r)(rTeiai,<; Kal KaTaBpop^atq iropOovvTa ttjv ')(^d}pav
Kal Tjj TToXec irpoo-Keip.evov vTrrjydyovTO Trpea^ei-
ai^i Kal '\lrr}<pi(Tp,a(rt (^CkavO pd}iroi<^ ol iroXlTai,
KaTeXOovTa Be yvjxvaaiapxov KaTeaTijcrav' eW
dXei^opievov ev Tcp TrvpiaTrjpLw BU^Oeipav. iwl
iroXijv Be j(p6vov elBcoXwv tlvcov ev tw tottoi) irpo-
(fyacvo/jLevcov Kal aTevaypbcov i^aKovopevcDv, c»9 ol
iraTepe^ rj/jucov Xeyovart, Ta9 Ovpa<; dva)KoB6fir}(Tav
TOV TTVpiaTrjpLOV' Kal fiey^pt' vvv ol tw tottw
yeiTViwvTe^ otovTai Tiva<; 6'\jr6c<^ Kal <^(t)vd<; Tapa-
7 %o6Sei9 (pepeadat. tov<; S* dirb tov yevov<; avTOv
(Bi,aa-co^ovTai yap evcoL, /jLaXc<TTa t^9 ^oyKiBof;
406
CIMON, I. 3-7
sixteen of them in all, who smeared their faces with
soot one night, heated themselves with wine, and at
daybreak fell upon the Roman while he was sacri-
ficing in the market-place, slew him, together with
many of his followers, and departed the city. During
the commotion which followed, the council of
Chaeroneia met and condemned the murderers to
death, and this was the defence which the city after-
wards made to its Roman rulers. But in the evening,
while the magistrates were dining together, as the
custom is, Damon and his men burst into the town-
hall, slew them, and again fled the city.
Now about that time^ it chanced that Lucius
LucuUus passed that way, on some errand, with an
army. Halting on his march and investigating
matters while they were still fresh in mind, he found
that the city was in no wise to blame, but rather had
itself also suffered wrong. So he took its garrison
of soldiers and led them away with him. Then
Damon, who was ravaging the country with predatory
forays and threatening the city, was induced by
embassies and conciliatory decrees of the citizens to
return, and was appointed gymnasiarch. But soon,
as he was anointing himself in the vapour-bath, he
was slain. And because for a long while thereafter
certain phantoms appeared in the place, and groans
were heard there, as our Fathers tell us, the door of
the vapour-bath was walled up, and to this present
time the neighbours think it the source of alarming
sights and sounds. Descendants of Damon's family
(and some are still living, especially near Stiris in
1 74 B.C. (?)
VOL. n. O 407
PLUTARCH'S LIVES
Trepl Xrelpiv, aloki^ovre^) aa^oXcofievovt; koXovcti
hia TO TOP Ad/icova 7r/)09 rov <f>6vov aa^oXo)
'X^piadfjievov i^eXCc^u.
II. 'Evrel 8' a(TTvyeLT0V6<i 6vt€<; ^Op'XpfievLOi
KoX Sidcfyopoi Tol<; Katpayveva-tv ifiiaOuyaavTo
*¥co/jia'iKov (rvKO^avTrfv, 6 h^ wcnrep €vo<; dvOpwirov
TO T^9 TToXeft)? ovofxa KUTCveyKODV ihicoKe (f)6vov
T(ov viro Tov Adfi(ovo<; dvyprjfiivwv, r) Se Kpiai^
r)v iirl TOV (TTpaTrjyov rr}? MaK€Bovia<; {ovirco yap
et? Tyv *EWdBa 'Peo/jbatot aTpaTrjyov^i Bi€7re/JL-
2 TTOVTo), ol \€yovT€<; virep t^? iroXjeto^ iireKoXovvTO
Tr)v AovKovWov fiapTVplav, ypd-y^ravTO^ he tov
o-Tparijyov tt/oo? AovkovWov eKelvo<i ifxapTvprjae
Td\7]6rj, KoX TTJV BiKTjV 0VT(D^ d'jr€(f)Vy€V T) TToXt?
Kivhvvevov(Ta Trepl tmv fieyidTcov, eKelvou fiev
ovv ol Tore <tco06vt€<; el/cova tov AovkovWov
XtOivrjv iv dyopa irapa tov Aiovvaov dv€<7T7j(7av,
yfietf; S\ el xal vroWat? rf\,LKiai<; XeiTro/Jieda, Tr)v
fxev %a/>ti^ olo/jieOa BiaTetveiv koL 7rpo<^ r^iia^ to 1/9
3 vvv ovTa^, eiKova he ttoXv KaXkiova vo/jLc^ovTa
elvai T^9 TO aMjxa Kol to irpoawiTov dirofiLfjiOV-
fievT)'^ Tr)v TO r]6o^ kov tov Tpoirov e/jL(l)avL^ovcrav,
dvaXfjyfro/jLeOa Trj ypa(j>r] tcjv TrapaXXrjXcov ^lcov
Ta9 TTpd^ei'; tov dv8p6<;, TaXijOr} hi€^i6vTe<;. dpKel
yap 77 T>79 fivripir}^ X^P^^' dXrj6ov<; Be /jtapTVpla^
ovB' av avT0(; €KeLvo<; i^^icoo-e /juiadbv Xa^elv yjrevBTJ
Kal TreirXaapLevqv vrrrep avTov BttjyTjcriv.
4 "flaTrep yap Toi'9 Tct KaXa Kal ttoXXtjv e%0VTa
Xdptv etBrj ^(pypa(^ovvTa<;, av irpoafj ti fiiKpov
avT0i<; BvcT'xepe'^t d^iov/aev firjTe irapaXiTrelv tovto
TeXe&)9 fJi')]Te e^aKpi^ovv to fiev yap alaxpdv, to
S* dvo/iolav irape'XGTaL ttjv o-^lv' oi;tg)9, iirei
408
CIMON, I. 7-II. 4
Phocis, Aeolians in speech) are called ''Asbolomeni/'
or ''Besooted/' because Damon smeared himself
with soot before he went forth to do his deed of
murder.
II. But the Orchomenians, who were neighbours
and rivals of the Chaeroneians, hired a Roman in-
former to cite the city by name, as though it were
an individual person, and prosecute it for the murder
of the Roman soldiers who had been slain by
Damon. The trial was held before the praetor of
Macedonia (the Romans were not yet sending
praetors to Greece), and the city's advocates invoked
the testimony of Lucullus. Lucullus, when the
praetor wrote to him, testified to the truth of the
matter, and so the city escaped capital condemna-
tion. Accordingly, the people who at that time
were saved by him erected a marble statue of
Lucullus in the market-place beside that of Dionysus.
And we, though many generations removed from
him, think that his favour extends even down to us
who are now living; and since we believe that a
portrait which reveals character and disposition is
far more beautiful than one which merely copies
form and feature, we shall incorporate this man's
deeds into our parallel lives, qmd we shall rehearse
them truly. The mere mention of them is sufficient
favour to show him ; and as a return for his truthful
testimony he himself surely would not deign to
accept a false and garbled narrative of his career.
We demand of those who would paint fair and
graceful features that, in case of any slight imper-
fection therein, they shall neither wholly omit it nor
yet emphasise it, because the one course makes the
portrait ugly and the other unlike its original. In
409
PLUTARCH'S LIVES
')(aK&iTov i(TTt, fiaXkov S* tVa)? afirf^avov, dfiefifprj
Kol KaOapov avhpo^ i'TriBel^aL filov, iv roU KaXol^ 480
avaTrXrjpcoriov wairep ofioiorrjTa Trjv aXi]0€iav,
5 ra? S' i/c 7rd6ov<; tivo<; rj 7ro\iTiKrj<; dvdyKrj^
e7riTpe)(ovaa<; rat? irpd^eaiv dfiapTlaf; kol KTjpa^i
iWeCfi/jLara fxaXkov dperrjf; rivof; rj KaKiafi
TTOvrjpev/jLara vofii^ovra'; ov Bel irdvv 7rpodvjLi(o<i
ivaTToarjijLaiveiv rfj laropia koI Trepfrrw?, a\V
co(T7rep alBovfievov^ vrrrep T7J<i dvOpcoirivr]^ 0uo-ea)9,
el KoXov ovBev €L\iKpi,v€<; ovBl' dvafjbcpLa-ffyTrjTOV
€t9 dperrjv rjdo<; yeyovbf; diroBlBcoa-Lv.
III. 'O 5' o^v KovKovWo^ iSo/cet (tkottovo-iv
r]iilv Tft> K.i/jL(ovt 7rapal3\r]T60<; elvai. TroXe/xtfCol
yap dfx^oTepoi koI 7rpo<; tov<; ffapl3dpov<; XafXTrpoLf
irpaoi Be rd TroXirtfcd koI fidXiara rCyv eji^vXicdV
ardaecov dvairvorjv rat'; irarpiai 7rapa(T)(^6vTe<;,
eKaaro^ Be tc<; avrcov (Trrj(7avTe<; Tpoiraia Koi
2 vUa<; aveXo/JLevoi 7repL0o7]rov<;» ovre yap 'EX-
Xrjvwv KLfjba>vo<; ovre 'VayfJLaiayv AovkovXXov irpo-
Tepo<; ovBel<; ovtq) fiaKpav TroXefiojv irpor}Xdev>
efct) Xoyov ride/jLevcov tojv /cad^ 'Hpa/cXea fcal
Al6vv(tov, €c t€ rt Uepaewfi 7rpo<; AlOloTra^; rj
Mt/Sou? fcaX ^ApfievLOv; rj 'lacroi^o? epyov d^ioin-
ajov ifc tS)v tot€ ')(^p6v(ov fiV7]/JLrj (fiepofxevov eh
3 tot;? vvv d(j)iKTai. koivov Be ttw? avrcov fcal to
areXe? yeyove ri)^ cTTpaTrjyiaf;, eKarepov fiev
(TVVTpLylravTO<;, ovBeTepov Be KaraXvcravro^ top
dvTaycDVLarojv. fidXio-ra B* rj irepX rd^ VTroBo^df:
real ra? (j>iXavdpco7rLa<; ravra^ vyporr)^ Kal Ba-^l-
Xeia Kal to veapov Kal dvei/nevov ev ttj BtaLTij
TrapaTrXijaiov eir dfj^OTepcov IBelv virapx^i^
410
>
CIMON, II. 4-III. 3
like manner, since it is difficult, nay rather perhaps
impossible, to represent a man's life as stainless and
pure, in its fair chapters we must round out the
truth into fullest semblance ; but those transgres-
sions and follies by which, owing to passion, perhaps,
or political compulsion, a man's career is sullied, we
must regard rather as shortcomings in some particu-
lar excellence than as the vile products of positive
baseness, and we must not all too zealously delineate
them in our history, and superfluously too, but treat
them as though we were tenderly defending human
nature for producing no character which is absolutely
good and indisputably set towards virtue.
III. On looking about for some one to compare
with Lucullus, we decided that it must be Cimon.
Both were men of war, and of brilliant exploits
against the Barbarians, and yet they were mild and
beneficent statesmen, in that they gave their coun-
tries unusual respite from civil strifes, though each
one of them set up martial trophies and won victories
that were famous. No Hellene before Cimon and
no Roman before Lucullus carried his wars into
such remote lands, if we leave out of our account
the exploits of Heracles and Dionysus, and whatever
credible deeds of Perseus against the Aethiopians or
Medes and Armenians, or of Jason, have been brought
down in the memory of man from those early times
to our own. Common also in a way to both their
careers was the incompleteness of their campaigns.
Each crushed, but neither gave the death blow to
his antagonist. But more than all else, the lavish
ease which marked their entertainments and hospi-
talities, as well as the ardour and laxity of their
way of living, was conspicuous alike in both. Pos-
411
PLUTARCH'S LIVES
TrapakeCTTOfiev B* tcro)? koI aXKa<; rcva^ o/wio-
Tr}Ta<;, a? ov 'xaXeirov ix t^? Birjy^aeo)^ avTrjf;
(Tvvayaj€LV.
IV. Klficov 6 MiXndSov //,^Tpo9 ^v 'Hyrjcrt-
7rv\7](;, ry£vo<; @paTrr)<;, Ovyarpo'i OXopov rov
^aaiXico^t co? iv toI<; 'Ap'^eXdov koX Mekavdiov
7rot7]fjLa(Tiv et9 avrov Klficova yeypa/jLp.ivoi<i laro-
prjTat. Bio Kol ®ovKvBLBr)<i 6 laTOpLKO^ T0t9 irepl
K.L/jLcova Kara yevo^ 7rpocr7]Kcov *0\6pov re irarpo^
rjVy eh TOP irpoyovov dva^epovTO<i rrjv oficovvfiiav,
2 Kol ra ')(^pva€La Trepl rrjv Spa/crjv iKe/crrjro. koI
TeXevrrjaat [xev iv rfj XKairry vkr) (tovto B* eari
T^9 %pa,Krj(; ')(^ci)piov) Xiyerat <^ovevde\<; ixel,
/jLvrjfia S' avTov royv Xet^dvcov eh rrjv ^Kttlktjv
KOfitadivTcov iv TOi? l^LjjbcoveioLf; BfiKvvrat, irapd
Tov ^EX7rcvLKr)(; rrjf; Kl/jlcovo^ ciBeXcprj^ rdcpov.
dXXa ^ovfcvBiBrj^ fiev 'AXLfjLovaio<i yeyove rcov
BrjfjLcov, ol Be Trepl rov MiXridBrjv AaKidBat.
3 y\.iXTidBri<^ jxev ovv 7revT7]KOvra raXdvrwv ocpXoDV
BiKrjv KOL 77/309 Tr)v eiCTicnv elp'xdeh ireXevTTjaev iv
Tft) BeajjLcoTr]pia)y Kl/jlcov Be fieipdKLOv Travrdiraaiv
diroXet^Oeh p^era t^9 dBeX^rjf; eri Kopr)^ ovarj'i
Kol dydp^ov TOV TrpcoTov '^Bo^ec ')(p6vov iv rfj
TToXev KoX KaKW'; TjKovev ft)9 dra/CTO^ /cat ttoXv-
iroTrjf; koI tco 'irdinrcp Kip^covi, TrpoaeoiKO)^ rrjv
(hvatv, ov Bl evrjOeidv <paai K.odXep.ov irpocrayo-
4 pevdrjvai,. ST7](TLp>^poTo<; 8* o 0a<r£O9 Trepl rov
avTOv op^ov TL ')(^p6vov TO) Kip^covL y€yovco<; ^rjaiv
avTOV ovre pi0vaiK7]v ovre dXXo rt p^ddrjp^a rcov
iXevdepiwv kol toU '^EXXrja-cv iTrL)(^ci)pia^6vT(ov
iKBiBaxOrjvaL, BeivorrjTo^ re koI arcofivTuaf;
412
CIMON, III. 3-.iv. 4
sibly we may omit still other resemblances, but it
will not be hard to gather them directly from our
story.
IV. Cimon was the son of Miltiades by Hegesipyle,
a woman of Thracian stock, daughter of King Olorus,
as it is stated in the poems of Archelaiis and Melan-
thius addressed to Cimon himself. That explains
how it was that the father of Thucydides the his-
torian — and Thucydides was connected with the
family of Cimon — was also an Olorus, who referred
his name back to that of the common ancestor, and
also how it was that Thucydides had gold mines
in Thrace.^ And it is said that Thucydides died
in Skapte Hyle, a place in Thrace, having been
murdered there ; but his remains were brought to
Attica, and his monument is shown among those
of Cimon *s family, hard by the tomb of Elpinice,
Cimon's sister. However, Thucydides belonged to
the deme of Halimus, the family of Miltiades to
that of Laciadae.
Now Miltiades, who had been condemned to pay a
fine of fifty talents and confined till payment should
be made, died in prison, and Cimon, thus left a mere
stripling with his sister who was a young girl and
unmarried, was of no account in the city at first. He
had the bad name of being dissolute and bibulous,
and of taking after his grandfather Cimon, who, they
say, because of his simplicity, was dubbed Coalemus,
or Booby. And Stesimbrotus the Thasian, who was
of about Cimon's time, says that he acquired no
literary education, nor any other liberal and
distinctively Hellenic accomplishment; that he
lacked entirely the Attic cleverness and fluency
Thuc. iv. 105.
413
PLUTARCH'S LIVES
'ArTt/c?}? oXft)? a'Tr7fSXd')(9ai, koX tw rpoircp ttoKv
TO ^evvaiov kuI aXiy^e? ivvirdp^eiv, Kal /jloXKov
etvai TiekoTTOVvricnov to a^rj/jLa t?)? ^jrvx^^ tov
dvBp6<;,
<f)avXov, dKO/juyjrov, r^ fiiycaT dyaOov,
Kara top l^vpiTrlSeiov 'HpaKXiw ravra yap ecri
rot? viro rod ^Trjo-cfjL^poTOV yey pa iipAvoL^ iirei-
Trelv.
5 "Ert 8k viofi o)v alriav ecr^e irkr^aidt^eiv rfj
dS6\(j)f]. Kal yap ovS* aXXcof; rrjv ^EXinviKrjv
evrafCTOv riva yeyovevai \eyovcnv, dXKa /cal
7rpo9 UoXvyvcoTOV i^a/iapTelv top ^(pypd(f>ov'
Kal Sta TOVTO (f>aaLP iv rfj YleLaiavaKTelw Tore
KaXovfxevr], TioiKiXr) Se vitv aroa, ypd<f>ovra ra? 481
TjOwaSa? TO t^? AaohlKr)<; TroLrjaac irpoawTrov
6 ev cIkovc t7]<; ^Kk'irLVLKr)(;. 6 Be Ilo\vyvcoTO<; ovk
7]V rcov ^avavaoiv ovB* dm epyoKa^ia^ eypacpe
TTjv GTodv, dWd irpoLKa, <^CkoTLp.ovpLevo<i irpo^i
Tr)v itoKlv, (h<; oi re (Tvyypa(f)€L<i Icrropovai. Kal
M.eXdvdLO(i 6 iroLTjTrjf; Xiyei tov Tpoirov tovtov
Avrov yap BaTrdvaicn deSiv vaov<^ dyopdv re
K.eKpoiriau K6cr/x')]a^ r^pnOecov dpeTal<;.
7 €lrl S* 01 rrjv 'EXttivlki^v ov Kpv(j)a rw Ki/jLcovt,
^avep(jd<; Be y7]p,ap,evrjv (TvvoiKrjaat Xeyovacv,
a^iov rrjfi evyeveia<; vvfi<j)Lov Bed tjjv ireviav
diTopovaav' eirel Be KaXTua? tmv eviroptov TL<i
^A6rjvr](Tiv epaadeU irpocryfXOe ttjv virep tov
7raTpo<; KaraBiKrjv eKTiveLV eTOipo^ ojv 7rpo<; to
Brjp^oa-iov, avTTjv t€ irecadrjvac Kal tov Klficova
Tft) KaXXLa (jwoiKiaai Trjv ^EXTTLVLKrjv,
414
(
CIMON, IV. 4-7
of speech ; that in his outward bearing there
was much nobility and truthfulness ; that the fashion
of the man's spirit was rather Peloponnesian,
'' Plain, unadorned, in a great crisis brave and true/'
as Euripides says of Heracles,^ a citation which we
may add to what Stesimbrotus wrote.
While he was still a youth he was accused of im-
proper intercourse with his sister. And indeed in
other cases too they say that Elpinice was not very
decorous, but that she had improper relations
also with Polygnotus the painter, and that it was for
this reason that, in the Peisianacteum, as it was then
called, but now the Painted Colonnade, when he was
painting the Trojan women, he made the features of
Laodice a portrait of Elpinice. Now Polygnotus
was not a mere artisan, and did not paint the stoa
for a contract price, but gratis, out of zeal for
the welfare of the city, as the historians relate, and
as Melanthius the poet testifies after this fashion : —
" He at his own lavish outlay the gods' great fanes,
and the market
Named Cecropia, adorned ; demigods' valour his
theme."
Still, there are some who say that Elpinice did not
live with Cimon in secret intercourse, but openly
rather, as his wedded wife, because, on account of her
poverty, she could not get a husband worthy of her
high lineage; but that when Callias, a wealthy
Athenian, fell in love with her, and offered to pay
into the state treasury the fine which had been
imposed upon her father, she consented herself, and
Cimon freely gave Elpinice to Callias to wife.
1 Nauck, Trag. Oraec. Frag., 473.
415
PLUTARCH'S LIVES
8 Ol* fiTjv aWa koX oXax; (paiverai. rot? irepl
TO.? fyvvalica^ ipcoTCKOtf; 6 Ki/jLcav €vo-)(^o<; 'yeveadai.
Kal fyap ^Karepia^ to) jevei 2)aXa/xtyta9 kol
ttoXlv M.vi](rTpa<; tcv6<; 6 7rotr)Tr)<; MeXdvOiofi
/jbvrjfioveveL tt/jo? top KifMcova irai^wv hi iXe^yeia^,
9 W9 (77rovBa^o/Jb€Vcop vtt' avrov. SrjXo^; 3' eVrt
/cat 7r/309 ^IcroSiKrjv rrjv EupUTTToXeyu-ou fjuev
Ovyarepa rod Meja/cXiov^;, Kara v6/jLov<; S* avrw
(TV/JL^cooo-aaav 6 Kl/jl(op i/jLTTadeo-repov SiareOelfi
Kal Bv(r(f)opj]aa<i a7rodavovar]<;, et ri Bel reK/iiai-
peadau rat? ^e'ypayi}xkvaL^ liri irapriyopla tov
irevdov; e'Xeyetai? 7r/309 avrov, cjv Havairio<;
6 cf)L\6ao(po<; oteraL TroLTjrrjv yeyovivai tov ^vai-
Kov 'Apx^Xaov, ov/c diro rpoirov Toh ;^/3oz^ot9
eiKa^wv.
Y. Ta S' aXXa iravra tov '^Oov<; dyacrrd Kal
tyevvaca tov K.i/jLcovo(;. ovtc yap t6\/j.7) MiXTLaBov
\€iir6[JL€vo^ OVT6 (TvvecTeL %efjiLaTOKXeov<;, BcKaio-
repo<i dfjL<poLv opLoXoyecTat yevicrOat, Kal Tat9
iroXefxiKal^ ovBe fiLKpov divoBewv dpeTal<i eKeivwv
dfJLrj-^avov oaov iv TaZ<i iroXiTLKal^; virep^aXiaOai,
2 1^609 MV en Kal TroXi/Mcov direipo^. ore yap tov
Brjiiov eTTLOVToyv ^rjBoav Sefico-TOKXrj^^ eirevOe
TTpoejuLevov ttjv ttoXlv Kal ttjv ')(^copav eKXcirovTa
TTpo Trj(; ^aXaiMvo^i iv Tal<; vaval to. oirXa OeaOai
Kal BiaycoviaaaOai Kara OdXarTav, iKireirXriy pA-
VCOV TCOV TToXXmV to ToX/JLTJ/lia 7rpCOTO<; K.L/M(OV
M(f)Or) Bod TOV K.€pa/JLei,K0V (j)aiBpo^ dvtoov et9 rrjv
dKpOTToXcV pL€Td TOiV eTalpCOV LTTTTOV Tivd ')(^aXiVOV
dvadelvat ttj deS), Bid 'X^etpcov KO/jLi^ayv, ci)9 ovBev
liTirLKrji; dXKrj<^, dXXd vavp^d'X^cov dvBpcav iv tm
3 rrrapovTC Ti)9 ttoXco)? Beoiiievr]<i. dvaOel^ Be tov
416
CIMON, IV. 8-v. 3
However, it is perfectly apparent that Cimon was
given to the love of women. Asteria, of a Sala-
minian family, and a certain Mnestra are mentioned
by the poet Melanthius, in a sportive elegy addressed
to Cimon, as wooed and won by him. And it is
clear that he was even too passionately attached to
his lawful wife, Isodice, the daughter of Euryptole-
mus and grand-daughter of Megacles, and that
he was too sorely afflicted at her death, if we
may judge from the elegy addressed to him for
the mitigation of his grief. This was composed
by the naturalist Archelaiis, as Panaetius the philoso-
pher thinks, and his conjecture is chronologically
possible.
V. All other traits of Cimon' s character were
admirable and noble. Neither in daring was he
inferior to Miltiades, nor in sagacity to Themistocles,
and it is admitted that he was a juster man
than either, and that while not one whit behind
them in the good qualities of a soldier, he was
inconceivably their superior in those of a statesman,
even when he was still young and untried in war.
When the Medes made their invasion, and Themis-
tocles was trying to persuade the people to give up
their city, abandon their country, make a stand with
their fleet off Salamis, and fight the issue at sea,
most men were terrified at the boldness of the
scheme ; but lo ! Cimon was first to act, and with
a gay mien led a procession of his companions
through the Cerameicus up to the Acropolis, to
dedicate to the goddess there the horse's bridle
which he carried in his hands, signifying thus that
what the city needed then was not knightly prowess
but sea-fighters. After he had dedicated his bridle,
417
PLUTARCH'S LIVES
XaXivov Kot Xa^obv ck t(ov ire pi tov vaov Kpefxa-
jievcov aairlhwVy /cat irpoaev^dfjbevo^ rrj Oew, Kare-
^aivev iirl ddXacraav, ovk oXLyot^i cLp-^r) tov
Oappelv yev6/jL€vo<i.
'Hv Be Kol TTjv Ihiav ov yu-e/xTTTo?, 0)9 ^Iwv 6
7roi7]Ti]<; <j>rj(rcVf aWa /jbiya^;, ovXy koI iroWfj
TpL')(l KOfJLWV Tr)V Ke^oXrjv. (paveh Se kclv kut
avTov TOV ayoiva \a/jL7rpo<; koI dvBpci)87]<; Tayy ho-
^av iv TTJ TToXet fieT evvoLa^; ea^ev, dOpoL^o/jLevcov
iToWwv 7rpo<; avTov koI irapaKoXovvTcov d^ca tov
4 MapaOcjvof; ■i]S'rj Biavoeiadat koL irpdaaeiv. opfirj-
cravTa S* avTov iirl Tr)v iroXiTeiav ci<Tfievo<i 6
Brjfiof; iBi^aTO, koI /xecrT09 o)V tov ®€fiiaTOKXeov<i
dvr\ye 7rpo<; ^ Td<; /jLeyiaTa<; iv ttj iroXet Ti/xa? /cat
apx^^f evdpfJLoaTov ovTa koX TrpoacpcXrj TOt<; ttoX-
Xot9 Bia TTpaoTrjTa /cat d(f)iXeiav. ov)(^ rjKLaTa Be
avTov 7)v^r)(Tev ^ ApiaTelBTji; 6 Kvcn^dxov, ttjv
ev(f>vtav evopoiv T(p rjOei, kol 7roiov/jiepo<; olov clvtL-
TTokov 7rpo<; ttjv Sefita-TOKXeov'i BeivoTrjTU koX
ToXfiav.
VI. 'ETrel Be MijBwv (f>vy6vT(t)v ck ttj^ 'EX-
XdBo'^ i'7r6/jL(f>0r] aTpaT7]y6<;, /caTa OdXaTTav outtod
Tr)v dpyy^v ^AOijvaLcov e^ovToyv, ctl Be Ylavaavla
Te Kol AaKeBaijJiovLOL^; errofxevcovy irpSiTOv jxev iv
Tai9 aTpaTeiai'^ del irapelye tov<; iroXiTa^ Koarpiw
Te Qavp.aGTOV'^ koX irpoOvfjiia iroXv irdvrwv Bia-
2 (pepovra^;' eireiTU llavaavlov Tot9 fjL€v /3a p- 482
0dpoc<i BiaXeyofxevov irepl TrpoBoaia^ Kal /BaacXtl
ypd(povTO<; iiTLaToXd^, T0t9 Be (7VfjL/jLdxoi<i Tpaxeo)<i
Kal av9aBa)<: 7rpo(7(j)epofievov Kal iroXXa Bi
^ irphs supplied by Stephanus, and confirmed by S ; Bekker
supplied fis.
418
CIMON, V. 3-vi. 2
he took one of the shields which were hung up about
the temple, addressed his prayers to the goddess, and
went down to the sea, whereat many were first made
to take heart.
He was also of no mean presence, as Ion the poet
says, but tall and stately, with an abundant and curly
head of hair. And since he displayed brilliant and
lieroic qualities in the actual struggle at Salamis,^ he
soon acquired reputation and good will in the city.
Many thronged to him and besought him to purpose
and perform at once what would be worthy of Mara-
thon. So when he entered politics the people
gladly welcomed him, and promoted him, since they
were full to surfeit of Themistocles, to the highest
honours and offices in the city, for he was engaging
and attractive to the common folk by reason of his
gentleness and artlessness. But it was Aristides,
son of Lysimachus, who more than any one else
furthered his career, for he saw the fine features
of his character, and made him, as it were, a foil to
the cleverness and daring of Themistocles.
VI. After the flight of the Medes from Hellas,
Cimon was sent out as a conimander,^ before the
Athenians had obtained their empire of the sea, and
while they were still under the leadership of Pausa-
nias and the Lacedaemonians. During this campaign,
the citizen-soldiers he furnished on expeditions were
always admirably disciplined and far more zealous
than any others ; and again, while Pausanias was
holding treasonable conference with the Barbarians,
writing letters to the King, treating the allies with
harsh arrogance, and displaying much wantonness of
» 480B.C. » 478-477 B.a
419
PLUTARCH'S LIVES
i^ovaiav kol oyKov avorjrov v^pL^ovTO^;, viroXafi-
^dvcav TTpaw^ tov<; aBt,Kov/ii6Vov<; koI (f)i\av6pco7r(o^
i^ofitXcjv eXaOev ov Bt* orrXmv rrjv r?)? 'EWaSo?
'^ye/jLovlav, aWa \6y(a kol rjOeu TrapeXofiepo^.
3 irpoaeTiOevTO yap ol ifkelaroL tcov av/jLfjLcixov
eKeivtp T€ Kal ^ Kpiareihr] ttjv 'X^aXeTTOTrjra kol
virepo'^^lav rov Uavaaviov firj (j>epovT€^. ol he
fcal T0UT0U9 a/jLa Trpoarjyovro Kal T0t9 €(j)6pOL<;
nrefxirovTefi eippa^ov, co? dSo^ovcrr]^ t^9 '^TrdpTtjf;
Kal rapaTTO/jbivi]'; t^9 'EWaSo?, dvaKaXeiv rov
liavaavlav.
4 Aeyerav he irapOevov rivd Bv^avriav ein^avMV
yovecovy ovofia KXeoviKrjv, eir alax^vrj rov Uav-
aaviov fjLeraTrefnro/jLevov, tou? fiev yoveL<; vir dvdy-
Kr]^ Kal <j)6fiov TTpoea-dai rrjv iralSa, rrjv he rcov
TTpo rov h(op,aTiov hetjOeccrav dveXecrOai to ^w9,
hid aKOTOVi; Kal aicoTrrj^ rfj kXlvt) irpoaLOVcrav ijhrj
rov Uavaaviov Kadevhovro^, ep^ireaelv Kal dva-
6 rpeyfrac ro \v')(vlov aKovaav rov S* virb rov ^jro^ov
rapa'xOevra Kal airaadpievov ^ ro rrapaKei/ievov
ey)(^6ipLhcov, W9 rivo<; eir avrov e')(Ppov fiahi^ovro<;,
rrard^ai Kal Kara^aXetv rrjv irapOevov, €K he rr]<;
rfkrjyrj^ drrodavovaav avrrjv ovk idv rov Uavaa-
viav r)av)(^d^eiv, dWd vvKrcop eihcoXov avra> <^oi-
rcjaav eh rov vttvov opyy Xeyeiv rohe ro rjpMov
Xret^e hiKijf; daaov fidXa roi Kaxov dvhpdaiv
v$pc(i.
€<^* oS Kal fidXiara %aXe7ra)9 eveyKovre^ ol
* Koi avaadfievov with S : (nracrdiJ.fvov,
420
CIMON, VI. 2-5
power and silly pretension, Cimon received with
mildness those who brought their wrongs to him,
treated them humanely, and so, before men were
aware of it, secured the leadership of Hellas, not by
force of arms, but by virtue of his address and
character. For most of the allies, because they
could not endure the severity and disdain of Pausa-
nias, attached themselves to Cimon and Aristides,
who had no sooner won this following than they sent
also to the Ephors and told them, since Sparta had
lost her prestige and Hellas was in confusion, to
recall Pausanias.
It is said that a maiden of Byzantium, of excellent
parentage, Cleonice by name, was summoned by
Pausanias for a purpose that would disgrace her.
Her parents, influenced by constraint and fear,
abandoned their daughter to her fate, and she,
after requesting the attendants before his chamber
to remove the light, in darkness and silence at
length drew near the couch on which Pausanias
was asleep, but accidentally stumbled against the
lamp-holder and upset it. Pausanias, startled by
the noise, drew the dagger which lay at his side,
with the idea that some enemy was upon him,
and smote and felled the maiden. After her death
in consequence of the blow, she gave Pausanias
no peace, but kept coming into his sleep by
night in phantom form, wrathfully uttering this
verse : —
'' Draw thou nigh to thy doom ; 'tis evil for men to
be wanton."
At this outrage the allies were beyond measure
42it
PLUTARCH'S LIVES
a\)\iixayoi fierh rod Kvficovof; e^eiroXiopKrjaav
6 avTov. 6 8* i/CTrearcDV tov ^v^avrtov /cat ro)
(j^dcTfiart, raparro/JLevo^, ft)9 Xiyeraiy KaTe(f)vy€
7rpo<; TO veKvoiJiavTeiov eh ^HpciKXeiav, kuI rr]v
"^^XV^ cLva/ca\ovfievo<; T779 'KXeoviKrj^; TrapyTetro
TTfv opyrjv. T) K 669 o'^jrtv iXOovaa Ta^ect)9 e</>?7
iravo-ecrOat tmv Kafccov avrov iv ^irdprr) yevo-
jxevov, alviTTO/Jiivrj, ft)9 €olk6, rrjv fieXXovaav avrw
TekevTrjv. ravra fiev ovv vtto ttoWmv lo-TopTjrai.
VII. YiifJbwv Be, rSiv (TV/jL/iid')((ov 7]Br) TrpodKe-
yjuipriicoTwv avT^, (TrpaTr]yo^ eU SpaKrjv eirXevae,
7rvvOav6fjL6vo<; Tlepacov dvBpa<; evho^ov^ koI avy-
yevel<; Paa-iXew^ ^Yilova ttoXlv irapd r© Xrpv/jLovL
KeL/uLevrjv Trora/JUM Karexovraf; evo')(\elv T0t9 irepl
2 TOV TOTTov eKelvov "KXXrjcri. irpcoTOV fiev ovv
avTov<; P'd'XJ] 701)9 Yiepaa^ ivifcrjcre fcal /careKXei-
aev eh rrjv iroXiv eireira rov^ virep Xrpv/jLova
SpaKa^, o6ev avroh icj^ouTa alro^, dvaardrov^
TTOi-MV Kol TTjv '^copav 'TTapa^vXdrTwv diraaav eh
Toaavrrjv aTropiav rov^ TroXiopKov/nevov; /carea-rr)-
aev, Mare l^ovrrjv rov ^acnXew'^ arparrjyov diro-
yvovTa rd Trpdy/jLara ry iroXei irvp evelvai Kal
avvBcacpOetpat p^erd tmv (piXcov Kai TO)v')(^pripAT(Dv
3 eavTOV. ourco Se Xaficov rrjv ttoXiv dXXo p,€v
ovBev d^ioXoyov wcpeXTjOrj, rcov TrXeiaToyv roh
^apffdpoi^ avyKaraKaivTcov, rrjv Be %a)/9ai»
€v(j>V€(TTdTr)v ovaav kol KaXXlarrjv olKrja-ai
irapeBcoKe Toh *A.6r}vaiOL^. koX tov^ *Eppd<;
422
CIMON, VI. 5-vii. 3
incensed, and joined Cimon in forcing Pausanias
to give up the city. Driven from Byzantium, and
still harassed by the phantom, as the story goes,
he had recourse to the ghost-oracle of Heracleia,
and summoning up the spirit of Cleonice, besought
her to forgo her wrath. She came into his presence
and said that he would soon cease from his troubles
on coming to Sparta, thus darkly intimating, as
it seems, his impending death. At any rate, this
tale is told by many.
VII. But Cimon, now that the allies had attached
themselves to him, took command of them and sailed
to Thrace,^ for he heard that men of rank among the
Persians and kinsmen of the King held possession of
Eion, a city on the banks of the Strymon, and were
harassing the Hellenes in that vicinity. First he
defeated the Persians themselves in battle and shut
them up in the city ; then he expelled from their
homes above the Strymon the Thracians from whom
the Persians had been getting provisions, put the
whole country under guard, and brought the besieged
to such straits that Butes, the King's general, gave
up the struggle, set fire to the city, and destroyed
with it his family, his treasures, and himself. And
so it was that though Cimon took the city, he gained
no other memorable advantage thereby, since most of
its treasures had been burned up with the Barbarians ;
but the surrounding territory was very fertile and
fair, and this he turned over to the Athenians for
occupation. Wherefore the people permitted him to
» 476-475 B.C.
423
PLUTARCH'S LIVES
avTw Tot'9 \L$ivov<; o Brj/jLO<: avaOelvai <ruv€X^'
prjffev, o)v eTnyeypaTTTai Tcp fiev Trpcoro)'
4 'Hi^ dpa KOLKelvoi raXaKaphiOL, oX irore yirj^cov
iratalv eir ^Yilovi, Xrpv/jLovo^; d/jL(j)l pod<i,
Xifiov T aW(ova Kpvepov t eTrdyovref; "Apr^a
TTpoyroi Bvo-fievecov evpov dfi7))(^avirjv,
r(p Se BevTcptp*
'Hye/jLovea-ai Be fiiaOov ^AOi]vaiot rdS* eScoKav
dvT ehepyeGiT]^ koX jxeydXcov dyaOcav.
fidWov Tt9 rdS* lS(ov koI eTreaoro/jiivayv iOeXijcei
dfi<f>l irepl ^vvol<; Trpdyfiacri, Bfjpiv e%€^i^.
5 T& Be TpLTfp- 483
"Ea: TTore rrjcrBe irokrjo^ dfjH ^ArpelBrjai Meve-
7)ye'iT0 ^dOeov TpcoiKOv e? ireBiov
ov '7ro6^"Opj7)po<^ e(j)r} Aavacov Trv/ca dwprjKrdayp
K0(T/jLr)T7]pa fid'^rj'; e^o^ov ovra fjLoXelv,
ovTco<; ovBev deiKe^ * A6r]vaLoicri, KaXela-Oai
KOcrfjLr)Tai<i iroXepuov t d/jL(f>l /cat i^voperj^;,
424
CIMON, VII. 3-5
dedicate the stone Hermae, on the first of which is
the inscription : —
" Valorous-hearted as well were they who at Eion
fighting.
Facing the sons of the Medes, Strymon's current
beside.
Fiery famine arrayed, and gore-flecked Ares,
against them.
Thus first finding for foes that grim exit, —
despair ; "
and on the second : —
" Unto their leaders reward by Athenians thus
hath been given ;
Benefits won such return, valorous deeds of
the brave.
All the more strong at the sight will the men
of the future be eager.
Fighting for commonwealth, war's dread strife
to maintain ; "
and on the third : —
'' With the Atridae of old, from this our city,
Menestheus
Led his men to the plain Trojan called and
divine.
He, once Homer asserted, among well-armoured
Achaeans,
Marshaller was of the fight, best of them all
who had come.
Thus there is naught unseemly in giving that
name to Athenians ;
Marshallers they both of war and of the vigour
of men."
425
PLUTARCH'S LIVES
VIIL Tavra Kaiirep ovBa/nov to Kt/jL(ovo<;
ovofia BrjXovvTa rifjLrjf; virep^oXrjv 6')(eiv iBofcei
T0t9 Tore dvOpco7roi<;. ovre yap S€/xi,(ttok\t]<;
TOIOVTOV TLVo<; 0VT6 MiXTLdBrj<; erv^ev, dWd
TOVT(p ye OaWov aT€<pavov alrovvri %(0(j)dvr}<; 6
AeA^eXeu? i/c fiiaov t^? eKKX/qaLa^ dvaard^ dvr-
elirev, ovk evypcopLova fiiv, dpeaaaav Se rSt Bijp.(p
Tore ^(ovrjv dcfyei^S' ^'"Orav ydp^ e<j)rj, " jii6i'o<;
dy(OVt(Tdfi€vo<;, a) MiXridSr}, vLKi]<Trj<; tou? I3ap-
2 l3dpov<;. Tore koI TijJLacrOaL fi6vo<; d^iov,^^ hid
TV Toivvv TO Kl/jl(OVO^ \j'Trepr]yd'jT'r}(Tav epyov ; y)
OTi T(bv fiev dWwv (JTpaTrjyovvTwv virep tov firj
iradelv r^pivvovTO tou? 7ro\€fi[ov<;, tovtov Be /cat
TTOirja-ai KaK(o<i rjBvvrjdrjaav iirl ttjv eKeivoiv avTol
aTpaTev(TavTe<;, KaX irpoa-eKTTjaavTO '^(^(opa^ avTtjv
T€ T7]v ^Hiopa KoX TTJV ' Afi(j)U'7ro\iv olKiaavTef; ;
3 "flcfaaav Be koX XKVpov eXovTO^ KCficovo<; ef
alTia<; TotavTijf;. AoXoTre? wtcovv t^i^ vrjcrov,
epydTai KaKol yrj<;' Xrjl^ofievoi, Be ttjv OdXaaaav
Ik iraXaiov, TeXeuTMvre^ ovBe rchv elair^eovTcov
Trap avTov<^ kuI 'X^pcofjuevcov dTrelxoi^TO ^evcov, dXXd
©exTaXou? Tiva<; i/jb7r6pov<; Trepl to KTrjaiov
4 opfJbLaafJLevovf; avXrjaavTe<; elp^av. errel Be Bia-
BpdvTe^ eV Twv Beafjuwv ol dvOpwiroi BiKrjv KaTe-
BiKdaavTO T7j<; 7r6Xe(D<; ^AfjL(f)LfCTVOvi/cr]v, ov ffovXo-
fievcov Ta y^pTj/xaTa twv iroXXmf (TvveKTiveiv, dXXd
TOi'9 e^ovTa^ Kal Bt-qpiraKOTa^ diroBovvai Ke\ev-
ovTcov, B€iaavT€<; eKelvoi Trefiirovai, ypdpfiaTa
TTpo^ Kifjicova, K€XevovTe<; rfKeiv peTa tcov vedov
Xrjyjrop^evov ttjv ttoXlv vtt avToov ipBiBop.ev7jv.
426
CIMON, VIII. 1-4
VIII. Although these inscriptions nowhere men-
tioned Cimon by name, his contemporaries held
them to be a surpassing honour for him. Neither
Themistocles nor Miltiades achieved any such, nay,
wlien the latter asked for a crown of olive merely,
Sophanes the Deceleian rose up in the midst of the
assembly and protested. His speech was ungracious,
but it pleased the people of that day. " When,''
said he, " thou hast fought out alone a victory over
the Barbarians, then demand to be honoured alone."
Why, then, were the people so excessively pleased
with the achievement of Cimon? Perhaps it was
because when the others were their generals they
were trying to repel their enemies and so avert
disaster ; but when he led them they were enabled
to ravage the land of their enemies with incursions of
their own, and acquired fresh territories for settle-
ment, not only Eion itself, but also Amphipolis.
They settled Scyros too, which Cimon seized for
the following reason. Dolopians were living on
the island, but they were poor tillers of the soil.
So they practised piracy on the high sea from
of old, and finally did not withhold their hands
even from those who put into their ports and
had dealings with them, but robbed some Thessaliaii
merchants who had cast anchor at Ctesium, and
threw them into prison. When these men had
escaped from bondage and won their suit against
the city at the Amphictyonic assembly, the people
of Scyros were not willing to make restitution, but
called on those who actually held the plunder to
give it back. The robbers, in terror, sent a letter
to Cimon, urging him to come with his fleet to
seize the city, and they would give it up to him.
427
PLUTARCH'S LIVES
5 irapaXa^wv B* ovrco rrjv vrjaov 6 K.lfia)V tou9 fiev
Ao\o7ra9 i^rjXaae Koi tov Alyalov rfKevdepwae,
irvvOavojJievo'i Se tov iraXaiov Srjcrea tov Aiye(o<;
(fyvyovTa fiev ef ^KOrjvdv eU Xfcvpov, avrov B*
aiToOavovTa ho\(p hia ipojSov vtto AvKopLrjhov^ tov
6 ^aaiXeco^, iaiTovSaae tov Td(j)ov avevpelv. Kal
yap rjv %)097<7/xo9 *A6i]vaL0i<; to, @7;o-€ft)9 Xeiyjrava
KcXevcov dvaKOfU^€LV eh dcTTV /cat Tifidv co? rjpooa
TT/oeTToi^Tft}?, aXV r)yv6ovv ottov KecTai, %KvpL(ov
ovy 6fio\oyovvT(ov ovB^ icovTcov dva^7}T€cv, tots
St) TToWfj (pcXoTifiLa TOV (TrjKov fJLoyi'^ i^evpeOevTO^,
iv9i/jL€V0<; 6 Klficov et? Tr)V avTOV Tpirjpr] tu odTa
/cat ToXXa Koafirjaa^ fi€ya\07rpe7rS)<; KaTrjyayev
et? TTjv avTOV Si* iTcov a^eSov TeTpaKocricov. 6^'
(p Kal p^dXiffTa 7r/309 avTov 17860)9 8rjp,0(; ea'xjev.
7 "E^OevTO K eh fivi]p,r]v avTOV Kal Tr)v tcov
TpaycpBcov KpicTLV 6vopLaaTr)v yevofiivtjv. irpcoTrju
yap BiBaa-KaXLav tov Xo<^OfcKeov<; ert veov
KadevT0<i, *A'\lr€<pL(ov 6 apx^^v, (f>t\ov€iKLa^ ovari<;
KOLi TrapaTd^eax: t&v deaTcov, KpiTaf; /lev ovk
eKkrjpwcre tov dycovo^i, ct)9 Be Kl/xcov pLeTa Ttav
avcTTpaTrjywv irpoeXOcbv eh to OeaTpov eTroL7]aaTO
T(p 6e(p Ta9 vevopLtapeva^ a-irovBd^, ovk dcfyfJKev
avTov^ direXOelv, dX)C 6pK(oa-a<i rjvdyKaae KaOuaat
Kal Kplvai BeKa 6vTa<;, aTrb <l>v\7]<; pud^ eKaaTov.
8 jiev ovv dyoav Kal Bid to tmv KpLTCov d^Lcopua
Tr]v ^CkoTLfiiav virepe^aXe, viKrjcravTO^ Be tov
428
CIMON, VIII. 5-8
In this manner Cimon got possession of the island,
drove out the Dolopians, and made the Aegean a
free sea.
On learning that the ancient Theseus, son of
Aegeus, had fled in exile from Athens to Scyros,
but had been treacherously put to death there,
through fear, by Lycomedes the king, Cimon
eagerly sought to discover his grave. For the
Athenians had once received an oracle bidding them
bring back the bones of Theseus to the city and
honour him as became a hero, but they knew not
where he lay buried, since the Scyrians would not
admit the truth of the story, nor permit any search
to be made. Now, however, Cimon set to work
with great ardour, discovered at last the hallowed
spot, had the bones bestowed in his own trireme,
and with general pomp and show brought them back
to the hero's own country after an absence of about
four hundred years. This was the chief reason why
the people took kindly to him.
But they also cherished in kindly remembrance of
him that decision of his in the tragic contests which
became so famous. When Sophocles, still a young
man, entered the lists with his first plays, Apsephion
the Archon, seeing that the spirit of rivalry and
•partisanship ran high among the spectators, did not
appoint the judges of the contest as usual by lot,
but when Cimon and his fellow-generals advanced
into the theatre and made the customary libation to
the god, he would not suffer them to depart, but
forced them to take the oath and sit as judges,
being ten in all, one from each tribe. So, then, the
contest, even because of the unusual dignity of the
judges, was more animated than ever before. But
429
PLUTARCH'S LIVES
^o(^oK\eov<i Xeyerai rbv K.la')(v\,ov irepiiraOrj
jevofjievov koL ^ap6co<; ivejKovTa xpovov ov ttoXvv
^KOrjvqcn Bcayayeiv, elr OL')(^e(Tdai, St opyrjv eh
^LKeXiav, ottov koX TekevTrjaa^i irepl FiXap
TeOairrai,
IX. ^vvBei'Trvrjaai Be to3 Kljikovl (l>7]cnv 6 "loji/ 484
iravTaTraa-t ixeipaKiov tj/ccdv eh ^KOrjva<; etc Hlou
irapa AaofJiiBovTi' /cal tmv airovBwv yevo/jLevcov
7rapaK\r]devT0'i^ aaat, koX aaavro^^ ovk drjB(b<;
iiraiveZv tov<; 7rap6vTa<; co? Be^Loorepov ©epnarro-
KXiov;' ifcetvov yap aBeiv jxev ov (jxivat jiaOelv
ovBe KidapL^ecv, ttoXiv Be iroLrjaaL fieydXrjv /cat
2 irXovalav eiriaraaOaL' TovprevOev, olov elKO^; ev
TTOTft), Tov Xoyov pvevTO<; eirl rd^ Trpd^eif; rov
Kifio)vo<; Kal fJbvrjixovevopLevoav twv fieyiarcov,
avTov eKelvov ev BieXBelv aTparrjyrjjuLa roiv IBiwv
0)9 ao(j}(OTarov. eirel yap i/c 'Zrjarov Kal Bu-
^avTLOV 7roXXov<i rcov fiap^dpcov al'X,P'Ci^(*iTOv<i
Xa^6vTe<; ol avfifia^oi rw Kl/jlcovl Biavelpuat,
TTpoaeTa^av, 6 Be %ft)/3t? piev avrov^, X^P^^ ^^ '^^^
irepl Toh a-(o/xaat, Koa-fiov avrcov edrjKev, yrLcovTO
3 TTjv BLavopbrjv q)<; dviaov. 6 Be t(ov pLepiBwv eKe-
Xevaev avToi)^ eXeaOai rrjv erepav, rjv 3' dv
eKelvoL KaTaXiircodiVy dyairrjaeiv *Ad7]vaL0V(;,
'Hpo(f>VTOV Be TOV ^a/jLLov o-v/jL^ovXevaavro^ al-
pelaOai rd UepaMV /jloXXov rj Uep(Ta<i, rov fiev
KoapLOV avTol eXajSov, ^ KOr^vaioL^ Be Tov<i at^/iaXw-
Tov<i dTreXiTTov. Kal rore puev 6 Kt/i&)j/ dirrjei
y€Xolo<; elvai Bokcov Biavofieix;, tcov piev avpLpLd^wv
* vapaKX-qd euros, Scravros Bekker corrects, after Schafer,
to irapaK\r)dfyTa, aaavra.
CIMON, VIII. 8-ix. 3
Sophocles came off victorious, and it is said that
Aeschylus, in great distress and indignation thereat,
lingered only a little while at Athens, and then
went off in anger to Sicily. There he died also,
and is buried near Gela.
IX. Ion says that, coming from Chios to Athens
as a mere stripling, he was once a fellow-guest with
Cimon at a dinner given by Laoraedon, and that
over the wine the hero was invited to sing, and did
sing very agreeably, and was praised by the guests
as a cleverer man than Themistocles. That hero,
they said, declared that he had not learned to sing,
nor even to play the lyre, but knew how to make a
city great and rich.^ Next, Ion says, as was natural
over the cups, the conversation drifted to the ex-
ploits of Cimon, and as his greatest deeds were
being recounted, the hero himself dwelt at length
on one particular stratagem which he thought his
shrewdest. Once, he said, when the Athenians and
their allies had taken many barbarian prisoners at
Sestos and Byzantium and turned them over to him
for distribution, he put into one lot the persons of
the captives, and into another the rich adornments
of their bodies, and his distribution was blamed as
unequal. But he bade the allies choose one of the
lots, and the Athenians would be content with
whichever one they left. So, on the advice of Hero-
phytus the Samian to choose Persian m ealth rather
than Persians, the allies took the rich adornments
for themselves, and left the prisoners for tlie
Athenians. At the time Cimon came off with the
reputation of being a ridiculous distributer, since
* Cf . ThemistocleSf ii. 3.
431
PLUTARCH'S LIVES
yjriXta '^^pvcrd fcal fiavLouKa^ koX crTp67rToif<; koX
KdvBva<; koI irop^vpav (j)€po/jLevcov, tmv S' ^AOrj-
vaLCOv yvfiva crco/jLara kukco^ yaKrjfjbiva 'irp6<;
4 ipyaatav irapaka^ovTcov. fMiKpov Be varepov
01 roiv kakwKOTwv cplXoi kol oIk€Ioi KaTa^aivovTe<^
CK ^pvyLa<; koI Af8ta9 iXvTpovvro peyaXcov
'X^pTjfidTwv e/caarov, axrre rq) Kljucovi reacrdpcov
fiTfVMv Tpo(f)a(; 669 Ta^9 vav<i virdp^au koX irpoaeri
rfj iroXet ^(^pvaLov ov/c oXiyov 6K tcov XvTpcov
irepiyeviaOai.
X. "HBr] S* eviropcdv 6 Kl/icov e<\>6Bia t^9
GTpaT7]yia<^ a KaXco^ aTTO twv iroXefjLiwv eSo^ep
w^eXrjadaL KdXXiov dvrjXicTKev eh tov<; TroXira^.
TMV re yap dypcov tou9 ^payfxov^; d(j>elXev, Xva
Koi T0t9 ^evoL<; Kal rcav itoXltcov toI<; B€op,evoi<i
a5ea>9 virdp^jj Xap^^dveiv rrjf; oTrcopa^;, Kal Belirvov
oXkol trap avrcp Xirov [lev, dpKovv Be iroXXoh,
eTTotetro KaO* r^p.epav, e<j> o roov Trev^rwv 6
^ovXop^evo^ elayeu koi Btarpocfirjv elx^v dirpdy-
2 p,ova, p,6voi<^ T0i9 Br)fioaioL(; axoXd^cov. W9
3' ^Api(TTOTeXr]<; (firjdiv, ou% aTravTcov ^AOrjvaicov,
dXXd tS)V Brjp^oTOiv avrov AaKLaBwv irapeaKevd-
fero Tft) ^oyXofievcp to Belirvov. avra> Be veaviafcoi
irapeiiTovTO <TVV7]6et<; dpnTeyppLevoi KaXo)<i, a)v
€KaaTO<;, et ti<; avvrv^ot rep Ktp^tiyvi tcov darcov
Trpea/Svrepo^ i^pxf>Leo-/jLevo<; evBem, Birjpel^eTO irpbf}
avTov TO, Ip^drca' Kal to yivop^evov ecfyaCveTO
3 aep.v6v, oi S' avTol Kal vop^Lapu KOfiL^ovTe<;
dcpdovov TrapLGTdpevoL Toh Kop^y^roh tmv Trevijrcov
iv dyopa aicoTrfj tcov Kepp^aTiwv ive/3aXXov el<i
432
CIMON, IX. 3-x. 3
the allies had their gold anklets and armlets and
collars and jackets and purple robes to display^
while the Athenians got only naked bodies ill-
trained for labour. But a little while after, the
friends and kinsmen of the captives came down
from Phrygia and Lydia and ransomed every one
of them at a great price, so that Cimon had four
months' pay and rations for his fleet, and besides
that, much gold from the ransoms was left over for
the city.
