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SuBSCRIPTION ISSUE.
RESET AND THOROUGHLY REVISED EDITION.
POPULAR ENCYCLOPEDIA;
on
CONVERSATIONS LEXICON,
Evorcrorepta is founded upon the German “Conversations Lexicon,”
which, notwithstanding the numerous Cyclopedias that have been published,
‘pre-ominontly Tax “ Wortp-RexowNep” Conversations Lexicon.
publication of the Conversations Lexicon forms an epoch in popular litera
~ The Encyclopedias which had previously appeared had stood too much on what
their dignity, and sought rather to give a scrios of profound treatises
more recondite branches of knowledge, than to embrace all the topics in which
_ “heral interest is felt, and in regard to which, accordingly, accessible sources of
_ fy clear, and accurato information aro eagerly dosired. Thoir plan rendered thom
Sematically exclusive, and, consequently, while providing only for more cultivated or
re ambitious intellects, constituting necessarily a mere fraction of the community,
“oy overlooked the wants of a large and constantly increasing majority, who, without
_ ¥ pretensions to professional skill or any desire to acquire it, longed to be at least
"+ far acquaintod with all subjects, speculative and practical, as to be able to think,
sad, and speak of them with some measure of intelligence. The longing which was
“hus felt, or which, where not felt, required to be awakened, it was the main object
of the Coxvensations Lexicon to gratify and stimulate. The ability with which it
med the task needs no other attestation than that which is furnished by its
parallolod success, not only within the limits of Germany, but by translations and
tiona in every language of tha civilized world.
aim of the Poru.ar ENxcycLorepia then, like that of ita prototype the
z s Luxtooy, is to give—in popular language, and in a form that enables
elves of it with facility—a vast storo of information on all topics that
ds of men at the present day, on all matters that have left their impress
history. Such a work is more than ever indispensable in these times,
‘Decome eo general, when newspapers, magazines, and other periodi-
tiply without end, and when, consoquontly, events from all periods,
dopartments of acience, names that have at any time beon familiar in
n, are brought constantly before the notice of every one that takes
intellectual movements going on around him, or any concern in
beyond tho narrow sphoro of his own action, A good encyclo-
contains within itself, so to speak, the aon of thousands:
and well-written article in an encyclopedia will often give a
et a subject, and a much clearer notion of tho bearings
‘ir importance, relatively, to each other and to the whole,
ng through bundrede of pages in a special treatise on
also form an excellent preparative for further study;
SUBSCRIPTION IssuUE.
RESET AND THOROUGHLY RBVISED EDITION,
THE POPULAR ENCYCLOPEDIA;
oR
CONVERSATIONS LEXICON.
Tur Porvian Excyc.orepia is founded upon the German “Conversations Lexicon,”
work which, notwithstanding the numerous Cyclopedia that have been published,
is still pre-eminently Tae “ Wortp-Renownen” Conversations Lexicon,
The publication of the Conversations Lexicon forms an epoch in popular litera-
ture. The Encyclopedias which had previously appeared had stood too much on what
was considered their dignity, and sought rather to give a series of profound treatises
on the more recondite branches of knowledge, than to embrace all the topies in which
a goneral interest is felt, and in regard to which, accordingly, accessible sources of
brief, clear, and accurate information are eagerly desired, Their plan rendered them
systematically exclusive, and, consequently, while providing only for more cultivated or
more ambitions intellects, constituting nocossarily a mere fraction of the community,
they overlooked the wants of a large and constantly increasing majority, who, without
any pretensions to professional skill or any desire to acquire it, longed to be at least
so far acquainted with all subjects, speculative and practical, as to be able to think,
read, and speak of them with some measure of intelligence. The longing which was
thus felt, or which, where not folt, required to be awakened, it was the main object
of the ConveRsATIONS LEXICON to gratify and stimulate. The ability with which it
performed the task needs no other attestation than that which is furnished by ita
unparalleled success, not only within the limits of Germany, but by translations and
imitations in every language of the civilized world.
The aim of the Porutar Exoycrorepta then, like that of its prototype the
_ Conversations Lexicon, is to give—in popular language, and in a form that enables
all to avail thomeelves of it with facility—a vast store of information on all topics that
occupy the minds of men at the present day, on all matters that have left their impress
on the world’s history. Such a work is more than ever indispensable in these times,
when reading has become so general, when newspapers, magazines, and other poriodi-
cals seem to multiply without end, and when, consequently, events from all periods,
subjects from all departments of ecience, names that have at any time been familiar in
the mouths of men, are brought constantly before the notice of every one that takes
any interest in the intellectual movements going on around him, or any concern in
what is taking place beyond the narrow sphere of his own action. A good encyclo-
pedia is itself'a library; it contains within itself, so to speak, the essence of thousands
of volumes, A succinct and well-written article in an cncyclopedia will often give a
person a much firmer grasp of a subject, and a mach clearer notion of the bearings
of ite different parts and their importance, relatively, to each other and to the whole,
than he would obtain by reading through hundreds of pages in a special trentise on
the same subject. Such articles alao form an excellent preparative for further atady;
SUBSCRIPTION ISSUE.
RESET AND THOROUGHLY REVISED EDITION.
THE POPULAR ENCYCLOPEDIA;
oR
CONVERSATIONS LEXICON.
Tue PorutaR ENCYCLOPEDIA is founded upon the German “Conversations Lexicon,”
a work which, notwithstanding the numerous Cyclopedias that have been published,
is still pre-eminently Tae “ WoRLD-RENOWNED” CONVERSATIONS LEXICON.
‘The publication of the ConvERSATIONS LEXICON forms an epoch in popular litera-
tare. The Encyclopedias which had previously appeared had stood too much on what
was considered their dignity, and sought rather to give a series of profound treatises
on the more recondite branches of knowledge, than to embrace all the topics in which
@ general interest is felt, and in regard to which, accordingly, accessible sources of
brief, clear, and accurate information are eagerly desired. Their plan rendered them
systematically exclusive, and, consequently, while providing only for more cultivated or
more ambitious intellects, constituting necessarily a mere fraction of the community,
they overlooked the wants of a large and constantly increasing majority, who, without
any pretensions to professional skill or any desire to acquire it, longed to be at least
s0 far acquainted with all subjects, speculative and practical, as to be able to think,
read, and speak of them with some measure of intelligence. The longing which was
thus felt, or which, where not felt, required to be awakened, it was the main object
of the Conversations Lexicon to gratify and stimulate. The ability with which it
performed the task needs no other attestation than that which is furnished by its
unparalleled success, not only within the limits of Germany, but by translations and
imitations in every language of the civilized world.
