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PLUTARCH'S LIVES
IX
DEMETRIUS AND ANTONY
PYRRHUS AND GAIUS
MARIUS
BERNADOTTE PERRIN
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Translated by [!=:
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te list of Loeb titles can be
found at the end of each volume
PLUTARCH (Plutarchus, c. A.D. 45-
1 2o, was born at Chaeronea in Boeotia
in central Greece, studied philosophy at
Athens, and, after coming to Rome as a
teacher in philosophy, was given consular
rank by the emperor Trajan and a procura-
torship in Greece by Hadrian. Married
and father of one daughter and four sons,
he appears as a man of kindly character
and independent thought. Studious and
learned, he wrote on many subjects. Most
popular have always been the 46 Parallel
Lives, biographies planned to be ethical
examples in pairs (in each pair one Greek
person and one similar Roman), though
the last four lives are single. All are in-
valuable sources of our knowledge of the
lives and characters of Greek and Roman
statesmen or soldiers or orators. Plutarch's
many other varied extant works, about
60 in number, are known as 'Moral
Essays' or 'Moral Works'. They are of
high literary value, besides being of great
use to people interested in philosophy,
ethics and religion.
\
9?i'6
NY PUBLIC LIBRARY THE BRANCH LIBRARIES
II
1
1
I
3 3333 08668 391 5
-0203376
NOT TO BE TAKEN ROM IKE RO
THE LOEB CLASSICAL LIBRARY
FOUNDED BY JAMES LOEB, LL.D.
EDITED BY
E. H. WARMINGTON, M.A., F.R.HIST.SOC.
FORMER EDITORS
|T. E. PAGE, C.H., LITT.D. -j-E. CAPPS, PH.D., LL.D.
fW. H. D. ROUSE, LITT.D. L. A. POST, L.H.D.
PLUTARCH'S LIVES
IX
101
PLUTARCH'S
LIVES
WITH AN ENGLISH TRANSLATION BY
BERNADOTTE PERRIN
IN ELEVEN VOLUMES
IX
DEMETRIUS AND ANTONY
PYRRHUS AND CAIUS MARIUS
CAMBRIDGE, MASSACHUSETTS
HARVARD UNIVERSITY PRESS
LONDON
WILLIAM HEINEMANN LTD
MOMLXVIH
First printed 1920
Reprinted 1950, 1959, 1968
Printed in Great Britain
CONTENTS
PAGE
PREFATORY NOTE vii
ORDER OF THE PARALLEL LIVES IN THIS EDITION ... ix
TRADITIONAL ORDER OF THE PARALLEL LIVES X
DEMETRIUS 1
ANTONY 137
COMPARISON OF DEMETRIUS AND ANTONY 333
PYRRHUS 345
CAIUS MARIUS 463
DICTIONARY OF PROPER NAMES 601
PREFATORY NOTE
As in the preceding volumes of this series, agree-
ment between the Sintenis (Teubner, 1873-1875)
and Bekker (Tauchnitz, 1855-1857) editions of the
Parallel Lives has been taken as the basis for the
text. Any preference of one to the other, and an}^
important deviation from both, have been indicated.
An abridged account of the manuscripts of Plutarch
may be found in the Introduction to the first volume.
Of the Lives presented in this volume, the last part
of the Antony (from chapter Ixxvii.), and the Pyrrhus
and Marius are contained in the Codex Sanger-
manensis (S s ), but none in the Codex Seitenstet-
tensis (S). These are the two oldest and most
authoritative manuscripts. The readings of the
excellent Paris manuscript No. 1676 (F a ) are not
accessible for any of them. No attempt has been
made, naturally, to furnish either a diplomatic text
or a full critical apparatus. For these, the reader
must be referred to the major edition of Sintenis
(Leipzig, 1839-1846, 4 voll., 8vo), or to the new
text of the Lives by Lindskog and Ziegler, in the
Teubner Library of Greek and Latin texts (now
vii
PREFATORY NOTE
half published). In the present edition, the reading
which follows the colon in the brief critical notes is
that of the Teubner Sintenis, and also, unless other-
wise stated in the note, of the Tauchnitz Bekker.
The Siefert-Blass edition of the Pyrrhus, in the
Teubner series of annotated Greek and Latin texts,
has been of great service.
All the standard translations of the Lives have
been carefully compared and utilized, including
those of the Antony and Marius by Professor Long.
B. PERRIN.
NEW HAVEN, CONNECTICUT, U.S.A.
June, 1920.
Mil
ORDER OF THE PARALLEL LIVES IN THIS
EDITION IN THE CHRONOLOGICAL SEQUENCE
OF THE GREEK LIVES.
VOLUME I.
(1) Theseus and Romulus.
Comparison.
(2) Lycurgus and Numa.
Comparison.
(3) Solon and Publicola.
Comparison.
VOLUME II.
(4) Themistocles and
Camillus.
(9) Aristides and Cato the
Elder.
Comparison.
(13) Cimon and Lucullus.
Comparison.
VOLUME III.
(5) Pericles and Fabius Max-
imus.
Comparison.
(14) Nicias and Crassus.
Comparison.
VOLUME IV.
(6) Alcibiades and Coriola-
nus.
Comparison.
12) Lysancler and Sulla.
Comparison.
VOLUME V.
16) Agesilaiis and Pompey.
Comparison.
(8) Pelopidas and Marcellus.
Comparison.
VOLUME VI.
(22) Dion and Brutus.
Comparison.
(7) Timoleon and Aemilius
Paul us.
Comparison.
VOLUME VII.
(20) Demosthenes and Cicero.
Comparison.
(17) Alexander and Julius
Caesar.
VOLUME VIII.
(15) Sertorius and Eumenes.
Comparison.
(18) Phocion and Cato the
Younger.
VOLUME IX.
(21) Demetrius and Antony.
Comparison.
(11) Pyrrhus and Caius Marius.
(19)
(10)
(24)
(23)
(25)
(26)
VOLUME X.
Agis and Cleomenes, and
Tiberius and Caius
Gracchus.
Comparison.
Philopoemen and Flam-
ininus.
Comparison.
VOLUME XI.
Aratus.
Artaxerxes
Galba.
Otho.
IX
THE TRADITIONAL ORDER OF THE
PARALLEL LIVES.
(1) Theseus and Romulus.
(2) Lycurgus and Numa.
(3) Solon and Publicola.
(4) Themistocles and Camillas.
(5) Pericles and Fabius Maximus.
(6) Alcibiades and Coriolanus.
(7) Timoleon and Aernilius Paulus.
(8) Pelopidas and Marcellus.
(9) Aristides and Cato the Elder.
(10) Philopoemen and Flamininus.
(11) Pyrrhus and Caius Marius.
(12) Lysander and Sulla.
(13) Cimon and Lucullus.
(14) Nicias and Crassus.
(15) Sertorius and Eumenes.
(16) Agesilaiis and Pompey.
(17) Alexander and Julius Caesar.
(18) Phocion and Cato the Younger.
(19) Agis and Cleomenes, and Tiberius and Caius
Gracchus.
(20) Demosthenes and Cicero.
(21) Demetrius and Antony.
(22) Dion and Brutus.
(23) Artaxerxes.
(24) Aratus.
(25) Galba.
(20) Otho.
DEMETRIUS
AHMHTPIO2
I. Qi irpwroi rd$ re^vas eoiKevai, rals alcrQr)- Part
(recrtv V7ro\a/36vr6S ov% iJKiard JJLOL BOKOIHTI rr)v a. 1024
ra? Kpicreis avr&v Karavotja-ai, ^vvafjav, 17
rovro yap
KOLVQV ecrri' rfj Be 77/309 rd re\rj rwv
2 dva(f)0pa Bia\\drrov<ri,v. rj /jLev yap alcrOriais
ovoev n fjidXXov eVl \evKwv rj p,e\dvwv Biayvw-
aei yeyovev, ovBe yXvKewv rj rfiKpwv, ovBe fjba\a-
KWV Kat, eiKovrwv rj crKXrjpwv Kal dvrLrvirwv, aXX'
kpyov auTr}9 eKdarois evrvy%dvovaav VTTO Trdv-
re KLvelcrOai Kal Kivov^kvi^v 77/009 TO fypovovv
a>9 TreiTovOev. al Be re^vai /jierd \oyov
Tr/309 aipecriv Kal \ri-ty-iv OLKeiov rivos,
Be Kal SuiKpovcnv d\\orplov, rd fjiev a<^>'
TTporjyovfjLevws, rd Be VTrep rov (f>v\dt;acr0ai
3 Kara av^e/SfjKo^ 7ri0ecopovcrr Kal <vdp larpiK-fj
9 I I 4/
TO voaepov Kal dpjjLOVLKf) TO eVyu-eXe^, 6V&)9 e^et,
(TKOTreLV crv^peprjKe 77/009 TTJV rwv ei'avriwv drrep-
' r/ / n
ya&uav, at Te Tracrco^ reXeiorarai re^vwv,
^ \ ^ f \ /
pocrvvrf Kai oiKaiocrvvri KCLI dtpovriffis, ov
1 eV fKUTtpcf Coraes and Bekker, after Reiske :
2
DEMETRIUS
I. THOSE who first assumed that the arts are like
the bodily senses, seem to me to have perceived very
clearly the power of making distinctions which both
possess, by which power we are enabled to apprehend
opposites, as well in the one case as in the other.
For the arts and the senses have this power in
common ; though in the use to which we put the
distinctions made, they differ. For our sense-
perception has no greater facility in distinguishing
white objects than black, or sweet things than bitter,
or soft and yielding substances than hard and re-
sisting ones, but its function is to receive impressions
from all objects alike, and having received them, to
report the resulting sensation to the understanding.
The arts, on the other hand, which proceed by the
use of reason to the selection and adoption of what
is appropriate, and to the avoidance and rejection of
what is alien to themselves, contemplate the one
class of objects with direct intent and by preference,
and yet incidentally contemplate the other class also,
and in order to avoid them. For instance, the art
of healing has incidentally studied the nature of
disease, and the art of harmony the nature of
discord, in order to produce their opposites ; and
the most consummate arts of all, namely, temper-
ance, justice, and wisdom, since their function is
to distinguish, not only what is good and just
PLUTARCH'S LIVES
Kal biKaiwv KOI (t)(f)\i/ji(i)v, d\\d Kal j3\a- 889
KOI ala"%pwv /cal dSiKtov Kpicreis ova-ai,
cnreipia rwv Ka/cwv Ka\\a)7ri^o/jLvr)v dfcaKiav
OVK tiraivovGiv, a XX' dftekrcpiav rjyouvrai
ayvoiav &v /maXiaTa yivdxTKeiv Trpoarjicei
4 opOws /3ia)<ro[ivou<;. 01 p.ev ovv TraXaiol
riarai TOU? ftXcora? eV rat? eoprals TTO\VV dva<y-
Kd^ovTes 'nlve.iv axparov elafjyov et? ra av/jLTrocna,
TOt? VeOlS OIQV <JTl TO /jL0l>eiV 7TlSlKVVVT<i'
fj/jiels Be Tr]v fjiev e/c ^acrrpoc^T)? erepwv ejravop-
Owcriv ov irdvv (})i\dvdpa)7rov ovBe TroXiTircrjv
5 rjyovjAeOa, rwv Be Ke^piffjievwv dar/c7n orepov av-
Tot? KOL yeyovorwv ev e^ovaLai^ /cal
/jbyd\oi<; eTrifyavwv ei? KdKiav, ov ^elpov
ecrrl crv^vyiav fjLiav rj Bvo Trape/z/SaXet^ et? rd
irapaBeiyfiara rwv ftiwv, OVK e'</>' ifiovf), /JLCL At'a,
Kal Siaycoyfj r&v Gvrvy^apovrwv
6 TrjV ypafirjv, aXX' wcnrep t l<r/j, l t]via<; 6
7riSi/cvv/jLvo5 rot? paO i]T al<$ Kal TOL? ev /cal
TOU? KaKws av\ovvTa<$ elcoOet, \yeiv, "
av\elv Set," Kal ird\iv t " OI/TCO? av\elv ov
o 5' 'AvriyeviSas Kal TI^LOV coero rwv dyaflaw
aKpoaaOai TOU? i/e'ou? av\.r)rwv edv Kal TWV
ovra)
Kal T^yttet? TrpoOufjiorepoL TWV (3e\Ti6vwv e
Kal flearal Kal fjLi/jLrjral ftlwv el /jirjoe rwv <$av\wv
Kal ^Ireyo/jLevcav di'KTToprjrws e^OLfiev.
7 Ylepie^eL Brj TOVTO TO (SifSKiov rov ^tj/jirjrpiov
rov Tlo\iop/fr/rov fiiov Kal ' KVTWVLOV rov avro-
Kpdropos, dvSpwv /jLaXiara Brj TU>
on Kal /ca/cta? fieydXas, w
DEMETRIUS, i. 3-7
and expedient, but also what is bad and unjust
and disgraceful, have no praises for a guilelessness
which plumes itself on its inexperience of evil, nay,
they consider it to be foolishness, and ignorance of
what ought especially to be known by men who
would live aright. Accordingly, the ancient Spartans
would put compulsion upon their helots at the
festivals to drink much unmixed wine, and would
then bring them into the public messes, in order to
show their young men what it was to be drunk.
And though I do not think that the perverting of
some to secure the setting right of others is very
humane, or a good civil policy, still, when men have
led reckless lives, and have become conspicuous, in
the exercise of power or in great undertakings, for
badness, perhaps it will not be much amiss for me to
introduce a pair or two of them into my biographies,
though not that I may merely divert and amuse my
readers by giving variety to my writing. Ismenias
the Theban used to exhibit both good and bad
players to his pupils on the flute and say, " you must
play like this one," or again, "you must not play like
this one " ; and Antigenidas used to think that
young men would listen with more pleasure to good
flute-players if they were given an experience of bad
ones also. So, I think, we also shall be more eager
to observe and imitate the better lives if we are not
left without narratives of the blameworthy and the
bad.
This book will therefore contain the Lives of
Demetrius the City-besieger and Antony the Im-
perator, men who bore most ample testimony to the
truth of Plato's saying 1 that great natures exhibit
1 It is uncertain what passage in Plato is meant.
PLUTARCH'S LIVES
dperds, at ueyd\ai (pvcreis exfpepovcri. yevoaevoi
S' 6yU,OtCt)9 epCOTlKOl, 7TOTLKOL, CTTpaTLCOTlKOL, fjL6ja-
\oBa>poi, TToXureXefc, vftpio~Tai, KOI ra? Kara
8 TV^]V ouoioTrjras aKO\ov6ov<s ea^ov. ov jap
jjiovov ev TO) XotTro) ftiw aeyd\a fjiev /caropOovvres,
/jiyd\a Be a(f)a\\6/j,evii, 7r\Lcrr(i)v Se eTritcpa-
ToO^Te?,7rXeZ(TTa Se a7ro/5aXXo^re?, a7r/?ocr8o/c?/Ta)9
Be TTTaiovres, dv~\,7ricrTti>s Be ira\iv dvatyepovres
BieTe\ecrai>, aXXa KOI Karecrrpe^ap, 6 /Jiev aXou?
VTTO TWV 7ro\e/j,L(i)i>, 6 Be eyjiara rov ira9e.lv
rovro yevo/jbevos.
II. \\VTLyova) Toivvv Bveiv viwv e/c ^rparoi'L-
/c?7? rr}? Koppdyov yevojJLevwv, TOV /^ev eirl rd-
Be\(fxp ArjijLiJTpioy, TOV 8' eVl ru> Trarpl Qi
dt)VO/jia<TV. OUT09 (TTIV 6 TWV 7T\L(TT(0V
Be TOV Ar)/u.iJTpiov ov% viov, aXX' dBe\(f)tBovv
t, TOV 'AvTiyovov \eyovcriv eVi vrjTrlq)
ydp avTW iravTaTracri TOV 7rar/3o? T6\6VTrjaavTO^,
eiTa TT}? /T^T/JO? ev9vs TCO 'Avriyovcp
2 VLOV e/ceuvov vo^io6r]vai. TOV /lev ovv
ov TroXXot? T(7L TOV Arj^rjTpiOV ve(t)Tpov ovTa
reXeur^crat* Ar;yu.//TyOio? Be /j,eye0et, fjiev
TOV 7rarpo9 eXarTcoi/, /calrrep wv /j.eyas, IBea
Be Kal /taXXet TrpoaayTrov Oav^acrTO^ Kal rrepiTTos,
wcrre TMV Tr\aTTovTMV Kal ypatyovTwv ar/0eva
T?}9 6aoioTr)TO$ e(f)iKecr0ai. TO yap avTo X a P lv
KOL /3a^oo9 Kal <po/3ov Kal wpav el^e, Kal avveKe-
KpaTO T) veapw Kal LTaau) BVCT/JLI^ITO^ iipwiKi']
3 Tt9 eTTidtdveta Kal ftacriXiKr aeavoTi^. OVTW Be
TO r)o<$ 7re()VKei 77/009 eKTrrjiv v-
d/na Kal %dpiv. '>]Sio~TO<> yap a>v crvy-
yeveaffai, o")^o\d^wv re Trepl TTOTO^ xal
6
DEMETRIUS, i. 7-11. 3
great vices also, as well as great virtues. Both alike
were amorous, bibulous, warlike, munificent, extrava-
gant, and domineering, and they had corresponding
resemblances in their fortunes. For not only were
they all through their lives winning great successes,
but meeting with great reverses ; making innumerable
conquests, but suffering innumerable losses ; unex-
pectedly falling low, but unexpectedly recovering
themselves again ; but they also came to their end,
the one in captivity to his enemies, and the other on
the verge of this calamity.
II. To begin, then, Antigonus had two sons by
Stratonice the daughter of Corrhagus, one of whom
he named Demetrius, after his brother, and the other
Philip, after his father. This is what the majority
of writers say. But some have it that Demetrius
was not the son, but the nephew of Antigonus ; for
his own father died when the boy was quite young,
and then his mother immediately married Antigonus,
so that Demetrius was considered to be his son.
Well then, Philip, who was a few years younger than
Demetrius, died. Demetrius, the surviving son, had
not the height of his father, though he was a tall
man, but he had features of rare and astonishing
beauty, so that no painter or sculptor ever achieved a
likeness of him. They had at once grace and
strength, dignity and beauty, and there was blended
with their youthful eagerness a certain heroic look
and a kingly majesty that were hard to imitate.
And in like manner his disposition also was fitted to
inspire in men both fear and favour. For while he
was a most agreeable companion, and most dainty
of princes in the leisure devoted to drinking and
PLUTARCH'S LIVES
/col SiaiTas d/3po/3icoTaTos /3a(ii\e(i)v, evepyoTaTov
av Trakiv /cal G^o^poTaTOV TO 7T6pl Ta?
eVSeXe^e? ^X Ka ^ $P a < rri lP i v' V Ka ^
Bewv eZrjXov TOV Aiovvcrov, &>? 7roXe'yu,&) re
Beivorarov, eiptfvrjv re avOis CK 7ro\e/j,ov
vrpo? v(f>pocruv^v teal xdpiv e/jifj,e\ea'Tarov.
III. ^Hv fiev ovv /cal fyiXoTraTwp ^ia^epovrw^'
fi Se Trepl Ti~)V pr/repa (nrov&f] /cal TOV Trarepa 890
evvotav
depaireiav TT}? SumyLtea)?. /eat Trore Trpecrffeia
rivl TOV 'AvTiyovov cr^oXa^o^ro? CLTTO 6i]pas o
A?;//, 77-773 to ? eTreaTT)' /cal TrpocreXdwv TCO TraTpl /cal
<^L\i]o-a^, axTTrep et^e ra? /3oX,tSa?, e/cdOicre trap*
2 avTov. 6 Be 'AvTiyovos airiovTa^ ?;Sr; TOU?
cr/?ei? eyovras ra? aTTOKpicreis /JLeyd\rj
'7rpoa-ayopV(ra<;, " Kal TOUTO," elirev, " w a
6 irepl j^wr, <m TT/JO? a\X?;Xou9 ou-
TCO? exo/jLv" &)? Ivyvv TWO, 7r pay /jLaTwv
Kal $vvd/Aa)<; 67riSeij;iv ovcrav TTJV TT/OO? viov
3 ofjiovoiav Kal TTLCTTIV. OVTWS dpa
vr)TQV i] dp%)], /cal jnea~Tov
dydXXecrdai TOV fieyidTOv TWV '
v /cal TrpevftvTaTov OTI /JLIJ (^oySetrat TOV
vlov, a\\d 7rpocriTai TTJV Xoy^iji' e^ovTa TOV
(Tco/^aro? Tr\rfo-iov. ov /jirjv d\\d Kal /JLOVOS, co?
elirelv, 6 ol/vo? OVTO<$ 7rl TrXetVra? SiaBo^a^
TO)V TOLOVTWV KaKwv KaddpV(7e, /jidX\ov Se et?
/jiovos TWV air AvTiyovou ^tX^TTTro? dvel\V vlov.
8
DEMETRIUS, n. 3-111. 3
luxurious ways of living, on the other hand he had a
most energetic and eager persistency and efficiency
in action. Wherefore he used to make Dionysus
his pattern, more than any other deity, since this
god was most terrible in waging war, and on the
other hand most skilful, when war was over, in
making peace minister to joy and pleasure.
III. Moreover, Demetrius was also exceedingly
fond of his father ; and from his devotion to his
mother it was apparent that he honoured his father
also from genuine affection rather than out of de-
ference to his power. On one occasion, when
Antigonus was busy with an embassy, Demetrius
came home from hunting ; he went up to his father
and kissed him, and then sat down by his side just
as he was, javelins in hand. Then Antigonus, as the
ambassadors were now going away with their answers,
called out to them in a loud voice and said : " O
men, carry back this report also about us, that this is
the way we feel towards one another," implying
that no slight vigour in the royal estate and proof of
its power were to be seen in his haimionious and
trustful relations with his son. So utterly unsociable
a thing, it seems, is empire, and so full of ill-will and
distrust, that the oldest and greatest of the suc-
cessors of Alexander could make it a thing to glory
in that he was not afraid of his son, but allowed him
near his person lance in hand. However, this house
was almost the only one which kept itself pure from
crimes of this nature for very many generations, or,
to speak more definitely, Philip was the only one of
the descendants of Antigonus who put a son to death. 1
1 Philip V., King of Macedonia. Cf. the Aemilius Paulus,
viii. 6.
PLUTARCH'S LIVES
4 at e aXXou o-%&bv aTracrai BiaBo^al rro\\a)v fjiev
iraiSwv* TTO\\O)V Be /jLrjrepcov </>6Vof? KOI
TO fiev jap d&e\(f)ov$ dvaipelv, Mairep
ol yew^erpai ra alnj/jLara \a/ji{3dvovo~iv, OVTCO
crvve^wpeLTO KOIVOV TI vofja^op.evov airrj/jia teal
ftacriXiKQV VTrep acr^aXeta?.
IV. Tov /jLevroi /cal $>i,\dv6 PWTTOV (pvcrei real
(f)i\Taipov yeyovevai TOV &r//ji?JTpiov ev dp^f}
7rapd$iy/jia TQIOVTOV euTiv eiTreli'. Mt^piSaTT;?
6 'Apioftap^dvov 7rat9 eratyoo? rjv avTOU teal tcaff
r)\i/ciav - 1 (JW^Or)^, eOepdrreve Se 'AvTiyoyov, ovre
ovre SOKCOV irovro^, etc 8e evvTrviov
2 vTTo-friav 'Avriyovw irapk(jye.v. eSo/cei yap f^e
teal Ka\ov Trebiov eiriaiv o P^vriyovo^ ^r^^d TI 2
KarcKnreipeiv e avrov Be irpwrov JJLZV
6epos %pvcrovv, oXiyw 5' vaiepov GTT-
ovBev aXX' fj rer^irj/^ei'rjv Ka\d/jLrjv.
e teal 7repi7ra0a)i> dteovcrai TIVWV
\e<yovTwv &>? dpa M 10 piSdri^ et? TLovrov Eu-
%eivov o"%Tai, TO ^pvcrovv Oepos e
3 e/e TOVTOU SiaTaa-de}^ teal TOV vlov
, e<ppacre Tr/v b'tfriv avTw, teal OTL Trdv-
TOV dvOpcoTTOV eKTTo&oov TTOielffOai teal
eyvwtcev. d/covcra? Se 6 AT^^T/K
a(f)6Bpa, teal TOV veaviaieov, teaddrrep elu>6ei,
yevo/mevov Trap avTw teal avi>6vTos eVl
fjiev ovtc TO\^jcrev ovSe Trj
Sid TOV opteov, vTrayayoov Se teaTa
ov aTTO TWV (j)i\o)v, &>9 eyeyoveffav /JLOVOI teaQ*
avfov?, TO) aTvpatei TT}? ^07%^? teaTeypa^ev et
10
1 /cal K0.6' T)\iKlav Ziegler : /cafl' riXinlav KO.I.
2 ^r/y/jid. Ti Ziegler : ty-fi
DEMETRIUS, in. 4 -iv. 3
But almost all the other lines afford many examples
of men \vho killed their sons, and of many who
killed their mothers and wives ; and as for men
killing their brothers, just as geometricians assume
their postulates, so this crime came to be a common
and recognized postulate in the plans of princes to
secure their own safety.
IV. In proof that in the beginning Demetrius was
naturally humane and fond of his companions, the
following illustration maybe given. Mithridates the
son of Ariobarzanes was a companion of his, and an
intimate of the same age. He was one of the
courtiers of Antigonus, and though he neither was
nor was held to be a base fellow, still, in consequence
of a dream, Antigonus conceived a suspicion of him.
Antigonus dreamed, namely, that he was traversing
a large and fair field and sowing gold-dust. From
this, to begin with, there sprang up a golden crop,
but when he came back after a little while, he could
see nothing but stubble. In his vexation and dis-
tress, he heard in his dream sundry voices saying
that Mithridates had reaped the golden crop for
himself and gone off to the Euxine Sea. Antigonus
was much disturbed by this vision, and after he had
put his son under oath of silence, told it to him,
adding that he had fully determined to destroy
Mithridates and put him out of the way. On hearing
this, Demetrius was exceedingly distressed, and when
the young man, as was his wont, came to share his
diversions with him, though he did not venture to
open his lips on the matter or to warn him orally,
because of his oath, he gradually drew him away
from his friends, and when they were by themselves,
with the sharp butt of his lance he wrote on the
ii
PLUTARCH'S LIVES
TTf]v yijv opwvTos avTov, " <&evye,
4 avvels Be eVetz'o? aTreBpa VVKTOS et? Ka7T7raSo/aai>.
Kal Ta%v Trfv 'AvTiyovw yevo^ivriv o \jriv vjrap
avTw avv6Te\t, TO ^pecov. TroXX?}? jap KOI aya-
6fj<i Kpdrr)(7 %oopas, Kal TO TWV TLovTi/cwv fiaai-
TTOU iao r navadvov VTTO
KLVOS Trapecf^e. ravra /Jiei> ovv ev-
SeiyfJiaTa TOV A.rjfjL^rpiov Trpos
KOI BiKaiO(Ti>vr)v.
V. 'Evrel Be, wcnrep ev Tot? '
(TTOf^etoi? Sia TO veitcos /cal rr]V <$>L\lav evevri
Bia<f>opa TTyOo? aX\t]\a Kal TroXe/zo?, /^dXX-ov Be
T049 a\\tj\ct)V aTTTOfjievois Kal Trekd^ovcnv, ovrw
rov Tracri TO?? 'A\%dvBpov Sia&6%ois TT/QO? a
Xou? ofTa (Tvve'xrj rr6\/jiov al TWV
l TO)V TOTTCOV <JVvdlCLl 7T/00? GvloVS 67TOLOVV
ov Kal fjia\\ov e^eKaov, wairep
2 yovy TOTG Trpos Hro\ef^aLOv, avro? [lev '
ev Qpvyiq Sierpifte, UToXe/^aiov S' UKOVWV GK 891
SiajSdvra Tropdelv ^vpiav Kal Ta?
Kal ftid%eG0ai, KareTre/jL^e TOV viov
Bvo Kal elKOcnv TO)V ovTa Kal
TOT6 TrpcoTOV avTOT\w<; eVl irpdy/jiao-
ola Be veos Kal aTret/oo? dvBpl
TroXXou? Kal yLte^aXou? /ta^' avTov a/yco/'a?, ecr(f)d-
\rj Trepl TTO\IV Td^av rjTTrjQeis, oKTaKid^tXiwv
3 aXo^Tft)^ Kal TrevTaKKTiXicDV aTroOavovTM. dire-
12
DEMETRIUS, iv. 3 -v. 3
ground so that he could see it, " Fly, Mithridates."
Mithridates understood, and ran away by night to
Cappadocia. And soon the vision of Antigonus was
accomplished for him by fate. For Mithridates
made himself master of a large and fair territory,
and founded the line of Pontic kings, which, in the
eighth generation, was brought to an end by the
Romans. 1 This, then, is an illustration of the strong
natural bent of Demetrius towards kindness and
justice.
V. But just as among the elements of the universe,
according to Empedocles, love and hate produce
mutual dissension and war, particularly among those
elements which touch or lie near one another, so the
continuous wars which the successors of Alexander
waged against one another were aggravated and more
inflamed in some cases by the close proximity of
interests and territories, as at this time in the case
of Antigonus and Ptolemy. Antigonus himself was
tarrying in Phrygia, and hearing there that Ptolemy
had crossed over from Cyprus and was ravaging Syria
and reducing or turning from their allegiance its
cities, he sent against him his son Demetrius, who
was only twenty-two years of age, and was then for
the first time engaging with sole command in an
expedition where great interests were at stake. But
since he was young and inexperienced, and had for
his adversary a man trained in the training-school of
Alexander who had independently w r aged many
great contests, he met with utter defeat near the
city of Gaza, 2 where eight thousand of his men were
taken prisoners and five thousand were slain. He
1 In 63 B.C., when Pompey conquered Mithridates VI. and
dismembered his kingdom. 2 In the spring of 312 s,c.
13
PLUTARCH'S LIVES
fBa\e Be Kal o-fcrjvrjv Kal %pt][j.aTa Kal oXw? crvfji-
Tracrav TTJV Trepl TO crco/za 6epa-neiav. dXXa ravra
[lev avTw riroXeyLtato? aireire/ji'^re yuera TWV fyi\.wv,
6vyvct)/Aoi>a Kal (f)i\dv@ pwirov aveiTraiv \6yov, ct
ov Trepl irdvTwv a/j.a, Trepl So^?;? Be KOI
ecnli> aurot?.
rot? #eoi5 /AT/ TTO\VV
TTToXeyttatft) %apiro?, d\\a
4 dfiei^racrOaL Bta T&V O/AOLCOV. Kal TrdOos ov
fjieipaKiov TraOcov ev dpxfi TT/oa^ea)? dvarpaTrevros,
a-XX' e/j,/3pi@ovs (TTparrjyov Kexprj/ievov Trpay/jid-
/uera/5oXai?, dvBpwv re <rv\\oyr)s Kal Kara-
OTT\0)V
Be
TOI;?
VI. 'Ai^Tt^o^o? Se TT;I/ fj,d%T)v irvOofJievo^ ITroXe-
fjialov fJiev dyevelovs vevLK^Kora etpyj vvv av6i<$
Bia r ya)vieicr0ai Trpos avBpas, rov Be vtov TO <fcpo-
Ka9e\elv Kal KoXov&at JLT /SouXoeyo? OUK
aXX' d(j)rJKe. Kal ueT ov TTO\VV ^povov
Kt'XX?;?, nroXe/iatou crrpaTrjyo^,
Bvvd/J,eo)<;, a)? e%e\dcrwv Sf/3/
12 cr?;?, TW TrporjTTr)a0aL KaTafypovovfJievov. o 8'
e^aicfrvTjs eTrnrecrcov ov TrpoaLaOo^ievw Kal ^>o/
e\ajSev aura> crTpaT^yy TO
fJiev eTrTaKicf^L\iov^
Be TrayLtTroXXo)^ eKVpievcrev.
Be viKrjcras ov^ ol? ej;eiv, aXX' oi? a
14
DEMETRIUS, v. 3 -vi. 2
lost also his tent, his money, and in a word, all
his personal effects. But Ptolemy sent these back
to him, together with his friends, accompanying
them with the considerate and humane message
that their warfare must not be waged for all things
o O
alike, but only for glory and dominion. Deme-
trius accepted the kindness, and prayed the gods
that he might not long be indebted to Ptolemy for
it, but might speedily make him a like return. And
he took his disaster, not like a stripling thwarted at
the outset of an undertaking, but like a sensible
general acquainted with reverses of fortune, and
busied himself with the levying of men and the
preparation of arms, while he kept the cities well in
hand and practised his new recruits.
VI. When Antigonus learned of the battle, he
said that Ptolemy had conquered beardless youths,
but must now fight with men; 1 however, not wishing
to humble or curtail the spirit of his son, he did not
oppose his request that he might fight again on his
own account, but suffered him to do it. And not
long after, up came Cilles, a general of Ptolemy,
with a splendid army, intending to drive Demetrius
out of all Syria, and looking down upon him because
of his previous defeat. But Demetrius fell upon
him suddenly and took him by surprise, put him to
rout, and captured his camp, general and all ; he
also took seven thousand of his soldiers prisoners,
and made himself master of vast treasures. How-
ever, he rejoiced to have won the day, not by reason
of what he was going to have, but of what he could
1 The competitors at the great games were divided into
three classes : boys, beardless youths, and men (Plato, Laws,
833 c).
15
PLUTARCH'S LIVES
Kal TT}? VLKrjs ov rov rr\ovrov OI/TOJ? ovBe
rrjv B6av, eo? TTJV Bid\.vcriv rov <^)L\avO pwrcev-
3 /xaro? etceivov Kal rrjv 'xdpiv rjydTrrjcrev. ov firjv
avToyvcojuLovcos ravra eirpa^ev, aXX' eypa^e rq>
Trarpi. SOVTOS S' e/ceivov KOL Ke\v<javro<$ ov
ftov\Tai Traa-i xprjaaaOai rpoTrov, avrov re rov
KCLL ()ov<; avrov
TO
TLro\/jia1ov, 'A vriyovov Be Kaniyayev CK KeXou-
vwv ^aipovra rfj vi/crj Kal TroOovvra
rov viov.
VII. 'E/c rovrov 8e rwv 'Apdftwv rovs /ca\ov-
Na^aratou? vTrayayeaOat rre^Oel^ o
Kiv8vvuae pev els TOTTOU? dvvSpov?
uiV, TOJ Se firj Biarapa^0^jvat /nr)& e/CTrXa-
yrjvai AcaraTrXry^ayitei'O? TOI;? /3a/3/3apou?, \eiav re
/cal
avrwv ve^wprjaev.
2 'E?rel Se 2eXeu/co9, eKTrecrwv /lev VTTO 'Avnyovov
TT}? BaySfXcowa? irporepov, varepov be dva\a/3wv
rrjv dp^rjv Bi avrov teal Kparwv, dW/3?;
$vvdfj,ews, ra o~vvopovvra TO?? 'I^&ot? e
evptfaeiv rrjv Mecro-
teal rrepdaa^ a(f)V(o rov
rrapeiarreaaiv
a/cpas (Bvo yap rjaav^) eKKpovaas TTJV rov
<f>povpav Kal Kparrjaa? toYou? e
3 earTjcrev rrraKia"%L\iov<$ dvSpas. K Be
16
DEMETRIUS, vi. 2-vn. 3
restore, and was delighted, not so much with the
wealth and glory which his victory brought., as with
the power it gave him to recompense the kindness
and return the favour of Ptolemy. And yet he did
not do this on his own responsibility, but first wrote
to his father about it. And when his father gave
him permission and bade him dispose of everything
as he liked, he sent back to Ptolemy both Cilles
himself and his friends, after loading them with
gifts. This reverse drove Ptolemy out of Syria, and
brought Antigonus down from Celaenae ; he rejoiced
at the victory and yearned to get sight of the son
who had won it.
VII. After this, Demetrius was sent to bring into
subjection the Arabs known as Nabataean, and
incurred great peril by getting into regions which
had no water ; but he was neither terrified nor
greatly disturbed, and his demeanour overawed the
Barbarians, so that he took much booty and seven
hundred camels from them and returned.
And now Seleucus, who had once been expelled
from Babylonia by Antigonus, but had afterwards
succeeded in recovering the realm and was now
wielding the power there, went up with an army,
designing to annex the tribes on the confines of
India and the provinces about Mount Caucasus.
Demetrius, accordingly, expecting that he would
find Mesopotamia unprotected, suddenly crossed the
Euphrates and invaded Babylonia before Seleucus
could stop him. He expelled from one of its
citadels (there were two of them) the garrison left
there by Seleucus, got it into his power and estab-
lished in it seven thousand of his own men. But
PLUTARCH'S LIVES
oaa (frepeiv rj ayeiv rj&vvavro TOU? crrpa-
teal
v eVt 6d\aao-uv fieftaiorepav
rrjv dp%r)v air O\(,TT wv e^icrracrOai, yap eSofcei. TO)
KCLKOVV 0)9 fjirjKeTL IT pocn]KovGav
/j,aiov /j,i>TO(, TrdXio
e^tjpTraae rrjv
VIII. 'E^So^ou &e TT}? <f)i\OTi/jiia<; ravrr)^ yevo-
j Trapecrrrj
trjv 'EXXa&a ircifrav VTTO Kacra^^yoou teal
fjiaiov KaTa$$ov\w/jievr]v. TOVTOV iro
7ro\e/Jirj(T TWV /3aai\6cov Ka\\ico KOI
0.9 yap a/jia rou9 ftapftdpovs TarreLvovvTes evTro-
pias crvvijyayov, et9 rou9 f/ EXX7/j'a9 virep evSogias
2 Kal Tij,fs avY\ivK.ov. 0)9 Se jrcoTOv e&o/cei 7r\elv
eVl
TOV 'Avruyovov OTI Set Tavrrjv rrjv TroXtz^, av e\wcn,
KaT6%eiv Si? avrwv, eTufid&pav rr}9
ovcrav, ov TTpoeea'xev 6 'AvTiyovos, aXX'
ddpav fjiev <pr) Ka\r)V /cat dcrd\evTov elvai rrjv
evvoiav, ra9 &e 'A^^a9, axrTre O-KOTTV rr<$ ol/cov-
rfj S6rj Sia7rvp(Tveiv et9 airavTa?
3 dvOpomrovs ra9 7rpdeis. eVXet Se Ar}/j.t]Tpto<;
dpyvpuov 7revTaKio-%L\ia TaKavra KOL crro-
7revTi]KovTa Kal 'biaKoaiwv eVl
, TO //,ey acrru .rj^rov rov
, ev e r
Ka0eaTu>crr)S' evrv^ia Be dfjia Kal Trpovoia
eVe^atWro TO)
18
DEMETRIUS, vn. 3 -vin. 3
after ordering his soldiers to take and make booty of
everything which they could carry or drive from the
country, he returned to the sea-coast, leaving
Seleucus more confirmed than before in his posses-
sion of the realm ; for by ravaging the country
Demetrius was thought to admit that it no longer
belonged to his father. However, while Ptolemy
was besieging Halicarnassus, Demetrius came swiftly
to the aid of the city and rescued it.
VIII. The glory won by this noble deed inspired
father and son with a wonderful eagerness to give
freedom to all Greece, which had been reduced to
subjection by Cassander and Ptolemy. No nobler
or juster war than this was waged by any one of the
kings; for the vast wealth which they together had
amassed by subduing the Barbarians, was now
lavishly spent upon the Greeks, to win glory and
honour. As soon as father and son had determined
to sail against Athens, one of his friends said to
Antigonus that they must keep that city, if they
took it, in their own hands, since it was a gangway
to Greece. But Antigonus would not hear of it ; he
said that the goodwill of a people was a noble
gangway which no waves could shake, and that
Athens, the beacon-tower of the whole world, would
speedily flash the glory of their deeds to all man-
kind. So Demetrius sailed, with five thousand
talents of money and a fleet of two hundred and
fifty ships, against Athens, w r here Demetrius the
Phalerean was administering the affairs of the city
for Cassander and a garrison was set in Munychia.
By virtue of forethought combined with good fortune,
he appeared off Piraeus on the twenty-sixth of the
PLUTARCH'S LIVES
4 (f)0ivovTO<? apyr)\i(t)vo<;, rrpoaiaOofJievov pev ov-
Bevos, eVel Be a>(f)0r) 7T\tjaiov 6 crroXo?, drrdvTcov
co? UroXe/zai/ca? ra? vav$ vTro$e~%e<j9ai irapa-
<TKeva^o/j,eva)v, oi/re av^povijaavre 1 ^ efioijdovv ol
i, KCU 6bpv(3o<$ rjv, olov etVo? ev aTrpocr-
airoavovTas
rot? yap aTo/Adai, TWV
iriTW)(a)V 6 ArjfjuJTpios KOL
771^ ?;S>; KarcKfravrjs nracri, KCU
diro T% i^eco? aiTijcriv rjcrv^ia^ KOI
5 yevo/jievov Be rovrov fcrjpvKa
dveiTrcv on Trefj^reiev avrov 6 Trarrjp dyadfj
TOU? 'A^i/atou? 1 e\ev&ep(t)(TOVTa KOI rrjv typovpdv
eKf3a\ovi>Ta /cal TOU? VO/JLOV? auroi? KOL rrjv
Trdrpiov aTroBcoaovra 7ro\iTLav.
IX. 'Avappr]0VTQ)v Be TOVTCOV ol [lev TTO\\OL
ra? a<J7rt5a? defJievoi Trpo rwv TroBwv
Kal y9ow^T9 e/ceXevov aTroBauveiv
TOV irpiov, evepyerrjv teal awrripa Trpoaayo-
pevovrev ol Be irepl rov <&a\rjpa TrdvTws fiev
MOVTO Belv Be^eaOai TOV Kparovvra, KO.V /jLyBev wv
7rayye\\Tai fjieXXrj ftefiaiovv, oyu-co? Be
Beo/jLevovs 2 d7re<nei\av, ot? o Arj/jLiJTpio
(f)i\av0pa>7ra)S avveTrefji'^re Trap 9 eavrov rwv Tra-
TpWWV <$L\U>V TOV Ml\1j<TlOV 'Apl(TT6Bl]/J,OV. TOV
Be OaX^pew? Bia TTJV /jLeTa/3o\i]v T% TroXireta?
fJLCi\\OV TOL? TToXtVa? rj TOl/? 7TO\e/jLLOVS BeBoiKOTOS,
OVK r)/jLe\'r]o~ev 6 A^yu^TyOio?, aXXa /cat TTJV B6av
1 TOUS 'A8r)vaiovs Sintenis and Ziegler : *A.9r]valovs.
2 $fo/j.(vous Bekker has StTjcro/xeVouj, after Coraes.
20
DEMETRIUS, vm. 4 -ix. 2
month Thargelion. 1 Nobody knew beforehand of
his approach, but as soon as his fleet was seen in the
vicinity, everybody thought that the ships belonged
to Ptolemy and prepared to receive them. At last,
however, the generals discovered their mistake and
came to the rescue, and there was confusion, as is
natural when men are compelled to defend them-
selves against enemies who are making an unex-
pected landing. For Demetrius, finding the en-
trances to the harbours open and sailing through
them, was presently inside and in view of all, and
signalled from his ship a demand for quiet and
silence. When this was secured, he proclaimed by
voice of herald at his side that he had been sent by
his father on what he prayed might be a happy
errand, to set Athens free, and to expel her garrison,
and to restore to the people their laws and their
ancient form of government.
IX. On hearing this proclamation, most of the
people at once threw their shields down in front of
them, and with clapping of hands and loud cries
urged Demetrius to land, hailing him as their
saviour and benefactor. The party of Demetrius the
Phalerean also thought they must by all means
receive the conqueror, even though he should con-
firm none of his promises, but nevertheless sent
ambassadors to supplicate his mercy. These Deme-
trius met in a friendly spirit, and sent back with
them one of his father's friends, Aristodemus of
Miletus. Now the Phalerean, owing to the change
of government, was more afraid of his fellow-citizens
than of the enemy. Demetrius, however, was not
unmindful of him, but out of regard for the man's
1 May- June, 307 B.C.
21
PLUTARCH'S LIVES
Kal rrjv apTr)V rov dvBpbs et?
avrov, warrep eftovXero, //.era aa<$a\eia<s o~vve-
eTTefJi^rev. avrbs Be rrjv /j,ev TTO\IV, OVK av etyij,
Kairrep emBvfjiwv, IBeiv Trporepov rj 'navrairaaiv
\ev6epwcrai r?}? fypovpas aira\\a^a^' rfj Be
^apaK(i)/j.a Kal Tcifypov irepL^a\(t)v Sia
, hleydpois eireirKevaev VTTO KacravSpov
rov
ryevofjievr}V yvvaiKa K/oar^crtTroXt^ ev Hd-
Siarpiftovcrav OVK av d
ovaav eirl
rrjv &vva/Aiv ev rrj MeyapiKrj irporfkOev evfa
TLvas e\wv avv avrw. Kal rovrcov TrdXiv airo-
GTpe^as d'rrea'Ki]vw(Te ^wpl^ vTrep rov \a6elv Trjv
4 yvvaiKa (rvve\6ovcrav avrw. rovro rives alcrOo-
fjievoL rwv 7ro\e{j.iwv e^aLffrvrjs KareBpa/jiov eV
avrov. o Be (frofirjOels KOL \af3u>v ^Xa^vSiov
o/x&> <$>ev r ywv e^effrvyev, o\i<yov 5e?^crac
aXwaiv e aKpaaias d\wvai. rrjv Be
jjiera rwv ^prj/jidrwv w^ovro XaySo^re? ol
5 Twv Be M.eydpwv a\ovrwv Kal rwv arpanwrwv 891
e'(' dp-rrayrjv rparro/jLevwv 'Adijvatoi, Trapynjaavro
TroXXfj Berja-ei TOU? Meyapeis' Kal rrjv (ppovpav 6
Aijfjiijrpios eK^a\wv r)\ev6epwa~6 r^v rro\iv. en
Be rovro rrpdrrwv rov d>i\oo~6(bov 2,Ti\7rwvos
I II
e/jivrjo~0ri, Bo^av e~)(ovros dvBpbs rjprifjievov TTW? ev
r}O"&yia Karafiiwvai. fJieraTrefjL'^rdfJievos ovv av-
rov r/pwra fiii] Ti? et\?/(/)6 ri rwv eKeivov. KOL 6
"rL\7rwv, " OuSet?," elrrev " ovBeva yap elBov
6 eTriard/jLav drrofyepovra." rwv Be OepaiTovrwv
22
DEMETRIUS, ix. 2-6
good reputation and excellence, sent him and his
friends under safe conduct to Thebes, as he desired.
As for himself, he declared that, although he desired
to see the city, he would not do so before he had
completed its liberation by ridding it of its garrison ;
meanwhile, after running a trench and a palisade
round Munychia, he sailed against Megara, where a
garrison had been stationed by Cassander.
But on learning that Cratesipolis, who had been
the wife of Polyperchon's son Alexander, was tarry-
ing at Patrae, and would be very glad to make him
a visit (and she was a famous beauty), he left his
forces in the territory of Megara and set forth,
taking a few light-armed attendants with him. And
turning aside from these also, he pitched his tent
apart, that the woman might pay her visit to him
unobserved. Some of his enemies learned of this,
and made a sudden descent upon him. Then, in a
fright, he donned a shabby cloak and ran for his
life and got away, narrowly escaping a most shameful
capture in consequence of his rash ardour. His tent,
together with his belongings, was carried off by his
enemies.
Megara, however, was captured, and the soldiers
would have plundered it had not the Athen-
ians made strong intercession for its citizens ; De-
metrius also expelled its garrison and gave the city
its freedom. While he was still engaged in this,
he bethought himself of Stilpo the philosopher, who
was famous for his election of a life of tranquillity.
Accordingly, Demetrius summoned him and asked
him whether any one had robbed him of anything.
" No one,'' said Stilpo, " for I saw nobody carrying
away knowledge." But nearly all the servants in
*3
VOL. IX. B
PLUTARCH'S LIVES
, ee
6 ^rjji^TLo^ eiXooveiro KOI reXo?
ovSeva <yap a^Cov Sov\ov a
X. 'ETrel 8e TraXiv e7rave\6u)V 77/309 rrjv Moi/-
vvyiav KOI arparoTreBeva'a^ e^ercotye TTJV typovpav
KOI fcareffKa^e TO fypovpiov, OUTOJ? ijSrj rwv 'A^?;-
vaicov $e%ofjiVtov KOI KoXovvrwv 7rap\6(jL>v eh TO
aarv Kal crvvayaywv TQV Brj/jiov aTreScofce Tr]i>
irdrpiov iro\L^eiav KOI TrpoavTreo-^ero Trapa TOV
avTot? d<j)i^6cr0at CTLTOV Trevreicai&eKa
fjLebLfJLVWv KOI %v\a)v vav7rrjy)-j(rLfj,a)v
669 CKdTOV TplrfpLS. 'AOrjl'dLOL & ttTTO-
rrjv Btj/jLOKpariav eVet TrevTeKaiSeK
TOV Be fjiiaov %povov drrb TWV Aa/jiiaKwv Kal
Be j,ovaiKrs KaTaarda-eo)^ <i>Oj,evrS bid
TOV ^ > aXe&)9 ^vvaiv, OUTW \aJLTrov ei
evepyeaiais KOI fteyav (^avevTa TOV
Tpiov 7ra%0fj /cal ftapvv erroiricrav TWV
3 Tat9 djJLTpiai<s a9 e-frr)(j)icravTO. rrpwTOi fjiv <ydp
dv6pcjL>TTU)V aTrdvTwv TOV ^.tj/n^rpLOV Kal
<yovov /^acrjXefc dvtjyopevcrav, aXX
vovs Tovvofjia, Kal TOVTO l 8^ [JLOVOV TWV /3acri\t,-
KWV 6TL T049 dfTO <&l\l7TTrOV KOI '
Trepielvai SOKOVV dOiKTov eTepois Kal a
1 /cal TOVTO Comes and Ziegler delete the Kal ; Bekker
corrects to us, after Schaefer.
24
DEMETRIUS, ix. 6-x. 3
the city were stolen away, and when Demetrius once
more tried to deal kindly with the philosopher, and
finally, on going away, said : " Your city, Stilpo, I
leave in freedom," "Thou sayest truly," replied
Stilpo, " for thou hast not left a single one of our
slaves."
X. Coming back again to Munychia and encamp-
ing before it, he drove out the garrison and demol-
ished the fortress, and this accomplished, at last, on
the urgent invitation of the Athenians, he made his
entry into the upper city, where he assembled the
people and gave them back their ancient form of
government. He also promised that they should
receive from his father a hundred and fifty thousand
bushels of grain, and enougli ship timber to build
a hundred triremes. It was fourteen years since the
Athenians had lost their democratic form of govern-
ment, and during the period which followed the
Lamian war and the battle at Crannoii l their
government had been administered, nominally as an
oligarchy, but really as a monarchy, owing to the
great influence of the Phalerean. And now that
Demetrius had shown himself great and splendid in
his benefactions, the Athenians rendered him odious
and obnoxious by the extravagance of the honours
which they voted him. For instance, they were the
first people in the world to give Demetrius and
Antigonus the title of King, although both had up
to that time shrunk from using the word, and
although this was the only royal prerogative still left
to the descendants of Philip and Alexander which it
was thought that others could not assume or share ;
1 323-322 B.C. See the Phocion, xxiii.; xxvi. 1.
25
PLUTARCH'S LIVES
(rcorfjpas dveypatyav 0ov<f, teal rbv e
vvfiov teal Trdrpiov ap^ovra Karairavaavre^ iepea
crwrrjpwv e^eiporovovv tcaF e/caarov evtavrov
teal rovrov eVt Tcov ^IrTjtpto'fjLdrcov teal rwv crvjuifio-
4 \alwv irpoeypacfrov. evvfyaivecrOai Se rS)
TWV 6ewv avrovs etyrj^io'avTO' /cal rov TO-
TTOV OTTOV irpwrov a7r/3ij Tov ap/uaxo?,
teal ftwfjiov einOevre^ AijfjLijrpiov Karat-
ftdrov Trpocrrjyopeva-av rat? Se
6e<rav, ^rj/m'rjTpidSa teal ' AvriyoviSa, teal
ftovXrjv TWV TrevraKOcriwv irpoTepov
7roirjcrav, are Srj
XI. To e vTrep^veararov evOv/jirj^a rov
^TparotcXeovs (oro? yap r)V o TWV vofy&v rov-
rwv teal irepirrwv Kawovpyos
eypatyev OTTO)? ol rce^rco^voi Kara
$r)/u,ocria TT/OO? 'Avriyovov r) Arjfjirjrptov dvri irpe-
(T/3evra)v Oewpol \eyoivro, tcaOdrrep ol Ilt^o? teal
'OXuyLtTria^e ra? Trarpuovs Overlap vTrep rwv rro-
2 \eu>v dvdyovres ev rat? 'EX\7;^t:at9 copra??. TJV
Se /cal ra\\a 7rapdro\fio<; 6 ^rparo/c\r)<f, /col
fte/Sico/ccos ao-eA/yco? KOL rrjv rov rra\aiov KXe-
coi/o? drrofjufjieiardai SOKWV ^w^oKo^Lav Kal /38e-
\vpiav rfj TT^OO? rov Sfj/jLov ev^epeia. eV^e o rrjv
kraipav <$>v\dKiov a^e^X^^co?* tcai rrore avrw
1 Every fifth year, at the Panathenalc festival, a sacred
robe was carried in solemn procession and deposited with
26
DEMETRIUS, x. 3 -xi. 2
moreover, the Athenians were the only people to
give them the appellation of Saviour-gods, and they
put a stop to the ancient custom of designating
the year with the name of the annual archon, and
elected every year a priest of the Saviour-gods,
whose name they prefixed to their public edicts and
private contracts. They also decreed that the figures
of Demetrius and Antigonus should be woven into
the sacred robe, 1 along with those of the gods ; and
the spot where Demetrius first alighted from his
chariot they consecrated and covered with an altar,
which they styled the altar of Demetrius Alighter ;
they also created two new tribes, Demetrias and
Antigonis ; and they increased the number of the
senators, which had been five hundred, to six hun-
dred, since each of the tribes must furnish fifty
senators.
XL But the most monstrous thing that came into
the head of Stratocles (he it was who invented these
elegant and clever bits of obsequiousness) was his
motion that envoys sent by public decree and at
public expense to Antigonus or Demetrius should be
called sacred deputies, instead of ambassadors, like
those who conducted to Delphi and Olympia the
ancient sacrifices in behalf of the cities at the great
Hellenic festivals. In all other ways also Stratocles
was an audacious fellow ; he lived an abandoned life,
and was thought to imitate the scurrility and
buffoonery of the ancient Cleon in his familiarities
with the people. He had taken up with a mistress
named Phylacion ; and one day when she had bought
the goddess Athena on the Acropolis. On it were repre-
sented the exploits of the goddess, particularly in the Battle
of the Gianta.
27
PLUTARCH'S LIVES
7T/009 eiTrvov % ayopds irpiafjievrjs eyKe(f)d\ovs
/cal rpawJKovs, "HaTrat" elire, " roiavrd ye
o)tyu)vr)Kas ot9 a^aipi^oiJiev ol 7ro\irevoaevoi.
3 7-779 Se Trepl 'Apopybv ijrrr)^ rwv vewv cru/z/3a0-r?9
T0t9 'AOrjvaiois, (frddcras TOU?
TOI
Kal TrpocrayyeiXas on veviKrJKao~iv, evayyeKia
9veLV eypa-^e Kal KpewBaiaiav riva Kara (f)V\rjv
erroirjo-ev. o\iyw S' vcrrepov rwv ra vavayia KO- 894
/ju%6vra)v drro T^9 /xa%7;9 rrapayevoiJLevwv Kal rov
\5\ /N )/>^f
ara<; rbv Oopvftov, " Elra," l<f 17, " rl rrerrovOare
Beivov, el Bvo ijfiepas 77860)9 yeyovare" roiavr^
jjLev 17 TOU ^rparoK\60v<; Qpaa-vrrjs.
XII. *Hz> Se dpa Kal rrvpos erepa Oep^orepa
Kara rbv 'ApLcrroffrdvr). ypd(j)6i ydp Ti9 a
\
rov
av
l &LOVVVOV %Vl(TfJ,ols, TW S' V7Tp
ei>q> Xa/jbir pori]ri
dpyvpiov et?
2 (r0ai. reXo9 5e r&v re fiyvuv rov
Kal r&v fjfiep&v rrjv evr]V Ka veav
Trpoa-rjyopevcrai', Kal rwv eoprwv ra
aerajvofjiaaav ^rj^rjrpta. eTrecrrj^ve
Se T0t9 rr\dcrrois TO Oelov. 6 pev yap 7re7rXo9,
wTre/o e^rj(picravro per a rov A09 al TT}? ''A.0ijva$
7rpo(TVV(j)r)vai Atinrfrpiov Kal 'Avriyovov,
28
DEMETRIUS, xi. 2 -xn. 2
in the market-place for his supper some brains and
neck-bones, "Aha!" he cried, "thou hast bought
just such delicacies for me as we statesmen used to
play ball with." Again, when the Athenians suffered
their naval defeat near Amorgus, 1 before the tidings
o * o
of the disaster could reach the city he put a garland
on his head and drove through the Cerameicus, and
after announcing that the Athenians were victorious,
moved a sacrifice of glad tidings and made a generous
distribution of meat to the people by tribes. Then,
a little later, when the wrecks were brought home
from the battle and the people in their wrath called
him out, he faced the tumult recklessly and said :
" What harm have I done you, pray, if for two days
ye have been happy ? ' Such was the effrontery of
Stratocles.
XII. But there are things hotter even than fire,
as Aristophanes puts it. 2 For some one else, out-
doing Stratocles in servility, proposed that whenever
Demetrius visited the city he should be received with
the hospitable honours paid to Demeter and Dionysus,
and that to the citizen who surpassed all others in
the splendour and costliness of his reception, a sum
of money should be granted from the public treasury
for a dedicatory offering. And finally, they changed
the name of the month Mounychion to Demetrion,
and that of the last day of a month, the <( Old and
New," to Demetrias, and to the festival called Dionysia
they gave the new name of Demetria. Most of these
innovations were marked with the divine displeasure.
The sacred robe, for instance, in which they had
decreed that the figures of Demetrius and Antigonus
should be woven along with those of Zeus and
1 In 322 B.C. A Macedonian fleet was victorious.
8 Knights, 382.
29
PLUTARCH'S LIVES
Bia rov KepafJieiKov /JLeaos eppdyrj 6ve\-
3 X??9 efjLTrecrovo-rjS' irepl Be rov$ /3w / woi)9 TO 1)9 eKei-
'ijvdrjo-ev 17 yrj KVK\W TTO\V Kwveiov, aXXo>9
T?}9 %a>/oa9 TToXXa^oO (frvojuevov rfj Be
rjjjLepa y ra rwv ^.IOVVCTIWV eyivero, rr]V Tro/ATrrjv
Kare\vo~av lo")(ypwv irdywv yevouevwv Trap 1 &pav.
Kal nra^VTf]^ fiaOeLas eTriTreaovo'^^ ov U^QVOV d t
Xof9 Kal GVKCLS aTrdo~as direKavcre rb
aXXa Kal rov crirov rov irXelarov Kar
4 ev %Xo77. Bib Kal OtXtTTTrt^T;? ej^Opos wv rov
^rparoK\eov<^ ev Kw/nMBia TTyOo? avrov
oi> a,7reicav<TGv 1}
i ov do~eftovvd' 6 7T7rXo9 eppdyrj /j,ecro<;,
rwv 6ewv Tt / ua9 TTOLOVvr* dvdpwrclvas.
ravra Kara\vei Bf)fjiov, ov Kb)/ji(pBia.
5 H^ oe o < X ) /Xi7T7rio)79 A.vcrifjid'vov (^>tXo9,
TroXXa Bi avrov 6 S^//09 ev eiraOev VTTO rov
ySao"iXea)9. eBoKei Be Kal Trpbs rrpafyv avray Kal
109 crrpareiav 6yo"u/^/5oXo9 arcavr^cra^ elvat
TO
ev evo')(\G)v yw-^S' av\lfcf)<s Trepiepyias dva-
<f)i\0(f)povov{Aevov Be rrore rov
7T/309 avrov Kal elirovros, "'
, rti/09 <rot rail/ C/JLWV /^eraSw;"
7, " @ao~i\ev, fJLr] rwv dTropprjrwv." rovrov fte
30
DEMETRIUS, XH. 2-5
Athena, as it was being carried in procession through
the midst of the Cerameicus, was rent by a hurricane
which smote it ; l again, all around the altars of
those Saviour-gods the soil teemed with hemlock, a
plant which did not grow in many other parts of the
country at all ; and on the day for the celebration
of the Dionysia, the sacred procession had to be
omitted on account of severe cold weather that came
out of season. And a heavy frost followed, which
not only blasted all the vines and fig-trees with its
cold, but also destroyed most of the grain in the
blade. Therefore Philippides, who was an enemy
of Stratocles, assailed him in a comedy with these
verses 2 :
" Through him it was that hoar-frost blasted all the
vines,
Through his impiety the robe was rent in twain,
Because he gave the gods' own honours unto men.
Such work undoes a people, not its comedy."
Philippides was a friend of Lysimachus, and for
his sake the king bestowed many favours on the
Athenian people. Moreover, when he was about to
undertake anything or make an expedition, he
thought it a good omen to meet or catch sight of
Philippides. And in general the character of
Philippides gave him a good repute, since he was no
busybody, and had none of the officious ways of a
courtier. On one occasion Lysimachus wished to do
him a kindness, and said: "Philippides, what have
I that I can share with thee ? " "O King," said
Philippides, " anything but one of thy state secrets."
1 The "peplos " was spread like a sail on the mast of the
sacred Panathenai'c ship.
* Cf. Kock, Com. Att. Frag. iii. p. 308.
B2 31
PLUTARCH'S LIVES
ovv eVtT^Se? Cfcefotp 7rap60iJKafjLV, TCO CLTTO TOV
/3>;/u.aro? TOV into TT}?
XIII. A O Be pd
Kal d\\oKOTOV, eypa^fre Apo/jiOK\iSr]<;
VTrep TT}? TWV acnri&wv dvadeffecos 6t9
Trapa Arj/jiijTpiov \ajBeiv
Trapaypdtya) Trjv \efyv e/c TOV
2 e^ovcrav "*K<ya6f) TV'Xfl. BeBo^dai T&>
Xeiporovrjcrai rov &r)/j,ov eva avbpa ej; ' '
OCTTt? d(f)lK6fJLVOS 7T/3O? TOl/ ^(DT)jpa KCU KCL\\Lepr]-
crd/nevos eTrepwTrjcrei, TOV ^u>Tr)pa TTW? a^ evcrefte-
GTCLTa KOl Ka\\L(TTa Kal TrjV Ta^lCTTlJV 6 S?}yU09
T^Z/ aTTOKaTacrTaaiv TroiijcraiTO TWV dvadr)fJ,dTa)V
o TL 8' ai^ %p?;cr77, raura irpaiieiv TOV
OVTM KaTa/jLCDKco/jLevoL TOV dvOpooiTov
pav avTov, ov&e aXXft)? vyiauvovTa TTJV Sidvotav.
XIV. 'AA,V ev 76 rat? '-A.0-iqvais TOTE
TOV
T<I> Kfp^?;? ap^avTi yuera T^ e/ceivov
2 d<f)iKTO TrdXiv et? ra? 'A^^a?. ot yuev
'A0r)vaioi TOV jd/jiov TOVTOV et? X^P lv ^Bevto Kal
TLfji^v rr}? TroXeo)?' aXXw? Se o A?7/z?/Vp05 ev%epijs
Ti? ^ 7re/?t <ydjj,ov<>, Kal TroXXat? ayna avvrjv
a)v d^lay/JLa fieyiaTOV el^e /cat
BL 'AvTLTraTpov TOV TraTepa Kal Bid TO
TrpocrvvwKrjKevai KpaTepu), TW Tr\eicrTr)v evvoiav
1 'O^t'Aa Ziegler, after Wilamowitz : '
32
DEMETRIUS, xn. 5-xiv. 2
Such a man, then, I purposely compare with Stra-
tocles, the man of the stage with the man of the
bema.
XIII. But there was one honour proposed for
Demetrius which was more strange and monstrous
than any other. Dromocleides the Sphettian moved,
when the dedication of certain shields at Delphi was
in question, that the Athenians should get an oracle
from Demetrius. And I will transcribe his very
words from the decree ; they run thus : " May it be
for the best. 1 Decreed by the people that the
people elect one man from the Athenians, who
shall go to the Saviour-god, and, after a sacrifice
with good omens, shall enquire of the Saviour-god
in what most speedy, decorous, and reverent manner
the people may accomplish the restoration to their
places of the dedicatory offerings ; and that whatever
answer he shall give, the people shall act according
thereunto." With such mockery of adulation they
finally perverted the man's mind, which even before
was not wholly sound.
XIV. Furthermore, while he lingered in Athens
at this time, Demetrius took to wife Eurydice, a
widow. She was a descendant of the ancient Miltiades,
had married Ophelas the ruler of Cyrene, and after
his death had come back to Athens. The Athenians,
accordingly, took this marriage as a graceful com-
pliment to their city ; but in general Demetrius
made a rather light matter of marriages, and had
many wives at the same time, of whom Phila enjoyed
the greatest esteem and honour, both because of her
father, Antipater, and because she had been the wife
of Craterus, the one of all the successors of Alexander
1 A pious formula prefixed to important documents.
33
PLUTARCH'S LIVES
avrov Trapa Ma/ceSocrt rwv ^AXe^dvBpov BiaB6%wv
arro\nrbvri. ravrrjv, 009 eoi/ce, KOjmiBr) veov ovra
rov ^.Tjfirjrptov eireiOev o Trarijp, OVK ovcrav avry
3 /ca0 y wpav, a\\a Trpe&fivTepav, \aftelv airpo-
8' e%ovTt, \ey6rai TT/JO? TO 01/9 TO
OTTOV TO /cepSo9, Trapa fyvaiv
O/JLOIOTTTCOTOV TL
ovv Tt9 rjv rj rov
/ecu
7roXXat9 [lev dveSrjv eraipais, TroXXat? Be e'Xeu-
(Tvvelvai <yvvai%i, KOI yLtaXfcrTa Brj irepl TTJV
ravTrjv Ka/cws CLKOVGCLI rwv Tore (Savt,-
XV. 'Evret Be o Trarrjp avrov e/caXet
7re/H KVTT/JOU 7roXe//,?;cro^Ta, TreiOeaOdi [lev rjv
dvayxalov, d^9oiJLevo<; Be oil rov VTrep rfjs 'EXXa-
^09 TroXe^ov, 6VTa /caXXta) :al \a/j,7rp6repov,
dTroXeLTrei, TrpocreTre/ji'^re K.\60)viBy TW IlToXeyaatOL'
o~rparrjyu) (frpovpovvn ^IKVWVCL KOL KopivOov
^prjfjLara Trporeivwv, ware e\ev6epa<s dfyelvai ras
2 7ToXei9. ov 7rpocr&J;afjivov Be ereeivdv, Bia ra^eoov
<; /cat 7r/oo<7Xa/3a)i> BVVCI/JLIV eVeTrXeucre
e
evQvs evi/crjcrev avrov Be
fjLera Bvvd/jiecos Trefy/crjs a/jia KOI
eTricfravevros, eyevovro fiev aireikai rive?
real BidXoyoi, KOjjL7ra>Bei<$, rov /nev dTroir\elv
1 aX\' tis rb KfpSos iraph <f>v<riy 5ov\fvreov, Phoenissae, 396
(Kirchhofi).
34
DEMETRIUS, xiv. 2-xv. 2
who left behind him the most goodwill among the
Macedonians. This woman, as it would appear, his
father had persuaded Demetrius to marry when he
was quite young, although she was not of his age,
but older ; and when his son was disinclined to the
match, it is said that Antigonus whispered in his ear
the verse of Euripides :
" Where there is gain, 'gainst nature's dictates must
one wed,"
substituting off-hand " must one wed " for the similar
inflection " must one serve." However, so slight was
the respect which Demetrius paid to Phila and to the
rest of his wives, that he consorted freely with many
courtesans, as well as with many women of free birth,
and as regards this indulgence he had the worst re-
putation of all the kings of his time.
XV. And now his father summoned him to wage
war against Ptolemy for the possession of Cyprus.
He must needs obey the summons, but was loth to
abandon the war for the liberation of Greece, which
was a nobler and more glorious war, and therefore
sent to Cleonides, the general of Ptolemy who was
occupying Sicyon and Corinth with a garrison, and
offered him money to set the cities free. Cleonides,
however, would not accept the bribe, and Demetrius
therefore put to sea in haste, and taking additional
forces, sailed against Cyprus. 1 There he joined
battle with Menelaiis, a brother of Ptolemy, and
promptly defeated him ; but Ptolemy himself appeared
on the scene with a large land and naval force
combined, and there were sundry interchanges of
threats and boasts, Ptolemy ordering Demetrius to
1 In 306 B.C.
35
PLUTARCH'S LIVES
{JLTfTplOV Ke\VOVTOS TTplv V7TO TT}? BvvdfJ,Q)<S
Tracrrj? dOpoiar^eiarj^ KaTaTraTrjQrjvai, A 77,0,77 T/HOV
Be GKGLVOV d(j)ivai <pd<rKOVTO$, av 0/^0X07770-77
^iKvwva Kal KopivOov d7ra\\d%6iv TT}?
3 o Be dya>v ov JJLOVOV avTols e/ceivoLS, d\\d /cal
aXXot? a7ra(Ti $vvda r rai<$ 7ro\\r]V el^e 7rpocrSoKiai>
TTJ<; 7riKpjuiaju.ei>r]$ a^Xor^ro?, co? ov Kvirpov
ov& ^vpiav, aXXa TO /jueyicrTOV evOvs zlvai irdv-
T(i)v TW Kpaiovvri T779 viKrjs Trpoo'Tideia")'}^.
XVI. AUTO? fjiev ovv o IlToXe/^ato? eVevrXei irev-
Kol etcarov rau? e^cov, IK $e ^a\afMvo<;
vavaiv, 6rav /nd-
o
KOTTTCIV e^OTTLadev KOI
Arf/jiiJTpios Se Tat? /nev
dvrera^e Se/^a vavs (roaavrai <yap rjpKOvv
arevov ovra TOV \i/jLevo<$ e^pd^ai TOV eKTT\ovv\
2 atTO? ^e TO iretpv e/CTa^a? KOL Tot? dvaTGLvovaiv
et? rrjv 6d\acraav d/epwrripiois Trepi^ed/jiei'o^, ov-
TW? dvi'^Oi] vava\v etcaTOV oybo^KOVTa' TT pocr yLtt^a?
Be p(jofirj /cal ftiq iroXkfj Kara xparos erpe-^raro
rov T\.ro\fjiaiov, avTov /Jiev, &)? eviKydij, Bid
ra^eutv (frvyovra vavcrlv 6/cra) /uovais (roaavrai
rydp 6/c Tracrwv TrepiecrwOiivav, rwv Be aXXwz/ at
fjiev ev TT) vav^a^la biefyOdpriarav, eftBo/jiij/covTa Be
3 i]\waav avravBpoL*), TOV Be ev oXicdcn irapop-
fjiovvTOS o)(Xov depaTTovTwv Kal ^>i\wv K.CLI yvvai-
KWV,Tl Be 07T\COV KOL ^p^/jLaTCDV Kal ^TI^CLVJ] fJiaT WV
avrXco? ovBev e^efivye TOV A.r)/.iiJTpiov, aXX' e'Xa/3e
TrdvTa /cal tcaTijyayev ei? TO GTpaTOTreBov. ev Be
TOVTOIS 77 7rept/3o77T09 rjv A.dfjua, Trjv p,ev dp^v
a7rovBacr0eio'a Bid Ti]V Te^vrjv (e'8o/cet yap av\elv
36
DEMETRIUS, xv. 2-xvi. 3
sail away before the entire force should assemble and
crush him, and Demetrius offering to let Ptolemy
go if he would agree to withdraw his garrisons from
Sicyon and Corinth. And not only Demetrius and
Ptolemy themselves, but also all the other potentates,
awaited with great expectancy the uncertain issue
of the impending struggle ; they felt that not Cyprus,
nor yet Syria, but the absolute supremacy would at
once be the prize of the victor.
XVI. Well, then, Ptolemy himself sailed to the
attack with a hundred and fifty ships, and ordered
Menelaiis to put out from Salamis with sixty ships,
and when the struggle was fiercest, to assail the ships
of Demetrius in the rear, and throw them into
confusion. But to these sixty ships Demetrius
opposed only ten ships (for that small number
sufficed to block the narrow exit from the harbour),
while he himself, after first drawing out his land
forces and encompassing the headlands that extended
into the sea, put out to battle with a hundred and
eighty ships. He made his onset with great impetus
and force, and utterly routed Ptolemy. Ptolemy
himself, after his defeat, fled swiftly with eight ships
only (for that small number were left from his whole
fleet ; of the rest, some had been destroyed in the
sea-fight, and seventy had been captured, crews and
all), but of the throng of attendants, friends, and
women which lay in ships of burden close at hand,
and further, of all Ptolemy's arms, money, and
engines of war, absolutely nothing escaped Demetrius,
but he took everything and brought it safely into
his camp. Among this booty was the celebrated
Lamia, originally held in esteem for her artistic skill
(she was thought to play the flute quite admirably),
37
PLUTARCH'S LIVES
OVK evKara^povijrco^, varepov 8e /calrols epwTi-
4 KOK \afjL7rpd yevopevrj. Tore yovv 77877 \yyovaa
/cal TTO\V vea)Tpov eavrf)^ \afiovcra TOV
eicprrjae r %^
are efceivrjs elvai novijs epaarijv, r&v 6' a\\cov
^ (
Mera 8e rrjv vavpayiav ov$e o
av-reaxev, a\\a TTJV re f,a\afuva TrapeSto/ce T&)
&rjfj,r)Tpi<p KOL ra? raO? Kal TO vre^oy, tV-Tret? re 896
KOI
v v ,
XVII. OuTft) e \ap,7rpav Kai tcaXpv T^V vwr\v
o/evopevnv e-ri fj,d\\ov efTLKoa^wv o ?//A7;
vyvo)fJLOffvvrj Kal <j)i\av0pa)7ria TOU? veicpoiii
iroKefJiiwv eOa^re fjLjd\OTrp7ra)<; ical'rofa al
XWTOU? ar/cev 'A^i/atot? 3e %iXta? al
TCOZ/ \a(f)vpc0v eSw^o-aro irAvair\id<s.
2 Av-rdyyeXov Se TT)? i/tV??? rw Trarpl T
o-toi; 'Apia-ToBrj/jiov eire^e, Trpwrevovra
TWV av\iKWi> ciTrdvTwv, Kal Tore irapea-fce
a)? eoixe, TWV KoXaKevfjidrcov TO ^eyiarov
KCLV TOI? Trpdypaa-iv. a>5 7ap eirepaaev ^
Kuvrpou, TTpoo-exew I* OVK eiaa-e rrj 7^ TO
dyKvpa? 8' a^elvat K6\evcras Kal Kara vavv
3 drpe^a -nav-ras, auTO? e>/3a? et? TO e$o\Kiov e
Hovos Kal Trpo? TOJ> ' AvTLjovov dveftcuve, per
ovra -rfj TTpoa&oKia rfjs Ata%79 Kal Siatceipevov
et/co?
Tr)\itcovTC0v dyuviwvTas. Tore <ye
etceivov iJKiv ert, paXkov 17 rrporepov ea^e rapa-
, Kal fJLo\i<! fJiev avrbv oUoi aT
% eV aXXot? erre^Trev virrjp&Tas
38
DEMETRIUS, xvi. 3-xvn. 3
but afterwards becoming illustrious in the annals of
love also. At this time, at any rate, although she
was past her prime and found Demetrius much
younger than herself, she so mastered and swayed
him by her charms that he was a lover for her alone,
but a beloved for all other women.
After the sea-fight, Menelaiis also made no further
resistance, but handed over Salamis to Demetrius,
together with his fleet, and his land forces, which
comprised twelve hundred horsemen and twelve
thousand men-at-arms.
XVII. This victory, which was so fair and brilliant,
Demetrius adorned still more by his humanity and
kindness of heart. He gave the enemy's dead a
magnificent burial, and set his captives free ; more-
over, upon the Athenians he bestowed twelve hundred
suits of armour from the spoils.
As his special messenger to carry word of the
victory to his father, Demetrius sent Aristodemus of
Miletus, the arch- flatterer among all his courtiers,
and ready now, as it would seem, to crown the
achievement with the grossest of his flatteries. For
when he had crossed over from Cyprus, he would
not suffer his vessel to come to land, but ordered the
crew to cast anchor and remain quietly on board, all
of them, while he himself got into the ship's small
boat, landed alone, and proceeded towards Antigonus,
who was anxiously awaiting news of the battle, and
was disposed as men are apt to be disposed who
are struggling for so high a stake. And now, indeed,
when he heard that Aristodemus was coming, he was
more disturbed than before, and, with difficulty
keeping himself indoors, sent servants and friends,
39
PLUTARCH'S LIVES
<j)i\ov<; Trevo-o/jievovs rov 'ApiaroBrj/jiov Trepl rwv
4 yeyovorcov. dTTOKpivo/jLevov Be /jitjBev avrov
fidBrfV Be teal crvvea-rwn ra) 7r/3ocra>7r&>
tea /ArjKerL Kaprepoov o ' ' P^vrLyovo^ eVt ra? 6v-
a7njvTijcr, TroA-Xoi' irapa-ne^LTTovTo^ ijSrj rov
aroBrj/jiov o^Xou KOI avvrpexovTOs eVl TO
5 (3a<ji\iov. &)? ovv eyyvs r)\6ev, eKreivas rrjv
\ev 'Avriyove, VLKM^GV TlToXejjialov vav/jia^ia KOI
Kvirpov e^ofjLev teal err par HUT as at^aXcorou?
jjivpiovs 6a/acr\TA./oi>9 o/CTa/couiOL'?." 6 Be 'AVTL-
701/09, " Kal (TV, vrj A/a, ^atpe," elTrev " OUTCO
B T^yua? ySacra^tua? Bi/crjv u^e^ei?' fipdBiov jap
d7ro\rfay TO evayyeXiov."
XVIII. 'EA; TOUTOV Trpcorov dvecfrdovrjae TO
ir\7]6o<; 'AvTiyovov Kal &r)/j,i'jTpiov /QacriXea?.
'Kvii'yovov fJiev ovv evOvs dveBrjaav ol (f)i\oi, t
A?7yar;T/3tft) Be 6 Trartjp eTre/jL^e BidBijfjta KOI
ypd<pwv eiricrTO\r)V /3aa-L\ea TrpoaelTrev. ol 8' eV
AlyvTrrw TOVTWV djrayyeX^ofjievcov Kal avrol
/3aai\ea rbv TlTO\fialov dvrjyopevcrav, &>9 fJir)
BOKLV rov (frpovijjuiaros vfiieaOai Bia rrjv rjrrav.
2 eTreveifjiaro Be ovrcos TO rrpayjjia rw ^A,w Toi/9
BiaB6%ov<;. Kal yap Avaifj,a%os ijp^aro <f)Opeli>
BtdBrj/jia, Kal %\VKOS evrvy^dvwv T049
criv, 7rel T0t9 ye ftapfidpois rrporepov ovros
. KdaavBpo? Be, rwv d\\wv
avrov /3acri\ea Kal ypatyovrwv Kal Ka\ovvra>v,
avros, wairep irporepov elwOei, T<*9 e
eypa<pe.
40
DEMETRIUS, xvn. 3-xvm. 2
one after the other, to learn from Aristodemus what
had happened. Aristodemus, however, would make
no answer to anybody, but step by step and with a
solemn face drew near in perfect silence. Antigonus,
therefore, thoroughly frightened, and no longer able
to restrain himself, came to the door to meet
Aristodemus, who was now escorted by a large throng
which was hurrying to the palace. Accordingly, when
he had come near, he stretched out his hand and
cried with a loud voice : " Hail, King Antigonus, we
have conquered Ptolemy in a sea-fight, and now hold
Cyprus, with twelve thousand eight hundred soldiers
as prisoners of war." To this Antigonus replied :
" Hail to thee also, by Heaven ! but for torturing us
in this way, thou shalt undergo punishment ; the
reward for thy good tidings thou shalt be some time
in getting."
XVI 1 1. Upon this, the multitude for the first
time saluted Antigonus and Demetrius as kings.
Antigonus, accordingly, was immediately crowned by
his friends, and Demetrius received a diadem from
his father, with a letter in which he was addressed as
King. The followers of Ptolemy in Egypt on their
part also, when these things were reported to them,
gave him the title of King, that they might not
appear to lose spirit on account of their defeat.
And thus their emulation carried the practice among
the other successors of Alexander. For Lysimachus
began to wear a diadem, and Seleucus also in his
interviews with the Greeks ; with the Barbarians he
had before this dealt as king. Cassander, however,
although the others gave him the royal title in their
letters and addresses, wrote his letters in his own
untitled name, as he had been wont to do.
41
PLUTARCH'S LIVES
Touro Se ov Trpoffdtj/ctjv bvofJLaros /cal
\\ayr)v el^e /JLOVOV, aXXo. /cal ra
dv&pwv e/civrjcre /cal ra? yvwfjias eTrfjpe KOI
rot? LOW /cal TCU9 ofjifidais avrwv oy/cov eveTrorjcre
/cat ftapvrijTa, KaOdirep rpayifccov virotcpiTwv a/j,a
rrj (TKevfj (TVfL/jLera/BdXXovTwv /cal ySa^uyua /cal
4 (fxovrjv /cal Kard/c\icriv /cal Trpocrayopeva-iv. e/c
Se TOVTWV eyevovro /cal Trepl ra? ^ucaitocreis
ftiaiorepoi, TTJV et9 7ro\\a Trape^ovaav aurou?
\,a$>poTpovs /cal fjLa\a/ca)Tpov<; rot? vTrrj/coois
Trporepov eipwvelav TT}? e^ovcrias a^eXo^re?. TO-
(Tovrov icr%vcre Ko\a/co<; fywvrj fiia /cal Tocravrijs
eveTrXtjae rrjv ol/cov/jiewrjv /xeTa/3oX?}9.
XIX. 'A^rt7oyo9 Se rot? TreTrpay/jievois VTTO
Arj/jLrjrpiov Trepl KUTT/JO^ eirapdels evOvs ecrrpd-
reva-ev 7rl HT ^oXe palov , auro9 f^ev aywv
rrjv Svvaiiv ArjLTTiov 8e M<d\w <TToXw
TrapaTT\ovTO<;. ov Be rpoirov eyc
ra Trpdy/^ara, M7JSiO9, 'Avnyo
2 elSe Kara rou9 VTTVOVS. eSotcei yap avrov 'Avrt- 897
yovov dyaivi^ecrdai yuera r^9 crrpaTias a7rd<rr)s
&iav\ov evpoocTTWs /cal ra%u TO TT/OWTOI/, elra Kara
fjiLKpov evBibovai, TTJV Svva/jiiv avr<p' /cal reXo9,
&>9 e/ca/Jbtyev, dcrOevrf yevo^evov /cal
ro9 ov pa&icos dvafyepeiv. auro9 re ovv e
Kara yrjv ?roXXat9 drropiais, teal
yeifji&vi, /jLe<yd\(i) /cal K\VO'Q)VI Kiv
6/9 TOTTOL'9 akifievovs /cal ^aXeTro^ eicpi(f>f)vai,
7roXXa9 Se TWI/ I'ew^ tt7roXecrai/T09, erravrjXdev
e Tore /JLiicpov drro\eirrovra yeyovoos e
42
DEMETRIUS, xvm. 3 -xix. 3
Now, this practice did not mean the addition of a
name or a change of fashion merely, but it stirred
the spirits of the men, lifted their thoughts high,
and introduced into their lives and dealings with
others pomposity and ostentation, just as tragic
actors adapt to their costumes their gait, voice,
posture at table, and manner of addressing others.
Consequently they became harsher in their judicial
decisions also ; they laid aside that dissemblance of
power which formerly had often made them more
lenient and gentle with their subjects. So great
influence had a flatterer's single word, and with so
great a change did it fill the whole world.
XIX. Antigonus, elated by the achievements of
Demetrius at Cyprus, at once 1 made an expedition
against Ptolemy ; he himself led his forces by
land, while Demetrius with a great fleet cooperated
with him by sea. How the enterprise was to issue,
Medius, a friend of Antigonus, was warned by a
vision in his sleep. He dreamed, namely, that
Antigonus himself, with his whole army, was com-
peting in a race over the course and back ; he ran
vigorously and swiftly at first, then, little by little,
his strength failed him ; and at last, after he had
made the turn, he became weak, breathed heavily,
and with difficulty made the finish. And conformably
to the vision, Antigonus himself encountered many
difficulties by land, and since Demetrius also en-
countered a great storm and a heavy sea and was
cast upon a rough coast which had no harbours, losing
many of his ships, he returned without accomplishing
anything.
Antigonus was at this time almost eighty years
1 During the same year, namely, 306 B.C.
43
PLUTARCH'S LIVES
oyBor/tcovTa, 1 fjL i ye@ei, Be KOI fiapvrrjTi,
fiaX\ov I] Bid TO yfjpas e'vrl ra? crT/sareta? yeyovoos
rTO? e^prjro ru) TraiBl /cal Si ev-
/cal 8i' e/uLTretpiav ijBr) TO, fjiejiara Ka\ws
BLOIKOVVTI, Tpv(f>a<; Be KOI TroXfreXeta? teal TTOTOU?
avrov /iirj /3apvv6/iivo<;. elptfvt)? jap OL/O-T;?
ei? ravra tea a^owv e-^ptTO TT/JO?
ra? ?;Som? avei/JievtoS avTM /cal Kara/copais, eV
e rot? Troe/xot? a>? ot
4 \eyerai Be T/}? Aayuta? dvacfravBov ij
TOV 'Avriyovov VTTO rov ^.rj^^rpiov feara(f)i\,ov-
[Jievov ritcovTOS airo evrjs elirelv cifj.a <ye\wvTa,
Aafitav, w ?rat, Kara^iXeiv" TTO.\IV Be
TT\eioi>a<; T^/xepa? eV TTOTOJ? yevo/jLevov, KCU
criv \e<yoi>TO<i &>? pevfia Bw^Xijcretev ainov,
'ETTU 06/jLijv" tydvai TOV ' ' Kvrl^ovov, " d\\a TTOTE-
acriov ^7 Xtoi' }^ TO pevfJiaT irvOo^evo^ Be
daOevws e^eiv avrov eftdBi^ev o^ro^evo^,
Kal TWV tcd\a)v TLVL Trepl Ovpas aTnjvTrjcrev elcre\-
6wv Be teal KaOiaas Trap* avrov rjifraTO TT}?
eteeivov Be elirovTO^ oil vvv o Trvperos
prjteev, " 'Ayu-eXei, TraiBiov," <pr), " teal e/jiol vvv
6 Trepl Ovpas CLTTLMV dTnjvr^tee.^ ravra Be OUTW
etyepe TOV &r}fj,r)Tpiov Bia TTJV a\\r]v
ol p,ev 'yap ^KvQai TTIVOVT^ Kal
Trapa^rd\\ova-i Ta? vevpas TWV
'-\' t \ .n . t n t * /
etcKvofjievov VTTO Trjs rjdovrjs avateaXov/J,evot,
1 oySo-ffKoyra MSS. and most editors : TUV o
44
T
DEMETRIUS, xix. 3-6
old, and his great size and weight, even more than
his old age, made it difficult for him to conduct
expeditions. He therefore made use of his son in-
stead, whose good fortune and experience now
enabled him to conduct the greatest affairs success-
fully, and whose luxuries, extravagances, and revelries
gave his father no concern. For although in time
of peace Demetrius plunged deep into these excesses
and devoted his leisure to his pleasures without
restraint and intemperately, yet in time of war he
was as sober as those who were abstemious by nature.
And we are told that once, after Lamia was known
of all men to be in complete control of Demetrius,
he came home from abroad and greeted his father
with a kiss, whereupon Antigonus said with a laugh,
" One would think, my son, that thou wert kissing
Lamia." Again, on another occasion, when De-
metrius had been at his revels for several days, and
excused his absence by saying that he w T as troubled
with a flux, " So I learned," said Antigonus, "but
was it Thasian or Chian wine that flowed ? " And
again, learning that his son was sick, Antigonus was
going to see him, and met a certain beauty at his
door ; he went in, however, sat down by his son, and
felt his pulse. " The fever has left me now," said
Demetrius. "No doubt, my boy," said Antigonus,
" I met it just now at the door as it was going
away." These failings of Demetrius were treated
with such lenity by his father because the young
man was so efficient otherwise. The Scythians, in
the midst of their drinking and carousing, twang
their bow-strings, as though summoning back their
courage when it is dissolved in pleasure ; but
45
PLUTARCH'S LIVES
TOV 6vfj,6v, eKelvo? Be ra fjiev rjBovfj BiBovs a
eavTOV, TO, Be (TTrovBfj, KOI 0drepa TWV erepcov
aKpara /jL6ra)/eipi6[j,vos, ov% YJTTOV rjv Beivbs ev
XX. 'AXXa Kal 7rapacrK6udcraa-dai Svva/Jiiv r)
i ^ekiLwv eSorcei a-Tparrjyos elvai, Trdvra
e/c Trepiovaias virdp^eiv /SouXoyLte^o? eVi ra?
&e Trepl ra? vavs Kal rd firj^a^/jiara
fjLeya\ovpyias Kal /cad' T^ovr\v Tiva TOV Oewpelv
aTrX^crro)? ex wv * v<f>vrj$ yap &v Kal
OUK et? 7rai8ia? ouS' et? o'iayct)yd$
eTpeifre TO <$>i\oTe")(yov, waTfep d\\oi ftacri\el<;
av\ovvTe<$ /cal ^wypafyovvTes KOL
2 'Ae/307TO? yap 6 ^la/ceBcov Tpaire&a [nucpd
\W)(y{$ia TKTaiv6jjievos, OTTOTC cr^oXa^bf, Sir/yev.
"ArraXo? Be 6 ^iXo^Tcop l/aJTreve ra? (f>ap/jia-
KcoBeis ftoTavas, ov JJLOVOV voaKvafjLOV Kal eXXe-
ftopov, aXXa Kal KOIVGLOV Kal CLKOVITOV Kal Sopv-
KVLOV, aLro? ev roi? /3acrtXetOi? aTreipwv Kal
OTTOU? re Kal Kaprrov avTwv epyov TTC-
el^evat, Kal KOfii^ecrdat, Kad^ wpav. 01
Be TIdpQwv /5a<TiXet? etrefJuvvvovTO ra? a/c/
TWV yewi^ aaTTOvTes avTol Ka
3 aXXa {irjv /^ri^Tplov Kal TO [Bdvavcrov r]v
KOV, Kal fjieyeOos r) /ueOoBos el^ev, daa TO>
Kal $i\oTej(yti) TWV epywv vtyos TI Biavoias Kal
fypovt'iiJiaTos crvveK<ftepovTU)V, axTTe [Jirj JJLOVOV 71/06-
/I-T;? Kal Trepiovaias, aXXa Kal ^eipo<;
veaOai /3aai\iKrjs. /jLeyedei pep yap
Kal TO i>? (^tXou?, Ka\\ei Be Kal TOVS
Tp7T6. TOVTO Be Tl /JboXkoV d\rj6S)^ T)
46
DEMETRIUS, xix. 6-xx. 3
Demetrius, giving himself up completely, now to
pleasure, and now to duty, and keeping the one
completely separate from the other, was no less
formidable in his preparations for war.
XX. Nay, he was actually thought to be a better
general in preparing than in employing a force, for
he wished everything to be at hand in abundance for
his needs, and could never be satisfied with the
largeness of his undertakings in building ships and
engines of war, or in gazing at them with great delight.
For he had good natural parts and was given to
speculation, and did not apply his ingenuity to things
that would afford useless pleasure or diversion, like
other kings who played on the flute, or painted, or
chased metals. Aeropus the Macedonian, for in-
stance, used to spend his leisure time in making
little tables or lamp-stands. And Attains Philometor
used to grow poisonous plants, not only henbane and
hellebore, but also hemlock, aconite, and dorycnium,
sowing and planting them himself in the royal
gardens, and making it his business to know their
juices and fruits, and to collect these at the proper
season. And the kings of the Parthians used to
take pride in notching and sharpening with their
own hands the points of their missiles. But with
Demetrius, even the work of his hands was kingly,
and his method had grandeur about it, since what he
produced displayed loftiness of purpose and spirit
combined with elegance and ingenuity, so that men
thought it worthy, not only to be designed and
paid for by a king, but actually to be wrought by
his hand. For its magnitude terrified even his
friends, and its beauty delighted even his enemies.
And this has still more truth in it than elegance of
47
PLUTARCH'S LIVES
4 eLprjrai. KOI T<X9 fjiev eKfcai<!)Kijp6is avrov real
ra? TrevrKaieKr)pei<s eOav/jbafrv ecrTwre? ol S9
e/uoi Trapd rrjv ^r\v CLVTMV irXeovcras, al
eXe7roXe9 &>9 Oea/jLa rot? TroXiopKov/jievois rjaav,
a)? aura ra TT pay par a fJLaprvpe
KOI 7TO\lOpKOVVTl 2oXoU? TOU?
nevos, eVe/Lt^e 7rapaKa\,a)V eTTiSel^ai ra?
a? avrw teal T? yau? TrXeoucra? 1 eViSe
av/jida-as aTrijXde. 'Po&ioi Be 7ro\vv
avrov TroXiopKijOevres, eVel KareXvcravTO TOV
riTrjaavro TWV p,r\yav&v eVta?, OTTO)?
TT}? IKCLVOV Swd/iecos a/xa ~al r^9 ctv-
dv$paya@ia$ e^uxriv.
XXI. 'ETroXeyu-^cre 6e 'PoStot? TlToXe/iatou cru//,-
? o5cr, al Tr/v {i6 r yi<TTr)v e\e7ro\iv rot? ret-
TTpoo-rfyayev, ^? eS/oa ftev ^ rerpdyutvo^,
e^ovcra rov KCLTCD 7rXtcrtou irkevpav
OKTW KOL recro-apaKOi'ra TT^-^MV, e^ Se /cal e^-
KOVTCL 7rr)%(t)v 1^09 el%f , 669 icopv(f)}]v crvvvevovcra
2 rat9 <w 7r\evpals crreva)Tepav TTJS (3dcrew$. ev-
&o6ev fjiev ovv crreyais SieTretypatcTO ttal
TroXXa.49, TO Se ?rp09 TOI;? 7roXe/uof9 aurr
TTOV dvitoKTO KdQ' KdcTT7]V ffie^V OvpLdLV, KOI
Sid TOVTWV ef eVtTrre ^eXi] nrav'ro'Barrd' //-ecrr?) 70/3
^i^ dvBpwv fjia^ofJL&VMV Tra&av ISeav ^d^rj^. KOL
TO /zr) Kpa&aivofJievov avrr)S /mrj&e K\IVO/JLVOV ev
Tat9 Kivi'icrecriv, aXX' opOov ev eSpa Kal dadXevrov,
IcroppoTrays dfjia poi^w KOI rova) vroXXco Trpo^a)-
povv, ^a/i/9o9 a/i,a T "fyvXV KC ^ 1 X^P lv ' Tiva T 5
o^reu TWV OewfJievwv Trapeze.
3 IT/9O9 8e TOVTOV TOV 7ro\jnov CLVTW Kal 6a)paK<s
48
DEMETRIUS, xx. 4 -xxi. 3
diction. His enemies would stand on shore and
admire his galleys of fifteen or sixteen banks of oars
as they sailed along past, and his " city-takers "
were a spectacle to those whom he was besieging, as
the actual facts testify. For Lysimachus, although
he was the bitterest enemy Demetrius had among
the kings, and had arrayed himself against him when
he was besieging Soli in Cilicia, sent and asked
Demetrius to show him his engines of war, and his
ships in full career ; and when Demetrius had shown
them, Lysimachus expressed his admiration and went
away. The Rhodians also, after they had been for
a long time besieged by Demetrius and had come to
terms with him, asked him for some of his engines
of war, that they might keep them as a reminder
of his power as well as of their own bravery.
XXI. Now, he made war upon the Rhodians l
because they were allies of Ptolemy, and brought up
against their walls his greatest "city-taker." Its
base was square, and each of its sides measured at
the bottom forty-eight cubits. It rose to a height
of sixty-six cubits, and tapered from base to summit.
Within, it was divided off into many storeys and
chambers, and the side of it which faced the enemy
had windows opening out of every storey, and out
through these issued missiles of every sort ; for it
was full of men who fought in every style of fighting.
Moreover, it did not totter or lean when it moved,
but remained firm and erect on its base, advancing
evenly with much noise and great impetus, and this
astounded the minds and at the same time greatly
charmed the eyes of those who beheld it.
For his use in this war there were brought to
1 In 305-304 B.C. The siege lasted about a year.
49
PLUTARCH'S LIVES
e/c KvTrpov Bvo o-iBrjpol, pvwv o
e/cdrepos Tea-trapaKOvra. Bv&TrdOeiav Be /cal pu>-
/JUJV a\)TWV 7TlB6lKVVfJLVO<; T%^tT7/9 Z&nXo9 K-
\evcrev e ei/coGi firjjLLdrcov d^elvat, KaraireXTiKov
/3eXo5, ov TrpocrTreffovTos appayrjs ^Lefietvev o GI-
877/309, d/Jiv%r)V & /JLO\I<; ea")(v d^\elav, olov aTro
4 rypcKpeiov. TOVTOV avros efybpei" rov 6' erepov
'H7T6/)ft)T779, CLVrfp TToXeyLU/eWTaTO? TWV
GVV avry KCU pwyaaXecoraTO?, 09 fiovos
ra-
\avTiaiq' KCU /xa^o/^e^o9 ev 'PoSy Trepl TO Oearpov
XXII. Eu/9a><TT6)9 Be KCU rwv 'PoBuwv djjivvo-
fievcov, ovSev a^iov \6yov Trpdrrcov o
o/x&>9 evfJLOfi^Gi TT/JO? avrovs, on,
yvvaiKOS avTU) <ypd/jL/j,ara /cal crrpco/jLara /cal tyua-
rta TrefJi^rdai]^, Xa/36^Te9 TO TrXotoi/, wcnrep et^e,
7T/309 IlToXeyiiaioz' direaretX-av, /cal Trjv ' AOijvaiwv
OVK e/jii/jirjcravTO <f)i\av6pu>Trlav, ot QiXiTrirov TTO-
ev aXXa9 dveyvaxrav 7rtc7ToXa9, ^ovrfv Be
'OXuyu7TfaSo9 OVK e\vaav, aXX', a>a7rep rjv /cara-
2 (reaij/jLacr/Aevri, 77/009 e/ceivov aTTe<ni\av. ov fir
aXXa, Ka'nrep eVt TOUTO) cr(f)68pa Br)%6el<i o
7rapaa^6vTa<; \aj3rjv V
TOU9 'PoStou9. erv^e yap avrols 6
HpwroyevTjS ypdcfrwv rrjv irepl rov 'laXi/-
Kal rov irivaKa jjui/cpov
5
DEMETRIUS, xxi. 3 -xxn. 2
Demetrius from Cyprus two iron coats of mail, each
of which weighed only forty pounds. Wishing to
show their strength and power of resistance, Zoilus
their maker gave orders that a catapult's missile
should be shot at one of them from a distance of
twenty paces, and in the place where it struck the
iron remained intact, although it did get a faint
scratch, such as might be made by a graver. This
coat of mail Demetrius wore himself; the other was
worn by Alcimus the Epeirot, the sturdiest and most
warlike of all the men under him, and the only one
whose suit of armour weighed a hundred pounds
(the rest used suits of fifty pounds weight) ; he fell
in battle at Rhodes near the theatre.
XXII. But the Rhodians on their part made a
vigorous resistance, and Demetrius, although he was
accomplishing nothing worthy of mention, neverthe-
less kept up the fight against them in a rage, because,
when Phila his wife sent him letters, bedding, and
clothing, the Rhodians had captured the vessel
containing them, and had sent it, just as it was, to
Ptolemy. In this they did not imitate the con-
siderate kindness of the Athenians, who, having
captured Philip's letter-carriers when he was making
war upon them, read all the other letters, indeed,
but one of them, which was from Olympias, they
would not open; instead, they sent it back to the
king with its seal unbroken. However, although
Demetrius was exceedingly exasperated by this,
when the Rhodians soon after gave him a chance to
retaliate, he would not allow himself to do so. It
happened, namely, that Protogenes the Caunian had
been making a painting for them which illustrated
the story of lalysus, and this picture, nearly finished,
5'
PLUTARCH'S LIVES
rov reXo? eye.iv ev nvi TU>V Trpoao-reiu>v e\a/3ev b
A77ftr?T/9i09. rrefjL^rdvrwv Be Ki)pvK.a rwv 'PoBicov
Kal Beo/jievcov fyeiaaaOat, Kal fjirj Bia<f)0elpai rb
epyov, drceKpivaro ra? TOV Trarpbs eiKovas dv
3 e/JLTrprjcraL jjia\\ov fj re^(vrj^ irovov rocrovrov. evrra
<yap erecrt \ejeraL crui/reXecrat TVJV ypaffcrjv 6 Tlpw-
royevris. /cat (py&tv 6 'ATreXXr}? oi;r&)? K7r\a-
yrji'di Oeacrd^evo^ rb epyov ware KOL (fiwvrjv TTL-
\nreiv CLVTOV, otye Be elirelv on " Meya? o
KOL 6 av fJLacnbv TO epyov" ov /j,r]v e^eiv ye
ra? Bi* a? ovpavov ^raveiv ra ini avrov
4 jjicva. ravrijif fJiV ovv Trjv ypa(j)r]v els ravjb rat?
aXXa^? Q-vvwcrOeiGav ev 'Pco/Jiy rb rrvp eTreveL/jLaro.
TMV Be 'PoBicov Kare^avHTra/uei'wv rov TroXe/zou,
Beo/Jievov 'jrpo(pd(7w<; rbv Arj/jirjrpiov 'A.6r]vaioL
7rapayev6/j,evoi BitjXXa^av eVl rw crv^fjLa^elv 'Po-
St'ou? 'AvTLyovw Kal Arj/jiiiTpiq) 7T\r)V errl
XXIII. ^Kakovv Be rbv ^/.tyjrpiov ol
VOLOL KacrdvBpov rb darv TroXiop/covvros. 6 Be
vaucrlv emrr\evcras rpiaKOGiais rpidfcovra Kal
OTrXtrat?, ov /Jibvov e^/jXacre rfjs 'Arri:?}9
Kdaai'Bpov, aXXa Kal (^evyovra ^XP L P~
IJLOTTV\WV Bico^a^ Kal rpe^rdf^evo^, ( HpdK\eiav
eXaftev, eKovaiw avrw rrpocrde/jieinjv, Kal rwv
MaKeBovwv e| r a/ci(T^iXtoL'9 yuera/SaXoyu-eVof?
2 avrov. erfavtwv Be rovs evrbs TlfXc
r)\ev9epov, Kal Botwroi'? eVotrycraTO
1 When Strabo wrote, during the reign of Augustus, the
painting was still at Rhodes, where it had been seen and
admired by Cicero (Oral. 2, 6) ; when the elder Pliny wrote,
5 2
DEMETRIUS, xxn. 2 -xxiii. 2
had been captured by Demetrius in one of the
suburbs of the city. The Rhodians sent a herald
and begged Demetrius to spare and not destroy the
work, whereupon he replied that he would rather
burn the likenesses of his father than so great a
labour of art. For we are told that it took Protogenes
seven years to complete the painting. And Apelles
says he was so smitten with amazement on beholding
the work that his voice actually failed him, and that
when at last he had recovered it, he cried, " Great is
the toil and astonishing the work," remarking,
however, that it had not the graces which made the
fame of his own paintings touch the heavens. This
painting, then, crowded into the same place with the
rest at Rome, the fire destroyed. 1 As for the
Rhodians, they continued their strenuous resistance
in the war until Demetrius, who wanted a pretext
for abandoning it, was induced to make terms with
them by a deputation of Athenians, on condition
that the Rhodians should be allies of Antigonus and
Demetrius, except in a war against Ptolemy.
XXIII. And now the Athenians called upon
Demetrius because Cassander was besieging their
city. So Demetrius sailed to their help with three
hundred and thirty ships and a great number of
men-at-arms, and not only drove Cassander out of
Attica, but actually pursued him in his headlong
flight as far as Thermopylae, and then took Heracleia,
which joined him of its own accord, and six thousand
Macedonians, who also came over to him. On his
return, he gave their freedom to the Greeks on this
side of Thermopylae, made the Boeotians his allies,
a generation or two later, it had been carried to Rome and
placed in the temple of Peace (cf. Strabo, xiv. p. 652: Plinv.
N.H. xxxv. 10, 36).
53
PLUTARCH'S LIVES
Kal Key^pea? eIX,e* Kal 3>v\i)V KOI YidvaKrov,
eirireiyiaiJiara rm 'ArriKijs VTTO KacrdvSpov
i ' i ' '
<ppovpov/jL6va, Karaarpe^rajJievo 1 ^ arceowKe rot?
*A.6r)vaiois. ot >e Kairrep eKfceyjjjJiivoi rrpbrepov
avrov Kal KaraKevrjjLevoL iracrav
e^evpov o/i/w? /cat rare TrpocrfyaTOi KOL Kaivoi rat?
3 KoXa/ceiaLS <>avr\vai. TOV jap OTria06$o/Aov rov
TlapOevwvos direSei^av avrw KardXucnv rcd/cel
Sianav et^e, rr}? 'A^^i^a? Xeyo/^e^? vTroBe^ea-Oai
/cal ^evi^etv avrov, ov irdvv KOCT/JLIOV %evov ovSe
4 to? TrapOevw Tr/oaw? 7ricrTad/j.evovTa. xairoL rov
d8e\(f)bv avrov <&L\i7nrov ala6o[JLevo<$ TTOTG 6 ira-
Trjp ev otKia Karakvovra rpet? %ovcrr) z^ea? <yvval-
\J V >^V>J^)'J- '
:a?, 717)09 eKeuvov pev ovbev efpuej^aro, Trapovros
& eKGlVOV, TOV (TTaO /JLoSoTT}]; fJLeTaTrefJL^rdfJLGVOS,
" OUTO?," elTrev, " OVK eaej? (JLOV rov viov K TT}?
XXIV. A/7 / a?;T/9to? e, Trjv'A.0r]vav avrw rrpocr-
r)Kov, el &-' aXXo /ntj^ev, w? 76 Trpea-ftvrepav
dSe\(f)r]V al(T^(i)ve(T0ai (rovro jap /3ov\ero Xe-
, rocravrrjv ij[Bpiv 6/9
acrra9
7ToXe&>9 WCTT6 &OK6LV TOT6 jJidXlGTa KaOap6VlV
rov roTrov, ore X/ofcrtSt /cal Aa/Aia Kal A^yLtot
at 'AvriKvpa, rat? nopvats eKeivais, crvvaKo-
\acrraivoi.
Ta yuei' oui^ a'AAa crac^w? drrajye\\LV ov
SLOL rr)V Trb\iv, rrjv 8e A.r}uoK\eovs dperrjv
(Twfypoavvrjv a^ibv earl /Jirj 7rape\0elv. Ke1vo$
ydp rjv en 7ra?9 avrj/3o$, OVK e\aOe Be rov
rpiov e^wv rr)$ evjAoptptas rtjv eirtovvfjiiav
54
DEMETRIUS, xxm. 2 -xxiv. 2
and captured Cenchreae ; he also reduced Phyle and
Panactum, fortresses of Attica in which Cassander
had garrisons, and gave them back to the Athenians.
And they, although before this they had used up
and exhausted all the honours that could be bestowed
upon him, nevertheless devised a way to show them-
selves then also the authors of new and fresh
flatteries. For instance, they assigned him the rear
chamber of the Parthenon for his quarters ; and
there he lived, and there it was said that Athena
received and entertained him, although he was no
very orderly guest and did not occupy his quarters
with the decorum due to a virgin. And yet on one
occasion when his father understood that his brother
Philip was quartered in a house occupied by three
young women, he said not a word to Philip himself,
but in his presence said to the quartermaster whom
he had summoned, " See here, wilt thou not remove
my son from his narrow quarters? '
XXIV. But Demetrius, who ought to have revered
Athena, if for no other reason, at least because she
was his elder sister (for this was what he liked to
have her called *), filled the acropolis with such
wanton treatment of free-born youth and native
Athenian women that the place was then thought
to be particularly pure when he shared his disso-
lute life there with Chrysis and Lamia and Demo
and Anticyra, the well-known prostitutes.
Now, to give all the particulars plainly would
disgrace the fair fame of the city, but I may not pass
over the modesty and virtue of Democles. He was
still a young boy, and it did not escape the notice of
Demetrius that he had a surname which indicated
1 Since the Athenians had made him a "Saviour-god."
5$
VOL. IX. C
PLUTARCH'S LIVES
yopov e/ca\elTO yap A?7/OArXj}? o /ca\6s. &>? Be
7TeipCt)VT(i)V KCU BlB6vTU>V KOI (frofioVVTCOV
ov&evbs r)\icrKTO, reA.0? Be (frevywv ra? ira-
real TO yv/jLvdcnov el'? TL jBakavelov
IBiCOTl/COV <j)OLTa XoU<TOyLt6^0?, eTTLT^ptJCTa^ TOV KCLI-
3 pov o Ary/^T/oto? Treicrr)\dev avrw JULOVW. KOI 6
7rat9, co? tr^^eie r Trept avrov eprjfiiav /cal TTJV
a(j)e\c0v TO Tray/Ad TOU ^aX/tcoyLtaro? et?
evrjXaro /cal SiityOeipev auTov, avdt-ia
y a^ia Be TT}? TrarptSo? KOI TOV
o KXco/u-eSo^ro?, 05
7T6VT)JKOVTa
tcdi <ypdfji/j,aTa Trapd
KOfjiLCraS 7T/D09 TOV Slj/jLOV OV fJLOVOV
aXXa /cal Ti]v TTO\IV avve-
TOV fjiev yap KXeo/ue^o^ra TTJ?
d<f>r/Kav, eypdcf)^ Be - v/^?y^)fcr / aa fjiti^eva TWV
eTuo-TO\rjv Trapd A^/x^T/otou KO/JLI^CLV. eVet Be
d/covea*; eVeti/o? ou/c tfvey/ce yLier/3/<y?, aXX'
vd/cTijcre, BeiaavTe^ av6i<$ ov JLLOVOV TO
fcadel\ov, ttXXa /cal TCOZ^ elo'iyyija'afAevaiv /cal avvei-
TTOVTWV Tou? /zei' aTckK.TG.ivav, TOU? Se e^vydBeucrav,
eTi Be 7rpoa-tyr/<f)i(TavTO BeBo^Oai TM
KOrjvaiwv TCCLV, o TL av 6 /3acriXeu?
Ke\ev(rr], TOVTO /cal TT/OO? Oeovs OCTLOV /cal TT/JO?
5 dv6pu>TTov<s elvai Si/caiov. CLTTOVTO^ Be TIVOS TCOV
KO\WV /cdyaQwv dvBpwv /Jiaivecrtfai TOV ^TpaTO-
/c\ea ToiavTa ypdcftovTa, A^/zo^a/)?;? o Aev/covoevs
56
ftevrav" elTrev, " el JJL^ palvono"
DEMETRIUS, xxiv. 2-5
his comeliness ; for he was called Democles the
Beautiful. But he yielded to none of the many who
sought to win him by prayers or gifts or threats, and
finally, shunning the palaestras and the gymnasium,
used to go for his bath to a private bathing-room.
Here Demetrius, who had watched his opportunity,
came upon him when he was alone. And the boy,
when he saw that he was quite alone and in dire
straits, took off the lid of the cauldron and jumped
into the boiling water, thus destroying himself, and
suffering a fate that was unworthy of him, but show-
ing a spirit that was worthy of his country and of
his beauty. Not so Cleaenetus the son of Cleomedon,
who, in order to obtain a letter from Demetrius to
the people and therewith to secure the remission of
a fine of fifty talents which had been imposed upon
his father, not only disgraced himself, but also got
the city into trouble. For the people released
Cleomedon from his sentence, but they passed an
edict that no citizen should bring a letter from
Demetrius before the assembly. However, when
Demetrius heard of it and was beyond measure
incensed thereat, they took fright again, and not only
rescinded the decree, but actually put to death some
of those who had introduced and spoken in favour of
it, and drove others into exile ; furthermore, they
voted besides that it was the pleasure of the Athenian
people that whatsoever King Demetrius should ordain
in future, this should be held righteous towards the
gods and just towards men. And when one of the
better class of citizens declared that Stratocles was
mad to introduce such a motion, Demochares of
Leuconoe said : " He would indeed be mad not to be
57
PLUTARCH'S LIVES
TroXXa yap 6 ^rparoK\ij^ co^eXetro Bia rrjv K0\a-
Keiav. 6 Be ^/jLo^dprj^ eVl TOVTW Bia/3\r)0el<;
efpvyaBevdtj. roiavra eTrparrov 'AOrjvaioi, <f>pov-
pa<$ a7rr)\\d)^0ai Kal rrjv e\evdeplav e^eiv Bo-
XXV. A^/z^TyOio? Be 7rape\6wv eh
vr)GOV, ovBevos vtyio-TafAevov rcov evavriwv, a\\a
(frewyovrcov Kal Trpo'ie/jtevcov ra? TroXet?,
ydyero njv re Ka\ovfjiGvr)v *A.fCTr)V /cal '
/cal "Apyo? real ^.ifcvwva
e\vcraro TcCkavra Sou? exarov
2 (frpovpovaiv. eV "Apyei /j,ev ovv r^? TWV
eoprrjs KaOriKOvcn^, aywvoOeT&v Kal
ryvpi^Gov TOis"Ei\\r)(nv, eyrjfjie TTJV AlaKiSov Ouya-
repa, rov MoXorrco^ /SacrtXea)?, dSe\(f>rjV Be
Tlvppov, AijiBd/meiav. ^IKVCOVLOVS Be <^?;<ra5 Trapa
rrjv Trb\iv OLKeiv TTJV 7ro\iv, eireicrev ov vvv oiKovat
/jLTOiKi<racr0ai' T&> Be TOTTW Kal rovvofia rrjv
7ro\iv avfJif^eral3a\ov<7av avrl ^LKVWVOS Arj/LiTj-
3 TpidBa TrpoGTvyopevcrev. ev Be 'Icr^/^a) KOLVOV
GweBpiov yevo/jLevov Kal 7ro\\a)V avOpcinrwv GVV-
e\.6ovrwv, rjyefjiMV dvijyopevOtj T/}? 'EXXaSo?, a>?
irporepov ol Trepl <&i\i7r7rov Kal *K\e%avBpov wv
eKelvos ov Trapa p.LKpov evofju^ev eawrbv eivai
/3e\rioi'a, TTJ TV%rj rfj Trapovcrrj Kal Trj Bvvd/jLei
TWV TrpayfiaTcov eiraipo/jievos. 'AXeaz;&/30? yovv
ovBeva ra)v aXXcoi^ /3a(Ti\ec0v aTreareprjcre
ofjLwvv^La^, ovBe CLVTOV avelire ySacriXewi/
58
DEMETRIUS, xxiv. 5~xxv. 3
mad." For Stratocles reaped much advantage from
his flatteries. Demochares, however, was brought
under accusation for this and sent into exile. So
fared it with the Athenians, who imagined that because
they were rid of their garrison they therefore had
their freedom.
XXV. And now Demetrius proceeded into Pelo-
ponnesus, 1 where not one of his enemies opposed
him, but all abandoned their cities and fled. He
received into allegiance Acte, as it is called, and
Arcadia (except Mantineia), and freed Argos, Sicyon,
and Corinth by paying their garrisons a hundred
talents. At Argos, then, where there was a cele-
bration of the festival of Hera, he presided at the
games and attended the solemn assemblies with the
Greeks, and married Deidameia, 2 the daughter of
Aeacides king of the Molossians, and the sister of
Pyrrhus. As for the Sicyonians, he told them their
city was in the wrong place, and persuaded them to
change its site to that which it now has ; moreover,
with the site he also changed the name of the city,
calling it Demetrias instead of Sicyon. And at the
Isthmus of Corinth, where a general assembly was
held and throngs of people came together, he was
proclaimed Commander-in-chief of the Greeks, as
Philip and Alexander had been proclaimed before
him ; and to these he considered himself in no
slight measure superior, lifted up as he was by the
good fortune and power which he then enjoyed.
And certainly King Alexander never refused to
bestow the royal title upon other kings, nor did he
proclaim himself King of Kings, although many
1 Early in 303 B.C.
2 Although both Eurydice and Phila were still living.
59
PLUTARCH'S LIVES
KCLITOI 7roXXot9 TO Ka\.l<j6ai KOI elvai j3acri,\eas
4 avTos BeBteKws' eKelvos Be y^Xevd^wv teal ye\(*)i>
TOU? aXXoy Tiz^a rr\r]V TOV 7rar/oo9 /fat avrov
/3acri\ea TrpocrayopevovTas, /;Sea>9 iJKove TWV Trapa
TTOTOV e < ni'Xya'LS \ai~if3avbvrwv Arj/juirpLOv ftaai-
Be
5 K\eovs Se TOV ^i/ce'kicoTOV vr)cndp%ov. TOVTCOV 8e
TT/)O? TOU? ftacrikels K(f)6po/iievc0v ol [Jiev d\\oi
KareyeXcov, Afcrt/za^o? S' rjyavaKTel
et o-TrdSovra vofJbi^ei A??yL6?yr/7i09 avrov
yap elu)OeLcrav 6vvov%pv<; ^X eLV ya^o-
6 <f)V\aKa<;. rjv $6 teal Trdvrwv a7re^$e<7TaTO9 o
avrco, KOI \oiSopwv e/9 roz^ epwra
Aa/ua9 e\ye vvv rrpwrov eaypa/cevai Tropvrjv
ep^o/J,V7jv GK rpayifcrjs GKrjvfjS' 6 Be
Trjv eavTOv iropvi^v
e/ceivav Tl^Te\o7r^.
XXVI. Tore 8' ovv dva^evyvvwv et9 ra9 '
va$ eypatyev OTL fBovXeTai Trapayevbfjievos evOvs
K.al rrjv re\err]V aTracrav diro rwv
^ v eTroTTTiKwv TrapaXafBelv. rovro
Be ov de/JHTOV r)V ovBe yeyovbs Trporepov, dX\d
TO, fjbiicpa TOV 'AvOecrTijpiwvos Te\ovvTO, Ta Be
TOV l&oijBpo/uLiwvos- eTrcorrTevov Be TOV-
UTTO TCOV i^eydkwv eviavTOV Bia\ei7rovTes.
2 dvayvuKjOevTUtv Be TWV ypa/jL/jLarwv yito^o9 eroX-
fjLVjGev dvTeLTrelv TlvOoBcopos 6 BaBov^o^, errepave
Be ovBev aXXa %TpaTOK\eovs
60
DEMETRIUS, xxv. 3 -xxvi. 2
kings received their position and title from him;
whereas Demetrius used to rail and mock at those
who gave the title of King to any one except his
father and himself, and was well pleased to hear
revellers pledge Demetrius as King, but Seleucus
as Master of the Elephants, Ptolemy as Admiral,
Lysimachus as Treasurer, and Agathocles of Sicily
as Lord of the Isles. When this was reported to
these kings, they all laughed at Demetrius, except
Lysimachus ; he was incensed that Demetrius con-
sidered him a eunuch (it was the general practice to
have eunuchs for treasurers). And of all the kings
Lysimachus had most hatred for Demetrius. He
was once reviling the man's passion for Lamia, and
said that this was the first time he had ever seen a
harlot coming forward to play a great tragic part ;
Demetrius, however, declared that his own harlot
was more chaste than the Penelope of Lysimachus.
XXVI. But to resume the story, when Demetrius
was getting ready to return to Athens, he wrote
letters to the people saying that he wished to be
initiated into the mysteries as soon as he arrived,
and to pass through all the grades in the ceremony,
from the lowest to the highest (the "epoptica").
Now, this was not lawful, and had not been done
before, but the lesser rites were performed in the
month Anthesterion, the great rites in Boedromion ;
and the supreme rites (the " epoptica ") were
celebrated after an interval of at least a year from
the great rites. And yet when the letter of Demetrius
was read, no one ventured to oppose the proposition
except Pythodorus the Torch-bearer, and he accom-
plished nothing ; instead, on motion of Stratocles,
it was voted to call the current month, which was
61
PLUTARCH'S LIVES
TOV M.ovvv%ia)va
KCt\lV Kttl VOfjii^etV, Te\OVV TU) Al/yLtT/T/Otft) TO,
TT/oo? "Ajpav Kal /xera ravra 7rd\iv e' 'Az>-
6 Movvv%ic0v <yev6fjLevo$ ^orjSpo/jLLcov
rrjv \oi7rrjv reXerijv, a^a KOI rrjv eVo-
TOV AT; /ULIJT piov irpoaeiTiXaftbvTOS. Sib teal
TOV ^
6 TOV eviavTOV awTe/icav et? ^r\v eva,
Trepl T?}? ev TU> TIapdevwvi
6 TrjV aKpoTTo'Xiv TravBoKeiov vTro\a[3u>v
KOI TO,? erat/oa? elaayaywv TTJ irapOevw. 90.
XXVII. IIoXXw^ Se jevo/Mvcov ev Trj
TOT6 7T7^jie'>jiTCOl' Kal TTaaVOjLT/ JJLCITWV KLVO
fjLa\iCTTa \ej6Tai \V7rrjo-ai TOVS 'AOrjvaiovs, OTL
BiaKoaia Kal TrevTi'-jKovTa T<JL\CLVTCL Tropiaai,
Kal bovvai TrpocTTa^dev aurot? Kal r?}? etc
crvvTovov Kal aTrapairiJTOV yevo/Aevrjs,
TO dpyvpiov e/ceXei/cre Aa/ua Kal rat?
irepl avTr)V tTaipais et? cr^yyu-a $o6r)i>ai,. rj jap
rr)? ^.fuay Kal TO prjfjia TOV
2 p,a\\ov a)^X?/(T6 rou? vp(JL>Tcov<$. evioi e TOVTO
erraXot?, OVK 'AQrjvaiois, VTT avTov <rvfjL/3rjvai
\jovcn. %&)/?l? Be TOVTWV avTrj Ka6* eavTrjv f)
dfiia TO) /SacrfXet TrapciffKevd^ovcra
7roXXou9. Kal TO belirvov
62
DEMETRIUS, xxvi. a-xxvu. 2
Munychion, Anthesterion, and so to regard it, and
the lesser rites at Agra were performed for Demetrius ;
after which Munychion was again changed and
became Boedromion instead of Anthesterion, De-
metrius received the remaining rites of initiation,
and at the same time was also admitted to the
highest grade of " epoptos." Hence Philippides, in
his abuse of Stratocles, wrote l :
" Who abridged the whole year into a single month,"
and with reference to the quartering of Demetrius
in the Parthenon :
" Who took the acropolis for a caravansery,
And introduced to its virgin goddess his court-
esans."
XXVII. But among the many lawless and shocking
things done by Demetrius in the city at this time,
this is said to have given the Athenians most
displeasure, namely, that after he had ordered them
to procure speedily two hundred and fifty talents for
his use, and after they had levied the money
rigorously and inexorably, when he saw the sum
that had been collected, he commanded that it should
be given to Lamia and her fellow courtesans to buy
soap with. For the shame they felt was more
intolerable to the people than their loss, and the
words which accompanied it than the deed itself.
But some say that those who received this treatment
were Thessalians, not Athenians. Apart from this
incident, however, Lamia, when she was preparing
a supper for the king, exacted money on her own
account from many citizens. And the costliness
1 Part of the fragment cited at xii. 4.
PLUTARCH'S LIVES
r\vOi]<je. TT) So>; Bid TIJV rro\VTe\iav WCTTC vrro
Airy/ceco? TOV ^a/utiov avyjeypac^Oai. Sio Kal TCOV
T<> ov <pav\ci)<s rrjv Adfjiiav 'EXeTroXw
7rpO(TL7T. Ai^O^a/))/? 5' 6 SoXfO? TOV
avTOV 6/cd\ei Mvdov* elvai jap CLVTM
3 Ov fiovov Be rats" ya/xeral^, d\\a KOL rots
TOV
KOI <TT6pyofj,evij 7rape)(V.
yovv Tii'e? Trap 1 CLVTOV KctTa rrpecrfieiav TT/JO?
eicelvos dya)i> G%o\rjv erreSet^ev ev
T rot? ^77/0049 Ka T069
ovv\wv \ovTei(o
Trpo? TO 0)jpiov, VTTO ' A\6J;di>$pov
evTi TOV /3a<Tt\6a)<?. 01 8e yeXcoi'Tes
e<f>ao-av Kal TOV avTWV ^acrtXea SCLVOV Qrjplov
4 &;;y/.iaTa fyepeiv ev T(O Tpa%)j\(i), Aauias. rjv Se
OTL TT}? 4>tXa? eV p%^ TO
j)\iKLav Svcr^epaivcov, IJTTIJTO T?^ Aa^'a?,
TOOTOVTOV
<yovv y rj eTTiKaXov/nevr) Mai^ta, Tcapa SCLTTVOV av-
Xoi/cr?;? T^Aa/iia? :at TO)
"Ti aoL SoKel" " r/oaD?," etTrer, "w
Trd\iv be Tpayrj/naTcov 7rapXT60evTcov KUKCLVOV
7T/309 avT))v eiTrovTos, "'Opas ocra fioi Ad^ia
;" ' IlXet'ora," e?/, " TT^<0)aTai, <TOL
Trapd TT}? /x?)? yu,/;T/oo9, eaj^ ^eX?;? /cat
5 KatfevSeiv" d7TojjLVtj^oi'V6Tat, Be TJJS Aa/iia? /cat
64
DEMETRIUS, xxvu. 2-5
of this supper gave it so wide a renown that it was
described in full by Lynceus the Samian. Hence
also a comic poet not inaptly called Lamia "a
veritable City-taker." l And Demochares of Soli
called Demetrius himself " Fable/' because he too,
like Fable, had a Lamia. 2
And not only among the wives of Demetrius, but
also among his friends, did the favour and affection
which he bestowed on Lamia awaken envy and
jealousy. At all events, some ambassadors from him
once came to Lysimachus, and Lysimachus, in an hour
of leisure, showed them on his thighs and shoulders
deep scars of wounds made by a lion's claws ; he also
told them about the battle he had fought against
the beast, with which he had been caged by
Alexander the king. Then they laughingly told
him that their own king also carried, on his neck,
the bites of a dreadful wild beast, a Lamia. And
it was astonishing that while in the beginning he
was displeased at Phila's disparity in years, he was
vanquished by Lamia, and loved her so long, although
she was already past her prime. At all events, when
Lamia was playing on the flute at a supper, and
Demetrius asked Demo, surnamed Mania, what she
thought of her, " O King," said Mania, " I think
her an old woman." And at another time, when
some sweetmeats were served up, and Demetrius
said to Mania, " Dost thou see how many presents
I get from Lamia?" "My mother," said Mania,
"will send thee more, if thou wilt make her also
thy mistress." And there is on record also Lamia's
1 See chapter xx. 4.
2 The name of a fabulous monster reputed to eat men's
flesh.
65
PLUTARCH'S LIVES
77/909 Trjv \eyo/ji6vrjv Bo/rj^ctJ/oeft)? Kpicnv dvTipprj-
<Ti9. tVet yap Tt9 epwv ev AlyvTTTW rrjs e
rreiro crv^vov ^pvcrov, elra Kara rou?
uTTj/oi/9 So^a? avTy crvyyei>ea-0ai T?}? 7ri0v/j,ia<$
eTravcraTO, &L/crjv eXa^ev rj @a)^t? avT&rov
/UITO?. a/coi;cra9 Se TOV \6yov 6
\vae TOV av9pu>Trov ocrov yrrfOi
ev TW ayyeifo 8ict(f)6peiv Sevpo Ka/ceicre rfj
rr)V $e eraipav e^ecrOcu TT}? a-tcias, &>? rrjv
&6av TT}? d\r}0eia<; GKICLV ovoav. OVK w'ero
ravnjv elvai TTJV Kplcriv 77 Adfiia SiKaiav ov yap
rj crtcia TT}? eTTtdufiia^ TOV dpyvpiov TTJV
, TO Be ovap eiravcrev epcovTa TOV veavia/cov.
Tavra p,ev ovv Trepl Aa/ua?.
XXVIII. Trjv Be Bi^yrjcnv, wcnrep e/f
cTKrjvrjS, TrdXiv elf TpayiKrjv /jLeTayovcnv at
KOI at Trpa^ei? TOV dvSpos ov Birjyov^eOa. TWV
yap a\\wv jSa&iXewv dirdvrcov crvvia'Ta^Levwv
eirl TOV 'AvTiyovois KOI av^epovroiv et? rauro
ra? Svvdjueis, djrrjpev 6 ^ri^rpio^ /c r^)?
80?, Kal TO) TTClTpl (TV/JL/jLL^a^ (j)l\OTlJJ,OV/JLV(p
TOV TToXeJLOV, TL
2 evrepp&)&0ij. Kaiioi BOKCL ye 'AvTiyovos, el /J,L-
/cpwv TIVWV vcfreiTO ical rr}9 ayav <j)i\ap%ia<; e%-
\aae, ^XP L 7ra *'T09 civ avTw Sia(j)v\d^a
/caToXiTreiv TO irpwTov elvai. (frvaei Be fiapvs
/cal vTrepoTTTrjs, Kal ro?9 ^07069 ov% TJTTOV rj rot9
Trpdyjuao-i r/oa^v9, TTO\\OV? Kal veovs Kal Bvva-
TOV<; avBpas e^rjypiaii'e Kal Trapcogvve' Kal TIJV 90!
66
DEMETRIUS, xxvu. 5-xxvm. 2
comment on the famous judgment of Bocchoris.
There was, namely, a certain Egyptian who was in
love with Thonis the courtesan, and was asked a
great sum of money for her favours ; then he dreamed
that he enjoyed those favours, and ceased from his
desires. Thereupon Thonis brought an action
against him for payment due, and Bocchoris, on
hearing the case, ordered the man to bring into
court in its coffer the sum total demanded of him,
and to move it hither and thither with his hand,
and the courtesan was to grasp its shadow, since
the thing imagined is a shadow of the reality.
This judgment Lamia thought to be unjust ; for
though the dream put an end to the young man's
passion, the shadow of the money did not set the
courtesan free from her desire for it. So much, then,
for Lamia.
XXVIII. But the fortunes and achievements of
the man whose Life I am narrating, brings my
narrative back, as it were, from the comic to the
tragic stage. For all the other kings leagued
themselves together against Antigonus and united
their forces, and so Demetrius set forth from Greece, 1
and finding his father eager beyond his years for
the war, he was himself still more encouraged. And
yet it would seem that if Antigonus had made some
trifling concessions and had slackened his excessive
passion for dominion, he might have always retained
the supremacy for himself and have left it to his son.
But he was naturally stern and haughty, and was
harsh in what he said no less than in what he did,
and therefore exasperated and incited against him-
self many young and powerful men ; and their
1 Late in 302 B.C.
67
PLUTARCH'S LIVES
ye Tore avcrraaiv KCU KOivwv'iav avrwv e\eyev
warrep opviOwv (nrepp.o\6y(ov avvBpo/Aijv kvi \L6u>
Kal ^r6(f)(p crvvBiarapd^eiv.
3 9 Hye Be rre^ovs JJLCV eTTTaKKTjJLVp
Be *viovs, e\e<)avras Se
TV evavrwv %vrwv TTCOVS /JLCV
KOL rerpaKia"^i\iov<; ) tVirei? Be TTCV-
TWV ekeivov TrKeiovas, eXe^a^ra? 8e
, apfj.ara Be eKdTOV eLKO&i. yevo-
eyyvs CLVTWV Tporri-jv t'cr^ez/ 77 iavoia
4 e'XvrtSo? fj.a\\ov rj rr}? 7^(0/^779. u-v^^Xo
/cat yavpos elwdcos ev rot? ayoxn Kal
(ficovfj re /AeydXy KCU \6yois crofiapols,
Be Kal rw rrapacncwtyal n real ye\olov
rwv rroX.eu.Lwv ev yepcrlv ovrwv em^eiPd-
J //) N I ' ' '
evaraueiav KCLI tcara&povricnv, rare avv-
vov<$ ewpdro Kal cricd'Tnjkb'S rd rr6\\d, Kal rov
viov aTreSei^e ry rr\i]9ei Kal (rvvecrrrjo'e BidBo^ov.
5 o Be fjid\ia-ra rrdvres eOav^acrav, ev rfj (nerjvfj
fjiovos SicXe^^?; TT^O? avrov, OVK eldi<TfJivo^ e^eiv
ovBe TT/OO? exelvov drroppi]rov^ K0ivo\oyias, aXXa
wv yvtefJLrj, elra rrpocrrdrrwv fyavepws Kal
ftov\evcrairo Ka& eavrov. \eyerat
yovv /JieipaKiov en ovra rov 'jrpiov avrov
7TV0eo-0ai, rrore jLe\\ovaLv dvaevvveiv rov Be
elrrelv 77/009 opyijv "'Aywvias /-IT) /JLOVOS cru
OVK
XXIX. Tore fievrot Kal cnjfjiela fJLOj^Orjpd Kare-
BovXovro rr)V yvco/n^v avrwv. &r)/jLijrpios fzev
ydp eBo^e Kara TOL/9 vrrvovs ' A\e%avBpov ooTrXtcr-
XayU,7roa>9 epwrdv orrolov n crvvdrjfjia BiBo-
68
DEMETRIUS, xxvm. 2 -xxix. i
combination and partnership at this time he said he
would scatter asunder with a single stone and a single
shout, as if they were a flock of granivorous birds.
He took the field with more than seventy thousand
infantry, ten thousand horse, and seventy-five
elephants ; while his adversaries had sixty-four
thousand infantry, five hundred more horse than
he x four hundred elephants, and a hundred and twenty
chariots. After he had drawn near them, the cast
of his expectations rather than of his purposes
underwent a change. For he was wont to be lofty
and boastful as he engaged in his conflicts, making
pompous speeches in a loud voice, and many times
also by the utterance of a casual jest or joke when
the enemy was close at hand he would show the
firmness of his own spirit and his contempt for
them ; but now he was observed to be thoughtful
and silent for the most part, and he presented his
son to the army and pronounced him his successor.
But what more than anything else astonished
everybody was his conversing alone in his tent with
his son, although it was not his custom to have
secret conferences even with him ; instead, he made
his own plans, followed his own counsels, and then
gave his orders openly. At all events, we are told
that Demetrius, when he was still a stripling, asked
his father when they were going to break camp ;
and that Antigonus replied in anger : " Art thou
in distress lest thou alone shouldst not hear the
trumpet? "
XXIX. At this time, moreover, bad omens also
subdued their spirits. For Demetrius dreamed that
Alexander, in brilliant array of armour, asked him
what watchword they were going to give for the
69
PLUTARCH'S LIVES
vat Tr/909 rrjv fjidx^v fJL\\ov<n,v avrov Be
(ravros, "Ata /cal NLKTJV" ""A7re/u TOIVVV
<f>dvai, " 7T/909 Tot/9 eVaimoi/9* eicelvoi yap
2 TrapaXauftdvovcriv" 'Avriyovos Be rrapararro-
Trecrelv oXw? eVl crroyua /cal
a^acrra? Se Kal ra? %et/3a? dvareivas
TT/JO? roy ovpavov yrrjcraro vi/ctjv Trapa TMV Oewv
rj Odvarov dvaicrOijTOV irpo TT)? ^TTT;?.
3 Yevo/JLevris Be TT}? jma^rj^ ev %e/3crl
TrXetcrTOL'9 al Karia-Tovs TWV
TO) eevKOv avveTTCcre, teal
TMV TToXefjiicov \a/LL7rpa)<> a^wvivdpsvos ev
Bico^ei <ro/3apa Kal (pt,\ori,jJLa) irapa Kaipov
Tr)v VIKT^V Sie<p6eipev. auro? /JLZV jap
OVK e'cr^e TraKiv dvacrTpe'^ras av/JL^l^ai TO 49
ev {JLeaw <yevo/j,evo)v, rrjv
Be (frdXayya yu/jLvyv iTTTrewv KaTiBovres ol Trepi
^eXev/cov OVK evefiaXov fjiev, 609 Be fjL/3a\ovvTs
ecfrofiovv Kal TrepirfK-avvov, /j,eTa/3d\\ea0ai Bi-
4 8o^r9 avTols' o Kal crvve^jj. TTO\V jap
iroppayev eKOVcria)^ /jL6T6%ci)pr)a-e Trpos
TO Be \OLTTOV erpaTrrj. (^epo^evwv Be TTO\\COV
rov 'Avriyovov Kal TIVO<$ rwv Trepi avrov
t o-e ovrot, ftacri\ev" " Tiva yap" elire,
efjiov CTKOTTOV e^ovcriv; d\\a
5 d(j)i^eTai {3or)Qa)v." Kal TOVTO
\7rict)v Kal ire pier KOTTWV rov vlbv daa TTO\\COV
70
DEMETRIUS, xxix. 1-5
battle; and when he replied, "Zeus and Victory,"
Alexander said : " Then I will go away and join
your adversaries ; they surely will receive me." x
Moreover, Antigonus, when his phalanx was already
forming and he was leaving his tent, stumbled and
fell prone upon his face, injuring himself severely ;
but he rose to his feet, and stretching out his hands
towards heaven prayed that the gods would grant
him victory, or a painless death before his defeat.
After the armies had engaged, 2 Demetrius, with
the largest and best part of the cavalry, clashed
with Antiochus, the son of Seleucus ; he fought
brilliantly and routed his enemy, but by pursuing
him too fiercely and eagerly he threw away the
victory. For he himself was not able to turn back
and rejoin his infantry, since the enemy's elephants
were thrown in his way ; and Seleucus, observing
that his opponents' phalanx was unprotected by
cavalry, took measures accordingly. He did not
actually charge upon them, but kept them in fear
of a charge by continually riding around them, thus
giving them an opportunity to come over to his
side. And this was what actually came to pass.
For a large body of them, detached from the rest,
came over to him of their own accord, and the rest
were routed. Then, as throngs of his enemies
bore down upon him and one of his followers said,
" They are making at thee, O King," " Who else,
pray," said Antigonus, " should be their mark ?
But Demetrius will come to my aid." This was his
hope to the last, and to the last he kept watching
eagerly for his son ; then a whole cloud of javelins
1 The watchword should have been "Alexander and
Victory."
2 Near the village of Ipsus, in Phrygia, 301 B.C.
71
PLUTARCH'S LIVES
eh avrov dfyeOevrwv eTrecre' Kal
rwv aXXwv drro\Lrrovr(DV orraBwv KOI <f)L\(0v
IJLOVOS 7rape/jLLi>e rw veKpw topaj; 6 AapLcrcraios.
XXX. Ovro) Be Kpideiffrjs rfjs /nd^s, ol
veviKrfKores (3acn\els rrjv VTT' 'Avriyovq*
AT; fiyr pico Tracrav dp^rjv axrTrep
/caraKOTTTOVTes ekdfjiftavov [AepiSas, real
veifjLavro ra? ejeew&v eirap^ia^ at? efyov
Trporepov. Ari/AtJTpios Be /aera
/cat TeraKicr"i\lwv 'nnrewv (evwv real
eXaVa? ei? "E^ecro^, olojJLevwv airavrwv
aTTOpovvra ^prj/adrcov CLVTOV OVK d^e^eorOai rov
2 lepov, c5o/3r;(9el? TOI)? err part GOT as /JLIJ TOVTO Trot?;- 902
v, dveaTr) Sia ra^ecov, teal rov TT\OVV 7rl
'EXAaSo? eTroieiro, TWV \oi7rcov \7TLSa)v ev
vaiois X WV T ^ ? JAeyi&Tas. Kal jap /cal
1 eKel Kal %yO?;/tara Kal yvvaLKa Arj'iSd/jieiav
/taraXeXoiTrco?, Kal fteftaiorepav OVK
KaracjjwyrjV elvai rot? 'Trpdy/jLaai TT}?
s* o9ev eVet <yevo^ev(o irepl
ra? Ku/cXa<5a9 avroo Trpecrfteis ' A0r)vai(i>v dTrrjv-
L TT}? TroXea)? TrapaKaXovvres,
rov 8^/xov fjiiyBeva Be^eadaL rf]
TroXet rwv ySacriXew^, TTJV Be ArjiBdaeiav els
Meyapa ee7re/ji"frav fjiera ri/jii}s Kal TTO/ATTT}? rrpe-
Trovarjs, rov KaOecrrrjKoros e^ecrrr] Bi opy^f av-
rov, Kairrep eV^o^co? paara rtji> a\\r)v arvyiav
Kal yeyovu>s ev roiavrrj jmerafioXfj Trpayfidrciyv ov
4 rajreivos ouS' dyevvtft. aXXa TO Trap* eXvrt'Sa
Bie\lsevcr8ai rwv 'AOrjvaicov Kal rrjv BoKovaav
evvoiav e\r)\y)0ai rots Trpdy/jLacri Kevijv Kal
7rerr\ao-/jiei>y]v ovcrav o^vvrjpov rjv avrw.
1 Kal vavs Ziegler, with all the MSS. but one : vavs.
72
DEMETRIUS, xxix. 5~xxx. 4
were let fly at him and lie fell. The rest of his
friends and attendants abandoned him, and one only
remained by his dead body, Thorax of Larissa.
XXX. The battle having been decided in this
manner, the victorious kings carved up the entire
domain which had been subject to Antigonus and
Demetrius, as if it had been a great carcass, and
took each his portion, adding thus to the provinces
which the victors already had, those of the van-
quished kings. But Demetrius, with five thousand
foot and four thousand horse, came in unbroken
flight to Ephesus. Here everybody thought that his
lack of resources would lead him to lay hands upon
the temple l ; but he, fearing lest his soldiers might
do this, departed speedily, and sailed for Greece,
putting his chief remaining hopes in Athens. For
he had left ships there, and moneys, and his wife
Deidameia, and he thought that in his evil plight
no refuge could be more secure than the goodwill
of Athens. Therefore when, as he drew near the
Cyclades islands, an embassy from Athens met him
with a request to keep away from the city, on the
ground that the people had passed a vote to admit
none of the kings, and informing him that Deidameia
had been sent to Megara with fitting escort and
honour, his wrath drove him beyond all proper
bounds, although he had borne his other misfortunes
very easily, and in so great a reversal of his situation
had shown himself neither mean-spirited nor ignoble.
But that the Athenians should disappoint his hopes
and play him false, and that their apparent good-
will should prove on trial to be false and empty,
was painful to him.
1 The rich temple of Artemis (Diana).
73
PLUTARCH'S LIVES
To <ydp fyavKoTcnov, o>9 eoiicev, evvoias
(BcLGiXevcn KOI BvvdcTTats TeK^piov e<TTiv vTrep-
/3o\rj TI/JLWV, 779 ev rfj Trpoaipecrei roov diToBiBov-
TGOV e^oucr?79 TO Ka\ov dfyaipel riiv TTLCTTLV o
(^o/So?- ra yap avra KCLI SeSiores ^rj(j)i^oi>raL KOL
5 (pl\OVVT<>. SlOTTCp 01 VOVV e%OZ^T? OVK 6t? CLV-
Spidvras ov$e rypcKfras ov&e airoOeuxreL^, a\Xa
fjia\\ov et? ra epja real ra? Trpa^ei? ra? eavrwv
rj TTicrTevovcriv, 009 Tipals, rj airi-
crTovcnv, a>9 avdyKaw a>9 oi
T/)a)9 Kal vTrepoj/co)^ KOI nap 3 aKovrwv \a/Ji/3d-
XXXI. 'O <yovv ArijLiiJTpios rare Beiva fj,
7rdcr%eiv, dSvvaros Se wv djjivvacrdai,
agi&v &e ra9 vav<$ a7roXa/3e^, eV at9 ^V Kal rj
Be
e/9 'IcrQfjiov, /cal TWV Tray/jLaTans avT<
(et;eTri7rTOv yap e/cacrra^o^ef al typovpal
Trdvra 7ro9 Toi/9
2 diro\LiTa)v eVl rr}9 'EXXaSo9 Hvppov avrb? apas
7rl rrjv Xeppovrjaov 67r\vae' Kal KaK&s
co^eXei Kal avvel^e Tr)V
vecrOai Trd\iv OVK evKaratypovrjrov. 6 Be Avcri-
VTTO TUV a\\d)v ftaaiXecov ^/-teXerro,
74
DEMETRIUS, xxx. 4 -xxxi. 2
And verily the least cogent proof, as it would
seem, of a people's goodwill towards a king or
potentate is an extravagant bestowal of honours ; for
the beauty of such honours lies in the purpose of
those who bestow them, and fear robs them of their
worth (for the same decrees may be passed out of
fear and out of affection). Therefore men of sense
look first of all at their own acts and achievements,
and then estimate the value of the statues, paintings,
or deifications offered to them, putting faith in these as
genuine honours, or refusing to do so on the ground
that they are compulsory ; since it is certainly true
that a people will often, in the very act of conferring
its honours, have most hatred for those who accept
such honours immoderately, ostentatiously, and from
unwilling givers.
XXXI. Be that as it may, in this case Demetrius
thought himself grievously wronged ; but since he
was unable to avenge himself, he sent a message to
the Athenians in which he mildly expostulated with
them, and asked that his ships be given back to him,
among which was also the one having thirteen banks
of oars. These he obtained, and then coasted along
to the Isthmus, where he found his affairs in a sorry
state. For his garrisons were everywhere being
expelled, and there was a general defection to his
enemies. He therefore left Pyrrhus in charge of
Greece, while he himself put to sea and sailed to the
Chersonesus. 1 Here he ravaged the territory of
Lysimachus, thereby enriching and holding together
his own forces, which were beginning to recover
their spirit and to show themselves formidable again.