X. And since he was already wealthy, Cimon
lavished the revenues from his campaign, which he
was thought to have won with honour from the
enemy, to his still greater honour, on his fellow-
citizens. He took away the fences from his fields,
that strangers and needy citizens might have it in
their power to take fearlessly of the fruits of the
land ; and every day he gave a dinner at his house^
— simple, it is true, but sufficient for many, to which
any poor man who wished came in, and so received
a maintenance which cost him no effort and left him
free to devote himself solely to public affairs. But
Aristotle says ^ that it was not for all Athenians, but
only for his own demesmen, the Laciadae, that he
provided a free dinner. He was constantly attended
by young comrades in fine attire, each one of whom,
whenever an elderly citizen in needy array came up,
was ready to exchange raiment with him. The
practice made a deep impression. These same fol-
lowers also carried with them a generous sum of
money, and going up to poor men of finer quality in
the market-place, they would quietly thrust small
change into their hands. To such generosity as this
^ Const, of Athens, xxvii. 3,
433
PLUTARCH'S LIVES
Ta9 %€fc/?a9. (ov Br) koI KpaTcvo<i 6 Kcofiifco^ iv
'App^tX6;^otv eoLKe fie/jLvrjadai, Bia rovrcov
4 Yiafyco jap r^v^ovv Myrpo^io^ 6 ypafi/jiaTeif^
crvv avhpl dei(p kclI (piXo^evayrdrq)
KoX irdvT dpiaT(p t(ov TlaveWrjvcov irpo tov
ILlfxoiiVL Xiirapov yrjpa^ evco'x^ovjbievo'i
alcova TTCLvra avvBLarpi'y^eLV, 6 Bk
Xiircbv /3e/3r]K€ irporepo'i,
5 €Tt Toivvv Topjia^ fjuev 6 KeovTlv6<^ cf)r](rc tov
J^ipoyva TO, 'y^prjp^ara KTaaOai fiep o)? -y^pMTo,
'XpPjadac 8e &)9 rtfiwro, Kpcrla^ Be r&v rpiaKovra
yevop^evo^ iv Tac<; iXeyeiai^ ev^^erar
JTKovtov p^ev ^kottuBcov, pLeyako<^poavvrjv Be
Kip,a)vo<;,
vLKa^ B' ^ApKeaiXa tov AaKeBatp^oviov.
KaLTOi Ai)(^av ye tov ^wapTtdTrjv dir ovBevo^
dXKov yLV(i)crKopiev iv tol^ "FtWrjcnv ovop^aaTov
yevopbevov rj on tou? fei^of? iv Tat<; yvpuvoiraLBiai^ 485
iBeiirvL^ev r] Be Ktynojz/o? d^Oovla kol ttjv
TraXacdv tojv ^Adr]va[cov dtiXo^evlav kul <f>iXav-
6 dpMirlav virepe^aXev. oi p,ev yap, i<]) ol<; r)
7r6Xt<; pAya (f^povel BtKaio)^, to re (TireppLa 77)9
Tpo(j>fj(; eh Toi'9 '^EtXXrjva^ i^iBcdKav vBaTcov Te
Trrjyaicov ^ kuI TTfpo? evavoriv ')(^p^^ovaLv
dvdpco7roi<; iBtBa^av,^ 6 Be ttjv pLev olfciav tol<;
TToXiTaL^ irpVTavelov diroBei^a<; Koivov, iv Be
TTJ X^P^ KapTTCov eTOipLcov dirapxa^ koI 6 era
oypai KaXa (pepovcri XP^l^^^^ '^^^ Xapb^dveiv
diravra toU ^evoi^ Trapexftiv, Tpoirov tlvcl ttjv iirl
^ The lacuna can only be conjecturally filled.
^ (Sida^ay Bekker corrects, with Schafer, to eSfi^av,
434
CIMON, X. 3-6
Cratinus seems to have referred in his Arckilocki,
with the words : —
" Yes, I too hoped, Metrobius, I, the public scribe.
Along with man divine, the rarest host that lives.
In every way the best of all Hellenic men.
With Cimon, feasting out in joy a sleek old age.
To while away the remnant of my life. But he
Has gone before and left me."
And again, Georgias the Leontine says that Cimon
made money that he might spend it, and spent it
that he might be honoured for it. And Critias, one
of the thirty tyrants, prays in his elegies that he may
have " the wealth of the Scopadae, the great-minded-
ness of Cimon, and the victories of Arcesilaus of
Lacedaemon."
And yet we know that Lichas the Spartan became
famous among the Hellenes for no other reason than
that he entertained the strangers at the boys' gym-
nastic festival ; but the generosity of Cimon sur-
passed even the hospitality and philanthropy of the
Athenians of olden time. For they — and their city
is justly very proud of it — spread abroad among the
Hellenes the sowing of grain and the lustral uses
of spring waters, and taught mankind who knew it
not the art of kindling fire. But he made his home
in the city a general public residence for his fellow
citizens, and on his estates in the country allowed
even the stranger to take and use the choicest of the
ripened fruits, with all the fair things which the
seasons bring. Thus, in a certain fashion, he
435
PLUTARCH'S LIVES
J^povov fjLv6o\oyov/jL6vr)v Kocvcovlav eh rov fiiov
7 av6i(; Karfjyev. ol he Tama KoKaKeiav ox^ov teal
Brj/aaycoyLav elvai BiaffaXXovre^ viro Trj<; dX\rj<;
e^7fKey')(pvT0 rov avBpo^ Trpoaipeaeco^ apicrroKpa-
TiKr]<; Kal AaKa)viK7]<; ovar)^;, 09 ye koI ^efxicrroKkel
irepa rov BeovTo<; eTraipovri ttjv BrjpboKparLav
avre^aive fier ^ApiareiBov, Kal irpo^ ^R(f)id\Tr)v
varepov ')(apLTt rov Sijfiov KaraXvovra rrjv ef
8 'Kpeiov nrdyov fiovXrjv ht,r]vexOr], \r][ipidrwv he
Btj/ioo-lcov tou? dX\.ov<; 7r\r]v ^ ApLCTTeiBov Kal
'E(f)id\TOV Trdvraf; dvaTri/JLTrXa/nevov^ opcov, avrbv
dBeKaarov Kal dOinTov eK rfj TroXireia S(opoBoKLa<;
Kal irdvTa irpolKa Kal Ka6apS)<; TrpdrrovTa Kal
Xiyovra Std Te\ov<; Trapecr^e.
Aeyerai ye TOi'VoiadKrjv riva pdp^apov diro-
(TTdrrjv ^aaikew^ eXOelv fiera '^^prj/xdrcav iroWwv
^t9 ^ hOrjva^, Kal aTraparTOfievov vtto tmv avKO-
(pavraw Kara^vyelv 7rpo<; K.ifi(ova, Kal Oelvai
Trapd rrjv avKeiov avrov (judXa^; Bvo, rijv fxev
dpyvpeiwv i/ji7r\7]ad/JLevov AapeiKcov, rr]V Be XP^'
cSyv IBovra Be rov K.ificova Kal fieiBidaavra
9 irvOeadav rov dvdpdnrov, irorepov alpelrai K-lficova
/jiia6corov rj (f)i\ov ex^iv rov Be <f)7]aavT0<; <j)i,\ov
" OvKovvi'^ (f)dvai, " ravr diriOi fierd aeavrov
KOfii^cov %pr;(70/iat yap avTOt<; orap Bewjiai (fiiXo^
yevojxevo^.^^
XL 'ETrel S' ol avpuxaxpi tov<; (j)6pov<; /xev
ereXovv, dvBpa<i Be Kal vav^ tw? eTaxOiiaav ov
irapelxov, dX)C dirayopevovre^^ r]Br] irpo^ rh<;
G-Tparela^y Kal iroXepbov /nev ovBev Beofjuevoc, yecop-
yelv Be Kal ^rjv Ka0* rjavx^civ einOvfJLOVVTe^y
aiTrjKkaypAvcov t&v pappdpcov Kal firj Blo')(Xovv-
436
CIMON, X. 6-xi. I
restored to human life the fabled commiinisra of the
age of Cronus, — the golden age. Those who slan-
derously said that this was flattery of the rabble and
demagogic art in him, were refuted by the man's
political policy, which was aristocratic and Laconian.
He actually opposed Themistocles when he exalted
the democracy unduly, as Aristides also did. Later
on he took hostile issue with Ephialtes, who, to
please the people, tried to dethrone the Council
of the Areiopagus ; and though he saw all the
rest except Aristides and Ephialtes filling their
purses with the gains from their public services, he
remained unbought and unapproached by bribes,
devoting all his powers to the state, without recom-
pense and in all purity, through to the end.
It is told, indeed, that one Rhoesaces, a Barbarian
who had deserted from the King, came to Athens
with large moneys, and being set upon fiercely by
the public informers, fled for refuge to Cimon, and
deposited at his door tv/o platters, one filled
with silver, the other with golden Darics. Cimon,
when he saw them, smiled, and asked the man
whether he preferred to have Cimon as his hireling
or his friend, and on his replying, " As my friend,"
" Well then," said Cimon, take this money with thee
and go thy way, for I shall have the use of it when I
want it if I am thy friend."
XI. The allies continued to pay their assessments,
but did not furnish men and ships according to allot-
ment, since they were soon weary of military service,
and had no need of war, but a great desire to till
their land and live at their ease. The Barbarians
were gone and did not harass them, so they neither
437
PLUTARCH'S LIVES
TODV, ovre rci^ vav<; eTvXrjpovv out avhpa^ aire-
(TTeXkov, ol fxev dWou (TTparrjjol tcov ^AOi^vaicov
irpoarjvdyKa^ov avTOv<; ravra TToielv koX rov<;
iWeiirovraf; v7rdyovT€<; hircai^; koI Ko\di^ovre<i
2 eiraxOrj rrjv cLp')(r]v koX Xvirrjpav eTroLOVv, K,i/jLQ)v
Be T7}v ivavTiav 68bv iv rfj arpaTTj^La iropevo-
fievofi Piav jxev ovBevl rcov 'KkXrjvwv Trpocrijye,
')(^prjfiaTa he Xa/n^dvwv irapa twv ov /SovXofjLevcov
arparevecrOaL koI vav<; Kevd^, iKeivov; eta SeXea-
^ofievov<; rfj axoXy irepl to, olKela SiarpL^eti^,
yeaypyov^ koL %/)7;/iaTtcrTa9 diroXep.ovt; i/c iroXe-
/jllkcov vtto Tpv(f>rj<i KoX dvoia^ yivo/jL6VOv<;, rSyv 8'
'Adrjvaicov avd fiepo^ iroXXov^ €p.^cj3d^cov koX
hiajrovoiv Tal<; crrpaTelaL^ iv oXiyw y^povtp T0i9
irapd T(tiv av pLixd')(^u)v /jli(tOoI<; kol ')(^pr)p,a(JL Beairo-
3 Ta<; avrcbv twv BlBovtcov eTroiijae. irXeovraf; yap
avTov<; crure%ct)9 Kal Bid %et/0O9 exovra^ del rd
oirXa Kal rpe<f)Ofievovf; Kal dcTKovvra^ ck T779
avTMv darpareia^'^ ediaOevre^; (j)o^elaOat, Kal
KoXaKeveiv, eXaOov dvrl av/n/idxoyv vTroreXet"; Kal
BovXoc yeyovore^;.
XI T, Kal fjbrjv avTov ye rov fieydXov paaiXew<i
ovBelf; iraTreivcoo-e Kal avveareiXe to ^povrffia
(jbdXXov 7) Kt/ji(ov. ov yap dvrJKev €K t^9 'EX-
XdBo<; dirrfXXayiJbevoVi dXX! wairep €k ttoBo^;
BicoKcov, irplv BiaiTvevaai Kal o-rrjvat tov<; jSap-
jBdpov^, rd fiev iiropOei Kal Karearpecpero, rd Be
dipiarrj Kal 7rpO(Ty]yeTo tol<; "EXXrjcriv, ware rrjv
o-tt' 'la)VLa9 ^Aaiav dxpi' Ila/jL(f>vXLa<; iravrdiraat
^ aa-TpaTclas the correction of Reiske, adopted by Sintenis
and Bekker. The M.SS., including S, have (TTparelas, which
must be referred to the Athenians. So Coraes.
438
CIMON, XI. i-xii. I
manned their ships nor sent out soldiers. The rest
of the Athenian generals tried to force them to
do this, and by prosecuting the delinquents and
punishing them, rendered their empire burdensome
and vexatious. But Cimon took just the opposite
course when he was general, and brought no com-
pulsion to bear on a single Hellene, but accepted
money from those who did not wish to go out
on service, and ships without crews, and so suffered
the allies, caught with the bait of their own ease,
to stay at home and become tillers of the soil
and unwarlike merchants instead of warriors, and all
through their foolish love of comfort. On the other
hand, he made great numbers of the Athenians man
their ships, one crew relieving another, and imposed
on them the toil of his expeditions, and so in a little
while, by means of the very wages which they
got from the allies, made them lords of their
own paymasters. For those who did no military
service became used to fearing and flattering those
who were continually voyaging, and for ever under
arms and training, and practising, and so, before
they knew it, they were tributary subjects instead of
allies.
XII. And surely there was no one who humbled
the Great King himself, and reduced his haughty
spirit, more than Cimon. For he did not let him go
quietly away from Hellas, but followed right at his
heels, as it were, and before the Barbarians had come
to a halt and taken breath, he sacked and overthrew
here, or subverted and annexed to the Hellenes
there, until Asia from Ionia to Pampliylia was
VOL. n. p 439
PLUTARCH'S LIVES
2 Uepa-iK&v ottXcov iprj/jLcoaai. Trvdofxevo^; Se Toix;
fiaaLXeco<; <TTpaTr]^ov^ fjLejdXo) arparw xal vavaX 486
TToXXat? i(f)ehpev€LV irepi Yiafn^vXiav, Koi 0ov\6-
fjL6vo<i avTol^ dirXovv Kal avififiarov oXco? vtto
^ojSov TTjv ivTo<; ^eXtBovioyv TroirjaaaOai, OdXar-
rap, wppLTjaev dpa^ dirb KvcBov koX TpioTrlov
8iaKoaiai<; rpLtjpecn, Trpo? jj^ev rd^o^ dir dpxv'i
Kal 7r€pcaycoyr)v viro ^e/JLLaro/cXeov^ dpiara
KaTea-KevaajJLevai^, eKelvo^; Se tot€ Kal 7rXaTVTepa<i
iiroi'qaev avrdf; Kal Bcdfiaaiv tol(; Karaarpcofiaaiv
eBcoKev, ca? dv vtto ttoXXcop ottXltcov fia^ificorepai
3 irpoa^epoLVTO T0Z9 iroXefiioL^. iTrnrXevdaf; Be tJ
TToXei TCJV ^acrrjXiTcov, ^EXXtJvcov fiev ovtcov, ov
BexofJiepcov Be rov gtoXov ovBe ^ovXofievcov d^i-
trraadac ^aaiXeco^, rrjv re 'X^copav KaKco<i iiroiei
Kal Trpocre^aXXe Tot9 reLX^atv. ol Be XtoL avfji-
7rXeovre<; avrw, tt/jo? ^e rov? ^aarjXiTa^ ex
iraXaiou (f>LXiKa)<; exovre^, dfjca fiev top Kl/jLcopa
KareTTpdvpop, d/xa Be TO^evopTe<; virep rd reuxV
jSt^XbBia irpodKeifjiepa T0t9 otVrot? e^riyyeXXov
4 T0?9 ^aarfKiTaL^. TeX.09 Be Bi7]XXa^ep ^ avrov<f,
07ra)9 BeKa rdXavra Bopre^ aKoXovOcoai Kal av-
(TTpaTevcoaLV iirl toi'9 0ap^dpov<;.
^K<j)opo<; [xep ovv Tcdpavarrjv ^r)crl tcov ffaai-
XiKcop pewp dpx^t-v Kal rod ire^ov ^epepBdii^Pt
K.aXXLa6eprf<; S' ^ApiOfidpBrjv top Vw^pvov Kvpcd)-
rarop opra Trj<; Bvvdp,eco<; irapd top FivpvfieBovra
Tal<i paval irapopfxelp, ovk opra fidxeaOai Tol<i
^XXt^ctl irpoOvfJLOP, dXXd irpoaBexofiepop oyBoij-
Kopra pav<i ^OLpiaaa^ diro Kvirpov irpoairXe-
* hi-hWa^iv Coraes and Bekker give ^i^Wa^av, as does S,
referring to the Chians as reconciling the two hostile parties.
440
CIMON, XII. 2-4
entirely cleared of Persian arms. Learning that the
generals of the King were lurking about Pamphylia
with a great army and many ships, and wishing to
make them afraid to enter at all the sea to the west
of the Chelidonian isles, he set sail from Cnidus
and Triopium ^ with two hundred triremes. These
vessels had been from the beginning very well con-
structed for speed and manoeuvring by Themistocles ;
but Cimon now made them broader, and put bridges
between their decks, in order that with their immer-
ous hoplites they might be more effective in their
onsets. Putting in at Phaselis, which was a Hellenic
city, but refused to admit his armament or even to
abandon the King's cause, he ravaged its territory
and assaulted its walls. But the Chians, who formed
part of his fleet and were of old on friendly terms
with the people of Phaselis, laboured to soften
Cimon's hostility, and at the same time, by shooting
arrows over the walls with little documents attached,
they conveyed messages of their success to the men
of Phaselis. So finally Cimon made friends with
them on condition that they should pay ten talents
and join him in his expedition against the Bar-
barians.
Now Ephorus says that Tithraustes was com-
mander of the royal fleet, and Pherendates of the
infantry ; but Callisthenes says that it was Ario-
mandes, the son of Gobryas, who, as commander-in-
chief of all the forces, lay at anchor with the fleet
off the mouth of the Eurymedon, and that he was
not at all eager to fight with the Hellenes, but was
waiting for eighty Phoenician ships to sail up from
1 About 467 B.a
441
PLUTARCH'S LIVES
5 ovaa^. ravTm ^Or\vai ^ovkofievo^ 6 Klfjucov
dvijx^Vy /3iafeo-^ai irapeaKevacTfievo^, av i/covre^
fjLT] vaviia'X,(oaiv, ol Be irpcarov [lev, 009 fir}
^LaaBeleVy eh tov Trorafiov ela-cop/JLiaavTO, irpod-
(j)€pOfjL€vcov Ee Tcov ^AOrjvalcov aVTe^eifkevaav,
ft)9 IcTTopel ^av6Brj/ijLo<^f €^fcao<TLai<i vavaiv, 0)9
K "E<popo<f, irevrrJKovra koX TpiaKoaLac<;. epyov
Be Kara yovv rrjv OaXarrav ovBev vir avr&v
6 eiTpdxdy} Tri<i Bwd/iecix; d^Lov, aXV evOv^ et9
TTjv yrjv dirocTT pe<^ovTe<i i^eTTLTrrov ol irpoiTOL
Kol Kare^evyov el<i to ire^op iyyv<; irapaTeTay/jbi-
vov, ol Bk KaTaXafjL^avofJLevoL Bte<^6eipovTo jxerd
T&v vecov. CO KOL BrjXov eariv, on Trd/jiTroWaL
Tive^ al 7re7r\t]pQ}fievai. to?9 ^ap^dpoi^ vrje^; rjaav,
ore iroWSiV fiiv, <h<; elfc6<;y €K(f>vyova(bv, iroWayv
Be <rvvTpL^6La(t)v, ofjb(o<i alxfici\(OT0v<i Biafcoa[a<i
ekapov ol ^ KOrjvaloL.
XIII. Twz/ Be 7re^(ov eTTLKarajSdvTcov 77/009 rrjv
OdXaaaav p,kya fxev epyov i(f>aiveTo to) K-lfKovi
TO ^id^eaOai Tr]v diro^acnv /cal KeKjjLrjKOTa^
aKfirjac kol 7roWa7rXacrLOt,<; iirdyeiv TOv<i"FjWij~
va<^, o/jb(o<: Be pcofiT} koX ^povij/naTL tov KpaTelv
opcov e7rrjpfjbevov<i koX TTpoOvfiov^ ofioae 'x^copelv
T0i9 pappdpoi^y direpi$a^e Tovq orrXha^ eTt
6epp.ov<i TM KaTCL TTjv vaviJLa')(iav dywvL fieTa
2 Kpavyr]<; /cal Bpo/nov 7rpo(T(f)epojj£Vov<;. vTroardv-
T(i)v Be Tcov TLepacav /cat Be^afjuivoov ovk dyevvco^
Kparepd P'dxv o-vveaTT]' kol tmv *A67]paLcov
dvBpe<i dyadol koI to2<; d^tcofjbaa-i irpcdTOL koX
BiaTTpeirel^ eTreaop, iroXXo) B* dycapt Tpeyjrd/juevoi
442
CIMON, XII. 5-X111. 2
Cyprus. Wishing to anticipate their arrival, Cimoii
put out to sea, prepared to force the fighting if his
enemy should decline an engagement. At first the
enemy put into tlie river, that they might not be
forced to fight ; but when the Athenians bore down
on them there, they sailed out to meet them. They
had six hundred ships, according to Phanodemus ;
three hundred and fifty, according to Ephorus.
Whatever the number, nothing was achieved by
them on the water which was worthy of such a force,
but they straightway put about and made for shore,
where the foremost of them abandoned their ships
and fled for refuge to the infantry which was drawn
up near by ; those who were overtaken were de-
stroyed with their ships. Whereby also it is plain
that the Barbarian ships which went into action
were very numerous indeed, since, though many,
of course, made their escape and many were de-
stroyed, still two hundred were captured by the
Athenians.
XIII. When the enemy's land forces marched
threateningly down to the sea, Cimon thought it a
vast undertaking to force a landing and lead his
weary Hellenes against an unwearied and many
times more numerous foe. But he saw that his men
were exalted by the impetus and pride of their
victory, and eager to come to close quarters with
the Barbarians, so he landed his hoplites still hot
with the struggle of the sea-fight, and they advanced
to the attack with shouts and on the run. The
Persians stood firm and received the onset nobly,
and a mighty battle ensued, wherein there fell brave
men of Athens who were foremost in public office
and eminent. But after a long struggle the Athenians
443
PLUTARCH'S LIVES
rov<; ^apfidpovf; e/creivoVf elra ypow avTov<;
T€ Kol (TKTiva^ waVToSaTToyv ')(^pr}fjLdT(ov ye/JLOvaa^.
3 Kl/jlq)v 8' axTTrep (i6\r)Tr}<; B€ivb<; rffMepa fita
Svo KaOrjp7}K(t)<; dyoyvia/JLara, koX to fiev iv
"XaXa/xcvt Tre^o/jLax^ciy to S* iv TlXaTaiaif; vav-
ULa^la TrapeXrjXvdoof; Tpoiracov, eTrrjjayviaaTo TaU
UL/cai,<i, KOL Ta9 oyBoiJKovTa ^oiviaaa^i TptrjpeL^iy
at Trj^ f^d^il^ d7re\ei(j>07j(Tav/'T8pM irpocrpe^Xr]-
Kevai TTvOofievo^ ' Sta Ta%ou9 eirXevaev, ovBev
elSoTcov IBepaiov ovirw Trepl r?)? fiei^ovo^ Svvd-
/jb€co9 TMV (TTpaTrjyojv, dXXa ^va7riaTco<i €ti koi
4 fi6T6copa)<; e'X^ovTcov y /cal fxaXkov €KTr\ay€VT€<:
dirdoXeaav Ta<^ vav<; d7rd<Ta<;i koX t5)V dvSpolyv
ol 7r\€i(TT0t (rvp8L€(f)0dp7)(Tav. TOVTO TO epyov
ovT(o<; eTaireivcoo'e Ttjv yvdyjxrjv tov j3ao-tX€a)<;,
axTTC (TvvOeGOai ttjv TrepLJSorjTOv elpijvrjv eKeivrjv, 487
LTTTrov fxev hpojjbov del tt}? 'EtWr)vi,Kr]<; dizkx^iv
6a\do-(r7]<;, ev^ov he Kvavecov /cal XeXiBoviayv
fULKpa irr)i Kal ')(a\Ke[Jip6\w fir) Trkeeiv.
5 K^auToi, K.aWiadev7]<; ov (j>r)(Ti TavTa (Tvv6ea-9ai
TOV fidpPapov, epycp he iroielv hia <l>6^ov t%
77TT?79 eKeivTj^, Kal fiaKpav ovtcd<; diroaTrfvai t>}?
'EX\aSo9, wo-re rrrevT'^/covTa vavorl HepiKkea Kal
TpidKOVTa jiovai^; ^K^LdXTrjv eireKeiva irXevcrat
'KeXtBovicov Kal fjurfhev avToh vavTLKov diravTrjaai,
6 irapa tmv ^ap^dpwv. iv Be toI^ '^r)^i(TiJLa(TLV,
a awtjyaye KpaTep6<;, dvTiypa<^a (TvvOrjKcov co?
yevofievcov /carareTa/CTat. ^acrt Se Kal ^coumv
444
CIMON, XIII. 2-6
routed the Barbarians with slaughter, and then
captured them and their camp, which was full of all
sorts of treasure.
But Cimon, though like a powerful athlete he
had brought down two contests in one day, and
though he had surpassed the victory of Salamis
with an infantry battle, and that of Plataea with
a naval battle, still went on competing with his
own victories. Hearing that the eighty Phoenician
triremes which were too late for the battle had
put in at Hydrus,^ he sailed thither with all speed,
while their commanders as yet knew nothing definite
about the major force, but were still in distrustful
suspense. For this reason they were all the more
panic-stricken at his attack, and lost all their ships.
Most of their crews were destroyed with the ships.
This exploit so humbled the purpose of the King
that he made the terms of that notorious peace,
by which he was to keep away from the Hellenic
sea-coast as far as a horse could travel in a day, and
was not to sail west of the Cyanean and Chelidonian
isles with armoured ships of war.
And yet Callisthenes denies that the Barbarian
made any such terms, but says he really acted
as he did through the fear which that victory
inspired, and kept so far aloof from Hellas that
Pericles with fifty, and Ephialtes with only thirty,
ships sailed beyond the Chelidonian isles without
encountering any navy of the Barbarians. But in
the decrees collected by Craterus there is a copy
of the treaty in its due place, as though it had
actually been made. And they say that the Athenians
' Hydrus is the name in the MSS. , but no such place is
known. Syedra is the most probable correction.
445
PLUTARCH'S LIVES
elpTJvtjf; Si^ ravra tov<; ^Adrjvaiovf; ISpvcraadai,
KoX KaWiav rov TTp&jjBevcTavTa TL/jurjai, 8ia(f>€-
pOVTW^,
UpadevTcov Se tcjv alxf^'CL^corcov \a(j)vpa)V eh
r€ ra aXka ')(^p7]/jLaaLV 6 S?5yLt09 ippcoaOr], koI rfj
aKpoTToXei TO voriov Tel')(p<; KareaKevaaev air
eKeivqf; eviroprjaas r?}? a-Tparela^. Xiyerai Se koX
TMV fxaKpoiV Tetx^^f ^ cTKeXr) KaXoocriy avvreXe-
(rdrjvai fiev varepov rrjv olKoSo/jLoav, rrjv Be Trpcorrjv
BefjueKiayaiv et? tottov^; eXa)S€t<i fcal hia^poxov^
TMV epycov i/JbTrearovrcov ipeiadrjvai Boa K.l/jlcovo<;
a(T(j)a\(o<?, %aXt«t iroWy /cat \iOoi<; ffapeai r&v
eXcov TTieadivTcov, eKeivov ^pT^/Actra iTopi^ovTO<; koI
BlBovto^. 7rp(OT0<; Be Tal<i Xeyofievatf; ekevOepioi^
KoX y\a^vpai<; BcaTpi^alf;, at fxiKpov varepov
vTrep^vSi^ rjyamrrjdTjarav, eKaWcoTrtcre to aarv, rrjv
pkv wyopav ifKardvoi^; Kara^vrevcra^y ttjv B^
^AKuBrj/jLetav ef avvBpov Kal av'XJ^VP^'^ Kardppvrov
diroBei^a^i d\ao<; '^cr/crjfievov vir avrov Bpofioi^
Ka6apol<; Kal avaKioi^ TrepLTrdrot^.
XIY. 'EttgI Be TMV nepacjv TLve<; ovk e^ov-
XovTO Tr]v X.epp6vr](7ov eKXiTretv, dX\a Kal tov<;
@paKa^ dvcodev eireKaXovvro KaTa(f>povovvTe<; tov
K.t ficovo^; fier oXuycov iravrdTraaL rptypcov ^AOrf-
vr)6ev eKireTrXevKOTOf;, opfjurja-a^; eir avTOv<; rea-
aapai fiev vaval Tpia-KaiBeKa rd<; eKeivcov eXa^ev,
e^eXdaaf; Be tou? Ile/jcra? Kal Kparrjaaf; rcov @pa-
Kwv iraaav ^Keccoaaro rf} iroXei Tr)V Xeppoprjcrov.
CK Be rovTov ©acriovf; fxev dTrocrrdvra^ *A6rjvaLcov
Karavav/jba'XV^^CL'; rpel^ Kal TpcaKovra vav<; eXafie
Kal Tr)v TToXiv e^eTroXiopKrjo-e Kal rd xp^^^^^ t^
446
CIMON, XIII. 6-xiv. 2
also built the altar of Peace to commemorate this
event, and paid distinguished honours to Callias
as their ambassador.
By the sale of the captured spoils the people was
enabled to meet various financial demands, and
especially it constructed the southern wall of the
Acropolis with the generous resources obtained from
that expedition. And it is said that, tliough the
building of the long walls, called "legs," was
completed afterwards, yet their first foundations,
where the work was obstructed by swamps and
marshes, were stayed up securely by Cimon, who
dumped vast quantities of rubble and heavy stones
into the swamps, meeting the expenses himself.
He was the first to beautify the city with the so-
called " liberal " and elegant resorts which were
so excessively popular a little later, by planting
the market-place with plane trees, and by converting
the Academy from a waterless and arid spot into
a well watered grove, which he provided with clear
running-tracks and shady walks.
XIV. Now there were certain Persians who would
not abandon the Chersonese, but called in Thracians
from the North to help them, despising Cimon, who
had sailed out from Athens with only a few triremes
all told.^ But he sallied out against them with
his four ships and captured their thirteen, drove
out the Persians, overwhelmed the Thracians, and
turned the whole Chersonese over to his city for
settlement. And after this, when the Thasians were
in revolt from Athens,^ he defeated them in a sea-
fight, captured thirty-three of their ships, besieged
and took their city, acquired their gold mines
1 466 B.a 2 465 B.O.
447
PLUTARCH'S LIVES
irepav ^ KOrjvaioi^ Trpoa-e/crijcraTo koX ^^pav, ^9
€'irrjp-)(^ov %d(TLOL, Trapeka^ev,
^FjfcelOev Be paBvax; iirL^rjvai MaKeSoviuf; koI
TToWrjv airoTefieo-dai irapac^ov, co<; iSoKei, firj
OeKrjaa^ alrlav ea^e Scopoit; vtto tov ^acri\€(o<^
^AXe^dvBpov (TU/jbTreTrelaOai, koI Bu/crjv ecpvye roij^
3 €)(Opcov (TVCTTcivTOov eV avTov. diroKoyov fjievo<; Be
7r/309 roif<; Bifcaaraf; ovk ^Imvoov €(f>r) irpo^eveiv
ovBe (&€<T(ra\(ov, TrXovalwv ovtcov, Mairep ere/oof 9,
Xva Oepairevcovrai koI XafijSdvcoaiv, dWa Aa-
KeBac/JLOvloov, fit/JLOVfievo'; koI dyaTrSyv rrjp trap
avTol<; evrekeiav koX crcocppoo-vvrjv, -ij? ovBiva irpo-
TLpav ttXovtov, dWd TrXovn^cov diro rcov iro-
4 \ep,iwv TT)v TToXiv dydWeaOai. /jLvrjaOeU Be rrj<;
Kpi(T€(o^ eK€bvr}<; 6 ^TrjaifiPpOTO^ (prjat, rrjv 'E\7rt-
VLKTjv virep TOV Kipcovo<; Beop^evr^v eXOelv eirl Ta9
Ovpa<; TOV YiepiKkeov^ (0UT09 yap rjv rcov Karr}-
yopctiv 6 (T^oBporaTO^^ tov Be p^eiBidaavTa
"Tpavf; el," (jydvat, " ypav^, a) ^Kkirivlicrjy 0)9
TTjXLKavTa BiairpdTTeadai irpdypbaTa'^^ irXrjv ev
ye Tfi BiKrj TTpaoTaTov yeveGOai tS> K.Lp,a)vi Kal
7r/509 T7)v KaTt^yopiav dira^ dvacrT7]vat fwvov,
wairep d(f)oawvp^evov.
XV. ^ii/ceivrjv p.ev ovv dire^vye ttjv BiKrjv ev Be
TTJ XoLirfi TToXiTela Trapcov p>ev e/cpdTec koI avve-
(TTeXXe TOV Bfjp^ov ein^aivovTa toU dpicTToif; koi
TrepiaTTMVTa T771/ iraaav eh eavTov dpx^v Koi Bvva-
pLiv ft)9 Be irdXcv eVl cTTpaTeiav e^errXeva-e, T€Xeft)9
dvedevTeff oIttoXXoI Kal Gvy^^avTe^ tov KadeaTW- 488
Ta T^9 TToXtTeiaf; Koajxov Ta re iroTpLa vopi/jia, 0I9
448
CIMON, XIV. 2-xv. I
on the opposite mainland for Athens, and took
possession of the territory which the Thasians con-
trolled there.
From this base he had a good opportunity, as
it was thought, to invade Macedonia and cut off
a great part of it, and because he would not consent
to do it, he was accused of having been bribed
to this position by King Alexander, and was actually
prosecuted, his enemies forming a coalition against
him.^ In making his defence before his judges he said
he was no proxenus of rich lonians and Thessalians,
as others were, to be courted and paid for their
services, but rather of Lacedaemonians, whose
temperate simplicity he lovingly imitated, counting
no wealth above it, but embellishing the city with
the wealth which he got from the enemy. In
mentioning this famous trial Stesimbrotus says that
Elpinice came with a plea for Cimon to the house
of Pericles, since he was the most ardent accuser,
and that he smiled and said, "Too old, too old,
Elpinice, to meddle with such business." But at
the trial he was very gentle with Cimon, and took
the floor only once in accusation of him, as though it
were a mere formality.
XV. Well then, Cimon was acquitted at this trial.
And during the remainder of his political career,
when he was at home, he mastered and constrained
the people in its onsets upon the nobles, and in its
efforts to wrest all office and power to itself; but
when he sailed away again on military service,^ the
populace got completely beyond control. They con-
founded the established political order of things and
the ancestral practices which they had formerly
^ 463 B.a ' 462 B.C. See chapter, xvii.
449
PLUTARCH'S LIVES
2 i^^^pwvTO Trporepov, ^E,(f)Ld\rov irpoearMTO'^ a<^€i-
\ovTo Trj(; ef ^kpeiov irdyov /BovXrj^ ra? Kpiaei^
7r\r)v oXiycov aTratra?, koI rcov SiKa(TT7)pi(ov
KvpLovi eavToi)^ iroirjcravTe^; et? d/cparov hiffio-
Kparlav ivi^aXov rrjv iroXtv, tjSt) koX TlepLfc\eov<i
Bwa/jbivov Kol ra rcov ttoWmv (j)povovvTO<;, Bio
Kol Tov K-l/jLcovo^i, w? eiravrfKdevy djavaKTOuvTo<s
eiTi T^ nrpoirrfKaKi^ea-Oai to d^icofia tov avve-
Spiov, Kal Treipcofievov irakiv dvco tA? hiKa<;
dvaKoXelaOai kol ttjv iirl KXeia-devov; iyelpetv
dpca-TOfCpaTLav, KaTe^owv a-vvLa-Tafievot Kal tov
3 Brjfiov i^rjpeOi^ov, eKelvd re tcl irpo^ Tr]v dSeXcprjv
dvaveovfievoc kol AaKcoviafiov i7nKa\ovvT€<;. eh
a KOL TO, Ev7r6XiBo<; SiaTeOpvXrjTat irepl Kt/^tcoi^o?,
OTl
KaKOf; fiev ovk rjv, (fxXoiroT'q^; Se /cdfjL€Xr]<;'
KavioT av dir^KOijxaT av ev AaiceBaiixovi,
Kctv ^EXttivlkijv TTJvBe KaTaXtTroiv fjbovrjv,
el S' a/neXoyv Kal fieOvaKofievo^ ToaavTa^ iroXei^
elXe Kal ToaavTa<i viKa<; eviKrjcre, BrjXov otl
vrj(l)0VT0<; avTov Kal 7rpoaexovTO<; ovBeh av ovtc
T(bv TTpOTepov ovTe TMv v(7T€pov 'EXXt^z^o)!^ TTaprjXOe
Ta^ TTpd^ei';.
XVI. ^Hv fjuev ovv dir dp'^rj^ <f>t,XoXdK(ov' xal t(ov
ye TraiBcov rcov BiBvfxwv tov eTepov AaKeBat/jLov-
Lov aivofjuaae, tov S' eTepov ^YiXelov, €K yvvaiKo^
avTM KXecTopia^ yevofievov<;, co? ^TrjcTifi^poro^
IcTTOpel' Bio TToXXdKif; tov TLepiKXea to jJbrjTp&ov
avToi<; yevo<; oveiBu^eiv. Ai6Bcopo<; B^ 6 Heptrjyr}-
T^9 Kal TovTov<; (prjal Kal Tov TpUTOV tS)V K.i/JLa}vo<;
450
CIMON, XV. i-xvi. I
observed, and under the lead of Ephialtes they
robbed the Council of the Areiopagus of all but a
few of the cases in its jurisdiction. They made them-
selves masters of the courts of justice, and plunged
the city into unmitigated democracy, Pericles being
now a man of power and espousing the cause of the
populace. And so when Cimon came back home,
and in his indignation at the insults heaped upon
the reverend council, tried to recall again its juris-
diction and to revive the aristocracy of the times of
Cleisthenes, they banded together to denounce him,
and tried to inflame the people against him, renew-
ing the old slanders about his sister and accusing
him of being a Spartan sympathiser. It was to
these calumnies that the famous and popular verses
of Eupolis about Cimon had reference : —
"He was not base, but fond of wine and full of
sloth,
And oft he 'Id sleep in Lacedaemon, far from
home.
And leave his Elpinice sleeping all alone."
But if, though full of sloth and given to tippling, he
yet took so many cities and won so many victories,
it is clear that had he been sober and mindful of his
business, no Hellene either before or after him
would have surpassed his exploits.
XVI. It is true indeed that he was from the first
a philo-Laconian. He actually named one of his
twin sons Lacedaemonius, and the other Eleius, —
the sons whom a woman of Cleitor bare him, as
Stesimbrotus relates, wherefore Pericles often
reproached them with their maternal lineage. But
Diodorus the Topographer says that these, as well
451
PLUTARCH'S LIVES
vl&v &ea<Ta\bv ef *I 0-081/^779 yey ovivai rrjf;
2 ^vpvTTToXefjLov Tov Meytt/cXeou?. Tjv^rjOrj S* viro
TCdv AaKeBatfJbovLcov i]8r] t& ^eficcTTOKket Trpoairo-
XefMovvTcov Kol TovTov ovTa veov iv *A6i]vai^
fjuaXKov la^veiv xal Kpareiv ffovXofievcov. oi
S* ^AOrjvaioi TO irpcoTOP r)Be(0<; ecopcov ov puKpa Tr]<;
•7r/>09 eicelvov €vvola<; rcov 'Zirapriarwv airokavov-
Te<i' av^avofjbivoifi yap avroh kut dpx^^ ical rk
av/JL/uLax^fca iroXvirpayfiovovaiv ovk yi'^Oovto ti/jltj
3 Kal 'x^dpni tov Kl/jl(ovo<;. tcC yap irXelaTa hi
eKeivov tcov *FtXXr)viK(bv hieirpaTTeTO, Trpdo)^ /lev
T0i9 (7V/jLfid)(^ot<;, Ke')(apL(TiJLev(o^ Be tol<; AaKcBai-
/jL0VL0i<i 6fnXovvTO<;. eireiTa BvvaTcoTepoo yevo-
fjLevoi Kal TOV Kl/jL(ova T0t<; '^irapTidTai^; ovk
ypifia TTpoa-Keijievov 6pa)VTe<; rj^^OovTo. Kal yap
auT09 €7rl iravTl fieyaXvvcov ttju AaKeBaLjxova
7r/oo9 ^Adrjvaioviy Kal fidXiaTa ore tv-^oi psfi^o-
fjL€VO<; avTOLff rj Trapo^vpcoVy 0)9 (prjai %Tr]o-L/jL^p0T0(ij
elcoOei Xiyeiv "'AXV ov AaKeBai^iovioL ye
4 TOLovTOi.** 66 ev (f>66vov €avT& (Tvvrjye Kal
Bvafjuiveidv Tiva irapd t(ov ttoXltoov.
*H 3' ovv la-'xyaaa-a fidXiaTa KaT avTov twv
BiapoXSiV aiTiav e<r%e T0iavT7]v. ^Ap^iBd/jLOV tov
Zev^iBdfiov TeTapTOV ^ eT09 ev '^irdpTy fiacnXevov-
T09 viro aeiafjLov p^LaTOV By tmv iivr/p,ovevo/jLeva)v
TTporepov rj re X^P^ '^^^ AaKeBaip^oviwv x^^l^^'
aiv evcoXiade iroXXot^; kol tcov TavyeTcov Tivax-
devTcov K0pv(f>at Ttve<; direppdyrjaav, avTrj 8' 77
7roX«9 oXr) avveyvdri TrXrjv otKt&v Trevre, Ta9 5*
dXXa<; rjpeiyjrev o aeurfw^.
if
* TtToproy Bekker adopted Niebuhr's Cfurrection to rco-o^^
ptffKaiSeKUTov Jburteenth,
CIMON, xM. 1-4
as the third of Cimon's sons, Thessalus, were bom
of Isodice, the daughter of Euryptolemus, the son
of Megacles. And he was looked upon with favour
by the Lacedaemonians, who soon were at enmity
with Themistocles, and therefore preferred that
Cimon, young as he was, should have the more
weight and power in Athens. The Athenians were
glad to see this at first, since they reaped no slight
advantage from the good will which the Spartans
showed him. While their empire was first growing,
and they were busy making alliances, they were not
displeased that honour and favour should be shown to
Cimon. He was the foremost Hellenic statesman,
dealing gently with the allies and acceptably with the
Lacedaemonians. But afterwards, when they became
more powerful, and saw that Cimon was strongly
attached to the Spartans, they were displeased
thereat. For on every occasion he was prone to
exalt Lacedaemon to the Athenians, especially when
he had occasion to chide or incite them. Then, as
Stesimbrotus tells us, he would say, ^' But the Lace-
daemonians are not of such a sort." In this way
he awakened the envy and hatred of his fellow-
citizens.
At any rate, the strongest charge against him arose
as follows. When Archidamus, the son of Zeuxida-
mus, was in tlie fourth year of his reign at Sparta,^
a greater earthquake than any before reported rent
the land of the Lacedaemonians into many chasms,
shook Taygetus so that sundry peaks were torn away,
and demolished the entire city with the exception
of five houses. The rest were thrown down by the
earthquake,
1 464 B.CI
453
PLUTARCH'S LIVES
5 'Ez^ 8e fietrr} rfj aroa yv/jiva^ofievcov o/jlov t&v
i^rjpoiv KoX rcov veavi(TK(ov Xiyerai [iiKpov irpo
Tov aeicTfjLOv Xaycov Trapacfiavrjvai, koX rov<; fiev
V€avL(TKOv<i, Siairep rjaav aXr)\L/jL/jbevoi, fiera
Traihia<; eK^pafxeiv koX BicoKeiv, tol<; 3' icfuj^oi*;
iJTroXeK^Oela-Lv eTTLireaelv Toyv/jLvdaiov koI irdvTa^
OLLOv reXevTTJaaL. tov Be rd^ov avrcop eVt vvv
2,ei(TfiaTiav Trpoo-ayopevovai.
6 Ta%i) Br) avviBonv diro tov irapovTO^ tov pAX-
XovTa KLvBvvov 6 'A/3%t3a/A09, Kal tov^ TroXlra^ 489
6p(0V i/C TCOV OLKIMV TO, Tt/JLCCOTaTa TTetpo)-
p^evovf; cco^eiv, eKeXevae t§ adXiriyyi arip^ai-
veiv, CD<; TToXe/jLicov einovTuyv, otto)? otl Td)(^ta-Ta
fxeTa TCOV oirXcov ddpol^eovTat 7rpo<i avTov. o Br]
KoX PjOvov iv T(p t6t€ KaipS) TTjv XirdpTrjv Bl€o-co-
aev. 01 yap etXwre? ck tcjv dyp&v avviBpafiov
iravTaxoOev co? dvaprraaofievoL T0v<i o-ecaxr/ievou?
7 T(ov %7rapTiaT(ov. aurXta- puevov^ Be /cal avvTe-
Taypbevovt; €vp6vTe<i dvex<^pV^civ ivl to,^ TroXei^
Kal (fiavepS)^ eiroXifiovv, tcov re irepiolKcov dva-
7reLaavTe<; ov/c oXCyovf;, Kal MeacrrjVLcov dpua rot?
^irapTLdTat^i avv67ndep£V(ov.
Ue/jiirova-iv ovv ol AaKeBaifiovioi, TLepiKXeCBav
€19 ^AOi]va<i BeofjuevoL ^oydelv, ov (prjac Kcop^wBojv
*ApiaT0(j)dvrj<; Kade^op^evov iirl rofc? ^wp.ol'=i o))(^pov
8 ev (pOLVLKLBi (TTpaTiav eiraiTelv. ^KcpidXTOV Be
K(oXvovTO<; Kal Biap,apTvpop.evov p^rj ^o^]delv p^rjB'
dvicTTdvat. TToXiv avTiiraXov iirl tci,^ ^KOr)va<i, dXX*
edv KctaOat koI TraTrjOrivai to (ftpovrjpLa rr)?
X'TrdpTTji;, KipuDvd <^7}(tl K^piTLa<; ti]v ttj^; 7raTpiBo<;
av^rjaiv €V vaTepcp 6ep.evov tov AaKeBaipbovlcov
454
CIMON, XVI. 5-8
It is said that while the young men and youths
were exercising together in the interior of the colon-
nade, just a little before the earthquake, a hare made
its appearance, and the youths, all anointed as they
were, in sport dashed out and gave chase to it, but
the young men remained behind, on whom the gym-
nasium fell, and all perished together. Their tomb,
even down to the present day, they call Seismatias.
Archidamus at once comprehended from the
danger at hand that which was sure to follow, and
as he saw the citizens trying to save the choicest
valuables out of their houses, ordered the trumpet
to give the signal of an enemy's attack, in order that
they might flock to him at once under arms. This was
all that saved Sparta at that crisis. For the Helots
hurriedly gathered from all the country round about
with intent to despatch the surviving Spartans. But
finding them arrayed in arms, they withdrew to
their cities and waged open war, persuading many
Perioeci also so to do. The Messenians besides
joined in this attack upon the Spartans.
Accordingly, the Lacedaemonians sent Pericleidas
to Athens with request for aid, and Aristophanes
introduces him into a comedy as " sitting at the altars,
pale of face, in purple cloak, soliciting an army.''^
But Ephialtes opposed the project, and besought the
Athenians not to succour nor restore a city which
was their rival, but to let haughty Sparta lie to be
trodden under foot of men. Whereupon, as Critias
says, Cimon made his country's increase of less
account than Sparta's interest, and persuaded the
* Lysistratat 1137 £L
455
PLUTARCH'S LIVES
crvfi<p€povTO^ avairelaavTa top BrjfMoi^ i^ekOelv
^orjOovvra fiera iroWwv ottXltcov, 6 S* "Iwi/
diro/jLvrjfioveveL /cat tov Xoyop, o5 fjudXicrra tov<;
^AOr]vaLov<; eKivrjcre, irapaKoXo^v fiyjre rrjv 'EX-
XdSa ')(^co\r]v /irjre rrjv ttoKlv erepo^uya irepiihelv
yeyevrjfjbivT]!/.
XVII. 'ETret Se ^orjOrjaa^ tol<; Aa/c€BacjjLovLOL<;
dirrieL Bid K.opivdov Tr)P crrparidv dycov, iveKdXei
Adx^apTO<i avTcp irpiv iprv^etv rol^ TroXtrai?
elaayayoPTL to arpdrevpLa' kol yap Ovpav k6-
'\lraPTa<; aXkorpiap ov/c elatepai irporepop rj top
fcvpcop KeXevaai,. kol 6 Kip^cop " 'AXX' ov^ t'/iet?,"
eiTrep, " w Aa^a^re, ra? l^Xewpaiwp kol ^leyapecop
TTvXaf; KoylraPTe^;, dXXd KaTaa)(LaaPTe<; elae^ui-
aaaOe fieTa tcop ottXcop d^ioiPT6<; dpewyevai
TTupTa TOt? p^el^op BvpapbepoL<i.^^ ovtco puep iOpa-
(TVPaTO 7rpo<; top KopiP0iop ip BiopTi, kol pLCTa
T^9 aTpaTid<; Bi,e^f]X6ep,
Oi Be AaKeBaipLOPLOi tou? W0r)paLOv<; avOi^
eKdXovp irrl tov^ ip ^lOdypLr} Meao-Tjpiovf; /cat
6tA.&)Ta9, eXdovTtiip Be tt^p ToXpap kol ttjp Xap.-
irpoTTjTa BeiaaPTe^; dTr€7rep.yjraPT0 pi6pov<i toop
(Tvp.p,d')(^a)p CO? pecoTepiaTd^. ol Be irpo'i opyyp
direXOoPTe^ ^Brj toI<; XaKcopL^ovaL <f)ap€pcb<; e')(^aXe-
Traivop, /cal top K.Lp,copa pLLKpd<; eTTiXa^opbepoL
7rpo(f)daeo)<; e^odorTpdKiaap ei? eTrj BeKw toctovtop
yap r)p y^povov TeTayp^epop diracTL rot? e^oaTpaKi-
^opbipoi^;.
^Ep Be TOVTCp TCOP AaKeBaipLOPLoyp, 009 eiravrip-
')(ppTo AeX(j)oif^ diro ^coKecop iXevdep(aaapTe<^, ip
456
CIMON, XVI. 8-xvii. 3
people to go forth to her aid with many hoplites.
And Ion actually mentions the phrase by which,
more than by anything else, Cimon prevailed upon the
Athenians, exhorting them " not to suffer Hellas to
be crippled, nor their city to be robbed of its yoke-
fellow."
XVII. After he had given aid to the Lacedaemo-
nians, he was going back home with his forces through
the Isthmus of Corinth, when Lachartus upbraided
him for having introduced his army before he had
conferred with the citizens. " People who knock at
doors," said he, " do not go in before the owner bids
them " ; to which Cimon replied, " And yet you
Corinthians, O Lachartus, did not so much as knock
at the gates of Cleonac and Megara, but hewed
them down and forced your way in under arms,
demanding that everything be opened up to the
stronger." Such was his boldness of speech to the
Corinthian in an emergency, and he passed on
through with his forces.
Once more the Lacedaemonians summoned the
Athenians to come to their aid against the Messe-
nians and Helots in Ithome, and the Athenians went,
but their dashing boldness awakened fear, and they
were singled out from all the allies and sent off as
dangerous conspirators. They came back home in a
rage, and at once took open measures of hostility
against the Laconizers, and above all against Cimon.
Laying hold of a trifling pretext, they ostracised him
for ten years.^ That was the period decreed in all
cases of ostracism.
It was during this period that the Lacedaemonians,
after freeing the Delphians from the Phocians,
1 461 B.a
457
PLUTARCH'S LIVES
Tavdypa fcaTaa-rparoTreSevo-dvTCDv ^KOrjvaiot fjiev
aTrrjvTcov hiafxa^ovixevoL, J^Lficov Be fiera tcov
ottXcov rJK€v eh tt/v avrov (fyvX^v rrjv OlvrjtBa,
7rp60vfJio<; cov dfivvecrOaL rou? AaKeBaifjLovLov<; fiera
4 T(ov ttoXltcov. t} Be ^ovXr) tmv irevTaKoalcov irvdo-
fjLevr] Kot (po/Brjdela-a, tmv i^dpcov avrov Kara-
^ocovTcov Q)9 (rvvrapd^ac rrjv <j>d\ayya ^ov\o-
jjuevov KoX Ty iroXei AaKeBaifiovlov^ eTrayayecv,
aTTTjyopevo-e rot? a r partly ol^; fjurj Bexecrdai rov
dvBpa, KaKelvo'^ fiev oix^"^^ Ber]6el<; ^vOlinrov
rov ^Ava<f)\variov Kal rcov dWcov eraipcov, ocroi
/jbdXiara rrjv rov XaKdovi^eiv alriav ea^ov, eppoo/jLe-
vco<; dycoviaaaOai irpo^s roix; 7ro\epLov<; Kal S|'
epya>v dirdXvaaaOai rrjv airlav 7rpb<; rou? TroTdrai
5 01 Be \a^6vre^ avrov rrjv iravoTrXiav eh rov 'Xoxoi
eOevro' Kal fier dXkTJXcov avardvre^; eKdvpLrai
eKarov 6vre<; erreaoVy iroXvv avrcov iroOov Koi
jjuerafieXetav e(j>* oh yridOrjaav dBiKCO^i aTroXiTrov-
T69 T0i9 ^A07]vaLOL<;, 66ev ovBe rSi 7rpo<; J^Cficova
dvjJicp iToXvv XP^vov evefieivav, rd jnev, to? elKo^},
oiiv eiradov ev fiefMvrjfievoL, rd Be rov Kaipov avX-
6 XafJb^avofJievov. vevcKyfievoi yap ev Tavdypa 490'
pLaxx) fieydXy Kal irpoaBoKwvre^ eU copav erov^i
arpartdv TLeXo7rovvrjaL(ov eV avrov<; eKdXovv €K
tt}? (jivyrjf; rov K.ip,cova' Kal KarrjXde ro '^jr'^cpiar/jia
ypd'\fravro<; avrS) HepiKXeov^. ovrco rore TroXirc-
Kal fiev Tjaav al Bca(f)OpaL, puerpiOL 3' ol dvpioV
458
CIMON, XVII. 3-6
encamped at Tanagra on their march back home.^
Here the Athenians confronted them, bent on fight-
ing their issue out, and here Cimon came in arms, to
join his own Oeneid tribe, eager to share with his
fellow-citizens in repelling the Lacedaemonians.
But the Council of the Five Hundred learned of this
and was filled with fear, since Cimon's foes accused
him of wishing to throw the ranks into confusion,
and then lead the Lacedaemonians in an attack upon
the city ; so they forbade the generals to receive the
man. As he went away he besought Euthippus of
Anaphlystus and his other comrades, all who were
specially charged with laconizing, to fight sturdily
against the enemy, and by their deeds of valour to
dissipate the charge which their countrymen laid at
their door. They took his armour and set it in the
midst of their company, supported one another
ardently in the fight, and fell, to the number of one
hundred, leaving behind them among the Athenians
a great and yearning sense of their loss, and sorrow
for the unjust charges made against them. For this
reason the Athenians did not long abide by their
displeasure against Cimon, partly because, as was
natural, they remembered his benefits, and partly
because the turn of events favoured his cause. For
they were defeated at Tanagra in a great battle, and
expected that in the following spring-time an armed
force of Peloponnesians would come against them,
and so they recalled Cimon from his exile. The
decree which provided for his return was formally
proposed by Pericles. To such a degree in those
days were dissensions based on political differ-
ences of opinion, while personal feelings were
» 457 B.C.
459
PLUTARCH'S LIVES
Kol irpo<; TO KOLVov evavcLKkrjTOL crv/x(f3€pov, t) he
(ptXori/jiLa TrdvTcov iTTLKparovaa rcov iraOwv rot?
T?}? 7raTpiBo<; v7r€)((op€L KaLpol<;.