The aim of the Popunar ENcycLopepi then, like that of its prototype the
Conversations Lexicon, is to give—in popular language, and in a form that enables
all to avail themselves of it with facility—a vast store of information on all topics that
occupy the minds of men at the present day, on all matters that have left their impress
on the world’s history. Such a work is more than ever indispensable in these times,
when reading has become so general, when newspapers, magazines, and other periodi-
cals seem to multiply without end, and when, consequently, events from all periods,
subjects from all departments of science, names that have at any time been familiar in
the mouths of men, are brought constantly before the notice of every one that takes
any interest in the intellectual movements going on around him, or any concern in
what is taking place beyond the narrow sphere of his own action. A good encyclo-
pedia is itself a library; it contains within itself, so to speak, the essence of thousands
of volumes. A succinct and well-written article in an encyclopedia will often give a
person a much firmer grasp of a subject, and a much clearer notion of the bearings
of its different parts and their importance, relatively, to each other and to the whole,
than he would obtain by reading through hundreds of pages in a special treatise on
the same subject. Such articles also form an excellent preparative for further study;
and, ever when one has to s certain extent mastered « subject, he will often find his
knowledge summarized for him in « cyclopedia, and get out in a form through which
it will be more forcibly improssed on his memory.
Lexicon
the wants und tastes of British readers [t has been before the public, in a form
similar to that in which it now appears, for a number of years past, and has met
with « large moasure of acceptance. Tho issue now in course of publication has
‘been entirely reset on a new type cast for the purpose, and thoroughly revised and
corrected, many of the articles having been re-written, and many additional articles
having been inserted, These extensive alterations and improvements, which in effect:
constitute the present edition a new work, will, it is hoped, insure the maintenance
of that high character which bas hitherto been enjoyed by the Popunan Excycio-
YEA.
Among the Writers from whom contributions appear in the present Work may be
named the following:-—
te ar May ta DCL Prati of Nabaral PUilenophy, Unlverity of Change
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Tilustrations will extend to about 200 pages of Engravings, including
Besides forming « very pleasing and usefol fenture, they throw a
the numerous articles they arv designed to illustrate, In addition, «
for this subscription ixsne, by Jom Bartnoromnw, F.n6.8
accuracy of dotail with elegance of execution, and will be
printed in colours, Thoy will inelude all the moat recent diseovories, and
territory, among which may be specified the lake and river
practi liek Rene nde acai te
despatches broaght home by me joa in
the late Franeo-Geraun war.
Acai ssecsiaisitia WoaraiarSiuitrchanie, sloh' xine; red dgee,
TLACKIE & SON: LONDON, GLASGOW, AND EDINBURGH.
THE
POPULAR ENCYCLOPEDIA:
oR,
CONVERSATIONS LEXICON.
A GENERAL DICTIONARY OF ARTS, SCIENCES, LITERATURE,
BIOGRAPHY, AND HISTORY.
NEW EDITION, WITH NUMEROUS ILLUSTRATIONS.
HALF-VOLUME I.
A—BARRY.
LONDON:
BLACKIE & SON: PATERNOSTER BUILDINGS, EC.;
GLASGOW AND EDINBURGH.
ABRONAUTICS
(earicie bem Alnepee fotinimery Lemon,
AGRICULTURE.
FORD FORME FERRO’ RROCON
AERONAUTICS
= AGRICULTURE. PLATE H
TOMEEAN HOCK FEL FLOCOR,
nasnomne seme Ano man
PATENT ROSE FERRO FOKON
SUBSCRIPTION ISSUE.
RESET AND THOROUGHLY REVISED EDITION.
THE POPULAR ENCYCLOPEDIA;
oR
CONVERSATIONS LEXICON.
THE PopuLaR ENcycLoPEniA is founded upon the German “Conversations Lexicon,”
a work which, notwithstanding the numerous Cyclopedias that have been published,
is still pre-eminently THz “ WoRLD-RENOWNED” CONVERSATIONS LEXICON.
The publication of the CoNVERSATIONS LEXICON forms an epoch in popular litera-
ture. The Encyclopedias which had previously appeared had stood too much on what
was considered their dignity, and sought rather to give a series of profound treatises
on the more recondite branches of knowledge, than to embrace all the topics in which
a general interest is felt, and in regard to which, accordingly, accessible sources of
brief, clear, and accurate information are eagerly desired. Their plan rendered them
systematically exclusive, and, consequently, while providing only for more cultivated or
more ambitious intellects, constituting necessarily a mere fraction of the community,
they overlooked the wants of a large and constantly increasing majority, who, without
any pretensions to professional skill or any desire to acquire it, longed to be at least
so far acquainted with all subjects, speculative and practical, as to be able to think,
read, and speak of them with some measure of intelligence. The longing which was
thus felt, or which, where not felt, required to be awakened, it was the main object
of the Conversations LExIcon to gratify and stimulate. The ability with which it
performed the task needs no other attestation than that which is furnished by its
unparalleled success, not only within the limits of Germany, but by translations and
imitations in every language of the civilized world.