Nor did the other kings try to help Lysimachus ;
1 The Thracian Chersonesus, the modern Gallipoli.
75
PLUTARCH'S LIVES
u SoKCt)i> elvai, ry $e JJLCL\\OV
cr%viv tea
3 Ou 7roXX&) e varepov 2eXeu/co? efivdro
T[epcriSo$ viov
* Kvr'ioyov, olofjievos Se ra Trpdy/j-ara /cat BiaBo-
apteelv irKeioai, KOI Seto'Oai T/)? TT/OO? exetvov
, eVet :afc Avdl/^a^ov eoopa TWV I!TO-
\ejJLaiov Qvyarepw r^v yuei> eavrq), TT/V $e
4 6oK\el TO) f/o) \a^avovra. A^/x^T/ota) 8'
evrv^ia KrjBeva-aL 2,\6VKW. teal
ava\a(3wv eVAet rat? vaval Trdaais
laVy rfi re a\\y jfj Trpoae^coi' dvajKaicos /cal
KiAj/aa? aTTTo/Aevos, r)v nXe/crTayo^o
a rrjv TT/OO? 'Avriyovov p.d^rfv e^aiperov
BoOelcrav VTTO TWV /3acrt\ea>zr rjv Se KacrdvSpov
5 nXet<TTa/o^O9 a8eX0o?. dSi/ceiaflai Se rr;^ x&pav
avrov vo P,L,(JL)V VTTO Arj/jirjTpiov Kara ra? a?ro/3a-
cret?, /fat fjie/^^aaOai /9ofXoyct^o? TOZ^ SeXef/co^
TO) KOLvS) Sia\\drreraL TroXe/itft) St^a raw
(3acn\ewv, dveftr) Trpos avrov.
XXXII. AiV^o/xe^o? Se TOVTO Arj/jLijTpios wp-
aTTO ^aXacrcrT/? eVt KfiVSw^' /cat TWZ^
evpu>v ert \onra ^L\La /cat SiaKocria
Tavra crvcrKevacrd/jLevos /cat <^0daa<$
teal 7rapov<Tr)<s
OtXa? TT}? <yvvaiKO<$ avrw Trepl 'Pcocrcrov djrrjv- 904
2 r?;cre SeXeu/co?. /cat T^ VTvt;iv evOvs aSoXoz/
/cat dvvTTOTTTOv fcal /3acri'\iKr)v CTTOIOVVTO, irpo-
76
DEMETRIUS, xxxi. 2 -xxxii. 2
they thought that he was no less objectionable than
Demetrius, and that because he had more power he
was even more to be feared.
Not long afterwards, however, Seleucus sent and
asked the hand of Stratonice, the daughter of
Demetrius and Phila, in marriage. He had already,
by Apama the Persian, a son Antiochus ; but he
thought that his realms would suffice for more
successors than one, and that he needed this alliance
with Demetrius, since he saw that Lysimachus also
was taking one of Ptolemy's daughters for himself,
and the other for Agathocles his son. Now, to
Demetrius, a marriage alliance with Seleucus was an
unexpected piece of good fortune. So he took his
daughter and sailed with his whole fleet to Syria.
He was obliged to touch at several places along the
coast, and made landings in Cilicia, which country
had been allotted by the kings to Pleistarchus, after
their battle with Antigonus, and was now held by
him. Pleistarchus was a brother of Cassander. He
thought his territories outraged by these descents of
Demetrius upon them, and besides, he wished to
upbraid Seleucus for making an alliance with the
common enemy independently of the other kings.
So he went up to see him.
XXXII. On learning of this, Demetrius set out
from the sea-coast for the city of Quinda ; and
finding twelve hundred talents of its treasure still
left, he packed them up, got them safely on board
ship, and put to sea with all speed. His wife
Phila was already with him, and at Rhosus he was
met by Seleucus. Their intercourse was at once put
on a royal footing, and knew neither guile nor
77
PLUTARCH'S LIVES
repov fjLev ZeXeivco? ecrriddas errl (TKyvfjs ev rw
crrparoTreBa) ^tj/jitjrptov, av0i$ Be ArjjjLiJTpios
eKelvov ev rfj rpiaKaiBeK^pei Be^dfjLevos. rjcrav Be
Kal o")(p\al Kal K0ivo\oylai KOI cr
d<ppovpa)v Kal dv6rr\a)v, a%pi ov
3 dveftrj. ArjjjuJTpicx; be tt/rtay /earecr^e, KCLI
<&i\av Tr]V >yvvaiKa TT^O? KdcravSpov eVe/ix^e TOV
d$6\(f)6v, d7roKvcrofjLvr]v ra? TLXetaTdp'^ov /carrj-
ryopias. ev Se TOVTW ^TjlBd/^eia TrXevcracra TT/JO?
avrov CLTTO TT}? 'EXXaSo? Kal a-uyyevo/^evr] %p6vov
ov TTO\VV e dppwcrrias TIVOS ereKevrrjcre. jevo-
fjLevvjs Se 7T/30? Hro\/j-alov Sia ^\ev/cov <f)i\ia<;
avra), wiM)\o<yr)6r} TlroXe/jLaiSa rrjv
Ovyarepa \a/3eiv avrov yvval/ca.
4 Kal ravra /mev darela TOV
Kiav Be d^iwv ^prj/uiara \af36vra TrapaSovvai
AT; yttT^T piov ', ft)? OVK eireiOe, ^iSwva /cal Tvpov
a'naiTWv TT/JO? opyrjv eSo/cei ftiatos elvai Kal Seiva
iroielv, el rrjv aif 'iirS&v a%pi TT)? Kara
arraaav v avrw
ecrriv en rrpay/^rcov Ka TTTW^O? a)? vrrep
Tr6\wv dvSpa Krjo'ecrrijv Kal /jLera/3o\fj
5 ri>xr)<; Kexp^l^vov e\avveiv, \a/j,7rpav ry TlXa-
rwvi /uaprvpiav SiSovs $iaK\evofj,evq) fj,rj rrjv
ovaiav TrXetw, rrjv Be arc\^ariav rroielv e\dcraa)
rov ye /3ov\6/xevov &>? d\rfOo)^ elvai rr\ovcnov, co?
o ye fjir) rravwv (f)i\o7r\ovri,av, ovros ovre
ovre drropias
78
DEMETRIUS, xxxn. 2-5
suspicion. First, Seleucus entertained Demetrius at
his tent in the camp, then Demetrius in his turn
received Seleucus on board the ship with thirteen
banks of oars. There were also amusements, Ion 2:
' O
conferences with one another and whole days spent
together, all without guards or arms ; until at length
Seleucus took Stratonice and went up in great state
to Antioch. But Demetrius took possession of Cilicia,
and sent Phila his wife to Cassander, who was her
brother, that she might bring to naught the de-
nunciations of Pleistarchus. In the meantime,
Deidameia came by sea from Greece to join Demetrius,
and after being with him a short time, succumbed to
some disease. Then, by the intervention of Seleucus,
friendship was made between Demetrius and Ptolemy,
and it was agreed that Demetrius should take to wife
Ptolemais the daughter of Ptolemy.
So far all was courtesy on the part of Seleucus.
But presently he asked Demetrius to cede Cilicia to
him for a sum of money, and when Demetrius would
not consent, angrily demanded Tyre and Sidon from
him. It seemed a violent and outrageous proceeding
that one who had possessed himself of the whole
domain from India to the Syrian sea should be so
needy still and so beggarly in spirit as for the sake
of two cities to harass a man who was his relative
by marriage and had suffered a reverse of fortune.
Moreover, he bore splendid testimony to the wisdom
of Plato 1 in urging the man who would be truly
rich, not to make his possessions greater, but his
inordinate desires fewer ; since he who puts no end
to his greed, this man is never rid of poverty and
want.
1 The passage cannot be determined.
79
PLUTARCH'S LIVES
XXXIII. Ov p,i]v vTreiTTri^e ArjfjUJTpios, a\\a
as ovB* dv /jLvpidfcis yTTijdf} /nd^as a'XXa? ev
co <ya/j,j3pov d'yairrjcreiv eirl /jaaOw 2.e\evKov,
ra? fjiev 7roXet9 exparvvaro fypovpals, avrbs 8e
v rvpavvelv, IJ\TTL^ pa&ia>s eTrityaveis \rj-
TTJV Trokiv. Kal TO JJLGV 7r\ayos acr^aXw?
jm6yd\(o crroXeo, Trapa Be TYJV 'Ar-
7rapa7r\ea)V c^ei/jidorO^ real ra? TrXetcrra?
rcov vewv, KOI crvvSiefpOdpi] TrX^^o? dv-
2 0poo7TCi)V OVK 6\iyov. auro? Be crwOels r^aro
/JLV TtZ^O? TToXe^OU 7T/)0? TOU? ' A0r]l>aLOV^, ft)-? S'
ovBev eirepatve, Tre/n^a^ VO.VTLKOV av0is dOpoL-
(jovTas auro? et? Tie\07r6i>vrjaoi> TraprfKOe Kai
M.ecrcrr)vrjv 7ro\,iopKi. Kal TTyOocryua^o/Aez'o? rot?
vevo'e, KaTa7re\riKov ^eXou9 et? TO
avrco Kal TO crTO/ia 5ta TT)? cnayovo^
3 e'/^Trecro^TO?. dva\r)fy0el<$ Be Kal vroXei? rivds
TrpocrayayofJievos TrdXtv ei? Tr/^ 'Ar-
eVe/9aXe,
e(f)0ipe rr^v %a)pav, Kal vavv TLva
e^ovcrav arov Ka eo-yovcrav rot9
eKpe/nacre TOV e/jiTropov Kal rov Kv^ep
ware rwv d\\wv dTrorpeTro/Aevwv Bid <f)6/3ov GVV-
TOVOV \IILOV ev dcrrei yeveaOai, TT/OO? Be T<W
a\\(t)V aTTOpiav. d\wv <yovv
rerrapaKovra Bpa%/j,wi>, 6 Be TWV irvp&tv
4 /zoSfo? w^fo? T;^ TpiaKOGiwv. /jiiKpdv Be TO??
' A6i]vaioi<; dvaTTVor]V Trapecr^ov eKarov irevrrj-
80
DEMETRIUS, xxxm. 1-4
XXXIII. Demetrius, however, was not cowed,
but declared that not even if he should lose ten
thousand battles like that at Ipsus would he consent
to pay for the privilege of having Seleucus as a
son-in-law. Then he strengthened his cities with
garrisons, while he himself, learning that Lachares
had usurped sovereign power over the Athenians
in consequence of their dissensions, thought to
appear upon the scene and make an easy capture
of the city. So he crossed the sea in safety with
a great fleet, 1 but as he was sailing along the coast
of Attica he encountered a storm in which most of
his ships were lost and a great number of men
perished with them. He himself, however, escaped
alive, and began a petty war against the Athenians.
But since he could accomplish nothing, he sent
men to collect another fleet for him, while he
himself passed on into Peloponnesus and laid siege
to Messene. Here, in an attack upon the walls,
he came near losing his life ; for a missile from a
catapult struck him in the face and passed through
his jaw into his mouth. But he recovered, and after
restoring to their allegiance certain cities which had
revolted from him, he invaded Attica again, got
Eleusis and Rhamnus into his power, and ravaged the
country. He also seized a ship laden with grain
for Athens, and hung its supercargo and its master.
All other ships were thus frightened into turning
back, and famine became acute in the city, where,
besides lack of food, there was dearth also of other
things. At any rate, a bushel of salt sold there for
forty drachmas, and a peck of wheat was worth three
hundred. A slight respite was afforded the Athenians
1 In 297 B.C.
81
PLUTARCH'S LIVES
rcovra vrje<; fyavelcrai Trepl Aijtvav, a? e
eTTt/covpovs aurot? IlToXe^ato?. etra
7ToXXa>I> JjLeV K Yl\07rOVV1]CrOV, TToXXcOP $ aTTO
KvTrpov vewv irapayevofjievwv, wcrre cruyUTracra?
aOpoLa6r]vai TpiaKO<Tias, etywyov apavres ol UTO-
\/jiaiov, KOI Aa%dprj<; 6 rvpavvos direSpa Trpoe-
^V 7TO\LV.
XXXIV. Ol 8e ' AOrivaloi, Kaiirep ^^(picrd-
OdvciTOv el f^v^crdeitj rt? elpijvvj? KOL 8ia\-
TT/oo? A^ya^T/QfO^, 6v0v<$ dvewryvvaav ra? 905
KCU TTyOeCT/Sei? GTT JJL7T Ol> ,
cni exeivov
2 5e TT}? aTro/ota?, eV 77 $va")(eprj)v iroXXtov
aovrwv \67erat rt Aral TOLOVTOV <yevecr6ai' Trarepa
KOI viov ev oLKi^/JLari icaO e^ea6 at, ra Ka0* eavrovs
a7T67^a)A:oTa9, etc 5e r^9 opo(pij^ JJLVV veicpov eKTre-
creiv, rou? Be, co? eZSoi^, avct7rr;S^cra^Ta? dfjL^tOTe-
pov<$ iaiJid~)(ecrOai irepl avrov. rore /cat TOI>
cf)i,\6cro(f)ov ^TTiicovpov icnopovari ^tLaOpe^rai TOU?
ffVVtjQeiS KVa/iLOVS 7T/00? dpl@fJLOV /X6T* CLVTO)V
Slave JJLO/A6VOV.
3 O#T&>? o5z^ T^? TTo'Xea)? e'^oucr^? elae\0(i)v o
/tal rc\evcras et'<? TO dearpov dOpoi-
Trdvras, 077X0*9 /aei' avvetypa^e rrjv (TK^vrfV
KOI Sopv(f>opoi<$ TO \oyelov irepieXafiev, auTO? ^e
/cara/Bas, wairep ol rpayaSoi, Sia rcov avw irapo-
Scov, eri p,d\\ov eK7re7r\r)yiieva)v TWV ' Adrjvaiwv
Tr]v dp'xrjv rov \6<yov vre/oa? eTTOitjaaro rov SeoL>?
4 ai)TWV. Kal yap TOVOV fywvrjs KCU
82
DEMETRIUS, xxxm. 4 -xxxiv. 4
by the appearance off Aegina of a hundred and
fifty ships which Ptolemy sent to assist them. Then
numerous ships came to Demetrius from Peloponnesus,
and many from Cyprus, so that his entire assemblage
numbered three hundred, in consequence of which
the ships of Ptolemy put off to sea in flight, and
Lachares the tyrant abandoned the city and ran
away.
XXXIV. Then the Athenians, although they had
decreed death to anyone who should so much as
mention peace and reconciliation with Demetrius,
straightway threw open the nearest gates and sent
ambassadors to him. They did not expect any
kindly treatment from him, but were driven to the
step by their destitution, in which, among many
other grievous things, the following also is said to
have occurred. A father and a son were sitting in a
room and had abandoned all hope. Then a dead
mouse fell from the ceiling, and the two, when they
saw it, sprang up and fought with one another for it.
At this time also, we are told, the philosopher
Epicurus sustained the lives of his associates with
beans, which he counted out and distributed among
them.
Such, then, was the plight of the city when
Demetrius made his entry and ordered all the people
to assemble in the theatre. He fenced the stage-
buildings round with armed men, and encompassed
the stage itself with his body-guards, while he himself,
like the tragic actors, came down into view through
one of the upper side-entrances. The Athenians
were more than ever frightened now ; but with the
first words that he uttered Demetrius put an end to
their fears. For avoiding all harshness of tone and
83
PLUTARCH'S LIVES
, e'Xa^pco? Be Kal
avrovs Biri\\d(T(TeTO, Kal BeKa uv-
pidBas aiTov /jLeBiuvwv eVeS&jA-e, Kal KaTeo~Tr)(rev
a'l adXicrra TM B/][j.(t) TrpOGfyiKels r)o~av.
Be &poaoK\iByi<> 6 p/jrcop VTTO ^apa? TOV
ev re (covals ovra iravTO^arral^ Kal TOU?
rov
evov vTrepfiaXeadai, yvco^rjv eypa-^e
rpioy TW j3a<Ti\e2 TOV Tleipaia Trapa&odijvai
5 TTJV Movvv%iav. eTTt^^io-OevTWV Se TOVTWV 6
A^/z?yT/3iO9 auro? e'^)' eavTov 7rpO(7ev/3a\ (frpov-
pav et? TO Mofcretov, &>? JJLI] TcaKiv dva^aiTicravTa
TOV Br/fj-ov acr^oXta? avTw Trpaj/jLarutv erepcov
XXXY. 'Ej%o/jii>a)V Be TMV ' ' K6r]vwv ev@vs e
rf; Aa/eeSat//,ow. /cat Trepl Mavriveiav
TOV
/cal Tejievos et?
evej3d\e. /cal vrpo? avr?} TT} ^irdprrj ird\iv IK
l $ia<p&eipa<i
OGOV OVTTO)
2 ^XP L r ** )V XPOVMV GKeivav dvd\WTov ovcrav. aXX'
rj Tv^n TTpl ovBeva TWV /SacriXeaj^ eoi/tev OUT a)
rpovra? \afteiv /teyaXa? Kal ra^eta?, oi)S' eV
ere/oot? Trpdy/jLacri TocravTaKis fjuucpa Kal Trd\iv
fj,eyd\rj Kal Tameivr) fjbev CK \au7rpas, Icrxvpd Be
av9i<s CK (^auX^? yeveaflaL. Bio Kal <pacriv avTov
rat? xeipocri /LteraySoXai? TT/JO? rrjv
TO
TOL fjie <^i/cra?, (TV //- KaTaideiv aoi l BOKI<;.
5oKis Ziegler, with some MSS. : 5o/c?j.
84
DEMETRIUS, xxxiv. 4-xxxv. 2
bitterness of speech, he merely chided them lightly
and in a friendly manner, and then declared himself
reconciled, gave them besides a hundred thousand
bushels of grain, and established the magistrates
who were most acceptable to the people. So
Dromocleides the orator, seeing that the people,
in their joy, were shouting all sorts of proposals, and
were eager to outdo the customary eulogies of the
public speakers on the bema, brought in a motion
that Piraeus and Munychia should be handed over to
Demetrius the king. This was voted, and Demetrius
on his own account put a garrison into the Museium 1
also, that the people might not again shake off the
yoke and give him further trouble.
XXXV. And now that he was in possession of
Athens, he at once laid plans against Sparta. Near
Mantineia, where Archidamus the king confronted
him, he conquered and routed his foe, and then
invaded Laconia. And after he had fought a second
pitched battle hard by Sparta itself, where he
captured five hundred men and slew two hundred,
it was thought that he as good as had the city in his
power, although up to this time it had never been
taken. But with none of the kings does Fortune
appear to have taken so great and sudden turns, and
in the career of no other did she so many times show
herself now small and now great, now resplendent and
now abased, now insignificant and now all powerful.
For this reason, too, we are told that in his worst
reverses Demetrius would apostrophise Fortune in the
words of Aeschylus :
" My flame thou fannest, indeed, and thou seemest
to quench me, too." 2
1 A hill S.W. of the Acropolis.
2 ftauck, Trag. Graec. Frag. 3 p. 107 GU' e
PLUTARCH'S LIVES
3 Kal jap rore rwv irpa^fJLarwv ovrca? evTropcov
avr(p Trpo? dp%r)V Kal Bvva/JLiv 7riBiB6vr(i)i> a/yyeX-
Xerat Aucrt/^a^o? fiev Trp&ro? dtpypij^evo? avrov
rd? ev 'Acrta TroXei?, K.v7rpov be IlToXe/^ato? 77/977
/ca>9 aVef yuta? TroXea)? 2aXa/uyo?, eV Se
7ro\iop/ca)v rou? TratSa? avrov /cal TTJV
4 ^aretX77yLtyu,e^ou9. ou yLt?7i/ aXXa /cal 77
KaOairep 77 Trap' 'Ayo^Xo^ci) 71^1^7; T^
efiopei SoXotppoveovaa 'X^ipL, rfj 8' ^reprj Trvp,
Sewols avTOV ovra) Kal <po/3epol<; d<yye\/jia(Tiv
a r no(JTi}(Ta<JCL r/79 Aa/ceSat/xoi/o?, evdvs ere/oa?
Trpayfidrayv KCUV&V Kal fieydXcov eTrrjveyKev eXW-
e': roiavrrjs atria?.
XXXVI. 'ETret Kacra^S/oou rekevrrfaavros o
avrov rwv Traibwv ^tXtTTTro? GJ)
/3ao"tXeycra? Ma/ceSoi^a)^ direOavev,
ol \oi7rol Bvo 7T/00? aXXT^Xof? ecrracria^ov, dare-
pov Be avr&v ' Avrnrdrpov rr)V ^repa e<7cra-
\ovlicr]v (povevaavros, arepos e/cdXei ftorjflovs e'/c
u/jyooi', e'/c Se neXo7ro^^77o-of A77-
etfcdacre Be Hvppos e\0u>v, Kal TTO\V
TjV
y AT? yU,77T piov Be, a>? eSe^aro ra
rfj? Bwdfjieaj? Trpoa-tovros, ert yLtaXXoy o
veavia? rovrov (ftoftriQels Bid TO d^iwfjia Kal rr]v
B6j;av dTnjvrijcrev avrq> irepl Atoi^, daTra^ojjuevo?
/Jiev Kal (f>L\o(f>povovfjLevo<;, ovBev Be cfrdaKcov ert,
rfj? eKeivov Beicrflai ra Trpdj/^ara rcapovcrla?.
3 rjaav ovv eK rovrcov vno^rlai Trpo? d\\rj\ou? av-
roi?, Kal ftaBi^ovri &r)/jLi]rpia> TT/OO? Selirvov VTTO
rov veavi&Kov 7rapaKK\r)fjLeva) /Aijvvet ri?
86
DEMETRIUS, xxxv. 3-xxxvi. 3
And so at this time, when events so generously
favoured the increase of his dominion and power,
word was brought to him, first, that Lysimachus had
deprived him of his cities in Asia, and next, that
Ptolemy had taken Cyprus, with the exception of
the single city of Salamis, and had shut up in Salamis
under siege his children and his mother. However,
even Fortune, who, like the woman in Archilochus,
" in one deceitful hand bore water, and in the other
fire," l while by tidings so dreadful and terrifying
she drew him away from Sparta, at once inspired him
with other hopes of new and great achievements, and
on this wise.
XXXVI. After Cassander's death, the eldest of his
sons, Philip, reigned for a short time over the Mace-
donians and then died, and the two remaining brothers
quarrelled with one another over the succession. One
of them, Antipater, murdered his mother, Thessalo-
nice, and the other, Alexander, summoned to his
help Pyrrhus from Epeirus, and Demetrius from
Peloponnesus. Pyrrhus was first to answer the sum-
mons, and after cutting off a large part of Macedonia
as a reward for his assistance, was already a neighbour
whom Alexander feared. But Demetrius, who, when
he received Alexander's letters, had set out with his
forces to join him, inspired the young man with
still more fear because of his high position and
reputation, and he therefore met Demetrius at Dium,
and gave him a friendly welcome, but declared that
the situation no longer demanded his presence.
Owing to these circumstances, then, the men were
suspicious of one another, and besides, as Demetrius
was on his way to supper at the young man's invi-
1 Fragment 93 (Bergk, Poet. Lyr. Graeci, ii. 4 p. 410).
87
VOL. IX. D
PLUTARCH'S LIVES
jv, o>9 cv avTw TW TTOTW /jL\\6vT(Dv avTov
dveXelv. 6 be fjLijBev &ICLT a panels, aXXa fjUKpov
v<f)els TT}? Tropeias, eVeXefcre rou? p,ev rjye/Aovas ev
T019 07rX<U9 Tr]V crrpaTiav
KOI 7ratSa9, ouoi irepl avrov r^crav (ricrav Se TTO\V
4 dvSpwva KOL irapa[jLei>LV a^pi av e^avacrrf}. TOV-
TO Setcra^Te? ol irepl TOV ^A\^ai'Bpoi> OVK eroX-
KOI o J,ev ArurTfo? OVK
auTco TO (rcoyaa. TTOTIKWS crKTf^rdfJievo^ Bid
' rfj Se varepaia Trepl dva^vyrji'
vewrepa
avrw, KOL TraprjTelro avyyvca/jLrjv ex eiv
1 'A\ei;av$pov, el Tay^iov djraipet' crvveaecrOai, yap
CIVTW [jiaXKov aXXore &%o\d%(ov. e%aipev ovv 6
co? ov TT/JO? e~)(6pav, a\X' e
K TT}? ^copa9 aTTalpovTOS avTOV, KOI
5 a>XP l 6TTa\ta5. eVet Se et9 Adpicr&av
j3ov\evovT<*' o Sr) fj^dXtara TOV
vTro%ipiov eTToirjae ra> Ar; JJUJT piw . (f)v\dTTeo-@ai
yap OKVWV, a>9 ^ Katcelvov dvTi<pv\dTTecr0ai
d^rj, iraOayv e(pdacr (Spdv yaeXXoz^TO9 avrov yLtr/
e/ceivov) o e^rj^ai'dro. ;X?^ei9 yap
errl BeiTTVov rj\0e Trpbs TOV Arj/AtjTpiov. 009 Be
erceivos e^aveaTrj /jLGTa^v Benrvwv, fyofiriOeis o
a-vve^avea-TTj teal KCLTO, TroSas avT(a
88
DEMETRIUS, xxxvi. 3-5
tation, some one told him of a plot to kill him in the
very midst of the drinking. Demetrius was not at
all disturbed, but delayed his coming a little, and
ordered his officers to have their troops under arms,
and all the attendants and servants in his train (and
they were far more numerous than the retinue of Alex-
ander) to go with him into the banqueting-hall and
to remain there until he rose from the table. This
frightened Alexander, and he did not venture to
attempt anything. Demetrius also made the excuse
that he was not in condition to take wine, and
went away very soon. On the following day he
busied himself with preparations for departure, telling
Alexander that unexpected troubles had arisen,
which demanded his attention, asking his pardon for
leaving so quickly, and assuring him that he would
pay him a longer visit at another time when his affairs
permitted it. Alexander was therefore well pleased,
convinced that Demetrius was leaving his territories,
not in hostility, but of his own free will, and escorted
him on his way as far as Thessaly. But when they
came to Larissa, once more invitations to entertain-
ments passed between them, and each plotted against
the life of the other. This, more than anything else,
put Alexander into the power of Demetrius. For he
hesitated to take measures of precaution, that he
might not thereby teach Demetrius also to take
counter-measures, and he was forestalled by meeting
the doom he was himself devising (since he delayed
measures to prevent the other from escaping out of
his hands). 1 And so, when Demetrius rose up from
table before supper was over, Alexander, filled with
fear, rose up also and followed close upon his heels
1 The Greek of the parenthesis is hopelessly corrupt.
89
PLUTARCH'S LIVES
6 ?rpo? ra? 6vpas <rvvrjKO\ovOei. yei'6/j,evo<; ovv 6
? TT/JO? ra?? Ovpais Kara TOV? eavTOV
Bopv<f)6pov<; KOI TOVTO JJLOVOV elrrobv, " KOTTTC TOV
Tr6fj.evov" avrbs [lev inre%r}\.6ev t o Be '
' KLva)i> /eareKOTrr) KOI TCJV <^L\wv ol
P eva \ejovai (r<parro/.ievov elireiv a>5
pia (fcOdaeiev aurou? 6 A^/z^rpto?.
XXXVII. *H fjiGv ovv vv% olov eiVo? Obpvftov
a/j,a &e ^tepa rapaTTO/teVot? rot?
Bo&i teal (poftov/jtevois rr)v TOV ^rj/ji^r
a>9 eiryei /jiev ovSels ^o/Se/oo?, o Be
7r/JL7re ySovXo/iei'O? evru^elv Kal irepl TWV TTC-
7rpa i y/j,eva)v d7ro\o f yrj(racr0ai, Oappelv
2 /cal B%(T0ai <pi\av0pa)7rcos avrov. a>? Be
ov jjLarcpwv eSerjaev avrw \6ywv, dXXa rw
TOV 'AvTLTrarpov, <f)oi>ea /U-T/T^O? ovra, {3e\-
Be drropelv, eicelvov dvrfyopevcrav
i', /cal TrayoaXa/So^re? evQvs
Ma/ceBoviav. TJV Be fcal rot? oi/cot, Ma/ceBocriv
OVK d/covcrio<? 77 yLtera/^oX?;, yueyai/^yue^ot? del Kal
a Kacrai'Spo? et? 'A\$;avBpov
3 Trapr]v6fjir)a-ev. el Be ri? erf yuz^yU?; r^? Avrnrd-
rpov rov Tra\aiov /j,eTpi6Tr)To<; vrreXeiTreTO, Kal
r)fjLr)Tpios eKaprrovTo <&i\a GVVOLKWV
TOV e% eVea'T;? viov e^wv BidBo%ov
Tore fietpaKtov 6vTa Kal ra> iraTpl avcrTpa-
90
DEMETRIUS, xxxvi. 6-xxxvn. 3
towards the door. Demetrius, then, on reaching the
door where his own body-guards stood, said merely,
" Smite any one who follows me," and quietly went
out himself; but Alexander was cut down by the
guards, together with those of his friends who came
to his aid. One of these, we are told, as he was
smitten, said that Demetrius had got one day's start
of them.
XXXVII. That night, then, naturally, was full of
tumult. But with the day the Macedonians, who
were in confusion and afraid of the forces of Deme-
trius, found that no enemy came against them,
but that Demetrius sent to them a request for an
interview and for an opportunity to explain what
had been done. They therefore took heart and
promised to receive him in a friendly spirit. When
he came to them, there was no need of his making
long speeches, but owing to their hatred of Anti-
pater, who was a matricide, and to their lack of a
better man, they proclaimed Demetrius king of the
Macedonians, and at once went down with him into
Macedonia. 1 Furthermore, to the Macedonians at
home the change was not unwelcome, for they ever
remembered with hatred the crimes which Cassander
had committed against the posterity of Alexander
the Great. And if there still remained any kindly
memories of the elder Antipater's moderation and
justice, of these also Demetrius reaped the benefit,
since he was the husband of Phila, Antipater's
daughter, and had a son by her to be his successor
m the realm, a son who was already quite a youth,
and was serving in the army under his father.
1 In 294 B.O.
91
PLUTARCH'S LIVES
XXXVIII. OVTCO Be XayUTrpa Key^prjfJievo^ ev-
TVvOdvcTdi fj.ev irepl TCOV TCKVCOV KOI TT}<?
ft)? fjLtOelvrai, Bcopa KOI Ti/Jids TlTO\e/JiaLOV
CLVTOLS, TrvvOdveTdi Be irepl TTJS
O"r]S Ovyarpos &>? *AvTi6%(p rut
(TvvoiKei Kol {Bacri\icraa T&V avco (Bap-
2 fidpayv avriyopevrai. criW/3?; yap, &)? eoifce, TOV
epacrOivra TT}? ^TparoviKTj^ veas ovar)?, 907
Be TTCII&LOV e^ovcrrj^ CK TOV %e\evKov,
O)? real vroXXa "noielv ry nrdOei
, T\09 S' eavrov Karayvovra Seivwv
dvi]K6<TTa >e voaelv, Ke/cpaTrjcr0ai, Be
T&) \oyKTijLU), rpoTrov aTraXXaj^ TOV ftiov tyiTelv
KOI Trapa\veiv aTpe^a KCU Oepaireias dfjie\ela
teal Tpo(f>f)S airo^f] TO O-W/JLO,, voaelv TIVCL VQGOV
3 (TKrjTTTo/jLevov. 'Ejpa&La'TpaTOV Be TOV IdTpov al-
aOecrOai fjiev ov ^aXeTTw? epwvros avTou, TO Be
ovTtvo? epa BvcrroTracrTov ov e^avevpeiv (2ov\b-
fievov del fj.ev ev TO) ^Wyttartfo Bi^/aepevetv, el Be
Tf? elcrioi TO)V ev wpa /jLeipaKicov r) yvvaitcwv,
eyfcadopdv T TO> irpoa-WTrw TOV 'Avrto^ov KOI TO,
<rv fjLTT da"^eiv fjidXiaTa rfj ^rv^fj TpeTcopevrj ire^v-
KOTd fJieptJ KOI KlVrj/jLCLTO, TOV CTOO/jLClTOS 711(7 KOTTCLV.
4 GO? ovv TWV /jiev ci\\(ov elaiovTcov OfJLoiws el%, TT}?
Be ^TpaTOviKi^ Kal KCL@' eavTrjv KCU fieTa TOV
(froiToocnis 7roX\aKi<; eylvero ra
e/celva Trepl avTov TrdvTa, (fxovr)?
92
DEMETRIUS, xxxvni. 1-4
XXXVIII. While Demetrius was enjoying a good
fortune so illustrious as this, he had tidings con-
cerning his children and his mother, namely, that
they had been set free, and that Ptolemy had given
them gifts and honours besides ; he had tidings also
concerning his daughter who was wedded to Seleucus,
namely, that she was now the wife of Antiochus the
son of Seleucus, and had the title of Queen of
Upper Asia. For it came to pass, as it would seem,
that Antiochus fell in love with Stratonice, who was
young, and was already mother of a little boy by
Seleucus. Antiochus was distressed, and resorted to
many means of fighting down his passion, but at
last, condemning himself for his inordinate desires,
for his incurable malady, and for the subjugation of
his reason, he determined to seek a way of escape from
life, and to destroy himself gradually by neglecting his
person and abstaining from food, under pretence of
having some disease. But Erasistratus, his physician,
perceived quite easily that he was in love, and wish-
ing to discover who was the object of his passion (a
matter not so easy to decide), he would spend day
after day in the young man's chamber, and if any of
the beauties of the court came in, male or female,
he would study the countenance of Antiochus, and
watch those parts and movements of his person
which nature has made to sympathize most with
the inclinations of the soul. Accordingly, when any
one else came in, Antiochus showed no change ; but
whenever Stratonice came to see him, as she often
did, either alone, or with Seleucus, lo, those tell-tale
signs of which Sappho sings l were all there in him,
stammering speech, fiery flushes, darkened vision,
1 Fragment 2 (Bergk, Poet. Lyr. Graeci, Hi. 4 pp. 88 ff.).
93
PLUTARCH'S LIVES
oet9, ara^ia KOL Qopvftos ev rot?
uols, reXo9 Be TTJS ^rvx'fjs Kara Kpdrof
5 aTTopia KOI $ttyu/3o9 KOI ay%piacris, eVt TOVTOIS
TOV ^paaicrrparov Kara TO el-
OUK av ere/>a9 epcov /3acrAe<y9 vios vefcap-
Tepei, TO) aiwirav f^e^pi, Oavdrov, %a\7rov fxe
TO (frpdaai ravra KOI fcaretTretv, ov
d\\a TriaTevovra rrj 7T/OO9 TOV viov evvoiq TOV
%e\evKOv irapaKiv'ovveva'ai Trore, teal elireiv 009
e/?&)9 \Jukv ellr} TOV veavicTKOv TO TrdOos, e/3&)9 Be
6 a&vvaTO<$ Kal dviaTOs. eKTr\a i yevTQ < $ Be eiceivov
teal TrvOofJievov 7rw9 a^taro9, <<r/ Ort vrj Ata,"
avai TOP ^pa<rlcFTpaTOv, " epa r?}9 ^779 <yvvai-
' If T?* ' V In \ O '-V
/C09. Lira OVK av, eiTreuv TOV Zehev/cov,
" 67TiSot7;9, 'EyoacrtVrpaTe, TW e'yU-rS TratSt ^1X09 wi^
TOI^ yd/jiov, Kal raura opwi' 77/^0,9 eVl TOVTW /JLOVW
-\ f " /^ > ^\ > * / / tt ^
(ra\6vovTa<i; (Jvoe <yap av av, <pavai, TOVTO
cov eirorcras, e
7 7reOv/jL^cre. ty Kal TOV "%\6VKOV " El'^e yap,
eratyoe," eiTretv, " Tayy /ieracrTpe-v/rat r^9 evrl
TavTa Kal /j.6Ta/3d\.oi, OeSiv ?; dvdpcoTrcov TO TCOL-
6 o<$' a>9 e/uot /cat TTjv ftaaiXeuav dfyelvai Ka\ov
TOI) SeXeu/cou /iera 7ro\\a)v SaKpvwv Xe-
<yovTo$, ejJLJ3a\bvTa TTJV &et;idv avTM TOV 'E^acrt-
(TTpaTOv 6L7T6LV a>9 ovBev 'EipaaKTTpdTOV SeoiTO'
Kal yap TraTijp Kal dvrjp MV Kal /3acri\v<; auro9
8 a/jia Kal tar/009 LTJ r^9 ot'/cta9 aptcrro9. eV TOI^TOU
TOf %\VKOV KK\r)aiav dOpolcravTa TrdvSrjjmov
L7T6LV OTl j3oV\6Tai Kal BlJV(DKe TWV aVW TfCLV-
TWV TOTTCOV ' A.vTio%ov aTToBei^ai /SacrtXea /cat
1 ^TTr;/iVijs Ziegler, with two MSS. : Tj
94
DEMETRIUS, xxxvm. 4-8
sudden sweats, irregular palpitations of the heart,
and finally, as his soul was taken by storm, help-
lessness, stupor, and pallor. And besides all this,
Erasistratus reasoned further that in all probability
the king's son, had he loved any other woman, would
not have persisbed to the death in refusing to speak
about it. He thought it a difficult matter to explain
the case fully to Seleucus, but nevertheless, relying
on the father's kindly feelings towards his son, he
took the risk one day, and told him that love was
the young man's trouble, a love that could neither
be satisfied nor cured. The king was amazed, and
asked why his son's love could not be satisfied.
"Because, indeed," said Erasistratus, "he is in love
with my wife." "Then canst thou not, O Erasi-
stratus," said Seleucus, "since thou art my son's
friend, give him thy wife in addition to thy friend-
ship, especially when thou seest that he is the only
anchor of our storm-tossed house ? " " Thou art his
father," said Erasistratus, "and yet thou wouldst
not have done so if Antiochus had set his affections
on Stratonice." " My friend," said Seleucus, " would
that someone in heaven or on earth might speedily
convert and turn his passion in this direction ; since
I would gladly let my kingdom also go, if I might
keep Antiochus." So spake Seleucus with deep
emotion and many tears, whereupon Erasistratus
clasped him by the hand and told him he had no
need of Erasistratus ; for as father, husband, and
king, he was himself at the same time the best phy-
sician also for his household. Consequently Seleucus
called an assembly of the entire people and declared
it to be his wish and purpose to make Antiochus
king of all Upper Asia, and Stratonice his queen,
PLUTARCH'S LIVES
ftaaiXiBa, d\\ij\oi<; crvvoiKovvras'
Be TOP /j,ev vibv elO tar p,evov airavra ireL-
Kal Kari]Koov ovra firjOev avrepelv avrw
9 TT/?O? rbi> ydfjiov el ' rj yvvrj ra> fj,rj vevopiafjievq)
, irapaKa\eiv TOL/? <pi\ovs OTTO)? 81-
avTr)v /cal Treidaxri /cdXa Kal Bifcaia ra
SOKOVVTO, /3acri\i fJLera rov crf/z^epo^To? f)yeia'@ai.
TOV fJLev ovv 'Azmo^of Kal ^rparoi'Lfc^ <yd/j,ov e/c
TOiavTris yeveaQat, 7rpo0acr6&)? \eyovcri.
XXXIX. Arj/jLiyrpios Se /zera MatceSoviav teal
Serra\iav fjv irapeikr)$(i)<s. e^wv Be Kal IleXo-
TTovvrjcrov ra TrXelara Kal rwv e/cro? ^laO/jiov
Meyapa Kal 'A0ifras eVt Boicorovs ecrrpdreuae.
real TTpwrov fjiev eyevovro av^auei^ ^erpiai irepl
<f)i\ia<; 7T/90? avrov eTreira KXewvv/jLov TOV ^irap-
ridrov Trayoa^aXovro? et? T^/Sa? /J,era arpancts,
ol Boiwrot, Kal HtcrfSo? a^a rov
, o? eTrpcoreve &ot;r) Kal ^wdfjiei rore,
2 crvjJirrapopiJitovro'S avrovs, drrecrrrivav. to? Be
rals 7;/(9a9 7ra<yaya>v ra? yury^a^a? o
GTTO\iopKei Kal (frojSrjdels vrre^rfkOev o
Kara7r\ayvre<; ol Bofwrol TrapeBwKav eavrovs. o
Be rait TrbXeaLV e/jL/3a\a)v <f>povpav Kal
fjievos TroXXa %ptf/j,ara, Kal Kara\L7rcav
e7n/ue~\.r)rr]V Kal dp/jiO(Trrjv 'lepcovv/Aov rbv
KOV, eoo^ev ^TTICO? Ke%pf)a0ai, Kal p,d\iara Bca
TLiaiv. e\a)v yap avrbv ovBev KaKOV eTroirjcrev,
aXXa Kal Trpocrayopevcras Kal (f>i\o(f)povr)0el<i
96
DEMETRIUS, XXXVIH. 8-xxxix. 2
the two being husband and wife ; he also declared it
to be his opinion that his son, accustomed as he was
to be submissive and obedient in all things, would
not oppose his father in this marriage ; and that if
his wife were reluctant to take this extraordinary
step, he called upon his friends to teach and persuade
her to regard as just and honourable whatever
seemed good to the king and conducive to the
general welfare. On this wise, then, we are told,
Antiochus and Stratonice became husband and
wife.
XXXIX. As for Demetrius, after Macedonia he
became master of Thessaly also. And now that he
had most of Peloponnesus, and, on this side the
Isthmus, Megara and Athens, he turned his arms
against the Boeotians. These at first made friendly
agreements with him on reasonable terms ; after-
wards, however, when Cleonymus the Spartan made
his way into Thebes with an army, the Boeotians
were lifted up in spirit, and since at the same time
Pisis of Thespiae, who was their leading man at this
time in reputation and influence, added his in-
stigations to the step, they revolted. But when
Demetrius brought up his engines-of-war against
Thebes and laid siege to the city, Cleonymus took
fright and stole away, and the Boeotians, in terror,
surrendered. 1 Demetrius put garrisons in their
cities, exacted large sums of money from them, and
left as their overseer and governor Hieronymus
the historian, thereby getting a reputation for
clemency, and particularly by his treatment of Pisis.
For after capturing him Demetrius did him no harm,
but actually greeted him, showed him kindness, and
1 In 293 B.O.
97
PLUTARCH'S LIVES
3 7r6\e{iap%oi> ev Sea-Trials aTreBei^ev. ov TroXXoi)
Be varepov a\l<TK.erai Aucrtyaa^o? inrb ^pofii^ai-
rov- Kal Trpo? rovro ^Tjp-rjrpiov Kara ra%o?
e^op/Jiija-avTOS eirl pa/c^v, coajrep eprj^a l Kara-
\rj\ffOfjievov, 'jrakiv aTrearrjcrav ot Boiwrot,
Aucrtyua^o? a/xa Siei/Jtevos a7rtjyye\\6TO.
ovv Kal 7T/)o? opyrjv avaarpetyas o
evpev r)TTr)ju.vovs VTTO rou vratSo? 'Avriyovov
TGI/? Boicorou?, Kal ra? ;;/5a? av0i<$
XL. Il^/3ou Se ecrcraXtai; Kararpe^ovro<;
^ep/JLOirvK.oyv Trapatfiavevros, 'A-vrlyovov
e fyvyovros, ev QecraaXta Kara-
fjivpiovs oTrXtra? rat ^iXtou
eveKeno rat? ?)/9at? /cat TTpoa-rjje
\ejo/jievr]V e\7r6\,iv, 7ro\V7rova)S Kal Kara
VTTO fipiOovs Kal (jLeyeOovs ^o^XefOyLtey?^, a>9
2 eV 5u<jt yu-r;crl Suo crraStou? irpoe^Oelv. ra>i> Be
BoicoTWi' epp(t)/iA6V(i)<> a/jivvoiJievwv KOI rov &rj/j,r)-
rpiov TroXXaArt? <pi\oreiKLa<; eveKa /j,a\\ov r)
Kal KivBvveveiv rou? crr/oaTicora?
, opwv 6 'Ai/rtyo^o? TrtTrro^ra?
Kal 7repi7ra0a)i>, " Ti, M Trdrep"
OVK dvayKaicos TOVTOVS
' o Se Trapo^vvOels, " Su 8e," 6^x7,
t va"xepaLveis; r) Bid^erpov o^etXei? rot?
ov prjv aXXa ral /5o
76 /ar/ BoKelv erepcov dfyei&elv p,6vov, aXXa
Bekker adopts Reiske's correction to (vprj/j.a (trea-
t lire-trove).
9 8
DEMETRIUS, xxxix. 3 -xL. 3
appointed him polemarch in Thespiae. Not long
afterwards, however, Lysimachus was taken prisoner
by DromichaeteSj and in view of this Demetrius set
out with all speed for Thrace, thinking to occupy
a region destitute of defenders. Thereupon the
Boeotians revolted again, and at the same time word
was brought that Lysimachus had been set free.
Quickly, therefore, and in wrath, Demetrius turned
back, and finding that the Boeotians had been de-
feated in battle by his son Antigonus, once more laid
siege to Thebes.
XL. But Pyrrhus now overran Thessaly and was
seen as far south as Thermopylae ; Demetrius there-
fore left Antigonus to conduct the siege of Thebes,
and himself set out against this new foe. Pyrrhus,
however, made a swift retreat, whereupon Demetrius
stationed ten thousand men-at-arms and a thousand
horsemen in Thessaly and once more devoted him-
self to Thebes. Here he brought up against the
city his famous City-taker, 1 but this was so laboriously
and slowly propelled, owing to its weight and great
size, that in the space of two months it hardly
advanced two furlongs. Besides, the Boeotians made
a stout resistance, and Demetrius many times, out
of contumacy rather than from need, forced his
soldiers to risk their lives in battle. Antigonus saw
that they were falling in great numbers, and in
great concern said : " Why, my father, should we
suffer these lives to be squandered without any
necessity for it?" But Demetrius was incensed,
and said : " Why, pray, art thou disturbed at this ?
Are rations due from thee to the dead ? " However,
wishing not to be thought reckless of other lives
Cf. chapter xxi. 1.
99
PLUTARCH'S LIVES
iv rot? yLia^o/zefot?, Sie\avverai rov
/3eXet. Kal &et,va)s /nev ecr^ev, ov
avrJKev, aXXa etXe ras ?;/5a? rrd\iv. KOL
u)V dvdracnv fj,ev Ktil <po/3ov a>9 ra Seivo-
rara Treicrojuevois irapecr^ev, ave\u>v $e
Se/ca Kal ^eracTT^cra? nva$ dtyrjfce TOU?
4 TCft9 fJLV OVV /;/3at? OV7TCO SeKCLTOV
ero? ak&vat, 81? eV rco povw TOVTW
KCLIVQ-
rarov eTrirpe^rev avry iroietv o AT/^T/^O?. eVel
jap AtTft>Xol ra Tre/n AeX^jou? crre^a KaTetyov,
ev 'AOrjvais auro? 7}ye TOI^ dycova Kal rrjv Travrj-
yvpiv, a>9 ST) TrpoafJKOV avrodi /xaXtcrra ri/^dadai
rov 6eov, 09 /cal Trarpwos ecrn KOI Xeyerai rov
XLI. 'E^TeO^ei^ ercave\.6oov els MaKeSoviav Kal
rjre avrbs ayeiv rjcrv^iav rre$>VK(ti<$ rovs re
aXXou9 o/>coi> eV rat9 crrparelais fid\\ov avrq>
Trpoae^ovras, OLKOL Be rapa^o)Sei<; Kal rco\vrcpd-
yjj,ova<; ovras, ecrrpdrevcrev eV AtrwXov?* /tral
%d)pav KaKwaas Kal Hdvrav^ov ev avrf)
ovra T% ^vvdfjiew^ OVK 6\iyov drroXirrwv
eVt Ilvppov auro9 e^copei Kal Ylvppos eV eKelvov
2 aXX?;Xft)z^ 5e Sia/Aaprovres, o yuei^ 7r6p0ei rrjv
"Rireipov, 6 8e Tlavrav^a) rcepLrrecrwv Kal ^d^i^v
s avrov /j,ev a%pt TOU Sovvau Kal \afielv
1 In 290 B.C. The siege lasted nearly a year.
100
DEMETRIUS, XL. 3 -xLi. 2
only, but also to share the perils of battle, he was
pierced through the neck by a catapult-bolt. And
yet, sore wounded as he was, he did not give up, but
took Thebes again. 1 His entry into the city filled
the citizens with acute fear ; they thought they
were to suffer the most dreadful punishments ; but
he put to death only thirteen of them, banished a
few, and pardoned the rest. And so it was the fate
of Thebes, which had been occupied less than ten
years, 2 to be captured twice during this time.
Furthermore, the time for the Pythian games being
now at hand, Demetrius ventured upon a most un-
heard of proceeding. Since, namely, the Aetolians
occupied the passes about Delphi, he conducted the
games and the festival in person at Athens, declaring
it to be especially fitting that Apollo should be
honoured there, since he was a patron deity of the
Athenians and was said to have been the founder of
their race.
XLI. From Athens Demetrius returned to Mace-
donia, and since he was himself not prone by nature
to keep quiet, and since he saw that his followers
were more devoted to him when they were on a
campaign, but at home were turbulent and meddle-
some, he made an expedition against the Aetolians.
After ravaging the country, he left Pantauchus there
with a large part of his forces, while he himself
moved against Pyrrhus. Pyrrhus also moved against
him, but they missed one another on the march.
Demetrius therefore plundered Epeirus, but Pyrrhus
fell upon Pantauchus, and after a battle in which
the two commanders came to close quarters and
2 Cassander began the restoration of the city (after its
utter annihilation by Alexander in 335 B.C.) in 315 B.C.
101
PLUTARCH'S LIVES
rjv ev Xp<rl yevo/mevov erpe^aro, rcov Be
d\\wv TroXXou? fjiev aTreKTeivev, ^u>ypr}cr Be
3 7TvraKicr^i\iou<;. Kal rovro /taXtcrra Ari/jLrjrpiov
eKaKwaev ov yap ovra) /JLKrrjQels 6 Tlvppos d<'
wv e-npa^ev &>? 6 av jjiacrO els Bia TO TrXetcrra rfj
KaTepyd(racr0ai, [jiGya TG Kal \a^7rpov
aTTo T^9 /ia^T/? efceivrjs ovofJia Trapa rot?
real TroXXot? 7rrji \jiv TWV Ma/ce- 909
evopwro T^? *A.\J;dvBpov ToX/x???, ol Be aXXot,
Acat yLtaXi<TTa Ar;/zr;T/oto?, a>? eVl cr/crjvfjs TO fidpos
4 VTTOKpiVOtl'TO KOl TOV OJKOV TOV CLV$p6<$. r)V Be
a)? aX?7^co? Tpaya>$ia /j,eyd\^ irep\ TOV Aij/jiiJTptov,
ov JJLOVOV d/jLTre^o/uievov Kal BiaBov^evov TreptTTO)?
Bi/jLlrpois Kal %pv<ro7rapv(f)ois d\ovpyi-
, aXXa Kal Trepl T0t9 Trocrlv K 7rop(f)vpas
6fJt,j3dBa$. rjv Be TJ? ixpat,vo/j,evr]
avrco 7ro\vv ^povov, epyov virepifyavov, eL
5 rov KocrfJ-ov Kal TWV Kar ovpavov <^aivo^vfjov o
KaT\i(f}0r) fjiev 7;/UTeXe? ev rfj /j,era/3o\f} TWV
Trpay/Jsdrayv, ovBels Be eroX/JLijaev avrfj %prjcra-
crOai, KaiTrep OVK oKiywv vcrrepov ev M.aKeBovia
XLII. Ou JJLOVOV Be rouTOt? TO?? Oed^acnv e\v-
7TL TOI)? dvO POOTTOVS arjOeis 6Wa9, aXXa Kal rpv-
(frrjv Kal Biairav eftapvvovro- Kal /jLaXiara Brj TO
Bva6fjii\oi> avrov Kal BvcnrpoaoBoj'. rj yap ov
Trapel^e Kaipov evrv^elv, f) ^aXeTro? rjv Kal rpa%v<;
VTvy%dvov(Tiv. 'A0r)i>aL(DV fjiev ydp, Trepl oft?
ecrTrovBdKei /jLuXicrTa rwv 'Et\\rjvc0v, ert] Bvo irpe-
afteiav Kareay^ev eK AaKeSaL^ovos Be ei^o?
102
DEMETRIUS, XLI. 2 -xLii. i
wounded each other, routed him, took five thousand
of his men prisoners, and slew many of the rest. This
wrought the greatest harm to the cause of Demetrius.
For Pyrrhus, who was not so much hated for what
he had done as he was admired for making most of
his conquests in person, acquired from this battle a
great and splendid name among the Macedonians,
and many of them were moved to say that in him
alone of all the kings could they see an image of the
great Alexander's daring ; whereas the others, and
particularly Demetrius, did but assume Alexander's
majesty and pomp, like actors on a stage. And there
was in truth much of the theatrical about Demetrius,
who not only had an extravagant array of cloakings
and head-gear double-mitred broad-brimmed hats
and purple robes shot with gold, but also equipped
his feet with gold-embroidered shoes of the richest
purple felt. And there was one cloak which was long
in the weaving for him, a magnificent work, on which
was represented the world and the heavenly bodies ;
this was left behind half-finished when the reversal
of hie fortunes came, and no succeeding king of
Macedonia ventured to use it, although not a few of
them were given to pomp and luxury.
XLI I. And not only by such displays did he vex
his subjects, who were unused to them, but his
luxurious ways of living were also offensive, and above
all else the difficulty of getting access to him or
conversing with him. For either he would give no
audience at all, or he was stern and harsh with his
auditors. For instance, he kept an embassy from the
Athenians, for whose favour he was more solicitous
than for that of any other Greeks, two years in
waiting ; and when a single envoy came to him from
103
PLUTARCH'S LIVES
7rapayvo/jivov KaTafypoveicrOai, BOKCOV
2 rjyavaKTrjcrev. dareia)^ /JLWTOI Kal Aa/ca)Z>J/eft>?
e/celvos, etTToWo? avrov " TL av Xeyet? ; eVa Aa/ee-
^aijJLovLOi 7rp(T/3evTr]v eire/i^av ; ' " Nat,' elirev,
'* & /3acri,\ev, 7T/30? eva" So^a^ro? Se avrov TTOTC
Srifj,OTiK(i)Tpov e%e\avveiv, teal TT/OO? evrev^
OVK drjSws, (Tvve$pa[jiov Tives eyypdcpovs a
a^aStSo^re?. Sega/*evov >e iracra^ teal rfj
Bi cruXXaySoi'TO? r]<jQ^(jav ol avOpwiroi Kal rraptj-
Ko\ov6ow a>? 5e rf\dev eVt TT)I> TOU 'A^iou 76-
(fivpav, dva7rrvt;as Trjv ^\a/JivBa Trdaas et?
3 TroTafJLov %eppiiff. Kal rovro Srj Setvcos rfvi
roi)? Ma/eeSo^a? vftpi^taOai SoKovvras, ov (3a<ri-
\ei>cr6at, Kal QiXiTTTrov fjLvrujLovevovras, rj rwv
fivij/jLOvevovTcov aKOvovras, a>? jjLerpios fjv Trepl
ravra Kal KOIVOS. Kal irore Trpea/Surepov yvvaiov
KOTTTOVTOS ai)TOV V TTttpoStt) TLvl Kal SeO/JieVOV
7roA,Xai? aKQvaQrivai, 0r;cra9 pr) cr^oXa^e^, 7-
Kpayovros etceivov Kal " M.TJ /3a<ri\eve
"
Kal TT?O? rovra) evoj-evos avz-
6? TTJV olfciav, Kal Travra
vcrrepa, TO?? evTW^eiv /^ouXo/ze^ot?, dp^d^evos OLTTO
TT}? 7Tyoecr/3i/TtSo9 eKeivrjs, eVi TroXXa?
5 QvSev yap ovrax; flacriXel Trpoo-rJKOV a>? TO T^
epyov. *'Apr]$ /j,ev yap Tvpavvo
eo?, vo/jLos Be irdvrwv /SacrfXeu?
Bapov ecrrt' Kal TGI/? ftacri,\6is f/ OjjLr)p6s
104
DEMETRIUS, XLII. 1-5
Sparta, he thought himself despised, and was incensed.
However, when he cried, " What meanest thou ? Have
the Spartans sent but one envoy ? " he got the neat
and laconic reply, "Yea, O king, to one man." On
one occasion, when he was thought to be riding
abroad in a more affable mood than usual, and seemed
to encounter his subjects without displeasure, there
was a large concourse of people who presented him
with written petitions. He received them all and
folded them away in his cloak, whereupon the people
were delighted and escorted him on his way ; but
when he came to the bridge over the Axius, he
shook out the folds of his cloak and cast all the peti-
tions into the river. This was a great vexation to
the Macedonians, who thought themselves insulted,
not ruled, and they called to mind, or listened to
those who called to mind, how reasonable Philip
used to be in such matters, and how accessible. An
old woman once assailed Demetrius as he was
passing by, and demanded many times that he give
her a hearing. " I have no time," said Demetrius.
" Then don't be king," screamed the old woman.
Demetrius was stung to the quick, and after thinking
upon the matter, went back to his house, and post-
poning every thing else, for several days devoted
himself entirely to those who wished audience of
him, beginning with the old woman who had
rebuked him.
And surely nothing so befits a king as the work of
justice. For "Ares is tyrant," in the words of
Timotheus, 1 but "Law is king of all things," accord-
ing to Pindar ; 2 and Homer speaks of kings as
1 Bergk, Poet. Lyr. Graeci, iii. 4 p. 622. Cf. the Agesilatis,
xiv. 2. 2 Bergk, op. cit. i.* p. 439.
105
PLUTARCH'S LIVES
ovBe vavs l )(a\Kr)pei,<s, a\\a
Trapd TOV Aio? \afiftdvovTas pveadat, /cat cf)V\d<r-
ceiv, Kal rov AJO? ov TOV 7ro\fjiiK(t)TaTOV ovBe TOV
aSlKWTCLTOV KOI (f)OVlK(t)TaTOV TCOZ^ /3aCTl\a>V, ttXXa
TOV BiKaioTaTov 6apio~Trjv teal fiadrjTr^v Trpoarfyo-
6 pev/cev. a\\a A?; /JLIJT pios e^aipe TU> /3aai\el
TCOV 0cov avo/JLOLOTCLTriv Triypa(j)6/^evo^ Trpocrw-
vv/jbiav 6 [lev jap IToX^eu? KOI DoXtoO^o?, o 5e
IIoXlOpKTJTr) 1 ? eTTlKXrjffLV O"%V. OUTO)? eVl TT)V
TOV Ka\ov %ct)pav TO ala"xpov VTTO Svvd/news d/j,a-
0ovs 7T\0ov crvvwKeiwcre TTJ Bogy TTJV d
XLIII. 'O 5* ovv A7;/Lfc?;TyO09 eVt
ev ITeXX?; /ju/cpov TOTG M.aK6$oviav a
SpafJsOjsTO? 6e'a>9 Tlvppov KOI
irpoeXOovTO^. ajj,a Be TU> Kov(f)OTepos
TTCIVV paSicos e^eXacra? avTOV eTroirjcraTO
6/jio\oyias, ov jSovXofJievos e/ATroStoV OVTI
TrpoaTTTdicov real TOTro/^a^cov fjTTOv elvai
045 SlVOlTO. &lVOLTO 6 OV0V 6\tOV, 910
aXXa Trdcrav dva\afJi{Bdveiv TYJV VTTO TO)
dp^rfv. fcal r?}? eXTTtSo? TavTrj?
eVtyi3oX7}? OVK aTreXetTrero ra TT}? Tra/oacr/ceu?}?,
aXXa cTT/aaTta? /uez; r;7; (TvveTGTaKTO Tre^j}? /j,vpid-
a? 8e/ca &ia%i\lwv dv&pwv aTroBeovaa^, Kal
%&>pt5 iVvrea? oXtyft) BL(T^L\LCOV Kal /mvpicov e'Xar-
3 TOU?. <TTO\OV Be ve&v a/xa TrevTatcocrlwv Kaia-
/3a\\6fjLi>os ra? /xev eV Ilet/jatet T/307T6/? edeTO,
ra? 5e eV KopivOy, Tas Be ev XaX-KiBi, ra? Se
Tre/ol ITeXXai^, auro? CTTIWV KacrTa%6<r6 Kal BiBd-
CTKCOV a r Kal
dirdvTwv ov TO, ir\^6ri fiovov, aXXa rat ra
4 TOW epjwv. ou8et? 70/0 etSei> dvdpwirwv OVTC
106
DEMETRIUS, XLII. 5-xLin . 4
receiving from Zeus for protection and safe-keeping,
not city-takers nor bronze-beaked ships, but " ordin-
ances of justice " ; l and he calls a disciple and
"confidant" of Zeus, not the most warlike or unjust
or murderous of kings, but the most just. 2 Demetrius,
on the contrary, was delighted to receive a surname
most unlike those given to the king of the gods ; for
Zeus is surnamed City-guardian, or City-protector ;
but Demetrius, City-besieger. Thus a power devoid
of wisdom advances evil to the place of good, and
makes injustice co-dweller with fame.
XL1II. But while Demetrius lay most dangerously
sick at Pella, he almost lost Macedonia ; for Pyrrhus
swiftly overran it and advanced as far as Edessa. As
soon, however, as Demetrius had somewhat recovered
his strength he easily drove Pyrrhus out of the
country, and then came to a kind of agreement with
him, being unwilling that continual collisions and
local conflicts with this opponent should defeat his set
purpose. And his purpose was nothing less than the
recovery of all the realm that had been subject to his
father. Moreover, his preparations were fully com-
mensurate with his hopes and undertakings. He had
already gathered an army which numbered ninety-
eight thousand foot, and besides, nearly twelve
thousand horsemen. At the same time, moreover, he
had laid the keels for a fleet of five hundred ships, some
of which were in Piraeus, some at Corinth, some at
Chalcis, and some at Pella. And he would visit all these
places in person, showing what was to be done and
aiding in the plans, while all men wondered, not only
at the multitude, but also at the magnitude of the
works. Up to this time no man had seen a ship of
1 Eiad t i. 238 f. 2 Minos, Odyssey, xix. 179.
107
PLUTARCH'S LIVES
vavv irprepov ovre
aXX* varepov rea'crapaKOVTrjpr] TlroXe/^ato? o
\O7rdrcop evavTnjyrfaaTO, /ZT}A:O? BiaKoaiwv oyBojj-
Kovra irrf^MV, ui/ro? Be eco? arcpo&ToKiov
rcovra Bvclv Seovrtov, vavrats Be %cop!<> e
TerpaKocrioLS, eperais Be TerpaKtcr-
Be TOVTCOV ovrXtra? Be^o/nevrjv TTL
re TWV TrapoBcov Kal rou
5 Tpio")(i\io)v ttTToSeoi/ra?. aXAa Oeav
^al piKpov oaov Bia^epovaa TMV
olKO$o/j,r)fjidT(i)V, (^avrjvai TTyoo? eTriSeifyv, ov
iav, eyrfcr^aXco? /cal Bucrepya)? KiV)j0rj.
Be Aij/jLrjTpiOv vewv OVK rjv TO Ka\ov d
ovBe TW irepiTTW TT}? KaTaafcevrjs
rrjv xpeiav, d\\a TO ra^o? /cal TO epyov d
Torepov rov fieyeOovs irapel^ov.
XLIV. Alpo/jLevrjs ovv TocrauT?;? Bvvdfjew eVt
Trjv 'Acriav oarjv per* ' 'A\.eavBpov OL-Set?
irpoTepov, ol rpels crvvecrrrjcrav eVt rov
SeXeu/co?, TlroXeyaaio?, Aucr^a^o?* e
vrpo? Iluppoi' aTTocrretXa^Te? Ke\evov e
Ma/eeSow'a? /cal /Z,T) vopL^eiV crTro^Sa? at?
ou/c e/ceivw TO /i?) 7TO\fii70ai BeBwrtev, aXX'
TO
2 Be^apevov Be Ylvppou 7ro\vs Trepiearr]
6Tt /jLe\\ovra ArjfAiJTpiOv. d/jua yap TTJV fjiev C EX-
XaSa TrXeucra? o*ToXw yueyaXw IlToXe/iato? a^>t-
CTTT;, Ma/ceSoiaai/ 8e Auo-tyua^o? e'/c ^paK^, etc Be
108
DEMETRIUS, XLIII. 4-xLiv. 2
fifteen or sixteen banks of oars. At a later time, it
is true, Ptolemy Philopator built one of forty banks
of oars, which had a length of two hundred and
eighty cubits, and a height, to the top of her stern,
of forty-eight; she was manned by four hundred
sailors, who did no rowing, and by four thousand
rowers, and besides these she had room, on her gang-
ways and decks, for nearly three thousand men-at-
arms. But this ship was merely for show ; and since
she differed little from a stationary edifice on land,
being meant for exhibition and not for use, she was
moved only with difficulty and danger. However,
in the ships of Demetrius their beauty did not mar
their fighting qualities, nor did the magnificence of
their equipment rob them of their usefulness, but
they had a speed and effectiveness which was more
remarkable than their great size.
XLIV. Accordingly, while this great force, the
like of which no man had possessed since Alexander,
was getting under way against Asia, the three kings,
Seleucus, Ptolemy, and Lysimachus, formed a league
against Demetrius. Next, they sent a joint embassy
to Pyrrhus, urging him to attack Macedonia, and not
to regard a truce by which Demetrius had not
given him the privilege of having no war made upon
him, but had taken for himself the privilege of
making war first on the enemy of his choice.
Pyrrhus granted their requests, and a great war
encompassed Demetrius before his preparations were
completed. For at one and the same time l Ptolemy
sailed to Greece with a great fleet and tried to bring
it to revolt, while Lysimachus invaded Macedonia
from Thrace, and Pyrrhus from the neighbouring
1 In the spring of 294 B.C.
109
PLUTARCH'S LIVES
TT)? ofjiopov II vppos e/ji/SaXovTes e\e^\aTOVv. 6
B TOV jJieV Vlbv 7rl Tr/S 'EXXa8o9 KaTe\l7TV, atT09
Be /3or)0a)V M.aKeBovia TrpwTOV wp^faev eVt Avo~i-
pa^ov. dyye\<\6Tai Be avrw Huppos 77/
3 TTO\.LV Bepotav. /ecu TOV \6yov
Kara Koa/JLov el%e^, aXXa /cal oSvp/Jiwv KOI
pVWV KOl 7Tj009 KIVOV 0/577)9 KOI fi
fiecrrov TJV TO (TTpaTOTreo'ov, KOI av^Lfjieveiv OUK
r)9e\.ov y aXX' anrizvai, TU> fj^ev \6y(p Trpbs ra OLKOI,
4 T/7 Be a\i)deiq Trpbs TOV Avcri/jLa^ov. eBo^ev ovv
TW ^.r]^rjjpiw Avai/jLa^ov fj,ev a^odT^vai Trop-
putTaTto, Tr/309 Be Hvppov TpeTrecrOai' TOV fj.ev yap
OJJLO<$>V\OV elvai KCU 7roXXot9 o~vv>j@ij Bi ' hXi^av-
Bpov, eTrrjKvv Be Kal evov avBpa TOV TLvppov OVK
av avTOv TcpOTi^aai MarceBovas. TOVTWV /aevTOi
5 TTO\V BL"^fvaOrj TCOV \oyta-/na)v. a)9 yap 771)9
e\dwv TO> Tlvppa) irapea'TpaTOTreBevo'ev, del [lev
avTov Tr)V ev rot9 o?rXoi9 Xa/^TT poTtfTa 6avp.d-
%ovTes, etc TC TOV 7ra\aiOTaTOv Kal /3ao~i\iKa)-
TaTov l eWio'/^evoi VOJJLL&IV TOV ev TOLS 6VXo9
KpaTtQ-TOV, TOT6 B KO.I 7T/?a&)9 K\pr]G6ai TOt9
d\HTKOjj,evois 7rvv0av6fjivoi, TrdvTws Be Kal Tr/309
GTepov Kal 7T/9O9 TOVTOV dTToXXayrjvai TOV Arjaij-
Tpiov %T)TovvTe<;, dTre^ctipovv \d6pa Kal tcaT 6\i-
70^9 TO 76 irpcoTov, elra (fravepMS dirav el^c ^1^77-
6 cnv Kal Tapa%r)v TO crTpaTOTreBov, reXo9 Be TU>
o\,/ji)']cravT? Ttves TT poa e\6 } elv K\evov
Kal cra)eiv avTov aTreiprjKevai yap 77^77
1 al &a.ffi\iKUTa.Tov Coraes and Sintenis, with the best
MSS. ; Bekker omits the
no
DEMETRIUS, XLIV. 2-6
Epeirus, and both plundered the land. But Deme-
trius left his son in charge of Greece, while he
himself, hastening to the rescue of Macedonia, set
out first against Lysimachus. But tidings came to
him that Pyrrhus had taken Beroea. The report
quickly came to the ears of the Macedonians, and
then Demetrius could no longer maintain discipline,
but his camp was full of lamentations and tears,
coupled with wrathful execrations against himself,
and the soldiers would not hold together, but in-
sisted on going away, ostensibly to their homes, but
in reality to Lysimachus. Demetrius therefore de-
termined to put as much distance as possible
between himself and Lysimachus, and to turn his
arms against Pyrrhus ; for Lysimachus, as he thought,
was a fellow-countryman and congenial to many of
the Macedonians because of Alexander ; while
Pyrrhus was a new-comer and a foreigner, and would
not be preferred by them before himself. In these
calculations, however, he was greatly deceived. For
he drew nigh and pitched his camp by that of
Pyrrhus ; but his soldiers had always admired that
leader's brilliant exploits in arms, and from of old
they had been wont to consider the man who was
mightiest in arms as also the most kingly ; besides
this, they now learned that Pyrrhus treated his
prisoners of war with mildness, and since they were
seeking to be rid of Demetrius whether it took them
to Pyrrhus or to another, they kept deserting him,
at first secretly and in small companies. Then the
whole camp was in open agitation and disorder, and
at last some of the soldiers ventured to go to
Demetrius, bidding him to go away and save him-
self; for the Macedonians, they said, were tired of
in
PLUTARCH'S LIVES
vrrep rf)<$ eKeivov rpv <r}? rro\^ovvra^. 911
ovroi [Aerpiooraroi rutv Xoywv e<j)aivovro rw Ar/yu,?;-
rpiw 7T/9O? rr]V rwv a\\a)V rpa^vrrjra' teal rrap-
e\6o)V errl CTKIJVIJV, wcnrep ov ftaaiXevs, a\\' VTTO-
jS, iJLeTa/ii<f)ivvvTai '%\afj,v8a (frcuav awl rr)?
ivrjs, Kal SiaXaOwv vrre^MpTja-ev.
Be TWV TrXeiarwv evQvs e'</>' apirayrjv
l Trpo? aXX^Xou? S/a/xa^o/xe^w^ Aral rrjv CTK^VTIV
Siacnro)VT(i)v, eTTKpavels 6 Hvppos Kpdrr](rev av-
ro/3ot teal Kara"%6 TO (TrparoTTeSov. KOI yL
7T/30?
avro)
VTTO
XLV. Ovrco Be rov ^fx^Tpiov TWV
tcTreaovros Kal Karatyvyovros ei? KacrdvBpciav,
) yvvr) OtXa TrepiTraOrjs yevo/j-evij rrpoa-iSeLV fJiev
virepeivev avOis ibicoTrjv Kal <f>v<yd8a rov
Traaav eXvrtSa Kal pia 'I'jO ~aa a rtjv TVJ^V avrov
ev rot? KaKos ovaav rj TO*?
TTiovaa cfrdp/iaKov cnreOave. A^/x^ryOfo? ^6 Ti
\OLTTWV vavayiwv e^ecrOai BiavorjOcls dirripev
/? rrjv 'EXXaSa Kal TOVS e'/cet a'rpar f rj r /ov<; Kal
2 ' N Hi> ovv o So^o/cXeou? Me^eXao? etVo^a
avrov
aXX' OU/AO? del TTOT/AO? ev TTVKVU* Oeov
wcnrep o~e\i]vr)$ S' 0^9 evfypovas l Svo
&vvair av ovrror* ev
1 ev<t>p6vas Sintenis with Nauck, after Brunck ; Coraes and
Bekker retain the tv(pp6va.is of the MSS.
112
DEMETRIUS, XLIV. 6-xLv. 2
waging war in support of his luxurious way of living.
Demetrius thought this very moderate language
compared with the harshness of the rest ; so he went
to his tent, and, as if he had been an actor and not
a real king, put on a dark cloak in place of his
stage-robes of royalty, and stole away unnoticed.
Most of the soldiers at once fell to pillaging and
tearing down his tent, and fought with one another
for the spoils ; but Pyrrhus came up, mastered the
camp without a blow, and took possession of it.
And all Macedonia was divided between Pyrrhus
and Lysimachus, after Demetrius had reigned over
it securely for seven years. 1
XLV. When Demetrius thus lost his power and
fled for refuge to Cassandreia, his wife Phila was
full of grief and could not endure to see her husband,
that most afflicted of kings, once more in private
station and in exile ; she gave up all hope, and in
hatred of his fortune, which was more secure in
adversity than in prosperity, she drank poison and
died. But Demetrius, determined to cling still to
what was left of his wrecked fortunes, went off to
Greece, and tried to assemble his friends and
generals who were there.
The Menelaiis of Sophocles 2 applies this simile to
his own fortunes :
" But my fate on the swiftly turning wheel of God
Goes whirling round forever and ever changes
shape,
Just as the moon's appearance for two kindly
nights
Could never be identical and show no change,
1 From 394 to 287 B.C.
2 Nauck, Trag. Oraec. Frag* p. 315.
PLUTARCH'S LIVES
aXX,' e d$ij\ov rrp&rov ep^erai vea
KaXkvvovcra KOI
avrrj? evyevecrrdrt) (fravfj,
ird\tv Siappei Kels TO /t^Sev epxerai,
3 ravry paXXov av 779 drreitcdcrai ra &.rj/j,r]Tpiov
Trpdj/LLara teal ra? Trepl avrov ai^crei? KCU (f)6i-
Kal avcnrXripuHTeis KOI TaTreivoTTjras, ov 76
l Tore TravraTracriv d7ro\L7rciv Kal
vvaQai SOKOVVTOS dveka^irev avOis rj dp%r], /cat,
Svi>djj,ts rives eTTippeovcrai /card fjUKpov dveTT\r)-
povv Trjv eXTriSa. KOI TO ye x irpwrov I
Kal TWV (3acn\iicwv KOU^IWV eprj/AO?
rat? 7ro\cri, fcai rt9 CLVTOV ev ?;/3at? TOIOVTOV
6eacrd/j,vo<; %pijcraTO rot? RvpnrtSov crrt%ot9 ovrc
e'/c
ACp/cys vd^a^ 'la-fJLTjvov #' v
XLVI. 'Evrel Be dira^ wajrep ei9 o&ov /3acrt\i,Kr)v
e\7riSa Karearr) teal avifiararo rraXiv
irepl avvov dp%r}S, r)jSaioi<$ jJLev a-Tre-
r)v TroXneiav, ' KOyvaloi e dTrea-rrjaav av-
TOV. Kal TOV re At^tXoz^, 09 rp iepevs TWV
dvei\ov,
aipeicrdai irdKiv, wcrirep rjv Trdrpiov,
, rov re TLvppov K MaKebovias fiere-
1 r6 ye Sintenis : Coraes and Bekker retain the r6rt of the
MSS.
114
DEMETRIUS, XLV. 2 -xLvi. i
But out of darkness first she comes forth young
and new,
With face that ever grows more beautiful and full,
And when she reaches largest and most generous
phase,
Again she vanisheth away and comes to naught."
This simile might be better used of the fortunes of
Demetrius, now waxing and now waning, now full-
orbed and now diminished, since even at this time,
when his power seemed to fail altogether and suffer
extinction, it shot forth new rays of light, and
sundry accessions of strength little by little filled
out the measure of his hopes. At first he went
about visiting the cities in the garb of a private man
and without the insignia of a king, and one who
saw him thus at Thebes applied to him, not inaptly,
the verses of Euripides ] :
" Exchanging now the form of god for that of man,
He visits Dirce's rivulets and Ismenus' flood."
XLVI. But as soon as he had entered upon the
path of hope, as upon a royal highway, and had
gathered about himself a body and form of sove-
reignty, he restored to the Tliebans their ancient
form of government ; the Athenians, however, re-
volted from him. They voted to elect archons,
as had been their custom of old, and took away from
Diphilus, who had been appointed priest of the
Saviour-gods, the privilege of giving his name to the
current year ; 2 and when they saw that Demetrius
had more strength than they expected, they sum-
1 Bacchae, 4 f., with adaptation from the first person.
2 See chapter x. 3.
"5
PLUTARCH'S LIVES
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4 ao/xei>o?. e\af3e Be Kal ^dpBew Kai rives TMV
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of? eV rai? av/jL7r\OKai<i rrepiijv, emcriTicr/iov Be
116
DEMETRIUS, XLVI. 1-5
moned Pyrrhus to their aid from Macedonia. Deme-
trius came up against them in a rage, and began a
strenuous siege of the city. But the people sent
to him Crates the philosopher, a man of great repute
and influence, and Demetrius, partly because he
was induced to grant the ambassador's appeals in
behalf of the Athenians, and partly because he was
convinced when the philosopher showed him what
would be an advantageous course, raised the siege,
and after assembling all the ships he had, 1 and
putting on board eleven thousand soldiers, together
with his cavalry, he sailed for Asia, to wrest Caria
and Lydia from Lysimachus.
He was met at Miletus by Eurydice, a sister of
Phila, who brought with her one of her daughters by
Ptolemy, Ptolemai's, who had been betrothed to
Demetrius before this 2 through the agency of
Seleucus. Demetrius married her now, and Eury-
dice gave the bride away. After the marriage
Demetrius at once turned his arms against the
cities, many of which attached themselves to him
of their own accord, and many also he forced into
submission. He took Sardis also ; and some of the
generals of Lysimachus came over to him bringing
money and troops. But when Agathocles, the son
of Lysimachus, came against him with an army,
Demetrius retired into Phrygia ; he had determined,
if once he could reach Armenia, to bring Media to
revolt and attempt the upper provinces, which
afforded an ejected commander many refuges and
retreats. Agathocles followed him, and though
Demetrius had the advantage in their engagements,
1 See chapter xliii. 3.
8 As early as 301 B.C. Cf. chapter xxxii. 3.
PLUTARCH'S LIVES
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Teive, real Siaj-iapria rt? yevo/nevrj Trepl rrjv TOV
AVKOV Siafiacriv 7rX?}$o9 av9 pwjrwv apiracrOev VTTO
rov pevfxaTOS aTrooXecrev. o/u,&)9 Be rov
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eiwOev, eirl fBp<M<rei<$
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ev rat9 eV^arat9 OVTWV drropLa^ T&V
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fjiaKpov Tiva T79 avTov
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OLKCLOV \aftelv O!KTOI>, d^ta Kal 7roXe/xtoi9 <jvva\-
Be 7ra>9 ^eXevKov, Kal jpd
avrut re
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)v HaTpoK\rj<;,
1 Sophocles, Oedipus Coloneuf, 1 f. ('
118
DEMETRIUS, XLVI. S-XLVII. 3
he was shut off from getting provisions and forage,
and was in great straits ; besides, his soldiers were
suspicious that he was trying to make his way
towards Armenia and Media. And not only did
famine press them harder, but also some mistake
was made in crossing the river Lycus, and a large
number of men were carried away by the current
and lost. But nevertheless they would have their
pleasantries; and one of them wrote up in front of
the tent of Demetrius the opening words of the
" Oedipus/' slightly changed :
" O child of blind and aged Antigonus, what are
These reions whither we are come ? "
XLVI I. But at last sickness assailed them as well
as famine, which is wont to happen when men have
recourse to foods which they must eat to save their
lives, and after losing no less than eight thousand
men in all, Demetrius retraced his steps with the
rest and came down to Tarsus. Here he would
gladly have spared the country, which was then
under Seleucus, and so have given its ruler no ground
of complaint ; but this was impossible, for his soldiers
were suffering extreme privations, and Agathocles
had fortified the passes of the Taurus against him.
He therefore wrote a very long letter to Seleucus,
bewailing his own misfortunes, and then begging and
beseeching him to take pity on a man who was allied
to him by marriage, and had suffered enough to win
sympathy even from his enemies.
Seleucus was somewhat softened by this appeal,
and wrote to his generals in that province that they
should furnish Demetrius himself with royal main-
tenance, and his troops with abundant supplies. But
119
TOL. IX. B
PLUTARCH'S LIVES
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Trdvrcov evSed Kal yvjuvbv e%e\avveiv Kal 7T/oo/5aX-
XLVIII. 'E-Tret Be ^.eXevKos ravra irdvra VTTO-
rrrevwv K\evcrev avrov, el /3ov\erai-, Bvo
ev rfj Karaovia %ei/jid(Tai t Bovra roi'9
rwv (f)L\wv o/jirjpovSy a/JLa Be ra9 6/9 ^vpiav drrerei-
a9, e<yK\ei6/JLevos, wcnrep Orjpiov, o
Kal 7re / ot/5aXXo/xei'09, VTT' dv-
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2 7rXe/tOy6te^o9 del rr\eov et^e. icai rrore rwv Bpe- 91
avrov
I2O
DEMETRIUS, XLVII. 3 -xLvm. 2
Patrocles, a man in repute for wisdom, and a trusted
friend of Seleucus, came to him and told him that
the expense of maintaining the soldiers of De-
metrius was a very small matter, but that it was
unwise for him to allow Demetrius to remain in the
country, since he had always been the most violent
of the kings, and the most given to grand designs,
and was now in a state of fortune where even natur-
ally moderate men are led to commit deeds of daring
and injustice. Incited by this advice, Seleucus
marched into Cilicia with a large force. Then De-
metrius, filled with amazement and alarm at the
sudden change of attitude in Seleucus, withdrew to
the strongest fastnesses of the Taurus, and sending
messengers to Seleucus, asked that above all things
he might be permitted to acquire a petty empire
among the independent Barbarians, in which he
might end his days without further wanderings and
flights ; but if this might not be, he begged him to
give his troops food for the winter there, and not
to drive him forth, stripped and destitute of all
things, and cast him into the hands of his enemies.
XLVI1I. But Seleucus was suspicious of all this,
and told Demetrius that he might, if he wished,
spend two months in winter quarters in Cataonia,
provided he gave the chief among his friends as
hostages ; and at the same time he fortified the
passes into Syria against him. Then Demetrius, like
a wild beast, hemmed in and attacked on all sides, was
driven to defend himself; he overran the country,
and when Seleucus attacked him, engaged with him
and always had the advantage. Once in particular,
when the scythe-bearing chariots were dashing down
upon him, he avoided the charge, routed his
121
PLUTARCH'S LIVES
eTrottjcraTO, /cal TMV 4? ^vpiav v7Tp/3o\a)v TOVS
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Trapd Avaiad^ou fioijOeiav dnTi<JT&v /cal (froftovue-
ro?, auTo? Be KaO* eavTov co/cvet, TU> ArjuijTpia)
(rvvd-^rai, BeBiais TTJV diTovoiav avToi) /cal Tnv del
i * I
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TravTairacn BiecfrOeipev. ol uev yap
d7re^u)pr)iTav 7r/oo9 TOVS TroXeuiovs, ol Be Bieppv-
4 ijaav avToi) TWV GrparitoTcov. /no\i<; Be ev rjuepais
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7roXeyutou9, eTrl KaXt/aa?, elra vv/crbs dveu &d\-
7747709 dpas eVl Odrepa /cal TOV 'Ajmavov vjrep-
/3a\u>v eTTOpOei TTJV KaTco j(a>pav d%pi TTJS K.vp-
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evov Ta9 /eaTaXucr649 eyyvs, dva&Ttjcras 6
TO (TTpaTevaa VV/CTOS efidBi^ev eir
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advTwv TOV /civBvvov, K7r\ayel<? /cal d
Ke\evo~ crrj/jiaiveiv, dfia T9 /cprjTrlBa^ UTroBov-
aevos /cal ffowv 77/309 TOL<9 eTatpovs &>9
Beivu) (TV/ATreTrXe/CTai. Ati/Arjrpios Be
TWV 7ro\ej*La)v aiuOopevos OTI /j,earjvvTai, KUTO,
122
DEMETRIUS, XLVIII. 2 -XLix. i
assailants, drove away those who were fortifying the
passes into Syria, and made himself master of them.
And now he was completely lifted up in spirit, and
seeing that his soldiers had recovered their courage,
he made ready to fight to the finish with Seleucus
for the supreme prizes. Seleucus himself was already
in perplexity. For he had refused the assistance
offered by Lysimachus, whom he distrusted and
feared ; and by himself he hesitated to join battle
with Demetrius, fearing the man's desperation and
the perpetual change which brought him from the
extremest destitution to the greatest affluence.
However, a grievous sickness seized Demetrius at
this juncture ; it wrought terrible harm to his body,
and utterly ruined his cause. For some of his soldiers
went over to the enemy, and others dispersed. But
at last, after forty days, he recovered strength, and
taking the soldiers that remained, set out, so far as
his enemies could see or conjecture, for Cilicia ; then,
in the night and without signal by trumpet, he set
out in the opposite direction, crossed the range of
Amanus, and plundered the lower country as far as
Cyrrhestica.
XLIX. When Seleucus made his appearance
there and encamped near by, Demetrius set his
army in motion by night and advanced against him.
Seleucus w r as ignorant of his approach for a long
time, and lay sleeping. But when some deserters
came and told him of his peril, he was astounded, and
leaping up ordered the trumpets to be sounded, at
the same time pulling on his boots and shouting to
his companions that a terrible wild beast was upon
them. But Demetrius, perceiving from the noise
which his enemies made that they had been informed
123
PLUTARCH'S LIVES
2 ra^o? aTrrjyev. a/xa 5' r)fJ>epa TrpocTKeifxevov rov
riva rwv rrepl avrov eirl 6d-
repov fcepas erroi^ae TIVCL rporrrjv TMV evavriwv.
elra /mevroi 'SeXevKOS avrbs d<pel<$ rov ITTTTOV KCU
TO Kpdvo<; airoOe^vo^ KOL \a/3a)v
Tot? fJLi(j9o$opoi<$, eTriSeiKVV/Aevos av-rov KOL
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OIL <f)etS6/jLvo<; Keivwv, ov
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ra? 'Ayua^tSa? effrwye TruA-a?, KOI /cara/3a\cbv et?
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aKO\ov6u)V oXiycDV 77 avr 'CLTT a<7 iv ovTWv TrpocrefjLeve
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oure Trdvres (evioi yap aTreSpa&av} ovre oyu-oiw?
oi 7rapa/jivoi>T6<; TrpoOv/Jioi' ToX/^r/crayTO? 8e TIVO<$
elirelv n, co? SeXeu/cw ^yo^ TO crw/za TrapaBovvai
124
DEMETRIUS, XLIX. 2-5
of his approach, drew off his troops with all speed.
When day came, however, Seleucus was pressing him
hard, so he sent one of his officers to the other wing,
and partially routed the enemy. But at this point
Seleucus himself, quitting his horse, doffing his helmet,
and taking a light shield, went to meet the merce-
naries of Demetrius, showing them who he was, and
exhorting them to come over to him, since they
must for some time have been aware that his long
forbearance had them in view, and not Demetrius.
Consequently they ail welcomed him, hailed him
as king, and went over to him.
Then Demetrius, perceiving that the last of many
reversals of fortune was now come upon him, left
the field and fled to the passes of Amanus, where he
plunged into a dense forest along with sundry friends
and followers, few all told, and waited for the night.
He wished, if possible, to take the road to Caunus
and make his way through to the sea, where he ex-
pected to find his fleet. But when he learned that
the party had not provisions enough even for the
coming day, he tried to think of other plans. At
this point, however, Sosigenes came up, a companion
of his, with four hundred pieces of gold in his belt ;
so hoping that with this money they could make
their way through to the sea, the party set out to-
wards the passes, in the darkness of night. In the
passes, however, the enemy were burning fires, so
the fugitives despaired of this road and once more
returned to their place in the forest not all of them,
for some had run away ; nor was the remnant as
willing as before. And when one of them ventured
to speak out boldly and say that Demetrius ought to
125
PLUTARCH'S LIVES
TO
dveXelv eavTOVt ol Se (j)L\oi TrepicrTavres Kal
ovfjievoi, avvtTceiGciv OUTCO Troirjcrai. Kal
7T/309 ^\VKOl> TriTpeTTCi)V CKelvto TCL KCiff
eavTov.
L. 'AAroucra? Se SeXeu:o? OVK e^>?; rfj
rj avrov,
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vOvs Trapa TU>
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4 yaw^. a'yori 8^ roO 'A-TroXXciWSoL' 7rpo9 TO
r/oio^ d<piy/j.evov Trep^apov^, Kal TWV a\\wv
126
DEMETRIUS, XLIX. 5-1,. 4
surrender himself to Seleucus, Demetrius drew his
sword and would have killed himself; but his friends
encompassed him, and with encouraging words per-
suaded him to do as the man had said. So he sent
to Seleucus and put himself at his disposal.
L. When Seleucus heard of it, he declared that it
was not the good fortune of Demetrius that brought
him safety, but his own, which, in addition to her
other blessings, gave him an opportunity to show
generosity and kindness. Then he called his over-
seers and bade them pitch a royal tent, and to make
all other arrangements and preparations for a mag-
nificent reception and entertainment. There was
also with Seleucus a certain Apollonides, who had
been an intimate friend of Demetrius ; this man was
at once sent to him by Seleucus, to give him cheer-
fulness and confidence by reminders that he was
coming into the presence of a man who was a friend
and relative. When this purpose of Seleucus be-
came evident, first a few of his friends, then the
greater part of them, went off hot foot to Demetrius,
vying with one another in their efforts to reach
him first ; for it was expected that he would at
once be a very great personage at the court of
Seleucus.
But this behaviour of his friends turned the king's
pity into jealousy, and gave malicious and mischievous
persons an opportunity to thwart and put an end to
his generosity. They frightened him by their insin-
uations that without any delay, but at the first sight
of Demetrius, there would be a great revolution in
the camp. And so it came to pass that at the very
time when Apollonides had come to Demetrius with
a joyful countenance, and while the other courtiers
E2 "1
PLUTARCH'S LIVES
e r rrep')(OfJLei>(DV KCLL Xoyou? davfjiacrrovs a
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fjiera T7j\ifcavT7]v Bvo'Tv^iav KOI KaKorrpayiav, el
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7recrTei\ TOi? Trepi TOI> viov KCU T
KOI MioivOov r'exocn /cat
yp/Ji/jiacriv avTov /u^e crfpayoi TricrTevetv,
aXX' wcTTrep Te6vt)KOTOs 'AvTiyovw Ta? TroXef? /tal
Ta \onra Trpdj^ara Bia<pv\aTTeiv. ' A-VTiyovoq
Be TTJV TOV TraT/Jo? crv\\r]^iv TTvOofJievos fcal fiape-
1 Trap' avr}>v Coraes and Bekker, with the MSS. ; Sintenis
corrects to Trap' auroS and deletes aTrb TOV SeAeuvou.
2 rots . . . <f>i\ois Sin ten is, with the best MSS. and Ste-
phanus ; Coraes and Bekker retain Trpby . . . (pi\ovs.
128
DEMETRIUS, L. 4 -Li. 2
were coming up and telling him wonderful tales
about Seleucus and his generosity, and when De-
metrius, after all his disasters and misfortunes, even
if he had once thought his surrender a disgraceful
act, had now changed his mind as a result of his
courage and hopefulness, up came Pausanias at the
head of a thousand soldiers, foot and horse together.
With these he surrounded Demetrius on a sudden,
and after sending off everybody else, conducted him,
not into the presence of Seleucus, but away to the
Syrian Chersonese. Here, for the rest of his life,
a strong guard was set over him, a sufficient number
of attendants came to him from Seleucus, while
money and maintenance was provided for him day by
day which was not to be despised, nay, royal courses
for riding and walking, and parks with wild game in
them, were set apart for his use ; any friend also who
shared his exile and wished to visit him could do so,
and notwithstanding his captivity sundry people kept
coming to him from Seleucus bringing kindly mes-
sages and exhorting him to be of good cheer, since as
soon as Antiochus came with Stratonice, he was to
be set at liberty.
LI. Demetrius, however, finding himself in this
plight, sent word to his son and the friends and
commanders who were at Athens and Corinth, bid-
ding them put no trust in letters or seal purporting
to be his, but to treat him as dead, and to preserve
for Antigonus his cities and the rest of his power.
When Antigonus learned of his father's capture, he
I2Q
PLUTARCH'S LIVES
0)9 eveytccov teal trvdifji,rjv dva\a/3a)v eaOrjra
re rou9 aXXou9 /SacrtXet? eypa^re fcal Trpbs avrbv
vos, KOL ITCLV o ri \OITTOV r)V aurot?
real rrpb rcavrbs OfJLTjpeveiv eroi/AOS &V
auro? t'Tre/) rov irarpos. KOL avveSeovro ravra
re TToXXal /cat SvvdcrTai 7rX?W
e /cat %/?7//zara TroXXa
^\ev/c(D Krelvavri ^rj/^tjrpiov. 6 Be
vov /lev KOI aXXw9 TT/oo/SaXXoyuero? ert
eVl Touro) jJLLapov rjyeiro Kal fidp/Sapov, '
Se TW TraiSl KOL ^rpaTOvifcrj fyvkdr.Tto
a)? e/ceivcov rj %dpis yevoiro, Traprjye rbv
LII. 'O 5e A^^rpfo?, ft)? eV
Trpoo-Treaovcrav vTrepeive, KOI paov IjBrj (frepeiv eWi-
ero TO, irapovTa, Trpwrov /nev ayuco? 76 770)9 efeivei
TO (jw/xa, 0)]pas, e^)' oVoi' ^v, /cal Spo^wv a
eVetra /card fiiKpov OKVOV 7rpo9 aura
eVi/xTrXaro, /cat (frepcov eavrbv et?
/cal KvfSovs Kare/3a\e real rov %povov rov
2 CTTOI/ eV roi;TOi9 Birjyev, elre rovs ev ra> vtjfatv
dva\o<yio-fjLOV<i rcov rrapbvrwv dTTobiSpdcncwv KOI
ry fiedrj ri^v Sidvoiav, elre
crvyyvovs eavry rovrov elvai rbv /3ioi>, bv
7ro0wv KOL StcoKwv aXX&)9 VTT* dvolas
80^7/9 eVXa^eTO /tal TroXXa //i> eavrw, TroXXa
8e erepois Trpdy/juara Trapel^ev, ev OTT\OIS KCLI
crToXoi9 /cal crrparoTreSots rb dyaObv fyrcov, 91
o z^Oj' ev cLTrpay/JLocrvvrj /cal
130
DEMETRIUS, LI. 2-Lii. 2
was deeply distressed, put on mourning apparel, and
wrote to the other kings and especially to Seleucus
himself, supplicating him, and offering to surrender
to him whatever was left of his own and his father's
possessions, and above everything else volunteering
to be a hostage himself for his father. Many cities
also and many rulers joined in these supplications.
But Lysimachus did not; he sent to Seleucus the
promise of a large sum of money if he killed De-
metrius. But Seleucus, who had always had a feeling
of aversion for Lysimachus, all the more for this
proposal thought him abominable and barbarous, and
continued to keep Demetrius under watch and ward
for Antiochus his son and Stratonice, that the
favour of his release might come from them.
LI I. But Demetrius, who in the beginning bore
up under the misfortune that had come upon him,
and presently grew accustomed to it and endured his
situation with a better grace, at first, in one way or
another, exercised his body, resorting to hunting, so
far as he could, or riding ; then, little by little, he
came to have the greatest indifference and aversion
to these sports, took eagerly to drinking and dice,
and spent most of his time at these. This was either
because he sought escape from the thoughts on his
present condition which tormented him when he was
sober, and tried to smother his reflections in drunk-
enness ; or because he had convinced himself that
this was the real life, which he had long desired and
striven to attain, but had foolishly missed it through
folly and empty ambition, thereby bringing many
troubles upon himself, and many upon others ; he
had sought in arms and fleets and armies to find the
highest good, but now, to his surprise, had discovered
PLUTARCH'S LIVES
3 Travaei fir) TrpoaBoK^cra^ avevprjrce. ri 'yap aXXo
7TO\fJL(i)V Kal TO)V KLV^VVWV TTepa? CTTt TO49
/3ao-i\vcri ) icaKax; Kal dvorjTws Sia/cei-
OTI [Jiovov rpvirjv /cal f}$ovr}V avrl
TT)? a/0T7;? KOI rov Ka\ov $ia)Kovcm>,
OTI yu?;8e i'jSea&ai firjSe rpu(j)dv
'O 8' ovv A^/zr^T^io? 6TO9 rpiTOV ev rfj Xep-
povrfcrfp Ka0eipyiJievo$ vir apyias /cal 7rX?7 ay-toy?}?
/cal olvov voa-Tjcras cnriOavev, errj ricrcrapa Kal
4 TrevTTJKOvra (3e/3icoK(a<;. Kal SeXeu^o? iJKova'e re
Kal fierevorjcfev ov /jLerpia)? ev viro^ria rov
@6/j,evo$ rare, Kal /jbrjBe ^po/LLL^
fidpfiapov @pa,Ka, /jLipr]a-d/Aevos ovro)
Kal
LIU. "Eu^e /jievTOi Kal ra irepl
avrov rpayiKrjv riva Kal OearpLKrjV SidOecrLV. o
yap v/o? 'A^T/7Oi/09, a>9 rjcrOeTO TO. \ei'
KOfjii^o/iieva, 7racrcu9 dva^Oel^ rat9 vavcrlv
vtjcrwv djnjvrricre' Kal Se^a/Aez^o9 et9 rrjv aeyu-
crTTjv TWV vavap%i&o}V eOero Trjv v^piav ^pva-rj-
2 \arov ovcrav. ai Se ?roXe^9 eu9 Trpoael^ov, TOVTO
ev crr(f)dvovs 6TT(j)epoi> TT) vSpia, TOVTO be
ev cr^j/yLtari irevOifjuw crvvGd^ovTas
XXov. 6/9
Oov TOV crroXof /cara7rXeo^T09 77 re Ka\7Ti<; e'/c
7rop<pvpa f3acn\iKf) Kal
Kal
O7rXoi9 veavicrKoi &opv(j)opovvT6<s. 6 Be TWV Tore
771/9
132
DEMETRIUS, LII. 3-Lin. 2
it in idleness and leisure and repose. For what
other end than this can worthless kings seek to
attain by their wars and perils ? Wicked and foolish
indeed are they, not only because they seek after
luxury and pleasure instead of virtue and honour,
but also because they do not even know how to enjoy
real pleasure or true luxury.
So, then, Demetrius, after an imprisonment of
three years l in the Syrian Chersonese, through in-
activity and surfeit of food and wine, fell sick and
died, in the fifty-fifth year of his life. Seleucus was
in ill repute for this, and repented him bitterly for
having cherished such suspicions against Demetrius,
and for allowing himself to be outdone even by
Dromichaetes, a barbarous Thracian, who had given
Lysimachus, 2 his captive, a treatment so humane and
royal.
LIII. Moreover, there was something dramatic
and theatrical even in the funeral ceremonies of
Demetrius. For his son Antigonus, when he learned
that his remains had been sent home, put to sea
with his entire fleet and met them off the islands.
They were given to him in a golden urn, and he
placed them in the largest of his admiral's ships.
Of the cities where the fleet touched in its passage,
some brought garlands to adorn the urn, others sent
men in funeral attire to assist in escorting it home
and burying it. When the fleet put in at Corinth,
the cinerary vase was conspicuous on the vessel's
poop, adorned with royal purple and a king's diadem,
and young men stood about it in arms as a body-
guard. Moreover, the most celebrated flute-player
then living, Xenophantus, sat near, and with the
1 From 386 to 383 B.C. * Cf. chapter xxxix. 3.
133
PLUTARCH'S LIVES
3 ^o/jievos 7rpoo"r]v\i, TWV /jLeXwv TO iepu>TaTOV teal
Tr/909 TOVTO Tf;9 elpeaias avafyepofjievris /Jiera pvO-
[JLOV TIVOS, a,TCY]VTa i/ro</)o<?, wcnrep ev KOTrerw, rat?
TWV av\r}/jt,dT(i)v Trepiobois' TOV Be 7r\el(nov OLK-
TOV KOi 6\O(f)Vp/jLbv atTO? O ' 'AVTLJOVOS TOi9
r)9poicr/jL6vois eVl rr)V OaKaacrav o
KOI Se&afcpvfjievos
TlfjLtoV KCll (TT6(f)dva)V 7T6pl
Sa KOfjiicras e6rjK ra
e/celvov, <TvvoiKKT0elcrav e/c fjLLKp&v T&V Trepl
4 'ATreXiTre Be yeveav 6 A^/Ar/rpio? 'Avrtyovov
[lev K OtXa? Kal ^TparovL/crjv, &vo Se A^^rpt-
OU?, TOI> fJLCV A.7TTOV, % 'IX,Xf/3/So9 'yWaiKOS, TOV
& apPavra Kup^'T;? e/c HTo\^atBo<f, e'/c Se A^i'-
Safjueias 'AX^avSpov, 09 ev AlyvTrra) Karefiiaycre.
\ijerai Be Kal Koppayov vlov ej; EvpvSifC'rjs avry
yvea0ai. /care/Si} Be rat9 BiaBo^al^ TO 7^09
avrov ftacriKevov et9 Tlepcrea reXevralov, efi ov
r Po)/naloi, MafceSoviav VTnjydyovro.
&ir]y(i)vi<Tjj,evov Be TOV Ma/ceBovifcov
wpa TO 'Pco/jLaircov eTreicrayayeiv.
DEMETRIUS, LIII. 3-4
most solemn melody upon his flute accompanied the
rowers ; to this melody the oars kept perfect time,
and their splashing, like funereal beatings of the
breast, answered to the cadences of the flute-tones.
But the most pity and lamentation among those who
had come in throngs to the sea-shore was awakened
by the sight of Antigonus himself, who was bowed
down and in tears. After garlands and other honours
had been bestowed upon the remains at Corinth,
they were brought by Antigonus to Demetrias for
burial^ a city named after his father, who had settled
it from the small villages about lolcus. 1
The children left by Demetrius were these :
Antigonus and Stratonice, by Phila ; two named
Demetrius, one who was surnamed the Thin, by a
woman of Illyria, and one who ruled Gyrene, by
Ptolemais ; and, by Deidameia, Alexander, who
lived and died in Egypt. It is said also that he had
a son named Corrhagus, by Eurydice. His line came
down in a succession of kings to Perseus, the last, in
whose reign the Romans subdued Macedonia.
And now that the Macedonian play has been
performed, let us introduce the Roman.
1 Cf. chapter xxv. 2.
135
ANTONY
ANTONIO2
I. KVTWVIOV 7rtt7T7r09 /AV TjV O p1]TO)p ' Al>TO>-
ov Trjs SuXXa yevofjievov o-rdcrecos Map^o?
d,7reKTive, Trarrjp Se o Kp^-jri/cos entreat) els
OVTO) jiV evoKlUO? V
TTO\I,TI,KOLS avrjp ovSe Xa/^TTpo?, evyvcofjicov e KOI
re KOI TT/JO? ra? yueTaSoo-ef9
, fc>? a<^>' ei^o? ai/ ri? epyov /cara/jidOoi.
2 K6KTiifj,6VO<? ryap ov TToXXa KOL Bia rovro TT; 91(
VTTO
, 7Tl T? ()LK6rO TWV <TVVr)lt)V 7T/309
dpyvpiov Seoyu,e^o9, dpyvpiov fJLev OVK el%, irai-
Bapuo) Be 7rpoa6Ta^v ei9 dpyvpovv aK
jj,/3a\.6vTt rco/j,i(rai' real KO/uiiaavTOs, a>9
3 p,e\\wv Kareftpexe ra yeveia. rou Be
/caO erepav irpofyaGiv e/CTroSwv yevopevov, rbv
[lev cricvfyov eBcofce TW fyi\w xpfjaQai fceXevcras,
fyrij cre&)9 Se 7roXX7)9 ev roi9 olKerais ova"?]? opwv
/ Xa\e r rraivovaav T^V y waited real fiov\o/jievr)v
e^erd^eiv w/AoXoyr] ere, (rvyyvwprjv
II. *Hv Se avrco yvvrj 'lovXta roO Kaicrdpoov
olfcov, rat9 apia"rai^ Tore /cal crw^povecrTdTais
eVa/xiXX.09. VTTO TavTijs 6 vios 'A^rco^/09 erpd
a T^V rou irarpo^ re\evri]v K.opvrj\iti) Ae
138
ANTONY
I. ANTONY'S grandfather was the orator Antonius,
who joined the party of Sulla and was put to death
by Marias ; 1 his father was Antonius surnamed
Creticus, a man of no great repute in public life, nor
illustrious, but kindly and honest, and particularly a
liberal giver, as one may see from a single instance.
He had not much property himself, and therefore was
prevented by his wife from indulging his kindly
feelings. When, accordingly, one of his intimates
came to him with a request for money, money
he had not, but he ordered a young slave to put
water into a silver bowl and bring it to him, and
when it was brought, he moistened his chin, as
though about to shave. The slave was then sent
away on another errand improvised for the occasion,
whereupon Antonius gave the bowl to his friend and
bade him dispose of it. Later, when a careful
search was made for it among the slaves, seeing that
his wife was angry and proposed to put them to the
torture one by one, Antonius confessed what he
had done, and by his entreaties gained her pardon.
II. His wife was Julia, of the house of the
Caesars, and she could vie with the noblest and most
discreet women of her time. By this mother her
son Antony was reared, after the death of whose
father she married Cornelius Lentulus, whom Cicero
1 Cf. the Marim, xliv. 1-4.
13-9
PLUTARCH'S LIVES
, ov KiKpa)v drreKTeive TWV Kar/Xtz>a
(Tvva)/jLOT<0i> yei>6/Jivov. avrr}
%6pas 'AVTWVLW 777309
2 /cal dp%r) yevecrflai. </>7;crt yovv ' AVTWVIO? ovSe
TOV veKpov aurot? drroSoOrivai rou AeWXou
Trporepov 17 T?}? yvvaifcbs TOV Kt/te/acovo? r?)y
rovro JLCV ovv
ecrriv ovSels <yap eip^Or) ra</>^? TCO^ Tore
3 KoXaaOevrwv VTTO rou KiKepwvof
\a/nirpti) fca@' wpav yei'Ofieva)
tf)i\iav KOI (Tvvrjfleiav axrirep TIVCL Krjpa
a~elv \e<yov(Tii>, avrou re Trepl ra? r)$ovas
rov yevo/JLtvov, KOI TOV 'A^Tcoj'/ot', &>? /taXXoz^ ea;
et? TTOTOU? :at yvvaia real Sairdvas
/cat dfcoXdarov 9 /jL/3d\\ovTos. el; wv
o<f)\r}/jLa ftapv /cal Trap 1 ^\LKiav avrw crvvrj^Q^
4 TrevrtiKovra KOL BiaKoaitov TaX.dvTwv. TOVTO irav
eyyvijaaiAevov TOV Kouptco^o? o rraTrjp alaQo^vo^
e>;Xacre TOV 'AvTcoviov etc rr}? o//aa?. o 3e
fiev TLva %povov TTJ KXcoStou ToO Opaorv-
KOU /3(5eXu/3ft)Tarof TCO^ Tore $rjfji,aya)yo)i>
TrdvTd TCL Trpdy/jiaTa TapaTTOvarj Trpoo'e-
eavTov TCL%V Be TT}? etceivov ^avicis yuecrro?
real <oy3^^ei? TO 1/9 crvvLcrTcm-evovs et
TOI/ KXwSioi/, djTijpev ex T>}9 'IraX/a? 6t9
'EXXaSa, /cai SieTpifie TO re <rw/ua yv/j-vd^cov rrpos
TOi/9 o~TpaTLO)TiKOv<f dywvas Koi \eyeiv
5 expiJTO Se TW fca\ov/jiev(i) fjiev ^Acriavu)
\6ya)v, di'OovvTi fidXiaTa KCLT etceivov TOV %p6i'ov,
8e rroXXrjv op.OLOT^Ta Trpos TOV /3iov avTov,
KOI (frpvayjuLCLTiav ovTa /cal icevov yav-
dvco^d\ou
140
ANTONY, ii. 1-5
put to death for joining the conspiracy of Catiline. 1
This would seem to have been the origin and ground
of the violent hatred which Antony felt towards
Cicero. At any rate, Antony says that not even the
dead body of Lentulus was given up to them until
his mother had begged it from the wife of Cicero.
This, however, is admittedly false ; for no one of
those who were punished at that time by Cicero was
deprived of burial. Antony gave brilliant promise
in his youth, they say, until his intimate friendship
with Curio fell upon him like a pest. For Curio
himself was unrestrained in his pleasures, and in
order to make Antony more manageable, engaged
him in drinking bouts, and with women, and in
immoderate and extravagant expenditures. This
involved Antony in a heavy debt and one that was
excessive for his years a debt of two hundred and
fifty talents. 2 For this whole sum Curio went surety,
but his father heard of it and banished Antony from
his house. Then Antony allied himself for a short
time with Clodius, the most audacious and low-lived
demagogue of his time, in the violent courses which
were convulsing the state ; but he soon became sated
with that miscreant's madness, and fearing the party
which was forming against him, left Italy for Greece,
where he spent some time in military exercises and
the study of oratory. He adopted what was called
the Asiatic style of oratory, which was at the height
of its popularity in those days and bore a strong
resemblance to his own life, which was swashbuckling
o
and boastful, full of empty exultation and distorted
ambition.
1 Of. the Cicero , xxii.
2 An equivalent, roughly, of 60,000, or $300,000, with
four or five times the purchasing power of modern money.
141
PLUTARCH'S LIVES
III. 'E-Tret Se TafSivLos dvrjp virariicos et?
v rrXewv aveireiOev avrov op^aat TT/JO? rijv
crrpareiav, IBicorys /JLCV ovtc av efyr) crvve%\6elv,
drcoeij(0ls Se rwv Irrrcewv ap~)(wv a wear par eve.
KO.I TTptoTOV fJLV 6?r' 'AyOiCTTO/Sof \OV
a^KTravra Tre^Oel^ auro? /z-e^ eiriftri rov
GTOV TWV epv/jLarw TT/OWTO?, exelvov Se
elra J-av ffvv^ras KOI
o\iyoi<; roi? crvv avrw TOU? etceivov 7roXXa7r\acri-
ou? 6Vra? dTreKTeive TT\}]I> oXi^wv cLiravTas' auro?
8e /^era roi) TraiSo? 'Apfcrro/^ouXo? rJXaj.
Mera Tavra TajBiviov errl fjivpiois ra\dvroL<;
UroXejjiaLou TreiOovros ei'<? ALyvTrrov dfxa <TVV/JL-
(3a\elv avTW real rrjv ficKriXeiav dva\aftelv, ol
7rXet<TTOt TW^ rjyefjLOvwv rjvavriovvro, KCU,
Be OKVOS rt? el^e TOU TroXe/j.ov, /caiTrep
ov KOfMi&rj rot? /jivpiois ra\dvTois,
J Avr(t>vios & KOI Trpd^ewv /jLeydXwv e'^e^e^o? /ecu
rat TlroXefAaiw %api%6iJievo<;
KOL (rvve^Mp/Arjcrev eVl rrjv (Trpareiav TOV
3 YafBlviov, eirel be rov TTO\/JLOV /JLO\\OV e<po/3ovvro
rrjv 7rl TO HrjXovcriov o$bv, are Srj Sia tydu/jLOV
ftadeias KOI dvvbpov rrapa TO "EiKprjy/jLa teal ra 917
TJ}? %p/3(ovi$os e\rj yivo/Aevrjs avrols rfjs rropeias,
a? Tf^wi^o? p.ev e/cTr^oa? AlyvTrTioi Ka\ovcri, T/}?
5* epvOpas 6a\d<j<rri<; vTrovoarrjo'is elvai So/eel
Kal SiijOrjcris, y ftpa^vrdry Siopi^erai TT/SO? rrjv
4 eVTO? OdXacrcrav laO^w, 7reu(p0el<; fiera rwv ITT-
142
ANTONY, in. 1-4
III. When Gabinius, a man ot consular dignity,
was sailing for Syria, he tried to persuade Antony to
join the expedition. Antony refused to go out with
him in a private capacity, but on being appointed
commander of the horse, accompanied him on the
campaign. 1 And first, having been sent against
Aristobulus, who was bringing the Jews to a revolt, 2
he was himself the first man to mount the highest of
the fortifications, and drove Aristobulus from all of
them; then he joined battle with him, routed his
many times more numerous forces with his own small
band, and slew all but a few of them. Aristobulus
himself was captured, together with his son.
After this, Ptolemy tried to persuade Gabinius
by a bribe of ten thousand talents to join him in an
invasion of Egypt and recover the kingdom for him. 3
But the greater part of the officers were opposed to
the plan, and Gabinius himself felt a certain dread
of the war, although he was completely captivated
by the ten thousand talents. Antony, however,
who was ambitious of great exploits and eager to
gratify the request of Ptolemy, joined the king in
persuading and inciting Gabinius to the expedition.
But more than the war the march to Pelusium was
feared, since their route lay through deep sand,
where there was no water, as far as the Ecregma and
the Serbonian marshes. These the Egyptians call
the blasts of Typhon, 4 although they appear to be a
residual arm of the Red Sea, helped by infiltration,
where the isthmus between them and the Medi-
terranean is at its narrowest. Antony was therefore
1 In 58 B.C. * Cf. the Pompey, xxxix. 2.
s Cf. the Cato Minor, xxxv.; the Pompey, xlix. 5 ff.
4 The evil deity of the Egyptians, buried under the Ser-
bonian marshes (Herodotus, iii. 5).
'43
PLUTARCH'S LIVES
7T6(i)l> 6 'AVT(*)VIO<$ 0V (JiOVOV TO, (TTvd
dXXa Kal HrjXoiKTiov k\(ov, TTO\IV fjieyd\i]v, KOI
ev avrrj typovpwv /cparijcras, a/jia Kal
TO> arparev^aTt KOI
rr)? vlicris eiroirfae ru) a-rparrjya) /3e/3atov. djre-
\avcrav Be TT}? ^>L\oTi^ia^ avrov Kal ol
jap a/Aa T<W 7rape\6eiv et? TO
aiov VTT 0/377}? Kal /xtcrou?
5 TOU? Alyvirriovs eveaTij Kal &tK<M\va-v. ev Be
t9 KCU TO?? dywa-i jAeyaXois Ka
7roX\a KOL roX/u-T;? epya Kal
Be
Kal Trepi/SaXelv KaroTriv rou? TroXe-
VLKTJV TO?? Kara GTOjjia 7rapa<T%a)v,
Kal T^a? e'Xa/Se TrpeTrovaas. ov Bie-
Xa$e Be rou? TroXXou? ovBe i] vrpo? 'Ap%6\aov
6 avrou TeOvrjKOTa <fci\av6 pwrria' yeyovo)? <ydp
auTw avvr)6ri<5 Kal ^e^o? eVoXe/zet /nev dvayKaiws
WVTI, TO Be aw/jia Treaovros e^evpwv Kal KOO-/.LIJ-
o*a? ftacrikiKtoS eK^Bevaev. eVt TOVTOIS 'AXe^ai^-
Bpevcri re TrXelarov avrov \6yov ArareXtTre, Kal
rot? cnpaTevofJiivoi^ dvrjp eBo^e
eivai.
IV. Ilpo(T-/5^ 8e Aral /jLop^fjs e\ev6epiov d^ico/na,
Kal TTooywv Tf? ov/c ayevvr)*; Kal TrXaro? jj,eTO)7rov
Kttl 7/3U7TOT779 fJLVKTr)pO^ eBoKL TOt?
l TrXarTOyLteVot? f Hyoa/cXeof9
TO dppevtoirov. rjv Be Kal \6yo$ 7raXatO9
144
ANTONY, in. 4-iv. i
sent with the cavalry, and he not only occupied the
narrow pass, but actually took Pelusium, a large city,
and got its garrison into his power, thus rendering its
march safer for the main army and giving its general
assured hope of victory. And even the enemy
reaped advantage from Antony's love of distinction.
For Ptolemy, as soon as he entered Pelusium, was led
by wrath and hatred to institute a massacre of the
Egyptians ; but Antony intervened and prevented
him. Moreover, in the ensuing battles and contests,
which were many and great, he displayed many
deeds of daring and sagacious leadership, the most
conspicuous of which was his rendering the van ot
the army victorious by outflanking the enemy and
enveloping them from the rear. For all this he
received rewards of valour and fitting honours. Nor
did the multitude fail to observe his humane treat-
ment of the dead Archelaiis, 1 for after waging war
upon him of necessity while he was living, although
he had been a comrade and friend, when he had
fallen, Antony found his body and gave it royal
adornment and burial. Thus he left among the
people of Alexandria a very high reputation, and
was thought by the Romans on the expedition to be
a most illustrious man.
IV. He had also a noble dignity of form ; and a
shapely beard, a broad forehead, and an aquiline
nose were thought to show the virile qualities
peculiar to the portraits and statues of Heracles.
Moreover, there was an ancient tradition that the
1 The pretended son of Mithridates, who had married
Berenice, daughter of Ptolemy Auletes, and queen of Egypt
after the expulsion of her father. His death occurred in
55 B.C.
PLUTARCH'S LIVES
elvai TOU? 'Avrcoviovs, air "Az>TO)i>o9,
2 TraiSo? 'Hpa/cXeou?, yeyovoras. /cat rovrov wero
rbv \6yov rfj re fj.op(frfj rov crco/iaro?, Mairep
eiprjrai, teal rfj crroXfj ffeftaiovv. del yap, ore
/j,e\\oi 7r\Locriv 6pao~0ai, yiTwva et? fJLr)pov
e^cocrro, /cat i^d^aipa /^eyaXr; Traprfprrjro, /cal
a-dyos Trepierceiro rwv crrepewv. ov /^rjv d\\a real
ra rot? aXXof? <f>oprifca So/covvra, /jieyaXav^ia
teal (TKWfji^a Kal KwOwv e/jL^av^ teal tcadia-ai
Trapa rbv evOlovra teal <payelv eTTicrrdvra rpa-
Trefy crrpartwriKf), Oav^aarov ocrov evvoias Kal
3 TroOov 7T/JO? avrbv eveTroiei roi? <rrparicorai<f. rjv
Be TTOV teal TO epwnicov ovtc dva(f)p6$irov, d\\a
teal rouTft) TroXXou? eSrjpaywyei,, avjjbTrpdrrwv re
rot? epcocri teal GKWTrrojaevos OVK drjBa)? et? TOU?
'H 8' \ev0epi6rr)<; teal TO /JLTJ$V 0X1777
<f)ei$o/jievr) ^api^eaOai crrpariwrais teal
dpfflv re \a/jL7rpav eVl TO la^veiv avrw
teal /AeydXov yevofjbevov rrjv ^vva^iv
errl TrXeiov eTrijpev, e/e [JLVpiwv a\\wv djaapr'rj-
fjidrwv dvarperrofjievriv. ev Se rt, rov /jLeya\
4 TrapdSeiy^a Sniyrja-o/bLai. rwv <f)i\a)V rivl
eteeXevcre Trevre teal eLteocn, SoOfyvdi* rovro
ereiTjs teaXov&i. rov S' eirirpbrrov 6av-
Kal iva Bei^rj TO 7rX7}^o? avrw teara-
ev /^ecrca TO dpyvpiov, rjpwrrjcre Trapicov
o Tt Brj rovro el'?;. TOU 8' eTrirpoirov cfiijcravros a>9
146
ANTONY, iv. 1-4
Antonii were Heracleidae, being descendants of
Anton, a son of Heracles. And this tradition
Antony thought that he confirmed, both by the
shape of his body, as has been said, and by his attire.
For whenever he was going to be seen by many
people, he always wore his tunic girt up to his thigh,
a large sword hung at his side, and a heavy cloak
enveloped him. However, even what others thought
offensive, namely, his jesting and boastfulness, his
drinking-horn in evidence, his sitting by a comrade
who was eating, or his standing to eat at a soldier's
table, it is astonishing how much goodwill and
affection for him all this produced in his soldiers.
And somehow even his conduct in the field of love
was not without its charm, nay, it actually won for
him the favour of many ; for he assisted them in
their love affairs, and submitted pleasantly to their
jests upon his own amours.
Further, his liberality, and his bestowal of favours
upon friends and soldiers with no scant or sparing
hand, laid a splendid foundation for his growing
strength, and when he had become great, lifted his
power to yet greater heights, although it was
hindered by countless faults besides. One illustra-
tion of his lavish giving I will relate. To one of his
friends he ordered that two hundred and fifty
thousand drachmas should be given (a sum which
the Romans call " decies " 1 ). His steward was
amazed, and in order to show Antony the magnitude
of the sum, deposited the money in full view.
Antony, passing by, asked what that was ; and when
1 That is ten limes 100,000 sesterces, or 250,000 denarii.
For the Roman denarius Plutarch regularly uses the nearly
equivalent Greek drachma (which had about the value of the
French franc).
147
PLUTARCH'S LIVES
o K\vo~eie BoOfjvcu, crvfjL/3a\Gov CLVTOV TTJV Katcor)-
0iav o *Avr(t)Vios, "'E^yo* 7T\eiov w/z->;i>," <prj,
" TO Se/a?;9 elvai,' TOVTO Be fj-i/cpov IffTiv ware
dX\o TrpocrOes CLVTW TOCTOVTOV."
V. Tavra p.ev ovv varepov eirel e ra f Pa>-
Trpdy/jLara Si(TT7j, rwv fjie
TrapovTt TrpoaOefJievwv, TWV
Kaicrapa Ka\ovvrwv IK FaXarta? ev rot?
6Wa, Kouptwi/ o 'Avrwviov ^)t\o? etc
Bepairevwv ra Katcrayoo? 'Avrwviov
ydjero, fcal fjLeydXrjv p,ev CLTTO TOV ~\.eyeiv ev rot?
TroXXot? e%a>^ la"%vv, ^pca/jievo^ Be KOI
d<j)iSa)$ aft wv Kalcrap e^opi^yei,, Brj/jLa
&6ij;e TOV 'AvTMi'iov, elra TOJV eV olwvols iepecov,
2 oi>? Avyovpas ica\ovo-ii>. 6 Be evdvs et? rrjv apxfjv 918
7rape\Q(t)v ou jjuicpov TJV 6'<eXo? rot? TroXtreuo-
/Avoi<; vTcep Katcrapo?. aXXa TrpwTov f^ev Map-
K6\\OV TOV VTTaTOV HofJLTTrjtG) TOU? T6 aVVl\6y-
fjievovs tfSr) o~TpaTi(i)Ta<; TrapeyyvcovTO? KOL /caTa-
\eyetv erepovs SiSoi/ro? e/jLTroBcov e&Tr), BiaTay/ma
OTTO)? rj fj,v rjOpOHrfievi) Bvvafiis et?
Tr\er) /ecu ByySXco (Bor)6f) Tro\efJLOVVTi Hdp-
Be HofjiTnjios /caTa\eyi
3 avTW* BevTepov Be ra? Katcrapo?
7rpoo-ie/j,6i>wv ovBe CWVTCOV dvayivwcncecrOaL TWV
auro? la-^vcov Bia TO dp^eiv dveyvw,
l TroXXou? yi46T6(TT?7cre T^ yvu>fJLr), Bi/caia
Katcrapo? d^iovv ufi wv eypatye
4 reXo? 8e Sueti' pa)Tijo~ea>v iv TTJ
148
ANTONY, iv. 4-v. 4
his steward told him it was the gift which he had
ordered, he divined the man's malice and said : " I
thought the decies was more ; this is a trifle ; there-
fore add as much more to it."
V. This, however, was at a later time. But when
matters at Rome came to a crisis, the aristocratic
party attaching itself to Pompey, who was in the
city, and the popular party summoning Caesar from
Gaul, where he was in arms, then Curio, the friend
of Antony, who had changed sides and was now
favouring the cause of Caesar, brought Antony over
to it. Curio had great influence with the multitude
from his eloquence, and made lavish use of money
supplied by Caesar, and so got Antony elected
tribune of the people, 1 and afterwards one of the
priests, called augurs, who observe the flight of birds.
As soon as Antony entered upon his office he was
of great assistance to those who were managing
affairs in the interests of Caesar. In the first place,
when Marcellus the consul proposed to put under
Pompey's control the soldiers already collected, and
to give him power to levy others, Antony opposed
him by introducing a decree that the forces already
assembled should sail for Syria and give aid to
Bibulus, who was carrying on war with the Parthians,
and that the troops which Pompey was then levying
should not belong to him. In the second place,
when the senate would not receive Caesar's letters
nor allow them to be read, Antony, whose office gave
him power, read them himself, and thereby changed
the opinion of many, who judged from Caesar's
letters that he was making only reasonable and just
demands. And finally, when two questions were
1 In 50 B.C.
149
PLUTARCH'S LIVES
el BoKel HO^TT^LOV dfalvai ra crrparev-
rfjs Be el Katcrapa, real HO/JLTTIJIOV fxev
oXiywv ra orr\a KaradecrOai, Kaicrapa Be rrdvrwv
Trap oTu/yof? Ke\ev6vra)v, avaaras 'Avrcovio?
ripwrrjaev el Sored KOL HO/UTTIJIOV 6/j,ov Kal Kat-
crapa ra oVXa KaraOeaOai Kal ra?
dfalvai. Tavrrjv eBe^avro \a/JL7rpws TY]V
Kal yuera /5o>}? eiraivovvres TOV '' 'Avrcoviov
ecr6ai. /arj ^ov\ofJL,iva)v Be rwv
ere/oa? ol Katcra/oo? fyi\oi Trpov-
reivav eirieifcels elvai SoKovaas a^cocret?, at? o re
KaTft>i> avreTmrre fcai Ae^rXo? vTrarevcov e^e/3a\e
ouX?}? TOI^ 'Avrcoviov. 6 Be 7ro\\a (JLv av-
e^icov eTnipdaaro, \a^cn>v Be OepaTrovros
Kal jULcrQwa'd/Aevos fiera Kacrcr/oi' KoiWou
, e I; u>p tuyere TT/^O? Kcuaa/oa' /cat /care/Boon/
ev0v<; 6<j)0evTes a><? ovBeva Koafjiov en TU>V ev
'Pco^y TrpayfJidrcav e^ovrwv, ore /nrjBe
rrappr]ala^ per ear iv, a\V e\avverai
vevei Tra? o (frdey^djaevos VTrep rwv
VI. 'E/e TOUTOU Xa/3a)z/ T/)^ Grpanav o Katcra/o
et9 'IraA/at' eve(Ba\e. Bib Kal KiKepcov ev rot9
eypatye rov f^ev TpwiKov 7ro\e/jiov
rrjv 'EXeV^i', rou S' e^v\iov rov
2 ryevecrdai, Trepi<$>avt>y$ tyevBo/jievos. ov yap oi/ra)9
L%/3^9 ^ ou8e pdSios VTT opyrjs eKireaelv rwv
\oyL(r/j,a)V rai'o9 Ka?cra/3 ware, el /jirj ravra rraXat,
eyvwaro Trpdrreiv, o#ra>9 av eirl Kaipov rov Kara
150
ANTONY, v. 4-vi. 2
before the senate, one, whether Pompey should
dismiss his forces, and the other, whether Caesar
should do so, and only a few were for having Pompey
lay down his arms, and all but a few were for having
Caesar do so, then Antony rose and asked whether
it was the opinion of the senate that Pompey and
Caesar alike should lay down their arms and dismiss
their forces. This proposal all accepted with alacrity,
md with shouts of praise for Antony they demanded
that the question be put to vote. But the consuls
would not consent to this, and again the friends of
Caesar put forward fresh demands which were thought
to be reasonable. These Cato opposed, and Lentulus,
in his capacity of consul, drove Antony from the
senate. Antony went forth heaping many impreca-
tions upon them, and putting on the dress of a
slave, and hiring a car in company with Quintus
Cassius, he set out to join Caesar. As soon as they
came into Caesar's presence they cried loudly that
everything was now at loose ends in Rome, since even
tribunes of the people had no freedom of speech,
but everyone who raised his voice in behalf of
justice was persecuted and ran risk of his life. 1
VI. Upon this, Caesar took his army and invaded
Italy. Therefore Cicero, in his " Philippics," wrote
that as Helen was the cause of the Trojan war, so
Antony was the cause of the civil war. 2 But this is
manifestly false. For Caius Caesar was not a pliable
man, nor easily led by anger to act on impulse.
Therefore, had he not long ago determined upon his
course, he would not thus, on the spur of the moment,
1 For the events narrated in this chapter, cf. also the
Pompey, Iviii. f. ; the Caesar, xxx. f.
2 Phil. ii. 22, 55 : ut Helena Trojanis, sic iste huic rei
publicae belli causa, causa pestis atque exitii fuit.
151
VOL. IX. F
PLUTARCH'S LIVES
7779 TrarpiSos t^eveyKelv nroKefJiov, oil
r^L^LGcr^kvov el&ev ' 'Avrcoviov KCU Kdacriov eVt
3 evyov<? fiiaOiov irefyevyoras TTpbs avrov, aXXa
ravra nd\ai Seofj,vw Trpofydcrews a^/na teal
\6yov evTrpeTTTJ TOV 7ro\e/j,ou irapea-^ev. 7776 Se
avrov 7rl Trdvras dvOp^irov^ a teal Trporepov
*A.\6%avSpov teal 7rd\ac Kvpov, e
TO? PX 7? Ka irepifjuurtis GTuvfjia TOV
elvai KOI /ji6<yi(TTov' &v TW%elv OVK r]V
4 'O? 8' ovv erreXOcov e/cpdr^(T rrjs 'Pco/^rj^ teal
eij\acre TT}? 'IraXta? Kal TT/JO? ra? eV
Ho/jiTTrjiov Svvd/jLis eTTicTTpetyeiv ejvco
', elra OUTO)? Trapao-fcevaadfjievos crroXov
eVl TIofiTn'jiov &Laftaiveiv, AeTri&w p,ev crrpar')')-
yovvri Tr)v 'Pco/jirjv, ' Pivrwvifp Be Sijfiap'^ovi'ri rd
5 (TTparev^ara /cal rrjv 'IraXtat' eTrerpe^ev. 6 5e
rot? yuef (TTpaTi(t)Tais v&v<; Trpocr(f)i,\T)s rjv <rv<y-
teal avi'BiaiTco/j,i>o<? rd rroXXa Kal
ex TCOV TTapovTwv, TO?? Se aXXoi?
real yap dSifcov/jLevcov viro pa
a)\t i ya)pei, tcai TTyOo? opyr^v rj/cpoaro TWV e
^avovrwv /cal KaKws eVt yvvat^lv aX
6 iJKOve. Kal oXa><? rrjv Katcra/ao? ^PX 1 ! 1 ^
/jiaXXov 77 rvpawiBa Bi avrov eicelvov fyavelcrav,
ol (f)L\oi &ie/3a\\ov, 0)V 'Avrcovios CLTT e'^oucrta?
/jLeyiffrrfs d/JLaprdveiv jueyicrTa So^a? T^ ir\ela'Tr]V
alriav e\a/3ev.
VII. Oz) firjv aX> ' errave\6u>v o Kaicrap CK rfj?
'I/Siyota? ra yLtei^ eyK\7j/jLara Trapelbev avrov, TT/OO?
5e TOI/ iroKefiov &)9 evepycp Kal avSpelq* Kal fjye/jio- 91i
152
ANTONY, vi. 2-vn. i
have made war upon his country, just because he saw
that Antony, meanly clad, with Cassius, on a hired
car, had come in flight to him ; nay, this merely
afforded a cloak and a specious reason for war to a
man who had long wanted a pretext for it. And
that which led him to war against all mankind, as it
had led Alexander before him, and Cyrus of old,
was an insatiable love of power and a mad desire to
be first and greatest ; this he could not achieve if
Pompey were not put down.
And so he came up against Rome and got it into
his power, and drove Pompey out of Italy; and
determining first to turn his efforts against the forces
of Pompey which were in Spain, and afterwards,
when he had got ready a fleet, to cross the sea
against Pompey himself, he entrusted Rome to
Lepidus, who was praetor, and Italy and the troops
to Antony, who was tribune of the people. Antony
at once gained the favour of the soldiers by sharing
their exercises, living with them for the most part,
and making them presents as generously as he
could ; but to everybody else he was odious. For
his easy disposition led him to neglect the wronged,
he listened angrily to those who consulted him, and
he was in ill repute for his relations with other men's
wives. In a word, Caesar's power, which proved to
be anything rather than a tyranny so far as his own
course was concerned, was brought into odium by
his friends ; and of these Antony, who had the
greatest power and was thought to be the greatest
transgressor, incurred the most blame.
VII. However, when Caesar came back from Spain,
he ignored the charges against Antony, and since in
the war he found him energetic, brave, and a
'53
'
PLUTARCH'S LIVES
ovBa/Jir) Sitf/jiaarev. auro? fj,ev ovv
6\iya)v drro Rpevrecnov Biairepdcras TOV
'loviov eTrejJi'^rev 07ucr&> TCL TrXota, Ta/3ivi(p Kal
ra? w/Jieis efiiv KOI Trepaiovv
2 Kara rao? et? Mae5o^tay eVt<TTetXa?. Fa/9t-
OVTCt
VIOV B TTyOO? TOV TT\OVV
wpa KaraSeiXido-avTos teal Tre^r; pciKpav 68ov
ovTOS TOV crTpctTOv, 'AvTu>vios vTrep Kat-
ev TroXXot? d7ret\r)fj,/jLevov TroXeyLttoi? (froftij-
At/3ft)i/a yuez^ efyop/JLOvvTd TW a-TO/^art TOI)
\ifjievos dire/cpai/craTo, 7ro\\d TWV XCTTTMV ciKa-
TLCOV TalsTpnipecrLV CLVTOV Tre/Oia-r^cra?,
5e rat? vavalv iinreis oKTafcocriovs KOI
3 OTrXtra? dvifydr). teal jevo/jivo<j KaTa<pavi]s
7ro\/jtioi5 KOI Bia)KOfjivo<; TOV /u.ev ex TOVTOJV
KLvSvvov Sietivye, \ajjLirpov VOTOV KVfia /ieya KOI
KOI\TIV Od\a.TTav rai? T
(TaVTO<?, K(f)p6/jiVOS & Tat? VdVtfl 7T/90? K
Kal (frdpayyas dyxi/BaOeis ovBe^iav e\7rla
4 /Jta? 4^61'. d<j)V(t) $6 TOV KO\7TOV 7TO\VV K7TVV-
O-CLVTOS \if3a, Kal TOV K\vBa)vos aTro TT}? 7?}? et?
TO 7T6\.ayo<; Sia^eo/jLevov, fAeTa/3a\6/jLevo<; avro T^?
77}? /tat 7T\ewv <ro/3ayoco? o/?a vavayiwv Trepu-
TrXecov TOV aiyiaXov. evTavOa <ydp e%/3a\e TO
irvevfjia Ta? Bioo/cova-as avTOv Tpirfpeis, Kal Bi<j)0d-
prjaav OUK o\iyar Kal cra)/jidTa>v 7ro\\MV
%pr)jjt,dTwv eKpaTrfO'ev 'AvTwvios, Kal Aicrcrov
Kal /jieya Kaicrapi Trapea^ Odpaos ev Kaipw
Trf\.iKai)Tr)s cK^LKo^evo^ Bvvd^eco^.
VIII. noXAcoi> Be yivojjievwv Kal crvve^wv d
vwv ev Tracn fiev rjv BiaTrpeTTijs, Si? Be <j>evyovTa<;
TrpOTpOTrdBrfV TOU? Ka/crapo? diravTijaas dv-
154
ANTONY, vii. I-VIH. i
capable leader, he made no mistake. Caesar himself,
then, after crossing the Ionian sea from Brundisium
with a few soldiers, 1 sent back his transports with
orders to Gabinius and Antony to embark their
forces and come with all speed into Macedonia.
But Gabinius was afraid to make the voyage, which
was difficult in the winter time, and started to lead
his army a long way round by land. Antony, there-
fore, fearing for Caesar, who was hemmed in among
numerous enemies, beat off Libo, who was blockading
the harbour of Brundisium, by surrounding his
galleys with a great number of small skiffs, and then,
embarking eight hundred horsemen and twenty
thousand legionaries, put to sea. Being discovered
by the enemy and pursued, he escaped the danger
from them, since a violent south wind brought a
heavy swell and put their galleys in the trough of the
sea ; but he was carried with his own ships towards
a precipitous and craggy shore, and had no hope
of escape. Suddenly, however, there blew from the
bay a strong south-west wind, and the swell began
to run from the land out to sea, so that he was able
to reverse his course, and, as he sailed gallantly
along, he saw the shore covered with wrecks. For
there the wind had cast up the galleys which were
in pursuit of him, and many of them had been
destroyed. Antony took many prisoners and much
booty, captured Lissus, and inspired Caesar with
great confidence by arriving in the nick of time with
so large a force.
VIII. The struggles which followed were many
and continuous, and in all of them Antony dis-
tinguished himself. Twice, when Caesar's men were
1 Early in 48 B.C. Cf. the Caesar, xxxvii. 2.
'55
PLUTARCH'S LIVES
KOL arrival fcal av^^dKelv avOis rot?
/covaiv vay/c(ra<s evfcrjo'ev. rjv ovv avrov fierd
2 Kaicrapa TrXetcrro? ev rw err parorr&w \6yos' eBij-
\wo~e Be Kalcrap i}v zyoi rrepl avrov Bo^av. eVel
yap e/xeXXe rrjv reXevTaiav KOI ra 6\a Kpivacrav
ev <&apffd\w fJ'd'^rjv fjid^eaOaL, TO fiev
aura? 6i^e Arepa?, rov 8' evwvv/jiov rrjv
'AvTcavio) TrapeScoKcv, &>? TroXefJUKwraTw T&V v
3 eauro). /xera Se TT)I^ viKr\v SiKTarayp d
> \ * \ > 5. / -pr / .. > * / . \ r/
auro? /ze^ eoLWKe iLo/jLTnjiov, AVTCOVIOV oe LTT-
eXo/xez^o? et? 'Pco/jUjv eTre/Ji'^rev. ecrrt, Be 77
^ Sevrepa rov Bi/crdropos rrapovrov av Be fir)
Trapfj, TTpcorrj teal fiovt] cr^eBov rj yap By/map^a
Biafj,evei, ra? Be aXXa? tcara\vovcri, Tracra? Bi/crd-
IX. Ou /t^ aXXa Tore BrjfjLapxwv AoXo/9e\Xa?,
/^/3 /eat pecoy Trpay/ndrcov opeyo/jievos, elcrrj-
yelro %pewv arroKorrds, KOI rov 'Avrcoviov avrw
re (f)i\ov ovra KCU ^ov\ofJLGvov del rot? TroXXot?
dpecrfceiv erreiQe av/JbrrpdrreLv KOI tcoivwvelv rov
TroXirev/Jiaros. *K<riviov &e /ecu TpeySeXXtou ra-
vavrla rrapaica\ovvrwv vrrovoLa Beivrj /card rv^iv
ru> ' AvrcoviM rcpocreTcecrev co? d^LKOv^evw rrepl rov
2 yd/jbov vrro rov AoXo/SeXXa. KCLI ro rrpay^a
/3apeM<; eveyfCtov rv)V re yvvai/ca rf)<? ot/aa? e^?/-
\aa~ev dve^ndv ovaav avrov (Ovydryp yap rjv
Ya'iov 'Avrwviov rov K.iKpa)Vi
rou?
AoXo/3eXXa. Kare\a(Be ydp rrjv dyopdv
&)? (3ia Kvptoawv rov VOJAOV. 'Avrayvios Be, teal
TT}? /Sol/XT}? -v/r^^icrayueV/;? OTT\MV Beiv errl rov
156
ANTONY, vm. i-ix. 2
in headlong flight, he met them, turned them back,
forced them to stand and engage again their pur-
suers, and won the victory. Accordingly, next to
Caesar, he was the man most talked about in the
camp. And Caesar showed plainly what opinion he
had of him. For when he was about to fight the
last and all-decisive battle at Pharsalus, he himself
took the right wing, but he gave the command of
the left to Antony, as the most capable officer
under him. And after the victory, when he had
been proclaimed dictator, he himself pursued Pompey,
but he chose Antony as his Master of Horse and
sent him to Rome. This office is second in rank
when the dictator is in the city ; but when he is
absent, it is the first and almost the only one.
* >
For only the tribuneship continues when a dictator
has been chosen ; all the other offices are abolished.
IX. However, Dolabella, who was tribune at this
time a newcomer in politics who aimed at a new
order of things, introduced a law for the abolition
of debts, and tried to persuade Antony, who was his
friend and always sought to please the multitude, to
take common action with him in the measure. But
Asinius and Trebellius advised Antony to the con-
trary, and, as chance would have it, a dire suspicion
fell upon him that he was wronged as a husband by
Dolabella. Antony took the matter much to heart,
drove his wife from his house (she was his cousin,
being a daughter of the Caius Antonius who was
Cicero's colleague in the consulship), made common
cause with Asinius and Trebellius, and waged war
upon Dolabella. For Dolabella had occupied the
forum in order to force the passage of his law ;
so Antony, after the senate had voted that arms
157
PLUTARCH'S LIVES
AoXo/3eXXai>, eireXdcov Kal /j-d^v avvdtyas dire-
KTeive re Tiras TMV Keivov KOI TWV IBitov dire-
3 /3aXe. rot? fj.lv ovv 7roXXo?9 etc TOVTWV aTnj^dd-
V6TO, T09 & XpTJCTTOlS KOI CTW^pOCTl Bid TOV a\\OV
fiiov OVK fy apecrro?, &>? KtKepwv (firja-iv, aXX'
fjii(rLTO, /3&e\VTTOjjievwv avrov /ze^a? acopou? real
SOL-IT dvas e7ra%#e?9 Kal KV\ivBtfcrei$ ev <yvvaioi<; ) 920
KOL yu,e#' rj/jiepav pev VTTVOVS Kal TrepiTrdrovs d\v-
ovros Kal Kpai7ra\a)VTOs, vvKTwp &e AraJ/zof? Kal
Oearpa Kal SiaTpiftas ev jd/j,oi<j fii^wv Kal ye\co-
4 TOTTOLWV. Xeyerai yovv, a>? ev 'ITTTTLOV vrore TOV
d/jiois (TTia0els Kal TTLMV Sid VVKTOS, elra
l TOV Srjuov Ka\oi>VTO<; et? dyopdv
Tl TO()rS i6<TTO9 jLe(T6l, TO)V <)l\WV Tfl'O? V7TO-
TO IILCLTIOV. rjv &e Kal ^epyios 6
aeyicTTOV Trap 1 avTW Svva/jievwv, Kal K
TT}? avTr)<s TraXatcrr/oa? <yvvaiov d
o Srj Kal ra? TToXe*? 7ria)V ev
Kal TO (fiopelov OVK eXaTTOf9 rj TO T?}9 fJLrjTpos av-
5 TOV TrepieTrovTes r)Ko\ovQovv. \VTTOVV Be Kal
ev
O~K1]V(OV, Kttl 7Tp09 aX<J6CTi Kal TTOTafJLOls dpl(TT<j)V
7ro\VT\a)V BiaOecrei,?, Kal Xeo^re9 ap^aav vjre-
vc0v dvbpcov Kal
Kal craiiftvKiaTpiai
6 /jievofjLevai. Beivov yap ZTTOLOVVTO Kai'crapa
avTov e^fo T^9 'IraXta9 OvpavXelv, TO, irepiovTa
158
ANTONY, ix. 2-6
must be employed against Dolabella, came up against
him, joined battle, slew some of his men, and lost
some of his own. This course naturally made him
odious to the multitude, and to men of worth and
uprightness he was not acceptable because of his life
in general, as Cicero says, 1 nay, he was hated by
them. They loathed his ill-timed drunkenness, his
heavy expenditures, his debauches with women, his
spending the days in sleep or in wandering about
with crazed and aching head, the nights in revelry
or at shows, or in attendance at the nuptial feasts of
mimes and jesters. We are told, at any rate, that
he once feasted at the nuptials of Hippias the mime,
drank all night, and then, early in the morning,
when the people summoned him to the forum, came
before them still surfeited with food and vomited
into his toga, which one of his friends held at his
service. Sergius the mime also was one of those
who had the greatest influence with him, and
Cytheris, a woman from the same school of acting, a
great favourite, whom he took about with him in
a litter on his visits to the cities, and her litter was
followed by as many attendants as that of his mother.
Moreover, people were vexed at the sight of golden
beakers borne about on his excursions from the city
as in sacred processions, at the pitching of tents
when he travelled, at the laying out of costly repasts
near groves and rivers, at chariots drawn by lions,
and at the use of honest men and women's houses
as quarters for harlots and psaltery-players. For it
was thought a monstrous thing that, while Caesar
himself was lodging under the skies outside of Italy
1 The second Philippic pictures Antony's excesses.
159
F 2
PLUTARCH'S LIVES
rov TToXe/xou fieyd\oi^ rrovois Kal KIV^VVOIS ava-
Ka0atp6/uevov, erepovs Be BS eKelvov rpv(pdv rot?
X. Tavra /ecu rrjv crrdcriv av^rjcrai BOKCL KOI TO
(TrpancoriKOV et? uySpei? 8ei^a? Kal
aveivai. Sib Kal Kaiaap e7rave\0u>v
re avyyvooijLrjv e'So)/c6, al TO rpirov alpeOels vira-
TO? ou/c 'Avrayviov, a\\a AeTTiSov eiXero avvdp-
2 'XOVTCL. TT)V & Ho/JLTTIJlOV TT (>\OV ^VY]V OIKICLV
fiev 'AtTft)wo?, aTraiTovjJLevos Be
rjyavd/crei' tcai fyrjcriv auro? Bia rovro
Kaicrapi T?}? 6t? A.i^urj
67Ti TOt? TTpOTe/304? KCLT p8 <i) fJLCLa LV OV TV)((DV ajJLOl-
/S/}?. eotAre fjievroL TO TroXy TT}? aySeXTepta? avrov
/cal acrwrias a<^e\elv o }Lalcrap, OVK avaLaO
3 Ta TrKr^fjL^ek^fJiara Se^a/^ez^o?. a7raXXa7ei?
KLVOV rov fiiov yd/jia) 7rpO(rea"%e, &ou
dyayo/jievos rrjv KXcoBia rw Bi^fiaycoyw CTVVOIKIJ-
craaav, ov ra\aaiav ovBe olrcovpiav typovovv yv-
vaiov, oiiSe az/S/30? IBiwrov Kpareiv afyovv, aXX
ap'Xpvros apxeiv /cal crrparrjyou^TO^ 0-rpaTTjyeiv
(3ov\6/j,vov, wo-Te KXeorrdrpav BiBacrKoKia $ofX-
/3t'a T/;? 'AvTwviov yvvaiKOKparias o(f>ei\iv, Trdvv
l )(eipoi]0r) Kal TreTTa&aywyrifjievov air dp%?js aKpoa-
dQai yvvaiKwv Trapa\aj3ovcrav avrov.