XYIII. Eu^u? jxev o?fv o Klfioov KarekOwv
eXvae rov iroXefJLov koI Bi'^Wa^e ra? TroXet?*
y€V0fJL6vr]<; S* elprjvrjf; opcov tov<; ^AOrjvatov^;
r](TV')(lav ayeiv /nrj Swa/Jbivov^, aWa Kiveiadai koX
av^dveaOai TaL<; aTpaTeiai<; ySouXoyLtez^ou?, Xva
fit) Tot9 "EXXT^crt Sio'xXSxTi firjBe irepX ra^ vriaov<;
rj UeXoTTOVvrjaov dvaaTpei^ojievov vaval TroXXat?
alrlaf; efx^vkiwv iroke^&v koX arvfji/JLaxi^f^(*>v iyKXr]-
fidrav cLp')(a^ iTrio-TrdacovTai Kara t?}? TToXeo)?,
2 i7r\7]pov hiaKoaia^ Tpit]p6C<; o)? 67r' Atyvirrov kol
KvTTpov avOi^; iKarparevaofjuevo^y a/xa fiev ifi-
IxeXerav toa? 7r/)09 rov? ^ap0dpov<; dycoart ffovXo-
fi€Vo<; TOL'9 *A6r]vaLov<i, dfia S* oxpeXela-dai StKaL(o<;
ra? aTTO tmv (f>va6t, iroXefiLCOV €V7ropia<; el<: rrjv
*EiXXdBa Ko/jLi^ovTa<;.
HS?7 ^e TrapecTKevao'fiei'cov dirdvYcov kol rov
(Trparov irapa rat'? vavalv ovro? ovap elSev o
3 K.i/jL(ov. iBo/cei, Kvva OviiovpLevrfv vXa/crelv tt/jo?
avrov, e/c Be rrj<^ vKXay)^ fiefnyfievov dcftelaav
dvdpdnTOV ^Ooyyov elTrelv
ST€i%e* (\iiXo<; yap ear} kul ifiol Kal ifioU
(T/cvXdKecra-iv.
ovro) Be Bv<7Kpirov rri<? oi^eo)? ovar)<? ^Aarv(f)LXo<;
6 UoaecBcovLdrrjf;, /jLavriKO^; dvrjp Kal avvi]6r]<; r^
J^ificovi, ^pd^ec Odvarov avra> TrpoarjfMabveiv rrjv
oyjnv, our ay Bcaipoov kvcov dvOpwircp, 7rpo<; ov
vXafcret, 7ro\€//,to9* iroXejjLiO) 3' ovk dp tl<; fidXXov
460
CIMON, XVII. 6-xviii. 3
moderate, and easily recalled into conformity with
the public weal. Even ambition, that master passion,
paid deference to the country's welfare.
XVIII. Well then, as soon as Cimon returned
from exile he stopped the war and reconciled the
rival cities. After peace was made,^ since he saw
that the Athenians were unable to keep quiet, but
wished to be on the move and to wax great by
means of military expeditions ; also because he wished
that they should not exasperate the Hellenes gener-
ally, nor by hovering around the islands and the
Peloponnesus with a large fleet bring down upon the
city charges of intestine war, and initial complaints
from the allies, he manned two hundred triremes. His
design was to make another expedition with them
against Egypt and Cyprus. He wished to keep the
Athenians in constant training by their struggles with
Barbarians, and to give them the legitimate benefits
of importing into Hellas the wealth taken from their
natural foes.
All things were now ready and the soldieiy on the
point of embarking, when Cimon had a dream. He
thought an angry bitch was baying at him, and that
mingled with its baying it uttered a human voice,
saying : —
'' Go thy way, for a friend shalt thou be both to me
and my puppies."
The vision being hard of interpretation, Astyphilus ot
Posidonia, an inspired man and an intimate of
Cimon's, told him that it signified his death. He
analysed the vision thus : a dog is a foe of the man
at whom it bays ; to a foe, one cannot be a friend
» 450 B.a
461
PLUTARCH'S LIVES
77 T€\€VT'i]cra<; <j>l\o(; yevoiTO' ro ^e fiijfia r?}?
<^wvrj<; ^\rjhov dirohrjXol top i'xPpov 6 yap
4 M.^Ba)v (TTparo^ "EWrja-iv ofiov fcal fiap^dpot^
IxefxiKTat. jxera 8e ravTrjv rrjv o-yjnv avrov roG
Aiovvo-q) dvaavTo^ 6 fiev fidi>Ti<; direTefie to
lepeiov, rod 3' aipaTo^ to Trrjyvvfievov tJSt;
/jLvpfjLr)K€<; TToWol \a/jL/3dvoi'T€<i Kara p^i/cpov e<f)€pov
7r/?09 Tov K.LpLQ)va KOI Tov TToSo? TTcpl Tov jjbiyav
hdKTvXov irepieirXaTTOVy iirl ttoXvv XP^^^i^ Xav-
6dvovT€<;. dfxa he irod^ 6 re K.Ljii(i)v rw yivop^evco
TTpocrkGye koI Traprjv 6 dvTr}<; i'Tn8eiKi>viuLepo<i avrS)
TOV Xo^bv ovK e^ovra Ke^aXrjv.
"AXV ov yap r]V dvdhvai^ rrff; arpareiaf; efe-
TrXevae, Kal tcov vewv e^rJKOvra fxev direaTeLXev
eh AtyvTTTOV, Tat<; 8* aXXac<; irdXiv . . . enrXei?-
6 KoX KaTavavpa)(^7]cra<; ^oivktctcjv vecov Kal K^iXia-
acov jBadiXiKov aroXov dveKTciTo re ra? ev kvkXw
TToXet? Kal Tot9 Trepl AiyvTrrov e(f)i]Sp€U6v, ovSei'
jjLiKpov, dXX* 6Xr)<; eirtvoMV tt}? fiaatXe(o<; rjye/jLO-
vla^ KardXvcnv, Kal pdXio-Ta on tov ®e/jiiaTO-
kX6ov<; iirvvOdveTO Bo^av elvai Kal Svvafiiv iv
Tol<; l3ap^dpoc<; /jbeydXrjv, viroSeBeyfievov (BacnXel
KLVOVVTL TOV ^EiXXrjviKov TToXe/iiov arparr^yrjaeiv,
6 %efJiiaT0KXr}<; fiev ovv ov^ rjKLara Xiyerai Td<;
*FiXX7]VLKd<; irpd^ei^ dizoyvov^i, w? ovk dv virep-
fiaXofJuevo^; Tr]v K/yxaji^09 evTV^^av koi dpeTrjv,
€Koov TeXevTYjaai, J^Cficov Be fxeydXcov lTraipopuevo<^
dpya^ dyo)V(ov Kal Trepl Kvirpov crvvexo)v to
vavTLKov eirefjb'y^ev eh ^'A/ji/j,covo<; dvBpa<; aTroppr)-
Tov Tiva piavreiav 7roir}(roiJLevov(; irapd T(p 6e(p'
^ vdXiv . . . eirAft either -ndXiv is a corruption {•wfpi ITo/i-
<pvKiav ?), or words have fallen out.
462
CIMON, XVIII. 3-6
any better than by dying ; the mixture of speech
indicates that the enemy is the Mede, for the army
of the Medes is a mixture of Hellenes and Bar-
barians. After this vision^ when Cimon had sacrificed
to Dionysus and the seer was cutting up the victim,
swarms of ants took the blood as it congealed,
brought it little by little to Cimon, and enveloped
his great toe therewith, he being unconscious of their
work for some time. Just about at the time when
he noticed what they were doing, the ministrant
came and showed him the liver of his victim without
a head.
But since he could not get out of the expedition,
he set sail, and after detailing sixty of his ships to go
to Egypt, with the rest he made again for Cyprus.
After defeating at sea the royal armament of Phoeni-
cian and Cilician ships, he won over the cities round
about, and then lay threatening the royal enterprise
in Egypt, and not in any trifling fashion, — nay, he
had in mind the dissolution of the King's entire
supremacy, and all the more because he learned that
the reputation and power of Themistocles were great
among the Barbarians, who had promised the King
that when the Hellenic war was set on foot he would
take command of it. At any rate, it is said that it
was most of all due to Themistocles' despair of his
Hellenic undertakings, since he could not eclipse the
good fortune and valour of Cimon, that he took his
own life.^
But Cimon, while he was projecting vast conflicts
and holding his naval forces in the vicinity of Cyprus,
sent men to the shrine of Amnion to get oracular
answer from the god to some secret question.
* Cf. Themistocles, xxxi. 4.
463
PLUTARCH'S LIVES
7 'yivoaaKeL ykp ovSeW vTrep wv i7r€/jL(j)0r)orav, ovSe
')(^pr](T jjbov avToX<; 6 ^eo? e^rjveyKev, aXX' ajia tm
irpoaeXOelv CKeXevcrev aTTiivao roix; OeoTrpoTrovf;'
avTQV yap ^St; tov J^tfjucova Trap* eavrw rvy^dveLv
ovra. ravra aKovaavre^ ol deoirpoiroi Kare-
jSacpov eVl OaXaacrav yevofievoi Se iv tw arparo-
iriBo) Tcov 'EWyvcov, o rore irepl Klyvirrov rjv,
iirvdovTO TeOvdvai, tov J^Lficova' koX ra? yfjLepa<;
7r/0O9 TO fjbavrelov dvdyovTe<s eyvooaav yvcyfievrjv
TTjv reXevrrjv tov dv8p6<;, <W9 ^Brj irapa Oeoi^
6uT0<;.
XIX. ^AfTrWave he iroXiopKcov Kltlov, (09 ol 491
TrkelcTTOt Xeyovai, voaTjaa^' evioi Si (j>a(Tiv e/c
Tpav/JLaTO<;, o 7rpo<; tol'9 ^apffdpov^ dy(ovi^6jjL€PO<;
ecr%e. TeXevTMV Se tov<; irepl avTov eKeXevaev
€vOv<; diroirXeZv diroKpy^ajjAvovf; tov OdvaTOV
avTOV' KoX avvefirj /jl7]T€ tcov iroXe/jLLcov firjTe
TMV (TVfifjid'X^cov alcrOo/jievcov da<f>aXco<; avTov<;
dva/cojJLio-drjvat crTpaTrjyovfievov^ vtto }^i/jL(ovo<;,
<W9 (j)r)(Ti, ^avoBrjfjLOf;, TeOvrjKOTO^ e<f> rjfiepa^
TpLUKOVTa.
2 Mera he ttjv eKeivov TcXevTrjv Trpo^ fiev tov<;
pappdpov<^ ovSev €Tl XajMirpov vtt ovhevo^ iirpd-
yOy] aTpaT7}yov tcov 'EXXt^j/wz/, aXXa TpairevTe^;
VTTO SrjfiaycoyMV Koi TroXe/iOTroicov eV aXX7;XoL'9,
ovS€Vo<; Ta9 %€t'/3a9 iv fiecrco 8Lao")(^6vT0<:, crvveppd-
yrjcrav eh tov TToXe/iov, dvairvor) fxev toI<; ^aai-
Xeco<; irpdyixacTi yevofxevoi, ^Oopov S* dfxvdrjTov
3 T»79 'EXX7)viKrj(; Bwdfieo)^ aTrepyacrdfievot. osjre
S' 01 Trepl TOV ^AyrfaiXaov eh Tr)v ^Acrlav e^evey-
fcdfievoc TO, OTrXa fipa^eof; ^^avTO iroXefiov 7rp6^
/J
464
CIMON, XVIII 6-xix. 3
No one knows what they were sent to ask, nor did
the god vouchsafe them any response, but as soon as
the enquirers drew nigh, he bade them depart,
saying that Cimon himself was already with him.
On hearing this, the enquirers went down to the sea-
coast, and when they reached the camp of the
Hellenes, which was at that time on the confines of
Egypt, they learned that Cimon was dead, and
on counting the days back to the utterance of the
oracle, they found that it was their commander's
death which had been darkly intimated, since he was
already with the gods.
XIX. He died while besieging Citium, of sickness,
as most say.^ But some say it was of a wound which
he got while fighting the Barbarians. As he was
dying he bade those about him to sail away at once
and to conceal his death. And so it came to pass
that neither the enemy nor the allies understood
what had happened, and the force was brought back
in safety " under the command of Cimon," as
Phanodemus says, " who had been dead for thirty
days."
After his death no further brilliant exploit against
the Barbarians was performed by any general of the
Hellenes, who were swayed by demagogues and
partisans of civil war, with none to hold a mediating
hand between them, till they actually clashed to-
gether in war. This afforded the cause of the King
a respite, but brought to pass an indescribable
destruction of Hellenic power. It was not until long
afterwards 2 that Agesilaiis carried his arms into Asia
and prosecuted a brief war against the King's
1 Thuc. i. 112. » 396-394 b.o.
465
PLUTARCH'S LIVES
T0U9 €7rt OaXdaarj ^a(TiXeco<; (TTparrjyov^;' koI
Xa/jL7rpbv ovSev ov8e fiiya hpdaavre^t avdi^ he
Tat9 ¥SKXriViKai<; ardaeai koX Tapa^at<; d<i)
erepa^ dpxv^ v7reve')(6evT€';j oi'^ovro tov<; Uepacov
(popoXoyovq iv p.eaat<; raif; (TV/JLjuLd')(^oi<; koI (j>i\ai,^
TToXeaiv diToXiirovTe^j o)v ovBe ypap.pLaTO<^6po^
Kare^aivev ovS* ltttto^ Trpo^ OaXdcrar) rerpaKoa-
icov (JTahiwv 6VT0<i M(f)0r) o-TparrjjovvTOf; KtyLtcoi^o?.
' Ore puev ovv eh rrjv ^Attiktjv aTre/co/iiLcrdT)
ra XeLsjrava avTov, fiaprvpel TOiV fivrj/xdrcov rd
fiexpi' vvv K.tfiQ)V€ia irpoaayopevop^va* Tificoac
Be fcal KtTt€?9 rd(j)ov Ttva Kt/xwz/o?, ©9 Nafo-t-
Kpdrr)^ prirayp (fyrjaiv, iv Xoip,a) koI yrjf; d(j>opia
rod Oeov irpoard^avro^; avTOi<; p^rj dpeXelv Kt-
pLCDVo^y aXV d)9 Kpeirrova ae^eadai koI yepaCpeiv,
TOtovTO<; pev 6 *FjXX7]vtKo<% rjyepiwv.
466
CIMON, XIX. 3-4
generals along the sea-coast. And even he could
perfonm no great and brilliant deeds, but was over-
whelmed in his turn by a flood of Hellenic disorders
and seditions and swept away from a second empire.
So he withdrew, leaving in the midst of allied and
friendly cities the tax-gatherers of the Persians, not
one of whose scribes, nay, nor so much as a horse,
had been seen within four hundred furlongs of the
sea, as long as Cimon was general.
That his remains were brought home to Attica,
there is testimony in the funeral monuments to this
day called Cimonian. But the people of Citium
also pay honours to a certain tomb of Cimon, as
Nausicrates the rhetorician says, because in a time
of pestilence and famine the god enjoined upon
them not to neglect Cimon, but to revere and honour
him as a superior being. Such was the Greek
leader.
467
.-i,^.'.
LUCULLUS
AOYKOYAAOD
I. T« 8e AovKOvWo) TraTTTTO? fih yv vTrariKO^,
Oelo^ 3e 7r/)o? firjrpo^ MereXXo? o ^ofJuthiKO^;
iiTiKkridei';. tS)V he yoveav 6 jMev Trarrjp eaXco
Kkoirrj^i, KeKiXia Se 97 fitjrrjp r)h6^r]Gev co? ov
^e^LO)KVLa (T(o(j)p6va)<;, avTo<; S* Aou/couWo?
6TA fietpaKtov wv, irplv apxvv rtva pberekdeZv
KoX TToXireLa^ a^fracrOai,, irpoiTOv epyov eirotrjaaTO
Tov rod 7raTpo<; Karrjf^opov Kplvai XepovlXiop
2 avyovpa, \a0o)V ahiKovvra Brjfjuoala, koI to
TTodyfia XafiTTpov i<f)dvr) *F(OfjLaL0L<;, koI ttjv
BvKTjv €K€ivrju Mdirep aptcTTeiav Sia aTOfiaro^
ecr')(^ov. iBofcec Se koX aXX©? avrol^i avev Trpo^d-
0-60)9 ovK dyevvh elvai to t?}? KaTr)yopLa<i epyov,
dWk Kol irdvv Tov<i veov<i iffovXovTO tol<;
dBiKOva-iv eTn^vofjuevov; opdv wcrirep Otiptoi^ evye-
vet<; <JKv\aKa<;. ov fxrjv oXKA jxeydXr]^ irepl r^i^
Slktjv ifcelvrjv (pLXoveLKca^ yevofievrj^iy cj(tt€ kol
TpcoOrjval Tiva^ kol irea-elv, dwecpvyev 6 Xepovi-
Xlo<;.
3 'O Se AovKovX\o<; tjo-kt^to kol Xeyeiv lKav(o<;
e/caTepav yXcoTTUV, cocrre kcu SvXXa? Td<; avTOv
irpd^ei^ dvaypdcfxov eKeivco irpoaec^xjovqaev o)^ avv-
Ta^ofievo) Kol hiaOrjaovTi Tr)v laTOpiav dpLeivov.
rjv yap ovk iirl ttjv ^eCav fiovTjv ifLfie\^<i avTov
470
LUCULLUS
I. In the case of LucuUus, his grandfather was
a man of consular rank, and his uncle on his mothers
side was Metellus, surnamed Numidicus. But as
for his parents, his father was convicted of peculation,
and his mother, Caecilia, had the bad name of a
dissolute woman. Lucullus himself, while he was
still a mere youth, before he had entered public
life or stood for any office, made it his first business
to impeach his father's accuser, Servilius the Augur,
whom he found wronging the commonwealth. The
Romans thought this a brilliant stroke, and the
case was in everybody's mouth, like a great deed
of prowess. Indeed, they thought the business of
impeachment, on general principles and without
special provocation, no ignoble thing, but were very
desirous to see their young men fastening themselves
on malefactors like high-bred whelps on wild beasts.
However, the case stirred up great animosity, so
that sundry persons were actually wounded and
slain, and Se> vilius was acquitted.
Lucullus was trained to speak fluently both Latin
and Greek, so that Sulla, in writing his own memoirs,
dedicated them to him, as a man who would set
in order and duly arrange the history of the times
better than himself For the style of Lucullus
was not only businesslike and ready ; the same
VOL. II. Q 471
I
PLUTARCH'S LIVES
Kol 'irp6')(€ipo<; o X0709, Kaddirep 6 t&v dWcov t^v
/j,ev ayopav
%vvvofs Pokalo^ TriXayo^ w? SiecTTpoffei,
y€v6fi€vo<; Be t^9 ayopd<; i/CTO<; avo<;, afiovala
4 TeOvrjKco^, aWa koX rrjv i/J,/jL€\rj ravTijv Kal 492
Xeyofievrjv ekevOepiov iirl tm kuX^ TrpoaeTroieiTo
iraiBeiav en koX fieipaKLov wv. yevofievo^; he
irpeffpvTepo^i yBrj TravraTracnv co<r7rep ex ttoWmv
aycovcov a(j)r]K€ rrjv hidvoLav ev (j>i\o<JO^ia (T^oXd-
^eiv KoX dvairavecrOai, to OecoprjriKOv avrrj^
eyeipaf;, KaTaXvaa<; S' ev /caipw Kal KoXovaa^; ro
5 (J>i,X6ti/iiov eK T^9 7rpo9 Ylofiirrjlov Bi,a<l>opd<;, irepl
lieu ovv tt)? (f)iXoXoyLa<; avrov tt/do? toI^; elp7]/jL€Voi<;
Kol ravra Xeyerar veov ovra 7rpo<; 'OpTi]cnov rov
BiKoXoyov Kal ^taeiwdv rov laropiKov ik 7raiBid<; ^
Tivof; €t9 (TrrovBrjv irpoeXOovar)':; ofxoXoyrjaai, irpo- fll
Oefievav iroirjpba Kal Xoyov ^EXXrjviKov re Kal
'VmixalKoVy eh 6 tl dv Xd^f) tovtcov, tov Map-
aiKov evrevelv iroXe/xov. Kal ttw? eoiKev eU Xoyov
'KXXtjvikov 6 a-XtJ/^ov d<f)iKe(j6ar Biaa-M^erat yap
*EXXt]VIK7] Ti9 [(TTOpta tov MapatKov iroXefiov.
6 T779 Be 7r/)09 TOV dBeX(pov avTov MdpKov €vvoLa<;
TTOXXCOV TeK/JLljpLCDV 6vT(OV fldXiaTU 'VwfXaloL TOV
TrpcoTOV fivrj/xovevovai. nrpeajBvTepO'^ yap wv
avTOV Xa^elv dp)(^rjv /jl6vo<; ovk i^deXrjo-eVf dXXd
TOV eKeivov Kaipov dvafieiva^; outq)<s eirr^ydyeTO
472
I
LUCULLUS, I. 3-6
was true of many another man's in the Forum.
There,
" Like smitten tunny, through the billowy sea it
dashed/'
although outside of the Forum it was
** Withered, inelegant, and dead."
But Lucullus, from his youth up, was devoted to
the genial and so-called "liberal" culture then in
vogue, wherein the Beautiful was sought. And
when he came to be well on in years, he suffered
his mind to find complete leisure and repose, as
it were after many struggles, in philosophy, en-
couraging the contemplative side of his nature, and
giving timely halt and check, after his difference
with Pompey, to the play of his ambition. Now,
as to his love of literature, this also is reported, in
addition to what has already been said : when he
was a young man, proceeding from jest to earnest
in a conversation with Hortensius, the orator, and
Sisenna, the historian, he agreed, on their suggestion
of a poem and a history, both in Greek and Latin,
that he would treat the Marsic war in whichever
of these forms the lot should prescribe. And it
would seem that the lot prescribed a Greek history,
for there is extant a Greek history of the Marsic
war.
Of his affection for his brother Marcus there
are many proofs, but the Romans dwell most upon
the first. Although, namely, he was older than
his brother, he was unwilling to hold office alone,
but waited until his brother was of the proper
age, and thus gained the favour of the people
473
PLUTARCH'S LIVES
Tov BrjfjLOV, co(TT€ (Tvv iK€iV(p firj TTapcbv ayopavofio^
aipeOrjvai.
II. Neo9 5' o)v iv T(p MapatKO) iroXefiw iroXka
fiev T6\fi7]<; Seiyfiara 7ra/)eV^e Kal crvve(Tea)<;,
fxaXkov ye jjbrjv avrov St* eva-rddecav kol Trpaorrjra
^vXkaf; TrpoarjydyerOy koI 'x^poojuievo'; air dp^V^
iirl Tcb TrXetcTTt;? d^ia cTTrouS^? BieTeXeaev o)v tjv
2 KoX 7) irepl TO vofiLa/jLa TTpayfiarela, hi i/ceivov
yctp eKOTTrj to irkelaTOV iv IleKo7rovvria-(p irepl tov
MtOptBaTtKov iroXe/jLOV, kol AovkovWciov air
eKeivov irpoarjyopevdrj, koI BieieXea-ev eirl irXet-
(TTOv, virb Tcov (TTpaTiWTLKWv %/9eta)t' iv ToS iroXefio)
Xafi^dvov dfJLOL^rjv Ta^^lav, iic tovtov Trjq fiev
7/}? iiTiKpaTwv 6 SuXXa? iv Tai<; ^Kdrjvaifi, irepi-
KOTTTopLevo^ Se Ttjv dyopav i/c Tfj<; 0a\dTTr]<; virb
TMV iroXefjLLcov vavKpaTOVVTCOv, i^€1^€p,^frev iir*
AlyvTTTOV KOL Ac^u7]<; TOV AovKovXXov d^ovra
3 vav<; iKeWev. rjv puev ovv aKjur) '^etpLodvot;, e'fe-
irXevae Be Tpialv 'EXXrjvLKOt'; p^voirdpcocri koI
BiKpoTOL'^ t(TaL<i 'PoBiaKatf; tt/do? fieya 7reXayo<; koI
vav^ iroXefjL[a<;, iravTa^^oa-e to) /cpaTetv iroXXd<;
Bia^epoixeva^ij irapa^aXX6fi€vo<;. ov p,rjv dXXd
Kal YLpTjTTjv KaTdpa<; (OKecdiia-aTO Kal K.vpr)vaiov<;
KaTaXapoav iK TvpavviBtav <Tvve')(^Ci)v Kal iroXificov
TapaTTop,evov<; dveXa^e, Kal KaTearrjcraTO ttjv
iroXiTelav liXaTWViKrjf; tlvo<; ^o)vr]<^ dvajjuv^aaf;
TTjv iroXiv, fjv if(etvo<; direOecriria-e irpo<; avTov<;.
4 Beofjuevcov ydp, th^; eoiKev, oirax; re vopbov^ ^pd-^r)
Kal TOV Brjfiov avTov el<; tvitov tlvcl KaTadTrjarj
iroXiTeia'; aco^povof;, e(j)rj ^aXeirbv elvai Kvprjvauoi^
474
LUCULLUS, I. 6-II. 4
to such an extent that, although in absence from the
city, he was elected aedile along with his brother.
II. Though he was but a young man in the Marsic
war,^ he gave many proofs of courage and under-
standing. It was, however, more owing to his
constancy and mildness that Sulla attached him to
himself and employed him from first to last on
business of the highest importance. Such, for
instance, was the management of the mint. Most
of the money used in Peloponnesus during the
Mithridatic war was coined by him, and was called
Lucullean after him. It remained current for a long
time, since the wants of the soldiery during the war
gave it rapid circulation. Afterwards, at Athens,
Sulla found himself master on land, but cut off from
supplies by sea, owing to the superior naval force of
the enemy. He therefore despatched Lucullus to
Egypt and Libya,^ with orders to fetch ships from
there. Winter was then at its worst, but he sailed
forth with three Greek brigantines and as many
small Rhodian galleys, exposing himself not only to
the high sea, but to numerous hostile ships which
were cruising about everywhere in full mastery of it.
However, he put in at Crete and won it over to his
side. He also made Cyrene, and finding it in con-
fusion in consequence of successive tyrannies and
wars, he restored it to order, and fixed its constitution,
reminding the city of a certain oracular utterance
which the great Plato had once vouchsafed to them.
They asked him, it would seem, to write laws for
them, and to mould their people into some form of
sound government, whereupon he said that it was
hard to be a lawgiver for the Cyrenaeans when they
» 90-89 B.O. « 87-86 b.o.
475
PLUTARCH'S LIVES
oi/Tft)9 evTV')(pvaL vofJLO0€T6iv. ovSev yap avOpco-
TTov hvaapKTorepov ev irpdacetv Sokovvto^,
ouS' av iraXtv Se/criKcorepov iiriaTaaia^; avara-
\6VT0<; VTTO T^9 Tvxv^' ^ ^^^ T0T6 J^vprjvaiov^
vofioderovPTL AovkovWo) irpaov^ irapeax^^'
5 ^EKelOev S* ava'xPei's Itt klyviTTOV tcl ifketaTa
T&v <7Ka(^(av airepaXe ireipaTOiv eTn^avevTcoi',
avTos Be ScaacoOel^ Karijyero XapbTrpw^ eh 'A\e- _
^dvSpeiav. dTTTjvTrjo-eydp avro) (Tvjjb7ra<; 6 aroXo^;, fl
Mdirep elcoOet fiaaCkel KaTairXiovrt, KCKoafMrj-
p,€vo^ eKirpeiroi)^' ical to p^eipaKiov 6 TirdXepxuo^
aXkrjv re davpao-rrjv eTTeSeiKvvTO ^Cko<^po(Tvvr)v
irpo^i avTov, olktjotlv re kol BiaiTav iv roi? ^aai-
Xetofc9 eBwKev, ov86v6<; Trco ^evov irporepov r)y€fi6vo^
6 avTodi KaTaxd^VTO<;. Bairdvrjv Be fcal avvra^iv
ovx oarjv iBiBov to?9 aXXot9, dWa rerpaTrXrjv
€Keiv(p irapelx^^i ou Trpoaiep^evo) rSyv dvayKaicov
ifKeov ovBev ovBe Bwpov Xa^ovTi, KaiTrep oyBorj-
Kovia TaXdvTwv d^ia irep.'y^ravTO^ aiirw. Xeyerat 493
Be pbTjT €i9 M-epcpLV dva^TJvac fJbrjr dXXo rwp
6avpa^ofi€Vcov iv AlyvTrrw kcu Trepiffoyrcov icrro-
prjaai' axoXd^ovTO^; jap elvai ravra Bearov koX
Tpv<p(tiVTO<;y ovx> ^? avTo^i, iv viraWpw rbv avro-
Kpdropa (TKrjvovvra irapd ral^ iirdX^eai toov
TToXepi(ov diroXeXoi'iroTO';.
III. *E7r€l S* direKLire tt^v avpLfiax^av 6 IlToXe-
p,alo<; 7rpo9 rov iroXepuov d7roB6iXtdaa<;, ixelvq) Be
vav<; dxpt' K.v7rpov irop^TTov^ irapeorx'^i icaX irepl
Tov eKirXovv avrov d<T7ra^6fi€VO<; /cat Oepairevcov
iBcopeiTO xpvaivBeTOv a/idpayBov tcov iroXvTeXcov,
476
LUCULLUS, II. 4-III. I
were having such good fortune. ^ In fact^ nothing is
more ungovernable than a man reputed to be pros-
perous ; and, on the other hand, nothing is more
receptive of authority tiian a man who is humbled
by misfortune. This was what made the Cyrenaeans
at that time so submissive to Lucullus as their law-
giver.
From thence he set sail for Egypt, but was
attacked by pirates, and lost most of his vessels.
He himself, however, escaped in safety, and entered
the port of Alexandria in splendid style. The entire
Egyptian fleet came to meet him, as it was wont to
do when a king put into port, in resplendent array,
and the youthful Ptolemy, besides showing him other
astonishing marks of kindness, gave him lodging and
sustenance in the royal palace, whither no foreign
commander had ever been brought before. The
allowance which the king made for his expenses was
not the same as others had received, but four times
as much, and yet he accepted nothing beyond what
was actually necessary, and took no gift, although
he was offered the worth of eighty talents. It is
also said that he neither went up to Memphis, nor
sought out any other of the famous wonders of
Egypt ; this he held to be the privilege of a leisurely
and luxurious sight-seer, not of one who, like him-
self, had left his commander-in-chief encamped under
the open sky alongside the battlements of the
enemy.
III. Ptolemy abandoned his alliance with Rome,
out of fear for the outcome of the war, but furnished
Lucullus with ships to convoy him as far as Cyprus,
embraced him graciously at parting, and offered him
a costly emerald set in gold« At first Lucullus
477
PLUTARCH'S LIVES
TO fjuev TTpSiTov AouATOfXXo? irapTjTelro, Sel^ap-
T09 Be TTjv j\v(l>r)v Tov ^aaCkecof; elKova ovaav
IBlav e^o^TjOr) SicocraaOai, fir) iravTCLTraaiv e;)^-
Opo^ airoTrXelv vofitaOel'; iinPovXevO eirj Kara
2 Odkarrav. iirel Se 7rXrj6o<; ev irapdifka veoov ifc
Tcov Trapdkicov iroKecov adpoLcra<;, irkrjv oaoi irei-
pariKMV jxerel^ov aBcKrjfidrcov, et? ttjv K^virpov
BieirepaaeVy ivravOa 7rvv6av6/jL6vo<; rou? TroXe-
fiLov<; vavKo'XpvvTa^i eirl Tal<; uKpal^ 7rapa(j)v\dT-
T6LV avToVy ivea)\K7)ae tcl aKd<j>rj irdvTa, koI rah
TToXeaiv eypayjre irepl ')(€viJLahi(ov fcal dyopd<;, &)9
3 avToOt TTjv Mpav dva/Ji€V(ov, elra ttXov (pavivrof;
e^aiTivrj<; KaTa(77rdcra<; ra? vav^ dvri')(6rj, kol fieO*
Tjfiepav fjL6v v(f)6i,fiivoi<; irXicov rot? larTLOL<i /cal
Taireivoh, vvktcoo S' eiraLpopAvoLf; eh *F6Bov
iaoaOr). 'FoBicov Be vav<; avrw iTpo(T'irapaa')(^ovTcov
KoDOf? eireio-e /cal KvlBlov<; tmv paa-CkiKCdv diraX-
Xayevraf; eirl %ajj,L0V(; avarpareveiv. €k Be yiiov
TOL'9 jSao-iXLKOv^ avTo<; i^TjXaae, K.oXo^(avLOv<;
S* rfkevOepaxre a-vXXa^oov ^Eiirlyovov top Tvpavvov
avTWV.
4 ^KrvyxC'Ve Be /car' e/cetvov tov '^(^povov rjBrj
M.L6piBdT7](; TO mpyafiov eKXeXonrm koX crvve-
<TTaX/jLevo<; eh TlLTavrjv. ifcel Be ^i/ji/SpLov /caTe-
')(0VT0(i avTov eic 7779 Kal iroXiopKovvTo^, eh ttjv
BdXaTTav dcjiopcou avvrjye /cat iieTeirefiireTO tov^
iravTayodev (jtoXov^ 7rpo<; avTov, dvBpl ToXfJbrjTfj
Kal veviK'qKOTL T(p ^ifiPpia avfiirXeKea-Oac /cal
5 TToXefielv d7reyv(o/c(o<;. 6 Be TavTa avvoptov, vav-
TLKW Be XeLirofxevo^ 7rpo<; Aov/covXXov eirefxirevy
riK€LV TO) aT6X<p Beofievo^ kuI avve^eXelv exOtaTOv
478
LUCULLUS, III. 1-5
declined to accept it, but when the king showed
him that the engraving on it was a Hkeness of him-
self, he was afraid to reject it, lest he be thought to
have sailed aw ay at utter enmity with the king, and
so have some plot laid against him on the voyage.
As he sailed along, he collected a multitude of ships
from the maritime cities, omitting all those engaged
in piracy, and came at last to Cyprus. Learning
there that the enemy lay at anchor off the headlands
and were watching for his coming, he hauled all his
vessels up on land, and wrote letters to the cities
requesting winter quarters and provisions, as though
he would await the fine season there. Then, when
the wind served, he suddenly launched his ships and
put out to sea, and by sailing in the day time with
his sails reefed and low, but in the night time under
full canvas, he came safely to Rhodes. The Rhodians
furnished him with more ships, and he induced the
people of Cos and Cnidus to forsake the royal cause
and join him in an expedition against Samos. With-
out any aid he also drove the royal forces out of
Chios,^ and set the Colophonians free from their
tyrant, Epigonus, whom he arrested.
It happened about this time that Mithridates
abandoned Pergamum and shut himself up in Pitane.
Since Fimbria held him in close siege there by land,
he looked to make his escape by sea, and collected
and summoned his fleets from every quarter for
this purpose, renouncing all engagements in the
field with a man so bold and victorious as Fimbria.
This design Fimbria perceived, and being without
any fleet of his own, sent to LucuUus, beseecliing
him to come with his, and assist in capturing the
» 85 B.C.
479
PLUTARCH'S LIVES
KoX TrdXe/jLKOTarov ffaaiXicop, 0)9 /^rj to fiiya koI
Bca TToWayv aycovayv kol ttovcov hicoKOfievov ad\ov
eic<^vyoi 'Pa)//-afcou9, Mt^/otSar?;? et? Xa^a^; tjkwv
Koi 'yGyovoD<; ivTO<; apKvcov, ov \7](f)6evTO<i ovBiva
T779 86^7)<; otaeaOab irXeov rj top i/JLTroBcbv ttj ^vyfj
6 aravra kol Bta8LBpd(rK0VT0<; eirCka^ofjuevov' v<f)
eavTov jjuev i^ecoafievov t?)? 7779, vtt i/celvov Be
rrj<; 6a\dTT7]<^ elpyofievov dfi(f>oT€poc<; aTToBondeiv
TO KaTopOcofia, Ta^ Be ^vWa irpo^ ^Op)(pfievw
KoX Trepl ^uLpcoveiav vpvovp.eva^ dpLcTTeia^ ev
ovBevl Xoyqy OijaeaOai *Fa)/jLaL0v<;. koI ovBev rfv
diro TpoTTOv TMV \eyo[iev(t)v, dXXa iravrX BrjXov,
ft)9, el ^ip^ppia Tore 7reLa6el<i 6 AovKOvWo<i ov
fia/cpav oiv irepirjyayev eKelae Ta9 vav<; xal avve-
(ppa^e Tov Xcfjueva tw aroXw, wepa^ av el^^v o
TToXepLO^ /cat fivpicov dirijXXay/Liivoi kukcov diravTe^
7 Tjaav. aXX,' etre tcl Trpo<i ^vXkav BiKULa Trpea-
fievcov TTpo 7ravT0<; IBiov re koI kolvov av/xcpe-
povTO<;, €LTe tov ^ifjbBpiav fiiapov ovTa kol (povea
yey6V7]p,evov evay^o^ dvBpo<; (j)lXov Koi aTpaTrjyov
Bca (^tXap^f^av 7rpo/3aXX6/jLevo<;, elVe KaTa Oeiav
B?) Tiva TV)(Y}v 7repL(l)6io-dfjLevo<; avT0<; tov ^ yLiOpi-
BaTOV Kol ^vXd^a<i dvTayayvLaTrjv, ov^ viTrjKovaev,
dXXd M-LdpiBaTT} jxev eidrXevcrai irapeaye Kal
8 KaTayeXdaat, t?79 ^L/jU^piov Bvvdpbew^, avT0<^ Be
TTpMTov fiev eirl Ae/CTov T779 Tpq)dBo<; ^aaiXLKd<i
vav<; e'iTL<f>aveL(Ta(; KaTevav/jud^crjaev, av0L<; Be 7r/909
TeveBcp vavXo'X^ovvTa fiei^ovi irapaaKevy kutlBcov
* avrhs TOV Reiske, Coraes, Bekker : avrov.
480
LUCULLUS, III. 5-8
most hostile and warlike of kings, that the great
prize which they had sought with so many toils
and struggles might not escape the Romans, now
that Mithridates was in their grip and fast in the
meshes of their net. If he should be captured,
Fimbria said, no one would get more of the glory
than the man who stood in the way of his flight
and seized him as he was running off. " Driven
from the land by me, and excluded from the sea
by you, he will crown us both with success, and
the much heralded exploits of Sulla at Orchomenus
and Chaeroneia will cease to interest the Romans."
And there was nothing absurd in the proposition.
It is clear to everyone that if Lucullus, who was
close at hand, had then listened to Fimbria, brought
his ships thither, and closed up the harbour with
his fleet, the war would have been at an end, and
the world freed from infinite mischief. But, whether
he ranked the honourable treatment of Sulla above
every consideration of private or public advantage,
or whether he regarded Fimbria as a wretch whose
ambition for command had recently led him to
murder a man who was his friend and superior
officer, or whether it was by some mysterious
dispensation of fortune that he chose to spare
Mithridates, and so reserved him for his own
antagonist, — for whatever reason, he would not listen
to the proposal, but suffered Mithridates to sail
off and mock at Fimbria's forces, while he himself,
to begin with, defeated the king's ships which
showed themselves off Lectum in the Troad. And
again, catching sight of Neoptolemus lying in wait
for him at Tenedos with a still larger armament,
481
PLUTARCH'S LIVES
NeoTTToXeyLtoz/ iireifkeL irpo rcov dWcov, 'VoSiaKrj^
irevrrjpov'; i7ri^€^r}Kco<;, rj<; ivavdp')(€L Aa/jLayopa^;, ^.
avrjp €VVOV<; t€ *V(ojjiaLOi<; koI OaXaaaioav aycovcov Bl
9 ifjuireLpoTaTOf;. eirekavvovro^ he poOlcp tov Neo-
irToXejJbov kol Kekevaavro^ eh ip/SoXrjv ayayelv 494
TOV KV^epviJTTjv, 86Lo-a<; 6 AajjLay6pa<i to l3dpo<i
T^9 pa(TL\LKrj<^ KCil TrjV TpaXVTTJTa TOV ')(akK(i)-
/ijbaT0<i ov/c eToX/J.rjcre avfiTreaelv dvTL7rp<ppo<;, aXV
of 60)9 6K TrepLaycoyrj^i diroaTpe'^a^; eKekevcev eirl
TTpvpLvav odaaaOar koI 'jneaOeiar^f; ivTavda t?}?
ve(o<; iSi^aTO ttjv TrXi^yrjv d^Xa^rj yevofievrjv, are
8r] TOt? 6aXaTT6vovcrL Trj<; vew^ fiepeai Trpoaire-
10 crovaav. iv TovT(p Se TCdv <f)iXcov irpocT^epofxevcov,
iyK6Xevo-dfi€vo<; 6 AovkovXXo^ iinaTpe^eiV koI
iroXXd Spdaa^ d^ta Xoyov TpeireTai Tov<i iroXefiLOV^
fcal KaTahicoK6L tov l^^eoirToXefiov.
IV. ^RfcelOev 8e XvXXa irepl yiepp6vr)(T0v rfhij
fieXXovTi hiaPaiveiv avii^aXoiv tov re iropov
da^aXrj irapel'^e /cat ttjv aTpaTtdv avv8i€l3ij3a^€V,
€7rel 8e avvOrjKOiV yevop^evcov M.LdpiBdTrj<; fxev
diriiTXevaev eh tov ^v^eivov ttovtov, SvXXa<i Be
Tr]v ^Aauav BLo-fiupL0L<i TaXdvToa e^rj/nioyae, Trpoa-
Ta^Oev avT(p ra re ')(^pr]pbaTa TavTa irpa^ai koI
voyncrpcL Koyfrac, irapap^vOiov tl BoKel t^9 ^vXXa
^aXe7roT7;T09 yeveaOat Tah TroXeaiv, ov p,6vov
KaOapov KOL Sifcacov, dXXa /cal irpaov eh ovtco ^apv
KoX afCvOpcoTTov VTrrjpeTTjp.a iTapa(T')(oi)V eavTov.
2 MtTL'X^z/atou9 S' dvTLKpv^ d^ecTTMTa^ e^ovXeTO
fiev evyvo) /jLovrja-aL kol Blkt]^ Tv^eiv peTpia^ ecf)* oh
irepl MdpLOV ^ e^rjp^apTOV, ft)9 3' ecxipa KaKoBai/juO'
* Mdpiov with Sintenis * and Coraes : Mdvioy.
482
LUCULLUS, III. 8 -IV. 2
he sailed out against him in advance of the rest,
on board of a Rliodian galley which was commanded
by Damagoras, a man well disposed to the Romans,
and of the largest experience as a sea-fighter.
Neoptolemus dashed out to meet him, and ordered
his steersman to ram the enemy. Damagoras, how-
ever, fearing the weight of the royal ship and her
rugged bronze armour, did not venture to engage
head on, but put swiftly about and ordered his
men to back water, thus receiving his enemy astern,
where his vessel was depressed. The blow was
harmless, since it fell upon the submerged parts of
the ship. At this point, his friends coming up,
Lucullus gave orders to turn the ship about,
and, after performing many praiseworthy feats, put
the enemy to flight and gave close chase to
Neoptolemus.
IV. From thence he joined Sulla at the Cher-
sonesus, where he was about to cross the strait
into Asia ; ^ he rendered his passage safe, and
assisted in transporting his troops. After peace had
been made, Mithridates sailed away into the Euxine,
and Sulla laid a contribution of twenty thousand
talents upon Asia. Lucullus was commissioned to
collect this money and re-coin it, and the cities
of Asia felt it to be no slight assuagement of Sulla's
severity when Lucullus showed himself not only
honest and just, but even mild in the performance
of a task so oppressive and disagreeable. The
Mitylenaeans too, who had revolted outright, he
wished to be reasonable, and to submit to a moderate
penalty for having espoused the cause of Marius.
But when he saw that they were possessed by an
* 84 B.o.
483
PLUTARCH'S LIVES
vovvra^f eiTL'jr\evaa<; eKparrjae fid')(ri koI Kare-
Kketaev eU ra re/^T/, koI TroXiopKiav o-varrjadfievo^
i^eifkevae fjuev rjfiepa^ Kal (f)avep(a^ et? 'EXataz/,
VTrecTTpe'sjre Be XeXrjOoTCOf; kclI irepX rr)v iroXtv
3 v(fie\fi iveBpav r)av')(^a^€V. €7re\ 8' cLTaKrco^ Kal
fjLera Opd(Tov<; ob? eprj/jLOV dpiraa-oixevoL to (Trparo-
TTcBov 01 M.i,Tv\r]va2oi 7rporj\6ov, iireia'Trecrwv
avTOL<; eXaySe re 7ra/x7r6XXou9 ^o)VTa<; fcal t5)v
d/jLVvo/JLevcov irevraKOcrLov; direKreivev, dvBpaTroBcov
Be xc^idBaf; ef koI ttjp dWrjv dvapiOfirjrov
rfkdcraro Xelav.
4 Tcov Be irepl rrjv ^IrdXiav KaKOiVy h rore
SvXXa? Kal Mo/O£09 d<f)6ova Kal iravToBaira toU
dv6 podiroi^ irapelypVy ov irdw /uL6Tea")(^e 6eia run.
Tv-xxi irepl ra? iv ^Aaia irpd^et'^ ffpaBvva^. ov
pr]v eXarrov n irapa ^vWa rwu dWwv <f)ik(ov
e<7%ei/, dXka rrjV re ypacpijv, co? eXpr)Tai, rtov
v'jro/jLvrip.dTcov eKeivco Bl evvoiav dveOrjKe, Kal
reXevTcbv eiruTpOTTOv rov TratSo? eypayjrev virep^a^
Tlop^irrjiov, Kal BoKeZ tovto irpoiTOV avroU
virdp^ai Bta^opaf; aXriov Kal ^rfKorvnla*; veoi<;
ov(Ti Kal Bia'irvpoi<; irpo^ Bo^av.
V. *0\iyq) B^ varepov rj ^vWav diroOavelv
vTrdrevae fierd MdpKov K^orra irepl rrjv eKvrjv
Kal €^Bop.7]KO(TTr}v 7r/309 Tat9 eKarov okvpundBa.
iroXXcbv ovv avOi^ dvaKivovvTwv rov MiOpcBarLKoi'
iroXefiov, €(f)r] MdpK0<; avrov ov ireiravaOai, dXX
dvaireiravaOaL. Bio Kal Xa^cov rcov eirap')(^iMV 6
AovKOvXXo's TTjv eVT09 ''AXireoyv VaXartav r)')(6eT0,
irpd^eoov viroOeaeL^ fieydXcov ovk exovaav.
484
I
I
LUCULLUS, IV. 2-v. I
evil spirit, he sailed against them, conquered them
in battle, and shut them up within their walls.
After instituting a siege of their city, he sailed away
in open day to Elaea, but returned by stealth, and
lay quietly in ambush near the city. When the
Mitylenaeans sallied forth in disorder and with
the confident expectation of plundering his deserted
camp, he fell upon them, took a great number of
them alive, and slew five hundi-ed of those who
offered resistance. He also carried off six thousand
slaves, besides countless other booty.
But in the boundless and manifold evils which
Sulla and Marius were bringing upon the people of
Italy at that time, he had no share whatever, for, as
some kindly fortune would have it, he was detained
at his business in Asia.^ However, Sulla accorded no
less favour to Lucullus than to his other friends.
His memoirs, as 1 have said, Sulla dedicated to
Lucullus in token of affection, and in his will
appointed him guardian of his son, thereby passing
Pompey by. And this seems to have been the first
ground for estrangement and jealousy between these
two men ; both were young, and burning for
distinction.
V. Shortly after the death of Sulla, Lucullus was
made consul along with Marcus Cotta, about the
hundred and seventy-sixth Olympiad.^ Many were
now trying to stir up anew the Mithridatic war,
which Marcus said had not come to an end, but
merely to a pause. Therefore when the province of
Cisalpine Gaul was allotted to Lucullus, he was
displeased, since it offered no opportunity for great
exploits. But what most of all embittered him was
1 84-80 B.a a 74 B.O.
485
PLUTARCH'S LIVES
2 fiaXia-ra 5' avrov evBoKificov Uofiir'^iof; iv ^J^rjpla
7rapa)^vv€i>, co? dWo<; ou^et? €7rL8o^o<; mv, el
(TV/jL^aiT} iraiKTacrOai top ^IprjpiKov TroXe/xov,
€vOv<i alpeOrjaeaOav arrpaTr)y6<; iirl Mt6pihdrr)v.
Sio Kol ')(priiJLaTa alTOvvTo<; avrov koX ypd(j)0VT0';,
0)9, el p,r) TrifjuTTOiev, d(f)eU ^I^rjplav koI XeproopLov
el<: ^IraXiav dird^oi rd^ Svvdpet^;, avveTvpa^ev 6
AovKovX\o<; TTpodvp^orara irep.^Orjvai rd ')(^p't]p.aTa
KOL p,r)B^ dcf)* 'qajLVoaovv Trpo^da-ecof; eKelvov
3 eTraveXOetv virarevovTOfi avrov' irdvTa <ydp dv
eir eKeiV(p yevrjcreaOaL rd tt)? TroXeo)? irapovri
fierd Too-avTr}<; aTpaTid<;. koX yap 6 Kparcov Tore
T^9 TTokiTeia^ T& TTpo^i %a/5f j^ diravra koX Xeyeiv
Kal TTpdrrecv KeOr)yo<; e'xPpav rivd irpo^ Aov-
KovWov el^ej ^BeXvjTopevov avrov rov fiiov 495
ala^pMV ipcorayv /cat vl3p€co<; koI rrXrjp^peXeia^
4 puearbv ovra. rovrov fiev ovv dvriKpv; iiroXeper
AevKLov he Kolvrov, dXXov Brj/xaycoyov, errava-
(Trdvra rol<; SuXXa rroXcrevp^aarL Kal rapdrreiv
rd TTpdypara rrecpcop^vov eic rov KaOeaT(oro<;,
IBla re TroXXd Trapap^vdovpevo^ Kal hr]p,oaia
vovderMV drrecrrrja-e rrj<i rreipa^ Ka\ Karearopeae
rr]V (^iXonpiav, 0)9 evrjv pudXiara rroXiriKOi^ Kal
acorrjpLco^ dpxv^ voarjparo^ peydXov pbera')(ei,pL-
adpevo<;.
VI. 'Ez/ rovrw S* 6 rrjv KiXiKuav ex^ov
^OKraovio<^ r/yyiXdrj redvr}K(o<;. (TTrapycovrcov Be
7roXX(ov 7r/oo9 rrjv eirapxiav Kal KeOrjyov 0)9
Svvarcorarov ovra ScaTrpd^aaOat OepairevovrdoVy
avrrj^ pev 6 AovkovXXo^ KtXtKca<; ov iroXvv et^e
Xoyov, olopevo^ B\ el Xd^ot ravrr^v, e77L'9 ovarj^;
KairTrahoKia^i, dXXov ovheva rrepLffidriceadai, iroXe-
486
1
1
LUCULLUS, V. i-vi. I
the reputation which Pompey was winning in Spain.
If the war in Spain should happen to come to an end,
Pompey was more likely than anyone else to be at
once chosen general against Mithridates. Therefore
when Pompey wrote home requesting money, and
declaring that if they did not send it, he would
abandon Spain and Sertorius and bring his forces
back to Italy, Lucullus moved heaven and earth to
have the money sent, and to prevent Pompey from
coming back, on any pretext whatsoever, while he
was consul. He knew that all Rome would be in
Pompey' s hands if he were there with so large
an army. For the man who at that time controlled
the course of political affairs by virtue of doing and
sajdng everything to court the favour of the people,
Cethegus, hated Lucullus, who loathed his manner
of life, full as it was of disgraceful amours and
wanton trespasses. Against this man Lucullus
waged open war. But Lucius Quintus, another
popular leader, who opposed the institutions of Sulla
and sought to confound the established order of
things, he turned from his purpose by much private
remonstrance and public admonition, and allayed his
ambition, thus treating in as wise and wholesome a
manner as was possible the beginnings of a great
distemper.
VI. At this time there came tidings of the death
of Octavius, the governor of Cilicia. There were
many eager applicants for the province, and they
paid court to Cethegus as the man best able to
further their designs. Of Cilicia itself Lucullus
made little account, but in the belief that, if he
should get this province, which was near Cappadocia,
no one else would be sent to conduct the war against
487
PLUTARCH'S LIVES
fXTjo-ovra MiOptSdrr), iraa-av eaTpe<f>e fiij'^avrjv
2 vrrep rod fir) irpoeadai rrjv eTrapxlav erepcp. Koi
TeXevTwv epyov ov aefivov ouS' iiraLverov, aXXta?
K avvcrcfjLOV tt/oo? to reXof; e'/c rr}? avd^KT}^
xjirefJueLve irapa ttjv eavrov (^vaiv.
Upacfcia ri<; rjv ovofia tmv €0' a>pa fcal XajjLvpia
hia^orjTcov iv ry iroXei, to. fiev aXXa KpeiTTwv
ovSev dviSrjv eTaipov(rr]<; yvvacKO';, ck Sk rov
')(^prj(Tdai T0?9 evTvy^dvova-Lv avry koX Biakeyo-
fjL6V0i<; TTyOO? TO.? UTTCp TCOV (^iKcdV aTTOvScL^ Kol
iroXiTelat; irpoaXafiovaa rrj Xonrfi ')(^dpiTL to
hoKelv (^LXeTaip6<^ tc9 elvai koi SpacrTrjpio<;
3 Xa'X^uae iikyidTov. to? he kcu KiOrjyop dvOovvra
ry ho^rj t6t€ koX (pipovra rrjv ttoXiv VTrrjydyero
Kal (TVVTjV epcovTLy iravrdiraaLV eU eKeivrjv
irepirfxOev r} ri)? TroXeo)? Svvafit^' ovSk yap
iirpdrrero ri hr^fjuoa-ia ILeOrjyov /jLtj airovha^ovTO'^
ovhe UpaiKiaf; fir) KeX€vovari<^ irapd KeO^yco.
ravrrjv ovv vireXOcbv Scopocf; 6 AovKovXXo<i Kal
KoXaK6iaL<; (jjv he irov Kal tm AovkovXXm
avfJii^iXoTLiJLOVfJbevrjv opaaOai fieya<; yvvaiKi cro-
j3apd Kal TravriyvpLKfi fiiaOo^i), ev6v<; el')(e rov
Kedrjyov eTraiveryv Kal Trpo/xvayfievov avrw
4 YLiXiKLav. eTTel 8' dira^ ^'^^X^ TavTrj<;, ovSev en
YlpaiKiav ovSe K.eOr)yov eSet irapaKaXelv, dXXd
7rai^T69 o/xa\w9 eKeiv(p (pepovre^; eve')(eLpi(Tav rov
^i6piSariKov iroXefJiov co? l'c/)' erepov fjLr}B€Vo<;
d/xetvov BtaTToXe/jLijdTjvat Bvvd/jLevov,Ho/jb7r7]tov fiev
ere XepTcopiO) wpoo-iroXe/xovvrofi, MereXXou S'
d7rei.prjK6TO<i ijBr] Bid yrjpa^;, ov<; fiovovi dv Tt9
488
LUCULLUS, VI. 1-4
Mithridates, he strained every nerve to keep the
province from being assigned to another. And
finally, contrary to his natural bent, he was driven by
the necessities of the case to adopt a course which
was neither dignified nor praiseworthy, it is true, but
conducive to his end.
There was a certain woman then in Rome, Praecia
by name, whose fame for beauty and wit filled
the city. In other respects she was no whit better
than an ordinary courtesan, but she used her
associates and companions to further the political
ambitions of her friends, and so added to her other
charms the reputation of being a true comrade, and
one who could bring things to pass. She thus
acquired the greatest influence. And when Cethe-
gus also, then at the zenith of his fame and in
control of the city, joined her train and became her
lover, political power passed entirely into her hands.