The aim of the PopuLar Encycuopepia then, like that of its prototype the
CoNnVERSATIONS LEXICON, is to give—in popular language, and in a form that enables
all to avail themselves of it with facility—a vast store of information on all topics that
occupy the minds of men at the present day, on all matters that have left their impress
on the world’s history. Such a work is more than ever indispensable in these times,
when reading has become so general, when newspapers, magazines, and other periodi-
eals seem to multiply without end, and when, consequently, events from all periods,
subjects from all departments of science, names that have at any time been familiar in
the mouths of men, are brought constantly before the notice of every one that takes
any interest in the intellectual movements going on around him, or any concern in
what is taking place beyond the narrow sphere of his own action. A good encyclo-
pedia is itself a library; it contains within itself, so to speak, the essence of thousands
of volumes. A succinct and well-written article in an encyclopedia will often give a
person much firmer grasp of a subject, and a much clearer notion of the bearings
of ite different parts and their importance, relatively, to each other and to the whole,
than he would obtain by reading through hundreds of pages in a special treatise on
the same subject. Such articles also form an excellent preparative for further study;
AMPHITHEATRE , AQUEDUCT Bandit
iinpaaa
if tity ‘ai
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' | i
{
RACHITECTURE,
ARCHITECTURE PLATE Wi.
soonisn
Barta be Blame Zolende
‘ONKEYS,
(hits Sr Steet tas
Goakey ts to,
* Mona Monkey
ARCHITECTURE.
ARCHITECTURE.
ARCHITECTURE PLATE Xt
MoonisH
Fant Marten be Blame Toten
BALANCE, BAROMETER, BLOWPIPE. pose ee
Or a
SKETCH OF THE
PROGRESS OF PHYSICAL SCIENCE,
By THOMAS THOMSON, mp, FRS. L&E &,
REGIUS PROPERIOR OF CHEMISTRY IN TILE UNIVERSITY OF GLASGOW.
fie
ft
i
ff
mathematical know!
rocks, MThang are Ensid, \pllonion acl
id lived in Alexandria during the reign
Ptolemy. Nothing whatover is
of his nativity;
that ho lived in Greece, and
Exypt, after the foundation of
school. He
rtf
&
a
known
though is
he died
ee
z
3
i
£
a
3
i
F
Tn the first four ho pro-
cof lines, parallel lines, angles, triangles,
treat of proe
ninth
ith and
celebrity at a mathematician chiefly depends.
‘Tho comic sections, which, after the circle,
achool; thoagh who the discoverer was is not
A considerable number of the pro-
known.
Byrth Gre poms, And tft far
‘books of Apolloulus are a collection of every-
thing known these curves befare his
time. The last four books contain hie own dis-
caverica, In the fifth book he treats of the
test nnd smallest lines which can be drawn,
font wach point of their circumference, and
many other in
the greatest eagacity itting
attention to investigate, ‘The sixth book is not
| He
bofore the
Tis wtudies were particularly directed to the
‘ineasurement of curvilinear spaces; and he im-
vented 2 mast ingenious method of performing
such measurements, well known by the name of
the Mothod of Exhaustions,
When it is required to measure tho space
yam | method, it is said, occurred
A the
than 31), His two books on the sphare
= bya similarmothod
He measures the eurfaco and
salty af
snrfaoe and solidity) ix two-thirds of the ciroum-
eylinder.
Ph he me op in Tras 0 Cade ‘being known,
wns conducted.
names he
een formed by the revolutions of the:
conic sections ronnd their axia We elas
hig xmearches on tho spiral of Arch
itis calles, though in reality sa
‘Conon, one of his friends; but must notice
Treatise entitled Paummites, or Arenarina
i epee nt nnanaing ey
-gronty wns suflicient to express the number
tion ‘of and situated on theca shore. This
Archimedes to write his treatise, in
which he demonstrates that the fiftieth tarm of |
tained
distance between
| be wufliciently |
(20 bodies, and terminates his trea- |
tise by demonstrating that the sphere (hoth in | p
pee bier ae negennsp
‘This monarch had given o certain quantity of
gold to a jeweller to fabricate @ crown, and he
suspected that the artist had purloined « portion
‘of the gold, nnd substituted silver in ita place.
Archimedes waa requeited to point out a method
‘ef determining how much gold had been
Toined, and how much silver wubstituted, The
to him all at. once,
while in the bath, and he was so transported
with joy, that ho ran naked through the stroots
of arying ont, epyea, elpnru 2 dave
founel it, F have found tt. The discovery with
ry boy plunged into a fluid. lowes ws meh
‘on in equal to the it of a
of he ld ua in bulk to the body
fy him
via the teltod of determining the specific
gravity of pure gold and pure silver. ‘Theso
ho had only to take the specific
gravity of the crown, which (supposing no al-
‘eration in volume when the two metals are
melted together) wonld enable him to dimcover
[how much gold and how much silver i cone
‘This first principle being known, Archimedes
deduced from it various other well-kuown hy~
dlrostatioal p les, which he consigned in the
De Insidentibus in
occupied with vurious It questions re-
the iphostlon and stability of certain
a uid
iat contrivances; but
some lacus notices of two
e i mow elated teh has been abi by
| grave
did
ring it neatly to the state of nim-
Stab preiat pooomes. But the | spread thenaclves upan other branches of the
mere
Napler of Merchiston, whose mind seems to
Fave had a bont towards arithmstical
was the to whom the happy though
‘ametliod by which ian igh | n
ems
the product or quotient might
[bide by inapection, ‘thu the third term
ofa sex peogresice, multiplied into the fifth torm, | eal
make the
“nee
prevented Briggs from finishing his plan, Init
Pwo coy complied, by by Golibrasd, and pal bLishied
by hin Thi [Tstgeoastein’ etbeatlony dt
1. GrommrEY.
‘We have scen the progress which geometry
had made among the aucienta, and how Archi«
modes, by the a of exhanations, had. sme
id not enable ua pets it to other
panes of the same kind. A more com-
pondious: and more ‘method wan much
to be wished for: and this great step was made
by Cavalleri in the year 1635, in hia book en-
tied, Geometria indivisibilibus continuorum
nova
‘into the socioty of Jesuits, was sent to the Uni+
ral of Pisa, where he nequired. his goometrie
knowledge, and was afterwards prefesor of
olfth | astronomy in the University of
ira pen progression: and he hit
‘moat ingenious way of proving the truth
Tis propentton, ‘Whit are called logarithms
sion, revemeat Laver to sl alecibtes expat,
7 toall numbers sty
Reaas wt logetianlay Uo vantadel. The
‘of logarithms may be
one which first cocurred to the inventor, though
the simplest, was not so convenient as the one
‘which ceourred soon after to himmelf and his
sand ncoording to which the tablew
wve been constructed. Tt ia plain
two logarithms, the
Jogatithm eoxatitating the san of the two will
correspond with the number which wonld be |.