4 OL fji^v aXXa KaKelvrjv CTreiparo rrpoo~7rai(oi>
l /jLipaKiv6iLiVO<; iXapwrepav rroieiv o 'Avrco-
' olov ore, Kai<rapi TroXXwi^ aTravrwvrcov fiera
ev 'I/5^/5ta viKrfV, Kal avrbs ei;f)\0ev. elra
160
ANTONY, ix. 6-x. 4
and clearing away the remnants of the war at great
toil and peril, his adherents, by virtue of his efforts,
should revel in luxury and mock at their fellow
citizens.
X. These things are also thought to have aug-
mented the discord, and to have incited the soldiery
to deeds of violence and rapacity. For this reason,
too, when Caesar came back, he pardoned Dolabella,
and, on being chosen consul for the third time,
selected Lepidus as his colleague, and not Antony
The house of Pompey, when put up for sale, was
bought by Antony ; but when he was asked to pay
the price for it, he was indignant. And he says
himself that this was the reason why he did not go
with Caesar on his African campaign, since he got no
recompense for his previous successes. However, it
would seem that Caesar cured him of most of his
prodigality and folly by not allowing his errors to
pass unnoticed. For Antony put away his re-
prehensible way of living, and turned his thoughts
to marriage, taking to wife Fulvia, the widow of
Clodius the demagogue. She was a woman who
took no thought for spinning or housekeeping, nor
would she deign to bear sway over a man of private
station, but she wished to rule a ruler and command
a commander. Therefore Cleopatra was indebted to
Fulvia for teaching Antony to endure a woman's
sway, since she took him over quite tamed, and
schooled at the outset to obey women.
However, Antony tried, by sportive ways and
youthful sallies, to make even Fulvia more light-
hearted. For instance, when many were going out
to meet Caesar after his victory in Spain, Antony
himself went forth. Then, on a sudden, a report
161
PLUTARCH'S LIVES
eV-
iaaiv ol TTO\/JUOI Kaicrapo? reOi'ijKOTOS, avearpe-
et? 'Pw/jtfjv. \aj3a>v Be OepdrrovTos ecrOrjTa
eirl Trjv oliciav r)\0e, /cal 0?;o-a? r jncrTO\r)v
iq Trap 'AvratvLov KO^I^LV tlarfflQi] TT/JO?
5 itVTrjv eyKKd\v/n/jtevo<;. elra r; fjuev e/c7ra^r/9 ovcra,
Trplv rj ra ypd/j,fjLara \aftelv rjpwrTjcrev ei %y 6
6 Se TTJV eTTLO"ro\rjV criwirr)
KOI
Tavra /JLCV ovv o\iya 7ro\\a)v ovroov eveica Beij-
ro? %6vr]vo)(afA6v.
XI. 'E/c Se 'I/S?7/9ta? 7ravi6vri Katcra/oi Tra
Ot
be 'Avrcovios eV7T/)67raj? UTT' avrov. KOJJLI-
eVl ^evyovs &ia T?}? 'IraXta? 'Ai^rco-
' kavrov avvo^ov^vov, oTTiaOev Be
o^ /tat TO^ T/)? aSeX^tS^? ut'ot'
oi', o? //-era raDra Kafccra/3 O)vo/j,d(r6r) 921
)p%e 7r\i(TTOV %povov. eVet ^e TO
^Or) Katcra/) UTraro?, irpocreiXeTo
ev evOvs Gwdp^ovra TOV 'Avrooinov, ej3ov\TO
B rr]v dp^v aTretTra/^ez-'o? AoXoySt'XXa Trapey-
yvrjcraL' /cat TOVTO Trpo? T7;i/ crvjK\i)TOV ^)j-
veyicev. 'AVTCOVLOV B rpa^ew^ avriTrea-ovros KOI
TroXXa yue^ eiTTovTOs Ka/cd A oXo/Se'XXay, OL'/C
e\drrova Be dKovcravros, Tore [JLSV alcr'xyvO 'et? r^i/
3 aKOcr/jiiav 6 Katcrap aTT^XXdyTj. yu,era 3e raOra
7rpoe\0ct)v dvayopevcrai TOV AoXoySeXXaz^, *Ar-
TWVIOV rot/? olwvov? zvaviioucrO en
real TrpoiJKaro AoXoySeXXai^ d
162
ANTONY, x. 4-xi. 3
burst upon Italy that Caesar was dead and his enemies
advancing upon the country, and Antony turned
back to Rome. He took the dress of a slave and
came by night to his house, and on saying that he
was the bearer of a letter to Fulvia from Antony,
was admitted to her presence, his face all muffled.
Then Fulvia, in great distress, before taking the
letter, asked whether Antony was still alive ; and
he, after handing her the letter without a word, as
she began to open and read it, threw his arms about
her and kissed her.
These few details, then, out of many, I have
adduced by way of illustration.
XI. When Caesar returned from Spain, 1 all the
principal men went many days' journey to meet him,
but it was Antony who was conspicuously honoured
by him. For as he journeyed through Italy he had
Antony in the same car with himself, but behind him
Brutus Albinus, and Octavius, his niece's son, who
was afterwards named Caesar and ruled Rome for a
very long time. Moreover, when Caesar had for the
fifth time been appointed consul, he immediately
chose Antony as his colleague. It was his purpose
also to resign his own office and make it over to
Dolabella ; and he proposed this to the senate. But
since Antony vehemently opposed the plan, heaped
much abuse upon Dolabella, and received as much
in return, for the time being Caesar desisted, being
ashamed of their unseemly conduct. And after-
wards, when Caesar came before the people to pro-
claim Dolabella, Antony shouted that the omens
were opposed. Caesar therefore yielded, and gave
up Dolabella, who was much annoyed. And it
1 In 45 B.C.
163
PLUTARCH'S LIVES
Be KCLKeivov ovBev TJTTOV TOU ' PLVTWIOV /3$e\vr-
recr@ai. \eyerai jap 009, d/j,<f)OTepov<; TWOS ofiov
Bia/3d\\ovTos TT/OO? avrov, eiiroi, /j,rj BeBievai TO 1/9
^et? TOUTOU? KOU KO/jLrjTas, d\\a rou? a)%pov<s
l \7TTOv<; e/eeivov?, Bpovrov /cal Kdaaiov
&v
XII. Ka/cett'Oi? Se rrjv evTrpeTreorrdr^v irpo-
tficunv aicwv 7rapea")(v 'Ai/rcoz/to?. TJV fiev yap 7;
TWV hvfcaiwv eoprrj 'Pwyuatot?, TJV Aov7T6pfcd\ia
Ka\ovcri, Kai&ap Be /te/cocTyCt^/^eVo? ecr^^rt Opta^-
rj Kal Ka0}jfjL6Vo? vTTep /3>;'yu,aTO? eV dyopa TOU?
ovras eOearo" SiaOeovcri 8e TWI^ evyevwv
TTO\\OI /cal TWV dp^ovrwv, u
\L7ra, a/cvrecri Xacrtoi? KaOiKvov^evoi
2 Sm? Twi/ vrvy)(av6vTwv. ev TOVTOLS o '
&La0ea)V ra fiev Trdrpia %aipeiv eiacre,
Be $d<f)vr)<; crrefyavM TrepieKi^as TrpoaeSpa/jie
/SrjfJLari, KOI avve^apOels VTTO TWV
erre9r]Ke rfj KefyaXf) rov Katcra/oo?, eb?
/3a(n\veiv avry rrpocrriKOV. eicelvov Be Opvirro-
jjievov Kal 8iaK\ivovTOs f)(T0els 6 8^0? dvexpo-
3 T7/CT6' /cal Trd\iv o 'A^Twi/to? CTrijye, Kal Trd\iv
TTO\VV %povov OVTW
evw, KatVa/3t Be dpvovf.iev(i) vra? o
/nera j3ofj<$' o Kal davpavTov TJV, OTL
epyots ra TWV (3a<Ti\evofjbevcL)v vTrofAevovres
Tovvo/Jia TOV /SatTiXeo)? co? KdTa\v<Jiv T^9 eXev-
Coraes and Sintenis, after the Aldine
edition ; Bekker omits, with the MISS. In the Morals, p. 206 F,
Plutarch has
164
ANTONY, xi. 3-xn. 3
would seem that Caesar abominated Dolabella also
no less than he did Antony. For we are told that
when a certain man was accusing both of them to
him, he said he had no fear of those fat and long-
haired fellows, but rather of those pale and thin
ones, indicating Brutus and Cassius, by whom he
was to be conspired against and slain 1
XII. And it was Antony who also unwittingly
supplied the conspirators with their most specious
pretext. For at the festival of the Lycaea, which
the Romans call Lupercalia, Caesar, arrayed in a
triumphal robe and seated in the forum upon the
rostra, was viewing the runners to and fro. Now,
the runners to and fro are many noble youths and
many of the magistrates, anointed with oil, and with
leathern thongs they strike in sport those whom
they meet. Antony was one of these runners, but
he gave the ancient usages the go-by, and twining
a wreath of laurel round a diadem, he ran with it
to the rostra, where he was lifted on high by his
fellow runners and put it on the head of Caesar,
thus intimating that he ought to be king. When
Caesar with affected modesty declined the diadem,
the people were delighted and clapped their hands.
Again Antony tried to put the diadem on Caesar's
head, and again Caesar pushed it away. This con-
test went on for some time, a few of Antony's
friends applauding his efforts to force the diadem
upon Caesar, but all the people applauding with loud
cries when Caesar refused it. And this was strange,
too, that while the people were willing to conduct
themselves like the subjects of a king, they shunned
the name of king as though it meant the abolition of
1 Cf. the Caesar, Ixii. 5 ; the Brutus, viii. 1.
PLUTARCH'S LIVES
4 Oeplas e(j)6V<yov. dvearrrj /j,ev ovv o Kaiaap
CLTTO rov flrj/jiaros, teal TO
airo rov rpa^rj\ov rq> fB
rrjv atyayrjv e/3oa. rov Be arefyavov zvl
rcov avBpidvrcov avrov irepireOevra Brjjuap^oi rive?
KarecrTracrav, ou? o S^/xo? ev(f)Tj JJLWV /uera Kporov
arrecrrricrev.
XIII. Tavra TOU? Trepl Hpovrov /cal
67reppcoo~6' KOI rwv $>i\wv rot/? rrLcrrovs rcara-
\6yovres eVt rrjv rrpa^iv catcerrrovro jrepl
*Avro)VLOV. rcov Be a\\a)v Trpoffie/Aevcov rov dvBpa
Tpeft&vios avrelirev etyrj yap u^>' ov %povov
a r nr\vrwv e% 'I/ST/yota? eTraviovn Kaicrapi, rov
'Avrcoviov (rv(7Krjvovvros auroo KCU crvvoSevovros,
rr}? JVCO/^TJ^ drpe/na TTW? KOI per
ta?, rov Be vor\<jai jj,ev, ov Be^aaOai Be rrjv
Treipav, ov /jirjv ovBe TT/OO? KatVa/?a /careiTreiv,
2 d\\a TTicrrco? Karao-LWTrrja-ai rov \6yov. e/c
rovrov 7rd\iv /3ov\evovro Katcrayoa Kreivavres
'Avrwviov e'/ccoXucre Be B/ooOro?,
rrjv vrrep rwv VO/JLWV /cal rwv
ro\/jiO)jjievijv irpa^iv elXtKpwf) Kal KaOapav dBi-
/aa? elvai. <f)0/3ov/j,evoL Be rr\v re pco/Arjv rov
'Avrwviov /cal TO TT)? dp%r)s a^tw/ia, rdrrovcriv
eV avrov eVtou? rwv e/c rfjs
elairj Katcra/3 et? rrjv /3oi/X?)^ Kal
BpacrOai TO epyov, e^a> Bta\ey6/j,evoi rt Kal
avrov.
166
ANTONY, xii. 4-xni. 2
their freedom. At last Caesar rose from the rostra
in displeasure, and pulling back the toga from his
throat cried out that anyone who pleased might
smite him there. The wreath, which had been hun<r
* O
upon one of his statues, certain tribunes of the
people tore down. These men the people greeted
with favouring cries and clapping of hands ; but
Caesar deprived them of their office. 1
XIII. This incident strengthened the party of
Brutus and Cassius ; and when they were taking
count of the friends whom they could trust for their
enterprise, they raised a question about Antony.
The rest were for making him one of them, but
Trebonius opposed it. For, he said, while people
were going out to meet Caesar on his return from
Spain, Antony had travelled with him and shared his
tent, and he had sounded him quietly and cautiously;
Antony had understood him, he said, but had not
responded to his advances ; Antony had not, however,
reported the conversation to Caesar, but had faith-
fully kept silence about it. Upon this, the con-
spirators again took counsel to kill Antony after they
had slain Caesar ; but Brutus prevented this, urging
that the deed adventured in behalf of law and justice
must be pure and free from injustice. But the con-
spirators were afraid of Antony's strength, and of the
consideration which his office gave him, and there-
fore appointed some of their number to look out for
him, in order that, when Caesar entered the senate-
chamber and their deed was about to be done, they
might engage Antony outside in conversation about
some urgent matter and detain him there.
1 Cf. the Caesar, chapter Ixi.
167
PLUTARCH'S LIVES
XIV. Tovrwv Be TrparTo/jievwv &>? a~vvere0rj,
real TrecroWo? ev rfj /3ov\fj TOV Kaio-apos, ev0v<;
fiev o 'A^T&wo? etrOijTa OepaTrovTos
e/cpvtyev avTov. o>? S' eyva) TOU? avBpas
POVVTCLS fjiev ovSevi, GwrjOpourfjievovs Be et? TO
Ka7nra)\,tov, eireiae Karafifjvai Xa/3oz/ra?
Trap avrov TOV vlov /cal Y^acraiov fjiev
, B/?O{)TO^ Se AeTTtSo?. (rvvayayaiv Be 922
auro? yitez> i7re/o a/iz^crTia? elvre /tal
Biavo/J,rjs e7rap%i(*)v rot? ?repl Kda-criov /cal Bpoi)-
TOZ^, ?; Se o-vyfcXrjTOS eKvpaxre ravra real TWV VTTO
Katcra/jo? yeyovorwv -^7j<f)i(ravTO /jirjBev a\\dr-
TLV. e^rjei Be TT}? /3otA,r}<? Xa/ATTyOOTaro? dvOpcajrcov
6 'A^TWJ/tO?, dvrjp7)KVai BoKWV
/cal Trpdy/^aai Bvcrfeo~\.ias e%ovcri /cal
ra? Tvyovvas e/jL^povearara Ke%p7ja0ai /cal
ra%v rwv \oyia/jitov e^e
avrbv rj jrapa TWV o^\(ov B6a, irp&rov e
/3e/3atC()9 ecrecrOai Bpourou KaTa\v0evTo$.
fjt,ev ovv eKKOfjLL^ojJLevov Katcrapo?, wajrep
r)V, ev dyopa Sie^iwv eytcwfjuov op&v Be TOV
Bfj/jLOV VTrepfyvws ayofjievov real Kini\ovp,evov eve
Tol^ eTraivois QLKTOV a/m real Beivaxriv eVl
TrdOei, teal T& \oyw T\vra)VTi l TOU? re
TOV TeQvriKOTOS y/u,ay/uievov<; /cal
rot? %i<f)ea-iv dvacreiwv, /cal rovs elpyaa-
Tavra Ka~kwvTra\afjivaiov<5 real dvBpoipovovs,
TO<TOVTOV opyris eve/3a\ rot? dv9pu>Trois cocrre TO
1 T<> \6y(f re\evrS>i>Ti Sintenis, after Bryan ; reAewrcDv
Bekker, with the MSS., bracketing TO! \6yca ; KO,\ TOW \6yuv
TeAeirroij/ Coraes ; KO.\ T(f \6ycf. Te\VT<ai' re TOVS
KT\. Stephanus.
168
ANTONY, xiv. 1-4
XIV. This was done as planned, and Caesar fell in
the senate-chamber. At once, then, Antony put on
the dress of a slave and hid himself. But when he
learned that the conspirators were laying hands upon
nobody, but were merely assembled together on the
Capitol, he persuaded them to come down by giving
them his son as hostage ; moreover, he himself
entertained Cassius, and Lepidus entertained Brutus.
Besides, he called the senate together and spoke in
favour of amnesty and a distribution of provinces
among Brutus and Cassius and their partisans, and
the senate ratified this proposal, and voted that no
change should be made in what Caesar had done. 1
So Antony went out of the senate the most illustrious
of men ; for he was thought to have put an end to
civil war, and to have handled matters involving great
difficulty and extraordinary confusion in a most
prudent and statesmanlike manner.
From such considerations as these, however, he
was soon shaken by the repute in which he stood
with the multitude, and he had hopes that he would
surely be first in the state if Brutus were overthrown.
Now, it happened that when Caesar's body was
carried forth for burial, Antony pronounced the
customary eulogy over it in the forum. And when
he saw that the people were mightily swayed and
charmed by his words, he mingled with his praises
sorrow and indignation over the dreadful deed, and
at the close of his speech shook on high the garments
of the dead, all bloody and tattered by the swords as
they were, called those who had wrought such work
villains and murderers, and inspired his hearers with
1 Cf. the Caesar, Ixvii. 4 ; the Brutus, xix. 3.
169
PLUTARCH'S LIVES
crwua TOV KatVapo? eV dyopa KaOayiaai,
(TW6veyKa/j,vov<$ TO, ftdOpa teal ra? T/oa7rea?,
ovTas Be rou? drro TT)? Trvpas SaXoi"? eVl ra?
Oeiv TWV direKTOvoTMV KOI Trpocrud^e
XV. Am raura rcoz^ vre/al BpoOroz^ e'/c
d7re\6ovT(t)V o'i re <fyl\oi TOV KatVapo?
T T6
rwv rdrayv 70,
TrXetcrra Karedero Trpos avrov e/c TT}? otVta?, e/?
\6yov ra avfJLTravra T6TpaKi<T%i\L(t)v ra\dvrwv.
2 e\aj3e Be KOA, ia /3i/3\ta TO{) Katcrapo?, eV
rwv KeKpi/mevoov Kal BeSoy/jLevcov
Kal TOVTOLS TrapGjypd^wv
e/BovXero, TroXXou? /iei^ ap^ovras
TroXXou? 8e /5ofXeuTa9, eVtou? Se Aral
TretyvyaBev/jievovs Kal /eaOeipyfievovs eXvev, co?
3 5^ raOra TW KatcrayOt Bo^avra. Bib TOVTOVS
aTravras 7ri(TKu>7rTOVT6S oi 'Pw/jiaioi Xapwi^Ta?
e/cdXovv \eyx6/jLevoL yap 6i? TOU? roO vercpov
tcaT<pevyov VTTO/JLVI] Barter /JLOVS. Kal raXXa 5e
efrparrev avTOKparopiKWS 6 'Azmowo?, auro? ^ez^
vTrarevwv, TOL? Se aSeX^ov? e^wv (Tvvdp'%ovTas,
Td'iov {lev (TTpaniyov, ACVKIOV Se B / )j/j,ap%ov.
XVI. 'E^Tai)(9a, Se TWJ^ Trpay^dTayv OVTWV 6
i/eo? d(f)iKViTai Katcrap et? 'Pco/jirjv, aSeX^iSr}?
rot) reOvrfKoiro^ vios, co? eipr^rai,
's Be rr}? ovcrias a.TroXeXef/A/iez'o?, eV
ta Se Biarpiftwv vfi ov ^povov dvrjp^ro
Kal<jap. OUTO? evBvs *Avrcoviov, w? 8^ iraTpwov
(f)i\ov, do-Tracrd/jievos rwv TrapaKaTaOijKtov eue-
. Kal yap coc^eiXe 'Pcoaaicov e/cacrrw
170
ANTONY, xiv. 4-xvi. i
such rage that they heaped together benches and
tables and burned Caesar's body in the forum, and
then, snatching the blazing faggots from the pyre, ran
to the houses of the assassins and assaulted them. 1
XV. On account of these things Brutus and his as-
sociates left the city, the friends of Caesar united in
support of Antony, and Caesar's wife, Calpurnia, put-
ting confidence in Antony, took most of the treasure
from Caesar's house and put it in his charge ; it
amounted in all to four thousand talents. Antony
received also the papers of Caesar, in which there
were written memoranda of his decisions and de-
crees ; and making insertions in these, he appointed
many magistrates and many senators according to his
own wishes. He also brought some men back from
exile, and released others from prison, as though
Caesar had decided upon all this. Wherefore the
Romans in mockery called all such men Charonitae ; 2
for when put to the test they appealed to the memo-
randa of the dead. And Antony managed every-
thing else in autocratic fashion, being consul himself,
and having his brothers in office at the same time,
Caius as praetor, and Lucius as tribune of the
people.
XVI. At this state of affairs the young Caesar came
to Rome, a son of the dead Caesar's niece, as has
been said, 3 who had been left heir to his property.
He had been staying at Apollonia when Caesar was
assassinated. The young man greeted Antony as his
father's friend, and reminded him of the moneys de-
posited with him. For he was under obligation to
1 Cf. the Cicero, xlii. 2 ff. ; the Brutus, xx. 3.
2 In Latin, Orcini, from Orcus, the god of the lower world,
to whom the Greek Charon ia made to correspond.
8 Chapter xi. 1.
171
PLUTARCH'S LIVES
rrevre Sovvcti, Kcucrapo? ev rats
2 Bia0 1] /cats ypd-tyavros. 'Avrcovios Be rb
Trpwrov a>? fjieipaKiov Karafypovwv e\eyev
vyiaiveiv avrbv, d\\a KOI typevwv dya&wv Kal
<pL\(i)v epy^ov OVTCL (fropriov aftdcnaKTOV aipeaOai
rrjv KatVapo? BiaBo^rjv fjirj TreiOojJievov Be
TOVTOIS, a\X' aTTCUTovvros ra
l \e<y(ov Trpb? v/3piv avrov Kal irpaTTaiv
re jap epecrrrj yuertoim, Kal Bi<f*pop
TOV Trarpo?, cocnrep e^n'^LaTO, rtdevros
r)Trei\r)aev els <f>v\aKr]V aTrd^eiv, el /XT) iravaairo
eVel yueWoi Kf/ce/o&m Bovs eavrbv 6
KOI rots aXXoi? ocroi rov '
e/JLifTOVV, Bl GKGiVCDV fJLV WKetOVTO rr)V
avrbs Be rov Brj/aov dveKdfji^ave Kal rovs &rpa-
ricoras drro rwv KaroiKiwv crvvrjye, Beiaas 6
els \6yovs avrat avvrfkOev ev
Etra KoifjLwfjievos eKeivrjs rrjs WKrbs O
aroTTOv 6 'AVTGOVIOS. eSorcei yap avrov rrjv
4 %etpa (3e[B\r)crOai Kepavvw. Kal fjieO*
6\[yas everreae \6yos &>? 7ri/3ov\evoi, Kaicrap 92.
avrq). Katcrap Be drreXoyelro [JLev, OVK erceiOe Be"
Kal rrd\iv rjv evepybs r] e^Opa, Kal TrepiOeovres
dfj,(f)6repoi rr)V '\ra\iav TO p,ev iBpvfiievov ev rals
KaroiKiais ^Sr; TOU a-rpancoriKOV jneyd\ois
aviaracrav fjuvOols, TO ' ev orr\0is en reray/jievov
V7ro(f)6dvovres d\\ij\ovs Trpo&rjyovro.
172
ANTONY, xvi. 1-4
give every Roman seventy-five drachmas, according
to the terms of Caesar's will. But Antony, at first
despising him as a mere stripling, told him he was
out of his senses, and that in his utter lack of good
judgment and of friends he was taking up a crushing
burden in the succession of Caesar. And when the
young man refused to listen to this, and demanded
the moneys, Antony kept saying and doing many
things to insult him. For instance, he opposed him
in his canvass for a tribuneship, and when he at-
tempted to dedicate a golden chair in honour of his
father by adoption, according to a decree of the
senate, Antony threatened to hale him off to prison
unless he stopped trying to win popular favour.
When, however, the young man made common cause
with Cicero and all the other haters of Antony, and
with their aid won the support of the senate, while he
himself got the goodwill of the people and assembled
the soldiers of Caesar from their colonies, then
Antony was struck with fear and came to a conference
with him on the Capitol, and they were reconciled.
Afterwards, as he lay asleep that night, Antony
had a strange vision. He thought, namely, that his
right hand was smitten by a thunder-bolt. And
after a few days a report fell upon his ears that the
young Caesar was plotting against him. Caesar tried
to make explanations, but did not succeed in convinc-
ing Antony. So once more their hatred was in full
career, and both were hurrying about Italy trying to
bring into the field by large pay that part of the
soldiery which was already settled in their colonies,
and to get the start of one another in winning the
support of that part which was still arrayed in
arms.
173
PLUTARCH'S LIVES
XVII. TCJV 8' ev rfj irokei Ki/cepwv
Bwd/^evos, Kal irapo^vvwv eirl rov 'Avrooviov
cnravras dvOpWTrovs, reXo? eVetcre TTJV /3ov\rjv
eKelvov /j.ev TroKefJiiov tyr)(f)iaracr0ai, Kaicrapi Be
pa/3Bov%Lav Tre/JL-^raL KCU a-rpaTrjyiKa KOG/JLLCI,
\\.avaav Be Kal "Ipriov aTrocrTeXXeiv e^e\wvra<;
'AvTtoviov /c r?)? 'IraXta?. ovrot Be rjcrav viraroL
Tore* Kal avfJi(Bd\ov'Te<$ 'Ai'Tamw irepl 7r6\iv
MVTLVJJV, Katcrapo? Trapovros Kal av/jL/jLaxofj-evov,
TOVS fjiev TroXe/uou? evLxcov, aural Be direOavov.
2 (frevyovn Be ' AVTWVIO) 7ro\\a avveTrnTTe TWV
aTTopwv, 6 Be Xt/to? aTTopcoraTOV. dXXa (frvaei
"jrapa ra? KaKOTrpayias eyivero fieXricrTOS eavrov
Kal Bvarv^wv o/xoioraTO? rjv dya6u>, KOIVOV fj.lv
oVro? TOU alffOdveaOai T/}? dperrj<; rot? Si
diropiav Tiva a^aXX.op.evoi^, ov (JirjV dirdvrwv a
i]\ov(Ti fjLLfjLelaOaL Kal fyevyeiv a Bvcrxepaivovaiv
eppwfjLevwv ev rat? fAera/3o\ais, d\\d Kal fjLo\\ov
eviwv roi? e6ecnv evBiBovrayv VTTO daOeveias Kal
3 Opavojjievtov rov \oyia-fJLov. o B' ovv '
Tore Oav/jLaarbv rjv 7rapdBeiy/u.a rot?
diro r/3u^)?5? rocrauTT/? Kal TroXuTeXeui?
T TTLVCOV Bl6(j}0ap/JLVOV 6U/CoX&)?,
dypiovs Kal pi^as irpoa^epoi^evo^. eftpwOrj Be Kal
<j6Xoto?, a>5 \eyerai, Kal fypwv dyevarcov irporepov
ijifravro ra9 "A\7ret9 VTrep/SaXXo^re?.
XVIII. ^Hv Be op/jirj rot? 7TKiva (TTparev-
wv AejriBos r e > <>^os elvai
BOKWV ' AvTwvlov Kal TroXXa r/}? Katcrapo?
d7ro\e\ai'Kvat, BS avrov. e\0a>v Be Kal Trapa-
ci)9 ovOev
ANTONY, xvii. i-xvin. i
XVII. But Cicero, who was the most influential
man in the city, and was trying to incite everybody
against Antony, persuaded the senate to vote him a
public enemy, to send to Caesar the fasces and other
insignia of a praetor, and to dispatch Pansa and Hirtius
to drive Antony out of Italy. These men were consuls
at that time, and in an engagement with Antony
near the city of Mutina, at which Octavius Caesar was
present and fought on their side, they conquered the
enemy, but fell themselves. 1 Many difficulties befell
Antony in his flight, the greatest of which was
famine. But it was his nature to rise to his highest
level when in an evil plight, and he was most like a
good and true man when he was unfortunate. For it
is a common trait in those whom some difficulty has
laid low, that they perceive plainly what virtue is, but
all have not the strength amid reverses to imitate
what they admire and shun what they hate, nay, some
are then even more prone to yield to their habits
through weakness, and to let their judgment be
shattered. Antony, however, was at this time an
amazing example to his soldiers, after such a life of
luxury and extravagance as he had led drinking foul
water contentedly and eating wild fruits and roots.
Bark also was eaten, we are told, and animals never
tasted before were food for them as they crossed the
Alps.
XVIII. They were eager to fall in with the troops
in those parts which Lepidus commanded, for he was
thought to be a friend of Antony, and through him
had reaped much advantage from Caesar's friendship.
But when Antony came and encamped near by, he
met with no tokens of friendliness, and therefore de-
1 In 43 B.C. Cf. the Cicero, xlv. 3.
175
PLUTARCH'S LIVES
$>i\dv9pwjrov, eyvo) 7rapa/3a\ecr6ai. Kal
uev aT?7/zeXr)? KOI /3a$u<? TTCOJWV fjiTa T-qv TJTTCIV
eyyvs Trpoar/ye ru) ^pa/ci TOV
2 Kal \6yeiv ijp^aro. 7ro\\a)V 5e Kal 77730? rrjv oifriv
vwv KOL rot? Xoyoi? ayo^eixav, Seto-a? o
ra? crd\7riyyas e/ceXevcre Gvvriyov<ja<s
d(f)e\O'0ai TO /cara/coveaOai rbv 'Kvrutviov. ol
Se crrpariwrai /na\\ov wKTeipav Kal SieXeyovro
, Aai\iov Kal KXai^toz/ ciTrocrTeiXavTes
avTov, eV^ra? \a,86vra$ eraipevouevwv
01 TOV AVTCOVIOV K6\evov
Oappovvra rw r )(apaKi* vroXXou? yap elvau
Kal TOV AeTTiSov, el {Bov\oiTO,
AeTTiBov JJLZV ovK iacrv
rj/Jtepav 8e TOV aTparov e~)(wv d7T7reipaTO TOV
Kal 7T/5WTO? atT09 eaftas eVopeuero
7T/30? Trjv dvTLjrepas oyOriv, oputv ijorj vroXXou?
TWV Aerri&ov crTpaTi-WTMv ra? re ^etpa? opcyovras
avTW Kal TOV %dpaKa ^lacnrwina^. el(je\0cov Se
Kal KpaTijcras airavTwv r/yttepcorara AeTuSw Trpoa-
TraTepa yap Trpoc'rjyopevo'ev avTov
Kal TW uev epyw TTCLVTWV
8'
r)V Kvpios, Kiva> ovofiia Ka TI/JLV
4 SiereXet ^uXarrft)^. TOVTO KOL H\dyKOv
M.ovvdr.iov eTroirjae TrpoaOeaOaL, KaOtjuevov ov
Trpccro) fJieTa o~v)(vr)<; Swduew?. OVTW Be
avflis vTrepe(3a\e ra? "AX-Tra?, 6i?
aywv eTTTaKaiSeKa Te\rj rre^wv <rvv
[Jivpiovs /TTTTft?' %WyOf? 3e (frpovpdv
Coraes and Bekker, after Reiske : Se|o-
/j.fi>ovs with the MSS.
176
ANTONY, xvin. 1-4
termined upon a bold stroke. His hair was unkempt,
and his beard had been allowed to grow long ever
since his defeat, and putting on a dark garment he
came up to the camp of Lepidus and began to
speak. Many of the soldiers were melted at his
appearance and moved by his words, so that Lepidus
was alarmed and ordered the trumpets to sound all
at once in order to prevent Antony from being heard.
But the soldiers felt all the more pity for Antony,
and held a secret parley with him, sending Laelius
and Clodius to him in the garb of women of the
camp. These urged Antony to attack their camp
boldly ; for there were many, they said, who would
welcome him and kill Lepidus, if he wished. But An-
tony would not permit them to lay hands on Lepidus,
and next day began to cross the river with his army.
He himself was first to plunge in, and made his way
towards the opposite bank, seeing already that many
of the soldiers of Lepidus were stretching out their
hands to him and tearing down their ramparts. After
entering the camp and making himself master of
everything, he treated Lepidus with the greatest
kindness. Indeed, he embraced him and called him
father ; and though in fact he was in full control him-
self, still he did not cease to preserve for Lepidus the
name and the honour of imperator. This induced
Munatius Plancusalso to join him, who was encamped
at no great distance with a considerable force. Thus
raised again to great power, he crossed the Alps and
led into Italy with him seventeen legions of infantry
and ten thousand horse. And besides these, he left to
177
PLUTARCH'S LIVES
rdjfjLara \e\oL7ret fiera Ovapiov TWOS
KOI (TVJJLTTOTWV, ov Korv\wva 7rpo<r-
rjyopevov.
XIX. Katcrap Be Kticepcovt, /Jiev ovKert irpoael^e,
n?9 e\ev9epias op&v 7rpi6%6/jLevov, 'Avrcoviov Be
7rpovfca\LTo 8ia TWV <fyi\wv et? SiaXvcreis. real 92
ol rpels et? vr]crl$a Trora/jiM Trepippeo-
r/oet? r)/jLepa<$ ffvvijBpevo-av. KCU ra\\a
/j,ev CTrieiKws a)fj,o\oyelTO, teal
crv/uLTraaav ap^v wcnrep ovalav Trarpwav
77 Se Trepl TWV aTTO\ov[xevwv avbpwv
aurot? TrXelcrra irpdy/Jiara Trape-
[JLCV tyOpovs dve\elv cKaarrov, crwcrai,
2 Be 701/9 irpocn']KovTa^ d^iovvros. TeXo9 Be rfj
TT/JO? TOVS /uLicrov/jLevovs opyfj Kal (rvyyevwv
<pi\a>v evvoiav Trpoe/nevot, KtA:eyoa>^o
Kaiaap e^earrj, TOVTW Be '
09 rV eo<$ avrw
eB60r) Be teal AejriBw Tlav\ov dv\elv rov
dBe\(j)6v ol Be (fxiaiv e/ccrTfjvai, rod Tlav\ov rov
AejriBov e/ceivois aTroOavelv avrbv
3 ovBev to/jLorepov ovBe dypiooTepov 77)9
TavTtjs BOKW yevecrdai. cj)6i>oov jap dvTiKcna\-
Xacrcro/jievoi, fyovovs O/JLOLW^ fjLtv 069 eXd/A/3avov
dvypovv ou9 eBiBocrai>, dBiKcorepoL Be Trepl Toi/9
</)tXou9 rjGCiv, 01)9 dTTCKrivvvaav firjBe /juaovvTe^.
XX. 'ETTI S' ovv rat9 BiaXXayais ravTais ol
err par LOOT ai TrepicrTavres rfeiovv teal yd/may TLV\
178
ANTONY, xvm. 4-xx. i
guard Gaul six legions with Varius, one of his in-
timates and boon companions, who was surnamed
Cotylon.
XIX. Now, Octavius Caesar no longer held witli
Cicero, because he saw that Cicero was devoted to
liberty, and he sent his friends to Antony with
an invitation to come to terms. So the three men
came together on a small island in the midst of
a river, 1 and there held conference for three
days. All other matters were easily agreed upon,
and they divided up the whole empire among
themselves as though it were an ancestral in-
heritance; but the dispute about the men who
were to be put to death gave them the greatest
trouble. Each demanded the privilege of slaying
his enemies and saving his kinsmen. But at last
their wrath against those whom they hated led them
to abandon both the honour due to their kinsmen
and the goodwill due to their friends, and Caesar
gave up Cicero to Antony, while Antony gave up
to him Lucius Caesar, who was Antony's uncle on
the mother's side. Lepidus also was permitted to
put to death Paulus his brother ; although some say
that Lepidus gave up Paulus to Antony and Caesar,
who demanded his death. Nothing, in my opinion,
could be more savage or cruel than this exchange.
For by this barter of murder for murder they put to
death those whom they surrendered just as truly as
those whom they seized ; but their injustice was
greater towards their friends, whom they slew without
so much as hating them.
XX. To complete this reconciliation, then, the
soldiers surrounded them and demanded that Caesar
1 Cf. the Cicero, xlvi. 3.
179
PLUTARCH'S LIVES
rpa, \a/36vra TT/V
'AVTQJVLOV yvvaiKos 0uyarepa
0/^,0X0777 OevTo 9 e :at rovrou rpia-
KOCTLOI, fiev ex Trpoypac^ij^ edavaTwOrjaav UTT'
2 CLVTMV Ki/f/3ft)^o? 5e (rtyayevTOS etceXeva-ev 'Av-
rcoi'f09 rr/V re K<pa\r)i> aTTOKOTrrjvai KOI rr]V
TTIV &6%iaV, fj TOL>9 KdT aVTOV \6j
KOI KOfJuaOevrwv eOeaTO 767^^609 KCU dvafcay-
VTTO aas iroXXaKiS' eira
Ke\evcr6V vTrep TOV /9?; / u.aro9 eV dyopa
KaOdirep et9 TOV vetcpov vjSpi^wv, ov% avrbv
evv/Spi^ovra rfj TVXV Ka ^ KaTata")(yvpvra TIJV
3 e^ovffiav 7riS6iKvv/j.6i>os. 6 Se 6eios avrov Katcra/3
tyTov/Aevos KOI ^iWKo/Jievo^ /care^wye 7r/oo9 TTJV
d&e\(f)r)V. r) &e, TWV atyayecov eTriGTdvrwv /cal
(Bia^ofJLevwv e/9 TO Sw/jLanov avrij^, ev rat9 Ovpais
crracra KOI Siaa~^ovaa r9 %et/?a9 eftoa 7roXXa/ct9'
" Oi)/c aTTOKreveiTe KatVa^a Aev/ciov, edv /j,r)
irporepov e'yue diroKTeivrjre rrjv TOV avTOfcpdropa
TeKovaav." eiceivr) pev ovv roiavrrj
8ieK\tye real Sieawcre TOV aSeX^oV.
XXI. ^Hy Be KOI TO, TroXXa c Pa>yuatot9 e
TI TWV rpiwv dp%)j' fcal TO TrXetcrrov o '
el%e, TrpeffftvTepos p,ev cov Katcrapo9,
e Svvarcorepos, 6t9 5e TOI^ /Sto^ e/ceivav
TOV rjbvTraOrj /cal aKoKao'TOV, 009 irp&TOv
2 dve%aLTi(T TWV Trpayi^dTwv, KKe%V[jLVos. rrpocr-
Be rfj KOivfi fcaKobo^ia TO 5ia r^y oltciav ov
q)Ki, T\.ofjL7rrj'iov TOV Me7aXou
, dv&pbs ov% TJTTOV eVt a-wfypocrvvr) /cal
TCO T6Taae^ft)9 /cat ^7uoTt/cco9 SiaiTaaOai dav-
180
ANTONY, xx. i-xxi. 2
should also cement the friendship by a marriage, and
should take to wife Clodia, a daughter of Antony's
wife Fulvia. After this also had been agreed upon,
three hundred men were proscribed and put to death
by them; moreover, after Cicero had been butchered,
Antony ordered his head to be cut off, and that right
hand with which Cicero had written the speeches
against him. 1 When they were brought to him, he
gazed upon them exultantly, laughing aloud for joy
many times ; then, when he was sated, he ordered
them to be placed on the rostra in the forum,
just as though he were putting insult upon the
dead, and not rather making a display of his own
insolence in good fortune and abuse of pow r er. His
uncle, Lucius Caesar, being sought for and pursued,
took refuge with his sister. She, when the execu-
tioners were at hand and trying to force their way
into her chamber, stood in the doorway, spread out
her arms, and cried repeatedly : " Ye shall not slay
Lucius Caesar unless ye first slay me, the mother of
your imperator." By such behaviour, then, she got
her brother out of the way and saved his life.
XXI. Now, for the most part, the government of
the triumvirate was odious to the Romans ; and
Antony bore most of the blame, since he was older
than Caesar, more powerful than Lepidus, and threw
himself once more into his old life of pleasure and
dissipation as soon as he had shaken off some of his
troubles. And to his general ill-repute there was
added the great hatred caused by the house in which
he dwelt. It had been that of Pornpey the Great, a
man no less admired for sobriety and for the orderly
and democratic disposition of his life than because of
1 Cf. the Cicero, xlviii. 4.
181
PLUTARCH'S LIVES
rf Bia TOU9 rpeis
yap opwvres avrrjv rd 7ro\\d KeK*\.i(rfjLevrji> fj,ev
rjye fjiocn Kal <TTpaTr)yol<; teal TT pea (Beer iv, oiOov-
/bLVOl<$ 7T/909 V/3plV OL7TO TWV OvpWV, /jbedT^V
fj.ifj.cov Kal 0avfj.aro7roicit)V /cat, KoKaKwv Kpanra-
\(t)VTWV, et? 01/9 TO, 7T\L(TTa KCLT aVY)\ia K6TO TWV
3 TropL^ofjievwv. ov jap IJLOVOV TTCO\OVV overlap
<poveuofjiV(0v, eTTLavKofyavTovvrGS oiKelovs
yvvaiKas avrwv, ovSe re\a)V 'wav eKivrjcrav
a\\a Kal Trapa rat9 'Ecrrfacrt irvOoiJievoi irap-
6evoi$ TrapaKaraOrjKas riva? KelaOaL Kal %evwv
4 Kal TTO\ITWV e\aj3ov ETreXOovres. 0)9 Se ovbev rjv
iKavbv 'Ai/rw^tft), Katcra/3 rj^iwcre vei/jLaa-Oai ra
Trpbs avrov. eveifjiavro Be Kal rbv
ov, 7rl Bpovrov Kal Kdcro-iov 6^9 Ma/ire- 92
crTparevovTes d/A^oTepoi, AeTTiSw Be rrjv
XXII. '119 fj-evTOi Siaflavres rityavro Tro\efJLOV
l TrapearparoTreBevo-av TOIS 770X6^10^9, ' ' KVTWVI-
ov fj,ev dvTiTTay/j,ei>ov Kacrcrta), TSpovra) Se Kat-
o-ap09, ovOev epyov ifyawr] fieja rov KatVapo9,
aXX' 'Ai^Tft)^09 rjv o VLKWV irdvra KOI KaropOwv.
2 rf) jjiev ye irporepa fJ<d%r) K.ai<rap VTTO Bpovrov
Kara Kpdros r)TT)]0el^ aTreftaXe TO crrparoTreBov,
Kal uiKpbv ecfrOr) rou9 BicoKovras vTTK<f)vyct)v a>9
Be atTO9 ev rot9 vTro^vrjfJiafTi yeypa(j)e, T&V i\wv
Tyo9 ovap IBovTO? dve^wpTjire Trpb TTJS yu.a'^7/9.
3 'Ai^Tcowo9 Be Kd<r(Tioi> eviKijae' Kauroi yeypd^acriv
evLOi fir) irapayevecrOai rfj fJ-d^rj TOP ' 'Avrooviov,
dX\a TrpoayeveaBai fiera Tr)V ^d^v ijBrj
182
ANTONY, xxi. 2-xxn. 3
his three triumphs. Men were distressed, therefore,
to see the house closed for the most part against
commanders, magistrates, and ambassadors, who
were thrust with insolence from its doors, and filled
instead with mimes, jugglers, and drunken flatterers,
on whom were squandered the greater part of the
moneys got in the most violent and cruel manner.
For the triumvirate not only sold the properties
of those whom they slew, bringing false charges
against their wives and kindred, while they set on
foot every kind of taxation, but learning that there
were deposits with the Vestal Virgins made by both
strangers and citizens, they went and took them.
And since nothing was sufficient for Antony, Caesar
demanded to share the moneys with him. They
shared the army also, and both led their forces into
Macedonia against Brutus and Cassius, entrusting
Rome to Lepidus.
XXII. However, after they had crossed the sea,
taken up war, and encamped near the enemy,
Antony being opposed to Cassius, and Caesar to
Brutus, no great achievements were performed by
Caesar, but it was Antony who was everywhere
victorious and successful. In the first battle, at
least, Caesar was overwhelmingly defeated by Brutus,
lost his camp, and narrowly escaped his pursuers by
secret flight; although he himself says in his Memoirs
that he withdrew before the battle in consequence of
a friend's dream. But Antony conquered Cassius ;
although some write that Antony was not present in
the battle, but came up after the battle when his
183
VOL. IX. O
PLUTARCH'S LIVES
KOVCTI. Kdacriov Be TluvBapos rwv TTLCTTMV Ti? aire-
\ev6epwv avTov Beo/jtevov Kal /ceXevovros e<T(a-
4 %w ov yap eyvw vevifcrjKora UpovTov. o\iywv
Be rjfjiepwv Biayevo/jLevwv ira\iv e/JLa^eaavTO' KOI
BpoOro? /j,V rjTTrjOels eavTov avel\ev, 'Ai/rcowo?
Be TT}? viler}? rjvey/caTO rfj So^rj TO TrXetcrro^, are
&r) KOI voaovwTOS rov Katcra/oo?. evricrra? Be rw
B/JOUTOU vexpS) fjbLKpa /n.ev wretSicrev vjrep r?}?
Tatov TOV d$e\(f)ov re\evrrjsf (dvypijtcet yap eicel
vov o B^oOro? ev MaKeBovLa KiKepaivi
Se /ma\\ov r QpTi](Tiov rj l&povrov ai
TCO fjsVtj/jLart, Byoourw Be TTJV avrov
av ovcrav errep-
, Kal TWV a7re\ev6epwv TLV\ TWV eavrov Trpocr-
TOVTOV {/crre-
ov avyKCLTaxavaravTa rrjv
KOI 7To\\a TT}? 6t5 rrjv ra<pi)V Ba7rdvr)s
XXIII. 'E/c TOVTOV Kaicrap fiev et? r Pot)/j,rjv
, BOKCOV ov 7repiecre(T0ai rro\vv ^povov eV
dppaHTTias, 'A^rcowo? Be ra? TT/JO? ea> Tracra?
dpyvpo\oyij(ra)v Bieflaivev ei? T^ r E\-
XaSa, 7ro\\r]V o-Tpariav aywv vTrecr^rjfjLevoi yap
eKacrTw (TTpaTicoTy Bpaxfjias Tre^ra/cicr^tXta? e'8e-
oi^ro (TVisTovwTepov ^prjfjiaTiafjiov Kal Baa-[MO\o-
2 7ta?. TO?? /iei* ovv f 'E,\\r)crtv ov/c aroTro? ouSe
(fropTifcos (rvprjve'xQr) TO ye irpcoTOV, d\\a /cal TO
rral^ov avTOv 7rpo<? dtcpodo-eis (j)i\o\6ya)V
dywvwv Kal fjivrja-eis eTpeTre, Kal irepi ra?
/ ^ J A '\ "\ J/ >' >'t>\
is, Kai (f>L\e\Mjv CLKOVWV %aip6V, CTI oe
184
ANTONY, xxii. 3-xxiii. 2
men were already in pursuit. Cassius, at his own
request and command, was killed by Pindar, one of
his trusty freedmen ; for Cassius was not aware that
Brutus was victorious. After a few days had inter-
vened, a second battle was fought, and Brutus, being
defeated, slew himself; but Antony won the greater
credit for the victory, since, indeed, Caesar was sick.
And as he stood beside the dead body of Brutus,
Antony chided him a little for the death of his
brother Caius, whom Brutus had executed in Mace-
donia to avenge Cicero, and declaring that Hortensius
was more to blame than Brutus for his brother's
murder, he ordered Hortensius to be slaughtered on
his brother's tomb ; but over Brutus he cast his own
purple cloak, which was of great value, and ordered
one of his own freedmen to see to the burial of the
body. And learning afterwards that this fellow had
not burned the purple cloak with the body of Brutus,
and had purloined much of what had been devoted
to the burial, he put him to death.
XXIII. After this, Caesar repaired to Rome, since
it was thought that he would not live long in
consequence of his illness ; but Antony, that he
might levy money in all the eastern provinces, made
his way into Greece with a large army ; for since the
triumvirate had promised every one of their soldiers
five hundred drachmas, they required a more vigorous
policy in raising money and collecting tributes.
Toward the Greeks, then, Antony conducted himself
without rudeness or offence, at least in the beginning,
nay, he indulged his fondness for amusement by
listening to literary discussions and by witnessing
games and religious rites. In his judicial decisions
also he was reasonable, and delighted to be called a
185
PLUTARCH'S LIVES
f $>L\a6i'ivaiO<$ Trpocrayopevo/jLei 09, /cal rfj
3 7To\ei 7rXetcrTa9 Bwped? e&co/ee. /3ov\o/jiva)v Be rt
Kal hleyapecov Ka\ov avreTriBei^aadai rat?
/cal TO /3ov\evTijpiov IBeiv avrov d
as Kal Beaadfievos, co? eirvvddvovTO rL So-
' ic~\/T ^ / ill ( ( \ f/ \ \
t?;, Mixpov fjiv, (pr), craTrpov oe. Kai rov
rov YLvOiov ve&v KareuLercrev a>? a-vvre\ecrwv
TOVTO yap VTrea^ero TT/JO?
XXIV. 'ETret Se A.VKIOI> Krjvcrcoplvov eVt TT}<?
KaraXiTrwv et? 'Acriav &ie/3r) Kal
7T/3O? avrov, ev 'Podjjir) Se K.ai(rapo<; aTdae.cn Kal
7ro\e/nois aTrorpv^o/jievov TroXXrjv avrbs dywv ayo-
\r}V Kal lpr)V)]v dveKVK\elro Tot9 irdOeaLV et? TOV
2 avvr>9ri /Biov, ' Aval-fop pe? Be KtOapwBol Kal HoO-
6ot ^opavXai Kal MrjrpoScopos Ti? op^rjaTrj^ Kal
aXXo? A.cnavwv aKpoa/^drcov
pia Kal ^wfioKo^ia ra? diro
r?;? 'IraXtci? tcfjpas, ela-eppvrj Kal SiwKei rrjv av-
X?;V, ovSev r\v dveKrov, eh raOra tyopov/jLevcov
3 aTrdvTWV. f) <ydp *Acrta Traaa, KaOdirep fj ^o<po- 926
KiVrj TToXt?, 6/JLOU JJLV
v 8e iraidvwv re Kal
i? youi>"^(j)a-ov elaLovro^ avTov yvvaiKes pev et?
Ba/c^a?, avSpes Be Kal 7rat3e? e/9 "ZaTvpovs
1 86
ANTONY, xxm. 2-xxiv. 3
Philhellene, and still more to be addressed as Phil-
athenian, and he gave the city very many gifts. But
when the Megarians wished to show him something
fine to rival Athens, and thought that he ought to
see their senate-house, he went up and took a view
of it ; and when they asked him what he thought of
it, "It is small," he said, "but rotten." He also
had measurements taken of the temple of Pythian
Apollo, with the purpose of completing it ; indeed,
he promised as much to the senate.
XXIV. But presently he left Lucius Censorinus in
charge of Greece, and crossing over into Asia 1 laid
hands on the wealth that was there. Kings would
come often to his doors, and wives of kings, vying
with one another in their gifts and their beauty,
would yield up their honour for his pleasure ; and
while at Rome Caesar was wearing himself out in
civil strifes and wars, Antony himself was enjoying
abundant peace and leisure, and was swept back by
his passions into his wonted mode of life. Lute-
players like Anaxenor, flute-players like Xanthus,
one Metrodorus, a dancer, and such other rabble of
Asiatic performers, who surpassed in impudence and
effrontery the pests from Italy, poured like a flood
into his quarters and held sway there. It was
past all endurance that everything was devoted to
these extravagances. For all Asia, like the famous
city of Sophocles, 2 "was filled alike with incense-
offerings,
Alike with paeans, too, and voice of heavy groans."
At any rate, when Antony made his entry into
Ephesus, women arrayed like Bacchanals, and men
1 In 41 B.C. a Thebes, in the Oedipus Rex, 4.
187
PLUTARCH'S LIVES
Ylavas rjyovvro BiecrKevacr/jLevoi, KITTOV Be KOI Ovp-
Kal ^IraXrrjpiCDV Kal avpiyya)v Kal av\wv r)
TJV TrXea, kiovvcrov avTov dvaKoKovfjLevwv
4 %apiB6rr)v Kal fjLet\i%iov. r]v yap a^ueXet TOIOVTOS
evicts, TOi? Be TroXXoi? cor^crT?)? Kal
yap ev<yevel<s avflpooTrovs ra ovra
Be
co? TeOvrfKOTWV al r T r r)<jdiJLVOL rive? overlap
eXajBov. dvBpbs Be MdyvijTOs OLKOV eBoypijaaro
fjLayeiprf Trepl ev, a>5 \ejerai, BeiTrvov ev
5 cravTi. reXo? Be, rat? TroXecrt Bevrepov e
XOI'TO? (fropov, eroX/Arjo-ev 'T/9yoea? VTrep r^9 'Acrta?
\eycov elirelv dyopaiws fj,ev eKelva Kal TT^O? rov
' &.VTWVIOV ^rfkov OVK drjBws, " Et Bvvacrai 8t?
\a/3eiv evbs eviavrov (fropov, Bvvacrai, Kal Bis rjfJiiv
Troirjcracrdai Oepos Kal Bis OTrcopav," TrpaKriKw? Be
Kal 7rapa/3oX&)? avvayayaiv OIL /AvpidBas CLKOCTL
ra\dvTwv 77 'Acrta BeBcoKe, " raura," elirev, " el
p,ev OVK L\'rj(f)as ) dirairei Trapd TWV XajSovTW el
6 Be \aj3wv OVK e^et?, d7ro\a)\a/jiv" erpe^aro
TOVTW Beivws TOV ^AvTOiviov r]<yv6ei jap rd 7ro\\d
TWV yiyvo/j.evcov, ov% ovra) pa9vfjLOS &v, <w? Bt
dir\oTrjra TricrTevwv rot? Trepl avrov.
'Qvrjv <ydp dTrXorrjs rw ijdei Kal fipaBela fjie
aicr6r)ai<;, alcrOavo^evut Be TWV d
Icr^vpd /nerdvota Kal 777309 avTovs
VS d r yv(t)[JLOvr)6evTa / s, /JieyeOos Be Kal Trepl TCL
1 88
ANTONY, xxiv. 3-6
and boys like Satyrs and Pans, led the way before him,
and the city was full of ivy and thyrsus-wands and
harps and pipes and flutes, the people hailing him as
Dionysus Giver of Joy and Beneficent. For he was
such, undoubtedly, to some ; but to the greater part
he was Dionysus Carnivorous and Savage. For he
took their property from well-born men and bestowed
it on flatterers and scoundrels. From many, too, who
were actually alive, men got their property by asking
him for it on the plea that the owners were dead.
The house of a man of Magnesia he gave to a cook,
who, as we are told, had won reputation by a single
supper. But finally, when he was imposing a second
contribution on the cities, Hybreas, speaking in
behalf of Asia, plucked up courage to say this :
" If thou canst take a contribution twice in one year,
thou hast power also to make summer for us twice,
and harvest-time twice." These words were rhe-
torical, it Is true, and'agreeable to Antony's taste;
but the speaker added in plain and bold words that
Asia had given him two hundred thousand talents ;
1 If," said he, " thou hast not received this money,
demand it from those who took it ; but if thou didst
receive it, and hast it not, we are undone." This
speech made a powerful impression upon Antony ;
for he was ignorant of most that was going on, not so
much because he was of an easy disposition, as
because he was simple enough to trust those about
him.
For there was simplicity in his nature, and slow-
ness of perception, though when he did perceive his
errors he showed keen repentance, and made full
acknowledgement to the very men who had been
unfairly dealt with, and there was largeness both in
189
PLUTARCH'S LIVES
as KOI Trepl TCI? Tipcopias. JJLCI\\OV ye
%api%6[jLevo<s f) K0\dwv virepftaXXetv TO
7 rpiov. T) Be Trepl ra? 7raiSi,d<; teal ra?
vftpiS ev auT?} TO (pdp/jiaKOv el%ev.
yap ef)v KOI avfivftplaai, KOI
TOV r\ ye\a>v e^aipe. KOI rovro ^Le\vfJLi]vaTO ra
TroXXa TWV Trpay/jLarcdv. TOU? yap ev TU> irai^iv
7rappr)criao/uevovs ov/c av olrjdelp cnrov<$doi>Tas
KO\aKeveiv avrov t}\iaKTO paBicos VTTO TWV
8 vwv, dyvowv OTL TI~IV Trapprjaiav rives eo?
(f)ov tj&vcr/jLa rfj KoXatceiq TrapajAiyvvvTes d(prjpouv
TO 7T\ria'iJLiov, rfj jrapd rrjv KV\IKCL Opaav-T^TL /cat
\a\ia Bia/jLfj'^avctiijLei'Oi, rrjv eVt TWV
vfacriv Kal crvyKCLTdBecriv fjirj TT/JO?
\OVVTWV, d\\a TW (ppoveLV r)TTCi)fj,evcov
XXV. ToiOVTW S' OVV OVTL T^V
fcctKov 6 K\eo7raT/3a
, /cal TroXXa TWV CTI KpwjTTo/nevwv ev O.VTU)
vTcov Tra6wv eyeipas fcal dva/3a/c^ev-
cra?, t Ti %pr)crTov rj crwTrjpiov o/ift)? dvTel^ev,
r)<pdvi(Te Kal Trpoa-SiefyOeipev. aXicrKeTai 8e TOV-
TOV TOV Tporrov. aTTTOfJievo^ Tov HapdiKOV TroXe-
fJLOV 776/^^6 TTyDO? aVTTjV, Ke\VO)V et? }Li\LKiaV
aTravTr/a'aL \6yov v<peovcrav
Trepl JZ-dtfaiov Sovvat TroXXa Kal
2 7T/30? TOI^ TToXe/ZOI^. Be 7T6yU-0^e4? AeXXiO?, ft)?
-^TLV Kal KaTep^aBe Tr\v ev Tot? \6yois
Kal Travovpyiav, evflvs ala-Oo/Jievo^ OTL
190
ANTONY, xxiv. 6-xxv. 2
his restitution to the wronged and in his punishment
of the wrong-doers. Yet he was thought to exceed
due bounds more in conferring favours than in in-
flicting punishments. And his wantonness in mirth
and jest carried its own remedy with it. For a man
might pay back his jests and insolence, and he
delighted in being laughed at no less than in laughing
at others. And this vitiated most of his undertakings.
For he could not believe that those who used bold
speech in jest could flatter him in earnest, and so
was easily captivated by their praises, not knowing
that some men would mingle bold speech, like a
piquant sauce, with flattery, and thus would take
away from flattery its cloying character. Such men
would use their bold babbling over the cups to make
their submissive yielding in matters of business seem
to be the way, not of those who associate with a
man merely to please him, but of those who are
vanquished by superior wisdom.
XXV. Such, then, was the nature of Antony,
where now as a crowning evil his love for Cleo-
patra supervened, roused and drove to frenzy many
of the passions that were still hidden and quiescent
in him, and dissipated and destroyed whatever good
and saving qualities still offered resistance. And he
was taken captive in this manner. As he was
getting ready for the Parthian war, he sent to
Cleopatra, ordering her to meet him in Cilicia in
order to make answer to the charges made against
her of raising and giving to Cassius much money
for the Avar. But Dellius, Antony's messenger,
when he saw how Cleopatra looked, and noticed her
subtlety and cleverness in conversation, at once
G 2
191
PLUTARCH'S LIVES
fcatcbv fjiev ovBe yiieXXr;'crei rt Troieiv yvvatita roiav-
rrjv 'AvrcJovios, carat Be /jLeyicrrr) trap* avrw, rpe-
rrerai vrpo? TO OepaTreveiv KOI TrporpeTrecrfiai rrjv
Alyvirriav, rovro Brj TO 'O^piKov, e\6elv
ev evTVvacrav e avTijv /cal yu.r;
rbv 'KvTtoviov, r)$io"rov fiye/JLOvayv OVTCL KOI
3 avOptoTTOTCLTOV. r) Be fcal AeXXtw Treicr^etcra, KOI
TOi? TTyOO? Katcra/oa Kal Tvalov rov
TralSa irporepov aurfj yevo/jievois a<^ w/oa?
/3oXatot? reK/jLaipo/uievr], pdov ^\in^ev
rov ' KVTMVLOV. exelvoi fjiev yap avrr^v en,
/cal Trpay/JLCiTtov ciTreipov eryvwaav, TT/JO? Be rovrov 927
e'yueXXe (fioinjcreiv ev co /adXicrra Kaipov
wpav Te \a/jL7rpordrr]v e^ovat, Kal TO
4 aKfJid^ovcn. Bio TroXXa //-et' avveaKevdcraTo Bwpa
Kal Koafjiov olov etVo? 771; aTro rrpay-
wv Kal /SacrtXeta? evBaipovos KOfjiL-
Ta? Be TrXaaTa? v eavrfj Kal TO?? Trepl
/jLayyavev/naat Kal <pi\rpot<i e'XTTiSa? Oe^evrj
TrapeyeveTO.
XXVI. IloXXa Be Kal Trap 1 avrov Kal irapa
e^o^evrj ypd/jL/^ara Ka\ovvrwv, ovrco
Kal KareyeXaae rov dvBpbs ware
dva TOV KuS^oi/ Trora/jibv ev TropOfjieia* %pv-
o), TWV fJLev iariaiv d\ovpywv eKireireraa'-
7^9 Be elpeaias upyvpals Ku>TTais diafyepo-
Trpo? av\ov apa avpiy^i Kal Kiddcais crvv-
avrrj Be KareKeiro /j.ev VTTO trKidBt
A(f)poBiTrj, TratSe? Be Tot? ypafyiKols "Etpwaiv el-
Trap 1 eKarepov ecrrcore? eppiin^ov.
192
ANTONY, xxv. 2 -xxvi. 2
perceived that Antony would not so much as think
of doing such a woman any harm, but that she
would have the greatest influence with him. Fie
therefore resorted to flattery and tried to induce
the Egyptian to go to Cilicia " decked out in fine
array " l (as Homer would say), and not to be afraid
of Antony, who was the most agreeable and humane
of commanders. She was persuaded by Dellius, and
judging by the proofs which she had had before this
of the effect of her beauty upon Caius Caesar and
Gnaeus the son of Pompey, she had hopes that she
would more easily bring Antony to her feet. For
Caesar and Pompey had known her when she was
still a girl and inexperienced in affairs, but she was
going to visit Antony at the very time when women
have most brilliant beauty and are at the acme of
intellectual power. Therefore she provided herself
with many gifts, much money, and such ornaments
as her high position and prosperous kingdom made
it natural for her to take ; but she went putting her
greatest confidence in herself, and in the charms and
sorceries of her own person.
XXVI. Though she received many letters of
summons both from Antony himself and from his
friends, she so despised and laughed the man to
scorn as to sail up the river Cydnus in a barge with
gilded poop, its sails spread purple, its rowers urging
it on with silver oars to the sound of the flute blended
with pipes and lutes. She herself reclined beneath
a canopy spangled with gold, adorned like Venus in
a painting, while boys like Loves in paintings stood
on either side and fanned her. Likewise also the
1 Iliad, xiv. 162, of Hera, decking herself for a meeting
with Zeus.
193
PLUTARCH'S LIVES
Be Kal OepaTTCLivi&es ai Ka\\KJTevov<Tat,
G^OVGCLL /cal ^apnwv <no\d<s, al /JLV Trpos ol'a^tv,
al Be 7T/90? Kakois r)aav. oBjual Be Oavfjiao"Tal
TO? o^a? CLTTO 6vfj,iafjt,aT(t)v TroXXwv rcarel^ov.
3 TMV Be dvdpo)7ro)V ol fjbtv ev6vs CLTTO rov Trorapov
eKcnepwOev, ol Be diro TT}<? vroXea)?
eirl TTJV Oeav. e/c^eofj.ei'ov Be TOU
Kara Tr)V dyopav o^Xov reXo? atTO? o '
Bia Trdvrwv &)? 77
Trapa rov &.iovva'ov eV* dyadw
'Acrta?.
"EvreyLfv^e /zez^ ouz^ KCL\WV avtrjv eVl TO
r; 5e p,a\\ov eiceivov f)%iov irpos eawrrjv
4 evdvs ovv TLVCL {3ov\6jiivos evKo\lav
KOI (j)i\o$>pO(Tvvrjv VTnj/cov&e Kal r)\dev. evrv-
Be Trapacrtcevy \oyov KpeiTTOVi /laXtcrra rwv
(f)(i)TQ)V TO Tr\riOo^ e^e7T\dyrj. rocravra yap \e-
yerai /cadieadai Kal avafyaiveoQai
, Kal ToiavraLS Trpbs aX\rj\a
BiaKeKO(T/jirj/jL6va Kal
Kal 7repid>p(*)v rpoTrw, WCTTC rwv ev
eaTwv Kai Ka\wv efceiyrjv yevecrOai, TYJV O
XXVII. Tfj 8' vcrrepaia nrd\iv dvOecmwv av-
rrjv (f)L\,ori/jLij6rj fiev viTep/3a\e(T0aL rrjv \a/m7rpo-
rrjra Kal rrjv e/jLfji\eiav, dfJifyoZv Be \CITT o/jLevos,
Kal KparovfjLevos ev avrols efeeivtits, TT/OWTO? ecr/cw-
Trrev et? av%ubv Kal dypoiKiav rd 'Trap' avrw.
TTO\VV Be rj K\eo7rdrpa Kal Tot? aKw/Jb/jLao'i TOV
'AVTWVLOV rbv (rrpaTiwrriv evopwcra KOL fBdvavaov,
e^prjro Kal TOUTW 7r/?o9 avrbv dvei/j,evcos 7/877 Kal
2 KararedapprjKOTw^. Kal yap rjv, co? \eyovcriv,
194
ANTONY, xxvi. 2-xxvn. 2
fairest of her serving-maidens, attired like Nereids and
Graces, were stationed, some at the rudder-sweeps, and
others at the reefing-ropes. Wondrous odours from
countless incense- offerings diffused themselves along
the river-banks. Of the inhabitants, some accom-
panied her on either bank of the river from its very
mouth, while others went down from the city to be-
hold the sight. The throng in the market-place
gradually streamed away, until at last Antony him-
self, seated on his tribunal, was left alone. And a
rumour spread on every hand that Venus was come
to revel with Bacchus for the good of Asia.
Antony sent, therefore, and invited her to supper ;
but she thought it meet that he should rather come
to her. At once, then, wishing to display his com-
placency and friendly feelings, Antony obeyed and
went. He found there a preparation that beggared
description, but was most amazed at the multitude of
lights. For, as we are told, so many of these were
let down and displayed on all sides at once, and they
were arranged and ordered with so many inclinations
and adjustments to each other in the form of rect-
angles and circles, that few sights were so beautiful
or so worthy to be seen as this.
XXVII. On the following day Antony feasted her
in his turn, and was ambitious to surpass her splendour
and elegance, but in both regards he was left behind,
and vanquished in these very points, and was first to
rail at the meagreness and rusticity of his own arrange-
ments. Cleopatra observed in the jests of Antony
much of the soldier and the common man, and
adopted this manner also towards him, without re-
straint now, and boldly. For her beauty, as we are
'95
PLUTARCH'S LIVES
avTo fjiev tcaO' avro TO /ea\A,09 avTrjs ov Tcdvv
olov eKTrrai roi>9
d<pr]v & el%v 77 avi'SiaLTrio-is d(f)UKTOv, 77 re
/Aero, T^}? ev TW SiaXeyeadat TuflavorijTos KOI TOV
TreptOeovros a/jia TTW? Trepl rrjv ofju\iav ijOovs dve-
3 <pepe TL fcevrpov. rjSovr) Se teal <>0e i yyo/Aevr)<> eirrjv
rep r/%&)' teal rrjv <y\a)Trav, wcrirep opyavov TL
TroKv^op^ov, euTrerw? Tpe-rrovcra Ka6* rjv /3ov\oiTo
Sid\KTOi> o\iyoi<i TravraTracri Si pjj,r)vecD<i eve-
Tvy)(ai>6 fiap/Bdpois, rot? Se TrXetcrrot? avTrj &i
avTr/s djreBiBov ra? diroKpLcreLs, olov AWio^ri,
TpwyXoSurai?, 'EfipaioLs, "Apa-^i, *,vpoL<$, Mij-
4 Sot?, Tlap0vaioi<>. 7ro\\wv &e \eyeTat KOL d\\wv
eKfjiaOeiv 7\a)TTa?, TWV irpb avTrjs ftacrikewv
ov&e Trjv AlyvTTTiav avaayjo^kvutv I 7rapa\a(3elv
Sid\ercTov, eviwv Be /cal TO CLK^OVI^IV efc\i-
XXYIII. OuTO) S' ovv TOV ' 'AVTGOVLOV rjpTTacrev
, Tro\fjLOva"r]^ fjiev ev 'Pcof^rj Kai&api ^>ov\-
yvvaifcos virep TWV e/ceivou irpay/jidTGOv,
e Hap0iKrjS crT/oarta? irepl Tr]V Mecro-
AajSiTjvov ol ySacriXea>? GTpaTriyol
Tlapdi/cov dvayopevcravTes avTOKpaTOpa Si^/ota? 928
'A.\%dv$piav, Kei Be
SiaT/?t/3at9 KCU TraiSiaiS ^payp^evov dva-
\io-K6iv KOL /cadtjSvTradeiv TO Tro\VTe\e(TTaTov t co?
2 'AvTufiwv elrrev, dvd\wfjia, TOV ^povov. r^v yap
rj/jiepav eiGTi&v d\\i)\ovs, aTTiaTov Tiva
TWV avoiKKTKOfizvwv dfjLGTpLav.
196
ANTONY, xxvii. 2-xxvin. 2
told, was in itself not altogether incomparable, nor
such as to strike those who saw her; but converse
with her had an irresistible charm, and her presence,
combined with the persuasiveness of her discourse
and the character which was somehow diffused about
her behaviour towards others, had something 1 stimu-
lating about it. There was sweetness also in the
tones of her voice ; and her tongue, like an instrument
of many strings, she could readily turn to what-
ever language she pleased, so that in her interviews
with Barbarians she very seldom had need of an
interpreter, but made her replies to most of them
herself and unassisted, whether they were Ethiopians,
Troglodytes, Hebrews, Arabians, Syrians, Medes or
Parthians. Nay, it is said that she knew the speech
of many other peoples also, although the kings of
Egypt before her had not even made an effort to
learn the native language, and some actually gave
up their Macedonian dialect.
XXVIII. Accordingly, she made such booty of
Antony that, while Fulvia his wife was carrying on
war at Rome with Caesar in defence of her husband's
interests, and while a Parthian army was hovering
about Mesopotamia (over this country the generals of
the king had appointed Labienus Parthian com-
mander-in-chief, and were about to invade Syria), he
suffered her to hurry him off to Alexandria. There,
indulging in the sports and diversions of a young
man of leisure, he squandered and spent upon plea-
sures that which Antiphon calls the most costly out-
lay, namely, time. For they had an association
called The Inimitable Livers, and every day they
feasted one another, making their expenditures of
incredible profusion. At any rate, Philotas, the
197
PLUTARCH'S LIVES
yelro yovv rj/jiwv ry TraTnrw Aa/jLTrpia ^tX&vra? o
'Ayac/ucrcrei'? larpos elvat, p.ev ev ^A\e^avBpeia
rore, fjiavOdvwv rrjv re^vrjv, yevo/jievos Be TIVI ru>v
/3aari\iKO)V btyoTroiwv crvvrjOr]^ avaTTeicrBrivai veos
wv L"TT' avrov TTJV f 7ro\VT\iav Ka\ rrjv Trapa-
3 crfcevrjv rov BCLTTVOV O&acraaQaL. Trapetcra^el? ovv
et? TovTnavetov, a>? rd re aXXa TrayLtvroXXa ecopa
KOL crO*? aypLov? OTTTW^GVOV^ OKTO), Qav^acrai TO
7r\r)Qo$ Twv SeiTTVovvTwv. TOV Be otyoTroiov ye\d-
aai Kol eljrelv on 7ro\\ol pev OVK elcrlv oi Bei-
~ >-v-v\ ^5-'?> R M \>/
Trvowres, a\\a irepi ocooerca' Oet o aKfirfv e^eiv
TWV TrapaTiOeiJLevwv etcaa-rov, r)v a/capes w/oa? yttct-
paivei. Kal jap avri/ca yevoir' ai>
BeiTrvov Ber)0r/vai KCU fiera jjuicpov, av Be ovrw
TV%T>J, Trapayayelv alrriffavra TTOTrjpiov 77 \6yov
4 rt^o? e/ATrecroz/TO?. oOev ov% ev, a\\a TroXXa,
i, BeiTTva crvvTeTarcTai' Bvcra-ro^aa-TO^ yap 6
ravra ovv o QiXcbras e\eye, Kal %povov
ev rot? OepairevovcrL yeveaOat TOV irpe-
ra)v J A.VTO)viov TraiBcov, ov etc <&ov\/3ia<;
, /cal GuvBenrvelv Trap 1 aury /JLCTO, rcov a\\wv
eraipwv eVfet/cco?, OTTOTG pr) BeiTrvoit) fj,era rov
5 7rarpo9. larpov ovv Trore Opaa-vvbfJievov Kal irpd-
vroA,X,a irape^ovra 'kznTvovGiv avrois e
roiovrq) ao^La/jLari' "Ty TTW? Trvper-
rovri Boreov ^rv^pov' ?ra? Be b 7rvperru>v
Trvperrei' Travrl dpa Trvperrovri Boreov
7r\r)yvros Be rov dvdp<i>irov KOL
198
ANTONY, xxvui. 2-5
physician of Amphissa, used to tell my grandfather,
Lamprias, that he was in Alexandria at this time,
studying his profession, and that having got well
acquainted with one of the royal cooks, he was easily
persuaded by him (young man that he was) to take
a view of the extravagant preparations for a royal
supper. Accordingly, he was introduced into the
kitchen, and when he saw all the other provisions in
great abundance, and eight wild boars a-roasting, he
expressed his amazement at what must be the
number of the guests. But the cook burst out laugh-
ing and said : " The guests are not many, only about
twelve ; but everything that is set before them must
be at perfection, and this an instant of time reduces.
For it might happen that Antony would ask for
supper immediately, and after a little while, perhaps,
would postpone it and call for a cup of wine, or en-
gage in conversation with some one. Wherefore,"
he said, " not one, but many suppers are arranged;
for the precise time is hard to hit." This tale, then,
Philotas used to tell ; and he said also that as time
went on he became one of the medical attendants of
Antony's oldest son, whom he had of Fulvia, and
that he usually supped with him at his house in com-
pany with the rest of his comrades, when the young
man did not sup with his father. Accordingly, on
one occasion, as a physician was making too bold and
giving much annoyance to them as they supped,
Philotas stopped his mouth with some such sophism
as this: "To the patient who is somewhat feverish
cold water must be given ; but everyone who has a
fever is somewhat feverish ; therefore to everyone
who has a fever cold water should be given." The
fellow was confounded and put to silence, whereat
199
PLUTARCH'S LIVES
rjcrOevra rov TraiSa ye\d(rai Kal elrrelv, " Tavra,
to QiXcora, ^api^ofjiai Trdvra <TOL" Bei^ai'ra TTO\-
\WV TIVGOV Kal fjL6yd\0)V eKTTCO/ildrWV /ji(TTr)V
6 Tre^av. avrov Be rrjv /mev TrpoOvfJiiav aTro
, Troppo) 8* 6Wo? rov vofjil^eiv e^ovcriav elvcti
l Ttf\.iKOVTW ScopeiaOai rocravTa, yu-era fiitcpov
Tiva T&V Trai&wv ev dyyeifi) ra KTTO)-
fyepeiv KOLI O"r)/u,r}vacr0cu Ke\eveLv. dffro-
criovjjievov Be avrov Kal BeSoiKoros \a/3elv, "Tt,
a) TTOvrjpe" $dvai rov avdpwjrov, " oicvels ; OVK
olSa? &)? o Bi&ovs ' Avrwviov Trat? ecrrtv, c6 rocrav-
1 TO, Trdpecm %pvaa j^apidacrOai ;
Trvra Bidfjiei^rai TT/OO? pyvpiov
yap av KOI TroOjjaeiev 6 Trarrjp evta rwv
7ra\.aiwv 6Wa /cal aTrovSa^o/nevcov /card TI~)V
vi]V epywv" ravra fjuev ovv ri^lv e\eyev 6
Kd(TTOTe Siijyeicrdai. TOP Qikoyrav.
XXIX. 'H Be KXeoTraTpa TTJV KoiXaKeiav
axTTrep 6 TL\aTwv <^i]cri, rerpa^fj, TroXXa^tj Be
Bie\ov(ra, /cal crTTOfS/}? dirrofjievw KOI TraiBias del
Ttva Kaivi]v rjBovrjv eTTi^epova-a Kal ^dpiv, Bie-
TraiBaywyei, rov 'Avrwviov oure VVKTOS ovre
pa? dvieiaa. /cal yap avveicvfteve Kal
Kal crvvedrjpeve Kal yvfjiva^ofxevov ev oVX-oi? edea-
ro, Kal vvKTOop Trpoaicrra/Aevq) Ovpais Kal OvpLai
Brjuorwv Kal (TKOOTTTOVTI TOU? evBov crvve7r\avdro
Kal (rvvrjXve 0epa7ratviBiov crro\r)V \afjLJ3dvovcra
2 Kal yap eKeivos oureo? erreiparo (TKevd^eiv eavrov.
oOev del aKWfJL^drwv, 7ro\\dKis Be Kal
200
ANTONY, xxvin. 5-xxix. 2
Antony's son was delighted and said with a laugh :
" All this I bestow upon thee, Philotas," pointing to
a table covered with a great many large beakers.
Philotas acknowleded his good intentions, but was
far from supposing that a boy so young had the power
to give away so much. After a little while, however,
one of the slaves brought the beakers to him in a
sack, and bade him put his seal upon it. And when
Philotas protested and was afraid to take them,
" You miserable man," said the fellow, " why hesi-
tate ? Don't you know that the giver is the son of
Antony, and that he has the right to bestow so many
golden vessels? However, take my advice and ex-
change them all with us for money ; since perchance
the boy's father might miss some of the vessels, which
are of ancient workmanship and highly valued for their
art." Such details, then, my grandfather used to tell
me, Philotas would recount at every opportunity.
XXIX. But Cleopatra, distributing her flattery,
not into the four forms of which Plato speaks, 1 but
into many, and ever contributing some fresh delight
and charm to Antony's hours of seriousness or mirth,
kept him in constant tutelage, and released him
neither night nor day. She played at dice with
him, drank with him, hunted with him, and watched
him as he exercised himself in arms ; and when
by night he would station himself at the doors
or windows of the common folk and scoff at those
within, she would go with him on his round
of mad follies, wearing the garb of a serving maiden.
For Antony also would try to array himself like a
servant. Therefore he always reaped a harvest of
abuse, and often of blows, before coming back
1 Gorgias, p. 464.
201
PLUTARCH'S LIVES
' rot?
ias- ov /irjv aXXa Trpoae^aipov avTOv rfj
/3w/jLo'\.o'%La KOI crvveirai^ov OVK dppvOfjiws oi>8e
dfjiovo-cos OL 'A\e!;av$pei<;, dycnrwvres KOI Xeyoz'Te?
&)? TO) rpayiKw TT/JO? TOU? 'Pcoyuatou? ^pr/rat irpoa-
ft>7Tft), Tft) Se KWfJLLKM 7T/30? aUTOU?.
3 Ta yLtey ovv TTO\\CL rwv L/TT' avrov Trai^OfJL&vwv 929
SwyyeLcrQai TroXu? a^ el'?/ (j)\vapo<?' eVel 8e aX-ieuco^
7TOT6 /cat Bvaaypwv rj^0ero Trapovarjs rr?? KXeovra-
TO) ay/CLcrrpw irepiKaOdiTTeiv I'xjdvs rwv irpoeakw-
AlyVTTTLCtV. 7rpO(77TOlOVJULV1J & OoLVfJid^eiV TOfc?
^)tXot? SirjyelTO, KCU Trape/cdXei, rfj varepaia yeve-
4 cr$a Oeards. ejjLJBdvrwv Be TTO\\WV els ra? a
/cat ToO ^A.vrwviov rrjv opfiiav
iiva TMV avTr)<$ vTTofyOda-avTa Kal
rw dyKicrrpw Trepnreipat, HOVTIKOV rd-
ft)? Se e^eiv Tretcr^et? o 'Avrcavios dvelXtce,
, olov etVo?, yevo/jLcvov, " HapaSo? J
Ka\a/uLOV, avro/cparop, rot?
/cat Ka^&)/9/rai? aXteOcrti/* 1 7; Se cr?; Oijpa
6t<rt /cat /3acrtXetai /cat rjTreipoi."
XXX. TofaOra \tjpovvra /cat
TOV ' AVTWVLOV dyye\iai &vo Kara\a/ji/3dvovaii>, 77
yuei^ aTTo 'Pco/iT^?, ACVKIOV TOV dSe\<j)ov avrov /cat
<&ov\f:$iav rrjv yvvaLKa irpwrov aXXr;Xo/?
cravras, elra Kaiaapi TroXe/jirfcravT
1 aAieOa'ij' Bekker, after Hiillman :
2O2
ANTONY, xxix. 2-xxx. i
home ; though most people suspected who he was.
However, the Alexandrians took delight in his coarse
wit, and joined in his amusements in their graceful
and cultivated way; they liked him, and said that he
used the tragic mask with the Romans, but the
comic mask with them.
Now, to recount the greater part of his boyish
pranks would be great nonsense. One instance will
suffice. He was fishing once, and had bad luck, and
was vexed at it because Cleopatra was there to see.
He therefore ordered his fishermen to dive down
and secretly fasten to his hook some fish that had
been previously caught, and pulled up two or three
of them. But the Egyptian saw through the trick,
and pretending to admire her lover's skill, told her
friends about it, and invited them to be spectators
of it on the following day. So great numbers of
them got into the fishing boats, and when Antony
had let down his line, she ordered one of her own
attendants to get the start of him by swimming to
his hook and fastening on it a salted Pontic herring:.
o O
Antony thought he had caught something, and pulled
it up, whereupon there was great laughter, as was
natural, and Cleopatra said : " Imperator, hand over
thy fishing-rod to the fishermen of Pharos and Cano-
pus ; thy sport is the hunting of cities, realms, and
continents."
XXX. While Antony was indulging in such
trifles and youthful follies, he was surprised by
reports from two quarters : one from Rome, that
Lucius his brother and Fulvia his wife had first
quarrelled with one another, and then had waged
war with Octavius Caesar, but had lost their cause
203
PLUTARCH'S LIVES
ra 7rpdy/j.ara KOI fyevyeiv e'
erepa $6 rauTT/9 ovBev emenceGrepa, Aaftirjvov
eirdyovra Tldp0ov$ T7;t> drr* Evtypdrov KOI
%vpias aXP L AvBias KOI 'laWa? 'Acrtai> tcara-
2 crrpe(f)(r0ai. //.o/U? ovv wcrirep e^VTTvicrOeis K.OLI
cop/jL^cre JJLV TIapOois ivi-
/cal ^XP L ^otviicrj^ 7rporj\Qe, ^ouX/Sta?
Be ypd/jL/jiara Opt^vwv peara Tre/z-Troucr^? eVe-
rrjv '
dva\.a/3(*)v Se Kara TT\OVV TWV (fti\u)v TOU?
7T6<^eu70Ta? eTrvvOdvero TOV TroXefiov rrjv QovX-
ftiav alriav yeyovevai, (frvcrei JJLZV ovcrav TTO\V-
Trpdy/jiova real OpaaelaVy e\7rL^ovcrav Be r/}?
KXeoTrarpa? dird^eiv TOV *A.vTcoviov el rt, <yei>OLTo
3 KivTina Trepl TTJV 'IraX/ai/. avjjiftalret Be CITTO
Tv^n^ KOL <&ov\j3iav 7r\ovaav TT/OO? avrov ev
^IKVWVL VOGW T\.evTr)crai' Bio /cal /AO\\OV at
7T/90? Kaicrapa Bia\\ayal icaipov ecryov. 009 yap
irpoae/jLL^e rfj 'IraXta Ka\ Kat<ra/o rjv fyavepos
erceivq) /nev ov6ev eyKaX&v, ai)ro? B' wv eVe/caXetTo
ra? atrta? rf) ^ofX/Sta 7rpoaTpi/36^evos, OVK eicov
4 e'^eXey^ei^ ol <j>i\oi rr]v Trpo^aaiv, aXXa Bte\voi>
df.i(f)OTepovs Kal Biypovv rrjv rjyefjLOviav, opov
TOV *\oviov, real TCL fiev ewa veixovre^;
t&), ra 5' kcnrepia Katcra/ot, AeiriBov Be
eiv ecoi'Te?, VTrareveiv Be rd^avre^,
ore pi) B6j;eiV avrois, <f)i\ovs e/carepcov irapd
XXXI. Taura %eiv AraXw? Boxovvra
eBeiro afyo^porepas, rjv rj rv%rj rrapecr^v. 'O/c-
raovia yap r)v dBe\(f)rj Trpecrftvrepa JJLZV, ov% O/ULO-
204
ANTONY, xxx. i-xxxi. i
and were in flight from Italy ; and another, not
a whit more agreeable than this, that Labienus at
the head of the Parthians was subduing Asia from
the Euphrates and Syria as far as Lydia and Ionia.
At last, then, like a man roused from sleep after
a deep debauch, he set out to oppose the Par-
thians, and advanced as far as Phoenicia ; l but on
receiving from Fulvia a letter full of lamentations,
he turned his course towards Italy, at the head of
two hundred ships. On the voyage, however, he
picked up his friends who were in flight from Italy,
and learned from them that Fulvia had been to
blame for the war, being naturally a meddlesome and
headstrong woman, and hoping to draw Antony
away from Cleopatra in case there should be a dis-
turbance in Italy. It happened, too, that Fulvia,
who was sailing to meet him, fell sick and died at
Sicyon. Therefore there was even more opportunity
for a reconciliation with Caesar. For when Antony
reached Italy, and Caesar manifestly intended to
make no charges against him, and Antony himself
was ready to put upon Fulvia the blame for whatever
was charged against himself, the friends of the two
men would not permit any examinationof the proffered
excuse, but reconciled them, and divided up the em-
pire, making the Ionian sea a boundary, and assigning
the East to Antony, and the West to Caesar; they also
permitted Lepidus to have Africa, and arranged that,
when they did not wish for the office themselves, the
/ *
friends of each should have the consulship by turns.
XXXI. These arrangements were thought to be
fair, but they needed a stronger security, and this
security Fortune offered. Octavia was a sister of
Caesar, older than he, though not by the same
1 Towards the end of the year 40 B.C.
205
PLUTARCH'S LIVES
Be Katcrapi' eyeyovei, jap e *A.y Capias, 6
Be vo~Tpov e 'Aria?, e&Tepye & V7rep<pv(t)s rrjv
dBeXfojv, xpfj/jLa Oav/jLa&Tov, co? \eyeTai, yvvaiKos
2 yevo/j,evr)v. avTrj, Tatov MaptceXXov TOV yij/Jiai'Tos
avT^v ov 7rd\.ai TeOvrjKoTos, e^jpevev. eSoxei, Be
KOI <&ov\/3ia<; a r rroi,')(piJLevr)s ^rjpeveiv 'AvrcJovios,
/J,ev OVK apvov^evo^ K^eoTrdrpav, <yd/A(p Be
ofj,o\oya)v, d\)C en ru> \6yqy irepi ye TOVTOV
TOP epwra rrjs AlyvTrrias
TOVTOV airavTes ela-rjyovvTo TOV yfj.oi>,
Trjv 'OfCTaoviav eVl tcdXXet, TOUOVTW
KOI vovv e^ovcrav, et? TCLVTOV TW
KOI crTeOelaav, &>? eiVo? Toiav-
yvvaiKa, TrvTcov Trpay/nTwv aurot? awTrjpav
3 ecrecrdat KCU (Ti>yrcpa<Tiv. co? ovv eBo^ev d/n(f)OT-
pois, dvafidvTes ei9 'PctifjLi^v 7reTe\ovv TOV
'O/craotaa? yd/nov, OVK e'wz^ro? JJLZV VO/JLOV Trpo
Be/ca /jLrjvwv dvBpbs Te\GVTr)cravTOs ya/jLicr{)ai, TT}?
Be crvyK\tJTOv Boy/jLCiTi TOV -^povov etceivoL? dvei-
0-779.
XXXII. Se^rof Be Ho/jLTrr)iov %ifce\iav p.ev
e^ovTO^, 'IraXtav Be iropdovvTos, \t]o-TpLcrL Be
vavcrl 7roXXa49, wv M?;;/a9 o 7rei/9arr/9 KOL Mei^e-
, a7r\ovv TTJV Qa\a<jaav ireTrouj KOTOS,
Be Ke%pf)(T@ai BOKOVVTOS <pi\av0pa)Tr(i)<;
yap avTov TTJV fJLrjTepa TTJ <l>ov\[Bia
a-vveKTTeaova~av}, eBo^e /cal 737309 TOVTOV Bia\v-
2 0rjvai. real <Tvvrj\Oov e/9 TavTOV KaTa T^V ev
Mf(7^i/ot9 afcpav /cal TO ^w/jLa, Tio/jLTnj'iti) /jiev TOV
CTTO\OU 7rapopiovvTo<$, 'AVTWVLW Be Ka
TMV Tfe^Mv TrapaKKpi/nevQ)v. eirel Be
TLo/jLmjiov %ovTa %apB6va Kal HiKe\iav KaOapdv
206
ANTONY, xxxi. I-XXXTI. a
mother ; for she was the child of Ancharia, but he,
by a later marriage, of Atia. Caesar was exceed-
ingly fond of his sister, who was, as the saying is,
a wonder of a woman. Her husband, Caius Mar-
cellus, had died a short time before, and she was
a widow. Antony, too, now that Fulvia was gone,
was held to be a widower, although he did not
deny his relations with Cleopatra ; he would not
admit, however, that she was his wife, and in this
matter his reason was still battling with his love for
the Egyptian. Everybody tried to bring about this
marriage. For they hoped that Octavia, who, besides
her great beauty, had intelligence and dignity, when
united to Antony and beloved by him, as such a
woman naturally must be, would restore harmony and
be their complete salvation. Accordingly, when both
men were agreed, they went up to Rome and cele-
brated Octavia's marriage, although the law did not
permit a woman to marry before her husband had
been dead ten months. In this case, however, the
senate passed a decree remitting the restriction in
time.
XXXII. Now, Sextus Pompeius was holding Sicily,
was ravaging Italy, and, with his numerous piratical
ships under the command of Menas the corsair and
Menecrates, had made the sea unsafe for sailors.
But he was thought to be kindly disposed towards
Antony, since he had given refuge to Antony's
mother when she fled from Rome with Fulvia, and
so it was decided to make terms with him. The
men met at the promontory and mole of Misenum,
near which Pompey's fleet lay at anchor and the
forces of Antony and Caesar were drawn up. After
it had been agreed that Pompey should have
207
PLUTARCH'S LIVES
re \r)(TTripi(i)v irape^eiv rrjv 6d\arrav teal airou
n rerayp^evov d7roa"r\\eiv els Pco^v, fcd\ovv
3 eVl SeiTrvov aXXr;Xof?. K\rfpov/j.ei'a)i> Be Trpwro?
earidv avrovs e'Xaye IIouTrmo?. epouievov Se
/v / *
Avrwv'iov, TTOV Sei7rvrj(rovcrii>, " 'E^raO^a,"
j, Set^a? T^ aTpar^yiBa vavv ovaav e^ijptj
wo? 7<xp ot/co? ai/T77 YLo/jiTrrjLd) Xe'XetTrrai.'
til lilt,
ravra Se et? TOI^ 'Avratviov ovei&L^wv e\eyev, eVet
row Trar/Qo? yevo/Aevrjv OIKICLV
el%ev. op/u-tcra? Se r^ i/auy e?r' dytcvpcov KOI
SiafBaaiv riva ye^vpcacra^ avro TT}? a/cpas
ftavev avrovs Tr/ao^u/ua)?. d/c/jLa^ovcrrjs Se
crvvovaias KOI TWV et? K.\607rdrpav KOI ' Avrwviov
dvOovvTwv (TfcwfA/jLaTcav, M^m? o Trei/^arr/? T<M
=\0ct)v w? ytt^ /caraKoveiv etceivov*!,
i, (frticrL, " ra? dy/cvpas T/}? rew? V7rore/J,(o
KOI TTOiijcra) ere /u-^ S^eXta? Aral Za/oSoi'O?, aXXa
5 TT}? e Po)/jLaia)v Kvpiov ffyefjiovlas; " o S
dfcovcras KCU vrpo? avTW yevopevos fBpa^vv
vov, a "ESet ere/' fyricrlv, " cu M?7m, TOVTO e'/u-c
TrpoeiTTOvra TTOtrjcrai' vvvl Se ra irapovra crrep
y(i)/uev eirioprcelv yap OVK e'/io^." euro?
ird\iv dvOe&Tiadels VTT djjL^oTepwv els rrjv
\iav a7re7rXeu<rei>.
XXXIII. 'A^rw^to? Se /aera ra? SfaXucrei?
QvevriBiov /lev els 'Acriav TrpovTrefJure HdpOots
ecro/uttrvov TOV Trpocrw ^wptlv, avros Se
%api^6fjLevos tepevs CLTT e$ei*)(0 rj rov Trpo-
repov Kcucrapo?- /cat raXXa KOLVMS KOI (fiiXiKcos
ev rots TTO\ITIKOLS Kol fjiey L(T rots eirparrov. al Se
?repl ra? TratSta? ap,t,\\ai rov *Avru>viov e\VTrovv
208
ANTONY, xxxii. 2-xxxm. i
Sardinia and Sicily, should keep the sea clear ot
robbers, and should send up to Rome a stipulated
amount of grain, they invited one another to supper.
Lots were cast, and it was the lot of Pompey to
entertain the others first. And when Antony asked
him where the supper would be held, "There," said
he, pointing to his admiral's ship with its six banks
of oars, "for this is the ancestral house that is left
to Pompey." This he said by way of reproach to An-
tony, who was now occupying the house which had
belonged to the elder Pompey. So he brought his
ship to anchor, made a sort of bridge on which to
cross to it from the headland, and gave his guests a
hearty welcome on board. When their good fellow-
ship was at its height and the jokes about Antony
and Cleopatra were in full career, Menas the pirate
came up to Pompey and said, so that the others
could not hear, "Shall I cut the ship's cables and
make thee master, not of Sicily and Sardinia, but of
the whole Roman empire?" Pompey, on hearing
this, communed with himself a little while, and then
said : " Menas, you ought to have done this without
speaking to me about it beforehand ; but now let us
be satisfied with things as they are ; for perjury is not
my way." Pompey, then, after being feasted in his
turn by Antony and Caesar, sailed back to Sicily.
XXX] II. After this settlement, Antony sent Ven-
tidius on ahead into Asia to oppose the further progress
of the Parthians, while he himself, as a favour to
Caesar, was appointed to the priesthood of the elder
Caesar ; 1 everything else also of the most important
political nature they transacted together and in a
friendly spirit. But their competitive diversions gave
1 That is, he was made Pontifex Maximus.
2og
PLUTARCH'S LIVES
2 del TOV Kaicrayoo? e\arrov fyepofjbevov. rjv yap
TJ? dvrjp avv avTW /j-avTiKos air* Alyvirrov TWV
ra? yeveaeis 7ricrK07rovvTa)v, 05 eire KXeoTrar/ja
yapi^o^evo^ etre %pa)/j.evos d\r)0eia 777)09 TOV
Avra)viov 67rapp7](Tid%eTO, \iywv rrjv rv^irjv avrov
\afjL7rpOTdTrjV ovcrav KOL /jieyiar^v virb r/}9 Kat-
crapo? dfjuavpovaOai,, Kal avveftovXeve TroppwraTO)
TOV veavio~Kov TTOIGLV eavTov. " 'O yap cro?,"
v TOV TOVTOU <^o/3etra'
wv Kal i/^^Xo? oTai> 77 /ca eavTov, UTT e/ceivov
yveTai TaTreivoTepos eyyaavTos Ka
3 po?." /cal fjievTOL TO, yivo/jieva TW
H-apTVpeiv eboKei. \yeTai yap OTL K\r)pov/jiei>wv
fjLTa vraiSm? e<^)' OTO) Tu^oiei^ eAracrrore Aral
KV/BevovTcov eXaTTOv e^cov 6 'Avrtovids dirrjei.
e av/j,{3a\ovTCi)v d\KTpvovas, TroXXa-
/Lta^t/ioi/9 opTvyas, ev'iKwv ol Kaiaapos.
' ol? dvico^evos dS?;X&)? o 'AVTWVIOS Kal
/jid\\6v TI TW AlyvTTTiw Trpoae^cov, drrr)pv CK
TT)? 'IraX/a?, ey^ei^Lcra^ Kaucrapi ra oiKFia' TTJV
Be 'QieTaoviqv a,XP L T7 ') ? 'EXXaSo? em'iyeTo 6v-
4 yarpiov yeyovoTos avrot?. Bia^eifid^ovTi $6
avra) rrepl 'A^>;Va? dTrayyeX\Tai TO, rrpcoTa TWV
OvevTiBiov KaTopQcd/AaTcov, OTL /^d^rj TOVS Tldp-
6ov<$ KpaTijaas Aafttrjvbv direKTovoi Kal Q>apva-
r)yeuovtK(i)TaTOV TWV 'TpcoBov /3a<rtXe&)?
errl TOVTOIS elffTia TOU? f/ EXX?;fa9, 93]
Be ' A.Q'qvaibis, Kal TCL T?}? rjyefwvia^
KaTa\iTru>v otfcoi /JLCTO, TWV yvfivacriap-
pdftBwv ev ip-CLTiw Kal fyaiic
Kal Sid\afj,l3dvant rou? veavlaKovs e
210
ANTONY, xxxiii. 2-4
Antony annoyance, because he always came off with
less than Caesar. Now, there was with him a seer
from Egypt, one of those who cast nativities. This
man, either as a favour to Cleopatra, or dealing truly
with Antony, used frank language with him, saying
that his fortune, though most great and splendid,
was obscured by that of Caesar; and he advised
Antony to put as much distance as possible between
himself and that young man. "For thy guardian
genius," said he, " is afraid of his ; and though it
has a spirited and lofty mien when it is by itself,
when his comes near, thine is cowed and humbled by
it." And indeed events seemed to testify in favour of
the Egyptian. For we are told that whenever, by
way of diversion, lots were cast or dice thrown to
decide matters in which they were engaged, Antony
came off worsted. They would often match cocks,
and often fighting quails, and Caesar's would always
be victorious.
At all this Antony was annoyed, though he did not
show it, and giving rather more heed now to the
Egyptian, he departed from Italy, after putting his
private affairs in the hands of Caesar; and he took
Octavia with him as far as Greece (she had borne
him a daughter). It was while he was spending the
winter at Athens that word was brought to him of
the first successes of Ventidius, who had conquered
the Parthians in battle and slain Labienus, as well
as Pharnapates, the most capable general of King
Hyrodes. To celebrate this victory Antony feasted
the Greeks, and acted as gymnasiarch for the Athen-
ians. He left at home the insignia of his command,
and went forth carrying the wands of a gymnasiarch,
in a Greek robe and white shoes, and he would take
the young combatants by the neck and part them.
211
PLUTARCH'S LIVES
XXXIV. 'E^ievai Be /j,e\\a)v eVl TOV 7r6\jjiov
CLTTO TJ}? iepas e'Xaia? aretfiavov eXa/3e, /cal /card
Tt \6yiov CLTTO TTJS K\etyvBpas vBaTOS e/jLTrXrjcrd-
IAGVOS dyyelov eKo/ja^ev. ev TOVTW &e Tldfcopov
rbv /SacriXew? Trai&a, fj.eyd\M crrparca
67rl ^.vpiav \avvovra, o-v/jiTrecr
ev rf) T^vpprjGTiKr) rpeTrerai, teal
ev Trpwrot? Ha/copov
2 rovro TO epyov ev rot? aoiSiyawraTot? yevo/j,evov
'Pa>yu-atot9 re ro)V Kara Kpdcrcrov drv^j/jLarayv
K7T\ea3 TTOLin}v Trapea-^e, KOL Tldp0ovs ai'dis eicra)
Kai MecroTTora/ita? (rvvecneiX.e, rpicn
^e^r}? Kara KpaTOS f)TTr)/j.ei'OV$. Ovevri-
Be TldpOovs fjiev Trpoaayrepo) Sidj/ceiv
6vov 'KvTwvlov SetVa?, rou? Be a
Karearrpe<p6To KOL TOV Kop/jLayrjvbv *Ai/rt-
3 o^oz/ ei^ TroXet Sa^otraTOi? 7ro\i6pKi. Beofievov
Be %L\ia Ta\avra Bovvai /cal TTOLGLV ' AVTCOVLO) TO
yap eyyvs TJV eTricov, /cal TOI^ OuevTiSiov OVK
eia cnrevBea-OaL TW ^AvTto^o, /3ov\6aevos ev ye
TOVTO TCOV epywv eTrcovv^ov QVTOV yeve&Oai /cal arj
4 TrdvTa Bia QvevTtBiov tcaTOpOovaOat. r?}? Be
iro\iopKia^ yu-r}/co? \afji^avovcrrj^ /cal T&V evBov, a>?
direyvwaav ra? SiaXucre^?, TT^OO? d\/ci}v TpairofJ>e~
vwv, TTpaTTcav ovBev, ev alo"%vvr) Be /cat /j,eTayva>-
aei yevo/jLevos, dyaTrrjTws eVt Tpia/coo~ioi<$
212
ANTONY, xxxiv. 1-4
XXXIV. When he was about to go forth to the
war, he took a wreath from the sacred olive-tree, 1
and, in obedience to a certain oracle, filled a vessel
with water from the Clepsydra' 2 and carried it with
him. In the meantime Pacorus, the king's son,
advanced again with a large army of Parthians
against Syria ; but Ventidius engaged and routed
him in Cyrrhestica, and slew great numbers of his
men. 3 Pacorus fell among the first. This exploit,
which became one of the most celebrated, gave the
Romans full satisfaction for the disaster under Crassus,
and shut the Parthians up again within the bounds
of Media and Mesopotamia, after they had been
utterly defeated in three successive battles. Ven-
tidius, however, decided not to pursue the Parth-
ians further, because he feared the jealousy of
Antony; but he attacked and subdued the peoples
which had revolted from Rome, and besieged Antio-
chus of Commagene in the city of Samosata. When
Antiochus proposed to pay a thousand talents and
obey the behests of Antony, Ventidius ordered him
to send his proposal to Antony, who had now advanced
into the neighbourhood, and would not permit Ven-
tidius to make peace with Antiochus. He insisted
that this one exploit at least should bear his own
name, and that not all the successes should be due
to Ventidius. But the siege was protracted, and the
besieged, since they despaired of coming to terms,
betook themselves to a vigorous defence. Antony
could therefore accomplish nothing, and feeling
ashamed and repentant, was glad to make peace with
1 In the Erechtheium, on the Acropolis.
a A sacred spring just below the ancient portal of the
Acropolis (Pausanias, i. 28, 4).
* In 38 B.C. See the Crassus, xxxiii. 5, with the note.
213
PLUTARCH'S LIVES
TakdvTois TT/JO? TOV 'Awioypv /cat fjurcpa TWV
ev ^vpia Kcnaa-TrjcrdiJLevos et? A#?;ya? e
t TOP QvevriBiov ot? eV/oeTre Tt/<tr;cra? e
eVt
5 OUTO? a7ro TldpOwv a%pt Sevpo T60pidjj,/3evK
1 Kvrwviov <pi\ia$ TO \a[Belv d
fjLeydXwv, at? Ku\\i(TTa
TOV Trepl ' Avrcoviov \e<yo[Jievov KOI KatVapo? Xo-
701^, &)? evTV^eorrepOL Si erepcov r}aav rj Si avrcov
6 arpaTriyeiv. KCU <ydp Socrcrto? 'Kvrwviov arpa-
T?;70? eV ^vplq TroXXa SteTrparreTO, /cat Ka^t^to?
d7ro\i(f)0els L/TT' avrov Trepl 'Apfj&vi&v TOVTOVS re
VIKWV real TOU? 'I/Brjpcov KOI ' h.\(3avwv /SairtXea?
a^pt TOU KauAracrou 7rpofj\0ev. d^ a)i> ev rot?
fiapfidpois OVOJJLO, KOI /cXeo? rjv^ero Trjs 'Avrwviov
XXXV. AUTO? e Trd\iv /c TLVWV Sia(3o~\.wv
Trapo^vvOels vrpo? Katcrapa ^au<J
eVXet TT/OO? T^f 'iTaXtazr ou $ej;a/j,va)v Se
Bpevrecrivwv TOV OTO\OV et? Tapa^ra
Trjv 'Q/craoviav (avv7r\ei yap diro
avTw] BerjOelaav drroTre^Trei TT/JO?
d&e\<f)6v, ejKvov pev ovcrav, ijS'rj be /eat
2 ^ avTov Qvydrpiov e")(ovcrav. rj Se a
y Katcrapt, at irapa\a^ovcra TWV exeivov
'AypiTTTrav Kal Mai/cijvav, evervy^ave
TroXXa TroTViwfJLevr] Kal TroXXa Seo/uevr) p,ij Trepu-
o~eiv avTTjV K ^aKapLMTaTTj^ yvvatrcbs
TTJV yevojjievrjv. vvv fjiev yap aVaz'Ta?
> y \ t r\-^ / > '
9i? avTi]v aTropkeTreiv avTO/cpaTopwv oveiv, TOV
3 fte^ yvvcuKa, TOV Be d$e\(f)r)V ovaav " el Be Ta
214
ANTONY, xxxiv. 4-xxxv. 3
Antiochus on his payment of three hundred talents.
After settling some trivial matters in Syria, he
returned to Athens, and sent Ventidius home, with
becoming honours, to enjoy his triumph.
Ventidius is the only man up to the present time
who ever celebrated a triumph over the Parthians.
He was a man of lowly birth, but his friendship with
Antony bore fruit for him in opportunities to perform
great deeds. Of these opportunities he made the
best use, and so confirmed what was generally said of
Antony and Caesar, namely, that they were more
successful in campaigns conducted by others than by
themselves. For Sossius, Antony's general, effected
much in Syria, and Canidius, who was left by Antony
in Armenia, conquered that people, as well as the
kings of the Iberians and Albanians, and advanced
as far as the Caucasus. Consequently the name and
fame of Antony's power waxed great among the
Barbarians.
XXXV. But Antony himself, once more irritated
against Caesar by certain calumnies, sailed with three
hundred ships for Italy ; and when the people of
Brundisium would not receive his armament, he
coasted along to Tarentum. Here he sent Octavia,
who had sailed with him from Greece, at her own
request, to her brother. She was with child, and
had already borne Antony two daughters. Octavia
met Caesar on the way, and after winning over his
friends Agrippa and Maecenas, urged him with many
prayers and many entreaties not to permit her, after
being a most happy, to become a most wretched
woman. For now, she said, the eyes of all men were
drawn to her as the wife of one imperator and the
sister of another : " But if," she said, " the worse
215
VOL. IX. H
PLUTARCH'S LIVES
" e<j)f} f " KOI yevoiTO TroXe/uo?,
V/JLWV /jiev aBij\ov OT&> KpaTelv rj xpaTelaOai Tre-
TrpaiTai, TO, e'/ua ' djjityoTepws a0\ia" TOVTOIS
eiTLK\a<jOel^ 6 Kalcrap r]Kev elprivucws els Tdpav-
ra, KOL deafjia Ka\\i(TTOV ol TrapovTes e
ird\vi> fjiev GK 77}? cnpaTov rjav-^d^ovr
5e vavs drpe/jLa TT/JO? TOI? a</ymXoi? l~%ovcras, av-
TMV Be Koi tyikwv a i rravT^a'6i<$ /cal <pL\o(j)po(rvi>as.
4 elo-ria Be 'At'Twyto? irporepo^, fcal TOVTO rfj d&6\-
<f)fj Katcrapo? BOVTOS. eTrel Se a)fjiO\oyrjro Kat-
crapa /~iev 'Ai/rcoz^ta) Sovvai Bvo rdy^ara TT/JO? TOV 93
\\ap6iKov 7r6\e/j.ov, 'Avrooviov Be Kai<rapi,
e/caroi',
ynjcraTO TW JJLGV dSeX^w nrapd TOV
ei/cocrt, fjLVOTrdpwvas, rto 8' dv^pl irapd TOV a
5 (f)ov (TTpaTicoTas %Ckiov<;. OVTW Be dXX?;Xa>i'
BiaKpi0evT<? 6 p,ev ev0v<$ et'^ero TOV TTyOo? llo/u--
Be
'Q/CTaoviav yuera TO>^ ef eKeivrjs teal TOU? e/c
rf\ -\ /O r ^ > /} / 'V
Q^OfXpta? Tratoa? aurw TrapaKaTaue^evo<; et? TT)V
'Acrt'ai/ aTreTrepacrev.
XXXVI. EuSouo-a 8' 77 5eii^^ crv/j,(f)opa ^povov
w, o KXeoTrdrpa? epcos, BOKWV KaTevvdcrOai
Kal KaTaK,K"ir<jai rot?
av6i<; dvekafjiTre KOI dveOdppei ^upia
^OZ^TO? avTov. KOI reXo?, &a"rrep ^^a\v o
TO SvcT7ret$e? /ral d/co\a(TTOv T?}?
<yioi>, aTToXafCTicras TCL /ca\a /cal
KaTTiTcova <t>ovTij'iov eTre^^rev CI^OVTCL KXeoiraTpav
2 et? ^vplav. eXOovarj Be ^apu^eTaf, Kal TrpocrTL-
fjiiKpbv ovBev ovS* ciXiyov, dXXa
216
ANTONY, xxxv. 3-xxxvi. 2
should prevail and there should be war between you,
one of you, it is uncertain which, is destined to con-
quer, and one to be conquered, but my lot in either
case will be one of misery." Caesar was overcome
by these words, and came in a peaceful manner to
Tarentum. Then the inhabitants beheld a most noble
spectacle a large army on land inactive, and many
ships lying quietly off shore, while the commanders
and their friends met one another with friendly
greetings. Antony entertained Caesar first, who con-
sented to it for his sister's sake. And after it had
been agreed that Caesar should give to Antony two
legions for his Parthian war, and Antony to Caesar
one hundred bronze-beaked galleys, Octavia, inde-
pendently of this agreement, obtained twenty light
sailing craft from her husband for her brother, and
one thousand soldiers from her brother for her
husband. Thus they separated, and Caesar at once
engaged in the war against Pompey, being ambitious
to get Sicily, while Antony, after putting Octavia in
Caesar's charge, together with his children by her
and Fulvia, crossed over into Asia.
XXX VI. But the dire evil which had been slumber-
ing for along time, namely, his passion for Cleopatra,
which men thought had been charmed away and
lulled to rest by better considerations, blazed up
again with renewed power as he drew near to Syria.
And finally, like the stubborn and unmanageable beast
of the soul, of which Plato speaks, 1 he spurned away
all saving and noble counsels and sent Fonteius
Capito to bring Cleopatra to Syria. And when she
was come, he made her a present of no slight or
insignificant addition to her dominions, namely,
1 Cf. Phaedrue, 254 A.
217
PLUTARCH'S LIVES
/coi\rjv 2vpiav, KvTrpov, KtXt/aa? 7ro\\rjv eri
Be TT}? re 'lovBaiwv rrjv TO fidXaajjiov (frepovcrav
/cal rr)? Naftaraicov 'Apaftias oaij jrpbs TTJV e/cro?
aTTOK\lvei Bd\ao~o~av. avrai yuaXta
rj'viacrav al Swpeai. Kairoi TroXXoi? e
KOL /SacrtXeta? eOv&v /neyaXwv, ISico-
oven, TroXXou? 8' a^/oetro /9a<JiXeta?, a>?
'Avriyovov TOV 'lovSalov, ov /cal
3 ovra) KoXa&QevTos. a\Xa TO ala^pov rjv
KXeoTrarpa? TI/JLWI> aviapoTaiov. rju^tja-e Be Trjv
oiafto\r)v TratSa? e' avTrjs Bibv/Jiovs aveXofJLevos,
KOI Trpoo-ayopeiKTa? TOV /j,ev *A\ej;av$pov, rrjv Se
, 'jrLK\rjo'iV Be TOV yu.ez/'HXtoi', TTJV Be
r)vr)V. ov /JLTJV tlXX' dyaObs wv ey Ka\\wrri-
crao-dat rot? atV^yoot? eXeye TT}? /JLCV 'Pw/jiaiwv
ov Bi wv \CLJJL ft dvovcriv, aXX' ev eu?
aiveaOai TO fjieyeOos' BiaBo%ais Be
KOI TKVU>O~e(7L 7ToX\,0)V ftcKTlkeWV 7T\aTVV6adaL
4 ra? evyeveias. OVTCO yovv v<$> 'Hyoa/cXeou? TKVW-
TOV avTOV Trpoyovov, ovtc ev yuta yaaTpl
v TTJV BiaBo%rjv ovBe VO/AOVS SoXco^etof? KCU
evOvvas BeBoiKOTO$, dXXa Ty <pvcrei
TroXXa? <yva)v dp^a^ KOL KaTaj3o\a<; d
XXXVII. 'Evrel Be QpaaTOv KTeivavTos
Brjv TOV TTdTepa /cal Tr)v fBacriKelav
aXXoi re Hdpdcov direBiBpao-Kov ov/c 6\iyoi, /cal
^Aovaicrr]?, avrjp tVt^a^?;? /cal BvvaTos, r)/ce (f>ev-
218
ANTONY, xxxvi. 2-xxxvn. i
Phoenicia, Coele Syria, Cyprus, and a large part of
Cilicia ; and still further, the balsam-producing part
of Judaea, and all that part of Arabia Nabataea
which slopes toward the outer sea. These gifts par-
ticularly annoyed the Romans. And yet he made
presents to many private persons of tetrarchies and
realms of great peoples, and he deprived many
monarchs of their kingdoms, as, for instance, Anti-
gonus the Jew, whom he brought forth and be-
headed, though no other king before him had been
so punished. But the shamefulness of the honours
conferred upon Cleopatra gave most offence. And
he heightened the scandal by acknowledging his
two children by her, and calling one Alexander
and the other Cleopatra, with the surname for the
first of Sun, and for the other of Moon. However,
since he was an adept at putting a good face upon
shameful deeds, he used to say that the greatness
of the Roman empire was made manifest, not by
what the Romans received, but by what they be-
stowed ; and that noble families were extended by
the successive begettings of many kings. In this
way, at any rate, he said, his own progenitor was
begotten by Heracles, who did not confine his
succession to a single womb, nor stand in awe of
laws like Solon's for the regulation of conception,
but gave free course to nature, and left behind
him the beginnings and foundations of many
families.
XXXVII. And now Phraates put Hyrodes his
father to death and took possession of his kingdom, 1
other Parthians ran away in great numbers, and par-
ticularly Monaeses, a man of distinction and power,
1 In 36 B.C. Cf. the Orassia, xxxiii. 5.
219
PLUTARCH'S LIVES
ywv 7T/30? 'AvTwviov, Ta? [j,ev e/ceivov rir^a? rat?
^e^Li(TTOfc\eov^ eiKacra^, jrepiovcriav Be rrjv eav-
rov real fjieya\o$>pocrvvr)v rot? Tlepcrwv (3acri\evcri
7rapa/3a\cov, eBajptjaaro rpet? TroXet? avry, Ad-
picrcrav KCU ^i\piOova~av KCLI '\epav ITO\IV, rjv
2 ^ajji^vKriv Trporepov Ka\ovv. rov Be
TW Movaiffrj Be^iav KaTaTT
avrov drreo'TeiXev 6 AVT&VLOS, e
ev eyvaiKcos TOV ^padrrjv, &>? elpr)vr)$ eVo/aeV?;?,
d^iwv Be Ta? aXoucra? eVl Kpdacrov crrj^aia^ teal
TWV dv&pcov a7TO\ajBelv TOI)? Trep/o^ra?. auro? Be
TZXeoTrdTpav et? A/LJVTTTOV aTTOTre'/i^a? e^copei Bi*
3 'A/9a/3t'9 /cat 'Ap/iewa?, OTTOU
TT}? ^vvdfjiew^ KOI rwv
r](jav OVTOI, fjieyio-ros Be irdvrwv o r?}?
avrw
TOP
f n ' \ > f
I ^ ^\ f n ' \ >
crrparov. rjcrav oe r w [JLCIIMV ^ev avraw
fivpiot ire^ol Kal TO '
iTTTTLKOV, 'I^/;/3Ct)I/ /CO.I KeArWl' fJiVpLOl, TOiV Be
a\\H)v eOvusv eyevovTO rpels [ivpidBes avv iTTTrev-
aiv o/jiov Kal ^tXot?.
4 TWayrT/i' fjievTOi Trapacncevriv KOI Bvva/juv, i)
/cal TOU? irepav \$dfcrp(ov 'li^Sou? e(})6/3r]cre Kal
Tracrav eKpdBave rrjv ^Acriav, dvovrjrov avru> Bid 93
KXeoTrdrpav ^/eveaOau \eyov0L. cnrevBovra yap
eKeLvr) avvBiayei/jida-ai,, rov iroXefJtov e^eveyicelv
Trpb Kaipov KCLI iraai ^p^cra^OaL Terapay/jLeva)?,
OVK ovra TMV eaurov \oyia- fjuwv, a\X' co? VTTO l
fyap/jidKtov TIVWV rj yorjTeias TraTnalvovra TT/OO?
1 is uTrJ) Naber : vir6.
220
ANTONY, xxxvu. 1-4
who came in flight to Antony. Antony likened the
fortunes of the fugitive to those of Themistocles, 1
compared his own abundant resources and magnan-
imity to those of the Persian kings, and gave him
three cities, Larissa, Arethusa, and Hierapolis, which
used to be called Bambyce. But when the Parthian
king made an offer of friendship to Monaeses, Antony
gladly sent Monaeses back to him, determined to
deceive Phraates with a prospect of peace, and de-
manding back the standards captured in the campaign
of Crassus, together with such of his men as still
survived. Antony himself, however, after sending
* O
Cleopatra back to Egypt, proceeded through Arabia
and Armenia to the place where his forces were
assembled, together with those of the allied kings.
These kings were very many in number, but the
greatest of them all was Artavasdes, king of Armenia,
who furnished six thousand horse and seven thousand
foot. Here Antony reviewed his army. There were,
of the Romans themselves, sixty thousand foot-
soldiers, together with the cavalry classed as Roman,
namely, ten thousand Iberians and Celts ; of the
other nations there were thirty thousand, counting
alike horsemen and light-armed troops.
And yet we are told that all this preparation and
power, which terrified even the Indians beyond
Bactria and made all Asia quiver, was made of no
avail to Antony by reason of Cleopatra. For so eager
was he to spend the winter with her that he began
the war before the proper time, and managed every-
thing confusedly. He was not master of his own
faculties, but, as if he were under the influence of
certain drugs or of magic rites, was ever looking
1 See the Themistocles, xxix. 7.
221
PLUTARCH'S LIVES
e/ceivijv del, KOI TT/OO? TO rd^iof 7rave\0eiv fia\\ov
rj TT^JO? TO /cparr/crai rwv TroXe/u'wz' yevo^evov.
XXXVIII. T]pa)TOV /JLV OVV CIVTOV BeOV eV
'Ap/jievia Bia^eif^dcrai KOI BiavaTravcrat, rov
(Trparov, OKraKia-^iXiwv araBicov a r jroTe r Tpvfjievov
Tropeia, KOI irplv rj Kiveiv etc TWV ^ei /JLCL$LWV
Hdpdovs ea/ao? ^PXV MryStap Kara\a^eli>, ovrc
rov %povov, aXV evOvs rjyev ev apiarepa
pfJievlav, /cal T^? 'ATyooTraT^zn}? a-^rd-
2 yitez/'o? GTTOpOei TTJV %(i)pav. eTreira fir)^avrjimdra)if
avrq> 7T/50? 7ro\iopKiav dvajKaiwv TpiaKoaicus
TrapaTrefJiTroiJievwv, ev ot? /cal Kpios r]V
Biacf)dapev eVt Kaipov ird\LV yevecr@ai Sia TO rr]v
avw %(*)pav TTOLV %v\ov dyevvts els fj,r/KO$ /cal
fjLa\6(iKov e/ctyepeiv, eTreiyo/jievo^ w? efiTroBia rov
aTreXiTre, <$>v\aKi']v rtva /cal ^TdTicuvov
TWV df^a^oov eTriarijcras, atTo? Be
fjieydXyv TTO\LV, ev rj /cal re/cva /cal
yvvai/ces fjaav rov TT)? M^Sta? ySacrtXeco?, eVo-
3 \iop/cei. T?}? Be ^peias evOvs ocrov
firj^ava^ dTroXnrtov e'^eXey^oucr^?, 6/nocre
%ov 7T/005 rrjv TTO\LV %w/za a^o\Tj /cal
dvLard/nevov. ev TOVTW Be /carafiaivcov arparia
/jLeyd\rj ^padrrj^, a>? rjfcovcre rrjv airoKeL-^nv TWV
fxr)^avo(p6pwv d/aa^wv, eTreptye rwv liririatv TTO\-
Xou? eV atTa9, vfi wv TrepCkrj^Oel^ o
diro9vr)crKei fjiev avros, airoQvr](iKOV(ji Be
* Ta? Be .aa^a? eXovTe? ol
222
ANTONY, xxxvu. 4-xxxvni. 3
eagerly towards her, and thinking more of his speedy
return than of conquering the enemy.
XXXVU I. In the first place, then, though he
ought to have spent the winter in Armenia and to
have given his army rest, worn out as it was by a
march of eight thousand furlongs, and to have occu-
pied Media at the opening of spring, before the
Parthians had left their winter quarters, he could
not hold out that length of time, but led his army
on, taking Armenia on his left, and skirting Atro-
patene, which country he ravaged. Secondly, his
engines necessary for siege operations were carried
along on three hundred waggons, and among them
was a battering ram eighty feet long. Not one of
these, if destroyed, could be replaced in time to be
of use, because the upper country produced only
wood of insufficient length and hardness. Neverthe-
less, in his haste, he left these behind him, on the
ground that they retarded his speed, setting a con-
siderable guard under the command of Statianus
over the waggons, while he himself laid siege to
Phraata, a large city, in which were the wives and
children of the king of Media. But the exigencies
of the case at once proved what a mistake he had
made in leaving behind him his engines, and coming
to close quarters he began to build a mound against
the city, which rose slowly and with much labour.
In the meantime, however, Phraates came down with a
great army, and when he heard that the waggons
carrying the engines had been left behind, he sent a
large number of his horsemen against them. By
these Statianus was surrounded and slain himself,
and ten thousand of his men were slain with him.
Moreover, the Barbarians captured the engines and
112
PLUTARCH'S LIVES
fidpftapoi Bie^deipav. el\ov Be 7ra/ji7r6\\ov<;, ev
019 Kal Ylo\ejJL(DV fy o ftacriXevs.
XXXIX. TOUTO irdvTas /xev, 009 et/co?, rjviao'e
TOU9 Trepl 'Avrd)i>Lov dve\7ricrTa)$ ev a
yevras' o Be 'A/5/xez^to? 'A/orao^ao-S?/? a
ra 'Pco/jiaLwv w^ero rrjv avrov ffTpanav ava\a-
ficov, KCiiTTep alriaiTaTOS rov 7ro\e/Jiov
2 7ri(f)avevT(0v &e Xa/^TT/jco? rot? iroKiopKovcn
YIdp0ct)v KOL ^pwfievwv a7T6iXat? Trpo? vftpw, ov
/SouXoyCte^o? 'Ai^rcowo? ^(Jv^d^ovTi TW arparu) TO
&vo-9v/jiovv Kal KaTaTr67r\Tiy/jievov e/jL^eveiv KOI
avecr0ai, 8e/ca rdy/^ara Aa/Saw Kal
reipas oTrXtrw^, TOU? S' l
, e^ijyaye 7r/?o? anoX.oyiav,
7ricr7racr@evTCi)v fjidXia-ra rwv 7ro\/jLLCi)i>
3 e/c Trapard^ecos /jid^v <yevecr0ai. TT poe\tf u>v Be
6Sov ?}/^epa?, &>9 ea>/3a roj)9 ITa/)^ou9 KVK\M
/cal irpocrireo'elv Kad' 6&bv avrw
-rjfce i*,ev TO rr/9 Ata^7;9 crv/J,/3o\ov
ev TO) a-rparoTTeBu), Ka06\u>v Be ra9 cr/crjvas a>9 ov
fta'ffla'OfjLevos, aX,X' arrd^wv,
fiapfidpwv rr)V rd^iv ovcrav
orav ol TT/Dwrot Tot9 07rXtTai9 eV e
4 elvai, rovs /7T7ret9 evavrLovs elcrekavveiv.
Se TIdpOois irapaKeKpLfjievoL^ \6yov KpttTrwv i)
e^aiveTO TCOV 'Pw/j-aitov, KOI KaT0wvro
ovra^ ev BiaaTij/jLaaiv LCTOLS ddopv/3a>s Kal
<ri(DTrf) roj)9 vGaovs KpaBaivovras. a>9 Be TO
<rrj/jieiov ijpdrj Kal TrpocrefyepovTO ^era
224
ANTONY, xxxvin. 3-xxxix. 4
destroyed them. They also took a great number
of prisoners, among whom was Polemon the king.
XXXIX. This calamity naturally distressed all the
followers of Antony, for they had received an unex-
pected blow at the outset ; besides, Artavasdes, the
king of Armenia, despairing of the Roman cause,
took his own forces and went off, although he had
been the chief cause of the war. And now the
Parthians presented themselves to the besiegers in
brilliant array, and threatened them insultingly.
Antony, therefore, not wishing that the inactivity of
his army should confirm and increase among them
consternation and dejection, took ten legions and
three praetorian cohorts of men-at-arms, together
with all his cavalry, and led them out to forage,
thinking that in this \vay the enemy would best be
drawn into a pitched battle. After advancing a
single day's march, he saw that the Parthians were
enveloping him and seeking to attack him on the
march. He therefore displayed the signal for battle
in his camp, and after taking down his tents, as
though his purpose was not to fight but to withdraw,
he marched along past the line of the Barbarians,
which was crescent-shaped. But he had given orders
that when the first ranks of the enemy should appear
to be within reach of his legionaries, the cavalry
should charge upon them. To the Parthians in
their parallel array, the discipline of the Romans
seemed to beggar description, and they watched
them marching past at equal distances from one
another, without confusion, and in silence, brandish-
ing their javelins. But when the signal was given, and
the Roman horsemen wheeled about and rode down
225
PLUTARCH'S LIVES
ol t7T7re?9, TOVTOVS [lev
, KdiTTep ev9v$ eVro? To^ev/jiaTos yevo-
, TCOV Be 07T\LTWV O~VVaTTTOVTWV afJLa ftof)
KCU Trardyw TWV oTrXcoi/, ol re LTTTTOI, rot?
egiaravTO rapfSovvres KOI avrol irplv et?
'O Se 'Al^TOO^O? V6KITO TTj Bttogei, KOl
el'xev eX,7rt3a? &)? rov TrdKe^ov TO 934
rj TO TT\L(TTOV efeeivg Trj /^d^r
7rel Be T>}? S^co^eco? yevo/Jievr]? rot?
eVl TrevTrjKOVTa crTaSia, rot?
eVl r^ot? Tocraura, TOU? TreTTTWKOTas TU*V 7ro\e/j,icov
real TOU? r]\wKQTas eTTiaKorrovvTes evpov afy-
Tpid/covTa, veicpovs Se oySoijfcovTa
aTropia teal
Seivov elvai \oyi%o/j,evoi<; el vLK&vTes /JLV OI/TCO?
oXt/you? KTeivovcrLV, r]TTU)fjievoL Se
TOCTOVTWV oo-ou? aTreftaXov Trepl ra?? a/u,a
6 T^ S' vaTTepaiq a-vcTKevacrd/uevoi TTJV eirl
teal TOV (TTpaToireSov Trpor/yov. evTVXovTes 8e
a Trjv 68ov TrpwTov fjiev o\iyoi<$ TWV TTO^/JLIWV,
iTa rrXeLocri, reXo? Be Traaiv axiTrep drjTTrjrois
KOI vea\e<Ji 7rpOKd\ov/j,evot<; teal irpoaftdXX.ovcn,
teal 7ro\v7rova)<;
7 aw9ri<jav et? TO (rraTOTreSov. TWI> Be
Tiva 7roir)(Ta/jL6V(i)v eVl TO ^M/JO, real
TOU? Trpop.a^ofJievov^ <fro(3r)<rdvT(t)v, opyiadels 6
'Az/Tamo9 e%/)r;craTO Trj \eyojJievrj Be/caTeia ?r/309
TOi/9 d7roBei\id(TavTas. Sie\u>v yap els BercdBas
TO Tr\f)0o<; a^>' e/ca<TT779 eva TOV \a^ovTa K\
pe, T0t9 Be aX,Xo^9 az/Tt Trvpwv eVe
d<$ jju
226
ANTONY, xxxix. 4-7
upon them with loud shouts, they did indeed receive
their onset and repel them, although their foes were
at once too close for them to use their arrows ; when,
however, the legionaries joined in the charge, with
shouts and clashing of weapons, the horses of the
Parthians took fright and gave way, and the Parthians
fled without coming to close quarters.
Antony pressed hard upon them in pursuit, and
had great hopes that he had finished the whole war.
or the greater part of it, in that one battle. His
infantry kept up the pursuit for fifty furlongs, and
his cavalry for thrice that distance ; and yet when
he took count of those of the enemy who had
fallen or had been captured, he found only thirty
prisoners and eighty dead bodies. Despondency
and despair therefore fell upon all ; they thought
it a terrible thing that when victorious they had
killed so few, and when vanquished they were
to be robbed of so many men as they had lost at
the waggons. On the following day they packed
up and started on the road to Phraata and their
camp. As they marched they met, first a few of the
enemy, then more of them, and finally the whole
body, which, as though unconquered and fresh, chal-
lenged and attacked them from every side ; but
at last, with difficulty and much labour, they got
safely to their camp. Then the Medes made a sally
against their mound and put its defenders to flight.
At this Antony was enraged, and visited those who
had played the coward with what is called decima-
tion. That is, he divided the whole number of them
into tens, and put to death that one from each ten
upon whom the lot fell. 1 For the rest he ordered
rations of barley instead of wheat.
1 See the Crassus, x. 2.
227
PLUTARCH'S LIVES
XL. XaXeTro? Be d/ji(j)orepOL^ rjv o TroXe/zo?, Kal
TO f.L\\OV avrOV <f)Oj3ep'j$repOV, 'A.VTWVIW fJieV
Trpoo-BoKcovri, \LIJLQV ovKeri jap rjv avev rpav-
Kal veKpwv rro\\wv emcnriaacrOaL' Qpad-
Be TOU? TldpQovs eiriardfjievo^ travra fjid\\ov
%a) 7rpoa-ra\aL7TCL>pLV KOL OvpavXeiv
, e^ofSelro /JLT) r&v 'Pwnaiaiv ey/capre-
povvrwv /cal Trapa/jLevovToyv dTTO\'nru>cnv avrov,
7787; rov ae^o? (TvvicrTa/jLevov fjLerd $>6ivoTrwpivriv
2 larjfJLepiav. S6\ov ovv crvvridrjai roto^Se. Yldp6a)i>
ol yvaypi/jiWTaTOi, Trepu ra? (TiTo\oyia<> Kal ra?
aXXa? a7ra^r?;cret9 /na\aKooT6pov rot? '
irpocrecpepovTO, \afJifSdveiv re irapievres
Via Kal rr]v dperyv eiraivovvres a>?
Tarwv dvSpwv Kal davfjia^o/jLevoyv VTTO rou
3 (7(j)Tpov (3ao-i\(a<; BiKaiws. ere Be TOVTOV
7rpocre\avvovTes eyyvrepco Kal TOU? ITTTTOVS
drpe/jia TrapajSdXXovres \oiB6povv rov ' AVTWVIOV,
QTI j3ov~\.ofjLV(i) Qpadrr) $ia\\ayr)vai, Kal (pei-
aao-dai TOIOVTWV dvbpwv KOI TOCTOVTWV d<^opfjLi]v
ov BiBcoaiv, d\\d TOV? ^aXeTrou? Kal /jLeyd\ov<;
KaOrfraL 7ro\6/jiLovs dvauevwv, \tp,ov Kal ^eifjidva,
BL &v epyov ecrrt Kal ir poire /JLTT o/^evovs VTTO
TLdp@a)V a7ro(f)vytv. TToXXcoi^ Be ravra TT/DO? TOV
dva(f)ep6vTO)v, (JLaXaaaofjievos VTTO T?}?
o/jLw<f ov rrpOTepov eTreKripVKevcraro TT/^O?
rov Yldpdov 77 TTvOeadaL r&v cfriXotypovovuevwv
GKeii'wv ftapfBdpwv el rov /3acri\ew<t ravra (>po-
4 vovvros Bia\eyoii>ro. ffcaaKovrwv Be /cal rrapa-
Ka\ovvrwv ur) BeBievai ^Be drficrrelv,
rwv eraipwv rrd\iv ra?
228
ANTONY, XL. 1-4
XL. The war was full of hardship for both sides,
and its future course was still more to be dreaded.
Antony expected a famine ; for it was no longer
possible to get provisions without having many men
wounded and killed. Phraates, too, knew that his
Parthians were able to do anything rather than to
undergo hardships and encamp in the open during
winter, and he was afraid that if the Romans per-
sisted and remained, his men would desert him,
since already the air was getting sharp after the
summer equinox. He therefore contrived the fol-
lowing stratagem. Those of the Parthians who were
most acquainted with the Romans attacked them less
vigorously in their forays for provisions and other en-
counters, allowing them to take some things, prais-
ing their valour, and declaring that they were capital
fighting men and justly admired by their own king.
After this, they would ride up nearer, and quietly
putting their horses alongside the Romans, would
revile Antony because, when Phraates wished to
come to terms and spare so many and such excellent
men, Antony would not give him an opportunity, but
sat there awaiting those grievous and powerful en-
emies, famine and winter, which would make it
difficult for them to escape even though the Par-
thians should escort them on their way. Many per-
sons reported this to Antony, but though his hope
inclined him to yield, he did not send heralds to the
Parthians until he had inquired of the Barbarians
who were showing such kindness whether what they
said represented the mind of their king. They assured
him that it did, and urged him to have no fear or dis-
trust, whereupon he sent some of his companions with
a renewed demand for the return of the standards
229
PLUTARCH'S LIVES
teal rov? cu'^/xaXcoTOU?, 009 Brj
ayaTrdv TO aa)Qr)vai teal Bia(j)vyeiv
rov Be Tldpdou ravra ^ev eav
K\evovTO$, LLTTLOVTI Be v0v$ elprjvrfv teal da(f)d-
\eiav elvai <ptjcravTO<}, o\i<yais rj/jiepais avcrfceva-
5 adjbievo? ave^v<yvvev, cov Be KOI Sijpay 7ri6avo<$
fcal crrparbv ayeiv $ia \6yov Trap
TWV Tore TrefyvKWs, e^eXtTrei^ avro?
ala-)(yvr) teal KaTrf^eia TO TrapaOappvvai TO
TOVTO
TTOir/arai. Ka Tives jjiev rjyavfCTrjcrav &)? vTrepopc*)-
fjLevoi, TO Se 7r\Gi(TTOV TTK\dcrOri Kal (rvvefypbvrjae
rrjv aliiav Sib /cal p,d\\ov wovro &iv dvraiSel-
aQai /cal TrelOecrOai TCO a-rparr)jw.
XLL MeXXo^ro? Be avTOV rrjv avrrjv 6Sbv
ayeiv OTTtVa) TreSwrjv /cal aBevSpov QVGCLV,
TU> yevei Ma/?So?, vroXXa Tot? TldpOwv rf
VW[JLL\'Y]KM^ ) rjBrj Be 'Pw/xatof? Tricrrbs eV rfj
rfi Trepl Ta? /z^^a^a? yeyovws, 'Avrcoviw Trpocr-
e\0cov K\6V6 (frevyeiv ev Be^ia TWV opwv
eTTtXa/So/^e^o^, Kal ar] arparbv oTrXtTr/z^ Kal
ftapvv v Bpo/Jiois yv/jLvois Kal dvaTreTTTauevois
2 V7ro/3a\eii> WTTTJ) TO&avTrj KOL ro^ev/^a(7tv t o Brj
rbv t&padTijv d^aarfjaat, TT}? 7ro\iop-
avTov 6/jio\oyiais <$>i\av9 PMTTOW eaeaOai Be
auro? fjye/jiwv 6Bov ^pa^vrepa^ Kal
eviTopiav TWV 7riT^Beia)i> e
230
ANTONY, XL. 4-xLi. 2
and the captives/ that he might not be thought
altogether satisfied with an escape in safety. But
the Parthian told him not to urge this matter, and
assured him of peace and safety as soon as he started
to go away ; whereupon, within a few days Antony
packed up his baggage and broke camp. But though
lie was persuasive in addressing a popular audience
and was better endowed by nature than any man of his
time for leading an army by force of eloquence, he
could not prevail upon himself, for shame and de-
jection of spirits, to make the usual speech of en-
couragement to the army, but ordered Domitius
Aheiiobarbus to do it. Some of the soldiers were
incensed at this, and felt that he had held them in
contempt ; but the majority of them were moved to
the heart as they comprehended the reason. There-
fore they thought they ought to show all the more
respect and obedience to their commander.
XLI. As he was about to lead his army back by
the road over which it had come, which ran through
a level country without trees, a man of the Mardian
race, who had great familiarity with the Parthian
habits, and had already shown himself faithful to
the Romans in the battle over the engines of war, 2
came to Antony and urged him in his flight to keep
close to the hills upon his right, and not to expose
an encumbered army of legionaries to so large a force
of mounted archers, in bare and extended tracts ;
this was the very thing, he said, which Phraates
had designed when he induced him by friendly
conferences to raise the siege ; he himself, he said,
would conduct the army by a way that was shorter
and furnished a greater abundance of provisions.
1 See chapter xxxvii. 2. 2 See chapter xxxviii. 3.
231
PLUTARCH'S LIVES
TaOra drcovaas o 'AvT&wo? /3ov\veTO, fcal
jiev OVK /3ov\TO So/ceiv dma-reiv yaera
/ ^ V ' f \ V \
as, Ti]V oe o~vvTo^iav T?/? ooov KCLL TO Trapa
oltcovfjievas eaea-0ai TIJV Tropeiav e
3 Trio-riv -fjrei rbv MdpSov. 6 &e Br/craL
avrov cfypi ov Karacmjo-r] TOV (rrparov et? 'Ap-
KOI
av. ry Se rpirrj iravrdiracrL roi)? Tldp9ov$ u
ryvutKOTOS 'Ai/T&mou KOI fiaSi^ovTos avet fJLev(t>s Sia
TO Oappelv, I^>OL)V o MayoSo? diro^wa-iv e/i/SoX?}?
TTora/jLov vewo-rl &L6<nracrfJLev'r)v KOI TO pev^a TTO\V
4 TT/OO? ri-jv o$6v, y Tropevreov TJV, eK^eofjievov, avvfj-
tcev OTL TWV TIdpflwv epyov eiri TOUTO
ei>fca fcal Star pi/3 fj^ e/nTroScbv avrois TOV
Ti0e/J,evcov, KOI TOV 'AvTcoviov opav K\eue real
7rpocr)eiv, &)? TWV TroXefjilwv eyyvs OVTWV. apri
Be avrov KaOiGTavTOS ei'v Ta^iv TCL oVXa KCU oY
dVTWV TOt? CLKOVTlGTois KCLI (T(f)6vBoi>rjTaiS
vi"icrav ol YldpdoL teal TrepLrf\.avvov a)? KVK\WCTO-
IJLGVOL KOI (TvvTapd^ovTes Travra^oOev TOV crTpaTov.
5 K8pa/j,6vTO)v Se TWV ^i\wv eV CLVTOVS, TroXXa?
CLTTO TO(i)V, OVK
icri /col
/jLO\v/3$icri /col TO??
dve\^u>povv eLTa eTrrjjov avis, a\pi ov crvcrTpe-
ol KeXTol TOU? I'TTTTOVS eve/3a\ov KOL Ste-
OVKTI Tr rjLeas eVetV? VTTO-
232
ANTONY, XLI. 2-5
On hearing this, Antony took counsel with himself.
He did not wish to have the appearance of distrusting
the Parthians, now that a truce had been made, but
since he approved of the shorter road and of having
their march take them past inhabited villages, he
asked the Mardian for a pledge of his good faith.
The Mardian offered to let himself be put in fetters
until he should bring the army safely into Armenia,
and he was put in fetters, and led them for two days
without their encountering trouble. But on the
third day, when Antony had put the Parthians en-
tirely out of his thoughts, and was marching along
in loose order because of his confidence, the Mardian
noticed that a dike of the river had been recently
torn away, and that the stream was flowing out in
great volume towards the road over which their
march must be made. He comprehended that this
was the work of the Parthians, throwing the river in
their way to obstruct and delay the Roman march,
and urged Antony to look out and be on his guard,
as the enemy were near. And just as Antony was
setting his legionaries in array and arranging to have
his javelineers and slingers make a sally through
them against the enemy, the Parthians came into
view and began to ride around the army in order to
envelope and throw it into confusion on all sides.
Whenever the Roman light-armed troops sallied out
against them, the Parthians would inflict many
wounds with their arrows, but sustain yet more from
the leaden bullets and javelins of the Romans, and
therefore withdraw. Then they would come up
again, until the Celts, massing their horses together,
made a charge upon them and scattered them, so
that they showed themselves no more that day.
233
PLUTARCH'S LIVES
XLII. 'E/c TOVTOV yiia#a)i> o 'Ai/rcoz^o? o 7roLf.lv
TroXXot? a/cozmcrrafr teal o-tyevBovr/Tais ov
/JLOVOV rrjv ovpayiav, aXXa KOI ra? TrXeu/m? e/care-
pas crroyttwcra? eV TrXafcrtw TOI^ a-rparov rjye, KOI
rot? tTTTTOTaj? ipr]To 7rpocr/3dX\ovTa$ Tpeirea-dai,
ov^ Se fjirj iroppa) SIGOKCLV, ware rou?
ra? e'0e^? recrcrapa? ^e/ja? ovOev TT\-
ov SpdaavTas rj TraOovras d/nf3\VTpov<$ yeyovevai
KOI TQV xei/Jiwva Trotov/^tevovs 7rp6<pacriv
Ty Be Tre/jLTTTTj OXaoi/io? FaXXo?, dvrjp TTO\-
KOI Spao-rrjpios
air ovpas, KOI TWV O.TTO To crTOftaro?
fieya KaropOwp.a TTOI^JCTCOV. SOI^TO?
dvCKOTrre rou?
a>? irporepov, vrrdywv a/jta TT/JO? TOI)? ovrXtra?
dva^wpwv, aXXa v(pia-Td/jivos KOL avfjL7r\K6[AVo<s
3 7rapa/3oXa>TeyOO^. opwi^re? &e avrov 01 T^? ovpa-
7/a? rjye/jioves d7ropp7jyi>v/J.evov exaKovv -ne/JLTrov-
T6?' 6 Se OUA: eVet^ero. TLTLOV Be fyaai TOV la^l-
O.V KOI TWV (TV) JJLCLIMV 7ri\a/36/-LVOV (7Tp6(f)lV 07TL-
crw KOI \oiBopeiv TOV Yd\\ov a>5 aTroXXu^ra ?roX-
Xou? /cal dyaOovs avSpas. avriXoiBopovvros Be
erceivov KOI BiaK\evo/Liei>ov rot? 7re/o! CIVTOV jj,e-
veiv, 6 fJiGV Ttrio? d7r6%a)pei' TOV Be Td\\ov a)0ov-
fjievov et? TOU? Kara arofjia \avOdvovcri TroXXol
4 irepicr^ovre^ eV TWZ^ oTricrQev. /3aXXo/zei/o? Se
Travra^oQev e/caXet 7re / u,7rft)i' dpwyi]i>. ol Be TOU?
OTrXtra? ayovres, wv KOI KaviBios rjv, di'rjp irapa
'Avrwviw Bvvd/jLevos fieyicTTov, ov fiiKpa BOKOVCTL
Bia/.iapreiv. Beov yap dOpoav eTria-rpetyai rrjv 93
234
ANTONY, XLII. 1-4
XLII. Having thus learned what he ought to do,
Antony covered not only his rear, but also both his
flanks, with numerous javelmeers and slingers, led his
army in the form of a hollow square, and gave orders
to his horsemen to rout the enemy when they at-
tacked, but after routing them not to pursue them
further. Consequently the Parthians, during four
successive days, suffered greater loss than they in-
flicted, became less eager, and made the winter an
excuse for thoughts of going away.
On the fifth day, however, Flavius Gallus, an effi-
cient and able soldier in high command, came to
Antony and asked him for more light-armed troops
from the rear, and for some of the horsemen from the
van, confident that he would achieve a great success.
Antony gave him the troops, and when the enemy
attacked, Gallus beat them back, not withdrawing
and leading them on towards the legionaries, as
before, but resisting and engaging them more hazard-
ously. The leaders of the rear guard, seeing that
he was being cut off from them, sent and called him
back ; but he would not listen to them. Then, they
say, Titius the quaestor laid hold of his standards and
tried to turn them back, abusing Gallus for throwing
away the lives of so many brave men. But Gallus
gave back the abuse and exhorted his men to stand
firm, whereupon Titius withdrew. Then Gallus forced
his way among the enemy in front of him, without
noticing that great numbers of them were enveloping
him in the rear. But when missiles began to fall
upon him from all sides, he sent and asked for help.
Then the leaders of the legionaries, among whom was
Canidius, a man of the greatest influence with Antony,
are thought to have made no slight mistake. For when
2 35
PLUTARCH'S LIVES
(pd\ayya, irifLTrovTe^ rear 0X170 u? e
icai Ttd\iv rjTT(t)/jieva)V TOVTWV erepovs aTrocrreX-
, e\a6ov O\LJOV Belv T/TTT;? KOL $>vyr,<s o\ov
'avTes TO aTpaToireBov, el /ur) ra%v /j,ev
at>TO? 'Az'T&Ji'io? yaera TWV OTT\WV airo TOV crro-
6^ VTravTidfav, Ta^v Se TO rpirov
TOOV tyewyovTWv eVl TOU? TroXe/^tou? u
TOV Tcpocrco Sico/cetv.