No public measure passed unless Cethegus favoured
it, and Cethegus did nothing except with Praecia's
appnwal. This woman, then, Lucullus won over by
gifts and flatteries, and it was doubtless a great boon
for a woman so forward and ostentatious to be seen
sharing the ambitions of Lucullus. Straightway he
had Cethegus singing his praises and suing for
Cilicia in his belialf. But as soon as he had obtained
this province, there was no further need of his
soliciting the aid of Praecia, or of Cethegus, for that
matter, but all were unanimous and prompt in
putting into his hands the Mithridatic war, assured
that no one else could better bring it to a trium-
phant close. Pompey was still engaged in his war
with Sertorius, Metellus had now retired from active
service by reason of his age, and these were the only
489
PLUTARCH'S LIVES
iva/jiiX\ov<; iirotrjcraTO AovKovWtp irepl t^9
a-TpaTr}yla<; afX(j)t,aPrjTOvvTa<;. ov firjv aWa
K6TTa<; 6 avvdp')(Ctyv avTOV iroWa XiTraprjaa^; rrjv
avyKKrjTov aTrearaXr) fiera vewv rrjv UpowovrlBa
^v\d^a)V Kol irpOTroXefirjawv Bt^frta?.
VIT. AovKovSXo^ Be rcuyixa jxev avroOev e^coy
o-vvrerayfjuivov vtt avrov Bte^atvev eh rrjv
^Kdlav eKel Be ttjv aXkrjv irapeXa^e Bvva/JLCv,
7rdvT(ov fjiev irdXav Tpv<f)al<; Biecpdoporcov koI
7r\eove^iaL<;, tmv Be ^i,/jL0pLav(ov 'Keyofievcov kol
Bca avvrjOeiav dvap')(iaf; Bva/jLeTa^eLpiaT(ov yeyo-
voTcov. ovTOi yap rjorav ol ^XdKKOv re fiera
^i/jL^piov Tov VTrarov Kcti orTparrjybv dvrjpijKore^
avTov re tov ^ifi^piav SvXXa irpoBeScoKOTe';,
avOdBei'i fjuev dvOpcoTTot Kol Trapdvofioi, fjid^ifiov
Be KoX T\rjiJiove<; fieT ifiTreipLaf; TToXejuov. ov
fir}v dXXa ^pa^^^ XP^^^ ^'^^ rovrcov to Opdao^
6 AovKovXXo<; e^eKoyjre /cal tot;? dXXov<; lire-
arpe-^e, TOTe Trpwrov, co? eoiKe, ireipcofievovf;
dp')(^ovTO<i dXTjOivov KoX rjyeiJLOVO^' dXXco<; B* eBrj- m
(jbaywyovvTO irpo^i tjBovtjv edt^ofievoi aTpareveaOai, ^
Ta Be TMV iroXepiav ovtq)<; el^^e, Mt6pcBdTr)<;, 496
axTTrep ol ttoXXoI tcov ao(f)taT(Ji)v, Kop.7rc£)B'rj<i iv
dpxjj fcal cro/3apo<; eVt 'Pcofjuaiovf; dvacTrd^ Bia-
Kev(p Bvvdfxei, Xafiirpa Be kol Travrjyvpi/cfj ttjv
o^frt,v, eW eKirea-oiv icarayeXdaT(o^ Koi vovOeTT)-
6eh, ore to Bevrepov TToXep.elv efieXXev, eh
dXr]Oivr)v KOi 7rpayp,ariKr)v avvecrreXXe rd^ Bvvd-
jiieL<; Trapaa/cev^v. dcjyeXayv yap rd iravroBaird
irXTjOr) Kol rd<; 7roXvyXcoaaov<i d7retXd<i rcov
^ap^dpcov, ottXcov re^ Bi^wx^pvaoyv kol BiaXlOcov
1 T« with S : 5t.
490
I
LUCULLUS, VI. 4-vii. 4
men who could be regarded as rivals of LucuUus in
any dispute about this command. Cotta, however,
his colleague in the consulship, after fervent en-
treaties to the Senate, was sent with some ships to
guard the Propontis, and to protect Bithynia.
VII. With a legion which he had raised himself in
Italy, Lucullus crossed into Asia,^ and there assumed
command of the rest of the Roman forces. All these
had long been spoiled by habits of luxury and greed,
and the Fimbrians, as they were called, had become
unmanageable, through long lack of discipline.
These were the men who, in collusion with Fimbrius,
had slain Flaccus, their consul and general, and had
delivered Fimbrius himself over to Sulla. They
were self-willed and lawless, but good fighters, hardy,
and experienced in war. However, in a short time
Lucullus pruned off their insolent boldness, and
reformed the rest. Then for the first time, as it
would seem, they made the acquaintance of a
genuine commander and leader, whereas before this
they had always been cajoled into doing their duty,
like crowds at the hustings.
On the enemy's side, matters stood as follows.
Mithridates, boastful and pompous at the outset, like
most of the Sophists, had first opposed the Romans
with forces which were really unsubstantial, though
brilliant and ostentatious to look upon. With these
he had made a ridiculous fiasco and learned a
salutary lesson. W^hen therefore, he thought to go
to war the second time, he organized his forces into
a genuinely effective armament. He did away with
Barbarous hordes from every clime, and all their
discordant and threatening cries ; he provided no
* 74 B.C. Cf. Ctmow, i. 5.
491
PLUTARCH'S LIVES
KaTacrK6vd<;, C09 Xd<pvpa r&v Kparovvrtov, ovk
oXk^v Tipa rSiv KeKTrjfievayv ovra, ^C^tj fiev
rfkavvero ^FcofjualKa koI Ovpeov<; ifi^pideX^; iirrj-
yvvTo KOI y6<yv/jLvacrfjL6vov<i fiaXKov rj /ceKoa/iir)-
fiivov<i i]Opoi^€v Xttitov^, ire^oiv Se fivptdha^ BooBeKa
KaT€(TK€Va<TfJL€V(OV €69 (fxiXajja ^¥(0fJLalK7]V, tTTTret?
Be 7r/)09 fJLVpioLf; €^aKia'X,c\lov<; dvev T<av Bpeiravq-
5 (f>6p(ov reOpiTTTreov' ravra S* rjv eKarov en Be
vav^ ov ^pvaop6(^OL<i aK-qviaiv ovBe Xovrpoh
TraWaKuBcov koI yvvai/ccovLTKTt Tpvt^oDaav^ rja-Kr]-
fieva^, aX}C oirXwv koI ^eXcov fcal '^prj/jbdrcov
yefjLovaa<i irapapTvadfievo^ ivefiaXev eh ^idvviav,
Tcov TToXecov avdc<; do-^ev(o<i viroBe'x^o/jiivcov ov
fiovov TOVTcov, dXka koI ttjv ^Aaiav oXrjv viro-
rpoTTTj Tcav efJLirpoaOev voar^jxaTcov el')(ev, d^oprjra
Trdo-^ovaav vrro 'Vcofjualiccav Bavecarwv kol tcXo)-
6 vcjv' OU9 vcTTepov fiev wairep *Ap7rvLa(; rrjv Tpo(f)r]v
dpird^ovra<i avTMv 6 AovkovXXo<; i^ijXaore, rore
Be /jLerptcorepov^ iTretpdro povdercov iroielv, xal
Ta9 dTrodrdaet^ Kareirave tcop Bijficov, ovBepo^,
0)9 €7709 elireiPy r)av^d^opTO<;,
VIIL ^Op Be irepl Tavra AovkovXXo^ V^X^~
XetTO '^popop avTov Kaipop elvat po/jll^cop 6
KoTTa9 irapeaKevd^ero fidxeadac 7rpb<; ^lOpv-
BdTTjp. KOL TToXXcop aTTayyeXXopTcop rjBr] Aov-
KOvXXop ep ^pvyia arparoTreBeveiP iirwpra,
fiopop OVK ev Tal<i 'xepalp e^eip top Opla/jL^op
ol6fjL€PO<i, 0)9 firf /jberaXd^rj AovKovXXo<i avrov,
2 av/jL^aXecp eairevcre. irXyyeU 3' dfia xal Kara
49a
I
I
LUCULLUS, VII. 4-viii. a
more armour inlaid with gold and set with precious
stones, for he saw that these made rich booty for the
victors, but gave no strength whatever to their
wearers ; instead, he had swords forged in the Roman
fashion, and heavy shields welded ; he collected
horses that were well trained rather than richly
caparisoned, and a hundred and twenty thousand
footmen drilled in the Roman phalanx formation,
and sixteen thousand horsemen, not counting the
scythe-bearing, four-horse chariots, which were a
hundred in number : and further, he put in readiness
ships which were not tricked out with gilded
canopies, or baths for concubines, and luxurious
apartments for women, but which were rather loaded
down with armour and missiles and munitions of war.
Then he burst into Bithynia, and not only did the
cities there receive him again with gladness, but all
Asia suffered a relapse into its former distempered
condition, afflicted, as it was, past bearing by Roman
money-lenders and tax-gatherers. These were after-
wards driven off by LucuUus, — harpies that they
were, snatching the people's food ; but then he
merely tried, by admonishing them, to make them
more moderate in their demands, and laboured to stop
the uprisings of the towns, hardly one of which was
in a quiet state.
VIII. While Lucullus was thus occupied, Cotta,
thinking that his own golden opportunity had come,
was getting ready to give battle to Mithridates.
And when tidings came from many sources that
Lucullus was coming up, and was already encamped
in Phrygia, thinking that a triumph was all but
in his grasp, and desiring that Lucullus have no
share in it, he hastened to engage the king. But
493
PLUTARCH'S LIVES
1
yrjv Kol Kara OaXarrav i^tJKOvra fxev airwkeaev
avravhpa aKcicjyr), Trefoi;? Be rerpa/cLCTXikLov^,
auT09 Be KaraKXecaOeh eh ^aXKrjBova kol
7To\i,opKOVfjLevo<; eh Ta<: AovkovWov ^eiyoa? dire-
3 '^Haav jxlv ovv oi rov AovkovWov a^eXrjaavra
K-OTTa irpoaoi) 'xcopelv irapopfiiavTef; o)? eprjfiov
alprja-ovra ttjv MlOplB/itov ^aatXeiav, koI fxa-
Xiara tcov <TTpaTV(OT(t)v ovTO<i rjv 6 X0709, djava-
KTOVVTcov, el firj fiovov avrov diroXel koI tov<;
<rvv avT(p ^ovXevadfjL€Vo<: kuk^ Korra?, dXXa
KOL (T<^laiv efiTToBoov earai vlkclv dixax'^i' Bvva-
4 fievoL<;. Aov/covXXo^ Be tt/oo? /xei/ tovtov<; Br^fjur).
yopeov elireVf co? eva ^ovXolt av ifc TroXcfucov
craxrai '^cofiacov rj iravra Xapelv rd tcov TroXefiioDV
^Ap')(€Xdov Be Tov irepl IBoKariav MiOpLBaTrj
aTparrjyTja-avTO^, elr dwoaravTO'^ Kal 'PcofiaLOL<;
avarparevovTO^i, BLajSe/SaLov/jbevov 6(pOevTa Aov-
KovXXov ev YiovTcp irdvrcov ofiov Kparijo-eiv, ovk
e(f)r] BeLX6Tepo<i elvac tcov Kvvrjycov, waTe ra Orjpua
irapeXOcbv iirl Kevov(; avTcov tov? 0ft)Xeou9 ^aBl-
5 ^6LV. Kal TavT elircbv iirl MidpcBaTrjv Trporjye
ire^ov'^ fiev e')(cov TpicTfivpLov<;, linreh Be BLcr')(^LXiov<;
TrevTaKoalov^. KaTa(TTd<; B* eh eiro^jrcv twv iroXe-
fjLLcov Kal 6avfidaa<; to 7rX7]0o<i e^ovXeTO /jl€v
dirkyecrdai jJidxrj^ Kal Tpifieiv tov xpovoVy Mapiov
B\ ov ^epTcoptof; ef 'l/3r)pLa<; direaTaXKeu MtOpi-
BaTT) fieTa Bwd/xecof; cTTpaTTjyov, diravT^cravTO^
avTcp Kal TTpOKaXovfjievov KaTeaTr) fiev eh Ta^iv
009 Bia/jLayovfierof}, '^Brj Be oaov ovttco avfi^epo-
6 fievcov, dir ovBefiLd<; i7rc<j)avov<i fieTa^oXrj';, dXX
494
LUCULLUS, VIII. 2-6
he was defeated by sea and land, lost sixty vessels,
crews and all, and four thousand foot- soldiers,
while he himself was shut up in Chaleedon and
besieged there, looking for relief at the hands of
LucuUus.
Now there were some who urged LucuUus to
ignore Cotta and march on into the kingdom of
Mithridates, assured of capturing it in its defenceless
condition. This was the reasoning of the soldiers
especially, who were indignant that Cotta, by his
evil counsels, should not only be the undoing of
himself and his army, but also block their own way
to a victory which they could have won without
a battle. But LucuUus, in a harangue which he
made them, said that he would rather save one
Roman from the enemy than take all that enemy's
possessions. And when Archelaiis, who had held
command for Mithridates in Boeotia, and then had
abandoned his cause, and was now in the Roman
army, stoutly maintained that if LucuUus were once
seen in Pontus, he would master everything at once,
LucuUus declared that he was at least as courageous
as the hunter; he would not give the wild beasts
the slip and stalk their empty lairs. With these
words, he led his army against Mithridates, having
thirty thousand foot-soldiers, and twenty-five hundred
horsemen. But when he had come within sight ot
the enemy and seen with amazement their multitude,
he desired to refrain from battle and draw out
the time. But Marius, whom Sertorius had sent
to Mithridates from Spain with an army, came out
to meet him, and challenged him to combat, and so
he put his forces in array to fight the issue out.
But presently, as they were on the point of joining
495
PLUTARCH'S LIVES
i^aL<l)vr]<; rod a6po<; vTroppayivro^i ^ w^drj fiiya
arcojjia (j^XoyeiBef; et9 fieaop ra>v a-TparoTreSayv
KaTa(^ep6fievoVy to fiev ax^P'CL irlOa /jLaXcaTa,
rrji/ Be %/5oai^ apyvpo) Biairvpw rrpoaeoLKo^;, ware
SeLaavTa^; a/jL(j)OT€pov<i to <f)d(Ti.La BiaKpiOrivai. 497
7 TOVTO fjbev ovv (j)aai,v ev ^pvyia irepl ra? Xeyo-
fjL6va<; 'Or/jua? crvp,^r]vai> to 7ra^09.
'O Be AovKovWo<; ovB€fiid<; elvai vojull^cov
dvOpcoTTLvrj^i 7rapa(TKevrj<i ovBe ttXovtov Opes^ai
IMVpidBa<; iirl ttoXvp 'X^povov dvTiKaOrj/jLevcov TroXe-
/jLLwv TOcravTa^i, 6cra<; el%€ MidpiBaTrji;, i/ceXevcrev
d'X^Orjvai Tcov aL')(/J^a\(OTcov evw Koi irpSiTOv dve-
Kpive, peTCL iroarwv BiaiTojro ava/crjvoiv, eireiTa
8 iroaov ev Ty aKrjvfj KaTakeXonre otItov. diro-
Kpivap,ivov Be TupOpcoTrov top fxep exeXevae jxeTa-
(TTrjvai, BevTcpov Be koi TpiTop 6fioLCi)<; dpeKpivev,
euTa avpOel^ to t?}? irapeaKevaa pApr^f; Tpo^rj<;
irXrj6o<i 7rpo<; to tcop Tpecpop^epcop, eypco Tptcop
rj Teaadpwp r)pepo)V enrLXeiy^oPTa ctltop tov<;
TToXeplov^. KoX TToXv p^dXXop etx^TO tov xpopov,
Kol crvprjyep eh top ')(dpaKa irapirXr^Orj aiTOP, to?
ip d(f)06pot<; Bidycop avTo^i ecjyeBpeuot Ta.i9 eKeticop
d'jropiai'^.
IX. 'Ei/ TovT(p Be MiOpiBdTrjf; eTrefiovXeve
K.v^i,KrjpoL<; ireTrXrjyocriv ev ttj irepl XaXKrjBopa
pd'X^y tplo-^lXlcop yap dpBpcop koi BeKa pecov
icTTeprjpTO. ^ovX6p,epo<; ovp XaOelv tov Kov-
KovXXov, €v6v<; diro Benrvov pvKTa BvcrcjiapP] icaX
poTepap e^f^v eKiver kuI ^Odveo ttj^ 7r6Xea)<i
dvTtKpv<; dp.' V/^epa irepl to Tfj<; 'ABpaa-Teca^ opos
^ vvoppayevTos with S : air op pay ivr OS*
496
LUCULLUS, viii. 6-ix. i
battle, with no apparent change of weather, but
all on a sudden, the sky burst asunder, and a huge,
flame-like body was seen to fall between the two
armies. In shape, it was most like a wine-jar,
and in colour, like molten silver. Both sides were
astonished at the sight, and separated. This marvel,
as they say, occurred in Phrygia, at a place called
Otryae.
But Lucullus, feeling sure that no human provision
or wealth could maintain, for any length of time,
and in the face of an enemy, so many thousands
of men as Mithridates had, ordered one of the
captives to be brought to him, and asked him first, how
many men shared his mess, and then, how much food
he had left in his tent. When the man had answered
these questions, he ordered him to be removed,
and questioned a second and a third in like manner.
Then, comparing the amount of food provided with
the number of men to be fed, he concluded that
within three or four days the enemy's provisions
would fail them. All the more, therefore, did he
trust to time, and collected into his camp a great
abundance of provisions, that so, himself in the
midst of plenty, he might watch for his enemy's
distress.
IX. But in the meantime, Mithridates planned a
blow at Cyzicus, wh ch had suffered terribly in the
battle near Chalcedon, having lost three thousand
men and ten ships. Accordingly, wishing to evade the
notice of Lucullus, he set out immediately after the
evening meal, taking advantage of a dark and rainy
night, and succeeded in planting his forces over
against the city, on the slopes of the mountain range
497
PLUTARCH'S LIVES
2 lBpvcra<; rrjv Bvva/jLiv. 'O Se AovkovWo<; alado-
/jL€vo<; fcal Bico^a<; rjydirrjae fxev ouk ifJuirecrcDV aavv-
TaKTo<; eh tov<; irokefdov^, xaOi^et Be tov arparov
irepl Tr]v SpaKiav Xeyofievrjv Kcofi-qv iv roirco Kara
TWi^ oB(hv apiara Tre^vKort koX tmv ')((opia)Vy o^'
(f}v KOi Bl a)v dvay/catov r)v roh MidpLBaTiKoh rd
eTTtrrjoeia (pocrdv. Bio koI TrepLXa^cov rfi Biavoia
TO peWov ovK direKpv-^aTO rov<; (TTpaTi(OTa<;, aW
dpu T(p OeaOav to a-rparoTreBop koI dirb rwv
epycov yeveadac avvayayoov avrov^ efieyaXi]-
yopijaev, co? oXlycov rj/jiepcjv dvatp^coTL to viKrjfia
TrapaBcoacov avToh.
3 Kv^LKTjvov^ Be MiOpiBdTrjf} BeKU puev €k yrj^ <7Tpa-
T07reBoc<; TreptXa^cov, rai? Be vavalv ex daXda-arjff
TOV dirb T7j<i i^irelpov BieipyovTa Tr)v ttoXlv evptirov
e)U,(/)/)afa9, e/caTepcodeu erroXLopfcei,, tu fiev dXXa
BiaKeLpbevov^i Trpo^ tov kLvBvvov evOapacof; koI irdv
eveKa 'Vaypbaiwv iyvcoKOTa^ eKBe')(ea9aL Bva')(epe<i,
dyvoovvTa<; Be oirrj AovkovXXo<; etrj koX T(p pr)Bev
4 irepl avToO ireirvcrdat TapaTTOfievovf;. KaiTOi
KaTa(j)avr]^ tjv t] (TTpaTOireBeia koI aTroTTTO^i, dXX^
VTTo Tcov M-iOpiBaTLKCov c^rjiraTcovTO. BecKvvvTe<;
yap avToh tov^ 'FcopLalovf; dvco TrapepL^efSXriKOTaf;
*' OpaTe TovTov<;;** e^aaav, "Wppevlcov o-ryoaro?
iaTc KoX yi.rjB(ov, Tiypdvov MidptBaTij KaTairepu-
'xjravTO'; eTTiKOVpiav.'* ol S* e^eTrXtjaaovTO toctov-
Tov iroXe/jiov 'irepiKe')(ypLevov pr)B\ el irapayevoiTo
AovKovXXo^, X^P^v ^Vt XeX€L(f>OaL ^orjOeia^ ekirl-
^ovTe^.
5 Ov fMr)v dXXd tt/jwto? auroi? ela7rep,(f)0elfi vrr*
*ApxeXdov Arjp.Q)va^ ecppaae ttjv tov AovkovXXov
498
LUCULLUS, IX. 1-5
of Adrasteia, by day-break. Lucullus got wind of
his departure and pursued him, but was well satisfied
not to fall upon the enemy while his own troops were
in disorder from their march, and stationed his army
near the village called Thracia, in a spot best suited
to command the roads and regions from whicb, and
over which, the army of Mithridates must get its
necessary supplies. Seeing clearly, therefore, what
the issue must be, he did not conceal it from his
soldiers, but as soon as they had completed the
labour of fortifying their camp, called them together,
and boastfully told them that within a few days he
would give them their victory, and that without any
bloodshed.
Mithridates was besieging Cyzicus both by land
and sea, having encompassed it with ten camps on
the land side, and having blockaded with his ships
by sea the narrow strait which parts the city from
the mainland. Although the citizens viewed their
peril with a high courage, and were resolved to
sustain every hardship for the sake of the Romans,
still, they knew not where Lucullus was, and were
disturbed because they heard nothing of him. And
yet his camp was in plain sight, only they were
deceived by their enemies. These pointed the
Romans out to them, lying encamped on the heights,
and said : " Do you see those forces .'' It is an army
of Armenians and Medes which Tigranes has sent to
assist Mithridates." They were therefore terrified
to see such hosts encompassing them, and had no
hopes that any way of succour remained, even if
Lucullus should come.
However, in the first place, Demonax was sent
in to them by Archelaiis, and told them that Lucullus
499
PLUTARCH'S LIVES
irapovaiav, Tovtcov B* aTnarovvTcov /cat vofii^ov'
rcov avTov twv TrapovrcDV iirl iraprj^opia ireirXa-
(rfxeva Xeyetv, ^k€ Trai^dpiov alxM'dXcoTov Ik twv
TroXefJiiwv aTroSeSpaKo^. irvvdavojiivaw ^' avroov,
TTov Xiyoi Tov AovfcovWov elvai, KareyeXa Trai^eiv
avTov<; olofievov, &>? 8* icopa (T7rovSd^ovra<}f
iarjpir]ve rfj %6f/3l tov x^paKa rcov 'VwfiaioDV, oi S*
6 dveOdpa-qaav. tt)? he /laaKvXLTiho<; XvfjLvrji; ttXco-
/jbevr]<; dKarLOL<; eirL€LKW<i evpueykOeaiy to p^eyiaTOv
avTwv 6 AovKovXXo<; dveXKvaa^ kol tiayaywv
dfid^r) irpo^ T7]v ddXaTTav 6aov<^ e^dopei (TTpaTLO)-
Ta9 eveffi^ao-ev. eXaOov he vvkto^ htairepdaavTe^
Kol irapeiariXOov eh ttjv iroXiv.
X. 'EofcAre oe Ka\ to delov eiriOappvvat tov^
Kv^tKr]vov<;, dyaadev avTMv ttjv dvBpayaOlav,
aXXot.<; re o-rjfieioc; evapyia-i, koX Trj<; tS)v ^epe^aT-
TL(ov €0pTrj<; evecrTco(77)<; at jxev 'r]nropovv ^oo<i fie-
XaLV7j<; 7r/0O9 Tr)v Ovaiav koX aTaiTivqv irXdaavTe^ 498
T(p ^wfJLw irapecTTYjo-aVy rj S' lepa kol Tpe<^0fiev7) ttj
6ew vofii]v p.ev el^eVy coairep ToXXa ^OTa twv
Kv^ifCTjvMV, ev TTJ TTepaia, kclt €/ceLvr]v he ttjv
r)piepav diroKpLOelaa TP]<i dyeX7]<; fiovrj hcevrj^aTO
Trpo? T^i^ iroXiv KOL KaTeaTTjaev eirl Trjv Ovaiav
2 avTTjv, ovap h r) 6eo<i *Api(TTay6pa tw tov hrjpuov
ypa/jLfiaTt(TTy irapacTTda-a, " K.al fjLrjv €70)76,"
elirevy '' rfKco tov AtjSvxbv avXijTrjv erfrl tov
HovTLKOv (TaXiriyiCTrjv eirdyovaa. <f>pd(Tov ovv
Oappelv T0L<^ TToXtrai?." Oavpa^oVTCov he Tr)v
(^covr]V Tcov Kv^LKTjvcov dp.* V/^kp^ adXov el^^v rj
OdXaaaa KaTiovTo^ aKpiTov irvevpiaTO^y ai tb
p.rj'xaval TOV /3aaLXeo)(; 7rapeaTco(Tai, tol^ Teix^auVy
epya OavpjadTa NiKcovlhov tov %eaaaXoVy pol^(p
500
LUCULLUS, IX. 5-x. 2
was arrived. They disbelieved him, and thought
he had invented his story merely to mitigate theii
anxieties, but then a boy came to them, who had
escaped from his captivity with the enemy. On
their asking him where he thought Lucullus was, he
laughed at them, supposing them to be jesting. But
when he saw that they were in earnest, he pointed
out the Roman camp to them, and their courage was
revived. Again, Lucullus drew out on shore the
largest of the sizable craft which plied the lake
Dascylitis, carried it across to the sea on a waggon,
and embarked upon it as many soldiers as it would
hold, who crossed by night unobserved, and got safely
into the city.
X. It would seem also that Heaven, in admiration
of their bravery, emboldened the men of Cyzicus by
many manifest signs, and especially by the following.
The festival of Persephone was at hand, and the
people, in lack of a black heifer for the sacrifice,
fashioned one of dough, and brought it to the altar.
Now the sacred heifer reared for the goddess was
pasturing, like the other herds of the Cyzicenes, on
the opposite side of the strait, but on that day she
left her herd, swam over alone to the city, and
presented herself for the sacrifice. And again,
the goddess appeared in a dream to Aristagoras, the
town-clerk, saying : " Lo, here am I, and I bring the
Libyan fifer against the Pontic trumpeter. Bid the
citizens therefore be of good cheer." While the
Cyzicenes were lost in wonder at the saying, at day-
break the sea began to toss under a boisterous wind,
and the siege-engines of the king along the walls,
the wonderful works of Niconides the Thessalian, by
SOI
PLUTARCH'S LIVES
3 Kol irard^M TTpwTov airehrfKovv to /juiWov elra
v6to<; CKpayelf; ain(no<; to /xeye^o? to, t aWa
avv6Tptyfr€ firj^av^fiaTa wpa<; ^pa^^l fiopio), Kal
TOP ^vXlvov irvpyov exaTov Trrj'x^cav vyfro^ ovTa
Biaa-€L(Ta^ KaTe^aXev, taTopelTai Se tS)v iv 'iXtw
TToWot? Kad* VTTVOV ocfyOijvai, ttjv ^AOrjvav IBpcoTi,
TToXXft) peo/jLevr}v Kal vnTO^aivovcrdv ti tov nreirXov
Trapeppcoyo^, Xiyovaav, ft)9 dpTLW^ tjkoi porjOrjcraaa
^v^Vfcr)vol<;. koX <ttt^\7]v tlvcl BoyfjuaTa Kal ypd/ju-
fjuaTa irepl tovtcov exovaav iBeiKvvov 'iXtet?.
XL MtOpiBaTrjv Be, d^pi' fJ'Cv viro t&p eavTOv
aTpaTTjywv ^evaKL^ofxevo^ rjyvoei tov iv tc5 <TTpa~
TOireBw Xi/jLov, rjvicov K.v^tKr)vol Biat^evyovTe^ ttjv
TToXiopKiav. Ta^v B' i^eppvrj to (fyiXoTifJiov avTov
Kal <j)iX6veiKov iv alcrO^aei, yevofievov tcov diro-
piMv, ah ol (TTpaTLcoTat (Tvvei^ovTO, Kal tcov
dvOpcoTTO^ayiMv, aTe Brj fzr) 0€aTpi,K(S<; firjB* iiriBei-
KTiK(o<; AovKOvXXov 7roX€/jLovvTO<;, dXXd, tovto Brj
TO XeyofjLevov, eh Tr}v yaaTepa ivaXXofiivov Kal
07r<tf9 v(f>aipi](TeL tyjv Tpo(f)r)v diravTa irpayixaTevo-
2 fievov. Bto Kal <j>povpi6v tl 7roXtopKovvTO<; avTOv
T& Kaipa> %/)?7cra(r^at airevBcov 6 MiOpiBdTT)^;
i^iTrefi^jrev etV Bidwiav tov<; fiev linTeh (T')(eBov
diravTa^ fieTO, tcov VTro^vyicov, tcov Be Tre^wv tou?
dyjp7](TT0V<i, TTvQoybevo^ S' o AovkovXXo<; ert vvk-
T09 rJKev €t9 TO arpaTOireBov, irptol Be ')(^etfiouvo<;
6Vto9 dvaXafioDV o-7reipa<; Bifca Kal ttjv lttttov
iBiwKe VL(f>6/jL€vo<; Kal KaKOTradaiv, waTe ttoXXov<;
VTTO Kpvovi; ivBcB6vTa<; dTToXeiTreaOai tmv (TTpa-
502
LUCULLUS, X. 3 -XI. 2
their creaking and cracking sliowed clearly what was
about to happen ; then a south wind burst fortli with
incredible fury, shattered the other engines in a
short space of time, and threw down with a great
shock the wooden tower a hundred cubits high. It
is related, too, that the goddess Athena appeared to
many of the inhabitants of I Hum in their sleep,
dripping with sweat, showing part of her peplus
torn away, and saying that she was just come from
assisting the Cyzicenes. And the people of Ilium
used to show a stele which had on it certain decrees
and inscriptions relating to this matter.
XI. Mithridates, as long as liis generals deceived
him into ignorance of the famine in his army, was
vexed that the Cyzicenes should successfully with-
stand his siege. But his eager ambition quickly
ebbed away when he perceived the straits in which
his soldiers were involved, and their actual canni-
balism. For Lucullus was not carrying on the war
in any theatrical way, nor for mere display, but, as
the saying is, was " kicking in the belly," and de-
vising every means for cutting off food. Accordingly,
while Lucullus was laying siege to some outpost or
other, Mithridates eagerly took advantage of the
opportunity, and sent away into Bithynia almost all
his horsemen, together with the beasts of burden,
and those of his foot-soldiers who were disabled.
On learning of this, Lucullus returned to his camp
while it was still night, and early in the morning, in
spite of a storm, took ten cohorts of infantry and
his calvary, and started in pursuit, although snow
was falling and his hardships were extreme. Many
of his soldiers were overcome with the cold and had
to be left behind, but with the rest he overtook the
VOL. II. R 503
PLUTARCH'S LIVES
rioorodv, rot? S* oXXol^ irepl rov *VvvhaKov Trorafiov
3 KuraXa/Scov roiff; 7ro\6/jbLov<; roaavrrjv rpoir'qv
iiroirjaev, ware ra^ yvvaLKa<; iic Trj<; ^ AiroWcoviaf;
TTpoep')(pfieva'^ dcpapTrd^eiv ra <popTLa kul crKV-
Xevetv Tou? (^ovevop£vov<;, nroXkoov B\ ox; €lk6<;,
cLTroOavovToav eaXcoaav lttttol jxev k^aKL(T')(^ikiOi
Kul ttXtjOo^ avapL0 fjbrjTov viro^vyicoVy avBp€<; 8e
jjLvpioL irevTaKKjyp^ioi' koI rovTov<; dycov irdvra^
Trape^rjei irapd to (rrpaTOTreSov rciiv iroXefxicov.
4 ^dkova-TLov he Oavfjid^a) rore Trpwrov a)(l)6ai
'Fcop,aiOL(; KafjLjjXov^ Xeyovro^y el /xyre irporepov
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Xatpcoveiav 'A/o^eXaw fi€fjLaxvM^ov<; iyvcoKevai,
KapufKov,
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Tr)v Ta%fco-T?;i^, dvdo\/cd<; Be AovKOvWcp koI Bia-
rpi^afs oirlaa) fjbr}')(av(t)/jLevo<; eareWe rov vavap^ov
^ ApiaroviKOv eVl rrjv ^EWrjvLKr}v OdXaaa'av' Koi
oaov ovTTQ} fieWovTo^; eKirXelv i/c iTpohoala<i o
AovfcovXXo^ etcvplevae fiera 'x^pvacov /nvpLcoVy ov<;
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jiaro^, Ik tovtov M.LdpiBdTr)(; puev ecpvyev eirl
OdXaaaav, ol Be (TTparrjyol Trefol top crTpaTov
6 diTrjyayov. eimreacjov Be AovKOvXXof; avTol<;
irepl TOV VpavLKov iroTapLov elXe re Tra/bLiroXXov^
Koi BL(T/jLvpLOv^ diTeKTeive. XeyovTac 8* €k tov
iravTO^i aKoXovdcov re koX pLaylixttiv o")(Xov fivpi-
ttSe? ov TToXv Brj t(ov TpidKOVTa Xeiirovaat ^99
Bia<f)6aprjvai.
XII. AovKOvXXo^ Be irposTov eU Kv^lkov
TrapeXOcbv direXavaev r)Bop'^<i teal tpLXocppoavvi]^
504
LUCULLUS, XI. 2-xii. I
enemy at the river Rhyndacus and inflicted such a
defeat upon them that the very women came forth
from Apollonia and carried off their baggage and
stripped their slain. Many fell in the battle^ as it
is natural to suppose. Six thousand horses and
fifteen thousand men were captured, besides an un-
told number of beasts of burden. All these followed
in the train of Lucullus as he marched back past
the camp of the enemy. Sallust says, to my amaze-
ment, that camels were then seen by the Romans
for the first time. He must have thought that the
soldiers of Scipio who conquered Antiochus before
this, and those who had lately fought Archelaiis at
Orchomenus and Chaeroneia, were unacquainted
with the camel.
Mithridates was now resolved upon the speediest
possible flight, but with a view to drawing Lucullus
away, and holding him back from pursuit, he dis-
patched his admiral, Aristonicus, to the Grecian sea.
Aristonicus was just on the point of sailing when he
was betrayed into the hands of Lucullus, together
with ten thousand pieces of gold which he was
carrying for the corruption of some portion of the
Roman army. Upon this, Mithridates fled to tlie
sea, and his generals of infantry began to lead the
army away. But Lucullus fell upon them at the
river Granicus, captured a vast number of them,
and slew twenty thousand. It is said that out of
the whole horde of camp-followers and fighting men,
not much less than three hundred thousand perished
in the campaign.
XIL Lucullus, in the first place, entered Cyzicus
in triumph, and enjoyed the pleasant welcome which
505
PLUTARCH'S LIVES
TTpeirouarif;' eireira vavriKov i^qprvero top *EX-
XrjaTrovTOV eiriTropevofxevo^i. eh 3e TpaxiSa Kara-
%^€t9 iaKrjvdnae fiev ev rSt lepw tt}? ^A<j)poBLT7j<i,
KaraKoi/jLTjOeU Be vv/crcop iSo/cei rrjv deav opav
i(j)eaT(Ji)aav avrco Koi \eyovcrav'
Tl Kvcoaaea, psydOvfie \eov; ve^pol Se
TOL eyytKi.
2 €^ava(TTa<i Be koi tou? (piXov^; KoKeaa^ BirjyeLTO
TTjp oyjriv eVi vvKTO<i ov(Tr]<;, koX iraprjaav ef
^WLov Tivh airayyeWovTe^ a)(j)9at irepX rov
'A^atwi^ Xifiiva rpiaKalBeKa irevTrjpei^ tmv jSaac-
XiKMV iirl AripbVQV ifkeovaa^, evOv^ ovv avaydei's
TOVTov; fiev elXe koI top arparrjyov avT(ov
^latBaypov aireKTeiveVt eirl Be tou? aX\ov<; eirXei
3 irpaypea^}. ol Be erv^ov oppLovvre^, koX ret, irXola
irdvra irpo^ rrjv yrjv avveXKOvre^ airo tojp
fcaTaarpcop^drcov Biepd'^ovTo koI 7rXr]ya<; eBLBoaav
TOL<i irepl rbv AovkovXXov, ovre irepiTrXevcrai
Tov ')(wpiov BiBovTo^ ovre ^tdaaaOai vaval
pLeTecopoL<i Ta9 rcov iroXepiicov 7rpoa-epr)peLapeva<i
4 rfi yfi fcal ^e/3r]KVLa<i da-(j)aX(a<i, ov pur^v dXXa
pL6Xt<; 'p TrpoapoXrjV rtva rj vfj(TO<; et^ep diro^i-
^d^et Tcop aTparccoTMp tou? dpi,<TTOv<i, ot KaroiriP
eTTCTrea-opTe^ Tol<i iroXepLoi^; tov<; pbep Bieipdecpop
avTcop, TOv<; B* rjpdyica^op diroKO'TnopTa'^ to,
TTpvpLPTjaLa TCOP pecop Kol ^evyoPTa^ €k t^9 7^9
dXX'^Xoi^ T€ (Tvy/cpoveip ra TrXola kol ral^ efijSo-
Xat? Tal<i we pi top AovkovXXop viroirLirTeip.
6 TToXXol fiev ovp Bie^Odpr^aap, ep Be toI<; dXovaip
dpf')X^V f^^^^ Mdpio<i 6 irapa ^epTcoplov aTpaTi]y6<;'
506
LUCULLUS, XII. 1-5
was his due ; then he proceeded to the Hellespont,
and began to equip a fleet. On visiting the Troad,
he pitched his tent in the sacred precinct of Aphro-
dite, and in the night, after he had fallen asleep, he
thought he saw the goddess standing over him and
saying : —
" Why dost thou sleep, great lion ? the fawns
are near for thy taking."
Rising up from sleep and calling his friends, he
narrated to them his vision, while it was } et night.
And lo, there came certain men from liium, with
tidings that thirteen of the king's galleys had been
seen off the harbour of the Achaeans, making for
Lemnos Accordingly, Lucullus put to sea at once,
captured these, slew their commander, Isodorus, and
then sailed in pursuit of the other captains, whom
these were seeking to join. They chanced to be
lying at anchor close to shore, and drawing their
vessels all up on land, they fought from their decks,
and sorely galled the crews of Lucullus. These had
no chance to sail round their enemies, nor to make
onset upon them, since their own ships were afloat,
while those of their enemies were planted upon
the land and securely fixed. However, Lucullus at
last succeeded in disembarking the best of his
soldiers where the island afforded some sort of
access. These fell upon the enemy from the rear,
slew some of them, and forced the rest to cut
their stern cables and fly from the shore, their
vessels thus falling foul of one another, and receiving
the impact of the ships of Lucullus. Many of the
enemy perished, of course, and among the captives
there was brought in Marius, the general sent from
507
PLUTARCH'S LIVES
rjv ykp €T€p6(b9a\fio<;, KaX iraprjyyeXro TOi?
arpanooTai,'; €vOv<; iinifKeovcnv viro AovkovKXov
firfSiva KTeiveiv er€p6(j>0a\fiov, oirco^i i^ovetSiaOeU
fcal Ka6vPpLa9e\<; airoOdvoL.
XIII. Tev6/JL€vo<; S' airo tovtcov rjirelyeTO irpo^
Tfjv avTOv ^idptBdrov Sico^iv, yjXin^e yap en
irepl l^iOvviav evpi^aeiv avrov viro I^okcovlov
(fipovpovfjuevov, ov avro^i eva-Trja-ofjLevov ry (j>vyS
2 fiera veayv direaraXKei Trpb^ IS^iKo/i^Seiav. dWa
l^oKcoviO'^ fi€v ev ^afioOpaKT) /jLvovfji€vo<; koX
7ravr]yvpL^a)v KaOvareprjae' M.L9pthdTr]v Be dva-
'XOevra fjLerd rov aroXov, airevBovra irplv ein-
(jTpe<^eiv AovKovWov eh top Uovtov elcTTrXevaai,
KaraXafJbpdveL 'xetfioov woXv^;, vcj)* ov ra jjLev
dcfiTjpTrdyrj, rd 5' e^vOtaOrj rayv aKa^wv, iraaa
8' rj irapaXia rS)V vavayLmv €K(j>€po/iievcov viro
Tov kXvB(ovo<; eirl 7roXXd<; r)ixepa<; rjv TrepLirXeo)^,
3 avTO^ Be, t^9 oX/caSo9, €0' 97? eirXeiy fjur^re tt/OO?
TTfV yrjv evTrapaKOfiiarov Bud fieyeOo^; ev adXw
fieydXq) koX KVfJbaTL rvcpXtp 7rapi,crTa/Juevr](; tol<;
KV^epviJTai^, 7rp6<; re rrjv OdXaaa-av i]Brj ^apeia<;
Koi virepdvrXov yevofievq^;, fieT€fil3d<; el<; Xycrrpi-
Kov fivowdpcDva kclI to crw/xa 7retpaTai<; ey')(^eipi-
<ja<i dveXTTLaTGi^ kcu irapapoXoK; eh rrjv UovriKrjp
4 'HpdKXeiav e^eacoOrj. AovkovXXg) S* dvefjuearjTO^
7] TTpo^ T7]v (TvyKXriTOV diTe^r) (jytXoTLfJLva. yjn]-
(^i^0fjLev7](; yap avTr]<; 7r/oo9 rov TroXe/xov aTrb
rpLaxi'^^(i>v raXdvTcov e^aprveaOai vavriKov,
i/ccoXvo-e Trifi-^jrafi ypd/ju/iara Kal fJLeyaXrjyop^aa<;,
508
♦ LUCULLUS, XII. 5-xiii. 4
Sertorius. He had but one eye, and the soldiers
had received strict orders from LucuUus, as soon
as they set sail, to kill no one-eyed man. I/UCuUus
wished Marius to die under the most shameful
insults.
XIII. These things done, Lucullus hastened in
pursuit of Mithridates himself. For he expected
to find him still in Bithynia under the watch and
ward of Voconius, whom he had dispatched with a
fleet to Nicomedeia that he might intercept the
king's flight. But Voconius was behindhand, owing
to his initiation into, and celebration of, the
mysteries in Samothrace, and Mithridates put to
sea with his armament, eager to reach Pontus before
Lucullus turned and set upon him. He was over-
taken, however, by a great storm, which destroyed
some of his vessels and disabled others. The whole
coast for many days was covered witli the wrecks
dashed upon it by the billows. As for the king
himself, the merchantman on which he was sailing
was too large to be readily beached when the sea
ran so high and the waves were so baffling, nor
would it answer to its helm, and it was now too
heavy and full of water to gain an offing ; accord-
ingly, he abandoned it for a light brigantine belonging
to some pirates, and, entrusting his person to their
hands, contrary to expectation and after great
hazard, got safely to Heracleia in Pontus. And
so it happened that the boastful speech of Lucullus to
the Senate brought no divine retribution down upon
him. When, namely, that body was ready to vote
three thousand talents to provide a fleet for this
war, Lucullus blocked the measure by writing a
letter, in which he made the haughty boast that
5<^
PLUTARCH'S LIVES
<»<? avev SaTrdvrjf; koX roaavrrj^; 7rapa(TK€vrj^
TaL<; rcov avfMfid')(^(i)v vavcrl MidpLSdTijv eK^akeX
tt}? OaXdTTTjq. Kol TOVTO vTTrjp^6v avTcp rod
Oeov o-vvaywvLdafJbevov, Xiyerac yap 'ApTe/JLcBo<;
XoXo) Tlpia7rivr]<; 6 '^^ei/jLODV ifiireaelv tol<; Uovti-
KOL(; avXrjaacnv avT7j<: to lepov koX to ^oavov
dvaairdaaai.
XIV. TloWoiv he AovKovW(p TrapaivovvTwv
dva^dWecrOai rov TroXefiov, ov (^/jorr/cra? eve-
^aXe Bt,a Bt^i^/aa? fcal TaXarla^ eh rrjv /Sacn-
XcK^Vy iv dpxfj P'^v €v8er)<; rcov dvayKalcov, Mare
TaXdra<i eireaOai Tpi(rp,vplov<; exaarov eVl tmv
MfjLcov KopL^ovra (tltov fieScfivoVy irpoloiv he koX
Kparwv aTrdvTcov eh Tocravrrjv rjXOev eviropiav, 500
fwo-re Tov pkv povv ev ctt paroirehw SpaxfjLrj<;, to
Be dvhpdiTohov reTTdpcov coviov elvac, rr)v S*
aXXrjv Xeiav ev ovSevl Xoyo) tov<; fxev diroXeLiTeLVy
Tov<; Be dvaXidKeiv, Bid6e(n<; yap r)v ovBtvo<i
7r/?o9 ovBeva Trdvroov evTropovvrcov.
2 'AXX' oaov (bOeipac xal KaKwaac rvv ycapav
iinraaap.evoL kul KaTabpap^ovre^i axpt vyefiiaKv-
pa<i Kal Tojv repl Sepp^coSovra TreBicov, yTicovro
TOV AovKovXXov, on 7rdaa<; irpoadyerai Ta<;
TToXet?, Kara Kpdro^ Be ovBep^iav fjpr^icev ovBe
TTape<TX/}Kev avToh oD(f)eX7]07]vai. BiapirdaaaLV,
3 ** KXXd Kal vvv,^^ ecjyaaav, " ^Ap^icrov, ttoXcv evBai-
p,ova Kal irXovoriav, ov p,eya ov epyov, e'i rt? 91
evreivai ttjv iroXiopKiav, KaTaayelvy dTroXiiroVTa^ *'
^/xa? dyet jrepl ttjv Tiffap7]va)v Kal KaXBatoyv
5J.0
LUCULLUS, xiiL 4-xiv. 3
without any such costly array, but only with the
ships of the allies, he would drive Mithridates from
the sea. And this success he gained with the
assistance of Heaven. For it is said that it was
owing to the wrath of Artemis of Priapus that
the tempest fell upon the men of Pontus, who
had plundered her shrine and pulled down her
image,
XIV. Though many now advised Lucullus to
suspend the war, he paid no heed to them, but
threw his army into the king's country by way
of Bithynia and Galatia.^ At first he lacked the
necessary supplies, so that thirty thousand Galatians
followed in his train, each carrying a bushel of grain
upon his shoulders ; but as he advanced and mastered
everything, he found himself in the midst of such
plenty that an ox sold in his camp for a drachma,
and a man-slave for four, while other booty had no
value at all. Some abandoned it, and some destroyed
it. There was no sale for anything to anybody when
all had such abundance.
But when Lucullus merely wasted and ravaged
the country with cavalry incursions, which penetrated
to Themiscyra and the plains of the river Thermodon,
his soldiers found fault with him because he brought
all the cities over to him by peaceable measures ;
he had not taken a single one by storm, they said,
nor given them a chance to enrich themselves by
plunder. " Nay," they said, " at this very moment
we are leaving Amisus, a rich and prosperous city,
which it would be no great matter to take, if
its siege were pressed, and are following our general
into the desert of the Tibareni and the Chaldaeans
1 73 B.a
PLUTARCH'S LIVES
iprj/jLiav M.i,6pL8dTr) 7ro\efi^(rovTa<i.** aXka
ravra fiev ovk av 6 AoukovX\,o<; ekirlaa^ eh
Tocrovrov airovoiaf; tov<; arparvcora^ irapaja-
yeiv, oaov varepov e^e(f>r]vav, virepeoopa koX ovk
4 i(f>p6pri^€V, iK€ivoL<; 8* airekoyelTO fjuaXKov, oi
ffpaBvTTJTa Karijyopovv avrov htaTpL^ovTO^ ev-
ravOa irepl Kcofjba<; koI ttoXci^ ov ttoWov tlvo^
a^la^ TToXvv y^povoVy e(0VT0<i S' av^eadav yiiOpihd-
rrjv, ** Avro ydp,^* €(f>r), *' tovto koI povKofxai
KOI KaOvj^at, Texvd^o)V, fieyav av0c<; yeviaOaL tov
dvBpa Kol avvayayelv avrov d^i6fjLa)(^ou Bvpa/jLiv,
5 Lva fieivy kol fit) (f>vyr} irpoaLovra^ r)/uid<;. rj ovy
opdre TToWrjv fiev avTcp Kal dreK/jLaprov iprjfjLiav
oiruact) irapovaav; iyyv<; Be 6 KavKaaof; Kal oprj
TToWd Kal fiaOea Kal /iivpLov<; ^acnXeh (jyvyofia-
')(pvvra^ dpKovvra KaraKpv-yjraL Kal Trepioryelv
oXiycov 5' rj/iiepojv 6Bo<; eh ^Kpiieviav e/c l^a^elpcov,
Kal virep ^Kpfievia^ Kddrjrai Ttypdvrjf;, ^a(TiXev<;
pa(TL\e(ov, ex^ov BvvafJLCv, rj UdpOovf; re irepi-
KOTTTei T?59 ^Acriaf; Kal TroXet? 'K\\r}VLBa<; eh
MrjBlav dvaKOfiL^ei Kal %vpLa<; Kparel Kal TiaXai-
a-TLvr]<; Kal tov<; diro XeXevKov fiaaiXec^; diroKTtv-
vveiy dvyarepaff 3' ai/rcov dyeu Kal yvvaiKa'^
6 dvaanrddTOV^, ovto<; olKelo^ icrri MoOpiBdrov
Kal ya/jL/3p6<;, ov Treptoyjrerai Be avrov iKerrfv
vrroBe^dfjievo^, dXXd iroXefJurjcrei 7rpb<; r)fjLd<;' Kal
arrevBovre^ iKjSdXXetv McdpiBdrrjv KtvBvvevdOfiev
imcnrdaaadai Tcypdvrjv, irdXai fiev alriaf; Beo-
fievov ecf)' rjfjid^, evirpeTvearepav Be ovk dv Xa^ovra
rrj<; virep dvBpo^ oiKeiov Kal ^aaiXeoyfi dvayKa-
aOevra vrrovpyetv avra>, rl o^v Bel rovO^ ^fid^
^12
I
LUCULLUS, XIV. 3-6
to fight with Mithridates." But these grievances,
not dreaming that they would bring the soldiers
to such acts of madness as they afterwards performed,
Lucullus overlooked and ignored. He was, however,
more ready to defend himself against those who
denounced his slowness in lingering there a long
while, subduing worthless little villages and cities,
and allowing Mithridates to recruit himself
" That," he said, " is the very thing I want, and I
am sitting here to get it. I want the man to
become powerful again, and to get together a force
with which it is worth our while to fight, in order
that he may stand his ground, and not fly when we
approach. Do you not see that he has a vast
and trackless desert behind him ? The Caucasus,
too, is near, with its many hills and dells, which
are sufficient to hide away in safety ten thousand
kings who decline to fight. And it is only a few
days' journey from Cabira into Armenia and over
Armenia there sits enthroned Tigranes, King of
Kings, with forces which enable him to cut the
Parthians off from Asia, transplant Greek cities into
Media, sway Syria and Palestine, put to death the
successors of Seleucus, and carry off their wives and
daughters into captivity. This king is a kinsman of
Mithridates, his son-in-law. He will not be content
to receive him as a suppliant, but will make war
against us. If we strive, tlierefore, to eject Mithri-
dates from his kingdom, we shall run the risk
of drawing Tigranes down upon us. He has
long wanted an excuse for coming against us, and
could not get a better one than that of being
compelled to aid a man who is his kinsman and
a king. Why, then, should we bring this to pass,
513
PLUTARCH'S LIVES
i^epydaaaOai koI BiBd^at IS/lidpiBdrrjv dyvoomnaf
fieO^ a)V idTiv avT(p irpo'; rjiid^i iroXe/m^Tiov, koX
fjbrj povXojJievoVy aX)C dho^ovvra avvekavveiv el^
Ta<i TLjpdvov %6t/ja9, aXV ov^l B6vTa<; avrw
)(^p6vov €K Toov ol/celcov 7rapa(TK€vdaaaOai koI
dvaOappvvat, KoX%ot9 koI Ti^aprjvol^ Kal Kair-
irdBo^iv, (av iroXkaKL^ K€/€paT7]Ka/JL€V, fid'^ea-dai
fiaXkov rj M.'i]Boi'^ koX *Apfi€VLoi<i; '*
XV. 'EttI TOiovTcov \oyi(r/jL(bv y€v6fi€V0<; 6 fl
AovKovWo<; irepi re ttjv *A/jll(tov BiArpL-^ey fiaXa- ™
«ft)9 ry TTokiopKia ')(^pa)fjL€vo<i, Kal /jLcra 'X.^ip.Mva
M.ovp7]vav aTToXiTTODv eVl r^? TroTuopKia'^ i^dBu^ev
iirl MidpiBdrrjv KaO^fievov iv KaffeipoL^; /cal
Biavoovfjuevov v^lo-rao-Oat rovf; *Pco/jLaLOv<;, rjOpoL-
ajxevqf; avr^ Bvvdjxeay^ eh r€TpaKi,<7/jLvpLov<; ire- M
5bu9, liriTel^; Be reTpaKLd'x^bXiov^i 0I9 eOdppei il
2 fiakLo-ra. Kal BLaffa<s top Av/cov iroTafiov eh to
ireBiov TrpovKaXelro T0U9 ^Vcofiaiov^, yevofjuevr)^
8' liTTrofxa'XiO'^ €(j)vryov oi 'Fco/jualor Tiofxirdivio^
S* dvrjp ovK dBo^o<; edXco T€TpcofjLevo<i Kal irpo^
rov ^LdpLBdrrjv dvrj')(d7] KaKCi)<; viro rpavfidrcov
BiaKeijievo';. irvdojuevov Be rod paaiXew^iy el
aco9el<; vtt avrov yevrjaerai (J)lXo^, ""Aj/ ye 8?;,"
€(j)rj, '**V(oixalotfi BiaXXayfjf;' el Be fii], TroXefiio^.**
rovrov fiev 6av[JLdaa<; 6 M.tOpiBdr7}<; ovk T^BiKrjo-e.
3 Toy Be AovKovXXov ra fxev TreBia roiv iroXefiiwv 501
linroKparovvraiv BeBioro^;, rrjv 8' opeivrjv oKvovvro^
irpolivai, puaKpav Kal vXooBr) Kal Bvafiarov ovarav,
aXiaKovrai rive^ Kara rv)(r]V "KXXr]ve<; eh rt
514
LUCULLUS, XIV. 6-xv. 3
and teach Mithridates, when he does not know it^
with what aUies he must carry on war against us ?
Why help to drive him, against his wish and as a last
resource, into the arms of Tigranes, instead of giving
him time to equip himself from his own resources and
get fresh courage ? Then we shall fight with
Colchians and Tibareni and Cappadocians, whom we
have often overcome, **ather than with Medes and
Armenians."
XV. Influenced by such considerations as these,
Lucullus lingered about Amisus, without pushing the
siege vigorously. When winter was over, he left
Murena in charge of the siege, and marched against
Mithridates,^ who had taken his stand at Cabira, and
intended to await the Roman onset there. A force
of forty thousand footmen had been collected by him,
and four thousand horsemen ; on the latter he placed
his chief reliance. Crossing the river Lycus and
advancing into the plain, he offered the Romans
battle. A cavalry fight ensued, and the Romans
took to flight. Pomponius, a man of some note,
having been wounded, was taken prisoner and led
into the presence of Mithridates, suffering greatly
from his wounds. When the king asked him if he
would become his friend provided he spared his life,
Pomponius answered : " Yes, indeed, if you come to
terms with the Romans ; otherwise I must remain
your enemy." Mithridates was struck with admir-
ation for him, and did him no harm.