Bologna.
Cavalleri proceoded én his geometry of inili=
visibles on the following principle-—Areu may
‘be considered as made up of nn infinite number
of parallel lines; solids, of an infinite number of
parallel planes; and Linea, of sm infinite number
of points, Thus the cubature of a solid wax
progres: | reduced to the summation of a series of yilane;
and the quadrature of a curve to the summation
‘of a series of ordinates, Now tho rale for aura:
ming an infinite series of term in arithenetical
yrogresion had been long known, and the
=o of it to find the area of a
| of them, to find what ratio the sum of all these
“squares beans to the greatest aquary, taken as
ix
obecies und ordinate as I to 3,
the same analogy many othor
of spaces,
ial [
i
new views
Moat of the diseaveries maze by othor mathn-
¢ | maticians immed:
ularly om, the sum of this series
‘tho sum of the Inst term ropeatod
Hepes
‘os many times as there are terms in the cerics.
Thus,
1 04142 414240 6 1
Fl 2 23243 syoy3s90 13 2 |
it follows that a triangle is half a |
‘on the sauue or equal basis, and
¢ parallels. For a, trinngle mx
I
‘beginning at a point or 0, and increas-
cA
i
;
3
Fi
u
1 consists of an
of Hnea of equal length, and all
the base. From this analogy be de-
vetltell
5 may
of an infinite number | 0
a
———
rat applied tho same method to the rectification
of sevoral other parabolas.
‘We must pass over the discoveries of Barrow,
‘though they are highly entitled to attention,
hasten to Sir Tease Newton, who wns des-
“a nurpeiaing turn
‘honteal instruments,
pee pata ae le het ot Kattan,
tmathomaticians
in 1722 It contained the mo-
ng th ots of fnetonn eyes
“Another very and profound writer of
{hs pasta ee eos shen abe ie bs
‘“Mothed of Increments, ae
‘a uew branch to the annlynis of
tity. fpcoenpareary bec Rent retro
of Increments lias conferred a celebrity on ite
voluminona ws
It is known by the
lors Theorem, and expreses the
‘a variable quantity in
or no share,
cums, pathaps, may harp contributed
away our men of science from mathe-
But by the middle of
the Inst century the mco of British mathema-
THE PROGRESS OF
ticinns, nt one time xo numerous snd 80 splendid,
‘war reduced to a very wnall number indeed.
\themation
Sue aie Linea Na as eee
‘Mr. West was appointed to teach the mathe
matical class in the University of St, Andrews,
in consoquonce of the illness of Profewor Vilant.
‘West pomesed an uncommon mathematical
genius, av is evident from tho slightest inspec
tion of hie Elementary System of Geometry,
Pes ho published whilo a teacher. Hia mode
of teaching scems to have been adiizable, and
‘he had the merit of infusi
a number of young men who have contributed
not a little to the recovery of that high rink in
mathematical ecience which kmneeae
the British mathematicians, The late
waa ot iodo! the papi of Wet, bat
he was his friend and conten
had) been educated at the same university, arn
have | isnot unlikely, therefore, that he may have beets
indebted for his puxsion for the science to his
intimacy with West. The late Sir John Leslie
‘was a pupil of West, and indebted to him for all
his mathematical knowledge. Ho wns possoasod
‘of a true mathematical genius, and though not
faniliag with the general analytical metho
which am now in constant use, yet hia mathe
matical knowledge wns respectable. My. Glen-
| wa sneer 68 3 Weat's pupil, Bat the
man who does the highest credit to Mr. West is
Mr. Ivory, who has mised himself to the very
highest rank ae a mathematician ; who lias cule
tivated every branch of the higher
with the most complete success; wl
acquainted with the whole history of mathema-
tical discoveries, and is now universally admite
tod to be the first mathematician at present in
Fn sigan alized shar, ooo
from the stigma affixed to her, feriority
iathematical skill to the mathematicians ou
‘Continent. Cambridge also of late years haw
preduced different eminent mathematicians, the
moat celebrated of whom is Sir Joha Hor-
schell.
Tt would Le imporsible in this hasty sketeh
to give the slightest idea of the prodigious ien-
-| provaments weil hve been made in nunthema-
a = of the last contury,
een one. Tt haw been
ee eitemptad, ‘but never yet executed,
The individnal best qualified far seh =
Mr, Ivory, Wary ho to execute it he would
confor a boon of no ordinary magnitode upon
wcience, and add a new wreath to th those wth
which Great Britain is already encireled.
7
i
i
z
sLttige
letters p and vm aro used for
‘And the rule i Inid down,
‘but minus into minus gives plus.
originally merely an abbreviation
Sesiceel eagenee epplint to the sluiion of
arithmetical problema.
Todians and Arabians advanced ws far
is
fy
only to a few of his scholars. One of
te
i
Hy
catia:
ih
| ta
5 pes shee ha aay
| for a step which waa about to
since rendered it such w powerful instrument of
fnvestivation, He likewise discovered the re-
m between the roots of an equation of any
and tho co-officients of its torms, though
‘terns are wanting, and
when all the terms are positive. This general
truth, which Vieta only saw imperfectly, was
further extended, in 1669, by Albert Gerard,
Bat it was first developed in all ite generality
by Harriot, whore discoveries in algebra have
eee amuch extolled by Wallis,
| brn nearly to its present: state,
snteooasive improvementa brought alge-
pared it
(ges
by
cartes, and which forma one
ch
THE PROGRESS OF
Before laying down the rules to be followed
in his new or inductive proces, Bacon «numer
ated the cansos of error, which Weare into
four vote, and distinguished, to the
fashion of the times, by the following fanciful
bat expressive namos:—
Idols of the tribe,
Idols of the den,
Tdol of the forum,
Idole of the theatre,
‘The idole of the tribe avo the causes of error
founded on human nature in general. "Thus all
prog
title of spirit of zystem, ia one of the grentost
enemics to its progress thit ecienoy has to
ith.