XLIII. ^ATredai'OV Be Tpio")i\La)v OUK e'Xa
eKO}Jiia'6r)crav Be eVl crKrjvas Tpav/jLdTiai
KL(7^L\ioi' real FaXXo? TJV ev rourot?,
VCLVTIQI<$ $iaTTe7rapfjLvos To^ev/jLacriv. aXX' OVTOS
fj,ev etc TWV Tpavfjid-Ttov OVK dv/jveyfce, TOU? 8'
ttXXou? irepuan 1 o 'Aprajwo? eVecr/coTrei KOI Trape-
Odppvve Se$aKpv/j,evos real irepnraOwv. ol Be
(fraiSpol r^9 Se^a? avTov ~\.a/JL/3av6/jievoi Trape/cd-
\ovv CLTTiovTa OepdTTeveiv avTov KOL JJL^ KaKOTra-
Oelv, avTO/cpdropa KoXovvies, KOI aa)%o-0ai Xe-
2 70^x6? av eVet/'o? vyiaivy. KaOo\ov /nev yap OUT
d\Kal$ OVT VTTOfJLOVOL^ OVT l]\LKia \afJLTTpOT6pOV
aXXo? avTO/cpaTcop aTpaTOv etceivov So/eel <rvvaya-
yeiv ev roi? TOTG ^povow rj Be Trpo? avrov aiScos
TOV ijyefjiova KOI TceiOap^ia /Lter' evvoias, KCU TO
o/iaXw?, eVSo^of?,
, Tr}V rrapa *A.VT(0viov Tifi^v re /rat
alpelaOai TT}? awTripias KOI TT}?
Xeta?, ouSe rot? Trd\cu 'Pwyaatoi? aTreXnrev
3 {3o\riv. TOVTOV Be airiai TrXeto^e? rjcrav, 0)9
TrpoeiptJKajjiev evyeveia, \oyov
236
ANTONY, XLII. 4-xLin. 3
they ought to have wheeled their entire line against
the enemy, they sent only a few men at a time to
help Callus, and again, when one detachment had
been overcome, sent out others, and so, before they
were aware of it, they came ne.ar plunging the whole
army into defeat and flight. But Antony himself
speedily came with his legionaries from the van to
confront the fugitives, and the third legion speedily
pushed its way through them against the enemy and
checked his further pursuit.
XLIII. There fell no fewer than three thousand,
and there were carried to their tents five thousand
wounded men, among whom was Gallus, who was
pierced in front by four arrows. Gallus, indeed, did
not recover from his wounds, but Antony went to see
all the others and tried to encourage them, with
tears of sympathy in his eyes. The wounded men,
however, with cheerful faces, seized his hand and
exhorted him to go away and take care of himself,
and not to be distressed. They called him Imperator,
and said that they were safe if only he were un-
harmed. For, to put it briefly, no other imperator
of that day appears to have assembled an army
more conspicuous for prowess, endurance, or youthful
vigour. Nay, the respect which his soldiers felt for
him as their leader, their obedience and goodwill,
and the degree to which all of them alike men of
good repute or men of no repute, commanders or
private soldiers preferred honour and favour from
Antony to life and safety, left even the ancient
Romans nothing to surpass. And the reasons for this
were many, as I have said before : his high birth, his
eloquence, his simplicity of manners, his love of
237
PLUTARCH'S LIVES
TO <j)i\6Ba>pov KOI fjLe<ya\6Ba)pov, T] Trepl ra? TTCLI-
Sicis fcal ra? o/uXta9 evrpaireX-ia. Tore Be KOI
(TV/JLTTOVWV Kal <TVVa\ r yWV TOt? Ka/COTTadoVai, KOI
ou T*9 BerjOeirjy Trpodu/norepov^
TOVS VOCTOVVTCLS teal
XLIV. Toi;9 fJievroi
KOI Kdp,vovras OVTWS eirrjpev rj VIK,TI KCLI
TOCTOVTOV TCOI> 'Pco/jidLwv KctT(j)p6vr)o-av ware /cal
VVKTOS Trav\i<ja(jdai ry (TTparoTreSy, TrpocrSo-
KWVTas ai)TiKa jj,d\a aKrjvas eprj/jiovs teal
2 /j.ara $iap7rd<T6iv airo^
TTO\V irkeioves ZTrrjOpoi^ovTO, KOI \e i yoi>rat re-
TpaKia-/j,vpic0v OVK eXarrofe? iTnroTcu
/3ao-i\6(o<; Kal rot/? Trepl avTov ael
co? eVl aacfrel /cal fiefiaiw /car
TO?' auro? fiev jap ovSejuia
Be /3ouXoyLteyo9 Trpocrayopevo-ai TOL/?
Be
ev r
Trpoe\6u>v eBrjf^rjjopjja-e, TO 1/9
Be Toi/9 <^>L"y-
3 ovras. TWV Be ol fiev 7rapetce\evovTO Oappelv, ol
Be a7TO\ojov/jLevoi cr</)a9 auroi>9 irapel^ov, elre
/3ov\oiro Befcareveiv, ctre
jjiovov 7rav<ra(T0ai Bvcr<f)opovi>Ta fcal
eBeovro. 7T/309 Tctvra T9
apa
avrov /jLereicriv, els avrbv e\6eLV, ry
w arpara) (jwTrjplav BiBovai /cal vi/crjv.
238'
ANTONY, XLIII. 3-xLiv. 3
giving and the largeness of his giving, his complaisance
in affairs of pleasure or social intercourse. And so at
this time, by sharing in the toils and distresses of the
unfortunate and bestowing upon them whatever they
wanted, he made the sick and wounded more eager
in his service than the well and strong.
XLI V. The enemy, however, who had been already
worn out and inclined to abandon their task, were so
elated by their victory, and so despised the Romans,
that they even bivouacked for the night near their
camp, expecting very soon to be plundering the
empty tents and the baggage of runaways. At day-
break, too, they gathered for attack in far greater
numbers, and there are said to have been no fewer
than forty thousand horsemen, since their king had
sent even those who were always arrayed about his
person, assured that it was to manifest and assured
success ; for the king himself was never present at
a battle. Then Antony, wishing to harangue his
soldiers, called for a dark robe, that he might be
more pitiful in their eyes. But his friends opposed
him in this, and he therefore came forward in the
purple robe of a general and made his harangue,
praising those who had been victorious, and reproach-
ing those who had fled. The former exhorted him
to be of good courage, and the latter, by way of
apology for their conduct, offered themselves to him
for decimation, 1 if he wished, or for any other kind
of punishment ; only they begged him to cease being
distressed and vexed. In reply, Antony lifted up
his hands and prayed the gods that if, then, any re-
tribution were to follow his former successes, it might
* t5
fall upon him alone, and that the rest of the army
might be granted victory and safety.
1 See chapter xxxix. 7.
239
PLUTARCH'S LIVES
XLV. T?} oe vcrrepaia tfrpa^d/jLevot, fi\Tiov
/cal TO?? HdpOois eVr^et/aoOcrt 77-0X1/9
irapdXoyos. olo^evoi jap e'(/>' apTrayyv
real \eyi\acriav, ov fjid^v, eXavveiv, elra 7roXXot9
(3e\eo~iv evTvy%dvovT<;, eppco/^evovs Se real vea\el<;
2 rat9 Trpodu^ia^ o/ow^re?, avO^ e^etca^vov. eVel
Se KaTaftaLvovaiv aurot? CLTTO \6<j)a)v TIVWV
KOL
\ov, 7Tio-rp6^avre<f ol
elcrw TWV O7r\cov TOV? i\ovs, avrol
<y6vv 7rpov/3d\oi>TO TOVS 6vpeov<$' ol
virepea^ov CLVTWV ra oir\a Katceivwv o/iotw? repoi.
TO Se cr^7}yu.a 7rapa7r\rfcrLov epetyei yii'o/uevov o^nv 931
re OeaTpiK^v Trape\ei, KOI TWV
crTeyavwTa'Tov IGTI TT/OO? TOU? oi'crrou?
3 vovras. oi /jbevroi HdpOoi T)]v et? 70^1; K\icrw
P(t)/j,aioov aTrayopevaiv rjyov/uevoi Kal /cd-
elvai, TO, fjiev ro^a KCfreOevro, TOU? Be rcov-
BiaXafiovres 6771)9 Trpoae/iit^av. ol & f Pa>-
JJLCUOL avva\d\d1~avTe<$ e^atyvijs ave9opov, KOI
T0i9 vaaols Traiovres UK %eipo<? e/cretvdv TG TO v?
7rpo)Tovs Kal rpOTTrjv eOevro TCOZ/ aXXcoi' i
eyivTo 8e ravra Kal rat9 aXXai?
fJLLKpOV aVVOVTMV T?}9 O^oO.
Kal X/yuo9 r)7TTTo TOV cTTparov (TLTOV re
Kal &ia yu,a / Y^9 7ropi%o{jLi'Ov Kal TWV 777309 dXerov
(TKevwv OVK evTTopovvros. ra yap TroXXa Kare-
Xetvrero, TWV pev airoOvricrKovTUiv inrol^vyiwv,
TWV & Toi'9 I'oaovvras Kal rpav^aria^ (frepovrwv.
240
ANTONY, XLV. 1-4
XLV. On the following day they went forward
under better protection ; and the Partisans met with
a great surprise when they attacked them. For they
thought they were riding up for plunder and booty,
not battle, and when they encountered many missiles
and saw that the Romans were fresh and vigorous and
eager for the fray, they were once more tired of
the struggle. However, as the Romans were descend-
ing some steep hills, the Parthians attacked them
and shot at them as they slowly moved along. Then
the shield-bearers wheeled about, enclosing the
lighter armed troops within their ranks, while they
themselves dropped on one knee and held their
shields out before them. The second rank held
their shields out over the heads of the first, and
the next rank likewise. The resulting appear-
ance is very like that of a roof, 1 affords a striking
spectacle, and is the most effective of protections
against arrows, which glide off from it. The Par-
thians, however, thinking that the Romans dropping
on one knee was a sign of fatigue and exhaustion,
laid aside their bows, grasped their spears by the
middle and came to close quarters. But the Romans,
with a full battle cry, suddenly sprang up, and
thrusting with their javelins slew the foremost of the
Parthians and put all the rest to rout. This hap-
pened also on the following days as the Romans,
little by little, proceeded on their way.
Famine also attacked the army, which could pro-
vide itself with little grain even by fighting, and was
not well furnished with implements for grinding.
These had been abandoned, for the most part, since
some of the beasts of burden died, and the others
1 It was the testudo, described in Dio Cassius, xlix. 3.
241
PLUTARCH'S LIVES
\eyeTai Be %ot^t^ 'ArTt/er) irvpwv
Bpa%/jiwv wvios yeveadai* TOI)? Be KpiOivovs ap-
5 TOU? 77730? dpyvpiov icnavres djreBiBovTO. Tpairo-
fjLevoL Be 777)0? \d%ava teal pta? 0X17049 [lev
V6Tvy%avov TWV <jvvr)Qu>v y avayKa^o/JLevoi Be TTCL-
paaOai KOL rwv dyevcrroyv irpoTepov r^^ravro r^o?
Troa? ejrl ddvarov Bia Davids a-yovcrr/?. o yap
(payu>v ovBev e/jLepvrjTO T&V aAAa>*> ovBe eyivoxTKep,
ev B' epyov el^e, Kivelv teal crrpe<peiv jrdvra \iOov,
w? TL /jLyd~\,r]s (TTrovBijs d^iov Bia7rpaTTo/u.vos.
6 771^ Be fjieGTOv TO TreBuov fceKv^orow %ayuae Kal
rou? \i6ovs TrepiopvTTovrwv real fjLeOicndvTwv
reXo? Be %o\^ e/jLovvres e&vrjcrKov, ejrel Kal TO
JJLOVOV dvTLTraOes, olvos, e^eXiTre. fyOeipofJie'vwv Be
7ro\\wv Kal ra)i> TLdp0a)i> OVK d^LCTTa^evwv TroX-
Xa/ct? dvatyGey^acrOai TOV 'Az/rcoi'to^ ia-Topovcnv,
"'II fJLvpioi," Qavjud^ovra rou? fiera He^o^wi'TO?,
on. Kal 7r\iova Karaftaivovres 6Bov eic T% Ba/3u-
Kal TroXXaTrXacrtot? /jLa%6jjLVOi
XL VI. Ot Se HdpOoi Bia7r\eai /j,ev ov Bvvd-
TOV (TTparov ovBe BiaaTrdcrai TTJV
Be 7roXXa/a?
vep.yvvvTo rot? e %ov 17 CTLTOV
, Kal TWV TO^WV ra? vevpds eiriBei-
, eXeyov co? avTol fjiev aTriaa-tv
Kal TOUTO TroiovvTdi Trepan dfj,vvrjs, o\iyoi
Be hlijBcov aKO\ovd^(TOV(Jiv ert /xta? r) BevTepas
6Bbv rjfiiepas ovBev TTapevo-^ovvTe^, aXXa ra?
2 aTTcoTepa) /cco/za? (^uXarro^Te?. rourot? rot? Xo-
yot? dcnracr/JLOi re ral fyiKofypocrvvai irpoarjo'av,
242
ANTONY, XLV. 4-XLvi. 2
had to carry the sick and wounded. It is said that
one attic choenix l of wheat brought fifty drachmas ;
and loaves of barley bread were sold for their weight
in silver. Resorting, therefore, to vegetables and
roots, they could find few to which they were accus-
tomed, and were compelled to make trial of some
never tasted before. Thus it was that they partook
of an herb which produced madness, and then death.
He who ate of it had no memory, and no thought for
anything else than the one task of moving or turning
every stone, as if he were accomplishing something
of great importance. The plain was full of men
stooping to the ground and digging around the
stones or removing them ; and finally they would vomit
bile and die, since the only remedy, wine, was not to
be had. Many perished thus, and the Parthians would
not desist, and Antony, as we are told, would often
cry : " O the Ten Thousand ! " thereby expressing his
admiration of Xenophon's army, which made an even
longer march to the sea from Babylon, and fought with
many times as many enemies, and yet came off safe.
XLVI. And now the Parthians, unable to throw
the army into confusion or break up its array, but
many times already defeated and put to flight, began
once more to mingle peaceably with the men who
went out in search of fodder or grain, and pointing
to their unstrung bows would say that they them-
selves were going back, and that this was the end
of their retaliation, although a few Medes would still
follow the Romans one or two days' march, not molest-
ing them at all, but merely protecting the more
outlying villages. To these words they added
greetings and acts of friendliness, so that once more
1 About a quart.
243
PLUTARCH'S LIVES
ware Trd\iv roy? 'Pcofjuaiovs
Kttl TOV *AvT(i)VlOV CLKOVdaVTa TO)V TTeBiWV (f)i-
adai fjid\\ov, dvvBpov Xeyo/^ev^? elvai rr}? Bid TWV
opcov. OVTCO Be rroieiv /at'XXoyTO? r)Kev dvr)p eVt
TO (TTparoTreSov IK rwv iro\p,iwv ovo^a
Bdrr]<;, dvetyibs Momt'crou TOV Trap 1
yevo/jievov teal ra<?
Be avry Trpocre\9elv nva ra>i/ HapOicrrl
i>ai ^vvafJL&vwv rj ^vpiari. KCLI irpocreX,-
TOV z/rfo^ea)?, o? TJV
toV o? eirj, KOL Movaiar] TTJV
dvaTTTGov, rjpajTrjcre TOV ^K\e^av^>pov el \6-
crui/^et5 Kal v"fyri\ovs opa TrpocrwOev. (pij-
Se opav, " "Tir fceivoi,<i" e<prj " TravcrTpa-
4 Tia TLdpdoi XO^MCTLV L'/ta?. TO, yap fjLeyd\a
TWV \6(pwv TOVTMV egtfpTrjTai, Kal TrpocrSo-
VTT* CLVTWV
Trjv Sia TWV opwv diro\L7rovTa^. C
ovv %ei Bi-^o^ Kal TTOVOV vyCiv avvr)9r] y
Be %o)pa)V 'AvToivtos tcTTft) ra? K/jacro-of
CLVTOV
XLVII. 'O yttef ovTO)
Be dKOitaas Kal &arayoa^$el? crvvetcdXei.
/cat TCW r^yefjiova r?}? oSoO Ma^Soy
aXXco? fypovovvTa. KOL ydp avev 7ro\e/j,ta)v 938
ra? Sm TW^ TreSiwv dvoBias Kal TrXai/a?
/tal SvaTeKfjidpTOvs ovaas, TVJV Be rpa-
ytlav dTTefyaivev ovBev aXXo 3u<r^ e/?? ?)
244
ANTONY, XLVI. 2-XLvn. i
the Romans became full of courage, and Antony,
when he heard about it, was more inclined to seek
the plains, since the way through the mountains was
said to be waterless. But as he was about to do this,
there came a man to the cam}) from the enemy,
Mithridates by name, a cousin of the Monaeses who
had been with Antony and had received the three
cities as a gift. 1 Mithridates asked that someone
should come to him who could speak the Parthian or
Syrian language. So Alexander of Antioch came to
him, being a close friend of Antony, whereupon
Mithridates, after explaining who he was, and attri-
buting to Monaeses the favour now to be shown,
asked Alexander if he saw a range of lofty hills on
beyond. Alexander said he did see them. " Under
those hills," said Mithridates, "the Parthians with all
their forces are lying in ambush for you. For the
great plains adjoin these hills, and they expect that
you will be beguiled by them into turning in that
direction and leaving the road through the mountains.
That road, it is true, involves thirst and hard labour,
to which you are now accustomed ; but if Antony
proceeds by way of the plains, let him know that
the fate of Crassus awaits him."
XL VI I. After giving this information the man
went away, and Antony, who was much troubled by
what he now heard, called together his friends and
his Mardian guide, who was himself of the same
opinion as their visitor. For he knew that even
were there no enemy the lack of roads through the
plains would involve them in blind and grievous
wanderings, and he showed them that the rough
road through the mountains had no other annoyance
1 Cf. chapter xxxvii, 1.
245
PLUTARCH'S LIVES
2 rjfjLepas dvvBpiav e^ovaav. oura) &r)
rjye VVKTOS, vBcop eirL^epeaOaL K6\vcra<>.
Be rjv ajropia TOL<> TroXXoi?* Bio fcal rd
/cpdvrj 7n/A7rXai'Te9 v^aro? efco/jii^ov, ol
Y\.dp6ois
KOI Trapa TO elwOos en VVKTOS ebicoKov. i]\iov 8e
iJTnovTo TWV ea-^drwv dypVTrvia KOI
SiaKetjjievwv TecrcrapaKovra jap KOI
ev rfj VVKTI (rraStou? KaryvvKeHTav'
teal TO fir} Trpocr&oKcoa-iv OVTCO Ta^ew? Tre\Oelv
3 TOU9 TroXe/uou? dOvfjiiav irapel^e. KOI TO
eirtTeivev 6 dyoav dfjivv brevet, jap ci/^a
ol Be Trpwroi (3aSiovT<$ evrvy^dvoucrt,
v [lev eyovri KOI Biavjes, d\fjwpov Se /cat
vScop, o TroOev evdvs oSwa? e\/co-
TT}? KoiXias teal rov Bityovs dvafyXejoiJLevov
Trap %6. Kal Tavra rov Mdpoov 7rpo\e<yovTos
ovBev r]TTOv eK^La^bp,evoL TOU? dveipyovras eirivov.
4 'A^T&mo? Be Trepi'i&v eBelro ftpa^vv ej/capreprjcraL
erepov jap ou Troppco TrorajJiov elvai TTO-
, elra rrjv \oi7rr)V atynnrov Kal
ware Tcavid'KCicnv aTToaTpe-^rao'Oai TOU?
ap^a Be Kal TOI)? aa%o/j,ei>ovs dvKa\eiTo
rea /carevLV ecni^aivev, &>? artcia? yovv
oiei ol
246
ANTONY, XLVII. 2-4
than lack of water for a single day. Accordingly,
Antony took this route and led his army along by
night, after ordering his men to carry water with them.
The greater part of them, however, had no vessels,
and therefore some actually filled their helmets with
water and carried them, while others took it in skins.
But word was at once brought to the Parthians
that Antony was advancing, and contrary to their
custom they set out in pursuit while it was yet night.
Just as the sun was rising they came up with the
rear-guard of the Romans, which was foredone with
sleeplessness and toil ; for they had accomplished
two hundred and forty furlongs in the night. More-
over, they did not expect that the enemy would come
upon them so quickly, and were therefore disheart-
ened. Besides, their contest intensified their thirst;
for they had to ward off the enemy and make their
way forward at the same time. Those who marched
in the van came to a river, the water of which was
clear and cold, but had a salty taste and was poison-
ous. This water, as soon as one drank it, caused
pains, accompanied by cramping of the bowels and
an inflammation of one's thirst. Of this too the
Mardian had warned them, but none the less the
soldiers forced aside those who tried to turn them
back, and drank. Antony went round and begged
the men to hold out a little while ; for not far ahead,
he said, there was another river which was potable,
and then the rest of the way was too rough for
cavalry, so that the enemy must certainly turn back.
At the same time, too, he called his men back from
fighting and gave the signal for pitching the tents,
that the soldiers might at least enjoy the shade a
little.
247
VOL. IX. I
PLUTARCH'S LIVES
XLVIII. Tlrjyvvaevcov ovv rwv aKr]va)V, KOI rwv
T]dp0o)v evOvs, waTrep elcoOenjav, air a\\ar rope -
vcov, rjKv av6i<s o Mi0pi$drr)<$, KOI rov 'A\edv-
cpov Trpo&e\0ovro<$ TTapyvei fJLLKpov r)(TV%dcravTa
TOP crrparbv avicrrdvai teal crTrev&eiv eVl TOP
iroTa/JioVy o>9 ov Biaftrio-ojjievwv Hdp0a)v,
erceivov BICO^OVTWV. ravra GLTra/yyeiKas
'AvTcoviov 'AXe^avSpos eicfyepei Trap 1 avrov
TTortjpia 7rdfM7ro\\a KOI <j)id\as, cov e/cet^o?, oaa
rfj ecrO)]TL Karate pvtyai Svvaros TJV, ~\,a/3cov airr\-
2 \avvev. eri Se ^yiieyoa? ovcrrjs dva^ev^avres eVo-
pevovro, rwv iroKe/JiLwv ov 7rapevo~)(\ovvTwv, avrol
Be eafrot? vvfcra aXeTrwrar^y iracrayv
real fyoftepwrdrriv cnrep'yaadfjievoL. TOU? <ydp
dpyvpiov rj ^pvarlov
KCLI ra
re'Xo? 6e rot? ^Avrwviov <TKevo(f)6pois
crai'Te? K7T(t)fJiara KOI rpajre^as 7ro\vre\el^ /care-
KOTTTOV
3 ov3ov 8e 7ro\\ov Kal TT\dvov TO
irav eVe^o^TO? (WOVTO yap e
rpOTrrjv yeyovevai Kal biaaTraa-fJibv) 'Av-
eVa /caXecra? TWV oopvtyopovvrwv avrov
ovo^a 'Pd/jivov, ojpKwaev, orav
K\6vo~rj, TO ^t^)0? avrov Sielvai Kal r^v K6(f)a\r)i>
arcorefjietv, w? ^re d\wr) %a)i> vrco TWV 7ro\e/j.i(ov
4 jjLijre yvwaOelt] reOvijKGJS. eKSaKpvadvruv oe rwv
6 Ma/oSo? eOdppvve rov 'Avrwviov, a>?
eyyv? ovros rov Trora/xou- Kal yap avpa
248
ANTONY, XLVIII. 1-4
XLVIII. Accordingly, the Romans went to
pitching their tents, and the Partisans, as their
custom was, at once began to withdraw. At this
point Mithridates came again, and after Alexander
had joined him he advised Antony to let the army
rest only a little while, and then to get it under way
and hasten to the river, assuring him that the
Parthians would not cross it, but would continue the
pursuit until they reached it. This message was
carried to Antony by Alexander, who then brought
out from Antony golden drinking-cups in great
numbers, as well as bowls. Mithridates took as
many of these as he could hide in his garments and
rode off. Then, while it was still day, they broke
camp and proceeded on their march. The enemy
did not molest them, but they themselves made that
night of all other nights the most grievous and
fearful for themselves. For those who had gold or
silver were slain and robbed of it, and the goods
were plundered from the beasts of burden ; and
finally the baggage-carriers of Antony were attacked,
and beakers and costly tables were cut to pieces
or distributed about.
And now, since there was great confusion and
straggling throughout the whole army (for they
thought that the enemy had fallen upon them and
routed and dispersed them), Antony called one of the
freedmen in his body-guard, Rhamnus by name, and
made him take oath that, at the word of command,
he would thrust his sword through him and cut off
his head, that he might neither be taken alive by the
enemy nor recognized when he was dead. Antony's
friends burst into tears, but the Mardian tried to
encourage him, declaring that the river was near ;
249
PLUTARCH'S LIVES
aTToppeovaa vorepa KOI ^v^porepof drjp d7ravra)v
77810) Trjv dvajrvorjv tiro'iei, KCLI TOV ^povov (>r)
T/5? Tropeias ovTQ) crv/jLTrepau'eiv TO fierpov ovtcert
5 yap ?)V TroXu TO \6nr6/jivov TT}? VVKTOS. afia &'
a7r^yye\\ov erepoi, rbv Oopvftov etc Trjs TT/JOV au-
TOU? aSi/cta? Kal TrKeovefyas elvai. Bio KOI tcara-
a-rrjcrai TO 7T\f)0o<f 6t? TCL^IV etc TT}? TrXaz/?;? Kal
TOV $iacr7rao~f4ov /SouXo/ie^o? eVeXefcre a-7j/j,aiveiv
XLTX. "HS?; S* vTT6\afA7TV rj/nepa, KOI TOV
V KOCT/JLOV dp%OjJLevov TIVCL \a/jL/3dveiv Kal
TrpocreTTiTTTe rot? TeXefratoi? ra TWV
TIdpOcov To^eu/xara, Kal /xa^?;? di^elov e&60ij
rot? 'vJaXofc. ol B OTrXirai Trd\iv o/zotco? /care- 939
pe^ravTe^ aXX^'Xou? rot? Ovpeols virfJLevov TOVS
@d\\ovTa<; eyyvs ov ToX/Awi/ra? o-vve\9elv.
2 vTfayovTwv Be KUTCL [JUKpov OVTCOS TWV TrpcoTwv
o Trora/Lio? e<j)dvr]' Kal TOU? linrel^ eV avTq>
'Az/rcowo? evavriow; rot?
roi;? acr^ei^et? Trpcorou?. ^77 5e
rot? /xa^o//,e^o^5 dBeia Kal paarTwvrj TOV Trietv rjv.
a>5 70^ eI8o^ ot HdpdoL TOV TroTa/jLov, ra? re
vevpas avr]K.av Kal OappovvTas eKeXevov
TOVS 'Pft)yLtai'ou9, TroXXa T^I/ dpeTi^v avT&v
3 fjLid^ovTes. SiafidvTes ovv KaO* rjav^
dv6\dfi,/3avov, elra wSeuoi/, 01) Traz^i/ Ti rot?
IIa/3#<H9 TTicrTeyo^re?. eVx?; S' rj/jiepa yttera
Te\evTaiav /jbd^rjv eVi TOV 'Apdfyv Tco
opi^ovTa MrjSiav Kal 'Appeviav. <f>dvr) Se r
250
ANTONY, XLVIII. 4-xLix. 3
for a breeze blowing from it was moist, and a cooler
air in their faces made their breathing pleasanter.
He said also that the time during which they had
been marching made his estimate of the distance
conclusive ; for little of the night was now left. At
the same time, too, others brought word that the
tumult was a result of their own iniquitous and
rapacious treatment of one another. Therefore,
wishing to bring the throng into order after their
wandering and distraction, Antony ordered the signal
to be given for encampment.
XL1X. Day was already dawning, and the army
was beginning to assume a certain order and tran-
quillity, when the arrows of the Parthians fell upon
the rear ranks, and the light-armed troops were
ordered by signal to engage. The men-at-arms, too,
again covered each other over with their shields,
as they had done before, and so withstood their
assailants, who did not venture to come to close
quarters. The front ranks advanced little by little
in this manner, and the river came in sight. On its
bank Antony drew up his horsemen to confront the
enemy, and set his sick and disabled soldiers across
first. And presently even those who were fighting
had a chance to drink at their ease ; for when the
Parthians saw the river, they unstrung their bows
and bade the Romans cross over with good courage,
bestowing much praise also upon their valour. So
they crossed without being disturbed and recruited
themselves, and then resumed their march, putting
no confidence at all in the Parthians. And on the
sixth day after their last battle with them they came
to the river Araxes, which forms the boundary be-
tween Media and Armenia. Its depth and violence
251
PLUTARCH'S LIVES
Kal Tpay^vTrj-Ti ^aXeTroV KOI \6yos
eveBpevovras avroOi roi>9 TroXe/uoi^ i'ltid
4 Biafiaivovcriv aurot?. eVel Be a<j<aX&>9
(Tavres eTreffTjcrav T?}? 'Apfjuevias, cocnrep dpn yijv
K6ii'^v t'Sot'Te? etc TT\dyovs, TTpocre/cvi/ovv teal
77/30? Sd/cpva fcal 7repil3o\a<; a\,\i']\6ov UTTO
erpeTTovro. Trpolovres Be Sia ^copa? e
%pcx)/u.evoi TTCKIIV avibrfv etc TroXX?}?
KOI KoiXiaicols TrepieTmrrov dppcocrTij-
L. 'E^raO^a 7roir]crd/^evo<; e^eraaiv O.VTWV
evpe SicriJ.vpiovs Tre^bu? /cal
/TTTrei? aTToXajXora?, 01) vra^ra?
7ro\efj.iwv, aAA,' inrep
cbBevaav fJiev ovv CLTTO Qpadrcov fj/^epas 7na
el'/coai, /jid%ais 8e OKTO) /cal Se/ca n
al Be vircai Kpdros OVK elx ov oifBe
/J.i/cpa<$ TTOLOV^VWV KOI dreXei? ra?
2 Bid)^i<f. co Kal /j,d\((7Ta /vara^Xo? ^f 'Apra-
ovdcrSi]s 6 ' KpfJLevtos ' ' KVTMVIQV exeivov TOV TroXe-
TO reXo? a0eXo/xe^o9. et 7aya 01/9
/7T7T6i9
t avvrjBeis i^dyzaQai irpos avrovs,
TOU9 yUa^O/ieof9 TpeTTOfJiZlHdV, KIVWV e TOL/9
alpovvrwv, OVK av
dva<j>epeiv Kal d
3 airavTes ovv opyfj Trapai^vvov eVl
TOV 'A/3/.teWOL' TO!' ' AvTtol'LOV. 6 Be \OyLCfJLW
ovre e'/ne///v|/-aTO T?;^ TrpoBocriav ovre
T7/9
252
ANTONY, XLIX. 3-L. 3
made it seem difficult of passage ; and a report was
rife that the enemy were lying in ambush there
and would attack them as they tried to cross. But
after they were safely on the other side and had set
foot in Armenia, as if they had just caught sight of
that land from the sea, they saluted it and fell to
weeping and embracing one another for joy. But as
they advanced through the country, which was pros-
perous, and enjoyed all things in abundance after great
scarcity, they fell sick with dropsies and dysenteries.
L. There Antony held a review of his troops and
found that twenty thousand of the infantry and
four thousand of the cavalry had perished, not all
at the hands of the enemy, but more than half by
disease. They had, indeed, marched twenty-seven
days from Phraata, and had defeated the Parthians
in eighteen battles, but their victories were not
complete or lasting because the pursuits which they
made were short and ineffectual. And this more
than all else made it plain that it was Artavasdes
the Armenian who had robbed Antony of the power
to bring that war to an end. For if the sixteen
thousand horsemen who were led back from Media
by him had been on hand, equipped as they were
like the Parthians and accustomed to fighting with
them, and if they, when the Romans routed the
fighting enemy, had taken off the fugitives, it would
not have been in the enemy's power to recover
themselves from defeat and to venture again so
often. Accordingly, all the army, in their anger,
tried to incite Antony to take vengeance on the
Armenian. But Antony, as a measure of prudence,
neither reproached him with his treachery nor abated
the friendliness and respect usually shown to him,
2 53
PLUTARCH'S LIVES
737309 CLVTOV, dcr6evri<$ T& arparro teal airopos
4 yeyovuts. v&Tepov fievroi 7rd\iv ejjL^akwv a?
'Ap/jiviav, Kal 7roXXat9 VTroa^ecrea't KOI 777)0-
avrbv
crvve\a/3e, teal Becr/jLiov /carayaycov
Speiav, 0ptd/jL/3evav. w fiaXicrTa '
, &)? ra Ka\a fcal ae/uva
LOLS Sia KXeorrdrpav %api%6fj,evos. ravra
fj.ev ovv vGTepov eirpd^Orj.
LI. Tore Be Sia TTO\\OV %i/jLOt)vo<; r/S^ KOI
7rl OaXaacrav ev %a)piq} Tivl
/cat ^tSw^o?, Aev/crj
irepiefjievG' KOI /3pa&vvova''rjs a
r/Xue, ra^u jxev ei? TO Trlveiv KOI fjLedv-
1/9 eawrov, ov Kaprepwv Se Kara-
, a\\a /jLera^v TUVOVTWV dvKTTdfjiei'OS
dvairrj^wv TroXXa^t? eirLcrKOTTelv, eco? GK&vr)
, eaOrjra TTO\\I]V Kal xptj/jLara KO/JLL-
rot? crrpaTiwrais. elal Be ol \eyovres on
rr]V [lev eaOrjra Trap" etceivrjs \a(3u>v, TO Be
dpyvpiov e/c TWV IBiwv eavrov, ^iiveifiev co?
LIT. Tw Be /Sao-iXet T&V M.rjBa)V yiverat,
opa 777309 <&pa6prr)v TOV HdpOov, dp^a/^evr] 940
virep
inr&voiav Be rw M/jSw Kal ^)o/3oi/ dfyaipecrews T?}9
TT a pa (T^ova a. BLO Kal TrefJL'irwv eKoKeu TOV
e7rayye\\6/ji6i>o<} a-v/A7ro\e/jL)]creiv fierd
2 T^9 eawrov Bvvd/u,eo)S. yevoftevos ovv eV
254
ANTONY, L. 3-Lii. 2
being now weak in numbers and in want of supplies.
But afterwards, when he once more invaded Armenia, 1
and by many invitations and promises induced
Artavasdes to come to him, Antony seized him, and
took him in chains down to Alexandria, where he
celebrated a triumph. And herein particularly did
he give offence to the Romans, since he bestowed
the honourable and solemn rites of his native country
upon the Egyptians for Cleopatra's sake. This,
however, took place at a later time.
LI. But now, hastening on through much wintry
weather, which was already at hand, and incessant
snow-storms, he lost eight thousand men on the
march. He himself, however, went down with a small
company to the sea, and in a little place between
Berytus and Sidon, called White Village, he waited
for Cleopatra to come ; and since she was slow in
coming he was beside himself with distress, promptly
resorting to drinking and intoxication, although he
could not hold out long at table, but in the midst of
the drinking would often rise or spring up to look
out, until she put into port, bringing an abundance of
clothing and money for the soldiers. There are
some, however, who say that he received the clothing
from Cleopatra, but took the money from his own
private funds, and distributed it as a gift from her.
LII. And now the king of the Medes had a
quarrel with Phraortes the Parthian; it arose, as
they say, over the Roman spoils, but it made the
Mede suspicious and fearful that his dominion would
be taken away from him. For this reason he sent
and invited Antony to come, promising to join him
in the war with his own forces. Antony, accordingly,
1 In 31 B.C. Cf. chapter liii. 6.
I 2
PLUTARCH'S LIVES
6 'Avrwvios (M yap eBoKei /nova rov
Karetpydcrdai, \\dp9ov<$ drro\irrelv, Irrrrewv TTO\-
\wv Kal ro^orwv eVSe?;? e\.Oa)V, rovro ewpa
Trpoayivo/^evov avra) j^api^o/jievto fj,d\\ov r) Beo-
Trapecrfceud^cTO Si' 'A^tteraa? av0is dva-
Kal avyyevofjievo^ rw Mr;S&) Trepl Trora/jLOV
ovrw Kivelv rov iroXe^ov.
LIU. 'Ei/ Se 'Pooprj j3ov\.o/jii> / r]<$ 'O/craouta?
Oi TT\LOV ? \eyOV(7LV, OVK KiVr)
07TW9 TTepivjBpiaOelaa Kal Kara/ne\rj0elora 717)09
rov TToXe/nov airiav evrrperrfj Trapdcr^oi. yevo-
fjievi] Be ev 'A0/jvai<s eBe^aro ypd/j,/jLara rrapd
' Avrwviov Ke\evovro<s avroOi rrpoa^eveLV Kal rd
2 Trepl rr]V dvdftacuv Br)\ovvro<;. 77 Be, Kairrep
d%0ofjivri Kal voovcra rrjv Trpo^acnv, o/i&>9 eypatye
Trvv0avo/.ievii rrol Ke\eveL rre^Orivai rd KOJJLL-
^ofjieva 7Ty009 avrov. eKOjJii^e Be Tro\\rjv /j,ev
effOrjra arpariwriK^v, TroXXa Be VTro^vyia Kal
Kal Bwpa TO49 Trepl avrov riyefiocrt Kal
CT09 Be rovrwv crrpariwras
et9 CTT parrjy Ltcds arceipas
eKTrpeTrecrL 7ra^o7rXtat9. ravra Niypos
I I
'AvrwvLov (^>tXo9 a7rocrTaXe(9 Trap*
Kal rrpoaeriOeL rovs d%Lov<$ Kal rrperrovras
eTraivovs.
3 Alvdo/JLevr) Be 77 KXeoTrdrpa rrjv 'OKraouiav
OyUoVe %a>povcrav avrfj, Kal (f>o/3r)0elo'a /arj rov
rporcov rfj cre^vorijri Kal rfj Katcra/009 Bvvd/j,ei
TO KaO' rjBovtjV 6{ii\eiv Kal
256
ANTONY, LII. 2-Lin. 3
was in high hopes. For the one thing which lie
thought had prevented his subjugation of the Par-
thians, namely, his lack of a large number of
horsemen and archers on bis expedition, this he now
saw supplied for him, and he would be granting and
not asking a favour. He therefore made prepara-
tions to go up again through Armenia, effect a
junction with the Mede at the river Araxes, and then
prosecute the war.
LIIL But at Rome Octavia was desirous of sailing
to Antony, and Caesar gave her permission to do so,
as the majority say, not as a favour to her, but in
order that, in case she were neglected and treated
with scorn, he might have plausible ground for
war. When Octavia arrived at Athens, 1 she received
letters from Antony in which he bade her remain
there and told her of his expedition. Octavia,
although she saw through the pretext and was dis-
tressed, nevertheless wrote to Antony asking whither
he would have the things sent which she was
bringing to him. For she was bringing a great
quantity of clothing for his soldiers, many beasts of
burden, and money and gifts for the officers and
friends about him ; and besides this, two thousand
picked soldiers equipped as praetorian cohorts with
splendid armour. These things were announced to
Antony by a certain Niger, a friend of his who had
been sent from Octavia, and he added such praises
of her as was fitting and deserved.
But Cleopatra perceived that Octavia was coming
into a contest at close quarters with her, and feared
lest, if she added to the dignity of her character
and the power of Caesar her pleasurable society and
1 In 35 B.C.
257
PLUTARCH'S LIVES
Qepaireveiv ' 'Avrc&viov a^a^os yevrjTat KOI tcpa-
Tr)O"rj TravTajracri TOV dvSpos, epdv avrrj Trpocre-
TroieiTO rov 'Avroovidv, Kal TO crwyaa XeTrreu?
tcaOypei BiaiTaw TO Be /SXe/^a TrpocriovTOS
K7re7r\rjyfjiVov, aircp^OjJLevov Be rrj/co/jievov /cal
4 Taireivovfjievov V7r<paivero. Trpay/naTevo/jLevij Be
fjvai 8afcpvovo~a Ta%v TWV Safepvwv
Kal aTrefcpvTrrev, co? Brj {3ov\OfJ,Vi] \av9d-
veiv eicelvov. eTrpdrrero Se ravra ^eXXovro^ TOV
dvBpbs EK Sf/ota? dvafSalveiv TT/QO? TOV MrjSov.
ol Be /co\a/ce<; (JTrovSd^ovTes virep aur^? e\oi-
oopovv TOV * A.VTCOVLOV a>9 o'KK^pov KOI uTTaOrj Kal
irapa7ro\\vvTa ^vvaiov et? eva /cal /JLOVOV eicelvov
5 dvrjpTrjiJLevov. 'Q/CTaoviav fiev yap
V6fca Bia TOV d$e\<f)bv crvve\6eli> Kal TO
yayLterr}? ovop,a KapirovcrOai' KXeoTrar/oa^ Be
TOO~OVTU>V dvOpWTrwv ftacriXevovcrav
'AVTCOVLOV KdX.elcrdai., Kal Tovvofia TOVTO
cnrafyovv, ^&>9 opdv CKCLVOV
l crv^ijv d7T6\avvofj,vr)v Be TOVTOV /xr) Trepi-
6 /3i(t)O'<T0ai. reXo? S' ovv OVTCO TOV avOpwirov
Kal direOrjKvvav, wcrre BeucravTa
TrporjTai TOV (3iov, et? '
7rav\6eiv, TOV Be MrjBov els wpav erou? dva-
fBa\ecr6ai, KauTrep ev a-Tdaei TWV HapOiKWV elvai
\eyo/jiva)v. ov prjv dX\a TOVTOV fJLev dvafids
avdis t? $L\lav TrpoarjydyeTO, Kal \a/3a)V evl
T0)v K KXeoTrar/ja? viwv ywaiKa fjiiav avTOv
TWV 0vyaTepa)v ert fAiKpdv ovcrav
7rai>f)\6ev, ijBrj 717)05 TOV efj,(j)v\iov
258
ANTONY, LIII. 3-6
her assiduous attentions to Antony, she would be-
come invincible and get complete control over her
husband. She therefore pretended to be passionately
in love with Antony herself, and reduced her body
by slender diet ; she put on a look of rapture when
Antony drew near, and one of faintness and melan-
choly when he went away. She would contrive to
be often seen in tears, and then would quickly wipe
the tears away and try to hide them, as if she
would not have Antony notice them. And she
practised these arts while Antony was intending to
go up from Syria to join the Mede. Her flatterers,
too, were industrious in her behalf, and used to
revile Antony as hard-hearted and unfeeling, and
as the destroyer of a mistress who was devoted to
him and him alone. For Octavia, they said, had
married him as a matter of public policy and for
the sake of her brother, and enjoyed the name
of wedded wife ; but Cleopatra, who was queen of
so many people, was called Antony's beloved, and
she did not shun this name nor disdain it, as long
as she could see him and live with him ; but if she
were driven away from him she would not survive
it. At last, then, they so melted and enervated
the man that he became fearful lest Cleopatra
should throw away her life, and went back to Alex-
andria, putting off the Mede until the summer
season, although Parthia was said to be suffering
from internal dissensions. However, he went up
and brought the king once more into friendly re-
lations, and after betrothing to one of his sons by
Cleopatra one of the king's daughters who was still
small, he returned, his thoughts being now directed
towards the civil war.
PLUTARCH'S LIVES
LIV. 'Qxraoviav Be Katcra/3 vftpicrOat, BOKOV-
crav, a><? erravri\.9ev % *A0r)v)V, e/ceXevcre
eavrrjv ol/cetv. ?; Be OVK ecj)rj rov OIKOV d
rov dvBpos, a\\a tca-Kelvov avrov, i firj St' ere/oa?
at'r/a? eyi'(i)K TroKe^lv ' * A.VTWVIW, 7rapKa\i ra
KCL&* eavr^v eav, a)? ov&e aKOvaai KCL\OV, el rwv
/jLeyicrrctiV avTOKparopwv o fjiev $C epwra yvvaircos,
6 Be Bia fyi\OTV7r[av et9 /JL(})V\IOV Tr6\e/Aov 'Pco-
2 /xat'ou? KarecTT^cre. ravra Be \eyova-a /j.a\\ov 94]
e/3e/3aiov Bi* epywv. KOI yap ay/eei Trjv oi/eiqv,
avrov Trapovros eicevov, K.CLI TWV rexvoav
ov [Jiovov TWV % eavTrjs, a\\a Kal TWV e/e
/9t'a? yeyovorwv, /caXw? KOI ^ueya-XoTrpeTra)? eVe-
fJ,e\LTO' KOI TOU? TTe/tTTOyLte^OL'? CTTt a/
rwv ' A.VTWVLOV $>i\wv
&v irapa Ka/crapo? Berjdelev. a/covcra
Be eySXaTrre Bia TOVTWV 'Avroovtov e/AKreiro yap
> p> / > // r> v \ c-> \
3 aciKwv yvvaitca TOLavrrjv. e/jaa^uri be rcai oia
TifV Biavfj,r)(Tiv $)v eTronjcraTo TO?? re/cvais ev
'A\e$;avBpeLa, rpayiKrjv KOI inreprj^avov teal
/niaoppM/jLaiov <ftavtl&av. e/tTrX^Va? yap o^\ov
TO yvfjivdcTiov KOL Genevas eVt /^^aTO? dpyvpov
Bvo 0povov<? xpvcrovs, rov p,ev eavrrii, rov Be
K.\eoTrdrpa, KOL rot? Traicrlv erepovs rarrei-
4 vorepovs, rrp&rov pev drre^rive KXeoirdrpav
fiaaiKiaaav Alyvrrrov /cal Kvjrpov xal Ai/3v^<?
/cal KGLXijs Sf/?/a?, crvfjiftao-iXevovros avrfj Kat-
, o? e/c Katcra/30? eborcei rov rrporepov
KXeorrdrpav ey/cvov Kara\i7rovros'
260
ANTONY, LIV. 1-4
LIV. As for Octavia, she was thought to have
been treated with scorn, and when she came back
from Athens Caesar ordered her to dwell in her own
house. But she refused to leave the house of her
husband, nay, she even entreated Caesar himself, un-
less on other grounds he had determined to make
war upon Antony, to ignore Antony's treatment of
her, since it was an infamous thing even to have it
said that the two greatest imperators in the world
plunged the Romans into civil war, the one out of
passion for, and the other out of resentment in
behalf of, a woman. These were her words, and she
confirmed them by her deeds. For she dwelt in her
husband's house, just as if he were at home, and she
cared for his children, not only those whom she her-
self, but also those whom Fulvia had borne him, in a
noble and magnificent manner ; she also received
such friends of Antony as were sent to Rome in
quest of office or on business, and helped them to
obtain from Caesar what they wanted. Without mean-
ing it, however, she was damaging Antony by this
conduct of hers ; for he was hated for wronging such
a woman. He was hated, too, for the distribution
which he made to his children in Alexandria ; it was
seen to be theatrical and arrogant, and to evince hatred
of Rome. For after filling the gymnasium with a
throng and placing on a tribunal of silver two thrones
of gold, one for himself and the other for Cleopatra,
and other lower thrones for his sons, in the first place
he declared Cleopatra Queen of Egypt, Cyprus, Libya,
and Coele Syria, and she was to share her throne
with Caesarion. Caesarion was believed to be a son
of the former Caesar, by whom Cleopatra was left
261
PLUTARCH'S LIVES
BevTepov Be TOU? e avrov /cal KXeoTrar/oa?
@a<Ji\ei<$ /3aai\(i)V dvayopevaas 'A\edvB
'Apfieviav direveLfie /cal M^Siay real ra TldpOwv,
OTav vTraydyrjTai, IlToXe/zatft) Be <&oivi/cr)v KCU
5 ^Lvpiav KOL KiXiKLav. a/j,a Be real irpo/jyaye rwv
TraiBwv 'A.\t;av$pov /mev eaOfjn MrjBixfj Ttdpav
/cal Kirapiv opdrjv e^oixry, TLroXe/Aaiov Be Kprjiricri
/cal 'xXaviBi /cal Kavaria BiaBrj/uLarcxpopw /eetfocryu,?;-
fjievov. avrr) yap rjv crKevr) TWV CLTT 'A\e!;dvBpov
fiacriXewv, etceivT) Be M.ijBa)v /cal 'Apfieviwv.
6 d&Tracra/uievtov Be TWV TraiBcov rovs yoveis, TOP /j,ev
y Appeviwv <f>u\aKrj TrepucrTaTO, TOV Be MarceBovwv.
pev <ydp /cal rare /cal TOV a\\ov
et? 7rA,77#o9 e^iovaa (nok^v lepav "IcriBos
ve /cal vea *Icri? e^/aTy/iari^e.
LV. TaOra Be et? o-vyfcXrjrov et$>epwv
/cal TroXXd/cis ev rw BJJ/JLW /caTrjyopwv
TO 7rX?}#o9 eV* 'AvT(*)i>tov. eTre/ATre Be /cal *Av-
rco^io? dvrey/ca\cov e/ceivta. /jieytcrra S' r\v wv
eve/cd\i, Trp&TOv JJLV, OTL TIo/jiTrrjiov %t/ce\iav
d<f)e\6/jievo<; ov/c evei/ae yue/^o? avTW TJ}? vtjaov
Bevrepov, on ^prja-d^evo^ vavs Trap* avrov TT/JO?
TOV iroKe/jiov direcrTeprjGe' TpiTov, OTL TOV crvvdp-
AeTriBov erc@a\a)V TTJS dp%rj<; /cal
atT09 e^ei crTpaTov /cal ^u>pav /ca irpocro-
ra? e/ceivy r jrpocrve^'r]0eia'a^' CTTL 7rd(riv, OTL
rot? avTOV (TTpaTitoTats diracrav o\lyov Belv
'IraXtai' /caTa/ceK\rjpov^K6, /JLijBev \LTTWV roi?
e/ceivou. 7T/3O9 TavTa Katcrayo d7T6\oyeiTO AeTTiBov
262
ANTONY, LIV. 4-Lv. 2
pregnant. In the second place, he proclaimed his
own sons by Cleopatra Kings of Kings, and to Alex-
ander he allotted Armenia, Media and Parthia (when
he should have subdued it), to Ptolemy Phoenicia,
Syria, and Cilicia. At the same time he also produced
his sons, Alexander arrayed in Median garb, which
included a tiara and upright head-dress, Ptolemy in
boots, short cloak, and broad-brimmed hat surmounted
by a diadem. For the latter was the dress of the
kings who followed Alexander, the former that of
Medes and Armenians. And when the boys had
embraced their parents, one was given a bodyguard
of Armenians, the other of Macedonians. Cleopatra,
indeed, both then and at other times when she ap-
peared in public, assumed a robe sacred to Isis, and
was addressed as the New Isis.
LV. By reporting these things to the senate and
by frequent denunciations before the people Caesar
tried to inflame the multitude against Antony.
Antony, too, kept sending counter-accusations against
Caesar. The chief accusations which he made were,
in the first place, that after taking Sicily away from
Pompey, Caesar had not assigned a part of the island
to him; in the second place, that after borrowing
ships from him for the war he had kept them for
himself; thirdly, that after ejecting his colleague
Lepidus from office and degrading him, he was
keeping for himself the army, the territory, and the
revenues which had been assigned to Lepidus : finally
that he had distributed almost all Italy in allotments,
to his own soldiers, and had left nothing for the
soldiers of Antony. To these charges Caesar replied
by saying that he had deposed Lepidus from office
263
PLUTARCH'S LIVES
v vfipl^ovra KaTaTravaai rrjs dp^fj?, e
etrfflfce vroXe/A^cra?, vfj,)jcrecr0at Trpos 'Avrcoviov
OTaV KCLKelvOS ' KpjJLeVlCLV 7T/30? dVTOV' TOt? Be
'IraTu'a? /AT) /jLereivai' MrjSiav yap
KOI TlapQuav avrovs, a? TrpoaeKrrfcravTO
/ca/Vw? a^wviaafievoi yttera roO auro-
Kpdropos.
LVI. TaOra eV 'A/oyiterta SiaTpifBw
Tjicova-e' Kal Kavi&Lov evOiis K\evcrv e/
Tekrj \a/36vTa KaTaftaiveiv eVt 6d\arrav. avros
Be K\07rdrpav ava\a[3(tiv ei? "E^ecro^ r^/ce. /cat
TO vavTLKov KL crvvrjei, TTavTa^oOev, ofcraKocriai
<rvv
Kal rd\avra Sicr/jivpia Kal rpocfrrjv
2 erTyoara) iravrl TT/OO? TOV TTO\/*OV. 'A^rw^^o? $
V7TO AoLttTtOU ATat TIVWV
KXeoTraTpav TT\elv eV AlyvTTTOV KaKel Siaxapa-
BoKeiv TOV TroXe/Jiov. 97 Be fyoftovfjievTi ra? 8t'
O/craofta? Tra\i,v avTov oia\vcr6t<i eTreicre TTO\-
Xot? KaviSiov Xprj/jLacriv ' A.VTWVLW Bia\6^0rjvaL
Trepl avTrjs, co? OVTC BiKaiov cnre\avveo-6ai TOV
7ro\/jLOv yvvaiKa crf/i/SoXa? T^Xtvaura? SiSovaav,
3 Ol^T6 (7V/jL(j)epOV dflvjjLOTepOVS TTOielv TOU9 AlyVTT- 942
T>}9 VaVTLK.7]^
Opdv OVTLVOS TWV
TO (f)pOV6LV
Se
\eiav TOcravTrfV, TTO\VV Se exeLva) avvovcra Kal
/navOdvovcra ^prjadat, Trpdy/Aacn /jieyd\oi<f. raura
l avviovawv TWV &vvdfj,ecov TrXevaavres et?
264
ANTONY, LV. 2-Lvi. 3
because he was abusing it, and as for what he had
acquired in war, he would share it with Antony
whenever Antony, on his part, should share Armenia
with him ; and Antony's soldiers had no claim upon
Italy, since they had Media and Parthia, which
countries they had added to the Roman dominion by
their noble struggles under their imperator.
LVI. Antony heard of this while he was tarrying
in Armenia ; and at once he ordered Canidius to take
sixteen legions and go down to the sea. But he
himself took Cleopatra with him and came to Ephesus.
It was there that his naval force was coming to-
gether from all quarters, eight hundred ships of war
with merchant vessels, of which Cleopatra furnished
two hundred, besides twenty thousand talents, and
supplies for the whole army during the war. But
Antony, listening to the advice of Domitius and
sundry others, ordered Cleopatra to sail to Egypt
and there await the result of the war. Cleopatra,
however, fearing that Octavia would again succeed
in putting a stop to the war, persuaded Canidius by
large bribes to plead her cause with Antony, and to
say that it was neither just to drive away from the
war a woman whose contributions to it were so large,
c* y
nor was it for the interest of Antony to dispirit the
Egyptians, who formed a large part of his naval
force ; and besides, it was not easy to see how Cleo-
patra was inferior in intelligence to anyone of the
princes who took part in the expedition, she who for
a long time had governed so large a kingdom by
herself, and by long association with Antony had
learned to manage large affairs. These arguments
(since it was destined that everything should come
into Caesar's hands) prevailed ; and with united forces
265
PLUTARCH'S LIVES
4 ^dfjiov ev evTra&eiais rjcrav. wcnrep ydp ftacri-
\6vcr L Kal Bvvdo~Tai.<; Kal Terpdp^ais Wveai re
Kal TroXecrt Trdaai^ rat? yLtera^y ^u/ota? Kal
MatwTiSo? Kal *Ap[ievla<s Kal 'iXXuyotcoi/ TrpoeiprjTO
Kal Ko/jLieiv ra? et? TOI; Tro\fj,ov rrapa-
a?, owTft) Tracrt, rot? Trepl TOZ^ ^.Lovvaov T6-
errdvayKes r)V eh ^d/jiov drravTav' Kal
Kal TrepiGTeva^o/jLevrfs, fiia vrjcros
TroXXa? KarTjvXelro Kal
7r\T)pov/J.evwv Oedrpwv Kal ^opwv
5 avveOve Se Kal TroXf? Traaa ftovv Tre/jLTrovaa, Kal
/3acXet? &t,r}fu\\a)VTO rat? t'TroSo^at? /cat Scopeais
7T/305 aXX^Xou?. ware Kal Xo^o? Siyei, Tive<$
ecrovrai KpartfcravTes ev Tot? iriviKiot<s ol TOV
7roXe//,ou ra? Tra/oacr/cef a? OVTCO 7roXureXa>9 eopTa-
LVII. revo/Aei'o? 8e avro TOVTWV rot? /xez; vre/ot
t^iovvaov TeyyiTais Tlpirjvtjv eSa/cev OLKTJ-
Tijpiov, atro? 5e TrXeucra? et'<? 'AOrfvas TCO\IV ev
/cat OeaTpois. ^rj\OTVjTOV(Ta Be
ra? 'O/craofta? eV T^ Tro\ei Ti/Jids
jap viro TWV ^AOrfvaLwv rj 'QxTaovia
fid\LcrTd) TroXXat? dveKdfjiftave (f)i\OTiaiais TOV
2 orj/jiov. ol Be TI/JLCL^ avTfj ^lrrj(f)t,crd^LVOt,
et r oiKiav TO
a)v el? r\v 'Ai/T<wwo?, &>? 5^ TroXtr?;? 'Adiyvaiow*
Kal Brj /caracrra? eV avTrjs \6yov VTrep TT}?
TroXea)? Bi%f)\6ev. et? &e 'Pwfiirjv erre/ji^e rou?
Se (pacriv avTrjv ra yuei' T&Kva irdvTa ' ' AVTWVIOV
eaurr}? e^ovcrav dvev TOV TrpeaftvTaTOV TCOV
266
ANTONY, LVI. 4-Lvn. 3
they sailed to Samos and there made merry. For
just as all the kings, dynasts, tetrarchs, nations, and
cities between Syria, the Maeotic Lake, Armenia,
and Illyria had been ordered to send or bring their
equipment for the war, so all the dramatic artists
were compelled to put in an appearance at Samos; and
while almost all the world around was filled with
groans and lamentations, a single island for many
days resounded with flutes and stringed instruments;
theatres there were filled, and choral bands were
competing with one another. Every city also sent
an ox for the general sacrifice, and kings vied with
one another in their mutual entertainments and gifts.
And so men everywhere began to ask : "How will the
conquerors celebrate their victories if their prepara-
tions for the war are marked by festivals so costly? "
LVI I. When these festivities were over, Antony
gave the dramatic artists Priene as a place for them
to dwell, and sailed himself to Athens, where sports
and theatres again engaged him. Cleopatra, too,
jealous of Octavia's honours in the city (for Octavia
was especially beloved by the Athenians), tried by
many splendid gifts to win the favour of the people.
So the people voted honours to her, and sent a depu-
tation to her house carrying the vote, of whom An-
tony was one, for was he not a citizen of Athens ?
And standing in her presence he delivered a speech
in behalf of the city. To Rome, however, he sent
men who had orders to eject Octavia from his house.
And we are told that she left it taking all his chil-
dren with her except his eldest son by Fulvia, who
267
PLUTARCH'S LIVES
CK <t>ov\{3ia<; (eKelvos yap rjv Trapd TW
K\aiov<rav Be /cal Bvatyopovcrav el B6ei pia
OITIWV TOV TroXe/xou /cal avrr) yeyovevai. '
Be WKTGipov OVK e/ceivrjv, aXA,' 'AVTMVIOV, /cal
fjia\\ov ol KXeoTrdrpai' ewpa/fore? oure icd\\6i
? cure &pa Sia(j)epoucrav.
LVIII. Kata-ap Be TO ra^o? KOL TO /u,eye$o<?
rr}? 7rapa<TKV))s dfcovcras eOopv^/jOrj, fir) TOV
Oepovs etceivov Bia7ro\efjLelv dva<yrcacr6f). KCU yap
eveBei iro\\d, /cal TOU? dvOpooTrovs eXinrovv at
TWV ^pt^fJidTwv elaTrpd^eis' dvay/<a6jj.ei'oi, ydp ol
a\\oi TO. TeTapra TWV Kaprrcov, OL Be ee\ev-
TWV KT^fjLaTwv avTcov ra? oyBoas diro-
aTeftowv avTou, /cal Tapa%al KaTel^ov
2 e/c TOVTOJV aTfaaav TTJV '\Ta\iav. 06 ev ev rot?
yueyicTTOt? dfjLapTrj/jiaGriv 'KvTwviov Trjv dva/3o\r)V
TOV 7ro\e[AOV TiOei'Tai. /cal yap Trapaa/ceuda'acrdai
%povov eBcotce Kaiaapi /cal ra9 ra/oa^a? TMV
dv6 PWTTWV e^eXucre. irpaTTOfjievoi ydp rjypiai-
VOVTO, Trpa^OevTes Be /cal 3oi/re? rjav^a^ov. Tt-
Be /cal tI\dyKos, ' KVTWVIOV <pi\oi TWV inra-
y VTTO KXeoTraTyoa? TTpo7rij\aKi^6/jLvoL
crTa ydp yvavTiroOijcrav avTy irepl TOV
Teveiv} aTro&pdvTes CO^OVTO TT/OO? Kaiaapa, Kal
irepl TWV ' KvTwvlov Bia0)]Kwv eyevovTo /JLi
3 ra yeypa/ji/jiej'a avveiSoTes. aTreiceiVTO S'
irapd rat? 'Ecrrmo-t TrapQeitois, /cal Kaivapo?
OVK eS&Kav' el Be (Bov\otTo Xa/nBdretv,
e/ce\evov. e\a/3ev ovv e\8wv Kal
auro? IBia ra yeypa/Ajmera Bi))\0e,
/cal TTapearj/jii'ivaTO TOTTOVS Tivds evKaTriyopi]TOVS' 943
268
ANTONY, LVII. 3-Lvni. 3
was with his father ; she was in tears of distress that
she herself also would be regarded as one of the
causes of the war. But the Romans felt pity for
Antony, not for her, and especially those who had
seen Cleopatra and knew that neither in youthful-
ness nor beauty was she superior to Octavia.
LVIII. When Caesar heard of the rapidity and
extent of Antony's preparations, he was much dis-
turbed, fearing lest he should be forced to settle the
issue of the war during that summer. 1 For he was
lacking in many things, and people were vexed by
the exactions of taxes. The citizens generally were
compelled to pay one fourth of their income, and the
freedmen one eighth of their property, and both
classes cried out against Caesar, and disturbances
arising from these causes prevailed throughout all
Italy. Wherefore, among the greatest mistakes of
Antony men reckon his postponement of the war.
For it gave Caesar time to make preparations and
put an end to the disturbances among the people.
For while money was being exacted from them, they
were angry, but when it had been exacted and they
had paid it, they were calm. Moreover, Titius and
Plancus, friends of Antony and men of consular rank,
being abused by Cleopatra (for they had been most
opposed to her accompanying the expedition) ran
away to Caesar, and they gave him information about
Antony's will, the contents of which they knew.
This will was on deposit with the Vestal Virgins,
and when Caesar asked for it, they would not give
it to him ; but if he wanted to take it, they told him
to come and do so. So he went and took it ; and to
begin with, he read its contents through by himself,
and marked certain reprehensible passages ; then
1 The summer of 32 B.C. /-
PLUTARCH'S LIVES
erreira rrjv /3ov\)]v dOpoiaas dveytvwaKe, rwv
4 r jT\i(7TO)V drj&cos e%6vra)V. d\\OKorov yap eBo^ev
elvau Kal Beivov, evdvvas nva BiBovai wvra rrepl
MV e(Bov\r)6ii yevea-Qai /mera rrjv Te\evrrjv. eTre-
(frvero & TWV yeypaftfievcav fjid\iaTa rw irepl TT}?
ra^?. e/ce\ve <yap avrov TO craiyua, KCLV ev
'Pa)/jLrj T6\evT?jo'T}, Bt dyopas TrofjLTrevOev et?
'AXe^dv&peiav a>? KXeoTrdrpav aTrocrTakrivai.
6 KaXouiaio? Se Kattra/oo? eraipos en /cal ravra
7rpov(f)6pe' %api(Taadai /j,ev avrfj ra? e/c Tlep-
yd/JLov j3i/3~\,iodi]fcas, ev als eiKoai /jiupidSes
(3if3\lwv d7r\(ji)v rjcrav ev Be ffvvSeiTrva) 7ro\\a)i>
irapovrwv dvacrravra rpifietv avrfjs TOU?
etc TIVOS 6pia/j.ov Kal crvvdiJKt^ yevo/jievrj^'
crtou? Be dvaa^eaOai Trapovros avrov Kvpiav rrjv
6 KXeoTrdrpav dcnraaa/LLevov^' Bt/cd^ovra Be TTO\-
~\.d/ei<; TeTpdp%ai<; Kal /3ao-i~\,evcri,v 67rl
Be\rdpia rwv epwriicwv ovv%iva Kal
Be^e(rdai Trap 1 avTfjs Kal dvayivcocrKeiv <&ovp-
viov Be \eyovros, 09 rjv d^KD/jLaros yueyaXou Kal
Beivoraros elTrelv 'Pw/jbauwv, rrjv fiev KXeojrdrpav
ev (fropeiq) Bia T?}9 dyopas Ko^i^eaOai, TOV Be
ft>9 elBev, dvaTrrjBtja-avra rrjv
diroXiTrelv, eKKpe^avvv/jievov Be TOV
LIX. *AX,Xa TOVTO3V fjiev eBoKei ra rrXelara
t K.aXov'lo'tos' ol Be (j)i\oi rov
'A.vra)Viov rreptlovres ev 'Pco/i?; rov Brj/nov
revov, eva Be e avrwv eire/jL-^rav Te/jbiviov
rov 'Avrwviov /tr/ irepuBeiv aurbv d
270
ANTONY, LVIII. 3-Lix. i
he assembled the senate and read it aloud to them,
although most of them were displeased to hear him
do so. For they thought it a strange and grievous
matter that a man should be called to account while
alive for what he wished to have done after his death.
Caesar laid most stress on the clause in the will re-
lating to Antony's burial. For it directed that An-
tony's body, even if he should die in Rome, should be
borne in state through the forum and then sent away
to Cleopatra in Egypt. Again, Calvisius, who was a
companion of Caesar, brought forward against Antony
the following charges also regarding his behaviour
towards Cleopatra : he had bestowed upon her the
libraries from Pergamum in which there were two
hundred thousand volumes ; at a banquet where
there were many guests he had stood up and rubbed
her feet, in compliance with some agreement and
compact which they had made ; he had consented to
have the Ephesians in his presence salute Cleopatra
as mistress ; many times, while he was seated on his
tribunal and dispensing justice to tetrarchs and
kings, he would receive love-billets from her in
tablets of onyx or crystal, and read them ; and once
when Furnius was speaking, a man of great worth
and the ablest orator in Rome, Cleopatra was carried
through the forum on a litter, and Antony, w r hen he
saw her, sprang up from his tribunal and forsook the
trial, and hanging on to Cleopatra's litter escorted
her on her way.
LIX. However, most of the charges thus brought
by Calvisius were thought to be falsehoods; but the
friends of Antony went about in Rome beseeching
the people in his behalf, and they sent one of their
number, Geminius, with entreaties that Antony
271
PLUTARCH'S LIVES
^ iro\4fJLiov 'Pcofjiaicov avcvyopevOevra.
2 Te/jLivio? Be TrXeucra? et? rrjv 'EXXaSa K
/JLV T\V UTTOTTTO?, &)? V7Tp
Be Trapa BeL7ri>oi> del KOI /c\icriais
7rpo r mi\aKi^oiJLevos ^m^ero Kaipov evrev-
a^vwv K\evcr0el<$ Be
Trapa TO BCITTVOV, Tr/v JJLCV a\\rfv (j)ij vi
elvai Bid\eiv, ev Be Kal vr\^>wv eTTia-rao-Oai KOI
fJLeOvwv, OTI AraXw? e^et Trdvra KXeoTrar^a? et?
3 AIJVTTTOV dTraXXaYetcr?;?. TT/OO? roGro roO 'Ay-
^aXeTT^a^TO? ?; KXeoTraryoa " KaXw?,"
TT CTT -oirj teas, w Fe/uivie, rrjv a\t^0eiav avev
oXtya? rjfiepas aTroBpas et? 'Poo/u^y a
5e al T<WJ> aXXa)^ <$>i\wv ol
e%e(Ba\ov ra? Trapoivias KOI ftw/j. oXo^t a?
vTrofjievovras, wv KOI Ma/j/to? ^y
AeXXio? 6 tcTTO/Qi/to?. euro? Se /cat Belaai
eTTifBov\r)v K KXeoTraryoa?, FXaw/cou TOU laTpov
(frpdcravTOS avrw. Trpocretcpovcre Be
Trapa BeiTrvov etVcoz/ aurot? /tei; o^ivrjv e
Be Triveiv ev P(*>py <&a\eplvov. o Be
Kat<ra/3O? Traiyvlcov TraiBdptov,
a Bi]\i/cia 'Pw/jLaloi KaXov&iv.
LX. 'Evrel Se TrapeaKevaGTo Katcra/) ifcav&s,
v, d(f>e\e(T0ai, Be
e^earrj ^waitd. teal
Kcucrap co? 'AvToovios fjieu VTTO (f>ap-
ovBe avrou /cpaToir), TroXe/ioOtrt 8'
272
ANTONY, LIX. I-LX. i
would not suffer himself to be voted out of his office
and proclaimed an enemy of Rome. But Geminius,
after his voyage to Greece, was an object of suspicion
to Cleopatra, who thought that he was acting in the
interests of Octavia ; he was always put upon with
jokes at supper and insulted with places of no honour
at table, but he endured all this and waited for an
opportunity to confer with Antony. Once, however,
at a supper, being bidden to tell the reasons for his
coming, he replied that the rest of his communica-
tion required a sober head, but one thing he knew,
whether he was drunk or sober, and that was that all
would be well if Cleopatra was sent olf to Egypt. At
this, Antony was wroth, and Cleopatra said : " Thou
hast done well, Geminius, to confess the truth with-
out being put to the torture." Geminius, accordingly,
after a few days, ran away to Rome. And Cleopatra's
flatterers drove away many of the other friends of
Antony also who could not endure their drunken
tricks and scurrilities. Among these were Marcus
Silanus and Dellius the historian. And Dellius says
that he was also afraid of a plot against him by
Cleopatra, of which Glaucus the physician had told
him. For he had offended Cleopatra at supper by
saying that while sour wine was served to them,
Sarmentus, at Rome, was drinking Falernian. Now,
Sarmentus was one of the youthful favourites of
Caesar, such as the Romans call "deliciae."
LX. When Caesar had made sufficient preparations,
a vote was passed to wage war against Cleopatra, and
to take away from Antony the authority which he
had surrendered to a woman. And Caesar said in
addition that Antony had been drugged and was
not even master of himself, and that the Romans
273
PLUTARCH'S LIVES
MapBuwv 6 evvovxos /cal Hofieivbs /cal
rj KXeoTraryoa? Kovpevrpia teal Xdppiov, v$>
ra /jueyicrra SiOL/celrat, TT}? rjyefjiovias.
2 ^rj/jLela be irpo TOV 7ro\epov rdSe yeveaOai
\eyerai. Heiaavpa ^ev, 'Avrcoviov TroXf? K\rj-
pov%ia, (fKicr^vri irapa TOV
VTToppayevTcov /careirodrj. TWV Se irepl "AX/Sav
' Avrwviov \i0ivo)v dv&ptdvTcov ^o? iSpcbs aveiTi-
Svev rjfjiepas TroXXa?, diro/jLarrovrcov TIVWV ov
TravojAevos. V Be Hdrpais Sicnpi/3ovTo<; avrov
Kepavvols Gveirpr)(rOri TO 'HpatcXeiov Ka\ rr}? 944
VTTO TTvev^-drcov 6
ei<? TO Oearpov
3 7rpocra)Kiov Se eavrov 'Avrwvios 'HpaArXet
<yevo$ /cal ALOVVCTO) Kara TOV TOV (3iov %f)\ov,
axJTrep elpr]Tai, Atoz^ucro? i/eo? Trpoaayopevofievos.
rj Be avTrj 6ve\\a KOI TO 1)5 Euyu.ei'oO? KOI
velovs 'A6r)vr)<JLV e/jLTredovaa JJLOVOVS etc TTO\\WV
77 Be KXeoTrar/ja? vavapxls eVaXetro
'AvTwvids, cnf]fjielov Be irepl avTrjv Beivbv
<pdvr)' %e\iboves yap inro TTJV TrpvfjLvav eVeor-
Tevaav erepau Be Tre\0ovarat, /cal raura? eij-
\a<rav /cal TO, i>eoTTia Bie^detpav.
LXI. ^VVIOVTWV Be TT/OO? TOV Tr6\efjLOV ' '
fjiev rjaav al ^d^i/JLOi vfjes OVK eXarroi/?
tcocriwv, v at? o/CTijpeis 7ro\\al /cal Be/cijpeis
/ce/cocr/jir)jjivai <ro/3apw<i /cal Travrjyvpi/cws, crTpaTov
274
ANTONY, LX. I-LXI. i
were carrying on war with Mardion the eunuch,
and Potheinus, and Iras, and the tire-woman of Cleo-
patra, and Charinion, by whom the principal affairs of
the government were managed.
The following signs are said to have been given
before the war. Pisaurum, a city colonized by An-
tony situated near the Adriatic, was swallowed up
by chasms in the earth. From one of the marble
statues of Antony near Alba sweat oozed for many
days, and though it was wiped away it did not cease.
In Patrae, while Antony was staying there, the He-
racleium was destroyed by lightning ; and at Athens
the Dionysus in the Battle of the Giants 1 was dis-
lodged by the winds and carried down into the
theatre. Now, Antony associated himself with Hera-
cles in lineage, and with Dionysus in the mode of life
which he adopted, as I have said, 2 and he was called
the New Dionysus. 3 The same tempest fell upon
the colossal figures of Eumenes and Attalus at Athens,
on which the name of Antony had been inscribed,
and prostrated them, and them alone out of many.
Moreover the admiral's ship of Cleopatra was called
Antonius, and a dire sign was given with regard to it.
Some swallows, namely, made their nest under its
stern ; but other swallows attacked these, drove them
out and destroyed their nestlings.
LXI. When the forces came together for the
war, Antony had no fewer than five hundred fight-
ing ships, among which were many vessels of eight
and ten banks of oars, arrayed in pompous and
1 One of the groups of figures at the south wall of the
Acropolis dedicated by Attalus I. of Pergamum. See Pau-
sanias, i. 25, 2, with Frazer's notes.
* Chapters iv. 1 f. and xxiv. 3.
* As Cleopatra was called the New Isis (liv. 6).
275
PLUTARCH'S LIVES
Be /u-vpidBes BeKa, Bia"%iXtoi S' i7T7ret9 eVt
/3ao-tXet9 Be VTT^KOOL avve^dy^ovv Bor^O9 o
teal TapKov^fJio^ o rr}? aWo KtX/,/aa9,
Be <l>iXaSeX0O9, Kojj,[jLa'yr)vrj<i Be M
2 SaSaXa9 Se /oa/tT;?. OUTOL /JLCV avrol irapfjcrav,
e/c Be Ylovrov Ho\e/j,a)i> arparbv eVe/xTre, at
MaX^09 e^ 'Ayoa/^ta? /cat 'H/JcoS?;? 6
ert 8e 'Au,u^ra? o AVKCLOVWV KCU
Se /cat irapa rov MijBwv
ftorjOeia. Kaicrapi Be vr/es rj
7T/009 a\Kifv TrevTijfcovra KOL BiaKocriai, (rrparov
Be OKTCO /jivpidBes, tVvret? 8e TrapaTrXrjcTioi, TO
3 7rX7$o<? rot?
/cat 'IXXv^fou?, Katira/3 ^e avr' 'l\\vpLO)i>
et TOI/ ecnrepLOv w/ceavov KaOfjKova^^ KOL
/cea^oO 7rd\iv eVt TO Tvppr]vif<bv KOI
ov ireXayos. Aiftvyjs Be TTJV 'iTaXta /cat
FaXaTta /cat 'Ifi^pia /Lte^/ot CTT^XO)^
dvTnraprJKOvcrav elj(e Kaicrap' ra Be UTTO
LXII. OUTO) 8e apa Trpoad^Kt] T^9 yuvaifcb?
Tti) 7re&> TTO\V BlO.(f)6p(j)V /3oV\TO TOV VdV-
TLKOV TO /c/3aT09 ett'at ta KXeoTraT/oai', /cat
TWV
iropa a-vvapTraofjievovs opwv VTTO
e/c Trjs TroXXa 5r; TXacr?79
/cat
i/9, aXXa
Xeoucra?.
2 Katcra/3 5e ot> 77/309 1/1^09 o)Se OJKOV CTriBeiKTiKO)<;
276
ANTONY, LXI. I-LXII. 2
festal fashion ; he also had one hundred thousand
infantry soldiers and twelve thousand horsemen.
Of subject kings who fought with him, there were
Bocchus the king of Libya, Tarcondemus the king
of Upper Cilicia, Archelaiis of Cappadocia, Philadel-
phus of Paphlagonia, Mithridates of Commagene,
and Sadalas of Thrace. These were with him,
while from Pontus Polemon sent an army, and Mal-
chus from Arabia, and Herod the Jew, besides
Amyntas the king of Lycaonia and Galatia ; the
king of the Medes also sent an auxiliary force.
Caesar had two hundred and fifty ships of war,
eighty thousand infantry, and about as many horse-
men as his enemies. Antony's authority extended
over the country from the Euphrates and Armenia
to the Ionian sea and Illyria ; Caesar's over the
country reaching from Illyria to the Western Ocean
and from the ocean back to the Tuscan and Sicilian
seas. Of Libya, the part extending opposite to Italy,
Gaul, and Iberia as far as the pillars of Hercules, be-
longed to Caesar ; the part extending from Cyrene
as far as Armenia, to Antony.
LXI I. But to such an extent, now, was Antony an
appendage of the woman that although he was far
superior on land, he wished the decision to rest with
his navy, to please Cleopatra, and that too when he
saw that for lack of crews his trierarchs were haling
together out of long-suffering Greece wayfarers,
mule-drivers, harvesters, and ephebi, 1 and that even
then their ships were not fully manned, but most of
them were deficient and sailed wretchedly. Caesar's
fleet, on the other hand, was perfectly equipped, and
1 Young men approaching full military age, enrolled for
preliminary training and service.
277
PLUTARCH'S LIVES
vaucriv, evcTTpofiots Be Kal
KOI TTTr\ripa)/jLevai<; d/cpiftws e^prvfievov ev
TdpavTi Kal ^pevTGffiw crvve^cov TO VCLVTLKOV,
erre/iiTre TT/OO? ' AVT&VIOV diwv pr) BiaTpi/Bciv TOV
oik\ eecr9ai uera TWV
TOU? /cat Xiyite^a?, VTro^wpijcreiv Be TW
ILTTTTOV oJ,ov CLTTO
3 ai> acr^aXw? diroftf) KOI arparoTreBevcnjrat. rov-
TOi? dvTLKOjJLTrd^WV 'Al/TCOI^fO? aVTOV /JLV
IJiovo^a^Lav TrpovKaX-elro, Kaiirep wv
T6/DO?' 64 Se (frevyoi TOVTO, Trepl <&dpcra\ov rjgiov
roi? crTparev/Jiaaiv, ot>? Trd\ai Katcra/3 /cat ITo/i,-
7nj'io$,Bi,a f y(t)VLcracr0ai. fyOdvei, Be Kalcrap,'Avra}-
viov irepl TO "Afcriov opjbLovvros, ev w TOTTW vvv
f) Nt/coTroXi? iBpvrai, Bia/3a\a)v TOV 'loviov Kal
TT}? 'H7ret/30f ^wpiov o Topvvrj Kakelrai Kara-
o"%u>v Oopvftov/JLevwv Be rwv Trepl TOV 'A.VTGOVIOV
(vorrepei <yap o 7reo? at-Tot?) T; yttei^ KXeoTrarpa
cTKMTTTovora, " Tt Beivov" e\eyev, " el Kalcrap eVt
Topvvrj Ka9r)Tai;"
LXIII. 'AvToovio? Be, ajjia rj/^epa TWV
7Ti7r\66vTGL>v, <po/3rj0els fir} TWV eTTiftaT
e\waL T9 vau?, TOI)? f^ev epera? OTrAtcra? eVl
KaTadTpw^aTWV TrapeTa^ev o'-^eto? eveKa, TOU? 8e
Tapcrovs TMV V6MV ejeipas Kal 7TTepa)cras e/care-
pu>9ev ev TW crTofiaTi Trepl TO "AKTIOV d
avvel^ev, &>? evtfpeis Kal TrapecTKevaafjievas
2 vecrdai. KOI Kaicrap fJLev OVTW
eBo^e Be Kal TO vBcop
Xylander's correction of the MSS. 'lra\ias,
adopted by both Sintenis and Bekker.
278
ANTONY, LXII. 2-Lxin. 2
consisted of ships which had not been built for a
display of height or mass, but were easily steered,
swift, and fullv manned. This fleet Caesar kept
assembled at Tarentum and Brundisium, and he sent
to Antony a demand to waste no time, but to come
with his forces; Caesar himself would furnish his
armament with unobstructed roadsteads and harbours,
and would withdraw with his land forces a day's
journey for a horseman from the sea-shore, until
Antony should have safely landed and fixed his camp.
This boastful language Antony matched by challeng-
ing Caesar to single combat, although he was an
older man than Caesar ; and if Caesar declined this,
Antony demanded that they should fight out the
issue at Pharsalus, as Caesar and Pompey had once
done. But while Antony was lying at anchor off
Actium, where now Nicopolis stands, Caesar got the
start of him by crossing the Ionian sea and occupying
a place in Epeirus called Torune (that is, ladle); and
when Antony and his friends were disturbed by this,
since their infantry forces were belated, Cleopatra,
jesting, said : " What is there dreadful in Caesar's
sitting at a ladle ? "
LXII I. But Antony, when the enemy sailed against
him at daybreak, was afraid lest they should capture
his ships while they had no fighting crews, and there-
fore armed the rowers and drew them up on the
decks so as to make a show ; then he grouped his
ships at the mouth of the gulf near Actium, their
ranks of oars on either side lifted and poised for the
stroke, and their prows towards the enemy, as if they
were fully manned and prepared to fight. Caesar,
thus outwitted and deceived, withdrew. Antony was
also thought to have shown great skill in enclosing
279
VOL. IX. K
PLUTARCH'S LIVES
L TKTIV {J.TTpl\al3(*)l> d(j)\(T0ai, TOU9
7ro\e/uou9, TWV ev KVK\W ^copiojv oXiyov Kal
TTOVTfpOV tyOVTWV. GVyVW JJLOVWS $6 Kal
7rpoar)V6\drj rrapa rrjv K\eo7rar/oa9
eirel yap e/ceivos ??; Trvperrcov et?
arcdriov TT/OO? Katcra/5a /JLerearri, /5apea)? evey/cwv
6 'AvTOOVLOS 0/ACt)? TTCLCTdV dltTO) TT]V a7TOCrKVr)V
fiera TWV <j)i\a)v KCU rwv OepaTrovrwv a
3 /ecu AO/UTYO? /Jiev, &(nrep 7rl ra> //.T) \a6elv rtjv
avrov teal TrpoSoGiav
&e KOI ftacrtX^cov aTrocrracret?, '
TOV /cat A?/toTa/9ou, TT/JO? Kaurapa. TO
VCLVTIKOV ev iravrl Svcrirpayovv Kal TT/JO? arraaav
vcrrepi^ov fiorjOetav avOis rjvdyica^e ry Trecw
Trpoae^eiv rov 'Avrcoviov. ecr^e Se real Kavi&tov
TOV ap^ovra rov Tre^ov fjLera/3o\rj yvca/jtrjs irapa
ra Seivd' /cal avi>ef3ov\V6 KXeorrdrpav fj,ev
cLTTOTre/jiTreiv, dva^wpi]cravra Se ei? Spaierjv rj
4 Ma/ceSoz/iay Tre^o/^a^ia tepli'ai. /cal yap At/^OyU,?;?
o Ferw^ (Bacn\evs virKT^velTO 7ro\\fj crrpaTid
/3or)0ij<Teiv OVK elvai Se al<r\pov el Kaiaapi,
Trepl TOV 'ZiKeXi/cbv
rfj<f ^aXacrcr?;?, aXXa Beivov el
dya)vo)V e/xTreiporaro^ &v 'Ai/rcoyto? ov
/cal 7rapaa-/cevfj roaovrcov
TWV, et? vavs ^iave^wv Kal KaTava\i(TKwv
ovva/j-iv.
5 Ov /Arjv d\\a e^evi/crjae KXeoTrar/Dor &ia T&V
KpiOrjvai TOV 7roXe/<toy, ?;5>; 77/309 (frvyrjv opwcra,
ra /ca@* eavTrjv, oi>% OTTOV 77/909
280
ANTONY, LXIII. 2-5
the potable water within certain barriers and thus de-
priving the enemy of it, since the places round about
afforded little, and that of bad quality. He also be-
haved with magnanimity towards Domitius, contrary
to the judgment of Cleopatra. For when Domitius,
who was already in a fever, got into a small boat
and went over to Caesar, Antony, though deeply
chagrined, nevertheless, sent off to him all his bag-
gage, together with his friends and servants. And
Domitius, as if repenting when his faithlessness and
treachery became known, straightway died.
There were also defections among the kings, and
Amyntasand Deiotarus went over to Caesar. Besides,
since his navy was unlucky in everything and always
too late to be of any assistance, Antony was again
compelled to turn his attention to his land forces.
Canidius also, the commander of the land forces,
changed his mind in presence of the danger, and
advised Antony to send Cleopatra away, to withdraw
into Thrace or Macedonia, and there to decide the
issue by a land battle. For Dicomes the king of the
Getae promised to come to their aid with a large
force ; and it would be no disgrace, Canidius urged,
for them to give up the sea to Caesar, who had
practised himself there in the Sicilian war ; but it
would be a strange thing for Antony, who was most
experienced in land conflicts, not to avail himself of
the strength and equipment of his numerous legionary
soldiers, but to distribute his forces among ships and
so fritter them away.
However, Cleopatra prevailed with her opinion
that the war should be decided by the ships, although
she was already contemplating flight, and was dis-
posing her own forces, not where they would be
281
PLUTARCH'S LIVES
TO VIKCIV ecrrai yjo^crt/io?, a\X' 69ev aTreKTi pacrra
TU>V Trpa'yfJidrwv aTroKXvfjiivwv. rjv Be narcpd
afceXi] KarareivovTa TT/OO? rov vavaraOjjiov T/}?
(rrparoTre^eias, Si* wv 6 'Aj/rawo? ela>0ei Trapievai
6 /JLrjBev vcfropw/jtei'os. ol/cerov Be Kaicrapi cfrpd-
cravTQS a)? &VVCLTOV eivj KaTibvra Bia rwv cnce\wv
(rv\\a/3eiv avrbv, eVe/z-v^e TOJ)? eveSpevGovras.
01 Be Trapa TOCTOVTOV rf\.6ov ware ffvvapTrdaat rov
avrov Trpoe^avacrrdvre^' airro9 Be
LXIV. 'n? Be rav/jLa^elv eBeSoKro,
eveTrpTjae vavs r jr\rjv e^jJKOvra TWV A.I-
ra? Se apiara? KOI fieyicrTa^ CLTTO
rpirjpovs ^XP 1 Betojpovs eir\ijpov, Bicrpvpiovs
e^L^d^wv GTrXtVa? /cal Bia")(i\iov<; ro^ora?.
ev9a Tre^o/jid^ov avBpa TWV Ta^iap'^wv \eyovcri,
KOI
TO awyita, TOL) 'Avrwviov Trapi-
2 OVTOS dvaK\avaa<j6cu teal eljrelv "*fl auro-
Kparop, TI TWf rpavfjidrayv rovrwv r) rov
ev %v\oi<$ Trov^pols e^et? Ta?
fcal QoivLKes ev 6a\dcrcrr)
ilv Be <yr)V 809, e</>' ^? ei^Oa^ev eo^TcoTe? djro-
6vr)(iKeiv TI viKciv TOU? TToXe/Jiiov^. TT^OO? ravra
d7roK.pivdp,evos, d\\d rfj Xipl teal TW r rrpo(r-
fj,6vov olov eyKe\evcrd/jLvos TOV avBpa 6ap-
pelv, 7rapf}\0eif, ov y/OT/crTa? e^wv e\7riBas, o?
76 KOI TOU? KV/SepvrjTas ra laria /3ov\o/nevovs
d-rroX.i'Trelv rjvdyKaaev efiftaXecrOai KOI
oTt Bel /jirjBei'a tyevyovra TCOV
282
ANTONY, LXIII. 5-Lxiv. 2
helpful in winning the victory, but where they could
most easily get away if the cause was lost. Moreover,
there were two long walls extending down to the
naval station from the camp, and between these
Antony was wont to pass without suspecting any
danger. But a slave told Caesar that it was possible
to seize Antony as he went down between the walls,
and Caesar sent men to lie in ambush for him. These
men came near accomplishing their purpose, but
seized only the man who was advancing in front of
Antony, since they sprang up too soon ; Antony
himself escaped with difficulty by running.
LXIV. When it had been decided to deliver a sea
battle, Antony burned all the Egyptian ships except
sixty ; but the largest and best, from those having
three to those having ten banks of oars, he manned,
putting on board twenty thousand heavy-armed
soldiers and two thousand archers. It was on this
occasion, we are told, that an infantry centurion, a
man who had fought many a battle for Antony and
was covered with scars, burst into laments as Antony
was passing by, and said : " Imperator, why dost thou
distrust these wounds and this sword and put thy hopes
in miserable logs of wood ? Let Egyptians and
Phoenicians do their fighting at sea, but give us land,
on which we are accustomed to stand and either
conquer our enemies or die." To this Antony made
no reply, but merely encouraged the man by a gesture
and a look to be of good heart, and passed on. And
he had no good hopes himself, since, when the
masters of his ships wished to leave their sails behind,
he compelled them to put them on board and carry
them, saying that not one fugitive of the enemy
should be allowed to make his escape.
283
PLUTARCH'S LIVES
LXV. 'EtKeivrjv juo> ovv TTJV rj/jbepav real rpet?
ra? (j>e^rj<! /j,yd\w Trvev^an tcv/JiavOev TO Tre-
Xa/yo9 TTjv fjid-^riv eVecr^e, Tre/nTTTrj Be vi]V6fJ<La<?
teal <ya\rfvr)s dfcXvarov yevo/Aevrjs avvyeaav, 'Az>-
fiev TO Be^tov Kepas e\^u)v teal IIoTrXt^oXa?,
Be TO evodvvfJLOv, ev /necray B Map/co?
2 'OrcTaftios KCU Mapro? 'IvcrT^to?. Kaicrap 8 946
eVl TOU vo)i'Vfjiov ra^a? ^AypiTnrav auTfp TO
AcareXiTre. TWV Be ire^wv TOP IAW 'Av-
KaiaSio?, TOV Be KatVapo? TaOpo? eVl
CIVTCOV
Be T<*)v y] < yep.6vwv 'AvTwvios /u,v eVe^otra iravra-
, TOU? (rrparicoTa? TrapaKak&v VTTO
TWV vea)v Mcnrep e'/c 77)9 eBpaiovs /^a^e-
3 a9ai, rot? Se tcvftepviJTais BiaKe\evu/jivo<; wcrvre/j
rat9 vavai
7Tpl TO
KatVapt 5e Xeyerat
QVOV
ei'w Be TovvofJLd 7z/a>pt(Ta9 avTov
v T? '' " " ^ V "
yLtei^ ii/L'TL' / YO9 ovofjia, TO) oe o;^&)
BlO Kal T049 6/i/3oXoi9 TOl* T01TOV KOdfJLWV V(TTpOV
4 ecTTrjcre %a\Kovv ovov teal avQpwTrov. eTriBoov Be
Tr/v aXkyv TrapaTa^iv, eV TrXotw ?rpo9 TO
Ko/uio~0l<? eOavnacrev aTpe/jiovvTas ev
dyfcvpai? opfiovawv. /cal TOVTO /te^pt TroXXov
TreTretcryue^o? am^e Ta? eavTov Trepl OKTO) <TTciBia
284
ANTONY, LXV. 1-4
LXV. During that day, then, and the three follow-
ing days the sea was tossed up by a strong wind and
prevented the battle ; but on the fifth, 1 the weather
becoming fine and the sea calm, they came to
an engagement. Antony had the right wing, with
Publicola, Coelius the left, and in the centre were
Marcus Octavius and Marcus Insteius. Caesar posted
Agrippa on the left, and reserved the right wing for
himself. Of the land forces, that of Antony was com-
manded by Canidius, that of Caesar by Taurus, who
drew them up along the sea and remained quiet. As
for the leaders themselves, Antony visited all his
ships in a row-boat, exhorting the soldiers, owing to
the weight of their ships, to fight without changing
their position, as if they were on land ; he also ordered
the masters of the ships to receive the attacks of the
enemy as if their ships were lying quietly at anchor,
and to maintain their position at the mouth of the gulf,
which was narrow and difficult. Caesar, we are told,
who had left his tent while it was yet dark and was
going round to visit his ships, was met by a man
driving an ass. Caesar asked the man his name, and
he, recognizing Caesar, replied : " My name is Prosper,
and my ass's name is Victor." Therefore, when Caesar
afterwards decorated the place with the beaks of
ships, he set up bronze figures of an ass and a man.
After surveying the rest of his line of battle, he was
carried in a small boat to his right wing, and there
was astonished to see the enemy lying motionless in
the narrows ; indeed, their ships had the appearance
of riding at anchor. For a long time he was con-
vinced that this was really the case, and kept his own
ships at a distance of about eight furlongs from the
1 Sept. 2, 31 B.C.
285
PLUTARCH'S LIVES
TWV evavrlwv d^ecrrcocra^. etcrrj Be fjv wpa, /cal
7TV6VjJ,aTo<$ alpo/.Levov
OL 'AvTWVLOV TT/OO? TTjV BiaTplftljV, KCU TOt?
real /jLeyeOea"!, TWV oiKciwv vewv TreTrotOores o>?
5 aTrpoaf^d^ot^, TO evMWjJLOV ercivrjaav IScov Be
Kaicrap i}<jQ^ KOI irpv/jivav etcpovaaTO TO)
Tl fJLCL\\OV GK TOV KO\7TOV
TOU? 7ro\/jiiovs eTTio-Trda-ao-Oai, /cal
r jrpiiT\cov evi'ipeai aK(i(f>ari rot? eaurov
7T\K6ff0at, 77/30? VCLV? UTf' OJKOV fCdi
dpyas real
LXVI. 'Ayo^oyu-eVoi' Be TOV dywvos ev
elvai, ^i^o\al ^ev ov/c rjcrav ouSe dv
vewv, TWV jjiev ' ' KVTWVIOV Bia /3dpo$ pvfjuiv ov/c
, i} fjL(i\i(rT a rrroiel ra? TWV e/i/5oXw^
rt? evepyovs, TWV Be KatVa/oo? ov /JLOVOV dvri-
wv crv^epeaOaL Trpos ^aA-A'co/tara crrepea
teal Tpa^ea (pvXacrao/uLevwi', d\\a /A^Be Kara
2 7r\vpav e'/Lt/SoXa? BiBovai dappovawv. aTreOpav-
OVTO yap ra e^j3o\a paStco? f) TrpocrTrecroie cr/cd-
H,o<jfjievu>v TT^O? aX7u/Xa SeSe/^eWi?. TJV ovv
ia TrpoafiepyjS 6 dywv TO Be d\yjdea-rpov
/JLa-^la. T/?et? yap a^a /cal Tecrcrape?
pi p.iav TMV 'AVTCOVLOV GvvelyovTO, 76/3/30/9
Kal Bopacri /cal Kovrols ^pwjjievwv /cal Tru
ol Be 'Avrwviov /cal KaTaTreXrais diro
Trvpycov e{3a\\ov.
3 ''AypiTTTTov Be ddrepov /cepa? et? KVK\W(TLV
ovTOs, dvravdyeiv IToTrXtAroXa? dvaytcaZo-
aTreppijyvvTO TWV p-iawv. OopvfBovfjievwv Be
286
ANTONY, LXV. 4-Lxvi. 3
enemy. Bat it was now the sixth hour, and since a
wind was rising from the sea, the soldiers of Antony
became impatient at the delay, and, relying on the
height and size of their own ships as making them
unassailable, they put their left wing in motion. When
Caesar saw this he was delighted, and ordered his
right wing to row backwards, wishing to draw the
enemy still farther out from the gulf and the narrows,
and then to surround them with his own agile vessels
and come to close quarters with ships which, owing
to their great size and the smallness of their crews,
were slow and ineffective.
LXVI. Though the struggle was beginning to
be at close range, the ships did not ram or crush
one another at all, since Antony's, owing to their
weight, had no impetus, which chiefly gives effect to
the blows of the beaks, while Caesar's not only
avoided dashing front to front against rough and
hard bronze armour, but did not even venture to ram
the enemy's ships in the side. For their beaks
would easily have been broken off by impact against
vessels constructed of huge square timbers fastened
together with iron. The struggle was therefore like
a land battle ; or, to speak more truly, like the
storming of a walled town. For three or four of
Caesar's vessels were engaged at the same time
about one of Antony's, and the crews fought with
wicker shields and spears and punting-poles and
fiery missiles ; the soldiers of Antony also shot with
catapults from wooden towers.
And now, as Agrippa was extending the left wing
with a view to encircling the enemy, Publicola was
forced to advance against him, and so was separated
from the centre. The centre falling into confusion
287
K 2
PLUTARCH'S LIVES
rovrcov teal crvfjL7r\Ko/jLeva)v rot? irepl rbv 'Appovv-
Ttov, aKpiTOV Be Kal Koivijs en TT}? vav yua^ta? crvve-
o-TcocrT??, al<f)ViBiov at KXeoTrarpa? e^iJKOvra vfjes
wtydrjcrav aip6{J,evai TT/OO? diroTrXovv rd latia KOI
Bid /jieffov (pevyovaai TWV ^a^o^ikvt>v rjcrav yap
OTTLcra) Terayfjievai TWV /AeydXwv, KOI BietcTTiTr-
4 Tovaai rapa^rjv eTToiovv. ol Be tvavrioi Oavfjid-
^oi^re? edewvro, ray Trvevncm ^pw^eva^ opwvres
Kal eTre^ouo'a? TT/JO? TIJV TleXoTrovvrjcrov. evfia Brj
<$avepov avTOV 'A^rcoi/io? eTroirjcrev ovre ap*)(ovTOS
oure dvBpos oure oXco? uBlctis \oyicrfjLo'is BIOIKOV-
fj,voi>, aXX' OTrep Ti? irai^wv etTre, T^V ^rv^v
TOU epwz/ro? ev d\\oTpiw (rw/jLari r/v, e\K6/j,vo<?
VTTO T% yvvaiKos wcnrep (TVfjLTrecfrvKtbs KOI
5 i^eraf^epofJievo^. ov yap effrdrj rr]V efcelvrjs IBcbv
vavv diroTr\eov(Tav, Kal 'navrwv e/cXa^o/u-ei^o? Kal
u? Kal aTToBpas rot'? vjrep avrov fj.a\ojjiei'ov^
l Oin'icncovTas, et? Trevrrjp^ /j,ere/JL/3d<;, 'AXe^a 947
TOU ^Lvpov Kal S/ceXXtou fiovcov avrto
ftdi'Twv, eBicoKe rrjv diro\w\Kvlav 77877
TrpoaaTroXov&av avrov.
LXVII. 'E/ceti^ Be yvwpiaaa-a crrjaeiov
TT? i/eco? ai/ecr^e' /tat irpocrei'e^Oel^ OVTW Ka
j-vi/jv >' \ >r ^p. >/ "i/)
ava\r)<pueis eKivrjv IJLZV owre eibev ovre a)cpurj,
7rape\0a>v Be n,6vo<s et? irpwpav e^>' eavrov Ka0rjaro
criwirfi, rat? ^epcrlv dp,^>orepaL<; e'^oyu-e^o? T/}?
2 K<>a\r)S. ev rovrw Be \i/3vpviBe$ a>(f)0r]crav
Bi(t)Kov(rai irapa Katcra/90?" o Be avriTrpypov
eTTiaTpefaiv rrjv vavv /ceXeucra? ra? /zei/ aXXa?
dvecrreiXev, Eu/ju^X?'}? 8' o AaKwv eveiceLTO cro-
/5apa>9, ^oyfflv nva KpaBaivoov diro rov /cara-
288
ANTONY, LXVI. 3-LXvn. 2
and engaging with Arruntius, 1 although the sea-fight
was still undecided and equally favourable to both
sides, suddenly the sixty ships of Cleopatra were
seen hoisting their sails for flight and making off
through the midst of the combatants ; for they had
been posted in the rear of the large vessels, and
threw them into confusion as they plunged through.
The enemy looked on with amazement, seeing that
they took advantage of the wind and made for Pelo-
ponnesus. Here, indeed, Antony made it clear to all
the world that he was swayed by the sentiments
neither of a commander nor of a brave man, nor even
by his own, but, as someone in pleasantry said that the
soul of the lover dwells in another's body, he was
dragged along by the woman as if he had become
incorporate with her and must go where she did.
For no sooner did he see her ship sailing off than he
forgot everything else, betrayed and ran away from
those who were fighting and dying in his cause, got
into a five-oared galley, where Alexas the Syrian and
Scellius were his only companions, and hastened
after the woman who had already ruined him and
would make his ruin still more complete.
LXVI I. Cleopatra recognized him and raised a
signal on her ship ; so Antony came up and was taken
on board, but he neither saw her nor was seen by her.
Instead, he went forward alone to the prow and sat
down by himself in silence, holding his head in both
hands. At this point, Liburnian ships were seen
pursuing them from Caesar's fleet ; but Antony
ordered the ship's prow turned to face them, and so
kept them all off, except the ship of Eurycles the
Laconian, who attacked vigorously, and brandished a
1 The commander of Caesar's centre, as Plutarch should
have stated at Lxv. 1.
289
PLUTARCH'S LIVES
co? a$r)<jwv tV CLVTOV.
$ TY) irpwpa TOV 'AVTWVLOV KaL " Ti9 OUT09,"
' ' * 11 ' ' 'A ' " tf ' I"* ' '
CITTOVTOS, O CltoKCOV AvTO)VlOV ; bjjti),
" EvpvK\f)s 6 Aa^dpovs, rfj Katcrapo?
TOV TOV Trarpo? exSt/cav QavaTov" 6 Se
/3>7? L"TT' 'AvTcoviov X^crreta? aiTia Trept-
/ctV^?/. TrXr/i; ot'/f evi(3a\ev o Evpv-
et? T^ ' AVTWVIOV vavv, a\\a TTJV eTepav
avap^l^MV (Buo yap rjaav} TO> %a\K(t)/AaTi
a? 7repiepp6/ji{3i')o~, /cal TavT^v re 7r\ayiav
7TpnT6crov(Tav el\ KCLI TWV a\\wv fjuav, ev r)
4 TroXureXei? afceval TMV Trepl ^laiiav rjcrav. aTraX-
8e TOUTOU ira\iv o 'A^rcofio? et? TO atro
eavTov r^vyiav fjye' KCU
fffpa$ Ka eavTov e irpwpq
VTT 0/377}?, eiV al$oi>fjLvo<; eteeivrjVt Taivdpa
7Tpoai(T")(ev. evTavOa S' CIVTOUS al avvtjfleis <yv-
VOUKCS irpdrov fjbev et9 Xo'^oi;? aXX^Xo^? crvvrj-
yayov, eiTa avv&ei-nvelv KOI avyKaOev^eiv Treiaav.
5 "HS?; Se teal T&V (TTpoyyv\wv 7r\oiwv OVK oXiya
KOL TO)V (f)i\Ct)V TIVS K TT)S TpO7T?)S TjOpOl^OVTO
Trpo? aurou9, dyyeXXovTes aTroXcoXeVat TO VCIVTI-
KOV, OiecrQai 5e TO TT^OV (rvveGTarai. 'Az/Toowo?
Se Trpo? yuei^ Kavi&LOv dyye\ov<$ eTre^iTrev, dva-
%(opeii> Bia MatceSovLas et9 'Aviav TCO a-TpaTw
6 a,Ta Ta^09 rcekevwv, auTO9 3e yueXXwi/ a?ro
Taivdpov 7T/009 TT^I^ Aifivrjv Siaipeiv, 6\fcdSa
jjiiav, TTO\V fjt-ev i>o/ucryita, TroXXoO Se a^ta9 eV
dpyvpM /cal ^pvaw KCLTacrKevds TMV /3acrt\iKwv
y, vei/JiaaOai KCU aw^eiv eavTovs
dpvov/Jievovs Be /cal K\aiovTas ev^evw^ TTUVV
290
ANTONY, LXVII. 2-6
spear on the deck as though he would cast it at An-
tony. And when Antony, standing at the prow,
asked, "Who is this that pursues Antony?" the
answer was, "lam Eurycles the son of Lachares,
whom the fortune of Caesar enables to avenge the
death of his father." Now, Lachares had been be-
headed by Antony because he was involved in a
charge of robbery. However, Eurycles did not hit
Antony's ship, but smote the other admiral's ship (for
there were two of them) with his bronze beak and
whirled her round, and as she swung round sideways
he captured her, and one of the other ships also,
which contained costly equipment for household use.
When Eurycles was gone, Antony threw himself
down again in the same posture and did not stir. He
spent three days by himself at the prow, either be-
cause he was angry with Cleopatra, or ashamed to see
her, and then put in at Taenarum. Here the women
in Cleopatra's company at first brought them into a
parley, and then persuaded them to eat and sleep
together.
Presently not a few of their heavy transport ships
and some of their friends began to gather about them
after the defeat, bringing word that the fleet was
destroyed, but that, in their opinion, the land forces
still held together. So Antony sent messengers to
Canidius, ordering him to retire with his army as fast
as he could through Macedonia into Asia ; he himself,
however, since he purposed to cross from Taenarum
to Libya, selected one of the transport ships which
carried much coined money and very valuable royal
utensils in silver and gold, and made a present of it to
his friends, bidding them divide up the treasure and
look out for their own safety. They refused his gift
291
PLUTARCH'S LIVES
<f)i\o(f>p6vc0<; Trapafj-vOria-dfJievo^ real
7 0els drrecTTetXe, ypd^as Trpo? Heo<A,oi/ TOV ev
Kopii'dw oioiKrjT^v OTTO)? dcr(f)d\eiav eKTropicrrj
Kal uTTOKpu^rj rot/? avBpcis dxP t av i\acracrOai
ILalcrapa &vvr)0wcri.v. ovros TJV eo<f>i\o<; 'Ivr-
Trdp%ov TraTrjp TOV TrXelarov Trapa 'Avrtoviw
SvvrjdevTos, TrpcoTov Be TT/JO? Katcrapa TWV a-yre-
\evdepwv /jLeraftaXo/jievov KOL KaroiKijaavros
ijarepov ev K.opiv0a).
LXVIII. TaOra /JLCV ovv ra /card TOV 'Ai>ra>-
viov. ev ^AKTLW Be TTO\VV 6 crroXo? avTivyutv
K.ai(rapi ^povov, fcal /^eytcrTOv ^SXa^el? UTTO TOV
tyii\ov KaTa Trpwpav IcfTa^evov,
5eraT?;? aTretTre. /cat ve/cpol /JLCV ov
evTaKicr-^iXLwv, edXcocrav Be
2 vijes, co? auro? dveypa^e Katcra/?. rjcrOovTO 8e
ov 7ro\\ol TretyevyoTOS 'AvTayviov, /cal rot? TrvOo-
yLteVof? TO TrpwTOv aTricTTOS Y)V o Xo70?, el Betca teal
evvea Tay/jiaTa Tre^wv drjTTrJTcov Kal Stcr^tXi'ou?
67Tt yUU/OtOf? /TTTTCi? aTToXtTTCO^ Or^T<U, KaOaTTCp
ov TroXXa/ci? 7T d/jL(j)OTpa TTJ TV'XY) Ke%pr)/u,vo<>
ovbe fJivpLwv dywvdjv Kal rroXe/jifov /LteTa/^oXaT?
3 eyyeyv/Avaa/jievos. 01 Be aTpaTiwTai Kal TroOov
Tiva Kal TrpoaooKiav el^ov w? avTixa irodev
iricrriv Kal dpeTrjv wcrre Ka TT? (vyrjs avTOV
yevo/jii>r)s ^epa? evrra crv/jL^elvai, Trepio-
eTriTrpefffievo/Aevov avTols Kaicrapa. re'Xo? 948
^e, rot) (TTpaTijyov KavtSiov vvKTwp aTro&pdvTOS
Kal KaTa\i7rovTO$ TO (TTpaTorreBov, yevo/jivoi TTUV-
TWV eprifjiOL Kal rrpoBoflevTes VTTO TWI> d
TO) KpaTOVVTl,
292
ANTONY, LXVII. 6-Lxvin. 3
and were in tears, but he comforted them and be-
sought them with great kindness and affection, and
finally sent them away, after writing to Theophilus,
his steward in Corinth, that he should keep the men
in safe hiding until they could make their peace with
Caesar. This Theophilus was the father of Hippar-
chus, who had the greatest influence with Antony,
was the first of Antony's freedmeii to go over to
Caesar, and afterwards lived in Corinth.
LXVII I. This, then, was the situation of Antony.
But at Actium his fleet held out for a long time
against Caesar, and only after it had been most
severely damaged by the high sea which rose against
it did it reluctantly, and at the tenth hour, give up
the struggle. There were not more than five thousand
dead, but three hundred ships were captured, as
Caesar himself has written. Only a few were aware
that Antony had fled, and to those who heard of it
the story was at first an incredible one, that he had
gone off' and left nineteen legions of undefeated
men-at-arms and twelve thousand horsemen, as if he
had not many times experienced both kinds of for-
tune and were not exercised by the reverses of
countless wars and fightings. His soldiers, too, had
a great longing for him, and expected that he would
presently make his appearance from some quarter or
other ; and they displayed so much fidelity and
bravery that even after his flight had become evident
they held together for seven days, paying no heed to
the messages which Caesar sent them. But at last,
after Canidius their general had run away by night
and forsaken the camp, being now destitute of all
things and betrayed by their commanders, they went
over to the conqueror.
293
PLUTARCH'S LIVES
4 'E/c TOVTOV Kcucra/) pev eV 'A.0rfva<; eVXeucre,
KOI SmXXayet? rot? "EXX^crt roy Trepiovra alrov
K TOV TroXe/AOU Bievei/Ae Tat? TroXeo't
, vTTO^vyicov. 6 <yovv irpoTrcnnTos fjfjiwv Nt-
Bnjyelro TOL*? TroXtra? airavra^ avay/ca-
roi? wyttoi? Karaffrepeiv /JLT pr/ /j,a irvpwv
eir\ rr)V TT/JO? 'Avrircvpav 9 a\aa a av t
5 L/TTO fiacrrtyatv eTTira^vvof^evov^' KOL fuav
(fropav evey/celv, rrjv Se Sevrepav ijSrj
KOI /j,e\\ovcriv atpecrOai
v dyye\fjvai, KOL TOVTO
ev6v<s yap ra)i> 'Avrcoviov SIOIK^TWV Kal
Siai>i^acrdai TOV airov
LXIX. 'AvTcovtos Be AtySu^? d-fydfjLevos KOI
KXeoTrdrpav 6i? KlyvTnov e'/c YLapairoviov Trpo-
auro? direKavev eprj/JLLa^ d^Oovov, CTVV
l (f)i\oi$ dXvcov Kal TrXa^coyue^o?, f 'Ei\\T]vi,
f Pa>/uu&) $
i ou 8t' erepcov yeypd^a/xev w? eV
roO BicKfrvyeiv Bpovrov, at>TO? avrov,
BpoOro? wi;, eve%ipi(T rot? Sica, -covert, Kal Biacrco-
TOVTO,
2 eVet Se /cat rr;y eV Aifivy BvvafAiv 6
dTrecrTija-ev, op/jujcras eavTov dve\iv
V7TO TWV >wv Ka KOjua-es et?
'A\ej;dv&peiav evpe KXeoiraTpav e
294
ANTONY, LXVIII. 4~Lxix. 2
In consequence of this, Caesar sailed to Athens,
and after making a settlement with the Greeks, he
distributed the grain which remained over after the
war among their cities ; these were in a wretched
plight, and had been stripped of money, slaves, and
beasts of burden. At any rate, my great-grandfather
Nicarchus used to tell how all his fellow-citizens
were compelled to carry on their shoulders a stipu-
lated measure of wheat down to the sea at Anticyra,
and how their pace was quickened by the whip; they
had carried one load in this way, he said, the second
was already measured out, and they were just about
to set forth, when word was brought that Antony
had been defeated, and this was the salvation of the
city ; for immediately the stewards and soldiers of
Antony took to flight, and the citizens divided the
grain among themselves.
LXIX. After Antony had reached the coast of
Libya and sent Cleopatra forward into Egypt from
Paraetonium, he had the benefit of solitude without
end, roaming and wandering about with two friends,
one a Greek, Aristocrates a rhetorician, and the other
a Roman, Lucilius, about whom I have told a story
elsewhere. 1 He was at Philippi, and in order that
Brutus might make his escape, pretended to be Bru-
tus and surrendered himself to his pursuers. His
life was spared by Antony on this account, and he
remained faithful to him and steadfast up to the last
crucial times. When the general to whom his forces
in Libya had been entrusted brought about their
defection, Antony tried to kill himself, but was pre-
vented by his friends and brought to Alexandria.
Here he found Cleopatra venturing upon a hazardous
1 See the Brutus, chapter 1.
295
PLUTARCH'S LIVES
epyw rrapaf36\<p KOI fj,eyd\(p. rov jap eipyovros
IcrOfjiOV rrjv epvdpav drro TTJS /car* Aiyvrrrov 6a-
Xdcrcrrjs KOI BOKOVVTOS 'Acrtaf KOI Ai/3in]v opi^eiv,
f) G^iyyerai ^LoXiara rot? rre\dye(n real /Spa^v-
rarcK evpos eVrt, rpLaKoaiwv crTa^iwv ovrcov,
3 eve%eipr)O'ev apaara rov CTTO\OV vjrepveco'X-K'fja'ai, KOL
Kadelcra ra? vavs et? rov 'Apa/3i/cov KO\TTOV /j.era
^prjfjidrwv TTO\\WV KOI Swa/ieco*; e^co KaroiKetv,
diro^vyovcra SovXeiav real 7ro\e/^oi>. eVet Be ra?
Tr/Dwra? dv\KO/jLva<? rwv ve&v ol rrepl rrjv Tle-
rpav "Apafies Kare/cavcrav, ert Be 'Avroovios rbv
ev 'A/crip arparov wero (rv/jL/jieveiv, errava-aro,
4 KOI ra? eyLt/9o\a? $v\arrev. *Avru>vio<s Be rrjv
TTQ\iv K\i7ra)v Kcu ra? yLtera rwv (j)i\cov Bia-
rpi/Sa?, olKrjaLV eva\ov tcareiTKeva^ev aurw irepl
rrjv <&dpoi>, et? r^v daKacraav %c5/xa rrpof3a\(i)V'
Kal Birjyev avrodi (frvyas dvOp&irwv, Kal rov
Ti/uicovos dyarrav Kal %r)\ovv ftiov e'fpaa-fcev, co?
Brj 7re7roi>$w? ojnoia' /cal yap auro? dBiKtiOels VTTO
(j)i\ci)v /cal d^apiarrjOei^, Bia rovro Kal rracriv
mcrrev KOI
LXX. C O Be TifJLtov rjv ' AOrjvalo^, Kal yeyovev
r)\iKia ^d\iara Kara rov Tle\07rovvij(Tiar<bv TTO-
\efjLov, a>? K rwv y Api(rro(f)di>ovs Kal
Bpa/^idrcov \a/3eiv ecrri. Kco^wBetrai yap ev e
voi$ &)? Bv&fjievr]? Kal ^L^dvOpwrro^' eKK\ivu>v Be
Kal Bio)@ov/j,evo<? arraaav evrev^iv, 'AXKijSidByv,
veov ovra Kal Opaavv, rjarrd^ero Kal Kare(f)i\i
rrpoOvfiw^. 'ATrrjfjidvrov Be 6avfj,d&avro<s Kal rrv-
296
ANTONY, LXIX, a-
and great undertaking. The isthmus, namely, which
separates the Red Sea 1 from the Mediterranean Sea
off Egypt and is considered to be the boundary be-
tween Asia and Libya, in the part where it is most
constricted by the two seas and has the least w r idth,
measures three hundred furlongs. Here Cleopatra
undertook to raise her fleet out of water and drag
the ships across, and after launching them in the
Arabian Gulf 1 with much money and a large force,
to settle in parts outside of Egypt, thus escaping war
and servitude. But since the Arabians about Petra
burned the first ships that were drawn up, and An-
tony still thought that his land forces at Actium were
holding together, she desisted, and guarded the ap-
proaches to the country. And now Antony forsook
the city and the society of his friends, and built for
himself a dwelling in the sea at Pharos, by throwing
a mole out into the water. Here he lived an exile
from men, and declared that he was contentedly
imitating the life of Timon, since, indeed, his exper-
iences had been like Timon's ; for he himself also
had been wronged and treated with ingratitude by
his friends, and therefore hated and distrusted all
mankind.
LXX. Now, Timon was an Athenian, and lived
about the time of the Peloponnesian War, as may be
gathered from the plays of Aristophanes and Plato.
For he is represented in their comedies as peevish
and misanthropical ; but though he avoided and re-
pelled all intercourse with men, he was glad to see
Alcibiades, who was then young and headstrong, and
showered kisses upon him. And when Apemantus
1 By Reel Sea Plutarch here means the upper part of the
Arabian Gulf.
297
PLUTARCH'S LIVES
rijv alriav, (>i\eiv etyrj rov veavia/cov
ori 7ro\\o)V ' AOrivaioLS KCIKCOV alrios eaoiro.
2 TOV e 'ArrrifJiavTOv JJLOVQV a>? O/JLOIOV avrw KOI
tyjKovvra Trjv bianav ecrriv ore irpoffiero'
7TOT6 T^9 TWV XoWI^ OVaf]^ 0/9T^5 eiaTl&VTO
ol Svo, TOV 8* ' ATTrjfidvrov (f)r)(ravTO<;,
a) Ti/j.Mv, TO (TV/JLTTCHTIOV rjf-twv,"
>/i *^ / C'V'
ecprj, pr) Trapes. A-eyerat 6e
QVTWv dvafias eVl TO j3f)jj.a iroirjcrai
/ecu 7rpo<r$orclav /j,eyd\r]v Sta TO Trapd-
3 8oov elra elirelv "*ETT /^ot piKpov oifcoTrebov, 949
w avbpes 'AOrjvaioi, KCU avKrj Tt? eV avTw
ovv olfcoSofMeiv TOV TOTTOV /3ov\ij0rjv
BrjfjLOtria Trpoenrelv, 'iva, av apa rives eOe\wcnv
V/JLMV, rrplv etcKOTrfjvai rrjv (TV/cfjv, aTrdy^wvrai"
T\VTijcravTo<; Be avrov KOI ra^evros 'A\rjcri
irapa rqv 0d\acrcrav wkicrde ra Trpov^ovra rov
alyid\ov, teal TO KV^O, rrepL\6ov afiarov Kal
drfpocnreXacTTOv avOpoorrw irerroL^Ke rov rd^tov.
4 rjv 8' e
dtf airoppijlfas "fyvxrjv ^apv^ai^ova
rovvo/j,a S' ov rrevcreaOe, tea/col Be /ca/cco? drco-
\OKT06.
real rovro fj.ev avrbv en %&vra
298
ANTONY, LXX. 1-4
was amazed at this and asked the reason for it, Timon
said he loved the youth because he knew that he would
be a cause of many ills to Athens. This Apemantus
alone of all men Timon would sometimes admit into
his company, since Apemantus was like him and tried
sometimes to imitate his mode of life ; and once, at
the festival of The Pitchers, 1 the two were feasting
by themselves, and Apemantus said : "Timon, what
a fine symposium ours is ! ' " It would be," said
Timon, " if thou wert not here." We are told also
that once when the Athenians were holding an as-
sembly, he ascended the bema, and the strangeness of
the thing caused deep silence and great expectancy;
then he said : " I have a small building lot, men of
Athens, and a fig-tree is growing in it, from which
many of my fellow citizens have already hanged
themselves. Accordingly, as I intend to build a house
there, I wanted to give public notice to that effect, in
order that all of you who desire to do so may hang
yourselves before the fig-tree is cut down." After
he had died and been buried at Halae near the
sea, the shore in front of the tomb slipped away,
and the water surrounded it and made it com-
pletely inaccessible to man. The inscription on the
tomb was :
" Here, after snapping the thread of a wretched life,
I lie.
Ye shall not learn my name, but my curses shall
follow you."
This inscription he is said to have composed
1 C7ioes-day, the second day of the great festival in honour
of Dionysus called Anthesteria. It was a day of libations to
the dead.
299
PLUTARCH'S LIVES
\eyovcri, TO Be irepL^epo^evov
[JLiadvOpwrros evoiKew. aXXa 7rdpe\0,
v etVa? TroXXa 7rdpe\0e fxovov.
LXXI. TaOra fjiev Trepl Tt^tw^o? aTro TroXXau/
oXt'ya. T&> e 'A^rw^/a) Kai't^fo? re TT}? tiTro-
/3o\r}S rwv ev ' ' PLKTIW Swdfjiewv aurayyeXo? r)\6e,
real roi^'Iof Sa?o//H/3a)8?7^ e^ovrd nva rdy/jiara KOI
cTTret/^a? r/Kovcre Kaiaapi Trpoa-Ke^cop^Kevai,, fcal
TOL;? aXXof? OJJLOLOOS SuvdcrTas dtyiffracrdai /cal
fjL[jLV6lV TWV KTOS. OV
TOVTWV CIVTOV, aXXa cocnrep acryu-e^o? TO e'
d7TOT^6/Xei/O?, iV<X /Cal TO <f>pOVTi%lV, TT]V
eva\ov Itceiwqv Siairav, fjv Ti^toveiov ODVO-
v, %\nrev, dvak^OeL^ &e VTTO T/}? KXeo-
et? T^ /3acri\ia Trpo? SeiTrva teal TTOTOI;?
/cat Siavo/jbds rp\jfe TIJV iroXiv, eyypatywv /ni> et?
(>rj/3ov<; rbv KXeoTTtiTpa? TralBa /cat Katcra/30?,
3 TO Be aTTopfyvpov real re\eLov i^driov 'A^TuXXft)
TO) eV <t>ouX/3ta? Trepiriflels, $' ot? fjnepas TroXXa?
av/jLTTOffta Kal KW^JLOL KCLI Qa\iai
Speiav Karel^ov. avTol Se T^f /zez/
Keivr]v avvoSov KareXvcrav, erepav Se
v ov&ev n XCITTO fjievrjv e/ceivrjs d
Kal rpvcfrals Kal TroXureXe/a'?, r;v
/jievtov Ka\ow. cnreypdfyovTO yap ol (f)i\oi GVV-
aTTO0apov/j,evovs eavrov?, Kal Birjyov eviraOovvres
4 ev beiirvutv 7re/Jio5oi9. K\eo7rdrpa Be
300
ANTONY, LXX. 4-Lxxi. 4
himself, but that in general circulation is by Calli-
machus :
" Timon, hater of men, dwells here ; so pass along ;
Heap many curses on me, if thou wilt, only pass
along."
LXX I. These are a few things out of many con-
cerning Timon. As for Antony, Canidius in person
brought him word of the loss of his forces at Actium,
and he heard that Herod the Jew, with sundry
legions and cohorts, had gone over to Caesar, and
that the other dynasts in like manner were deserting
him and nothing longer remained of his power out-
side of Egypt. However, none of these things
greatly disturbed him, but, as if he gladly laid aside
his hopes, that so he might lay aside his anxieties also,
he forsook that dwelling of his in the sea, which he
called Timoneum, and after he had been received
into the palace by Cleopatra, turned the city to the
enjoyment of suppers and drinking-bouts and distri-
butions of gifts, inscribing in the list of ephebi l the
son of Cleopatra and Caesar, and bestowing upon
Antyllus the son of Fulvia the toga virilis without
purple hem, in celebration of which, for many days,
banquets and revels and feastings occupied Alex-
andria. Cleopatra and Antony now dissolved their
famous society of Inimitable Livers, 2 and founded
another, not at all inferior to that in daintiness and
luxury and extravagant outlay, which they called the
society of Partners in Death. For their friends en-
rolled themselves as those who would die together,
and passed the time delightfully in a round of suppers.
Moreover, Cleopatra was getting together collections
1 See the note on Ixii. 1. Caesarion was to be educated as
a Greek, Antyllus AS a Roman. * Cf. chapter xxviii. 2.
301
PLUTARCH'S LIVES
VLKWV OavacrifJitov avi'ijye TravroSaTra?
TO avaabwov e^ey^ovda 7rpoi>/3a\\e
TO 49 7rl OavciTw fypovpovfjievoLS. eVel Be ecopa
ev a)KVfj.6povs Tr)V o^vrrjra TOV OavaTov Si
TTKfrepovaas, ra? ^e irpaorepaf ra^o? OVK
, TWV di^piwv aTreTreiparo, 0ea>/jLei]S auTYj?
5 GTCpOV Tp(p 7rpO<T<f)p6vTWV. 7TOtet ^6 TOVTO
KCL& rj/jiepav /cal a-^eBbv eV vracrt povov evpidKe
TO Brjy/j.a T?}? acrTTtSo? aVeu aTrao-fAov KOI crTeva-
<yfjiov /cdpov vTrvoaSrj /cal Karacfropav efye\KO[jievov,
IBp&rt /jia\aKa) rov TTpoo-coTTOv, Kol Twv alcrOrj-
d/JLavpoocrei TfapaKvo^eiXDV pa$iu><$ Kal
rpos ra? e^eyepaeLs Kal ava.K\i-
ol ySa^eto? Kadev&oi'Te?.
LXXII. "A/jia Se /cal Trpos Kaucrapa TrpecrjSeis
e7T/JL7rov t? 'Acrtaz^, 77 fiev alrov/jievrj rr]v ev
AiyvTTTqy TOi<? Traicrlvdpxtfv, 6
el fjir) Bo/coiri Tfepl AIJVTTTOV, iSico
(f)i\wv Be aTTopia Kal aTcivTia Sia ra?
o TWV TcaL^wv $iBd(TKa\os eire^d^
2 Ei)(/)/3o^fo?. Kal 'yap 'AA,ea? o AaoSiKV<t, <yvw-
7T AVTU>VIOV opydvwv TO fiiaioTaTov Kal TWV
i>Trep OKTaovias iaTajmevcov eV avTw \oyio~ /J.M v
dvaTpoTrevs, eTTGfi^dr) JJLZV 'Hpwfyv TOV /3ao~i\ea
3 T/}? /iera/5o\7)? efye^wv, avTov Be KaTa/jidvas Kal
TT/JoSou? 'AvT&mbv TO\/j,'r)a'V et? O-^TLV e\0eiv
Katcrapo?, HpcoO?; TreTroi^co?. w^r^cre 5e avTov
evOvs elp)(9el^ Kal
302
ANTONY, LXXI. 4-Lxxn. 3
of all sorts of deadly poisons, and she tested the
painless working of each of them by giving them to
prisoners under sentence of death. But when she
saw that the speedy poisons enhanced the sharpness
of death by the pain they caused, while the milder
poisons were not quick, she made trial of venomous
animals, watching with her own eyes as they were
set one upon another. She did this daily, and tried
them almost all ; and she found that the bite of the
asp alone induced a sleepy torpor and sinking, where
there was no spasm or groan, but a gentle perspira-
tion on the face, while the perceptive faculties were
easily relaxed and dimmed, and resisted all attempts
to rouse and restore them, as is the case witli those
who are soundly asleep.
LXXI I. At the same time they also sent an em-
bassy to Caesar in Asia, Cleopatra asking the realm
of Egypt for her children, and Antony requesting
that he might live as a private person at Athens, if
he could not do so in Egypt. But owing to their
lack of friends and the distrust which they felt on
account of desertions, Euphronius, the teacher of the
children, was sent on the embassy. For Alexas the
Laodicean, who had been made known to Antony in
Rome through Timagenes and had more influence
with him than any other Greek, who had also been
Cleopatra's most effective instrument against Antony
and had overthrown the considerations arising in his
mind in favour of Octavia, had been sent to keep
Herod the king from apostasy ; but after remaining
there and betraying Antony he had the audacity to
come into Caesar's presence, relying on Herod.
Herod, however, could not help him, but the traitor
was at once confined and carried in fetters to his own
303
PLUTARCH'S LIVES
et? Trjv eavTov Trarpiba Seoyuo? e/cei Kaiaapo?
eri
Bixrjv 'AvTMVLCp TT}? d-TUcTTia? e^e
LXXIII. }Lalaap Be rou? jjiev vTrep '
OVK
o? a/jLapTrfcrecrOai: TWV eirieiKwv aveXovaav
'Avraiviov rj K/3a\ovcrav. crvveTrefji-^re Be KOL
Trap 1 aurou iiva ra>v aTre\ev6epwv vpcrov, OVK
avorjrov avO pwrrov oiiSe aTTiOdvws av a<f> rjje-
/ioi/o? veov 8ia\e%0evTa 77/309 yvvaiKa cro/Sapav
KOL OavjJiacFTQv ocrov eVt Ka\\ei fypovovcrav.
2 OUTO? evrvy^dvwv avrfj /JLa/cporepa TWV a\\a)v
Kal TlljL(i)/A6l>0<? Sld(f)p6vT(a<; VTTOVOtCLV TO) ' A.VTWVIU)
7rapeo"X,, real ffv\\a/3cii)V avrbv e^acrrijcoa-ev, eZra
d(f)f)K TT/OO? Kaicrapa 'ypdtyas co? evrpv^cov KOL
irapo^vveiev avrov, evirapo^vvrov VTTO
ovra. "2,v 8e el p.r eet? TO
e/j,ov
TOVTOV /cpe/zacra? /jiao-TLyaxrov, 'iva iaov
3 etc TOVTOV KXeoTrttTpa jjiev a7ro\vo/jLvrj ra? atria?
KOI vTTOvoia? eOepdrcevev avrov TrepiTTO)?' /cal
T^V eavrrj? yeved\iov Tarretvws Biayayovcra /cal
rat? ru^at? TrpeTrovTO)?, rrjv etceivov irdaav vrrep-
j3a\\o[Aev7) \ajjL7rpoTrjTa fcal 7ro\VT\iav ecap-
Tacrev, wtrre TroXXou? TWV Ketc\r}/jLev(i)v evrt TO
Selirvov Tre^Ta? e\06vTa? cnre\6elv
Kaicrapa &e 'Ay
*Pct)/j,r]<; ypd(>a)V &>? TWV K6i 7rpayfj,aT(ov rrjv
rrapovaiav avrov
304
ANTONY, LXXII. 3-LXxin. 3
country, where he was put to death by Caesar's
orders. Such was the penalty for his treachery
which Alexas paid to Antony while Antony was yet
alive.
LXXIII. Caesar would not listen to the proposals
for Antony, but he sent back word to Cleopatra that
she would receive all reasonable treatment if she
either put Antony to death or cast him out. He also
sent with the messengers one of his own freedmen,
Thyrsus, a man of no mean parts, and one who would
persuasively convey messages from a young general
to a woman who was haughty and astonishingly proud
in the matter of beauty. This man had longer inter-
views with Cleopatra than the rest, and was con-
spicuously honoured by her, so that he roused
suspicion in Antony, who seized him and gave him a
flogging, and then sent him back to Caesar with a
written message stating that Thyrsus, by his insolent
and haughty airs, had irritated him, at a time when
misfortunes made him easily irritated. " But if thou
dost not like the thing," he said, "thou hast my
freedman Hipparchus 1 ; hang him up and give him a
flogging, and we shall be quits." After this, Cleo-
patra tried to dissipate his causes of complaint and
his suspicions by paying extravagant court to him ;
her own birthday she kept modestly and in a manner
becoming to her circumstances, but she celebrated his
with an excess of all kinds of splendour and costliness,
so that many of those who were bidden to the supper
came poor and went away rich. Meanwhile Caesar
was being called home by Agrippa, who frequently
wrote him from Rome that matters there greatly
needed his presence.
1 See chapter Ixvii. 7.
3S
PLUTARCH'S LIVES
LXXIV. "Ecr^ei/ ovv dva/3o\r)v o TroXeyLto? Tore*
TOV Be %tfj,a)vo<; irapekOovTOs avOis eV/yej Bia
>
, ol Be (rrparrjyol Bia Aiftvrjs. aXoz>TO?
Xo70? 77^ evBovvai ^eXevtcov OVK
T>}? KXeoTrarpa?. 77 8e CKGLVOV /JLV
KOI TraiSa? ' ' AVTWVIW Krelvai Trapel^ev,
CLVTIJ 8e Qj]K.a^ e^ovcra KOI /JLVIJ para Kare-
Tre/oiTrw? eT? re /caXXo? /cat vtyos, a
rco z^aa) TT}? "I(7t8o?, evravOa TWV
(Tvv(popei ra TrXetcrr^? a^ia cnrov&rjs,
, apyvpov, cr/jLapayBov, iJLapyapirrjv, efievov,
eVt jracn Be 8aSa iro\\rjv
KOL aTVTTTreiov, wtrre SeiGavra Trepl rwv
Kaicrapa, prj rpaTro^evr) TT/JO?
8ia<j)0Lpr) /cal Kara^>\e^rj TOV
aet rti/a? \7rtSa? aur^ <f)i\av6 p&Tro
TrefATreiv ayua TW o-rpara) iropevop.evov eVl
3 TTO\IV. i&pvOevTOs 8e avrov Trepl TOV i7nr6$po/j,ov,
TWV Katcrapo? 'nnri&v eVot^cre,
rov (npaTOTre&ov. /H6<ya\vi>6-
8e rfj vlicy 7rapfj\0v eh TO, /3aai\eta, /cat
KXeoTrdrpav Kare(j)L\r)a-ev ev roi? OTrXof?, /cal
tjywviafAevov irpoOvixoTara rwv crTpaTiwrwv
rj &e aptaTelov avrw OwpaKa XP V ~
(TOVV Kal Kpdvo<$ eStotcev. eVetyo? fjiev ovv o
avOpwrros \af3(*)V ravra Bia VVKTOS
KatVapa.
LXXV. IlaX^ 8e 'AvTwvios eVe/xTre Katcra/^a
7rpoKa\ov/jievos. aTTOKpiva/jievov Be
TroXXa? o8ou? 'Avrcwiw irapelvai Oavcnwv,
306
ANTONY, LXXIV. I-LXXV. i
LXXIV. Accordingly, the war was suspended for
the time being ; but when the winter was over,
Caesar again marched against his enemy through
Syria, and his generals through Libya. When Pelu-
sium was taken there was a rumour that Seleucus
had given it up, and not without the consent of
Cleopatra ; but Cleopatra allowed Antony to put to
death the wife and children of Seleucus, and she
herself, now that she had a tomb and monument
built surpassingly lofty and beautiful, which she had
erected near the temple of Isis, collected there the
most valuable of the royal treasures, gold, silver,
emeralds, pearls, ebony, ivory, and cinnamon ; and
besides all this she put there great quantities of
torch-wood and tow, so that Caesar was anxious
about the treasure, and fearing lest the woman might
become desperate and burn up and destroy this
wealth, kept sending on to her vague hopes of kindly
treatment from him, at the same time that he ad-
vanced with his army against the city. But when
Caesar had taken up position near the hippodrome,
Antony sallied forth against him and fought brilliantly
and routed his cavalry, and pursued them as far as
their camp. Then, exalted by his victory, he went
into the palace, kissed Cleopatra, all armed as he was,
and presented to her the one of his soldiers who had
fought most spiritedly. Cleopatra gave the man as
a reward of valour a golden breastplate and a helmet.
The man took them, of course, and in the night
deserted to Caesar.
LXXV. And now Antony once more sent Caesar
a challenge to single combat. 1 But Caesar answered
that Antony had many ways of dying. Then Antony,
1 Cf. chapter Ixii. 3.
307
PLUTARCH'S LIVES
em rov Bid fjid^rj^ OVK ecrriv avry
fte\rlu>v Odvaros, eyva) Kal Kara yrjv a/ta KOI
Bdkarrav e7ri%eipelv. KOI Trapd BetTrvov, a>?
\eyerai, TOI>? oitceras Ke\vcrev viroyelv teal
2 TrpoOvfjiorepov evw^elv avrov aSrj\ov yap, el
TOVTO TTonfjcrovcriv avpiov rj SeaTroraf? ere/oof?
v7rr)peTrjcrov(Tiv, auro? Be Keiaerai <j/eeX6ro? /cal
TO /jLySev 76^0/^6^09. Toi9 Be <f)L\ovs 7rl TOVTOI?
opwv e$r) JJLIJ Trpod^en/ eiri, rrjv yua^r/i/,
avrw OdvaTov evtc\ed p,d\\ov rj arwrtjpiav
VIK7]V.
3 'Ev ravrrj rfj VVKTI Xeyerat, yLteo-ouo-T/? cr^eSov, 951
eV rjav^ua /cal Karrjtyeia TT}? TroXeco? S^a <po/3ov
Kal Trpo&BoKLav rov yueXXoyro? ovcrrjs, al<f>vi$iov
opydvwv re TravTo^aTrwv e^u/ieXet? rt^a? ^roz/a?
Kal $or)V o%\ov yuera Gvaa-fjL&v KOI
(rarvpiKwv, axrTrep Oidaov TIVOS OVK
4 dOopvfBws %e\avvovro<S' elvai 6e rr/i^ 6p/j,^v o/zoO
rt 8fa Tr;? TToXeco? yuecr?;-? eVt T/)I^ TrvXijv e^w rrjv
TeTpa^^vrfv TT/QO? TOU? TroXe/xtou?, /cat ravrrj rov
66pv/3ov eKTreaeiv TrXelcrrov yevojjievov. e'So/cet Se
rot? dva\oyio/jLevoi$ TO cni/jielov dTroXeirreiv 6
0ebs ^Avraiviov, w fjid\i(jra avve^ofjLOLwv Kal
crvvoiKeiwv eavrbv SiereXeaev.
LXXVI. r/ A/xa Se fjfjLepa rov Tre^bv atTo? cVt
vrpo TT}? TroXeo)? Xo^cot' iBpvaas ededro Ta?
dviyy/nevas Kal Tat? TCOI^ 7roXe/u&)i> Trpocrtyepo-
Kal irepLfjievwv epyov ri Trap* etceivcov lo~eiv
ol Be &>9 771/9 eyevovro, Tat?
308
ANTONY, LXXV. I-LXXVI. i
conscious that there was no better death for him
than that by battle, determined to attack by land
and sea at once. And at supper, we are told, he bade
the slaves pour out for him and feast him more
generously ; for it was uncertain, he said, whether
they would be doing this on the morrow, or whether
they would be serving other masters, while he him-
self would be lying dead, a mummy and a nothing.
Then, seeing that his friends were weeping at these
words, he declared that he would not lead them out
to battle, since from it he sought an honourable
death for himself rather than safety and victory.
During this night, it is said, about the middle of it,
while the city was quiet and depressed through fear
and expectation of what was coming, suddenly certain
harmonious sounds from all sorts of instruments were
heard, and the shouting of a throng, accompanied by
cries of Bacchic revelry and satyric leapings, as if
a troop of revellers, making a great tumult, were
going forth from the city ; and their course seemed
to lie about through the middle of the city toward
the outer gate which faced the enemy, at which
point the tumult became loudest and then dashed
out. Those who sought the meaning of the sign
were of the opinion that the god to whom Antony
always most likened and attached himself was now
deserting him.
LXXVI. At daybreak, 1 Antony in person posted
his infantry on the hills in front of the city, and
watched his ships as they put out and attacked those
of the enemy ; and as he expected to see something
great accomplished by them, he remained quiet.
But the crews of his ships, as soon as they were near,
1 Aug. 1, 30 B.O.
39
PLUTARCH'S LIVES
rj<T7rd(ravTO rovs KatVa/oo?, e/ceivcov re avracrTra-
cra/jLi>a)V /jLerefldXovro, KOI Trdaais apa rat?
vavalv o o-roXo? et? yevo/j,vo$ eVeVXet 777309 TT)I>
2 TTO\IV dvriirpwpo^. TOVTO 'ApTa)fto9 tSco^ ttTre-
VTTO TWV LTnreayv fjL6Ta/3a\OfjLV(i)V,
rot?
UTTO KXeoTrar/ja? 7rpo$$6a6ai ftowv ol? 5t' e/ceivrfv
iro\e/jLy(Tv. f) Be rrji> opyrjv avTOv (f)0/3)]0eicra
fcal rr)V aTrovoiav et? roi^ rdfiov Karetyvye KOL
rappaKTas d(f>r)K6 K\eidpois /cal
v^ OVTW TT/DO? Se ' AVTWVIOV e
3 d7ray<y\ovvTas on redv^Ke. iria-Tevcras 8e eVet-
/cat eiTTwv TT/OO? aurov, " Tt
TOV <^L\o^rv)(elv Trpocpao-iv," eio-r}\@ev et? TO
KOI TOV 0ct)paKa irapa\vwv KOI
, " *H KXeoTrarpa," etTrey, " ou/c
(TOV crrepov/jievos' avri/ca yap e/9 ravrov
* ort yvvaiicos o TIJ\IKOVTO<; avro-
/cpdrcop evtyw^ia
4 v e Tt9 oteT?79 avrov TTKTTOS "Epa>9 OVO/JLCL.
e/c TroXXou TTapaKK\.^K(i}^, el Sctfcreiev,
dve\elv avrov, aTrrjrei T^V VTrba")(e(Tiv. o 5e cnra-
crayaez/09 TO ^1^)09 dvea"%e ^ev 009 Traicrcov exelvov,
e TO rrpoawTrov eavrov
avrov rros TOL9 7ro5a9 o
^ /f < ?'/TT' f \C* /1\ >V
enrev y w cjpws, OTI /JLTJ ovvr)ueis avros
TTOieiv o Sel SiSacr/ee^'" /cal Traicras 8id
5 Koi\ias eavrov drKev et9 TO
OVK evBvuavaTOS r) 7r\.rjyr}. Bio /cal
TOV a'i/jiaTO<;, eVel KaTeK\L9r),
310
ANTONY, LXXVI. 1-5
saluted Caesar's crews with their oars, and on their
returning the salute changed sides, and so all the
ships, now united into one fleet, sailed up towards
the city prows on. No sooner had Antony seen
this than he was deserted by his cavalry, which went
over to the enemy, and after being defeated with his
infantry he retired into the city, crying out that he
had been betrayed by Cleopatra to those with whom
he waged war for her sake. But she, fearing his anger
and his madness, fled for refuge into her tomb and
let fall the drop-doors, which were made strong
with bolts and bars; then she sent messengers to tell
Antony that she was dead. Antony believed the
message, and saying to himself, " Why dost thou
longer delay, Antony? Fortune has taken away thy
sole remaining excuse for clinging to life," he went
into his chamber. Here, as he unfastened his breast-
plate and laid it aside, he said ; "O Cleopatra, I am
not grieved to be bereft of thee, for I shall straight-
way join thee ; but I am grieved that such an imper-
ator as I am has been found to be inferior to a woman
in courage.'
Now, Antony had a trusty slave named Eros. Him
Antony had long before engaged, in case of need, to
kill him, and now demanded the fulfilment of his
promise. So Eros drew his sword and held it up as
though he would smite his master, but then turned
his face away and slew himself. And as he fell at his
master's feet Antony said : "Well done, Eros! though
thou wast not able to do it thyself, thou teachest me
what 1 must do" ; and running himself through the
belly he dropped upon the couch. But the wound
did not bring a speedy death. Therefore, as the
blood ceased flowing after he had lain down, he
3n
VOL IX. L
PLUTARCH'S LIVES
dva\a/3a>v eBeiTO TWV jrapovTcav emcr(f)dTTiv
avrov. ol Be e<pevyov CK TOV 8&)/xartou
Kal cr<aBabi'T09, dypi ov Trapa KXeorrdrpas 77
6 ypa/jLfj,aTevs, KOfii^eiv avTov a>? e/ceivrjv
TOV
LXXVII. Yvovs ovv on %f), 7rpo0vfjLO)<f exe-
\evcrev dpaaOai rot? uTrr/perat? TO <rw/^a, KOI Sib
'Xjeipwv 7rpoaKO/uLiff@ii rat? Ovpaw TOV oltcrjfjLaTO?.
77 e K.\07rdrpa ra? IJLZV Ovpas OVK dvew^ev, etc
8e Ovpi&wv TLVWV fyavelaci aeipas Kal
KaQ'iG.1. Kal TOVTOLS cva^dvrw^ rov '
ai'i\.Kev avTr] Kal &vo yvvalKS, a? /xoi'a? e'Se^aro
2 /ue$' aur?}? et? roi' TOL^QV. ovBev exeivov \eyova-iv
yeveadai ol Trapayevo/jLevoi 0ea/j,a.
jap ai^aTi Kal ^vcrOavaTO)V ei\KeTO,
^6/30,9 opeywv ei? eiceivrjv Kal Trapaiwpov-
ov yap r)v yvvai^l paoiov TO epyov, d\\a
KXeoTrarpa -ralv %poiv e/bLTre^vKvla Kal
TO> Trpoaanrq) TOV Seor/jLOV dveXd/j,-
(Bavev, emKeXevofjievwv TCOV KaTwOev avTrj Kal
3 crviayojpiwvTwv. Se^afievr) Be avTov oyrw? Kal
KaTaK\Lva<ra Treptepprj^aTO re TOV? TrevrXoy? eV 952
avTM, Kal Ta aTepva TVTTTOfjievr) Kal o~ r rrapaTTOvo~a
Tat? ^epa-i, Kal TW 7rpoaa)7ra> TOV aiftUTOS dva/j,aT-
eaTTOTi^v eVaXet Kal avBpa Kal avTO-
Kal fjiiKpov Seiv e7ri\e\^crTO TWV auTrjs
KaK(Jov oT/CTft) TWV eKeivov. KaTaTravaas Be TOV Oprj-
VOV aVTT/S ' AvTUtVlOS fJTr/(T6 TTielv olvOV, LT
Be
Trapri'eaev avTrj TO, fjiev eaur??, av y
' ala-^vvr)^, aaiTijpia TiOecrOai,, p,d\Lo~Ta TWV
Katcrapo? tTaipwv HpoK\r)i<p TTiaTevovaav, avTov
312
ANTONY, LXXVI. 5-LXxvn. 4
came to himself and besought the bystanders to gtve
him the finishing stroke. But they fled from the
chamber, and he lay writhing and crying out, until
Diomedes the secretary came from Cleopatra with
orders to bring him to her in the tomb.