Lucullus was now afraid of the plains, since the
enemy was superior in cavalry, and yet hesitated to
go forward into the hill country, which was remote,
woody, and impassable. But it chanced that certain
» 72 B.a
515
PLUTARCH'S LIVES
a-TnfjXaiov KaTa<pvy6vT6^, a>v 6 Trpea/Svrepo^ *A/)-
re/jLiScopofi v7re(T')(6T0 rbv Aov/covWov a^eiv koX
Karaa-Tcia-eiv eVl roTTft) d(T<f>d\€L Ta> arpaTOTreSa)
Koi (ppovpcov exovTL T0t9 Yia(3elpOL^ eimcpefidixevov.
4 7na-T€V(Ta<; 8* o AovkovX\o<; dfia rfj vvktl irvpd
Kavaa^ ifcLvei' KaX rd arevd TrapekOoiv dcrcpaXco'i
TO ')((opiov el^e, Koi fxeO' rj/iiepav virepe^aiveTo
Toiyv TToXe/jLiayp ISpvcov top crTpaTov iv toitol^,
ot fidx€crOai ^ovXofiivcp Trpoaaycoyrjp iBlBoaap
Kol to /jlt) fitaaOrjpat irapel^op '^av^d^oPTi,,
6 Tpay/jLrjv fiev ovv ovSeTepo^ 6l')(6v ep ye tg3
irapovTi SiaKtpBvveveiP' eXacfiop he XeyeTau tmp
^aaoXifCMP StcoKOPTcop VTroTefiPO/jbipov^; diraPTTjaaL
Tou? '^(ofxalov^y eK he tovtov (rv/jL7r€<T6pTa<; dyco-
VL^eaOat TrXeiopcop eKaTepoL^ del irpoayipofiepcop.
TeXo<; 8' ipLKcop oi ^aaiXiKoi' koI ttjp (pvyrjp eK
Tov xdpaKO<i ol *V(Ofjualoi KaOopcoPTef; rja^aXXop
Kol avpeT pe')(^op 7rpo9 top AovkouXXop, dyeip a(j)d<;
heofiepoi koi <rvp6ri/jLa tt^o? ttjv fJ^dxH^ avTovPTe^.
6 6 Se ^ovX6fjL€PO<; avTov<; fiaOelp, tjXLkov eaTip ep
wyoiPL TToXifJLov KOL KLpSvpo) TTapovaLa Kol O'^Lf;
r)yefM6po<; eficppopo^;, e/ceLPov<i fiep r)av')(lap dyetp
ifceXeva-ep, avTo<i Be KUTe^aipep et? to irehiop kol
Tol^ irpcoTOL'^ dirapT'^aa^ tcov cjievyoPTcop XaTaadat
7 irpocreTa^e kol dpaaTpecj^ecp fieT avTOv, TreiaOep-
Tcop Be TOVTCop /cal ol XolttoI /jLera/SaXofjLepoi, KaX
avaTdpTe<; oXiycp ir6p(p TpeiroPTai rou? 7roXe/Mov<i
/cal fcaTaBc(OKOvaip el<! to aTpaToireBop. eirap-
eXdcbp Be AovKovXXo<; dTijJuiap Tipd toi<; <f>evyovcrt
pepop.L(jfieu7]p irpoae/SaXe, KeXevaa<i iv ;^tTa>(7iJ^
5'6
LUCULLUS, XV. 3-7
Greeks, who had taken refuge in a sort of cave, were
captured, and the elder of them, ArtemidoruS;
promised to serve Luculhis as a guide, and set him
in a place which was safe for his camp, and which
had a fortress overlooking Cabira. Lucullus put
confidence in this promise, and as soon as it was
night, lit his camp fires and set out. He passed
safely through the narrow defiles and took possession
of the desired place, and at daybreak was seen above
the enemy, stationing his men in positions which
gave him access to the enemy if he wished to fight,
and safety from their assaults if he wished to keep
quiet.
Now neither commander had any intention of
hazarding an engagement at once. But we are told
that while some of the king's men were chasing a
stag, the Romans cut them off and confronted them,
whereupon a skirmish followed, with fresh accessions
continually to either side. At last, the king's men
were victorious. Then the Romans in their camp,
beholding the flight of their comrades, were in
distress, and ran in throngs to Lucullus, begging
him to lead them, and demanding the signal for
battle. But he, wishing them to leam how im-
portant, in a dangerous struggle with the enemy, the
visible presence of a prudent general is, bade them
keep quiet. Then he went down into the plain by
himself, and confronting the foremost of the fugitives,
bade them stop, and turn back with him. They
obeyed, and the rest also wheeled about and formed
in battle array, and in a short time routed the enemy
and drove them to their camp. When he came back,
however, Lucullus inflicted the customary disgrace
upon the fugitives. He bade them dig a twelve-
5*7
PLUTARCH'S LIVES
d^a>(TTOL<; opv^ai BcoScKa ttoScov Td(f>poVy icpeaTco-
Tcov KoX Oeco/iivcov tcov dWfov a-TpancoToov,
XVI. ^Hv Be Tt9 iv T(p MiOpiBaTOV aTparoireBa)
AavBapicop Svvdarrjf; 'OX^a«o9 (yivo^ 3' elcrlv ol
AavSdpLOi I3ap/3dpa)v tmv nrepl rrjv M.aL(OTLV
oiKovprayv), dvrjp oaa ')(€Lpo<i epya fcal toX^t;? eV
woXeixw Bia7rpe7rr)<; diravTa, koX yvcofi7]v iKavo^
ip Tot^; /jL6yL(TToc(;, erv 5' iixfiekr)^ ofxCkrjcraL kol
depairevTLKo^;. ovto<; e%a)i/ del rrp6<; nva tcop
6piO(f>v\(ov hvvacTTCdv dfjLLWav virep irpcoreLwv
Kal ^rjXoTVTTLav vTria^ero r^ M.tOptSdT'p /Jiiya
2 epyov, diro/cTevelp AovkovWov, eiratveaavTO'i he
Tov ^atTi\e(o<; Kal TLva<; avT& Trpoa-^aXovrof;
eTT^rrySe? dTipLia<; eh irpOGirol'qaLV 6pyr]<; d^Lirird-
aaro tt/oo? AovkovWov 6 S* dafievo<; eBe^aro'
\0709 yap yv avTov ttoXu? ev t& (TTpaTOTreBqy
Kal Ta'^v ireipco/ievo'i rja-Trd^eTO TrjV re dy^ivoiav
avTov Kal TO Xiirape^y wcrre rpaire^r^ft Kal avve-
SpLov irore TToielaOaL kolvcovov.
3 'Evrel 8* iBoKei Kaipov e^eiv 6 AavBdpLo^, top
jxep LTTirop efo) rov 'X^dpaKO^ eKekevae irpoayayelp
Tov<i iralBa'iy avrcx; Be /jL6(T7)pl3pLa<; oiJcr?;? Kal
TCOV (TTparLcoTcbv ivBia^oPTcov Kal dpaTravop^evcop
e^dBi^ep inl Trjv (TTpaTrjyiKrjv aKrjvijp, tw? ovBePOi;
K(o\vaovTO<i elaeXOetv avBpa awTjOrj Kal \6yov<i
Tivd<; d^iov<; (T7rovB'fj(; t& aTpaTr]y& KOfiL^etv
4 <f)d(TK0PTa. KCLP elo-rfkdep aSew?, el fir) 6 iroWov^i
dvr}p7]K0)^ arparriyov^ v7rvo<i AovkovWov ecrcocrep.
€TU7%az/e yap KaOevBcjP' Kal MepeBrj/jLOff, 6?? rcov
Karevvaa-Tcop, irapa rah dvpai^ iarox; ovk e^rj
Kara Kaipbv rjKeiv rov ^OXOaKov, dprt AovkovWov
7r/)09 avdiravaiv ex fiaKpd<i dypvirvla^ Kal ttovoov
5«8
LUCULLUS, XV. 7-xvi. 4
foot ditch, working in ungirt blouses, while the rest
of the soldiers stood by and watched them.
XVI. In the camp of Mithridates there was a
Dandarian prince named Olthacus (the Dandarians
are a tribe of barbarians dwelling about Lake
Maeotis), a man conspicuous as a soldier for qualities
of strength and boldness, of a most excellent judg-
ment, and withal affable in address and of insinuating
manners. This man was always in emulous rivalry
for the precedence with a fellow prince of his tribe,
and so was led to undertake a great exploit for
Mithridates, namely, the murder of Lucullus. The
king approved of his design, and purposely inflicted
upon him sundry marks of disgrace, whereupon,
pretending to be enraged, he galloped off to Lucullus,
who gladly welcomed him, since there was much
talk of him in the camp. After a short probation,
Lucullus was so pleased with his shrewdness and
zeal, that he made him a table companion, and at
last a member of his council.
Now when the Dandarian thought his opportunity
had come, he ordered his slaves to lead his horse
outside the camp, while he himself, at mid-day, when
the soldiers were lying around enjoying their rest,
went to the general's tent. He thought no one
would deny entrance to a man who was an intimate
of the general, and said he brought him certain
messages of great importance. And he would have
entered without let or hindrance, had not sleep, the
destroyer of many generals, saved Lucullus. For it
chanced that he was asleep, and Menedemus, one of
his chamberlains, who stood at the tent-door, told
Olthacus that he had come at an inopportune time,
since Lucullus had just betaken himself to rest after
519
PLUTARCH'S LIVES
5 ToaovTcov SeSa)/coTO? kavrov. iirel S' ovk airrjei.
Ke\evovTO<^, a)OC €<j)rj /cal /cwXvovro^ elaeKev-
aeaOai nrepl irpdyixaTo^ avajicaiov Kal fieyaXov
hioXexOrivaL 0ov\6/ji€uo<i, rjSrj tt/do? opyrju 6
}A6veBr]fio<i elTTcbv fjLrjBev avayKaiorepov rod (T(o-
^eadai \ovkovX\ov dTrecoaaro top dvOpcoTrov 502
6 djiicj)0T6paL<i rah %€/?o-tV. o he Vetera? vTre^rjXOe
Tov x^paKOf;, Kol Xa^cov top lttttov dir^jXaaev
€69 TO McdptBdrov CTTparoTrehov d7rpaKT0<;. ovrw^
dpa Kal TOt? TTpdy/xaatv 6 Kaipo^i wairep tols
<j)apiJidKOL^ Kal rrji> aoo^ovaav Kal rrjp dvaipovaav
poirrjv irpoa-TidrjaLV.
XVII. 'E/c rovTov ^(DpvdTiO<i fiev iirl alrov
KO/jLiSr]u eirep^cfyOrj p^erd SeKa aireLpcov Kal Kara-
Si(oxO€l<; VTTO MevdvSpov, rcov MtOpcBdrov crrpa-
rY]ywv 6v6<;, avrearr} Kal avp^fiaXcop ^opop iiroirjae
TToXvp Kal rpoTrrjp rcop iroXep.lcop. avdi<> Be irepcf)-
OevTO<; ^ABpiapov p^erd Bvpapuew^, ottw? eK irepiov-
cia^ ep^ftjcrtz^ ol crrpariMTai alrop, ov TrepLeiBe Mt-
6pt.BdTrj<;, dXX' direa-retXe M€Pep,a)(^op Kal Mvpcopa
ttoXXmp pbep LTTTrecop, iroXXSyp Be ire^wp '^yovp.epov^;,
2 ovTOi, 7rttz^T69, 009 Xeyerai, irXrjp Bvecp KareKoiTT)-
aap viro tcop 'Vcopaidyp. Kal M.LOpLBdTr)(; p,ev
eKpvirre ttjp arvp,cj)opdp 009 ov Toaavrrjp ovaap,
dXXd pbLKpdPt 7rpo(TKeKpovKOT(op direipia rcop
aTpaT7)ya)P, ^ABpiapb<; Be Xap,7rpb<; Trapyp^eifiero
TO (TTpaTOTreBop 7roXXd<; Kardycop dp,d^a^ airov
Kal Xaipvpcop yepbovaa^, cocrre BvaOvp^iap puev
avrcp, Tapa')(r)P Be Kal ^o^ov dp,/j^apop epLTrecrelv
3 T0t9 o-rpaTL(t)Tat<;. eBeBoKTO piep ovp p^rjKeri
pbipeiP' eirel Be Trpoe^errepirop ol ^aaiXiKol rd
a(f)eTepa 'x^p^p.ara KaO^ 'r}cru')(iav, tol'9 3' dXXovi
520
!
LUCULLUS, XVI. 5-xvii. 3
his long watching and many hardships. Olthacus
did not retire at the bidding of Menedemus, but
declared that even in spite of him he would go in,
since he wished to confer with the general on urgent
business of great importance. Then Menedemus
got angry, declared that nothing was more urgent
than the preservation of Lucullus, and pushed the
man away with both hands. Then Olthacus, in fear,
left the camp, took horse, and rode off to the camp
of Mithridates, without effecting his purpose. So
true is it that in active life, as well as in sickness, it
is the critical moment which gives the scales their
saving or their fatal inclination.
XVII. After thiS;, Sornatius was sent with ten
cohorts to get supplies of grain. Being pursued by
Menander, one of the generals of Mithridates, he
faced about, joined battle, and routed the enemy
witli great slaughter. And again, when Adrian was
sent out with a force to procure an abundance of
grain for the soldiers, Mithridates did not look on
idly, but dispatched Menemachus and Myron, at the
head of a large body of cavalry and footmen. All
these, it is said, except two, were cut to pieces by
the Romans. Mithridates tried to conceal the ex-
tent of the disaster, pretending that it was a slight
matter, and due to the inexperience of his generals.
But when Adrian marched pompously past his camp,
convoying many waggons laden with grain and booty,
a great despair fell upon the king, and confusion and
helpless fear upon his soldiers. They decided, there-
fore, to remain where they were no longer. But
when the king's servants tried to send away their
own baggage first, and to hinder the rest from going,
the soldiers at once got angry, pushed and forced
521
PLUTARCH'S LIVES
i/ccoXvov, ijBr) koI 7rpo<i 6pyr)v eVt t^9 6foSou9
wdovfjuevoi Kol ^ca^ofievot ra jxev '^^prjfiara ripira-
^ov, avTOv<; 8e aTriacparTov. oirov kol ^opvXao^
6 (TTpaTr)yo<; ovBev erepov e^oyv rj rrjv iTopj>vpav
nrepl aurov aTTcoXero Sia ravTijv, 'Ep/jiaLO<i Be 6
dvTr]<; KaTe7raT7]6r] irepl Ta<; 7rvXa<;,
4 AvTO<; 8' o MidpiBaTTjf;, ovre oiraBov rivof;
0VT6 iTTTTOKOfiov 7rapafi€LvavT0<; avTw, (Tvve^i-
ireaev airo rod arparoTriBov tol'; TroXXol^i ava-
fjL€fJLiy/iJLivo<;, ovB* lttttov tS)v fiaaiXifCcov eviropy-
aas, aXX* o'^i ttov KariBwv avTov iv rm pevfiaTi
T^9 TpoTTi)^ iK€LV7)<; Bia^epofMevov TlroXefjiaLO^
6 evvov^o<; Xttttov eywv a\jTo<=; aTreirrjBr^a-e /cat
5 irapeax^v. ijBr) yap avrov ol *Fcofiacot /carelxov
eTTLKeifxevoL' /cal rd'^ec fiev ovk aireXiirovTO tov
Xa^elv avTov, dXX* rjXOov eyyiara tovtov, (fiiXo-
TrXovTia Be real jxiKpoXoyia o-TpaTicoTtKr) rb
7roXXoL<; ayfhai koI fjLeydXoi<s kcvBvvoi<; BicoKO/Jievov
€K fia/cpov Orjpafxa ^Vaj/Jbalovi d(^eiXeTo Koi
AovKovXXov aTreareprjae VL/ccovra rodv eirddXayv.
6 ^v /JL6V yap iv 6(f)iKTa> rrj'i Bico^ecofi 6 vireK^epwy
TOV dvBpa L7rriT0<i, rjfiiovov Be tmv to ')(pvaLOV
KOfJLL^ovTcov fieTa^v TOV ffaacXeay^ eLT diro tuvto-
fiaTov irapeiaTreaovTO^, eiTe tov ^aatXeo)^ eiri-
TTjBef; €/jL0aX6vTO<; avTov ei<; tov<; Bi(OK0VTa^,
dpird^ovTe^ Kal a-vXX€yovTe<} to %/oi/<rtoi/ Kal
7 BiajjLaxofJLevoL 7rpo<; dXXyXov; KadvaTeprjaav. xal
ov TOVTO fiovov avTCov divkXavcre Trj<; irXeove^iafi
i\ovKovXXo^i dXXd Kal tov eirl toov dTropprjrayv
TOV PaaiXe(D<; ovTa YiaXXicTTpaTOV 6 fiev ayeiv
ifceXevcrev, ol 3' dyovT€<; alaOo/jLevoL TrevTaKoaiov^i
522
LUCULLUS, XVII. 3-7
their way to the exits of the camp, and there
plundered the baggage and slew the men in charge
of it. There it was that Dorylaiis, the general^ with
nothing else about him but his purple robe^ lost his
life for that, and Hermaeus, the priest, was trampled
to death at the gates.
Mithridates himself, with no attendant or groom
to assist him, fled away from the camp in the midst
of the throng, not even provided with one of
the royal horses ; but at last the eunuch Ptolemaeus,
who was mounted, spied him as he was borne along
in the torrent of the rout, leaped down from his
horse, and gave it to the king. Presently the
Romans, who were forcing the pursuit, were hard
upon him, and it was for no lack of speed that they
did not take him. Indeed, they were very near
doing so, but greed, and petty soldier's avarice,
snatched from them the quarry which they had so
long pursued in many struggles and great dangers,
and robbed Lucullus of the victor's prize. For
the horse which carried the king was just within
reach of his pursuers, when one of the mules which
carried the royal gold came between him and them,
either of his own accord, or because the king
purposely sent him into the path of pursuit. The
soldiers fell to plundering and collecting the gold,
fought with one another over it, and so were left
behind in the chase. Nor was this the only fruit of
their greed which Lucullus reaped. He had given
orders that Callistratus, who was in charge of the
king's private papers, should be brought alive to
him, but his conductors, finding that he had five
hundred pieces of gold in his girdle, slew him.
523
PLUTARCH'S LIVES
')(pv(Tov<; vire^cjoo-jievov aireKreivav. ov jjltjv aWh
TOVTOi^ fiev eTrirpeyfre rov 'X^dpaKa Tropdrjaao,
XVIII. Ta Se Kd^€ipa XajSoov /cal rwv dWcov
(j>povpiQ)v ret TrXelara Or]cravpov<; re fxe'yaXov^ evpe
Kol SeoTficoTijpLa, ttoWmv fMev ^EWrjvcov, 'ttoWcov
Se (7V^<yev(hv rov ^acnXeco^ Kadetpjfievwv, ol<;
TToXaL reOvdvai hoKovcnv ov (Korripiav, cOOC
dvajBicocTLV koI Sevripav riva yivvrjo-iv 77 AovkovX-
2 Xov %ap£9 irapea'XGV. kaXw Be koI dSeXcj)^] rov
M.idpiBdrov Nucrcra awrrjpLov dXwaLv at S' drra)-
rdrco rov kivBuvov koI KaO^ r)av')(^iav diroKelaOat
SoKovaac irepX ^apvdKeiav dSeXcfyal koI yvvoLKe^
ol/crpcj<i dircoXovro, MiOptBdrov 7riiuLyjravro<; err 503
avra<; ifc t^9 <^v'yr}<^ ^aK^^Byv evvov')(ov. rjaav
Se fjbera iroXXwv dSeXcjiai re Svo rov /5a<TtXea)9,
^Tco^dvTj Kol Xrdretpa, rrepl reaaapdKovra errj
TrapdevevofievaCy kol yapberaX Suo, yevo^ 'Iwi^tSe?,
^epeviKT] pL€V ifc Xlov, Movip,r) Be IsJliXrjaia.
3 ravrr)<; 6 7rXelaro<; r]v Xoyo^ iv roWEXXrjaiv, on
rov ^a(TLXeco<; 7r€cpa)vro<; avrrjv xal pLVpiov<; nrev-
raKL(j')(^iXiov<; ')(pvo-ov<; nrpoarrepj-^^ravro'^ dvrecr')(e,
fieypi ov ydpiwv eyevovro avvOijKai koL SidSrjfia
Tre/Ai/ra? avrfj ^aaiXLcraav dvrjyopevaev. avrrj fcal
rrapd rov dXXov ')(^p6vov dvLapocx; ei'^e koI drre-
OpT^vet rr}v rov acopbaro^ evpuop^lav, C09 Beairorrjv
pbev dvr dvBpo<; avrfj, ^povpdv Be papjBdpwv dvrX
ydpov /cal ot/cov rrpo^evrjaaaav, rroppcd Be irov
T779 EXXaSo9 dircpKLapievr] rol^ eXmaOelaLV dya-
OoL'i ovap avveGriy r(ov B' dXrjdtvwv i/celpcov
drrecrrepriraL,
524
LUCULLUS, XVII. 7-xviii. 3
However, Lucullus allowed such soldiers as these to
plunder the enemy's camp.
XVIII. In capturing Cabira and most of the other
strongholds, he found great treasures, and many
prisons, in which many Greeks and many kinsfolk of
the king were confined. As they had long been
given up for dead, it was not so much a rescue as
it was a resurrection and a sort of second birth,
for which they were indebted to the favour of
Lucullus. Nyssa, a sister of Mithridates, was also
captured ; and her capture was her salvation. But
the sistei*s and wives of the king who were thought
to be at farthest remove from danger and quietly
hidden away in Pharnacia, perished pitifully, since
Mithridates paused long enough in his flight to
send Bacchides, a eunuch, to compass their death.
Among many other women, there were two sisters
of the king, Roxana and Statira, about forty years
old and unmarried ; and two of his wives, of Ionian
families, Berenice from Chios, and Monim6, a
Milesian. The latter was most talked of among the
Greeks, to the effect that though the king tempted
her virtue and sent her fifteen thousand pieces of
gold, she resisted his advances, until he entered
into a marriage contract with her, sent her a diadem,
and greeted her with the title of Queen. But her
marriage had been an unhappy one, and she bewailed
that beauty which had procured her a master instead
of a husband, and a guard of Barbarians instead of
home and family, dwelling as she did far, far away
from Greece, where the blessings for which she
had hoped existed only in her dreams, while she
was bereft of the real blessings to which she had
been wonted.
525
PLUTARCH'S LIVES
4 Kal Srj Tov Ba«:%tSof Trapayevo/Jiivov Kai
irpocrd^avTO^ avrah airoOvrjaiceiv, &)? eKacrrr)
BoKOLTj paarov elvai Koi aXvTroraTOV, irepiaTrd-
aaca t?}? Ke^aXrj^ ro BidS^j/iia r© rpaxv^fp
Trepiyj^lre /cal dv/]pTr]a€v eavrrjv. ra^v ^' dirop-
payevTO<; "*0 Karrjpafievov,'^ €(f)r), " pdKo<;, ovBe
TT/oo? TOVTO /JLOi ')(^pT]ai/jiOV ear) ; " KciKelvo jiev
direppLyjre Trpoo-TTTva-aaa, rw ^e 'BaKXi'^JJ ttjv
5 crSayrjv 7ra/3e<7%€r. 17 Se ^epevi/cr] KvXiKa (jyappbd-
Kov Xa^ovaa, t»)9 fjir)Tpo<; avrfj Trapovarj^; /cal
heofievr]<^, fieriSco/ce. koI avve^eTTLov fiev dpi,(f)6'
repai, yjpKeae Be rj tov (jjapfidicov BvvapLi,^ eh to
dc-OevecTTepov acofia, rrjv Be Bep€VLKr)v ou% oaov
eBet TTLOvaav ovK uTrTJWa^ev, dWd Bvadavarovcra
6 TOV IBaK'^tBov cnrevBovTO'i direTTviyrj, XeyeTat Be
KoX Tcbv dydficov dBeXcpcov eKeivwv ttjv fiev iira-
pco/juevrjv TToWa kol XoiBopovaav efcirieiv to
(f>dp/jLafcov, Tr}V Be %TdTeipav ovts Bva(f>r)/i6v ti
i^dey^afjLevrjv ovt dyevve^, aXV eiraivovaav tov
dBeXcpov, oTi irepl tov acofiaTO'^ KLvBvvevwv ovk
r)piek7}aev avTCJv, dWd irpovvoTjaev ekevdepa^; Koi
dw/SpiaTovf; drrodavelv. TavTa jxev ovv ^vcreL
)(p7](TT0V ovTa fcal ^iXdvO puiiTov r]via tov Kov-
/covWov.
XIX. 'EXacra? 8' d')(pi TaXavpcov, evdev rjfJbepa
TeTdpTTj TTpoTepov i(f)6dKei MiOptBaTij^; eh ^Ap-
fievLav irpo<^ Tiypdvrjv irecjievycof;, diroTpeTreTaL.
KaTao-Tp6ylrdfjbevo<; Be XaX^atou? fcal Ttfiapr)vov<;
Kal TTJV fiLKpdv *Apfieviav irapaXa^oov koi cppov-
pia teal TToXet,'^ TrapaaTrjad/jievo';, "Attttiov fiev
eirepL-Klre 7rpo<; Tiy pdvrjv e^aiTcov MtOptBdTrjv, avTO<;
2 S* '^/ce 7rpo<; *Afii(rov eTi TToXiop/covfievnv. aiTio^
526
LUCULLUS, XVIII. 4-xix. 2
And now Bacchides came and ordered them all
to die, in whatever manner each might deem easiest
and most painless. Monime snatched the diadem
from her head, fastened it round her neck, and hanged
herself. But her halter quickly broke in two. " O
cursed bauble," she cried, "couldst thou not serve
me even in this office .'* " Then she spat upon it,
hurled it from her, and offered her throat to
Bacchides. But Berenice, taking a cup of poison,
shared it with her mother, who stood at her side and
begged for some. Together they drank it off, and
the force of the poison sufficed for the weaker body,
but it did not carry off Berenice, who had not drunk
enough. As she was long in dying, and Bacchides
was in a hurry, she was strangled. It is said also
that of the unmarried sisters, one drank off her
poison with many abusive imprecations on her
brother ; but that Statira did so without uttering a
single reproachful or ungenerous word. She rather
commended her brother because, when his own life
was at hazard, he had not neglected them, but had
taken measures to have them die in freedom and
under no insults. Of course these things gave pain
to Lucullus, who was naturally of a gentle and
humane disposition.
XIX. Lucullus pushed on in pursuit as far as
Talaura, whence, four days before, Mithridates had
succeeded in escaping to Tigranes, in Armenia ;
then he turned aside. After subduing the Chaldaeans
and the Tibareni, he occupied Lesser Armenia,
reducing its fortresses and cities, and then sent
Appius to Tigranes with a demand for Mithridates.
He himself, however, came to Amisus, which was
still holding out against the siege. Its success in
527
PLUTARCH'S LIVES
5' rjv KaWifiaxo^ 6 arparijybf; ejnTreipia /uirj'^avi,'
KTjg 7rapaaK€vrj<; Kol Beivorrjri, Travovpyia^, 6<t7)v
irokiopKia he'xeraiy TrXecara Xvirrjaa^; 'VayjJbaiov^*
wv varepov eBco/ce Slktjv. t6t€ S' vtto AovkovWov
KaraarpaTTjyTjdei^, ixf)^ rjv eOof; el'xev o)pav r?)?
r]^epa<i airdyeiv kol avairaveiv tou? aTparionTa^t
€v 6K€Lvr} 7rpocrffaX6vTO<; al^viBlco^; kol KaTaaypv-
TO? ov iToKv p^kpo^ Tov T6LXov<;, avTo^i eKXiircov
rrjv iroXiv v^rj'\^evy eXre (j>6ovo)v axpeXrjOrjvai
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3 /jL€VO<;. ouSet? yap i(J3p6pTi^€ tmv iKirXeovTcovt
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7repie(T')(eVi ol fiev arpaTiMTai irapeaKevd^ovTO
7rp6<; dpirayi^p, 6 Be AovkovXXo<; oiKTeipcov diroX-
Xvfiivrjv TTjv iroXiv e^coOev i/So^Oet 7rpo<; to irvp
KOL a^evvvvai irapeKaXei, firjBevof; avrw irpoae-
XOVTO^, dXX^ i^aiTOVfievcov ra 'xprjp^ara Kal fierd
l3o7J^ OTrXa KpovovTcov, 60)9 iKjSiaadeU eiriTpe-^ev,
&)9 avTTjv ye rrjv ttoXlv i^aiprjcr6fjL€P0<; rod irvpof;.
4 ol Be TOvvavTiov eirpa^av. irdvra yap e^epev-
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(j)epoPT€<; avTol rd irXelara tcop olfCTj/xdrcov KaOel'
XoVy Mare tov AovkovXXov elaeXOovTa fjueO* rifiA-
pav Kal BaKpvaavTa 7rpo<; tov<; <j>lXov<; ecTrelv, ox; 504
TToXXdKL^ t^Bt) ^vXXav fiaKaplaaf; fidXiara ttj
crrjfiepov rjfjuepa rrjv rdvBpo^; evTvyiav Oaufxaaeievt
5 OTC (TMcraL ^ovXrjdel^; iSvmjOr) Ta9 ^AOrjvaS' ** ^^ph
528
LUCULLUS, XIX. 2-5
this was due to Callimachus, its commander, who,
by his acquaintance with mechanical contrivances
and his power to employ every resource which the
siege of a city demands, had given the Romans the
greatest annoyance. For this he afterwards paid
the penalty. But at this time, he was simply out-
generalled by Lucullus, who made a sudden attack
at just that time of day when Callimachus was
accustomed to draw his soldiers off from the ramparts
and give them a rest. \Vlien the Romans had got
possession of a small part of the wall, Callimachus
abandoned the city, first setting fire to it with his
own hands, either because he begrudged the visitors
their booty, or because his own escape was thus
facilitated. For no one paid any attention to those
who were sailing away, but when the flames increased
mightily and enveloped the walls, the soldiers made
ready to plunder the houses. Lucullus, out of pity
for the perishing city, tried to bring aid from out-
side against the fire, and gave orders to extinguish
the flames, but no one paid any heed to his
commands. The soldiers all clamoured for the booty,
and shouted, and clashed their shields and spears
together, until he was forced to let them have their
way, hoping that he could at least save the city itself
from the flames. But the soldiers did just the opposite.
Ransacking everything by torch-light and canying
lights about everywhere, they destroyed most of
the houses themselves. When Lucullus entered the
city at daybreak, he burst into tears, and said to his
friends that he had often already deemed Sulla
happy, and on that day more than ever he admired
the man's good fortune, in that when he wished to
save Athens, he had the power to do so. " But upon
529
PLUTARCH'S LIVES
8'/* €(^77, " TOVTOV ^r}\a)T7)V y€v6fl€V0V 6*9 TTJV
M.OfJb/Jiiov So^av 6 SaLfia)v TrepiecTTrjorep"
Ov /j,r)v a)OC eK twv wapovrcov avaXa/i^dveiv
eireipoLTO rrjv iroXiv. /cat to fiev irvp ofi^poi. Kare-
a^eaav €k tivo<; Oeia^ ti^X^? irepX rrjv aXooacv
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6 cKarbv araBlcov ')((opav irpoaopia-a^. rjv 5' rj itoXl^
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ev 0^9 7]K/jLa^€V rj Bvva/ii,^; avrcop /cat Karec^e rr}v
ddXaaaavj olKiaOelaa. koI Sia rovro iroXXol tcop
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elcnrXevcravTe^i avrov KarcpKovv Koi ^eTelxov Trj<;
TToXireia<;, 0I9 (Twe^rj ra OLKela Ka/ca (f)6vyouatv
airoXavaaL todv aXXorpLcov. aXXa rov<; ye awOev-
Ta9 avTOJV 6 AovKovXXo^ d/jL(f>t€cra<; KaX6i)<; koX
htaKOO'la^ eKao-ra) Spaxfid<; €7ri8ov<; direareiXe.
7 T0T6 KoX Tvpavvicov 6 ypafiixariKo^ edXco' Mou-
p7]va<; B' avrov i^rirrjcraro koI Xaffobv aTTTjXevdi-
p(o<T€V, dveXevOepox; rfj Bcopea y^prjo-ajxevo^;. ov
yap rj^iov AovKOvXXo<; dvBpa 8 id nraiheiav ecTrov-
Saafievov BovXov yeviadac irporepov, elr direXev-
Oepov. d<paLp6ai<; yap r)V rrj<; v7rapxov(T7j<; r) rrj<;
BoKov(Tr)<^ iXev6epia<; Socrt9. dXXd Movpi]va<; /jl€v
ov/c evravOa fiovov co(j}Or) ttoXv t^9 tov arparr]-
yov KaXoKaya6ia<i diroBecdv.
530
LUCULLUS, XIX. 5-7
me/' he said, " who have been so eager to imitate
his example. Heaven has devolved the reputation of
Mummius."
However, as far as circumstances allowed, he en-
deavoured to restore the city. The fire, indeed, had
been quenched by showers which fell providentially
just as the city was captured, and most of what the
soldiers had destroyed he rebuilt himself before his
departure. He also received into the city those of
the Amisenes who had fled, and settled there any
other Greeks who so desired, and added to the city's
domain a tract of a hundred and twenty stadia. The
city was a colony of Athens, founded in that period
when her power was at its height and she controlled
the sea. And this was the reason why many who
wished to escape the tyranny of Aristion ^ at Athens
sailed to Amisus, settled there, and became citizens.
In flying from evils at home, they got the benefit
of greater evils abroad. But those of them who
survived were well clothed by Lucullus, and sent
back home, with a present of two hundred drachmas
apiece. Tyrannio the grammarian was also taken
prisoner at this time. Murena asked to have him as
his own prize, and on getting him, formally gave him
his liberty, therein making an illiberal use of the
gift which he had received. For Lucullus did not
think it meet that a man so esteemed for his learning
should first become a slave, and then be set at
liberty. To give him a nominal liberty was to rob
him of the liberty to which he was born. But this
was not the only case in which Murena was found to be
far inferior to his commander in nobility of conduct.
^ Tyrant of Athens when the city was besieged by Sulla,
87 B.O.
S3;
PLUTARCH'S LIVES
XX. AovKouWo'; Se Tpeirerat 7rpo<i Ta<! iv
*Acria TToXe^?, 07rco9, tcjv TroXe/ni/ccov epycov (j)(o\d-
^ovTO<i auTOVt KOL 8LKr)<; TIV09 //.eracrp^T; kuI
feafjbcjp, wv eVl ttoXvv ')(^p6vov ivSef] rrjv eirapxidv
ovaav dpprjTOi koI airiaroi BuaTV^taL /carelxov,
VTTO TCOP TeXcOVMV KOL TOOV haveLCTTOiV TTOpOoVfieVTJV
KoX avSpaTToBi^ofieprjv, TrtirpdaKecv IBla fjuev viou<;
eviT peirel^ dvyarepa^; re irapOevov^;, Brj/ioaLa 8'
dvaOrjixaTa, ypa<f>d^, lepov^ dvBptdvra'^ dvay/ca-
2 ^ofievcov. avrol<; Be reXo^ fiev rjv TTpoadeToi^;
yevojjievoi<i BovXeveiVf ra Be irpo tovtou %<xX6-
TTcorepa, <T')(pLViaiJLol koX /ccyfcXiBe^ koI Xttttol koL
ardaei^ viraidpoi, Kav^iaio^ jxev iv rjXiw, '\jnj^ou<;
B' 6t9 TTYiXov ifi^iffa^o/JLevcov rj irdyov, (oare rrjv
BovXeiav creca-dxOeiav BoKecv elvai koI elpijvr)v.
3 TOiavra fiev Kaica Aov/covXXo<; evpoiv ev Tat<?
iroXeaiv oXlyo) ^(^povw irdvrwv dirrjXXa^e tov<;
dBiKovfievov^i.
JJpcoTov fiev yap e/caroo-rrjv eKeXevcre koI firj
irXeov eh tov<; t6kov<; Xoyi^ecrOar Bevrepov Be
TOV<; fjLaKpOTepov<; tov dp)(^aiov t6kov(; dTre/coyjre'
TO Be rplrov koI fieyiaroVy era^e rcov tov %/3€a)-
(j>eiXeTov TTpoaoBodV ttjv TeTapTrjv fieplBa Kap-
irovaOai, tov Baveio-Trjv 6 Be tokov KecpaXalrp
4 avvd-\lra<i ia-TeprjTO tov nravTo^i' uar ev eXdTTOvi
'Xpovcp T€TpaeTLa<; BtaXvOrjvat to, xP^^ irdvTa koX
Ta<; KTtjaeif; eXevdepa^ dTroBoOrjvai to?? Bea7r6raL<;.
^v Be TOVTO Koivov Bdveiov ix tcjv Btajjivpioov
TaXdvTcov, oh T7]v ^ Ad lav e^rifitoxrev 6 XvXXa<;'
Kal BittXovv direBoOr] Toh Bavelaaaiv, vir e/celvcov
532
LUCULLUS, XX. 1-4
XX. LucuUus now turned his attention to the
cities in Asia,^ in order that, wliile he was at leisure
from military enterprises, he might do something
for the furtherance of justice and law. Through
long lack of these, unspeakable and incredible misfor-
tunes were rife in the province. Its people were plun-
dered and reduced to slavery by the tax-gatherers
and money-lenders. Families were forced to sell
their comely sons and virgin daughters, and cities
their votive offerings, pictures, and sacred statues.
At last men had to surrender to their creditors and
serve them as slaves, but what preceded this was far
worse, — tortures of rope, barrier, and horse ; standing
under the open sky in the blazing sun of summer,
and in winter, being thrust into mud or ice. Slavery
seemed, by comparison, to be disburdenment and
peace. Such were the evils which LucuUus found in
the cities, and in a short time he freed the oppressed
from all of them.
In the first place, he ordered that the monthly
rate of interest should be reckoned at one per cent.,
and no more; in the second place, he cut off all
interest that exceeded the principal ; third, and
most important of all, he ordained that the lender
should receive not more than the fourth part of his
debtor's income, and any lender who added interest
to principal was deprived of the whole. Thus, in
less than four years' time, the debts were all paid,
and the properties restored to their owners unen-
cumbered. This public debt had its origin in the
twenty thousand talents which Sulla had laid upon
Asia as a contribution, and twice this amount had
been paid back to the money-lenders. Yet now, by
1 71-70 B.C.
533
PLUTARCH'S LIVES
dmjy/jLevov rjBrj rol^ tokoi^ eU ScoSeKa fivpLaSa^
5 ToKavTow. i/c€Lvot fiev ovv co? heiva ireirovOoTe';
iv 'PoofJ^rj Tou AovKovWov Kare^ocov, /cat XPV'
fiacnv avLaraaav iir avrov ivlov^ to)v Br/fjuajwycov,
fiiya Bvvdfievoi, koX iroKko\j<i vTro'^^peo)'; ireirotr]-
fievoi TMV TToXLTevofiivcov. 6 Be AovfcovXX,o<; ov
flOVOV VTTO TCOV €V TTeTTOpOoTtOV 'qyaiTaTO BrjfKOV,
aXKa Ka\ rat? aXkai^ eirapxiai^ iroOeivo^ rjv,
€vBaLfJLOVl^OV(TaL^ T0U9 r)y€/ji6po<i toiovtov tv-
Xovra^.
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TiypdvTjv (rjv Be 6 KXcoBio^; a8e\<^09 t?}? rore 505
AovfcovWo) avvotKov(7r]<;) irpcoTov jxev vtto t(ov
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TTj^i dvco %ft>/3a9 dyofievo^, firjvixravro^ avrw rrjv
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ippwaOai (f>pdaa^ iroXKa tol<; ^ap^dpoa dywyol^t
Kol Bl y/jbepcjv oXCycov rov FjV(j)pdTr)p 7Tepdaa<!
2 €t9 ^AvTio^eiav rJKe rtjv €7rt Ad^vr)^. eTrecra
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evia^ €Ti Tciiv iv ^OLVL/cy woXecov Karaarpecfio-
fievo<i), TToXXoiff; fiev M/ceicoaaTO rcov v7rovX(o<;
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KoX Zapfft,r]vo<; 6 Trj<i TopBvrjvfjf; ^acnXevf;,
TToXXal^ Be Kpv^a tcov BeBovXayfievcov iroXecov
Bta7re/x7rofjievai<i 7r/)09 avrov vireayero rrjv Aov-
/covXXov ^orjdeiav, iv Ta> irapovTi KeXevaaf;
'^av^d^eiv.
3 *Hi/ yap OVK dvaa'xeTO'i ij tmv ^Apfievlcov dpxv
534
LUCULLUS, XX. 4-xxi. 3
reckoning usurious interest, they had brought the
total debt up to a hundred and twenty thousand
talents. These men, accordingly, considered them-
selves outraged, and raised a clamour against LucuUus
at Rome. They also bribed some of the tribunes to
proceed against him, being men of great influence,
who had got many of the active politicians into their
debt. LucuUus, however, was not only beloved by
the peoples whom he had benefited, nay, other pro-
vinces also longed to have him set over them, and
felicitated those whose good fortune it was to have
such a governor.
XXI. Appius Clodius, who had been sent to Ti-
granes (Clodius was a brother of her who was then
the wife of LucuUus), was at first conducted by the
royal guides through the upper country by a route
needlessly circuitous and long. But when a freedman
of his, who was a Syrian, told him of the direct
route, he left the long one which was being trickily
imposed upon him, bade his Barbarian guides a long
farewell, and within a few days crossed the Euphrates
and came to Antioch by Daphne.^ Then, being
ordered to await Tigranes there (the king was still
engaged in subduing some cities of Phoenicia), he
gained over many of the princes who paid but a
hollow obedience to the Armenian. One of these
was Zarbienus, king of Gordyene. He also promised
many of the enslaved cities, when they sent to
confer with him secretly, the assistance of LucuUus,
although for the present he bade them keep
quiet.
Now the sway of the Armenians was intolerably
* The great Antioch on the river Orontes. Daphne was
the name of a grove near the city consecrated to Apollo.
VOL. II. S 535
PLUTARCH'S LIVES
Tot9 ''FiWrjcTLv, aWa '^(^aXeirrj' koI fiaXiara rov
^aaCkew^ avrou to ^povrj/na rpayiKov koX virep-
oyKov iv rat? jxeyaXai^ evTV)(^iaL^ iyeyovei,
irdvTWVy ocra ^rfkovaiv ol ttoWoI /cal daiff-cd^ovaiv,
ov fxovov ovTwv irepl avrov, dWa kol 8i^ avrov
4 jeyovevac hoKOvvfwv. dp^dfM€VO<; yap diro /jiiKpa<;
KoX KaTa(j)povovijL6V7)(; eXTTt^o? eOvr} ttoWo, Kare-
arpeyp^aro, /cat ttjv TldpOcov, q)9 aXXo^ ovBei<i,
hvvafiiv iraireivwaeVi '^Wrjvafv Se tyjv lAecro-
Trorafiiav iv67r\r](Te, ttoXXol/? fJi'CV eK K.i\iKLa<;,
TToWoix; S* i/c KaTTTraSoh'ta^ dvaairdarov^ Karot-
KL^wv. €KLV7}cre S' ef i^Ocov KoX "A/)a/9a9 tou?
'^fcrjvLTaf; fieTayaycbv Kal irXi^aiov l8pvo-a<;, ottw?
5 ')(^pwTO Si i/ceivcav rat? e/jb7ropiaL<;. /9a<7tX6t9 Se
iroXXol fjuev rjaav ol OepaTrevovre^ avrov, T€<Taap€<;
he, 01/9 del irepl avrov el')(ev McrTrep oirahov^;
Tj Sopv(f>6pov<;, iTTirorr} fiev ekavvovri Tre^ovf;
7rapaOeovra<; ev ')(iT(oviO'Kot<i, Kadijfievo) Be Kal
'^prj/jiari^ovri ire p bear cor a<i eirrfWayixevai'^ Bi
dWrjXwv rat<; 'xepaiv, orrep iSo/cei /iidXiorra rwv
ax^fidrwv e^o/JLoXoyijcn^i elvai BovXelaq, olov diro-
Bofievwv rrjv eXevOepiav Kal ro (Tcofia rS) Kvpiw
Trapexovrcov iraOelv eroifiorepov 7) irocrjo-aL.
6 Tavr7]v jxevroi rr}V rpaywBiav ov^ virorpecra^
ovB^ €K7rXayel<i 6 "Airinofs, ft)9 erv^e Xoyov jrpco-
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6(f)etX6fjievov rot<; AovkovXXov OpLdfjL^oi<; rj Karay-
yeXa)V Ttypdvr} TroXe/iov, coare rov Tcypdvrjv,
Kaiirep ev Bcax^o-^i' toO Trpoacoirov Kal fjueiBid/iiari
rreirXaar fjievtp rreLpoi^ievov aKoveiv rMv Xoycov, /jlt]
XaOecv rov<; irapovra^ '^XXotco/ievov rfj irapprja-La
rov veavto'Kov, (jxovrjf; a'^eBbv eXevOepa^ aKOvovra
I
LUCULLUS, XXI. 3-6
grievous to the Greeks. Above all else, the spirit of
the king himself had become pompous and haughty
in the midst of his great prosperity. All the things
which most men covet and admire, he not only had
in his possession, but actually thought that they
existed for his sake. For though he had started on
his career with small and insignificant expectations,
he had subdued many nations, humbled the Parthian
power as no man before him had done, and filled
Mesopotamia with Greeks whom he removed in
great numbers from Cilicia and from Cappadocia, and
settled anew. He also removed from their wonted
haunts the nomadic Arabians, and brought them to
an adjacent settlement, that he might employ them
in trade and commerce. Many were the kings who
waited upon him, and four, whom he always had
about him like attendants or body-guards, would run
on foot by their master's side when he rode out, clad
in short blouses, and when lie sat transacting busi-
ness, would stand by with their arms crossed. This
altitude was thought to be tlie plainest confession of
servitude, as if they had sold their freedom and
offered their persons to their master disposed for
suffering rather than for service.
Appius, however, was not frightened or astonished
at all this pomp and show, but as soon as he obtained
an audience, told the king plainly that he was come
to take back Mithridates, as an ornament due to the
triumph of Lucullus, or else to declare war against
Tigranes. Although Tigranes made every effort to
listen to this speech with a cheerful countenance
and a forced smile, he could not hide from the
bystanders his discomfiture at the bold words of the
young man. It must have been five and twenty
537
PLUTARCH'S LIVES
Bia irevre koX eiKoaiv ercoir Toaavra yhp iffaa-l'
7 \€V(76, fiaXXov Be vffptaev. aireKplvaro fjiev ovv
T(p 'ATTTTtft) fir) TTporjcrea-Oai yiiOpiBaTrjv, Kal
*P(D/jLaLOvq iroXefxov dp^ovra^; a/xweWai. Aov-
KovWo) S* 6pyc^6fi6vo<;, otl fiaaCkea fiovov avrov,
ov ffao-tkicov iv rfj iiricTToXr} Trpoarrjyopevcrev,
ovB* avT09 avTiypd(f)a)v avroxparopa irpoael'irev.
€7r€fjLyJr€ Be Bcjpa t& * ATTTTtoi) Xafiirpd, koI fzrj XajSov-
TO<i dXXa irXetM irpocreOrjKev. ex tovtcov 6 "ATTTrto?
ovK iOeXiov BoKelv ex^pa rivX BLcoOelaOav (jyidXrfv
Be^dfjuevo^ fiiav direireiMy^e ra XocTrd, Kal Bi^
ra')(^ea>v dirrfXavve tt/oo? rov avroKpdropa.
XXII. Tiypdvrj^; Be MtOpLBdrrjv irporepov fiev
ovBe IBelv rj^iaxTev ovBh irpoaeLirelv olicelov dvBpa
^aaCXela^ i/cTreTTTcoKora TifXi/cavrrj^;, dXX^ drifKOf;
Kal v7repr](j)dveo<; dTreoTaTco rrepcelBev avrov rpo-
irov TLva <f>povpovfJLevov iv ')(^copiOL^ eXwBeai Kal
vocrepol'^' Tore Be avv rtfifj Kal (f>iXo(j)po(TvvT}
2 jjL€T€7refM'\jraT0 avrov eh ra jSacrLXeta. Kal Brj
XoycDv yevo/jLevayv diropprjTOiV Td<; tt/jo? dXX^Xov; 5(
idepdirevov vTro^jria^; eirl KaKcp rcov ^iXcoVt eh
eKelvov<i ra? alria^; rpe'irovTe<^» ajv rjv Kal
MrjTpoBcopOf; 6 '^Kijylno^, dvrjp elirelv ovk d7jBr)<i
Kal 7roXv/jLa07J<;, aKjJLfi Be (j>i\ia^ rocravrrj XPV^^'
fievo<;t OKTTe irarrjp Trpoaayopeveadai rov ^aa-t-
3 Xeo)?. TOVTOV, ft)9 eoLKeVy 6 Ttypdvrj<; ireficpOevra
7rp€(T^evT7]V VTTO Tov MiOpiBdrov 7r/309 avrov
538
LUCULLUS, XXI. 6-xxii. 3
years since he had listened to a free speech. That
was the length of his reign, or rather, of his wanton
tyranny. However, he replied to Appius that he
would not surrender Mithridates, and that if the
Romans began war, he would defend himself. He
was vexed with Lucullus for addressing him in his
letter with the title of King only, and not King of
Kings, and accordingly, in his reply, would not
address Lucullus as Imperator. But he sent
splendid gifts to Appius, and when he would not
take them, added more besides. Appius finally
accepted a single bowl from among them, not
wishing his rejection of the king's offers to seem
prompted by any personal enmity, but sent back the
rest, and marched off with all speed to join the
Imperator.
XXn. Up to this time Tigranes had not deigned
to see Mithridates, nor speak to him, though the
man was allied to him by marriage, and had been
expelled from such a great kingdom. Instead, he
had kept him at the farthest remove possible, in
disgrace and contumely, and had suffered him to be
held a sort of prisoner in marshy and sickly regions.
Now, however, he summoned him to his palace with
marks of esteem and friendship. There, in secret
conference, they strove to allay their mutual
suspicions at the expense of their friends, by laying
the blame upon them. One of these was Metrodorus
of Scepsis, a man of agreeable speech and wide
learning, who enjoyed the friendship of Mithridates
in such a high degree that he was called the king's
father. This man, as it seems, had once been sent
as an ambassador from Mithridates to Tigranes, with
a request for aid against the Romans. On this
539
PLUTARCH'S LIVES
Seo/Jbivov jSorjOecv iirl 'Vcofialov^ rjpero' " Su 5*
avr6<;, co M-rjTpoBcope, rl fioi irep\ tovtcov irapai-
vel^; " KaKelvo^ elre irpof; to Toy pdvov o-Vfi^ipov
elre Ml6 pihaTTjv aclal^eadai fit) povXojievo^, o>9 jiev
7rp6cr/3euT7)9 e<^r] Kekeveiv, ox; Be avfi^ovko^ aira-
yopeveiv, ravr* i^ijvey/cev 6 Tcypdvrj<i t& Mt-
dpiBcLTr) fcal KaTelirev co? ovBev epyaaofiivq) top
4 yir]rp6B(opov dvi]iceaTOV. 6 S' eu^u? dpyprjro' kuI
fjierdvoia rbv Tiypdvrjv el^ev, ov iravreXw^; ovra
TO) MrjTpoBcopo) T^9 avfjL<j)opd<; atriov, dWct poTrrjv
TLva TO) 7r/309 avTov e'xOeu rod MidpiBdrou irpoa-
Oevra. irdXai yap v7rovX(o<i elp^e 7r/)o? rbv dvBpa,
Kol TOUT i^copdOr] to)v diroppi^TOiv avrov ypap,-
/jbdrcov dXovTCOv, iv oh rjv xal MrjTpoScopov
diToXeaOai BiareTay/jbevov. edayjrev ovv 6 Tl-
ypdvTj^ XajJbirpoi^i to awp-a, /Jbr]B€fiLd<; TroXvreXeCaf;
(f)€i,ad/jb6vof; et? veKpov ov ^covra irpovBcoKev.
5 ^^TeXevTTjae Be iraph t& Tiypdvr) koi ^Kficpi-
KpdTr)<i 6 prjTOip, el Bel Kal tovtov fxvrj/jirjv rivd
yeveadai Bia ra? *A6i]va<;. Xeyerat yap cpvyelv
jxev avTov eh ^eXevKetav rrjv eVl TlypiBi, Beo/xe-
v(DV B^ avTodi ao^iareveiv virepiBelv KaraXa^o-
vevcrdfievov, &>? ovBe XeKdvrj BeXcfilva ^(^odpoir],
fieTaardvra Be 7r/?09 KXeoTrdrpav rrjv McOpcBdrov
dvyarepa, Tiypdpj) Be avvocKOvaav iv Bta^oXfj
yeveaOai Tayy, Kal tt}? 7rpo<; tov<; "EXXrjva'i
eTTLpbi^ia^ elpyofjuevov diToicapTeprjaav Ta<l>rjvai
Be Kal TOVTOV evTipLO)^ viro Trj<i KXeoTrdrpaf; Kal
540
LUCULLUS, XXII. 3-5
occasion Tigranes asked him : " But what is your
own advice to me. Metrodorus, in this matter ? "
Whereupon Metrodorus, either with an eye to the
interests of Tigranes, or because he did not wish
Mithridates to be saved, said that as an ambassador
he urged consent, but as an adviser lie forbade it.
Tigranes disclosed this to Mithridates, not supposing,
when he told him, that he would punish Metrodorus
past all healing. But Metrodorus was at once put
out of the way. Then Tigranes repented of what
he had done, although he was not entirely to blame
for the death of Metrodorus. He merely gave an
impulse, as it were, to the hatred which Mithridates
already had for the man. For he had long been
secretly hostile to him, as was seen from his private
papers when they were captured, in which there
were directions that Metrodorus, as well as others,
be put to death. Accordingly, Tigranes gave the
body of Metrodorus a splendid burial, sparing no ex-
pense upon the man when dead, although he had
betrayed him when alive.
Amphicrates, the rhetorician, also lost his life at
the court of Tigranes, if, for the sake of Athens, we
may make some mention of him too. It is said that
when he was exiled from his native city, he went to
Seleucia on the Tigris, and that when the citizens
asked him to give lectures there, he treated their
invitation with contempt, arrogantly remarking that
a stewpan could not hold a dolphin. Removing
thence, he attached himself to Cleopatra, the
daughter of Mithridates and wife of Tigranes, but
speedily fell into disfavour, and, being excluded from
intercourse with Greeks, starved himself to death.
He also received honourable burial at the hands of
541
PLUTARCH'S LIVES
KelaOai irepX %a(f>dv, ifceZ rv x^P^ov ovtod koKov-
fievov.