‘It was not to be expected that mankind
should at first make any ini
while the regular operations of natare seareely
attmneted
attention. ‘The method of investigat-
by Puolomy.
‘But at the revival of letters in tho sixteenth
century a spirit of observation and inquiry
Lont Verulam, who first investigated tho lawa
according to which such experimental investign-
tion should be conducted, who pointed out the
necessity of following theso laws in all atterupts
tw extond the physical sciences, and who foretold
the brilliant succes that would one day repay
those who should afopt the methods which he
pointed out, ‘This he dil in his Novum Orga-
nam, pablished in the early part of the seven-
teenth century.
he ia prone to fashion and force every other.
Tho idole of the forum aro those which arise
oat of the interoourse of society, and expecially
from by means of which men commn-
nicate with cach other, It ix well known that
words, in some measure, govern thought, and
that we eannot think accurately unless: we are
able to oxprom ourselves accurately, ‘The sare
word docs not convey the ame idea to different
penionk ‘Henot many disputes are merely
verbal, thongh the disputants may not be aware
of the circumstance.
‘Tho idole of the theatre are the
which havo taken their rise from the systems of
different schools of philosophy, ‘Thess errors
affected the philosophy of the ancients more
‘than that of the moder Bat they are not yet
without their effect, and often act powerfully
‘upon iniividuals without their being aware af
‘Uncir effect,
After an historical viow of science from fits
dawn among the Greeks to his own time, and
‘pointing out the little progress which it liad
‘mae, in consequence of the improper way ia
ft had been cultivated, Bucon proseeds,
in his seoond book, to point out the true way of
advancing science by induction,
‘The first object ought to be to prepare a Bie
‘The method of induction hore Iaid down is
whore experience
them show the thing sought for in ita highest
others in its lowest; somo show it simplo
d uncombined, while others are confused with
Some
1. Trutantive solitarie aro oxsmples of the
same quality existing in two bodies which have
nothing else in comanon; or of a quality differ-
‘ing in two bodies which ary in all other rexpect |
the ame.
‘explained by the one
‘causes and not by the other. If such a
‘be found the uncertainty is removed,
explanations
might be conceived. But the experimentum
omcis of Lavoisier removed theambiguity. He
changed. Bot the glass being opened, a quan-
tity of air rushed in, amounting in weight to
ten grains; and the tin was found to have in-
in wei, ins. Tt was obvions
portion of the alr
oecasioned tho increase of the weight.
Tn exes where an experimentuim crucis can-
me experi
respects but ono, is what the experimontum
-erucis and the principle of induction in general
requires, But this, in the sciences just maimed,
can seldom Wve accomplished. Hence the great
difficalty of separating the exuses, and allotting:
e | to its due proportion of the effect. Meu
‘THE PROGRESS OF
ee ee
in forwarding those branches of science which
he callivated, Bacon also was mistaken in con-
ceiving that, by investigation, mankind may
become acquainted with the emences of the
powers and qualities residing in bodies So far
as science Das hitherto advanced, no one esence
‘has boon discovered, either nx to matter or as to
any of its more extensive modifications. Thus
‘wenre still indoubt whether heat and electricity.
be qualities or wubstancea Yot wo havo dis-
covered many important properties or laws, by
means of which heat and electricity, whether
properties or anbstance, are
from this knowledge probably wo derive aa
much advantage as could be obtained from a
completo knowledge of their exomce,
Bach are the two methous of advancing science,
By experiment or observation all the new facts
Sh ores pain te toqiret ‘By the applica-
‘of mathemnticnl reasoning to these facta |
Alayacs Tobia tou oh penctiny, me
stan eke wi to every par
ticular seience determin ts DOW ene
denvour to trace the sentry hias been
made in the diffurent physical sciences since
theso two powerful means of advancement were
fairly applied to them.
L MPCHANICR.
Stevinns, an engineer in the Low Countries,
is the first person who passed beyond the point
ly necenary
Vey. plane inlined at any wile 1 the
horizon. ‘Thin kn
detaced from the fact that a chain aid on an
inclined plane, with a part of it hanging over
tat top in a perpendicular line, will be in equili- | on
brio if the two ends of the chain reach down |
exactly to the same level. ‘The first appearance |
‘of Stovinuy’ solution ef this problem was in the |
Year 1585. Hix works, as we now have them, | t
were collected after his death by his country
man, Albert Gerard, and published at Leyden
in 1634,
But the man to whom mechanies tx indebted
for the first great steps which it made in advance
ins Galileo, who was born at Piss in the year
1964, and who is perhaps the most remarkable
man that appeared in that age, so prolific in
men of first-rate genius, Tn 1502 ho published
a treative Della Scienza Mochanica, in which he
has given the theory not only of the lever, but
also of the inclined plane and screw, and in
which he laid down this general proposition,
that anal woights are able to move large ones
only by a great increase of velocity, or that
weights equilibrio when the weight of
each mnltiplied into ite velocity is the «ame.
While a student at Pisa he had made experi-
ments on falling bodies, and discovered the fact
that light and heavy bodies fall to the ground
in the aame time, making allowance for the re-
ssistance of the air, From observing the vibrax
tions of the Jamps in the cathedral he had come
to this very important conclusion, that great and
small vilirations of the pendulum are performed
|in the same time, and that this tine dependa
only on the length of the pendulum.”
‘Thess experiments drew upon him the dis
And | pleasure of hie masters, who were offended that
he should consult nature and experiment instead
of Aristotle and thelr commenturies on the
dogmas of the Grecian sage. ‘This was the origin
of those pereecutions, proceeding froma mixture
of bigotry and envy, with whieh he continued
to bo harassed throughout the rest of his life.
By means of the inclined plane be aucoseded
in demonstrating that the motion of a falling
body ix a uniformly accolgrated motion, His
next step waa to determine the path of a heavy
body when obliquely projected. He showed
this to bea ia. ‘The theory of the
inclined plane showed that if circle be placed
| vortically, the chords of the different arches tir=
| minating in the lowest point of the cirdle are all
dewended through in the sme space of the.