LXXVI I. Having learned, then, that Cleopatra
was alive, Antony eagerly ordered his servants to
raise him up, and he was carried in their arms to the
doors of her tomb. Cleopatra, however, would not open
the doors, but showed herself at a window, from
which she let down ropes and cords. To these
Antony was fastened, and she drew him up herself,
with the aid of the two women whom alone she had
admitted with her into the tomb. Never, as those
who were present tell us, was there a more piteous
sight. Smeared with blood and struggling with
death he was drawn up, stretching out his hands to
her even as he dangled in the air. For the task was
not an easy one for women, and scarcely could Cleo-
patra, with clinging hands and strained face, pull up
the rope, while those below called out encourage-
ment to her and shared her agony. And when she
had thus got him in and laid him down, she rent her
garments over him, beat and tore her breasts with
her hands, wiped off some of his blood upon her
face, and called him master, husband, and imperator;
indeed, she almost forgot her own ills in her pity for
his. But Antony stopped her lamentations and asked
for a drink of wine, either because he was thirsty, or
in the hope of a speedier release. When he had
drunk, he advised her to consult her own safety, if
she could do it without disgrace, and among all the
companions of Caesar to put most confidence in
313
PLUTARCH'S LIVES
Be yu,r) 6prfvelv errl TCU? vcrrdrai^
aXXa /jiaKapi^eiv wv erv)(e KCL\WV, e
dvOpa^rrwv <yev6fAi>o$ real rr\el<jrov la"%va-a<; fcal
vvv OVK d<yevvo}<; 'Potato? VTTO 'Pajyuaiou fcpa-
LXXVIII. "Qtrov Be avroXtTro^TO? avrov TT/oo-
77/^6 irapa Katcra/jo?. eVel 7<x/) eawrov
o 'Avrcovios ar^ero TT/OO?
TCOI/ Bopvfyopwv
TO eyxeipiBiov avrov /cal
KOI Bpapaiv TT/JO? Katcrapa TT/JCOTO? ijyjei\e
T\evTi]v, Kol TO
o Be a>? jJKova-ev, evborepw
aTTOcrra? aTreBafcpvaev avBpa KtjBea-r
KOI Gwdp"%ovTa KOI TTO\\WV dycovwv KOI irpay-
fjid'Ttov KOLVWVOV. elra ra? eV^crroXa? \a(3a>v real
TOU? (f)L\ov<$ AtaXeVa? dveylvwcrKev to? evyvoo/AOva
rypd(f)OVTO<? avrov /cal Bifcaia (fropriKos rjv /cal
del irepl ra? dTro/cpiaeis eicelvos. e/c
Be TOVTOV rbv TlpoK\j]iov eVe/i^e K\evcras,
BvvrjTai, [jidXicrTa TTJS KXeoTrarpa? ^ooo->;9 Kparrj-
aar teal <ydp e'^o/Setro 7T6/H rw^ ^prj/jidrcov, teal
fji.<ya Trpo? B6j;av rjyeiTO rov Bpidpftov tcaraya-
<yeiv efceivrjv. ei? /Ltei^ OL/Z; %6ipas TW TlpOK\r)i(p
4 (TvreXOelv OVK rjOeXriaew eyivovro Be \6<yoi TW
TrpocreX^ot/ro? ej;a)0v avTOv tcara Ovpas
, drroKeK\et/^eva^ pev o^vpco 1 ), (fiaivf) Be
Bte^oBov e^ouaa?. /cal Bte\e^(0ri<jav j] fiev alrov-
3U
ANTONY, LXXVII. 4-Lxxvin. 4
Proculeius, and not to lament him for his last reverses,
but to count him happy for the good things that
had been his, since he had become most illus-
trious of men, had won greatest power, and now
had been not ignobly conquered, a Roman by a
Roman.
LXXVIII. Scarcely was he dead, when Proculeius
came from Caesar. For after Antony had smitten
himself and while he was being carried to Cleopatra,
Dercetaeus, one of his body-guard, seized Antony's
sword, concealed it, and stole away with it ; and
running to Caesar, he was the first to tell him of
Antony's death, and showed him the sword all
smeared with blood. When Caesar heard these
tidings, he retired within his tent and wept for a man
who had been his relation by marriage, his colleague
in office and command, and his partner in many
undertakings and struggles. Then he took the letters
which had passed between them, called in his friends,
and read the letters aloud, showing how reasonably
and justly he had written, and how rude and over-
bearing Antony had always been in his replies.
After this, he sent Proculeius, bidding him, if
possible, above all things to get Cleopatra into his
power alive ; for he was fearful about the treasures
in her funeral pyre, and he thought it would add
greatly to the glory of his triumph if she were led
in the procession. Into the hands of Proculeius,
however, Cleopatra would not put herself; but she
conferred with him after he had come close to the
tomb and stationed himself outside at a door which
was on a level with the ground. The door was
strongly fastened with bolts and bars, but allowed a
passage for the voice. So they conversed, Cleopatra
315
PLUTARCH'S LIVES
rot? rraiffl TTJV (Baa-iKeiav, o Be Oappelv KOI
TTidTeveiv Kaicrapi Kekevwv.
LXXIX. 'fl? Be KaTtBayv TOV TOTTOV ciTnjyyeiXe
K.ai(rapi, FaAAo? /J-ev eire^Orj 7rd\iv evTevgo-
JJL6VOS aVTf)- Kal 7T/509 TO? OvpCL? \6<t)V GTTtT^Se?
e/j.ij/cvve TOV \6yov. ev TOVTW Be TLpo/c\ijios K\L-
yua/co? TrpoareOeLar]^ 8ia r% 0vpi&o<; elcrY}\6ev f)
TOV 'AVTWVLOV at yvvaifces e&e^avro. KOI ?rpo?
T? Ovpas aura? 1 evQvs, a?? 77 KXeoiraTpa Trapei-
(TTijtcei Trpocre-^ovcra ry TaXXw, rcaTeftaivev vTr^pe-
2 ra? e^eor &vo ped* avrov. rwv Be <rv r yKa0eip i y-
fjiva)v TTJ KXeoTrarpa yvvaiKwv TT)? ere/oa? ai/a-
KpayoiKTijs, " Td\aiva KXeoTrarpa, ^coypei
<rrpa(j)eLcra KCU (^eaaa^evr] TOV [\pOK\rjlov M
fjiv auTrjv TTard^ai' Trape^coa'fjievT) yap
TL T&V \yfff ptic&v %L(f)i,Bia)V' TrpocrBpa/JLcbv Be
avTrjv rat? ^epalv
Kal (reavrrjv fcal Katcrapa, iJ,eyd\r}v a
XpijcTTOT'TjTos ejriBei^iv avrov, /cal Bia/3d\\ovcra
TOV TrpaoTdTOv rjye/Aovcov a)? arndTOV Kal dBid\-
3 Xa/croi'." cf/xa Be Kal TO ^t0o? avTrjs irapeL\eTO,
Kal Trjv eaOrjTa, fj,r) KpVTTToi TL <j)dp/jLaKOV, e^e-
aeiaev. erre/jL^Brj Be Kal rrapa Kataa^o? TWV
o~av
\a Be 2 7T/90? TO pacrTov evBiBovai Kal
IV V ~\7 A ' v ^ ^ IT' " ' / -\
uAAA. Ai^ro? oe r^aicrap eicnjXavvev
TroXiv, Apeiw T&) (f)i\.ocr6<f)(i) rrpocrBiaX
Kal TTJV Be^iav evBeBcoKcos, tva evOvs ev Tot? rroXi-
1 aurcks bracketed by Bekker.
- 3x % - 5 Bekker, after Solanus :
ANTONY, LXXVIIT. 4-Lxxx. i
asking that her children might have her kingdom,
and Proculeius bidding her be of good cheer and
trust Caesar in everything.
LXXIX. After Proculeius had surveyed the place,
he brought back word to Caesar, and Gallus was sent
to have another interview with the queen ; and com-
ing up to the door he purposely prolonged the con-
versation. Meanwhile Proculeius applied a ladder
and went in through the window by which the
women had taken Antony inside. Then he went
down at once to the very door at which Cleopatra was
standing and listening to Gallus, and he had two
servants with him. One of the women imprisoned
with Cleopatra cried out, " Wretched Cleopatra, thou
art taken alive," whereupon the queen turned about,
saw Proculeius, and tried to stab herself; for she had
at her girdle a dagger such as robbers wear. But
Proculeius ran swiftly to her, threw both his arms
about her, and said : " O Cleopatra, thou art wrong-
ing both thyself and Caesar, by trying to rob him of
an opportunity to show great kindness, and by fix-
ing upon the gentlest of commanders the stigma of
faithlessness and implacability." At the same time
he took away her weapon, and shook out her clothing,
to see whether she was concealing any poison. And
there was also sent from Caesar one of his freedmen,
Epaphroditus, with injunctions to keep the queen
alive by the strictest vigilance, but otherwise to make
any concession that would promote her ease and
pleasure.
LXXX. And now Caesar himself drove into the city,
and he was conversing with Areius the philosopher, to
whom he had given his right hand, in order that Areius
might at once be conspicuous among the citizens, and
PLUTARCH'S LIVES
7re/?i/3Xe7TTO9 eirf KOI
vrf avrov Siarrperribs. et? Be TO ^v^vdaiov elcr-
e\6u>v KOL dvaftas eVl firffid rt rrercoir)iJLevov, e/c-
rrerr\ri>yfjLevwv vrcb Beovs TW^ dvOpwrcwv KOL Trpocr-
TrLTnovTwv, dva(TT7}vai /ceXeycra? e^?; Trdcrr)? al-
rta? TOI^ &THJLOV afyievai, TrpwTOv pev Sid rov 953
K-TLCTT^V ' A\eav&pov Sevrepov & TT}? TroXew?
av nd^wv TO tfaXXo? /cal TO /jieyeOos' Tpirop Be
2 'Ayoetro TO) eraipa) xapi%6/j,evos. -ravrrjs &jj
erv%6 Trapd Ka/cra/30? "Apeios, teal
^yrrj&aTO crwxyovs' &v rjv KOL
dvrjp elirelv p.ev d eVtSpo/^T}? TCOZ^ TTCO-
7TOT6 cro^tcrTa)^ iKavtoTaros, eldTroiwv Be firj irpoa-
VJKOVTWS eavrov rfj 'ArcaSijfjLela. 810 teal Kalcrap
aurov /3&e\vTT6{Avo<? rov TpoTrov ou Trpoo-iero rds
3 Beijcreis. 6 Be Trcoywva 7ro\ibi> /caOels /cal (fraibv
1/j.dnov 7Tpi/3a\6fj.vo<; e^oma-Oev *Apetft) Traprj-
Ko\ov6ei, TOVTOV del rov
<ro(f)ol CTO^OL/? crto^ovcriv, av Maiv
ofJLevos Be Kcucra/3, KOI TOV (f>06vov JJLCI\\OV
Apeiov rj rov Beov$
LXXXI. Twv Be *A.vrwviov TraiBcov 6 /j,ev
<I>ouX/3ta9 "Ai'TuXXo? VTTO SeoBcopov rov
70)701) TrapaBodels drceOave' teal rrjv rce(j)a\r)v av-
rov rwv crrpariwrwv aTrore/jiovrtov, 6
d<j)e\ci)i> bv e(j)(t)pei irepl ra) rpa%i]\a)
rarov \i0ov eh rrfv ^wvrjv Kareppa^rev
Be /cal (f>wpa0els dvearavpcoQij. rd Be
Tpa? TraiBia (^povpov^eva /Jierd rwv rpe-
e\ev0epiov el^e Biairav. Kaiaapioova Be
ANTONY, LXXX. I-LXXXI. 2
be admired because of the marked honour shown him
by Caesar. Alter he had entered the gymnasium and
ascended a tribunal there made for him, the people
were beside themselves with fear and prostrated
themselves before him, but he bade them rise up, and
said that he acquitted the people of all blame, first,
because of Alexander, their founder ; second, because
he admired the great size and beauty of the city ;
and third, to gratify his companion, Areius. This
honour Caesar bestowed upon Areius, and pardoned
many other persons also at his request. Among
these was Philostratus, a man more competent to
speak extempore than any sophist that ever lived,
but he improperly represented himself as belonging
to the school of the Academy. Therefore Caesar,
abominating his ways, would not listen to his entrea-
ties. So Philostratus, having a long white beard
and wearing a dark robe, would follow behind Areius,
ever declaiming this verse :
"A wise man will a wise man save, if wise he be." 1
When Caesar learned of this, he pardoned him,
wishing rather to free Areius from odium than Philo-
stratus from fear.
LXXXI. As for the children of Antony, Antyllus,
his son by Fulvia, was betrayed by Theodorus his
tutor and put to death ; and after the soldiers had
cut off his head, his tutor took away the exceeding
precious stone which the boy wore about his neck
and sewed it into his own girdle ; and though he
denied the deed, he was convicted of it and crucified.
Cleopatra's children, together with their attendants,
were kept under guard and had generous treatment.
1 An iambic trimeter from an unknown poet (Nauck,
Trag. Graec. Fray* p. 921).
319
L 2 *
PLUTARCH'S LIVES
TOV etc KatVapo? yeyovevai \eyofjievov 77 fjiev fj,rjrr)p
e^errefji^re fierd yprujLCLTwv TTO\\WV et? rrjv 'IvSi/crjv
Bi AWtOTriqs, erepos Be TratBaycoyos o/jioios @eo-
Bwpw 'PoBwv dv67ret(TV eTrave\0elv, a>? Katcrapo?
avrov eVl /3acri\6Lav KCL\OVVTO<S.
Be Katcrayoo? "ApeLOV elirelv \eyovcriv
OVK ayadov 7ro\vfcaiarapi7). 1
LXXXII. TOVTOV fjiev ovv vcrrepov
fiGTa rrjv KXeoTrarpa? T6\VTtjv. 'Avrwviov Be TTO\-
Xw^ alrov/Jievatv Od^rai KCU /3acn\(t)i> KOI (TTpa'n]-
ya>v, OVK d(f)6L\ero KXeoTrdrpas TO cra>yu,a Katuap,
d\\a eOaTrreTo rat? itcglwqs X 6 P ar ^
K Be XUTTT;? a/xa rocravTijs teal oBvvr]? (d
rjve yap aur?)? ra crrepva TUTrro/^e^T;?
Trvperwv eTriXafiovTwv rjydirricre rt}v 7rp6<f>aaiv,
&)9 dtye^o/uLevr] rpo<pf)s Bid rovro KCU r jrapa\vcrovora
2 TOU ^T}^ a/fwXuro)? eavnjv. fy Be larpos avrfj
v\w Kal crvvepyw TT}? /caOatpecreays, co?
TO? 6 "OXfyUTTO? 6lprjKV l(TTOpLai> TLvd TWV TTpay-
TOVTWV KBeBc0K(t)S. inrovorja-as Be Ka?cra/3
i^ Tfi^a? avrfj KCU (f)6/3ovs Trepl TWV
7rpocr6/3a\\ei>, ol? exeivrj KaOdirep fji^-^avrj-
vTnjpeiTrero Kal TrapeBiBov TO aw/j.a 9epa-
Treveiv Kal Tpefyeiv TO?? / %pr}ov(riv.
LXXXIIT. r H:e Be Kal auTO? rj/Aepas 6\iya<;
Bia\t7ra)v evrev^oiJLevos avrfj teal
r) Be eru^e /AW ev cmftdBt,
1 An adaptation of OVK ayadbv iroXvuoipavii] (the rule of
many), Iliad, ii. 204.
320
ANTONY, LXXXI. 2-Lxxxin. i
But Caesarion, who was said to be Cleopatra's son by
Julius Caesar, was sent by his mother, with much
treasure, into India, by way of Ethiopia. There
Rhodon, another tutor like Theodorus, persuaded
him to go back, on the ground that Caesar invited
him to take the kingdom. But while Caesar was
deliberating on the matter, we are told that Areius
said :
" Not a good thing were a Caesar too many."
LXXXII. As for Caesarion, then, he was after-
wards put to death by Caesar, after the death of
Cleopatra ; but as for Antony, though many generals
and kings asked for his body that they might give it
burial, Caesar would not take it away from Cleopatra,
and it was buried by her hands in sumptuous and
royal fashion, such things being granted her for the
purpose as she desired. But in consequence of so
much grief as well as pain (for her breasts were
wounded and inflamed by the blows she gave them)
a fever assailed her, and she welcomed it as an ex-
cuse for abstaining from food and so releasing herself
from life without hindrance. Moreover, there was a
physician in her company of intimates, Olympus, to
whom she told the truth, and she had his counsel
and assistance in compassing her death, as Olympus
himself testifies in a history of these events which he
published. But Caesar was suspicious, and plied her
with threats and fears regarding her children, by
which she was laid low, as by engines of war, and
surrendered her body for such care and nourishment
as was desired.
LXXXII I. After a few days Caesar himself came
to talk with her and give her comfort. She was
lying on a mean pallet-bed, clad only in her tunic,
321
PLUTARCH'S LIVES
eio~i6vTi 6' avTW fJLOVo^Lrwv dvarniBijcrao-a jrpocr-
etyco? fjiev e^iypico/jLevrj /ce$>a\r)v KOI
, virorpo/jios Be rfj (frwvfj /cal crvvre-
rat? o-fyecrLV. rjv Be rro\\a /cal T?}? irepl
TO arepvov al/cias Karafyavr)* /cal oXw? ovOzv
2 e&oKei TO crw/ia TT;? tyw%f)s e^eiv /3e\Tiov. 77
efceivr) /cal TO T% w/?a? Ira^ov ov
rravTaTrao'iv, a\\a KOiTcep OVTCO?
v^oOev nroOev ^e\a/jLTT KOI crvveTT-
rot? /civrj/jiacri, rov rcpoa^Tcov. /ceXev-
Be TOV Kaurapo? avTrjV Ka-raK\i9rjvaL /cal
Tr\.r)ffiov avTOv tcaOLaavTos, ijtyaTO IJLZV TIVOS
Bi/caioXoyias et? avdy/crjv /cal (pofiov ' AVTMVIOV
TO, TreTrpajfMeva TpeTrovarjs, VicrTajj.evov Be
e/caaToi> avrfj TOV Kaiaapos e^e\ey^o fjiivr)
7T/90? olfCTOv /ji0)ip/J,6a-aTO /cal Berjcriv, w? Brj Ti? av
TOV f)v Trepie^o/ie^. re'Xo? Be TOV
TWV xpTj/jLaTcov ai'ajpa(f)T]V e^ovaa rrpoo'e-
Bu>K6l> aVTU)' ^\6VfCOV Be TtfO? TWV eTTlTpOTTCOV
e'Xey^oz'TO? 009 evict KpvTrTovaav /cal BiaK\7rTov-
aav, avaTrr)B)jo~ao~a /cal T&V rpi^wv avTOv Xa/3o-
4 iikvr) TroXXa? ev(p6pei ra> TCpoaojTrw Tf\r)jds. TOV 954
Be Katcra/309 fii&iwvTO<$ /cal KaTairavovTOS avTrjv,
ov BewoVy" eijrev, " co Katcrap, el av fJLev
a$iK,kaQai TT/JO? e'ytte /cal Ttpocrenrelv OVTW
TrpaTTOvcrav, oi Be Bov\oi JJLOV /caTrjyopovcriv el TL
TWV <yvvaiKeiwv dTCtde^riv, ovtc efiavTr) &i]Trov0ev,
fj TaKaiva, KOCT/AOV, aXX 1 OTTW? 'O/fTaofi'a /cal
Aiftia TTJ ay fjUKpa Bovaa Bt e/ceivcov tXeco aov
Tv^oifjii /cal rrpaorepov;" rourot? o Katcrap ^
TravraTTaj iv CLVTI^V ^)i\o^rv^lv otoyue^o?.
ovv OTI /cal TavTa eTriTpeirei /cal raXXa
322
ANTONY, LXXXIII. 1-5
but sprang up as he entered and threw herself at his
feet ; her hair and face were in terrible disarray, her
voice trembled, and her eyes were sunken. There
were also visible many marks of the cruel blows
upon her bosom ; in a word, her body seemed to be
no better off than her spirit. Nevertheless, the
charm for which she was famous and the boldness of
her beauty were not altogether extinguished, but,
although she was in such a sorry plight, they shone
forth from within and made themselves manifest in
the play of her features. After Caesar had bidden
her to lie down and had seated himself near her, she
began a sort of justification of her course, ascribing
it to necessity and fear of Antony ; but as Caesar
opposed and refuted her on every point, she quickly
changed her tone and sought to move his pity by
prayers, as one who above all things clung to life.
And finally she gave him a list which she had of all
her treasures ; and when Seleucus, one of her stew-
ards, showed conclusively that she was stealing away
and hiding some of them, she sprang up, seized him
by the hair, and showered blows upon his face. And
when Caesar, with a smile, stopped her, she said :
"But is it not a monstrous thing, O Caesar, that
when thou hast deigned to come to me and speak to
me though I am in this wretched plight, my slaves
denounce me for reserving some women's adornments,
not for myself, indeed, unhappy woman that I am,
but that I may make trifling gifts to Octavia and
thy Livia, and through their intercession find thee
merciful and more gentle ? " Caesar was pleased
with this speech, being altogether of the opinion that
she desired to live. He told her, therefore, that he
left these matters for her to manage, and that in all
323
PLUTARCH'S LIVES
avrfj ^p^crerai, \a/jL7rporepov,
iTraTrjKevai /jLev olo/xevos, e
Be pa\\ov.
LXXXIV. *Hy Be Ko/m/'Xio? AoXo/Se'XXa?
eTTL^avrjs veaviaKos ev rots KatVa/oo? eralpois.
OUTO? eZ^e Trpo? TTJV K.\6O7rdrpav ov/c a7;Sa>?* Kal
Tore xapi^ofjievos avrfj SerjOeicrrj icpvfya Tre^-^ra^
erjyyei\ev a>9 auro? yu-ei' 6 Katcra/o ava^evyvvcri
7ref) BLCL %vpias, etceivrjv Be yttera TW^ T&KVWV
2 a7TO(TT6\\lV t? T pLTIJV r]fJLpa,V yV(OKV. r) B
ravra Trpwrov p,ev eBeijQrj Katcra^oo?
OTTO)? avrrjv edcrrj ^oa? eireveyicelv '
rd(j)ov KOjjucrBelcra KCU
Trepnrecrovaa rfj cropco yu-era rw^ Gvvrjdwv yvvai-
KCOV, "^O ^tXe 'A^Taiwe," elTrev, " eOaTTTov fjiev ere
eTL ^epalv eXevOepais, cnrevBa) Be vvv al%-
ovcra, Kai
Oprjvous al/cia-aadai TO BovXov TOVTO crco/j-a
Kal rrjpov/jLevov eVt TOU? Kara aov OpidfjilSovs.
3 aXXa? 5e ytt^ TrpoaBexov rt/i-a? ^ ^oa?- aXX,'
avrai aoi TeXewralai KXtOTrar/oa?
%a)vra<; fJLev yap r)/j.d<f ouOev aXXrfkwv
KivBvvevo/jiev Be T<W Oavdrrp BiafifL-^racrOat rovs
T07rou5* <TL> yu,e^ 6 'Pwyaalo? evravOa
eyca S' 77 BVO-TTJVOS ev 'IraXta, roaovro
4 /jiTa\a/3ov(Ta ^copa? ^JLOVOV. aXX' et S?; r^?
e:et Oewv aX/c/; al Bvva/jii$ (ol yap evravOa
irpovBwKav 77yU-a?), /at) Trpo?; wcrav TI-JV (reavrov
yvvaiKa, firjB' ev efiol TrepuBys
324
ANTONY, LXXXIII. 5-Lxxxiv. 4
other ways he would give her more splendid treat-
ment than she could possibly expect. Then he went
off, supposing that he had deceived her, but the
rather deceived by her.
LXXXIV. Now, there was a young man of rank
among Caesar's companions, named Cornelius Dola-
bella. This man was not without a certain tenderness
for Cleopatra; and so now, in response to her request,
he secretly sent word to her that Caesar himself was
preparing to march with his land forces through
Syria, and had resolved to send off her and her
children within three days. After Cleopatra had
heard this, in the first place, she begged Caesar that
she might be permitted to pour libations for Antony ;
and when the request was granted, she had herself
carried to the tomb, and embracing the urn which
held his ashes, in company with the women usually
about her, she said: "Dear Antony, I buried thee
but lately with hands still free; now, however, I pour
libations for thee as a captive, and so carefully
guarded that I cannot either with blows or tears dis-
figure this body of mine, which is a slave's body, and
closely watched that it may grace the triumph over
thee. Do not expect other honours or libations;
these are the last from Cleopatra the captive.
For though in life nothing could part us from each
other, in death we are likely to change places ; thou,
the Roman, lying buried here, while I, the napless
woman, lie in Italy, and get only so much of thy
country as my portion. But if indeed there is any
might or power in the gods of that country (for the
gods of this country have betrayed us), do not aban-
don thine own wife while she lives, nor permit a
325
PLUTARCH'S LIVES
creavTov, aXA,' evravOd /ze Kpv^rov aeTa creavrov
Kal crvvOa^ov, o>? e/xol fjivpitov KCLKWV OVTWV ovBev
OVTCO aeya Kal Beivov ea"uv o>? o (3pa%v<; OVTOS
ov aou
LXXXV. Toiavra o\o<pvpa/jLevr) KOL aretyacra
fjLevTj TTJV cropov eKe\evcrev ai>Tf)
\ovrpov yevecrOai. Xovcrafievrj Be KOI fcara-
KkiOela-a \ajJLTrpov apio-rov rjpiara. Kal rt? fjrcev
OUTT aypov KLCTTI^V Tiva KO^JLL^WV rwv Be <j)V\dKoov
o TI <f)epoi TrvvOavo^Levwv avoi^as KOI a$e\wv ra
2 Opla crv/cayv eTTLTrXecov TO dyyelov e
advrwv Se TO /caXXo? /ecu TO /jie
TrapercdXei, \a/3elv ol Be TTLcrTevcravTzs /ce\evov
//.era Se TO apiaTov rj
yeypap-fjiivr^v KCU
aTrecrTetXe ?rpo? Kato-apa, KOI TOU? a
TTOLriaa^evr] TrXrjv TWV Bue'i'v eiceivwv
TO,? Ovpas K\ei(re.
3 Katcra/9 Be A-ucra? Tip $e\TOv, a>? eVe
/cal 6\o(j)vpijLoi<? Seo/jLeviis aiiTr/v GVV
Odtyai, Tayy vvvr)Ke TO TreTrpayjJievov. Kal
/jLi> auro? wp/jirjcre ^o^Oelv, eireiTa TOL/?
/jievovs KaTa Ta^o? e7reyu/v|rez'. eyeyovei 8' ov TO
7ra$o?. Spo/AO) yap e\OovTe^ Kal TOU? uev (j)v\aT-
TOZ^TO.? ovBev ya-0rjfj,evov<; KaTa\a/3ovT<;, ra? Be
6vpa<; dvoi^avTes, evpov avTr/v Te6vr)Kvlav ev
4 TWV Be yvvaiKwv rj /j,ev Et/oa? \eyo/j,evrj 77/30? Tot?
Ttocrlv direOvricrKev, r) Be Xdp/j,iov ijBrj
326
ANTONY, LXXXIV. 4-Lxxxv. 4
triumph to be celebrated over thyself in my person,
but hide and bury me here with thyself, since out
of all my innumerable ills not one is so great and
dreadful as this short time that I have lived apart
from thee."
LXXXV. After such lamentations, she wreathed
and kissed the urn, and then ordered a bath to be
prepared for herself. After her bath, she reclined at
table and was making a sumptuous meal. And there
came a man from the country carrying a basket ; and
when the guards asked him what he was bringing
there, he opened the basket, took away the leaves,
and showed them that the dish inside was full of figs.
The guards were amazed at the great size and beauty
of the figs, whereupon the man smiled and asked
them to take some ; so they felt no mistrust and bade
him take them in. After her meal, however, Cleopatra
took a tablet which was already written upon and
sealed, and sent it to Caesar, and then, sending away
all the rest of the company except her two faithful
women, she closed the doors.
But Caesar opened the tablet, and when he found
there lamentations and supplications of one who
begged that he would bury her with Antony, he
quickly knew what had happened. At first he was
minded to go himself and give aid ; then he ordered
messengers to go with all speed and investigate. But
the mischief had been swift. For though his mes-
sengers came on the run and found the guards as yet
aware of nothing, when they opened the doors they
found Cleopatra lying dead upon a golden couch,
arrayed in royal state. And of her two women, the
one called Iras was dying at her feet, while Char-
mion, already tottering and heavy-headed, was
3 2 7
PLUTARCH'S LIVES
val /caprjftapovaa KareKocr/jLei TO BidBr]/j,a TO
Trepl TIJV K(j)a\rjv avTijs. CLTTOVTO^ Be TIVO<$ opyfj'
" KaXa raura, Xdp/j,iov ' " KaAAicrra fiev ovv"
e(f>r), " teal irpeTTovTa TTJ TOCTOVTWV diroyovw
fiacri\ea)v" Tr\eov Be ovBev eiTrev, a\)C avrov
Trapa TIJV tc\ivrjv eireae.
LXXXYI. AeyeTai 8e TTJV ao~7TiSa K,oybiaQr]vai
crvv rot? (TVKOIS e/ceivoi? KCU rot? 6ploi<s avwOev
e7TLfca\v(j}0elo-ai', OVTCO <yap TTJV KXeoTrdrpav 955
tceXevcrai, /jLrjBe aur?}? eVtcrTa/^eVr;? TW aw/Aart
7rpoaTreo~eli> TO Qrjpiov a>? Be a^aipovaa TWV
/ ^p> tf'r^ "/) * >' '
crvKwv eioev, enreiv s^vravua r)V apa TOVTO-
KOI TOV ^pa^iova Trapacr^elv TO) Brfy/jiaTi
2 yvfjivcocraa-av. ol Be T^pelcrOai /JLev ev vBpia TT/V
aGirila KaOeipj/^evrjv fydtTKOVcriv, rjXaifdTr) Be
TIVI xpvcrfj TT}? KXeovraT/oa? e/Ka\ov/jLVi]<i
KOI BiaypLaivovcrrjS opfMijcracrav e^vv
/O ' N V '~\/D V 'C>^ 't 1 > > v
ppa^iovi. TO oe aA,r;C76? Ofoei? OLcev eirei K.ai
<})dp/.taKov avTr)v eXey#>; tyopelv ev KVI~I(TTL&I tcoiXrj,
T1]V B ffVrjCTTiBa KpVTTTeiV Trj KOjJir)' TT\r]V OVT
Krj\ls e%i]v6r]cre TOV (Tco/^aro? ovTe d\\o
3 o-7j/j,eiov. ov fjb^v ovBe TO OypLov eVro?
(rvp/jiovs Be TLVCLS aurov Trapd 6d\a<T<jav, y TO
Bw/jLaTiov d(pea)pa KOL OupiSes rjcrav, IBeiv ecfraafcov.
evioi Be KOI TOV /3pa%iova TT}? KXeoTrar/m?
o$>6i}vai Bvo vvy/JLas e%ovTa Xevrra? KOL d/j,vBpd<f
ot? eoifce Tricrrevcrat KCU o Kaiaap. ev yap TW
BpidfjifSw T/}? KXeoTrar/aa? aur?}? eiBco\ov e/co-
fii^eTO Kal rr)? dcnriBos e^ire^vtcvia^. TavTa /^ev
ovv ovTO) \yTai yeveaOai.
4 Kcucra/o Be, KaiTrep d%0ecr0ls eVl TTJ Te\evTrj
TT}? <yvvai/c6<t, effav/Ltacre TTJV cvyeveiav
328
ANTONY, LXXXV. 4-Lxxxvi. 4
trying to arrange the diadem which encircled the
queen's brow. Then somebody said in anger : " A
fine deed, this, Charmion ! " "It is indeed most
fine," she said, "and befitting the descendant of so
many kings." Not a word more did she speak, but
fell there by the side of the couch.
LXXXVI. It is said that the asp was brought with
those figs and leaves and lay hidden beneath them,
for thus Cleopatra had given orders, that the reptile
might fasten itself upon her body without her being
aware of it. But when she took away some of the
figs and saw it, she said : "There it is, you see," and
baring her arm she held it out for the bite. But
others say that the asp was kept carefully shut up in a
water jar, and that while Cleopatra was stirring it up
and irritating it with a golden distaff it sprang and
fastened itself upon her arm. But the truth of the
matter no one knows ; for it was also said that she
carried about poison in a hollow comb and kept the
comb hidden in her hair ; and yet neither spot nor
other sign of poison broke out upon her body. More-
over, not even was the reptile seen within the
chamber, though people said they saw some traces of
it near the sea, where the chamber looked out upon
it with its windows. And some also say that Cleo-
patra's arm was seen to have two slight and indis-
tinct punctures ; and this Caesar also seems to have
believed. For in his triumph an image of Cleopatra
herself with the asp clinging to her was carried in
the procession. These, then, are the various accounts
of what happened.
But Caesar, although vexed at the death of the
woman, admired her lofty spirit ; and he gave orders
329
PLUTARCH'S LIVES
/cal ratyrjvai, TO aco/^a avv *A.VTWviw
/cal ftacriXiKws etcekevcrev. evrifjiov Be KOI TO,
yvvata /cr]Beia<; eTV^ev avrov Trpocrrd^avro^.
Te\evTr)(re Be KXeoTrdrpa fjiev evos Seovra
Teaaapd/covTa errj fiKticrao-a, KOI TOVTWV Bvo teal
eiicocn (3a<Ti\evcraaa, crvvdp^aaa Be *
5 TT\elw TMV BeKarecrcrdpcov. *Avru)Viov Be ol
6%, ol Be Tpicri ra TrevTiJKOvra V7repfta\elv
al fjiev ovv 'Avrwviov KaOrjpedricrav elicoves, ai Be
Kara ^copav epeivav, 'Ap^i/Stav
TCOV (f)i\cov avTijs Bio")(i\ia Takavra }Lalaapi
, LVa fJiTj TO aVTO Tttt9 'A.VTC0VLOU
LXXXVII. 'KvTwvlov Be ^eveav
ex Tpiwv yvvaiKMV CTTTCL TTalBaf, 6
VTTO Kaicrapos dvrjpedr)
Be 'O/CTaovia irapaKajBova-a //-era T&V e
edpe^re. KOI KXeoTrar/ja^ [Jiev TTJV etc
'Io/9a TW ^apiecrrdrw (Bacri\ewv
, 'A.VTWVLOV Be TOV etc ^ouX/^ta? OVTM
eTroirjcrev wcrre Trjv 7rpa)Tr)i> Trapa Kaicrapi
'AypiTTTTOv, TTjV Se BevTepav T&V At/Sta?
iraiBayv e^ovTwv, Tpirov eivai /cal Botceiv
2 'AVTCOVIOV. e/c Be Map/ce\,\ov Bveiv avrfj 0wya-
Tepcov ovawv, ei^o? Be vtov Map/eeXA.ou, TOVTOV
dfjia TralBa teal ya/jifipov iiroiiqaaTo Kai<rap,
Be Ovyarepwv 'AypiirTra TTJV eTepav e
eirel Be Map/ceXXo? T\evTr)(re KO/uBr}
Kal KatVapi ya/^ftpbv e^ovTa TTLO-TIV OVK eviropov
i]V e/c TWV d\\o)v (f)i\d)v \(T0ai, \6yov r)
'O/cTaovia Trpoa-tjveyfcev co? xprj Trjv Katcrapo?
Ovyarepa \aSelv ^Ayp'nnrav, dfyevTa TIJV eaurr}?.
3 TreiaOevTos Be Katcrapo? Trp&TOv, etra 'Ayp'nnrov,
330
ANTONY, LXXXVI. 4-Lxxxvn. 3
that her body should be buried with that of Antony
in splendid and regal fashion. Her women also
received honourable interment by his orders. When
Cleopatra died she was forty years of age save one, had
been queen for two and twenty of these, and had
shared her power with Antony more than fourteen.
Antony was fifty-six years of age, according to some,
according to others, fifty-three. Now, the statues of
Antony were torn down, but those of Cleopatra were
left standing, because Archibius, one of her friends,
gave Caesar two thousand talents, in order that they
might not suffer the same fate as Antony's.
LXXXVI I. Antony left seven children by his three
wives, of whom Antyllus, the eldest, was the only
one who was put to death by Caesar ; the rest were
taken up by Octavia and reared with her own chil-
dren. Cleopatra, the daughter of Cleopatra, Octavia
gave in marriage to Juba, the most accomplished of
kings, and Antony, the son of Fulvia, she raised so
high that, while Agrippa held the first place in Caesar's
estimation, and the sons of Livia the second, Antony
was thought to be and really was third. By Marcel 1 us
Octavia had two daughters, and one son, Marcellus,
whom Caesar made both his son and his son-in-law,
and he gave one of the daughters to Agrippa. But
since Marcellus died very soon after his marriage
and it was not easy for Caesar to select from among
his other friends a son-in-law whom he could trust,
Octavia proposed that Agrippa should take Caesar's
daughter to wife, and put away her own. First
Caesar was persuaded by her, then Agrippa, where-
331
PLUTARCH'S LIVES
rrjv fJLev avrrjs d7ro\a/3ovcra avvtoKicrev '
rrjv Be Katcrayoo? 'A.ypiTnra<; eyr]p.ev.
fjLCvcov Be rwv ' ^.vrwviov KOI 'O/craouta? Bvelv
Ovyarepwv TTJV fiev Ao/urto? 'A^o/dap/So? eXafte,
Trjv Be a-wfypoavvr) real tcd\Xei Trepi/Boijrov
'Avrwviav A^oOcro?, o At/3ta9 f/o?, irpoyovos Be
Katcra/?o?. e TOVTWV eyeveTO Yep^aviKos fcal
4 KXauSto?' wz/ K.\avBto<f fJLev vcrTepov r}p};,
Be Tep/JiaviKOv TraiBayv Fato? /i6i/ apa<$ e
ou TTO\UV %povov dvrjpedrj fxera rercvov KOI
viov
v AoyLttrioi/ e^ovaa K\avBiw Kaiaapi,
crvvwKr]<T6. fcal Oe^evos TOV vlov avrrjs KXavBios
Ne/oft)i/a VepnaviKov Trpoawvo^aaev. ouro?
& TJ/JLWV d7T6KTLV6 Trjv firjrepa KOI
eBerj&ev VTTO 6[ji7r\r)!-las Kal
i TIJV c Pa)/xat&)i/ rjye/jioviav, 7re//-Trro?
'Kvrwviov /car' dpiOfjiov BiaBo^rj<;
'
AHMHTPIOY KAI ANTfiNIOY
I. 'Evret TOIVVV jjieyaXai irepl dfjifyoTepovs yeyo- 956
vacri fjLTa/3o\ai, irpwrov rd TT}? Bvi>d/j,u><> /cal
7ri(>aveias <TKO7ra)/j.ev, ori TW
yovov ra)V BiaB6%(i)v Kal irpo TOV Arj^Tpiov ev
r)\iKia yevecrOai rd TrXelcrra TT}? 'Acrta? eVe\-
OOVTO? Kal KparrjaavTOS' 'Ai/Tamo? Be \apii>ro<s
ev aXXco?, d7ro\e/jLov Be Kal /ueya ^Bev e/5 Bo^av
u) KaTa\nr6vTO<i yevo^evo^ Trarpos, eVt
332
ANTONY, LXXXVII. 3-4
upon she took back her own daughter and married
her to young Antony, while Agrippa married Caesar's
daughter. Antony left two daughters by Octavia, of
whom one was taken to wife by Domitius Aheno-
barbus, and the other, Antonia, famous for her beauty
and discretion, was married to Drusus, who was the
son of Livia and the step-son of Caesar. From this
marriage sprang Germanicus and Claudius ; of these,
Claudius afterwards came to the throne, and of the
children of Germanicus, Caius reigned with distinction,
but for a short time only, and was then put to death
with his wife and child, and Agrippina, who had a
son by Ahenobarbus, Lucius Domitius, became the
wife of Claudius Caesar. And Claudius, having adopted
Agrippina's son, gave him the name of Nero Ger-
manicus. This Nero came to the throne in my time.
He killed his mother, and by his folly and madness
came near subverting the Roman empire. He was
the fifth in descent from Antony.
COMPARISON OF DEMETRIUS AND ANTONY
I. SINCE, then, both these men experienced great
reversals of fortune, let us first observe, with regard
to their power and fame, that in the one case these
were acquired for him by his father and inherited,
since Antigonus became the strongest of Alexander's
successors, and before Demetrius came of age had
attacked and mastered the greater part of Asia ;
Antony, on the contrary, was the son of a man who,
though otherwise gifted, was yet no warrior, and
could leave him no great legacy of reputation ; and
333
PLUTARCH'S LIVES
oiK/ji^a-ev dp^rjv, ovSev avrw Kara
76^09 rrpocn]KOv<Tav, eXOelv, Kal TO 49 e/eeivtp rcpo-
atT09 eavrov el ere rroi rj ere Si
Kal roaovrov icr^va-ev, etc JJLOVWV rcov rrep CLVTOV
8vo
wcrre vo /ao^a? ra
Troirja-d/jLevos rrjv erepav k\ea0ai
\a(3eiv rr)V 7Ti(f)aveo'Tepai>, airwv Be auro? V
perais re /cal VTroarpaTrjyois Ilap^of? re
TroXXa/cf? /cal ra irepl Kav/cacrov Wvt] fldptfapa
3
rvpia Se rov juLeyeflovs aura) /cal St' a
dfcovet. At]/jir]rpiw /Jiev yap 6 rcarrjp r)
rr)V 'Avrnrdrpov <&i\av 0)9 tcpeirrova
irap r)\iKiav, 'Avrcoviti) Se 6 KXeoTrdrpas
r)V,
avrrjv /9a<riXet?. aXX' ovrws eVot7?cre
eavrov wcrre
II. 'H /xevroi Trpoaipecris, a^>' 779 eKrrjoravro
rr)V dp%rji>, afJLGfJLrrros eirl 1 rov Arj/jLrjrpiov, Kparelv
Kal (3aa-i\eveiv dvOpwrrwv ziOicrfjLevwv KparelaOai
Kal (3a(Ti\eve(j6ai fyjrovvros, r; 6' *Kvra>
TT^ /cat rvpavvLKif), Kara$ov\ov/j,evov rov '
oTj/uLov aprt, Siafivyovra rrjv vrro Kaiaapi /jiovap-
2 ^iav. o 8' ovv fjieyicrrov avrq) Kal \ap.rrporarov
ean rwv elpyaa/jLevcov, 6 7rpo9 KacrfTio^ Kal
Rpovrov 7roX/xo9, eVl TW T?)^ irarpiBa Kal ro 1)9
f)\ecrdaL rrjv e\GV0epiav 7ro\fnj0rj.
Be, Kal 2 rrplv et9 ru^a9 e\9elv dvay-
1 67rt Bekker reads ^, with a single MS.
8 /col deleted by Bekker, after Schaefer.
334
DEMETRIUS AND ANTONY, i. 2-11. 2
yet Antony had the courage to seek the power of
Caesar, to which his birth gave him no claim, and to
all that Caesar had wrought out before him he made
himself the rightful successor. And so great strength
did he attain, in reliance upon his own resources
alone, that, after forcing a division of the empire into
two parts, he chose one, and took the more splendid
one of the two ; and though absent himself, through
his assistants and lieutenant-generals he defeated
the Parthians many times, and drove the barbarous
tribes about the Caucasus as far as the Caspian Sea.
Moreover, even the things that brought him ill-repute
bear witness to his greatness. For Antigonus was
well pleased to have his son Demetrius marry Phila,
the daughter of Antipater, in spite of her disparity
in years, because he thought her a greater personage ;
whereas Antony's marriage to Cleopatra was a dis-
grace to him, although she was a woman who surpassed
in power and splendour all the royalties of her time
except Arsaces. But he made himself so great that
men thought him worthy of greater things than he
desired.
II As regards their resolution to win empire, this
was blameless in the case of Demetrius, who sought
to subdue and reign as king over men who were
accustomed to subjection and kings ; but in the case
of Antony it was harsh and tyrannical, since he tried
to enslave the Roman people when it had just escaped
from the sole rule of Caesar. Moreover, as regards
the greatest and most brilliant of his achievements,
namely, the war against Cassius and Brutus, it was to
deprive his country and his fellow citizens of their
liberty that the war was waged. But Demetrius, even
before he felt the constraints of adversity, kept on
335
PLUTARCH'S LIVES
rcaias, eKevOepwv rrjv 'EXXaSa xal TWV
ege\avvcov ra? cfrpovpas BiTe\crev, ov^ wairep
'AVTWVLOS, on TOU9 6\v@eptocravTas rrjv 'Pco^v
3 aTretcrfivev ev Ma/ceSoz/ta, cre^i'vvo/j.evo^. ev roi-
vvv earl ra)v eTraivov/jiercov 'Ai/Tft>woy, TO <j)i\6-
Swpov KOL fjie<ya\b&wpov i ev c5 TOCTOVTOV vrrepalpei
wcrre xapicracrOai TOi? TroXe^tof? ocra
OVKG^WKeV 'A VT(jDVtO<S. KaiTOl Ta<f)f)l'CLL
rye KOI TrepKTTaXfjvat, Ke\evcra<; l&povrov etceivos
OUTO? Be /cat rot"? aTroOavovras
TrvTas eV^Seucre KOL TOI)?
yuera ^prji^drcov /cal Scapewv
III. 'T/SpicrTal fjiev evrv^ovvre*; d^oTepoi, KOI
TT/PO? rpvtyas aveip.evoi teal aTroXaucret?. ou/c ai>
9 a>9 &Tj/jir]Tpiov ev ev7ra0eicu<; /ecu
OVTO, Trpd^ewv Kdipos e^etyvyev, aXXa
/ ,.> '\f^/
Treptovcna rr;? crj/oA.^? 7ret,crr)ye ra? t;oo^a?,
TT)^ Adfjiiav wcrirep rrjv jAvOiKrjv are^i^w?
v K.CLI vvcrrd^cov eiroielro Biaycoyijv. ev Be
TOI; 7ro\e/mov Trapacrrcevais OVK el^ev avrov
TO So^U KiTTOV, OvBe fJLVptoV 0)B(t)Bei TO
ovBe yeyava){ievos /cal dvOripos eVt Ta?
/cal TCL a/c^ea KaraTravwv
di'iepov, Kara TOV E up i TTiBtjj', eyivero, /cal
Bi rjBovrjv 17 paOvfiiiav ovdev tt7rXw9 eTrraHrev.
' AVTWVIOV Be, wffTrep ev rats ypafydls opw/JLev
TOV 'H/3atfXeof9 rrjv ^O/x^dXrjv vtyaipovcrav TO
porra\ov KOI rrjv \eovrrjv aTroBvovffav, OVTW
7ro\\aKL<; KXeoirdrpa TrapoTrXicracra /cal KOLTOL-
336
DEMETRIUS AND ANTONY, n. 2-111. 3
liberating Greece and expelling their garrisons from
her cities, unlike Antony, whose boast was that
he had slain in Macedonia the men who had given
liberty to Rome. And besides, as regards their love
of giving and the largeness of their gifts, one of the
things for which Antony is lauded, Demetrius far
surpassed in this, and bestowed more upon his
enemies than Antony ever gave to his friends. It
is true that for ordering the body of Brutus to be
robed and buried Antony won a good name ; but Deme-
trius gave obsequies to all his enemy's dead, and sent
his prisoners back to Ptolemy with money and gifts. 1
III. Both were insolent in prosperity, and aban-
doned themselves to luxury and enjoyment. But it
cannot be said that Demetrius, for all his pleasures
and amours, ever let slip the time for action, nay, it
was only when his leisure was abundant that he
introduced his pleasures ; and his Lamia, like the
creature of fable, he made his pastime only when he
was sportive or drowsy. But when he got ready for
war, his spear was not tipped with ivy, nor did his
helmet smell of myrrh, nor did he go forth to his
battles from the women's chamber, sleek and bloom-
ing, but quieting down and stopping the revels and
orgies of Bacchus, he became, in the words of Euri-
pides, 2 a "minister of unhallowed Ares," and got
not a single slip or fall because of his indolence or
pleasures.
Antony, on the contrary, like Heracles in paintings
where Omphale is seen taking away his club and
stripping off his lion's skin, was often disarmed by
Cleopatra, subdued by her spells, and persuaded to
1 See the Dtmetrius, xvii. 1.
2 Kauck, Trag. Graec. Frag* p. 679.
337
PLUTARCH'S LIVES
0e\acra crvveTreKrev a(f)i>Ta /te r yaXa? irpd^ei^ ex
TWV xeipcov Kal crTpaTeias dvayKaias ev Tat? Trepl 957
Kdvwftov Kal Taffrocripiv a/CTat? d\veiv Kal Trat-
4 tpiv fjieT avTrjS. TeXo? Se, a>? 6 Ilapt?, CK TT}?
? et? TGI'? eVety?/? /caTeSueTo
Be o fJiev TLdpis t']TTi]6el<^ e<pvy(
0d\a/jiov, 'Ai/Towto? Se KXeoTrdTpav SLCOKCOV
Kal TrporJKaTO TYJV vitcrjv.
o OtXtTTTTOf Kal 'A\e%dvSpou yeyovos ei
ovas, wcnrep Afcrt/u,a^o? Kal IlToXe/i-ato?, ecr^e Se
Sid Tiafjs oVa? eyrj/jLev 'A^Tawo? 8e Trp&Tov
fj,ev 6f.iov Svo yvvaLKas rjydyeTO, 7rpdy/j,a firjSevl
'PwyLtatCO TeToXyLtT^yLteyoy, GTTeiTa TlfV d(TTrjV Kal
St/au'a>? ya/JirjOeiaav e^jXacre Trj ^evrj Kal LLTJ Kara
f / / r//"\^/ /^
vo/uov? avvovar) ^apt^Oyue^o?' oc/ei' e/c ya/^ov TCO
yue^ ovOev, TW Se TO. jji,eyio~Ta TWV
2 *Acre/3>7yua /uevroi, roaourov Si dae\yeiav
rat? ' Avrcoviov Trpd^eaiv oaov rat?
vrpoa-ecmv. ol JAW yap IcrTOpiKoi (pacri Kal T/}?
0X77? el'pyeaOai ra? Kvvas, Sid TO
ejA(f)avf) fjbd\LaTa TOVTO Troiela'OaL TO
6 Se ev avry TU> TlapOevcovi Tat? Te
3 <jvvr]v Kal TWV dffrwv KareTropvevcre TroXXa? 1 Kal
ov Tt? ai^ f]KicrTa Ta? roiavras Tpvtyds Kal diro-
Xaucrei? OLOITO /jLere^eiv KaKou, T/}? co/u,oTr;T09,
TOVTO evecrTi Trj ^rj^jirjTpiov (j)i\ij$ovia, Trepii&ovTO<$,
fjid\\ov Se dvayKacravTos, oiicTpws aTroOavelv TOV
Kd\\l(TTOV Kal (T(D$>pOVaTaTOV ' 'AdlJVaiM
yoi>Ta TO KaOvftpiaOfyai. (rvveXovTi Se
338
DEMETRIUS AND ANTONY, in. 3 -iv. 3
drop from his hands great undertakings and necessary
campaigns, only to roam about and play with her on
the sea-shores by Canopus and Taphosiris. And at
last, like Paris, he ran away from the battle and sank
upon her bosom ; although, more truly stated, Paris
ran away to Helen's chamber after he had been de-
feated ; but Antony ran away in chase of Cleopatra,
and thereby threw away the victory.
IV. Further, Demetrius, in making several mar-
riages, did not do what was prohibited, but what had
been made customary for the kings of Macedonia by
Philip and Alexander ; he did just what Lysimachus
and Ptolemy did, and held all his wives in honour.
Antony, on the contrary, in marrying two wives at
once, in the first place did what no Roman had ever
dared to do; and in the second place, he drove away
his Roman and lawfully wedded wife, in order to
gratify the foreigner, with whom he was living con-
trary to law. Hence marriage brought no harm to
Demetrius, but to Antony the greatest of his evils.
On the other hand, the lascivious practices of An-
tony are marked by no such sacrilege as are those of
Demetrius. For historians tell us that bitches are
excluded from the entire acropolis, because these
animals couple without the least concealment; but
the very Parthenon itself saw Demetrius cohabit-
ing with harlots and debauching many Athenian
women. And that vice which one would think least
associated with such wanton enjoyments, namely, the
vice of cruelty, this enters into Demetrius' pursuit of
pleasure, since he suffered, or rather compelled, the
lamentable death of the most beautiful and the most
chaste of Athenians, who thus sought to escape his
shameful treatment. In a word, Antony wronged
339
PLUTARCH'S LIVES
ev eavrbv Sia rrjv d/cpaalav,
Se aXXou? rj&iKrjcre.
V. El/30? /JL6VTOI yOVeiS a/jLe/U-TTTOV CCLVTOV
aTravra Trapea^ev b Ar7/A??T/o*09' 'Avrwvios Se TOZ>
TT}? ^rpo^ e%ebu>Kev eVl TW Kt/ce/ow^a
Trpdy/jLa KOL Ka6 eavrb jjiiapbv KOI
, ft)? /u,oXt? az^ 'A^ron'/oz' eV avrro
, el awrr)pias TOV Oelov piaObs rjv 6
2 <N A Toivuv eTTiwpKrjcrav ajjifpoTepoi KCU irape-
, 6 /men 'Aprdfta^ov (Ti/XXayScu^, 6 Se
aTTOfcreivas, ^Avrwviw fj.ev e^ei rrjv
b^o\o i yovfjievriv' arreXeifydr) jap cV
M 7780^9 UTTO 'Apra@dov teal
rpiov 8e TroXXot \6jovcri ^eu
e&pacre, TrXacrd/jievov Kxnjyopelv dSiKrjOevra, OVK
avroi>pybs 6
real rovvavriov b
ol? ov irapriv, /ca-XXtcrTa? /eat /^tcrra? Sta
(TTparrjya)i> dvrjpeiTO viKas.
VI. 'E^eVecro^ Se rwy Trpay/jidrcov dfJifyoTepoi
t' aurou?, ov /Lt^v 6/xotw?, a\X' 6 /tie? eyrcara-
S, cLTrecTTriaav yap avrou Mare8o^e?, o
eyKaraXnraiv, efyvye. yap rovs vrrep avrov
elvai TO
OOTW TT^OO? avrbv aTrfpydaaaOat, roi)?
, TOV e TO Trapea'Kevao'iJLevrjv evvoiav
teal Tricmv
2 Toy 8e QdvaTOV ovberepov fj,ev ecrriv eiraivecraL,
^e/cro? Se o ^'rjfjLfjTpLov fjLa\\ov. al^/JLaXwrb^ re
yap v7refMive yevecrdai, Kal /ca^et/o^^tt? ^yd
340
DEMETRIUS AND ANTONY, iv. 3 -vi. 2
himself by his excesses, while Demetrius wronged
others.
V. Again, towards his parents Demetrius was in all
respects blameless ; whereas Antony surrendered his
mother's brother for the privilege of killing Cicero, a
deed in itself so abominable and cruel that Antony
would hardly have been forgiven had Cicero's death
been the price of his uncle's safety.
Further, as regards violations of oaths and treaties
by both, in the seizure of Artabazus by the one, and
the killing of Alexander by the other, for Antony
there is the excuse which men admit to be valid,
namely, that he had been deserted in Media by
Artabazus and betrayed ; but Demetrius, as many
say, invented false accusations, upon which he acted,
and denounced one who had been wronged by him ;
the murder was not retaliation for wrongs done
to him.
And again, Demetrius was himself the author of
his successes ; Antony, on the contrary, won his
greatest and fairest victories through his generals, on
fields where he was not present.
VI. But the downfall of both was due to them-
selves, though the manner of it differed. Demetrius
was deserted by others, for the Macedonians went
away from him ; whereas Antony deserted others,
for he ran away from those who were risking their
lives for him. Demetrius may therefore be blamed
for making his soldiers so hostile to him, and Antony
for abandoning a goodwill and confidence which was
so much in evidence.
As for their deaths, neither is to be commended,
but that of Demetrius is the more to be censured.
For he suffered himself to be taken prisoner, and
PLUTARCH'S LIVES
eTTifcepBavai TpieTiav, olvu> KOL jaa-Tpl
ra
Kal olfCTpa)? KOI drtyLtct)?, ov n/r)v d\\a rrpo
TOV rcvpiov yeviaOai rov iro^efjuov rov
eavrov
342
DEMETRIUS AND ANTONY, vi. 2
was well content to add to his life three years of
imprisonment. He was tamed, like a wild beast, by
way of his belly and by wine. Whereas Antony took
himself off, in a cowardly, pitiful, and ignoble way,
it is true, but at least before his enemy became
master of his person.
343
VOL. IX. M
PYRRHUS
I1YPPO2
I. SecTTrpcoTcov KOI MoXocrcrw^ /zera rov KCLTCI- 383
K\V<J/ULOV icrropovcn Qaedovra jSacnXevaat, irpw-
rov, eva rwv p,era \\e\acryov 7rapayevo/j,eva)v et?
TVV "Hireipov eviOL Be &.evKa\iwva KOL tlvppav
elaafji&vov^ TO Trepl AwSco^^i^ iepov avToOi KCLTOI-
2 Kelv eV MoXocrcrot?. %pbvu> 8e vcrrepov NeoTrro-
Xe/xo? o 'A^iXXeco? Xaoi^ ayaywv auro? re
KOI iaov a(T,ewv a<> av-
TOV KaT\.L7T, TlvppiSdS 7TLKa\OV/^6VOV^' KOi jap
aVTO) Tlvppo? f)V TTCLlftlKOV 7TWVVfJilOV, KOL TWV
yvrjaricov TralSwv e/c Advao-ays TT)? KXeoSaiou
TOV r/ TXXou yevonevwv eva Ilvppov wvo/jbacrev. ere
TOVTOV Be KOL 'A^tXXeu? ev 'HTret/ow T/yu,a? IcroOe-
OL? ecr^e^, "Aa-Trero? eV^wpta) <f}wi>rj Trpocra-
3 yopevofievos. fjiera Be TOV? r rrpu>Tov^ ) rwv 8ia
fjLeaov /3a<Ti\ea>v eKfSapftapwOevTWV KCU yevo/jie-
vwv TTJ re 8vvdfji6i KOI Tot? /5toi? d/LLavporepwv,
appvTrav Trpwrov icrropovcriv EXX^w/fot? Ween,
/cat ypd/jL/naiTi KOI VO/JLOL^ (j)i\av0pa)7roi$
TTOV Be 'AX/ceTa? ut'o? fjv, 'AX/cera 8*
4 'Apvftov Be KOI TyawJSo? AlarciBr)?. OVTOS
T^ MeVw^o? TOU BecreraXoO Ovyarepa
avSpb? euBoKi/jiov Trepl TOV AafiiaKov
yevo/j.evov /cat jjLeyiarov d^iajfMa TWV
346
PYRRHUS
I. HISTORIANS tell us that the first king of the
Thesprotians and Molossians after the flood was
Phaethon, one of those who came into Epeirus with
Pelasgus ; but some say that Deucalion and Pyrrha
established the sanctuary at Dodona and dwelt there
among the Molossians. In after time, however,
Neoptolemus the son of Achilles, bringing a people
with him, got possession of the country for himself,
and left a line of kings descending from him. These
were called after him Pyrrhidae : for he had the
surname of Pyrrhus in his boyhood, and of his legiti-
mate children by Lanassa, the daughter of Cleo-
daeus the son of Hyllus, one was named by him
Pyrrhus. Consequently Achilles also obtained divine
honours in Epeirus, under the native name of
Aspetus. But the kings who followed in this line
soon lapsed into barbarism and became quite ob-
scure, both in their power and in their lives, and
it was Tharrhypas, historians say, who first introduced
Greek customs and letters and regulated his cities
by humane laws, thereby acquiring for himself a
name. Alcetas was a son of Tharrhypas, Arybas of
Alcetas. and of Arybas and Troas, Aeacides. He
married Phthia, the daughter of Menon the Thes-
salian, a man who won high repute at the time of the
Lamian war 1 and acquired the highest authority
1 323-322 B.O. See the Demosthenes, xxvii. 1.
347
PLUTARCH'S LIVES
\a/36i>TO<s. e/c Se TT}? <l>0ia<;
Ka\
wa?, wo? Se IIuppo?.
II. 'E-Trel Se aTaaido-avTes ol MoXo<rcrol
TOZ> AlatCiSrjv K/3a\6i>TS efrr/ydyovTO TOL/? Neo-
ot yuey (pi\oi rov AlaKi&ov
Kara\r)(f)6evTe<;, TOV Se Ylvppov eru
ovra KCU rTOvAevov VTTO TV
Ol TTel .VOKirV KOL
efavyov, oifceras oXtyou? teal ^vvaia Tidrjvov/jLeva
2 TO Trai&iov avay/caieos <f)e\Ko/n6i>oi. KOI Bia
Tovro rr}? <uyr}? atTOi? yivofj,vi]S Bvaepyov fcal
TO /JLCV Trai&iov
KOI \7nria /cal Nedv-
veavcTKOis oven Tr/crrot? /cat
/cparo? tyevyew KOI Meyapco/' e
avrol 8e ra
arro/ia^o/xeroi rot?
v Be //.oXf? CKeivtov fj-ereOeov rou? TOP
vTas. tfBr] 8e TOI)
yevo/jLevoi T^?
evTw^ovres TO) irapa ryv TTO\IV irapap-
piovri Trora/Jiff), ^aXevra) /ief 6<f)0f)vcu /cal aypLrp,
Treipco/jievois Be Siafiaiveiv TravrdiTaaLv aTropwrd-
T&). TroXy Te yap e^irmne pev^a /cal 6o\epov
o/ui/3pa>v 7riyvo/jiev(i)v, /cal TO CT/COTO? GTTOISI
4 (froftepwrepa. /caO^ avrovs /j,ev ovv
eTTi^eipeiV Trai&iov <j)6p6/j.evoL /cal yvvaia ra rpe-
(povra TO TTai&iov, al<T06fj.i>oi e TW^ eTn^foplwv
as cv TM iripav ecrTOJTa? e&eovTo cryXXa/Secr^ai 384
343
PYRRHUS, i. 4-n. 4
among the confederates after Leosthenes. Phthia
bore to Aeacides two daughters, Deidameia and
Troas, and a son, Pyrrhus.
II. But factions arose among the Molossians, and
expelling Aeacides they brought into power the sons
of Neoptolemus. 1 The friends of Aeacides were
then seized and put to death, but Pyrrhus, who was
still a babe and was sought for by the enemy, was
stolen away by Androcleides and Angelus, who took
to flight. However, they were obliged to take along
with them a few servants, and women for the
nursing of the child, and on this account their flight
was laborious and slow and they were overtaken.
They therefore entrusted the child to Androcleion,
Hippias, and Neander, sturdy and trusty young men,
with orders to fly with all their might and make for
Megara, a Macedonian town ; while they themselves,
partly by entreaties and partly by fighting, stayed
the course of the pursuers until late in the evening.
After these had at last been driven back, they
hastened to join the men who were carrying Pyrrhus.
The sun had already set and they were near their
hoped-for refuge, when suddenly they found them-
selves cut off from it by the river which flowed past
the city. This had a forbidding and savage look, and
when they tried to cross it, proved altogether im-
passable. For its current was greatly swollen and
violent from rains that had fallen, and the darkness
made everything more formidable. Accordingly,
they gave up trying to cross unaided, since they
were carrying the child and the women who cared
for the child ; and perceiving some of the people of
the country standing on the further bank, they
1 A brother of Arybas, and therefore uncle of Aeacides.
349
PLUTARCH'S LIVES
7T/30? Trjv Bidftao-iv, KOI TOP Hvppov dveBeiKvvcrav
/3owj'Te? KOI tKeTevovTes. ol Be ov teariJKOVov Bia
5 Tpa%VTr)Ta KOI Trdrayov TOV pev/jLaros, aAA' r)V
TWV /jiev fiocaVTCOV, TWV Be /-IT; o~vvievTa>v,
evvorjaras KOI TrepieXwv &pubs (f>\0ioi>
TTO/JTTT; jpd/LLfiara (ppd^ovra njv re
KOL rr]V TV^TIV rov TrcuSo?, elra \i9a> TOV
7T6pL\i^a<; KOI xprjcrd/jLevos olov ep/JLan
TT}? /SoX?}? d(j)r)Kev et? TO Trepav evioi $e (pacri
6 (ravvicp irepiTT^avTa^ aKovriaai TOV $\oi6v. &>?
ovv dveyvcoaav ol Trepav ra ypd/j,/uLara teal
o^vrrf-ra TOV rcaipov, KOTTTOVTCS
KOL irpo? a\\r}\a (rvvBeovTes trrepaiovvTO. KOL
Kara TV^V o TT/JWTO? avTwv TrepaiwOels *
Xei/? Tovvo/jia TOV Hvppov eoe^aTO' TOVS Be a
a>9 erv^ov d\\ot Bierco^i^ov.
III. OuT(o Be (Ta)0i>T$ real
Bioj^iv ei? 'lXXu/?foi/? TrapeyevovTO Trpos Y\avKiav
TOV /3a<ri\ea' Kal icaOe^ofJievov evpovres OIKOI
/JL6TO, T?}? yVVOLLKOS V /A(TW TO TTaiBLoV TT\ T7/?
77)9 KaTeOecrav. 6 Be rjv eVt yvaip,^, KdaavSpov
BeBoi/co)? ej^Opov OVTU TOV A/a/ct'Sou, Kal Q-LWTT^V
2 eZ^e 7ro\vi> %povov &ov\u6[Ai>os. ev TOVTM Be
6 Hvppos air auTo/jidTOv Trpoa-epTrvcras Kal \afSo-
TOV ijjLaTiov rat? X P (T ^ Ka ^ Trpove
Ta yovaTa TOV TXavKiov ye\coTa
QIK.TOV Trapecr^ev, c5<J7re/> Ti?
350
PYRRHUS, ii. 4-111. 2
besought their help in crossing, and showed them
Pyrrhus, with loud cries and supplications. But the
people on the other side could not hear them for the
turbulence and splashing of the stream, and so there
was delay, one party shouting what the other could
not understand, until some one bethought himselr
of a better way. He stripped off a piece of bark
from a tree and wrote thereon with a buckle- pin a
message telling their need and the fortune of the
child ; then he wrapped the bark about a stone,
which he used to give force to his cast, and threw it
to the other side. Some say, however, that it was a
javelin about which he wrapped the bark, and that
he shot it across. Accordingly, when those on the
other side had read the message and saw that no
time was to be lost, they cut down trees, lashed
them together, and made their way across. As
chance would have it, the first of them to make his
way across was named Achilles ; he took Pyrrhus in
his arms, and the rest of the fugitives were conveyed
across by others in one way or another.
III. Having thus outstripped their pursuers and
reached a place of safety, the fugitives betook them-
selves to Glaucias the king of the Illyrians ; and finding
him sitting at home w r ith his wife, they put the little
child down on the floor before them. Then the king
began to reflect. He was in fear of Cassander, who
was an enemy of Aeacides, and held his peace along
time as he took counsel with himself. Meanwhile
Pyrrhus, of his own accord, crept along the floor,
clutched the king's robe, and pulled himself on to
his feet at the knees of Glaucias, who was moved at
first to laughter, then to pity, as he saw the child
clinging to his knees and weeping like a formal
M2
PLUTARCH'S LIVES
Kal Bafcpvcov. eviot, Be fyacriv ov rto
ia irpocnreaelv avrbv, d\\d /Sco/^ou
tatdvai 777)09 avrov
ra? xelpas, /cal TO Trpdyfia TO> T\avKia Oelov
3 (pavtjvai. Bib KOI Trapavri/ca rov Tlvppov eve-
Xeipiae rfj yvvaifci, /ceXeutra? ajma TO?? reicvois
Tpecj)a-0ai, teal fjLitcpbv varepov e^anov^evwv rwv
7ro\jJiia)V, KacrdvBpov Be KCU BiaKocria rdXavra
, OVK ^Sa)Kl>, ttXXa KOI <yv6/Jl.VOV BvO-
erwv /carayayciov et? rrjv "H7T6i/3oi/ yLtera
ea /carecrrrjcrev.
4 'Hi/ Be 6 \Ivppo<; rfj fj,ev IBea rov irpoa-aiirov
cou rj cre/jivorepov TO /3aai\Lfc6i>,
Be oSoz/Ta? OVK el^ev, aXX' ev bareov
^V/l -v > \
i]v avwvev, olov AeTrrcu? a/if^at? Ta?
Bict(f)vds vTToyeypa/jLjuievov T&V 6B6vra)v. TO?? Be
cnr\rivLwcriv eBoKet fiorjOelv, dKetcTpvbva 6vwv
\evKov, VTTTLWV Te KaTCLKeifJievwv rw Be^LW iroBl
drpe/^a TO a7T\dy^vov. ovBels Be r\v
ovBe a8oo? ovrws ware jjt,r) TV%IV TT)?
5 larpeias Berjfieis. e\dfju(3ave Be KOL rbv d\e-
Krpvbva Ovcras, teal TO yepas TOVTO tfBicrTOV rjv
avTM. \eyeraL Be rov TTO^O? etieivou TQV jjiei^ova
Bdfcrv\ov e%eiv ^vva/jav Oeiav, wcrre fjierd
reXevrrjv rov \OLTTOV o~a)/zaT09
KOL afiiKrov VTTO rov TTVpos eupeOfjvai.
ravra ^ev ovv vcnepov.
IV. Tevofjievw Be irepl eTrraKaiBeKa erij KOL
BOKOVVTI T^V dp^v e^eiv /3ey8ata>5 aTroBrj/jiia
352
PYRRHUS, in. 2-iv. i
suppliant. Some say, however, that the child did
not supplicate Glaucias, but caught hold of an altar
of the gods and stood there with his arms thrown
round it, and that Glaucias thought this a sign from
Heaven. Therefore he at once put Pyrrhus in the
arms of his wife, bidding her rear him along with
their children ; and a little while after, when the
child's enemies demanded his surrender, and Cas-
sander offered two hundred talents for him, Glaucias
would not give him up, but after he had reached the
age of twelve years, actually conducted him back
into Epeirus with an armed force and set him upon
the throne there.
In the aspect of his countenance Pyrrhus had
more of the terror than of the majesty of kingly
power. He had not many teeth, but his upper jaw
was one continuous bone, on which the usual intervals
between the teeth were indicated by slight de-
pressions. People of a splenetic habit believed that
he cured their ailment ; he would sacrifice a white
cock, and, while the patient lay flat upon his back,
would press gently with his right foot against the
spleen. Nor was any one so obscure or poor as not
to get this healing service from him if he asked it.
The king would also accept the cock after he had
sacrificed it, and this honorarium was most pleasing
to him. It is said, further, that the great toe of
his right foot had a divine virtue, so that after the
rest of his body had been consumed, this was found
to be untouched and unharmed by the fire. These
things, however, belong to a later period.
IV. When he had reached the age of seventeen
years l and was thought to be firmly seated on his
1 In 302 B.C.
353
PLUTARCH'S LIVES
Gvverw)(e, rwv T\av/ciov TraiBwv evos, ols crvvere-
OpcurTO, yvvairca \a/JLJBdvovro^. rrd\iv ovv ol
MoXoTTol Gvardvres e%e[3a\ov rovs <j)L\ovs avrov
/cal ra ^prjfjiara BirfpTracrav /cal NeoTrroXeyuo)
2 7rapeSa)fcav eavrovs. o Be Ylvppos ovrw rrjv
TW 'Avriyovov irpocrefii^ev eavrov,
a\(f)r]V avrov AifiSd/jLeiav, r)v en
/JLCV ovaav icoprjv a)vo/j,a%ov *A\%dv$pov rov
'Pw^dvrjs yvvaifca, TWV Be KCLT e/ceivovs
Oevrwv wpav e^ovcrav avrrjv jTjjjiV 6
3 TT}? Se /jie r yd\iis /Jbd%r]s r)v ev 'I-v/rw irdvres ol
rjycoviaavro, Trapcov o Tivppos rot? irepl
T piov crvfjLfjLeTeL'%6 /j,LpKiov MV en,, Ka
Kaff eavrbv erpe^raTO, KOI Siecfrdvr) Xa/i7r/3o? ev 385
roi? fia^ofjievoi^. TrraicravTa Be AijfMJrpiov OVK
v, d\\a /cal ra? ev rfj 'EXXaSt TroXe^?
Bie(f)v\a%e, KOI crv/jL/Sdaewv CLVTM
TT/JO? IlToXeyaato^ eTr\evaev et? Aiyv-
4 TTTOV ofirjpevcrcDv. /cal ITroXeyuatft) fjiev ev re
Kal <yv/j,vaaioi<> eTriSei^iv dX/c?}? Kal Kap-
Trapel^e, rr^v Be TSepeviKifv opcov
Kal Trpwrevovcrav apery Kal (j)pov)](Ti
rwv Hro\e/jiaiov yvvaiKwv, eOepdrceve /LtaXtcrra*
Kal Beivos MV vrre\6elv err w^eXeia TOL/? Kpeir-
rovas, axTTrep vireporcrr]^ rwv
Be Kal (roMppoov rcepl Biatrav, CK
354
PYRRHUS, iv. 1-4
throne, it came to pass that he went on a journey,
when one of the sons of Glaucias, with whom he had
been reared, was married. Once more, then, the
Molossians banded together, drove out his friends,
plundered his property, and put themselves under
Neoptolemus. 1 Pyrrhus, thus stripped of his realm
and rendered destitute of all things, joined himself
to Demetrius the son of Antigonus, who had his
sister Deidameia to wife. She, while she was still a
girl, had been nominally given in marriage to
Alexander, Roxana's son ; but their affairs miscarried,
and when she was of age Demetrius married her. 2
In the great battle which all the kings fought at
Ipsus 3 Pyrrhus was present, and took part with
Demetrius, though still a stripling. He routed the
enemy opposed to him, and made a brilliant display
of valour among the combatants. Moreover, though
Demetrius lost the day, Pyrrhus did not abandon
him, but kept guard over his cities in Greece which
were entrusted to him, 4 and when Demetrius made
peace with Ptolemy, sailed to Egypt as hostage for
him. Here, both in hunting and in bodily exercises,
he gave Ptolemy proof of his prowess and endurance,
and seeing that among the wives of Ptolemy it was
Berenice who had the greatest influence and was
foremost in virtue and understanding, he paid
especial court to her. He was adept at turning to
his own advantage the favour of his superiors, just as
he was inclined to look down upon his inferiors, and
since he was orderly and restrained in his ways of
living, he was selected from among many young
1 A grandson of the Neoptolemus mentioned in chapter ii. 1.
2 See the Demetrius, xxv. 2.
3 In 301 B.C. Cf. the Demetrius, chapters xxviii. f.
4 Cf. the Demetriiis, xxxi. 2.
355
PLUTARCH'S LIVES
vewv rjye/jioviKwv TrpoeKpiOrj \afieiv '
yvvalxa TWV BepeviKrjs dvyaTepwv, rjv ev^ev e/c
^?t\['7nrov TTplv rj Y\TO\e/uLaiy o-vvoirteiv.
V. Mera Be TOV yd/jiov TOVTOV en p,a\\ov
evBoKi/jiwv, Kal yvvaiKos dyaQfjs TT}? ' '
Trepl CLVTOV ovar]?, BteTrpd^aro
KCU ^vva^iv et? "^Treipov ejrl ryv
a7TO(TTa\r)vai. Kal Traprjv OVK CLKOVCTI rot? TTO\-
Xot? 1 Bid rrjv airtyQeiav TOV NeoTTToAe/tou
al /9fatw? dp^ovro^. TrKi-jV d\\d
TT/JO? TWO, TWV aXKwv fiacriXecov 6
? Tpd7rr)Tat, SiaXvcrei? eOero Kal
<pi\iav 7T/305 avTov eirl K.OIVWVLCL TT}?
2 xpovov Be TrpoiovTOs rjcrav ol Trapo^vvovres
Kpvtya Kal /far' d\\rf\cov e^TT
rj /jL6VToi /uid\icrra Kivrja-acra TOV Ylvppov atria
TOiavTrjv dp^rjv Xafieiv.
ol ^SacrtXet9 eV YLaaaapayvi,
r?)? MoXoTTt'^09, 'Apetw Au Ovaavres o
rot? 'HTret/jcorai? Kal opKiteiv, avTol fiev
KaTa row? VO/JLOVS, e/ceti/ou? Be rrji> fSacrikeiav
3 Biacf)v\deiv KaTa TOVS vop-ovs. raur' ovv e^/oaro
TWV /3aai\ecov irapovTwv, /rat crvvrjcrav
fieTa TOiv <$i\wv, Ba>pa 7ro\\d TCL fjL6.v
Ta Be XafjiftdvovTes. evravOa Brj FeXcor,
dvrjp TT^CTTO? NeoTTToXeyitft), Bet;ia)(Ta[ivos (f)t.\,o-
(frpovcas TO/' Hvppov eBojprja-aTO ftowv dpOTrfpwv
Bvcrl ^evyecri. TavTa MuprtAo? 6 eVt TOV olvov
Trapcav f'/TL TOV Tlvppov' eteetvov Be (JLTJ BiBovTOS,
ttXX' eTepw, ^aXevrw? evejKwv 6 MuyortXo? OVK
4 e\aOe TOV Yekwva. Ka\ecras ovv avTov eVl
1 TO?S TroAAojy with Coraes and Blass : iro\\o'is.
356
PYRRHUS, iv. 4 -v. 4
princes as a husband for Antigone, one of the
daughters of Berenice, whom she had by Philip l
before her marriage with Ptolemy.
V. After this marriage he was held in still greater
esteem, and since Antigone was an excellent wife to
him, he brought it to pass that he was sent into
Epeirus with money and an army to regain his king-
dom. Most people there were glad to see him come,
owing to their hatred of Neoptolemus, who was a
stern and arbitrary ruler. However, fearing lest
Neoptolemus should have recourse to one of the
other kings, he came to terms and made friendship
with him on the basis of a joint exercise of the
royal power. But as time went on there were
people who secretly exasperated them against one
another and filled them with mutual suspicions.
The chief ground, however, for action on the part
of Pyrrhus is said to have had its origin as follows.
It was customary for the kings, after sacrificing to
Zeus Areius at Passaro, a place in the Molossian land,
to exchange solemn oaths with the Epeirots, the
kings swearing to rule according to the laws, and the
people to maintain the kingdom according to the
laws. Accordingly, this was now done ; both the
kings were present, and associated with one another,
together with their friends, and many gifts were
interchanged. Here Gelon, a man devoted to
Neoptolemus, greeted Pyrrhus in a friendly manner
and made him a present of two yoke of oxen for
ploughing. Pyrrhus was asked for these by Myrtilus,
his cup bearer ; and when Pyrrhus would not give
them to him, but gave them to another, Myrtilus was
deeply resentful. This did not escape the notice of
1 An obscure Macedonian.
357
PLUTARCH'S LIVES
, o>9 Be fyaviv evioi, xal j^p^crd/jievo^ Trap 1
olvov wpav e^ovTi, \6yov<; Trpocrr/vey/ce Trapa-
e\ecr6ai ra TOV Neo7TTo\e/jLov KCU
pai TOV Tlvppov. o Be
TTJV irelpav co? eiraivwv teal
, e/jLrjwcre Be TW Tii/ppy teal K6\ev-
aavros e/ceivov rbv
TW TeXwvi aweary a-ev, co?
7rpdj;ect)<; avrol^- /3ov\ero <yap ev Treoaiv o
n^yo/jo? TOV e\y^ov yereaQai TOV a
5 ovTd) Be TOV FeXwvos e^aTraTW/mevov
6 NeoTTToXeyuo?, /ecu TTJV eTTt/3ov\r)v 6Sq>
iv olofjievos ov KCtTefyev, aXX' VTTO %a/?a?
rou? <^tXou?. KCLI TTOTG KW /JLCLCT a<$
Trapa TTJV dBeXcfrrjv KaB/jueiav e^ptjTO \a\ia Trepl
TOVTWVy ovBeva avvaKoveiv olo/jievos' ovBels yap
r]V TC\y](jiov a\Xo? -r) QaivapeTrj yvvrj Sayu-w^o?
TOV TO, TTOt/jLVLa KOI TO, {3oVKO\ia Tft) NeOTTToXeyLtW
BIOIKOVVTOS, avTtj Be aTreaTpa/u/jievri Trpbs TOV TOI-
6 %oz^ 1 eVl K\W7]<$ TIVOS eBo/cet rca&evBeiv. avvrjfcoos
Be TrdvTwv yevofievrj KCLI \a0ovcra yu.e^' rj/nepav rjtce
TT/OO? 'AvTiyovrjv TTJV Tlvppov yvvatKa, KOI TrdvTa
KCLTelirev ocra TOV NeovrToXe/^oi; TT/OO? Tr/v dBe\.^>rjv
ijKovae \eyovTOS. Trv66fJievos Be o Tlvppos efcei
fjbev f)ffv%iav rjyev, ev Be Ovaia Kakecras
7 BeiTrvov TOV Neo7rTo\eju,ov direKTeivev,
TWV ^TreipwTcov TOUS KpaTiGTovs TTpoae^ovTa^
avTU), KOI TrapaKe\VOfJievov<s d7ra\\ayf}i>ai TOV
KOI /a^ fjiepiBa fM/cpdv e^ovTa 386
1 rlv TOIXOV with Coraes, Blass, and C
358
PYRRHUS, v. 4-7
Gelon, who therefore invited Myrtilus to supper,
and even, as some say, enjoyed his youthful beauty
as they drank ; then he reasoned with him and urged
him to become an adherent of Neoptolemus and to
destroy Pyrrhus by poison. Myrtilus accepted the
proposal, pretending to approve of it and to be
persuaded, but informed Pyrrhus. He also, by the
king's orders, presented Alexicrates, the king's
chief cup-bearer, to Gelon, assuring him that he
would take part in their enterprise ; for Pyrrhus
wished to have several persons who could testify to
the intended crime. Thus Gelon was thoroughly
deceived, and Neoptolemus as well, and as thoroughly,
who, supposing that the plot was duly progressing,
could not keep it to himself, but in his joy would
talk about it to his friends. Once, in particular,
after a revel at the house of his sister Cadmeia, he
fell to prattling about the matter, supposing that no
one would hear the conversation but themselves ; for
no one else was near except Phaenarete, the wife
of Samon, a man who managed the flocks and herds
of Neoptolemus, and Phaenarete was lying on a
couch with her face to the wall and seemed to be
asleep. But she heard everything, and next day
went unobserved to Antigone the wife of Pyrrhus.
and told her all that she had heard Neoptolemus say
to his sister. When Pyrrhus learned of it, he kept
quiet for a time, but on a day of sacrifice invited
Neoptolemus to supper and killed him. For he was
aware that the chief men among the Epeirots were
devoted to himself and were eager to see him rid
himself of Neoptolemus ; also that they wished him
not to content himself with having a small share of
the kingdom, but to follow his natural bent and
359
PLUTARCH'S LIVES
Trpay/JLaTwv dvTi\a/ji/3av6/j,evov, KCLL
af^a Trpoa-ryevojAevrjs TOV NeoTrroXejuiov
ave\eiv.
VI. Me/jivrj/jLevos Be Bepevifcr]? Kal YlTo\/j,aiov
TraiBiov /.tev avTU> yevopevov e ' AvTiyovr/s ZlroXe-
fjiaiov aivo/jiaa'ev, oiVtcra? 8e -noKiv ev rfj %6ppovrfcr(t)
r^? 'HTret/oof BepoviKiSa Trpoaijyopevaev. K Se
rovrov 7ro\\a jj,ev Trepivowv K.CLI
<yva)fjL7j, rat? 5e eXTricri f^dXiara KCU
dvTi\aiJi{Bav6p.vo < $ T&V 7r\//crto^, evpev
rot? M.arce&6va)v Trdnacriv K roiacrbe
Kacrdvbpov TraiSwv 6 TT pea [BvT epos 'Azm-
TTIV re ^Tepa tyecrcraXovLKrjv dvel\e /cal
TOV do'eXcfrbv ' A\eav&pov rfkawev. o Be Trpos re
Arj/jLiJTpiov 7T/j,-ty-6 Seo/jLevo? fiorjOelv /cal Tlvppov
Ka\ei. ^y] jjir^T piov Be viro da-^oXiSyv /BpaSv-
vovros e7re\6u>v o Hvppos ffrrjcre /jucr6ov rrjs
(TfyLt/^a^ta? Tr]V re Srf pfyaiav Kal rrjv TLapavalav
rr/s MatceSovias, Kal TWV eTTiKTijTaiv e9v&v 'A/i,-
3 fipaKiav, ' KKCipvaviav, ^A/jL^iXo^iav. Trpoe/jievov
Be TOV veaviaKOv TavTa fJiev avros el^e (frpovpais
KaTa\a/3(i)v, TCL Be \OLTTCL /craiyu-e^o? eKeuva)
TrepieKOTTTe TOV ' AvTiTraTpov. A vaifjia^os Be 6
yQacriXeL'9 atTo? fJLev rjv ev acr^oXtat? TTpoOv^ov-
fievos 'AvTiTrdrpw ftoijOelv, elBa)^ Be TOV Y\vppov
ovBev d%apicrTiv ovBe dpvelcrOai
/3ov\6fjivov
(TTpaTeias TpiaKoaia Ta\ai>Ta irapd TOV
4 AvTirrciTpov \a/36vTa. \ucra$ Be TJJV e
1 <j>0d(ras Coraes and Blass, with most MSS. :
360
PYRRHUS, v. 7-vi. 4
attempt greater things, and, now that some suspicion
had added its weight to other motives for the deed,
to anticipate Neoptolemus by taking him off' first.
VI. And now, in honour of Berenice and Ptolemy,
he gave the name of Ptolemy to his infant son by Anti-
gone, and called the city which he had built on the
peninsula of Epeirus, Berenicis. After this, he be-
gan to revolve many large projects in his mind ; but
his hopes were fixed first and more especially on
undertakings close at hand, and he found a way to
take direct part in Macedonian affairs, on grounds
something like the following.
Of Cassander's sons, the elder, Antipater, killed
his mother Thessalonice and drove away his brother
Alexander. 1 Alexander sent to Demetrius begging
for help, and also called upon Pyrrhus. Demetrius
was delayed by matters that he had in hand ; but
Pyrrhus came, and demanded as a reward for his
alliance Stymphaea and Parauaea in Macedonia, and,
of the countries won by the allies, Ambracia, Acar-
nania, and Amphilochia. The youthful Alexander
gave way to his demands, and Pyrrhus took possession
of these countries and held them for himself with
garrisons ; he also proceeded to strip from Antipater
the remaining parts of his kingdom and turn them
over to Alexander. Now Lysimachus the king, who
was eager to give aid to Antipater, was fully occupied
himself and could not come in person ; but knowing
that Pyrrhus was desirous to do Ptolemy every favour
and refuse him nothing, he sent a forged letter to
him which stated that Ptolemy urged him to give up
his expedition on payment of three hundred talents
from Antipater. As soon as Pyrrhus opened the
1 Cf. the Demetrius , xxxvi. 1 f.
361
PLUTARCH'S LIVES
o Tlvppos evOvs TO paBiovpyy^/jia TOV
(TvvelSev ovoe jap rjv rj a
Trpocrayopevcris, "'O TraTrjp TU> VIM
d\\d, " BacrtXeu? ITroXeyaato? /3acnXet Hvppy
Be rov
7roiLTO Tr)V eprjvrjv, rea Gvvyecrav a>5 Kara
5 afyayiwv opKWfJiori^crovTe^. eVel e ravpou real
KaTrpov real Kpiov Trpoa-a^devro^ 6 tcpibs avro-
yttaTeo? aTreOave, rot? /jiev a\\ois ye\av evr^et, TOV
8e Hvppov 6 fjbdvTis eoSoro? opocrai 8ie/c<wXucre,
TO ^ai/Jioviov evl Trpocrrj/jLaiveiv ra)v rpiwv
Odvarov. 6 fjiev ovv Tlvppos ou
aTrecrr?;
VII. To) 5e 'AXeaz/fy)ft> rwi' Trpay^drwv
KaTaGTaaiv e^ovrwv oyLtco? o A^/A^rpio? d
Kal Srj\os fiev VJV evOvs TJKWV jjirj Seo/jievw, KOL
, o\iya<? 8' ^e^a? crvyyevo/nevoi
w Se %pr)crdfjLvo<s Kal (frQdaas diroKTivvvGiv 6
pio<? TO /jiipdKLOv, Kal /SacrtXei'? dvrjyopev0ii
2 Ma/teSo^ta?. >)^ /^e^ ou^ al irpoTepov avTw
TT/OO? TOI^ Tlvppov eyfC\,ijfJUX,Ta, KOL KaTaSpo/jial r/}?
e<rcraXta? eyeyoveiaav VTT eKeivov, KOI TO
avfji^vTOV vocnijjia rat? SvvaaTeiais, ^; 7r\ovJ;La,
Tr]v yeiTViacnv avTols 7ri<f)ol3oi>
7rapeL%, Kal ^La\\ov ert yttera Trjv rr}?
TeXeuT?;y. eVet Se al
Ma^eSon'a? avvtTrnrTov et9 TO
3 eXa/AySai^e 7rpo<pd(TLS rj Biatyopd,
362
PYRRHUS, vi. 4-vii. 3
letter he perceived the fraud of Lysimachus ; for
the letter did not have the customary address, " The
father, to the son, health and happiness/' but instead,
" King Ptolemy, to King Pyrrhus, health and happi-
ness." Pyrrhus reviled Lysimachus for the fraud, but
nevertheless made the desired peace, and they all
met to ratify it with sacrificial oaths. However, after
a bull, a boar, and a ram had been brought up for
sacrifice, of its own accord the ram fell down dead.
The rest of the spectators were moved to laughter,
but Theodotus the seer prevented Pyrrhus from
taking the oath by declaring that Heaven thus be-
tokened in advance the death of one of the three
kings. In this way, then, Pyrrhus was led to renounce
the peace.
VII. Thus Alexander's affairs were already settled
with the help of Pyrrhus, but nevertheless Demetrius
came to him ; and as soon as he arrived it was plain
that he was not wanted, and he inspired only fear ;
and after they had been together a few days their
mutual distrust led them to plot against each other.
But Demetrius, taking advantage of his opportunity,
got beforehand with the young prince and slew him,
and was proclaimed king of Macedonia, 1 Now, even
before this there had been differences between him
and Pyrrhus, and Pyrrhus had overrun Thessaly ; 2
and greed for power, the natural disease of dynasties,
made them formidable and suspicious neighbours,
and all the more after the death of Deidameia. And
now that both of them had occupied part of Mace-
donia, they came into collision, and their quarrel was
furnished with stronger grounds. Demetrius there-
1 Cf. the Demetrius, xxxvi. 2-6, xxxvii.
2 Cf. the Demetrius, xl. i.
363
PLUTARCH'S LIVES
eV Arr<wXou9 o-rparevad/Aevos teal Kpanjcras,
TIdvrav%ov avroOi fjierd 7roXX?)9 Swd/jLecos Kara-
\17TGDV avrOS J3d$l%V CTTL TlvppOV, KOi
eV e/ceivov, 009 rjaOero. yevo/JLevrjs ce
KO.& 1 ohov aXX?;Xot>9 7rapr)\\aj;av KOI
e/9
69 /jLa^rjv /carecmj. KOI
TWV arpaTiwroyv av/jL7rcr6vTa)v Seivos TJV
, fidXiara Kara rovs rjyfji6va$. o re
yap TldvTav%os dv&peia KOI
crrpa'njycov, KOL Odpaos ey^wv /cal
TOV Tlvppov et9 %et/oa9, o
re upO9 ovev rcov
KOI rv feco9 oav avrw
dperrjv jjia\\ov rj /card 761/09 GVVOLKGIOVV $ov\6-.
fjievos, evavrlos e^wpei Sta ra)v rrpo/j-d^wv eVt TOP
5 Hdvrav%ov. r^v Se SoparHTfAos TO rrpwrov, elra 387
eV 'xepolv yevofievoL perd rexyrjs a/ta /cai /Sta9
^pa)vro Tot9 ^iffreat. \a/3u>v Se 6 Tlvppos ev
rpavjjLa, Soi/9 ^6 Bvo, TO yu,e^ e/9 TO^ fjirjpov, TO Se
rrapd rov rpd^rfkov, erpetyaro /cal Karej3a\e rov
Yldvrav^ov ov jJir)V dvel\V, dvrjprrdyri yap vrro
rwv fyi\wv. ol Be 'H7T6t/o&>Tat rfj vi/crj rov
fiaa-iXews HrrapOevres /cal OavfJidcravres rrjv
dperi-jv eftidcravro Kal Si'tKo^av rrjv (j)d\ayya rwv
Ma^eSo^w^, Kal fyevyovras SitoKovres drreKrewdv
re 7roXXou9 Kal TrevraKicrxiXiovs ^wvras el\ov.
VIII. f O Se dya)v OUT09 ou rocrovrov opyrji wv
erraOov ovSe fjiicrov^ everrXycre rovs MaKe$6va<;
7T/909 rov Tlvppov, oarjv S6av avrov Kal
364
PYRRHUS, vii. 3-vin. i
fore made an expedition against the Aetolians and
conquered them, and then, leaving Pantauchus there
with a large force, he himself moved against Pyrrhus,
and Pyrrhus, when he heard of it, against him.
Owing to a mistake in the way, however, they passed
by one another, and Demetrius, throwing his forces
into Epeirus, plundered the country, while Pyrrhus,
encountering Pantauchus, joined battle with him. 1
There was a sharp and terrible conflict between the
soldiers who engaged, and especially also between
the leaders. For Pantauchus, who was confessedly
the best of the generals of Demetrius for bravery,
dexterity, and vigour of body, and had both courage
and a lofty spirit, challenged Pyrrhus to a hand-to-
hand combat ; and Pyrrhus, who yielded to none of
the kings in daring and prowess, and wished that the
glory of Achilles should belong to him by right of
valour rather than of blood alone, advanced through
the foremost fighters to confront Pantauchus. At first
they hurled their spears, then, coming to close quar-
ters, they plied their swords with might and skill.
Pyrrhus got one wound, but gave Pantauchus two,
one in the thigh, and one along the neck, and put
him to flight and overthrew him ; he did not kill
him, however, for his friends haled him away. Then
the Epeirots, exalted by the victory of their king
and admiring his valour, overwhelmed and cut to
pieces the phalanx of the Macedonians, pursued them
as they fled, slew many of them, and took five thou-
sand of them alive. 2
VIII. This conflict did not fill the Macedonians
with wrath and hate towards Pyrrhus for their
losses, rather it led those who beheld his exploits
1 Cf. the Demetrius, xli. If. 2 Cf. the Demetrius, xli. 2.
365
PLUTARCH'S LIVES
Tr?9 dperrjs fcal \6yov eveipyda-aro roi? l&ov&i ra
epya teal crvveve')(6el(TL Kara TIJV fid^v. teal jap
o*fyiv WOVTO teal ra^o? eoi/cevai /cal Kivij/Aa rot?
'A.\%dv&pov, /cal TJ}? (fropd? etceivov /cal (3ias
irapa rou? d'y&vas ev rovray cr/cids Tivas opdcrOai
/cal {JLifJiriiJiara, ra)i> /JLCV d\\wv fiacriXecov ev Trop-
/cal &ov()6ois /cal K\icri ra\ov /cal
TO) fjiei^ov Sid\eyecr@ai, fjiovov be Tlvppov rot?
/cal rat? %epcrlv eTTieiKvvp,vov TOV
2 Tr}? & Trepl rd^ei? /cal err partyy ias e
avrov /cal Seivorrjros eveari Seiynara \aftelv etc
rwv ypafjL^drwv a Trepl TOVTWV
\ey6Tai Be /cal 'A.VTiyovo<$ epwrrjdels rt? a
TWV cnpaTrjywv, <pdvai, " Hvppos, av
Trepl TWV KaO" avrov ovrcos dir
e (TVfiTrdvrwv dTretyrjve rwv crrpaTrjywv
e/jLTreipia /cal SeivorrjTt, Hvppov,
e Sevrepov, eavTov &e rpirov, a>? eV
3 rot? Trepl ^KriTrlwvos yeyparrrai. /cal oXw? rovro
fj,e\eTwv eoi/ce teal </>iXocro(ft>z> del Siare\elv 6
Tlvppos, co? fjiaOrjfjid'Twv /3aa-i\iK(t)TaTov, ra? Be
aXXa? y\a<f>vpias ei> ovSevl \6yfi) TiOeaOai. \e-
yerat ydp &>? epwrrjOel^ ev TLVI TTOTW, Trorepov
aLverai YlvQcov avX^rr/? d/jLeivwv rj Ka-
elirelv on TIo\vaTrep^a)v <rr partly '09
ravra roG (BaaL\el fyrelv pova /cal
irpocrfj/cov.
366
PYRRHUS, vni. 1-3
and engaged him in the battle to esteem him
highly and admire his bravery and talk much about
him. For they likened his aspect and his swiftness
and all his motions to those of the great Alexander,
and thought they saw in him shadows, as it were,
and imitations of that leader's impetuosity and might
in conflicts. 1 The other kings, they said, represented
Alexander with their purple robes, their body-guards,
the inclination of their necks,' 2 and their louder
tones in conversation ; but Pyrrhus, and Pyrrhus
alone, in arms and action.
Of his knowledge and ability in the field of mili-
tary tactics and leadership one may get proofs from
the writings on these subjects which he left. It is
said also that Antigonus, when asked who was the
best general, replied, "Pyrrhus, if he lives to be old."
This verdict of Antigonus applied only to his con-
temporaries. Hannibal, however, declared that the
foremost of all generals in experience and ability was
Pyrrhus, that Scipio was second, and he himself
third, as I have written in my Life of Scipio. 3 And
in a word, Pyrrhus would seem to have been always
and continually studying and meditating upon this
one subject, regarding it as the most kingly branch
of learning ; the rest he regarded as mere accom-
plishments and held them in no esteem. For instance,
we are told that when he was asked at a drinking;-
o
party whether he thought Python or Caphisias the
better flute-player, he replied that Polysperchon
was a good general, implying that it became a king
to investigate and understand such matters only.
1 Cf. the Demetrius, xli. 3. 3 See the Alexander, iv. 1.
3 The "book" containing the Lives of Epaminondas and
Scipio Africanus the Elder has been lost.
367
PLUTARCH'S LIVES
Be KOI Trpo? TOU? (Tvvrj0i<;
opytfv, cr(j)oBpb<? Be /cal 7rp60v/jiO$ ev rat?
'AepoTrou yovv diroOavovTos OVK r^
eicelvov fjLev dvOpatTTiva
<f)d<TKCt)v, eavrbv Be fjie^ofjievo^ teal fcateifov OTL
fjLe\\a)V del /cal {Bpabvvwv *X,dptv OVK
aura), ra JAW 'yap XP ea
TWV aveiGdvTtov t al Be rcov
d/jioi/3al fjbrj yevopevai Trpbs alcrOavo^evovs dviwcrt
5 rov xprjarbv /cal Bi/caiov. ev Be 'A/j,/3pafcia
tcafco\,6 r yov rivd Kal /3\acr<??/zoi> avOpwirov olo-
Beiv fjieracrrrjaaL rbv YIvppov " Avrov
" ecj^rj, " /j,d\\ov rj/Jids ev o\iyoi<; rf irepuwv
TT/OO? CLTravras dv0pa)7rov<i /ca/fw? \eyerci)" Kal
TOU? Trap' dlvov avrov ~\,oi,Bopi](TavTas, elra e\ey-
^o/ze^ou? r)p(i)Ti]a'ev el ravra euTrov aTTOKpiva-
fjievov Be TWV veavicrKwv evos, " Tavra, a> /3acri\ev'
irXeiova 8' av eri rovrwv elKeiLLev, el
olz/o? THJLIV"
IX. TvvalKas Be Trpay/Jidrwv eveica Kal Bvvd-
iT\eiova<$ eyrj/ne fjierd TIJV 'AvTtyovrjs re-
\evrr)V. Kal yap AuroXeo^ro? TOU Haiovcov
e\a/3e Ovyarepa, Kal l&ipKevvav TTJV
rov 'lX\,vpiwv, Kal Advacraav rrjv
'Aya@OK\eov<; rov ^vpaKovalov, TrpoiKa Trpoa-
fapo/jievrjv avrfp TIJV KepKvpaiwv TTO\IV f)\wKvlav
VTTO 'Aya0OK\.eov<;. K fjiev ovv
368
PYRRHUS, viii. 4-ix. i
He was also kind towards his familiar friends, and
mild in temper, but eager and impetuous in returning
favours. At any rate, when Aeropus died, he was
distressed beyond measure, declaring that Aeropus
had indeed only suffered what was common to human-
ity, but that he blamed and reviled himself because
he had always delayed and moved slowly in the
matter and so had not returned his friend's favour.
For the debts due to one's creditors can be paid back
to their heirs ; but if the favours received from friends
are not returned while those friends can be sensible
of the act, it is an affliction to a just and good man.
Again, in Ambracia there was a fellow who denounced
and reviled him, and people thought that Pyrrhus
ought to banish him. "Let him remain here," said
Pyrrhus, "and speak ill of us among a few, rather
than carry his slanders round to all mankind." And
again, some young fellows indulged in abuse of him
over their cups, and were brought to task for it.
Pyrrhus asked them if they had said such things, and
when one of them replied, " We did, O King ; and
we should have said still more than this if we had
had more wine." Pyrrhus laughed and dismissed
them. 1
IX. In order to enlarge his interests and power he
married several wives after the death of Antigone.
He took to wife, namely, a daughter of Autoleon, king
of the Paeonians ; Bircenna, the daughter of Bar-
dyllis the Illyrian ; and Lanassa, the daughter of
Agathocles of Syracuse, who brought him as her
dowry the city of Corcyra, which had been captured
by Agathocles. By Antigone he had a son Ptolemy,
1 The story is found also in Plutarch's Morals, p. 184 d,
and in Val. Max. 5, 1, ext. 3.
369
PLUTARCH'S LIVES
viov ea")(ev ) ere Be Aavda-crrjs 'AXe-
gavBpov, r '\L\vov Be rov veona-rov eK B/p/ceW???.
2 real Trdvras dyadovs ev T0t9 oVXof? eOpe^aro real 388
BiaTrvpovs, evOvs ere yeveTris eVt rovro dtiyo/jievovs
VTT' avrov. Xeyercu jap &>? epcorrjOels v<p' ei'o?
avTMv en, TratSo? oVro?, TtVi Kara\ei-^rei,
fBa<ri\6iav, elirelv, "' N O? az^ i'yu,<wi> T^
i>' 5-\ ' C 1 ^ ' ^"
L eXU' TOVTO oe ovoev enrobe!,
dpd<$ Gtceivrj?' " S^KTO> or&
" TOU? aSeX^ou?. owrw? CL/JLIKTOS earl
real &r]pia)&r)S r) rrjs TrXeot/e^ta? viroOecrLS.
X. Mera Se rrjv fJid^v Tavrrjv 6
7rave\0d>v olrcaBe \afJLirpos VTTO ^0^779 real
/xaro? e)aip' real 'Aero9 VTro rwy 'HTre
" At' ^^9," eXeyev, " aero9
077X0/9
varcpov TrvofJievo^ vocrev TOV rj/jbriTpiov TU-
eVe/SaXe ^ei' e^ai^vi]^ els MateeBoviav
ct>9 eTTlpOfjiijv TLva real \6^\acriav Troirja-ojAevos,
2 7ray9 6\iyov Be ^\0e Trdvrwv 6/j.ov reparrjaat real
Xaftelv a/za^t T?;I/ (BacrLXeiav, e'Xao-a.9 a^pt
'E8ecrcr7;9 p,ri&vos dfAVvo/jievov, TroXXcoy ^e /cal
real crvcrTparevovTwv. avrov re
o teivSvvos e^avetfTrjae rrapd
, ol re (frfaot, real ??yeyii6Ve9 6\iyy ^povw
TroXXoL'9 dOpoicravres eppwp.evu>s real TT poO } v /JLCOS
Tlvppov wp/jirjaav. 6 Be XyarpiKcorepov
ov/e tfjieivev, aXXa (pevywv /juepo^ rt
T?}9 (nparids d7T6/3a\e read' 6Bov eirt,0ep,eva)v
with Blass : o
370
PYRRHUS, ix. i-x. 2
Alexander by Lanassa, and Helenus, his youngest son,
by Bircenna. He brought them all up to be brave
in arms and fiery, and he whetted them for this from
their very birth. It is said, for instance, that when
he was asked by one of them, who was still a boy, to
whom he would leave his kingdom, he replied : " To
that one of you who keeps his sword the sharpest."
This, however, meant nothing less than the famous
curse of Oedipus in the tragedy ; l that " with whet-
ted sword," and not by lot, the brothers should
"divide the house." So savage and ferocious is the
nature of rapacity.
X. After this battle Pyrrhus returned to his home
rejoicing in the splendour which his fame and lofty
spirit had brought him ; and when he was given the
surname of " Eagle" by the Epeirots, "Through you,"
he said, "am I an eagle; why, pray, should I not be ?
It is by your arms that I am borne aloft as by swift
pinions." But a little while after, learning that De-
metrius was dangerously sick, he suddenly threw
an army into Macedonia, intending merely to overrun
and plunder some parts of it. Yet he came within
a little of mastering the whole country and getting
the kingdom without a battle ; for he marched on as
far as Edessa without opposition from anyone, and
many actually joined his forces and shared his expe-
dition. And now Demetrius himself was roused by
the peril to act beyond his strength, while his friends
and commanders in a short time collected many
soldiers and set out with zeal and vigour against
Pyrrhus. Pyrrhus, however, had come more for plun-
der than anything else, and would not stand his
ground, but fled, losing a part of his army on the
march, under the attacks of the Macedonians.
1 Euripides, Phoenissae, 68.
PLUTARCH'S LIVES
3 Ov firjv on pa$L(0$ KCL\ ra%v rov Hvppov
rrjs %ft)pa? 6 A ^77173*09 rjfj,\r)<rev,
Be fjiyd\<j0v irpay^dra)V aimXa/z/3a-
ve&Oai /col rrjv Trarpwav dp^rjv dvaicracrdai Betca
fivpidcri arparov KOI vaval Trevraicoa'Lais OVK
e/3ov\6To TW Tlvppw Trpoa'TTTaiaai, ovSe airo-
\iTrelv Ma/ceBoa-i Trdpoiicov epya)Srj KOL %a\e7r6v,
avrov,
teal Oepevos elpyvrjv OI/T&)? eirl
4 aXXou9 ftaaikeis rpajrecrdai. <yevo/j,ev(av Be Bia
ravra TWV o/jioXoyiwv, /cat r^9 JVCO/JLTJ^ apa rw
/jieyedeL rr}? Trapaa/cevrj^ etccpaveicrrjs rov
rpiou, (poftrjOevres ol /SatnXet? ^leiri^
TOV Hvppov dyyeXov? /ecu ypd/^/jiara,
el rov avrou Tr/ooe/zei/o? Kaipov, ev rw
7ro\ejjir)crcu Kept/level, KOI
eK/BaXelv avrov TroXX^ Trpdrrovra
KOI raparrofievov, eVSe^erat /cat a%o\dovrt, KOI
/jiyd\(f) yvo/j,evw Trepl rwv ev MoXocrcroi? iepwv
real rd(f)wv Biaywviaaa-Qai,, /cal ravra Kepfcvpav
UTT* avrov /nera rrjs
5 ATO?. 77 yap Advaaaa /j,/j,-^rajAevrj rov TLvppov
w? fjia\\ov Trpoae^ovra rat? fiapftdpoi? yvvai^lv
et? KepKvpav aTre^^prjae, /cal Beo/juevrj
/3acn\ifca)v e/cdXei Aij/jLijrpiov, eTricrra/uLevij
\iara rwv ftacriXewv eu/coXa>9 %ovra TT/OO
yvvai/cwv. eicelvos Be TrXeucra? rfj re Aavdcrffrj
o-vvf)\de teal <f)povpav ev rfj TroXet, Kare\i7T6.
372
PYRRHUS, x. 3-5
However, because Demetrius had easily and speedily
driven Pyrrhus out of the country, he did not leave
him to his own devices, but now that he had deter-
mined to undertake a great enterprise and to recover
his father's realm with a hundred thousand soldiers
and five hundred ships, he did not wish to have col-
lisions with Pyrrhus, nor yet to leave behind in him
an enterprising and troublesome neighbour for the
Macedonians. He wished, rather, since he had no
time to wage war against Pyrrhus, to come to terms
and make peace with him, and then turn his arms
against the other kings. But after an agreement had
been made between them for these reasons, the pur-
pose of Demetrius became apparent, as well as the
magnitude of his preparations, and the kings, in
alarm, kept sending to Pyrrhus messengers and let-
ters, 1 expressing their amazement that he should let
slip his own opportunity for making war and wait for
Demetrius to seize his; and that when he was able to
drive Demetrius out of Macedonia, since he was now
much occupied and disturbed, he should await the
time when his adversary, at his leisure and after he
had become great, could wage a decisive struggle
with him for the sanctuaries and tombs of the Molos-
sian land, an adversary who had just robbed him of
Corcyra, and his wife besides. For Lanassa, who
found fault with Pyrrhus for being more devoted to
his barbarian wives than to her, had retired to Cor-
cyra, whither, since she desired a royal marriage, she
invited Demetrius, understanding that he, of all the
kings, was most readily disposed to marry wives. So
Demetrius sailed thither, married Lanassa, and left
a garrison in the city.
1 Cf. the Demetrius, xliv. 1.
373
PLUTARCH'S LIVES
XI. TaOra TT/OO? rbv TIvppov ol /3a(7i\et<i ypd-
<f>ovTs d/j,a fcal Bi eavrwv eri fJLe\\ovra teal
ov rbv ArjfjLrjrpiov etcivovv. I!TO-
/j,ev yap erurrXevaas jjieydXw a~ro\a) ra?
crrrj TroXet?, Au<Tt/^a^o? 8e rrjv
MatceSoviav eic pafcr)s efJiftaKtov eiropdei.
Tlvppos Be TOVTOIS afjia avve%avacrTa<; CTTI TSepoiav
Trpo&BoKwv, OTrep avveftrj, Ati/MjTpiov
vcn/JLa^M rrjv Kara) ^oopav airo-
2 \el*fyeiv eprjfjiov. eiceLv^ Be TT}? VVKTOS eBo^e
Kara rovs vrrvovs virb 'A.\e$;dvBpov Ka\el&6ai rov
/jiyd\ov, Kal Trapayevo/Aevos K\ivripr] /JLCV avrbv
IBelv, \6ywv Be xprja-rwv rv%elv KOL (f>i\o(f)po(Tv-
1^779 7rayye\\ofJ,evov TrpodvfJiw^ ftorjdrJGeiv. avrov
Be ro\/j,rfcrai>ro<> elrrelv, " Kat TTW? dv, a> /3ao-i\ev,
VOGWV B war bs et^? e/xol ftorjQelv;" avry avai rw 38
ovo/nan, Kal Treptftdvra Niaaiov ITTTTOV rfyelaOai,.
3 Tavrijv IBwv rrjv otyiv erreppwaOif rd%ei Be
Kal BiaBpafiow ra jxera^v Kara-
ri]v Bepoiav Kal TO TrXetcrro^ avrodi
T7J9 aryoarm? iBpv(ra<; ra \oi7ra rrpoa^yero Bia
TWV crrparriywv. 6 Be A^^Tpio? eVel ravra
TJKOVCTG Kal rrovrjpbv ev rw crrparorreBa) 6opvj3ov
yaOero rwv MaKeBovcov, e'Seicre rroppcorepco rrpo-
ayayeiv, /JLT) Tr\r)alov yevo/Jievoi fiacriXews Ma:eo-
vo? Kal So^av e%ovro<; ^era/3d\wvrai TT/OO? avrov.
4 60ev eTriarpe^ra^ eVt TOI^ TIvppov riyev ew? %evov
Kal fJLicrov/jLevov vrro rwv MaKeBovcov. errel Be
Trape&rparoTreBevaev avr60i, 7ro\\ol T&V K rfjs
374
PYRRHUS, xi. 1-4
XI. Such letters the kings kept sending to Pyr-
rhus, and at the same time on their own part they
assailed Demetrius while he was still waiting to com-
plete his preparations. Ptolemy sailed up with a
great fleet and tried to bring the Greek cities to
revolt, while Lysimachus invaded upper Macedonia
from Thrace and ravaged the country. So Pyrrhus,
taking the field at the same time with these, marched
against Beroea, expecting, as proved to be the case,
that Demetrius would go to confront Lysimachus,
and thus leave the lower country unprotected. That
night Pyrrhus dreamed that he was called by Alex-
ander the Great, and that when he answered the call
he found the king lying on a couch, but met with
kindly speech and friendly treatment from him, and
received a promise of his ready aid and help. ' And
how, O King," Pyrrhus ventured to ask, "when thou
art sick, canst thou give me aid and help ? " " My
name itself will give it," said the king, and mounting
a Nisaean horse he led the way.
This vision gave Pyrrhus great assurance, and
leading his army with all speed through the inter-
vening districts he took possession of Beroea ; then ;
stationing the greater part of his forces there, he
proceeded to subdue the rest of the country through
his generals. When Demetrius heard of this, and
became aware of a pernicious uproar in his camp
on the part of the Macedonians, he was afraid to
lead them farther on, lest on coming into the neigh-
bourhood of a Macedonian king of great renown they
should go over to him. Therefore he turned back and
led them against Pyrrhus, with the idea that he was
a foreigner and hated by the Macedonians. But after
he had pitched his camp over against Pyrrhus, many
375
VOL. IX. N
PLUTARCH'S LIVES
Bepoias a(f)LKvov/jLvot, rbv Hvppov
&>9 a/jLa^ov /JLCV ei> Tot? ovrXot? /cal \a/n7rpbv avBpa,
Trpafixf Be /cal (friXavOpuoTrays rot? r]\(DKOCTi ")(po)-
/jLVf>v. rjaav Be rives ov<$ avrbs 6 Tlvppos
ey/cadiei Trpoa-Troiov/jLevovs elvcu Ma/teSoi/a?, real
OTL vvv tcaipos eVrt TT)? Arj/jL^Tpiov
a7ra\\a r yr)vai, 737)09 avBpa Br)/u,oriKov
/cal fyiX.ocnpaTiwT'rjv /j,Ta/3a\on,ei>ov<? rov Hvppov.
5 e/c rovrov TO Tr\ela-Tov avrjpeOiaro TT}? crr/oaria?,
/cal TOV Ylvppov etyrovv TrepicrKOTrovvres.
jap a<f>r)pr)i.ievo5 TO Kpdvos, a^pi ov
KOL 7rd\tv l TrepiOe/aevos eyvuxrOri TW re
KOI TO?? Tpayixois Kepacriv, ware
Ma/ceSoi^a? crvvOrffjia 7rpoa-Tpe)(ovTas airelv,
Be K\dBov<$ Bpubs dvaorrec^eo'Oai, Bia TO
teal TOU? jrepl etcelvov eaTe^avwfjiei'OV^ opav ijBr]
Be teal 777)09 av-rov rives eroX-fjLwv \eyeiv rov
Ar)/j,rjrpiov a>9 vTre/ccrras /cal TTpoe/j,evos ra irpdy-
fjiara fca\ws Bo^ei jBe/SovXevaOai, rovrois roll
\6yois ofJLOiov opwv TO KLi>rj/.ia rov (TrparoTreBov
/cpvcfra Bte^eTreae, /cavcria nvl /cal
p rrepiarrei\a<; eavrov. erre\Oa3V Be
6 Tlvppo? d/jua-^el rrapeX-afte TO crrparoTreBov /cal
/3aa-i\evs dvrjyopevO?] Ma/ceBovcov.
XII. 'RirKpavevTOS Be Avai/jid'^ov /cal KOIVOV
epyov dfi,(f)Oiv rrotov/Jievov rrjv ^.r^/jLTjrpiOV /card-
\VGIV KOI vepeaOai rrjv ffacriXeiav d^iovvros,
OVTTCO rrdvv /3e/3atw? Tot9 MaKeBocri mcrrevwv o
Tlvppos, d\\ ayu-^)t/3oXo9 wv ev avrols eBe^aro
rov A.vcri/j.d%ov rrjv rrpoK\7)a-Lv, Kal Bievei/jiavro
1 Before irspiQtpevos, with Blass : ird\iv ffv/j.<ppov"fiffas.
376
PYRRHUS, xi. 4-xii. i
Beroeans came thither with loud praises of Pyrrlius ;
they said he was invincible in arms and a brilliant
hero, and treated his captives with mildness and
humanity. There were some also whom Pyrrhus
himself sent into the camp ; they pretended to be
Macedonians, and said that now was the favourable
time to rid themselves of Demetrius and his severity,
by going over to Pyrrhus, a man who was gracious to
the common folk and fond of his soldiers. In con-
sequence of this, the greater part of the army was
all excitement, and went about looking for Pyrrhus ;
for it chanced that he had taken off his helmet, and
he was not recognised until he bethought himself
and put it on again, when its towering crest and its
goat's horns made him known to all. Some of the
Macedonians therefore ran to him and asked him for
his watchword, and others put garlands of oaken
boughs about their heads because they saw the
soldiers about him garlanded. And presently even
to Demetrius himself certain persons ventured to say
that if he quietly withdrew and renounced his under-
takings men would think that he had taken wise
counsel. He saw that this advice tallied with the
agitation in the camp, and was frightened, and
secretly stole away, after putting on a broad-brimmed
hat and a simple soldier's cloak. So Pyrrhus came
up, took the camp without a blow, and was proclaimed
king of Macedonia.
XII. But now Lysimachus made his appearance,
claimed that the overthrow of Demetrius had been
the joint work of both, and demanded a division of
the kingdom. So Pyrrhus, who did not yet feel en-
tire confidence in the Macedonians, but was still
doubtful about them, accepted the proposition of
377
PLUTARCH'S LIVES
ra? 7roXe*9 Kal rtjv ^oopav 777)09 aXX?;Xou9.
2 TOVTO Be wvrjcre fj,ev ev rw Trapovri Kal KareTravcre
TOV 7roXeyu,oi> auTOi?, o\iyu> Be varepov eyvcocrav
OVK a7rd\\ayr]v e%0pa<$, aXX' ejK\rjfidra)V KOI
Sia<f)Opd<? ap~)(r)V TreTroirjijLevoi rrjv ve/JLycrLV. ot?
yap ov TreA.a'yo?, OVK 0/009, OVK doiKijTOS eprj/j-ia
Trepas eo~ri ir\eove^ia^, ovo' ol bLaipovvres
TTTJV KOL 'Acr/az> rep/jLoves opi^ovcn ra? eTTi
av aiTTOfJievoi KOI fyavovTes a\\rj\wv arpe-
ei> rot? Trapovai fir] d&iKovvres, OVK ecrriv
, aXXa TroXeyuoucrt /j,ev dei, TO e7ri>j3ov\eveiv
oveiv e'fKpvrov e^o^re?, oveiv Be OVO^CLTWV,
7ro\e/j,av Kal elprjvfls, T&>
vryoo? ro av/jL^epov, ov irpos
TO BiKaiov, 7rel fteXrfiovs ye 7ro\e/*eiv ofJLo\oyovv-
T6? elcriv 77 T?}? aSf/^ta? TO dpyovv Kal o")(o\d%ov
4 BtKaLocrvvTjv Kal fyiXiav 6vojji<iovT$. eBij\a)<re Be
o Tlvppos- e/jLTroBwv yap av%o/jievq) ru> A?;yU-?;T/otft)
7ra\iv to~Tayue^o9, Kal K(t)\va)v TTJV BvvajJLiv o
e dppwarlas /jieyd\r)<? dva\aj&/3dvovcrav, e
Tot? "EXXT/o-t Kal Trapr}\6ev et? Ta<?
az/a/3a? Se 6i? TTJV aKpoiroXiv Kal Qvaas rfj dew
Kal Kara/3ds avOrjfjiepov dyaTrdv fjiev e^rfcre rov
Bt]/jLov Tijv 7T/90? avTOV evioiav Kal TT'IGTIV, av
fj,VTOi crco^povcoa-i, fjirj^eva T&V ftacriXewv eri
Trap^aeLv avrovs et? TTJV no\iv /jb^Be Ta?
5 dvol%etv CK rovrov Kal TT^OO? &i]jj,iJTpiov
7roir)o-aTO, Kal per o\iyov ^povov, 6t9
378
PYRRHUS, xii. 1-5
Lysimachus, and they divided the cities and the
territory with one another. This availed for the
present, and prevented war between them, but
shortly afterward they perceived that the distribution
which they had made did not put an end to their
enmity, but gave occasion for complaints and quarrels.
For how men to whose rapacity neither sea nor
mountain nor uninhabitable desert sets a limit, men
to whose inordinate desires the boundaries which
separate Europe and Asia put no stop, can remain
content with what they have and do one another no
wrong when they are in close touch, it is impossible
to say. Nay, they are perpetually at war, because
plots and jealousies are parts of their natures, and
they treat the two words, war and peace, like cur-
rent coins, using whichever happens to be for their
advantage, regardless of justice ; for surely they are
better men when they wage war openly than when
they give the names of justice and friendship to the
times of inactivity and leisure which interrupt their
work of injustice. And Pyrrhus made this plain;
for, setting himself to hinder the growing power of
Demetrius, and trying to prevent its recovery, so to
speak, from a serious illness, he went to the help of
the Greeks and entered Athens. Here he went up
to the acropolis and sacrificed to the goddess, then
came down again on the same day, and told the
people he was well pleased with the confidence and
goodwill which they had shown him, but that in
future, if they were wise, they would not admit any
one of the kings into their city nor open their gates
to him. After this, he actually made peace with De-
metrius, but in a little while, when Demetrius had
379
PLUTARCH'S LIVES
avrov, ird\iv TreicrOels VTTO
SerraXiav d(f)LcrTrj teal rat? 'EXX^t/cat?
t, ySeXrtocrt ^paijitez'o? rot? Ma/ceS6crt
rj <r^oXaof<rj, /cat oXw? auro?
ou/c ei5 7T/30? rjcrv^lav Tre^f/cco?.
TeXo? Se ^rjfirjTpiov Kara7ro\.^LrjOevTO<i ev
^vpia Aw<rtyaa^o5 CTT' aSeta? yevofievos KOI cr^o-
6 \d%wv evOvs 7rl TOP Hvppov wp^ae. KOI
irepl rrjv "ESecrcra^ avrov rat? dyopat?
eiTrecrcoy Atat Kpano-as iropav
TrepieaTrjaev, elra ypd/^^iacri KOI
TOU? Trpu>Tov<$ rwv
el evov avSpa /cat irpoyovwv del Be&ov-
Secnrorrjv k\6fjivoi rou?
/cat crui/^et? dirwOovcn
ava r n.i6o^vwv Se 7ro\\wv Setcra? o
II vppos a7rr}\\dyrj fjierd r?)? 'H7ret/9&)Tt;7}? KOI
T/J07T&) 7rape\a{3ei>. 06 ev ouS' aiTiaaQai rou?
TroXXov? e%ov(Tiv ol /3a(7tXet? jjieTaTiOefJievovs
TT/OO? TO (Tv^epov e/cetz/ou? 7a/3 aurou? Tavra
real Trpo&ocrias
6'yra?, /cat
\ela9ai TOV eXa^tara rw St/catw
XIII. Tore 8' o^y 66? "H ireipov eKTrecrovTi r&>
/cat Trpoe/jievw Ma/ceSoi'tap 77
Xprjadai rot? Trapovaw dirpay/jiova)? /cat
380
PYRRHUS, xii. 5-xin. i
set out for Asia, he once more took the advice of
Lysimachus and tried to bring Thessaly to revolt,
besides waging war upon the garrisons of Demetrius
in the Greek cities. For he found that the Mace-
donians were better disposed when they were on a
campaign than when they were unoccupied, and he
himself was by nature entirely averse to keeping
quiet.
But at last, after Demetrius had been wholly over-
thrown in Syria, 1 Lysimachus, who now felt himself
secure, and had nothing on his hands, at once set
out against Pyrrhus. Pyrrhus was in camp at Edessa,
where Lysimachus fell upon his provision trains and
mastered them, thus bringing him to straits ; then,
by letters and conferences he corrupted the leading
Macedonians, upbraiding them because they had
chosen as lord and master a man who was a foreigner,
whose ancestors had always been subject to
Macedonia, and were thrusting the friends and
familiars of Alexander out of the country. After
many had thus been won over, Pyrrhus took alarm
and departed with his Epeirots and allied forces, thus
losing Macedonia precisely as he got it. 2 Whence
we see that kings have no reason to find fault with
popular bodies for changing sides as suits their inter-
ests ; for in doing this they are but imitating the
kings themselves, who are their teachers in unfaith-
fulness and treachery, and think him most advantaged
who least observes justice.
XIII. At this time, then, when Pyrrhus had been
driven back into Epeirus and had given up Mace-
donia, Fortune put it into his power to enjoy what he
had without molestation, to live in peace, and to
1 At the battle of Ipsus, 301 B.C. Cf. the Demetrius,
chapter xliv. 2 Cf. chapter xi.
PLUTARCH'S LIVES
r)v ev eiprjvrj (SacrtXevovra rwv oiKeiwv o Be TO
zr) irapeyeiv erepois KCLKO. /A^Be e^eiv vfi ereputv
aX,vv nva vavrictiB')-) vo/j,ia)v, >rep 6 '
OVK efape rrjv
a\\a
avdi /jLi'(ov, Trodeecr/ce 8' avTi]v re 7rr6\e/^6v re.
? S' ovv eXafte Trpa^^drwv KCLIVWV roiav-
2 rrjv v-rroOeaiv. 'Pojfj.aloi 'YapavrlvoLS e
oi Be fjui'ce (pepeiv rov
KOI
eftovXevovro TroielaOai Tlvppov ^ye^ova KOL
Kakeiv eVl rov 7r6\/JLOv co? a^o\y^v ayovra
TrXeicrrriv rwv (Bacn\ewv Kal arpar^yov ovra
Seii'orarov. rwv Be TT peer (Sure pwv KOI vovv
e^6vra)v TToKir&v oi /JLCV avriKpvs eviffrd/jLevoi
vrpo? rrjv yvcoM.yv e^eTrnrrov VTTO tcpavyijs /cal
/Bias TWV TroXejjiOTroiwv, oi Be ravra opwvres
3 aTTekeiTTOv ra? e/etffcqiria?. et? Be T/? dvrjp
eViet/c?;?, M.era)v ovofjia, rfjs 7;yu,epa? efceivrjs ev
rj TO Boy/Jia Kvpovv e^\\ov eva-rdcrris KOI rov
Br]/uLOv Katfe^OfJievov, \aj3wv (rre&avov rwv
KOL \afi7rdBtov, w&Trep oi fietfuovTes,
v^rjyovfjLevrj^ avrw Trpo? rrjv eKK\^a'iav etcM
ola Be ev o^Xw S^/^o/cpar/a? Koayiov OVK
oi nev eKporovv iBovrev, oi Be ye\a>v, etco)\ve Be
ouSei?, aXXa Aral TO yvvaiov av\elv Katcelvov
aBeiv e/c6\Gvov et? fjiearov l irpoe\9ovra' 2 ' Kal rouro
4 TToit'jcrwv eTTtSo^o? 971^. yevojjievrjs Be
1 tls fifffov with Blass and most MSS :
2 Trpoe\6oi>Ta Blass, after Reiske : irpoaf\66vra.
382
PYRRHUS, xin. 1-4
reign over his own people. But he thought it tedious
to the point of nausea if he were not inflicting mis-
chief on others or suffering it at others' hands, and
like Achilles could not endure idleness,
" but ate his heart away
Remaining there, and pined for war-cry and battle." 1
Filled with such desires, then, he found ground
for fresh undertakings in the following circumstances.
The Romans were at war with the people of Taren-
tum, who, being able neither to carry on the war, nor
yet, owing to the rashness and villainy of their pop-
ular leaders, to put an end to it, wished to make
Pyrrhus their leader and summon him to the war,
believing him to be most at leisure of all the kings,
and a most formidable general. Of the elderly and
sensible citizens, some who were directly opposed to
this plan were overborne by the clamour and vio-
lence of the war party, and others, seeing this, ab-
sented themselves from the assembly. But there
was a certain worthy man, Meton by name, who,
when the day on which the decree was to be ratified
was at hand and the people were taking their seats
in the assembly, took a withered garland and a
torch, after the way of revellers, and came dancing
in behind a flute-girl who led the way for him.
Then, as will happen in a throng of free people not
given to decorum, some clapped their hands at
sight of him, and others laughed, but none tried
to stop him ; nay, they bade the woman play on her
flute and called upon Meton to come forward and
give them a song ; and it was expected that he
would do so. But when silence had been made,
1 Iliad, i. 491 f.
N2 383
PLUTARCH'S LIVES
?," e<?7, " Tapavrlvoi, KaX&s Troieire
Kal Ktofjid^eiv, e&>9 e^eari, roi? /3oiAo-
(f)0ovovvr6S. eav Be crco^pov^re, Kal
d7ro\avcrere en rr}? e\ev6epias, &>? erepa
Kal ftiov teal Siairav e^ovres orav
Iluppo? ei? TI]V TTO\LV TrapajevijTai" Tavra
pvjQevra TOU? TroXXou? eireLo-e rwv Tapavrivcov,
/cal Opovs $ieSpa/j.e rrjs e/c/cX^cria? co? eu Xe^/o-
5 ijuevwv. ol Be TOU? 'Pw/tatoi;? SeSiore?, yu^ 76^0-
fjievrjs elpi]vrj^ exSodcocri, TOV re STJ/JLOV e\OiB6povv
el (frepei Trpaws eTrt/cwyu-a^o/^e^o? oi/ra)?
/cat TrapoivoviJLevo'S, TOV re Mercova
Be rov Boy/^aros Kvpiov ^evofJLevov rcpe-
<j/3e/9 evre/i'v/ra^ et? "HTreipov, ov% avrwv /JLOVOV,
d\\a Kal rwv '\ra\LWTMV, Bwpa ru> Ylvppfo
KOfjLi^ovras Kal \eyovras a>? 7776^0^09 e/Affrpovos 391
6 Seovrai Kal B6%av ey^ovTos, Bvvd/jiets Be avroOev
aeydXat rcapd re AevKavwv Kal
Kal "Zavvirwv Kal Tapavrivwv et?
/TTTret?, rre^wv Be oaov rf&vre. Kal
rpiaKovra /JivpidBas. ravra ov [JLOVOV avrov
errripe rov TIvppov, d\\a Kal rot? 'H7re/oa>Ta?
TT poO v fjiiav eve/3a\e Kal op/jbrjv T/}? crrpareta?.
XIV. ^Rv Be T? Ktz^ea?, ecrcraXo? avtfp, rq>
fjtev $>poveiv BOKWV iKavos elvai, ArjuoaOevovs Be
rov pYjropos aKTjKoux; eBoKet /JLOVOS ev /uaXtcrra l
rare \6y6vrtov olov ev CLKOVL T?}? e/eelvov
Kal Beii'orrjros dva/j,i/Avr)crKiv
1 fj.6vos c5 fj.d\i<TTa Sintenis, with Ss ; Bekker corrects v
to ^ (alone or most), after Bryan and Reiske, and is followed
by Blass ; AC have /j.d\i<TTa eS p.6vos.
384
PYRRHUS, xni. 4-xiv. i
he said : " Men of Tarentum, ye do well not to
frown upon those who wish to sport and revel, while
they can. And if ye are wise, ye will all also get
some enjoyment still out of your freedom, assured
that ye will have other business and a different life
and diet when Pyrrhus has come into the city."
These words brought conviction to most of the
Tarentines, and a murmur of applause ran through the
assembly. But those who were afraid that if peace
were made they would be given up to the Romans,
reviled the people for tamely submitting to such
shameless treatment from a drunken reveller, and
banding together they cast Meton out. 1
And so the decree was ratified, and the people
sent ambassadors to Pyrrhus, 2 not only from their
own number, but also from the Italian Greeks. These
brought gifts to Pyrrhus, and told him they wanted a
leader of reputation and prudence, and that he would
find there large forces gathered from Lucania, Mes-
sapia, Samnium, and Tarentuin, amounting to twenty
thousand horse and three hundred and fifty thousand
foot all told. This not only exalted Pyrrhus himself,
but also inspired the Epeirots with eagerness to un-
dertake the expedition.
XIV. Now, there was a certain Cineas, a man of
Thessaly, with a reputation for great wisdom, who
had been a pupil of Demosthenes the orator, and
was quite the only public speaker of his day who was
thought to remind his hearers, as a statue might,
of that great orator's power and ability. Associating
1 Cf. Dionysius Hal., Excerpta ex lib. xix, t 8.
2 In the summer of 281 B.C.
385
PLUTARCH'S LIVES
crvvwv Be ry Tluppa) teal
eVl T9 7roXet9 efteftaiov TO
on, " Trav e^atpet \6yos
"
o teal crtS?7y009 7roXeyuto)z> Bpdaeiev av.
2 6 7ow Tlvppos e\ey Tr\eLova<; TroXet? LTTO
rot? yoi$ rj Tot9 oVXot? u^>' eavrov
teal $i6T\i TOV avBpa TI/JLCOV eV rot? /ndXicrra teal
OLTO? GUI' TOI^ EIi;/0/)0^ O)p/JL7JJJLV^V TOT6
eVi TTJV *\Ta\iav et9 \oyovs errr/ydyero
iBoov o"%o\d^ovTa. " IIoXe/uaTal fJ>ev,
-, r Pa)yuatot Xeyovrai teal vroXXwy Wv&xv
ap'XpvTes' el Be Boirj 0ebs TrepiyevecrOai
3 TWV avbpwv, 11 %p'ijcr6fJLe8a TTJ virey;" teal 6 Hvp-
p09, " Ep&>Ta9, einrev, " w Ktz^ea, irpayfjua fyaivo-
fjuevov oure /3dp{3apo<$ fjiuv e/eel ?roXf9 oure
J;OfjLv evOvs '\ra\iav cnraaav, ^9 fjieyeOos teal
dperrjv teal Svva/jLiv a'XXw TTOV TLVL paXKov ayvoelv
77 crol TrpoGijteei." /jutepbv ovv e7ri,o"%u)v o Kf^ea?,
" *\Ta\iav Se," elirev, " w ftaaikev, \a/36vre<>, TL
4 TTot^cro/u.ei';" teal 6 Tlvppos OVTTW rr)V Bidvoiav
^elpa^ opeyei, vfjaos evoaij^wv teal 7TO\vdv0p(t)7ros,
d\wvai Be pdcrrrj- ardent ydp, a> Kii/ea, iravra
vvv e/eeiva teal dvap^ia 7roXe&>^ teal
e<j>ij, ' \eyeis, 6 Kti/ea9' " aXX' rj TOVTO
5
yap 6|a<pe? \6yos
t Kal ffiSrjpos TroXf/nicav Spdfffifv &i>.
(Phoenissae, 517 f., Kirchhoflf.)
386
PYRRHUS, xiv. 1-5
himself with Pyrrhus, and sent by him as ambassador
to the cities, he confirmed the saying of Euripides,
to wit, "all can be won by eloquence
That even the sword of warring enemies might
gain."
At any rate, Pyrrhus used to say that more cities
had been won for him by the eloquence of Cineas
than by his own arms ; and he continued to hold
Cineas in especial honour and to demand his services.
It was this Cineas, then, who, seeing that Pyrrhus
was eagerly preparing an expedition at this time to
Italy, and finding him at leisure for the moment,
drew him into the following discourse. " The
Romans, O Pyrrhus, are said to be good fighters,
and to be rulers of many warlike nations ; if, then,
Heaven should permit us to conquer these men, how
should we use our victory?" And Pyrrhus said:
"Thy question, O Cineas, really needs no answer;
the Romans once conquered, there is neither bar-
barian nor Greek city there which is a match for
us, but we shall at once possess all Italy, the great
size and richness and importance of which no man
should know better than thyself." After a little
pause, then, Cineas said : "And after taking Italy,
O King, what are we to do?" And Pyrrhus, not yet
perceiving his intention, replied : " Sicily is near,
and holds out her hands to us, an island abounding in
wealth and men, and very easy to capture, for all is
faction there, her cities have no government, and
demagogues are rampant now that Agathocles is
gone." "What thou sayest," replied Cineas, "is
probably true ; but will our expedition stop with the
taking of Sicily ?" " Heaven grant us," said Pyrrhus,
387
PLUTARCH'S LIVES
6 TIvppOS, " VIKOLV SlBwr) Kal KClTOpOoVV
rovrot? 8e Trpodycocri
Tt? yap av aTrocr^oiro Aifturjs KCL\
U) yevo/.ii>rj<$, rjv '
teal
vava\v 6\iyat<; \a(3elv Trap 1 ovSev rjXOev; on
TOVTWV Kpar^aaaiv r)/j,iv ouSet? dvTiarrjcreTai,
vvv vIBpi^ovrwv 7ro\,fjLi(t)v, TL av \eyoi
tt /^ ' ^ ' " ' ~f7~ ' * it 5" > '\ \ ft
6 Ouoei^, o Ht^ea? etTre* or]\ov yap on
M.aK6&oinav dva\a/3eiv tcai rr/s
vTrdp^ei /Se/^ata)? a-Tro rrj\iKavrrj^
yevo/jievcov Se irdvrwv v(f)' TJ/JLIV, TI
o Ely/o/oos 7Tiye\dcra^, "
7ro\\rjv, Kal KU>@WV, &)
ecrrai, Kal Sta \oymv (rvvovres
7 ev^pavovfJLev.^ evravOa 8?; TWI^ \oywv
TOV Tlvppov 6 Ktz^ea?, " Eira," e^>?;, " rt
IGTLV
Kal a")(o\d%eiv /JLCT* d\\r)\a)v, el ravra e
ijSrj Kal irdpecmv a7rpay/j,6vci)S e^>' a 8t* at/zaro?
Kal TTQVWV jjLeyd\wv Kal KLV&VVWV /JLe\\OfJiev d(f)i-
, rroXXa Kal Spdaavres erepovs Kaica Kal
8 Tow-rot? rot? Xoyot? rjvlacre paXkov rj
rov Tlvppov o Ktz/ea?, vo^cravra /JLCV o&rjv arre-
\6i7Tv evSai/uioviav, a>v Be wpeyero ra? e'XTTtSa?
dcfrelvai /mrj Swd/Aevov.
XV. UpwTov [lev ovv aTrecrrefXe rbv Kiveav
rot? Tapavrivois (TTparicora? ayovra
388
PYRRHUS, xiv. 5-xv. i
" victory and success so far ; and we will make these
contests but the preliminaries of great enterprises.
For who could keep his hands off Libya, or Carthage,
when that city got within his reach, a city which
Agathocles, slipping stealthily out of Syracuse and
crossing the sea with a few ships, narrowly missed
taking ? And when we have become masters here,
no one of the enemies who now treat us with scorn
will offer further resistance ; there is no need of
saying that." " None whatever," said Cineas, "for
it is plain that with so great a power we shall be
able to recover Macedonia and rule Greece securely.
But when we have got everything subject to us,
what are we going to do?" Then Pyrrhus smiled
upon him and said : " We shall be much at ease,
and we'll drink bumpers, my good man, every day,
and we'll gladden one another's hearts with confi-
dential talks." And now that Cineas had brought
Pyrrhus to this point in the argument, he said :
"Then what stands in our way now if we want to
drink bumpers and while away the time with one
another ? Surely this privilege is ours already, and
we have at hand, without taking any trouble, those
things to which we hope to attain by bloodshed and
great toils and perils, after doing much harm to
others and suffering much ourselves."
By this reasoning of Cineas Pyrrhus was more
troubled than he was converted ; he saw plainly
what great happiness he was leaving behind him,
but was unable to renounce his hopes of what he
eagerly desired.
XV. First, then, he sent Cineas to Tarentum with
three thousand soldiers ; next, after numerous
389
PLUTARCH'S LIVES
TroXXcoz' iTTTnjywv real reaTafbpdreTCOv KOI
iwv TravToBaTTwv IK. TdpavTo? KO/jLia6ei>Twv
eve/3 ifta^ev e\e(j)avTas etreoat real Tpio-^ikiovs
iTTTret?, 7rebi>9 Be Bio-/jLvpiovs KOI BICT)^I\LOV^ 392
ro^ora? real crtyevBovijTas TrevTaKO&iovs. yevo-
fiei'wv $6 TrdvTwv eroi^wv dva^del<f eVXet' teal
fjiiaov ^wv TOV ^\oviov apTra^erat (Bopeq ave/JLw
2 Trap* wpav etcpayevTi. real ftiacrdels auro? fj^ev
apery real irpoOvfJiia vavrwv KCU KvfiepvrjTcov
%av(f)epe real TTpocravr)<ye Ty <yy TroXvjrovws teal
7rapa/3oA,co?, TOV Be d\\ov cnokov
real TMV vewv a-/ceBacr6eia'wv al /ie/
'IraXta? e^eciiaOTjcrav e/? TO Aiftvreov real
7T\ayos, ra? Be V7rep/3a\iv
atepav 'laTruyiav vv% re reareXd/^/
reai TroXX?) real ^aXeTrr) ddXaaaa jraiovcra
ywpla Bucrop/jLa real ru(f)\d Tracra? Biefifleipe
3 rr}? (3a<ri\iKri$. avrr] Be 7T\ajLov 1 /j,ev ert 6Wo?
TOV /fu/xaro? r)/*vveTO real Bierftevye fj,eye@ei real
poo/Liy ra? e7rt/3oXa? T/}? ^aXacrcr?;?- eVel Se
TrepL\6ov aTTo 7^9 a?r?;yTa TO TTvev/^a real
reivBvvov el^ev fj vavs avfiirptopo'S ((JTa^kvY
re\vB(i)va TTO\VI> Biappayijvai, TO Be ec^e^Ta?
rjypiM/jieva) ireXdyei real irvevfjiaTi Tpovra?
{BdvovTi TravToBajrds <$>epe(rdai (fio/SepMTepov e0at-
I^GTO TWV 7rapovTO)v rearewv, dpa<j 6 Ylvppos avTov
4 d<prJKev et9 6d\aaaav t real TWV (friXojv real TWV
Bopv<$>6p(Dv evOvs rjv a(JLi\\a real TrpoOvfLia
Trepl avTQV. rj Be vv% real TO rev^a fj,Ta
tyo(j)ov /j,eyd\ov real Tpa%eia*i dvatcoTrr)? %a\e7rr)V
erroLL TTJV /SoijOeiav, wcrTe /zoXi9 rj/^epa^ ijBrj
1 ir\ayiov with Sintenis 1 , Blass, and the MSS. : *e\aylov.
390
PYRRHUS, xv. 1-4
cavalry- transports, decked vessels, and passage-boats
of every sort had been brought over from Tarentum,
he put on board of them twenty elephants and three
thousand horse, twenty thousand foot, two thousand
archers, and five hundred slingers. When all was
ready, he put out and set sail ; but when he was half
way across the Ionian sea he was swept away by a
north wind that burst forth out of all season. In
spite of its violence he himself, through the bravery
and ardour of his seamen and captains, held out and
made the land, though with great toil and danger ;
but the rest of the fleet was thrown into confusion
and the ships were scattered. Some of them missed
Italy and were driven off into the Libyan and
Sicilian sea ; others, unable to round the lapygian
promontory, were overtaken by night, and a heavy
and violent sea, which drove them upon harbourless
and uncertain shores, and destroyed them all except
the royal galley. She, as long as the waves drove
upon her side, held her own, and was saved by her
great size and strength from the blows of the water ;
but soon the wind veered round and met her from
the shore, and the ship was in danger of being
crushed by the heavy surges if she stood prow on
against them. However, to allow her again to be
tossed about by an angry open sea and by blasts of
wind that came from all directions, was thought to
* r
be more fearful than their present straits. Pyrrhus
therefore sprang up and threw himself into the sea,
and his friends and bodyguards were at once
emulously eager to help him. But night and the
billows with their heavy crashing and violent recoil
made assistance difficult, so that it was not until day
391
PLUTARCH'S LIVES
TOV Trvevaros ettTreaelv avrov
rrjv yfjv, TU> fjiev crwfiaTi TravTairacriv
%ovTa, roXyiir? Be /cal pu>fJ<y rijs -^rv^i}^ avraipovra
5 77/30? Trjv airop'iav. a/j,a 5e o'L re
/cad* ou? e^eftpdcrOii, crvveOeov ftoriOovvres eV
7rap6vT(t)v 7rpo0v/jL(o$, KOL Trpoaefyepovro TWV
cr(i)o[j,evwv eviai vewv, ev a?? rjcrav (TTTret? pei*
o\iyoL TravTciTracri, 7reol Be Bia")(L\Lu>v e'Xarroi;?,
eX,e0a^T9 Be Bvo.
XVI. Tourou? dva\a/3a>v 6 Hvppos 6J3diev
et? Tapavra. KCLI TOV Kiveov Trpoayayovros et?
dTrdvrrjcriv, a>5 ycrQero, TOU? (jr/oartcora?, 7rape\-
6u)V ovBev aKQVTdDV ovBe Trpo? fiiav eTrparre TWV
Tapavrivav, 60)? dvecrootfrjcrav ai vrjes etc
#aXaTT77? Kal (rvvf)\06v rj TrXeiVrT; TT}?
2 TrjviKavra Se opwv TO 7r\fj0os avev
J olov erceivov TrpoTrokeiJLovvTOS OLKOI, /ca6i}(T0ai
Trepl \ourpd /cal crvvovGias yevofjievov, dire/cXetcre
fjiev ra yv/jLvd&ia Kal TOU? TrepiTrdrovs, ev ol?
d\vovre<i vTrep rwv Trpay/jLdrwv \6yw Siecrrparij-
yovv, 7TOTOU9 Be /cal K&JJLOVS Kal Oa\ia<$ dfcalpovs
dvel\ev, e/cd\et Be TT/JO? ra oVXa, /cal Trepl TOU?
/cara\oyovs rwv (TTparevo/jLevav dTrapairrjro^
rjv /cal Xu7r?7yoo?, wcrre TroXXoi/? e/c T?}? 7roXeo)9
dijOeia TOV ap^eaOai Bov\eiav TO
3 EiTret, Be Aaifiivos 6 TWV '
/7raro?
rjyye\\TO 7ro\\fj aTpaTia "^wpeiv eV avTov a//a
392
PYRRHUS, xv. 4-xvi. 3
had already come and the wind was dying away that
he succeeded in gaining the shore, in body altogether
powerless, but with boldness and strength of spirit
still making head against his distress. The Messapians,
among whom he had been cast forth, ran together
with eager offers to assist as well as they could, and
at the same time some of his ships that had escaped
the storm came up ; in these there were but a few
horsemen all told, less than two thousand footmen,
and two elephants.
XVI. With these Pyrrhus set out for Tarentum,
where Cineas, on learning of his approach, led out
his soldiers to meet him. Entering the city, he did
nothing that was against the wishes of the Tarentines,
nor did he put any compulsion upon them, until his
ships came back in safety from the sea and the
greater part of his forces were assembled. Then,
however, seeing that the multitude were incapable,
unless under strong constraint, of either saving
themselves or saving others, but were inclined to let
him do their fighting for them while they remained
at home in the enjoyment of their baths and social
festivities, he closed up the gymnasia and the public
walks, where, as they strolled about, they fought
out their country's battles in talk ; he also put a
stop to drinking-bouts, revels, and festivals, as un-
seasonable, called the men to arms, and was stern
and inexorable in his enrolment of them for military
service. Man) therefore left the city, since they were
not accustomed to being under orders, and called it
servitude not to live as they pleased.