XXIII. AouKovWo<; Be ttjv ^AaCav ttoXX^ fiev
€vvofiia<;, iroWrjf; S' elprjV7j<i ifi7re7r\7]Ka)<; ovE^ rcov
7r/009 rjBovrjv koX X^P''^ r/fjLeXrjaev, aWa TrofiTralg
Kol 7ravr)yvp€<TLV i'7rivc/cloi<; kol ayoi)(Tiv clOXtjtmv
icaX fJLovofjbdx'^v ev *^^ecr(p Kadi]/i€vo<i iBrjfiayayyec
Ta? 7roX6i9, at 3* dfiei^ofievai AovKOvWeid re
^yov iirl TOfirj rod dvBpo^, koI t?}? ri/JLrjf; rjBiova
2 rrjv d\T]6ivr)v evvoiav avro) irapelxov. iireX 3'
"ATTTTtO? T6 r)K€ KOl TToXefJbrjTeOV 7r/509 Tiypdv7)p
i(j)a[v€TO, iraprjXOev avOi<; et? Uovtov, koI tou?
aTparicoraf; dvaXa^oiv iirokiopKU ^lvcotttjv, jjudX-
\ov Be Toif^i KaTexovTa<; avTrjv ^aaCkiKov^ K.tX,L-
Ka<;, oc '7roWov<; fiev dve\6vTe<i t&v '^ivcoTrecov, rrjp
3 Be rroXiv eiMirprjcravTe^ Bia vvKrb<; e(f>vyov. alaOo-
fjbevo<i 8' o AovKovWof; kol irapeXOcov eh ttjv ttoXiv
6KTa/ci,(Txi'XL0v<; avTcov tov^ eyKaTaXei(^6evra(i
aTreKTeive, to?? 5' dXXoL<; direBcoKe ra olicela koI
rrj'i 7roXea)9 eirefJieXrjdr] fidXiara Bia rrjv roiavrrjv
oylrLV. eBoKec riva Kara tov<; vttvov<; elirelv nrapa-
(TTdvTa' *' TipoeXOe, Aov/covXXe, fiLKpov rjKev yap
4 Avt6Xvko<; evTVX^Iv ctol l3ouX6fjLevo<i.** e^avaaTa<i
Be TTJV fiev oyjriv ovk elye avjjb^aXelv eh on ^epoL,
TTJV Be ttoXlv elXe Kar eKeivqv ttjv rjixepav, koX
TOv<; eKirXeopra^ twv K.i,Xlkcov Bicokcov opa irapa
Tov alyiaXov dvBpidvra KeifievoVt ov €KKOfiL^ovTe<;
01 Kt\</C69 OVK e<j>0r]aav efxpaXeaOai' to S' epyov
^v ^OevcBo^ Tcov KaXoiv. (ppd^ec ovv Ti9, tt)9 Av-
roXvKov TOV KTLaaPTO^ ttjv %cpQ)7r7jv 6 dpBpLa<i
€Lrj.
54?
I
LUCULLUS, XXII. 5-xxiii. 4
Cleopatra, and his body lies at Sapha, as a place in
those parts is called.
XXIII. Lucullus, after filling Asia full of law and
order, and full of peace, did not neglect the things
which minister to pleasure and win favour, but during
his stay at Ephesus gratified the cities with pro-
cessions and triumphal festivals and contests of
athletes and gladiators. And the cities, in response,
celebrated festivals which they called LucuUea, to
do honour to the man, and bestowed upon him what
is sweeter than honour, their genuine good-will.
But when Appius came, and it was plain that war
must be waged against Tigranes, he went back into
Pontus, put himself at the head of his soldiers, and
laid siege to Sinope, or rather, to the Cilicians who
were occupying that city for the king. These slew
many of the Sinopians, fired the city, and set out to
fly by night. But Lucullus saw what was going on,
made his way into the city, and slew eight thousand
of the Cilicians who were still there. Then he
restored to the citizens their private property, and
ministered to the needs of the city, more especially
on account of the following vision. He thought in
his sleep that a form stood by his side and said :
"Go forward a little, Lucullus; for Autolycus is
come, and wishes to meet you." On rising from
sleep, he was unable to conjecture what the vision
meant ; but he took the city on that day, and as he
pursued the Cilicians who were sailing away, he saw
a statue lying on the beach, which the Cilicians had
not succeeded in getting on board with them. It
was the work of Sthenis, and one of his master-
pieces. Well then, some one told Lucullus that it
was the statue of Autolycus, the founder of Sinope.
543
PLUTARCH'S LIVES
5 Aiyerao 5' o AutoXu/co? jeveaOai tmv iirl ra?
^Afia^ovaf; ck ©erraXta? ^HpaKXel (Tvo-Tparev-
advrcjv, ^7]lfid')(pv 7rac<;' eKeldev 8' diroirXewv dfjua
Arj/jLoXeovTi kol ^Xoyifo rrjv fiev vavv diroXkaai
7r€pL7r€(T0V(Tav TTj^i ^eppovTjaov Kara to koXov-
fjuevov Yi'qhaXioVy avTO<i Be (rcoOel^ /jbera rwif oirkcdv 507
Ka\ Tcov eraipcov 7rpo<; rrjv ^ivooTryjv d^ekeadat
6 Tou? ^vpov<i Tr]v TToXiv 'Itvpoi yap avrrjv Karel^ov
diro 'Zvpov yeyovore^ rov 'AttoXXwi/o?, cw? Xiyerait
Kol Xivco7r7}<; t% 'AcrcoTrtSo?.
TavT oLKOVcov 6 AovfcovWo<; dvep^ifivrjCTKeTO Trj<;
XvWa irapaiveaeo}^' iraprjveL he Scd tcov virofivr)-
jjuaTcov iK6tvo<; firjhep ovtco^ d^ioiT lcttov 'qyelaOai
teal ^e^aiov, w? 6 tl av diroarjixavBrj Bed twv
ivVTTVLCOV.
7 Tivv6av6/jL6VO<; 8e ^liOpiBdTr^v T€ koI Tcypdvrjv
eh AvKaoviav koX KiXiKuav ocrov ovttco Bca^ifid-
^€LV BvvafiLV CO? 7rpoT6pov(; ip^a\ovvTa<; eh ttjv
^Aalav, eOzvp^a^e rov 'ApfMeviov, el yvcop^Tjv e)(Q)p
eiriOeaOai ^Vco/iaioi^i, dK/xd^ovTi pev ovk exPV'^o
MtdpiBdTj) TTpo? TOP irokepov, ovS* epp(t)p,evoL<i
Toh i/celvov ra irap' avTov avvrjiTTev, diro-
Xeadai K ed(Ta<^ /cat avvTpiprjvai vvv iirl -ylrvxpah
eKiridiv dp)(^eraL iroXepov tol<; dvacTTTjvai firj
BvvapevoL<^ avyKUTa^dWcov eavTov.
XXIV. "'E^ireiBrj Be fcal Ma^dpr]^ 6 MiOpcBdTOV
irah e%&)i' Tov ^ocTTTOpov eTrep-^jrev avTcp (TTe(j>avov
diTO xpvacov '^iXicov, Be6pevo<; 'Fcop^alcov dva-
ypa<^i)vai ^tXo? koX avppayp<^y y^Bij ol6p.evo<; ra
TOV TTpoTepov 7ro\ep,ov Trepan exetv ^copvdTiov
544
LUCULLUS, xxiii. 5-xxiv. i
Now Autolycus is said to have been one of those
who made an expedition with Heracles from Thessaly
against the Amazons, a son of Deimachus. On his
voyage of return, in company with Demoleon and
Phlogius, he lost his ship, which was wrecked at the
place called Pedalium, in the Chersonesus ; but he
himself escaped, with his arms and his companions,
and coming to Sinope, took the city away from the
Syrians. These Syrians who were in possession of
the city were descended, as it is said, from Syrus,
the son of Apollo, and Sinope, the daughter of
Asopis.
On hearing this, Lucullus called to mind the
advice of Sulla, in his Memoirs, which was to think
nothing so trustworthy and sure as that which is
signified by dreams.
Being informed now that Mithridates and Tigranes
were on the point of entering Lycaonia and Cilicia,
with the purpose of invading Asia before war was
actually declared, he was amazed that the Armenian,
if he cherished the design of attacking the Romans,
had not made use of Mithridates for this war when
he was at the zenith of his power, nor joined forces
with him when he was strong, but had allowed him
to be crushed and ruined, and now began a war
which offered only faint hopes of success, prostrating
himself to the level of those who were unable to
stand erect.
XXIV. But when Machares also, the son of
Mithridates, who held the Bosporus, sent Lucullus
a crown valued at a thousand pieces of gold, beg-
ging to be included in the list of Rome's friends
and allies, Lucullus decided at once that the first
war was finished. He therefore left Sornatius there
545
1
PLUTARCH'S LIVES
fjbev avTOv <j)vXaKa t&v Uovtckcov aireXLire fierh
2 cTparicoTcov e^aKia')(^L\i(t>v , avro^; Be fjuvptov^; fxev
d<y(ov KOI 8t,(TYi\,Lov<; Trefou?, tTTTret? Be Tpc(T')(^t\i(ov
ikoLTTOVfiy ein tov Bevrepov e-x^copei iroXepiov, op/xfj
TLVL BoKMV 7rapaff6\a> koX (TCOTripiov ovk i'xpvar)
XoyLo-fjLov €/jL0a\elv avrov eU eOvrj fid')(^tfia /cat
fivpLdBa<; iTTTrecov TroXXa? xal d'^avrj '^copav,
jSaOeac fiev Trorafjuot^, del Be Karavi^o/j-evoc<i opeat,
3 Trepie'XpfJbevrjv, ware roix; fxev arpaTicora^; ovB^
aXXo)? 6vTa<i evraKTOv; aKovra^ eireaOai /cal
^vyo/JLa'X,ovvTa<;t iv Bk *Vcofi7j Kara^oav KaX Bta-
fiapTVpeaOai tov^ Brj/xaycoyov^;, Co? iroXe/jLOv €k
TToXifiov BicoKec AovkovX\,o<; ovBev Tr]<; TroXew?
Beojj,ev7]<i, aX\' VTrep rov a-Tparrjycjv purjBeTroTe
KaraOiaOat to, oirXa fiTjBe 'iravaaaOac 'XprjpLari^o-
4 fievo^i aTTo T<ov KoivSiV kcvBuvcov, ovtoc fjiev ovv
i^eipydoravro ')(^p6v(p rrfv avrojv vTroOecnv' Aou-
KOvXko^ B^ (tvpt6vci}<; 6Bev(Ta<; eirl rov ^v<^pdTr)v,
\ical KaTLOvra ttoXvv koI doXepov vtto ')(eifi(ovof!
evpodv, 7]a')(^aXXev, &)9 Bi,aTpiff7J<i avra> kuI irpay-
liareia^ icrop.evr)<; avvdyovTi iropOfJiela kol irrj-
yvv/JLevo) o-p^eSta?. dp^dp,evov 6' a0* eairepa^;
VTro-x^fjOpelv to pevjia koX jjuecovfjievov Bia t^9 vvkto^
apu vpepa koTXov irapkayev 6^67]i>aL rov 7roTap,6v.
5 ol S* i7rtX(*>pi^0L vTjalBa^ iv rw Tropcp pLixpa^ Bia(j>a-
V6iaa<; Oeacrdpevoi koI revayi^ovra rov povv eV*
avTaL<;, irpoaeicvvovv rov AovkovXXov, tw9 oXtydxi^;
TOVTOV avpLpepTjKOTO^ Trporepov, e/celvo) S' ixov-
auayf; 'X^eiporjOr] KaX irpaov avrov evBiB6vro<; rov
irorapLov Kal irapexovro^ dirpdypLova koX ra^^lav
r7)v Bidfiaaiv,
546
LUCULLUS, XXIV. 1-5
as guardian of Pontus, with six thousand soldiers,
while he himself, with twelve thousand footmen and
less than three thousand horse, set out for the second
war.^ He seemed to be making a reckless attack,
and one which admitted of no saving calculation,
upon warlike nations, countless thousands of horse-
men, and a boundless region surrounded by deep rivers
and mountains covered with perpetual snow. His
soldiers, therefore, who were none too well disciplined
in any case, followed him reluctantly and rebelliously,
while the popular tribunes at Rome raised an outcry
against him, and accused him of seeking one war
after another, although the city had no need of
them, that he might be in perpetual command and
never lay down his arms or cease enriching himself
from the public dangers. And, in time, these men
accomplished their purpose. But Lucullus advanced
by forced marches to the Euphrates, liere he found
the stream swollen and turbid from the winter storms,
and was vexed to think of the delay and trouble
which it would cost him to collect boats and build
rafts. But at evening the stream began to subside,
went on diminishing through the night, and at day-
break the river was running between lofty banks.
The natives, observing that sundry small islands in
the channel had become visible, and that the current
near them was quiet, made obeisance to Lucullus,
saying that this had seldom happened before, and
that the river had voluntarily made itself tame and
gentle for Lucullus, and offered him an easy and
speedy passage.
^»?! A 69 B.O.
547
I
PLUTARCH'S LIVES
6 X.p7)<Tdfi€vo<; ovv t& Katpo) Sce^u/Ba^e rr)v
arpaTidv koX yiverai crrj/jLelov avrat 'X^prjarov dfxa
rfi BLa/3da€C. ySoe? lepal vefiovrai Ylepaiaf; ^Apri-
/x,tSo9, fjv fxdkKTTa OsMV 01 Trepav ^vcppdrov ^dp-
PapoL rificoar %/3wz^Tat Se tol^ fioval tt/jo?
Svaiav fiovov, aXXw? Se irXd^ovrai Kara rrjv
X^P^J^ dcperoi, %a/)a7/iaTa (pipovarai rr}? 6eov
XafMirdBa, koX Xa^elv ej avTcov, orav BerfOcjaiv,
ov Trdvv paStov iaTiv ovSe fiiKpa<; TrpaypLarela^,
7 TOVTWV p,ia, Tov arparov Bia^avrof; rov ^v(f)pd-
rrjv, eXOovcra 7rp6<; nva ireTpav lepav rrf^ Oeov
vofJLL^ofjiivrjv iiT avrrj'; ea-rrj, kol Kaja^aXovora rrjv
Ke^aXi^v, Mairep at Sea-pbO) KaTareivop^evai, Ovaai
TO) AovKovXXw Trapecrx^v aiirrjv. edvae he koI
8 Tw FjV(f)pdTrf ravpov hLafBarrjpat,. KaKelvrjv /jlcv
avTOv Tr}v rj/juepav TjvXlaaro, rrj B' vaTepaia xal 508
Tat? icj^e^rjf; Trporjye Bia t^9 S(i)<j)7]vfj<^, ovBev
aBcKMV T0V9 dvOpcoTTOvf; 7rpoaxoypovvra<; avrrh teal
Bexop^evov^ ttjv (rrpartav dap.€vov<;, dXXa koX
tS)V arpaTKOTMV (ppovpcov n Bokovv exetv %/?7;/xaTa
TToXXd ^ovXop^evcov Xaffecv "'EKelvo,'' 6<j>7j, '' pdX-
Xov TO (ppovpLOv rj/jLiV ifCKOTTTeov eVrt," Bei^a<i tov
Ravpov diTwOev ovTa, " TavTa B^ diroiceiTai Tol<i
viK03(TL* avvTelva^ Be ttjv Tropeiav fcal tov Tlyptv
Bca^a^ eve^aXev eh Tr)v ^App^evlav.
XXV. Tt,ypdpr} B\ ft)? TTpwTO? dyyeiXa^
YjKOVTa AovKovXXov ovK exc('('py]o-ev, aX,X' aTrere-
TfJbrjTO Tr}v Ke(f)aXr)v, ovBe\<i dXXo<; ecppa^ev, dX\*
dyvocov KaOqaTO irepiKaiop.evo^ r?3i; t^ iroXetiU^
548
LUCULLUS, XXIV. 6-xxv. i
Accordingly, he took advantage of his opportunity
and put his troops across, and a favourable sign
accompanied his crossing. Heifers pasture there
which are sacred to Persia Artemis, a goddess whom
the Barbarians on the further side of the Euphrates
hold in the highest honour. These heifers are used
only for sacrifice, and at other times are left to
roam about the country at large, with brands upon
them in the shape of the torch of the goddess. Nor
is it a slight or easy matter to catch any of them
when they are w^anted. One of these heifers, after
the army had crossed the Euphrates, came to a
certain rock which is deemed sacred to the goddess,
and stood upon it, and lowering its head without
any compulsion from the usual rope, offered itself
to Lucullus for sacrifice. He also sacrificed a bull
to the Euphrates, in acknowledgment of his safe
passage. Then, after encamping there during that
day, on the next and the succeeding days he advanced
through Sophene. He wrought no harm to the
inhabitants, who came to meet him and received
his army gladly. Nay, when his soldiers wanted
to take a certain fortress which was thought to
contain much wealth, ''Yonder lies the fortress
which we must rather bring low," said he, pointing
to the Taurus in the distance ; " these nearer things
are reserved for the victors." Then he went on
by forced marches, crossed the Tigris, and entered
Armenia,
XXV. Since the first messenger who told Tigranes
that Lucullus was coming had his head cut off for
his pains, no one else would tell him anything, and so
he sat in ignorance while the fires of war were
already blazing around him, giving ear only to those
549
PLUTARCH'S LIVES
TTVpl, Xoyov^ cLKovayv Trpo? X^P''^' ^^ fiejav ovra
AovKOvWov arpaTTjyov, el tt/jo? 'E<^e<rft) Tcypdvrjv
viroaraLr) koI fjurj (f)€vyo)v €v6v<; i^ 'Acrta? otxotro
2 Ta9 ToaavTWi /JLvpLd8a<; IBcov. ovTa)<{ ovre acop^a-
T09 TravTOf; iarc ttoXvv aKparov eveyKelv ovre
BiavoLa<; t^9 rv^ovarj'; iv €t'Ti'%»7/iao"A p,eyaXoi<;
fiTj eKo-TrjvaL tmv \oytap,(ov. Trpwro? S' avro) rcov
<f)L\(OP i'ToXp.'rja-e lS/li6poffap^dvr]<; tppdaai to
aXrjde^, ovK ovto<; Be ^/ot^cttov rjveyKaTO yepa<;
Tr]<; irapprjala^. €7rep,(f)d7) yap €vdv<; eirl top
AovKovWov avv I'mreva-i TyO£o-;^tX6ot9, ire^oh Be
irap^TToWot^, K€\ev(T6el<; rov p.ev arpaTrjyov dyeiv
^(opra, Toi'9 S' dWov^ Karairarrjaav,
3 KovKoiiXkcp Be t^9 (TTpaTid<; rj p^ep t^Btj Kare-
^evypvep, rj Be en, irpocryei. tmv Be aKoirodP avrfo
<f>paadpT(OP eireXavpOPTa top ^dpjSapop, eBeiae /nr)
XG>p\^ 6pTa<; Koi ovk ep rafet TrpoaTreacop rapd^rj.
Kol auTO? pep KaOLaTaro rrjv crrpaTOTreBeiap,
Xe^TLXtop Be IT pea pevTTjp eirep.'^lrep iTTTreh e-^opra
p^tXtoi'9 e^aKoalov^, oTrXira^ Be xal yjrLXovf; ov
4 ttoXXm TrXelopa^;, KeXevcra<; iyyv<; irpoaeXOopra
Toh nToXepbioL^i pLepeiP, €0)9 cip irvOTjrat TOv<f per
avTov KareaTpaTOTreBevKOTa^;. i^ovXero pep
oup 6 '^e^TiXio^ ravra Troceip, ejSidaOr) S' viro rov
MtOpofiap^dvov Opacreo)^ eireXavpopTo^s eU %6t/?a9
iXdetp. Kol yepop.€pr]<; pid^n^ puep MiOpo/Sap-
^dvr]<} eireaep dywpi^opepo^, ol B^ dXXot, (fyevyopre^
dircoXopTO TrXrjv oXlycop dirapre^;.
6 *Ea: tovtov Ttypdv7)<; p,ep eKXtircop Tiypapo-
Kepra, p^eydXrjp ttoXip eKTiapLeprjp vtt* avrov,
550
I
LUCULLUS, xxT. 1-5
who flattered him and said that Lucullus would
be a great general if he ventured to withstand
Tigranes at Ephesus, and did not fly incontinently
from Asia at the mere sight of so many myriads
of men. Which only proves that it is not every man
who can bear much unmixed wine, nor is it any
ordinary understanding that does not lose its
reckoning in the midst of great prosperity. The
first of his friends who ventured to tell him the
truth was Mithrobarzanes, and he, too, got no very
excellent reward for his boldness of speech. He
was sent at once against Lucullus with three
thousand horsemen and a large force of infantry,
under orders to bring the general alive, but to
trample his men under foot.
Now, part of the army of Lucullus was already
preparing to go into camp, and the rest was still
coming up, when his scouts told him that the
Barbarian was advancing to the attack. Fearing
lest the enemy attack his men when they were
separated and in disorder, and so throw them into
confusion, he himself fell to arranging the encamp-
ment, and Sextilius, the legate, was sent at the head
of sixteen hundred horsemen and about as many
light and heavy infantry, with orders to get near
the enemy and wait there until he learned that the
main body was safely encamped. Well then, this
was what Sextilius wished to do, but he was forced
into an engagement by Mithrobarzanes, who boldly
charged upon him. A battle ensued, in which
Mithrobarzanes fell fighting, and the rest of his forces
took to flight and were cut to pieces, all except a few.
Upon this, Tigranes abandoned Tigranocerta, that
great city which he had built, withdrew to the
55^
PLUTARCH'S LIVES
irpof; Tov Tavpov ave'^oap'qae koI ra? Swdfieif;
iravra')(p6€v evravOa avvrjye, AovkovWo^; Be rrj
irapacicevfj y^povov ov BlBov^ Movprjvav fiev
e^eirefi'^ev ivoy\r}(TOVTa koI irepiKo'^ovTa tou?
adpoi^ofxevou^ 7rpo<; tov Tijpdvrjv, ^e^TiXiov Be
iraXiV *Apd^(ov X^^P^ /JLcydXrjv dveip^ovra /SacnXel
6 irpocTLOvaaV' ofiov Be Xe^TL\io<; fiev iiriireaonv
(TTpaToTreBov iroiovfievot^ roU "Apayjri tou? irXel-
GTOv^ Bie<f>6eipe, Movpijva^; S* eirofMevof; Tiy pdvj)
Tpa^xyv avkoiva koI arevoiropov Grparw fiaKpo)
Bi6K^dXXovTL KULpov TTapaaxovTOf; eirLTlderaL.
Kol <^ev<yei fiev avr6<; Tc<ypdvr]<; 7rpoefjL€vo<; rr)v
airocTKevrjv diraaav, d,7roOvT]cr/€ovai Be ttoWoI koI
wXelovef; aXicTKOvrai tmv ^ Apfievtcov.
XXVI. Ovrco Be tovtcov TTpo^wpovvrfov dpa<; 6
AovKovWo<; eiropevero irpo<; ^uypavoKepra, kol
irepLa-TparoireBevaa^ eiroXiopKei ttjv ttoXlv. rjaav
B^ ev avrfj ttoXXoI fiev ""EiXXrjve^i tmv dvaardroyv
€K Y^iXiKLa^, TToXXol Be Pdp^apoi rot? "^XXrjaiv
o/jLOLa ireirovOore^y ^ ABia^^^vol koX ^AcravpioL kol
TopBurjvol Kol K.a7r7rdBoKe<;, (ov KaraaKd^Ira^; ra?
iraTpiBa^, avTOv<; Be Ko/niaa^; eKel KarooKetv
2 7)vd>yKa(Tev. rjv Be kol ;j^p7;/xaT«z/ rj 7r6Xi<; /jbeo-Tt)
KoX dva6r]fjLdT(0Vy Travro^ IBicorov koX Bvvdarov
T(fi ^aaiXel (TV/jxj)tXoTtfiov/ji6vov tt^o? av^rjaiv Koi
Karaafcevrjv tt}? TroXeco^. Bco koX avvrovax; eiro-
XiopKev 6 AovKOvXXo<; avrrjv, ovk dve^eadat rov
Tiypdv7)v olofievo^, dXXd kol irapd yvco/j^rjv vir
6pyfj<i KaTa^TjaecrOai Bia/naxovfievov, 6p6o)<; olo-
3 fievo<i. TToXXd Be M.t6piBdTr}<; dirrjyopevaev dyye-
\of 9 7re/x7rft)z/ Kal ypd/jufiara fir) (TwdiTTeiv /jbd^V^*
dXXd Tol<{ linrevaL TrepiKOTrreiv ryv dyopdv
552
k
LUCULLUS, XXV. 5-xxvi. 3
Taurus, and there began collecting his forces from
every quarter. LucuUus, however, gave him no time
for preparation, but sent out Murena to harass and
cut off the forces gathering to join Tigranes, and
Sextilius again to hold in check a large body of
Arabs which was drawing near the king. At one
and the same time Sextilius fell upon the Arabs as
they were going into camp, and slew most of them ;
and Murena, following hard upon Tierranes, seized
his opportunity and attacked the king as he was
passing through a rough and narrow defile with his
army in long column. Tigranes himself fled,
abandoning all his baggage, many of the Armenians
were slain, and more were captured.
XXVI. Thus successful in his campaign, Lucullus
struck camp and proceeded to Tigranocerta, which
city he invested and began to besiege. There were
in the city many Greeks who had been transplanted,
like others, from Cilicia, and many Barbarians who
had suffered the same fate as the Greeks, — Adiabeni,
Assyrians, Gordyeni, and Cappadocians, whose native
cities Tigranes had demolished, and brought their
inhabitants to dwell there under compulsion. The
city was also full of wealth and votive offerings, since
every private person and every prince vied with the
king in contributing to its increase and adornment.
Therefore Lucullus pressed the siege of the city with
vigour, in the belief that Tigranes would not endure
it, but contrary to his better judgment and in anger
would descend into the plains to offer battle ; and
his belief was justified. Mithridates, indeed, both
by messengers and letters, strongly urged the king
uot to join battle, but to cut off the enemy's supplies
PLUTARCH'S LIVES
TToXXA Sk TaftX?7? 7]K(ov irap avrov Kot ava-rpa-
reveov iSetro tov ffacnXiayt; ^vkdrTecrOai icai
<f>evy€iv C09 dfiaxov Trpdy/Jba ret 'Fcofiaucov oirXa.
4 Kal Ttt 76 irpfara 7rpaco<; iJKOve tovtcov. iirel Be
7rav(TTpaTia jxev avrSt avvrjXOov *Ap/jb€vioi, /cat
TopBvrjvol, irava-Tparia Be M^JSou? icaX ^ABtaffr}-
vov^ dyovTe<; 01 ^aaiXel^ iraprfffav, ^kov Be ttoWoI
fxev airo t^9 ev Ba^vXMVc OaXdacrrjf; "Apa/^e?,
TToXXol Be diro Trj<; KaaTriaf; ^AX^avol koI "l/Srjpe^;
*AXl3avol<; irpoaoLKOvvTe^, ovk oXljol Bk rcov irepl
TOV ^Apd^Tjv vefjuofjiivcov d^aaiXevroi, ')(^dpLri koX
B(opoi^ 'ireia6evTe<; dirrjVTqaav, eXirlBfov Be koI
Opdaovf; Kal ^ap^apiK(ov dwetXMV fiea-rd fiev rjv
rd av/jLTToa-ta rod fiaa-iXeeo^, jxeaTa Be rd avfju-
fiovXta, irapeKivBvvevae fxev 6 Ta^LXrj^ dirodavelv
vTrevavTCOvfievo^ rfj yvcofirj t»)? /^d')(7)<;, eBo/cei. Be
Kal iS/liOpiBaTrjt; (f)dov(ov aTrorpeireiv /neydXov
5 KaropdcofULTO^;. 69ev ovB* dvefieLvev avrov 6
Tiypdvrjf;, firj fierda'XpL rrjf; Bo^tj^;, dXX^ e'^wpet
Travrl to3 arpar^ (T(j)6Bpa Bvacftopciyv, &)? Xiyerai,
7r/)09 Tov<i (f)LXov<;y on tt/jo? AovkovXXov avta> /jlo-
vov, ov TT/oo? d'iravTa<; 6 dydiv eaono tov<; 'Po)-
fxaioyv (7TpaT7]yov<; ev ravrS) yevofievov^;,
K.al ov iravrdiracrvv tjv to 6pdao<;avTOV pLavio)Be<;
ovB' dXoyov, edvT) ToaavTa Kal fiaaiXel^ eiro/jLevov^
Kal (f>dXayya<; ottXitcov Kal /jLVpcdBa<; lirirewv diro-
6 PXeTTovTOfi. TO^OTa*^ fiev yap Kal (T^evBovrjTa<; Bia-
/bivpiovf; rjyev, lirirel'; Be irevTaKKTiMvpiov^ Kal ttcv-
TaKcarxiXlov^, o)v eTTTaKia-xfjXioL Kal /xvpLot Kard-
^paKTOL rjdav, &>? AovkovXXo<; eypayjre 7r/?09 Tr}V
(rvyKXrjTOV, ottXct&v Be, rcov fiev eh cnreipa^, T<av
554
LUCULLUS, XXVI. 3-6
with his cavalry; Taxiles also, who came from
Mithridates and joined the forces of Tigranes,
earnestly begged the king to remain on the defensive
and avoid the invincible arms of the Romans. And
at first Tigranes gave considerate hearing to this
advice. But when the Armenians and Gordyeni
joined him with all their hosts, and the kings of the
Medes and Adiabeni came up with all their hosts, and
many Arabs arrived from the sea of Babylonia, and
many Albanians from the Caspian sea, together with
Iberians who were neighbours to the Albanians ;
and when not a few of the peoples about the river
Araxes, who are not subject to kings, had been
induced by favours and gifts to come and join him ;
and when the banquets of the king, and his councils
as well, were full of hopes and boldness and barbaric
threats, — then Taxiles ran the risk of being put to
death when he opposed the plan of fighting, and
Mithridates was thought to be diverting the king
from a great success out of mere envy. Wherefore
Tigranes would not even wait for him, lest he share
in the glory, but advanced with all his army,
bitterly lamenting to his friends, as it is said, that he
was going to contend with Lucullus alone, and not
with all the Roman generals put together.
And his boldness was not altogether that of a
mad man, nor without good reason, when he saw
so many nations and kings in his following, with
phalanxes of heavy infantry and myriads of horsemen.
For he was in command of twenty thousand bowmen
and slingers, and fifty-five thousand horsemen, of
whom seventeen thousand were clad in mail, as
Lucullus said in his letter to the Senate ; also of
one hundred and fifty thousand heavy infantry.
PLUTARCH'S LIVES
8' eh <j>aXayya<; arvvrerayfjiivciyv, irevreKaiheKa
/ivpidSa^i, oSoTTOiov^; Se Kal yecj^vpcoraf; koX Ka-
Oapra^ irora/jLcbv koI uXoTO/iou? /cat t5)V aXkcov
')(pet(ov virrjpera^ Tpiarp^vpiov^ /cat 7r€VTaKi<T)(i\Lov^,
OL To2<i pxi')(opLevoL^ iTTLTerayp.ivoL Karoiriv oyjrLv
ajxa Kol pcofirjp Trapelxov.
XXVII. 'n? 3' virep^aXcbv top Tavpov ddpov<i
Karecpdvr] koX KarelBe Trpo'i toa9 Ti,ypavoKepTOt(i
eTTLKaOrjpLevov to arpdrevfia rcov 'Vcop.aiwv, 6
fiev ev TJj iroXet /3dpfiapo<; ofxCKo^ oXoXvyfj
Kal Kp6T(p rrjv O'^iv iSi^aro, Kal roU 'Pwfiaioifi
dirb Tcbv T€C)((ov direCkovvTe^ iheiKvvcrav rov<i
2 *App.€VLOv<i' AovKovWw Be aKOTTOvvTL irepl r?)?
/jLd')(r)<S ol p^ev dyeiv eirl Tcypdvrjv edaavra rrjv
iroXiopKiav avve/SovXevov, ol Se p^r) xaraXiTrelv
OTTtcro) nroXepLiov^ roaoiirov^ prjS* dvelvat rrjv
TToXiopKiav, 6 S* eliroov eKarepov^i pbev ovk 6pOco<;,
dpL^orepov^ he KaXoi'^ irapaivelv ScelXe ri-jv arpa-
Tidv. Kal Movpi]vav pev €^aKLo-^tXL0v<; exovra
TrefoL'? eVl tt)? iroXiopKia^i direXiirev, avTO<^ Ke
ikaa^apa'^ Kal eiKOdi aireipa^; dvaXa^oov, ev
al? ov irXeiove<^ rjaav pLVpUov ottXctcov, Kal tov^;
iirirel^ diravra^ Kal a(l>evBovrJTa<i Kal ro^oTa^;
irepl 'X^iXiovfi, e)(^cop€c.
3 Kat Trapd rov TTorapLOV ev irehicp p,eydX(p
KaracTTpaTOTreBevaaf} iravrdTraat p,iKpo<; e(l)dvi)
Ttypdvrj, Kal tol'^ KoXaKevovaiv avrov BLarpi^rjv
irapel'^ev. ol p^ev yap eaKwirrov, ol 8* virep
TMV Xa<^vp(ov ev irathia 8ie/3dXXovTO KXrjpov
TMV Be CTTpaTrjywv Kal ^acriXeayv 6KaaT0<i yrelro
TTpoaiwv avTOV pLovov yevecrOai to epyov, eKelvov
SS6
LUCULLUS, XXVI. 6-xxvii. 3
some of whom were drawn up in cohorts, and some
in phalanxes ; also of road-makers, bridge-builders,
clearers of rivers, foresters, and ministers to the other
needs of an army, to the number of thirty-five
thousand. These latter, being drawn up in array
behind the fighting men, increased the apparent
strength of the army.
XXVII. When Tigranes had crossed the Taurus,
deployed with all his forces, and looked down upon
the Roman army investing Tigranocerta, the throng
of Barbarians in the city greeted his appearance with
shouts and din, and standing on the walls, threaten-
ingly pointed out the Armenians to the Romans.
When Lucullus held a council of war, some of his
officers advised him to give up the siege and lead
his army against Tigranes ; others urged him not to
leave so many enemies in his rear, and not to remit
the siege. Whereupon, remarking that each counsel
by itself was bad, but both together were good,
he divided his army. Murena, with six thousand
footmen, he left behind in charge of the siege ;
while he himself, with twenty-four cohorts, com-
prising no more than ten thousand heavy infantry,
and all the horsemen, slingers, and archers, to the
number of about a thousand, set out against the
enemy.
When he had encamped along the river in a great
plain, he appeared utterly insignificant to Tigranes,
and supplied the king's flatterers with ground for
amusement. Some mocked at the Romans, and
others, in pleasantry, cast lots for their spoil, while
each of the generals and kings came forward
and begged that the task of conquering them
might be entrusted to himself alone, and that the
PLUTARCH'S LIVES
4 8e KoOi^ea-Oac dearrjv, ffov\6fi€vofi Be tl koI
avro^ 6 TcypdvT)^ ')(apieL<i elvai koI <r/ca)7rriK0<}
elire to dpvXovfievov "E^ fiev co? irpea-^evTai,
TToWol irdp€L<TLV' el 8* a>9 crrpariMTaif oXvyoi,^
Kal Tore fiev outg)? elpcovevo/Mevot koI irai^ovTef:
hierekeaav, djxa 8' v/iepa AovkovXXo<; odttXi-
afievrjv rrjv hvvap.Lv i^rjye, koX irpo^ eo) p,ev 510
Tjv Tov TTorap^ov TO ffapjSapiKov aTpuTevfia- tov
8k pevp^aTo^ d7ro(TTpo(j)r]v \ap,fidvovTO<; CTrl Ta<;
8v(T€i<;, y pAXiaTa irepda-ip.ov rjv, dvTiirape^dycov
Tr)V 8vvap.iv Kal airevBoyv e8o^ev aTro^copelv
6 Tft) Tiypdvj}. Kal KoXecra^; tov Ta^iXyv dpa
yeXcoTi " Tou9 dp.d)(^ov<i,*^ €(j)rj, "^VcopxiLwv OTrXcTa^
ovx opa<; ^€vyovTa<;; ** Kal 6 Taf tX^;? " BovXolp.7jv MJ^
aVy^ elirevy " w ^acnXev, yeveadai tl t& <j(p ^M
8aip,ovL Tcav wc^aXoycov, dXX^ ovt icrdTjra Xap.- ^
TTpdv ol dv8pe<i XapL^dvovaiv ohoLiropovvTe^ ovt€
6vp€ol<; iKK€Kadapp,ivoi,f; ')(^pa)VTaL Kal Kpdveai
yvp.vol^, axTTrep vvv to, aKVTtva twv ottXcov
cTKeTrdapxiTa 7repicr7rd(7avTe<i, dXXa p,a')(^ov p.ev(ov
iaTlv T) XapiirpoTrjf; avTrj Kal ^ahi^ovTcov rjBri )
6 irpo^ TOV<; TroXepbiov^;.^* TavTa XeyovTO^ eTi tov i
Ta^cXov KaTa(j)avr)<; tjv 7rpa)T0<; aero? iinaTpi-
<j)OVTo<; TOV AovKovXXov Kal Td^iv at airelpat
KaTO. Xo%oi;9 Xap^/Sdvovaai. irpo^; ttjv Bcdffaaiv j
Kal p,6XL<f Sairep ck pedrj<; Tcvb<; dva<p€pcov 6
Tiypdv7)f; 8h rj TpU i^eKpayev "'E^' r)p.d<i ol
dv8pe<;; *' a)<TTe dopv^cp iroXXw to ttXyjOo'^ el<s
Ta^Lv KadiaTaaOai, fiaaiXeoDf; p,ev avTOV to p.ecrov
6^0J/T09, T(OV 86 KCpdTCOV TO p€V dpcaTCpOV T(p
*K8t,aPriv(pt TO 8k Be^iov to> Mi]8q) 7rapaB6vT0<i,
SS8
LUCULLUS, XXVII. 3-6
king would sit by as a spectator. Then Tigranes,
not wishing to be left behind entirely in this play
of wit and scoffing, uttered that famous saying :
"If they are come as ambassadors, they are too
many ; if as soldiers, too few." And so for the while
they continued their sarcasms and jests. But at
daybreak Lucullus led out his forces under arms.
Now, the Barbarian army lay to the east of the river.
But as the stream takes a turn to the west at the
point where it was easiest to ford, and as Lucullus
led his troops to the attack in that direction first,
and with speed, he seemed to Tigranes to be
retreating. So he called Taxiles and said, with a
laugh, "Don't you see that the invincible Roman
hoplites are taking to flight.'*" "O King," said
Taxiles, " I could wish that some marvellous thing
might fall to your good fortune; but when these
men are merely on a march, they do not put on
shining raiment, nor have they their shields polished
and their helmets uncovered, as now that they
have stripped the leathern coverings from their
armour. Nay, this splendour means that they are
going to fight, and are now advancing upon their
enemies." While Taxiles was yet speaking, the
first eagle came in sight, as Lucullus wheeled towards
the river, and the cohorts were seen forming in
maniples with a view to crossing. Then at last,
as though coming out of a drunken stupor, Tigranes
cried out two or three times, " Are the men coming
against us .'^ " And so, with much tumult and con-
fusion, his multitude formed in battle array, the king
himself occupying the centre, and assigning the left
wing to the king of the Adiabeni, the right to
the king of the Medes. In front of this wing also
5519
PLUTARCH'S LIVES
icj) ov KoX rcov KaracfypaKTcov iv irpoTdyfiari to
irXelcnov rjv.
7 Aov/covWcp Be jjueXkovri Sca^aU'eiv rov irora-
fiov eviov T(x)V r)<yefi6v(ov irapyvovv (jivXaTTeaOat
TTjv Tf/jLepap fiiav ovaav rcov aTrocfypaBcov, a?
fjueXauva^ KaXovaiv iv eKelvrj yap ttj rjfJLepa rj
/juera KatTrtcoj^o? aircoXero arparia (TVjjL^aXovaa
KtyLt/9pofc9. o 8* aire/cpLvaro rrjv fivrj/jLoveuofjLevTjv
(fxDVrjV " '£70) ydpi*^ €(f)7J, " KOi TavrrjV €VTV')(7J
TTOirja-Q) *VcofjLaLOi<; rrjv '^fiepav" rjv Be irpo /jLid<;
VCOVOiV ^OKTCO^piCOV.
XXVIII. Tavra 8* eliroDV koX Oappelv /ceXeuo^a?
Tov re TTora/jLOv StejSaLve Kal 7rpMTo<; iirl tou9
7roX6p,Lov<; yyetro, OoopaKa p.ev e^^cov aiSrjpovv
(poXcBcorbv diToartk^ovTa, fcpoaacorrjv Be ecpe-
(TTpiBa, TO Be ^i<^o(; avrodev v'jro<t>aiv(ov yvpuvov, w?
ev6v<i eh %efc/3a9 Xeadai Beov ^ eKij^oXoi^; dvBpdai
Kal a-vvaLpelv ^ rrjv BiaTO^evcri/iiov %ft>/5ai^ to3
2 rd^et t^9 eirayoiyfj^;, eirel Be ttjv KaTd(f>paKTOV
XiTTTov, f;9 TrXetcrro? rjv \0709, KarelBe Karareray-
fxevqv VTTO X6(^(p TLvl Tr}V dvco 'X^capav eTrlireBov Kal
irXarelav e'X^ovri, TTpoafiacnv Be rerrdpayv a-raBLwv
ov iravrdiraat x^XeTrrjv ovS* dTroKeKOfjLjxevrjv,
®paKa<i /J>€v lir'Trel<i Kal TaXdra<;, 01*9 elx^v, eKe-
Xevaev e/c irXayLOV irpoacpepo/jbivovi irapaKpove-
3 aOai ral<s fiaxf^ipai^i tov<; kovtov^;. fila yap dXKr)
TMV KaTa(ppdKT(ov KOVTOfi' dXXo 8' ovBev ovO^
€avTo2<i ovre rot? froXepioL^; ')(^prj(T9aL Bvvavrat Bed
^ Seov Coraes, Sintenis and Bekker, after Reiske ; Scot
MSS., including S.
^ (Tvvaipelv Coraga and Bekker, after Reiske ; awaip-iiaeiv
(S) and ffvvaip-fiffei MSS. : auyaiprjiruVf a suggestion of
Reiske's.
560
LUCULLUS, XXVII. 6-xxviii. 3
the greater part of the mail-clad horsemen were
drawn up.
As LucuUus was about to cross the river, some of
his officers advised him to beware of the day, which
was one of the unlucky days — the Romans call
them " black days." For on that day Caepio and
his army perished in a battle with the Cimbri.^
But LucuUus answered with the memorable words :
" Verily, I will make this day, too, a lucky one for
the Romans." Now the day was the sixth of
October.
XXVIII. Saying this, and bidding his men be of
good courage, he crossed the river, and led the way
in person against the enemy. He wore a steel
breastplate of glittering scales, and a tasselled cloak,
and at once let his sword flash forth from its scabbard,
indicating that they must forthwith come to close
quarters with men who fought with long range
missiles, and eliminate, by the rapidity of their
onset, the space in which archery would be effective.
But when he saw that the mail-clad horsemen, on
whom the greatest reliance was placed, were
stationed at the foot of a considerable hill which
was crowned by a broad and level space, and that
the approach to this was a matter of only four
stadia, and neither rough nor steep, he ordered his
Thracian and Gallic horsemen to attack the enemy
>M in the flank, and to parry their long spears with their
pi own short swords. (Now the sole resource of the
I mail-clad horsemen is their long spear, and tliey
I » B.C. 105. Of. Camillua, xix. 7.
PLUTARCH'S LIVES
Pdpo<i Kol aKKrjporrjra t»)9 (TKevrj^, a\V iyKaro)-
KoBofir]fjbevoi<; ioiKaaiv. avTO<i Be Bvo aireipa^;
avaXafioav rj/jiiWdro 7r/?09 rov \6(j)0V, ippcofiivax;
e7ro/jL6V(ov twv aTparLcorcov Bia to Kaxeivov ev to??
oirkoi^ opav irpcorov KaKoiradovvra Tre^bv koI
irpoa-^La^ofievov. yevop^evo^ S* avco koI aTa<; ev
TO) 7repL(l>aveX tov ')((opiov pLeya ^orjaa<i " ^evLKrj'
Kap^evT €^Vf " vevLKrjKapMVy & crvarpaTtojTac."
4 Kal TOVTO cIttcov eTTrjye toI<; KaTa<])pdKTOi,<;,
KeXevaa^ p.'qBev 'in xpv^^^f' "^ot? vaaoh, dXX* eK
'X^eipo^ eKaarov SidXa^ovra iraieiv rcov iroXefxiwy
KvrjpLa<; re koX p.r]pov<;, a p,6pa yvpiva rcov Kara-
(j)pdKTcov earlv. ov p^r)v iBerjcri ri TavT7}<; ttj^;
fid')(r](;' ov yap iBe^avro tov<; *Va)/JbaLOV<;, dW*
dXaXd^avT€9 /cat <j)evyovT€<i aXayiaTa irdvToav
evecocrav eavroix; re koI tov<; Xinrov^i ffap€C<; ovra^
eU rd rcov Tre^cov orrXa rrplv dp^aaOai rivo^
ifceivov^ p,d')(7)<^y a>are firjre rpavfiaro^i yevofxevov
p^rjO' aiparo^ 6(j)6evro<; rjrrdaOat ra? ro(ravTa<i
5 p.vpidBa<;. 6 Be 7ro\v<; <j)6vo<^ rjBr] (jyevyovrcov
eyivero, pLoXkov Be ^ovXofjbevcov ^evyeiv ov yap 511
eBvvavro TrvKvorrjri Kal fidOei rcov rd^ecov vcfi*
avrSyv ip^TroBi^o/uuevoi. Tcypdvr]<; 8* e^€\dcra<; ev
dpxv P^^'T oXuycov ecpevye' Kal rov vlov opcov
KOivcDVOvvra rrj<i avrrj<: rvxv^ irepLeairdaaro ro
BidBrjpLa T^9 Ke^aXrj<; KaKeivcp BaKpvaa^ irapeBcoKe,
cco^eiv eavroVy otto)? Bvvarat, KaO* erepa^ 6Bov<i
6 KeXev<Ta<;. 6 Be veavLa<; dvaB^craaOai puev ovk
er6Xp,7]cre, ra>v Bk iraiBcov rep iriarordrcp <l>vXdr-
56a
(
LUCULLUS, XXVIII. 3-6
hare none other whatsoever, either in defending
themselves or attacking their enemies, owing to the
weight and rigidity of their armour ; in this they are,
as it were, immured.) Then he himself, with two
cohorts, hastened eagerly towards the hill, his soldiers
following with all their might, because they saw him
ahead of them in armour, enduring all the fatigue of
a foot-soldier, and pressing his way along. Arrived
at the top, and standing in the most conspicuous
spot, he cried with a loud voice, "The day is ours,
the day is ours, my fellow soldiers ! " With these
words, he led his men against the mail-clad horse-
men, ordering them not to hurl their javelins yet,
but taking each his own man, to smite the enemy's
legs and thighs, which are the onij parts of these
mail-clad horsemen left exposed. However, there
was no need of this mode of fighting, for the enemy
did not await the Romans, but, with loud cries and
in most disgraceful flight, they hurled themselves
and their horses, with all their weight, upon the
ranks of their own infantry, before it had so much as
begun to fight, and so all those tens of thousands
were defeated without the infliction of a wound or
the sight of blood. But the great slaughter began
at once when they fled, or rather tried to fly, for
they were prevented from really doing so by the
closeness and depth of their own ranks. Tigranes
rode away at the very outset with a few attendants,
and took to flight. Seeing his son also in the same
plight, he took off the diadem from his head and, in
tears, gave it to him, bidding him save himself as
best he could by another route. The young man,
however, did not venture to assume the diadem, but
gave it to his most trusted slave for safe keeping.
PLUTARCH'S LIVES
T€tv eB(OK€V. OUT09 a\ov<{ Kara rv^V^ avrj^dr)
irpb^ AovKOvWov, ware fiera royv dXXcoi/ al')(fid-
XcoTOV Kol TO hidhrjfia ^eveadai rod Tijpdvov.
Xeyerai Be tojv fiev irel^MV virep heKa fjuvpidSw;
Bia^Oaprjvatf rcov S* lirTreoav 6\i<yov^ iravrdiraGL
Stacpvyelv. 'Fcofiatcov S* eKarov irpcoOrja-av, eireaov
Be irevre.
7 TavTT/? T^9 f^^X^'* 'Arrto^o? o (f)i\6(TO(po<; ev rfj
Tlepl Oecov ypacpfj /JuvrjaOeU ov (prjo-iv aWi-jv
e(j)€(opaK6vai roLavrrjv rov rjXiov. Xrpd^ayv B\
€T€po<; (f>ik6(JO^o(;, ev to2<; laropiKOt^ v7ro/xv7]p,a(TLv
avTov^ Xeyei tou9 'FcopiaLov<i ala^vveaOaL /cal
KarayeXdv eavrcav eV dvBpdiroBa roiavra Berj-
6evTa<^ ottXcov. Aiovlo<; 8' eipr)K€V, co? ovBiirore
'VwfJLoloi 7roX€/jiioi<i d7roBeovT6<; toctovtw TrXyjOet
iraperd^avTO' d'y^eBov yap ovS* eiKoarov, aXA,'
eXarrov iyevovro pLepo<; ol VLKMvre^i tmv rjo-ar]-
8 /JL6V0i)v. ^Fcofiaicov 3' ol Ben oraroi cnpaT7]yol Kai
irXelara iroXefJuoL^ (jop.iX'qKore'^ iiryvovv fidXtara
rov AovKOvXXov to Bvo pacnXel<^ tou9 eiri^avea-
rdrov^ /cal p.eyi(TTov<; BvaX roL<; ivavTiwrdroL^,
ra^et Kal ^paBvTrjri, KaraaTparrjyrjaaL. MlO-
piBdrrfV fiev yap aK/jbd^ovra %/Ooi^w fcal Tpifif)
KaravdXwae, Tiypdvrjv Be Ta> airevcrai avverpiy^ev,
ev 6XiyoL<s TOiv irdtiroTe rjyepiovwv rfj fjieXXrjo-ei
fjLev epyw, rfj roXfirj 8' vTrep da(f)a\6ia<i XPV~
ad/JLevo<;.
XXIX. Afo fcal MiOptBdTr]<; ov o-vuereivev eirl
T7]v fxdxv^y '^V (^'^vrjOev rov Aov/covXXov evXa^eia
Kal irapaywyf) TToXe/nTJaeiv olofMevo^, dXXa /cad'
7]avxiav eiropevero irpo^ rov Tcypdvrjv. /cal
rrpwrov fiev 6XLyoL<: roiv 'Ap/j.evla)V evrvx^J^ icaO'
564
LUCULLUS, XXVIII. 6-xxix. i
This slave happened to be captured, and was brought
to Lucullus, and thus even the diadem of Tigranes
became a part of the booty. It is said that more
than a hundred thousand of the enemy's infantry
perished, while of the cavalry only a few, all told,
made their escape. Of the Romans, on the other
hand, only a hundred were wounded, and only five
killed.
Antiochus the philosopher makes mention of this
battle in his treatise " Concerning Gods," and says
that the sun never looked down on such another.
And Strabo, another philosopher, in his '^ Historical
Commentaries," says that the Romans themselves
were ashamed, and laughed one another to scorn for
requiring arms against such slaves. Livy also has
remarked that the Romans were never in such in-
ferior numbers when they faced an enemy ; for the
victors were hardly even a twentieth part of the
vanquished, but less than this. The Roman generals
who were most capable and most experienced in war,
praised Lucullus especially for this, that he out-
generalled two kings who were most distinguished
and powerful by two most opposite tactics, speed and
slowness. For he used up Mithridates, at the height
of his power, by long delays ; but crushed Tigranes
by the speed of his operations, being one of the few
generals of all time to use delay for greater achieve-
ment, and boldness for greater safety.
XXIX. This was the reason why Mithridates made
no haste to be at the battle. He thought Lucullus
would carry on the war with his wonted caution and
indirectness, and so marched slowly to join Tigranes.
At first he met a few Armenians hurrying back over
the road in panic fear, and conjectured what had
565
PLUTARCH'S LIVES
oBov €7rToir)fj^voLf; Koi irepi(f>6Poi^ airiovaiv ecKaae
TO 7ra^09, elr rjSrj irXetovcov yvfivcov xal rerpay-
fievcov aTravTcovTcov irvOoiMevo^; Tr)v rirrav i^rjrei,
2 rov Tiypdvrjv. evpcov Bk TrdvTcov eprjfJLOv Ka\
rairevvov ov/c dvOv^piaeVt dXka xaraffa^ fcal
(TVvBaKpv<ra<; ra Koiva TrdOrj depaireiav re rrjv
€'irof.Levr)v avrS) ^acnXiicrjv eSwKe koI KareOdppvve
7r/)09 TO fiiWov, ovTOL fiev ovv avdi<; erepa^
Bvvd/JL6t<: (TVV7]yOV.
'Ei/ Be rf) TToXet toU TiypavoK6pTOi<; rcov
'EiW^vcov 7r/)09 T0U9 ^ap0dpov<; aracnaadvTOdV
KoX tS> AovKOvWrp Tr)V TToXiv ivBiBovTwv TTpoo-jSa-
3 Xojv elXe' kol tou9 jJ^ev iv rfj TroXet, Orjaavpov^;
TrapeXd/Jb/Savey rrjv Be iroXiv Biapirdaai irapeBonKe
T0fc9 (TTpaTicorai^;, fierh t5)v dXXav '^(^prf/jLdrcov
oKTaKioT'XiXia rdXavra vofJLiapiaro^ e')(pva-av. 'yco-
pl<; Be TOVTcov 6f€TaKo<TLa<; Bpa^fia<; xar dvBpa
4 BieveLfiev diro rcov Xa<pvpcov. irvvOavojievof; Be
7roXXov<; iv rfj iroXei KareiXrjcpdai twv irepX rov
^tovvcrov Te)(yiT(ov, ov^ 6 Tiypdvrj'i Travra^oOev
rjdpoiKei fieXXwv diroBeiKvvvai to KaTeaKevaafxe-
vov VTT avTov Oearpovy i^p^o'aTo rovrois 7rpo<;
TOL'9 dycova<; kol Ta9 Oea<; rcov iirtvLKLcov. tol'9 3'
"FXXr)va<; eh ra^ avrSyv TrarpiSa^ enrepb-ylre irpoa-
6eU e<^6Bia, kol tojv fiap$dpcov o/jlolco^ toi'9
'^vayKaa/jLEvov^ KaroLKelv, Mare avvefir) fiidi;
TToXecDf; BiaXvde[(r7}<; 7roXXa<; dvoiKL^eaOat irdXiv
fcofjiiio/jL€va<; TOL'9 avrSiV OiKrjropa^;, v<f)^ cjv &)9
evepyerrj<; 6 AovkovXXo<; fcal KTL(TTr)<i rjyairaTO.
5 Jlpov'xoapet Be kol raXXa Kar d^iav rdvBpl 512
T&v diro Bi/caioavvT]'; kol (^CXavO p(0'Trla<; eiraivfov
566
LUCULLUS, xx.x. 1-5
happened ; then presently, when he had learned
of the defeat from more unarmed and wounded
fugitives whom he met, he sought to find Tigranes.
And though he found him destitute of all things
and humiliated, he did not return his insolent
behaviour, but got down from his horse and wept
with him over their common sufferings. Then he
gave him his own royal equipage, and tried to fill
him with courage for the future. And so these kings
began again to assemble fresh forces.
But in the city of Tigranocerta, the Greeks had
risen up against the Barbarians and were ready to
hand the city over to LucuUus ; so he assaulted and
took it. The royal treasures in the city he took into
his own charge, but the city itself he turned over
to his soldiers for plunder, and it contained eight
thousand talents in money, together with the usual
valuables. Besides this, he gave to each man eight
hundred drachmas from the general spoils. On
learning that many dramatic artists had been captured
in the city, whom Tigranes had collected there from
all quarters for the formal dedication of the theatre
which he had built, Lucullus employed them for
the contests and spectacles with which he celebrated
his victories. The Greeks he sent to their native
cities, giving them also the means wherewith to
make the journey, and likewise the Barbarians who
had been compelled to settle there. Thus it ca- le
to pass that the dissolution of one city was the
restoration of many others, by reason of their
recovering their own inhabitants, and they all loved
I.ucullus as their benefactor and founder.