But when Galileo applind this to nceount for
great and small vibrations of a pendaluia
| performed in the same time, be fell into am
error, which was first completely rectified bye
Huygens,
Tu the list of
ecma to have | Gali
"Torna, the Prt jet and friend of Galileo,
discovered a remarkable property of the centre
gravity, and a general prineiplo with
PHYSICAL SCIENCE. xvii
point; the propartionality
cribed about the centre of foree,
work.
Leibnita, the rival and antagonist of Newton,
made some improvements in mechanical science,
‘Tho equality of action | which though not capable of being eampared
maxim that the aamo | with the profound discoveries of Newton, yot
are inversely a their mimes, are the pepe tc ara pe
ineiy ‘oh which thees invostigations are | the principle of a suficiant reason. iis prin:
eee ice tot Kd bes ae
‘THR PROGRESS OF
world of science was divided into two par
tie The mathematicians of Germany, Holland,
‘andl Italy adopted the opinion of Loibuits; those
of Great Britain the old opinion, that the force
ix ximply to the velocity; while
into the velocities, becnuse it ia well known that
the foros of bovlies in which these
aro equal, if opposod, deatroy
‘wo employ this meawuro it in evident that the
forves vary not as the squares, but simply as
the velocities,
‘When a moving body is oppoced by prresmure,
or a resistance like that of gravity, the quantity
of such resistance requined to extinguish the
motion must acrve to measure the force of the
Lody. But there are two ways af computing
perpendi
to that of gravity, we may either inquire into
the retardation which gravity produces duriny
a given time, or while the body ia moving over
a given apace, We may inquire how dong the
motion will continne, or Aow far it will ewey
the body bofore it be entirely oxhausted. If we
employ the first of these for the measure of the
force of m body, that farce must be
to the velocity; for to this the time ie manifestly
+ If we employ the second, namely,
the length af the Line which the moving body
describes a# tho measure of the foree, thon it
must be as the ecquare of the velocity, becuse
to that quantity the length of the line is known
to be i
‘Thus we obtain two values of the force, the
‘one proportional to the velocity, the other to
‘the square of tho velosity. Who does not per
coive that the rexson of this apparent inconsis-
tuncy ia the different mesning applied to the
‘tora force in the two ousew?
So far as general principles are concerned,
mechanics was nearly brought to o state of
perfection by Nowton and the mathematicians
of his time, Perhaps the principle of the oom-
acrvation of living forces, introduced by John
Bernoulli, ought to be mentioned.
‘To understand what i meaut by this prin
ciple, it may be requisite to observe that to
mero precure Leibnitz gave the name of wie
mortua, or dead force, anil to the force of mov
ing bodies the name af vis viva, a living fers.
By the conservation of living forces, Bernoulli
- | moant that permanence through all the gradual
therefore wore true, ‘This was pointed out
by D’Alembert in his Dynamique, published in
1k.
We may measure the force of one moving
hoy by its effect upon another moving body.
Hence there is no doubt that the forces of such
changes of any ayatem of connected bodies, in
the aggregate of the products of their maser
into the square of their velocities It abridges
thesolutiou of various problems,and was adopted
‘by Daniel Bernoulli as the basis of his thecry
of hydrodynamics, published in 1735,
‘The task of composing a treatise on dynamics,
full and original in overy part, wae taken up by
bodica are as the quantities of matter multiplied | Euler, He bestowed upon it all the pains and
rAlembert pablished his Dynamics in 1743,
an founda the whole of his raeoning upon a
1n1785 Lagrange, by combining the principle
‘of LAlambert with that of virtoal velocitiee,
converted the wholo into an nbsolutoly analy-
tical science. He referred the efforts of every
particle of a moving system to threo mutual
(perpendicular, and thence derived three several
differential equations, which, being integrated,
‘would give tho final solution of the problem,
But no general formula for integrating such
sequuntioms tias been hitherto discovered.
Ee ie a skotch of the gradual progress of
‘the mathematical investigation of mechanics
‘engines, it |
tages which have resalted from these improve-|
‘specially in this country, where th
Waijoen of tine Darabntxie, viewed StEs Oat:
apprehension by the common people, necessarily
attracted the attention of the first observers of
+ some were carried pris the
ir paths, after « certain interval of
g | This coukd nob wel’ be dane Withoub aikiypo-
thesis, and the simplest. was that the planets
move coatwards in circles, and at a uniform
rate,
Tt was soon found, however, that the motion
eastward was not uniform. The planct began
to move slower and slower, and at last became
statlonury. Tt then acquired a motion in 1
contrary direction, and after proceeding for a
cortain time westwards it became stationary,
and then moved eastwards aa at first. ‘Those
motions wero not onily roconeiled with a uni
form circular motion. ‘The explanation, how»
ever, was attempted by Apo
‘Ho conceived that in the
THE FROGRUSS OF
tables, and the comparison of theso tables with
‘became easy; and upon this the
progress of the scionce depends. We have no
evidence that the ancient astronorer ever con-
xidered the epicycles and deferenta which they
‘onployod in their eystems ax having a physical | di
existence, or as serving to represent these mo-
tioms; they merely employed them to enable
them to calculate the apparent motions of the
heavenly bodiss.
‘When Europe began to awake from the leth-
angy of the dark ages, astronomy was the first
cof tha sciences which drow tho attention of men |
nomuical observations Ho published an edition
of the Almagest; and though he neither under-
stood Greek nor Ambis, yet his knowledge of |
the mubject enabled him'to make it much more
perfect than any former Rogio-
montanus was s pupil of Purbach, and became
such more celebrated than his master,
Copernicus, who had the merit of first divin-
ing the true system of the universe, was born
‘Thorn in the yenr 1479, studied at Cracow, and
ultimately went into the church. A decided
taste for astronomy led him, when wery young,
te the study of that science. Tt occurred to |
im, at a very enrly period, to consider what
‘effect the motions of the heavenly bodice would.
have upon a apectator, transferring that motion
to tho objects observed, but sacribing to 4t an
‘opposite direction, It becamo immediately ob-
vious that the rotation of the earth on its axis
from west to east would produce the apparent
motion of the heavens from cast to weet,
Tn considering the objections which might be
made to the «yatem of the earth's motion, he
rewons soundly, though he waa not aware of
the full force of his own argument Ptolemy
had alleged that if the earth were to revolve on
ita axis, tho violonce of the motion would be
‘sufficient to tear it in ycoss and dissipate the
parta. *Why,' sys Copernicus, ‘was he not more
alarmed for the safety of the heavens, if the
diurnal motion be ascribed to them, as their
motion must be more rapid in proportion a
their magnitude is greater?