And now word was brought to Pyrrhus that
Laevinus the Roman consul was coming against him
393
PLUTARCH'S LIVES
\ ' /J ~ > > / ^ t
AevKaviav oiarropuwv, ovoerrw /nev OL
fJi(ij(Oi Traprj&av avrw, Beivov Be
ava(jyk<j6ai Kal TrepuBelv rovs TroXe/u'oL'? eyyv-
repw rrpoibvras e%rf\9e fiera T?}? Sf^a/^ew?, TT/OO-
vKa ?rpo? TOU? 'Pwyaatof?, et
avTol? Trpo 7ro\e/jiov BIKCLS \a/3eiv Trapa
, avrw BiKaarfj Kal BidX\a/crfj
4 fievovs. aTTOKpiva/Jievov Be rov Acu/Bivov
TLvppov aipelaOai 'P&)/
7ro\e/j,LOV, 7rpoe~\.6a)v Karecrrparo-
ev rq> f^era^u TreBiw ITat'Socrta?
KOI 'Hyoa/eXeta?. TrvOo/jievos 8e TOU?
elvai Kal Trepav TOV *5Lipio<$ 'jrora/jiov /cara-
eiv, TrpocriTnrevcre ra> Trorafjiw Oeas
Kal Kan&cov rd^LV re Kal 0fXa:a? Kal
avrwv Kal TO a-^rj/^a T^? crrparoire&elas
5 eOav^aae, Kal rwv 'i\wv Trpocrayopevcras rov
eyyvra.ro>, " Ta^t? /^e^," elirev, " w Me7a/cXei?,
TCOV ftapjBdpwv ov ftdpftapos, ro Be epyov
^C'Nj. '? " >' v
a. Kai oia (ppovnoos eX wv V^l ro
eyvw TOU? crv/jL/jLa^ov^ dvafjieveiv, rot? Se
av rrporepov errL^eipwa-i Siaftaiveiv,
eirea-rrjcre fyvXarci-jv vrrep rov rrora/jLOV rrjv
6 el'p^ova-av. ol Be, airep eKeivos eyvw 7repi/j,eveiv,
<$>6r)vai GTrevBovres, eve^eipovv rfj Bia/Bdaei, Kara
TTOpOV fjLV OL 7T%Oi, r 7TO\\a')(oOeV Be Ol
Biei;\avvovrS rov Trora/nov, ware Beivavras
Ki>K\a)(TLV dva^wpelv TOU? ''EXX^i'a?, al&flo/nevov
Be rov Tlvppov Kal Biarapa%0evra rot? fjiev
r)ye/jLQ<ri rov rre^ov rrapeyyvav evOvs et? rdiv
KaBicrracrOai Kal rrepi/Jiiveiv ev rot? oTrXot?, avrbv
394
PYRRHUS, xvi. 3-6
with a large army and plundering Lucania as he
came. Pyrrhus had not yet been joined by his allies,
but thinking it an intolerable thing to hold back and
suffer his enemies to advance any nearer, he took
the field with his forces, having first sent a herald to
the Romans with the enquiry whether it was their
pleasure, before waging war, to receive satisfaction
from the Italian Greeks, employing him as arbiter
and mediator. But Laevinus made answer that the
Romans neither chose Pyrrhus as a mediator nor
feared him as a foe. Pyrrhus therefore went for-
ward and pitched his camp in the plain between the
cities of Pandosin and Heracleia. When he learned
that the Romans were near and lay encamped on the
further side of the river Siris, he rode up to the
river to get a view of them ; and when he had
observed their discipline, the appointment of their
watches, their order, and the general arrangement
of their camp, he was amazed, and said to the friend
who was nearest him : " The discipline of these
Barbarians is not barbarous ; but the result will show
us what it amounts to." He was now less confident
of the issue, and determined to wait for his allies;
but he stationed a guard on the bank of the river to
check the Romans if, in the meantime, they should
attempt to cross it. The Romans, however, anxious
to anticipate the coming of the forces which Pyrrhus
had decided to await, attempted the passage, their
infantry crossing the river by a ford, and their cavalry
dashing through the water at many points, so that
the Greeks on guard, fearing that they would be
surrounded, withdrew. When Pyrrhus saw this, he
was greatly disturbed, and charging his infantry
officers to form in line of battle at once and stand
395
PLUTARCH'S LIVES
Be rols imrevcri Trape%e\daai rpta-^LXiois OVCTLV,
e\,7riovra Biaftaivovras eri KOI ^iearracr^evov^
7 drdtcrovs \rj-fr(T0ai rou? 'Pw/umou?. errel 8
k(apa Ovpeovs re TroXXou? VTreptyaivo/uievovs rov
Trora/Jiov teal TGI/? /TTTTei? erreXavvovTcis ev
^ evej3a\e TT/JCOTO?, avroOev re
KOI
, KOL rrjv $6%av eTriSeiKiw/ievos epyot? OVK
dirobeovcrav avrov TT}? dperrjs' /AtiXiara Be on, ra?
/cat TO <ra>yua Trape^cov TOJ a^wvt KOI rou?
avrov a^vvo^evo^ e/o/ow/^ew? ou
8 TOZ> XoyicrfAov ov&e rov fypovelv e^errnrrev, a\\
wcrrrep e^wOev etfiopcov Sie/cvfiepva rov
aura? /jL6radert)v eKaara^oae real
rot? eK^La^eaOai Sorcovcriv.
*Etv9a Brj Keovvdros o MafceBcov civBpa tcariSfov
'Irakbv eire^ovra rw Tlvppw /cal rov ILTTTTOV
dvriTrape^dyovra KCU av{ji/jie0io-rdfj.evov del /cal
(TvyKLvov/nevov, " O/oa?," elrrev, " a) /3aai\ev, rov
ftdpftapov GKelvov, ov 6 /xeXa? WTTTO? o \evKorrovs
<pepei ; yueya ri /3ov\evofjLeva) fcal Seivov
9 eari. aol <yap evopa /ca TT/OO? ere rerarai
/ V* V/J^V^V >'-v -v
Tri/eu/iaro? /Ltecrro? a>z> /cat UV/JLOV, row? oe aX\ov$
ea j^alpeLv. d\\a av <j>v\drrov rov dvBpa"
/cal 6 Tlvppos drceKpivaro, " To [lev eip.ap{JLevov, a)
Aeovvdre, Biacfrvyeiv dSvvarov ^aipwv Be oure
ouro? our' a'AAo? Tt? *lra\a)v els -^elpa^ r^ilv
avveicnv" eri raura 7rpoaBia\eyojjiei>aJV o
'IraXo? Bta\aj3a)V TO Bopv /cal o-vcrrpetyas rov
396
PYRRHUS, xvi. 6-9
under arms, he himself rode out with his three
thousand horsemen, hoping to come upon the Romans
while they were still crossing, and to find them
scattered and in disorder. But when he saw a
multitude of shields gleaming on the bank of the
river and the cavalry advancing upon him in good
order, he formed his men in close array and led them
to the attack. He was conspicuous at once for the
beauty and splendour of his richly ornamented
armour, and showed by his deeds that his valour did
not belie his fame; and this most of all because, while
actively participating in the fight and vigorously
repelling his assailants, he did not become confused
in his calculations nor lose his presence of mind, but
directed the battle as if he were surveying it from
a distance, darting hither and thither himself and
bringing aid to those whom he thought to be
overwhelmed.
Here Leonnatus the Macedonian, observing that an
Italian was intent upon Pyrrhus, and was riding out
against him and following him in every movement
from place to place, said : " Seest thou, O King,
that Barbarian yonder, riding the black horse with
white feet ? He looks like a man who has some
great and terrible design in mind. For he keeps his
eyes fixed upon thee, and is intent to reach thee with
all his might and main, and pays no heed to anybody
else. So be on thy guard against the man." To him
Pyrrhus made reply : " What is fated, O Leonnatus,
it is impossible to escape ; but with impunity neither
he nor any other Italian shall come to close quarters
with me." While they were still conversing thus,
the Italian levelled his spear, wheeled his horse, and
397
PLUTARCH'S LIVES
10 LTTTTOV wpfjuio'ev 7rl TOV Tlvppov. eiTa a/jLO,
fj,ev avTos TW Bopari TOV ftacriXews TOV 'LTTTTOV,
iraiei Be rov etceivov rrapaftaXwv o Aeovvdros.
d/j,(f)OTep(*}V Be TOJV 'LTTTCWV rreaovTcov TOV /j-ev
Tlvppov ol (fri\oi Trepia^ovre^ dvijp7ra<rav, TOV 3e
Bte<f)0eipav. i)v Se TO) yevei
XVII. TOUTO Be eBiSa^e TOV Tlvppov fj.a\\ov
(j)V\uTTo-0af /cat roi/9 /TTTTei? opa)v evBiSovTa?
ljiTTre{i7TTO Tr)V (f)d\ayya KOL TrapeTdTTev, av-
ro5 8e Trjv ^\a/j,v8a KCU TO, 6V\a TrapaBous evl
TMV Taipa)v bleyafcXel, rot? Be e/ceivov
Ttvd KCLTaKpvtyas eavTov eV^ye rot?
St^auevtov Be e/cecvcuv KCU crv^^akov
T6 7TO\VV 6l(TT>JK6l TO, TTj? fJid^]^ CLKplTCL, KCLl
T^OTra? evrra \eyeTai tyevyovTwv dvdira\Lv KOI
2 BKOKOVTWV yevecrOai. tcai yap ^ StayLtef*^/? TWV
07r\a)v ev Kaipy Trpo? amTrjpiav avTov yeyovvla
TOV jBacrL\ews o\iyov eSerjcrev dvaTpe^rai TO,
irpdy/jiaTa KCU ^La^Oelpai, TVJV vircriv. Tro\\wv
yap <f>Ljjieva)V TOV MeyaKXeovs, 6 TT^COTO? Trara-
real KaTa/3a\a)v CLVTOV, ovo/j-a Ae^-oo?, dtyap-
TO /cpdvos KOI TTJV ^\a/JivBa TW Aai
dva&eiKvvcov a^a /cal /3owv dvtj
3 tcevaL TOV Tlvppov. r\v ovv rrapd ra? ra
\a<f)vpwv Trapa^epo/Jievcov KOI d
re c P&)/za/ot? X a P a A ter ' d\a\ay/j,ov KCLI rot?
tea KaTaTrrL^, L ov
o PI vppos TO yivofjievov rrapi'jXavve yv/j.vw TW 394
TrpocrwTrw Ti]v re Be^iav opeycov rot? /^a^OyaeVot?
KOI TT) (pcovy crrn^aivwv eavTov. reXo? Be TCOV
398
PYRRHUS, xvi. lo-xvu. 3
charged upon Pyrrhus. Then at the same instant
the Barbarian's spear smote the king's horse, and
his own horse was smitten by the spear of Leonnatus.
Both horses fell, but while Pyrrhus was seized and
rescued by his friends, the Italian, fighting to the
last, was killed. He was a Frentanian by race,
captain of a troop of horse, Oplax by name. 1
XV 7 ! I. This taught Pyrrhus to be more on his
guard ; and seeing that his cavalry were giving way,
he called up his phalanx and put it in array, while he
himself, after giving his cloak and armour to one of
his companions, Megacles, and hiding himself after
a fashion behind his men, charged with them upon
the Romans. But they received and engaged him,
and for a long time the issue of the battle remained
undecided ; it is said that there were seven turns of
fortune, as each side either fled back or pursued.
And indeed the exchange of armour which the king
had made, although it was opportune for the safety
of his person, came near overthrowing his cause and
losing him the victory. For many of the enemy
assailed Megacles, and the foremost of them, Dexoiis
by name, smote him and laid him low, and then,
snatching away his helmet and cloak, rode up to
Laevinus, displaying them, and shouting as he did so
that he had killed Pyrrhus. Accordingly, as the spoils
were carried along the ranks and displayed, there was
joy and shouting among the Romans, and among the
Greeks consternation and dejection, until Pyrrhus,
learning what was the matter, rode along his line
with his face bare, stretching out his hand to the
combatants and giving them to know him by his
voice. At last, when the Romans were more than
1 Cf. Dionysius Hal., Excerpta ex lib. xix., 12.
399
PLUTARCH'S LIVES
Orjpiwv CK^La^ofjLevwv /jLoKio-ra rou<?
KOI TWV iiTTrwv, TTplv 771)9 yeveo-0ai,
TOVVTWV Kal Trapafyepovrwv TOI>? eVt/Sara?, eVa-
yayutv rrjv Tra\iKr]v LTTTTOV aurot? rapao~o~o-
4 Ato^ucrto? fj.ev ovv 0X1703 TWV
KOL fAVpiwv eXacrcroi^a? Treaelv icrropel '
'lepoovufjios Be [JLOVOVS eTrra/cicr^tXtoi;?, T&V Be
Trepl Hvppov o JJLGV kiovvcrios /Jivpiovs Kal Tpiayi-
XIOL*?, 6 Be 'lepwvvfAos eXarro^a? rwv rerpaKLcr-
%1\IWV' KpCLTidTOL Be rj&dV OVTOL' Kal TWV <f)i\0)V
6 Tlvppos Kal T&V arTpaTrjywv ol? yuaXtcrra
5 fjtevos BLre\ei Kal iricrrev^v airefBaXev. ov
aXXa Kal TO arparoTreBov e\aBe rwv '
K\i7r6vTa)V, Kal TroXet? av/AuaxiBas avr&v Trpocr-
rjydyero, Kal ~\(u>pav 7ro\\r]v BieTropdrjcre, Kal
7rpof)\6ev O<JQV fj,rj TrXeoi/ (rraBiwv TpiaKoelwv
aTToa")(.'LV TT}? 'Pto/i?;?. atyiKovro Be aurw Aeu-
KCLVWV re TroXXot Kal ^avvn&v (JLera rrjv
ov<$ e/ieya^aro fiev ucrreprjcravTas, rjv Be
r)B6/jevo$ Kal /jieya fypovwv on /JLOVOIS rot?
avrov Kal ^apavrivois eKparrjae T?}?
XVIII. 'Pw/juaioi Be KaifBlvov uev OVK a
TT}? ap^T}?. KaiToi \eyerai Ydlov
KLOV eiTrelv a>? OVK 'HTrefpwrai 'Pcopaiovs, aXXa
IIuppo? veviKrjKOi Kaifilvov, olofjievov ov TT}? Bvvd-
, ttXXa TT}? crrparrjyia^ yeyovevai rrjv
tipovvTS Be ra? ra^ei? Kal
TT po9 v JJLU>S , Kal \6yov<$ dBeeL
l TOV 7TO\e/jiov Xeyovres, K7r\r)iv TW Hvppa)
2 irapel^ov. e'Bo^ev ovv avry Tre/ji-^ravn Trporepov
400
PYRRHUS, xvn. 3-xvin. 2
ever crowded back by the elephants, and their
horses, before they got near the animals, were
terrified and ran away with their riders, Pyrrhus
brought his Thessalian cavalry upon them while
they were in confusion and routed them with great
slaughter.
Dionysius states that nearly fifteen thousand of
the Romans fell, but Hieronymus says only seven
thousand ; on the side of Pyrrhus, thirteen thousand
fell, according to Dionysius, but according to Hiero-
nymus less than four thousand. These, however, were
his best troops ; and besides, Pyrrhus lost the friends
and generals whom he always used and trusted most.
However, he took the camp of the Romans after they
had abandoned it, and won over to his side some of
their allied cities; he also wasted much territory,
arid advanced until he was within three hundred
furlongs' distance from Rome. And now, after the
battle, there came to him many of the Lucanians
and Samnites. These he censured for being late, but
it was clear that he was pleased and proud because
with his own troops and the Tarantines alone he had
conquered the great force of the Romans.
XVIII. The Romans did not depose Laevinusfrom
his consular office ; and yet we are told that Caius
Fabricius declared that it was not the Epeirots who
had conquered the Romans, but Pyrrhus who had
conquered Laevinus, Fabricius being of the opinion
that the Roman defeat was not due to their army, but
to its general ; but they lost no time in filling up their
depleted legions and raising others, used fearless
and vehement language about the war. and thus filled
Pyrrhus with consternation. He decided, therefore,
to send to them first and find out whether they were
401
PLUTARCH'S LIVES
BiaTreipav \a(3elv TWV dvBp&v, cl
e^oiev, rjyovfjLevw TO p,ev e\elv rrjv rro\iv KOI
KpaT^crai rravTaTracriv ov fjaxpov epyov ouBe TT}?
Trapovarjs Bvvdfjiews elvcu, rrjv Be fyikiav KCU ra?
Bia\vcreis KU\\ terra 6\ew 77/009 $6%av CLVTW
ovv o ta? eveTvy%ave rot?
, Kal Swpa iraia\v avrayv teal
Trapa rov ^acrtXew?. e'Xa/Se 5e
aTre/cpivavTO tnivre^ /cal iraaai ori
yevo/Jievwv Kal ra Trap 1 avrwv
TO) j3a(TL\i Kal K^apicr/^ei'a. TT/QO? Se
rrjv avyK\riTOv 7raj(aya TOV Kiveov 7ro\\a Kal
ov&e erot/AO)? e'Se^o^TO, Kaiirep ai^Spa? re TOL>?
rj\,o)Kora<; ev rfj ua^y St'^a \vrpwv a^teVro? av-
rot? TOV Hvppov Kal o-vytfaTpydcraa6ai TTJV
4 'IraX/af eTrayye\\ofJbevoVy <pi\,Lav & avT\ TOVTWV
kavTw Kal TO?? TapavTivois abeiav, eTepov 8e
fj,r}8ev aiTov/jievov. SfjjXoi ye firjv r]aav e
ol TTO\\O\ TT/?O? rrjv elpijvijv, f)TTr)fj,ei>oi, T6
^OL^TI Kal 7rpocr8o/cw^T65 eTepav CLTTO
Suvd/jLews, TWV ^\Ta\iKWV rw Hvppa) Trpocryeyovo-
5 TWV. evOa Brj KXai;Sto? "ATTTT^O?, avrjp eTrKfravrfs,
VTTO & yijpws dfjia Kal TrripUKrews o/JL/jidTcov dvrei-
pijKws Trpo? T?JV Tro\iTeiav Kal 7T7rav/~Levos, dvray-
ye\\ojj.evwv Tore TWV Trapa TOV /3acri\eco? Kal
\6yov KaTaa-^ovTO^ co? /jue\\i -^i-j^i^ecrOaL ra?
&ia\vcreis r; avyK\T]To^, OVK evapTep^crev, d\\a
TOU? OepdrrovTas apaarOai /ceXeucra? auTOV KOUL-
%TO ?rpo? TO (3ov\evTripiov ev (fropeiM Si dyopas.
6 yevof^evov Be irpbs rat? 0vpai<; ol /*ev TraiBes a/xa
rot? yauftpols v7ro\a/36vT<; Kal
402
PYRRHUS, xvin. 2-6
disposed to come to terms, for he regarded the cap-
ture of their city and their complete conquest as a
large task and one that was beyond his present force,
whereas a friendly settlement with them after a
victory would greatly enhance his reputation. Accor-
dingly, Cineas was sent to Rome, where he had con-
ferences with the men in authority, and sent their
wives and children gifts in the name of his king.
No one, however, would accept the gifts, but all re-
plied, men and women alike, that if a peace were
publicly concluded they also, on their part, would
show goodwill and kindness to the king. Moreover,
though Cineas made many kind and alluring proposals
to the senate, not one of them was received there
with alacrity or pleasure, although Pyrrhus offered to
restore without a ransom their men who had been
captured in the battle, and promised to assist them
in the subjugation of Italy, and in return for these
favours asked only friendship for himself, immunity
for the Tarentines, and nothing else. Nevertheless,
most of the senators were plainly inclined towards
peace, since they had been defeated in one great
battle, and expected another with a larger army,
now that the Italian Greeks had joined Pyrrhus. At
this point Appius Claudius, a man of distinction, but
one whom old age and blindness had forced to give
up all public activities, now that the message from
the king had come and a report was rife that the
senate was going to vote for the proposed cessation
of hostilities, could not restrain himself, but ordered
his attendants to take him up and had himself
carried on a litter through the forum to the senate-
house. When he had reached the door, his sons and
sons-in-law took him up in their arms and brought
403
PLUTARCH'S LIVES
elo-f/yov, rj Se /3'W\rj aiMTrrjv alBov/j,evrj TOV avbpa
XIX. 'O Be avroOev /caracrra?, " Uporepov
e^trj, " rrjv Trepl ra o^^aTa Tv^rjv
etyepov, a) 'Pco/naloL, vvv Se a^Qo^ai Trpos
elvai r) KOI KUH$>OS wv, a\\ atcovwv
a /SouXeu/uara teal Soy/zara V^JLWV dvarpe-
Trovra TT}? 'Poo//,?;? TO K\eo$. TTOV yap v/awv o
V ff >/)' /) -V ' \ -\ ' ^Q
TTyOo? arravras avvpooTrovs u pvA,ov fjiev o$ aei A-oyo?, oy
009, et Trapijv eitelvos et? IraXtai' o jj,eycC<i AXe-
Kal avvrjve^drj veois TJIMV Kal rot? Trarpd-
r)/jLO)v aK/jid^ovcrLV, ovit av v/Avelro vvv dvi-
rj fyvycav av r] TTOV Trecrcuv evravda
2 TYJV 'P(t)/j,rjv ev^o^orepav aTreXtTre; ravra uevToi
KevrjV dXa^oTGLav Kal KOJJLTTOV dTroSeiKwre, Xa-
ovas Kal MoXocrcrou?, rrjv del MaKe^oi'cov \eiav,
^eSfore?, Kal Tpeaovres Tlvppov, b? rcov AXe-
i * l I
dvBpov $opv(f)6pwv eva yovv del TrepteTrcov Kal
OepaTrevwv SiareTeXefce, Kal vvv ov fiorjdfov To?9
evravda jJLa\\ov ''EXX^crt^ 77 tyevywv TOU? eKel
~ai Trepl TJ-JV \ra\Lav, e7rayye\-
rjfjiiv TTjV rjye/~ioviav CLTTO raur?;? rr}?
7} yuepo? fMiKpov avrw Ma/ceSoz^ta? OVK
3 rjpKecre oia(pv\d^ai. fir) TOVTOV ovv dira\\d^eiv
(j)i\ov, aXXa eKivov<j eird-
V/AWV co? Trdaiv ev-
KarepydcrTwv, el Tlvppos aireiffi /u-r) 801/5 BLKTJV
404
PYRRHUS, xvm. 6-xix. 3
him inside, and the senators, out of regard for the
man, kept respectful silence.
XIX. Then Appius raised himself up where he
was and said : " Up to this time, O Romans, I have
regarded the misfortune to my eyes as an affliction,
but it now distresses me that I am not deaf as
well as blind, that I might not hear the shameful
resolutions and decrees of yours which bring low
the glory of Rome. For what becomes of the
words that ye are ever reiterating to all the world,
namely, that if the great Alexander of renown had
come to Italy and had come into conflict with us,
when we were young men, and with our fathers,
when they were in their prime, he would not now
be celebrated as invincible, but would either have
fled, or, perhaps, have fallen there, and so have left
Rome more glorious still ? Surely ye are proving
that this was boasting and empty bluster, since ye
are afraid of Chaonians and Molossians, who were
ever the prey of the Macedonians, and ye tremble
before Pyrrhus, who has ever been a minister and
servitor to one at least of Alexander's bodyguards/
and now comes wandering over Italy, not so much to
help the Greeks who dwell here, as to escape his
enemies at home, promising to win for us the supre-
macy here with that army which could not avail to
preserve for him a small portion of Macedonia. Do
not suppose that ye will rid yourselves of this fellow
by making him your friend ; nay, ye will bring against
you others, and they will despise you as men whom
anybody can easily subdue, if Pyrrhus goes away
without having been punished for his insults, but
1 Referring sarcastically to his relations with Ptolemy and
Demetrius.
405
PLUTARCH'S LIVES
vftpicrev, d\\d teal 7rpoa-\a/3a>v fjucrOov TO I 7rey-
ye\d<jai 'Pwfjiciiois TapavrLvovs teal ^avviTas"
Toiavra rov ' krrirLov StaXe^$eWo<? op^i Traps-
(TTTJ TTpO? TOV 7TO\jjiOV ttUTOt?, KOL TOV K.IV6CLV
aTroTre/jiTTOVcriv aTTOKpivdfjievoi, Hvppov e^e\dovra
4 T?)? 'IraA-ta?, oi/r&>?, et Seoiro, Tre/ol (/n.vta? :al
ia\eye(T0ai, ^XP L ^ ^ irdpecftiv ev
, 7ro\6/jLi](Ttv avTW 'Pw/tatou? Kara
tcciv jLviovs en
\eyerat, 5e Tj,vea>V t ev a> ravra eirparrev,
iroirio'dfievov epyov Kal aTrovftdaai'Ta TWV re Q'KOV
yeve&Oai Oearrjv KOL rrfi TroXire/a? rrjv dperrjv
5 Karavorjcrai, teal Sia \6ywv \6ovra rot? dpicrTois
rd re d\\a TW Hvppw typdaai,, KOI elirelv co? 77
aury ^acrL\i(ov TTO\\WV crvveSpiov
irj, irepl Se TOV TT\i']9ov$ Be&ievai, fir)
Aepvaiav v&pav y
crtou? 7^/> f/^^ T"ft> virdra) TWV TrapareTay/jievcov
irporepov r)9pol(j6ai, /cal TroXXa/a? elvai rocrov-
TOU9 ert TWZ; r Pa>fj,ai(i)v ovrXa (frepeiv Svva/jLevovs.
XX. 'E/c rovrov 7TyOt'cr/3ei? dcpiKovro irepl TU>V
ol Trepl Ydlov <&a$piKtoy, ou 7r\ei-
ay/LLCLiOvs \oyov e^iv 6
bs dyaOov real 7ro\/jiiKov,
. TOVTOV ovv o \\vppos lota
\afBelv xpva-iov, 7r' ov&evl $
Se rt fcal ^evLas Grrovofjid^wv rovro
2 /3o\ov. airwacL^kvov 8e rov Qaftpiklov Tore yue
1 rJ with Blass : TOV.
406
PYRRHUS, xix. 3-xx. 2
actually rewarded for them in having enabled
Tarantines and Samnites to mock at Romans."
After Appius had thus spoken, his hearers were
seized with eagerness to prosecute the war, and
Cineas was sent back with the reply that Pyrrhus
must first depart out of Italy, and then, if he wished,
the Romans would talk about friendship and alliance ;
but as long as he was there in arms, they would fight
him with all their might, even though he should
rout in battle ten thousand men like Laevinus.
It is said, too, that Cineas, while he was on this
mission, made it his earnest business at the same
time to observe the life and manners of the Romans,
and to understand the excellences of their form of
government ; he also conversed with their best men,
and had many things to tell Pyrrhus, among which
was the declaration that the senate impressed him as
a council of many kings, and that, as for the people,
he was afraid it might prove to be a Lernaean hydra
for them to fight against, since the consul already
had twice as many soldiers collected as those who
faced their enemies before, and there were many
times as many Romans still who were capable of
bearing arms.
XX. After this, an embassy came from the Romans
to treat about the prisoners that had been taken.
The embassy was headed by Caius Fabricius, who,
as Cineas reported, was held in highest esteem at
Rome as an honourable man and good soldier, but
was inordinately poor. To this man, then, Pyrrhus
privately showed kindness and tried to induce him
to accept gold, not for any base purpose, indeed, but
calling it a mark of friendship and hospitality. But
Fabricius rejected the gold, and for that day Pyrrhus
407
VOL. IX. O
PLUTARCH'S LIVES
, rfj S' v&Tepaia /3ov\6fJLvo<; avrov erc-
Tco Oear^v e'Xe<ai>TO9 yeyevrj/jievov,
Ke\evcre TWV Oypiwv TO fJieyicrTov e^oTCLorOev
aurot? Trapacrrrjaai, K0ivo\oyovfjievois, avXaiav
Trapareivavras. eyeveTO Brj ravra' Kal arj^eiov
SoOevros rj fiev av\aia Trap^dij, TO Be Qr\plov
afyvw Tr]v re TTpovofJiaiav apafievov VTrepea^e rrjs
Ke<f)d\f)<> rov <&a/3pi/cLov KOI ^KOVTJV acfrrjfce (froftepav
3 Kal rpa^etav. 6 Be rjpe/jLa fieTaarpa^el^ KOI
$iafAiStdcra<; Trposfov Hvppov eiTTev " Ovre
fie TO xpvcriov etcivrivev ovre aijfiepov TO
ev Be T<W SeiTTva) \6jcov iravTO^air^
Be Trepl TT}? 'EXXaSo? real TMV
, erv^e TTW? o Kti^ea? eTri/j-vrjcrdel*; rov
, real Bir)\Qev a \ejovc7i Trepl dewv
Kal TeXou?, TO [lev ev rjBovy
iro\ireiav Be (frevyovres 009 ft\d{3iiv Kal
TOV fULKaplov, TO Be delov aTrwraTW
Kal opyrjs Kal TOV /jieXew rjfiwv els
fiiov Kal fiedTov evTraOeiwv airoifc
Be avTov \eyovros avaKpaywv o
"*fl *HyoaXet9," etTre, " Hvppa) TCL
TavTa Kal ^avviTais, ea)9 TroXe/zouo'i
^
Br) 6av{id(ra<; TO (^povri^a TOV dvBpbs Kal
TO 77^09 o ITuy9p09 eTi /jid\\ov ODpeyeTO $>i\iav
CLVT\ TroXe/zou rrpbs Trjv TTO\IV avTw yevecrOar 39(
KCLKtivov IBia TrapeKaXei TfoiriaayiGvov T9 Bia-
\vcreis eTrecrOai Kal crv^fjv ytteT* avTov, Trp&Tov
nvTa rrdvTayv TWV eTaipwv Kal T&V <TTpaTr)ywv. o
Be rjcrvxf) XeyeTat, 77/009 avrbv elirelv, "'AXA,' ovBe
408
PYRRHUS, xx. 2-4
let him alone; on the following day, however, wishing
to frighten a man who had not yet seen an elephant,
he ordered the largest of these animals to be stationed
behind a hanging in front of which they stood
conversing together. This was done ; and at a given
signal the hanging was drawn aside, and the animal
suddenly raised his trunk, held it over the head of
Fabricius, and emitted a harsh and frightful cry.
But Fabricius calmly turned and said with a smile to
Pyrrhus : " Your gold made no impression on me
yesterday, neither does your beast to-day." Again,
at supper, where all sorts of topics were discussed,
and particularly that of Greece and her philosophers,
Cineas happened somehow to mention Epicurus, and
set forth the doctrines of that school concerning
the gods, civil government, and the highest good,
explaining that they made pleasure the highest
good, but would have nothing to do with civil
government on the ground that it was injurious and
the ruin of felicity, and that they removed the Deity
as far as possible from feelings of kindness or anger or
concern for us, into a life that knew no care and was
filled with ease and comfort. But before Cineas was
done, Fabricius cried out and said : " O Hercules,
may Pyrrhus and the Samnites cherish these doc-
trines, as long as they are at war with us."
Thus Pyrrhus was led to admire the high spirit
and character of the man, and was all the more eager
to have friendship with his city instead of waging war
against it ; he even privately invited him, in case he
brought about the settlement, to follow his fortunes
and share his life as the first and foremost of all his
companions and generals. But Fabricius, as we are
told, said quietly to him : " Nay, O King, this
409
PLUTARCH'S LIVES
(7ol TOVTO, j3a(Tl\V, \V<TLT6\<J CCTTIV' CLVTOi
Oi VVV <T TI/JLWVT6S KOL OaV/jLa^OVTCS, aV fjiOV
vreipav \d/3(oaiv, VTT /JLOV p,a\\ov
5 crov /BacriXevecrdat," TOIOVTOS /JLCV 6
o 8e YLvppos ov TTyoo? opyrjv ovBe
eSe^aro rbv \6yov, d\\a KOI rot?
yeiXe TOV QaftpLKiov rrjv [JLeyakofypoavvriv, KOL
roy? ai%/xaXcorou? erce'ivm fiovw BteTricrreva-ev,
OTT&)?, el fjirj tyrj^ia-aiTO rrjv elprjv^v rj avyK\rjTO<i,
TOI)? Trpocr/jKovras real ra K.povia
airoTrefjifyOzlev 7rd\iv TT/^O? avrov.
KOI aTreTre^Orjcrav p,era TTJV eopnjv, TU> vjroXei-
fyOevTi TT}? ^OV\TI^ fyjuciv Odva-rov
XXI. Mera ravra TOV QaftpiKiov T^V
Trapa'XaftbvTOs rjfcev dvrjp et9 TO arparoiTe^ov
CLVTOV 7riaTO\r)V KO/JLI%COV, $)v eypa^scv 6 TOV
s 67rayye\\6/JLevo<? (frapfidicois avai-
TOV Tlvppov, el %a/9J? avTW Trap* eKeivwv
o fjLO\oyrjO eiri \vaavTi TOV TfoKe^ov aKLv&vvws. o
8vo"Xpdva$ TT^O? TTJV dSiKLav TOV
, KOI TOV avvdp^ovTa BiaQels
ypdfJLfJiaTa Trpo? TOV TLvpoov KaTa
2 <j)v\dTTcr0ai Trjv ern,(3ov\r)V Ke\evcov. el^e ce
OUTW? TCL yeypa/jLfMei'a' " Fai'o? <&a(3p'iKi.o<s /cal
KotVro? Ai/u/Uo9 viraToi 'Pw/Aaiwv Tlvppw
fiacriXei ^aipeiv. cure (friXcov
elvai Kpirrjs OVT 7ro\e/j,ia)v. yvaxTrj e TTJV
^>0s.laav rjjbiiv 7ri<rTo\r]v dvayvovs, OTI
410
PYRRHUS, xx. 4-xxi. 2
would not be to thy advantage ; for the very men
who now admire and honour thee, if they should
become acquainted with me, would prefer to have
me as their king rather than thee." Such a man
was Fabricius. And Pyrrhus did not receive the
speech with anger or like a tyrant, but actually
reported to his friends the magnanimity of Fabricius,
and entrusted his prisoners of war to him alone, on
condition that, in case the senate should not vote for
the peace, they should be sent back again to him,
though they might first greet their relatives and
celebrate the festival of Saturn. And they were so
sent back after the festival, the senate having voted
a penalty of death for any that stayed behind.
XXI. After this, and when Fabricius had assumed
the consulship, 1 a man came into his camp with a
letter for him. The letter had been written by the
physician of Pyrrhus, who promised that he would
take the king off by poison, provided that the
Romans would agree to reward him for putting an
end to the war without further hazard on their part.
But Fabricius, who was indignant at the iniquity of
the man, and had disposed his colleague to feel
likewise, sent a letter to Pyrrhus with all speed
urging him to be on his guard against the plot. The
letter ran as follows : " Caius Fabricius and Quintus
Aemilius, consuls of Rome, to King Pyrrhus, health
and happiness. It would appear that thou art a
good judge neither of friends nor of enemies. Thou
wilt see, when thou hast read the letter which we
send, that the men with whom thou art at war are
1 The cnronology of the story is at fault here. Fabricius
and Aemilius were consuls in 278, the year after the battle
at Asculum described in 5 ff.
411
PLUTARCH'S LIVES
real Sitcaiois dv^pdcn 7roXeyuet9, dSi/cois 8e teal
3 tca/coi? TTicrreveis. ovBe jap ravra erf]
a\V OTTO)? firj TO crop irdOos
evey/ey KOI S6\w So^w/Jiev, a><? dperfj
, Karepydaacrdai, TOP Tro\ep,ov" ev-
TOVTOIS rot? <ypd/jL/j,acrtv 6 Hvppos /cal rrjv
7Ti/3ov\r]V e^ekey^as rov fiev larpov Ko\acre,
<&a/3piKi(p 8e ical 'Pco/iatot? dfAOiftrjv eSwpelro
Trpoi/ca TOU? at^/AaXcoTOf?, KOI irdXiv eVe/^^e TOV
4 Kiveav $ia7rpaj;6/jLevov avrw rrjv eipijvijv. ol be
/j,r)T el %apj? eVrl vra/oa Trokefjilov, /j,rjre
el /jLi(70os rov jj,r) dSifcqdfivai, \aftelv Trpoi/ca
d%iu>aavTe<s tVou? cnreXvaav aura) Tapav-
TIVWV KOL ^avviT&v, 7T6pl Be (f)i\La<s KOI
ov&ev 6ia)V Sia\ej6cr0aL Trplv apd/j,evo<; rd
teal rov crrparbv e 'IraXta? at? rj\0e vavtrlv
drrorc\eva'r) rfdXiv els "^rreipov.
5 'E/c rovrov fjid^rjs aXXrjs ru>v 7rpay/j,dra)i> avrw
Seo/jLevGov dva\aftwv rrjv crrpandv e^wpei, /cal
7repl"A(7K\ov rcoXiv rot? 'Pwyaatot? (jvvd'fyas /cal
/Sta^o/ze^o? Trpo? ^wpia Sva-nnra fcal 7rora/j.bv
v\a)8r) teal rpa^vv, (f)oSov r&v Oripiwv ov \aj36v-
rcov wcrre rrpoa/Jil^ai rfj (f>d\ayyL, rpav/ndrcov
TTO\\WV <yevofj.evtov teal vetep&v rrecrovrwv, rore
6 fJiev $iKpL0r] ^XP L VVKr o$ dywvicrd/Aevos. rfj 8'
varepaia o-rparrjya)V St' 6/ua\ov rr/v ^d^v 6ea-0ai
teal rovs e'Xe^aj/ra? eV rot9 o?rXot? yeveaflai rwv
412
PYRRHUS, xxi. 2-6
honourable and just, but that those whom thou
trustest are unjust and base. And indeed we do not
give thee this information out of regard for thee, but
in order that thy ruin may not bring infamy upon us,
and that men may not say of us that we brought the
war to an end by treachery because we were unable to
do so by valour." When Pyrrhushad read this letter
and got proof of the plot against his life, he punished
the physician, and as a requital to Fabricius and the
Romans made them a present of his prisoners of war,
and once more sent Cineas to negotiate a peace for
him. But the Romans would not consent to receive
the men for nothing, either as a favour from an
enemy, or as a reward for not committing iniquity
against him, and therefore released for Pyrrhus an
equal number of Tarentines and Samnites whom
they had taken ; on the subject of friendship and
peace, however, they declared they would allow
nothing to be said until Pyrrhus had taken his arms
and his army out of Italy and sailed back to Epeirus
on the ships that brought him.
Consequently, Pyrrhus found himself obliged to
fight another battle, and after recuperating his army
lie marched to the city of Asculum, where he
engaged the Romans. Here, however, he was
forced into regions where his cavalry could not
operate, and upon a river with swift current and
wooded banks, so that his elephants could not charge
and engage the enemy's phalanx. Therefore, after
many had been wounded and slain, for the time being
the struggle was ended by the coming of night. But
on the next day, designing to fight the battle on level
ground, and to bring his elephants to bear upon the
ranks of the enemy, Pyrrhus occupied betimes the
413
PLUTARCH'S LIVES
,L(i)V, rrpoekafte ra? Bvo"%topias (pv\a/cfj, KOL
fJii^a^ aKovriGfJiara /cai ro^evaara
Tot? Oijpiois errrjye yuera pa)//,??? /cat /9ta? rrvKvrjV
KOL (rvvrerayuev^v rrjv Bvvauiv. ol Be Pwaaloi
ra? BiaK\io-eis KOI ra? dvriTrapaywyas T? TT/OO-
repov OVK eyovTeSy eg ETrnreBov avvefyepovro Kara
fcal <77reuSo^Te? axracrdai TOI)? oTrX-tra?
i, ra drjp[a, Betvovs trepl ra? aapicras
TWV %i(bwv dywva? el^ov, a^e^owre? eavrwv
TO rpwaai Kal KarajSaXelv opwvres, TO 3e
ovBev TiQk^evoi. ^povw Be TTO\\W \e<yerat, JJLCV 397
T/JOTTT}? ^T' avTOV ryevecrOai rov Yivppov
Tot? dvTiTeray/jievois, TO Se
d\Kfj Kal (Bia Twv \e(f)dvT(0v
rfj apery TT^O? Tr/i> fi^v rwv w-
r) Bvvaaevcov, a\X' otoi^ etyoSci) KVfjaros r)
KarepeiTTovros olo^kvwv &iv egi
e VTrajJLeveiv drrpaKTOvs aTroflvrjcrKeiv, ev
axpe\eii> iravra Trdcr'xpvras ra
rara.
8 TT)? Be <f>vyi)<i ov uaKpas ei? TO crrparo7reBoi>
e^aKLcr^L\iov^ drroOavelv (frrjcri, rwv
'lepaivvaos, TMV Be rrepl Tivppov ev
'P
9 TrevraKOGiovs Ka rcevre Tev^Koras.
kiovvcrios ovre Bvo rrepl "A(TK\ov ud%a<; ovre
6uo\oyovuevr)V fjrrav Icrropel yevecrOai '
arrag Be
drra\\ayrii>ai, rov Tivppov rpwOevros vaau) rov
{3pa%iova Kal rrjv drroaKev^v a/^a kavviwv 1
1 Aavvivv with Blass, in agreement with Dionys. Hal. xx.
3 :
414
PYRRHUS, xxi. 6-9
unfavourable parts of the field with a detachment of
his troops; then he put great numbers of slingers and
archers in the spaces between the elephants and led
his forces to the attack in dense array and with a
mighty impetus. So the Romans, having no oppor-
tunity for sidelong shifts and counter-movements, as
on the previous day, were obliged to engage on level
ground and front to front ; and being anxious to re-
pulse the enemy's men-at-arms before their elephants
came up, they fought fiercely with their swords
against the Macedonian spears, reckless of their lives
and thinking only of wounding and slaying, while
caring naught for what they suffered. After a long
time, however, as we are told, they began to be
driven back at the point where Pyrrhus himself was
pressing hard upon his opponents ; but the greatest
havoc was wrought by the furious strength of the
elephants, since the valour of the Romans was of no
avail in fighting them, but they felt that they must
yield before them as before an onrushing billow or a
crashing earthquake, and not stand their ground
only to die in vain, or suffer all that is most grievous
without doing any good at all.
After a short flight the Romans reached their camp,
with a loss of six thousand men, according to Hierony-
mus, who also says that on the side of Pyrrhus,
according to the king's own commentaries, thirty-
five hundred and five were killed. Dionysius, however,
makes no mention of two battles at Asculum, nor of
an admitted defeat of the Romans, but says that the
two armies fought once for all until sunset and then
at last separated ; Pyrrhus, he says, was wounded in
the arm by a javelin, and also had his baggage
O 2
415
PLUTARCH'S LIVES
BiapTracrdvTcov, diroOavelv Be teal Tlvppov Kal
dvBpas virep pvplovs
Be d^oTepoi' Kal \eyerat, TOV
elirelv TTyao? nva ra)i> avvr^o^kvwv avru> }
eri, fjiiav i^ay^v f Po)yu,atou? vi/cijcrw/jLev, CLTTO-
10 \ovfjieda Tra^reXw?." TTO\V fj,ev jap a7ra)\a)\ei
/ze/DO? ^? ajwv rjice Wayu,e?, <j>i\oi Se KOI cnpa-
Tijyol TrX^f 6\iya)v aTravres, fjieraTre/^TreaOaL 8e
OVK rjaav erepot, KOL TOVS avroOu av^^a^ov^
a/jLfSXvrepovs eaypa, rot? Be 'Pcoyuatoi? wairep e'/c
77-7777}? olicoOev cTTippeovaris di>a,7r\r)povjj,vov evirb-
pa)S Kal ra^v TO (TTparoTreSov, Kal rat?
OVK a7ro/9aXXojTa? TO Qappelv, a\\a Kal poo
Kal $L\oi'iKiav LTT' 0/37^9 eirl TOP 7ro\/jLOv irpoa--
\afjif3dvovTas .
XXII. 'Ep TOtavraLs $e uv aTroplai
av iraXiv Kaivas eveireae Kal Trpdy/Aara
aiav e^ovra T^9 yv(t>jjur)^. a//,a yap rJKOv e'/c
avSpes 'AKpdyavra Kal ^vpaKovcras Kal
y%6ipL%ovT6s avrw, Kal Seojjbevoi Ka/o-
Te (rvveK/3a\iv Kal ra)v rvpdvvwv
Ti]V vrjcrov, K Be Trjs 'EXXaSo? dyye\-
TlToXeyLtato? o Ke/oai;^o9 avroXcoXe
Ta\drais pera T?}9 SvvdfAecos, Kal vvv
av ev Kaipw fjidXicrra SeofAevois /3ao*iXea)9 Ma/te-
2 Boat TrapayevoiTO. TroXXa 8t)
/Ai^o9 6Vt TTpd^ea)v /j,yd\,o)v v
416
PYRRHUS, xxi. 9-xxn. 2
plundered by the Daunians ; l and there fell, on the
side of Pyrrhus and on that of the Romans, over
fifteen thousand men.
The two armies separated ; and we are told that
Pyrrhus said to one who was congratulating him on
his victory, " If we are victorious in one more battle
with the Romans, we shall be utterly ruined." For
he had lost a great part of the forces with which he
came, and all his friends and generals except a few ;
moreover, he had no others whom he could summon
from home, and he saw that his allies in Italy were
becoming indifferent, while the army of the Romans,
as if from a fountain gushing forth indoors, was
easily and speedily filled up again, and they did not
lose courage in defeat, nay, their wrath gave them
all the more vigour and determination for the war.
XXII. But while he was involved in such per-
plexities, new hopes once more inspired him, and
projects which divided his purposes. For at one and
the same time there came to him from Sicily men
who offered to put into his hands the cities of
Agrigentum, Syracuse, and Leontini, and begged
him to help them to drive out the Carthaginians and
rid the island of its tyrants ; and from Greece, men
with tidings that Ptolemy Ceraunus 2 with his army
had perished at the hands of the Gauls, and that
now was the time of all times for him to be in
Macedonia, where they wanted a king. Pyrrhus
rated Fortune soundly because occasions for two
great undertakings had come to him at one time,
1 Auxiliaries of the Romans from Arpinum in Apulia.
2 The son of Ptolemy I. of Egypt. In 280 B.C. he had
basely assassinated Seleucus, and made himself king of
Macedonia.
417
PLUTARCH'S LIVES
tcaipbv avTO) ffwrfveyrce, teal vofit^cov &>? d
VTrapftovTcw a7ro\\vvai Odrepov, Btrjve^Ot) rot?
\oyia/jiOL<f TTO\VV ^povov. elra rot? %iK\t.Koi<i
fj.6i6va)v virotcelaOaL TrpayfjLaTwv BOKOVVTWV, At-
3 /3u?79 6771/9 elvcu BoKovarjS, eVl ravra Tpe^fras
Kiveav pev evdvs e^eTre/i-v/re 7rpo$t,a\ej;6/jL6vov,
uxnrep el(o0L, rat? TTO\G(TIV, auro? 8e rot? Tap-
/ji/3a\a)v <f>povpdv, KOI
e^>' ol? rjtce, crv^L7ro\efjLOvvra
f) Ti]V %(t)pav irpoe/jievov avrwv diro-
\L7retv rrjv iroKiv oiav 7rap6\a/3e, /JLrjbev CTTieiKes
dTTOKpivafjievos, d\\a Trpo&rdZas rjav^iav ayeiv
teal Trepi/j,eviv TOP eavrov icaipov, e%iir\evaev.
4 ' K"ra.evw 8e aurcS St/ceXta? a
eaia, Ka irape"%ov a
eavrd*? TrpoOvfAws, rwv Be dywvos Kal (3ia<; Berj-
ovBev dvrel^e TO irpwrov, d\\d
Kal Bia"%i\ioi<? TrevraKocrioLS iTnrevcn
s vavav eiriwv TOU? re
l KarecrTpi^eTo TI/V eiriKpaTetav avr&v. TOV 5'
Kos e^vpayrdrov rwv ^wpLwv 6Wo? Kal TTO\-
Xou? d/jLvvo/jievovs I^O^TO? eyvw j3idecrQai jrpbs
5 TCL rei%rj. Kal T% a-rpaTids yevo/JLevTjs eroiatj^
eveBvcraTo TTJV TravoTT\iav, Kal 7rpoe\6a>v l ev^aro
TOO ( \\paK\ei Troirfa-eLv dycova Kal Overlay dpiarelov, 398
av TOV iyevau? Kal TWV vTrap^ovTwv iov ycovi-
avTov aTroBei^r} rot? iLiKeKiav OLKOVGIV
Ty Be ad\7Tiyyi (rrjurivas Kal rot?
TOU? ySap/3apof? dvaa-Ke^dcra^ Kal ra?
6 Trpoaayayciov TT/JCOTO? 7re/3rj TOV retool'?. OLVTI-
v with Blass :
418
PYRRHUS, xxn. 2-6
and thinking that the presence of both meant the
loss of one, he wavered in his calculations for a long
time. Then Sicily appeared to offer opportunities
for greater achievements, since Libya was felt to
be near, and he turned in this direction, and forth-
with sent out Cineas to hold preliminary conferences
with the cities, as was his wont, while he himself
threw a garrison into Tarentum. The Tarentines
were much displeased at this, and demanded that he
either apply himself to the task for which he had
come, namely to help them in their war with Rome,
or else abandon their territory and leave them their
city as he had found it. To this demand he made no
very gracious reply, but ordering them to keep quiet
and await his convenience, he sailed off.
On reaching Sicily, 1 his hopes were at once
realized securely ; the cities readily gave themselves
up to him, and wherever force and conflict were
necessary nothing held out against him at first, but
advancing with thirty thousand foot, twenty-five
hundred horse, and two hundred ships, he put the
Phoenicians to rout and subdued the territory under
their control. Then he determined to storm the
walls of Eryx, which was the strongest of their
fortresses and had numerous defenders. So when
his army was ready, he put on his armour, went out
to battle, and made a vow to Heracles that he would
institute games and a sacrifice in his honour, if the
god would render him in the sight of the Sicilian
Greeks an antagonist worthy of his lineage and
resources ; then he ordered the trumpets to sound,
scattered the Barbarians with his missiles, brought
' r"
up his scaling-ladders, and was the first to mount
1 Early in the year 278 B.C.
419
PLUTARCH'S LIVES
ffrdvrcov Be 7roXXo>i> dfjuvvo/jievos rovs jjbkv e^e
TOU T6//OU9 eV d/H^OTCpa KOI KaT6/3a\, 7T\t-
CTTOf? Se 7TOt dVTOV T<
ve/cpovs. eiraOe Be auro? ouSei;, d\\a fcal irpocr-
Beivos efydvr] rot? 7ro\6//,t'ot?, ai TOI^
eeij;v opdcos KOL pera e/jLTreipias airo-
TWV dperwv fjiovrfv rrjv dv^peiav <j)0pa<?
v0ovcri(t)$eis Kai [JiaviKas fyepOjJLewriv.
Se TJ}? TroXew? eOvcre re rw Oew fieya\o-
at ^ea? dywvcov 7ravTO$a7ra)v TrapeV^e.
XXIII. Twi' Be Trepl Metfa-ijvrjv (3ap(Bdpwv,
Be Ka\ov[Aevwv, TroXXa rot? f/
i <f)6pov
t?, TroXXcoi^ 5e /cat /jua^i/jLcov ovrwv, BLO /cal
7rpoar)yopev0r}(Tav ' Aprfioi r y\a)cra-rj TTJ ACLTLVCOV,
Tou? /xei' (j)opo\6yov$ <TV\\aj3a>v aTreKTetvev, av-
TOU9 Se VLKrjcra^ pd^y iro\\a TWV (frpovpicov
2 egeKotye. Ka/3^r?8owot? 5e av/jL/BariKcos Covert,
/cal xpijfjLara [SovKofJLevois T\elv, el jevoiro (f)i\La,
teal vav<$ d7rocrre\\iv, aTreKpivaro TrXeto/'ft)^ e(f)ie-
lievos fJLiav elvdi Bid\va-iv /cal tf>i\iav TT/JO? avrovs,
el Traaav eXt7ro^Te? ^i/ceXiav opw %pwvro rfj A.L-
3 ftv/cfj 6a\dcra"r) Trpo? TOL/9 f/ EXX7;i/a9. evrv^ia Be
/cal pwfjLy T&V irapovrwv eiraipop.evo^, /cal
Be At^vrj^ efyiefievos fcal vavs e^wv 7roXXa9 r jr\rj-
420
PYRRHUS, xxii. 6-xxin. 3
the wall. Many were the foes against whom he
strove ; some of them he pushed from the wall on
either side and hurled them to the ground, but most
he laid dead in heaps about him with the strokes of
his sword. He himself suffered no harm, but was a
terrible sight for his enemies to look upon, and
proved that Homer 1 was right and fully justified in
saying that valour, alone of the virtues, often displays
transports due to divine possession and frenzy. After
the capture of the city, he sacrificed to the god in
magnificent fashion and furnished spectacles of all
sorts of contests.
XXIII. The Barbarians about Messana, called
Mamertines, were giving much annoyance to the
Greeks, and had even laid some of them under con-
tribution. They were numerous and warlike, and
therefore had been given a name which, in the
Latin tongue, signifies martial. Pyrrhus seized their
collectors of tribute and put them to death, then
conquered the people themselves in battle and de-
stroyed many of their strongholds. Moreover, when
the Carthaginians were inclined to come to terms
and were willing to pay him money and send him
ships in case friendly relations were established,
he replied to them (his heart being set upon
greater things) that there could be no settlement or
friendship between himself and them unless they
abandoned all Sicily and made the Libyan Sea a
boundary between themselves and the Greeks. But
now, lifted up by his good fortune and by the strength
of his resources, and pursuing the hopes with which
he had sailed from home in the beginning, he set his
heart upon Libya first ; and since many of the ships
1 As in Iliad, v. 185 ; vi. 101 ; ix. 233.
421
PLUTARCH'S LIVES
pa)/j,dro)V eTTiBeeis r^yeipev eperas, OVK
evTvyvdvwv ovBe Trpaw? rat? 7r6\ecriv, d\\d
I /\t i
BecTTTOTiKws Kal TTjOO? opyrjv /3iaofjLi>o<$ Kal Ko\d-
', OVK evOvs cov ovBe ev dp^y rotoOro?, d\\d
I fjiaXXov erepwv r& 7T/?09 %dpiv o/ju\eiv Kal
TTia-reveiv Kal ^Bev evo-^elv
K Br)/jLaya)yov rvpavvos a;
Kal aTTtuTta? Trpocrw^XicrKave
OL> /jirjv d\Xa ravra pev a>? dvayKata
povv, fcaujrep SvcrtyopovvTes' eVel Be Qoivwva
^waia-rparov, avSpas rjyefioviKovs ev
o'l TrpwTOi IJLGV avrov e\0eiv eireiaav et?
\0ovn Be rrjv TTO\IV eu0vs eve~)(eipL(jav KOI
vrXetcrra (rvyrcaTeipydcravTO TWV ^ifceKiKwv, /Li^re
ayeiv crvv avrw /JLrjre aTroXeiTreiv /BovXofievos ev
Kal
5 <f)O/3r)deL<;, %oivwva Be ra avrd (frpovelv aiTiaad-
fjievos direKreivev, ov Kara piKpov ovSe KaO* ev
avrw /jLeOuaTaro rwv Trpay^drcDV, d\\a Seivov
TIVO<$ /jLidovs eyyevo/j,evov rat? TroXecrt TT/JO? avrov
al pev irpoveTiOevTO Kap^Sowoi?, ai Be efrtjyovro
aTrocrTacret? Be opwv aTravra Kal
Kal avcrTacriv la^vpav (j) avrov,
ypdfjL/^ara ^avvirwv Kal TapavTivwv
dvre^ovTwv rat? irokecnv aurat? Trpo<$ rov
422
PYRRHUS, xxm. 3-5
that he had were insufficiently manned, he began to
collect oarsmen, not dealing with the cities in an
acceptable or gentle manner, but in a lordly way,
angrily putting compulsion and penalties upon them.
He had not behaved in this way at the very beginning,
but had even gone beyond others in trying to win
men's hearts by gracious intercourse with them, by
trusting everybody, and by doing nobody any harm.
But now he ceased to be a popular leader and be-
came a tyrant, and added to his name for severity
a name for ingratitude and faithlessness.
Nevertheless the Sicilians put up with these
things as necessary, although they were exasper-
ated ; but then came his dealings with Thoenon
and Sosistratus. These were leading men in Syra-
cuse, and had been first to persuade Pyrrhus to
come into Sicily. Moreover, after he had come,
they immediately put their city into his hands and
assisted him in most of what he had accomplished
in Sicily. And yet he was willing neither to take
them with him nor to leave them behind, and held
them in suspicion. Sosistratus took the alarm and
withdrew ; but Thoenon was accused by Pyrrhus of
complicity with Sosistratus and put to death. 1 With
this, the situation of Pyrrhus was suddenly and
entirely changed. A terrible hatred arose against
him in the cities, some of which joined the Car-
thaginians, while others called in the Mamertines.
And now, as he saw everywhere secessions and
revolutionary designs and a strong faction opposed
to him, he received letters from the Samnites and
Tarentines, who had been excluded from all their
territories, could with difficulty maintain the war
1 Cf. Dionysius Hal., Excerpta ex lib. xx., 8.
423
PLUTARCH'S LIVES
7roAe/iOi>, elpyofievcov be TT}? %a>pa<; airaGi)<s KOI
6 Beo/jievciiv (SoriOelv. TOVTO Be rjv evTrpeireia jjirj
<pvyrjv elvai fjtrjBe aTrbyvwcnv TOV a7ro7r\ovv
aviodi TT pay [idr a)v TO Be dXydes ov
/cparelv 2<i,K6\ia$ axnrep rew? Tapa%6
etcftaaLV ^TMV, avOis eppi^rev eavrov et? '
\eyerai 5' aTraXXarTO/Ae^o? ijSrj TT/DO? rrjv vrjcrov
eiTreiv rot? Trepl avrov " Qi'av a7ro\ei-
/cal
aia-rpav." /cal TOVTO fiev, axnrep elicdcrQr), yaer' ov
TToKvv %p6vov eyevero.
XXIV. Twv Be /3ap(3dpa)v crvaravrcov eV
rov aTTOTrXeo^ra, KayO^Soz^toi? f^ev ev ra>
vavfjLa%)jcra<; a7re/5aXe rwv vewv TroXXa?, rat?
rcarecfrvye TT/OO? rr)V 'IraXtai/,
ov/c eXarrov? 7r/ooSta/5az/Te?
fJLev etyoftrjOrja-av, ev Be rat?
7TiTL6e/jievoi teal TrpocrTrtTrro^re? aTrav TO
crvveTapa^av. eVecre 5e Suo Oripia /cal
Toyv bTria6o$>v\aKOvvTwv
2 auro? ow a?ro TOU crro/uaro? 7ra/>eXacra?
/cal Bie/civBvveve TT/OO? avBpas rj
al dv/jLoeiBei?. TrX^et? Se
KOI fu/cpbv e/c TMV fj.a-)(oiJLevwv aTrocrra? ert
eTTrjpe rou? TroXe/uof?. el? Se /cal TroXi; TT/QO TCOI/
aXXa)p eTTiBpa/jiwv, dvrjp TW re acojjLaTt /jieyas /cal
rot? OTrXot? Xa/ATT/oo?, e^prJTO Trj <$>wvf) OpacrvTepa
3 :al Trpo6\6elv eK.\evev avTov, el
6 Ily/o/jo? eVecTTyoe^e /5ta T<WZ> vTcaaTciaT&v, /cal
424
PYRRHUS, xxiii. 5-xxiv. 3
even in their cities, and begged for his assist-
ance. This gave him a fair pretext for his sailing
away, without its being called a flight or despair
of his cause in the island ; but in truth it was
because he could not master Sicily, which was like a
storm-tossed ship, but desired to get out of her, that
he once more threw himself into Italy. And it is
said that at the time of his departure he looked back
at the island and said to those about him : " My
friends, what a wrestling ground for Carthaginians
and Romans we are leaving behind us ! " And this
conjecture of his was soon afterwards confirmed.
XXIV. But the Barbarians combined against him
^^
as he was setting sail. With the Carthaginians he
fought a sea-fight in the strait and lost many of his
ships, but escaped with the rest to Italy ; and here
the Mamertines, more than ten thousand of whom
had crossed in advance of him, though they were
afraid to match forces with him, yet threw his
whole army into confusion by setting upon him
and assailing him in difficult regions. Two of his
elephants fell, and great numbers of his rearguard
were slain. Accordingly, riding up in person from
the van, he sought to ward off the enemy, and
ran great risks in contending with men who were
trained to fight and were inspired with high
courage. And when he was wounded on the head
with a sword and withdrew a little from the com-
batants, the enemy were all the more elated. One
of them ran forth far in advance of the rest, a man
who was huge in body and resplendent in armour,
and in a bold voice challenged Pyrrhus to come
out, if he were still alive. This angered Pyrrhus,
and wheeling round in spite of his guards, he pushed
425
PLUTARCH'S LIVES
opyr)<; a'Cfian irecfrvp/jievos /cal SeiJ'o? o<f)0r)vaL
TO TrpocrcoTrov a)(Ta.fjivo<f >i avTwv /cal (fcdda
fidpffapov 7r\rj^e Kara TT}? /ce</>aX?}? rat
re
TOV (n&tfpov H%pi, rwv Kara) SiaSpa/jLovaav, wcrre
evl %p6vq) TrepiTrecelv eKarepwae ra fJ*prj TOV
4 o-co/zaro? Si^oro^^e^ro?. TOVTO TOV? fSapfidpovs
eVeV^e TOV irpo<jo) ^copelp, w? TIVCL TMV KpeiTTo-
va)v davfjidcravTas KCU KaTa7r\ayevTa$ TOP YIvp-
pov. 6 Be TTJV a\\rjv 6&bv dSew? Sie^eXdutv fj/cev
ei? Tdpaina, ^icr/zu/otof? vre^ou? /cal Tpia"%i\iov<s
v. dva\a/3a)v Se TWV TapavTivcov
KpaTiGTovs, evdvs eirl 'Pw/JLciiovs rjyev ev
XXV. T&v Se ^avvLTMv TO, TG. TrdaTa SLC-
KOI TOV
fj,voi, /md^ai^ TroXXat? VTTO TWV 'Pw/jiaiwv. evfjv
Be TL /cal 7T/309 TOV Tlvppov 0/97775 Bta TOV ei?
^LKe\iav Tr\ovv odev ov TroXXot TOUTW^ avTw
o~vvfj\Qov. Trdvras Be veifMas St^a TOU? ^ev et?
rrjv Aev/cav[av eTre/ji-^rev dvTi\iTtyofj,evovs TOV eTe-
2 pov TWV VTraTWV, a>? /mr) (Boudoir), TOU? Be rjyev
auTo? eirl ^Adviov Kou/?toi/ irepl iroXiv "QeveovevTov
IBpvjjLevov ev ao*^>aXet /cal irepifjievovTa TTJV etc T/;?
Aef/ama? /SorfOeiav ecrTi S' oVe /cal fidvTecov av-
TOV olwvols /cal iepols diroTpeTrovTwv
ovv 6 TLvppos emdecrOai, TOVTOLS, irplv
efceivov? tTreXOelv, avBpa<; TC TOVS /cpaTiaTovs /cal
426
PYRRHUS, xxiv. 3-xxv. 2
his way through them full of wrath, smeared with
blood, and with a countenance terrible to look upon,
and before the Barbarian could strike dealt him
such a blow on the head with his sword that, what
with the might of his arm and the excellent temper
of his steel, it cleaved its way down through, so that
at one instant the parts of the sundered body fell to
either side. This checked the Barbarians from any
further advance, for they were amazed and confounded
at Pyrrhus, and thought him some superior being.
So he accomplished the rest of his march unmolested
and came to Tarentum, 1 bringing twenty thousand
foot and three thousand horse. Then, adding to his
force the best troops of the Tarentines, he forthwith
led them against the Romans, who were encamped
in the country of the Samnites.
XXV. But the power of the Samnites had been
shattered, and their spirits were broken, in con-
sequence of many defeats at the hands of the
Romans. They also cherished considerable resent-
ment against Pyrrhus because of his expedition to
Sicily ; hence not many of them came to join him.
Pyrrhus, however, divided his army into two parts,
sent one of them into Lucania to attack the other
consul, that he might not come to the help of his
colleague, and led the other part himself against
Maiiius Curius, who was safely encamped near the
city of Beneventum and was awaiting assistance
from Lucania ; in part also it was because his sooth-
sayers had dissuaded him with unfavourable omens
and sacrifices that he kept quiet. Pyrrhus, accord-
ingly, hastening to attack this consul before the
other one came up, took his best men and his most
1 In the autumn of 276 B.o.
427
PLUTARCH'S LIVES
rwv 0rjpiu>v TO, /.laxi/jLcorara \a/3a)V VVKTOS
3 <rev 7rl rb arparoTreBov. rrepuovn Be avrw /JLCIK-
pdv Kal Bacrelav v\ais 6Bov ov/c avrecr^e ra (frwra,
Kal TT\dvai Tot? crrpanwrais crvvTV)(Ov KOI rrepl
ravra yivo/Aevrjs oi-aTptftf)? r\ re vv% eVeXtTre Kal
r}v afju rjfjiepa rot? TroXeytt/oi? eirep^d-
CLTTO TWV CLKpWV, WC7T6 OopvftoV 7TO\VV KOi
irapacr^etv.
Ov fJir]V a\\a TWV lepwv rcG Mai>t<
/ecu rov fcaipov ftoriOelv avayKa&VTOS,
roi? TrpcoTois /cal Tpetydfievos e(f)6/3r]<T
, ware /cal irecrelv OVK 6\iyov<; Kal rwv
riva<; d\wvai, Kara\L(f)0evra<;. avrr)
rov Mdviov r) VIM] Kartjyaye (Jia^ovfjievov et? TO
crv^l3a\aiv GK 7rpo8ij\ov TO fj,v erpe-
rcov TroXe/ita)^, ecrTt S' 77 fiiaaOels VTTO rcov
Orjpiwv Kal o'ucrTaXet? TT/JO? TO a-rparorrebov TOU?
5 fjiera rcov orr\wv Kal a/e/i^Ta?. 01 Be emfyavevres
K roTrcov 6^vpa)v Kal ra Orfpia /SaXXo^Te? rjvdy-
Kacrav d7rocrrpe<j)crdat, Kal <f>v<yfj ^wpovvra Bia
rwv o~v/J/nd%a)v orrLaw rapa^rjv drrepydaacrdai
Kal crvy^vaLv, rj ro viKrjfjLa TrapeBwKe TO?? 'Pco-
fjLaioLS, ayua Be Kal ro Kpdros rrjs rjye/jLovias.
yap (frpowrj/na Kal Bvvauiv Kal Bo^av a>5
7r/)ocrXa/5oyT9 eV T^? dperr)<? eKeLVijs Kal raw
dycovcov *Ira\iav fjiev ev0vs, 0X170) Be vcrrepov
XXVI. Ovrco /lev e^errecre rwv 'Ira\iKwv Kal 400
%IK\IKWV 6 Tlvppos e"\,7riBa>v, e^aerrj %povov dva-
Xcocra? rrepl TOV? eKei vroXeyu-oi/?, Kal TO?? l rrpdy-
1 TO? j Coraes and Bekker have TO?S pfv, after Muretus.
428
PYRRHUS, xxv. 2-xxvi. i
warlike elephants and set out by night against his
camp. But since he took a long circuit through a
densely wooded country, his lights did not hold out,
and his soldiers lost their way and straggled. This
caused delay, so that the night passed, and at day-
break he was in full view of the enemy as he
advanced upon them from the heights, and caused
much tumult and agitation among them.
Manius, however, since the sacrifices were pro-
pitious and the crisis forced action upon him, led his
forces out and attacked the foremost of the enemy,
and after routing these, put their whole army to
flight, so that many of them fell and some of their
elephants were left behind and captured. This
victory brought Manius down into the plain to give
battle ; here, after an engagement in the open, he
routed the enemy at some points, but at one was
overwhelmed by the elephants and driven back upon
his camp, where he was obliged to call upon the
guards, who were standing on the parapets in great
numbers, all in arms, and full of fresh vigour.
Down they came from their strong places, and
hurling their javelins at the elephants compelled
them to wheel about and run back through the
ranks of their own men, thus causing disorder and
confusion there. This gave the victory to the
Romans, and at the same time the advantage also
in the struggle for supremacy. For having acquired
high courage and power and a reputation for invinci-
bility from their valour in these struggles, they at once
got control of Italy, and soon afterwards of Sicily.
XXVI. Thus Pyrrhuswas excluded from his hopes
of Italy and Sicily, after squandering six years' time
in his wars there, and after being worsted in his
429
PLUTARCH'S LIVES
\arr(i)6eL<f, TO Be dvBpelov dviKrjTOV ev
rat? r/rraf9 Bia<j)v\da5' KOL vo/j.ia0el<; e/JLTreipia
/jLV irO\e/jLLKf} KOL %GLf>\ KOL TO\fJ,rj TTO\V 7T/9WT09
elvai TWV Kad' auTOV fiaaiXewv, a Be rat? irpd^e-
GIV eKrdro rat? \7ricriv aTro\\vvai, $>C epwra TWV
aTTovrwv ov&ev el? b Set QecrQat, ra>v virap^ovTwv
2 ^>^acra?. odev cnreiKa^ev avrov 6 'Avriyovos
Kvftevrf) iro\\a (Bd\\ovTi KCU a\a, xpijcrdai Be
OVK eTTicrra/jLeva) TO?? irecrovcri.
KoyLttcra9 Be 6/9 "Hjreipov o/CTa^tcr
KOI TrevrarcocrLOVs tTTTret?, ^prjfj.ara Brj OVK
e^rJTei TroXe/JLOV w Qptyei TO crTpaTev/jia. /cat,
TIVWV Ya\aTO)v avTW Trpoo-yevo/Aevwv eve(3a\ev et9
N[aKe&oi>iav 'AvTiyovov TOV ^rj^rpiov /3acri\ev-
3 OI^TO? co? dpTrayfj KOI \erj\aaia xprja-6/Aevos. eVel
Be KOL Tro\ei<; ekdjjifiave crv^vas Kal
eaT^aav 009 CLVTOV, e\Tciaas TI
eVt TOV 'AvTiyovov teal Tiepl TO, crre^a
crvveTapa^e TTJV aipaTiav aTracrav.
ol Be eTrl 7779 ovpayias TOV ' AVTLJOVOV T6Tay/JLevoi
FaXarat, crv^vol TO 7r\T)do<? OVTGS, virea-Trjcrav
evpa)<TTa)<;' ical teapTepds n,dyr\<$ yevofJL&vrj^ TOVTWV
fjilv ol Tr\elaTOL KaTeKOTrrjcrav, ol Be TWV e\(f)dv-
TCOV rjye/Aoves eyKaTa\afi^av6jnevot TrapeBw/cav
4 eavTovs /cal TO, Orjpia iravra. Trpoa\a[3a)V Be 6
Hvppos TrjXt/cavTa, Kal TTJ TV^rj /j,d\\ov rj rot?
\oyicr/jLOi<? %pa)f4evG$, eTrfjye TJJ (f>d\ayyt TWV
MarceBovcdv dvaTreTrXijcr/jLevT} Tapa^ij<; Kal <f>o/3ov
Bid Trjv fjTTav. oOev e/jL/3o\rj<i aev CCT^OVTO Kal
43
PYRRHUS, xxvi. 1-4
undertakings, but he kept his brave spirit uncon-
quered in the midst of his defeats; and men believed
that in military experience, personal prowess, and
daring, he was by far the first of the kings of his
time, but that what he won by his exploits he lost
by indulging in vain hopes, since through passionate
desire for what he had not he always failed to
establish securely what he had. For this reason
Antigonus used to liken him to a player with dice
who makes many fine throws but does not under-
stand how to use them when they are made.
He returned to Epeirus l with eight thousand
foot and five hundred horse, and since he had no
money he sought for a war by which he could
maintain his army. Some Gauls joined him, and he
thereupon made an incursion into Macedonia, where
Antigonus the son of Demetrius was reigning,
designing to strip and plunder the country. But
after he had taken a great number of cities and two
thousand Macedonian soldiers had come over to him,
he began to hope for greater things, and set out to
attack Antigonus, and falling upon him in a narrow
pass, threw his whole army into confusion. The
Gauls who formed the rearguard of Antigonus, a
numerous body, made a sturdy resistance ; but after
a fierce battle most of these were cut to pieces,
while those who had charge of the elephants were
hemmed in and surrendered themselves and all their
animals. Then Pyrrhus, thus greatly strengthened,
and consulting his good fortune rather than his
judgment, advanced upon the phalanx of the
Macedonians, which was filled with confusion and
fear because of their previous defeat. For this
1 Late in the year 274 B.C.
431
PLUTARCH'S LIVES
7T/90? avrov, rrjv Be Be^iav TT porelvwv KOI
KOI Ta^idp^ov? avaKakov/JLevo^, airav-
direcrrricre TOVS rre^ovs TOV 'Avriyovov.
5 /cdtcelvos fJiev vTrofyevywv a/na rwv Ircrckwv 0X17045 l
rwv rrapa\Lwv TLVCLS iro\ewv Karecr^v, 6 8e Hvp-
po? ev evrv^fjiacri TOCTOVTOIS /jLeyicrTOv avrat TT/OO?
So^av olof^evos 8ia7re7rpa%0ai, TO irepl TOU? Fa-
Xara?, ra /cd\\Lcrra /cal \afnrp6rara TWV \a<f)u-
pcov dveOrjfcev et? TO lepov TT}? '
ToSe TO \eyelov e
u? Ovpeovs 6 MoXoo-tfo? 'Irwvi&i, Bwpov 'Addva
Uvppos CLTTO Opaaewv eKpefjLa&ev PdXarav,
iravra rbv 'Avriyovov Ka6e\(v crrparov ov
-
l KCU vvv KOI Tra/jo?
v Be v&v$ dv6\d/ji/3av6 Ta<?
V Be Alycucov KpaTrjcras rd re a\\a
/)r;<raTO Tot? dv0pa>7roi<;, real fypovpav Ya\aTLKr)V
T7) 7TO\6l KaT\l7T TCOV /AT dVTOV (TTpa
ol Be PaXdrai yevo? dTr^rjarorarov
7T06VTO TO)V
TOL? Taof? opvrreiv, /ca ra
^irjpiraaav, ra Be oara Trpo? vfipiv Biep-
. rovro Kov<f)G)<; eBo^e Kal oKiywpws evey/ceiv
6 Tlvppos, rj BS ao"^oXta? rivas virepOe/JLevos rj
Travel? oXw? Bta (})6/3ov TO /coXdaai TOU? ftapftdp-
ovs" o6ev iJKovae /ca/cco? VTTO TCOV Ma/ceBovayv.
OVTTCI) Be rwv Trpay/jidrcov avrS> /3e/3aioTr)Ta /cal
e^ovrwv {JLOvifJiOV, rjwpelro ry
o\iyois supplied by Blass, in conformity with
the translation of Amyot : apa ruv
432
PYRRHUS, xxvi. 4-7
reason they refrained from engagement or battle
with him, whereupon Pyrrhus, stretching out his
right hand and calling upon the generals and captains,
brought over to him all the infantry of Antigonus in
a body. So Antigonus took to flight with a few of
his horsemen, and occupied some of the seaboard
cities ; while Pyrrhus, thinking that amid so many
successes his achievement against the Gauls con-
duced most to his glory, dedicated the most beautiful
and splendid of the spoils in the temple of Athena
Itonis, with the following elegiac inscription :
" These shields, now suspended here as a gift to
Athena Itonis, Pyrrhus the Molossian took
from valiant Gauls, after defeating the entire
army of Antigonus; which is no great wonder ;
for now, as well as in olden time, the Aeacidae
are brave spearmen."
After the battle, however, he at once proceeded to
occupy the cities. And after getting Aegae into his
power, besides other severities exercised upon its in-
habitants he left as a garrison in the city some of the
Gauls who were making the campaign with him. But
the Gauls, a race insatiable of wealth, set themselves
to digging up the tombs of the kings who had been
buried there ; the treasure they plundered, the bones
they insolently cast to the four winds. This outrage
Pyrrhus treated with lightness and indifference, as
it was thought ; he either postponed punishment
because he had some business on hand, or remitted
it altogether because he was afraid to chastise the
Barbarians ; and on this account he was censured by
the Macedonians. Moreover, before his affairs were
securely and firmly established, his thoughts swung
433
PLUTARCH'S LIVES
7rd\iv TT/OO? T6/3a? e'X/TTtSa?. real TOV fiev *AvTlyo-
vov e(f)v/3pici)v avalff^yvTOV e/caXei fJLrj Xa^/SdvovTa
aAA,' ert TTJV Tropfyvpav fyopovvra.
Be rov ^Trapndrov Trapayevo/jLevov KOI
avrov eVt TTJV AaKeBai/j,oi>a
8 'O
elvai Kai JLOva-iKos OI;T' evvoiav
oure TTIGTIV et^ef, aXX' "Apevs e/SacriXeue. /cat
rovro fJ,ev ev r)i> KOIVOV e^/K\rj^a KOL Trpecrfturepov
avTw TT/JO? TOU? TToXtVa?* ryvvalKa Be Ka\r)v KOL 401
yevovs /3a<7i\ifcov XtXwi'tSa rr/i^ Aecorv^iSov
7T/9(T/5uTepo? wi^ eyrj/iiev o KXeco^u/xo?. 7} &e
'A/cporarft) TO) "Ayoeco? eVt/zaz'eicra, /j,ipaKia) /cad'
copav aK/jLafovTi, Xviriypov epayvri rq> KXewvufia)
/cat aSo^ov 6/uiov Trapel^e TOV yd/Aov ovSeva yap
e\dv6ave ^TrapTiaTwv KaTafypovovfJLevos VTTO T^?
9 yuvaiKos. OVTO) Be TO>V icaT OIKOV avLapwv rot?
7rpoa-yevo[j,evwv UTT' opyrjs KOI ftapv-
eTrrjye TTJ ^TrdpTrj TOV Hvppov
Bicr/j,vpiovs real 7TVTaKicr^i\Lov<; 7rt-ov
& /TTTrei?, e'A.e^az'Ta? Be eltcocTiTecrcTapas, wcrre
jjLeyeQei TT}? Trapaa-Kevfjs evOvs elvat, KaTdBrj\ov
ov KXeajvv/jLQ) Trjv ^TrdpTijv, d\\a Ti)V He\o7r6v-
vrjcrov eavTW KTco^evov, eVel rw 76 \6yqy real TT^O?
auroL/? ei;apvo<; fjv TOU? AafceBai/JiOviovs Trpecrftev-
10 o^a^ra? et? MeyaX,?;^ irb\iv. <f)r) yap eXevdepwcrwv
ra? VTT' ' ' AvTiybvas TroXet? d<pi%0ai,, real vrj Ata
434
PYRRHUS, xxvi. 7-10
again towards new hopes. He railed at Antigonus
and called him a shameless man for not laying aside
the purple and wearing a common robe ; and when
Cleonymus the Spartan came and invited him to
come to Lacedaemon, he readily listened to him.
Now, Cleonymus was of royal lineage, but because
he was thought to be of a violent and arbitrary
temper, he enjoyed neither goodwill nor confidence
at home, but Areus was king there. This was one
general ground of complaint which he had against
his fellow citizens, and it was of long standing.
Besides, Cleonymus in his later years had married
Chilonis the daughter of Leotychides, a beautiful
woman of royal lineage ; but she had fallen desper-
ately in love with Acrotatus the son of Areus, a
young man in the flower of his age, and thus
rendered his marriage distressing to Cleonymus,
since he loved her, and at the same time disgraceful;
for every Spartan was well aware that the husband
was despised by his wife. Thus his domestic vexations
added themselves to his political disappointment,
and in indignation and wrath he brought Pyrrhus
against Sparta. 1 Pyrrhus had twenty-five thousand
foot and two thousand horse, besides twenty-four
elephants, so that the magnitude of his preparations
made it clear at once that he was not aiming to
acquire Sparta for Cleonymus, but the Peloponnesus
for himself. And yet his professions were all to the
contrary, and particularly those which he made to
the Lacedaemonian ambassadors themselves when
they met him at Megalopolis. He told them he
had come to set free the cities which were sub-
ject to Antigonus, yes, and that he was going to
1 In 272 B.C.
435
PLUTARCH'S LIVES
TOV9 vecorepovs TralSas et? ^Trdprijv, el ^ TL
K(o\vei, TrejJL^wv evTpatyrjcrojuLevovs rot?
eOe&tv, &)? TOUT ir\eov e%oiev rjBr) ra>v
ftcHJikewv. ravra TrXarro/nevos KOI Trapdywv rot/9
VTvy%dvovTa<; avry KCL& 6$6v, co? irpwTOv ij-fraro
T^? AaKO)Vifcf)<; dpTrayrjv eVotetro KOI \ij\acn,av'
11 eyKoXovvroiv Be rwv Trpeaftecov, on fir} fcaraj-
TT/OO? aurou?,
> >/ f tf^K* / V r/^v
977, TCI;? ZiTrapTiarcK; idfjiev o ri av
iroielv erepois TrpoXeyovras" els Be rwv
irapovrwv, ovofj,a MavSpoK\iBa$, etvre rfj
\atc(i)vi%(i)V " Al /j,ev ecral TV ye Oeos, ovBey
7rd0a)jj,V ov yap dSLtcev/Aev at S' avdptoiros, eV-
crerat fcal rev Kappwv a\\09."
XXVII. 'E/c rovrov KaTeftatvev eVl rrjv Aa/ce-
xal rov
e(j)6Sov TrpoaftaXeiv <f)0/3rj0el<; o Tlvppos, ft>9 Xe-
yerai, /JLTJ BtapTrdcrwo'iv ol crrpcniwTai rrjv TTO\IV
ev vvKrl TrpocnrecrovTes, eVecr^ei/, eliTwv OTL rauro
iroirjcrovcn /$' rjfjbepav. avrol re yap r}crav 6\iyoi
real aTrapdcr/cevoi Sia TO al<pviBtov, o re "Apev? OVK
eTvy^ave Trapwv, aXX' eV KpijTrj
7ro\fjLOv/jLevoi<> ftoriOwv KCLI rouro Brj
rrjv TToXiv ecrcocre Bi eprj/jLiav /cal do-Qevetav /cara-
2 fypoviiOelaav. o pep yap Tlvppos ovBeva
vo^i^wv Karrjv\icraTO f TOU Be K.\ea)vv/jiov
oltciav o'i re (f)i\oi KOI etXcores OVTCO?
436
PYRRHUS, xxvi. lo-xxvn. 2
send his younger sons to Sparta, if nothing pre-
vented, to be brought up in the Lacedaemonian
customs, that so they might presently have the ad-
vantage over all other princes. With these fictions
he beguiled those who came to meet him on his
march, but as soon as he reached Laconian territory
he began to ravage and plunder it. And when the
Spartan ambassadors upbraided him for making war
upon them without previous declaration, he said :
" Yet we know that you Spartans also do not tell
others beforehand what you are going to do." Where-
upon one of those who were present, Mandrocleidas
by name, said to him in the broad Spartan dialect :
" If thou art a god, we shall suffer no harm at thy
hands ; for we have done thee no wrong ; but if a
man, another will be found who is even stronger
than thou."
XXVII. After this, he marched down against the
city of Sparta. Cleonymus urged him to make the
assault as soon as he arrived, but Pyrrhus was afraid,
as we are told, that his soldiers would plunder the
city if they fell upon it at night, and therefore re-
strained them, saying that they would accomplish
just as much by day. For there were but few
men in the city, and they were unprepared, owing
to the suddenness of the peril ; and Areus was not
at home, but in Crete, whither he was bringing
military aid for the Gortynians. And this, indeed,
more than anything else, proved the salvation of
the city, which its weakness and lack of defenders
caused to be despised. For Pyrrhus, thinking that
no one would give him battle, bivouacked for the
night, and the friends and Helot slaves of Cleonymus
adorned and furnished his house in the expectation
437
PLUTARCH'S LIVES
/cat TrapecrKevaaav o>? BenrvyJGovTGS TO{) TIvppov
Trap* avTy.
TevofJievris Be VVKTOS ol Aa/ceBai/Aovioi, irpwTov
fj,ev eftovXevaavTO ra? yvvaifcas els KprJTrjv UTCO-
, al Be avrearTrjaav. 'Ap%iBa/j.ia Be teal
e^ovcra TT/OO? Tr]V yepovaiav rfKdev <y/ca\ov(ra
rot? av^pdaiv vTrep rwv <yvvaiKU>v> el fjv aura?
TT}? ^Tra'pr?;? aTroXoyU-e^^?. eTreira ry
TWV TroXe/xtwt' irapd\\7]\ov eyvooaav
afypov ev9ev KOI evOev avr^? artya-cu
ra? a/xa^a?, fJ-e^pt rov yuecrou TCOI/ Tpo^wv /cara-
yjjOGawres, OTTCO? e$pai> e^ovaaL Svae/c/Siaarov
/*7roSci)V wcri rot? Orjpiois. ayO^OyueVot? 8e raura
Trpdrreiv T^KOV avTols roov irapOevwv /ecu
al /lev ev ifiariot,?, KaTa^wad^vai TOU?
GKOVS, al Be fjLOvo-^irwve^, <Tvvep i yaa'6/j,vai rot?
4 Trpecrfivrepois. rou? Be /nd^eaO ] ai {leXXovras e/ce-
\evov rjo'v^d^eLv, teal \af3ovaai fj.Tpov avral /ca@'
auras e^eipydaravro rr}? rdcfrpov TO rpirov /j.epos.
r)V Be TO /lev TrXaro? aur^? Trifyewv ^, TO Be
/5a^o? TCTTapwv, TO Be fMf)KO<s OKTaTrXedpov, to?
iaTopel <&v\ap')(os, &>? 8' 'lepcDW/jiOS, e\aTrov.
5 a/jia 8' r)/n.epa Kivovpkvtov TWV Tro\efjiiwv TO, oVXa
rot? i/eoi? opeyovaat, teal TrapaBiBovcrai rrjv
Td<ppov d/jivveiv teal (pv\aTTeiv K\evov,
jjitv VIKCLV ev o<$9a\iJLol<$ TT)? TraTpiBos,
Be Qvr}(TKiv ev 'X.epcrl /aijTepcov teal yvvai/cwv a
T/}? ^rrdpTris Trecro^ra?. r) Be XfXwz^'?, etcTr
ovcra Ka6^ eavT^v, ftpb^ov efyev evr^^^evov, OTTW?
TW KXewi^u/zft) yu-^ yevoiTO T^? TroXew?
438
PYRRHUS, xxvii. 2-5
that Pyrrhus would take supper there with its
owner.
When night had come, the Lacedaemonians at first
took counsel to send their women off to Crete, but the
women were opposed to this; and Archidamia came
with a sword in her hand to the senators and up-
braided them in behalf of the women for thinking it
meet that they should live after Sparta had perished.
Next, it was decided to run a trench parallel with
the camp of the enemy, and at either end of it
to set their waggons, sinking them to the wheel-hubs
in the ground, in order that, thus firmly planted,
they might impede the advance of the elephants.
When they began to carry out this project, there
came to them the women and maidens, some of them
in their robes, with tunics girt close, and others in
their tunics only, to help the elderly men in the
work. The men who were going to do the fighting
the women ordered to keep quiet, and assuming their
share of the task they completed with their own
hands a third of the trench. The width of the trench
was six cubits, its depth four, and its length eight
hundred feet, according to Phylarchus ; according to
Hieronymus, less than this. When day came and
the enemy were putting themselves in motion, these
women handed the young men their armour, put the
trench in their charge, and told them to guard and
defend it, assured that it was sweet to conquer before
the eyes of their fatherland, and glorious to die in
the arms of their mothers and wives, after a fall that
was worthy of Sparta. As for Chilonis, she withdrew
from the rest, and kept a halter about her neck, that
she might not come into the power of Cleonymus if
the city were taken.
439
VOL. IX. P
PLUTARCH'S LIVES
XXVIII. AUTO? /jiev ovv o TIvppos
Kara aTO/Ad rot? oVXtra^ TT^O? acJTTt'Sa? 7roXXa9
ran; sLTTdpTiaTcov avTiTTaparerajfjieva^, /cat
ov Treparrjv ovBe /Sdcriv acrqbaX?} rot?
Trape^ovcrav VTTO ^avvor^To^, 6 Be Trat?
yucuo9, e%fav &ia")(i\iovs FaXara? /cat
rr/i; rd^pov CTreiparo Kara ra?
vTrepfialveiv, al Se VTTO fidOovs real TTVK-
TOVTOLS Tr)ve<bo&ov, aXXa
Svcrepyov evrolovv rr)V
2 dvaa"irojVTu>v Be ratv FaXarco^ TOU? T/OO^OL'? /cat
VTTOGVpOVTWV Ttt? tt/Xa^a? t? TO!' TTOTa/ULOV, KdTl-
Ba)v TOV KivBuvov 6 veavias 'Arporaro? /cat T^Z>
BiaBpaficiDV yitera rpiaKOGiwv 7repirj\0e TOV
ov <jvvopu>iJLvo<$ UTT' avrov Bid vivas
, ea)? 7rpocre/3a\e rot? eV^arot? /cat
//.eTa/3aXoi>Ta? rjvdyKacre fid^eaOai TT^O? eavrov,
VTT aXXr;Xwv ei'? re T7;i/ ra(f)pov /cat
rat? djjid^ai^ TrtTrro^ra?, a^pt ou $>ovw TTO\-
fio\i<; dveicoTTr)(rav. e0ea)i>To Be 01 re Trpea-
ftvrepoi Kal rwv JWCLIKCOV TO 77X7)^09 dpiarevov-
ra TOV 'A/cporarov. eVet 8e air-yei iraKiv Bta T^9
7ToXea>9 eVt TI/ aurov rdiv, atiaTO9 /caTa7rXea)9
/cat yavpos, VTTO T7/9 VLKTJS 67777^6^09, at
e'Bo^e yeyovevai Kill Ka\\iwv rat9 Aa/caiVa9, /cat
TOU epa)TO9 e^tj\ovv. TWV Be irpea-
'A/cporare, /cat ot(f>e rai/ Xi\a)viBa' /JLOVOV
ra ^Trdpra Troiet"
Kara e TOI^ IIv/opo^ avrov icr^vpd^
aXXot re Xa/z7r/3O)9 rjytoVL^ovTO, /cla
440
PYRRHUS, xxvm. 1-4
XXVIII. Pyrrhus himself, then, with his men-at-
arms, tried to force his way directly against the many
shields of the Spartans which confronted him, and
over a trench which was impassable and afforded his
soldiers no firm footing owing to the freshly turned
earth. But his son Ptolemy, with two thousand
Gauls and picked Chaonians, went round the trench
and tried to force a passage where the waggons were.
These, however, being so deeply planted in the earth
and so close together, made not only his onset, but
also the counter-efforts of the Lacedaemonians, a
difficult matter. The Gauls pulled the wheels up
and were dragging the waggons down into the river ;
but the young Acrotatus saw the danger, and run-
ning through the city with three hundred men got
round behind Ptolemy without being seen by him,
owing to some depressions in the ground, and at last
fell upon his rear ranks and forced them to turn
about and fight with him. And now the Barbarians
crowded one another into the trench and fell among
the waggons, and finally, after great slaughter, were
successfully driven back. The elderly men and the
host of women watched the brilliant exploit of
Acrotatus. And when he went back again through
the city to his allotted post, covered with blood and
triumphant, elated with his victory, the Spartan
women thought that he had become taller and more
beautiful than ever, and envied Chilonis her lover.
Moreover, some of the elderly men accompanied him
on his way, crying : " Go, Acrotatus, and take to
thyself Chilonis ; only, see that thou begettest brave
sons for Sparta."
A fierce battle was also waged where Pyrrhus
himself led, and many Spartans made a splendid
441
PLUTARCH'S LIVES
eVl 7r\el(TTov avri<jyu)V KOI
a7TOKTivas TMV ftiafofAevwv, co? rjaOero rpav-
Tr\r)OeL TfapaKvofievov eavTov, e/ccrra? TIVI
eTTiTeTay/jievcov rr}? ^<w/9a? eirecrev eVro? TMV
oTr\(i)v, wcrre yu,^ yevecrdcu TOV vercpov VTTO rot?
XXIX. NU/CTO? 6e 77 /tia%^ SieKpWrj' KCU
ijLay/jLevos 6 Ylvppof O^TLV el&6 TotavTrjv. e
[Ba\.\ecr6ai Kepavvols VTT avrov Trjv AaKeS
KOI (f>\eycr0ai, Trdaav, avTov Be y^aipeiv. VTTO Be
TT}? %apa<; e$;yp6/J,vos TOI/? re rjye/jiovas efce\6vev
ev TrapcKT/cevf) TOV aTpaTov e^eiv, KOI rot? (J>L\OIS
SirjyelTo TOV oveipov co? \rj-^r6/Jievo<; KCLTO, KpaTos
2 TTJV troXiv. ol /uLev ovv a\.\oi OavfjiaaLw^ 7rei0ovTO,
Avai/jLaxy Be ov/c iipecr/cev 77 o-v/rt?, aXX' e<j)ij BeBie-
vai /j.tf, KaQcLTrep TO, ^a\\ofieva TO?? /cepavvois
dve/jifiaTa fievei ^o)pLa, KOI rc5 D vpp<p Trpoarj/jLaivT}
TO delov aveia-oBov eaea'dai TTJV TTO\IV. o Be TIvp-
elircov OTL TavTa pev eVrt TruXat'tfr;? b"x\a-
ias Kal aao^Lav %ovTa 7ro\\TJv, e/celvo Be Bel
TO, oVXa Bta %ipcov e^o^ra? V7roj3d\\eiv eavTois,
El? olcovos apiaTos a[JLvve<j6a,L irepl TIvppov,
e^avecrTT) Kal Trpoo-rjyev a//.' r^fiepa TOV crTpaTov.
3 *l.i/j,vvovTo Be TrpoOvfjiia Kal apeTy Trapa Bvva/jtiv
ol AaKeBaifxovior Kal Trapijcrav at yvvai/ces opey-
442
PYRRHUS, xxvin. 4-xxix. 3
fight, but particularly Phyllius, who surpassed all in
the tenacity of his resistance and the numbers of
the on-rushing enemy whom he slew ; and when he
perceived that his powers were failing from the
multitude of the wounds he had received, he made
way for one of his comrades in the line, and fell
inside the ranks, that his dead body might not come
into the hands of the enemy.
XXIX. Night put an end to the battle ; and
Pyrrhus, as he slept, had the following vision. He
dreamed that Sparta was smitten with thunderbolts
from his hand and was all ablaze, and that he was
filled with joy. His joy waked him from sleep,
and he commanded his officers to get the army ready
for action, and narrated his dream to his friends,
convinced that he was going to take the city by
storm. Most of them, then, were fully persuaded
that he was right, but Lysimachus was not pleased
with the vision ; he said he was afraid lest, as
places smitten by thunderbolts are kept free from
the tread of men, the Deity might be indicating in
advance to Pyrrhus also that the city was not to be
entered by him. But Pyrrhus declared that this
was nonsense intended for the crowd, and great
folly, and calling upon his hearers to take their arms
in their hands and act upon the belief that
" One is the best of all omens, to fight in defence of
Pyrrhus," 1
rose up, and at day-break led forth his army.
But the Lacedaemonians defended themselves with
an alacrity and bravery beyond their strength ; the
1 An adaptation of Iliad, xii. 243, by substituting " Pyr-
rhus" for " one's country " (Uvppov for irdTpijs).
443
PLUTARCH'S LIVES
ovcrai /3\r), /cal ania real TTOTOV ro?9
, KOI dva\a^dvova-ai TOVS
T T(i<f>pov oi
vq> 779
O7r\a KOI (7(*)/jLaTa veicpwv eVfc^eo/zeVj;? direKpv-
4 7TT6TO. KOL 7T/JO? TOVTO TWV hdKe&ai
QOVVTWV axfr&rj Trapa rrjv Tafypov fcal ra?
YlvppOS LTTTTM ftlK %6/jLVOS 6t? TT)V irO\lV.
8e TWV Kara TOVTO TeTajfiepwv 'yevo/^evrjs teal
Spo/iLOU real 6\o\wy/jiov TWV yvvai/cwv, ijSrj
eXavvovTi, T& Tlvppw xal irpoaKei^evw rot?
Trpoarcoirov e^/Xaro KprjTiKW /3e\et TrXiyyels o
TTTTTO? VTTO Trjv ya&Tepa, /cal /caTe8a\e &vcr9ava-
TO)V TOV TlvppOV i? TO7TOU? O\lCT0r)pOV < $ Kfll 40
5 A-ara^rei?. Oopvftov/Jievwv Se irepl TOVTOV
oi ^.TraTiaTai, ical
rot? /3\e(Tiv e^e&aav aTramas. etc 8e TOVTOV KOI
Tr)v a\\r)v /jid^rjv eiravev, oto/^e^o? evBwaeiv TI
TOU? AaKeSai/jioviovs o"%6&ov aTrdvToyv /caTaTe-
Tpai/jievwv ai/TOt?, ireiTTWKOTwv be TTO\\MV. rj S*
djadrj TV^rj TT}? TroXew?, et're irelpav dpeTrjs Xa/i-
Bdvovcra T&V dvbpwv, eW avTij^,oo-rjv ev aTro
6 e%t &vi>a/j,iv, aTro&ei^iv BiBovcra, jjLO%dtj
TWV AaKebat/uLoviwv i^ovTwv ra? e'XTrt'Sa? 'Afieiv-
Lav re Qwicea, TWV 'AvTiyovov o-TpaTrpy&v, e/c
Kopivduv ^(j7]0/]trovTa 7rapet,a">]yaye /uLerd j^evwv,
TOVTOV dpTi Seo'ey/jLei'wv 6 /SacrtXey? auro??
CLI T B>) yvvaifces evdus eVt ra?
444
PYRRHUS, xxix. 3-6
women, too, were at hand, proffering missiles, dis-
tributing food and drink to those who needed them,
and taking up the wounded. The Macedonians tried
to fill up the trench, collecting and throwing into it
great quantities of materials, beneath which the
arms and dead bodies were hidden away. And
when the Lacedaemonians tried to put a stop to
this, Pyrrhus was seen forcing his way on horseback
past the trench and the waggons into the city. But
the men stationed at this point raised a shout, and
there was a concourse and shrieking of the women,
and just as Pyrrhus was riding through the waggons
and attacking the men in front of him, his horse was
wounded in the belly by a Cretan javelin and leaped
to one side, and in his death agony threw Pyrrhus
upon steep and slippery ground. His companions
were thrown into contusion around him, and the
Spartans, running upon them and making good use of
their missiles, drove them all off. After this, Pyrrhus
brought the fighting to a stop at other points also,
thinking that the Spartans would make some con-
cessions, now that almost all of them were wounded
and many had fallen. But now the good fortune of
the city, either because she was satisfied with the
bravery of its men, or because she would show forth
the great power which she herself has in desperate
crises, brought to their aid from Corinth, when the
hopes of the Spartans were already sorry, Ameinias
the Phocian, one of the generals of Antigonus, with
mercenary troops ; and no sooner had he been re-
ceived into the city than Areus the Spartan king
came from Crete, bringing with him two thousand
soldiers. So the women at once dispersed to their
445
PLUTARCH'S LIVES
ecrK$dcr0'T](Tav ) ovBev eri r jro\virpa r yiJLOveiv a
7TO\f.UKO)l>, Kal TOU9 TTa/5* ^XlKiaV ev TO9
avrovs
era^av.
XXX. Toy e IIu/opo^ eV^e /JLCV rt?
(f)i\orifjiia fjba\\ov Sid TOV? Trpoa-yeyovoras /cpa-
Trjcrai rfj? 7ro\ea)9* &>? Se ov&ev eirepaive, TrXtjya^
\afBu>v direcTrr} /cal rrjv %u>pav 7rop0t Siavoov-
/ze^o? avrodi ^i^aaai. TO Be ^peoov rjv
eV jap "Apyei, crrdaif rjv 'Apiareov TT/JO? '
TTOV. eVet Be 6 'A/ota-rtTTTro? eSo/cei ^prja
TO) 'Avriyovw, (frOdcras 6 'ApicrTeas Ka\et rov
2 Tlvppov et? TO "Ap709. o Be e\7ri,Ba<; e
del Kv\iv$(jL)V, Kal rai? fjiev evrv^iai^ e
d<f)0p/jiais, a Be eirraiev erepois /3ov\6-
ava,TT\r)povv Trpdy/jLCKTiv, ovre rjrrav ovre
viKr\v opov eiroieiro rov rapaTrecrdai /cal rapdr-
Tetv. evdus ovv dve^ev'yvvei' eirl TO "Apyos. 6 Be
"A /oev? eveBpas re vroXXa? uc^et? /cal KaraXaftcov
ra ^dXejrcorara T^? 6Bov TrepieKorrre TOU? Pa-
XaTa? Kal TOU? MoXocrcroi'? OTria0o(f)v\aKovvTa<>.
Tw Be Hvppw rrpoeiprjro /Aev CK rwv lepwv aKofBwv
VTTO rov fiavrew^ drroftdXr) nvos rwv
, rrapa Be rov tcaipov rore rw 0opv/3a)
Kal TO) Kivi'ifJiart, rov \oyi(r/jLov eKKpovaOels eVe-
\evcre rov viov Tlro\fj.aiov \afiovra rovs eraipovs
7rapa/3ori&elv, auTo? Be Oarrov CK r&v (rrevwv
4 e<f>6\K6fiVO$ rrjv arpandv vTrrjyev. o^eias Be irepl
446
PYRRHUS, xxix. 6-xxx. 4
homes, since they no longer thought it meet to
busy themselves with the work of war, and the
men, after dismissing from their ranks those of
unmilitary age whom necessity had brought there,
arrayed themselves for battle.
XXX. Pyrrhus, too, was more than ever possessed
by a fierce ambition to become master of the city,
now that reinforcements had come to it ; but since
he could accomplish nothing, and met with fresh
losses, he went away, and fell to ravaging the country,
purposing to spend the winter there. But Fate was
not to be escaped. For at Argos there was a feud
between Aristeas and Aristippus ; and since Aris-
tippus was thought to enjoy the friendship of Anti-
gonus, Aristeas hastened to invite Pyrrhus into
Argos. Pyrrhus was always entertaining one hope
after another, and since he made one success but the
starting point for a new one, while he was deter-
mined to make good each disaster by a fresh
undertaking, he suffered neither defeat nor victory
to put a limit to his troubling himself and
troubling others. At once, therefore, he broke camp
and set out for Argos. But Areus, by setting
frequent ambushes and occupying the most diffi-
cult points on the march, kept cutting off the Gauls
and Molossians who brought up the rear for Pyrrhus.
Now, it had been foretold to Pyrrhus by his seer,
in consequence of sacrifices where no liver could be
found, that he was to lose one of his kindred ; but
here, unhappily, owing to the agitation and tumult
among his rear-guard, he forgot himself, and ordered
his son Ptolemy with his comrades to go to the
rescue, while he himself drew his army more quickly
out of the narrow pass and led them forward. A
P2 447
PLUTARCH'S LIVES
TOV HTO\/jLaiov yu-a^?;? yevo/jievyjs, KOI TU>V
\eKTa)v AaK6&ai/j,ovicov, uv }Lva\Kos rjyeiTo, rot?
Trpo dVTOV <TV/jL7T\KO/jil'Ci)V, dv^p
Kal Bpa/jLelv o^u?, "Opvcraos OVO/JLCL, K/?T)?
, etc TrXayiov 7rapaBpa/j.a)v dywvt^o-
K0v/jLa)<; TOV veaviGKOv eVara^e teal tcare-
5 /3a\6. 7T6(Toi/T09 Be eKeivov /cal T/307T/}? jevof.ievr]<{
Trepl avTov, 01 Aarce&ai/jLovioi $IO)KOVTGS KOLI
e\a6ov el<s TO ire&iov avve^fBaX.ov're^
l a7roX?7<$eVTe? VTTO rwv oTrXirwv, e'<' 01)9 6
TLvppos apTL TOV OavaTOV TOV rratobs ar?//coa)?
Kal TrepiTraOwv eVecrTpe-v/re rou? irnreis TWV
MoXocrcrcot'. /cat TT/OWTO? etVeXacra? e
(j)6vov TWV AaK$aifjinvia)v, del fjLV TI 9 a
$ivos eV TO?? 077X0^? tyaivoiJLevos, Tore Se vrrep-
/3d\\wv TO\iJLr) Kal fiia TOU9
6 7re e 7reaXe TW uaX/eft) rot' LTTTTOV, o
rr\ayiov rrapacrTas ^IK^OV eSerjae TW %i$>ei TTJV
errl r/}? rjvias %elpa BiaKo^rat TOV Ylvppov, Trjv 8e
r)viav Trara^a? drreKotyev. 6 Se Ili;/?/?o9 a/xa T^
TT\7jyfj TOV Soparos S^eXacra? CKCLVOV drreppv'r] TOV
ITTTTOV, Kal Tre^o? 7)8?; Tra^ra? eVl TW E^aX/cco
yu.a^Oyu.eVoL'? direKTeive TOU? Xoya^a?. /cat /iteya
TOVTO Trj ^TrdpTjj 7rapavd\.w/jia TOV TroXe/x-ou Tre-
pa? e^ovTOS eTcoirjcrev 77 (f)i\oTi/j,ia TWV dp^ovTcov.
XXXI. 'O oe IIu/9/909 wffrrep evayicrfjiov Tiva
TCO TraiSt reXecra9 /cat \a/jLrrpov emTd(j)i.ov dywvL-
crd/jLi>os, Kal rro\v r^9 \vTnjs eV TW 7rpo9 rou9
TroXe/itLovs tt^>et9 0vp,(p, rrpofjyev errl TO *'Apyo<>.
Kal TOV 'AvTiyovov 'ijBrj TrvvOavofjievo^ eVt TCOJ^ 404
aKpcov vrrep TOV Tre$iov KaOijaOai, Trepl Tr]v Nai-
448
PYRRHUS, xxx. 4-xxxi. i
fierce battle raged where Ptolemy was, and while a
band of picked Spartans under the command of
Evalcus engaged the soldiers who were fighting in
front of him, a man of stout arm and swift foot,
Oryssus by name, of Aptera in Crete, ran up on one
side of the young prince as he was fighting spiritedly,
smote him, and laid him low. Upon Ptolemy's fall
and the rout of his company, the Spartans pursued,
carrying all before them, and before they were
aware of it had dashed out into the plain and
were cut off by the infantry of Pyrrhus. Against
this band of Spartans Pyrrhus, who had just heard of
the death of his son and was in anguish, turned his
Molossian horsemen. He himself charged at their
head, and sated himself with Spartan blood. He
had always shown himself invincible and terrible in
arms, but now his daring and might surpassed all
previous displays. When he set his horse upon
Evalcus, the Spartan stepped aside and had almost
cut off with his sword the bridle-hand of Pyrrhus; as
it was he hit the rein and severed it. Pyrrhus
transfixed the Spartan with a thrust of his spear, and
at the same instant fell off his horse, and fighting on
foot, at once proceeded to slay all the picked band
which was fighting over the body of Evalcus. This
great additional loss to Sparta when the war was
already at an end was due to the ambition of the
commanders.
XXXI. So Pyrrhus, after accomplishing as it were
an expiation for his son and celebrating his obsequies
with a brilliant contest, having also vented much of
his grief in his fury against the enemy, led his army
on towards Argos. And when he learned that
Antigonus was already posted on the heights com-
449
PLUTARCH'S LIVES
Tr\iav earparoTreBeva-e. rfj B' ucrrepaia
7T/005 rbv 'Avriyovov eVe/t^e, \vfjiewvd re /ca\cov
/cal TrpofcdX.ovfj.evos et<? TO rre&iov /carafidvra Bia-
2 yo)vLara(T0aL rcepl TT}? fta&iXeias. 6 Be drceicpivaro
rr)V /jiev aurov arparr)yiav ov% OTT\WV [j,a\\ov rj
/caipwv elvai, ry Be Hvppw 7ro\\a<f 6801/5 avew-
et; "
/cal rrjv iroXiv zav
<yvo/jt,vr)v, evvovv Be ovaav d/j,(f)OTpois. 6 /jt,ev ovv
y AvTL f yovos eireideTO ical rbv V'LOV eBiBov rot?
'Apyetoi? o/jirjpov, 6 Be Tlvppos a)^o\6yei /jiev dira\-
\ayrfcrecr0ai, /AT] 7rape%(0v Be Tricrnv v
rjv.
riverat Be d^^elov avrw re TO> TIvppw
rwv yap fto&v TeOvfjLevwv ai /cetyaXal icei/uevai
pt? fjBr) ra? re <y\(arras oxbOrjcrav 7rpo/3d\\ovaai
KOI TrepiXix/jLw/jievai rbv eavrwv $>6vov, ev re rfj
TroXet rwv 'Apyeitov 77 roO Av/ceiov rrpofyrjns
'ATroXX.wt'o? e^eBpa/jLe /Socoo*a vefepcov bpav /cal
<f)6vov Kardrr\w rrjv rrb\iv, rbv S' derbv eVl TOI>
dywva ^wpovvra, elra (frpovBov elvai.
XXXII. SKOTOU? Be TTO\\OV TT poa yut^a? o TLvp-
/oo? rot? rei^ecn, KO\ 7rv\rjv evpwv r)v AtayCtTrepe?
Ka\ov(riv dvewy/JLevrjv VTTO rov 'Apiareov avrols,
ay^pi /AV rov rrapeMTirecrelv rovs FaXara? TOL/?
Trap 9 avrov /cal rrjv dyopdv /cara\a/3eLv e\dv0ave*
rrj<{ Be 7rv\rjs TOU? eXe^az/ra? ov 8e^Oyaei/>/5 /cal
Bia rovro TOU? rrvpyovs avrow dfyaipovvrwv, elra
rcdKiv ev cncorei /cal dopvflw rrepin6ei>rwv /cat
yevojjLevr)<; Biarpiftr}?, ol 'Apyeloi o-vvaiaOo^evoL
TT/jo? TTJV 'AaTTiBa /cal roi)? b^vpovs ronovs
45
PYRRHUS, xxxi. i-xxxn. i
manding the plain, he pitched his camp near Nauplia.
On the following day he sent a herald to Anti-
gonus, calling him a robber, and challenging him to
come down into the plain and fight with him for the
kingdom. But Antigonus replied that in conducting
a campaign he relied more upon opportunities than
upon arms, and that many roads to death lay open to
Pyrrhus if he was tired of life. And now to both
kings came ambassadors from Argos, entreating
them to go away and allow the city to be neutral,
but well-disposed towards both. Antigonus, accord-
ingly, consented, and gave his son to the Arrives as
a hostage ; Pyrrhus also agreed to go away, but since
he gave no pledge, he remained under suspicion.
Moreover, Pyrrhus himself had a significant portent;
for the heads of his sacrificed cattle, though they
already lay apart from the bodies, were seen to put
out their tongues and lick up their own gore. And
besides this, in the city of Argos the priestess of
Apollo Lyceius ran forth from the temple crying
that she saw the city full of corpses and slaughter,
and that the eagle which visited the scene of combat
presently vanished away.
XXXII. At dead of night Pyrrhus came up to the
walls of the city, and finding that the gate called
Diamperes had been thrown open for them by
Aristeas, was undiscovered long enough for his Gauls
to enter the city and take possession of the market-
place. But the gate would not admit his elephants,
and therefore the towers had to be taken off their
backs and put on again when the animals were
inside, in darkness and confusion. This caused delay,
and the Argives, taking the alarm, ran up to the
Aspis and other strong places of the city, and sending
PLUTARCH'S LIVES
dveOeov, teal TOV ' AvTiyovov e/cd\ovv
2 o Be avrbs fjiev eyyvs TrpocreXaera? etyijBpeve, TOL/?
Be <7TyoaT>?you? /cal TOI> u/oi>
(3or)0eiav dyovras. rjKe Be KOL
Xtou? K/?r}ra9 /cal STrayortara? TOI)? e\a(j)pordrov^.
teal TTavres a/na rot? FaXarai? irpO(7^a\ovTe^ et?
iro\vv Oopvftov KaTeaTrjcrav avrovs. 6 Be Dup/oo?
el(Tia>v fjier 1 a\a\ay/jLOV /cal /Sp^5 irapa
Kv\dpa{3iv, &>? ot FaXarat rot? Tre/ol avrov d
\d\a%av OVK IrafJLov ovBe 6appa\eov, et/cacre
TapaTTOfJLevwv elvai rrjv (fraivrjv /cal TTOVOVVTWV.
3 7TrjJV OVV OaTTOV, (t)00)V TOL"? TTyOO aVTOU TWV
BvcroBovvras ev rot? o^ero4<?, wy 17 TTO\?
rj, real Kiv&vvevovras. r)V Be /cal dad<f)ia
r) TWV Bpcouevayv /cal 7rapayye\\0fj,eva)v ev VVK-
, /cal r n\dvai /cal ^LaaiTaa^ol irepl TOU?
/cal crrpaT^yia^ ovBev epyov VTTO CTKO-
TOV? /cal /Sor}? d/cpiTOV teal a-TevorrjTos, d\\a Bie-
rpt/Sov aAA&><? TrepijjLevovres d/jLffrorepoi TIJV rj/jiepav.
"H&77 Be BiaXdjATTovros ij re 'Acrvrt? OTT\O)V
7repiTT\eco<f 7ro\fjiiwv o$9elcra TOV Ylvppov Bt,-
rdpa^e, /cal rr;? dyopds ev TroXXot? d
\VKOV %a\/covv /cal ravpov olov et?
avvtovras egeTrXdyi)', ^p^o-^ov nva
eavrov dvevey/ccov 7ra\.aiov, a>? diroOavelv
TreTrpw/jievov orav \VKOV iBrj ravpu> aa^ouevov.
5 ravra Be 'Apyeioi irddovs
452
PYRRHUS, xxxii. 1-5
to Antigonus called upon him for help. Antigonus
marched up close to the city, and lying in wait there
himself, sent his generals and his son inside with a
considerable relief-force. Areus also came, with a
thousand Cretans and Spartans (the most lightly
armed). All these troops united in an assault upon
the Gauls and threw them into great confusion. And
Pyrrhus, who now entered the city with shouts and
cries by way of Cylarabis, 1 noticed that the Gauls did
not answer his men with any vigour or courage, and
therefore conjectured that their response was that of
men confounded and in distress. Accordingly, he
led on faster, pushing along the horsemen in front of
him, who were making their way with difficulty
among the water-conduits, of which the city is full, and
were in peril of their lives from them. And now, in
this night-battle, there was great uncertainty as to
what commands were given and how the commands
were carried out ; men straggled and lost their way
among the narrow streets, and generalship was of no
avail owing to the darkness, confused shouting, and
confined spaces ; both parties therefore were unable
to accomplish anything and waited for the day.
But when at last it began to grow light, the sight
of the Aspis filled with armed enemies greatly dis-
turbed Pyrrhus ; moreover, among the numerous
votive-offerings in the market-place he caught sight
of a wolf and bull in bronze, represented as closing
with one another in battle, and he was dumbfounded,
for he called to mind an ancient oracle regarding
himself which declared that it was fated for him to
die when he saw a wolf fighting with a bull. Now,
the Argives say that these figures were set up in
1 A gymnasium just outside the city towards the East.
453
PLUTARCH'S LIVES
yevevrjadat Trap* airrot? \eyovcri. Aavaw yap, ore
rrp&rov 7T/3r) T?}? ^oopa? Kara ra Hupd/ita rfjs
upednBos, etV'A/oyo? iropevo^evw \VKOV $avr\vai
ravpa) /jia^o/jievov Oefj.evov Be rov Aavabv w? 6
\VKO<? eir) 7T/30? avrov (&vov yap ovra rot? ey^a)-
e7TLri0t(r6ai Kaddirep avrov), etyopav rrjv
KOI rov \VKOV Kparrfa-avro^ '
Kvicelw TTpocrev^dfJiGvov CTTi^eLprjcrat, KOI
, crraaei Pe\dvopo^, 09 rore rwv 'Apyeiwv
eKTreaovros. ro yu-ev ovv dvaOrj/Aa 405
rovrov el%e rov \6yov.
XXXIII. n/)o? Se rr)v o-^riv o Tlvppos dfia KOL
ry /jL-rjBev wv ij\7rt%6 1 frpo-^wpelv d0v/j,cov dvaarpe-
Bievoelro" rd<; Be vruXa? crrevas ovaas ^>o-
TT/OO? rov vlov"^\evov pera TT)?
e^co Kara\e\i/jLfjLevov, Ke\evwv
rov refyovs SiaaKaTrreiv Kal Se^ea-Oai rov$
2 rovras, av evo)(\wcnv ol TroXe/xtoi. cnrov^fj >e
Oopvftw rov TrefJifyOevros ovBev era</>e? drrayye\\ov-
To?, aXXa Kal Sm^ta/cma? yevoiievqs, rwv Orjplwv ra
\oi7ra Kal o~rpanu>ras dva\a/3(i)v rovs Kparlo~rovs
o veaviaKos eiaw &ia rwv TTV\COV e^aypei rw irarpl
. erv^eBe 6 II vppos dvadrpe(f)a)v^8 / rj. Kal
fjiev rj dyopa rrapel^ev VTre^dyovri xoapav Kal
e'/c /zera/^oXT}? rj/jivvero TOU?
3 fj,evov<;' eirel Be TT?? ayopas et? rov
e^axr^el? rov eTrl rrjv irvX^v dvrjKovra avvkrtircre
rot? e7ri/3o>i0ovcriv e% evavrlas Trpocrtyepo/jLevois, ol
1 ^A7r^ Coraes, Bekker, and Blass, with the MSS. :
454
PYRRHUS, xxxn. 5-xxxni. 3
their market-place as memorials of an ancient event.
Namely, when Danaiis first landed in the country,
near Pyramia in the district of Thyreatis, and was on
his way to Argos, he saw a wolf fighting with a bull ;
and conceiving that he himself was represented by
the wolf (since both were strangers and were attack-
ing the natives), he watched the battle to its end,
and when the wolf had prevailed, paid his vows to
Apollo Lyceius (the wolf-god), attacked the city,
and was victorious, after Gelanor, who was at that
time king of Argos, had been driven out by a
faction. This, then, was the significance of the
dedication. 1
XXXIII. Dejected at this sight, as well as because
none of his hopes were being realized, Pyrrhus
purposed to retreat ; but fearing the narrowness of
the gates he sent to his son Helenus, who had been
left outside the city with the greater part of the
forces, ordering him to tear down part of the wall
and succour those who rushed out through the breach,
in case the enemy molested them. Owing to the
haste and tumult, however, the messenger brought
no clear orders, but actually made a mistake, and the
young prince, taking the rest of the elephants and
the best of his soldiers, marched through the gate
into the city to help his father. But Pyrrhus was
already on the retreat. And as long as the market-
place afforded him room for withdrawing and fighting,
he would turn and repel his assailants ; but after he
had been driven out of the market-place into the
narrow street which led up to the gate, and en-
countered those who were rushing to his aid from
the opposite direction, some of these could not hear
1 Cf. Pausanias, ii. 19, 3.
455
PLUTARCH'S LIVES
/j,ev ov% VTTIJKOVOV vTro^wpelv /3oa)V TO? avrov, TOI>?
Be Kal irdvv r rrpo9v^ov<^ 6Wa? elpyov ol
4 aTTO rfjs TruX?/? eTTL^eo/^evoi. /cal yap 6
e'Xe</>a? eV rfj Trv\r) TrXayto? irapaTrecrctiV Kal (Bpv-
6KLTO T04?
c5 Nt/ea^ ovo/Jia f)i>,
airoppvevra rov eTrKTrr^v VTTO Tpav^rwv
dva\aftelv Kal <epo/zeyo? TT/>O? rovvavrLov rot?
VTre^dyovaiv, dpe/jiL^e <f)i,\ovs O/JLOV Kal 7ro\eju.iov$
5 a)dovfjLevov<; VTT avrov' Kal TrepieTTiTrrov dX\.ij~\.ois,
e&>? evpaiv veKpov dvei,\TO rfj 7rpo/3oo~Ki$i, Kal
rot? oSovcrtv djjL(f)OTepois vjroXaffoov dvea-rpe^e
TrdXiv wcnrep efifjiavi]^, dvarpeTrwv Kal Stacpfletpcov
TOU? evTvy^dvovras. ourco Be 6\i(BofJLevoav Kal
(TViATTikov/jievtoV 7T/90? aXXr;\of? ouSel? ovBev eavry
KaO' eva %pr)cr&ai, Buvaros fjv, a\\' wcrvrep ev
cruyyeyo/ji(f)Q)/jiei'OV eavrw TO TTCLV TrX^^o?
ave TroXXa? dTTOK\lcreis Kal /zeTa/SoXa? eV
6 d/jL^orepa. Kal /j,d%ai pev rjcrav 6\iyai vrpo? TOi/9
aet Twt' 7ro\euL(0v rj Trpoa-
oTriaBev, vrXetcrTa 5e eavrovs elpyd-
KaKa. (jTraadj^evov yap TO ^t^)o? ?; K\ivavra
OUK rjv dvaXaftelv ouBe KaraOecrOat TrdXiv,
a,XX' e^oopet 8i' wt* eVf^e Ta roiavra Trdvra, Kal
XXXIV. 'O 8e Ili5ppo9 <j}opwv rov
i/Acova Kal K\vBa>va, TTJV fiev crrefidvrjv, f) Btd-
TJV TO /cpa/'O?, d(f)\a)v eBayKe TLVI TWV erai-
pwv, atTO? Be TW LTTTTW 7re7roi0a)<f el? TOJ)?
456
PYRRHUS, xxxm. 3-xxxiv. i
him when he called out to them to withdraw, and
those who did, even though they were very ready to
obey him, were kept from doing so by those who were
pouring in behind them from the gate. For the
largest of the elephants had fallen athwart the gate-
way l and lay there roaring, in the way of those who
would have turned back ; and another elephant, one
of those which had gone on into the city, Nicon by
name, seeking to recover his rider, who had fallen
from his back in consequence of wounds, and dashing
in the face of those who were trying to get out,
crowded friends and foes alike together in a pro-
miscuous throng, until, having found the body of his
master, he took it up with his proboscis, laid it across
his two tusks, and turned back as if crazed, over-
throwing and killing those who came in his way. Thus
crushed and matted together not a man of them could
act at all for himself, but the whole multitude, bolted
together, as it were, into one body, kept rolling
and swaying this way and that. Little fighting
could be done against those of the enemy who were
continually being caught up into their ranks or
attacking them from the rear, and they wrought
most harm to themselves. For when a man had
drawn his sword or poised his spear, he could not
recover or sheathe his weapon again, but it would
pass through those who stood in its way, and so they
died from one another's blows.
XXXIV. But Pyrrhus, seeing the stormy sea that
surged about him, took off the coronal, with which
his helmet was distinguished, and gave it to one of
his companions ; then, relying on his horse, he
plunged in among the enemy who were pursuing
1 " De travers tout au beau milieu de la porte " (Amyot).
457
PLUTARCH'S LIVES
rwv TroXe/u'coi' eve/3a\, KOL Bopan
Bid rov OwpaKos ov Kaipiav 7r\riyrjv ovBe
aeyd\tjv eireo-rpe^e Kara rov rrard^avros, 09 rjv
'A/ryeto9, ov r&i> eTrcpavayv, d\\d Trevi^pd^ /cal
2 7rp(r/3vTpas u/09 yvvaiKos. avrrj Tore Oew-
fjLvr) TTJV jjLd%r)v wcnrep al \onral ^waltce* avro
rov reyovs, a>9 CTreyvw vvvecrrwra rq> Hvppq> rov
vlov, efCTraOtjs yevofJLevr] Trpbs rov KIV'&VVOV, apaaa
/cepa/jiiSa rat9 'xepalv d^oripai^ atyr/Kev eirl rov
Ylvppov. e/j-Treaovo-Tj^ Be rf) K(f>a\fj Kara rov
fcpdvovs, /cal ra>v o~(f)ov8u\ci)v 77/309 rrjv ftdcnv rov
rpaxfaov crvvrpifievrcov, at re o^eis crvve^vd^aav
avrov Kal TrporjKavro ra9 rjvlas al %elpe<s. avros
be Kareve~)(6e\^ irapa rov TOV A.IKV/JLVLOV
3 7TO-V V7TO rO)V 7TO\\WV dyVOOV/jLCVOS.
Be T9 rwv irapa 'Avnyovy o-rparevo^evwv
Svo f) r/)6t9 erepou Trpocr^pafJiovre^ Kal Karavorj-
o~avres efc nva 6vpa)va r jrapeL\KV(rav avrov dp-
Be rov Zo)7rvpov
K(j)a\rjv aTTore/Jiovvros ev/3\"^e SCLVOV, Mare rov
Z(*)7Tvpov irepifyofiov yevojjievov, Kal ra aev rpe-
aovra rat9 ^epcri, ra Be eTTL^eipovvra, Oopvftov Be
Kal rapaxijs /j-ea-rov ovra, arj K.ar op96v, d\\d
Trapa TO crro/ua Kal TO yevetov aTrore/^vovra (Spa-
Beux; Kal /^o\f9 dTrocnrdcrai rrjv Ke<fca\r)V. r)8r/ Be
crvi Br)\ov rjv TO yeyovos TrXeioo-i, Kal TrpocrBpa/ucov
o *A\Kvovevs rjnjcre rrjv K(f)a\r)v a>9 av Karavotf-
o~wv. \a/3a>v Be d(f)L7nrevare 7T/3O9 rbvTrarepa, Kal
KaGe^OfJLPVw aerd rwv <pi\wv TrpoaefiaXe. Oeacrd-
fjivo<; Be Kal yvovs o 'Avriyovos rov /JLCV vlov
458
PYRRHUS, xxxiv. 1-4
him. Here he was wounded by a spear which pierced
his breastplate not a mortal, nor even a severe
wound and turned upon the man who had struck
him, who was an Argive, not of illustrious birth, but
the son of a poor old woman. His mother, like the
rest of the women, was at this moment watching the
battle from the house-top, and when she saw that
her son was engaged in conflict with Pyrrhus, she
was filled with distress in view of the danger to him,
and lifting up a tile with both her hands threw it at
Pyrrhus. It fell upon his head below his helmet and
crushed the vertebrae at the base of his neck, so
that his sight was blurred and his hands dropped the
reins. Then he sank down from his horse and fell
near the tomb of Licymnius, 1 unrecognised by most
who saw him. But a certain Zopyrus, who was
serving under Antigonus, and two or three others,
ran up to him, saw who he was, and dragged him
into a door- way just as he was beginning to recover
from the blow. And when Zopyrus drew an Illyrian
short-sword with which to cut off his head, Pyrrhus
gave him a terrible look, so that Zopyrus was
frightened ; his hands trembled, and yet he essayed
the deed ; but being full of alarm and confusion
his blow did not fall true, but along the mouth
and chin, so that it was only slowly and with
difficulty that he severed the head. Presently what
had happened was known to many, and Alcyoneus,
running to the spot, asked for the head as if he
would see whose it was. But when he had got it he
rode away to his father, and cast it down before him
as he sat among his friends. Antigonus, however,
when he saw and recognised the head, drove his son
1 Cf. Pausanias, ii. 22, 8.
459
PLUTARCH'S LIVES
rfj fta/crrjpia rralwv KOI Ka\wv evayfj
teal fidpfiapov, auro? Be rrjv -)(\a/j.vBa TrpoOe/jievos
rot? o/j,fjiaai,i' eBd/cpvaev, * Avnyovov rov rfarcrrov
KOI AtifArjTpiov rov Trarpos, ol/ceiwv
et? TI/^T?? /jLera/3o\rjv.
p.ev ovv K(f)a\rjv /cal TO crw/xa rov Tlvppov
GKavaev eVel Se 6 'AXtcvovev? TW
TrQLTV)CbV TaTTCiVW KOi *)(\a/J,V&lOV \ITOV
> </>/Xa^/3W7r&)? eVeri/^e /cal TW jrarpl
', IScov 6 Avriyovos " BeX,Ttoi^a /u/ei/,"
elirev, " w Trat, raOra TCOV irpoTepwv, 1 aA,V ouSe
vO^ op^w? TO) yu.7 TrepieXelv Tifv ecrOrjra ravriyv, rj
jj,a\\ov 77^9 Karato-^v^ei TOU? Kpareiv So/coOfra?."
6 e'/c TOUTOV <f)i\o(j)povr)a'dtJLvo$ /cal KOG fjufjcr as rov
"RXevov arricrreikev eh " \Hrretpov, KOI rot? <pi\ois
rov Ylvppov Tr/oaw? evervy^ave rov arparoTreSov
KOI T% Swd/jieays iraai]^ /cvpios
Bekker adopts the irptrepov of Muretus.
460
PYRRHUS, xxxiv. 4-6
away, smiting him with his staff and calling him
impious and barbarous ; then, covering his face with
his cloak he burst into tears, calling to mind Antigonus
his grandfather and Demetrius his father, who were
examples in his own family of a reversal of fortune.
The head and body of Pyrrhus, then, Antigonus
caused to be adorned for burial and burned ; and
when Alcyoneus found Helenus in an abject state
and wearing a paltry cloak, and spoke to him kindly
and brought him into the presence of his father,
Antigonus was pleased with his conduct, and said:
" This is better, my son, than what thou didst before ;
but not even now hast thou done well in allowing
this clothing to remain, which is a disgrace the
rather to us who are held to be the victors." Then,
after showing kindness to Helenus and adorning his
person, he sent him back to Epeirus, and he dealt
mildly with the friends of Pyrrhus when he became
master of their camp and of their whole force.
461
CAIUS MARIUS
TATO2 MAPIO2
I. Taiov Mapiov rpirov OVK e^o/jiev elireiv
ovo/jia, KaOdrrep ovBe KOLVTOV ^eprwpiov TOV
KaTacr~ovTOS 'Ifirjpiav, ovBe AevKiov MO/A/UOU
TOV \Lopir6ov \6vTO$' o yap A^ai/co? TOVTW ye
TT}? Trpatews eTrcovvjjLOv yeyovzv, &)? 6 'A<^/3iai/o?
2 ^KrjTTiwvL Kal 6 Ma/ceSoi/t/co? MereXXw. e^ ov teal
/jL(i\LcrTa IlocretS&Wo? e\ey%iv olerai TOU? TO
TpiTOV OVOfJLOL 'PwyLtatOt? KVpiOV iVat VOjJLl^OVTa^,
olop TOV Kd/jii\\ov Kal rov MdpK\\ov Kal TOV
' yiveatfat yap av avwvvjjLOVs 1 TOU? dirb
TMV Svetv Trpoffayopevojuievovs. \av6dvei
e eavTov OTL TOVTW TO) \6y(o 7rd\LV auro? dvco-
Troiei* TCLS yvvcuKa<$' ov^e^ia yap yvvaLKi
TWV ovo^aTwv TO TrpwTov, oirep
Kvpiu>$ ovo/j,a 'Pw/tatoi? virdp^eiv 6 Hocrei
3 TWV Be d\\wv TO p,ev KQIVOV diro crvyyeveias,
vs Kal TOW? MaXX/ou? Kal TOVS K.opvr)\-
(wcrvrep av 'Hpa/cXetSa? Ti? eliroi Kal IleXo-
, TOVTO &e TrpoariyopiKov e% eTnOeTov
<fivcrei$ f) ra? Trpa^et? i) ra roO (TcoyLtaro?
Trdd)] TiOeaOai, TOV MaKpivov Kal TOV Tovp-
KOVUTOV Kal TOV 2v\\ai> (olov CCTTIV o ^.Ivrj^wv rj
O /9U7TO? 17 KaXXiVLKO^. 6t? fJLV OVV TUVTa
ai'tovvfjiovs Ziegler, after Schaefer : avccvvfj.ovs.
Bekker and Ziegler, after Coraes :
464
CAIUS MARIUS
I. OF a third name for Cains Marius we are
ignorant, as we are in the case of Quintus Sertorius
the subduer of Spain, and of Lucius Mummius the
captor of Corinth ; for Mummius received the surname
of Achaicus from his great exploit, as Scipio received
that of Africanus, and Metellus that of Macedonicus.
From this circumstance particularly Poseidonius
thinks to confute those who hold that the third name
is the Roman proper name, as, for instance, Camillus,
Marcellus, or Cato ; for if that were so, he says, then
those with only two names would have had no proper
name at all. But it escapes his notice that his own
line of reasoning, if extended to women, robs them
of their proper names ; for no woman is given the
first name, which Poseidonius thinks was the proper
name among the Romans. Moreover, of the other
two names, one was common to the whole family, as
in the case of the Pompeii, the Manlii, or the Cornelii
(just as a Greek might speak of the Heracleidae or
the Pelopidae), and the other was a cognomen or
epithet, given with reference to their natures or
their actions, or to their bodily appearances or defects,
Macrinus, for example, or Torquatus, or Sulla (like the
Greek Mnemon, Grypus, or Callinicus). 1 However,
1 The full name of a Roman citizen consisted of a praeno-
men (the " given." or " proper" name), a nomen designating
his family or gen*, and a cognomen, which was also heredi-
ditary. Women rarely had a praenomen, or "proper"
name, but bore the family name only.
465
PLUTARCH'S LIVES
TroXXa? SiBwcriv eTrr^/j^crej? 77 TT}? <rvvrj0eias
avtajMiXia.
II. T/}9 e 6S/rea>? TJ}? Ma/oioi/ \i6lvrjv elxova
Trdvv rf} \eyo^eprj irepl TO T}^O? o-TpvtyvorrjTi, real
TrpeTrovcrav. ai/S/oa)^? ^ap <ucrei
7ro\i,TiKr)s TratSeta? jjueraXaftcov, atcpaTOV ev
OI^ Ovfjibv ecr^e. Xeyerai Se fji^-re
fJiaOeiv 'EAA/^t/ai yCti/re j\d)Trrj TT/JO?
prjcrQai rwv cnrovSrjs e^ofievwv, a>?
ypdfjL/j^ara fiavOdveiv wv ol SiSdcrKaXoi
Bov\evoiev erepow fiera Be TOV Sevrepov Oplap,-
fiov eVt i^aoO rtyo? KaOiepwaei 6eas 'EXXr^/ea?
nrape^wv, et? TO dearpov e\9wv /cal povov KaOiaas 407
3 evdvs aTraXXayrjvai. wcnrep ovv tZevorcpaTei rut
(f)i\ocr6(f)0) (TKvdpcoTTorepu) &OKOVVTL TO
7roXXa/ci? id)@i \eyetv 6 HXdrwv, "*
E.v6tcpaTe<t, 0ve Tat? Xdpicriv," OI/TW? et
Oveiv rals 'EXX^w/eat? Mowcraf?
/, ou/c ay etcTrpeTrea-Tdrais arpaTrjyiais /cal
dfLOp^ordrrfv 7re0r)K6 /copcoviSa, VTTO
KOI <pi\ap%ias daypov /cal 7r\ov%ia)v anra-
pr)yopr)T(t)V 6? wfJioraTOV real dypictirarov <yr)pa<$
TauTa /xei' OLW evrl TWI/ Trpd^ewv CLVT&V
III. ret'Oyu.eyo? Se yovecov iravrdivaaiv
avrovpywv 8e /cat TrevijTwv, Trarpbs ^k
jj,r)Tpo<$ Be <&ov\Kivias, otye TTOTC TroKiv elBe teal
466
CAIUS MARIUS, i. 7-iu. i
V-/
in these matters the irregularity of custom furnishes
many topics for discussion.
II. As for the personal appearance of Marius, we
have seen a marble statue of him at Ravenna in Gaul,
and it very well portrays the harshness and bitter-
ness of character which are ascribed to him. For
since he was naturally virile and fond of war, and
since he received a training in military rather than
in civil life, his temper was fierce when he came to
exercise authority. Moreover, we are told that he
never studied Greek literature, and never used the
Greek language for any matter of real importance,
thinking it ridiculous to study a literature the
teachers of which were the subjects of another
people ; and when, after his second triumph and at
the consecration of some temple, he furnished the
public with Greek spectacles, though he came into
the theatre, he merely sat down, and at once went
away. Accordingly, just as Plato was wont to say
often to Xenocrates the philosopher, who had the
reputation of being rather morose in his disposition,
" My good Xenocrates, sacrifice to the Graces," so if
Marius could have been persuaded to sacrifice to the
Greek Muses and Graces, he would not have put the
ugliest possible crown upon a most illustrious career
in field and forum, nor have been driven by the
blasts of passion, ill-timed ambition, and insatiable
greed upon the shore of a most cruel and savage old
age. However, his actual career shall at once bring
this into clear view.
III. Born of parents who were altogether obscure
poor people who lived by the labour of their own
hands (Marius was his father's name, Fulcinia that of
his mother), it was not till late that he saw the city
467
PLUTARCH'S LIVES
TCOV eV TroXet BiaTpifiwv eyevaaro, TOV Be aXXoz;
Iv Kci)/j.rj l^Lppaidrwvi TT}? 'AyOTu'yr?? BiaiTav
, 717509 /aev acrrelov KCU y\a(f)vpbv (Biov dypou-
Korepav, (Toxfipova Se KOI rat? vraXat 'Pa)/u,ata)i/
2 rpo<f)ai$ eoifcviav. Trpcorrjv Be (TTparetav <iTpa-
revcrdfj,evos eVt KeXrt^/Da?, ore ^K^TTLWV 'A^jpt-
Kavbs Nofjuavriav eVoXiop/cet, rot' cTrparyjybv OVK
e\dvQavev dv&peia TWV a\\wv viwv &ia(frepa)v KCU
Trjv fieTaj3o\riv rr?? Statr?;?, ^i/ LTTO Tpvcfrrj? fcal
Sietyflap/jievois ejrijye ro2<; crrparev-
o ^KrjTTicov, evfco\a)rara Trpoa-Se^o/xe^o?.
\eyerai Be KOL 7ro\e/Aiov avBpa crucrTa? /cara-
3 j3a\.eiv eVo^et roO arpaTtjyov. Bib rat? re aXXcu?
TrpoijyeTO ri/xat? UTT' avrov, KO.L irore \6yov //.era
BCLTTVOV efnrecrGVTOS vjrep crrparjjyMv, KOI TWV
TrapovTwv evas eire d\i)6w<s BiaTTopiia-avTos etre
7T/90? fjBovrjv epo/Jiivov TOV ^KrjTrldova riva Brj
TOLOVTOV e^ei yu,6T* etcelvov fjye/jioi'a Kal Trpoa-rdrrjv
o 'Pa)fjiai,u>v Bij/jios, VTrepKaraKei/jievov TOV Mapiov
TTJ X 1 P^ r v &IAOV ripe/Ad Trara^a,? o
" Ta^a Se Touroy," elTrev. QVTWS evtyvrjs r]v o
6tf fieipaKiov $avr]vai /jieyas, 6 Be djrb T/
TO reXo? vor]<jai.
IV. Toy 6' o^y M/3ioy UTTO Tavrris \eyeTai
/xaXtcrra T/}? (frwvrjs, uxyrrep VTTO 6eia<5 K\r)Bovos,
eTrapOevTa rat? e\Tciaiv op/jirjcrai vrpo? rr/y TroXt-
reiav, KCU TW^ziv 8?;/.ia^ta? Ke/ciXtou MeTeXXoi;
468
CAIUS MARIUS, in. i-iv. i
or got a taste of city ways. In the meantime he lived
at Cirrhaeaton, 1 a village in the territory of Arpinum,
in a manner that was quite rude when compared
with the polished life of a city, but temperate, and
in harmony with the rearing which the ancient
Romans gave their children. His first service as a
soldier was in a campaign against the Celtiberians,
when Scipio Africanus was besieging Numantia, 2 and
he attracted the notice of his general by excelling
the other young men in bravery, and by his very
cheerful acceptance of the changed regimen which
Scipio introduced into his army when it was spoiled
by luxury and extravagance. It is said, too, that he
encountered and laid low an enemy in the sight of
his general. Therefore he was advanced by his
commander to many honours ; and once, when the
talk after supper had to do with generals, and one
of the company (either because he really wished to
know or merely sought to please) asked Scipio where
the Roman people would find any such chieftain and
leader to follow him, Scipio, gently tapping Marius
on the shoulder as he reclined next him, said :
"Here, perhaps." So gifted by nature were both
men ; the one in showing himself great while still a
young man, and the other in discerning the end
from the beginning.
IV. So, then, Marius, filled with high hopes, we
are told, by this speech of Scipio in particular, as if
it were a divine utterance in prophecy, set out upon
a political career, and was made tribune of the
people 3 with the assistance of Caecilius Metellus, of
1 Probably a corruption for Cereatae.
1 134-133 B.C.
8 In 119 B.C., at the age of thirty-eight.
469
PLUTARCH'S LIVES
ov rov ol/cov e% dp)/r/<j /cal Trarpo-
2 Oev eOepdirevev. ev &e rfj Br/^ap^ia VOJJLOV riva
^ ypd(bovros avrov BOKOVVTO, ra)v
dtyaipelcrOai TTJU ire pi ra? fcpicreis la")(yv,
evi<JTd}Jievos Korra? o vrraro^ crvveTreicre rrjv fiov-
\rjv TO) fjiev vo/JLfi) jjid^aOat, TOV Se Mdpiov Ka\elv
\6yov u(f)6^oma. KOI rov SoY/zaro? TOVTOV ypa-
elcr6\0a)V CKeivos ov/c GTraOe veov TrdOos djro
\ai~Lrrpov TrpoeXyXvOoros dpri TT/OO? rrjv
eavr
al /jLeTeTreira 7rpdj;6is eSu>Kav, rjTreik^a'e rbv Kor-
TCLV dird^eiv et? TO 5e<j ^iMT^piov, el yur/ ^>Laypd^reie
3 TO B6y/j,a. rov Se vrpo? MeVeXXo^ Tpa7ro/jLei>ov /cal
fyvM^v epwTW^TO?, MeVeXXo? fiev dvaffTd<; crvv-
r)<yopei rw vTraTW, Mapio? 3e TOJ^ vTrrjperrjv /JLera-
efaQev K6\evev curdyeiv avrbv TOV
z; et? TO SeafjucoTtfoiov. e/ceivov Be TOL?
7riKa\ov{MVOV Srj/jidpxovs eft
i?, 77 8e crvyK\r]TOS etcetera TrpoiJKaro
KOI Xa/JLTTpo^ e^eXacra? o MapiO? ei? TO 7rX?)$o?
e/cvpcoae TOV vopov, S6as
TTyOo? (})6/3ov, arpeTTTOs Be
Kara TT}? ftov\fi<$ dviGTacrOai yapiTi TO)V
4 8rjfj,ay(oya)v. ov [JLrjv aXXa Tavrtjv fJLev
/jLere'crrr/crev erepw 'jroXnev/jLaTi rrjv Bo^av. v6/j.ov
yap elcr(j)po/^ei'ov irepl CTLTOV Siapo/jL^jf TOW vroXt-
Ta;9 evavTitoOeis eppco/uLeveo'TaTa /cal Kparr](Ta<>,
et? TO tcroi' eavrbv KareffT^ae rfj Ti/jifj TT/OO? 408
d/jt,<f)OTepovs &)? /jiijBerepoi^ Trapa TO
V. MeTa Se TT^IV o"rj/jLap%iav dyopavo/JLiav
7rap>jyyeL\e. Bvo yap elcri rd^ets ayo-
470
CAIUS MARIUS, iv. i-v. i
whose house he had always been an hereditary
adherent. While serving as tribune he introduced a
law concerning the mode of voting, which, as it was
thought, would lessen the power of the nobles in
judicial cases; whereupon Cotta the consul opposed
him and persuaded the senate to contest the law,
and to summon Marius before it to explain his pro-
cedure. The senate voted to do this, and Marius
appeared before it. He did not, however, behave
like a young man who had just entered political life
without any brilliant services behind him, but
assumed at once the assurance which his subsequent
achievements gave him, and threatened to hale Cotta
off to prison unless he had the vote rescinded. Cotta
then turned to Metellus and asked him to express
his opinion, and Metellus, rising in his place, con-
curred with the consul ; but Marius called in the
officer and ordered him to conduct Metellus himself
to prison. Metellus appealed to the other tribunes,
but none of them came to his support, so the senate
gave way and rescinded its vote. Marius therefore
came forth in triumph to the people and got them to
ratify his law. Men now thought him superior to
fear, unmoved by respect of persons, and a formidable
champion of the people in opposition to the senate.
However, this opinion was quickly modified by
another political procedure of his. For when a law
was introduced providing for the distribution of grain
to the citizens, he opposed it most strenuously and
carried the day, thereby winning for himself an equal
place in the esteem of both parties as a man who
favoured neither at the expense of the general good.
V. After his tribuneship, he became a candidate
for the higher aedileship. For there are two classes
47 *
VOL. IX. Q
PLUTARCH'S LIVES
f) fjiev dirb TWV Bi<f>p(0v TCOV dytcv-
\07r6BcOV, (j) 0)V
%ov<Ta rovvofj,a TIJS
Brj/ijLOTiKrjv Ka\ov(Jiv. orav Be TOL/?
6\(i)vrai irepl TCOV erepwv ird\iv rrjv -fyrffyov \CLJJL-
2 fidvovcriv. o>? ovv 6 Ma/?io? (fravepb? rjv \ei7r6fjievos
ev efceivr), ^a^v yiteTacrTa? avflis yTi TTJV erepav.
8oa? Be dpaavs eivai Kal avOdBrjs aTrerv^e' KOI
Bvalv ev r)/j,epa fjiia irepiTrea'toV aTrorev^ea-iv, o
ejraOev aXXo?, ovBe fjbi/cpbv v^ijrcaTO rov
r, vcrrepov Be ov 7ro\X&> crrparrfyiav
fj,T\0o)v 6\tyov eBeqcrev e/CTrecreiv, eV^aTO? Be
Trdvrwv dvayopev0els Bi/crjv ea"%e Be/cacrjjLov.
MaXtcrTa Be vTrotyiav Trapea-^e K.ao'O'iov %a-
fid/ccovos oiKerrj^ O(p0els evrbs TMV Bpv<paKTu>v
TO?? (fxEpov&i Ta? ^^ou?' o yap
rjv eraipos ev TO?? fj,d\io-ra Maptou.
OVV OUTO? VTTO TWV BlKatTTWV (f)r) Bid TO
5^v/r^o-a? vBwp ^rv^pov alrrja'ai Kal rbv
ol/cerrjv e^ovra iror^piov el<Te\6elv Trpo? avrov,
4 etT* ev0v$ ofyecrQai TriovTOs. OUTO? JJLCV ovv VTTO
Tti)V fJLGTd TCLVTCL TlfJir)T(*)V 6^6776(76 T^? j3oV\r)s,
eivai ira9elv TOVTO 8o^a? rj Bid rrjv
*t\\ > / >\o.\\
n oia rrjv aKpaatav eTTi be rov
' * I
M.dpiov /cal Fai'o? 'E^e^^to? /naprvs etVa^^ei? OVK
Trdrpiov eivai Kara/jLaprvpeiv TreXarwv, aXXa
d(pievai ravTrjs T?}?