And whatever else he did also prospered, in a
way worthy of the man, who was ambitious of the
VOL. n. T 5^7
PLUTARCH'S LIVES
opeyofiivo) fiaXXov rj rcav iirl TOi<i 'irok€fjbiKol<;
Karopdcofiaa-cv. eiceivcov fiev yap ovk oXtyov r)
(TTparia kol ifkelaTov rj rv^V /^ereix^, ravra S*
rjv rj/jL€pov '^vxv'i '^'^^ ireTraiSev/jbimj^ eV/Setft?,
049 AovKovXXo<i Tore %w^t9 oirXcov i^eipovro
TOv<i fiap^dpov^. Kol yap ^Apd^cov ^aa^iXet^
TjKov '7rpo<^ avTov iy')(€LpL^ovTe^ ra a-^erepay kol to
6 Sco^rjvMV eOvof} TTpoae^coper to Be Vophvr^vSiv
OVTQ) BUdrj/cev, ware PovXeaOai ra^ TroXet? exXt-
TTOj/ra? cLKoXovOelv i/celvM fiera TralBcov xal
yvvaiKwu ideXovrd^i e'f alriaf; roidaSe. ZapjSirjvof;
yap 6 T&v TopBv7]V(ov ^aatXeuf;, wairep etpyTai,
St 'Ainrlov Kpvcpa AovkovXXw BieiXeKTO irepl
0"U/i./ia%/a9 rrjv Ttypdvov rvpavvlBa ^apwo/jLCvo^'
fir)vv66h Bi* direacfidyr), kol TralBe^; avrov Koi yvvrj
(TvvaTT(i)XovTO TTplv Tj 'Pa)/zafcou9 €t9 ^Apfieviav
7 ifjL^aXetv. rovroyv ovk rj/j,vr)fi6vrja6v 6 AovkovXXo^,
dXXd nrapeXOoav eU ttjv VopBvrjvojv Ta^a9 irpovOero
Tov ZapffirjvoVy Kal irvpdv icrdrjrt koI y^pvaw
PaaiXiicw Kal roL<; aTrb Tiypdvov Koa-fitjaa^
Xa<f)vpoL(; avTO<; irapoov vipijyjre, kol %o<^9 iinqveyKe
fierd (f>LXa)v koX oIk€lci)v tov dvBp6<i, eTolpov
eavTov Kal *¥cofjLaLcov av/jL/JLaxov dvaKaXovjiievo<i.
8 eKeXevae Be Kal fivrj/iietov diro '^prj/xaTcov av')(y6)v
avTw yeveaOai' Trd/niroXXa yap evpeOrj, kol ')(pvao<;
Kal dpyvpo^; iv toI<; tov Ttap^irjvov ffaaiXeLoif;,
aiTOV B" aTreKecvTO [ivpidBe^ TpiaKocriai fJueBifivcdv,
aXTTC Kal TOL'9 (TTpaTL(i)Ta<^ 0)(l)€XeL<Tdai Kal TOV
AovKovXXop Bavfjud^eaOaL, otl Bpa')(jir]v fiiav eK
568
LUCULLUS, XXIX. 5-8
praise that is consequent upon righteousness and
humanity, rather than of that which follows military
successes. For the latter, the army also was in no
slight degree, and fortune in the highest degree,
responsible ; but the former were the manifestations
of a gentle and disciplined spirit, and in the exercise
of these qualities LucuUus now, without appeal to
arms, subdued the Barbarians. The kings of the
Arabs came to him, with proffers of their possessions,
and the Sopheni joined his cause. The Gordyeni
were so affected by his kindness that they were
ready to abandon their cities and follow him with
their wives and children, in voluntary service. The
reason for this was as follows. Zarbienus, the king
of the Gordyeni, as has been said,^ secretly stipulated
with LucuUus, through Appius, for an alliance, being
oppressed by the tjn-anny of Tigranes. He was
informed against, however, and put to death, and
his wife and children perished with him, before the
Romans entered Armenia. LucuUus was not un-
mindful of all this, but on entering the country of
the Gordyeni, appointed funeral rites in honour of
Zarbienus, and after adorning a pyre with royal
raiment and gold and with the spoils taken from
Tigranes, set fire to it with his own hand, and joined
the friends and kindred of the man in pouring
ilbations upon it, calling him a comrade of his and
an ally of the Romans. He also ordered that a monu-
ment be erected to his memory at great cost; for
many treasures were found in the palace of Zarbienus,
including gold and silver, and three million bushels
of grain were stored up there, so that the soldiers
were plentifully supplied, and LucuUus was admired
» xxi. 2L
569
PLUTARCH'S LIVES
rov hrjixoaiov rafiLeCov fir) XajScbv avTov ef avTov
Scwfcet TOP TToXeixov,
XXX. ''KvravOa koI irapa rov HdpOcov ^acri-
Xeo)? r)K6 iTpeapeia irap avrov el^ i^ikiav irpo-
KaKovjjbevov koI avfjL/jLa')(^iav. rjv S' da/jLevo) ravra
TO) Aov/covWq)' Koi irdXiv dvT67r€/j,'\jre irap kav-
Tov TTpeapeiav irpo^; rov TidpOov, ot KaTetjxiypaaav
avTOv e7rafji(f>OTepl^ovTa rfj yvcofiy koX fiiaOov
alrovvra Kpv(j)a rov (7VfJLfia')(f]aat tw Tiypdvy
2 T^i/ MeaoirorafMLav. &)9 ovv ravO^ 6 AovfcovXko<;
^aOero, Tiypdvrjv p,ev eyvco /cat MiOpiSdrijv
irape\6elv uxrirep dvTa<ywvLaTd<i direLprjKoTa^y
diroTTeipaadaL Be Trj<; Udpdcov Bvvdfie(o<i koi
CTpareveiv eir avTov<;, KaXbv yyovfievo^ fiid
pvfirj TToXifjiov Tpeh i<f)6^rj<; cdairep d6\r)Tr)<;
jSaatXelf; KarairaXalaaL fcal Btd rpocov t(ov vtto
TOP rjXiov fieyuarcov rjye/jLOVtcov d}]TTr]TO<; kol
VLKMV Bte^eXOelv,
3 "ETrefiyjrev ovv eU YiovTov tol<; irepl ^copvdnov
rfyepLoaiv iinaTeLka^ dyeiv rrjv i/cel arparidv
7r/)09 avTov, co? etc Trj<; TopBurjvTJf; dvafirjcofjuevo^.
ol Be /cat rrporepov '^aXeirot^ XP^f^^^'' '^^^
Bva-ireideai T0i9 arpartcoTaL^ totg TravreXoof;
d7T€Kd\vyjrav avrcov rrjv aKoXaalav, ovBevl rpoirco
ireiOov^ ovB^ avdyKT)^ evpofxevot, irpoaayayeaOai
fiapTvpo/Jievovf; kol ffocovra^;, to? ovB' avroOt
fjLevovacv, aW' ol')(ri(TOVTai top TLovtov epr)fJLov
4 diroXtiTovTe^. ravra irpof; Aov/covXXov drray-
yeXOevra Kal rov^ eKel TrpoaBtecpOetpe arrpariw-
ra^, rjBrj fiev vtto irXovrov Kal rpv(j>rj<; ^apeU
yey ovora^ rrpo^ rrjv <Tr pare lav Kal a-^oXrj^ Beo-
fiivov^:, <tt9 Bk rrjv eKeLpeov eirvOopTO Trapprjalap,
570
LUCULLUS, XXIX. 8-xxx. 4
for not taking a single drachma from the public
treasury, but making the war pay for itself.
XXX. Here he received an embassy from the
king of the Parthians also, inviting him into friendly
alliance. This was agreeable to Lucullus, and in
his turn he sent ambassadors to the Parthian, but
they discovered that he was playing a double game,
and secretly asking for Mesopotamia as reward
for an alliance with Tigranes. Accordingly, when
Lucullus was apprised of this, he determined to
ignore Tigranes and Mithridates as exhausted
antagonists, and to make trial of the Parthian power
by marching against them, thinking it a glorious
thing, in a single impetuous onset of war, to
throw, like an athlete, three kings in succession,
and to make his way, unvanquished and victorious,
through three of the greatest empires under the
sun.
Accordingly he sent orders to Sornatius and his
fellow commanders in Pontus to bring the army
there to him, as he intended to proceed eastward
from Gordyene. These officers had already found
their soldiers unmanageable and disobedient, but
now they discovered that they were utterly beyond
control, being unable to move them by any manner
of persuasion or compulsion. Nay, they roundly
swore that they would not even stay where they
were, but would go off and leave Pontus undefended.
When news of this was brought to Lucullus, it
demoralised his soldiers there also. Their wealth
and luxurious life had already made them averse to
military service and desirous of leisure, and when
they heard of the bold words of their comrades
in Pontus, they called them brave men, and said
PLUTARCH'S LIVES
avBpa<i avTOV<; aireKokovv koI fiLfJbrjriov avroif^
€(f)aaav elvar iroWa yap avroc^ ci^ia croyrr^pia';
fcal avairavaecof; KareipydaOat.
XXXI. l^oLOVTcov he koX Trovrjporepfov en Xoycov
alcrOojievo^ o KovkovXXo^ ttjv eirl IIdpOov<; arpa-
reiav a<^rjK€V, avdif; S* iirl top TLypdvrjv ifidBi^e
Oepov^ cLKfid^ovTO^. KoX Tov Tavpov virep^dXodv
r)6vpbriae ^(XoypMV tS)V Trehiayv iK(f)avevro)v' roaov-
Tov al oypai hici rrjv -^/rtfT^yooTT^ra tov aepo^
2 xxnepi^ovaLV. ov fjurjv aXXa KaTaj3a<i kol Bl<; 513
^ T/0I9 dvaroXpLYjaavTafi iir avrov roix; ^App^vlov;
Tpeyfrdfi€vo<; aSew? iiropOei ra^ K(opLa<;, /cal rov
irapearfcevacrpevov ra> Ttypdvp alrov i^aipoiv fjv
avT09 icfio^etro rot^ irokepioi^ irepieaTrjaev cltto-
piav. eVel he TrpOKaXovpuevo^ et? fjid^rjv avTov<;
ireporacfipevcov tov ')(^dpafca koX TropOcov iv o-^ei
TTjv 'X^copav ovK €KLvei ireifk'qyoTa^ iroWaKi^;,
dva<TTa<; i/Sdhc^ev eir 'Aprd^ara to Tiypdvov
PacTikeiOV, OTTOV koX iralhe^; avrrp vrjinoi koI
ya/jbeToi yvval/ce^; rjaav, ovk av olopevo^ afia'^eX
TavTU 7rpor)ae(j6ai- tov Tiypdvrjv.
3 AeyeTai S' ^AvvLj3av tov Kapxv^ovLOVy *Avtl6)(ov
KaTairoXe/jbrjOevTO^ vtto 'Vcopaicov, fieTa^dvTa
7rpo<; ^ApTd^av tov ^App,evLov dWcov t€ ttoXXmv
elarjyrjTTjv koI hthda/caXov avTw yeveaOai XPV^^-
ficovt Kol TTj^i x^P^'^ KaTap,a66vTa tottov €v<f)ve-
(TTaTov /cat TjhKTTOV dpyovvTU KoX irapopoiifievov
a-^V/^^ 7i6Xea)9 ip avro) irpovTroypd^^aadaiy /cal
572
LUCULLUS, XXX. 4-xxxi. 3
their example must be followed in Gordyen6, for
their many achievements entitled them to respite
from toil and freedom from danger.
XXXI. Such speeches, and even worse than these,
coming to the ears of Lucullus, he gave up his
expedition against the Parthians, and marched once
more against Tigranes,^ it being now the height of
summer. And yet, after crossing the Taurus, he
was discouraged to find the plains still covered with
unripe grain, so much later are the seasons there,
owing to the coolness of the atmosphere. However,
he descended from the mountains, routed the Ar-
menians who twice or thrice ventured to attack him,
and then plundered their villages without fear, and,
by taking away the grain which had been stored up
for Tigranes, reduced his enemy to the straits which
he had been fearing for himself. Then he challenged
them to battle by encompassing their camp with
a moat, and by ravaging their territory before their
eyes ; but this did not move them, so often had they
been defeated. He therefore broke camp and
marched against Artaxata, the royal residence of
Tigranes, where were his wives and young children,
thinking that Tigranes would not give these up
without fighting.
It is said that Hannibal the Carthaginian, after
Antiochus had been conquered by the Romans, left
him and went to Artaxas the Aniienian, to whom he
gave many excellent suggestions and instructions.
For instance, observing that a section of the country
which had the greatest natural advantages and
attractions was lying idle and neglected, he drew
up a plan for a city there, and then brought Artaxas
1 G8 B.O.
573
PLUTARCH'S LIVES
rov Aprd^av eTrayayovTa Sel^ac fcal irapop/jLtja-ai
4 irpof} Tov ol/cio-fiov. r}a6evro<i Se rov PaaCKew^
Kol Ser]0evTO<;, otto)? cturo? eTTLaraTrjar] rov epyov,
fieya tl /cat TrdjKaXov ')(pr]fjLa TroXeco? dvaa-rrjvai,
KoX yevofievTjv eTrcovvfiov rov paaiXew<; fiTjTpoiroXcv
diTohei'XJdrivaL rrjf; ^KpiJLevia^.
'Ett^ ravTTjv rov AovkovWov pahi^ovTO<; ovk
rjve(T')(eTO Tiypdvr]^;, dWa rrjv Evvafitv dvaka^oov
rjfiepa Terdprrj irapearpaToiTe^evae rot? *Pa)-
fiaiOt<;, iv fiio-q) Xa^cov rov ^ Kpdaviav iroTajiov,
ov ef dvdyKr]<; Bca^areov rjv to?? 'Vwixaloi^ Tr)v eV
5 ^Apra^drcov Tropevofievot^. 6vaa<; he rot? 6eol<i
AovfCovXKo<;, &>? iv %e/0(7lr ovarjf; Trj(; vlfcrjf;, Bie^i-
/9a fe TOV crrparov iv ScoSeKa (TireipaL<; Trporeray-
lxevaL<^, rat? S' dX\ai<; i7rcT€TayiLLevai<; TTyoo? Ta9
KV/c\co(7€i<; Tcov TToXe/ucov. TToXXol yap rj<Tav
l7nrei<; koI Xoydhe^ avrnrapaTeray/jLevoc, irpo
S' avToJv iTTTTOTO^oraL MapSofc Kal Xoy')(p^6poi,
"\p7]pe<ij ol<; jjudXiara twv ^ivcov 6 Tiypdv7j<;
6 iiricTTevev ft)9 //.axt/iwraTOt?. ov fJL7]v iirpd'^^dr}
Tl XafiTTpov dir avToiiv, fiLKpa Be rot? iTTTrevart
T(OV ^VodjJiaiwv BtaTrXrjKTtordfjbevoi, tou? 7refoi'9
iinovTa^ ou% virefieivav, dXX^ eKaTepcoae Trj<i
<^f7?}? <T')(^b(TdevT€^ i'TreairdaavTo tov^ tTTTret?
7r/?09 T7]v Bioj^tv. d/jLa Be tS> tovtov^; BiaaTraprjvac
TCOV irepX TOV Ttypdvrjv i^HT'jraaap.evcov IBoov ttjv
Xap^TrpoTTfTa kol to irXrjOo^ 6 AovkovXXo<; eBeiore.
1 KaX Tou? p^ev iTTTret? diro Tr}<i Bcco^eco^; dveKaXecTO,
7rp(J0TO<; 8* avTO<; dvTecTTr] tol<; ^ At pOTraTr^vol^ KaT
avTOV oven pcTa tmv dpiGToav, kol irplv eh ^etpa?
iXOelv (po^7](Ta<! eTpeyfraTO, rpccbv S' 6p,ov irapa-
574
LUCULLUS, XXXI 3-7
to the place and showed him its possibiHties^ and
urged him to undertake the building. The king
was delighted, and begged Hannibal to superintend
the work himself, whereupon a very great and
beautiful city arose there, which was named after
the king, and proclaimed the capital of Armenia.
When Lucullus marched against this city, Tigranes
could not suffer it quietly, but put himself at the
head of his forces, and on the fourth day encamped
over against the Romans, keeping the river Arsania
between himself and them, which they must of
necessity cross on their way to Artaxata. There-
upon Lucullus sacrificed to the gods, in full assurance
that the victory was already his, and then crossed
the river with twelve cohorts in the van, and the
rest disposed so as to prevent the enemy from
closing in upon his flanks. For large bodies of
horsemen and picked soldiers confronted him, and
these were covered by Mardian mounted archers
and Iberian lancers, on whom Tigranes relied beyond
any other mercenaries, deeming them the most v/ar-
like. However, they did not shine in action, but
after a slight skirmish with the Roman cavalry, gave
way before the advancing infantry, scattered to right
and left in flight, and drew after them the cavalry in
pursuit. On the dispersion of these troops, Tigranes
rode out at the head of his cavalry, and when
Lucullus saw their splendour and their numbers he
was afraid. He therefore recalled his cavalry from
their pursuit of the flying enemy, and taking the
lead of his troops in person, set upon the Atropateni,
who were stationed opposite him with the magnates
of the king's following, and before coming to close
quarters, sent them off in panic flight. Of three
575
PLUTARCH'S LIVES
rerayfievcov ^aaiXeoDV aX(jyiaTa So/cel <f>vyelv 6
IlovTi/co<; iS/ltOptSdrrjiij ouSe rrjv Kpavyrjv tmv 'Poj-
8 fiaicov dvaa')(6fMevo<;, j€VO/jL€vr]<i Be rr)^ Bi(o^€(0<i
fjLa/cpd<; Kal Bo* oXr;9 vvkto^, ov jjlovov Kreiuovref;
avTOV^, aXka /cat l^wypovvre^ Kal ')(^prjixaTa Kal
\elav dyovT€<; Kal (f)€povT€<; direlTrov ol 'Fcofiacoi,.
<f)r}(Tl Be 6 Acovio^ ev fiev ry irporepa p^dxv
irXeiova^, iv Be ravrrj yva)pi/jL'i)T€pov<; ireaelv Kal
Xrj(j)67]Vai TMV TToXe/JLiCDV.
XXXII. 'Eac tovtov AovkovWo<; jiev iTnjpjjievo^
Kal reOapprjKox; dv(o rrrpodyetv Btevoelro Kal Kara-
arpe^eadai rrjv ^dp^apov ^pa S* lcn]/JL€pLa^
<l)divo7ro)ptvrjf; ovk dv iXTrlcTavri %et/>twi^e9 eVe-
ireaov 0apel<;, rd fiev TrXela-ra KaravL(j>ovTe^,
iv Be ral^ aldpiaL^ 7rd')(yr)v eTTicpipovTef; Kal
irdyov, vcf)* ov "x^aXeirol puev r)<jav ol irora/xol
T0i9 tTTTTOf? TTLveaOai, Bid 'y^rvxpoTrjTO^ VTrep^dXrjV,
'^aXeiraX B^ avrcov at Biafida-eL<; iKprjyvv/jiivov
Tov KpvardWou Kal BiaKoiTTOVTO^ rd vevpa t5)v
2 LTTTTCOV TTJ TpaXVTTjTl, TTj^ Be ^(^Uipa^ rj TToWrf
avvripe<^r]^ ovaa Kal (TTev6iropo<i Kal eXcoBrjf; del
Kadvypavvev avTov<;, %toi/09 dvairLpuTfKap.evov<i ev
Tal<; 6BoL7ropLai,<; Kal KaK(b<; ev tottov^ voT€pol<i 514
vvKrepevovra^, ov 7roWd<i ovv r)fiepa<; dKoXov-
OT^aavref tm AovKovXX(p fierd rrjv pud^V^ i^vav-
TiovvTO, irpcoTov BeopuevoL Kal rov^ %tX,tap;^0L'9
TTpocTTrepLTrovTef;, eiretra Oopv^cooearepov avvKTrd-
fievoi Kal Kard aKTjvd^ vvkto^ dXaXd^ovref;,
oirep elvai Boxel o-vpb^oXov d'Troa-raTiKM^; i'x^ovo-rj^
3 (TTpaTcd<i. Kairoi rroXXd irpoaeXiirdpei AovkovX-
Xo9 d^L&v avToif^ puKpodvpuiav ipb^aXeaOai Tai<;
LUCULLUS, XXXI. 7 xxxii 3
kings who together confronted the Romans, Mithri-
dates of Pontus seems to have fled most disgrace-
fully, for he could not endure even their shouting.
The pursuit was long and lasted through the whole
night, and the Romans were worn out, not only with
killing their enemies, but also with taking prisoners
and getting all sorts of booty. Livy says that in the
former battle a greater number of the enemy, but
in this more men of high station were slain and
taken prisoners.
XXXII. Elated and emboldened by this victory,
Lucullus purposed to advance further into the interior
and subdue the Barbarian realm utterly. But, con-
trary to what might have been expected at the time
of the autumnal equinox, severe winter weather was
encountered, which generally covered the ground
with snow, and even when the sky was clear pro-
duced hoar frost and ice, owing to which the horses
could not well drink of the rivers, so excessive was
the cold, nor could they easily cross them, since the
ice broke, and cut the horses' sinews with its jagged
edges. Most of the country was thickly shaded,
full of narrow defiles, and marshy, so that it kept
the soldiers continually wet; they were covered with
snow while they marched, and spent the nights
uncomfortably in damp places. Accordingly, they
had not followed Lucullus for many days after the
battle when they began to object. At first they sent
their tribunes to him with entreaties to desist, then
they held more tumultuous assemblies, and shouted
in their tents at night, which seems to have been
characteristic of a mutinous army. And yet I^u-
cullus plied them with entreaties, calling upon them
to possess their souls in patience until they had
577
PLUTARCH'S LIVES
yjrvXf^'^^y «%/0t ov rrjv iv ^Ap/jL€VLOi<; Kapxv^ova
Xa^6vT€<; ai/5/009 exOlcrTOVj tov ^AvvilBav Xeycov,
epyov dvaTpeyjrcoaiv. d)<; B* ovk eiretdev, dirrjyev
avToif^ oTTLO-co Kol Kar aXXa? V7rep^o\d<; BceXOobv
TOP Tavpov et9 ttjv Xeyo/jLevrjv MvySoviKi]v Kare-
fiaipe, %ft>/3ai^ irdfju^opov fial dXeeivriv koI ttoXlv
iv avTjj fieydXrjv icaX TroXvdvO pcoirov e^ovaav,
fjv oi fi€V fidpjSapoc Nicn^iv, ol 8* "EXXr)ve^
4 'Ai/Tto%€tai^ M.vyBoviKr]v irpoar^yopevov. ravrrjv
elx^v d^KOfiari, fiev a8€X(/)09 Tiypdvov Tovpa<;,
iiMTreipia Bk kclI Becvorrjri firjxavcKrj KaXXi/xaxo<;
6 KoX Trepl ^A/JLicrbv irXelara Trpdypxna Aov-
KOvXXcp TrapacTxo^P' ^aXofievof; Be a-rparoireBov
KoX rrrdaav IBeav TroXiopKLa^ iirayaycbv 6Xiy(p
5 XP^^^ Kara Kpdro<; Xapb^dvev rrjv ttoXlv. koX
Tov pa fiev eavrov iyx^i'p^cravrc (fjiXavOpcoTrco^;
iXPW^'^o* ^aXXifidx^p S' VTno-xvovfiivfp OrjKa^
diropprjTOV^ pi^eydXtov xPVJ^^t^^ dvaKaXv-sjretv ov
irpoaeax^v, dXX ixiXevaev iv ireBai^; Kop^i^eadai
BiKT^v v^e^ovra tov 7ru/?o9, o5 tt^v * Ap,i(Trjv(ov
BcaXvp,r]vdp,€vo<; iroXiv a^eiXeTO (f)iXoTipLiav avTov
Kol XPV<^'roTrjTO<; iiriBei^tv irpo'; Tovf; "EXXr]va<;.
XXXIII. Mexpi' TovBe (pairj rt? dv AovkovXXoj
TTjv TVXW €7rop,€vr}v crvo-TpaTTjyelv. evT€v6ev
B' Mairep 7rvevp,aT0<^ iinXLirovrofi 7rpocr^ia^6p.6vo<;
irdvTa KOL TravTdrraaiv dvTiKpovtav dpeTrjv p,ev
iireBeUvvTO koX pa/cpoOvp^lav rjyefxovo^ dyaOov,
Bo^av Be Kol x^P^^ ovBepbiav at 7r/?afet9 eaxov,
dXXd Kol TTjv TTpovTrdpxovaav iyyijf; ^X0e Bvd-
Trpayayv kol Bia(p€p6p,€vo<; p^dTrjv dirol^aXelv.
2 tS)v S' aLTtcov avTO'^ ovxl Trjv iXaxicrTr)v €i<;
TovTO Trapeax^v, ovk cjv OepairevTiico'^ 7rXrj6ov<;
578
I
LUCULLUS, xxxii. 3-XXX111. 2
taken and destroyed the Armenian Carthage, the
work of their most hated foe, meaning Hannibal.
But since he could not persuade them, he led them
back, and crossing the Taurus by another pass, de-
scended into the country called Mygdonia, which is
fertile and open to the sun, and contains a large and
populous city, called Nisibis by the Barbarians,
Antioch in Mygdonia by the Greeks. The nominal
defender of this city, by virtue of his rank, was
Gouras, a brother of Tigranes ; but its actual de-
fender, by virtue of his experience and skill as an
engineer, was Callimachus, the man who gave
Lucullus most trouble at Amisus also. But I.ucullus
established his camp before it, laid siege to it in
every way, and in a short time took the city by
storm. To Gouras, who surrendered himself into
his hands, he gave kind treatment; but to Calli-
machus, who promised to reveal secret stores of great
treasure, he would not hearken. Instead, he ordered
him to be brought in chains, that he might be
punished for destroying Amisus by fire, and thereby
robbing Lucullus of the object of his ambition,
which was to show kindness to the Greeks.
XXXIII. Up to this point, one might say that
fortune had followed Lucullus and fought on his
side ; but from now on, as though a favouring breeze
had failed him, he had to force every issue, and met
with obstacles everywhere. He still displayed the
bravery and patience of a good leader, but his
undertakings brought him no new fame or favour;
indeed, so ill-starred and devious was his course, that
he came near losing that which he had already won.
And he himself was not least to blame for this. He
was not disposed to court the favour of the common
579
PLUTARCH'S LIVES
(TTpaTLcoriKOv, fcal ttclv to tt/oo? r)8ovr)v rov
apxofJ'evov yivofxevov ap%^9 arc/iiav /cal KaraXvcnv
r)yov/jL6vo<;' ro Be fjueyiarov, ovSe rot's Svvarol^ koI
i(TOTLjJLOL<; €vdpfjLO(rro<; elvai TreipVKOx;, aWa irdv-
Tcov Kara^povcjv /cal fjLrjBevof; d^Lov<; tt/oo? avrov
3 r)yovjii€vo<i. ravra yap virdp^ai AovkovWo) KaKa
\eyovaiv iv iracn rot? dWoi<; dyaOo2<;' Kal yap
fieya<; Kal Ka\o<; Kal Secvo^; elirelv Kal (f>p6vL/JL0<i
6fia\(h<; ev dyopa Kal (TrpaTOTreBa) Eo/cel yeveaOai.
2aXoucrTi09 fxev ovv (prjcri %aXe7raJ9 BiareOrjvaL
Tov? (TTpaTid)ra<^ Trpo^; avrov evOv^ iv dp)(^fj rod
TToXifiov TTpo? Kuft/fft) Kal irdXiv 7rpo<i *A/jll<j^,
Bvo %6t//.wi^a9 If ^9 iv ')(dpaKL Bcayayetv dvayKa-
4 oOevraf;. '^vicov S' avrov<i Kal ol Xoiirol x^ificjvefi.
'q yap iv tt) irdXejiia Stex^i^p^^ov rj irapd roL<i
(rv/jL/jLdxoi<; viratdpoi aK7]vovvr6<;, eh Be ttoXlv
^RWrjvuBa Kal ^iKrjv ovS* dira^ elarjXOe puera
arparoiriBov AovkovWo<;. ovro) Be BiaKeip^evoi^ J
avrolq Ta9 p^eyiaraf; iveBcoKav aTro t^9 'PoS/a?^9 ol 1
B7]p.aycoyol 7rpo(j)d(Tei<;, <f>96va> rod AovkovXXov
Karr)yopovvr€<; 0)9 vtto ^iXapxjicL'i Kal i^iXoirXoV'
riaf; 6X/covro<; rov rroXep.ov Kal fiovovov Kari-
^ovTOf; iv ravra> KcXtKLav, ^Aalav, l^iOvviav,
lla^XayoviaVt TaXariav, UovroVf ^Apfieviav, r^
fie^pi' ^daLBo<i, vvvl Be Kal ra Tcypdvov ^acriXeia
ireiropOriKoro^ii axnrep eKBva-ai rov<; /3acnXei<;, ov
5 KaraTToXep^rjaaL TTep,(^6evrofi. rovro yap elirelv
<f>a(nv eva rcov arrpartjy&v AevKcov Koivrov, v(j)*
ov pbaXtcrra rreiaOevre^; e-yjryj^LO-avro rrep^ireiv
BiaBo^pvi T(p AovKovXXo) rrj^ iirapxt^a^i. i^jr7}(j)i-
aavro Be Kal rwv vir* avro) arparevop^evcov rroX- 515
Xot'9 dcpelaOai. crpareia^*
580
LUCULLUS, xxxiii. 2-5
soldier, and thought that everything that was done
to please one's command only dishonoured and under-
mined one's authority. Worst of all, not even with
men of power and of equal rank with himself could
he readily co-operate ; he despised them all, and
thought them of no account as compared with him-
self. These bad qualities Lucullus is said to have
had, but no more than these. He was tall and
handsome, a powerful speaker, and equally able in
the forum and the field.
Well, then, Sallust says that his soldiers were ill-
disposed towards him at the very beginning of the
war, before Cyzicus, and again before Amisus, because
they were compelled to spend two successive winters
in camp. The winters that followed also vexed
them. They spent them either in the enemy's
country, or among the allies, encamped under the
open sky. Not once did Lucullus take his army
into a city that was Greek and friendly. In their
disaffection, they received the greatest support from
the popular leaders at Rome. These envied Lucullus
and denounced him for protracting the war through
love of power and love of wealth. They said he all
but had in his own sole power Cilicia, Asia, Bithynia,
Paphlagonia, Galatia, Pontus, Armenia, and the
regions extending to the Phasis, and that now he
had actually plundered the palaces of Tigranes, as if
he had been sent, not to subdue the kings, but to strip
them. These were the words, they say, of Lucius
Quintus, one of the praetors, to whom most of all the
people listened when they passed a vote to send men
who should succeed Lucullus in the command of his
province. They voted also that many of the soldiers
under him should be released from military service.
581
PLUTARCH'S LIVES
XXXIV. TovTOi^ Se Tr}\iKovTOi<i ovac Trpoayi-
verav to fxaXiara KovkovXKw Sieipyaa/juevov Ta<;
TTpd^ei^;, IIoTrXto? KXtwSto?, avrjp v^pLa-Tr]<; koX
fiearbf; 6\tycopLa<; airdcrr]^ koI dpaavTrjro^. rjv he
TTJf; AovKovWov yvvaiKo<; dSeX^o^, fjv koI Bia-
(pdetpetv e(T')(ev alriav aKoXaarordrr^v ovaav.
2 Tore Be tg) AovkovXXq) auarpareucov ov^ oarjf;
avTov rj^Lov rifirj^; ervy^avev r)^LOV Be tt/jwto?
elvat, fcal ttoWcov d7ro\€i7r6/jL€vo<; Bta top rpoirov
viroLKovpeu rr]v ^c/ju^pcavrju aTparidv Kal irapco-
^vve Kara tov AoukovWov, \6yov<; 'X^pr]aTOv<; €i9
ovK aKOvra^ ovB^ drj6ei<; tov BrjixaycoyelaOai
BiaBiBov<;. ovTOL yap rjaav, oi>9 Kal irpoTepov
dveireiae ^tpLffpLa<; diTOKTeivavTaf; tov viraTOv
3 ^XdKKOv avTOV eXeaOai cTTpaTr^yov. Blo kol tov
K.X(i)Btov r)Be(o<i iBe^ovTO kuI (f>iXoaTpaTi,d>Tr)v
TTpoarjyopevov, dyavaKTelv irpoairoiovpievov virep
avTcbVt el 7repa<; ovBev eaTai iroXefKov to<tovt(ov
KOL irbvwvy dXKa iravTi /nev edvet fj,a)(^6/jLevoL,
irdaav Be yrjv irXavco/jLevot KaTaTpi'^^ovav tov fiiov
ovBev d^iov e/c TrjXLKavTr}<! ^epofievoi, aTparelaf;,
dXXa Ta9 AovkovXXov 7rapa7refjL7rovTe<; d/id^a<i
Kal KajjLrjXovi eKTrco/jidTcov "xpyacav Kal BiaXiOaov
4 ye/jL0V(ra<i, ol Be Hofnrrjtov aTpaTicoTat Brj/jL0<;
6vT€<; i]Brj TTOv fierd yvvaiK&v Kal TeKvcov KdOrjvTai
yrjv evBat/JLova Kal 7r6Xei<; e^ovTef;, ov MiOpcBdTrjv
Kal Tiypdvrjv €t9 Ta9 doLKi]Tov(i ifipaXovTe^i eprj-
IJLia<;, ovBe t^9 'Acrta9 tcl ^aaLXeia KaTappLyjravTe<i,
dXXcL (f>vydaLV dv6 pd>irot,^ iv ^I^ijpla Kal Bpaire-
582
LUCULLUS, xxxiv. 1-4
XXX IV. To these factors in the case, so un-
favourable in themselves, there was added another,
which most of all vitiated the undertakings of
l^ucullus. This was Publius Clodius, a man of wanton
violence, and full of all arrogance and boldness. He
was a brother of the wife of Lucullus, a woman of
the most dissolute ways, whom he was actually
accused of debauching. At this time he was in
service with Lucullus, and did not get all the honour
which he thought his due. He thought a foremost
place his due, and when many were preferred before
him because of his evil character, he worked secretly
upon the soldiers who had been commanded by
Fimbria, and tried to incite them against Lucullus,
disseminating among them speeches well adapted to
men who were neither unwilling nor unaccustomed
to have their favour courted. These were the men
whom Fimbria had once persuaded to kill the consul
Flaccus, and choose himself for their general. They
therefore gladly listened to Clodius also, and called
him the soldier's friend. For he pretended to be
incensed in their behalf, if there was to be no end of
their countless wars and toils, but they were rather
to wear out their lives in fighting with every nation
and wandering over every land, receiving no suitable
reward for such service, but convoying the waggons
and camels of Lucullus laden with golden beakers
set with precious stones, while the soldiers of
Pompey, citizens now, were snugly ensconced with
wives and children in the possession of fertile lands
and prosperous cities, — not for having driven Mithri-
dates and Tigranes into uninhabitable deserts, nor
for having demolished the royal palaces of Asia, but
for having fought with wretched exiles in Spain and
583
PLUTARCH'S LIVES
rai^ iv iToKia TroXefirjaavTeq. " Tt ovv, el Zel
fi7]Be7rore TravaaaOai CTTparevofievovf;, ov)(l tolov-
Tft) o-Tparrjry^ koX (rco/Mara ra Xocira koI -^v^a^
<pv\dcr (TO /ji€V, to KaXXi(rTO<i elvai SoKel Kocrfio^ 6
TMV <7TpaT€VO/ievcov 7r\ovTo<; ; "
5 Totavrai? alriat^ ro AovkovXXov arpdrevfia
Bia(j)6apev ovt iirl TLypdvrfv '^KoXovOrjaev ovr
eirl McdpiSdrrjv avOi^ ef ^Apfievia^ ek Hoptov
ifjL^aXovTa koI ttjv ctpxh^ dvaXafjbjSdvovra, irpo-
<^a(TLV he Tov ')(ei[xoiva iroLovfjievoi irepl rr^v
TopBurjvrjv hieTpLj^ov, oaov ovttco JJopLTTTJiov i]
Tiv dXXov Tciiv rjyeiJLovwv AovKOvXX(p htdho^ov
d^i^eaOai TrpoorZoKMvrefi.
XXXY. 'E-TTel he MiepLBdrrjii rjyyeXro ^dficov
vevLKr]Ka)<; eVt 'Zcopvdriov koI Tpidpcov /SaSi^etv,
alax^v^ ^v'T^'i eiirovTO t& AovkovXXo). TptdpLo<}
8* ft)9 erotfJLOv dpirdaai to viKr]fia, irplv eireXOelv
AovkovXXov iyyv^ ovra, ^tXoTLfiov/jLevo^; rirrdrai
I^^XV /^^y^Xrj, Xeyovrav yap virep €7rTaKia')(^iXlov<;
'VwfjLaiodv dirodavelv, iv ot? eKarovrap^oL fiev
cKarop irevTi^KOVTa, ')(^iXLap')(pi 5* elKocn kol
reaaape^;' ro Be (nparoirehov elXe M.cOpi,Bdr7}(;.
2 iireXdcov Be AovkovXXov; oXiyaif; varepov '^fiepac^i
TptdpLOV p.ev iiTTo rcov arparicoTcop ^r^rovfievov
irpo^ opyrjv i^eKXeyjre, MtOpcBdrov Be fir) 6eXovTO<;
fid^eaOaCy dXXd Tiypdvrjv irepifievovTOfi rjBr]
KarafiaivovTa fierd ttoXXt)? Bvvdfxeay^;^ eyvco irplv
dp,(j>OTepov^ (TVveXOelv irdXiv diravrrjaai koI Bia-
3 ywvio-acrOat irpo^ tov Ttypdvrjv. iropevofievco B^
avTU) KaO* oBov ol ^ifi^piavoX <TTa(ndaavTe<i
dTreXiirov Ta9 Ta^ea, co? d(j)ec/jLevoL Boy/nan t^9
584
LUCULLUS, XXXIV. 5-xxxv. 3
runaway slaves in Italy. "Why, then/* he would
cry, " if our campaigns are never to come to an end,
do we not reserve what is left of our bodies, and our
lives, for a general in whose eyes the wealth of his
soldiers is his fairest honour? "
For such reasons as these the army of Lucullus
was demoralised, and refused to follow him either
against Tigranes, or against Mithridates, who had
come back into Pontus from Armenia, and was
trying to restore his power there. They made the
winter their excuse for lingering in Gordyen^,
expecting every moment that Pompey, or some
other commander, would be sent out to succeed
Lucullus.
XXXV. But when tidings came that Mithridates
liad defeated Fabius,^ and was on the march against
Sornatius and Triarius, they were struck with shame
and followed Lucullus. But Triarius, who was
ambitious to snatch the victory, which he thought
assured, before Lucullus, who was near, should come
up, was defeated in a great battle. It is said that
over seven thousand Romans fell, among whom were
a hundred and fifty centurions, and twenty-four
tribunes ; and their camp was captured by Mithridates.
But Lucullus, coming up a few days afterward, hid
Triarius from the search of his infuriated soldiers.
Then, since Mithridates was unwilling to give fight,
but lay waiting for Tigranes, who was coming down
with a large force, he determined to anticipate the
junction of their armies, and march back to meet
Tigranes in battle. But while he was on the way
thither, the Fimbrian soldiers mutinied and left their
ranks, declaring that they were discharged from
1 67 B.a
585
PLUTARCH'S LIVES
arpareia^; koX firjKert t& AovkovWo) TrpoarJKOv
ap')(^eLV, erepoLf; aTroBe^ecyp^ivcov rwv i7rap)(^i(ov.
ovBh ovv iarcv o rt tcov Trap* a^iav 6 AovKOvX\,o<i
ovx vTrep^LveVy avTi^okcav Kad' eva koX Kara
aKTjva^ 7repu(t)V raireivb'; koI hehaKpvp,evo^y eari
4 S' a)v KoX ')(€Lpo<i ^ dTTTO/jLevo^i. ol 8* airerpi^ovTO
Ta<i B6^L(oa€C<; Koi Keva irpoaepplirTovv ^aXdvria,
KoX iJLovov fidx^crdac rot? iroXep.loi^ i/ciXevov,
d<j)* oiv /ii6vo<; rjiria-Taro TrXovreXv, ov fxrjv dXKa
T(ov dWcov (rrparicoTcov Beo/nivcov €K^ca(r6evT€<;
ol ^ifJbPpiavol a-vveOevTO Trapafiecvat to 6epo<;' 516
edv Se /i-^Sel? iv r^ XP^^V TOVT(p Karirj tt^o?
avTov^ dycovcovp>6VO<;, dTrrjWd^daL. ravT ehei
(TT€py€CV 6^ dvdyKr)<; tov AovkovWov, t] irpoecrOaL
5 rot? Pappdpoi<i rrjv ^(^copav diroXeK^OevTa. avvel-
%ez/ ovv avTOv<; ov/ciro 7rpoal3ta^6p.€Vo^ ovBe
TTpodycov 7r/0O9 fidxv^> aXA,' el irapaixevoiev
dyaiTOiVj koI irepLopo)v iropdovp^ivrjv viro tov
Toypdvov Tr}v KaTTTraBoKLav fcal irdXiv v^pi^ovTa
'M.iOpiBdTTjv, ov avTo<; iirea-TdXKGL ttj avyKXrjTW
ypd(f)Q)v fcaTaTr€7roX€p,7](r6ac' kuI ol irpea^ei^i
Traprjaav uvtm irpo^; ttjv BudOeaiv T(t)v iv TIovt^
6 TTpayp^dTCDV, o)? Brj /36/3«xa)9 ixofievcov. koX Bt)
iTap6vTe<; icopcov ovB* avTov /cvpcov, dXXd irapoi-
vovp^evov Koi TrpoirrjXaKL^op.evov viro tcjv aTpaTico-
Tcov, oh ye toctovto Treptrjv ti)^ eh tov aTpaT7jyov
daeXyeca^, wcrre tov depov<; XijyovTO^ evBvvTe^
586
I
«
LUCULLUS, XXXV. 3-6
service by decree of the people, and that Lucullus
no longer had the right to command them, since the
provinces had been assigned to others. Accordingly,
there was no expedient, however much beneath his
dignity, to which Lucullus did not force himself to
resort, — entreating the soldiers man by man, going
about from tent to tent in humility and tears, and
actually taking some of the men by the hand in sup-
plication. But they rejected his advances, and threw
their empty purses down before him, bidding him
fight the enemy alone, since he alone knew how to
get rich from thera. However, at the request of the
other soldiers, the Fimbrians were constrained to
agree to remain during the summer ; but if, in the
meantime, no enemy should come down to fight
them, they were to be dismissed. Lucullus was
obliged to content himself with these terms, or else
to be deserted and give up the country to the
Barbarians. He therefore simply held his soldiers
together, without forcing them any more, or leading
them out to battle. Their remaining with him was
all he could expect, and he looked on helplessly
while Tigranes ravaged Cappadocia and Mithridates
resumed his insolent ways, — a monarch whom he had
reported by letter to the Senate as completely sub-
dued. Besides, the commissioners were now with
him, who had been sent out to regulate the affairs of
Pontus, on the supposition that it was a secure Roman
possession. And lo, when they came, they saw that
Lucullus was not even his own master, but was
mocked and insulted by his soldiers. These went so
far in their outrageous treatment of their general,
that, at the close of the summer, they donned their
S87
PLUTARCH'S LIVES
ra oirXa kov aTracrdfievoi ra? fia)(ai,pa<; irpoeKa-
XovvTO T0U9 firjBa/iiov Trapovra^, aXX airrjpKora'^
rj^ 7ro\€/jLLov<;. aXaXd^avre^ Se koX GKiaixa')(7]-
(TavTe<; d7rex(>^pV^^^ ^f^ "^o^ %apaA:o9, eirifiaprv-
pdfievoL TreTrXrjpcbaOat rov %povov, ov atfioXo'yTjaav
Tw AovfCovWrp irapajjieveiv.
7 Tou? S' dWov<i eKoXeo Bia ypaf-i/judrcov Uo/jLiry-
109' rjh-q yap aTToSiSeiKTO rov Trpo? Mi6pcBdTr)v
Kol Ttypdvrjv iroXifMov arparyjyo^; -^dptrt rod
hrjfiov KoX KoXaKeia t&v Srj/naycoycov, iirel rrj ye
ffovXfj /cat TOfc? dpLaroi<i d8t,Ka Trdo-'^ecv iSo/cec
AovKovWo^ ov TToXe/jLOV Bi,aS6)(^ov<;, dWd Opidjx-
pov Xafx^dvcov, ovSe r^? (Trparrjyia'; dvayKa^o-
/jL€P0<;, dWa tcov irrdOXcov r?}? (TTparrjyla^ i^l-
(TTaaOai kol Trapaxropelv ere/^ot?.
XXXVI. "Ert he fxaWov ecpdvr) ro yivofievov
TOt? eKel irapovcri vefiearjrov. ovre yap riarj^; 6
AovKovWo^ ovre rificopia'^ rcov iv TroXefxw Kvpio^
virripxev, ovK eta tlvcl TiofjbiTrjLo<; /SaSi^eiv Trpo?
avTov ovBe Trpoaex^cv oh eKelvo<; eypacj^e xal
Bievefie fJierd rcov heKa irpeaf^ecov, dXhJ e/ccoXvev
CKTideU BtaypdfjbiMaTa Kal (jyo^epo^; irapoiv dirb
2 fiei^ovo^ Bwdfiecof;. o/xax; Be eBo^e roU (f)iXoL<;
(Tvvayayelv avTov^' Kal avvrjXOov iv Kcofjurj nvl
rrj(; TaXaria^ Kal TTpocrelirov dXXTJXov; cj)iXo(f)p6-
VC09 Kal GVvrjdOiiaav eirl toc<; Karo)p9cop,evoi<;
eKarepo), Trpeafivrepo^; fjuev wv 6 AovkovXXo^,
d^icd/xa B' rjv to HojuTTTjiov fiel^ov diro irXeiovwv
(TTpa7y]yL(iiV Kal Bveiv dptdfi^cov. pd^Boi S'
588
\
LUCULLUS, XXXV. 6-xxxvi. 2
amiour, drew their swords, and challenged to battle
an enemy who was nowhere near, but had already
withdrawn. Then they shouted their war cries,
brandished their weapons in the air, and departed
from the camp, calling men to witness that the time
had expired during which they had agreed to remain
with LucuUus.
The rest of the soldiers Pompey summoned by
letter, for he had already been appointed to conduct
the war against Mithridates and Tigranes,^ because
he won the favour of the people and flattered their
leaders. But the Senate and the nobility considered
Lucullus a wronged man. He had been superseded,
they said, not in a war, but in a triumph, and had
been forced to relinquish and turn over to others,
not his campaign, but the prizes of victory in his
campaign.
XXXVI. But to those who were on the spot, what
happened there seemed still greater matter for wrath
and indignation. For Lucullus was not allowed to
bestow rewards or punishments for what had been
done in the war, nor would Pompey even suffer any
one to visit him, or to pay any heed to the edicts
and regulations which he made in concert with the
ten commissioners, but prevented it by issuing
counter-edicts, and by the terror which his presence
with a larger force inspired. Nevertheless, their
friends decided to bring the two men together, and
so they met in a certain village of Galatia. They
greeted one another amicably, and each congratulated
the other on his victories. Lucullus was the elder
man, but Pompey's prestige was the greater, because
he had conducted more campaigns, and celebrated
» 6G B.C.
589
PLUTARCH'S LIVES
afKJyoTipayv TrporjyovvTO Ba(f)V7)(f)6poi Bia t^9 vCfca<;,
3 fcal Tov y€ Uofjuirrjiov fia/cpav oSov Bia roircov
avvSpcov /cat avxP'VP^^ oheixravTO^; Ta<; Sd<f)va<;
^rjpa<; TrepiKeifievaf; rat? pd^Botf; iB6vr€<i ol
TOV AOVKOVWOV paffSoCpOpOl (f>lXO(j)pOVOV/jL€VO0
TOL<; eKeivov fjueriBcoKav ck tmv ISlcov, irpoa-
(fxiTovf; Kol 0a\€pa9 e^oi^re?. koI to jivo/jievov
et9 olcovov irlOevTO ')(^p7]aT0V ol Uo/jLirrjtov (puXor
Tft) yap ovTi rrjv eKeivov aTpari^yiav at rovrov
4 7rpd^ei<; eKoafirjaav. eK Be rcav Xoycov tt/^o? ovSev
eTTLeiKe^; crvve^rjo-av, aXX' en /jloXXov dWorptcO'
OevT€<; 7r/309 dX\'^\ov<; dirrjkOov' Kal ra? vtto tox
AovKovWov yevojieva^ Buard^eL^i rjKvpwaev
TLopnTrjio^, (TTpandiTaq Be tou9 dWov<; dirayayoav
p,bvov<i avT(p ')(^L\iov<; e^aKoa-iov; direkiire avv-
dpta/jL^eva-ovra^, ovBe rovrovf; jidXa TrpoOvfico^
5 eTrofxevov^, ovtco ti<; rjv d(j)vr)<; rj Bvo'tvxv'^ 6
AovKovWo<; 7r/309 to irdvrcov ev rjye/jiovLa TrpMTov
Kal fjLeyicrrov' co9, el tovto p-erd rcov dWcov
virrjp^ev avrw, rrjXcKovTWV ovrcov Kal toctovtcov,
p>eT dvBpeia<^, eirifxeXeia^, o-vviaeax;, BiKaio(Tvvr}<;,
ovK av el'X^ev rj 'Fco/naLcov rjyepovia tov Rv(l)pdT')]v
6 T779 'Aaw opov, dWd tcl eaxara Kal tyjv "TpKa- 517
viav OdXaTTav, tmv fiev d\\a>v eOvcov Tiypdvrj
7rpor}TT7)p.ev(ov, ttj^; Be Ildp6cov Bwd/jueco^; ov^ oarj
KaTCL K.pdaaov i^ecfidvT) ToaavTr)<; Kal kutcl Aov-
KOvWov ova-Tjf; ovB^ 6p,oi(o^ avveaTcoar^^y aXX' vir
€p,cj)vXicov Kal TrpoaoLKcov iroXep^wv ovB^ 'AppevLov;
ij^pL^0VTa<; €ppo)p.evrj<; dpvvecrOai.
Nvv Bi P'Oi BoKel AovKovWo^ cov oxpeXrja-e Bi
avTOV TTjv TTdTpiBa ^Xdyjrac fieu^ova Bl* erepcovm
590
LUCULLUS, xxxvi. 2-6
two triumphs. Fasces wreathed with laurel were
carried before both commanders in token of their
victories, and since Pompey had made a long march
through waterless and arid regions, the laurel which
wreathed his fasces was withered. When the lictors
of Lucullus noticed this, they considerately gave
Pompey's lictors some of their own laurel, which was
fresh and green. This circumstance was interpreted
as a good omen by the friends of Pompey ; for, in
fact, the exploits of Lucullus did adorn the command
of Pompey. However, their conference resulted in
no equitable agreement, but they left it still more
estranged from one another. Pompey also annulled
the ordinances of Lucullus, and took away all but
sixteen hundred of his soldiers. These he left to
share his triumph, but even these did not follow him
very cheerfully. To such a marvellous degree was
Lucullus either unqualified or unfortunate as regards
the first and highest of all requisites in a leader.
Had this power of gaining the affection of his soldiers
been added to his other gifts, which were so many
and so great, — courage, diligence, wisdom, and justice,
— the Roman empire would not have been bounded
by the Euphrates, but by the outer confines of Asia,
and the Hyrcanian sea ; for all the other nations had
already been subdued by Tigranes, and in the time
of Lucullus the Parthian power was not so great as
it proved to be in the time of Crassus, nor was it so
well united, nay rather, owing to intestine and
neighbouring wars, it had not even strength enough
to repel the wanton attacks of the Armenians.
Now my own opinion is that the harm Lucullus did
his country through his influence upon others, was
greater than the good he did her himself. For his
591
PLUTARCH'S LIVES
7 rh ^hp iv ^Apfievla rpoiraia TIdpOcov wXrjo'iov
ecrrcoTa Koi TiypavoKepra koX l>iL(Ti,l3i^ kol ttXov-
Tos €K TOVTCOV 7ro\if<; et? 'Pcofirjv KOfjuaOei^; xal to
Tijpdvov BidBrjfjLa irofiirevOev alx/^dXcorov eirrjpe
Kpdo-<Tov €7rl T^z/ *A(Tiav, co? Xd^vpa Kal 'Keiav
Toi)^ ^apl3dpov<?, aWo S' ovSev ovra^. ra^v
fxevTOi T0i9 Udpdcov TO^ev/juaa-tv ivTV^cov aTriSet^e
TOV AOVKOVWOV OVK d(j)pO(7VV7) Kol flokaKLa TCOV
7ro\6/ueov, avrov Be roXfirj Kal BetvorrjTi irepiyevo-
fievov. dWa ravra fxev varepov.
XXXVIL 'O Be AovKovWo<; dvajSct^ ct?
'V(i)fjir]v TTpcoTov fiev KareXaffe rov dBeXcpov
^IdpKov viro Vatov Me/z/^tof Karijyopov/xevov e^'
ot? eirpa^e rafiievayv %vWa irpocnd^avTo';.
eKeivov 5' d7ro(j)vy6vTO<; cttI tovtov avrov 6
Mi/jL/jLto^ fjberapa\6pbevo<; irapw^vve rov Brjfiov, Kal
ft)9 iroXKa vevo(T(f)Lcr [xevcp Kal jxrjKvvavTL top TroXe-
2 fiov eTreiaev avro) firj Bovvai ^piafi^ov. eXOovro^
8' et9 dywva rov AovkovWov jxeyav ol irpcoroi
Kal Bwarcorarot, Kara[JLi^avTe<; iavrov^; rah
(pvXaX^ TroXkfj Berjaei, Kal aTrovBrj fi6\i,<; eireiaav
TOV BrjfJLov iirLTpi'^at Opia/ii^evaat, o^%, coairep
evLOiy fiijKei T€ 7ro/jb7rfj<; Kal nrXrjOeL twv ko/jll-
^ofievcov eKirXrjKTiKbv Kal oxXcaBrj Optafi^ov,
dXXd tol<; fiev oirXotf; twv iroXefJuicov oven iraji-
TToXkoL^ Kal TOL<; fiaaiXiKol^ pb'Y]yavr)yia(Ti tov
^XapLveiov liriroBpoixov BieKoa-pirjcre' Kal Oea ti<;
3 rjv avTT} Ka0* eavrrjv ovk evKara(f)p6vriT0^* iv Be
592
LUCULLUS, XXXVI. 7-xxxvii. 3
trophies in Armenia, standing on the borders ot
Parthia, and Tigranocerta, and Nisibis, and the vast
wealth brought to Rome from these cities, and the
display in his triumph of the captured diadem of
Tigranes, incited Crassus to his attack upon Asia ;
he thought that the Barbarians were spoil and booty,
and nothing else. It was not long, however, before
he encountered the Parthian arrows, and proved
that LucuUus had won his victories, not through
the folly and cowardice of his enemies, but through
his own daring and ability. This, however, is later
history.
XXXVII. Now when Lucullus had returned to
Rome, he found, in the first place, that his brother
Marcus was under prosecution by Gaius Memmius
for his acts as quaestor under the administration of
Sulla. Marcus, indeed, was acquitted, but Memmius
then turned his attack upon Lucullus, and strove
to excite the people against him. He charged him
with diverting much property to his own uses, and
with needlessly protracting the war, and finally
persuaded the people not to grant him a triumph.
Lucullus strove mightily against this decision, and
the foremost and most influential men mingled with
the tribes, and by much entreaty and exertion at
last persuaded the people to allow him to celebrate
a triumph ; ^ not, however, like some, a triumph which
was startling and tumultuous from the length of the
procession and the multitude of objects displayed.
Instead, he decorated the circus of Flaminius with
the arms of the enemy, which were very numerous,
and with the royal engines of war ; and this was a
great spectacle in itself, and far from contemptible.