We need not mention that Copernicus placed
the sun in the centre, and tanght that all the
planeta moved round that luminary in orbite
nearly circular, "The moon revolved round the
earth, and the apparent diurnal revolution of
the honvens from east to woet was owing to the
veal diurnal revolution of the earth from west
to eaat. The first edition of the Astronomia
Tuataarata, in which these doctrines appeared,
was dedicated to the pope, and wax published
in 1543, 2 few days bofore the death of the
‘author.
After Copernicus, Tycho Take was the aout
i nhod astronomer of the sixteenth evn
tury, An eclipso of the sun which he witnessed
in 1960, when he was a young aman, in conse.
gress, he belonged toa noble family in Denmark
—a clas of men entitled by their rank to dis
| claim tho pursuit of knowledge, and extremely
[jealous of the priviloge of ignorance, But id
enthosiaam enabled him to brawl
trammels of his order. He oven aquired =
patronage of the King of Denmark, and was
able in consequence to erect: an obacrvatory in
the island of Huena, supplied with far b
instruments than had ever yet been ay
astronomical observations. ‘Tycho,
‘of them, could measure angles to ten
‘which was sixty times the accuracy of
or of any instruments that had belonged to
‘achool of Alexandria,
His first object was a catalogue of the
which he was anxious t make more
than that of Hipparchos snd Ptolemy,
ities
i
?
| great difficulty in executing this task
horizon, it rom above the plane of the instru:
ment. At its sotting the sun was raised above
the horizon by more than ita own diameter.
‘The comet of 1970 was observed by ‘Tycho,
and gave rise to a new theory of these bodies,
Tits parallax was 20/, showing that it was three
times farther off than the moon. He considered
star of 1572 deserve also to be noticed. It ap-
poared in Cassiopeia on the 7th of November,
|| contre of the planetary motion,
Kepler followed ‘Tycho. He was born in 1870,
an early age applied himelf to the
ns, His first divows
‘suw, forthe first tira, three Luminous points im
straight line; two of them on ono side, and
oneon the other. By obsorring them, however,
In Saturn he saw one large dise, with two
smaller ones very near it, and diametrically op-
‘The | posite,and always ween in the xume places. But
janet he
‘Though the angular motion of the planeta waa
not found to be uniform, it was discovered that
i gail Taw connected that motion with
the rectilinear distance from the wan, the former |
being everywhere inversely as the square of the
lntter. Hence, it wns easy to prove that the
area described by the line drawn from the planet |
to the sun increased wt » uniform rate; and, | it
therefore, that any tro ch arene were propor: |
‘tioned to the times in which they were desoribed. |
‘This was the second of Kepler's three farnous
Jaws; the third was not fess remarkable. He |
was of opinion that some simple relation must
‘exist botween (ho periodical titnes of the planets
and their distances from the sun. After an in-
finite number of trinks he discovered, to his
great delight, that in any two planets the euares
‘of the times of tho revolution aro as the cubes of
their mean distances from the sun.
Is ix humiliating to be obiignd to state that
the place of a plinet, they introduced a problem
too difficelt to be resolved by elementary goo-
metry.
While Kepler was thus perfecting the theory
of the motions, Galileo had oon-
structed n telescope, and dicected it to the moan.
more powerful telescopes were wanting before
these appearances could be in
‘Tho horned figure of Venus, and the gibbosity
‘of Mars, added to tho evidence of the Copernican
asystem, and yorified the conjecture of its author,
who ventured to say that if the sight were suf-
ficiently powerful, we should «ee Mercury and
Venus exhibiting phases similar to those of the
moon,
‘These diacoveriog wery probably the most
splendid that ever fell to the lot of any indivi-
dual. Ins more enlightened age they would
have secured the gratitude and admiration of
the whole scientific world. But Galileo bad
rused a host of enemies hy attempting to over
turn the Aristotolinn doctrinos, and the ehurels
itself was roused action, because it had staked
of dogmas which the
discoveries and reasoning of Galileo had overs
turned. Galileo was twice brought before the
Inquisition; aud a council of seven cantinals
pronounced the following aeutence:—"T'hat to
maintain the sun to be: fancy and without
proposi
in religion, and controry to the teatimnony, of
Scripture. ‘That it is equally absurd nnd false
in philosophy to assert that the earth is not un-
movable in the centre of the world, and, com
sidered theologically, equally erroneous ane
Here wos an example, among many othene
‘that might be given, of a number af men who
conceived that powor was able to subdue truth.
But the puny efforts of popes and cardinals are
totally unable to atop the steady flow of human
‘The decres remains #till in fore
among the infallible oracles of the Roman Ca-
tholic Church. But who pays any regani to
‘this comparison; and for the development of a
new science, the sublimest that ha» hitherto
‘been exposed to the eyes of mankind, the world
is indebted to Newton. In the year 1666, when
he was a very young man, he was driven from
Cambridge by the plague. As he sat one day
in his garden, musing on the nature of the
Peceacaitccee: by which the phenomena: at
the carth’s surface are #0 much regulated, he
observed an apple fall froma tree. Tho thought
‘ocentred to him, Since gravity isa tendency not
‘confined to hodion on the very surface of the
earth; but since it reaches to the tops of trees,
nnd to the summite of the highest mountains,
xxiii
may be much leas, ‘To cetimate the quantity of
diminution Newton seems to have reasoned
proceeded,
therefore, to inquire by whutJaw the gravitation
of the planets to the sun must diminish, in
order to correspond with Kepler's third law.