(oi^ro)? ydp 01 'PcOyttatoi TOU?
472
CAIUS MARIUS, v. 1-4
of aediles, one taking its name of " curule " from the
chairs with curving feet on which the magistrates sit
in the exercise of their functions, the other, and the
inferior, being called " plebeian." When the superior
aediles have been elected, the people cast a second
vote for the others. Accordingly, when it was clear
that Marius was losing his election to the higher
office, he immediately changed his tactics and applied
for the other. But men thought him bold and
obstinate, and he was defeated ; nevertheless, al-
though he had met with two failures in one day, a
thing which had never happened to any candidate
before, he did not lower his assurance in the least,
but not long afterwards became a candidate for the
praetorship J and narrowly missed defeat ; he was
returned last of all, and was prosecuted for bribery.
Suspicion was chiefly aroused by the sight of a ser-
vant of Cassius Sabaco inside the palings among the
voters ; for Sabaco was an especial friend of Marius.
Sabaco was therefore summoned before the court, and
testified that the heat had made him so thirsty that
he had called for cold water, and that his servant had
come in to him with a cup, and had then at once
gone away after his master had drunk. Sabaco, how-
ever, was expelled from the senate by the censors of
the next year, and it was thought that he deserved
this punishment, either because he had given false
testimony, or because of his intemperance. But Caius
Herennius also was brought in as a witness against
Marius, and pleaded that it was contrary to estab-
lished usage for patrons (the Roman term for our
representatives at law) to bear witness against clients,
and that the law relieved them of this necessity; and
1 In 115 B.C.
473
PLUTARCH'S LIVES
Kd\.ovo~i), TOV & 'I^pevvicov O'LKOV TOVS
70^649 fcal Mdpiov avTov e #/>%*?? jeyovevat
5 TreXara?. dTroBe^a/uevwv Be rrjv aTropprj&iv TT}?
fjiaprvpias T&V BifcaaTwv auro? dvTeiTrev o Ma/009
7T/909 TOV 'Qpevviov 009, ore irpwTov ap-^wv dvij-
TOV TreXar?;^ eKjSe^^Kca^' oirep r)v ov
jap ov iraaa TOV
ve/aeiv TrpoaTaTriv avraXXacrcret TOU?
auroL/9 KOI
6 1^0/1,09 ^t'8ft)crti/. ow yu,^ ttXXa rat9
eV T^ ^t/cr; /CCLKWS TrpdrTwv 6 Ma^to9 /cal
T049 SiKaaTals, TTJ Te\evTaia
tacov TU>V iwv <yevo-
VI. 'Ez/ yu-ei^ ow TTJ o-TpaTijjia /jLTp[o)<;
vv'fievop eavTov 7rapeo"%e. /jLTa
KaOapai X^aT^picov Trjv eirap^Lav dvrjfjiepov ovorav
Tt T049 0icr/J,OlS KOI 0TJpLO)8)'), KOI TO \r)CTTVlV
OVTTO) Tore TWV 'I/S^pa)^ OV%L icd\\io~Tov rjyov-
jjievwv. ev Be TTJ TroXtreta jevo^evo^ OVK el^ev
OVT6 7T\OVTOV OVT6 \OyOV, ol<? Yj^/OV ol TOT f.ld\L(7Ta
2 Ti/jiGO/jievoi TOV Bfjfjiov. avTrjv Be TTJV dvaTacriv TOV
Kal TO Trepl rou9 TTQVOVS
avTov KOL TO BII/AOTIKOV r?}9 BiaiTT)*; ev TLVI cnrovBfj
TiOe/jLevcov TWV TTO\ITWV rjvjfdveTO Trj Ti/uifj 77/909
BvVa/JLlV, WCTT6 Kal jd/J,OV ryfj/jLCU \afJL7TpOV OLKia<S
7ri(f)avov<; rr/9 Itaiadpoov 'lov\iav,
(f)i,Bov$ Katcrap o %p6vois v<TTepov
(7T09 <yev6f.iei'os KCLI TL KCLT
Mdpiov, a>9 ev ro?9 Trepl e/ceivov
474
CAIUS MARIUS, v. 4 -vi. 2
not only the parents of Marius but Marius himself
had originally been clients of the house of the He-
rennii. The jurors accepted this plea in avoidance
of testimony, but Marius himself contradicted He-
rennius, declaring that as soon as he had been elected
to his magistracy he had ceased to be a client;
which was not altogether true. For it is not every
magistracy that frees its occupants (as well as their
posterity) from their relations to a patron, but only
that to which the law assigns the curule chair.
However, although during the first days of the trial
Marius fared badly and found the jurors severe to-
wards him, on the last day, contrary to all expectation,
there was a tie vote and he was acquitted.
VI. Well, then, for his praetorship Marius got only
moderate commendation. After his praetorship,
however, the province of Farther Spain was allotted
to him, and here he is said to have cleared away the
robbers, although the province was still uncivilized
in its customs and in a savage state, and robbery was
at that time still considered a most honourable occu-
pation by the Spaniards. But when he returned to
political life, he had neither wealth nor eloquence,
with which the magnates of the time used to
influence the people. Still, the very intensity of his
assurance, his indefatigable labours, and his plain and
simple way of living, won him a certain popularity
among his fellow citizens, and his honours brought
him increasing influence, so that he married into the
illustrious family of the Caesars and became the hus-
band of Julia, who was the aunt of that Caesar who
in after times became greatest among the Romans,
and in some degree, because of his relationship, made
Marius his example, as I have stated in his Life. 1
1 See the Caesar, v. 1 f.
475
PLUTARCH'S LIVES
3 T&> Se Mapto) KOI o-w^poavvrjv aapTVpovcn teal
KapTepiav, ?^<? Setyyiia KOL TO Trepl rrjv %eipovpyiav
l%iwv jap, a>? eoLtce, ayd\wv az/a-TrXea)?
TCL <7K\r) yeyovcbs Kal rrjv d^op-
<j>iav Sva"%paiV(i)v eyvw Trapacr^elv eavrov
larpu)' Kal Trapea-^v aSero? Odrepov
ovBev KivrfOels ovBe GTevd^as, d\\a KaOeaT&Ti TO)
7rpO(T(t)7r(p Kal f-iera CTICOTTTJ^ u7re/3/3oXa5 vivas
aXyrj&ovwv ev rat? ro/zai? dvacr^o^TOS. TOV 8
larpov fjLeriovTos 7rl Odiepov ovxen 7rapea"%,
opav TO iiravo^Bw^a TT}? aA/y^Soz/o?
VII. 'ETrei Be KeKiXw MeVeXXo? a7roSei%(96i? 409
eVl TOf Kara 'lovyovpOa 7ro\e^ov vTraros crrpa-
T7/70? i? Aiftvijv 6Trr}ydyTO TrpecrftevrrjV Ma/5ior,
evravda irpd^ewv /jLyd\cov Kal \afj,7rpa)v dywvwv
eViXa^o/Ae^o? TO uev avjfeiv TOV MeVeXXov, to&Trep
ol \onroi, Kal TTo\.LTevea-6ai TT/JO? eicelvov etacre
dfywv be ovy^ viro MeTe\\ov KK\rj<T0at
, UTTO 5e T% T^% 7 ?? et? evtyveGTaTov
Kaipov Ofjiov Kal fjieyiarov elcrdyea'0ai 7rpd^60)i>
2 Oearpov, eTreSeixwro iracrav dv^payaOiav. Kal
TroXXa rov 7ro\e/mov Sfcr^ep?} fyzpovros our
ueyd\.a>v Tiva TTOVWV uTrorpecra? OUTS TWV
aTra^Lwcras, a\\a TOU? /uev ofJLOTifWVs ev(3ov\ia
Kal irpovola TOV (rv^epovTOS vTrep(Ba\\o}JLevos,
TTyoo? Se TOUS o"T/3aTicoTa? uTre/o et'TeXeta? /cat
Kaprepia? Sta/i.tXXcoyLtei'o? evvoLav eer^e vroXX^i/
3 7ra/j' auTot<?. 0X0)9 /^ei/ <ya/3 eot/ce TOU icdfivetv
476
CAIUS MARIUS, vi. 3 -vn. 3
There is testimony both to the temperance of
Marius, and also to his fortitude, of which his be-
haviour under a surgical operation is a proof. He was
afflicted in both legs, as it would appear, with
varicose veins, and as he disliked the deformity, he
resolved to put himself into the physician's hands.
Refusing to be bound, he presented to him one leg,
and then, without a motion or a groan, but with a
steadfast countenance and in silence, endured incred-
ible pain under the knife. When, however, the
physician was proceeding to treat the other leg,
Marius would suffer him no further, declaring that
he saw the cure to be not worth the pain.
VII. When Caecilius Metellus the consul was ap-
pointed commander-in-chief for the war against
Jugurtha, 1 he took Marius with him to Africa in the
capacity of legate. Here, in essaying great exploits
and brilliant struggles, Marius was not careful, like
the rest, to enhance the glory of Metellus and conduct
himself in his interests ; and deeming that he had
not so much been called bv Metellus to the office of
/
legate as he was being introduced by Fortune into a
most favourable opportunity as well as a most spacious
theatre for exploits, he made a display of every sort
of bravery. And though the war brought many
hardships, he neither shunned any great labour, nor
disdained any that were small, but surpassed the
officers of his own rank in giving good counsel and
foreseeing what was advantageous, and vied with
the common soldiers in frugality and endurance,
thereby winning much goodwill among them. For as
a general thing it would seem that every man finds
* In 109 B.C.
477
PLUTARCH'S LIVES
ft) Trapa/jivdia TO avyKa/jivov eKOvaiws eivai*
Sorcel jap (KJyatpeiv rrjv dvdyKtjv ^LCTTOV Be
iw dea/JLa err part WTTJ a-Tpanjyos ecrOLwv ev
KOIVOV aprov rj KaiaKeLfjievo^ eVl <TTt/3aSo?
evT6\ov<s 17 Trepl Tafypeiav Tiva real
epyov crvvetyaTTTOfjievos. ou jap OVTCOS roi'?
real rjjLaTcov /xeraSi^o^Ta? &)? TOU? TTQVOV KOL
d\\a /na\\ov d
TWV TOU?
TaOra Trdvra TTOLWV 6 Mdpios KCU Sia
TOi/5 trryOcmcoTa? Brjpaywywv ra^v /mev e
rrjv Ai/3vr]V, "ra^u Se TTJV 'Pco/Jirjv, OVOJJLCLTOS /cal
Bo^rj^, rwv dirb (TTparoTreSov rot? OIKOI <ypa<f)6v-
TWV ft)? OVK ecrrt Trepan ovSe d7ra\\ay^ TOU
TOV (3dp/3apov TroXe/zof /J,rj Ydiov Mdpiov e
VIII. 'E</>' ol? T}XO? rjv o MereXXo? a
(jbokio'Ta 5e avTov rfviacre TO irepl
OUTO? 7a/9 o avr]p TJV /mev e/c rraTepwv eVo?
MereXXci) ral Tore Trjv eVt TCMZ^ TKTOVWV
vecrTpdTeve' typovpwv Be Rdyav, TTO\,LV
KOL TU> /nijSev dSiKelv TOU? evoiKovvTas,
a\\a TT^oaa)? real (f)i\av0pa)7ra)s aurot? Trpocr-
(j)pecr0ai, TricrTevcov, e\a6ev vTro^eLpio^ rot? iroXe-
/itoi? 76^0/^6^0?. Trape&e^avTO yap TOP '\ovyovp0av,
TOV Be Tovp7ri\\iov ovbev qBifcrjGav, d\\d awov
2 e^aiTrjcrd/Aevoi ^>ii]Kav. ecr^ev ovv alrlav Trpo-
Socrt'a?* real Trapcov 6 Ma/Jto? Ty replcrei a-v/ji/3ov\os
478
CAIUS MARIUS, vii. 3 -vin. 2
solace for his labours in seeing another voluntarily
share those labours ; this seems to take away the
element of compulsion ; and it is a most agreeable
spectacle for a Roman soldier when he sees a
general eating common bread in public, or sleeping
on a simple pallet, or taking a hand in the construc-
tion of some trench or palisade. For they have
not so much admiration for those leaders who share
honour and riches with them as for those who
take part in their toils and dangers, but have more
affection for those who are willing to join in their
toils than for those who permit them to lead an
easy life.
By doing all these things and thereby winning the
hearts of the soldiers, Marius soon filled Africa, and
soon filled Rome, with his name and fame, and men
in the camp wrote to those at home that there
would be no end or cessation of the war against
the Barbarian unless they chose Caius Marius
consul.
VIII. At all this Metellus was evidently displeased.
But it was the affair of Turpillius that most vexed
him. This Turpillius was an hereditary guest-friend of
Metellus, and at this time was serving in his army as
chief of engineers. But he was put in charge of
Vaga, a large city, and because he relied for safety
on his doing the inhabitants no wrong, but rather
treating them with kindness and humanity, he un-
awares came into the power of the enemy ; for they
admitted Jugurtha into their city. Still, they did
Turpillius no harm, but obtained his release and sent
him away safe and sound. Accordingly, a charge of
treachery was brought against him; and Marius, who
was a member of the council which tried the case,
Q2 479
PLUTARCH'S LIVES
ai/ro? re ol TTiKpbs fy Kal rcov d\\cov
TOJ)? 7rXetcrTou9, cocrre aKovra rov MereXXov
eK^iacrOrji'at. teal Kara^rj^icraaOai, Odvarov rov
dv0pd)rrov. per* 6\iyov Be TT}? alrias
ot /zef aXXot a-vvri^dovro TW
fyepovn, Mapto? 8e ^aipwv /cal
TO epyov OVK rjff%vveTo \ejeiv irepiloiv a>5
a\daropa TU> MereXXco
3 'E/cr TOVTOV (fravepa) 1 ? airr^'^ddvovTO' icai \eyerai,
TTore roO Maptou Tra/JovTo? oloz/ efyvftpi^cov 6
MereXXo? elTrelv, " 2u r) KardXnrwv ^/za?, w
ryevvcue, 7rAeu> eV ottcov &iavofj KOL TrapayyeX-
\eiv vTrareiav; ov yap dyaTrrjcreLS, av TOJJJLW TraiBl
TOVTW (TuvvTrareva-ys ;" 771; Se 6 Trai? Tore TOU
4 MereXXou nravrdiraai fjLipd/ciov. ov /jirjv aXXa
rov Mapiov <r7rov$dovTO<; dfaOfjvai, TroXXa?
ai^a^oXa? Trot^cra/iet'o?, ert &a)$ica Xei
rj/uiepwv eVl r?)y TCOV virdrwv dvdbei^iv,
avTov. o Be 7ro\\rjv aTro (npaTOTreBov Trjv
6d\aaaav t? 'ITU/C^Z/ oSoi^ rj/jbepais Bval real
VVKT\ Gvve\wv eOve Trpb TOV TrXoO. KOI \eyerai
TOV jLavTiv eljrelv a>? aTTiVrou? rtz/a? TO
l /cpeirTovas eXiriSos dirda^ V7rpaj;las irpo-
TO) Maptw TO Bai/Jioviov. 6 Be TOVTOLS
dvr)\dri. Kal TO 7re\ayo<; rerapralo^ 410
ovpiw TTvevfjiaTi TTepdcras avTiica re ru> Bij/jLO) TTO-
dewos &(f)0T], Kal Trpoa^et? vrro rivos rwv Brj/jidp-
'X (t)V et '? r <> 7rX?5#o9 eVl TroXXat? Kara rov MeTeX-
Xou Bia/3o\als yrelro rr)V dp~)(rjv, V7
f) Krevelv rj ^wvra \ij-^reo~0ai rov '\ovyovp0av.
480
CAIUS MARIUS, vni. 2-5
was himself bitter, and exasperated most of the
others against the accused, so that Metellus was
reluctantly forced to pass sentence of death upon
him. After a short time, however, the charge was
found to be false, and almost everybody sympathized
with Metellus in his grief; but Marius, full of joy
and claiming the condemnation as his own work,
was not ashamed to go about saying that he had
fastened upon the path of Metellus a daemon who
would avenge the murder of a guest-friend.
In consequence of this there was open enmity be-
tween the two men ; and we are told that on one
occasion when Marius was present Metellus said to
him as if in mockery : " Dost thou purpose to leave
us, my good Sir, and sail for home, and stand for the
consulship? Pray will it not satisfy thee to be fellow-
consul with this my son? " Now the son of Metellus
was at this time a mere stripling. However, Marius
was eager to be dismissed, and so, after making
many postponements, and when only twelve days re-
mained before the election of consuls, Metellus dis-
missed him. Marius accomplished the long journey
from the camp to Utica and the sea in two days and
one night, and offered sacrifice before he sailed. And
the seer is said to have told him that the Deity
revealed for Marius successes that were of incredible
magnitude and beyond his every expectation. Elated
by this prophecy he put to sea. In three days he
crossed the sea with a favouring wind, and was at
once welcomed gladly by the populace, and after being
introduced to the assembly by one of the tribunes, he
first made many slanderous charges against Metellus,
and then asked for the consulship, promising that he
would either kill Jugurtha or take him alive.
481
PLUTARCH'S LIVES
IX. 'AvayopevOels Be XayLtTrpw? evQvs ecrrpa-
T0\6yei, Trapd TOV VOJJLOV KOL TTJV crvv^Oeiav TTO\VV
TOV airopov teal <f>av\ov l Kcnaypa(f)(t)v, TO>V irpo-
a9ev rjye/jLovcov ov irpocrBe-^o/jievcov TOL/? TOIOVTOVS,
cbcTTrep d\\o n rcov KCL\WV, ra oir\a fjLera
rot? d^lois vejJLovrwv, eve^vpov rrjv ovcriav
2 efcdo-rov riOevat, So^rouyro?. ov /A^V TCLVTCL ye
fjLd\i(TTa $ie/3a\e TOV Mdpiov, aXX' ol \6yot
Opaaels ovres virepo^lq teal vfipei TOU?
e\V7rovv, GKvXbv re /3ocoi>TO? avTOV Trjv V
(frepecrOai TT}? T&V evyevwv KCU ir^vcriwv
KOI Tpav/Jia(riv olfceiois Trpo? TOV Brjfiov, ov
vercpwv ovBe d\\oTpiai^ elfcocn veavievecrOai.
3 7roXXa/a? Be /ecu TOVS aTV^cravTas ev Aiftvy
(TTpaTrjyovs, TOVTO /JLCV T$r)<7Tiav, TOVTO Be 'AX-
ftlvov, dvOpcoTTovs OIKWV fiev eTTKpctvcov, auTOU? Be
rv XO GfycLKevTas, d7ro\/jLOVS KOI Bi aTreiplav
ovo/md^cov, ZTTwOdveTo TO)V irapovTwv
el pr) real TOL>? eKelvwv olovTai Trpoyovovs CLVTW
/j,d\\ov av ev^acrOai TrapaTr\r)(riov<$ e/cyovovs djro-
-\ r/ C>\ 5>\ > \p>>>/ j^^jr*
\L7retv, are o^ f^ijoe aurou? OL evyeveiav, a\\ VTT
a/)6T7}? /cal KaXwv epycov evBo^ovs yevo/jLevovs.
4 TavTd Be ov fcevws ovBe dXa^oviKws e\eyev ovBe
rot? BvvaTols j3dv\6fJLVOS,
avTov, rjBo/jievos re Trj fiov\f) Trpo-
KOI \6yov KOfjLTTO) /meTpwv del (f>po-
ov(f)i^, Kal crvve^cop/aa
1 <f>av\ov van Herwerden : Sov\ov.
482
CAIUS MARIUS, ix. 1-4
IX. He was triumphantly elected, 1 and at once
began to levy troops. Contrary to law and custom
he enlisted many a poor and insignificant man, al-
though former commanders had not accepted such
persons, but bestowed arms, just as they would any
other honour, only on those whose property assessment
made them worthy to receive these, each soldier being
supposed to put his substance in pledge to the state.
It was not this, however, that brought most odium
upon Marius, but the boldly insolent and arrogant
speeches with which he vexed the nobles, crying out
that he had carried off the consulship as spoil from
the effeminacy of the rich and well-born, and that he
had wounds upon his own person with which to vaunt
himself before the people, not monuments of the
dead nor likenesses of other men. Often, too, he
would mention by name the generals in Africa who
had been unsuccessful, now Bestia, and now Albinus,
men of illustrious houses indeed, but unfortunate
themselves, and un warlike, who had met with disaster
through lack of experience ; and he would ask his
audience if they did not think that the ancestors of
these men would have much preferred to leave de-
scendants like himself, since they themselves had
been made illustrious, not by their noble birth, but
by their valour and noble deeds. Such talk was not
mere empty boasting, nor was his desire to make
himself hated by the nobility without purpose ;
indeed the people, who were delighted to have the
senate insulted and always measured the greatness
of a man's spirit by the boastfulness of his speech,
encouraged him, and incited him not to spare
1 For the year 107 B.C., at the age of fifty.
483
PLUTARCH'S LIVES
rwv dgioXoywv, xapi^ofjievov rot?
X. '11? Be Bierr\vo~ev et9 Ai/Svijv, MereXXo?
rov (pOovov yevo/nevos, Kal Trepirradwv
ori, Kareipyacr/iievov rov rrbXe/JLOV avrov KOI fi^jBev
vrr6\oirrov rj TO crw/za rov 'lovyovpda \aftelv
e'xpvrpsij ij/cei Ma/9to? eVl rov arefyavov /cal rov
0pia/j,/3ov, etc rt}? 7T/30? /ceLvov d%api(Tria$ rjv^rj-
et? TO auTO o-vve\0LV, d\\'
'PovrlXios 5e TO crrpd-
Mapuy TrapeBco/ce, Trpecrftevrris yeyovws
2 rov Mere\\ov. KOI irepirfkOe Tt? ve^ea is ev ru>
rwv rrpd<~ewv Mdpiov d<pr)pe0r) jap VTTO
rrjv rov KaropdutfJiaro^ So^av, &>? vrc
e/ceivov MeTeXXo?" 01^ rpoirov Be, d^rjytja-o/jiai,
/Spa^eft)^, eirel ra /ca& eKacrrov fia\\ov ev Tot?
Trepl %v\\a yeypaTrrai.
Bo/c^o? 6 rwv dvo) ftapfiapwv ^acrtXeu? 771^ irev-
Oepos ^lovyovpda, /cal rro\e^ovvri /^ev ov rrdvv ri
(TV\\a[jL(BdveLV eho/cei, 7rpo/3a\\6/jievos avrov rrjv
3 dmcrriav, Kal rrjv av^rjaiv Se&OLKws' errel Be (f)v-
ywv Kal r 7T\avoL>iJLvo<$ eicelvov VTT* dvdyKrjs edero
rwv \7riBa)v re\evralov Kal /carr/pe 77/309 avrov,
alcr^yvrj fj,d\\ov a>9 i/cerrjv rj Si evvoiav vrro-
ce^d/jievo^ Sid %et/?o9 t>X e > favspfa ptv vTrep
avrov TrapairovjAevo? Mdpiov /cal ypdffraiv co9 OVK
dv eK^Mrj Kal Trapprjo'ia^o/bievos, Kpv(>a Be ftov-
\eva)v TrpoBoaiav err avrw, Kal /jierarrefATrofAevos
AevKiov ^v\\av, ra/miav /JLCV ovra Maptou, XP 7 'l~
crifjiov Be ry Bo/c^ft) yeyevrj^evov eVt crrpnreias.
4 ro9 Be Tria-revcras dveftrj rrpo? avrov o
484
CAIUS MARIUS, ix. 4 -x. 4
men of high repute if he wished to please the
multitude.
X. When he had crossed to Africa, Metellus, now
become a victim of jealousy, and vexed because, after
he had brought the war to an end and had nothing
further to do except to seize the person of Jugurtha,
Marius was coming to enjoy the crown and the
triumph, a man whose ingratitude towards his
benefactor had raised him to power, would not con-
sent to meet him, but privately left the country
while Rutilius, who had become his legate, handed
over the army to Marius. And in the end a retri-
bution fell upon Marius ; for Sulla robbed him of the
glory of his success, as Marius had robbed Metellus.
How this came to pass, I will narrate briefly, since
the details are given more at length in my Life of
Sulla. 1
Bocchus, the king of the Barbarians in the interior,
was a son-in-law of Jugurtha, and apparently gave
him little or no assistance in his war, alleging his
faithlessness as an excuse, and fearing the growth of
his power. But when Jugurtha in his flight and
wandering felt compelled to make him his last hope
and sought haven with him, Bocchus received him,
more out of regard for his position as a suppliant
than from goodwill, and kept him in his hands. So
far as his open acts were concerned, Bocchus entreated
Marius in behalf of his father-in-law, writing that he
would not give him up and assuming a bold tone ;
but secretly he planned to betray him, and sent for
Lucius Sulla, who was quaestor for Marius and had
been of some service to Bocchus during the campaign.
But when Sulla had come to him in all confidence,
1 Chapter iii.
485
PLUTARCH'S LIVES
ecr%6 fjuev Ti? TpoTrr) yvwurjs KOI /jLerdvoia TOV
dpfiapov, rjfiepas T6 orv^ya^ Siijve^drj rut \oyi(Tfj,u),
/3ov\ev6/JL6VOS r; Trapa&ovvai TOV 'iovyovpOav 17
e rbv ^vXXav d(f)lvai' reXo? oe rrjv irporepav
TrpoSoo-iav, eve^eipiae TOO
5 Kat TOVTO Trp&TOV V7rrjpj;ev aurot? cnrep/j,a
dvrjKea-TOV KOI ^aXeTT?}? eret^r;? aracreco?, f) fJLitc-
pov e$evj(JV dvaTpe^rai TTJV 'Pco/jiijv. vroXXol ya
e/3ov\ovTo TOV %v\\a TO epyov elvaL
(})0ovovvT6S, auro? re ZuXXa? cr^payl^a
{jievos ecf)6pL ry\v(f)rjv e^ovffav e^^eipi^ofjievov VTTO
Q TOV Bo/f^oL' TOV 'lovyovpOav eauTO). Kal
Xpco/uLevos del S^ereXet (piXoTi/Jiov avSpa KCU
KOivwviav SO^T;? dyvw/u-ova Kal Bvcrepiv
TOV y\.dpLov, evayovTcov /mdXiaTa TWV e^dp&v TWV
efceivov, Kal TO, pev Trpwra TOV TroXe/zou Kal
/mejiaTa TW MereXXw, ra 8' ecr^ara Kal TO Trepas
avTOv S^XXa Trpoa-TiOevTwv, &>? iravaaiio 6av-
Kal irpode^wv GKGLVW yu-aXicrra TTUVTWV 6
XI. Ta%i/ fievTOi TOV $>6ovov TOVTOV Kal ra
Kal ra? Sta/SoXa? aTreaKeSacre TOV Ma/otou
Tea'TTfO'ev o KaTacr^wv Trjv^TaXiav djro T/}?
eo~7repas KivBvvos, a/j,a TU> Trp&TOV ev xpeia /zeyaXou
o~TpaTr)yov jeveadaL Kal irepiCTKe^racrdai Trjv 7ro\n>
'iTr) Sia(f)6V%6Tai K\vSct>va TroXe-
TOCTOVTOV, ovSevbs dvaa"%6/Aevov TWV airo
<yevov<$ p,jd\a)v r/ irKovaiwv OLKWV 67rl ra?
TtK(i<; KaTi6vT(DV dp^aipfcrias, aXX' dirovTa TOV
2 Mdptov dvayopevudvTcov. dpTi ydp dTnjyyeXjAevrjs
ai^Tot? T^? 'lovyovpOa <TuXX?^eft)9 al irepl Tev-
486
CAIUS MARIUS, x. 4 -xi. 2
the Barbarian experienced a change of heart and felt
repentant, and for many days wavered in his plans,
deliberating whether to surrender Jugurtha or to hold
Sulla also a prisoner. Finally however, he decided
upon his first plan of treachery, and put Jugurtha
alive into the hands of Sulla.
This was the first seed of that bitter and incurable
hatred between Marius and Sulla, which nearly
brought Rome to ruin. For many wished Sulla to
have the glory of the affair because they hated Mar-
ius, and Sulla himself had a seal-ring made, which he
used to wear, on which was engraved the surrender
of Jugurtha to him by Bocchus. By constantly using
this ring Sulla provoked Marius, who was an ambitious
man, loath to share his glory with another, and
quarrelsome. And the enemies of Marius gave Sulla
most encouragement, by attributing the first and
greatest successes of the war to Metellus, but the
last, and the termination of it, to Sulla, that so the
people might cease admiring Marius and giving him
their chief allegiance.
XI. Soon, however, all this envy and hatred and
slander of Marius was removed and dissipated by
the peril which threatened Italy from the west, as
soon as the state felt the need of a great general
and looked about for a helmsman whom she might
employ to save her from so great a deluge of war.
Then the people would have nothing to do with any-
one of high birth or of a wealthy house who offered
himself at the consular elections, but proclaimed
Marius consul 1 in spite of his absence from the
city. For no sooner had word been brought to
the people of the capture of Jugurtha than the
1 For the year 104 B.C.
487
PLUTARCH'S LIVES
rovcav fcal KifAJdpcov (frff/uu rrpOGemrrrov, drciariav
ev apxfi rrapa&xpvcrai 7r\ijQov$ re KOI pcbfjUjs
^ojjievwv arparwv, vorrepov Be T% a\tj-
0eias vTroBeevrepat, ^aveicrai. ftvpidBes yu,ei> yap
at fid^ifjioi rpiaKovra crvv ovrXot? e^copovv, o
Be TraiBwv real yvvai/cwv e^eyovro TroXXw
o-v/jLTrepidyeaOai, 77}? xprj^ovres ^ Ope^rei TOGOV-
TOV 7T\77#O9, Kal 7r6\eO)V V at? i&pV06VT<; /3l(tXTOV-
rai, Kaddirep Trpb CLVTWV Trvv9dvovro KeXrou?
T?;? 'IraXta? rrjv dplcnriv fcaiavyzlv
3 a(/)eXo/ieix'OL'9. avrol fJLev <ydp afii^ia rfj
^rcei re %a)pa<; TJV 7rr/\0ov, rjyvoovvro,
6We? dvdpwTTcov r; TroOev 6p/jLrjdevTs cocnrep
vetpos efjLirea'oiev FaXarta real 'IraXta. KOI yu-aXto-ra
ev elfcd^ovro YepfJiavLKa yevr) rwv Ka6r]KovT(Dv eVt
rbv ftopeiov wiceavov elvai rot?
a co fJidj a)V Kal rfj ^apOTToT^ri rwv ofA/jidTwv, Kal on,
TOU9
EtVl Se 01 Trjv K.e\TiKr)v Bid /3d0o<$ ^copa? KOL
airo TJ)? e^a) 6a\dcr<Tri<$ Kal TWV virapKTiwv
K\ifJ.drwv 7T/90? rfkiov dvLcr^ovra Kara rrjv
7Tiorrpe(f>ov(Tav arrreaOai rfjs Tiovritcijs
\eyovcri, KaKeWev rd yevri fiefil^Oai.
TOUTOU? e^ava<rrdvra<; OVK CK /^ta? op^s ouBe
(Tiwe^w?, aXXa erou? &pq KaO* etcacrrov eviavrov
ei? rov/ji7rpO(T0ev del ^wpovvra^ TroXe/xw ^povois
5 TroXXoi? erre\6elv ryv ^rceipov. Bio Kal TroXXa?
Kara {Jiepos eTTf/cX^cret? %6vrcov KOivfj
0as rbv err par ov a)vo/j,a%oi>.
488
CAIUS MARIUS, xi. 2-5
reports about the Teutones and Cimbri fell upon
their ears. What these reports said about the num-
bers and strength of the invading hosts was dis-
believed at first, but afterwards it was found to be
short of the truth. For three hundred thousand
armed fighting men were advancing, and much larger
hordes of women and children were said to accompany
them, in quest of land to support so vast a multitude,
and of cities in which to settle and live, just as the
Gauls before them, as they learned, had wrested the
best part of Italy from the Tyrrhenians and now
occupied it. They themselves, indeed, had not had
intercourse with other peoples, and had traversed a
great stretch of country, so that it could not be
ascertained what people it was nor whence they had
set out, thus to descend upon Gaul and Italy like a
cloud. The most prevalent conjecture was that they
were some of the German peoples which extended
as far as the northern ocean, a conjecture based
on their great stature, their light blue eyes, and the
fact that the Germans call robbers Cimbri.
But there are some who say that Gaul was wide and
large enough to reach from the outer sea and the
subarctic regions to the Maeotic Lake on the east,
where it bordered on Pontic Scythia, and that from
that point on Gauls and Scythians were mingled.
These mixed Gauls and Scythians had left their
homes and moved westward, not in a single march,
nor even continuously, but with each recurring
spring they had gone forward, fighting their way,
and in the course of time had crossed the continent.
Therefore, while they had many names for different
detachments, they called their whole army by the
general name of Galloscythians.
489
PLUTARCH'S LIVES
"AXXot Be (fraa-i Ki/j,/.iepia)V rb ^ev irpwTov
' Et\\r)VO)i> TWV TrdXai, ryvwaOev ov fieya <yevecrOai
TOV TTCLVTOS fjLopiov, d\\a (fiwyrjv r) crrdcriv Tiva
{3ia(T@6i(rav VTTO ^KvOwv et? ' Aaiav diro TT}?
MaioJTiSo? SiaTrepdaai Ai^Sa/uo? fjyov/jievov, rb
8e 7r\icrTOV av-rwv teal ^a^i/jLCDraTOV eV eV^arof?
oiKovv irapa rrjv e^ro 6a\aacrav <yr\v jmev V.^e<jQai
crvo-Kiov KCLI v\o)Syj KOL 8v(Tij\i,ov Trdvrr) Sia /3d0os
6 KOL TrvKVOTrfra Spv/uwv, ou? fJ>6%pi rwv 'Ep/cvviayv
elcrw SirJKew, ovpavov Se elkij^evcu /ca6' o So/eel
\afj,j3dvo)V b TroXo? e^ap/J,a Sia rrjv ejK\icriv
a7ro\e f nreiv TOV Kara
TT^OO? Tr]v olKrjcnv, a
re rj/Aspai /Spa^i/r^ri, Kal /mij/cet, Trpo? ra? VVKTCLS
laai KaravefjieaOaL rbv %pbvov Bib KCU rrjv
evTroplav rov (JLvOevfjiaTos 'Qfirfpa) yeveaOai, TT/OO?
7 TrjV veKviav. evOev ovv Trjv ecfcooov elvau TWV /3ap-
ftdpwv TOVTWV errl Trjv 'IraXtav, }Lip.p.epiwv /jiev e
ap^/}?, Tore Be Ki/ji/3pa>v OVK CLTTO TpoTrov Trpocra-
yopevofjievwv. d\\a raura [lev el/cacr/jiU) /maXXov 412
rj KaTa fteftaiov Icrropiav \eyerai.
8 To Se 7rX?}$o? OVK e\aTTOV, d\\a Tr\eov elvai
TOV \G")(6eVTOS V7TO TToXXw^ LGTOprjTai. 0V/LLOV Be
teal TokjJiav dvvirbaTaTOL Kal %eipwv epja Trapd
TO,? ^Lta^a? b^inrjTi Kal j3ia TTU/PO? eoiKOTes eVr^e-
aav, ovBevbs dvTe^ovTos avTwv TT/JO? TTJV ecfroSov,
ttXXa TTCLvrayv fJiev, ocrou? eirrfKOov, ev-\bya) Xeta?
dyopevcov Kal fyepo/jievwv, TTO\\WV Be Kal /H6jd\,a)v
(TTpaTOTreBcov Kal (TTpaTr}<ya)V, OCTOI
TT}? e'/cro? "A\7rewi> FaXarm?, dvqp-
9 Tracrjjiivwv a/cXew?* o't Kal /jid\tarTa TTJV
490
CAIUS MARIUS, xi. 5-9
Others, however, say that the Cimmerians who
were first known to the ancient Greeks were not a
large part of the entire people, but merely a body of
exiles or a faction which was driven away by the
Scythians and passed from the Maeotic Lake into
Asia under the lead of Lygdamis ; whereas the
largest and most warlike part of the people dwelt at
the confines of the earth along the outer sea, oc-
cupying a land that is shaded, wooded, and wholly
sunless by reason of the height and thickness of the
trees, which reach inland as far as the Hercynii ; and
as regards the heavens, they are under that portion
of them where the pole gets a great elevation by
reason of the decimation of the parallels, and appears
to have a position not far removed from the spectator's
zenith, and a day and a night divide the year into
two equal parts ; which was of advantage to Homer
in his story of Odysseus consulting the shades of the
dead. 1 From these regions, then, these Barbarians
sallied forth against Italy, being called at first
Cimmerians, and then, not inappropriately, Cimbri.
But all this is based on conjecture rather than on
sure historical evidence.
Their numbers, however, are given by many
writers as not less, but more, than the figure
mentioned above. Moreover, their courage and
daring made them irresistible, and when they en-
gaged in battle they came on with the swiftness and
force of fire, so that no one could withstand their onset,
but all who came in their way became their prey
and booty, and even many large Roman armies, with
their commanders, who had been stationed to protect
Transalpine Gaul, were destroyed ingloriously ; indeed,
1 Odyssey, Book XI. See vv. 14 ff., describing the Cim-
merians.
491
PLUTARCH'S LIVES
avTO)v KaKwi dywvicrd/xevoi Kara r?}?
7T6(T7rd(TavTO. vitcrjcravres yap ol? eveTU^ov, KCU
eyvwcrav
kavTOvs i&pveiv, irplv dvaTpe^lrcocn rrjv '
teal &La7rop0tjcra)cri TIJV '
XII. Tavra 'Pco/jiaioi irvvOavo^evoL
Oev, /cd\ouv Mdpiov eVt TIJV crrpaTtjyiai'. KOI TO
Bevrepov i/Traro? d7re&eL'%0r), rov fjiev vo/^ov
KW\VOVTOS dirovra KCU
avflis alpelaOai, rou Be
er/9aXo^TO?. r)<yovvro yap ovre
VVV TTpWTOV ei%6lV TO) (TV/jLtfiepOVTl TOV VO/jLOV, OVT6
d\oya)Tpav elvai TrjV Trapovcrav alriav Keivrj<i
SL r)v TOV ^KrjTTiwva irapa TOU? vopovs vrraTov
, ov <f)o/3ovfjLevoi TTJV eavTWV aTroftaXetv,
p^ri&ovitov 7ri0V{j,ovvTs dve\elv.
2 raura e'So^e' KOI Mapto? K Aj/3i/??9 yuera TOV
crT/3arei;yU,aTo? Siafco/JsicrOels CLVTOLS
'lavovapiais, T)V erow? dp^v ayovcrt,
TifjV TG VTrareiav dve\a/3e KOI TOV Opia/Jiftov elcnj-
\ao~eVy aTTLGTOV eVtSei^ayLte^o? Oeafia 'Pw^aioi^
'\ovyovp6av al^/jLaXcoTov, ov ^W^TO? ov& av el?
Jj\7TlO~e 7TO\^LL(OV KpaTrjcrai' OVTW Ti? TfV 7TOIKL\OS
dvi~ip Tvyais Q^i\r\<jai real Travovpyla r jro\\fj
3 fj-e/juy/jievov e%a>v TO 0v/j.oLoes. aXX' etfecrTrj ye
1 See chapter xi. 1. Marius was still in Africa.
492
CAIUS MARIUS, xi. 9 -xn. 3
by their feeble resistance they were mainly in-
strumental in drawing the on-rushing Barbarians
down upon Rome. For when the invaders had
conquered those who opposed them, and had got
abundance of booty, they determined not to settle
themselves anywhere until they had destroyed Rome
and ravaged Italy.
XII. Learning of these things from many quarters,
the Romans summoned Marius to the command.
And he was appointed consul for the second time, 1
although the law forbade that a man in his absence
and before the lapse of a specified time should be
elected again ; still, the people would not listen to
those who opposed the election. For they considered
that this would not be the first time that the law
had given way before the demands of the general
good, and that the present occasion demanded it no
less imperatively than when they had made Scipio
consul contrary to the laws,' 2 although at that time
they were not fearful of losing their own city, but
desirous of destroying that of the Carthaginians.
This course was adopted, Marius came across the sea
from Africa with his army, and on the very Calends
of January, which with the Romans is the first day
of the year, assumed the consulship and celebrated
his triumph, exhibiting to the Romans Jugurtha in
chains. This was a sight which they had despaired
of beholding, nor could any one have expected,
while Jugurtha was alive, to conquer the enemy ; so
versatile was he in adapting himself to the turns
of fortune, and so great craft did he combine with
his courage. But we are told that when he had
2 In 147 B.C., when Scipio had not reached the age required
by law.
493
PLUTARCH'S LIVES
is, to? \eyovat, Tore TOV typovelv KOI
TOV Opia^jSov eh TO Becr/^coT/jpiov e/ATrecroov,
&)? ol /lev avTOV (Sla Trepiepprj^av TOV ^LTCOVLCTKOV,
oi Be crTrevBovTes </>eXecr#ai /3ta TO %pv<rovv e\-
\6/3iov afia TOV \oftov avvaTrepprj^av, wcrOel? ^e
TO ftdpaOpov KaT6/3\ijdr), /lecrTo? cov
Kal Siaaecrrjpoos, " 'Hpa/cXet?," euTrev,
ft)? -^rv^pov v/jiwv TO ftaXaveiov." dXXa TOVTOV fiev
KOI
T?? TOU
TWV
ETTTO, Kal T^icr^Xta? Xtrpa?, dpyvpov Be
ZTTT a Koalas
Be
eVl /jivpidcriv OKTCO Kal ecKocri.
5 MeTO, & TTjV TTO/jLTTIJV 6 MaUO? (T VJ K\1]T OV
i)6poierev ev KaTrerwXt'ftv Kal iraprj\0e fiev etVe
\aOwv avTov etVe Ty Ti/^y xpu>p.evoi dypoiKOTepov
ev TTJ Qpia/j,/3iKf) KaTaaKevfj, ra^v Be Trjv
alaOo/nevo^ e^avecrTrj Kal
XIII. 'Ey Be Trj (TTpaTeia TIJV Bvva/jiiv BieTrovei
6Bov e^a&Kwv Bpo/Ji0i$ TC TravToBaTrols Kal
oBoiTTOpiais, eavTw Be d^Oofyopelv dvay-
Kal avTovpyelv TCL Trpo? TTJV BiaiTav, WCTTC
Kal /ieTa TavTa TGI/? (fii\O7rovovs Kal cri(OTrfi fieT
evKo\ia<; TO, TrpoGTacrcrG/jLeva TroiovvTas r]fjii6vovs
MapiayoL>5 Ka\L(T0ai. KCLITOI Tives aiTiav eTepav
2 TOV \byov TOVTOV vo/ni^ovai,. ^K^TTUWVO^ yap, ore
494
CAIUS MAPJUS, xii. 3-xin. 2
been led in triumph he lost his reason ; and that
when, after the triumph, he was cast into prison,
where some tore his tunic from his body, and others
were so eager to snatch away his golden ear-ring
that they tore off with it the lobe of his ear, and
when he had been thrust down naked into the
dungeon pit, in utter bewilderment and with a grin
on his lips he said : " Hercules ! How cold this
Roman bath is ! " But the wretch, after struggling
with hunger for six days and up to the last moment
clinging to the desire of life, paid the penalty which
his crimes deserved.
In the triumphal procession there were carried,
we are told, three thousand and seven pounds of
gold, of uncoined silver five thousand seven hundred
and seventy-five, and in coined money two hundred
and eighty-seven thousand drachmas.
o /
After the procession was over, Marius called the
senate into session on the Capitol, and made his
entry, either through inadvertence or with a vulgar
display of his good fortune, in his triumphal robes ;
but perceiving quickly that the senators were offended
at this, he rose and went out, changed to the usual
robe with purple border, and then came back.
XIII. Setting out on the expedition, he laboured
to perfect his army as it went along, practising the
men in all kinds of running and in long marches,
and compelling them to carry their own baggage and
to prepare their own food. Hence, in after times,
men who were fond of toil and did whatever was en-
joined upon them contentedly and without a murmur,
were called Marian mules. Some, however, think
that this name had a different origin. Namely, when
Scipio was besieging Numantia, 1 he wished to inspect
1 Cf. chapter iii. 2.
495
PLUTARCH'S LIVES
ra O7r\a j,r)oe TOI)? 'ITTTTOVS, a\\a real
teal T? a/ita^a?, 6Va>9
tea TrapeaKevaafJieva Tvy^voi, Trpoayayev TOV
MdptOV 'iTTTTOV T KoXXlGTCL T60 pa/JifJiivOV VTT
avTOv KOL TJ/JLUOVOV eve^ia real Trpaor^ri teal
pco/mrj BicKpepovra TTO\V TWV a\\ajv ^ffOivro^
ovv TOV a-Tparijyov rot? rov Mapiov OpefjLfj-aaL 413
teal 7roXXa/a? avT&v fJLvrjaOevTOs, ourco? apa
TOU? (T/CCOTTTO^Ta? V CTTaiVCp TOV
T\i]fJiova teal $>I\QTTOVOV Mapiavov r]\Liovov Trpoaa-
yopeveiv.
XIV. HLvTV\r)iJLa Be $OKi TO)
ryevecrQai. TUV jap ftapBdpcov wcnrep TIVCL ira\ip-
poiav rr)? op/xr}? \aftovTwv Kal pvevTwv Trporepov
TO,
TWV dvSpwv Kal ra (ppovij/^ara TTpbs TO
Qappeiv dvappwaai, TO $e /neyiaTOv, auro? oTo? rjv
2 KaTavor)6rji>ai. TO yap ev dpyjj aKv6 pwnov
rrepl ra9 ri/JLcopia? $vo-/.iei\iKTov e
v afjiapTareLV /i^Se aireiOelv a ma TO)
tyaiveTO, Tt]V re iov OV/JLOV (Kp
Kal TO Tpa%v 7^9 (pcovrjs Kal dypi.a)7Tov TOV rrpo-
O~U)TTOV (TWTpe^)op.evov Kara /jLiKpoi' ov% a^TOi?
evofju^ov elvai (froftepov, d\\d rot? TroXe/x/0^9.
3 {idXicrTa oe r) irepl ra? Kpicreis opOoTri^ avTov
rot? aTpaTicoTais rjpeo~Kev rjs Kal ToiovSe TL ceiypa
\eyeTat.
Faio? Aoucrio? aSeX^tSoO? ainov TCTay/nevos
efi r)yfjLovia<; eo~TpaTeveTO, raAAa JJLCV dvrjp ov
elvai rroviipos, IJTTGOV e fJLGipaKiwv
ouro?
496
CAIUS MARIUS, xm. 2-xiv. 3
not only the arms and the horses, but also the mules
and the waggons, that every man might have them
in readiness and good order. Marius, accordingly,
brought out for inspection both a horse that had been
most excellently taken care of by him, and a mule
that for health, docility, and strength far surpassed
all the rest. The commanding officer was naturally
well pleased with the beasts of Marius and often
spoke about them, so that in time those who wanted
to bestow facetious praise on a persevering, patient,
laborious man would call him a Marian mule.
XIV. And now, as it would seem, a great piece of
good fortune befell Marius. For the Barbarians had
a reflux, as it were, in their course, and streamed
first into Spain. This gave Marius time to exercise
the bodies of his men, to raise their spirits to a
sturdier courage, and, what was most important of
all, to let them find out what sort of a man he was.
For his sternness in the exercise of authority and his
inflexibility in the infliction of punishment appeared
to them, when they became accustomed to obedience
and good behaviour, salutary as well as just, and
they regarded the fierceness of his temper, the
harshness of his voice, and that ferocity of his
countenance which gradually became familiar, as
fearful to their enemies rather than to themselves.
But it was above all things the uprightness of his
judicial decisions that pleased the soldiers ; and of
this the following illustration is given.
Caius Lusius, a nephew of his, had a command
under him in the army. In other respects he was a
man of good reputation, but he had a weakness for
beautiful youths. This officer was enamoured of one
of the young men who served under him, by name
497
PLUTARCH'S LIVES
o
Tpe/3(ovLOv, Kal TroXXa/a? ireip&v OVK
4 eTvyftave* TeA-09 Be vvtcrtop VTrrjpeTqv avroo-retXa?
fjLT67re/jL7rTO TOV Tpeftcaviov 6 Be veavias fjtce
GVj dvTeiTreiv yap OVK e^rjv Ka\ov/j,evov, elo~a%-
t9 Se VTTO rrjv crKijvrjv irpos avrbv
TO <>o? aireKTeive. ravra
rov Mapiov fjirj Trapovros' 7rave\0(t)V
5 Be TTpov9riKTU) Tpefiwvifo KpLcriv. eVet Be TTO\\WV
KaTijyopovvTtov, ovSevos Be avvrj'yopovvTOS, avro?
eu^apcrco? Karaara^ Btrjy^aaro TO Trpdy/jia
{jLaprvpas e(T%ev cm Tret-pwvrt
rw AoLcr/ft) Kal /AeyaXwv BiBo/jievcov eV
irpoiJKaro TO crw/u-a, Oavfjidcra^ o M.dpip<; KOI
ls 6Ke\6V(T TOV TTaTpiov eVl Tat? a
O/jLtcr0r)vai, Kal \a/3oov
vwcre TOV Tpeftwviov co? KaX\,i,crTov epyov ev
TrapaBeLyaaTwv Beouevw Ka\G)v aTroBeSeiy/jievov.
6 TOWTO et? Tr]v 'Poo/jirjv drrayye\dev ov^ "JKLCTTCI
TcS M.api(p avveTTpa^e TTJV TpiTijv vTraTeuav
Be Kal TWV ftapftdpwv eVov? wpa
OVTWV e/3ov\ovTO //,6Ta yct?;8e^o9
Kivbvvevcrai Trpo? avTOvs. ov /JLTJV rjKov a>? 7rpo<r-
eBoKwvTO Ta^ea)?, d\\d 7rd\iv SirfkOe TO> Ma/?i'&>
7 o T/}? i/TraTeta? %/)6^o?. evicrTa^evcov Be TWV dp-
Kal TOV a-vvdp^ovTO^ avTOV Te\,evTij-
, dTTO\L7T(t)v eVt TWV Bwd/uecov ^/lavtov
UTO? 77/^6f 6t? 'P(i)JJ,r)V. aeTlOVTOOV Be
Kal ayaO&v Ti]V vTraTeiav, AOVKIOS
498
CAIUS MARIUS, xiv. 3-7
Trebonius, and had often made unsuccessful attempts
to seduce him. But finally, at night, he sent a
servant with a summons for Trebonius. The young
man came, since he could not refuse to obey a
summons, but when he had been introduced into the
tent and Caius attempted violence upon him, he drew
his sword and slew him. Marius was not with the
army when this happened ; but on his return he
brought Trebonius to trial. Here there were many
accusers, but not a single advocate, wherefore Tre-
bonius himself courageously took the stand and told
all about the matter, bringing witnesses to show that
he had often refused the solicitations of Lusius and
that in spite of large offers he had never prostituted
himself to anyone. Then Marius, filled with delight
and admiration, ordered the customary crown for
brave exploits to be brought, and with his own hands
placed it on the head of Trebonius, declaring that
at a time which called for noble examples he had
displayed most noble conduct.
Tidings of this were brought to Rome and helped
in no small degree to secure for Marius his third consul-
ship j 1 at the same time, too, the Barbarians were
expected in the spring, and the Romans were un-
willing to risk battle with them under any other
general. However, the Barbarians did not come as
soon as they were expected, and once more the
period of Marius's consulship expired. As the consular
elections were at hand, and as his colleague in the
office had died, Marius left Manius Aquillius in charge
of the forces and came himself to Rome. Here
many men of great merit were candidates for the
consulship, but Lucius Saturninus, who had more
1 For the year 103 B.C.
499
PLUTARCH'S LIVES
6 fjiaXiara TWV Bij^dp^wv aywv TO
VTTO TOV Mcipiov TeOepaTrev/Aevos eSrj-
fceXevcov ercelvov virarov aipelcrOaL.
0pvTTTO/Jivov oe rou Mapiov Kal TrapatTelcrdac
Ti-jV dp\r)V <$d(TKovTos &>? STJ /nrj Seo/jievov, irpo-
Sorrjv avrov o ^aropvlvos dire/caXeL TT}? TrarpiSos
8 eV Kivbvvw TOffovTO) (f)vyovTa TO a r partly .lv. KCU
fjiV TJV cnrLddvws crvvvTroKpivofJievos TO
TM M.apiw, roi> Se Kaipbv opwvres ol
GKGIVOV SeivoTrjTos a/Ad fcal
TTJV Terdpr^v vTra-reiav, KCU
avvdp^ovra KaT/Voy avTW AouraTiov
av&pa teal TifiM/Aevov VTTO TMV dpicrTwv /ecu Tot?
TroXXot? ovff eTra^Of).
XV. TluvOavo/nevos Se TOW? TroXe^ttof? o
771/9 elvai Sia Ta^ewv V7repe/3a\e Ta? "
real Ti%lcras arparoTreSov irapa TW '
TTOTa/Aft) crvvrjyev et? avrb ^oprjyiav a^Oovov, &)?
yL67ySe7TOT6 TTapd TOV TOV (TV fJityepOVTOS XoyiCT/jLOV
efcfiiacrOeiri &i ev^eiav rwv dva'yieaiwv et? /jLafflv
2 KaTacrrrjvai. rrjv Se KOfJii^r)V wv eBei 1 T err pa- 41-1
rev/jLari [jLaicpdv real TroXuTeX?} nrpoiepov ovaav
7T/30? Tr)V 6d\acr<jav, auro? elpyda-aro pabiav Ka\
. TO, yap crTO/xaTa TOU 'PoSavov, TT/JO?
l\vv
dvovra teal Qlva irr^w (Ba6el
IITTO TOV K\V$(OVO$, %a\TTOV Kal TTITTOVOV
ftpa$v7ropov Tot? (TiTaywyols eVotet rov
3 6 Be T/oe^a? evTavOa TOV GTpaTov
Tafypov fieydXrjv i>/3a\6, Kal TavTrj TTO\V
TOI) TroTa/nov fjiTa<TTrjcra<s Trepn'jyayev e/?
1 I5ei Coraes, Bekker, and Ziegler, after Rciske ;
500
CAIUS MARIUS, xiv. 7 -xv. 3
influence with the people than any other tribune,
was won over by the flattering attentions of Marius,
and in his harangues urged the people to elect Marius
consul. Marius affected to decline the office and
declared that he did not want it, but Saturninus called
him a traitor to his country for refusing to command
her armies at a time of so great peril. Now, it was
clear that Saturninus was playing his part at the
instigation of Marius, and playing it badly, too, but
the multitude, seeing that the occasion required
the ability as well as the good fortune of Marius,
voted for his fourth consulship, 1 and made Catulus
Lutatius his colleague, a man who was esteemed
by the nobility and not disliked by the common
people.
XV. Learning that the enemy were near, Marius
rapidly crossed the Alps, and built a fortified camp
along the river Rhone. Into this he brought to-
gether an abundance of stores, that he might never
be forced by lack of provisions to give battle contrary
to his better judgment. The conveyance of what
was needful for his army, which had previously been
a long and costly process where it was by sea, he
rendered easy and speedy. That is, the mouths of
the Rhone, encountering the sea, took up great
quantities of mud and sand packed close with clay
by the action of the billows, and made the entrance
of the river difficult, laborious, and slow for vessels
carrying supplies. So Marius brought his army to
the place, since the men had nothing else to do, and
ran a great canal. Into this he diverted a great part
of the river and brought it round to a suitable place
1 102 B.C.
PLUTARCH'S LIVES
Beiov alyta\6v, (3a6v JJLZV Kal vavcri ueyd\ai$ eVo-
XQV, \elov Be teal aK\V(TTOP aroua \ajSovcrav TT/OO?
rrjv 6d\acr<Tav. avrrj uev ovv en air e/ceivov
4 Twv Be (3ap/3dpwv ^eXoyrw^ cr(f)as avrov?
Ki/ji^poL /Aev e\a%ov Bia Ncopi/cwv avwdev eVl
Kdr\ov %wpslv /cal rrjv Trdpo&ov eKeivrjv /3id%e-
(70 at, Tevroves Be teal " ' AfjbfBpwves Bia Ar/vcov eVl
5 Ma/ofcoi> Trapd Od\aTTav. Kal Ktyu,/S/)oi? fjiev eylveTO
ir\ei(DV 7; &LaTpi(3i~i KOI /ze'XX>/cr4?, Teuroi'e? Be Kal
"A/jL/3pa)ve<; apavres evOvs KOL Biehdovres TTJV ev
%(t)pav efyaivovTO r jr\i']6ei re airetpoi Kal
TTTOi, ra eiBrj, $>0o<y<yov re Kal 66pv(Sov
erepOLs o^oioi. ire pi/3 aXo/ieroi Be rov ireBiov
\ovvro rov
XYI. 'O Be rovrwv fjiev OUK efypovn^ev, ev Be
ru> %dpaKi TOU? crrparitoras awel^e, Kal KaOrj-
Trrero TriKpws rwv Opaa-vvo^evwv, Kal TOU? Trpo-
VTTO 6v[j.ou Kal ad^ecrdai /3ov\OjjLVovs
drreKaXei T?}? TrarpcBos. ov yap vTrep
rr)V (f)i\ori/j,iav elvai, Kal rpOTraiwv,
OTTO)? ^e(/>o9 rocrovrov 7ro\e/j,ou Kal crKrj7rroi>
2 uxidfJLevoi Biao-dxTOV&i rrjv 'IraXiav. ravra fjiev
IBua 7T/30? rou? i]yefJLova^ Kal ro 1)9 o/jLorluovs 6X676,
TOL/? Be Grparitoras vrrep rov %dpaKO<$ /crra? ava
Kal dtaaOai KeKevwv eWi^e rijv uop(j)i]v
r&v iroXejJLiwv Kal r^vfftwv^v viro/jieveiv
/j.epos Coraes and Bekker, after Reiske : /u.eya.
502
CAIUS MARIUS, xv. 3 -xvi. 2
on the coast, a deep bay where large ships could float,
and where the water could flow out smoothly and with-
out waves to the sea. This canal, indeed, still bears
the name of Marius. 1
The Barbarians divided themselves into two bands,
arid it fell to the lot of the Cimbri to proceed through
Noricum in the interior of the country against
Catulus, and force a passage there, while the Teu-
tones and Ambrones were to march through Liguria
along the sea-coast against Marius. On the part of
the Cimbri there was considerable delay and loss of
time, but the Teutones and Ambrones set out at
once, passed through the intervening country, and
made their appearance before Marius. Their numbers
were limitless, they were hideous in their aspect,
and their speech and cries were unlike those of other
peoples. They covered a large part of the plain,
and after pitching their camp challenged Marius to
battle.
XVI. Marius, however, paid no heed to them, but
kept his soldiers inside their fortifications, bitterly
rebuking those who would have made a display of
their courage, and calling those whose high spirit made
them wish to rush forth and give battle traitors to
their country. For it was not, he said, triumphs or
trophies that should now be the object of their
ambition, but how they might ward off so great a
cloud and thunder-bolt of war and secure the safety of
Italy. This was his language in private to his
officers and equals ; but he would station his soldiers
on the fortifications by detachments, bidding them
to observe the enemy, and in this way accustomed
them not to fear their shape or dread their cries,
1 Cf. Strabo, iv. 8 (p. 183).
53
VOL. IX.
PLUTARCH'S LIVES
oXo)$ ovaav a\\oKOTOV KOI 6r]piu>$ri ) crKev^v re Kal
KivrjcrLv avTWV KaTap.av9a.veLv, a/jLa TO) %pov(p ra
(fraivoueva Beivd Troiov/mevovs rfj Biavoia
Bia TJ}? cn^e<i)9* rjyeiTO jap vroXXa /Jiev
Jcr6ai TCOV ov Trpoaoi'Tfav rrjv KaivoT^ia TO??
(fioftepOLS, ev Se rfj a-vvrjOeia Kal ra rfj (frixrei Seiva,
3 rr]V K7r\riiv aTro/3d\\eiv. rwv Se ov [JLOVOV rj
r^jLtpav o^fris afyrjpeu ri TOV @d/ji/3ovs, a\\a
7T/30? ra? a-TretXa? rwv ftapftdpwv Kal TOV
KO/JL7TOV OVK aVKTOV OVTa vfJiOS aVTOl?
?, ov
JJLOVOV dyovTcov Kal fyepovTwv TO, rrepi^ arravTa
, d\\a Kal TO>
/JLTOL TTOXX?}?
wc7T (frcovas Kal SiayavaKTijcreis TCOV
4 crTpaTiwTWV 7rpo<? TOV Mdpiov K$>ipecrdai. " Tiva
KaTayvovs dvav&piav r)/j.)v Ma/no? el'pyeL
wcnrep ryvvalKas VTCO K\eicrl Kal Ovpwpols;
, TraBovTGS dvdpwv rrdflos eXevOepwv epco/ueda
rroTepov aA.Xoy? dva^evet, /JLa^ovjbLevov^ VTrep TT}?
'IraXta?, T//HLV Be \6iTOvpyois ^ptj^eTai, Bia rrav-
TO?, oTav SerjTai ra^pof? opixraeiv Kal TrrpCov
5 eKKaOalpetv Kal TroTa/zoy? Tivas TrapaTperreiv; errl
TavTa ydp, a>? eoiKev, i]<TKei rot? vroXXot? TTOVOLS
Kal TavTa TWV
epya rot? TroXtVai? eTrdveicriv. rf TO,
avTov <f)o{3el Kal KCUTUCOVO?, oD? evifcrjtrav ol
TcoKefJiioi, rro\v fjicv aurou? r^? Mapiov So^?;? Kal
S4
CAIUS MARIUS, xvi. 2-5
which were altogether strange and ferocious ; and to
make themselves acquainted with their equipment
and movements, thus in course of time rendering
what was only apparently formidable familiar to their
minds from observation. For he considered that
their novelty falsely imparts to terrifying objects
many qualities which they do not possess, but that
with familiarity even those things which are really
dreadful lose their power to affright. And so in
the case of his soldiers, not only did the daily sight
of the enemy lessen somewhat their amazement at
them, but also, when they heard the threats and the
intolerable boasting of the Barbarians, their anger
rose and warmed and set on fire their spirits ; for the
enemy were ravaging and plundering all the country
round, and besides, often attacked the Roman forti-
fications with great temerity and shame! essness, so
that indignant speeches of his soldiers reached the
ears of Marius. "What cowardice, pray, has Marius
discovered in us that he keeps us out of battle like
women under lock and key ? Come, let us act like
freemen and ask him if he is waiting for other
soldiers to fight in defence of Italy, and will use us
as workmen all the time, whenever there is need of
digging ditches and clearing out mud and diverting
a river or two. For it was to this end, as it would
seem, that he exercised us in those many toils, 1 and
these are the achievements of his consulships which
he will exhibit to his fellow-citizens on his return to
Rome. Or does he fear the fate of Carbo and
Caepio, whom the enemy defeated ? 2 But they were
far behind Marius in reputation and excellence, and
1 Cf. chapter xiii. 1.
2 Carbo in 113 B.C., Caepio in 105 B.C. See the Dictionary
of Proper Names.
505
PLUTARCH'S LIVES
dperrjs aTroSeovras, TTO\.V Se ^elpova Grparov
ayovras; dXXa KOI iraOelvn Spwvras, o>? eicelvoi,
K(i\\iov r) tcaOrjcrOai iropOov/Jievcov rcov
XVII. Taur' CLKOVWV o Mapto? ijSero, KOI Kare-
irpdvvev CLVTOVS a>? OVK eKeivois airicrrMV, d\\' e/c
\oyiwv rov TI}^ VLKT]^ a^a Kaipov KOI TOTTOV
fcal yap TLVCL ^vpav yvvalica, Map- 415
6av ovo/JLa, /JLavreveadai \eyo/Avr)v ev fyopeiw
re/ai'Ms Trepujyero, KCU Overlap eOvev
K\6vovcni<?. f)v Trporepov
TI crvyK\rjTo<; evrv)(elv virep TOVTWV
2 fcal ra /^eXXo^ra TrpoOeaTri^ovcrav, 7rel Be TT/JO?
ra? yvvaifcas elaioixra SiaTreipav eSiSov /cal
ara Trj M.apiov TrapaKaOi^ovcra irapa TOU?
TWV fjiovofjid^wv eVtri'^w? Trporjyopeue TOP
\ovra VLKCLV, dva7T/jL<p(}L(Ta 77/50? Mdpiov VTT
e/ceivqs eOau/j-d^ero. KCU ra 7ro\\a /JLCV ev
TrapeKO/jLL&To, Trpo? Se ra? Ova-las Karyei,
vifciSa StTT\fjv e/jL7r7rop7rr)/Jtvrj KOI \6y^iji> dvaSe-
3 SefJLevrjv laiviais KOI a-Tefpavw/Aacri fyepovcra. rovro
fjiev ovv TO 8pd/jia vroXXot? d^La^^rrjcri-v Trapel^ev,
ei're 7T67reto"/z,eyo? &>? d\rjda)<; el're 7rXaTTo/z.ei/o? /cal
crvvvTroKpivo/uievos eTTi^eiKwrai rrjv avdptpTTOv.
To Se Trepl TOU? yvrras Oav^aio^ atov *AXe-
^ai^S/30? 6 "MvvSios icrroprjfce. Bvo yap (paivovro
irpo rwv KaTOp8a)/jidTa)v del Trepl ra? crr/jare/a?
506
CAIUS MARIUS, xvi. 5-xvn. 3
led an army that was far inferior to his. Surely it
is better to do something, even if we perish as
they did, rather than to sit here and enjoy the
spectacle of our allies being plundered."
XVII. Marius was delighted to hear of such
expressions, and tried to calm the soldiers down by
telling them that he did not distrust them, but in
consequence of certain oracles was awaiting a fit
time and place for his victory. And indeed he used
to carry about ceremoniously in a litter a certain Syrian
woman, named Martha, who was said to have the
gift of prophecy, and he would make sacrifices at her
bidding. She had previously been rejected by the
senate when she wished to appear before them with
reference to these matters and predicted future
events. Then she got audience of the women and
gave them proofs of her skill, and particularly the
wife of Marius, at whose feet she sat when some
gladiators were fighting and successfully foretold
which one was going to be victorious. In consequence
of this she was sent to Marius by his wife, and
was admired by him. As a general thing she was
carried along with the army in a litter, but she
attended the sacrifices clothed in a double purple
robe that was fastened with a clasp, and carrying a
spear that was wreathed with fillets and chaplets.
Such a performance as this caused many to doubt
whether Marius, in exhibiting the woman, really
believed in her, or was pretending to do so and
merely acted a part with her.
The affair of the vultures, however, which Alex-
ander of Myndus relates, is certainly wonderful. Two
vultures were always seen hovering about the armies
of Marius before their victories, and accompanied
57
PLUTARCH'S LIVES
real TraprjfcoXovdovv yvwpi^opevoi
paiow ravra Be ol arpaTLwrat av\\a(3ovT<s
avTovs Trepiij-^rav, elra dtyfjtcav K e TOVTOV
yvctipl^ovTes rjcnrd^ovTO avTOvs ol crrpariwrai l
KOI avkvTwv eirl rat? e^6ooi<; e^aipov a>9 a'yaOov
TL
4 oXXw^ 8e (rrjLLO}v iro>aLvoJievwv ra
a\\a ^apa/crrjpa KOIVOV el^ev, K Be 'A//.6/)ta? /cal
i, Kara TOV ovpavov ar^/za? re
KOI 6vpOVS 8l(l(f)pO/U,VOV$ TO TTpCOTOV, ClTd CTVfJ,-
/fat (Tjiara KOI
o^cr yiverai
5 Trdvras eVl (^ycryLta? pvrjvai. irepl TOVTOV Se
roi/ ^povov d(f)LKTO KOI Bara/c?;? e'r
o TT}V fJ>e<yd\i]$ /juyTpos iepevs, aTrayyeXXcov co? 77
^eo? eV TWI/ dvaKTOpwv <p0yj;aTo avrw VLKTJV real
Kpdros 7ro\e/AOv 'Pw/xatoi? vTrdp^eiv. T/}<? Se
(TvyK\ijrov TTpoaefJLevris /cal rfj Oew vaov TTIVI,KLOV
TOV BaTa/c^v 6i? TOV
&f}/j,ov 7rpoe\06vra real raura (Bov\oiJievov zlrrelv
K(t)\vae BrjfAapx&v A^Xo? Tlo/ATrijlos, dyvpr^v
aTTOKakwv KOI 7T/J09 v/3piv liTveKavv^v TOV /3r;-
/jidTcx;. o 8r] KOL {idXiaTa TW \oyw TOV av0p(*)Trov
TTIOTLV Trapeaxev. ov yap e(p0rj TT}? e'/c/cX^ata?
6 AuXo? et? OIKOV eTrave\0elv, KOI
avTw TOGOVTOS wcrre iracn
yevop-evov /cal TrepifiorjTov eVro? e/386-
77/^6/30,9 diroOavelv.
1 aiirous ol ffrpanurat with Reiske : To^s ffTpariuTas, which
Bekker and Ziegler bracket.
508
CAIUS MARIUS, xvn. 3-6
them on their journeys, being recognized by bronze
rings on their necks ; for the soldiers had caught
them, put these rings on, and let them go again ;
and after this on recognizing the birds, the soldiers
greeted them, and they were glad to see them when
they set out upon a march, feeling sure in such
cases that they would be successful.
Many signs also appeared, most of which were 01
the ordinary kind ; but from Ameria and Tuder, cities
of Italy, it was reported that at night there had been
seen in the heavens flaming spears, and shields which
at first moved in different directions, and then clashed
together, assuming the formations and movements of
men in battle, and finally some of them would give way,
while others pressed on in pursuit, and all streamed
away to the westward. Moreover, about this time
Bataces, the priest of the Great Mother, 1 came from
Pessinus announcing that the goddess had declared
to him from her shrine that the Romans were to be
victorious and triumphant in war. The senate gave
credence to the story and voted that a temple should
be built for the goddess in commemoration of the
victory ; but when Bataces came before the assembly
and desired to tell the story, Aulus Pompeius, a
tribune of the people, prevented him, calling him an
impostor, and driving him with insults from the
rostra. And lo, this did more than anything else to
gain credence for the man's story. For hardly had
Aulus gone back to his house after the assembly
was dissolved, when he broke out with so violent a
fever that he died within a week, and everybody
knew and talked about it.
1 Cybele, Mother of the Gods.
509
PLUTARCH'S LIVES
XVIII. Ql Be Tevroves
ovTOS rov Ma/7tou 7ro\iopKeiv TO crrparo-
TreBov, /3eXe<T e 7roXXo?9 eWir^oWe? a?ro
/ca rivas e avrwv drro-
eyvcocrav
v7rpj3a\ovvT6S a
acrdfievoi TraprffieLfiov TO arparoTreBov TWV ( Pa)-
iwv, TOTG 8?; /jid\i<TTa 7mw,7rX?;6'et? fJb^Kei KOI
T7 '}? TrcL
\e<yowrai rov %dpaica rov "Mapiov
2 (jQai cru^e^w? oSevo^re?. eiropevovio & eyyvs,
rwv coiatw^ u-eTa ewTO? et
TT/OO? Ta9 ryvvaiKas eTTi(rrk\\OLev avrol yap
irap avial^. eVet Se
ol ftdpftapoi Kal Trpoyecrav, apas KOL auro? e
Ko\ov06i o")(&i"iv ) 771)9 yu-e^ ael Aral Trap' aurou?
Kivovs l^pvo/JLevo^, bipeds Be ^pay^evo^ a-rparo-
7re8eta^? /cai ^wpia Kaprepa 7rpo/3a\\6/A6vos, wcrre
3 eV acr(/)aXet WKrepeveiV. ovrot) Brj
eyevovro TT/OO? TO?? Ka\ovp.tvois vSacrt,
o^e^ e'Set TropevOevras ov TroXX/;^ 68oi/ eV
" A.\7rea iv elvai. Bio Bty KOI Mapo? evravda
Trapecrfcevd^ero fJbd^eo'Oai, tcdi /careXafte TW
crrpaTOTreBco TOTTOV la"xypov fjiev, vBu>p Be a^Oovov
OVK %ovTa, /5ouXoyaeyo9, W9 fyaaL, Kal TOVTW 416
4 TTapO^VVCti TOVS (7T/QaT4COTa9. 7TO\\WV 76 TOt
Kal Bi^lnicreiv \eyovTcov, Bei^as rf)
ov Tiva peovra TrXtjcrLOV rov (Sap-
, eiceWev avrois (prjcrev elvai
CAIUS MARIUS, xvin. 1-4
XVIII. But the Teutones, since Marius kept quiet,
attempted to take his camp by storm ; many missiles,
however, were hurled against them from the forti-
fications, and they lost some of their men. They
therefore decided to march forward, expecting
to cross the Alps without molestation. So they
packed up their baggage and began to march past
the camp of the Romans. Then, indeed, the im-
mensity of their numbers was made specially evident
by the length of their line and the time required for
their passage ; for it is said they were six days in
passing the fortifications of Marius, although they
moved continuously. And they marched close to the
camp, inquiring with laughter whether the Romans
had any messages for their wives ; "for," said they,
"we shall soon be with them." But when the
Barbarians had passed by and were going on their
way, Marius also broke camp and followed close upon
them, always halting near by and at their very side,
but strongly fortifying his camps and keeping strong
positions in his front, so that he could pass the night
in safety. Thus the two armies went on until they
came to the place called Aquae Sextiae, from which
they had to march only a short distance and they
would be in the Alps. For this reason, indeed,
Marius made preparations to give battle here, and he
occupied for his camp a position that was strong, but
poorly supplied with water, wishing, as they say, by
this circumstance also to incite his soldiers to fight.
At any rate, when many of them were dissatisfied
and said they would be thirsty there, he pointed to a
river that ran near the barbarian fortifications, and
told them they could get water there, but the
R2
PLUTARCH'S LIVES
TTOTOV wviov dL/jLaros. "Tt ovv" e<j)a<rav, " OVK
avrovs, e<y? vypbv TO alaa
rjpeua rfj (f>a>vf), " UpoTepov,"
o^vpcoTeov rj^lv TO o~TpaT07reBov."
XIX. Ot' pen ovv GTpaTiwTat, KciLTrep acr%d\-
7TL00VTO' T?}? > depCLTTeiClS TO TrXfjOo?
OVT avrol TTOTOV ovd' VTTo^vyiOis e^o^re? ad pool,
eVl TOV Trorafjiov, ol fiev afyvas, ol 3e
, evioi Be KOI ^ityr) Kal \o<y^a^ a/^a rot?
Kal Sia /jLd%r)<; vSpevo~6-
fjil>Ol. TOUTOt? TO TTpWTOV oXiJOl 7rpO<T6/J,d%OVTO
TWV 7ro\e/j,iw TV%ov yap dpicrTwvTes ol
2 fiCTa \ovTpbv, OL Be eXovovro. prfyvvo-i, yap
va/jLciTcov Oepfjiwv TT^ya^ 6 ^CO/QO?* /cal /zepo? TL
irepl TavTa TOU? /3a/?/9a/oou? evTraOovvras Kal
vras ^Bovfj Kal Qav^aTi TOV TOTTOV
ol 'Pcaaaioi. Trpbs Be TTJV Kpavyrjv
Tft) T
6TL TOU? (TTaTLtoTaS 7Ti(T6tV TTGol TWV OLK6TWV
, Kal TWV TroXe/i/wi' TO
ov 7ro)TTrVTo f Pa>iatot ueTa Ma\-
\lov Kal KaiTTtco^o? TrpoTepov ("Auftpaives oovo-
teal 77X7)^09 VTrep T pier JJLV 'piovs avTol
rjcrav), dvat$;avT6<; eir\ Ta?
3 %copovv. TO, fjLev ovv crco/xara Tr'X.rjo'aovf} fte/Saprj-
fjiei'Oi, Tot? Be <f)pov7]/jia(Ti yavpot Kal BiaKe^v/jLcvot
7T/90? TOi* aKpaTOV, OVK aTaKTOL^ ovBe uavicoBecri
i Bpo/AOis ovBe dvapOpov d\a\ayabv iev-
, d\\a KovovTGS pvOfJiS) TO, OTT\a Kal avva\-
512
CAIUS MARIUS, xvni. 4-xix. 3
price of it was blood. " Why, then," they said,
"dost thou not lead us at once against the enemy,
while our blood is still moist ?" To which Marius
calmly replied : " We must first make our camp
strong."
XIX. His soldiers, accordingly, though reluctant,
obeyed ; but the throng of camp-servants, who had
no water either for themselves or their beasts, went
down in a body to the river, some taking hatchets,
some axes, and some also swords and lances along
with their water-jars, determined to get water even
if they had to fight for it. With these only a few of
the enemy at first engaged, since the main body
were taking their meal after bathing, and some were
still bathing. For streams of warm water burst
from the ground in tin's place, and at these the
Romans surprised a number of the Barbarians, who
were enjoying themselves and making merry in this
wonderfully pleasant place. Their cries brought
more of the Barbarians to the spot, and Marius had
difficulty in longer restraining his soldiers, since
they had fears now for their servants. Besides, the
most warlike division of the enemy, by whom at an
earlier time the Romans under Manlius and Caepio
had been defeated l (they were called Ambrones and
of themselves numbered more than thirty thousand),
had sprung up from their meal and were running to
get their arms. However, though their bodies were
surfeited and weighed down with food and their
spirits excited and disordered with strong wine, they
did not rush on in a disorderly or frantic course, nor
raise an inarticulate battle-cry, but rhythmically
clashing their arms and leaping to the sound they
1 Of. chapter xvi. 5.
513
PLUTARCH'S LIVES
<j)0eyyovTo
TroXXa/a? Trpocrrjyopiav "A/A/3/3ft)^e?, etVe ava-
Ka\oi>fjLevoL cr0a? auTOu?, etVe TOU? TroXe/uou? TT?
4 7TyOo8?;XftWet TrpoeK^oftovvres. r&v >e 'IraXi/^w^
irpwroi, Karaftaivovres eV auTou? Atyue?, co?
iJKOvcrav fiooovrcov fcal Gvvr\K,av, avrefyutvovv /cal
avrol TTJV iraTpiov 7rijc\r)(njj avrwv eivai'
7<z/3 aurou? ourco? Kara ryevos ovo/jid^ovGL
TTVKVOV ovv real Trapd\\v]\ov dvTij%i Trplv et?
<jvve\delv TO ava^wvri^a' fcal rwv crTparwi'
az^a ^6/309 crvvava^Oeyyo^evwv KOL
TO)
/cal
TOV OVJJLOV r) /cpavyrf.
5 Tou? /i6z^ ow " ' AfjLftpwvas SfecrTracre TO peWpov
ov jap (>0acraj> et? id^iv Karaarrjvai Siafiavres,
d\\a TOt^ TT/JCOTOi? 6U0VS jjLTa SpOJJiOV T&V Ai-
<yvu)V Trpou'rrecrov'Ttov ev %epa-lv rjv rj f^d^rj' Tot?
r- \ / fj-> / J /-) /i / v
o At/yucrt TWi^ rcojJLaLcov eTTiporjaovvTcov Kai
fyepofjiei'wv avwOev eirl TOU? ftapftdpovs ftiaaOev-
6 Te? erpdirovTO. teal 7r\eia-roi JAW avrov Trepl TO
peWpov wOov/Aevoi Ka'i d\\?]\wv kiraiovro KOL
KaT67ri[A7T\ao-av (frovov KCU veicp&v TOV
TOU? Se Sia/Bdvres ol 'Pft>//,a?p
6KT61VOV a> L T0 GTCL'TO'irOV KOI TO)V
r ' r\ * / j ^/JC~^ f ^ '
7 a/jia^wv (pevyovras. evravva oe at yuvaiKes air-
avrwcrai /xeTa t<f>&v teal Trekiicewv Seivov rerpi-
yviai real TrepiOufjiov YI^VVOVTO TOU? (f)evyovras
o/xot'o)? :ai TOU? SiMKovras, TOU? /xez^ a>?
TOU? 5
t %6/oo-t yvfjivals TOU? Te Ovpeovs rwv
CAIUS MARIUS, xix. 3-7
would frequently shout out all together their tribal
name Ambrones, either to encourage one another, or
to terrify their enemies in advance by the declaration.
The first of the Italians to go down against them were
the Ligurians, and when they heard and understood
what the Barbarians were shouting, they themselves
shouted back the word, claiming it as their own an-
cestral appellation ; for the Ligurians call themselves
Ambrones by descent. Often, then, did the shout
echo and reecho from either side before they came
to close quarters ; and since the hosts back of each
party took up the cry by turns and strove each to
outdo the other first in the magnitude of their shout,
their cries roused and fired the spirit of the com-
batants.
Well, then, the Ambrones became separated by the
stream ; for they did not all succeed in getting
across and forming an array, but upon the foremost
of them the Ligurians at once fell with a rush, and the
fighting was hand-to-hand. Then the Romans came
to the aid of the Ligurians, and charging down from
the heights upon the Barbarians overwhelmed and
turned them back. Most of the Ambrones were
cut down there in the stream where they were all
crowded together, and the river was filled with their
blood and their dead bodies ; the rest, after the
Romans had crossed, did not dare to face about,
and the Romans kept slaying them until they came
in their flight to their camp and waggons. Here
the women met them, swords and axes in their
hands, and with hideous shrieks of rage tried to drive
back fugitives and pursuers alike, the fugitives as
traitors, and the pursuers as foes ; they mixed them-
selves up with the combatants, with bare hands tore
515
PLUTARCH'S LIVES
KOI T&V %i(f)a)v 7ri\ajj,/3av6/j,vai, KOL
rpav/jiara KCLL o^a/coTra? cray/AdTwv vTro^evovaai,
pe^pi Te\VTTjS dtJTTrjTOL TOt9 OvfJLol^. TT)V fJLV
ovv TrapaTTordfjiiov fid^v OVTW /card Tv^rjv /xaX-
\ov rj yvw/jLT) rov a-TpaTrjyov yeveaQai \eyovcnv.
XX. 'ETrei ^e iro\\ov<$ TWV 'A/A/Bpwvwv ol
'Pw/xaloL biafyOdpavTes dve^Mp^crav OTTICTW KOI
CT/COTO? eTrea^ev, ov% wcnrep eV evrv^/^aTL
Toaovrw TOV crrparov e$e%avTO iraiavzs iiriviKioi
real TTOTOL /card a/cijvds KOI (pi\o(ppo(rvva(, irepl
KOI TO irdvTwv r)$ia"rov dv^pdcriv euru^co? 417
VTTVOS ?/7rto9, aXX' e/ceivrjv ^a\
2 rrjv vvfcra (f)o/3epdv Kal rapa^oBrj Sirfyayov.
fitv ydp avTols dj^apaKwrov TO crrparoTreBoi'
drei^Lcrrov, dTreXeiirovro l &e TWV jBapftdpwv en
TroXXat /J,vpLd$e$ djjrrrjroi, fcal (TV[j,[jL/jLiy/j,evwv
oaoi SiaTrecfrevyecrav TWV 'AyU./3pcoz/6t>z;,
\95-V i >^ /) >o\
os rjv ota VVKTOS, ov K\avufJLOi<s ovoe crrevay-
eoi/ca)<;, d\\d Orjpo^Lyi'j^ TIS wpvyy
KOL /Bpv^rjfMa /jLe/iuy/jievov a7rei\a?9 KCU Oprpots
dvairejJL'jTOfJLevov CK ir\r^6ov^ TO&OVTOV rd re Trepil;
3 opi) KOL rd Kol\a TOV TtoTafjiov Trepiefytovei. KOL
(j)pi/cd)$r]s ^o? TO ire&iov, TOL/? 8e 'Pay-
5eo9, CLVTOV TC TOI^ Ma/jioz^ K7r\rjis a-
Tiva KOI Ta/?a%o)S^ vvKTOfJLa-)(iav Trpoo--
ov fjirjV eTTrjXdov ovTe VVKTOS OVTG TT)?
7riovcrr]S rjfiepas, aXXa avvTaTTOvTes eav TOI)? teal
'Ei; TOVToy Se Mayo^o?, rjaav ydp K
ftapftdpcov vdnrai TrepiK'X.iveis teal
1 Ji ,7re\ef7roi'To, Bekker adopts Coraes' correction to u
ITOVTO.
516
CAIUS MARIUS, xix. y-xx. 4
away the shields of the Romans or grasped their
swords, and endured wounds and mutilations, their
fierce spirits unvanquished to the end. So, then, as
we are told, the battle at the river was brought on
by accident rather than by the intention of the
commander.
XX. After destroying many of the Ambrones the
Romans withdrew and night came on ; but in spite
of so great a success the army did not indulge in
paeans of victory, or drinking in the tents, or friendly
converse over suppers, or that sweetest of all delights
for men who have fought and won a battle, gentle
sleep, but that night more than any other was spent
in fears and commotions. For their camp was still
without palisade or wall, and there were still left
many myriads of the Barbarians who had met with
no defeat. These had been joined by all the Am-
brones who survived the battle, and there was
lamentation among them all night long, not like the
wailings and groans of men, but howlingsand bellow-
ings with a strain of the wild beast in them,
mingled with threats and cries of grief, went up
from this vast multitude and echoed among the
surrounding hills and over the river valley. The
whole plain was filled with an awful din, the Romans
with fear, and even Marius himself with consternation
as he awaited some disorderly and confused night-
battle. However, the Barbarians made no attack
either during that night or the following day, but
spent the time in marshalling their forces and making
preparations.
Meanwhile, since the position of the Barbarians was
commanded by sloping glens and ravines that were
517
PLUTARCH'S LIVES
, evravOa
K\evcras Kpixfia Kal /jba^ofievoi^ e^oTricrOev I
<>avr\vai. TOVS Be aXXo^9 SeiTrvtjcravTas ev wpa
Kal Koi/j,y@6VTas d/ji rj/nepa (rvveraTre jrpo rov
%dpa/cos dyayrtv, KOL Trpoe^eTre/nTre TOU? tTTTrea?
5 etV TO TreSiov. Oeaad/jievoL Be ol Tevroves OVK
fcaraftaivovTas avrois e' icrov Sia-
TOL/? 'Pa^ai'ou?, aXXa GVV rd^et KCLI
Si? opytjs OTrXia-d/jievoi, TW \6(j)(p TrpocreftaXov. 6
$6 Ma/3i09 KacrTa%ov BiaTre/jiTraiv
ecrrdvai KOL Kaprepelv 7rapeKd\ei,
6/9 ($>LKTOV e^aicovTicrai rou? ucrcrou?, elra
aOai rat? fia^aipai^ KCLL rot? Oupeols dvrepela-av-
6 ra? ieaai' rcov yap TOTTCOV eio-^aXw^ OVTWV
oi/re TOVOV eeiv ra? TrX^a? owre
TOV crvvaaTTiG^QVy ev TrepirpOTrfj teal crd\fi) TMV
QVTWV &ia TIJV dva)jjia\iav. ravra d^a
Kal Spwv ewpdio TTyOwro?' ovSevbs yap
IJCTKIJTO 'xelpov TO crw/xa, Kal irdwras TTO\V rfj
XXI. fi? ouz^ a^TiCTTai/Te? avrols 01
/cal (TU/iTrecrot'Te? ea")(pv dvw
Kara /miKpov iiire^oypovv et? TO
Kal TMV irpcarcov r)$r) KaOiffTafJievfov 6/9 Tafyv ev
So?) Kal $iao-7racr/-io<; rjv Trepl TOU9
. 6 yap Kaipos OVK e\a6e TOV
aXXa T/)9 Kpavyfjs vjrep TOU9 Xo(/>ou9
dva&Trjaas rovs /XCT' aurov Spo/iy Kal
CAIUS MARIUS, xx. 4 -xxi. i
shaded by trees, Marius sent Claudius Marcellus
thither with three thousand men-at-arms, under
orders to lie concealed in ambush until the battle
was on, and then to show themselves in the enemy's
rear. The rest of his soldiers, who had taken supper
in good season and then got a night's sleep, he led
out at day-break and drew up in front of the camp,
and sent out his cavalry into the plain. The Teutones,
seeing this, could not wait for the Romans to come
down and fight with them on equal terms, but
quickly and wrathfully armed themselves and charged
up the hill. But Marius, sending his officers to all
parts of the line, exhorted the soldiers to stand
firmly in their lines, and when the enemy had got
within reach to hurl their javelins, then take to their
swords and crowd the Barbarians back with their
shields ; for since the enemy were on precarious
ground their blows would have no force and the
locking of their shields no strength, but the uneven-
ness of the ground would keep them turning and
tossing about. This was the advice he gave his men,
and they saw that he was first to act accordingly ;
for he was in better training than any of them, and
in daring far surpassed them all.
XXI. Accordingly, the Romans awaited the enemy's
O v ' /
onset, then closed with them and checked their
upward rush, and at last, crowding them back little
by little, forced them into the plain. Here, while
the Barbarians in front were at last forming in line
on level ground, there was shouting and commotion
in their rear. For Marcellus had watched his
opportunity, and when the cries of battle were borne
up over the hills he put his men upon the run and
519
PLUTARCH'S LIVES
d\a\ay/jLU) rrpocreTrnrre Kara vwrov, Krelvwv rot/?
2 ecr^aTOf?. ol Be rovs rrpo avrwv eVtcrTrcoyLte^ot
ra%v rrav TO crrpdrevfjia ra/oa^r}? eve7r\rjcrav, ov
rro\vv re y^povov r)vea"%ovro Traio/uevoi
d\\d rrjv rd^iv Xucrayre? e^evyov. ol Se '
CLVTWV {lV VTTep SKCL /JLVpldBdS T)
el\ov rj Kare/3a\ov, a-/cr)va)V Be Kal dpa^wv real
^jyrjfjidreov KparrfaavTes, oaa ^/t] StetcXaTrr), Mdpiov
\a{3eiv e^lrrjtpio-avTO. Kal Sa>pea? TCLVTIJS \ajjLTrpo-
TV)(a)V ovSev a^iov e^eiv wv earpa-
evofJiicrOr] Bia TO rov KLV&VVOV fueyeOos.
3 v Ere/30t Be jrepl rf)s Baypeas TWV \a(f)vpa)v ov%
6j J io\o r yovcrii', ovBe irepl rov f jr\r)0ovs rwv Treaov-
TWV. Ma<T<raXt7;Ta9 ^kvTOi \eyovcri rot9 ocrreoi?
TrepidpijKcocrai TOU? a/AvreXw^a?, Trjv Be yrjv, ra)v
Karava\wOevTwv eV avrfj Kal Bid %ei/j,a)vo<i
cr6vT(t)v, OUTW? eK\nrav6rivai KOI
ryevecrdai Bid /3a$OL? 7repiTT\ea) TT}? a-rjireBovos
uxrre Kapirwv virepftdXXov et? wpa?
e^eveytcelv Kal /napTvpfja'ai rw ^Ap-^i\6^y 418
\eyovn TTiaiveadai vrpo? rov roiovrov rds dpovpa?.
4 eTrieiKws Be rat? /j,eyd\ais fid^ai^ e^aicriovs
7riKaTappijyvv(T@ai Xeyovaiv, etre Bai-
TY)V yfjv KaOapois Kal BuTrerea-iv
vBa&i Kal KaraK\vovTOS, elre rov
<povov Kal rf)<; crr;7reSo^o? e^avieitrr)? vypdv Kal
fiapeiav dvaOv/jLiacriv, r) rov depa crvviarrjcriv
evrperrrov ovra Kal pdBiov fjLeraftd\\eLv drco
eirl rr\.lcrrov a
520
CAIUS MARIUS, xxi. 1-4
fell with loud shouts upon the enemy's rear, where
he cut down the hindmost of them. Those in the
rear forced along those who were in front of them,
and quickly plunged the whole army into confusion,
and under this double attack they could not hold
out long, but broke ranks and fled. The Romans
pursued them and either slew or took alive over a
hundred thousand of them, besides making them-
selves masters of their tents, waggons, and property,
all of which, with the exception of what was pilfered,
was given to Marius by vote of the soldiers. And
though the gift that he received was so splendid, it
was thought to be wholly unworthy of his services in
the campaign, where the danger that threatened
had been so great.
There are some writers, however, who give a
different account of the division of the spoils, and also
of the number of the slain. Nevertheless, it is said
that the people of Massalia fenced their vineyards
round with the bones of the fallen, and that the soil,
after the bodies had wasted away in it and the rains
had fallen all winter upon it, grew so rich and be-
came so full to its depths of the putrefied matter
that sank into it, that it produced an exceeding great
harvest in after years, and confirmed the saying of
Archilochus 1 that "fields are fattened" by such a
process. And it is said that extraordinary rains
generally dash down after great battles, whether it is
that some divine power drenches and hallows the
ground with purifying waters from Heaven, or that
the blood and putrefy ing matter send up a moist and
heavy vapour which condenses the air, this being
easily moved and readily changed to the highest
degree by the slightest cause.
1 Bergk, Poet. Lyr. Graeci, ii. 4 pp. 428 f.
PLUTARCH'S LIVES
XXII. Mera Be TTJV f^d^jv o
(3ap/3apiKwv OTT\WV KOI \a$vpo)V ra
KOI o\oK\ripa Kal TTO/JLTTIKTJV o^riv TW 0pidjjL{3a>
Bvvd/uieva irapaa^elv eVeXe^e, rcov Be aXkwv eVt
TTVpas /jLeyd\Tis KaTaa-wpeixras TO TrXrjQos eOvcre
2 9vaiav /jieja\07Tpe7r'}j. KOI TOV a-Tparov trape-
eV oVXoi? eaTetyavay/LLevov irepi^wadfjievo^
d?, wcTTrep eOos ecrriv, dva\a/3a)v rr^v TrepLTrop-
Kal \a/3a>v Sa&a Kaioyikvr]V KOI Si
rwv %eipa)v dvaa")(a)v irpos TOV ovpavov
/jie\\ev v(f>ij(7LV Tfi Trvpa- Kal TrpoaekavvovTe^
tTTTTOi? ewpMVTO <$>i\0i crvv Ta^ei TT/OO? avrov,
WCTTG Tro\\riv <y6vea9ai GLWTrrjV fcal Trpocr&OKLav
3 ciTrdvTwv. errel Be eyyvs rjcrav, aTroTrri^GavTes
e&e^iovvTO TOV Wdpiov, eva<yye\i%oiuevoi, TO Trefnr-
TOV avTov VTcaTOV ypfjaffai, Kal <ypdfA/u,aTa nrepl
TOVTCOV aTreBocrav. /xeyaX?;? ovv %apds rot?
eTTiviKtois Trpoa-yevo/jLevrjs o re crrpaTO? vfi jfiovris
eVoTrXtco TLvl KpoTW Kal TraTaya) avvrj\d\a^ai>,
Kal TWV fjje/Jiovcov TOV l^ldpiov av6i<$ dvabovvTwv
Bd<bvrj$ c7T60aVoi? evijtye Trjv Trvpdv Kal TTJV
OvcrLav eTTTe\eiwo'ev.
XXIII. 'H ^6 /Ar)0ev ewcra TCOV yueyaXcoz/ eu-
ru^yLtaTO)^ ciKpaTOv et? rjBovtjv Kal KaOapov, d\\d
fJbi^eL KaKwv Kal dyaOwv 7ToiKiX\,ovcra TOV dvdpd)-
TTIVOV ftiov rj TV'XTJ rt? rj ve^ecn^ r) rrpayfjiaTcov
avayKaua (frvcris ov vroXXat? v&Tepov rj/jLepat,s
eTnjyaye T& Ma/otco TTJV Trepl KarXo^ TOV cruv-
dp-^ovTos dyyeXiav, uxnrep ev evBia Kal
vecfros, av6i<$ erepov (froffov Kal ^eifji
2 7TpiaTi](Ta(Ta. 6 ydp Brj KarXo?
ro?9 KtyLt^oi? ra? aev V7rep/3o\ds TCOV "A\7recov
522
CAIUS MARIUS, xxii. i-xxm. 2
XXII. After the battle, Marius collected such of
the arms and spoils of the Barbarians as were hand-
some, entire, and fitted to make a show in his
triumphal procession ; all the rest he heaped up on a
huge pyre and set on foot a magnificent sacrifice.
The soldiers had taken their stand about the pyre in
arms, with chaplets on their heads, and Marius
himself, having put on his purple-bordered robe and
girt it about him, as the custom was, had taken a
lighted torch, held it up towards heaven with both
hands, and was just about to set fire to the pyre,
when some friends were seen riding swiftly towards
him, and there was deep silence and expectancy on
the part of all. But when the horsemen were near,
they leaped to the ground and greeted Marius,
bringing him the glad news that he had been elected
consul for the fifth time, 1 and giving him letters to
that effect. This great cause for rejoicing having
been added to the celebration of their victory, the
soldiers, transported with delight, sent forth a
universal shout, accompanied by the clash and clatter
of their arms, and after his officers had crowned
Marius afresh with wreaths of bay, he set fire to the
pyre and completed the sacrifice.
XXIII. However, that power which permits no
great successes to bring a pure and unmixed enjoy-
ment, but diversifies human life with a blending of
evil and of good be it Fortune, or Nemesis, or Inevit-
able Necessity, within a few days brought to Marius
tidings of his colleague Catulus, which, like a cloud
in a calm and serene sky, involved Rome in another
tempest of fear. For Catulus, who was facing the
Cimbri, gave up trying to guard the passes of the
1 For the year 101 B.O.
5 2 3
PLUTARCH'S LIVES
drreyva) (f>v\dcrcriv, fir) Kara 7roX\d rrjv Bvvauiv
Btaipelv dvayKa^Ofjievos daOevfo yevoiro,
' evdvs et<? rr)v ^\ra\iav Kal rov 'Art-
awva rrora/uLOV \a/3(t)V rrpo avrov Kal <ppa%d/jivo<$
7T/309 ra? 8tay3acret? Karepa)6ev la"%vpOLS %apa-
Ka)/jLacriv, e^ev^e TOV iropov, a>? eTnftorjOelv e'irj roZ?
jrepav, el TT^O? ra (frpovpia jSid^oivro $ia TWV
3 GTZVWV ol /3dp/3apoi. rot? Be TOVOVTOV Trepiijv
^ KOI Opdcrovs Kara rwv 7ro\/jti(0v ware
KOI ro\fjiav errL^eiKVVjJievoi fjia\\ov rj rrpdr-
To;'Te? ri rwv dvayKaiwv yv/jLvol fjiev rjvei\ovro
oi Kal Sia rrdyaiit Kal %iovo$ ySa^eta? TO!?
rrpoaefiaivov, avwfiev Se TOU? Ovpeovs
vrronOevres rot? aa^Jiaaiv, elra dfyievres
avrovs i>rr(f)6povro Kara Kprj/jivcov o\i(rBr)fjLara
4 Kal \icrcrd&as a^avei^ e^ovrwv. a>? Be rrapa-
arparorre^evcravre^ eyyvs Kal KaraGKetydfJievoi
rov rrbpov tfp^avro 'XQVV, Kal rovs Trepij; \6(j)ovs
avappriryvvvres, cocrrrep ol yiyavres, a/za SevBpa
rcpoppi^a Kal Kpr^jiVMV arrapdyfjiara KOI
K0\(t)vovs <p6povv et? TOV 7Tora/j,6i',
TO pevfia Kal rot? epeiSovai ra ^evypara
etyievres fidprj /neydXa crvpojueva Kara povv Kal
nvdrrovra Tat? 7r\rjyais rr)v yetyvpav,
Xmcra.j'Te? ol 7T\Lcrroi rwv crrpanwrwv e
TO aeya arparorreSov Kal dve^wpovv.
5 "EjV0a o~rj KaT\o? eSei^ev eavrov, warrep
rov dyaOov Kal re\LOV ap^ovra, ri]V avrov
ev vcrrepo) rwv rro\irwv nOe^evov. errel yap ovx
erreiOe TOU? crrparicoras fjieveiv, a\\' ecopa rrepL-
dva^evyvvvras, apaaOai KeXevcras rov derov 41 S
524
CAIUS MARIUS, xxm. 2-5
Alps, lest he should be weakened by the necessity of
dividing his forces into many parts, and at once
descended into the plains of Italy. Here he put the
river Atiso between himself and the enemy, built
strong fortifications on both banks of it to prevent
their crossing, and threw a bridge across the stream,
that he might be able to go to the help of the people
on the other side in case the Barbarians made their
way through the passes and attacked the fortresses.
But these Barbarians were so contemptuous and bold
in following their enemies that, more by way of
displaying their strength and daring than because it
was necessary at all, they endured the snow-storms
without any clothing, made their w r ay through ice
and deep snow to the summits, and from there,
putting their broad shields under them and then let-
ting themselves go, slid down the smooth and deeply
fissured cliffs. After they had encamped near the
stream and examined the passage, they began to dam it
up, tearing away the neigbouring hills, like the giants
of old, carrying into the river whole trees with their
roots, fragments of cliffs, and mounds of earth, and
crowding the current out of its course ; they also
sent whirling down the stream against the piles of
the bridge heavy masses which made the bridge
quiver with their blows, until at last the greater part
of the Roman soldiers played the coward, abandoned
their main camp, and began to retreat.
And now Catulus, like a consummately good com-
mander, showed that he had less regard for his own
reputation than for that of his countrymen. For
finding that he could not persuade his soldiers to re-
main, and seeing that they were making off in terror,
he ordered his standard to be taken up, ran to the
5 2 5
PLUTARCH'S LIVES
i9 TOU9 rrpwrovs Twv a7T p%o fj,ev cov
real 7T/9COT09 rjjelro, (3ov\6{ievos avrov TO alar^pov,
d\\d /LLT) T??9 TrarpiBos yevea'dai,, KOI BoKeiv
(frevyovras, aXX' eTro/ze^ou? TW arpaTTjya)
6 cr$at T^ airo^coprjaiv. ol Be /3dp/3apoi TO
Trepav rov 'ATicreoi^o? fypovptov erre\Bovre^ e\a{3ov,
KOI TOL>? avroOi 'Pw/jiaiovs dvbpwv
teal TrpOKivSviievGavTas ajfiws
OavfidaavTes i/TroaTrovSovs d
TOP %O\.KOVV ravpov, ov varepov d\6vra
fjira Trjv fid^rjv et? rrjv Kdr\ov (fraalv oiKiav
wcnrep drcpoOiviov TT}? viKt]^ tcofj,icrdr)rai. rrjv Be
yjjopav eprj^jiov (BorjOeia^ eTTi^ydevTe^ eTropOovv.
XXI V. 'E?rt TOUTOt? Ka\elro Maio? et?
Ka 7rapayev/j,evos, Trvrwv avrov oo-
0piafj,/3evcriv Kal TT}? /3ov\rj<;
, OVK r)(O(TV, eire
T) /3ov\6/j.evos, etVe TTyoo? TO, 7rapovTa Oappvvwv
TO 7rX?7$o?, &>9 T^ TV^T) T% 7roXea>? TrapaKara-ri-
0efjLVOS TTjV TO)V 7Tpd)T(i)V KCnOpO 'w fjLUTWV S6j;av V
Tot? Bevrepots \a/jL7rporepav d7roBo0T]o-ojbLevi)i'.
2 &aXe^$el? Se Ta irpeTrovra T&> Kaipw Kal 7r/5o?
TOI' KarXov e^opfJLrjGas, TOVTOV re rrapeOdppvve
KCU TOU? avrov iJiereTre/jurrero arparicoras CK
FaXaTia?. 0)9 ^e d<f)LKovro, Biaftds rov 'HpiBavov
c'tpyeiv efreipdro rfj<? euros 'lTaXta9 TO 1/9
ftdpovs. ol Be TOU9 TeuTO^a9 e/c
526
CAIUS MARIUS, xxiii. 5-xxiv. 2
foremost of the retiring troops, and put himself at
their head, wishing that the disgrace should attach
to himself and not to his country, and that his
soldiers, in making their retreat, should not appear
to be running away, but following their general.
The Barbarians attacked and captured the fortress
on the further side of the Atiso, and they so much
admired the Romans there, who showed themselves
bravest of men and fought worthily of their country,
that they let them go on parole, making them take
oath upon the bronze bull. This was subsequently
captured, after the battle, and was carried, we are
told, to the house of Catulus as the chief prize of
the victory. But the country was now destitute
of defenders, and the Barbarians inundated and
ravaged it.
XXIV. In view of these things Marius was sum-
moned to Rome. When he had arrived there, it was
the general expectation that he would celebrate the
triumph which the senate had readily voted him.
But he refused to do so, either because he did not
wish to deprive his soldiers and comrades-in-arms of
their due honours, or because he would encourage
the multitude in view of the present crisis by en-
trusting the glory of his first success to the fortune
of the state, in the hope that it would be returned
to him enhanced by a second. Having said what
was suitable to the occasion, he set out to join
Catulus, whom he tried to encourage, while at the
same time he summoned his own soldiers from Gaul.
When these had come, he crossed the Po and tried
to keep the Barbarians out of the part of Italy
lying this side of the river. But the Barbarians
declined battle, alleging that they were waiting for
5*7
PLUTARCH'S LIVES
009 BpaBvvovTwv <bdaKovre<$ ave&aK-
\OVTO Tr]v /na^v, ei're dyvoovvTes oW&)9 rrjv
KIVQ)V <$>6opdv, IT6
3 KOI yap TOi>9 dyyeXXovras y/ci^ovTO Betvws, Kal TOV
to^ yrovv Treya^a^Te? eaurot? Kal rot? d8e\-
%a)pav Kal vroXet? iKava^ evoLKelv. epo/jievov
Be TOV Mapuov rous Trpea-fieis irepl TWV
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aXXot Trdvres eycXaaav, o $6 Ma^oio? etric
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yijv l/cetvot Kal Sid 7ravros e^ovcn Trap
4 Aa/ScWe?." ol Be Trpecrfteis rrjv elpweiav
e\oiB6povv avroj> a>? BiKrjv vtyegovra,
fj,ei> avTLKa, TevTocri Be orav irapayevwvrai. " Kal
\ / ""j'lt/T' \ > r/c
rjv TrapetGiv, e<pTj o Mapio?, icai ov% e
/jiiv d7ra\\ayrji>aL Trporepov i] TO 1)9 a
1)? acrTracracr^at." Kal Tavra elirwv eKeXevcre
TOU? /3acrtX49 rcoz/ Teuroyw^ irpoa^Orjvai BeBe-
edkwaav ydp ev ra?9 "A\7recrt
VTTO
XXV. f fl9 Be d7n]yye\6r) ravra
et; dp%f)<; ^a)povv eVl rov Mdpiov rj
Kal Bia(f)v\drTOVTa TO crrpaTOTreSov. \eyerai
Be 6t9 e/ceivrjv rrjv jud%r)v Trpwrov virb Mapiov
KaLvoTOjj,rj0>jva[, TO irepl rou9 va-aovs. TO ydp 6/9
rov <TtBr)pov e/jL^^rj/jia TOV v\ov TfpoTepov p,ev r>v
Bval irepovais KaTetXii/A/jLevov criBiipals, TOTC Be 6
%v\ivov rj\ov evtfpavcrTOV dvr
528
CAIUS MARIUS, xxiv. 2-xxv. i
their brethren the Teutones and wondered why they
were so long in coming ; this was either because
they were really ignorant of their destruction, or
because they wished to have the appearance of
disbelieving it. For they terribly mishandled those
who brought tidings of it, and sent to Marius de-
manding territory for themselves and their brethren
and enough cities for them to dwell in. When
Marius asked their ambassadors whom they meant
by their brethren, they said they meant the
Teutones. At this, all the other Romans who heard
them burst out laughing, and Marius scoffingly said :
"Then don't trouble yourselves about your brethren,
for they have land, and they will have it forever
land which we have given them." The ambassadors
understood his sarcasm and fell to abusing him,
declaring that he should be punished for it, by the
Cimbri at once, and by the Teutones when they
came. " Verily," said Marius, " they are here, and it
will not be right for you to go away before you have
embraced your brethren." Saying this, he ordered
the kings of the Teutones to be produced in fetters ;
for they had been captured among the Alps, where
they were fugitives, by the Sequani.
XXV. When these things had been reported to
the Cimbri, they once more advanced against Marius,
who kept quiet and carefully guarded his camp.
And it is said that it was in preparation for this
battle that Marius introduced an innovation in the
structure of the javelin. Up to this time, it seems,
that part of the shaft which was let into the iron head
was fastened there by two iron nails; but now, leaving
one of these as it was, Marius removed the other,
and put in its place a wooden pin that could easily
5 2 9
PLUTARCH'S LIVES
2 eve/3a\, Te%vda)v rrpocnrea'ovTa TOV v&crbv
dvpeS) TOV TroXe/uou fjirf /jLeveiv opOov, d\\a TOV
v\ivov fcXaaOevTOS r;Xou /cafJLirrjv yiveaOai Trepl
rov (riBripov KOI Trape\Kecr@at, TO Bopv, Bia rrjv
vGas ru> (TrparoTreSfi) Trpov/cdXelro roi>
aptoy, ijfiepav opiaavra KOI TOTTOV, 7rpoe\6elv
3 Aral Biaya)Vicra(T0ai Trepl r/}? ^a>pa?. rov Be
Maptou (^^<raz/TO? ouSeTrore 'Pcojuaiovs (7Vfji/3ov-
Xoi? Kexpfjcrdai Trepl /xa^?;? T0i9 7roXe//.fcO9, ov
a\Xa KOL %apiecadat, TOVTO Kt/z/3/304?, ^fiepav
eOevro rrjv air exeivris rpunji', %u)pav Se TO Tre-
Siov TO Trepl Be/3/ceXXa?, c Pw/Aatoi? /tez^ eTririj&eiov
TWV be avd^vaiv T$ TT\r)0ei
4 Tr)pijo-avT6s ovi> TOV aipLcrfJievov j^povov CLVTI-
Traperdcr aovro, KaT\o? p.ev ej(wv $i<T/u,vpiovs KOL 420
rpictKOGiovs crTpartctiTas, ol Be Mapiov 8io"%i\,ioL
fjiev errl Tpicr/uvpiois eyevovro, 7reptea"%ov Be TOV
K.d,T\ov ev /jL(Tw vefji^OevTes et? eKaTepov ice
a)? Si^XXa?, rjyayi'ia-fjievos eKeivrfv TIJV
5 yeypatye. /cai (^rjai TOV hldpiov k\Tciaa,VTa, Tot?
a/cpoi? /jid\i(TTa fcal KCLTO, /cepas av/jurecreiv Ta
<f)d\ayyas, OTTO)? iBios rj VLKT) T&V eiceivov
TIWTWV yevoiTO teal p,rj jaeTdcr^oi TOV dywvos o
T0t9 TToXe^tOi?, K6\TTCO/Jia
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\afj,(3av6vTO)v, OVTW BiacrTrjcrai, Ta? Bvvd(j,eis.
530
CAIUS MARIUS, xxv. 2-5
be broken. His design was that the javelin, after
striking the enemy's shield, should not stand straight
out, but that the wooden peg should break, thus
allowing the shaft to bend in the iron head and trail
along the ground, being held fast by the twist at the
point of the weapon.
And now Boeorix the king of the Cimbri, with a
small retinue, rode up towards the camp and
challenged Marius to set a day and a place and come
out and fight for the ownership of the country.
Marius replied thai the Romans never allowed their
enemies to give them advice about fighting, but that
he would nevertheless gratify the Cimbri in this
matter. Accordingly, they decided that the day
should be the third following, and the place the
plain of Vercellae, which was suitable for the
operations of the Roman cavalry, and would give the
Cimbri room to deploy their numbers.
When, therefore, the appointed time had come,
the Romans drew up their forces for battle. Catulus
had twenty thousand three hundred soldiers, while
those of Marius amounted to thirty-two thousand,
which were divided between both wings and had
Catulus between them in the centre, as Sulla, who
fought in this battle, has stated. 1 He says also that
Marius hoped that the two lines would engage at
their extremities chiefly and on the wings, in order
that his soldiers might have the whole credit for the
victory and that Catulus might not participate in the
struggle nor even engage the enemy (since the
centre, as is usual in battle-fronts of great extent,
would be folded back) ; and therefore arranged the
1 In his Memoirs ; cf. the Sulla, iv. 3.
531
PLUTARCH'S LIVES
6 ofjioia Be KOI TOV KarXoz/ avrov d7ro\o<yei(T0ai, Trepl
TOVTWV iaropovai, 7ro\\r]V /car^yopovvra TOV
Mapiov Ka,Koij0iav TT/OO? CLVTOV.
ofc Be KtyLtySpOi? TO n-evrre^oveK TWV epv/jidrwv
jiav irpoyei, /3a'$o? laov T&>
TTOiov/uLevov. e/cacrrrj jap eVe'cr^e TrXevpa
7 rpiaKOvra TT}? 7rapardj;ew ol Se i
Kol Tre^raKta-^iXiOi TO 7r\T)0os 6We?
\afjL7rpoi, rcpavri /mev eiKaa^eva Orjpicov
KOI irpOTO^al^ t'SiO/zop^ot? e^ovr<f, a?
, Ooipafy Be
i\/3oVTS. UKOl'TiCTfia B TfV Kd(TT(t)
Bi/3o\ia m crvfjLTrecrov'Tes Be /leyaXat? e^pwvro
ya/ etat?
XXVI. TOT Be ov%l KCLTO, (TTO/JLU
Tot? 'Pcoyuatoi?, aXX,' 6Ktc\ivovT<; 7rl Be^id u
avrovs Kara fjutcpov, e/uL/SdXXovres et? TO fj-ecrov
avrwv re KOI TU>V ire^wv e% dpiarepas Trapareraj-
Kal (TvveiBov jiev ol T&V
70! TOI^ B6\ov, eTna")^elv Be TOU?
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2 GIV ol vroXeyLtiOi, Tra^Te? Mp^aav Btay/ceiv.
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Tot? eoi? Kara
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pwaeiv TT]v TV^IV TT}? rj/jiepas eteeivris. TOV Be
Mdpiov Kal Qvcawra \eyeTai TCOV iepwv CLVTO)
7}
vLtcr)."
532
CAIUS MARIUS, xxv. 6-xxvi. 2
forces in this manner. And we are told that Catulus
himself also made a similar statement in defence of
his conduct in the battle, and accused Maritis of
great malice in his treatment of him.
As for the Cimbri, their foot-soldiers advanced
slowly from their defences, with a depth equal to
their front, for each side of their formation had an
extent of thirty furlongs ; and their horsemen,
fifteen thousand strong, rode out in splendid style,
with helmets made to resemble the maws of frightful
wild beasts or the heads of strange animals, which,
with their towering crests of feathers, made their
wearers appear taller than they really were ; they
were also equipped with breastplates of iron, and
carried gleaming white shields. For hurling, each
man had two lances ; and at close quarters they used
large, heavy swords.
XXVI. At this time, however, they did not charge
directly upon the Romans, but swerved to the right
and tried to draw them along gradually until they
got them between themselves and their infantry,
which was drawn up on their left. The Roman
commanders perceived the crafty design, but did not
succeed in holding their soldiers back ; for one ot
them shouted that the enemy -was taking to flight,
and then all set out to pursue them. Meanwhile the
infantry of the Barbarians came on to the attack
like a vast sea in motion. Then Marius, after
washing his hands, lifted them to heaven and vowed
a hecatomb to the gods ; Catulus also in like manner
lifted his hands and vowed that he would consecrate
the fortune of that day. It is said, too, that Marius
offered sacrifice, and that when the victims had been
shown to him, he cried with a loud voice : " Mine is
the victory."
533
PLUTARCH'S LIVES
3 Yevo[jiivi]$ Be rfjs efioBov rrpdyaa
TraOelv TOV ^/Idpiov ol Trepl %v\\av
fcoviopTov yap dpOevTOS, olov et/co?, aTrXerou real
TMV aTpaTOTreBcov aTro/cefcpv/n/jLevcDV, e/celvov fj,ev,
GO? TO rrpwTOV wpfjirjae 737309 ri)i' SLM^IV, e
crdfjievov rrjv ^VVCL/JLIV aa-ro^T/crat TWV
KOI Trapeve'xJdevTa r^? (friiXayyos ev TW
SiatyepecrQai Tro\vv %povov, ru> Se KarXw
/3ap/3dpov$ drro rv%i]s crvppayr/vai, KOI yevecrOai
TOP dywva /car tKelvov teal rou? etceivav p,d\ia"ra
(TTpaTiwras, ev ols auro? 6 SuAAa? rerd^Oai
4 (prj(7i- crvvaycoriaacrdai Be rot? 'Pco/^atoi? TO
KavfJia real TOV ijXiov dvri\d/ji7rovTa Tot?
Seivol yap oVre? viro^lvai Kpurj, /cal
Ktepols, a>? \e\eKrai, K
Trpo? TO 0d\7ro$, iBpwrd re
TTO\VV ex TMV (rw^d-ruiv dtyievres /cal
TOU? Ovpeovs 7rpo{3a\\bfJLevoi irpo TMV Trpocrwrrcov,
CLTB Brj /cal fieTa TyooTra? Oepovs Tr}? yLta^? yevo-
a? ay oven 'Pco/naloi, irpo Tpiwv rjaepwv
VOV fJH-jriaS TOV VVV fJLV AvyOlHTTOV, TOT6 Be
Se^TiXtou firjvos. wv^a'e Be /cal TT^O? TO Oappelv
o /coviopTos dTroKpv^ras TOU? TToXe/xtou?. ov yap
tcaTelBov etc iroXXov TO 7rX/}^o?, aXXa Bpouw
KaT avTovs e/cacrTOL rrpO(T/j,iJ;avTe$ ev j
VTTO TT}? oi^eco? ur) TrpoeK^o^^OevTe^. OVTCO S'
rjcrav BiaTrovoi TO, awuaTa /cal KaTrj6\riKOTe5 co?
jj,rJT IBpovi'Ta Tiva p,i]Te daO/jLaivov
6(>0fji>ai Bid irviyovs TOCTOVTOV /cal yiteTa
534
CAIUS MARIUS, xxvi. 3-5
After the attack had begun, however, an ex-
perience befell Marius which signified the divine
displeasure, according to Sulla. For an immense
cloud of dust was raised, as was to be expected,
and the two armies were hidden from one another
by it, so that Marius, when he first led his forces to
the attack, missed the enemy, passed by their lines of
battle, and moved aimlessly up and down the plain for
some time. Meanwhile, as chance would have it, the
Barbarians engaged fiercely with Catulus, and he and
his soldiers, among whom Sulla says he himself was
posted, bore the brunt of the struggle. The Romans
were favoured in the struggle, Sulla says, by the heat,
and by the sun, which shone in the faces of the
Cimbri. For the Barbarians were well able to endure
cold, and had been brought up in shady and chilly
regions, as I have said. 1 They were therefore un-
done by the heat ; they sweated profusely, breathed
with difficulty, and were forced to hold their shields
before their faces. For the battle was fought after
the summer solstice, which falls, by Roman reckoning,
three days before the new moon of the month now
called August, 2 but then Sextilis. Moreover, the
dust, by hiding the enemy, helped to encourage the
Romans. For they could not see from afar the great
numbers of the foe, but each one of them fell at a
run upon the man just over against him, and fought
him hand to hand, without having been terrified by
the sight of the rest of the host. And their bodies
were so inured to toil and so thoroughly trained
that not a Roman was observed to sweat or pant, in
spite of the great heat and the run with which they
' Chapter xi 5 f.
2 a.d. III. Kalendas August!.
535
VOL. IX. 6
PLUTARCH'S LIVES
TT;? avppd^ews yevo/Aevrjs, &>? TOV Kdr\ov avTOv 421
IcTOpeiv \eyov(7L /JLeya\vvuvra TOU? o-Tpanwras.
XXVII. To fiev ovv 7T\Lo-TOV fiepos KOI /J-a^i-
/jLCtiTdTOV TWV Tro\efJii<*)V avTov KaTCKOTTrj' KOI yap
r]<jav vrrep TOV jj,rj BiacrTraaOai rrjv rdt;iv ol
dKpals d\va-ecri TTyoo? aXX^Xof? crv ve-
Sid TWV ^uxrrripwv dvaSeSe/jLevaw TOL"? e
wcra^re? 77,00? TO ^apaKcofj^a
2 raroi? evervyxavov TrdOecriv. al yap
7r TWV maMV ieaveJiove^ eeo-Twaat rou? re
etcTeivov, al fJLev dvSpas, al Se d$e\(f)ovs,
al Be Trarepas, KOI rd vjJTTia TWV TZKVWV dirdy-
yovaai rat? %p(rlv eppiTTTovv VTTO TOV<;
teal rou9 TroSa? TWV VTro^vyiwv, aura? Se a
TOV. fjiiav Be (fracriv et; drcpov pv/jiov
ra TraiSia TWV aurr)? crfyvpwv d
3 ercaTepcoOev r)pTijcrdat' TOU? Be avBpas drropia
BevBpwv rot? Kepacri TWV (Bowv, TOU? ^e rot?
(TKeXecri TrpocrSeiv rou? avTwv rpa^Xoi;?, etra
KevTpa 7rpocr(f)epovTas ej;a\\ojjievwv TWV ftowv
(f)\KOiJLevov<; Kal TraTov ^.evov^ drroXkvcrOai. TT\^V
Kaiirep oi/rco? avTwv BiacpQapevrwv, edXwaav VTrep
% /jivpidSas' al Be TWV TreaovTwv e\eyovTO 81?
4 Ta fiev ovv j^pi'^aTa Bi/jpTraaav ol Mapiov
i, TO, Be \d$>vpa real ra? o-^ata? Kal
(rd\7riyyas els TO Kar/Vou (TTpaTOTreBov dve-
\eyovcriv w Kal fjidXiaTa TeK^piM
TOV KarXov a)? KaT avTov rj VLKTJ yevoLTO.
/cal f^evTOi Kal rot? o~TpaTic*)Tais, co? eoitcev,
aovo"rjs epiBos, r/peOrjaav olov BiaiTrjTal
536
CAIUS MARIUS, xxvi. 5-xxvn. 4
caine to the encounter. This is what Catulus himself
is said to have written l in extolling his soldiers.
XXVII. The greatest number and the best fighters
of the enemy were cut to pieces on the spot ; for
to prevent their ranks from being broken, those
who fought in front were bound fast to one another
with long chains which were passed through their
belts. The fugitives, however, were driven back
to their entrenchments, where the Romans beheld
a most tragic spectacle. The women, in black gar-
ments, stood at the waggons and slew the fugitives
their husbands or brothers or fathers, then
strangled their little children and cast them be-
O
neath the wheels of the waggons or the feet of the
cattle, and then cut their own throats. It is said
that one woman hung dangling from the tip of a
waggon-pole, with her children tied to either ankle ;
while the men, for lack of trees, fastened them-
selves by the neck to the horns of the cattle, or to
their legs, then plied the goad, and were dragged or
trampled to death as the cattle dashed away.
Nevertheless, in spite of such self-destruction, more
than sixty thousand were taken prisoners ; and those
who fell were said to have been twice that number.
Now, the enemy's property became the booty of
the soldiers of Marius, but the spoils of battle, the
standards, and the trumpets, were brought, we are
told, to the camp of Catulus ; and Catulus relied
chiefly upon this as a proof that the victory was won
by his men. Furthermore, a dispute for the honour ot
the victory arose among the soldiers, as was natural,
and the members of an embassy from Parma were
1 Catulus wrote a history of his consulship, of which Cicero
speaks in terms of high praise (Brutus, 35, 132 ff.).
537
PLUTARCH'S LIVES
Trapovres, 01)? 01 KarXof Sid TWV
ve/cpwv ayovres eTce&eiKVWTO rot? eav-
T0)v vaaols SiaTreTrap/Jievovs' yvutpipoi S' rjcrav vrro
ypa/AfJsdrwv, TOVVO/JLCL TOV KarXou irapa TO %v\ov
5 avTwv ey^apd^avro^. ov [JLJ^V a\\a TOO Maptw
av^irav TO epyov r\ re TrpoTepa VLK?)
KOI TO TTpoa^rj/na TT}? ap^rj^. yLtaXtcrra Be ol
KTLCTTrjV TG 'Pto/jLT) 1 ? Tp'lTOV KIVOV
pevov, a)? ov% r\TTOva TOV KeXri/coO TOVTOV a
CTfjLl>OV TOV Klv'BvVOV, V0V/jlOV/J,VOt T /LLTa
real yvvaitcwv e/cao-TOi KCLT olrcov a/Jia rot? Oeols
KCLL Maptco SeiTTVov real Xot/S;}? dmipxov
OpiafjifBeveiv [JLOVOV rj^Lovv a/i^orepou? TOU?
6 /Sou?, ov jjii]v eOpidfjuftevcrev OVTWS, aXXa
TOV KarXoi;, {AeTpiov errl Trj\LKavTais
/SoL'Xo^e^o? Trape-%6LV eavTov eaTi 5e o rt
TOU? crTpaTicoTas (>o/3)]0els TrapaTeTay/Aevovs, el
KarXo? aTrelpyoiTO r^? Tigris, ytt^Se efcelvov eav
XXVIII. HeuLTTTrv jJkv ovv vTraTeiav
a>? ouSe el? TT/^COT?;? MpeyeTO, 6epa-
TOV Srj/jiov dva\afji{3dvoL)v KOI Trpo? %dpiv
TO?? TroXXot?, ou /jiovov rrapa TOV oyKov
real TO tcoivbv d^uwjia T/)? ap / Y')?, aXXa /tat irapa
Trjv avTov (frvcrii' vypos rf? eli^ai /SofXo/tei'o?
JJKicrTa TOLOVTOS 7re(f)VK(t)S. aXX'
\eyouo"i, TT/oo? 7ro\iTeiav KOI TOL? eV
1 Marius was consul still, while Catulus had not been re-
elected, and was only pro-consul.
538
CAIUS MARIUS, xxvn. 4 -xxvm. 2
chosen to act as arbitrators. These men the soldiers
of Catulus conducted among the dead bodies of the
enemy, which were clearly seen to have been pierced
by their javelins ; for these could be known by the
name of Catulus which had been cut into the shaft.
However, the entire success was attributed to
Marius, both on account of his former victory and of
his superior rank. 1 Above all, the people hailed
him as the third founder of Rome, 2 on the ground
that the peril which he had averted from the city
was not less than that of the Gallic invasion ; and
all of them, as they made merry at home with their
wives and children, would bring ceremonial offerings
of food and libations of wine to Marius as well as to
the gods, and they were insistent that he alone
should celebrate both triumphs. Marius, however,
would not do this, but celebrated his triumph with
Catulus, wishing to show himself a man of moderation
after a course of so great good fortune. Perhaps,
too, he was afraid of the soldiers, who were drawn
up and ready, in case Catulus were deprived of his
honour, to prevent Marius also from celebrating a
triumph.
XXVIII. Thus, then, his fifth consulship was
coming to an end ; but he was as eager for a sixth as
another would have been for his first. He tried to
win over the people by obsequious attentions, and
yielded to the multitude in order to gain its favour,
thus doing violence, not only to the dignity and
majesty of his high office, but also to his own nature,
since he wished to be a compliant man of the people
when he was naturally at farthest remove from this.
In confronting a political crisis or the tumultuous
2 With Romulus and Camillus. See the Camillas, xxxi.2.
539
PLUTARCH'S LIVES
0opv/3ov<; VTTO (friXoBo^ias aroXyuoTaro?, teal TO
rrapd ra? yua^a? dveKTrX^KTOv fcal GTaui^ov
ev rat? eKK\i]criais direXenrev avTov VTTO TWV
7raii>(L>v real
Xeyerai Ka/J-epivwv av&pas OJJLOV
a i yu>vicrafjiei'ovs ev TW TroXe/^
TToXireta, &OKOVVTOS eivai rovrou Trapa-
Kai TIVWV eyKoXovvrcov, eLirelv QTI rov
VOfJLOV Sia TOV TWV OTT\WV ^0<$>OV OV KaraKOU(T6L6V.
3 ov fjirjv d\\a /jid\\oi> eotKev e\;7rA,?;crcrecr#a /cal
rrjv ev rat? e/c/cA/^cmu? /cpavyijv. ev
TO?? OTrXof? a^tw/ua teal Svva/Atv el^e Sid
iav, ev Be rfj TroXtreia TreyOtAroTrro/ze^o? ra
Kare^evyev eVt rrjv rwv 7ro\\wv evvoiav
Kal 'xapiv, vwep TOV fj,eyicrTo<; yeveaOai TO /3e\-
4 TfcTTO? elvai Trpole/nevos. rrdcn fj,ev ovv TrpocreKpove
rot? dpHTTOKpaTiKOis, yuaXfcrra 8e oppco&wv TOV
MereXXoz/ ^apiaT^/jievov UTT' avTOv Kal (f)i>(7t Si 422
dpeTi]V d\r)0t) Tro'X.e/jiovvTa TOi? ov tcaia TO /5eX-
TK7TOV VTTOO'vO/jLeVOlS TCL TT\r)0 1] Kal 7T/3O? f)8ovr)V
5 TO^ dvopa. Kal Trpbs TOVTO TXavKiav
vtvov, dvOpooTTOVs QpacrvTaTOVs Kal TrX^o? djropov
Kal 0opv/3o7TOiov VTT avTols e^pvTa
eicrefyepe VO/JLOV? SL avTwv Kal TO
KaT/j,iyvve rat? e/c/cX?;<7iai? Kal
TOV MereXXo^. a>? Be f PourtXf09 icrTopei,
540
CAIUS MARIUS, xxvin. 2-5
throng, we are told, his ambition made him most
timorous, and that undaunted firmness which he
showed in battle forsook him when he faced the
popular assemblies, so that he was disconcerted by
the most ordinary praise or blame. And yet we are
told that when he had besto\ved citizenship upon as
many as a thousand men of Camerinum for conspicuous
bravery in the war, the act was held to be illegal arid
was impeached by some ; to whom he replied that the
clash of arms had prevented his hearing the voice of
the law. However, he appeared to be in greater fear
and terror of the shouting in the popular assemblies.
At any rate, while in war he had authority and
power because his services were needed, yet in civil
life his leadership was more abridged, and he
therefore had recourse to the goodwill and favour of
the multitude, not caring to be the best man if only
he could be the greatest. The consequence was that
he came into collision with all the aristocrats. It
was Metellus, however, whom he especially feared,
a man who had experienced his ingratitude, and one
whose genuine excellence made him the natural
enemy of those who tried to insinuate themselves by
devious methods into popular favour and sought to
control the masses by pleasing them. Accordingly,
he schemed to banish Metellus from the city. For
this purpose he allied himself with Saturninus and
Glaucia, men of the greatest effrontery, who had a
rabble of needy and noisy fellows at their beck and
call, and with their assistance w r ould introduce laws.
He also stirred up the soldiery, got them to mingle
with the citizens in the assemblies, and thus con-
trolled a faction which could overpower Metellus.
Then, according to Rutilius, who is generally a lover
541
PLUTARCH'S LIVES
TO. Mev aXXa fyiKaX^Oris avrfp teal xprjaros, IBia
Be TO) M.apLQ) 7TpOC7KKpOVK(jt)<i, KOL
TV%ev vTrareia^ dpyvpiov
\a>v TTO\V KOI Tcpidfjievo^ TO MereXXo^ eKKpovcrai
r>}? tt/3^/}?, QvaX\.piov Be <&\CLKICOV vTrrjpeTrjv
jjioKKov rj avvdp-ftovra TT)? uTrareta? \aftelv.
6 ovSevl fjLGVTOL TWV 7T/)o avTov 7T\rjv fJLovu* Ko/)/3tVro
Ova\\pi(p rocraura? VTraieia^ e&coxev 6
CLTTO r? TrMrrj^ ei?
raiav Trj TrevTE teal TeaaapaKovra
\eyovcri, Mapto? Se yu,era T^ Trpcorrjv ra?
pv/mrj /Aid, TU^?;? SieSpa/^e.
XXIX. Kat jjid\L<JTa rrepl TTJV Te\evralav
ecf)0oi>LTO, TroXXa (Jvve^afjLaprdvwv rot? vreyot TOI^
. &v rjv teal o Nwviov (^ot'o?, 01^ dvri-
o +L
vlvos. elra
c5 TrpocreyeypaTTTO rrjv
Vy r] JJLTJV efJL^evelv ol? av 6
teal TT/?O? yu^Se^
2 rouro TOV VO/JLOV TO /ze^o? TrpoaTroioviuevos ev T
j3ov\fj BtcoKeiv 6 Ma/Ko? ou
optcov, ovSe a\\ov o'leaOai craxppoi'ovvTa' teal y
el urj fjLO%8'r]po$ fjv 6 VO/JLOS, v/3piv elvai TCL ToiavTa
rrjv (3ov\r]V SiSovai fiia^oaevrjv, aX\a urj
/jLTjbe KOvarav. TavTa Be ov^ ourw? fypovaiv e
d\\a TO) MereXXco aTrar^v TrepiTiOels GL
Coraes, Bekker, and Ziegler, after Reiske :
0c.
542
CAIUS MARIUS, xxvin. 5~xxix. 2
of truth and an honest man, but had a private quarrel
with Marius, he actually got his sixth consulship by
paying down large sums of money among the tribes,
and by buying votes made Metellus lose his election
to the office, and obtained as his colleague in the
consulship Valerius Flaccus, who was more a servant
than a colleague. And yet the people had never
bestowed so many consulships upon any other man
except Corvinus Valerius. In the case of Corvinus,
however, forty-five years are said to have elapsed
between his first and his last consulship ; whereas
Marius, after his first consulship, ran through the
other five without a break.
XXIX. In this last consulship l particularly did
Marius make himself hated, because he took part
with Saturninus in many of his misdeeds. One of
these was the murder of Nonius, whom Saturninus
slew because he was a rival candidate for the
tribuneship. Then, as tribune, Saturninus introduced
his agrarian law, to which was added a clause providing
that the senators should come forward and take oath
that they would abide by whatsoever the people
might vote and make no opposition to it. In the
senate Marius made pretence of opposing this part
of the law, and declared that he would not take the
oath, and that he thought no other sensible man
would ; for even if the law were not a bad one, it was
an insult to the senate that it should be compelled to
make such concessions, instead of making them
under persuasion and of its own free will. He said
this, however, not because it was his real mind, but
that he might catch Metellus in the toils of a fatal
1 100 B.C.
S2 543
PLUTARCH'S LIVES
3 auTo? /iev yap et? d/oeT/}? KOI SeivoTrjTos /jiepiSa TO
\oyov ovSeva TCOV irpoi rrjv
o~vyK~\,r)TOV a)/j,o\oyrj/jbeva)v e%eiv e/ueXXe, TOV Be
etSa>? fteffaiov avbpa KCU rrjv " a\r)0eiav
aperfjs '* Kara Tlivbapov rjyov/jievov
e/3ov\TO rfj 77/009 T^v (TvyK\riTov apvrjcrei 77/00X77-
<j)0evra teal /AT) &6%d/j,ei>ov TOV op/cov et9 avrfKecrTOv
GfJij3a\elv Trpo? TOV &TI/J,OV e%0pav. o KOI crvve&j.
4 Tou yap MereXXof <j)t]cravTO<; yar; o/noo'eiv, Tore
TI /3ov\rj &ie\.v6r], /xera Se rj/aepa^ 6\iyas TOV
7T/905 TO /3/}/Lta TOU? CTUyK^TlKOVS
avartaXov/jLevov KOI TOV opKov o/Jivveiv avayKa-
%OVTO<; 6 Mapto? 7rap6\0a)v, yevofJLev7]S (riwir-rjs real
Tot? ev Ty /3ov\fi veavievQelaiv airo
OVTQ) TT\CLTVV G^Tf (fropelv TOV
li>ea9ai KaQdrrat; i?
TOV, aXX' ofJieicrOai KOI T) VO/JLW 7rei0ap%i](retv,
61776/3 eaTi vbfAos' KOI yap TOVTO 7rpocre0^K6 TO
5 ao(f>ov cocrrrep 7TapaKd\viJLfjLa T/}? ala'%vvijs. o /^ev
ovv Br/juos 7;cr^e4? ofjiocravTos dvKpoTr]o~ Kal
KaTU(j))JijLrjo-6, TOU? Be aptcrTOU? KaTij<p6ia oetvrj
Kal yu-tao? ecr^e TOV lAaplov T?}?
ovv arravTes
MereXXo? 8e, KaiTrep dvTij3o\ovv-
TCOV Kal o~6ojjLvc0v Twv (j)iXu)V o/jioaai Kal fjbr] Trepi-
/3a\eiv eavrbv eTririfJiiois dvrjKeaTois, a K.aia TWV
fjirj o/jivv6vTa)V 6 ^aiopvlvos elaefyepev, oi>% vfpij-
544
CAIUS MARIUS, xxix. 3-5
trick. For he himself regarded lying as part of a
man's excellence and ability, made no account of his
agreements with the senators, and did not intend to
keep them ; whereas he knew that Metellus was a
steadfast man, who thought with Pindar that " truth
is the foundation of great excellence," 1 and he
therefore wished to bind him beforehand by a state-
ment to the senate that he would not take the oath,
and then have his refusal to do so plunge him into a
hatred on the part of the people that could never be
removed. And this was what came to pass.
For Metellus declared that he would not take the
oath, and the senate broke up for a while ; but after
a few days Saturninus summoned the senators to the
rostra and tried to force them to take the oath. When
Marius came forward there was silence, and the eyes
of all were fastened upon him. Then, bidding a
long farewell to all his boastful and insincere ex-
pressions in the senate, he said his throat was not
broad enough to pronounce an opinion once for all
upon so important a matter, but that he would
take the oath, and obey the law, if it was a law ;
adding this bit of sophistry as a cloak for his shame.
The people, then, delighted at his taking the oath,
clapped their hands in applause, but the nobles were
terribly dejected and hated Marius for his change
of front. Accordingly, all the senators took the
oath in order, through fear of the people, until the
turn of Metellus came ; but Metellus, although his
friends earnestly entreated h r m to take the oath and
not subject himself to the irreparable punishments
which Saturninus proposed for those who should
1 Fragment 221 (Boeckh).
545
PLUTARCH'S LIVES
6 tcaro TOV (frpovij/JLaros ovBe w/jLoaev, aXA,' e/
T(p Y]6ei KOi 7TOLV TTaOelv BeiVOV 7TL TU>
aia")(pov epydcraaOai, TrapearKevaGfJievos
CK T?}9 dyopds, Bia\y6/jLevo$ rot? Trepl avTov 009
TO Ka/cov TL Trpd^ai <$>av\ov eirj, TO B Ka\bi> /JLCV, 423
> i-v/ p./ '>/ 5'^'5 lV ' /) x
CLKlvbVVWS O, KOLVOV, LOiOV O CLVOpOS ayOLUOV TO
7 fiera KIV&VVWV TO, fca\a Trpacrcreiv. etc TOVTOV
^^(pL^erai ^aTopvlvos eTrtKrjpv^ai, TOU? VTra
OTTO)? TTupo? real i;SaT09 KCU cr-reyr]^
MeTeX\o9' KOL TO (f)av\6rarov CIVTOLS TOV
^ou9 Traprjv eroifjiov airoKTivvvvai TOV av^pa. rwv
Be fieX-ricTTOdv TrepiTraOovvTwv KOI <jvvTpe\ovTwv
7rpo9 TO^ MeTeXXot' OVK eia a-raaid^eiv 8^' avrov,
'H yap dfjbeivovwv" (f)rj, " rwv
teal TOV BTJ/JLOV
rj
d\\a yap
ev dire\avffv evvoias Trapa rrjv <frvyr]i> real
MeTeX/\.o9, bv Be rpoTrov ev 'PoBw <f)i\.ocro<j)a)V
iyrrfOrj, f3e\Tiov ev TO49 Trepl etceivov
XXX. Ma/3i09 Be TOV "^LaTOpvlvov dvT\
VTrovpyias TavTris errl rrdv rrpolovTa ToX/z,^9
Bvvd/jiews rrepiopdv dvayKa^op,evo^, e\a9ev OVK
dveKTov direpyaad/jLevos KCLKOV, aXX' avTiKpvs
077X049 real afyayals errl TvpavviBa KOL 7roXtT6/a9
dvaTpOTTi]V Tropevo/^evov. alBov/j-evos Be TOU9 Kpa-
Tto-TOL'9, Oeparrevwv Be Toi/9 7ro\\ov$, epyov dve-
\ev9epov eo-^drco^ vTre/JLeive teal 7ra\i/j,(3o\ov.
2 e\6ovTwv yap 0/9 avrov UTTO vv/cra TMV
546
CAIUS MARIUS, xxix. 6-xxx. 2
refuse, would not swerve from his purpose or take
the oath, but, adhering to his principles and prepared
to suffer any evil rather than do a shameful deed,
he left the forum, saying to those about him that to
do a wrong thing was mean, and to do the right
thing when there was no danger was any man's way,
but that to act honourably when it involved dangers
was peculiarly the part of a good and true man.
Upon this, Saturninus got a vote passed that the
consuls should proclaim Metellus interdicted from
fire, water, and shelter ; and the meanest part of
the populace supported them and was ready to
put the man to death. The best citizens, however,
sympathised with Metellus and crowded hastily
about him, but he would not allow a faction to
be raised on his account, and departed from the
city, following the dictates of prudence. " For,"
said he, " either matters will mend and the people
will change their minds and I shall return at their
invitation, or, if matters remain as they are, it is best
that I should be away." 13ut what great goodwill
and esteem Metellus enjoyed during his exile, and
how he spent his time in philosophical studies at
Rhodes, will be better told in his Life. 1
XXX. And now Marius, who was forced, in return
for this assistance, to look on quietly while Saturninus
ran to extremes of daring and power, brought about
unawares a mischief that was not to be cured, but
made its way by arms and slaughter directly towards
tyranny and subversion of the government. And
since he stood in awe of the nobles, while he courted
the favour of the multitude, he was led to commit
an act of the utmost meanness and duplicity. For
when the leading men had come to him by night
1 No such Life is extant.
S47
PLUTARCH'S LIVES
dvbpwv /col TrapaKaKovvTwv eirl TOV ^aropvivov,
erepais dvpais eKeivov vTreSe^aro TOVTWV dyvo-
OVVTWV. elra Trpofyacriv \eywv Trpbs d/j-tyorepovs
KOL\ia<s Sidppoiav, vvv fjiev o>9 TOVTOVS, vvv 8e &>9
eicelvov eVt T% oiKias dva yu.e/00? Biarpe^cov
3 crvveicpove /cat Trapw^vvev. ov fjurjv d\\a KOI
rea rwv inrewv crvvicrTa/j,va)v /cal dya-
VCLKTOVVTWV e^rfvejKev et? dyopdv rd oVXa, KOL
OUTOU? et? TO KajrercoXiov et
' TOU? yap o^erot/? dTre/cotyev, ol S' a
eicelvov /cd\ovv KOI
CIVTOVS Bid TT}?
4 eVet 6e Travroios yevo/jievos virep TOV crwcrat TOL/?
dv&pas ovSev ojVTja-ev, d\\d Kanovres et9 dyopdv
dvypeOrjcrav, CK TOVTOV rot? re Swarot? a//-a al
TOO 5?7yLtft) Trpoo-KetcpovKGos, Ti/j,viTias 7rapa7recrov-
(7779 eVt'8oo9 wi^ ou fjLerrjXOev, aXV eiaaev erepovs
TOi/9 fiiovs CLVTWV /cal ra 7)^/7
XXXI. Ao7yu-aT09 5e elcrtyepo/nevov Me
rr/9
\oywv tcdi 8t' epywv /jLarrjv tvavriwOeis reXo9
/cat Be^aj^evou rrjv yvay/jirjv TOV SIJ/JLOV
Ka
Ta\ariav, \6yy fiev air o Boo awv a9 ev^aro Ty
548
CAIUS MARIUS, xxx. 2 -xxxi. i
and were trying to incite him against Saturninus,
without their knowledge he introduced Saturninus
into the house by another door ; then, pretending to
both parties that he had a diarrhoea, he would run
backwards and forwards in the house, now to the
nobles and now to Saturninus, trying to irritate and
bring them into collision. However, when the
senate and the knights began to combine and give
utterance to their indignation, he led his soldiers
into the forum, forced the insurgents to take
refuge on the Capitol, and compelled them to
surrender for lack of water. For he cut oft' the
water-conduits ; whereupon they gave up the
struggle, called Marius, and surrendered themselves
on what was called the public faith. Marius did all
he could to save the men, but it was of no avail, and
when they came down into the forum they were put
to death. This affair made Marius obnoxious alike
to the nobles and to the people, and when the time
for electing censors came he did not present himself
as a candidate, although everyone expected that he
would, but allowed other and inferior men to be
elected, for fear that he would be defeated. How-
ever, he tried to put a good face upon his conduct
by saying that he was unwilling to incur the hatred
of many citizens by a severe examination into their
lives and manners.
XXXI. When a decree was introduced recalling
Me tell us from exile, Marius opposed it strongly
both by word and deed, but rinding his efforts vain, at
last desisted ; and after the people had adopted the
measure with alacrity, unable to endure the sight of
Metellus returning, he set sail for Cappadocia and
Galatia, 1 ostensibly to make the sacrifices which he
1 In 99 u.c.
549
PLUTARCH'S LIVES
l rcov 0ea)v Overlap, erepav Be TT}?
2 e^coi> vrroOecriv \av0dvovcrav TOV<$ TroXXou?. a
7/> wi^ TT/JO? elpijvijv Kal drro\irevros, rjv%7)/jivo<;
Be TCH? TroXe/zoi?, elra Kara /jLiKpbv avOis VTTO
dpyuas Koi ?;crL'^ta? ciTTOfjiapaivecrOai TYJV
avTov KOI T^V Bo^av olo/j,evo<?, e%iJTt
dp^d^. 7;X7Ti^e yap TOU?