1 66 B.O.
593
PLUTARCH'S LIVES
T§ TTOfiTrfj TMV TC KaTa(j)pdKT(ov linreayv oXiyoi
zeal TMv ^peiravTj^opwv dpfjidrcov BeKa iraprfkOov,
i^^Kovra Se (piXoc koI (TTparrjyol tcov jSaa-iXiK&v,
fiaKpal Be ')(a\KeiJL^o\oL vrje^ eKarov koI Bexa dfia
7rap€K0jj,ladrj(Tav, avrov re M-iOpcBdrou 'x^pvaeo^
i^drrrovg KoXoaao^i, Koi Ovpeo^ Tt9 BtdXidofiy koI
(f>op7]/LLaTa eiKoa-L fiev dpyvpcjv cTKevcov, 'X^pvacov 8*
€K7rcofidTO)v Kol ottXcov Kol voiiii(T/jLaro<; Bvo koi
Tptdfcovra. ravra fikv ovv avBpe<; TrapeKo/ii^ov
rjfiLovoi 8' OKTO) KXiva<i %/3UO"a9 €(^epoVy ef Be kol
irevr7]K0VTa Kexf^vev/juevov dpyupiov, dXXoL B'
eKarov eirrd vofii(T/jLaTO<; dpyvpov, fiiKpq> rivt,
Beov(ra<; e^BojjLTjKovTa koI BtaKoata<; fjLvpidBa<i.
ev Be BeXroi^ dvaypa^al tcov tjBi] BeBofievcov XPV~
fjidrcov VTT avTov llo/jL'irr]ta) 7rpb<; rov TreipariKov
iroXejjLOv kol tol<; eirl rod Brj/jLoaiov raf^eLov, koX
^ft)/)t9 OTL (TTpaTi(OTr}<; €KaaTO<; ivaKoaia^ koI
irevTViKOVTa Bpa'X,/^d<; eXa^ev. eirl tovtol^ rrjv re
ttoXlv elarlaa-e Xa/jL7rpco<; kol Td<; iiepioiKLBa<i
Kcofjua'^, a? ovLKOV^ KaXovai.
XXXVIII. T?}? Be KXft)5ta9 dirrjXXay/jbevof;,
ovcrr]^ daeXyov^ Kal irovrjpd^;, ^epovtXiav eyrjfiev,
dBeXcprjv Karcoi^o?, ovBe tovtov evTv^'TJ ydfjuov.
ev yap ov Trpoarjv avTa> tcjv KXcoBlaf; Ka/cwv
jiovov, 7] TCOV dBeXcjicov BLa^dXrj' raXXa Be ^BeXv-
pdv cfMoio)<; oixrav Kal dKoXacrTov i^vayKd^ero
(pepecv alBov/uievof; K.dTcova, TeXo<i Be direlTrev.
*EX7rt8a9 Be davfiacTTdf; Ty /SovXfj irapao-yoiVi
ft)9 eyovGTi Tov avBpa tovtov dvTLTayfia irpo'^ ttjv
Tov Ilo/jL7rr]tov TvpavvlBa Kal t^9 dpiaTOKpaTia<i
594
LUCULLUS, xxxvii. 3-xxxviii. 2
But in the procession, a few of the mail-clad horse-
men and ten of the scythe-bearing chariots moved
along, together with sixty of the king's friends and
generals. A hundred and ten bronze-beaked ships
of war were also carried along, a golden statue
of Mithridates himself, six feet in height, a
wonderful shield adorned with precious stones,
twenty litters of silver vessels, and thirty-two litters
of gold beakers, armour, and money. All this was
carried by men. Then there were eight mules
which bore golden couches, fifty-six bearing ingots
of silver, and a hundred and seven more bearing
something less than two million seven hundred
thousand pieces of silver coin. There were also
tablets with records of the sums of money already
paid by Lucullus to Pompey for the war against the
pirates, and to the keepers of the public treasury, as
well as of the fact that each of his soldiers had
received nine hundred and fifty drachmas. To crown
all, Lucullus gave a magnificent feast to the city, and
to the surrounding villages called Fid.
XXXVIII. After his divorce from Clodia, who was
a licentious and base woman, he married Servilia, a
sister of Cato, but this, too, was an unfortunate
marriage. For it lacked none of the evils which
Clodia had brought in her train except one, namely,
the scandal about her brothers. In all other
respects Servilia was equally vile and abandoned,
and yet Lucullus forced himself to tolerate her, out
of regard for Cato. At last, however, he put her
away.
The Senate had conceived wondrous hopes that in
him it would find an opposer of the tyranny of
Pompey and a champion of the aristocracy, with all
595
PLUTARCH'S LIVES
TTpofia'Xpv airo S6^7]<; kol hvvofiew^ opficofievov
/iieyaXr}^;, iyKareXcTre kol TrporJKaro ttjv TroXireCav,
etre BvarKciOeKrov ^Brj koX voaovaav opcov 6W\ w?
^a<7iv eviOL, fM€aTo<; cjv So^tj^; koX irpo<; to paarov
avairLTTTCDv rod fiiov koI /xaXa/cooTarov i/c TroWayv
dycovcov fcal irovcov ovk evTV')(earaTov T6\o<i
3 Xa^ovTcov. 01 pev yap iiraivovciv avrov rrjv 518
ToaavTTjv p.€Ta^oX7]Vf rb Maplov TrdOo^ yu,?)
iraOovro'^, o? eirX ral^ Kcp^piKat^i vL/caL<i xal to?9
KaXol^ Kol p,€ydXoL^ e/cetVoi? KaropOcopaaLV ovfc
r)6eXy]arev avrov dvelvai Tcp^rj rocravrrj ^yXcorov,
dXX^ dirXrjcrTia ^o^rj^ Kal dp)(rj<; veoL^ dvhpdat
yepwv dvTiTToXLrevopevo^ et? epya Seivd fcal irdOrj
heivorepa rcov epycov i^coKciXe' fieXrcov 8* av koI
K.tK€p(ova yrjpaaai, perd KariXivav VTroareiXd-
pevov Kal ^KrjTrlwva K.ap')(rjS6vi TTpoadivra
4 NopavTiav, elra iravadpLevov elvai ydp rtva Kal ^
7roXtTLKr]<i TrepLoSov KaTdXvaiv rS>v ydp dOXrj- M
TiKMV dyd)V(ov roix; TroXiTiKovfi ovBev rjTTOv dKprjf}
Kal a)pa<; iiTtXiTrovo-r)^ iXiyxeaSaL ol he irepl tov
K^pdaaov Kal Ilop,7rrjiov i)(X€va^ov rov AovkovX-
\ov €t9 r}hovr)V d(f>€LK6Ta Kal TroXvreXeLav avrov,
odairep ov rov rpv(f)dv pudXXov roL<; rrfXiKOvroi^
Trap' rfXiKiav ovro^ t) rov iroXireveaOai Kal
crrparr^yelv.
XXXIX. "Eo-Tt 5' ovv rov AovkovXXov ^lov,
KaOdirep dp')(aia^ Kcop,wSia<;, dvayvoyvat rd pev
nrpcora iroXLreia<^ Kal (Trparr)yia<i, rd S' varepa
TTorov^ Kal SetTTva Kal povovov')(l K(opov<; Kal
2 Xapirdha'^ Kal iraiSidv dirao-av. et? iraiSidv ydp
eycoye rlOep^ai xal oiKohopbd^ TroXvreXel^ Kal
596
LUCULLUS, XXXVIII. 2-xxxix. 2
the advantage of great glory and influence ; but
he quitted and abandoned public affairs, either
because he saw that they were already beyond
proper control and diseased, or, as some say, because
he had his fill of glory, and felt that the unfortunate
issue of his many struggles and toils entitled him to
fall back upon a life of ease and luxury. Some
commend him for making such a change, and
thereby escaping the unhappy lot of Marius, who,
after his Cimbrian victories and the large and
fair successes which were so famous, was unwilling
to relax his efforts and enjoy the honours won, but
with an insatiate desire for glory and power, old man
that he was, fought with young men in the conduct
of the state, and so drove headlong into terrible
deeds, and sufferings more terrible still. Cicero,
say these, would have had a better old age if he had
taken in sail after the affair of Catiline, and Scipio,
too, if he had given himself pause after adding
Numantia to Carthage ; for a political cycle, too, has
a sort of natural termination, and political no less
than athletic contests are absurd, after the full vigor
of life has departed. Crassus and Pompey, on the
other hand, ridiculed Lucullus for giving himself up
to pleasure and extravagance, as if a luxurious life
were not even more unsuitable to men of his years
than political and military activities.
XXXIX. And it is true that in the life of
Lucullus, as in an ancient comedy, one reads in the
first part of political measures and military commands,
and in the latter part of drinking bouts, and
banquets, and what might pass for revel-routs, and
torch -races, and all manner of frivolity. For I must
count as frivolity his costly edifices, his ambulatories
597
PLUTARCH'S LIVES
KaTacrKeva<; irepiTrdrcov Kol Xovrp&v koi en
fiaWov 7yoa0a9 KaX avhpidvra^ koi ttjv irepl
ravra^ ra? ri^va^ airovhrjv, a? eKelvo^s (rvvrjye
fjL6ydXoi<; dvaXcofjiaacv, et? ravra r^ ttXovtm
pvSrjv Kara^daiJLevo'i, ov rjOpoLKeL irokvv koI
Xafiirpov cLTro tcop arparetcdv, oirov koI vvv, eiri-
Boaiv TOiavTTjv t?}? Tpv(f>r]<} i)(^ov(T7}<;, ol AovkovX-
Xiavol KTJTTOL T(ov ^aaiXcKoov iv tol<; TroXvreXeaTa-
3 TOi? dptO/xovvrai. ra S' iv Tot9 7rapaXloi<i kol
irepX Neaj^ iroXiv epya, X6(f)ov<; dvaKpe/JiavvvvTO^
avTOV fjL6ydXoi<; opvy/jLaai kol rpoxov^ OaXdaaTj^
KoX SiaSpO/jLOLf; l')(6vOTp6<^OV<i T0t9 olK7]T7]pioL<i
irepieXiaaovTO^ KaX BLaLTa<s ivaXiov<i ktl^ovto^, 6
XtcoIko<; TovjSepGov O€aadfi€vo<; aip^rjv avrov ck
4 rrj^evvov irpoarjyopevaev. rjaav 8' avrw irepX
TovctkXov iyx^capiOL Siairat, KaX KaraaKoiraX
TrepioTTToyv KaX KaraaKevaX dvaTreTrrajiiivayv
dvEpdovcov KaX TrepLirdrcov, iv ah 6 IIo/zTrTjto?
yevofievo^ ifiefupero rbv AovkovXXov, on, 7r/?o?
depo^ dpcara SiaOel^; rrjv eiravXtv doiKrjTOv iv
ycLfiMVL 7r€7roi7]Ke. y6Xd<ra<; ovv iKelvo^ " Etra,*'
e^77, " (ToX BoK(o iXdrrova rSiV yepdvcov vovv e')(eiv
KaX Tcov ireXapycov, coare ral^ cjpaL<i fir) avfi/Mera-
5 ^dXXeiv Ta9 BcaiTa<; ;** aTparrjyov Be wore
(piXonfiovfjuevov irepX Oea^i KaX xop(d nvv Koafiov
alrovfievov 7rop(j)vpd<; ')(Xap.i)Ba<^ direKpLvaro
aK€yjrd/jLevo<;, av exjlt Bcocrecv, elra fied^ r]fiepav
r)p(OTr)(Tev avrov, ottoo-cov Beoiro. rod Be exarbv
dpKeaecv ^rjaavrofi iKeXevae Xafielv BXs roaavra^'
eh o KaX ^XaKKO*; 6 TroLrjrrj^} iTnrre^dovqKev, to?
598
LUCULLUS, XXXIX. 2-5
and baths, and still more his paintings and statues
(not to speak of his devotion to these arts), which he
collected at enormous outlays, pouring out into such
channels the vast and splendid wealth which he
accumulated from his campaigns. Even now, when
luxury has increased so much, the gardens of Lu-
cullus are counted among the most costly of the
imperial gardens. As for his works on the sea-
shore and in the vicinity of Neapolis, where he sus-
pended hills over vast tunnels, girdled his residences
with zones of sea and with streams for the breeding
of fish, and built dwellings in the sea, — when Tubero
the Stoic saw them, he called him Xerxes in a toga.
He had also country establishments near Tusculum,
with observatories, and extensive open banqueting
halls and cloisters. Pompey once visited these, and
chided Lucullus because he had arranged his country
seat in the best possible way for summer, but had
made it uninhabitable in winter. Whereupon Lu-
cullus burst out laughing and said : " Do you suppose,
then, that I have less sense than cranes and storks,
and do not change residences according to the
seasons?" A praetor was once making ambitious
plans for a public spectacle, and asked of him some
purple cloaks for the adornment of a chorus. Lucullus
replied that he would investigate, and if he had any,
would give them to him. The next day he asked the
praetor how many he wanted, and on his replying that
a hundred would suffice, bade him take twice that
number. The poet Flaccus ^ alluded to this when
i JUpUt. i. 6, 45 f.
VOL. II U ^^^
PLUTARCH'S LIVES
ov vojjii^ei ttXoutov, ov jiiy ra Trapopwfieva Kal
XavOdvovra ifkelova rcov (paivo/juevaw ecrrL
XL. NeoirXovra 8' ^p rov AovkovWov ret
helirva to, KaQ^ r^p^epav^ ov fjLovov aTpcofjivai<;
akovpyea-i Kal hidXiOoi'^ eKTrcofMaa-i koI ')(ppol^ fcal
aKpodfiaatv iireKTohiOi^, dX)C oy^cov re iravTO-
Baircov KoX Trejjbpbdrwv TrepLTTM^i BiaTreTrovrj/uLevcou
irapaaKeval^ ^rjXcorbv dvekevdepoi^ itolovvto^;
2 iavTOV. 6 yovv IlofiTrrjio^; evBoKL/jL7](T6 voawv
Tou yap larpov fCL-^Xrjv avrov Xa^elv Kekeixravro^,
TMV 8^ oiK€T(bv ovK &v cvpelv dWa^odi, (pafjievcov
Oepov^i o)pa KLX^V^ V '^CLpa AovkovWo) cnrevo^
fjLevr)v, OVK elaae \a^uv eKeWeVy aXV elircov tt/^o?
Tov larpov " Ovkovv, el fir) AovkovWo'} eTpv(j>a,
TLofiTTTjiof; OVK ave^yjaev;'' dWo ri Trapao-Kcvdaai
3 TMV evTTOpio-Twv eKeXevae. Karo)!^ 8' rjv avrciy 519
(j)iXofi Kal olKelofii ovrco Be rov jSlov avrov Kal rrjv
Biairav iBvax^paLvev, coare, veov tlvo<^ iv rfj
ffovXfj Xoyov eira'xOri Kal fxaKpov dKaipG)<; virep
evTeXela^ Kal acoi^poavvrj^ BieXOovTO^;, eiravaardsi
6 K.dTCOV " Ov Travay,^^ €^V> " o-v ttXovtcov fiei^ q)<;
JLpdaao^;, ^(ap 8* co? AovkovXXo<;, Xeywv Be w?
KaTft)!^; " eviOL Be tovto prjdijvat fiev ovrco^t viro
KaTft)ro9 Be OV Xeyovaiv.
XLI. *0 fievTOL AovKovXXo^i ov^ r]B6fievo<i
jJbovoVi dXXd Kal aefivvp6fievo<; tw /Sua) rovrco
Bi]Xo<i Tjv €/c TMV dirofivrjfjbovevofjbevayv. Xeyerao
yap "EW-T/i/a? dvOpcoirov'^ dvaPdvra<^ eU 'Fcofjbrjv
ea-Tidv eVl 7ro\Xa<; r}/JLepa<f, tou9 B' 6vt(o<; 'EX-
XrfVLKov TL iraOovra^t alaxvveaOac Kal BKoOetaOai,
6oo
LUCULLUS, xxxix. 5-xLi. 1
he said that he did not regard a house as wealthy in
which the treasures that were overlooked and unob-
served were not more than those which met the eye.
XL. The daily repasts of Lucullus were such as
the newly rich affect. Not only with his dyed
coverlets, and beakers set with precious stones, and
choruses and dramatic recitations, but also with his
arrays of all sorts of meats and daintily prepared
dishes, did he make himself the envy of the vulgar.
A saying of Pompey's, when he was ill, was certainly
very popular. His physicians had prescribed a thrush
for him to eat, and his servants said that a thrush
could not be found anywhere in the summer season
except where Lucullus kept them fattening. Pompey,
however, would not suffer them to get one from there,
but bade them prepare something else that was easily
to be had, remarking as he did so to his physician,
'' What ! must a Pompey have died if a Lucullus were
not luxurious ? " And Cato, who was a friend of his,
and a relation by marriage, was nevertheless much
offended by his life and habits. Once when a
youthful senator had delivered a tedious and lengthy
discourse, all out of season, on frugality and tem-
perance, Cato rose and said ; " Stop there ! you get
wealth like Crassus, you live like Lucullus, but you
talk like Cato." Some, however, while they say
that these words were actually uttered, do not say
that they were spoken by Cato.
XLL Moreover, that Lucullus took not only
pleasure but pride in this way of living, is clear
from the anecdotes recorded of him. It is said, for
instance, that he entertained for many successive
days some Greeks who had come up to Rome, and
that they, with genuinely Greek scruples, were at
last ashamed to accept his invitation, on the ground
U2 ^°'
PLUTARCH'S LIVES
TTjv kXtjctcv, 0)9 Bi avTov<; KaO^ ^/xipav roaovToyv
2 dva\i(TKOfiivcov top ovv AovkovWov elTrelv fiec-
BidcravTa tt/jo? avTov<i- ** Tiverai. fxev re rovrcop
Kal Bi vfid<;, 0) dvBp6<; "EWr]V€<;' ra fievroi
TrXelara jLverai Bid AovkovWov." iirel Be fiovov
BeLTTvovvTo^i avTOV fiia Tpdire^a Kal /j^erpiov irape-
aKevddOr] Belirvov, yyavaKrec KoXeaa^ rov iirl
TovT(p Terarfiievov oiKerrjv. rov Be (j)ijaavT0<iy co?
ovK were fjurjBevb^; KeKXrjfievov TroXvreXov^ rtvo^
avTov Berjaeadai *' Tt \eyei<i; " elTrev, '* ovk jjB€i<;,
OTL (Ti^fxepov irapd AovkovWo) BeLTrvel AovkovX-
3 X09; *' 6Vto9 Be irepl tovtov, <h<; €Ik6<;, ev rfj iroXei
Xoyov TToXXov, irpoa-rfXdov avrw Kar dyopdv
(T'xoXrjV dyovTi Kixepcov koX IIo/jL7r7]Lo<;, 6 fiev ev
T0i9 fJbdXiara (J)lXo<; cjv Kal avvrj6r]<;, llofiTrrjiw B'
7]V fiev eK T7)9 (TTpaTYjyla^ Bia^opd irpo^; avrov,
elcoOeicrav Be ^pfjo-Oat Kal BiaXeyeadat ttoXXuki^;
4 e7riecKa)<; dXX7]XoL<;. dairaadfievo^ ovv 6 KiKepcov
avrov rjpoorriaev, oiro)^ eyei 7rpb<; evrev^cv rov Be
<p}]cravro'i, ft)9 dpicrra, Kal rrapaKaXovvro^ evrvy-
^(^dveiv "'Hfieh," e(p7], *' fiovX6/xe0a Beiirvyiaai
irapd aol rr)p,epov ovrco^;, 07ra}9 earl aot, irape-
(TKevaapukvar Opvirrofievov Be rov AovkovXXov
Kal /jueraXa^etv rj/jLepav d^Lovvro<; ovk €.<^aaav
eTTirpe'yjreLv, ovB' etwv BcaXiyeaOac rol<; olKerai^,
Lva fit] n irXeov KeXevarj yeveaOai rcov avr(p
5 yivop^evcov, irXrjv roaovro fiovov alroviievM avve-
')((t3pr}(Tav elirelv Trpo'i eva rcov oiKercov evavriov
€Ketv(ov, on, r^/Jiepov ev ro) AttoXXcovi Becirvrfdor
rovro yap ri<; elye rcov iroXvreXxbv oixojv ovofia.
602
LUCULLUS, xu. 1-5
that he was incurring so much expense every day on
their account ; wliereupon Lucullus said to them
with a smile, "Some of this expense, my Grecian
friends, is indeed on your account ; most of it, how-
ever, is on account of Lucullus." And once, when
he was dining alone, and a modest repast of one
course had been prepared for him, he was angry, and
summoned the servant who had the matter in charge.
The servant said that he did not suppose, since there
were no guests, that he wanted anything very costly.
" What sayest thou ? " said the master, " dost thou
not know that to-day Lucullus dines with Lucullus ? "
While this matter was much talked of in the city, as
was natural, Cicero and Pompey came up to him as
he was idling in the forum. Cicero was one of his
most intimate friends, and although the matter of
the command of the araiy had led to some coolness
between him and Pompey, still they were accustomed
to frequent and friendly intercourse and conversation
with one another. Accordingly, Cicero saluted him,
and asked how he was disposed towards receiving a
petition. "Most excellently well," said Lucullus,
and invited them to make their petition. " We
desire," said Cicero, " to dine with you to-day just as
you would have dined by yourself." Lucullus de-
murred to this, and begged the privilege of selecting
a later day, but they refused to allow it, nor would
they suffer him to confer with his servants, that
he might not order any thing more provided than
what was provided for himself. Thus much, how-
ever, and no more, they did allow him at his request,
namely, to tell one of his servants in their presence
that he would dine that day in the Apollo. Now
this was the name of one of his costly apartments,
603
PLUTARCH'S LIVES
fcal rovTo a€ao<j)La iJLevo<^ iXeXrjOec tou9 avhpa<;,
e/cacTTft) "yap, cw? eoLKe, BenrvrjTTjpLw rerayfievov
r)v TLfJLTjixa heiTTVOV, Koi ^(oprjyiav ISlav xal rrrapa-
(TKevrjV eKaarov el%e^', ware tov^ Bov\ov<; cikov-
aavra^, ottov ffovXerai Benrvelv, elhevat, iroaov
BaTrdvTjfia koX irolov rt Koo-fim Koi SiaOiaei
yeviadac Bel to Belirvov elcoOet Be Beiirvelv ev rtp
6 ^KiroXkcovi irivre fivpidBoov koI Tore roaovTov
TeXeaOevTo^ i^eTrXrj^e TOv<i irepl rov Uo/jlttijIov ev
T(p fieyeOei rrj^; Ba7rdvr]<; to Td')(p^ t?)? irapaaKevrj^.
eU TavTa fiev ovv v^pl(ttlk(o<; expv'^o tw ttXovto)
KaOdirep 6ptco<; al'^^^fiaXcoTq) koX jSap/Bdpro.
XLIT. SttouS^ B^ d^ia Koi Xoyov to, irepl ttjv
T03V PijSXicov KaTacTKEvrjv. Koi yap ttoXXol koI
yeypafiixeva KaXw^ (Tvvrjyev, rj re j^^prjai'; ^v
(^iXoTLjJLOTepa T779 KT7]ae(jii^, dvet/jLevcov iraat tcov
^tffXioOrjKcov, Kal tmv irepl avTa<: TrepiTrdTeov
Kol (T')(pXacrTr)pl(ov dKcoXvTWf; v7roBe)(^o/jLevcov tov(;
^'FXXrjva'; oiairep eh ^Iovctmv ti KaTayoayiov
efcela-e ^OLTOiVTa^ kcu avvBi,r)fiepevovTa<; dXX^Xot,^,
diro TMV dXXcov ^(peLMV dapevcofi d'iroTpe)(ovTa^,
2 ']ToXXdKt<i Be fcal avvea)(6Xa^€v avTo^; ip-^dXXaiv
eh Tov<; TrepiTrdTOVi Toh (f)iXoX6yot<i Kal Toh
TToXiTiKoh (TweirpaTTev otov BeoLVTo- Kal 6X(o<;
ecTTi'a Kal irpvTavelov 'FjXXtjvlkov 6 oIko^ tjv avTov
Toh d(f)LKvovp^vot,<; eh 'Vu>pLr)v. (^tXoa-o^iav Be
iracrav p,ev r)(j7rd^eT0 Kal irpo^ iraaav evpLevrj^ yv
Kal olKelo<iy lBlov Be Trj<i WKaBypeia*; e^ ^PXV^
604
I
LUCULLUS, xLi. 5-xLii. 2
and he thus outwitted the men without their knowing
it. For each of his dining-rooms, as it seems, had a
fixed allowance for the dinner served there, as well
as its own special apparatus and equipment, so that
his slaves, on hearing where he wished to dine,
knew just how much the dinner was to cost, and
what were to be its decorations and arrangements.
Now the usual cost of a dinner in the Apollo was
fifty thousand drachmas, and that was the sum laid
out on the present occasion. Pompey was amazed
at the speed with which the banquet was prepared,
notwithstanding it had cost so much. In these ways,
then, Lucullus used his wealth wantonly, as though
it were in very truth a Barbarian prisoner-of-war.
XLII. But what he did in the establishment of
a library deserves warm praise. He got together
many books, and they were well written, and his
use of them was more honourable to him than his
acquisition of them. His libraries were thrown open
to all, and the cloisters surrounding them, and the
study-rooms, were accessible without restriction to
the Greeks, who constantly repaired thither as to
an hostelry of the Muses, and spent the day with
one another, in glad escape from their other
occupations. Lucullus himself also often spent his
leisure hours there with them, walking about in
the cloisters with their scholars, and he would assist
their statesmen in whatever they desired. And in
general his house was a home and prytaneium for
the Greeks who came to Rome. He was fond of
all philosophy, and well-disposed and friendly towards
every school, but from the first he cherished a
particular and zealous love for the Academy, not
605
PLUTARCH'S LIVES
3 epcora koI ^^\ov eax^v, ov rrjq vea^ Xeyofievrj^,
Kaiirep av6ovar)<; tots rot? KapvedSov \6yot<!
Bta <l>tXa) z/09, dWa r^? TraXata?, iriOavov dvBpa 520
Kal Setvop eiirelv Tore TrpocrTdrrjv e')(ov(Tr}<; rov
^Ao-KoXcovirrjv ^AvtIo')(ov, ov Trdarj airovhy ttoit]-
(rdfxevog (J)lXov 6 AovkovWo^ koX crv/jiffLayTrjv
avTerarre to?? ^i\ci)vo<; dKpoaral^, coi/ /cal
4 l^iKepMV rjv. Koi avyypap.fid ye irdyKoXov iiroLrj-
aev eh rrjv aXpeaiv, ev o5 rov virep t?}? KaraXrj-
sjrecof; \6yov AovKovXkw irepLreOeiKev, aurw Se
TOP evavTLOv. AovkovWo<; B' dvayeypairrat. to
^Haav B\ axTirep etpr^rat, ^lXol a(j)6Bpa Kal
KOLVcovot Ti)? ev TToXtreLa irpoatpeo-ecof:' ovBe yap
aif TrdfiTrav d7rr)Wd)(^ei ti]^; TroXtreta? eavrbv 6
5 AovKOvWo<i, dWd rrjv virep rou fieyiaro^ elvai
/cal TrXetarov Bvvao-Oai (f)iXort/jiLav Kal d/iiXXav,
0)9 ovT€ dKLvBvvov OUT dvvBpiaTOV ovaav, evOv<:
d(j)riKe Is^pdiTdM Kal Kdrcovr tovtov^; yap ol rrjv
HofjL7rr]LOv BvvafjLiv vcpopciojiievoc irpoe/SaXXovro
rrj<i ^ovXrj^, diroXeyopievov rov AoukovXXov rd
Trpcorela' Kareffaive 8' el<i rrjv dyopdv Bid
TOv<; <f)LXov<;, ek Be rrjv auyKXrjjov, el Ho/jL7rrjtov
6 Tivd Beot aTTovBrjv rj (f)iXoTi>/jLLav eTrtjpedaai. Kal
rd^i T6 Biard^ei^i, a? eKelvo<; eTroLrjaaro rcov /Baai-
Xicov Kparrjo-a^;, e^eKpovae, Kal vifirjaiv riva roh
arparicoratf; avrov ypd<f>ovTO<; iKcoXvae BoOrjvai
aufxirpdrrovTO^ K,dTcovo<i, coare Uofnnjlov eh rrjv
6o0
LUCULLUS, xui. 3-6
tlie New Academy, so-called, although that school
at the time had a vigorous representative of the
doctrines of Carneades in Philo, but the Old Academy,
which at that time was headed by a persuasive man
and powerful speaker in the person of Antiochus of
x\scalon. Tliis man Lucullus hastened to make his
friend and companion, and arrayed him against the
disciples of Philo, of whom Cicero also was one.
Indeed, Cicero wrote a noble treatise on the doctrines
of this sect, in which he has put the argument in sup-
port of " apprehension " into the mouth of Lucullus,
and carried the opposing argument himself The
book is entitled "Lucullus."^
Lucullus and Cicero were, as I have said, ardent
friends, and members of the same political party,
for Lucullus had not withdrawn himself entirely
from political life, although he lost no time in
leaving to Crassus and Cato the ambitious struggle
for the chief place and the greatest power, since
he saw that it involved both peril and ignominy.
For those who looked with suspicion upon the
power of Pompey, made Crassus and Cato the
champions of the senatorial party when Lucullus
declined the leadership. But Lucullus would still
go to the forum in support of his friends, and also
to the Senate, whenever there was need of combating
some ambitious scheme of Pompey's. Thus, tlie
dispositions which Pompey made after his conquest
of the kings, Lucullus made null and void, and his
proposal for a generous distribution of lands to his
soldiers, Lucullus, with the co-operation of Cato,
prevented from being granted. Pompey therefore
^ Academkorum Priorum, Liber Secundus, qui inscribitur
Lucullus.
667
PLUTARCH'S LIVES
l^pd(T(Tov Kal K.aLcrapo^ (f^cXlav, fidWov Be (tvvco-
fioalav, KaTa(j)vyelv kcll TrXrjpaxravTa ti]v itoXiv
6irX(ov KoX <TTpaTi,o)Ta)v /3ta KvpSxrai ra Boy/jLara,
Tou? irepl Tov KaTcova kol AovkovXKov eK^aXovra
Tr]<i ayopa<i.
1 ^ AyavaKTOvvTcov Be tcov jSeXrlcTTcov eirl tol^
yivo/jLevoi<; irporjyov ol UofiTrrjiapol Berriov rtva,
crvveiXrjfpivai Xeyovre^; einfiovXevovTa n.o/jL7rr]ta).
KUKelvof; dvaKpiv6/J€vo<; ev fiev Trj avyKXrjTM
KaTT]y6p7]aev irepoyv nvwv, ev Be rw B/j/jlo) Aov-
KOvXXov ayvo/jLaaev, co? vtt i/ceivov irapeaKeva-
8 ar/JLevo<; dTrotcrelvai Uo/jltttjIov. ovBelf; Be tw Xoycp
TTpoaea^x^ev, dXXd Kal irapavriKa BrjXo<i tjv 6
av6p(i)7ro(; em avKO(f)avTia koX BtapoXfi Trporjy-
fjLevo<; VTT avTMV, koX jjlclXXov ei^xopdOrj to irpdyiia
fjL€T oXlya^; r}fxepa<; ptcpOivrof; ck rrj<; elpKrrj<i
veKpov, Xeyofievov fjiev avTO/JidTw<; reOvdvai,
cr7]fM€La 8' dyxovr}<i xal TrXijycov €%oz/to9' eBoxei
yap viT avTOiv dvrjprjadai Tcav TrapeaKevaKorcov.
XLIII. Tavra Br) Kal fidXXov dirvfye rrj^; ttoXl-
reta? tov AovkovXXov. eVet Be K.LK€p(ov e^eirea-t
Trj<; TToXew? kol Kdrcov et? KvTrpov direcTdXTj,
TravTdiraatv e^eXvOi). Kal irpo ye Trj<; TeXevTrjf;
XeyeTai voarjcrai ttjv Bidvoiav avTw KaTct fiLKpov
aTrofJLapatvo/jLevrjv. NeTTO)? Be K.opvtj'KiO^ ov)(^ vtto
yripo)^ (pTjalv ovBe voaov irapaXXd^ai tov A.ov-
KovXXov, d\Xd ^apiJLdK0i<^ vtto Tivo^i tmv direXev-
2 Oepcov }^aXXtorOevov<; Bia<^6apevTa* to, Be <^dpfxaKa
BoBrjvai, fiev, &)9 dyaiTcpTo fxdXXov 6 KaXXiaOevTj^;
VTT* avTOV, TOiavTrjv e%6ti^ Bokovvtu ttjv BvvafJLLv,
eKcrTTjaai Be koI KaTaKXvaat tov Xoyiajiov, m(tt
6o8
LUCULLUS, xLii. 6-xLiii. 2
took refuge in an alliance, or rather a conspiracy,
with Crassus and Caesar, and by filling the city with
his armed soldiery and expelling from the forum
the ]:)artisans of Cato and Lucullus, got his measures
ratified.
As these proceedings were resented by the nobles,
the partisans of Pompey produced a certain Vettius,
whom, as they declared, they had caught plotting
against the life of Pompey. So the man was ex-
amined in the Senate, where he accused sundry
other persons, but before the people he named
Lucullus as the man who had engaged him to kill
Pompey. However, no one believed his story, nay,
it was at once clear that the fellow had been put
forward by the partisans of Pompey to make false
and malicious charges, and the fraud was made all
the plainer when, a few days afterwards, his dead
bodj^ was cast out of the prison. It was said, indeed,
that he had died a natural death, but he bore
the marks of throttling and violence, and the opinion
was that he had been taken off by the very men who
had engaged his services.
XLMI. Of course this induced Lucullus to with-
draw even more from public life. And when Cicero
was banished from the city, and Cato was sent out to
Cyprus, he retired altogether. Even before his
death, it is said that his understanding was affected
and gi-adually faded away. But Cornelius Nepos
says that Lucullus lost his mind not from old age,
nor yet from disease, but that he was disabled by
drugs administered to him by one of his freedmen,
Callisthenes ; that the drugs were given him by
Callisthenes in order to win more of his love, in the
belief that they had such a power, but they drove
him from his senses and overwhelmed his reason,
609
PLUTARCH'S LIVES
^Ti ^MVTO<! avTOV rrjv ovalav htoLKelv top dS€\(t>6v,
ov /uLTjv aX)C ©9 awiOave, Kaddirep dv ^ iv dicfxfj
T^9 (TT partly la^ koI Ti}<; TroXtreta? avrou reXevrrj-
aavTO<;, 6 Brjfio^ r)j(6e(76ri koX avveBpafie, koI to
(TMfia KOfiiGOev eU wyopav viro tmv evyeveaTaTcov
veavlaKcov i/Sid^ero ddiTTeiv iv rw irehlco tov
3 "A/oew?, oTTov Kol '^vWav eOayjrev. ovSevo^ Be
TOVTO 7rpocrBoKi]o-avTO<;, ovBe paBia<; ovarjf; tt)^
7rapa(T/c6vr]<;, 6 dBe\(l)o<i avrov S€OfJL€VO<; /cal irapat-
Tovfi6vo<i eireLdev eTnrpiyfrai, ttjv TrapeaKevaa-fjLevTjv
iv TO) irepl Tova/cXov dypat rov veKpov KtjBeiav
yeveaOai. ttoXvv B^ ouS* auro? irpoaefiico ^(^povov,
d\V oi)9 rfKiKia koX Bo^j) fiiKpov direXeiipOTj, Kat
Tft) -^povM Trj<i TeXevTT]^;, (l)iXaB€X(l>6TaT0^ yevo-
fl€VOfi.
KIMONOS KAT AOYKOYAAOY SYrKPISH
I. MdXto-ra B' dv Tf9 evBaifiovia-eie rov reXovi; 521
AovKOvXXov, ore irpo rr]<; pLera^oXrj<;, rjv ijBt]
/card T^9 TToXirelw; ireKraivero T0t9 ip^cpvXioi^
7roX€fioi<i TO TreirpMjJbivov, €(j>d7] TrpoairoOavoDv Kal
KaraXvaa<; iv voaovarj /liv, en 8' iXevOepa rrj
irarpiBL rov fiiov. koI rovro ye irdvrcov avr^
2 7r/}09 Klficova Kotvorarov iarc. Kal yap iKelvo^
ovTTCt) (rvvrerapayp^ivcov rwv ' EXXrjviKcov, dXX*
aKfirjv i'Xpvroav ireXevrr^aev, iirl arparoireBov
fjbevroL Kal crrparrjycov, ovk direcpi^KOtXi ovB^ dXvcov,
ovBe r&v ottXmv Kal rwv arparrjyicov Kal rcov
* hv supplied by Reiske.
OIO
LUCULLUS, xLiii. 2-1. 2
so that even while he was still alive, his brother
managed his property. However, when he died,^
the people grieved just as much as if his death had
come at the culmination of his military and political
services, and flocked together, and tried to compel
the young nobles who had carried the body into the
forum to bury it in the Campus Martius, where
Sulla also had been buried. But no one had ex-
pected this, and preparations for it were not easy,
and so his brother, by prayers and supplications,
succeeded in persuading them to suffer the burial to
take place on the estate at Tusculum, where prepa-
tions for it had been made. Nor did he himself long
survive Lucullus, but, as in age and reputation he
came a little behind him, so did he also in the
time of his death, having been a most affectionate
brother.
COMPARISON OF LUCULLUS AND CIMON
I. One might deem Lucullus especially happy in
his end, from the fact that he died before that
constitutional change had come, which fate was
already contriving by means of the civil wars. His
country was in a distempered state when he laid
down his life, but still she was free. And in this
respect, more than any other, he is like Cimon. For
Cimon also died before Greece was confounded, and
while she was at the acme of her power. He died,
however, in the field, and at the head of an army,
not exhausted or of a wandering mind, nor yet
* About 57 B.C.
6ii
VOL. 11. X
PLUTARCH'S LIVES
TpoTralayv eiraOXov 7roiov/jievo<; evco^Laf; Kal ttotov?,
(oairep UXdrcov eTnaKwirreL tov<; irepl rov ^Opcpia,
T0t9 ev jSejSLco/cocrL ^d(TK0VTa<i aTroKeladai. yepa^i
3 iv aSov fjLeOrjv aloovtov, o'X'^^V f^^^ oui^ koI
r)av')(ia koI hiaTpL^rj jrepl \6yov(; rjBovi^v riva koX
Oecaplav exovra<i evir peiriaTaTOV dvhpl Trpea-fivrrj
fcal ireTravfiiva) iroXificov xal 7rokiT€La<; nrapa-
IXvOlov to S' e(f> r}hovr}V, tw? reXo?, KaTa(TTpe^\ravTa
Ta? KdXd<; nrpd^ei^i rjBr] Xolttov *A(f>poSLaia roov
iroXifKOV Kol (TTparrjyicbv ajovra Trai^eiv Kal
Tpvipdv ovK d^ta rrj^ KaXrjq ^AKaBrjfjLela<;, ovBe
rov 'BevoKpdrr) ^r]\ovvTo<;, aXX' i<yK€K\iKoro^
4 TT/Do? TOP ^^TTiKovpov. o Koi OavfiaaTov eCTTCV
virevavTLax; rydp rj v66Tr]<; rod fiev iirl'\jroyo<i kol
aKoXaarof; yeyovevai Bo/cel, rov Be ireiraiBevixevr)
KoX a(0(j)p(ov. ^eXrlcov ovv (Z 7rpo(; to jSiXTLOv t}
fieTa^dXrj* p(;/otyoTOT6/9a yap rj (\)V(n<^y iv fj yrjpa
fiev to x^lpov, iiraK^d^ei Be to afxeivov.
Kal firjv ofioiQ)^ ye irXovTrjaavTe^ ovx ofioio)^
5 BieOevTO top ttXovtov. ov yap d^cov ofiotcoaai tS>
VOTLQ) TeLX€l' T?}? aKpOTToXeO)^, TOL^ VTTO KLfJL(0V0<i
KO/JLiaOelacv eTeXeaOrj '^prj/naai, tov<; iv Nea ttoXcl
6aXd/jL0V<} Kal Td<; irepLKXva-Tov<i dnro-^ei'^, a^
AovKovXXo^i aTTO TOJV l3ap/3api,Kcov i^wKoBo/nec
Xa(l)vpa)V' ovBe ye ttj Ki/jLcovof; Tpaire^rj ttjv Aou-
KovXXov wapa^aXeip, ttj BrjjjLOKpaTiKrj Kal (ptXav-
6 dpcoTTO) Tr)v iroXvTeXfj Kal aarpairiKi^v. rj fMev
yap diro p.iKpd<; Bairdvrj^; iroXXovf; Kad^ rjfiepav
BieTp€(l>€V, ri B' els oXiyov^ Tpv(j>a)VTa<; dirb iroXX&v
6X2
LUCULLUS AND CIMON, i. 3-6
making feastings and revellings the crowning prize
for arms and campaigns and trophies. Plato ^ ban-
ters the followers of Orpheus for declaring that for
those who have lived rightly, there is laid up in
Hades a treasure of everlasting intoxication. Leisure,
no doubt, and quiet, and the pursuit of pleasantly
speculative learning, furnish a most fitting solace for
a man of years who has retired from wars and
politics. But to divert fair achievements to pleasure
as their final end, and then to sport and wanton
at the head of Aphrodite's train, as a sequel to wars
and fightings, was not worthy of the noble Academy,
nor yet of one who would follow Xenocrates, but
rather of one who leaned towards Epicurus. And
this is the more astonishing, because, contrariwise,
Cimon seems to have been of ill repute and un-
restrained in his youth, while Lucullus was dis-
ciplined and sober. Better, surely, is the man in
whom the change is for the better ; for it argues a
more wholesome nature when its evil withers and
its good ripens.
And further, though both alike were wealthy, they
did not make a like use of their wealth. There
is no comparing the south wall of the Acropolis,
which was completed with the moneys brought home
by Cimon, with the palaces and sea- washed Bel-
videres at Neapolis, which Lucullus built out of the
spoils of the Barbarians. Nor can the table of
Cimon be likened to that of Lucullus ; the one was
democratic and charitable, the other sumptuous and
oriental. The one, at slight outlay, gave daily sus-
tenance to many ; the other, at large cost, was
prepared for a few luxurious livers. It may be said,
» Bepublic, ii. p. 363.
613
PLUTARCH'S LIVES
'7rap€a-K€vd^€ro '^^pTj/jbdrcov. el fMrj vrj Aia rcjv
TTpay/jidrcov iiroiei Bca<popav 6 'X^povo^' dSrjXov
yap, el Kol KlfjLcov diro roiv Trpd^ecov koI (TTparrj-
yicov eh d7r6\ep.ov koL diTokiTevTov yrjpa<i a0et9
avTov en /jloXXov av e')(prjaaTO aopapa kol irpof;
ySovr)V dvetixevrj Biairy kol yap ^CKoTrorrj^ koX
iravi^yvpiKo^ Kal id 7rpo<i yvvalKa<^, ci)9 irpoel-
7 prjrac, Bia^e^\rjfievo<;. al Se irepl ra? 7rpd^€L<i
Kal TOV<; dycova^; Karopdcocreif; rjBovd^ erepa^
e'Xpvo'aL Tcov ')(^ei,p6vcov eTnOvpiwv aGyoKiav ttoi-
ovGi KCLi \7]6rjv rat? iroXiriKal'; Kai (jaXorifiOL^
<f>v(je(nv, el yovv Kal AovKovWof} ireXevrrjaev
dycovL^ofJLEVo^ Kal a-TparrjyMV, ovS' dv o -y^royepw-
TflTo? Kal ^LKoiJiep,j>6TaTO<; evpelv jioi Sokcc Bia-
jSoXrjv €7r avTov. Kal ravra (juev irepl rrj^
BiaiTT]^.
II. 'Ez/ Be T0t9 iroXepbiKoh on puev dp(j)6T€p6>
Kal Kara yrjv Kal Kara OdXaaaav dyaOol yeyo
vaaiv dywvKTTai BrjXov coairep Be TOiv dOXrjTCj,
Tou? rjp^epa fjbid irdXr) Kal irayKpariw arecpavov-
fi€vov<; eOei nvl 7rapaBo^oviKa<^ KaXovaiv, ovtco
Kip,a)v ev r)p.epa pad Tre^opayla^ Kal vavpax^a(;
dfjLa TpoTraio) aTe^avuxTa^ rrjv '^XXdBa BlKaiof;
eanv e^etv nvd irpoeBpiav ev tol<; arparrjyoL^,
2 Kal firjv AovKOvXX(p pev rj TrarpU, K.Lp.cov Be rj
TrarpiBc rr)v r)y€pioviav TrepciOrjKe. Kal o pev
dpxpvcFV "^^^ <Tvp,pdx(»>v TTpoa-eKTrja-aro ra to^p
iroXepLcov, 6 B' dXXoL<; eiropAvr]v irapaXa^obv dp,a
Kal, T03V crvpbpdx^^v dpx^iv Kal tmv TroXeptcov
Kparelv eiroirjae, Ylepaa^ pev dvayKda-a^ r/Trr)- 52
6evTa<; eK^yjvai t^? OaXdaarj^, AaKeBaijxoPLOvf; Be
614
LUCULLUS AND CIMON, i. 6-11. 2
indeed, that the difference in state was due to the
difference in time. For it is at least possible that
Cimon also, if he had retired after his active cam-
paigns to an old age which knew neither war nor
politics, might have led an even more ostentatious
and pleasure-loving life. He was fond of wine and
given to display, and his relations with women, as I
have said before,^ were scandalous. But success in
strenuous achievement, affording as it does a higher
pleasure, gives public-spirited and ambitious natures
no time to indulge the baser appetites, which are
forgotten. At any rate, if Lucullus also had ended
his days in active military command, not even the
most carping and censorious spirit, I think, could
have brought accusation against him. Thus much
concerning their manner of life.
II. In war, it is plain that both were good fighters,
both on land and sea. But just as those athletes
who win crowns in wrestling and the pancratium
on a single day are called, by custom, " Victors-
extraordinary," so Cimon, who in a single day
crowned Greece with the trophies of a land and sea
victory, may justly have a certain pre-eminence
among generals. And further, it was his country
which conferred imperial power upon Lucullus,
whereas Cimon conferred it upon his. The one
added his foreign conquests to a country which
already ruled her allies ; the other found his country
obeying others, and gave her command over her
allies and victory over her foreign foes, by defeating
the Persians and driving them from the sea, and
by persuading the Lacedaemonians voluntarily to
* See Cimon, iv. 8.
615
PLUTARCH'S LIVES
3 7rei(Ta<; eKovra^; eKcrrTjvat. el roivvv fieyiarov
€pyov 1776/U-01/09 evireiOeiav ipydaaaOat Bl evvoia^;,^
AovKovWo^i fxev viro r&v (t t par KOTOiV Kare-
ff>povri6r)y Kt/xftJi; 8' viro rcov <7VfjLfid')(a)V eOav-
pbdaOr]' irap ov p^v yap dTrecrr^^a-av, tt/jo? ov Be
fierea-rrjaav. koX 6 pev o)v dpX'^v e^rjXOev, vtto
TOVTCov aTToXetc^^el? iTravrjXOev, 6 Be p,e6^ oiv
€TepOL<; TTOcrjcrcov rb irpoaraTTop^evov e^e7rep,(j)d7j,
rovroLf} avTO'; SiSou? to irapdyyeXpa KareTrXevae,
rpla ret TrdvTcov BvaKoXcorara Bia7r€7rpayp.evo<;
opov rfi iToXei, irpof; piev tov<; iroXepLiov^; elprjvrjv,
irapd Be rcov (Tvppd')((ov rjyepovlavt 7rp6^ Be
AaKeBatpLoviov^ opovoiav.
4 MeyaXa? roivvv iirt'^eip'^cravref; dpcf)6repot
KaraXveiv rjyepovLa^; koI Karaarpecj)ea6ai rrjv
^Kaiav iraaav dreXel^ eyevovro rcov irpd^ewv, 6
pev KaOdira^ Bid rrjv rvxv^' ereXevrr^cre yap
(Trparr]ya)V Kal evrjpbepwv rov S' ov 7ravreXco<; dv
Tt? e^eXotro r?}? Trap* avrov atrial, elV* rjyvoTjcrev
€LT ovK eOepdirevae ra? ev rSt arparicoriKO)
Bta^opd<: Kal pbep'^et<;, d<f) mv et? r7jXiKavra<;
5 diTexOeia^ rrporjXOev. 7) rovro ye Kal 7rpb<;
"KipLwya KOivov earr Kal ydp eKelvov vmfjyayov re
eh BbKa<? 01 TToXlrai Kal reXevrcovre^; e^cocrrpd-
Kicrav, Iv avTOV BeKa erwv, w? (prjo-iv 6 llXdrcov,
tt}? (f)a)V7J<; pr} aKovdfsicnv, al ydp dpicrroKpartKal
^vcrei'^ oXlya roi<; 7roXXoL<s crvvdBovac Kal tt/jo?
7)Bovr]v e'X^ovai, rd Be TToXXd Trpoa^ia^opevat rw
KarevOvveLV Biaarpe^opevov^ dvicocriv, axrirep ol
r&v larpcov Becrpoi, Kaiirep eU rd Kara ^vaiv
* tvvoias with S : (ijvoiav.
616
LUCULLUS AND CIMON, ii. 3-5
relinquish the command. Granted that it is the
most important task of a leader to secure prompt
obedience through good will, Lucullus was despised
by his own soldiers, while Cimon was admired by
the allies. His soldiers deserted the one ; the allies
came over to the other. The one came back home
abandoned by those whom he commanded when he
set out ; the other was sent out with allies to do the
commands of others, but before he sailed home
he himself gave commands to those allies, having
successfully secured for his city three of the most
difficult objects at once, namely, peace with the
enemy, leadership of the allies, and concord with
the Lacedaemonians.
Again, both attempted to subvert great empires
and to subdue all Asia, and both left their work
unfinished : Cimon through ill fortune pure and
simple, for he died at the head of his army and at
the height of his success ; but Lucullus one cannot
altogether acquit of blame, whether he was ignorant
of, or would not attend to the grievances and
complaints among his soldiery, in consequence of
which he became so bitterly hated. Or perhaps
this has its counterpart in the life of Cimon, for he
was brought to trial by his fellow citizens and finally
ostracised, in order that for ten years, as Plato says,^
they might not hear his voice. For aristocratic
natures are little in accord with the multitude, and
seldom please it, but by so often using force to
rectify its aberrations, they vex and annoy it, just as
physicians' bandages vex and annoy, although they
bring the dislocated members into their natural
* Gorgias, p. 516.
617
PLUTARCH'S LIVES
dyovT€<; ra<; 'rrapapOpi](T€L<;. raur^? /juev ovv tV«?
dTraWa/criov rrj<; alTia<; e/cdrepov.
III. rioXu 8* o AovKovWo<; TTporjXOe rw iToKe-
fjLfp Tov re Tavpov virepffaXcDv arparoTreBqi
'Pco^aicov TT/^wTO?, zeal top ^iypiv BLa/3d<; kol rd
PaaiXeia tt}? ^Kaia^ iv oyjrei twv ffaa-cXecov,
Tcypavofcepra kol Kd^eipa kol ^LVdoirrjv Kal
2 Niat^LV, iXoiv fcal Kara(j>\e^a^y Kal rd fiev ^opeta
fJLexpi' ^daiSos, rd S' ewa fiexP^ MrjBia^;, rd Be
7rp6<; voTov /cat rrjv ipvOpdv OdXaaaav OLKetcocrd-
fjuevo^ Bid rcov 'ApafiiKcov ^aaCkecov, <TVvrpi'^a<^
Be Td<; BvvdfJbeL<^ rSiv ^aaikecov, diTo\eL<^6e\^ Be
/jbovov TOV rd acofiara Xa^elv, oxrirep Ojjpucov elf;
eprj/jLia<; fcal v\a<; daTLJBel<s fcal d^drov^ diroBi-
3 BpacTKOVTWv. Tefc/jLrjpLOV Be fieya' Tiepaai fxev ydp
ft)9 ovBev fieya ireTrovdoTe^; viro Kificovo<; €v6v<;
avTerdrTOVTO rol<; "FiXXrjat, Kal rrjv ye TroXXrjv
BvvafJLLv auTMV ev Klyinrrcp Kparij(Tavre<; BietpOei-
pav, Ttypdvov Be Kal M.t0pLBdrou fjuerd AovkovX-
Xov ovBev dXXo epyov eyevero, dXX^ 6 fxev daOevT}<;
^Brj Kal crvyK€K0fi/jb6V0^ vtto rcov rrpcorcov dyoovwv
ovB' dira^ eroXfirjae Bet^ai UojiiTrrjta) r^]v Bvva/jLtv
e^co rov x^paKO^;, dXXd <pvyoDV et? Boairopov
4 Kare^T] kukcI Karea-rpeyjre, Tiypdpr}(; S* avTb<; eav-
rov yvfxvov Kal dvoirXov ^epcov vireppi^lre Tlofju-
irrjicp, Kal to BLdBr)fia tt}? Ke^aXy)^ d(f)eX6/jievo<;
edrjKe irpo rcov iroBcov, ov rot<; eavrov KoXaKevcov
UofjUTTTJlov, dXXd T0t9 VTTO AovKOvXXov reOpia/jL-
fievfzevoi<i. '^yaTrrjae yovv aTToXafiffdvcov rd avfjb-
fioXa tt)? ^aaiXela^ a)9 d(j>r}p'r)fjLevo^ irporepov.
6i8
LUCULLUS AND CIMON, ii. 5-111. 4
position. Perhaps, then, both come off about alike
on this count.
III. But Lucullus was much the greater in war.
He was the first Roman to cross the Taurus with an
army ; he passed the I'igris and captured and burned
the royal cities of Asia, — Tigranocerta, Cabira, Sinope,
and Nisibis, before the eyes of their kings ; he made
his own the regions to the north as far as the Phasis,
to the east as far as Media, and to the south as far as
the Red Sea, through the assistance of the Arabian
kings ; he annihilated the forces of the hostile
kings, and failed only in the capture of their
persons, since like wild beasts they fled away into
deserts and trackless and impenetrable forests.
Strong proof of his superiority is seen in this, that
the Persians, since they had suffered no great harm
at the hands of Cimon, straightway arrayed them-
selves against the Greeks, and overwhelmed and
destroyed that large force of theirs in Egypt ; ^
whereas, after Lucullus, Tigranes and Mithridates
availed nothing : the latter, already weak and
disabled by his first struggles, did not once dare to
show Pompey his forces outside their camp, but fled
away to the Bosporus, and there put an end to his
life ; as for Tigranes, he hastened to throw himself,
while unrobed and unarmed, at the feet of Pompey,
and taking the diadem from off his head, laid it there
upon the ground, flattering Pompey thus not with
his own exploits, but with those for which Lucullus
had celebrated a triumph. At any rate, he was as
much delighted to get back the insignia of his
royalty as though he had been robbed of them
before. Greater therefore is the general, as is the
1 454 B.C. See Thucydides, i. 109f.
619
PLUTARCH'S LIVES
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620
LUCULLUS AND CIMON, iii. 4-6
athlete, who hands over his antagonist to his
successor in a weaker plight.
Moreover, and still further, Cimon made his onsets
when the power of the king had been broken, and
the pride of the Persians humbled by great defeats
and incessant routs at the hands of Themistocles,
Pausanias, and Leotycliides, and easily conquered the
bodies of men whose spirits had been defeated
beforehand and lay prone. But when Tigranes
encountered Lucullus, he had known no defeat in
many battles, and was in exultant mood. In point
of numbers also, those who were overpowered by
Cimon are not wortliy of comparison with those who
united against Lucullus. Therefore, one who takes
everything into consi 
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