KOI M.i0piBdrijv errl^o^ov ovra TroXe-
dvaa'rrj'jas Kal Trapo^vvas, evOvs eV avrov
aipe0>j(Tcr0ai KOI vewv [lev TTJV TTO\LV
0pidfjL{3cov, <TKV\WV Be HOVTIKWV /cal TT\OVTOV
3 fta<TL\.iicov TOV OIKOV /jL7T\rja-eiv. bib Kal
piSdrov Trdcrr) ^p^aa/jLevov Oepcnrela Kal TLfji
avrov ov Ka^Oel^ ovBe virei^as, aXX' tVa>^, " H
, w ySacriXeO, TreipG) BvvacrOai 'Pw/jiaiaiv, r)
criwTrfi TO TT^ocrTacrcro/xe^o^," ^eir\rj^6V av-
TOV, a>9 <$)u>vi}s /JLi> TroXXa/ct?, 7rappr)(Tias Be Tore
d/covaavTa
XXXII. 'ETrayeX^aw Se et? 'PGO/LLTJV oiKiav e
TT}? dyopds irXrjcriov, etre, co? atT09 eXeye,
TOI)? OepaTrevovras avrov evoy^elaOaL fj,r) (3ov\6- 424
fjiaKpav yati^Ta?, etVe TOVTO alriov olo-
elvai TOV /LLTJ vrXeto^a? a\\wv eVl
avrov (froirdv. rb 8' oi)/e ^y a^oa roiovrov d\J)C
Kal rro\iriKaLS %peiai<s erepwv
axTTrep opyavov rro\e^iKov eV etp/;-
2 i^/^? 7rap^/jL6\elro. Kal rot? yue^ aXXoi? rjrrov
rrapev^oKifJiovfJLevo^, (7<p6Bpa Be avrov rjvia
e'/c TOU TT/JO? eieewov av^avo/nevos $>9ovov
55
CAIUS MARIUS, xxxi. i-xxxn. 2
had vowed to the Mother of the Gods, but really
having another reason for his journey which the
people did not suspect. He had, that is, no natural
aptitude for peace or civil life, but had reached his
eminence by arms. And now, thinking that his
influence and reputation were gradually fading away
because of his inactivity and quietude, he sought
occasions for new enterprises. For he hoped that if
he stirred up the kings of Asia and incited Mithri-
dates to action, who was expected to make war upon
Rome, he would at once be chosen to lead the
Roman armies against him, and would fill the city
with new triumphs, and his own house with Pontic
spoils and royal wealth. For this reason, though
Mithridates treated him with all deference and
respect, he would not bend or yield, but said : " O
King, either strive to be stronger than Rome, or do
her bidding without a word." This speech startled
the king, who had often heard the Roman speech,
but then for the first time in all its boldness.
XXXI I. On returning to Rome, he built a house
for himself near the forum, either, as he himself said,
because he was unwilling that those who paid their
respects to him should have the trouble of coming a
long distance, or because he thought that distance
was the reason why he did not have larger crowds at
his door than others. The reason, however, was not
of this nature ; it was rather his inferiority to others
in the graces of intercourse and in political helpful-
ness, which caused him to be neglected, like an in-
strument of war in time of peace. Of all those who
eclipsed him in popular esteem he was most vexed
and annoyed by Sulla, whose rise to power was due to
the jealousy which the nobles felt towards Marius,
PLUTARCH'S LIVES
Svi'arwv KCU ra? Trpo? e/ceivov
TToXireias irotovfjievos. 7rel e KOI
6 Noyita? (Tu/^-yLta^o? e Pa)/jLaicov
evrricrev ev Ka.7reTft>Xi&) NtVa? rpOTraLofyopovs KOL
Trap 1 av-rais ev elfcoffi %pvcrals ^lowyovpQav ey-
/ ^ipL^6/ji6i'Oi> VTTO avrov SuXXa, rovro
opyfj Kal (>i\ov6iKLa Ma/jtop, co?
O-TTMVTOS ei? eavrov ra epya, Kal
/3ta TO. avaOrjfJLara Karaf3d\\eLV. dvr(f)L\ov6iKei
>e ^u\X,a?, /cat T?)!' ardcni' oarov OUTTCO
et? JJLZCTOV eVecr^ei> o cru/iyLta^^
(^/7? eVl T^ ir6\iv avappayeis. ra yap
rara TWV 'Ira~\,iKwv eOvwv Kal noKvavOpwiroraTa
Kara T?}? c P(W/tr7? (Tvvea-rrjaav Kal [jiiKpov
crvy^eai T^V rjye/jLoviav, ov JJLOVOV OTrXoi? e
KOI (Tco/iLa(Tiv, d\\a Kal r6\aai
Oav^acrral^ Kai avri-
XXXIII. OUTO? o TroXe^o? rot? TrdOecrL TTOIKL-
Xo? yevoaevos Kal rat? TU^OU? TroX-vrpoTrcoraro^
ocrov 2u\Xa TrpoueOrfKe 80^79 al ^uvdaeco^,
TOCTOVTOV d(f)el\e Mapuov. ftpaBvs ydp (f)dv>]
rat? eV^oXat?, QKVOV re 7re/H Trdvra Kal
(7ft)9 L'TTOTrXea)?, elre roO yrjpcos TO Sp
eKelvo Kal dep/uLov ev avru) Karacr/SevvvvTos
KOCTTOV ydp ifiri Kal TreaTrrov ero? v7T6pej3a\\ev\
6iT, a>9 auro? e\eye, irepl vevpa yeyovcas vocrcti&rjs
Kal (Tco/jiaTL Bvaepyos &v vrre/iLeve Trapd bvvafjiiv
2 alcr^vvrj ra? UT/oaTeta?. ou /^^ aXXa /tat Tore
re aeydXy viKi^aa^ e^aKLo-^L\iov<? dvel\e
7To\e/j.icov, Kal \a(3r)V ouSa/u-r) TTapecr^ev av-
552
CAIUS MARIUS, xxxii. 2-xxxm. 2
and who was making his quarrels with Marius the
basis of his political activity. And when Bocchus
the Numidian, who had been designated an ally of
the Romans, set up trophy-bearing Victories on the
Capitol, and by their side gilded figures representing
Jugurtha surrendered by him to Sulla, Marius was
transported with rage and fury to see Sulla thus
appropriating to himself the glory of his achieve-
ments, and was making preparations to tear down
the votive offerings. But Sulla too was furious, and
civil dissension was just on the point of breaking out,
when it was stopped by the Social War, which
suddenly burst upon the city. 1 That is, the most
warlike and most numerous of the Italian peoples
combined against Rome, and came within a little ot
destroying her supremacy, since they were not only
strong in arms and men, but also had generals whose
daring and ability were amazing and made them a
match for the Romans.
XXXIII. This war, which was varied in its events
and most changeful in its fortunes, added much to
Sulla's reputation and power, but took away as much
from Marius. For he was slow in making his
attacks, and always given to hesitation and delay,
whether it was that old age had quenched his wonted
energy and fire (for he was now past his sixty-sixth
year), or that, as he himself said, a feeling of shame
led him to go beyond his powers in trying to endure
the hardships of the campaign when his nerves were
diseased and his body unfit for work. However,
even then he won a great victory in which he slew
six thousand of the enemy ; and he never allowed
them to get a grip upon him, but even when he was
1 90-89 B.C. See the Sulla, vi. 1 f.
553
PLUTARCH'S LIVES
rot?, d\\a Kal TreptTatypevo/jievos r)vea-%TO Kal
Kal /eaotie^o? ov
\eyeTai Se HOTT\[OU StXawo?, o?
TWV 7ro\/jLLwv d^uw/jia KOI ^vvajjav, el-rrovTos rrpbs
avTov, " Eil fLeyas el (TTpaTijyos, & M.dpie, Siayco-
/cara/Sa?," aTTOKpivacrdai, " ^,v p,ev ovv, el
el crrpar^'yo?) avdjKacroi' fj,e SLay
3 yLt?) /3oV\6{AVOv" TToKlV Be 7TOT6 TWV
Kaipov eTTixeiprfcrea)? Trapa^ovrwv, TWV
a7ro^>ei\ia(TavTwv, co? dve^ctyptjaav
, crvvarynyMv et? eKK\rf(JLav rovs
ra?, '* 'ATTO/OCO," <^)^crt, " rrorepov elVa) rou?
dvai'&porepovs r) u/ia?- cure ^yap eicelvoi TOV
V/JLWV ovre uyttet? ereeivt&v TO Iviov i&elv eSv-
TeXo? Se d^ij/ce rrjv o-Tparrpyiav 0)9
rw crco/jLCLTi Bia TTJV dcrOeveiav.
XXXIV. 'l^Trel 8e IJ&TI TWV 'lra\iKa)v eyKefcXi-
KOTWV e/jLVll(TT6VOVTO TToXXot TOV ^/\.l0plOaTLKOV
7r6\e/jLOV ev 'Pco/jLrj 8ia TWV Sy/jLaywyiMV, rrapa
eXrrio'a ^ou\TTiKLO<; Sijf^ap^o^, dvtjp dpa-
, rrapayaycov Mdpiov aTre&eiKvvev avQv-
TTCITOV <rTpa,Tijybv eVi MiOpiBaTiiv. /cal 6 Srj/jios
TWV jjiev aipovfievwv TO, ^Aapiov, TWV Se
Ka\o\)VTWv Kal TOV Mdpiov eVl
Ke\evbvTu>v et? Bai'a? {3aBiiv Kal TO
OepaireveLV VTTO re yijpays Kal pev/^aTcov
2 /to?, &)? auro? e\eye. Kal yap r)v etcel rrepl
vovs TW M.apL(0 TroXfreX?)? oiKia, Tovfyas e^ovcra
554
CAIUS MARIUS, xxxin. 2 -xxxiv. 2
hemmed about with trenches bided his time, and was
not unduly irritated by their insults and challenges.
We are told that Publius Silo, 1 who had the greatest
authority and power among the enemy, once said to
him, " If thou art a great general, Marius, come
down and fight it out with us " ; to which Marius
answered, fl Nay, but do thou, if thou art a great
general, force me to fight it out with you against my
will." And at another time, when the enemy had
given him an opportunity to attack them, but the
Romans had played the coward, and both sides had
withdrawn, he called an assembly of his soldiers and
said to them : " I do not know whether to call the
enemy or you the greater cowards ; for they were
not able to see your backs, nor you their napes." At
last, however, he gave up his command, on the
ground that his infirmities made him quite incapable
of exercising it.
XXXIV. But when the Italians had at last made
their submission, and many persons at Rome were
suing for the command in the Mithridatic war, with
the aid of the popular leaders, contrary to all
expectation the tribune Sulpicius, a most audacious
man, brought Marius forward and proposed to make
him pro-consul in command against Mithridates. The
people were divided in opinion, some preferring
Marius, and others calling for Sulla and bidding
Marius go to the warm baths at Baiae and look out
for his health, since he was worn out with old age and
rheums, as he himself said. For at Baiae, near Cape
Misenum, Marius owned an expensive house, which
had appointments more luxurious and effeminate
1 Pompaedius Silo, leader of the Marsi. Cf. the Cato
Minor, ii. 1-4.
555
PLUTARCH'S LIVES
Kal Smrra9 6n\vrepa^ V Kar* av&pa
* I * I
TOGOVTWV Kal (TTpareiwv avrovpyov. Tavrrjv Xe-
yerai ^vpid^wv eirra rjuicrovs 'Kopvrj\ia Trpi-
aaOar ^povov S' ou Trdvv TroXXoO yevofjievov
AevKios Aeu:oXXo9 w^etTat uvpidSwv irevrnKovra 425
I *
Kal $LaKo&iwv OVTCOS Ta^eo)9 dv6$pa/jiev f) TTO\V-
Kal TocravTriv eTriScxTiv ra jrpdyfiara ?rpo9
v eXa/Sev. ov fji^v aXXa MapiO9 (jf>^XoTt//-&)9
irdvv Kal /ze/pa/cO)5co9 dTTorptftofievos TO y/}pa9
/cat TT)^ da@veiav oa-rjuepai KaiefBatvev et9 TO
TreBiov, Kal /j,erd TWV veavicrKwv
7r$ei/cvve TO crw/Aa Kov<f)ov /JLGV 077X0^9,
8e Tat9 iTnrao'iais, KaiTrep OVK vara\^
ev y>)pa TOV oyKov, aXX' 69 crap/ca 7repi7r\rj0r)
Kal ftapeiav v&eSa)K(*)<;.
4 'E^toi9 /AGP ovv r/pecr^e ravra Trpdrrwv, Kal
KaTiovres eOewvro rrjv (f)i\oTifj,Lav avrov Kal
a/u'XXa9, Tot9 Be /3eXTt<TT0^9 opcocriv
TYjV 7TOV;aV Ka TT)V (f)t\0$OJ;Lai', Oil
e/c Trevrjros Kal yu-eyitTTO? e'/c
opov OVK olbev evru^ia^, ou&e
dyajrd Kal aTroXavcov ev i]av%ia TMV Trap-
5 QVTWV, aXX' wcnrep evSerjs dirdvrwv et?
SoKiav Kal TOP Eii>!;eivoi> Oo^TOi' apa? K
Kal 0^779 K<ppei ToaovTov ytjpas, '
NeoTTToXe/u-fo TO?? M^^ptSaTOU craTpa7rai9 Bia/jt,a-
%ov/jLvos. al 8e 7rpo9 ravra rov Mapiov Si,Kai-
oXoyuu TravraTTacriv efyaivovro \rjpa)$i$' (f)i] yap
e9e\eiv TOV viov daKrjaai, irapaiv auT09
XXXV. TauTa T^V Trb\iv CK TroXXcoi/
VTTOV\OV yeyevrf fjievrfv Kal vo&ovcrav
556
CAIUS MARIUS, xxxiv. 2-xxxv. i
than became a man who had taken active part in so
many wars and campaigns. This house, we are told,
Cornelia bought for seventy-five thousand drachmas ;
and not long afterwards Lucius Lucullus purchased
it for two million five hundred thousand. So quickly
did lavish expenditure spring up, and so great an
increase in luxury did life in the city take on.
Marius, however, showing a spirit of keen emulation
that might have characterized a youth, shook off
old age and infirmity and went down daily into the
Campus Martius, where he exercised himself with
the young men and showed that he was still agile in
arms and capable of feats of horsemanship, although
his bulk was not well set up in his old age, but ran
to corpulence and weight.
Some, then, were pleased to have him thus en-
gaged, and would go down into the Campus and
witness his emulation in competitive contests ; but
the better part were moved to pity at the sight of his
greed and ambition, because, though he had risen
from poverty to the greatest wealth and from obscurity
to the highest place, he knew not how to set bounds to
his good fortune, and was not content to be admired
and enjoy quietly what he had, but as if in need of
all things, and after winning triumphs and fame, was
setting out, with all his years upon him, for Cappa-
docia and the Euxine sea, to fight it out with
Archelaiisand Neoptolemus, the satraps of Mithridates.
And the justification for this which Marius offered
was thought to be altogether silly ; he said, namely,
that he wished to take part personally in the cam-
paign in order to give his son a military training.
XXXV. These things brought to a head the secret
disease from which the state had long been suffering,
557
PLUTARCH'S LIVES
ev<f)vecrTaTov evpovros opyavov Mapiou irpos TOV
KOLVOV 6\e9pov rb ^ov\7riKiov Opdcros, 6? Bid
ra\\a iravra davfjid^wv Kal tyXwv TOV ^aTOpvl-
vov aToXfiiav 7r6/cd\6i TO?? Tro\iTevp.acriv avTov
2 KCU jLeXXraiv. atTO? Be
/jiei> e^e Trep CIUTOV TWV TTTTIKV oov
KOi
TOi? UTTttTOf? TOV
e dyopas TOV vtov jKaTa\a/3cov
Be Tcapd T*JV OIKICLV TOV
, ovBevo? ai> TrpoaBoKija-avTos,
/cal rot/? fj,ev BiwfCovTas e\a6e Bpo/^w
vTas, vir avTov Be Mdpiov Xeyerat
Ovpas ere/Ja? acr^aXco? a7TO7reyu.(#et? Bietcire-
3 aelv 6t? TO (TTpaTOTreBov. auro? Be SuXXa? eV
rot? vTrofjivrj/JLadLv ov faicri KdTafyvyelv Trpo? TOZ'
Ma/otov, dXX' dira\\a-%9r)vai ^ovXevao/jievo^
VTrep wv ^ov\7TLKLO<i rjvdytca^ev CLVTOV d/covTa
ev KVK\W i<j)ecri yv/Avois
avve\dcras Trpo? TOV Mdpiov, a~^pi ov 7rpoe\-
0a)V e/ceWev t? dyopdv, co? t]^Lovv ercelvoi, ra?
e'Xucre. yevo/^evwv Be TOVTWV 6 re
KpaTwv eTre-^eipoTov^ae TW
TrjV (TTpaTri<yiav, o re Mayoto? ev irapa-
cncevfi TT}? e^oBov KaOeia-Tij/cei, Kal Bvo %i\idp-
TO 2,v\\a crr/oa-
553
CAIUS MARIUS, xxxv. 1-4
and Marius found a most suitable instrument for the
destruction of the commonwealth in the audacity
of Sulpicius, who was in all things an admirer and
an imitator of Saturninus, except that he charged
him with timidity and hesitation in his political
measures. Sulpicius himself was not a man of
hesitation, but kept six hundred of the Knights
about him as a body-guard, which he called his
anti-senate ; he also made an attack with armed
men upon the consuls as they were holding an as-
sembly, and when one of them fled from the forum,
Sulpicius seized his son and butchered him ; Sulla,
however, the other consul, as he was being pursued
past the house of Marius, did what no one would
have expected and burst into the house. His pur-
suers ran past the house and therefore missed him,
and it is said that Marius himself sent him off safely
by another door so that he came in haste to his camp.
But Sulla himself, in his Memoirs, says he did not
fly for refuge to the house of Marius, but withdrew
thither in order to consult with Marius about the
step which Sulpicius was trying to force him to take
(by surrounding him with drawn swords and driving
him to the house of Marius), and that finally he went
from there to the forum and rescinded the consular
decree for the suspension of public business, as
Sulpicius and his party demanded. 1 When this had
been done, Sulpicius, who was now master of the
situation, got the command conferred upon Marius by
vote of the people ; and Marius, who was making his
preparations for departure, sent out two military
tribunes to take over the command of Sulla's army.
1 These proceedings are much more clearly narrated in the
Sulla, chapter viii. Cf. also Appian, Bell. Civ i. 55.
559
PLUTARCH'S LIVES
ce TOU? crrparitoras
Se rpKT/jLVpiwv KOI 7TevraKio-^L\LU)v ov
OTrXmu) Trpo^yajev errl rrjv 'PcofAqv. rovs
Be xiXidpxovs, o>? errerrefji^re Ma^io?, rrpoarre-
i>re? oi arpariwrat, &ie(j)0ipav.
TIo\\ovs Be KOL Mapto? eV 'Pco/Ay TWV ^uXXa
teal Sov\ois \ev6epiav e/cr)pvTTv
Xeyovrat Se T/>et? povoi irpocr<yeve-
fjLLKpa 8' az^Ttcrra? elcreXaaavTi TW 2^A,/\,a
ra^eco? 6/cyStacr^ei? etyvye. rwv Be Trepl avrbv,
a)? TrpwTov e^eireae Tr}? TroXea)?, SiacrTrapevrcw,
(TKQTOVS 6Wo? 66? Tt TWI/ 7TaV\LU)V CtVTOV ^0\<i)VlOV
6 rcareffrvye. /calrbv /jLevvioveTreii'^reveKTcov Mov/ciov
rov Trevdepov ^wpiwv ov /Jiarcpav OVTWV ra eTrirr)-
Seia Xijtyo/nei'ov, auro? 8e Kara{3as et? *l(niav,
eyOtou 7r\olov avTw 7rapaarKvd-
GVK ava^e'iva? rov viov, d\\a Ppc'ii'iov
avTOV TOV irpo'yovov e'^eVXeuo-e^. 6 Se 421
a>? ?]\0ev et? ra y/copia rov Mou/aou,
\a/ji/3dvwv ri KOI aKevat,o[Jievo^ rjfjiepas KaraXa-
ov rravraTracn TOU? 7roXeyu,tof? e\a6ev,
' rj\6ov irrrrels e\avvovr<s KCL&' VTTOVOICLV eVl
7 TO*; rorrov ou? o Tcoy dypwv eTTtyLteX^T^? rrpoloo-
/xez'o? eKpvtye rov Mdpiov ev dfid^r) Kvdp,ov<$
d<yovcrr), teal /3oO? uTro^eu^a? aTrrfvra rot?
et9 rroXiv eXavvwv r^v a/Jid^av. ovrw ^e Trpo?
oifciav rrj^ yvvaiKos 6 Ma/3io? 8ia?cof4tcr9els
or oawv eSeiro vv/cros eVi QakaoGav rjice fcal
eV^/Sa? et? Aiftvijv rrX-eovcr^ drrerrepacrev.
XXXVI. 'O &e 7rp6<T/3urr)<z Ma'yOfo? co?
(fropy Ko/JLi%6/jt,evos rrapa rrjv
560
CAIUS MARIUS, xxxv. 4 -xxxvi. i
Sulla, however, called upon his soldiers (who were no
fewer than thirty-five thousand legionaries) to resent
this, and led them forth against Rome. His soldiers
also fell upon the tribunes whom Marius had sent and
slew them.
Marius, too, put to death many of Sulla's friends
in Rome, and proclaimed freedom to the slaves if
they would fight on his side. It is said, however,
that only three of them joined his ranks, and after a
feeble resistance to Sulla's entry into the city he was
speedily driven out and took to flight. 1 As soon as
he had made his escape from the city his companions
were scattered, and since it was dark, he took refuge
at one of his farmsteads, called Solonium. He also
sent his son to get provisions from the estate of his
father-in-law, Muci us, which was not far off, while he
himself went down to the coast at Ostia, where a
friend of his, Numerius, had provided a vessel for him.
Then, without waiting for his son, but taking his
step-son Granius with him, he set sail. The younger
Marius reached the estate of Mucius, but as he was
getting supplies and packing them up, day overtook
him and he did not altogether escape the vigilance of
his enemies ; for some horsemen came riding towards
the place, moved by suspicion. When the overseer
of the farm saw them coming, he hid Marius in a
waggon loaded with beans, yoked up his oxen, and met
the horsemen as he was driving the waggon to the city.
In this way young Marius was conveyed to the house
of his wife, where he got what he wanted, and then
by night came to the sea, boarded a ship that was
bound for Africa, and crossed over.
XXXVI. The elder Marius, after putting to sea,
was borne by a favouring wind along the coast of
1 Cf. the Sulla, chapter xi.
5 6i
PLUTARCH'S LIVES
tj Te/JilvLov Tiva TWV ev Tappa/cuvy BVVCITWV
avTov, KOI, Tat? VCLVTCLIS Trpoelirev el'pye-
ol Be e/3ov\ovTO fj^ev
E, ToO Be TrvevfJiaTos et? rreXdyiov
KOL K\vBa>va KdTayovTOS Tro\vv OVTG TO
7rop9/jiLOV eBo/cei 7repiK\v^6/ji6vov dvOe^eiv, TOV TC
Ma/?tou Bvo-(popoi>VTO$ KOI /ca/ca>? e^ovTO^ vrrb
vavTia^ /zoXt? dvTi\an,(3dvovTai TWV rrept, TO
2 KipKaiov alyia\wv. TOV Bt
Kal TWV CTITIWV 7ri\etTrovTwv
TTyOO? OvBeVa (TKOTTOV, ttXX' old (TV [Ji/3aiVl Tat?
/jLeyd~\,ai<$ drropiai^ del (frevyeiv e/c TOV
\ \ 5- / (N J/
Kai Tas
7ret TToXe/xia fj.ev e/cetvot? /; yrj,
Be TI OdXaaaa, (fiofiepov Be rjv dvOptoTrois
Tcecreiv, <j)O/36pov Be JULIJ TrepiTrecrelv Bi* evBeiav
3 dvayKaiwv. ov /j,rjv aXX' o^re. rrov ftoTrjpa-iv
0X^7049 evTvyvdvovGiv, o'l Bovvai iiev ovBev ecryov
t t /v i /\f
avTols Beojjievois, <yvwpicrai>Te$ Be TOP lAdpiov
K\evov aTraXXaTTecr^at TTJV TCL^LCTT-tjv o\iyov
yap efjiTrpoaOev avToOi KCLTCL ^rrjariv avTov
4 vovs tTTTrea? o(j)0f)vai L%e\avvovTas. ev
Brj yeyovws aTCopias, fJid\L<TTa Be v^cTTeia TWV
rrepl avTov aTrayopevovTcov, TOT [Lev
8LWKTepev(Te. Trj & vaTepaia crvvriy-
' ev^eias KOL TO* aco/jiaTi irplv eK\e\vcr0ai
%prjo-acr6ai /Soi^Xo/ze^o? e^capei Trapd
TOV alyia\6v, eTri0apcrvvwv TOVS eTro/AeVou? xal
562
CAIUS MARIUS, xxxvi. 1-4
Italy ; but since he was afraid of one Geminius, who
was a powerful man in Terracina and an enemy of his,
he told his sailors to keep clear of Terracina. The
sailors were willing enough to do as he wished, but
the wind veered round and blew towards the shore,
bringing in a heavy surge, and it was thought that the
vessel would not hold out against the beating of the
waves ; besides, Marius was in a wretched plight
from sea-sickness, and therefore they made their way,
though with difficulty, to the coast near Circeii.
Then, as the storm was increasing and their provisions
were failing, they landed from the vessel and wan-
dered about. They had no definite object in view,
but, as is usual in cases of great perplexity, sought
always to escape the present evil as the most grievous,
and fixed their hopes on the unknown future. For
the land was their enemy, and the sea an enemy as
well ; they were afraid they might fall in with men,
and they were afraid they might not fall in with men
because they had no provisions. However, late in
the day they came upon a few herdsmen ; these had
nothing to give them in their need, but they
recognized Marius and bade him go away as fast as
he could ; for a little while before numerous horse-
men had been seen riding about there in search of
him. Thus at his wits' end, and, what was worst of
all, his companions fainting with hunger, he turned
aside for the while from the road, plunged into a deep
forest, and there spent the night in great distress.
But the next day, compelled by want, and wishing
to make use of his strength before it failed him
altogether, he wandered along the shore, trying to
encourage his companions, and begging them not to
563
PLUTARCH'S LIVES
eoyue/'0? /AT) TrpoaTTO/cd/jivetv TT}? reXeurata? e\7rl-
So?, e</>' T]V eavrov (frvXarrei ^avrevfjiacri TraXauot?
5 TTKTTevwv. veos yap wv en TravreXws KCU Btarpi-
/car ypov vTroeaaai TO> fidTLtn
derov veoTTiav evrra veorrovs
TOU? 7Oi^6i? /cat Oavfiduavra^
9dvea6ai TU>V fjiavrewv rou? Se eiTrel
avQ pu> r rru>v eaoiro real rrjv
teal dpfflv eTrrd/ci^ avrov \aftelv dvay-
Kaov eirj.
6 Tavra ol fj,tv dXydws ra> Ma/atro
ovra) \eyovcriv' ol 5e rou? rore fcal irapa
aKovcravras avrou KOI
ra? dvaypd^au Trpay/jia KO/JH^I} /xu^wSe?. aero?
yap ov TLKT6L 7r~\,Lov TWV bveiv, aXXa Kal Mou-
aalov tyevaOai \6yovcriv eiTrovra irepl TOU derov,
' K\7Tl, V 8
TO jjievroi 7ro\Xa/ct? eV rfj (frwyfj Kal rat? e
airopiais Mdptov elireiv a)? a%^? e/3oyu?7? vira-
reta? iroeicnv, ofjLO\oyov^evov <TTIV.
XXXVII. "HS?; ^e Mivrovpvijs, TroXew? 'Ira-
ocrof ei/cocn araSioov aTre^o^re?
i\r)V irpocrwOev eXavvovras eV* avrous
Kara rvv 6\/cdBas Bvo <e9ozeVa?. ew?
e/ca(TTO?
eVl TT)I; OdXaaaav Kal /cara^aXo^re? eaurou?
Trpoaevifyovro Tot? vavcri. Kal \aftofjievoi TT)?
(repas OL Trepl TOV Ypdvtov direTrepaaav et? T^y
1 *Os rpia juev KTA., as cited in Aristotle, /ft's. ^4n. vi. 6
(p 563 :i , 17).
5 6 4
CAIUS MARIUS, xxxvi. 4 -xxxvn. i
give up the struggle before his last hope could be
realized, for which he was still reserving himself in
reliance on ancient prophecies. When, that is, he
was quite young and living in the country, he had
caught in his cloak a falling eagle's nest, which had
seven young ones in it ; at sight of this, his parents
were amazed, and made enquiries of the seers, who
told them that their son would be most illustrious
of men, and was destined to receive the highest
command and power seven times.
Some say that this really happened to Marius ; but
others say that those who heard the story from him
at this time and during the rest of his flight, believed
it, and recorded it, though it was wholly fabulous.
For, they say, an eagle does not lay more than two
eggs at one time, and Musaeus also was wrong when,
speaking of the eagle, he says :
"Three indeed she layeth, and two hatcheth, but one
only doth she feed." 1
However, that Marius, during his flight and in his ex-
tremest difficulties, often said that he should attain to
a seventh consulship, is generally admitted.
XXXVII. But presently, when they were about
twenty furlongs distant from Minturnae, an Italian
city, they saw from afar a troop of horsemen riding
towards them, and also, as it chanced, two merchant
vessels sailing along. Accordingly, with all the
speed and strength they had, they ran down to the
sea, threw themselves into the water, and began to
swim to the ships. Granius and his party reached
one of the ships and crossed over to the opposite
1 Fragment 21 (Kinkel, Ep. Grate. Frag. , p. 229).
565
PLUTARCH'S LIVES
2 dvTtKpvs vrjaov Alvapia KaXetrai' avTov Be
Mdpiov jBapvv OVTCL ru) aa)/j.ari KOI ^foytera^et-
oiKerat, Bvo yCtoXf? KOI ^aXeTrw? vTrep TT)? 427
e%dpavTs et? rrjv erepav WevTo vavv,
Tnrecov (f)ecrra)Tcov KCU SiaK\evop,ev(ov
airo 7^9 rot? vavrais KctTayeiv TO Tr\olov r; roz^
Mdpiov eKJ3a\ovra<s avrovs aTTOir\e
%OlV. IKTVOVTO$ $ TOV Ma/J/OV KCU
ol KvpLOi T^? oX/ca8o? co? ev 6\iju> TroXXa? eV
afJL<^6repa r?}? yvoo/jLtis T/307ra? Xa/So^re? O/JLCOS
aTreKpivavTO rot? LTnrevai fjirj TrpoecrOai TOP
3 Ma/cHoi;. exeivcov Se TT^O? opyrjv
yrcvpas
/3a\6/Avoi TrapefcdXovv CIVTOV eKJSrjvai KCU rpo<prjv
7^9 \a^elv KCU TO awfjia OepaTreixrat
elwOvlav wpav TOV 7re\ajiov fj.apaivo/j,6i>ov /cal
e\a)v avpav
4 TavTa 7reicre^ a5O9 eVarre' KCU TWV vav-
CLVTOV eVi TIJI> yrfv KaTctK\ive\s ev
TIVL TToa TTOppwTaTay TOV /.<eXX,oyro9 ^X r *l v
Bidvoiav. ol Be evOvs 7ri/3di>Tes eirl Trjv vavv fcal
Ta9 dyKvpas dva\a[3ovT6S efpevyov, 009 oirre
-,\ JC^'' V 11 If ' in >!
KO\OV CKOovvat, TOV Mapiov CIVTOLS OVT
dcr<f)a\s. ovTO) Brj TfdvTwv eprjfjio^
rco\vv /jiev xpovov avcLvSos eirl rr)9 CLKT^
/xoXi9 Be 7TC09 dvakafttov eavTov eiropeveTo
5 7rco3ft)9 dvoBiaw KOI &ie%\@u>v e\tj /3a8ea KOI
KOI
Kd\v[Br) XifjLVOVpyov yepovTOS, ov TrepiTreacav IK6-
566
CAIUS MARIUS, xxxvu. 2-5
island, Aenaria by name ; Marius himself, who was
heavy and unwieldy, two slaves with toil and
difficulty held above water and put into the other
ship, the horsemen being now at hand and calling
out from the shore to the sailors either to bring the
vessel to shore or to throw Marius overboard and sail
whither they pleased. But since Marius supplicated
them with tears in his eyes, the masters of the vessel,
after changing their minds often in a short time,
nevertheless replied to the horsemen that they
would not surrender Marius. The horsemen rode
away in a rage, and the sailors, changing their plan
again, put in towards the shore ; and after casting
anchor at the mouth of the Liris, where the river
expands into a lake, they advised Marius to leave the
vessel, take some food ashore with him, and recruit
his strength after his hardships until a good wind for
sailing should arise ; this usually arose, they said,
when the wind from the sea died away and a tolerably
strong breeze blew from the marshes. Marius was
persuaded to follow their advice ; so the sailors carried
him ashore, and he lay down in some grass, without
the slightest thought of what was to come. Then
the sailors at once boarded their vessel, hoisted
anchor, and took to flight, feeling that it was neither
honourable for them to surrender Marius nor safe to
rescue him. Thus, forsaken of all men, he lay a long
time speechless on the shore, but recovered himself
at last and tried to walk along, the lack of any path
making his progress laborious. He made his way
through deep marshes and ditches full of mud and
water, until he came to the hut of an old man who got
his living from the water. At his feet Marius fell
567
VOL. IX. T
PLUTARCH'S LIVES
Teve yeveaOcu acorijpa fcal /3oy]dov dvBpos, el
yoi TCL Trapovra, /Jiei^ovas e\7riBa)v a/xoi/3a?
iocrovTOS. 6 Be avOpwnos, etre 7rd\ai <yiv(*>-
elVe 7T/90? Trjv O-^TLV co? /cpeiTTOva
p.ev etyrj Seopevto TO
et;apKLV, el be Tivas vTro^evjwv TrXa^otro
6 aviov ev TOTTCO (JLCL\\OV rjav^Lav e^ovTi. TOV Be
M.apiov Ser)0VTOS rovro Troielv, dyajwv avrov ei?
TO eXo? Kai Trrtj^ai yceXeucra? eV ^wpiw KO'L\W
TOV TTOTdfAOV 7r/3a\e TWV T Ka\d/JLO)V
fcal T?}? aXX^? 7ri<j)epwv v\r)$ ocrij Kovcfrr)
KOI irepnTecraeiv a/3Xa/3co? Bvva/jievri.
XXXVIII. Xpovov Be ov TTO\\OV Siayevo/^evov
^0^)0? CiVTW KOL Oopvftos CLTTO TT)^ KO\V^7]<f Tf pO(T-
eTrecrev. o 'yap FeyatV/o? e/c Tappafcivrjs e
TToXXou? ejrl Trjv Bict>iv, wv evioi KCLTO,
e/cei Trpo(je\OovTes e%$>6(3ovv KOL KaTe/36a)v TOV
yepovTO? &)? viroBeSeyjAevov fcal KaTafcpv/36vTO$
2 7ro\e/Aiov 'Pw^aiwv. e%ava(TTas ovv o Mapto? real
djroBvcrd/jievos KaOrjKev eavTOV 6t? Tr/v \L/JLVIJV
vScop TTd-^y real TeX/^arwSe? e^ovaav. o9ev ov
SieXaOe TOU? fyTOvvTas, aXX' dvacrTcacrdels
(Sopov /azraTrXeco? yvpros fit? ^LVTOvpvas
teal irapeBod)! rot? dpyovaiv. r^v <ydp et? aTraaav
'tjBrj TTO\LV eevrjve r yijLvoi> 7rapdyy\f.ia nrepl TOV
Mapiov Srj/jLocrLa Bicoxeiv KOI fcreiveiv TOU<; \a-
3 ySoz/ra?. o/za>9 Be /3ov~\,eva-a(T0at, TrpoTepov eBorcei
rot? dp^ovau' real KaTaTiOevTai TOV Mdpiov et?
olrciav Qavvias yvraiffos OVK ev{j,eva)<? Bo/cova-rjs
7T/309 avTov
568
CAIUS MARIUS, xxxvu. 5-xxxvm. 3
down and besought him to save and help a man who,
in case he escaped his present perils, would recom-
pense him beyond all his hopes. Then the man, who
either knew Marius from of old or saw that in his
face which won the regard due to superior rank, told
him that if he merely wanted to rest, the cabin
would suffice, but that if he was wandering about
trying to escape pursuers, he could be hidden in a
place that was more quiet. Marius begged that this
might be done, and the man took him to the marsh,
bade him crouch down in a hollow place by the side
of the river, and threw over him a mass of reeds and
other material which was light enough to cover with-
out injuring him.
XXXVIII. Not much time had elapsed, however,
when a din and tumult at the hut fell upon the ears
of Marius. For Geminius had sent a number of men
from Terracina in pursuit of him, some of whom had
chanced to come to the old man's hut, and were
frightening and berating him for having received and
hidden an enemy of Rome. Marius therefore rose
from his hiding-place, stripped off his clothes, and
threw himself into the thick and muddy water of
the marsh. Here he could not elude the men who
were in search of him, but they dragged him out all
covered with slime, led him naked to Minturnae,
and handed him over to the magistrates there. Now,
word had already been sent to every city that Marius
was to be pursued by the authorities and killed by
his captors. But nevertheless, the magistrates de-
cided to deliberate on the matter first ; so they put
Marius for safe-keeping in the house of a woman
named Fannia, who was thought to be hostile to him
on account of an ancient grievance.
569
PLUTARCH'S LIVES
yap dvrjp rfj <$>avvlq Tiriwios* TOVTOV Bia-
Ti]V (frepvijv ajrfiTei \afji7Tpdv ovaav. 6 Be
V6fed\et,' KOI <ylver(u M/MO? vTrarevwv
4 TO etciov Bi/cacrTr)S. eVet Be T/)? SI/CT;? Xeyo/xe^T;?
6(f)aLvero KOI TJ-jV <&avviOLV aKoXacnov yeyovevcu
real TOV av&pa roiavTrjv ei&ora \a(3elv /cal
fticocrai TTO\VV ^povov, a/Affrorepovs
TOV jjiev avBpa TTJV (frepvrjv HxeXevaev
T/)? Be yvvaiKos aTiyLtta? evetca rfj KaraBiKrj
recrcra/oa.9 Trpocre'Ti/^ijcrev.
Ov /nrjv ij <ye Qavvia Tore rrdOos yvvaircos 428
e\aftev, dX)C co? elBe TOV Mdpiov,
J6l>O/jLVr) TOV /jLVr)CTlKaKLV, K TO)V
TrapovTwv erre^e\elTO KCU rrapeOdppvvev avTov. 6
Be KaKeivrfV eTTTjvei KOL Oappelv e^acr/ce* arj^elov
yap avTw yeyovevai xpyo-Tov. rjv Be TOLOVTOV.
f n? dyo/jievos TT/OO? Trj OIKICL TTJS <t>avvias eye-
yovei, TWV dupcov dvoi^eiaayv ovo$ evBodev e
TriofJLevos drro Kp/jvrjs 6771)9
Be r&> Ma/3t&) \a/jivpov TI fcal yeyrj-
ecTTTj Trpcorov evavTiov, elra (frcovrjv dtfirj/ce
\afJLrrpdv Kal Trapea-KipTrjcre Trap 9 avTov VTTO yav-
poTrjTO<$. e ov crv/A/SaXwv 6 Mapio? (f>acrKev oo?
BLO, da\dcra"r)s avrw /jid\\ov rj Bid 77)9 VTro&eiKvva'i
TO Bai/jboviov TOV yap ovov ov Trpoae-
TTj fylpci TpO(j)f] 7T/309 TO llBojp ttTT^ aVTOV
Tavra Bia\e%0el$ TTJ 3>avvia tcaP CLVTOV dve-
CAIUS MARIUS, XXXVHI. 3-6
Fannia, that is, had been married to Titinnius ; but
she had separated herself from him and demanded
back her dowry, which was considerable. Her
husband, however, had accused her of adultery; and
Marius, who was serving in his sixth consulship, had
presided over the trial. When the case was pleaded,
and it appeared that Fannia had been a dissolute
woman, and that her husband had known this and
yet had taken her to wife and lived with her a long
time, Marius was disgusted with both of them, and
decreed that the husband should pay back his wife's
dowry, while at the same time he imposed upon
the woman, as a mark of infamy, a fine of four
* f
coppers.
However, at the time of which I speak, Fannia did
not act like a woman who had been wronged, but
when she saw Marius, she put far from her all resent-
ment, cared for him as well as she could, and tried
to encourage him. Marius commended her, and
said he was of good courage ; for an excellent
sign had been given him. And this sign was as
follows.
When, as he was led along, he had come to the
house of Fannia, the door flew open and an ass ran
out, in order to get a drink at a spring that flowed
hard by ; with a saucy and exultant look at Marius
the animal at first stopped in front of him, and
then, giving a magnificent bray, went frisking past
him triumphantly. From this Marius drew an omen
and concluded that the Deity was indicating a way
of escape for him by sea rather than by land ; for
the ass made no account of its dry fodder, but
turned from that to the water.
After explaining this to Fannia, Marius lay down
571
PLUTARCH'S LIVES
rraveTO, Trjv dvpav TOV Sco^ariou rrpocrQelvat,
XXXIX. }$ov\evofjivoi<; Be rot? dp%ovo~i KOI
crvveBpois TMI> MivTovpvrjo'iwv eBoe /XT) /j,e\\eiv,
aXXa Bia%pr](Tao~0ai TOV dvBpa. KOI TWV /nev
Tro\iTO)V ovBels VTrecrTr} TO epyov, iTnrevs &
TO 76^09 77 Kt/z/3/30? (dfji(})OTpcos yap
\a/3a>v t'(o5 TTiGrj\6ev avrq). TOV
be ol/etffj,aTO$ ev w eTv^e /jiepet, KaTcuceL/jLevos ov
TTCLVV Xa/xvr pov <<w? e^o^To?, aXX 1 OVTOS eTTier/eiov,
\eyerai TCL /uev OfifjLara TOV M.aptov <fi\6ya TTO\-
\rjv eK(3d\\ovTa TO) (TTpaTi(t)Tr) fyavr^vaL, $>wvr)V
Be fJLeyakiqv e/c TOV Tra\to-fc[ov yevecr&ai, " 2.v or]
ToX/xa?, avOpwTre, Vd'iov M.dpiov dve\elv ; " e^rjK-
Oev ovv evOvs o ftdpfiapos (pvyfj, KOI TO ^t<jbo? ev
Kcna/3a\.oi)V e^utpet Bid 6vp&v, TOVTO fj,6vov
" Ov Bvva/jLai Td'iov Mapto/^
3 TrdvTas ovv e7T\7/^/? e&^ev, etTa oZ/CTO? KOL
voia T^? <yv(*)[Jir)s KOI AraTa/^e/zi/ri? eavTwv ft)?
(3ov\evfjLa ftefiov'XevKOTWv di'O/jbov KOI d^dpiaTOV
eir dvBpl awTTJpi, Tr}? 'iTaXta?, o5 fMrj fioi]6rj(Tai
Beivov ?]V. ""IT&> 8' ovv OTTTJ ^prj^ei (frvyds, dva-
aXXa^oOi, TO fjLGfJiopfjLevov. ?;/iet? Be
a fir] ve/jLecrrjcrai Oeovs Mdptov d^opov KCU
yv/jivbv e/c T>7? TroXeco? eKftaKovcnv" VTTO TOLOVTMV
\oyia-fJLMV eiaTrecrovTes dOpboi real Trepio'^ovTe^
4 avTOV e^rjyov errl T^V Od\acro~av. a\\ov Be d\\o
Tl TT po6 V fJLW? VmjpeTOVVTOS KOI CTTTevBoi'TCOV CLirdv-
TWV eyivero Tpiftr] TOV %p6vov. TO yap TT)? Xeyo-
fjLvr)S MayOt/ca? aXcro?, o aeftovTai Kal Trapa-
(f)v\aTTov(n fJLTjOev erceWev etcKO/jiia'dfjvai,
572
CAIUS MARIUS, xxxvin. 6-xxxix. 4
to rest alone, after ordering the door of the apart-
ment to be closed.
XXXIX. Upon deliberation, the magistrates and
councillors of Minturnae decided not to delay, but
to put Marius to death. No one of the citizens, how-
ever, would undertake the task, so a horseman, either
a Gaul or a Cimbrian (for the story is told both ways),
took a sword and went into to the room where
Marius was. Now, that part of the room where
Marius happened to be lying had not a very good
light, but was gloomy, and we are told that to the
soldier the eyes of Marius seemed to shoot out a
strong flame, and that a loud voice issued from the
shadows saying : " Man, dost thou dare to slay Caius
Marius?" At once, then, the Barbarian fled from
the room, threw his sword down on the ground, and
dashed out of doors, with this one cry : "I cannot kill
Cains Marius." Consternation reigned, of course, and
then came pity, a change of heart, and self-reproach
for having come to so unlawful and ungrateful a
decision against a man who had been the saviour ol
Italy, and who ought in all decency to be helped.
"So, then," the talk ran, "let him go where he will
as an exile, to suffer elsewhere his allotted fate. And
let us pray that the gods may not visit us with their
displeasure for casting Marius out of our city in
poverty and rags." Moved by such considerations,
they rushed into his room in a body, surrounded him,
and began to lead him forth to the sea. But although
this one and that one were eager to do him some
service and all made what haste they could, still
there was delay. For the grove of Marica, as it was
called, which was held in veneration, and from which
nothing was permitted to be carried out that had ever
573
PLUTARCH'S LIVES
, e^TroBcov rjv TT}? eVl 6d\a(T(rav
6801), teal KVK\U> irepilovTas eBei ftpaBvveiv, a
ov TWV 7rpear/3vTp(t)V TLS erc/3oij(Ta<? e(j)7j /
ciftaTov fjir)$ dTropevTov 6Bbv elvai St' 7}?
Ma/90?. KOL TT/awro? ai^ro? \a[S(jov TI TMV KO/ULL-
%o/neva>v eVl vavv Sta TOV TOTTOV $iej;r)\de.
XL. ToiavTy TrpodvfJiia ra%v rcavTwv
Koi B^Xatow TWOS vavv TO)
09 va-repov Trivatca ra)V
aviOrjtcev et? TO lepov o
/jL/3a<; 6 Ma/)i09 avifyOt], TW irvevfJiari
e^epero TTW? ara Tv^rjv irpos Alvapiav
VTJGOV, OTTOV TOV Ypdviov Aral TOL>? a\\ov<;
2 (f)i\ov$ evpwv evrXet yuer' avTwv irl
T09 Se em\i7rovTOS CIVTOVS
KdTa TTJV ^EjpvKivrjv Trpoa-ea")(ov. TV%6 e rrep
TOVS TOTTOV? K61VOVS 6 ' P W /JLCLIMV Ta/Ua9 TTapCL-
(j)v\d(Tcr(0v ) KOL /jU/cpov jMev avTov aTro^avra TOV
Mdpiov el\ev, aTre/CTeive Be Trepl eKKaibeKa TMV
vSpevo/Avu>v. Ma/?/ 09 Be KCLTO, cnrovB^v dva^0el<^
Kal 8La7repd(Tas TO rreXayos Trpos M.ijvijya TTJV
vrjcrov, evTavda Starr vv6dvTai TrpwTov 0)9 o Trals
avTov Siacreo'Ciyo-Tai /xera KeOifaov /cal TropevovTai
7T/909 TOI^ /3ac7tXea TWV NoyLtaSwz/ ^Id^tyav, Berj-
3 cro^ievoi (3or]6elv. e^)' o?9 /jU/cpov dvarrvevo-as
CITTO T7}9 vi']orov 77/309
Be TTS Ai/Svs Tore
dvrjp r F&)yuat09, oure <j)av\ov ovdev OVT
e/c Ma/3/ou 7r/3oeiX'^(^ft)9, aXX ocrov air OLKTOV TI
axfieXrjcreiv. apTi Be avTov
574
CAIUS MARIUS, xxxix. 4 -xL. 3
been carried in, lay between them and the sea as they
were going, and if they went round it they must
needs lose time. At last, however, one of the older
men cried out and said that no path could forbid men's
steps and passage if it were the path of safety for
Marius. And the speaker himself was the first to
take some of the things that were being carried to
the ship and pass through the holy place.
XL. Everything Avas speedily provided through
such readiness as this, and a certain Belaeus furnished
a ship for Marius. Belaeus afterwards had a painting
made representing these scenes, and dedicated it in
the temple at the spot where Marius embarked and
put to sea. Favoured by the wind he was borne
along by chance to the island of Aenaria, where he
found Granius and the rest of his friends, and set sail
with them for Africa. But their supply of fresh
water failed, and they were compelled to touch at
Erycina in Sicily. In this neighbourhood, as it chanced,
the Roman quaestor was on the watch, and almost
captured Marius himself as he landed ; he did kill
about sixteen of his men who came ashore for water.
Marius therefore put out to sea with all speed and
crossed to the island of Meninx, where he first
learned that his son had come off safely with Cethegus,
and that they were on their way to lampsas the king
of Numidia, intending to ask his aid. At this news
Marius was a little refreshed, and made bold to push
on from the island to the neighbourhood of Carthage.
The Roman governor of Africa at this time was
Sextilius, a man who had received neither good nor ill
at the hands of Marius, but whom, as it was expected,
pity alone would move to give him aid. Hardly,
however, had Marius landed with a few companions,
T 2
575
PLUTARCH'S LIVES
KOI
evavrlov elirev, " 'Ajrayopevei, <JOL
6 cTTpaTrjyos, & Mdpie, Ai/3w^ 6TTtj3aii'iV'
el Be fjbr), (frrjo'lv d/jLvvecv rot? TT)? j3ov\f}s B6y/J.a(riv,
4 &)? 'Pw/J.aiWf TToXe/UOt) ^CO/^e^O?." TCLVTa a/COV-
cravTa TOV M.dpiov VTTO XVTTT;? KOLI ftapvQ vill
/cal
TJJ6 Beivbv 6i9 TOV VTrrjpeTTjv a7ro^\TT(ov. epojjiivov
Se GKLVOV TI (frpd^ei KOL TL \eyei TT^OO? TOV crrparrj-
yov, aTreKpivaro /zeya crrevd^a^,^ "Ayy6\\e TOIVVV
on Yd'iov Mdpiov eV roZ? K.ap%r]$6i>os epenrioi?
I/CJ /) y' ^^"J f/ /
(pvyaoa Kaue^ojjievov etoe?, Of :a/cco? a/,ta T^I/ re
TT}? TioXeco? eKeivrjs Tv%rjv /cal rrjv eavrov /J,era-
? o
rot? Xoyioyiot? eV
TOL>? vrepl TW I'eoz^ Ma/?fo^, ainkvai Be ftov-
eV TWOS del Trpotydaeays /taret^e, al
eV ouSez^i ^p^crrco Troiov/jievos TTJV dva-
ov n/rjv d\\a avfjiftaivet, TL TWV eiKOTWv
atrot? ?rpo? (rcoTtipiav. 6 yap reo? Ma^oio? evirpe-
TOV
Trap' d^iav irpdTTwv 6 5e ol/cro? o^ro?
6 dp%r] /cal TT/ao^acrt? r}i^ epcoTOS. TO {lev ovv Trp&Tov
aTreTptfteTO Trjv avOpwirov a)? Se cure <f)vyr/s
eTepav 6&bv ecopa /cal TO, Trap* erceivrjs (TTrovo'aio-
Tepov f) 7T/3O? rjo'ovrfv d/c6\acrTov
/cal
VTT avTr)<$ drreBpa /tera TWV <pi\.a)V /cal
TT/JO? TOZ^ Mdpiov. eTrel Be aXX^Xoi/? Tj
Trapa Tr]V 6d\a(rcrav e
fjLa%OjLievoi<;' /cal TO crij/jielov <f)dvrj rw
576
CAIUS MARIUS, XL. 3-6
when an official met htm, stood directly in front of
him, and said: "Sextilius the governor forbids thee,
Marius, to set foot in Africa; and if thou disobeyest,
he declares that he will uphold the decrees of the
senate and treat thee as an enemy of Rome." When
he heard this, Marius was rendered speechless by
grief and indignation, and for a long time kept quiet,
looking sternly at the official. Then, when asked by
him what he had to say, and what answer he would
make to the governor, he answered with a deep
groan : " Tell him, then, that thou hast seen Caius
Marius a fugitive, seated amid the ruins of Carthage."
And it was not inaptly that he compared the fate of
that city with his own reversal of fortune.
Meanwhile lampsas the king of Numidia, hesitating
which course to take, did indeed treat the younger
Marius and his party with respect, but always had
some excuse for detaining them when they wished to
go away, and clearly had no good end in view in thus
postponing their departure. However, something
occurred which, though not at all extraordinary, led
to their escape. The younger Marius, that is, being
a handsome fellow, one of the concubines of the king
was pained to see him treated unworthily, and this
feeling of compassion ripened into love. At first,
then, Marius repelled the woman's advances ; but
when he saw that there was no other way of escape
for him and his friends, and that her behaviour was
based on a genuine affection, he accepted her favours ;
whereupon she helped him in getting off, and he ran
away with his friends and made his escape to his
father. After father and son had embraced one
another, they walked along the sea-shore, and there
they saw some scorpions fighting, which the elder
577
PLUTARCH'S LIVES
7 MapiM TTOvrjpov. evOvs ovv aXmSo? emftavTes els
KepKivav BieTrepojv, vr\<jov drce^ovcrav ov TTO\V TT}?
rjTrelpov Kal roaovrov efyflacrav oaov dvyy/^evcav
avrwv iTTTret? opaadaL rrapa TOV /5acrtXea)? e'Xau-
VOVTCLS eVt T?;I^ TOTTOV o6ev avi}^Q i](j av . TOVTOV
e\drTOva K'IV^VVOV eSoev eicwelv 6
XLI. 'Ez/ Se 'PtofAr) Si;XXa? yu-ef rjtcovero
yiidpi^drov TrokefJieiv arpar^jyol^ irepl Rotcoriav,
ol Be VTraroi aracndcravTe^ %a>povv et? 6VXa.
:al yu-a^?;? <yevofjLevris 'O/CTa/Sfo? /^e^ Kparrjcras
%e{3a\e Kivvav eTn^eipovvra TVpavviKu>Tepov ap-
'Xeiv, teal KarecrTrj&ev avr avrov \\.opvrf\iov
MepovXkav VTTCLTOI', 6 Se KtWa? eV rr}9 aXX?/?
'IraXta? crvvayayaiv &vvafjiiv CLV&IS Si67ro\/j,i
2 TT/OO? auTOu?. raura TW Maptto TrvvOavo
TrXevaai TTJV TayiaTi]V e^aivero' Kal TrapaX
/c TT}? Af/Sur;? ^lavpovaicov rivds timora?
TWV UTTO rfjs 'IraXta? Tiva<$ Ka
avi>afjL(f)OTepovs ov TrXeto^a? %i\iu>v
. 7rpoa-/3a\a)v Be l TeXa/zw^t rr}?
KOL avro/Sa? eKijpvrre Bov\oi<; e\ev9epia
l TWV avroOi ryecopyovvToov Kal ve^ovrwv e\ev-
9epwv Kara Bo^av avrov avvrpe^ovTcov eVt rrju
6d\aaa-av dvanreiOwv rou? dK/jLaiordrovs ev i}/J<e-
pais oXiyais Xelpa {ieyd\r)v ^Opoiae Kal TGU-
crapaKovra vavs 7r\?]p(t)(Tv.
3 Et'Sco? Be TOV jJiev 'QKrdftiov apKTrov civBpa Kal TM
rpoTTW fiovXofJievov ap-^eiv, TOV Be
VTTOTTTOV T TO) S^XXa Kal 7TO\6/jLOVl>'Ta Trj
irpo<r0a.\wi' Se with Coraes : juefl' S>v
578
CAIUS MARIUS, XL. 7 -xLi. 3
Marius regarded as a bad omen. At once, therefore,
they boarded a fishing-boat and crossed over to the
island of Cercina, which was not far distant from the
mainland ; and scarcely had they put out from land
when horsemen sent by the king were seen riding
towards the spot whence they had sailed. It would
seem that Marius never escaped a greater peril than
this.
XLI. But in Rome, Sulla was heard of as wajrinor
' O o
war with the generals of Mithridates in Boeotia, and
the consuls quarrelled and were resorting to arms.
A battle took place, Octavius won the day, cast out
China, who was trying to be too arbitrary in his rule,
and put Cornelius Merula in his place as consul ;
whereupon China assembled a force from the other
parts of Italy and made war anew upon Octavius and
his colleague. When Marius heard of these things,
he thought best to sail thither as fast as he could ;
so taking with him from Africa some Moorish horse-
men, and some Italians who had wandered thither,
the number of both together not exceeding a
thousand, he put to sea. Putting in at Telamon in
Tyrrhenia, and landing there, he proclaimed freedom
to the slaves ; he also won over the sturdiest of the free
farmers and herdsmen of the neighbourhood, Avho came
flocking down to the sea attracted by his fame, and
in a few days had assembled a large force and manned
forty ships.
And now, knowing that Octavius was a most
excellent man and wished to rule in thejustest way,
but that Cinna was distrusted by Sulla and was making
579
PLUTARCH'S LIVES
TroXtreta, rovrqt rrpocrve^eiv eavrbv
eyvco fjLera rr}? bwdfjiews. eTre^^rev ovv 7rayye\-
Xo/ze^o? GO? virdrw Trdvra Tronjcreiv ra Trpoaraa-
o-6/j.eva. Se^a/JLevov Be rov Kivva KOI rrpoaa-
yopevcravros ainov dv0v7ra,TOV, pdftSovs Be KOI 430
ra\\a Trapdcnjfia TT)? dp%r]S a7ro<TT6tXa^TO9, OVK
4 6^)77 Trpeireiv avrov rat? ru^ai? rov KOCT^JLOV,
yev rjjjiepas, vjrep eo/uUKOvra yeyovoos
elvai, ra> Se
(TVjji{JL/jilKTO TO ol/CLOV T?}? O^eft)? CtVTOV
TO (fioftepov, KOI Bie^cuvev rj Karij^eia rov
BvfJLOV OV TTa7T6lVCO/jieVOV, aXX' %7)yplQ)/jL6VOV V7TO
XLII. 'AuTrao-a/iez/o? 8e TOZ^ Kivvav KOI Tot?
evrv^utv evOvs er^eTo rov epyov KOL
Trpwrov fjLev yap rats vaval ra aiTrjya
KOL TOI? efjiTTopovs ^to/ie^o? Kpr7](7 TT?
/?a9, eTTeira TO,? Tra/oaXtou? TroXet? e
TeXo? Se T^I/ 'flo-Tta^ avrrjv \aftwv etc
Ta Te xprj/maTa Bir)p7ra(T KOL ra)V dv6p<i>TTU)V
TroXXou? dTreKTeive, Kal yecfrvpwcras TOV Trora/Jibv
direKO-^re KOfjubf) TO,? eV ^aXacro-?;? eviropias TUV
2 7roXe/ucoi>. a/?a? ^e TW o-rparw TT/JO? T^ TTO\LV
KOI TO Ka\oviJ.evov '\OLVOVK\OV 0/309 Kare-
, ov TOQ-OVTOV cLTreipia rov 'O/cTaftiov ra
Trpdyfxara ^XaTTTO^To?, o'croy drcpi/3eLa rwv Si/cai-
wv 7rpoie/j.ei>ov ra xpeiwSr) rrapa TO av^epov, 05
580
CAIUS MARIUS, XLI. 3 -xLii. 2
war upon the established constitution, he determined
to join China with his forces. Accordingly he sent
to Cinna and offered to obey him in everything as
consul. Cinna accepted his offer, named him pro-
consul, and sent him the fasces and other insignia of
the office. Marius, however, declared that these
decorations were not suited to his fortunes, and in
mean attire, his hair uncut since the day of his flight,
being now over seventy years of age, came with slow
steps to meet the consul. For he wished that men
should pity him ; but with his appeal for compassion
there was mingled the look that was natural to him
and now more terrifying than ever, and through
his downcast mien there flashed a spirit which
had been, not humbled, but made savage by his
reverses.
XLI I. After greeting Cinna and presenting him-
self to China's soldiers, he at once began his work
and greatly changed the posture of affairs. In the
first place, by cutting off the grain-ships with his
fleet and plundering the merchants, he made himself
master of the city's supplies ; next, he sailed to the
maritime cities and took them ; and finally, he seized
Ostia itself, which was treacherously surrendered to
him, plundering the property there and killing most
of its inhabitants, and by throwing a bridge across the
river completely cut off the enemy from such stores as
might come by sea. Then he set out and marched
with his army towards the city, and occupied
the hill called Janiculum. Octavius damaged his
own cause, not so much through lack of skill, as by a
too scrupulous observance of the laws, wherein he
unwisely neglected the needs of the hour. For
though many urged him to call the slaves to arms
PLUTARCH'S LIVES
ye TToXXwv Ke\evovrwv avrov e-rr ekevOepla Ka\elv
TOL>9 OLKeraS OVK (p7] $OV\OIS {lTa$(i)O~LV T?}?
TrarpiSos, 7^5 Td'iov Mdptov elpyet, Tofc VO/AOIS
3 djLLVva)v. ejrel Be MereXXo? fto? MereXXou rov
ev Ai/3vrj KOL ^>ih
rjKev et? 'Pco/^r/y KOI TTO\V rov '
tyaiveTO, Kara\nTovre^ ol crrpa-
rov 'OKTa/Siov V\KOV o>? e/cewov ap^eiv
Kol a(i)^iv TrjV TroXiV ev yap dywviel-
crOai KOL KpaTr)(T6iv e^ireipov r)ye/ji6va Kal Spa-
aTripiov Xa/3o^Te?. dyavaKTricravTOS Be rov MereA,-
\ov Kal Ke\evovTOs airievai vrpo? rov vrrarov,
TOU?
MereXXo? ctTroyvovs rrjv rro\iv.
4 'QKrdftiov Be XaXSatot Kal Ovrai ri,ve<s
cri(3v\\icrral rreicravres ev 'Pco^y Karecr^ov, a>?
ev yevi]cro[jievc0v. 6 ydp dvrjp ovro<$ SoKei, ra\\a
'Pw/jLaicov evyvwfJLOvecrraros yevo/jievos Kal fidXicrra
$r) TO irpoa-^rj/jia rfjs vTrareta? aKoXaKevrov eVl
rwv irarpiwv e9wv Kal VOJJLWV wcnrep Siaypa/j,-
/jidrcov dfjLera/36\(t)v Biacj)V\dt;as, dp pw aria rfj
Trepl ravra ^p^aacrdai, rr\eioi>a crvvtov %povov
dyvprais Kal /Jiavrecnv r) vroXiTt/cot? Kal TroXe/cu/coi?
5 dvBpd(Tiv. ovros p,ev ovv, rrplv elcre^ffeiv rov
Mdpiov, vrro rwv rrporre/ji^Oevrwv drro rov
KaraairacrBei^ ecrcfrdrrero' Kal \eyerai
XaXSat/tfoi^ ev rot? Ko\rroi<s avrov (
evpeOr/vai,. Kal rb Trpdy/jia 7ro\\ijv d\oyiav
TO Bveli> rjye/novwv eTTifyavea-rdrwv M.dpiov fj,ev
582
CAIUS MARIUS, XLII. 2-5
under promise of freedom, he said he would not
make bondmen members of the state from which he
was trying to exclude Marius in obedience to the
laws. Moreover, when Metellus(son of the Metellus
who had commanded in Africa and had been banished
through the intrigues of Marius) came to Rome, it
was thought that he was far superior to Octavius as a
general, and the soldiers forsook Octavius and came
to him, entreating him to take the command and save
the city ; for they would make a good fight, they
said, and win the victory if they got a tried and
efficient leader. Metellus, however, was indignant
at them and bade them go back to the consul ;
whereupon they went off to the enemy. Metellus
also left the city, despairing of its safety.
But Octavius was persuaded by certain Chaldaeans,
sacrificers, and interpreters of the Sibylline books to
remain in the city, on the assurance that matters
would turn out well. For it would seem that this
man, although he was in other ways the most sensible
man in Rome, and most careful to maintain the
dignity of the consular office free from undue in-
fluence in accordance with the customs of tne country
and its laws, which he regarded as unchangeable
ordinances, had a weakness in this direction, since
he spent more time with charlatans and seers than
with men who were statesmen and soldiers. This
man, then, before Marius entered the city, was
dragged down from the rostra by men who had been
sent on before, and butchered ; and we are told that
a Chaldaean chart was found in his bosom after he
had been slain. Now, it seems very unaccountable
that, of two most illustrious commanders, Marius
583
PLUTARCH'S LIVES
opOcocrai, TO /JLTJ
XLIII. OVTCO Srj TWV 7rpay/j,dro)v e^o
avve\6ovaa Tr
Kivvav teal Mdpiov, elcnevai Kal (peiBeaOai <0>o/jL6wrj
TWV TToXtTtoZ'. KtWa? /jiV OVV 00? l^TTaTO? 67Tt TOU
os e^pij/jLciTi^e real (j)i\av0pu>7rovs
e'Sa)/ce roi? Trpea/Bea-i, Ma/3io? Se TW
w TrapeicmjKei (frOeyyo/nevos fjiev ovSev, VTTO-
a)V Se ael rrj /Sapurrjri, TOV 7rpo(ra)7rov Kal TT}
TOV /^Xe/u/iaro? co? evOvs /.i7r\)jcra>v
2 (frovcov Ti]V 7ro\iv. evrel
l&ivvas fjiev elcryei 8opv<f)opov/j,evos, Map^o?
jrapa rat? rrvXais vrrocnas elpwveveTO TT/JO? opyv,
(j)vyd<$ elvai \eycov KCU
Kara TOV vfjiov, e PV OL T? CLVTOV
Tpa -v/r?^&) \VTeov elvai TTJV K/3d\\ovcrav, &
v ei? TTO\LV
3 ~\,evtfepav. /cd\ei Brj TO 7rX?}^o? t? dyopdv Kal 431
TOI)
TO
tou? Trpocniyopevcrev. OVTOL TroXXou? /xei^
</)a>i>7?9, TroXXcj)? 5e avro vev/JLaTO^ dvypovv
avTov' /cal TeXo? '
/3ov\VTijv Kal (TTpaTrjyiKov, e
TU> Maptft) /^al yu.^ Trpon-ayopevQevTa
\ovcriv e/jLTTpocrOev avTov rat? fjLa"%aipais TVTTTOV-
4 re?, e'/c Se TOVTOV Kal TWV a\\wv ocrou? a
rrpoorayopeu(TL
TOVTO avTO crv/j,j3o\.ov r]V aTrocrfydTTeiv evdvs ev
584
CAIUS MARIUS, XLII. S-XLIII. 4
should succeed by regarding divinations, but
Octavius should be ruined.
XLIII. Matters being at this pass, the senate met
and sent a deputation to Cinna and Marius, begging
them to enter the city and spare the citizens. Cinna,
accordingly, as consul, seated on his chair of office, re-
ceived the embassy and gave them a kindly answer ;
but Marius, standing by the consul's chair without
speaking a word, made it clear all the while, by the
heaviness of his countenance and the gloominess of
his look, that he would at once fill the city with
slaughter. After the conference was over they moved
on towards the city. Cinna entered it with a body-
guard, but Marius halted at the gates and angrily
dissembled, saying that he was an exile and was
excluded from the country by the law, and if his
presence there was desired, the vote which cast him
out must be rescinded by another vote, since, indeed,
he was a law-abiding man and was returning to a
free city. So the people were summoned to the
forum; and before three or four of the tribes had cast
their votes, he threw aside his feigning and all that
petty talk about being an exile, and entered the city,
having as his body-guard a picked band of the slaves
who had flocked to his standard, to whom he had
given the name of Bardyaei. These fellows killed
many of the citizens at a word of command from
him, many, too, at a mere nod ; and at last, when
Ancharius, a man of senatorial and praetorial dignity,
met Marius and got no salutation from him, they
struck him down with their swords before the face
of their master. After this, whenever anybody else
greeted Marius and got no salutation or greeting in
return, this of itself was a signal for the man's
585
PLUTARCH'S LIVES
TCU9 6Sot9, WCTT6 KOi TWV (f)L\(i)V GKaCTTOV
elvai KOI <$piKr]s ocra/ci$ dcnracro/Aevoi
d/u/3\vs r)V /cal yLtecrro? f)Srj TOU
? Be tcaO^ eKtia-Trjv r^^epav drf/A
teal &ity6)VTi Sia iravrcov e^copei TMV OTTCOCT-
5 ovv ev viro^ria lyeyovorcov. KOI iraua JJLCV 0809,
Tracra 8e 7roXi9 TWV ^iWKovrwv /cal
teal
Se teal evia<$ /cal ()i\ias Trlcms ovbev
frapa ra9 rv%a<; /Seftaiov b\iyoi jap
eyevovro TTavTaTraa-iv ol fj,rj irpo^ovTe^ avrois TOL9
6 Trapa <T(/>a9 KaTatyvyovras. a^iov ovv
teal OavfjidcraL TOL/9 TOV Kopvovrov OepaTrovras, ol
rbv SecrTroTijv cnroKpv'fyav'res ol'/coi, ve/cpov Se Tira
iro\\(i)V dvapTriaai'Tes etc TOV rpa^Xov real
evres avTU) ^pvaovv oaKrv\Lov e
rot? Ma/3tou Sopv(f)6poi<; /cal
etcelvov avTov WCLTTTQV. VTrevorjae &e ouSeLS, a/\X'
ovrw \a0a>v 6 Kopvovro? VTTO TWV oiKerwv ei<$
XL1V. Xp^crrw Se teal M.dp/cos 'Avrcovios 6
piJTwp (f)i\(a %pr)a-d[jLvo$ r^rv^rja-ev. o ydp av-
(9/3ft)7T09 rjv fjLev irev^s /cal SIJ/AOTI/COS, vTro^e^dfJievo^
Se irp&Tov avBpa 'Pw/jiaiwv teal <j)i\o(f)povov/jLvo$
e/c ro)v TrapovTCOv, ol/cerrjv eTre^-^re irpos rii'a TWV
eyyv? KairrfX^wv \^-^roi^evov olvov. &iayevo/4i>ov
8e eTTL^e\ea"Tepov /cal /3e\riova f^erprjcrai /c\evov-
TO9 r)p(f)Tij(Tev 6 /cd7rr)\os 6 ri iraOwv ov%l TOV
586
CAIUS MARIUS, XLIII. 4-xLiv. i
slaughter in the very street, so that even the friends
of Marias, to a man, were full of anguish and horror
whenever they drew near to greet him. So many
were slain that at last China's appetite for murder
was dulled and sated ; but Marius, whose anger
increased day by day and thirsted for blood, kept on
killing all whom he held in any suspicion whatsoever.
Every road and every city was filled with men pur-
suing and hunting down those who sought to escape
or had hidden themselves. Moreover, the trust
men placed in the ties of hospitality and friendship
was found to be no security against the strokes
of Fortune ; for few there were, all told, who
did not betray to the murderers those who had taken
refuge with them. All the more worthy of praise and
admiration, then, was the behaviour of the slaves of
Cornutus. They concealed their master in his house ;
then they hung up by the neck one of the many
dead bodies that lay about, put a gold ring on its
finger, and showed it to the guards of Marius, after
which they decked it out as if it were their master's
body and gave it burial. Nobody suspected the
ruse, and thus Cornutus escaped notice and was
conveyed by his slaves into Gaul.
XLIV. Marcus Antonius also, the orator, found a
faithful friend, but it did not save him. For this
friend, who was a poor plebeian and had received into
his house a leading man of Rome, whom he wished
to entertain as well as he could, sent a slave to a
neighbouring innkeeper to get some wine. As the
slave tasted the wine more carefully than usual and
ordered some of better quality, the innkeeper asked
him what was the reason that he did not buy the
587
PLUTARCH'S LIVES
veov, OKTrrep eicodev, dtveirat, real Brj/jioriKov, d\\d
2 rou cnrovBaiov Kal TroXfreXoi)?. aTrXw? Be TTOJ?
exeivov (frpdaavros o>? TT/JO? (rvvtfQr] Kal yvwpi/AOv,
OTI ^/[dpKOV ''A.vrcoviov 6 Be<T7r6rr)<s earia Trap*
avrw Kpvmo^evov, acre/S^? /cat jjLiapos wv 6
a/jia TO) TOV oltcerYjv a7re\6elv ai)ro?
Trpo? Ma^iov r;S?7 7re/ot beljrvov ovra, Kal
l? a)^o\6yrjcr6 Trapa^uxreiv avrw TOV
3 'Avrwviov. a/eoucra? OL't' e/cet^o? eKKpayelv
/jieya Kal rat? %pcrlv vcji
Kal /jiiKpov [lev e'Se^crer/ e^a^acrra? auro? eVl
TOTTOV <pepea0ai, TWV 8e (f)i\cov /caracr^6Wa>i>
I'ioz/ eVe/Avre /tal aTpaTiwras /^er' avrou Ke\evcra<s
Kara ra^o? T^ K6<pa\r)v rou 'Avrcoviov
a>9 ouv ^/co^ eVt Trp oiKiav, 6 fjisv "Ayi/io?
rrapa ra? Ovpas, oi Be arpariMrai &ia
avaftdvres et? TO ^wfidnov Kal deaad/uiei'oi rov
*Kvr(i)Viov aXXo? a\\ov errl rrjv a-<pa>yr]v dvO^
4 eavrov rrapeKa\ei Kal rrpov[Bd\\ero. roiavrr) Be
T? ^r, co? eoiKe, rov dvBpbs rj rwv \oya)V aeip^v
Kal xdpis, ware dp^a^evov Xeyew Kal rrapairel-
crdai rov Odvarov a-fyacrOai jjiev ovBels er6\/j,i]crev
ovBe dvri(3\e-fy-ai, Karat Be Kv^avres eBdxpuov
arravres. Biarpiftrjs Be yevofJLevrjs dva/Sds 6 " Avvios
opa rov fjbev 'Avrcoviov BiaXeyo/^evov, TOU? Be
arpariooras eKTrerrXrjy/jievovs Kal
irr avrov' KaKiaas ovv eKeivovs Kal Trpoa-
dTrore/j,i>ei rijv Ke(j)a\i]v.
KaT\o9 Be Aovrdnos ^lapiw avvdp%a<s Kal
588
CAIUS MARIUS, XLIV. 1-5
new and ordinary wine as usual, instead of wanting
some that was choice and expensive. The slave, in
his great simplicity, conscious that he was dealing
with an old acquaintance, told him that his master
was entertaining Marcus Antonius, who was concealed
at his house. As soon as the slave had gone home,
the innkeeper, who was an impious and pestilent
fellow, hastened in person to find Marius, who was
already at supper, and on being introduced, promised
to betray Antonius to him. When Marius heard
this, as we are told, a loud cry burst from his lips
and he clapped his hands for joy ; he actually came
near springing from his seat and hurrying to the
place himself, but his friends restrained him ; so he
sent Annius and some soldiers with him, ordering
them to bring him the head of Antonius with all
speed. Accordingly, when they were come to the
house, Annius stopped at the door, while the soldiers
climbed the stairs and entered the room. But when
they beheld Antonius, every man began to urge and
push forward a companion to do the murder instead
of himself. So indescribable, however, as it would
seem, was the grace and charm of his words, that
when Antonius began to speak and pray for his life,
not a soldier had the hardihood to lay hands on him
or even to look him in the face, but they all bent their
heads down and wept. Perceiving that there was
some delay, Annius went upstairs, and saw that
Antonius was pleading and that the soldiers were
abashed and enchanted by his words ; so he cursed
his men, and running up to Antonius, with his own
hands cut off his head.
Again, the friends of Catulus Lutatius, who had
been a colleague of Marius in the consulship, and
539
PLUTARCH'S LIVES
UTTO Ki/ji/Bpcov, eVet 737)0? TOI)<?
virep avrov Kal Trapairov/jLevovs o Ma/9-
0? Tocrovrov fjiovov elirev, " ' P^TroOavelv Bel"
et? oiKijJia KOI iro\\ov<; a
6 'PiTTTOv/jLei'WV 8e rwv a-cofjidrayif aKe$d\wv KCU 432
Trarov/jievcov ev rai? oSot? eXeo? ot/c ?}z;, a
Kal TyOOyU-O? OLTT CLVT (>V 7T/309
rov $rjiov r rwv
Svaicov acre^yeia. rou? 7<z/3 SecrTrora? eV rat?
fja-%vvov jj,ev avr&v
Se /Sta rats" becnrolvais, dKarda^eroi Be
rjaav apTrd^ovTes Kal iJLiaKfyovovvTes, eiw? ot
YL.IVVCLV teal ^eproopiov
evois aurot? eV rw arparoTreBco /cal Karrj-
XLV. 'Ey TovTfo Be wcrTTep rpoTraia^ nvos
rbv MiOiSaTiicbv 7ro\j,ov /cal
TOVTO /3pa%Lav 7ria"%O'iv
Aral irav\av o\iyrjv d^drcov Karcwv, ocrov OVTTW
TOV TToXeyttoy rjKeiv eV aurou? olo/Aevcov
ovv aTre^ei^Or] TO eftBo^ov Ma/3^0?, /cat
avrais '
AOVKLVOV KareKprj/jLVKTev o KaKLVoi<;
l rfi TroXei TWI/ ai>6is eBo/cei, KaKwv yeyovevai
590
CAIUS MARIUS, XLIV. S-X
with him had celebrated a triumph over the Cimbri,
interceded for him and begged Marius to spare his
life ; but the only answer they could get was : " He
must die." Catulus therefore shut himself up in a
room, lighted up a great quantity of charcoal, and was
suffocated.
But headless trunks thrown into the streets and
trampled under foot excited no pity, though
everybody trembled and shuddered at the sight.
The people were most distressed, however, by the
wanton licence of the Bardyaei, as they were called,
who butchered fathers of families in their houses,
outraged their children, violated their wives, and
could not be checked in their career of rapine
and murder until Cinna and Sertorius, after taking
counsel together, fell upon them as they were
asleep in their camp, and transfixed them all with
javelins. 1
XLV. Meanwhile, as if a change of wind were
coming on, messengers arrived from all quarters with
reports that Sulla had finished the war with Mithri-
dates, had recovered the provinces, and was sailing
for home with a large force. This gave a brief stay
and a slight cessation to the city's unspeakable evils,
since men supposed that the war was all but upon
them. Accordingly, Marius was elected consul for
the seventh time, and assuming office on the very
Calends of January,' 2 which is the first day of the
year, he had a certain Sextus Lucinus thrown down
the Tarpeian rock. This was thought to be a most
significant portent of the evils that were once more
to fall both upon the partisans of Marius and upon
the city.
1 Cf. the Sertorius, v. 5. 2 86 B.C.
591
PLUTARCH'S LIVES
AUTO? e ijSrj rot? re Trovots dTreiprjKO)*; Kal rat?
olov virepavrXos cov /cat KaraTrovos, TTJV
Tocravrrjv avOis eTTivoiav veov TroXe-
Kal Kaivwv dy(t)vc0v KOI fyofiwv virb e/nTreipias
KOI Ka/jbdrov Tpe/jLOvaav OVK avifyepe, \oyi-
co? ov ?rpo? 'Ofcrdfttov ovBe M
fcal crracrtcoSoL'? o)(\ov
70 u? o K'IV^VVOS eaoiro, SuXXa? Se eftelvos e
o T-^? TraryOtSo? avTOv e'^eXacra? 7rd\ai, vvv Se
yiidptSaTrji^ crvvecTTaXtKax; et? rov HLv^eivov IIo^-
3 TOV. VTTO TOIOVTWV pCLV 0/Zei'O? \OyiCT fjiWV, KCU TT)V
/ma/cpav akrjv avrov Kal <f)vya<? KCU KIV&VVOVS Bt,a
77)? Kal ^aXaTT?;? e\avvo[jievov \a^avwv Trpo
6(f)@a\/jL(Jov, et? cnropias eveTrnrre 8ei^a? Kal VVK-
Tepiva Beifiara Kal rapa^coSe^ oi/et^ou?, del rtz^o?
aKoveiv (f)0eyyofjLevou SOKWV
Beival yap Kolrai, Kal d-rroi^o^evoLO Xeo^ro?.
yLtaXtcrra Se Trdvrwv 0o^ou/xe^o? ra? dypvTrvlas
eve(3a\ev et? TTOTOU? eawrov Kai, yLtt'^a? ac6/30f? /cat
?ra/)' r)\LKiav, wcTTrep diroSpacriv
4 TOV VTTVQV iJbrj^avutfJLevo^. TeXo? Se w?
d7rayye\\(i)V drro 0a\dcrcn] < ?, veoi
avrw (j)6f3oi t rd fiev Seei TO) /xeXXo^ro?, TO, Se
Kal Kopw TCOV TrapbvTwv, pOTTTJs fipa-
6t? vbaov Karrjve^drj 7r\evpLTiv,
laropeL Hocrei&covios 6 <pi\6ao<po$, auro? eicreX-
592
CAIUS MARIUS, XLV. 2-4
But Marius himself, now worn out with toils,
deluged, as it were, with anxieties, and wearied,
could not sustain his spirits, which shook within him
as he again faced the overpowering thought of a
new war, of fresh struggles, of terrors known by
experience to be dreadful, and of utter weariness.
He reflected, too, that it was not Octavius or Merula
in command of a promiscuous throng and a seditious
rabble against whom he was now to run the hazard
of war, but that the famous Sulla was coming against
him, the man who had once ejected him from the
country, and had now shut Mithridates up to the
shores of the Euxine Sea. Tortured by such reflec-
tions, and bringing into review his long wandering,
his flights, and his perils, as he was driven over
land and sea, he fell into a state of dreadful despair,
and was a prey to nightly terrors and harassing
dreams, wherein he would ever seem to hear a voice
saying :
"Dreadful, indeed, is the lion's lair, even though it
be empty." l
And since above all things he dreaded the sleepless
nights, he gave himself up to drinking-bouts and
drunkenness at unseasonable hours and in a man-
ner unsuited to his years, trying thus to induce
sleep as a way of escape from his anxious thoughts,
And finally, when one came with tidings from the
sea, fresh terrors fell upon him, partly because he
feared the future, and partly because he was wearied
to satiety by the present, so that it needed only a
slight impulse to throw him into a pleurisy, as
Poseidonius the philosopher relates, who says that he
1 A hexameter verse of unknown authorship.
593
PLUTARCH'S LIVES
Oelv KOL Bia\%Qf)vai rrepl a)v ercpeajBevev ij
5 vocrovvri (frda-K&v avrw. Faro? Be ris Tleiacov,
dvrjp iffropiKos, icr TO pel rov Mdpiov drro Beurrvov
rrepiTrarovvra f^era rwv <f)i\wv ev ~\6yoi<; yevecrOai
l TCOV KaO' eavrov Trpay/jLdrwv, avwdev dp^d-
Kal ra? eir a^oTepa TroXXaVi? jj,6Ta{3o\as
a</> 777770- a/u.ez'oy elirelv &)? ovrc ecm vovv e^o^ro?
dv&pos eri Tfi Tv^y Triareveiv eavrov ere Be TOV-
TOV rovs TrapovTa*; aairacra^vov Kal KaraK\i-
6 6evra (jvve^w^ Ti^ueyoa? evrra TeXevrfjcrai. rives 8e
rrjv (f)i\orifjtiai> avrov (fracnv ev rfj vo<ra> rravrd-
Traaiv drroKa\v^>9el(Tav et'? aroirov eoKei\ai
Trapa/coTrr/v, oio/uevov rov ^,}.iOpi^>ariKov crrparrj-
yelv Tro\eiJLov, elra, wcnrep eV avrwv elcaOei ra>i>
dy(i)vc0v, (T^jj/jLara rravro&arra Kal
fjiera crvvrorov Kpavyfjs Kal TTVKVWV
7 d\a\ajfjidra)v aTroSiSovros. OI/T&)? &eivos avry
Kal SvaTraaj.v^'rro^ etc
evrerrJKL rwv irpd^ewv etceivcov. Bio errj
efio'o/AiJKOvra /3e/3ia)Ka)s, uTraro? Be vrpcoro?
av0pa>7ra)v errrdKis di>i]<yopV{j.evo<;, OLKOV re Kal
rc\ovrov dpKovvra /5a<j^Xetai? O/JLOV TroXXai?
KKrr)fj,ei>o<;, u>Bupero rqv eavrov ru^rjv oo? evBerjs 433
Kal areX^? wv ercodei rrpoarcoOvrjO'Kwv.
XLVI. ITXara)^ ^ev ovv tjBrj TT/QO? rw re\evrav
<yevo[JLevos vfivei rov avrov Bai/^ova Kal ryv rv%r)v,
or i rrpwrov fjiev avOpwiros, elra f/ E\\Tjv, ov fidp-
ftapo? ovBe a\oyov rfj (pvcrei Oijpiov yei'oiro, TTyOo?
Be rovrois, on TO?? ^wKpdrovs ^povoL^ dmjvrrjcrev
594
CAIUS MARIUS, XLV. 4 -x L vi. i
went in personally and conversed with Marius on the
subjects of his embassy after Marius had fallen ill.
But a certain Caius Piso, an historian, relates that
Marius, while walking about with his friends after
supper, fell to talking about the events of his life,
beginning with his earliest days, and after recounting
his frequent reversals of fortune, from good to bad
and from bad to good, said that it was not the
part of a man of sense to trust himself to Fortune
any longer; and after this utterance bade his friends
farewell, kept his bed for seven days consecutively,
and so died. Some, however, say that his ambitious
nature was completely revealed during his illness by
his being swept into a strange delusion. He thought
that he had the command in the Mithridatic war,
and then, just as he used to do in his actual struggles,
he would indulge in all sorts of attitudes and gestures,
accompanying them with shrill cries and frequent
calls to battle. So fierce and inexorable was the
passion for directing that war which had been in-
stilled into him by his envy and lust of power. And
therefore, though he had lived to be seventy years
old, and was the first man to be elected consul for
the seventh time, and was possessed of a house and
wealth which would have sufficed for many kingdoms
at once, he lamented his fortune, in that he was
dying before he had satisfied and completed his
desires.
XL VI. Plato, however, when he was now at the
point of death, lauded his guardian genius and
Fortune because, to begin with, he had been born
a man and not an irrational animal ; again, because
he was a Greek and not a Barbarian ; and still again,
o ' y
because his birth had fallen in the times of Socrates.
595
PLUTARCH'S LIVES
2 77 yevecris avTov. KOI vrj Ata TOV Tapcrea \eyovaiv
'AvriTTarpov cocrauTO)? VTTO TIJV reXevrtjv dva\o-
yi^o/jLevov wv TV^OL naKapiwv /j,rjBe TT}? et? '
oiKoOev euTrXoia? eVtXa^ecr^ai, KaOdjrep
r/)? TU^? aTraaav SCHTLV 6t?
TiOe/JLevov Kal (Tco^ovra rfj /jLVijjmrj Sia
8eV ecrTLV dvOp^irw Tdfjuelov dyaOwv (3e-
3 aiorepov. TOU? 5e a/z^?; / aot'a? /cal
vire/cpel ra yiyvo/jieva /zero, TOU ^povov bib
e Biarijpovvres del Kevol fjCev dyaflwv,
TO
TTOVCTL, TO TTCipOV 7T poi/JLl'Ol. KdLTOl TO fJLGV CUV
/cci)\vcraL &VVCLLTO, TO Be d
4 aX\' 6'yLtw? TOVTO TT}? TU^T;? &>? d\\OTpiov /c/3d\-
eKeivo TO a&rfKov oveipcoTTOvcriv, CL/COTO,
0/9 e/c \6yov Kai Traioeias ebpav
KOI KpijTrlSa rot? eco0V dyaOois,
<Tvvd r yovTe<s avTa teal Gv^opovvTes /ji7r\fjaai TT}?
-v/ru^f}? ow BvvavTai TO aKopecTTOV.
5 'A7ro0vijo-Ki S' OL/Z^ Mafuo? ^epa? CTTTaK
T^? e^So/jLTj^ uTrareta? e7ri\,a/3(t)v. Kai /Jteya e
TrapavTifca TTJV 'Pco/jLyv ^dp/jia Kai Odpcros co?
yo~@ovTO veov dvTr)\\ay/jLevoi
dvT\ TrpeafivTov SecrTTOTrjv ToaavTrfv 6
> ~ -myf / 5/ \ />fv/
avTOv Mapto? coyuoT^ra /vat TTLKpiav avreoet-
, TOU? dpiGTOvs Kai BoKL/jL(i)TaTOv<f dvaipwv.
6 Soa? 8e /cat ToX/zr;T^5 /cat <j)i\OKLi>$vvo<$ elvai
596
CAIUS MARIUS, XLVI. 2-6
And indeed they say that Antipater of Tarsus, when
he was in like manner near his end and was
enumerating the blessings of his life, did not forget
to mention his prosperous voyage from home to
Athens, just as though he thought that every gift of
a benevolent Fortune called for great gratitude, and
kept it to the last in his memory, which is the most
secure storehouse of blessings for a man. Unmindful
and thoughtless persons, on the contrary, let all that
happens to them slip away as time goes on ; therefore,
since they do not hold or keep anything, they are
always empty of blessings, but full of hopes, and are
looking away to the future while they neglect the
present. And yet the future may be prevented by
Fortune, while the present cannot be taken away ;
nevertheless these men cast aside the present gift of
Fortune as something alien to them, while they dream
of the future and its uncertainties. And this is
natural. For they assemble and heap together the
external blessings of life before reason and educa-
tion have enabled them to build any foundation
and basement for these things, and therefore they
cannot satisfy the insatiable appetite of their
souls.
So, then, Marius died, seventeen days after enter-
ing upon his seventh consulship. And immediately
Rome was filled with great rejoicing and a confident
hope that she was rid of a grievous tyranny ; but in
a few days the people perceived that they had got
a new and vigorous master in exchange for the old
one ; such bitterness and cruelty did the younger
Marius display, putting to death the best and most
esteemed citizens. He got the reputation of being
bold and fond of danger in fighting his enemies, and
597
PLUTARCH'S LIVES
7T/90? TOi? TToeyUtOL'? V
it Be rot? epyois \y%6/jL6rGS
, &>? ^y afyvKra TT)? TroXea)? dXicrKO-
, auro? avrov ii7rKTivv.
598
CAIUS MARIUS, XLVI. 6
in the beginning was called a son of Mars ; but his
deeds soon showed what he really was, and he was
called instead a son of Venus. And finally he was
shut up in Praeneste by Sulla, and after many vain
attempts to save his life, when the city was captured
and he could not escape, he slew himself. 1
1 See the Sulla, xxxii. 1.
599
VOL. IX. U
A PARTIAL DICTIONARY OF
PROPER NAMES
A PARTIAL DICTIONARY OF
PROPER NAMES
Actium, 279, 293, 297, a promontory
of Acarnania in northern Greece,
at the entrance of the Ambraciot
gulf.
Aeacides, 59, 347, king of Epeirus
and father of Pyrrhus. He was
driven from his kingdom in
317 B.C., and recalled in 313,
during which year he was defeated
and slain by the forces of
Cassander.
Aegae, 433, a town In central Mace-
donia, the burial place of the
royal line.
Aemilius, 411, Quintus Aemilius
Papus, consul in 282 and 278 B.C.
and censor in 275. In all these
offices he had Caius Fabricius
as colleague.
Aeropus, the Macedonian, 47, 369,
not otherwise known.
Agathocles (1), 61, 369, 387 f.,
tyrant of Syracuse, 210-289 B.C.
He also assumed the title of King
of Sicily.
Agathocles (2), 77, 117 f., a son of
Lysimachus the king of Thrace,
sent against Demetrius in 287 B.C.
murdered in 284.
Agrippa, 215, 285 f., 305, 331 f.,
Marcus Vipsanius A., fellow-
student of Octavius Caesar at
Apollonia, and an intimate
friend. He was one of the lead-
ing men of the Augustan age.
He lived 63-12 B.C.
Agrippina, 333, Agrippina the
Younger, daughter of Germanicus
PLUT. IX.
and grand-daughter of Agrippa.
In 28 A.D. she married Domitius
Ahenobarbus, who died in 40. In
49 she married her uncle, the
emperor Claudius.
Ahenobarbus, 333, see Domitius (3).
Albums, 483, Spurius Postumius A.,
was consul in 110 B.C. and con-
ducted the war against Jugurtha
unsuccessfully. He was con-
demned for treasonable relations
with Jugurtha.
Alcyoneus, 459 f., a son of Anti-
gonus Gonatas, not otherwise
mentioned.
Alexander (1), 355, Roxana's son by
Alexander the Great, born in
323 B.C., and taken to Macedonia
by Antipater in 320. On the
death of Antipater in 31 9, Roxana
fled with her son to Epeirus, where
he was betrothed to Deidameia,
the daughter of King Aeacides.
After his restoration to Macedonia
by Aeacides in 317, he was im-
prisoned with his mother by
Cassander, and both were mur-
dered in 311.
Alexander (2), 87-91, 341, 361f.,
381, a son of Cassander by Thes-
salonic6, the sister of Alexander
the Great.
Alexander (3), 371, a son of Pyrrhus
and Lanassa, not otherwise
mentioned.
Alexander (4), 135, a son of Deme-
trius and Deidameia, not other-
wise known.
Alexander (5), 23, son of Polysper-
chon, was sent by his father in
603
DICTIONARY OF PROPER NAMES
318 B.C. to wrest Athens from
the power of Cassander (see the
Pkocion, xxxiii.). He was assas-
sinated at Sicyon in 314.
Alexander (6), 219, 263, son of
Antony and Cleopatra, graced
the triumph of Octavius Caesar
at Rome, and was there reared by
Octavia (see the Antony, Ixxxvii.
1).
Alexander (7), 245, 249, of Antioch,
a friend of Antony, not otherwise
known.
Alexander of Myndus (in Caria),
507, a Greek writer on zoology, of
uncertain date.
Alexas the Laodicean, 303 f., not
otherwise known.
Alexas the Syrian, 289, not other-
wise known.
Amanus, 132 f., a range of moun-
tains between Cilicia and Syria,
at the head of the gulf of Issus.
Amorgus, 29, an island in the
Aegean Sea, south-east of Naxos.
Amphissa, 199, the chief town of the
Ozolian Locriaus, about seven
miles west of Delphi.
Ancharia, 207, first wife of Caius
Octavius. Plutarch erroneously
identifies her daughter Octavia
with the Octavia who was the
daughter of Atia.
Anthesterion, 61 f., the eighth
month of the Attic calendar,
answering to parts of February
and March.
Anticyra, 295, a town in Phocis, on
a bay of the Corinthian gulf.
Antigenidas, 5, a celebrated Theban
flute-player and poet in the times
of Alexander the Great.
Antigone, 357 f., 369, daughter of
Berenice and first wife of Pyrrhus.
Antigonus (1), 7-77, 333 f., 367, 431,
surnamed the One-eyed, king of
Asia, father of Demetrius Polior-
certes. He fell in the battle of
Ipsus (301 B.C.).
Antigonus (2), 99, 111, 129, 133 f.,
431 ff., 445 f., 449 f., 459 f., son
of Demetrius Poliorcetes, king of
Macedonia 283-239 B.C., Anti-
gonus Gonatas.
Antigonus the Jew, 219, king of
604
Judaea. His rival, Herod, was
made king of Judaea by the
Roman senate, through the
influence of Antony. Antigonus
was then defeated and captured
by Herod (with the assistance of
the Roman general Sosius), and
delivered over to Antony, who
had him executed (37 B.C.).
Antiochus (1), 71, 77, 93-97, 129 f.,
Antiochus I., son of Seleucus and
king of Syria, killed in battle with
the Gauls 261 B.C.
Antiochus (2), of Commagene, 213 f.,
established in power by Pompey
(64 B.C.), and a supporter of
Pompey against Caesar. He
died shortly before 31 B.C.
Antipater (I), 33, 91, 335, regent of
Macedonia during Alexander's
absence in the East, and of
Alexander's empire after the
murder of Perdiccas in 321 B.C.
He died in 319.
Antipater (2), 87, 91, 361, son of
Cassander by Thessalonice the
sister of Alexander the Great.
After the death of his brother
Alexander, Antipater fled for
refuge to Lysimachus, who had
him put to death.
Antipater of Tarsus, 597, a Stoic
philosopher who was flourishing
in 144 B.C.
Antiphon, 197. It is uncertain
which of the many men of this
name is meant.
Antonia (1), 333, elder daughter of
Antony and Octavia. Her son
by Lucius Domitius Ahenobarbus
Cneius Domitius, was the father
of Nero.
Antonia (2), 333, younger daughter
of Antony and Octavia. She lived
to see her grandson Caligula
emperor in 37 A.D.
Antonius (1), 587 f., Marcus Anto-
nius the orator, grandfather of
the triumvir, 143-87 B.C. He
was consul in 99, censor in 97,
and a partisan of Sulla. Cicero
often speaks of him as one of the
greatest of Roman orators.
Antonius (2), 139, Marcus Antoninus
Creticus, father of the triumvir.
DICTIONARY OF PROPER NAMES
In 74 B.C. he was given command
of the Roman fleet in order to
clear the Mediterranean of pirates
but he failed ignominiously and
was defeated in an attack upon
Crete. His surname was given
him in derision. He was avari-
cious and rapacious.
Antonius (3), 157, Caius Antonius,
uncle of the triumvir. He
served under Sulla in the Mith-
ridatic war, and was expelled from
the senate for plundering the
allies. He was Cicero's colleague
in the consulship in 63 B.C., and
in 59 was convicted of extortion
in his province of Macedonia, in
spite of the defence of his
conduct by Cicero.
Antonius (4), 171, 185, Caius
Antonius, elder brother of the
triumvir. After his praetorship
he received the province of
Macedonia, where he was put to
death in 42 B.C. See the Brutus,
xxv.-xxviii.
Antonius (5), 171, 203, Lucius
Antonius, younger brother of the
triumvir. He was consul in
41 B.C., and was besieged by
Octavius Caesar in Perusia, and
compelled to surrender. His life
was spared, however, and he was
even given command hi Spain.
Nothing more is heard of him.
Antonius (6), 331, 333, Julius An-
tonius, younger son of the trium-
vir by Fulvia. He received great
favours from Augustus, and was
consul in 10 B.C. But in conse-
quence of an intrigue with Julia,
the daughter of Augustus, he was
condemned to death in 2 B.C.,
and took his own life.
Antyllus, 301, 319, 331 (cf. 199 f.), a
name given by Greek writers to
Marcus Antonius, the elder son
of the triumvir by Fulvia. The
name is probably a corruption of
the diminutive Antqnillus. Ac-
cording to Dion Cassius (li. 8, 4),
Antony sent Antyllus to appease
Octavius Caesar after the battle
of Actium.
A.pama the Persian, 77, daughter of
Spitamenes the Bactriau prince,
and married to Seleucus in
325 B.C., when Alexander and his
principal officers took oriental
wives.
Apelles, 53, the most celebrated of
Greek painters. He flourished
at the courts of Philip and Alex-
ander of Macedon.
Apemantus, 297 f., not otherwise
known.
Apollonia, 171, an ancient Greek
city of Illyria. Towards the end
of the Roman republic it became
a famous seat of learning.
Aquae Sextiae, 511, a Roman
colony in southern Gaul, founded
in 122 B.C., and named from its
hot and cold springs, and from
its founder, the pro-consul Sex-
tius Calvinus. It is the modern
Aix.
Aquillius, 499, Manius A., consul
in 101 B.C., and in 88 one of the
consular legates to prosecute the
war against Mithridates. He
fell into the hands of Mithridates,
who put him to a cruel death.
Archidamia, 439, mentioned only in
this connection.
Archidamus, 85, Archidamus IV.,
king of Sparta. It was in
296 B.C. that he was defeated by
Demetrius.
Archilochus, 87, 213, of Paros, one
of the earliest Ionian lyric poets,
flourishing in 650 B.C.
Areius, 317, 321, a philosopher of the
Stoic school, is said to have been
a teacher of Augustus.
Areus, 425 f., 445 f., 453, Areus I.,
king of Sparta 309-265 B.C. He
fell in a battle with the Mace-
donians at Corinth, and was
succeeded by his son Acrotatus.
Ariobarzanes, 11, Ariobarzanes II.,
king of Pontus 363-337 B.C.
Aristeas, 447, 451, a citizen of Argos
who invited Pyrrhus into the city.
His rival, Aristippus, favoured
Antigonus Gonatas.
Aristobulus, 143, a prince of
Judaea, captured and carried to
Rome by Pompey in 63 B.C. In
57 he escaped and stirred up war
605
DICTIONARY OF PROPER NAMES
anew in Judaea, but was again
captured and seat to Eome by
Gabinius. In 49 he was released
and sent home by Julius Caesar,
but was poisoned to death on the
journey by emissaries of Pompey.
Aristocrates, 295, not otherwise
known.
Aristodemus, 21, 39, 41, a friend
and flatterer of Antigonus I., sent
by him in 315 B.C. to maintain
his interests in Peloponnesus
against Cassander. The mission
for Demetrius in 306 is the last we
hear of him.
Arpinum, 469, an ancient city of the
Volscians, on the river Liris, the
birth-place of Marius and Cicero.
Arruntius, 289, perhaps the Lucius
Arruntius who was consul in
22 B.C.
Arsaces, 335, probably Arsaces XV.
(Phraates IV.), king of the Par-
thians 37-2 B.C.
Artaba/us, 341, clearly an error for
Artavasdes (cf. the Antony, 1. 4).
Artavasdes, 221, 225, 253 f. (341),
king of Armenia 55-30 B.C. After
the battle of Actium, Cleopatra
had him put to death, and sent
his head to his inveterate enemy,
Artavasdes of Media.
A.sculum, 413 f., a city in the in-
terior of Apulia.
Asinius, 157, a friend of Antony,
otherwise little known.
Atia, 207, daughter of Marcus Atius
Balbus and Julia (the sister of
Julius Caesar). She was married
to Caius Octavius, by whom she
was the mother of Octavius Cae-
sar, afterwards Augustus.
Attalus (1), 275, probably Attalus I.,
king of Pergamum 241-197 B.C.
Attalus (2), 47, Attalus III., sur-
named Philometor, king of Per-
gamum 138-133 B.C. In his will
he made the Romans his heirs.
Axius, 105, the principal river of
Macedonia, flowing past Pella
into the Thermaic gulf.
Baiae, 555, a watering place on the
606
coast of Campania, in the bay
between Cape Misenum and
Puteoli.
Beneventum, 427, one of the chief
cities of Samnium, in central
Italy, east of Capua. It was
called Maleventum until 268 B.C.,
when a Roman colony was estab-
lished there.
Berenice, 355 f., 361, came to Egypt
from Macedonia in attendance on
Ptolemy's bride Eurydic6, the
daughter of Antipater. She se-
cured the succession for her son,
Ptolemy Philadelphus, who paid
her divine honours after her
death. Theocritus celebrates her
virtues in Idyll xvii.
Beroea, 111, 375 f., a city in the
northern part of Macedonia,
about thirty miles from Pella,
the capital. Cf. Acts, xvii. 10, 14.
Berytus, 255, a Phoenician city on
the coast north of Tyre and Sidon.
It became a Roman colony, and
was favoured and adorned by
Agrippa.
Bestia, 483, Lucius Calpurnius B.,
tribune of the people in 121 B.C.,
and consul in 111. He made a
disgraceful peace with Jugurtha,
for which he was tried and
condemned in 110.
Bibulus, 149, Lucius Calpurnius B.,
aedile in 65 B.C., praetor in 62,
and consul in 59, in each case a
colleague of Julius Caesar. He
was Pompey's admiral in 49, and
died in 48, before the battles at
Dyrrhachium.
Bircenna, 369 f., wife of Pyrrhus,
not otherwise mentioned.
Bocchoris, 67, an ancient Egyptian
king and legislator, of the ninth
century B.C.
Bocchus, 485 f. king of Mauretania,
and betrayer of Jugurtha to the
Romans in 106 B.C.
Boedromion, 61 f., the third Attic
month, answering nearly to our
September.
Brundisium, 155, 215, 279, an im-
portant cii/y on the eastern coast
of Italy (Calabria), with a fine
harbour. It was the natural
DICTIONARY OF PROPER NAMES
point of departure from Italy
to the East, and was the chief
naval station of the Romans in
the Adriatic.
Brutus, 163, Decimus Junius B.,
suruamed Albinus after his adop-
tion by Aulus Postumius Albinus,
the consul of 99 B.C. He was
widely employed, highly esteemed
and richly rewarded by Julius
Caesar, and yet joined his mur-
derers. After Caesar's death he
opposed Antony successfully, but
fell a victim to the coalition
between Antony and Octavius
in 43 B.C.
Caepio, 505, 513, Quintus Servilius
C., consul in 106 B.C., and pro-
consul in Gallia Narbonensis for
the following year. Ten years
after his defeat by the Cimbri (cf.
the Camillus, xix. 7) he was
brought to trial for misconduct
in the war, condemned, and
thrown into prison.
Caesar, 179 f., Lucius Julius C.,
uncle of Antony, consul in 64 B.C.,
legate of Julius Caesar in Gaul in
52. He took no active part in
the struggle between Pompey and
Caesar, but sided with the
aristocracy against Antony. After
his life was saved by his sister
we hear nothing of him.
Caesarion, 261, 301, 321, according
to Cleopatra, her son by Julius
Caesar. He was born in 47 B.C.
Caius, 333, Caius Caesar Caligula,
youngest son of Germauicus,
emperor 37-41 A.D.
Callimachus, 301, a celebrated
grammarian, critic, and poet of
the Alexandrine period, chief
librarian at Alexandria from about
260 B.C. till his death about 240.
Calpurnia, 171, daughter of the
Lucius Calpurnius Piso who was
consul in 58 B.C. She became the
wife of Julius Caesar in 59. See
the Caesar, Ixiii.
Calvisius, 271, Caius C. Statianus,
one of the legates of Julius Caesar
in the civil war, and governor of
Africa in 45 B.C. He com-
manded the fleet of Octavius
Caesar in the war with Sextus
Pompeius.
Canidius, 215, 235, 265, 281, 285,
201 f., 301, Lucius Canidius Cras-
sus, brought about a union be-
tween Antony and Lepidus in
43 B.C., and was consul in 40.
After the battle of Actium he
was put to death by Octavius
Caesar.
Canopus, 203, 339, a town in Egypt,
about fifteen miles east of
Alexandria, on one of the mouths
of the Nile.
Capito, 217, Caius Fonteius C., had
been sent in 37 B.C. to restore
friendship between Octavius and
Antony.
Cappadocia, 13, a central district
of Asia Minor.
Carbo, 505, Cnaeus Papirius C., was
consul with Cinna in 85 B.C. On
Sulla's return from the East and
victorious advance upon Rome,
Carbo fled to Libya, but was
taken prisoner by Pompey and
cruelly put to death (see the
Pompey, chapter x.).
Cassander, 19, 41, 53, 77 f., 87, 91,
351 f., 361, a son of Antipater the
regent of Macedonia. He was
master of Athens from 318 to 307
B.C., when Demetrius Poliorcetes
took possession of the city. He
died in 297.
Cassandreia, 113, a city founded by
Cassander on the site of the
ancient Potidaea, in the Chalcidic
peninsula of eastern Macedonia.
Cassius, 151 f., Quintus C. Longinus,
tribune of the people with
Antony in 49 B.C., and made
governor of Further Spam by
Julius Caesar, where he had been
praetor and quaestor in 54. Here
he renewed the most shameless
exactions. He was lost at sea
in 47.
Cataonia, 121, one of the divisions
of Cappadocia.
Catulus, 501, 503, 523 ff., 527, 531-
539, 589, Quintus Lutatius Catu-
U 2
607
DICTIONARY OF PROPER NAMES
his, consul in 102 B.C. with
Marius, a highly educated man,
author of orations and poems,
and of a history of his consulship
and the Cimbric war.
Celaenae, 17, a city of Phrygia at
the sources of the Maeander
(Xenophon, Anab. i. 2, 7).
Cenchreae, 55, the eastern harbour-
town of Corinth.
Caunus, 125, a city in southern Caria
with a commodious port.
Censorinus, 187, Lucius Marcus C.,
a partisan of Antony, praetor in
43 B.C., consul in 39, and after-
wards governor of Macedonia.
Cerameicus, 29 f., the Inner Cera-
meicus is meant, which extended
from the Dipylum gate through
the agora between the Areiopagus
and the Hill of the Nymphs.
Chaonians, 405, 441, one of the
chief tribes of Epeirus.
Chersonese, Syrian, 129, 133, a
name given to the valley of the
Orontes about the city of
Apameia.
Cineas, 385 f., 389, 393, 403, 407 f.,
413, 419, minister and faithful
friend of Pyrrhus, and the most
eloquent man of his day. His
mission to Sicily is the last we
hear of him, and he must have
died before Pyrrhus returned to
Italy in 276 B.C.
Cinna, 597 f., 585 f., 591, Lucius
Cornelius C., leader of the Marian
party during Sulla's absence in
the East (87-84 B.C.). He was
consul in 87, 86, 85 and 84. He
was slain in a mutiny of his
soldiers at Brundisium, where he
had hoped to prevent the landing
of Sulla.
Circeii, 361, a maritime town of
Latium, at the foot of Mons
Circeius.
Claudius (1), 403 f., 407, Appius
Claudius Caecus, censomn 312 B.C.
and consul in 317 and 296, in
in which last year he was victori-
ous over the Samnites. His
speech in reply in reply to Cineas
was extent in Cicero's time
(Cicero, Brutus, 16, 62).
608
Claudius (2), 333, Tiberius Claudius
Drusus Nero Germanicus, fourth
Roman emperor (41-54 A. P.).
C'leon, 27, the Athenian demagogue
and leader of the war party
428-422 B.C. See the Nicias,
chapters vii. f.
Cleonymus, 97, 435 ff., younger son
of Cleomenes II. king of Sparta,
excluded from the threne on his
father's death in 309 B.C.
Cleopatra (1), 161-339 passim,
daughter of Ptolemy Auletes the
king of Egypt, born about 69 B.C.
On the deatli of her father in 51,
she became queen of Egypt in
conjunction with her younger
brother Ptolemy.
Cleopatra (2), 219, 331, daughter of
Antony and Cleopatra, born in
40 B.C. By Juba she had a son
Ptolemy, who succeeded his
father as king of Numidia.
Clodia (or Claudia), 181, daughter
of Clodius by Fulvia. She was
betrothed to Octavius Caesar in
43 B.C., but he never regarded her
as his wife, and sent her back to
her mother at the outbreak of the
Perusian war (alluded to in the
Antony, xxx. 1).
Clodius. 141, 161, Publius Claudius
(Clodius) Pulcher, son of the
Appius Claudius mentioned in
the Sulla, xxix. 3. He became
the most venomous foe of Cicero
(cf. the Cicero, chapters xxix.-
xxxv.).
Coelius (or Caelius), 285, the text is
corrupt, and the name should
probably be Sossius (or Sosius).
Commagene, 213, 277, the northern-
most district of Syria.
Corcyra, 369, 373, an island in the
Ionian Sea opposite Epeirus, the
modern Corfu.
Cornelia, 557, daughter of Scipio
Africanus the Elder, mother-in-
law of Scipio Africanus the
Younger, and mother of the
Gracchi.
Cornutus, 436, probably the Marcus
Cprnutus who had served with
distinction in the Marsic war
(90 B.C.).
DICTIONARY OF PROPER NAMES
Corrhagus (or Corrhaeus), 7, a
Macedonian otherwise unknown.
Corvinus, 543, Marcus Valerius C.,
371-271 B.C., five times dictator
and six times consul.
Cotta, 471, Lucius Aurelius C.,
consul in 119 B.C.
Craterus, 33, one of the ablest
officers of Alexander the Great,
and a man of noble character.
He fell in battle against Eumenes
in 321 B.C. See the Eumenes,
chapters v. ff.
Crates, the philosopher, 117, of
Athens, became head, of the
Academy about 270 B.C. His
writings are not preserved.
Curio, 141, 149, Caius Scribonins C.,
an able orator, but reckless and
profligate. He was tribune of
the people in 50 B.C., and sold his
support to Caesar, who made him
praetor in Sicily in 49. Thence
he crossed into Africa to attack
the Pompeian forces there, but
was defeated and slain (Caesar,
Bell. Civ., ii. 23-44).
Curius, 427 f ., Manius Curius Denta-
tus, consul in 290 B.C., during
which year he celebrated two
triumphs, one over the Samnites
and one over the Sabines. He
was consul again in 275, when
Pyrrhus returned to Italy from
Sciily. In 274 he was consul for
the third time, and continued the
war against the allies of Pyrrhus
Then he retired to his Sabine
farm for the remainder of his
days, dying in 270.
Cydnus, 193, a river in eastern
Cilicia, on which was the city of
Tarsus.
C'yrene, 135, a Greek city on the
northern coast of Africa, in
commercial relations with Carth-
age, Greece, and Egypt.
Cyrrhestica, 123, 213, a district in
northern Syria, south of Com-
magene.
D
Danaiis, 455, mythical ancestor of
the Dana'i, migrating from Egypt
into Greece.
Deidameia, 59, 73, 79, 135, 349, 355,
363, sister of Pyrrhus, and one of
the many wives of Demetrius.
She died in 300 B.C.
Dellius, 191 f., 273, a Roman knight
transacting business in Asia,
where he joined Dolabella in
44 B.C., and afterwards Antony.
He wrote a history of Antony's
war with the Parthians, to which
Plutarch is indirectly much in-
debted. Horace dedicated to
him the third Ode of Book ii.
Demetrias, 135, a city at the head
of the Pagasaean gulf, founded by
Demetrius Poliorcetes about 290
B.C.
Demetrias the Phalerean, 19 f., 25
a celebrated rhetorician and
orator (346-283 B.C.). He was
regent of Athens for Cassander
from 318 to 307.
Demochares (1), of Leuconoe, 57 f.,
was married to the mother of
Demosthenes.
Demochares (2), of Soli, not other-
wise known.
Deucalion, 347, a mythical king of
Phthia in Thessaly, the Noah of
the Greek legend of the flood.
Dexoiis, 399, known only from this
exploit, which, in Frontinus,
Strat., ii. 4, 9, is attributed to
Laevinus.
Dicomes, 281, king of the Getae, not
otherwise mentioned.
Dionysius, 401, 415, of Halicarnas-
sus, came to Rome in 29 B.C.,
where he published his great work
on the history of Rome in 7 B.C.
Dium, 87, an important maritime
town in S.E. Macedonia.
Dodona, 347, a town in Epeirus,
seat of the most ancient oracle
of Zeus.
Dolabella (1), 157-165, Publius
Cornelius D., the profligate and
debt-ridden son-in-law of Cicero.
He took part with Caesar, but
approved of his murder, and
gained the consulship for the
remainder of the year 44. He
was outlawed and declared a
6og
DICTIONARY OF PROPER NAMES
public enemy on account of his
extortions in Asia, and com-
mitted suicide.
Dolabella (2), 325, Publius Cornelius
D., son of the preceding. He
was consul in 10 A.D.
Domitius (i), 231, 265, 281, Cnaeus
Domitius Ahenobarbus, son of
the Ahenobarbus who fell at
Pharsalus (see the Pompey, lxix.1)
pardoned by Caesar, but a
follower of Brutus and Cassius,
reconciled to Antony in 40 B.C.
Domitius (2), 333, Lucius D. Aheno-
barbus, son of the preceding.
He was consul in 16 B.C., and
afterwards celebrated a triumph
for campaigns in Germany. He
died in 25 A.D.
Domitius (3), 333 (Ahenobarbus),
Cnaeus D. Ahenobarbus, son of
the preceding, and father of the
emperor Nero. He was consul
in 32 A.D. His life was filled with
flagrant and unnatural crimes.
Domitius (4), 333, Lucius Domitius
Ahenobarbus, the original name
of the emperor Nero. After his
adoption by the emperor Claudius
he was called Nero Claudius
Caesar Drusus Germanicus.
Dromichaetea, 99, 133, king of the
Getae, known only from his
victory over Lysimachus.
Dromocleides the Sphettian, 33, 85,
not otherwise known.
Drusus, 333, Nero Claudius D.
Germanicus, son of Livia by
Tiberius Claudius Nero, born in
38 B.C., a younger brother of the
emperor Tiberius. He conducted
great campaigns against the
Gauls and Germans, and died in
the field at the age of thirty-one.
E
Edessa, 107, 381, a city in northern
Macedonia, the ancient capital
of the country.
Empedocles, 13, a famous philo-
sopher and poet of Acragas
(Agrigentum) in Sicily, flourishing
in 440 B.C.
610
Epicurus, 83, 409, founder of the
philosophical school named from
him, born in Samos, 342 B.C.,
died at Athens, 270 B.C.
Erasistratus, 93 f., one of the most
celebrated physicians of anti-
quity. After his residence at the
court of Seleucus, he lived at
Alexandria in the practice of his
profession. He was still living
in 258 B.C.
Eumenes, 275, probably Eumenes
II. is meant, king of Pergamum
197-159 B.C.
Eurycles the Laconian, 289 f., not
otherwise known.
Eurydic6 (1), 33, 135, one of the
wives of Demetrius, not other-
wise known.
Eurydic6 (2), 117, daughter of
Antipater and wife of Ptolemy
Lagus. Jealous of Berenice, she
withdrew from the court of Egypt
and was now (287 B.C.) residing
at Miletus.
Fabricius, 401, 407 f., 411 f., Caius F.
Luscinus, consul in 282 and 278
B.C. with Aemilius Papus, and
censor with him in 275. A fine
example of old Roman simplicity
and integrity.
Flaccus, 543, Lucius Valerius F.,
colleague of Marius in the consul-
ship of 100 B.C., and censor in 97
with Marcus Antonius the orator.
In 86 he was made consul witli
Cinna and sent to Asia to conduct
the war against Mithri dates.
Here he was murdered by Fim-
bria (see the Sulla, xii. 9, with
note).
Frentanian, 399, the Frentani were
a hardy people of central Italy,
allied to the Samnites, by whom
they were bordered on the West.
Fulvia, 161 f., 181, 197 f., 203-207,
217, 261, 267, 301, wife of
Antony. She had previously
been the wife of Clodius the
demagogue, and of Curio, the
friend and legate of Julius Caesar.
DICTIONARY OF PROPER NAMES
She redeemed what had been a
dissolute life by her passionate
devotion to Antony.
Furnius, 271, Caius Furnius, tribune
of the people in 50 B.C., a friend
of Cicero, and yet a faithful ad-
herent of Antony. After the
battle of Actium he was recon-
ciled to Octayius Caesar, by
whom he was highly honoured.
G
Gabinius, 143, 155, Aulus G., tri-
bune of the people in 66 B.C.,
praetor in 61, and consul with
Piso in 58, the year during which
Cicero was exiled. He was re-
called from his province of Syria
in 55, prosecuted for taking
bribes, and exiled. He died in
48.
Gallus (1), 235 f., Flavius G., not
otherwise known.
Gallus (2), 317, Caius Cornelius G., a
distinguished poet and orator at
Rome who stood in high favour
with Octavius Caesar, and served
him in high command. After
Cleopatra's death he was made
prefect of Egypt. He afterwards
fell from the emperor's favour,
and, to escape exile, took his own
life.
Gaza, 13, an ancient city and strong-
hold in southern Palestine.
Germanicus, 333, Germanicus
Caesar, son of Nero Claudius
Drusus, nephew of the emperor
Tiberius, and brother of the
emperor Claudius. His extra-
ordinary fame and popularity at
Rome awakened the jealousy of
Tiberius and led to his death in
19 A.D.
Glaucia, 541, Caius Servilius G.,
praetor in 100 B.C., a partisan of
Marius, and a partner of Satur-
ninus in the popular tumults of
that year. He perished with
Saturninus. Cicero compares
him to the Athenian demagogue
Hyperbolus (Brutus, 62, 224).
H
Halae, 299, a town in N.E. Boeotia,
near the sea.
Halicarnassus, 19, a large and strong
Dorian city in S.W. Caria.
Ilelenus, 371, 455, 461, son of
Pyrrhus by Lanassa, the daughter
of Agathocles (erroneously by
Bircenna, 371). Nothing further
is known of him.
Heracleia, 395, a Greek city in
Lucania on the gulf of Tarentuni.
It was at this time in alliance
with Tarentum against Rome.
Hercyuii, 491, tribes in central and
southern Germany.
Herennius, 473 f., Caius H., tribune
of the people in 80 B.C., and
opposed to Sulla. After the
death of Sulla he joined Sertorius
in Spain (76-72 B.C.). See the
Pompey, xviii. 3.
Herod, 277, 301 f., Herod the Great,
made king of Judaea in 40 B.C.
by the Roman senate, at the
behest of Antony. His title was
confirmed by Augustus, to whom
he remained loyal till his death
in 4 B.C. Cf. Matthew, chapter ii.
Hieronymus, 97, 401, 415, of Cardia,
a historian of the times following
the death of Alexander the Great.
He was a friend and companion
of Eumenes (cf . the Eumenes, xii.)
and after the death of Eumenes
became a friend of Antigonus,
then of Demetrius his son, and
finally of Antigonus Gonatas.
The death of Pyrrhus (272 B.C.)
is mentioned in his history.
Hipparchus, 293, 305, a friend of
Antony, not otherwise known.
Hirtius, 175, Aulus H., a warm
friend and supporter of Julius
Caesar, consul in 43 B.C. He fell
in gallantly leading an assault
upon Antony's troops (cf. the
Cicero, xlv. 3 f.).
Hortensius, 185, Quintus H. Horta-
lus, son of the great orator Hor-
tensius, though apparently cast
off by his father on account of his
dissolute habits. He joined
Caesar in 49 B.C., and served under
611
DICTIONARY OF PROPER NAMES
him in important commands (cf.
the Caesar, xxxii. 2). In 44 B.C.
he held the province of Mace-
donia, and Brutus was to
succeed him.
Hybreas, 189, of Mylasa, in Caria,
reputed to be the greatest orator
of his time. His works are lost.
Hyrodes, 211, 219, another form of
Orodes, Orodes I., the same as
Arsaces XIV., the king of the
Parthians who defeated Crassus
in 53 B.C.
lalysus, 51, mythical founder of the
city of lalysus in Rhodes.
lampsas (Hiempsal), 575 f., king
of Numidia. He was expelled
from his kingdom by Domitius
Ahenobarbus, the leader of the
Marian party in Africa, but was
reinstated by Pompey in 81 B.C.
Cf. the Pompey, xii. 4.
lapygian promontory, 391. lapygia
was a Greek name of the S.E.
district of Italy, called Calabria
by the Romans.
lolcus, 135, an ancient and famous
city at the head of the Pagasaean
gulf, the assembling place for
Jason's Argonauts. It was
merged in Demetrias.
Ipsus, 71, 81, 355, a village in
southern Phrygia.
Isis, 263, 307, an Egyptian goddess,
identified with the Demeter of
the Greeks.
Juba, 331, Juba II., king of
Mauritania. He lived from
50 B.C. to about 20 A. P., was
educated at Rome, and became
a learned and voluminous writer.
Among his works was a History
of Rome.
Jngurtha, 477, 481, 485 f., 493, 553,
king of Numidia 112-106 B.C.
He was brought a prisoner to
Rome, and starved to death in
104.
Julia, 139, 181, daughter of the
612
Lucius Julius Caesar who was
consul in 90 B.C., and mother of
Antony. She fled from Rome in
41, but returned to Italy with
her son in 39, after she had aided
in reconciling him with Octavius
Caesar.
Labienus, 197, 205, 211, son of the
Labienus who fell at Munda in
45 B.C. After the murder of
Julius Caesar he joined the party
of Brutus and Cassius, and was
sent by them into Parthia, where
he proved a formidable enemy
of Octavius and Antony. He
was not slain in his battle with
Ventidius, but fled in disguise to
Cilicia, where he was discovered
and killed by a freedman of
Octavius.
Lachares, 81 f., an Athenian
demagogue who made himself
tyrant of the city in 296 B.C.
According to Pausanias (i. 25, 7),
he was murdered at Coroneia in
Boeotia shortly after his flight
from Athens.
Laevinus, 393 f., 399 f., 407, Publius
Valerius L., one of the consuls in
280 B.C., known only from this
campaign against Pyrrhus. The
tradition is through Dionysius of
Halicarnassus, who copied
Hieronymus, who had access to
the Memoirs of Pyrrhus.
Lamis, 37, 45, 55, 61-67, mistress
of Demetrius.
Lamprias, 199 f., the grandfather
of Plutarch, a convivial soul.
Lanassa, 369 f., 373, daughter of
Agathocles, wife of Pyrrhus, and
then of Demetrius.
Lentulus (1), 139 f., Publius Cor-
nelius L. Sura, was consul in
71 B.C., but in the following year
was expelled from the senate.
This led him to join the con-
spiracy of Catiline.
Lentulus (2), Lucius Cornelius L.
Crus, consul in 49 B.C., and author
of the violent measures which
DICTIONARY OF PROPER NAMES
drove the tribunes, Antony and
Curio, to Caesar at Ravenna.
On the outbreak of civil war he
joined Pompey in the East, fled
with him from Pharsalus, and
was put to death in Egypt. See
the Pompey, Ixxx. 4.
Leonnatus the Macedonian, 397 f.,
known only from this incident.
Leosthenes, 349, an Athenian
general of the league for expelling
the Macedonians from Greece
after the death of Alexander.
He died during the siege of
Lamia (323 B.C.).
Leotychides, 435, son of the Spartan
king Agis II., excluded from the
throne by Lysander (cf. the
Li/sander, chapter xxii.).
Lepidus, 153, 161, 169, 175-183,
205, Marcus Aemilius L., joined
the party of Caesar in 49 B.C.,
and was Caesar's consular col-
league hi 46. After Caesar's
murder he sided with Antony, and
as member of the triumvirate
received Spain and Narbpnese
Gaul as his provinces, then, in 40,
Africa, where he remained till 36.
He was then deposed from the
triumvirate. He lived till 13 B.C.
Lernaean hydra, 407, a fabled
monster haunting the marshy
district in south-eastern Argolis,
slain by Heracles in his second
labour.
Libo, 155, Lucius Scribonius L., an
adherent of Pompey in the civil
war, and legate of Bibulus on
Pompey's fleet, succeeding Bibu-
lus in the supreme command.
He afterwards served under
Sextus Pompeius, but deserted
him for Antony in 35 B.C. He
was consul with Antony hi 34.
Licymnius, 459, a mythical person-
age, half-brother of Alcmen6 the
mother of Heracles. He was
slain by Tlepolemus the son of
Heracles.
Liris, 567, one of the principal
rivers of central Italy, flowing
S.W. into the sea near Minturnae.
Lissus, 155, a coast-town in southern
Illyria.
Livia, 323, 221 f., Livia Drusilla,
married first to Tiberius Claudius
Nero, but hi 35 B.C. Octavius
took her in marriage from her
husband. To her first husband
she bore Tiberius (afterwards
emperor) and Drusus. She bore
Augustus no children, but had
unbounded influence over him.
She died in 29 A.D.
Lucania, 385, 395, 401, 427, a dis-
trict of southern Italy, west of
Apulia and north of Bruttium.
Lucinus, 591, Sextus L., not other-
wise known.
Lupercalia, 165, a shepherds'
festival in honour of the rustic
god Faunus, held in Rome
February 15. Cf. the Caesar
Ixi. 1.
Lygdamis, 491, leader of the Cim-
merians in their invasion of Lydia
in the seventh century B.C. Cf.
Herodotus, i. 15.
Lynceus the Samian, 65, distin-
guished as comic poet and
historian, brother of Duris the
historian, and contemporary with
Menander in the latter half of the
fourth century B.C.
Lysimachus (1), 31-133 passim,
339, 361 f., 375-381, an officer of
Alexander the Great, not pro-
minent during Alexander's life,
but afterwards king of Thrace.,
He fell in battle with Seleucus,
281 B.C.
Lysimachus (2), 443, a companion
of Pyrrhus, not otherwise known.
Lutatius, 501, 589, see Catulus.
M
Macrinus, 465, a cognomen denoting
leanness.
Maecenas, 215, Caius Cilnius M.,
the great patron of literature and
art during the reign of Augustus,
whose prime minister he was.
Mamertines, 421-425, " Children of
Mars," mercenary troops from
Campania in the employ of
Agathocles tyrant of Syracuse.
613
DICTIONARY OF PROPER NAMES
They seized Messana in 310 B.C.
and became a formidable power.
They passed finally under the
dominion of Rome.
Manlius, 513, Cnaeus Manlius
Maximus, consul in 105 B.C. He
obtained Transalpine Gaul as his
Erovince, where he was defeated
y the Gauls, chiefly owing to
quarrels with his colleague,
Servilius Caepio.
Marcellus (1), 519, Marcus Claudius
M., prominent later (90 B.C.) in
the Marsic war, and an orator of
some merit (cf. Cicero, Brutus,
36, 136).
Marcellus (2), 149, 207, 331, Caius
Claudius Marcellus, consul in
50 B.C., a friend of Cicero and
Pompey, and an uncompromising
foe of Julius Caesar. He took no
part in the civil war, and was
pardoned by Caesar. As hus-
band of Octavia, the sister of
Octavius Caesar, he had consider-
able influence. He is last heard
of about 41 B.C.
Marcellus (3), 331, Laius Claudius
M., son of the preceding, born in
43 B.C. He married Julia, the
daughter of Augustus, in 25, and
was also adopted by Augustus.
He died in 23. Cf. Vergil, Aeneid,
vi. 860-886.
Massalia (Massilia), 213, a town in
southern Gaul, east of the Rhone,
the modern Marseilles.
Megacles, 399, known only from this
incident.
Menelaiis, 35-39, a brother of
Ptolemy Lagus, and commander
of his fleet. He is not otherwise
known.
Meninx, 575, an island off the north
coast of Africa, near Carthage.
Merula, 579, 593, Lucius Cornelius
M., chosen consul in 87 B.C., after
Cinna had fled the city, by the
partisans of Sulla. On the return
of Marius and Cinna in the same
year, he was summoned to trial
for illegally exercising the con-
sulship, and committed suicide.
Messapia, 385, 393, like lapygia, a
name given by the Greeks to the
614
south-eastern district of Italy,
called Calabria by the Romans.
Metellus (1), 465, Quintus Caecilius
M. Macedonicus, was praetor in
148 B.C., and received Macedonia
as his province, where he was
superseded by Lucius Mummius
before he could complete the con-
quest of Greece. He celebrated
a triumph, however, in 146, was
consul in 143, and died in
115.
Metellus (2), 469, Lucius Caecilius
M. Dalmaticus, consul in 119 B.C.,
and winner of a bloodless triumph
over the Dalmatians.
Metellus (3), 477 ff., 485 f ., 541-547,
549, 583, Quintus Caecilius M.
Numidicus, consul in 109 B.C.,
and conqueror of Jugurtha, but
supplanted by Marius. He was
unjustly expelled from the senate,
and went into exile, from which
he was recalled in 99, largely
through the efforts of his son,
Metellus Pius.
Metellus (4), 583, Quintus Caecilius
M. Pius, son of the preceding. He
was consul with Sulla in 80 B.C.,
and one of his most successful
generals. After Sulla's death in
78, Metellus was sent to Spain to
prosecute the war against Ser-
torius. He died about 63.
Meton, 383 f ., known only from this
incident.
Minturnae, 565, 569, 573, a town of
Latium, on the river Liris, about
three miles from the sea.
Misenum, 207, a promontory and
port on the coast of Campania.
It was a station for the Roman
fleet in the times of Augustus and
the Empire.
Mithridates, 11 f., Mithridates II.,
king of Pontus 337-302 B.C. At
the time here noted (318 B.C.) he
was at the court of Antigonus
as a subject vassal.
Mithridates (2), 245, 249, not other-
wise known.
Mithridates (3), 551, 555 f., 579, 593,
the sixth king of Pontus bearing
this name, commonly called Mith-
ridates the Great, 120-63 B.C.
DICTIONARY OF PROPER NAMES
the most formidable enemy of the
Romans in the East.
Mithridates of Commagen6, 277, not
otherwise known.
Molossians, 405, 447 f., one of the
chief tribes of Epeirus.
Monaeses, 219 f., 245, not otherwise
known.
Mummius, 465, Lucius Mummius
Achaicus, consul in 146 B.C.,
conqueror of Greece, destroyer of
Corinth, establisher of the Roman
province of Achaia. He was also
censor in 142, with Scipio
Africanus the Younger.
Munychia, 19, 23 f., 85, the acro-
polis of the Peiraeus.
Munychion, 63, the tenth month of
the Attic calendar, answering to
parts of April and May.
Musaeus, 565, a mythical personage,
to whom various poetical works
were assigned.
Mutina, 175, an important city hi
Cisalpine Gaul, south of the Po,
the modern Modena.
N
Nero Germanicus, 333, see Do-
mi tius (4).
Nicarchus, 295, Plutarch's great-
grandfather, not otherwise
known.
Numantia, 469, 495, a strong city
in north-eastern Spain, memor-
able for its siege and destruction
by Scipio Africanus the Younger
in 134 B.C.
O
Octavia, 205 f., 211, 215 f., 257-261,
265 fT., 273, 303, 233, 331 f.,
daughter of Caius Octavius by his
second wife Atia, and own sister
of Octavius Caesar (Augustus).
She died in 4 B.C. Her son
Marcellus was destined to be the
successor of Augustus, but died
untimely in 23 B.C.
Octavius (1), 479-585, 593, Cnaeus
Octavius, consul in 87 B.C. with
Cinna, and supporter of the
aristocratic party while Sulla
was absent in the East.
Octavius (2), 285, was an adherent
of Pompey in 49 B.C., and served
successfully on Pompey's fleet.
After the battle of Pharsalus he
lied to Africa, and after that of
Thapsus claimed joint command
with Cato (see the Cato Minor,
IKV. 2). He is not heard of after
the battle of Actium.
Olympias, 51, mother of Alexander
the Great, put to death in 316 B.C.
by order of Cassander.
Olympus, 321, a physician and
historian, not otherwise known.
Omphale, 337, a mythical queen of
Lydia, whom Heracles served for
three years.
Ostia, 561, 581, a city of Latium at
the mouth of the Tiber, the sea-
port of Rome.
Pandosia, 395, a small city of
Lucania near Heracleia, to be
distinguished from the city of
Pandosia in Bruttium.
Pansa, 175, Caius Vibius P., a
devoted friend of Julius Caesar,
who made him governor of
Cisalpine Gaul in 46 B.C., and
consul for the year 43 with
Hirtius.
Pantauchus, 101, 365, had been an
officer of Alexander the Great.
Patrae, 23, 275, a town on the coast
of Achaia near the entrance to the
Corinthian gulf, the modern
Patras.
Patrocles, 121, a Macedonian Greek
in the service of Seleucus I., the
king of Syria. He was author
of a trustworthy geographical
work on India and other eastern
regions, which is cited by Strabo.
Paulus, 179, Lucius Aemilius Paulus
(or Paullus), brother of Lepidus
the triumvir. He was consul in
50 B.C., and a determined foe of
Julius Caesar. But Caesar
bribed him into allegiance (see
6l S
DICTIONARY OF PROPER NAMES
the Caesar, xxix. 3). After
Caesar's death, Paulus returned
to the aristocratic party, and was
proscribed by the triumvirs. He
escaped death, however, and fled
to Miletus, where he died soon
afterwards.
Pelasgus, 347, mythical ancestor of
the Pelasgians, the earliest in-
habitants of Greece.
Pella, 107, was made the capital of
Macedonia by Philip II., and was
the birthplace of Alexander the
Great. It was west of the river
Axius, and some fifteen miles
from the sea.
Pelusium, 143 f., 307, a strong
frontier-town on the eastern
branch of the Nile.
Pergamum, 271, in Mysia, capital of
the kingdom founded by Eu-
menes in 263 B.C.
Perseus, 135, the last king of Mace-
donia, 179-168 B.C. See the
Aemilius Paulus, x.-xxxvii.
Pessinus, 509, a town of Galatia in
Asia Minor, famed for its rich
temple of Cybele.
Petra, 297, chief city of the district
of Arabia which borders Egypt
on the N.E. It lay about half-
way between the Dead Sea and
the Arabian Gulf.
Pharos, 203, 297, an island off
Alexandria, artificially united
with the mainland.
Pharsalus, in Thessaly, the scene
of the decisive battle between
Pompey and Caesar in 48 B.C.
Phila, 33 f., 51, 65, 77 f., 91, 113,
117, 135, daughter of Antipater
and wife of Demetrius, a virtuous
and gifted woman, faithfully
devoted to Demetrius in spite of
all his marital sins.
Philip, 51, 59, 105, Philip II. of
Macedonia, father of Alexander
the Great, reigned 359-336 B.C.
Philippides, 31, one of the principal
poets of the New Comedy at
Athens, flourishing in 325 B.C.
Philotas, 197 f., 201, known only
from these incidents.
Phylarchus, 439, of Naucratis and
Athens, a historian flourishing in
616
215 B.C., to whom Plutarch is
much indebted in his Agis and
Cleomenes, and his Pyrrhus.
Phraata, 223, 227, 253, a place
somewhere in ancient Media
which served as a residence for
the Parthian kings. It was
probably named from Phraates.
Phraates, 219, 223, 229 f., Phraates
IV. or Arsaces XV. (this latter
name continuing that of the
founder of the line), king of
Parthia, a man of cruelty and
treachery. His son was stolen
and carried to Rome, and was
surrendered to his father by
Augustus on condition of the
return of the Roman standards
and prisoners captured from
Crassus. These were actually
returned to Rome in 20 B.C.
Phraortes, 255, apparently an error
for Phraates.
Piso, 595, Caius P., not definitely
known.
Plancus, 177, 269, Lucius Munatius
P., a friend of Julius Caesar,
serving under him in Gaul and
during the civil war. After
Caesar's death he went over to
Antony, was consul in 42 B.C.,
and governor of Syria in 35. He
deserted Antony for Octavius
Caesar in 32. It was on his
proposal that the title of Augus-
tus was conferred upon Octavius
in 27.
Pleistarchus, 77 f., son of Anti-
pater and brother of Cassander.
After the battle of Ipsus (301 B.C.)
he received the province of
Cilicia. After his expulsion from
this by Demetrius nothing further
is heard of him.
Polemon. 275 f.. Polemon I., made
king of Pontus about 36 B.C. by
Antony. He ransomed himself
from the Parthians, and con-
tinued to co-operate with Antony.
After the battle of Actium he
made his peace with Octavius,
and was by him confirmed in his
kingdom. He died about 2 B.C.
Polysperchon, 23, 367, a distin-
guished officer of Alexander the
DICTIONARY OF PROPER NAMES
Great, appointed by Antipater
to succeed him in the regency.
He connived at some of the worst
crimes of Cassander. He is last
heard of in 303 B.C.
Pompeius (1), 509, Aulus P., not
otherwise known.
Pompeius (2), 207 f., 217, 263,
Sextus P., younger son of Pompey
the Great by his third wife,
escaped after the battle of Munda
(45 B.C.), and was active against
the triumvirate until his death
in 35.
Poseirlonius, 465, 593, a famous
Stoic philosopher, of Apameia in
Syria, a contemporary of Cicero,
taught at Rhodes, and was
resident at Athens and Rome.
Potheinus, 275, one of the guardians
of the young Ptolemy when
Caesar came to Egypt. He was
put to death by Caesar (cf. the
Caesar, xlviii. f.). The name
must therefore be used oratoric-
ally here.
Priene, 267, one of the twelve Ionian
cities in Asia Minor, north of
Miletus.
Proculeius, 315 f., Cornelius P.
(Plutarch calls him Procleius), a
wealthy Roman knight, after
wards highly honoured by
Augustus. Horace mentions him
with praise ( Carm. ii. 2, 5 f.).
Protogenes, 51 f., of Caunus in
Caria, one of the most celebrated
of Greek painters, contemporary
with Apelles, flourishing in
330 B.C.
Ptolemy (1), 13-117 passim, 227 f.,
355, 361, 375, Ptolemy Lagus,
king of Egypt 306-283, the most
far-sighted and successful of the
officers of Alexander the Great.
Ptolemy (2), 109, Ptolemy IV., sur-
named Philopator, king of Egypt
222-205 B.C.
Ptolemy (3), Ptolemy XI., com-
monly known as Ptolemy Auletes,
restored to the throne of Egypt
in 55 B.C. through Pompey's
influence. He never regained
the goodwill of his people, and
died in 51.
Ptolemy (4), 361, 369, 441, 449, son
of Pyrrhus and Antigone, was
left in charge of his father's
kingdom at the age of fifteen,
when Pyrrhus set out for Italy
in 280 B.C.
Ptolemy (5), 263, son of Antony and
Cleopatra, surnamed Philadel-
phus. After the death of Antony
his life was spared by Octavius
Caesar, and he was brought up
by Octavia with her own children.
Nothing more is heard of him.
Publicola, 285 f., Lucius Gellius P.,
deserted to the side of Octavius
and Antony from that of Brutus
and Cassius, and was made consul
in 36 B.C. He probably perished
at the battle of Actium.
Pyrrha, 347, mythical wife of the
mythical Deucalion (cf. Horace,
Carm.. i. 2, 6).
Pythodorus, 61, the Torch-bearer,
an official in the celebration of the
Eleusinian mysteries. See the
Alcibiades, xxii. 3.
Q
Quinda, 77, a city of Cilicia, later
called Anazarbus.
R
Rhosus, 77, probably a place on the
N.\V. coast of Syria, below the
gulf of Issus.
Rutilius, 541, Publius Rutilius
Rufus, statesman and orator,
consul in 105 B.C. He was con-
victed of peculation in his pro-
consulship of Asia (99 B.C.), and
retired to Smyrna for the rest of
his days. He wrote a History of
Rome in Greek.
Sabaco, 473, Cassius S., not other-
wise known.
Sadalas, 277, king of Thrace, not
otherwise known.
617
DICTIONARY OF PROPER NAMES
Salamis, 37 f ., 87, a city on the
eastern coast of Cyprus.
Samnium (Samnites), 385, 401, 407f.
407 f., 413, 423, 427, a mountain-
ous district in central Italy, east
of Latium and Campania. The
Samnites did not make final
submission to Rome until 272 B.C.
Samosata, 213, the royal residence
of the district of Commagene,
situated on the upper Euphrates.
Saturn, 411, Italian god of agri-
culture. For the festival of the
Saturnalia, see the note on the
Sulla, xviii. 6.
Saturninus, 499 f., 541-549, 559,
Lucius Appuleiua Saturninus, a
Roman noble who allied himself
with Marius and the popular
party, tribune of the people in
102 and 100 B.C., in which last
year he perished at the hands of
a mob.
Scipio (1), 405, Publius Cornelius
Scipio Africanus the Elder,
234-183 B.C.
Scipio (2), 469, 493 f., Publius
Cornelius Scipio Aemilianus Afri-
canus the Younger, son of
Aemilius Paulus, adopted by
Publius Scipio the son of the
conqueror of Hannibal, 185-129
B.C.
Seleucus (1), 17-133 passim,
Seleucus 1., surnamed Mcator,
founder of the Syrian dynasty,
king of Syria 306-280 B.C.
Seleucus (2), 307, apparently an
officer serving under Antony and
Cleopatra.
Sextilius, 575 f., not otherwise
known. Cf. Appian, B.C. i. 62.
Sicyon, 205, a city of Achaia in
Northern Peloponnesus, near the
Corinthian Gulf.
Sidon, 255, a Phoenician city on the
coast of Palestine, north of Tyre.
Silanus, 273, Marcus S., not other-
wise known.
Siris, 395, a river of Lucania flowing
east into the gulf of Tarentum.
Sosigenes, 125, not otherwise
definitely known.
Sossius (or Sosius), 215, Cornelius
S., consul in 66 B.C., followed the
618
fortunes of Antony, who made
liim governor of Syria and Cilicia
in place of Ventidius. He com-
manded the left wing of Antony's
fleet at Actium, escaped from the
battle, and was pardoned by
Octavius.
Statianus, 223, Oppius S., not
otherwise known.
Stilpo, 23 f., founder of a Megarian
school of philosophy. Little is
known of his life.
Stratocles, 27-33, 57-63, an Athe-
nian orator and demagogue of
disreputable character, but per-
suasive speech.
Stratonice, 77 f., 93-97, 129 f., 135,
daughter of Demetrius and Phila.
Sulla, 465, see the Coriolanus,
xi. 2-4, with the note.
Sulpicius, 555, 559, Publius S.
Rufus, one of the most famous
orators of his time. He was at
first an aristocrat in politics,
and as such was made tribune of
the people in 88 B.C. But he
became the creature of Marius,
and was put to death by Sulla
(cf. the Sulla, x. 1).
Taenarum, 291, the southern
promontory of Laconia, in Pelo-
ponnesus.
Taphosiris, 339, a town in Libya
about twenty-five miles west of
Alexandria. It contained a
" Tomb of Osiris."
Tarentum, 215 f., 279, 383 f., 389 f.,
313, 401 f., 407, 413, 419, 423,
427, a wealthy and powerful
Greek city in S.E. Italy, at the
head of the gulf named from it.
It was a Spartan colony, founded
about 708 B.C.
Taurus, 119, an extensive mountain
range of southern Asia Minor.
Taurus, 285, Statilius T., a dis-
tinguished general under Octa-
vius, consul in 26 B.C., and prefect
of Rome during the absence of
Augustus in 16.
DICTIONARY OF PROPER NAMES
Telamon, 579, a city on the coast
of Etruria (Tyrrhenia).
Terracina (Tarracina), 563, 569, a
maritime city of Latium, about
ten miles from Circeii.
Thessalonice, 87, wife of Cassander,
and sister of Alexander the Great.
Timagenes, 303, of Alexandria,
carried prisoner to Rome in
55 B.C., where he regained his
freedom and taught rhetoric
successfully, enjoying the favour
of Augustus for a while.
Timon the Misanthrope, 297 ff., is
said to have died in consequence
of refusing to have a surgeon set
a broken limb.
Titius, 235, 269, Marcus T., owed
his life to Sextus Pompeius, but
when Sextus was captured in
Asia, Titius put him to death.
He deserted Antony for Octavius
Caesar, by whom he was made
consul in 31 B.C.
Torquatus, 465, a cognomen formed
from " torques," a chain stripped
from a fallen foe.
Trebellius, 157, Lucius T., tribune
of the people in 47 B.C., and a
colleague of Dolabella. He after-
wards, to placate Antony, tried
to carry the very measures in
which he had opposed Dolabella.
Trebonius, 107, Cains T., tribune of
the people in 55 B.C., and an
instrument of the first triumvirs.
He was afterwards legate of
Caesar in Gaul, and was loaded
with favours by him, but still
joined his murderers. He was
sent out as pro-consul to Asia
hi 43, where he was slain by
Dolabella, who was acling for
Antony against Brutus and
Cassius.
U
Utica, 481, a Phoenician colony
from Tyre, older than Carthage,
on the N.W. coast of Africa,
about twenty-seven miles from
Carthage.
Varius, 179, Lucius Varius, sur
named Cotylon (or Cotyla), had
been aedile in 44 B.C., and had
served Antony during the siege
of Mutina in 43.
Ventidius, 209-215, Publius V.
Bassus, a native of Picenum,
and brought to Rome as prisoner
of war in 89 B.C., where he was
manumitted. He served with
distinction under Julius Caesar
in the civil war, and after the
death of Caesar joined Antony.
After his triumph nothing is heard
of him.
Xenocrates the Philosopher, 467, a
native of Chalcedon in Bithynia,
and a disciple at Athens of
Aeschines the Socratic. He lived
396-314 B.C.
619
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