‘Such an investigation would have been be~
yond the power of most mathematicians of that
ge; but Newton soon discovered that Keplor
law would require the force of gravity to di-
of the
must be reduced to the 3600th part of what it ix
at the earth's surface. Was the deflexion of the
moon, then, from the tangent of hor orbit ina
second of time, just the 3600th part of the dis-
tance which heavy body falls in a second at
the enrth’s surface! ‘Thia question could be
precisely mnswered, supposing tho moon's dia-
tanee ia feet known, and her angular velocity,
‘or the time of hor revolution in her orbit, also
known,
Being at a distance from books he took the
common estimate of the earths cireamference
then in use, according to which a degree was
held equal to sixty miles. Thin being am er
roncous supposition, the result of the calculation
did not represent the forve as adequate to pro~
duce the effect. Hence Newton concluded that
‘some other cause than gravity must act on the
‘moon, and Jaid aside, in consequence, all further
speculations an the subject for the time.
Some year after his attention was again
Soiegelns bb arereas Hooke,
without its intonsity suffering any sensible | i
‘change, why may it not reach to « suuch greater
distance, and even to the moon itself? And if so,
may not the moon be rotairied in her orbit by |
gravity, and forced to describe a curve, like a |
peijenie cn the surface of the earth?
another consideration very naturally occurred,
"ae ergometer |
mall distances
from the earth, yet it may be
‘weakened at greater distances, and ut the moon
CO prmoes Wwadogt othr
hits rer obedient 40 the decrw of tho pop
oy
that gravity decreases aa the
tance increases. He hal al-
He redaced it to the quadrature of curves, and
found, no doubt with delight, that the law was
REEE
matter in the gravitating bodies,
tance at which tha bodies are placed.
could be no doubt that this tendency
always rntual, aud there was m0 exception
‘the role that nection and renotion are equal.
So that if m stone gravitates to the earth, the
earth oqually gravilates to the stone; or,
other words, the two bodies approach each other
sale
detailed investigation showed that the intensity
‘of tho central fores in differnt orbite in ae the
mean distance divided by the square of the
periodic time. And the same intensity being
also aa tho quantitien of matter divided by
tho squares of the distances, it follows that
Qheee two quotients are equal to each other;
and that, therefore, the quantities of matter aro
‘as the mean distances divided by the squares of
the periodic times. Supposing, therefore, that
the ratio of the mann distance of tho sun from
the earth to the anoan distance of the moon
from the earth is given; a8 the ratio of their
periodic: times in aleo known, the ratio of the
quantity of matter in the sun to the quantity of
mutter in the ewth, of consequence, 4 found.
And the same thing holds im all the planet
which have satellites moving round them
Hence also their mean densities, or specific
gravitios, become known.
}and ite consequences developed, was not men»
tioned by Newton for the first time. Some euxi-
+ | ous references to it are found in the writings of
theancient
ainch nearer to accuracy. * 1 donot think, ways
‘ cus, ‘that gravity is anything else than
‘an oppetency of the parts of the earth giveu by
PHYSICAL SCIENCE.
belongs to the san, the moon, and the fixed stars,
which are all of a round form,’
Koplor, in his groat work on the Motions of
Mary, troats of gravity as a svt oer dee
‘the motion af the earth in 1674, he lays it dawn
‘8 & principle that the heavenly bodies have an
attraction towards their own centres, which ex-
tends to other bodies within the sphere of their
activity. The force of gravity he considered as
greatest nearest the body, though he evuld not
determine the rate of variation, These ware
considerable advances, though his opinions were
aaixed with much error aud much ignorance.
‘Vet he was disingenuous enough, when Newton
Maen ite larraccsrltie to-wblatcpr-
‘vitation varies, to lay claint himself to the dix
covery.
Of all. the physical principles that have been
hitherto made known, there is none so fruitful
im consequences as that of gravitation. The
same sugcity that lod to the discovery was
‘nooemary to trace its weRoe
‘The mutual gravitation of all bodies boing
admitted, it was evident that, while the planets
were describing their orbits round the sun, they
amist mutually attract one another; and hence
in their revolutions some irregularitica, from the |
description of equal arvas in oqual times, might
But hitherto such irregniarition
forces were which, according to the aw just
disowered, could produce tho irregularities in
question. ‘The moou must be acted on not only
‘Uy the exrth, but also by the san; and it was at
nce evident that the foros whi
an ellipse, must: uve a sensible effect on the
exbit of the moon. He showed that it is not | ax
Rat the exact quantity of the motion of the
apsides did not correspond with the diminution
‘of the moon’s gravity asabove assigned. ‘There
‘was, therefore, n cloud overshadowing thik part
of tho lunar theory, which was not dimipated
till a greater advance in mathematical know-
lodge put it in the power of subsequent aatron-
‘omer to investigate tho ubject completely,
‘The line of the lunar nodes had been observed
‘to retrograde nt the mte of 3°10" every: day:
Newton showed that tho second of tho foros
into which the solar action was resolved, being
exerted not in tha plane of the moon's orbit, but
in that of the ecliptic, inclined to the former
at an angle somewhat greater than five degrees,
‘ite effect must be to draw down the moon to the
plano of the ecliptic sooner than it would other-
wise arrive at iG; in consequence of which the
intersection of the two planes would approach,
»| as it wore, towards the moon, or move in ndireo-
| tion opposite to that of the moon's motion, or
Decome retrograde. From the quantity of the
solar force, and the inclination ‘the moony
‘inequnlity discovered! by ‘Tycho,
led by him che erveton which consists
acceleration and retardation of
terminod from theory, wach as it is
h. | 4 iy nei ‘The same remark applies
he annnal equation, which had been long
THE PROGRESS OF
confounded with the equation of time. It does
nob appear that Newton attempted an exact de-
termination of the other inequalities of the lunar
with
fill knowledge of oll ua inequaliti and thei
exact accordancy with theory was reserved for
ROMenselatineriiomems masdias
calculus enabled philosophers to investigate the
‘hole mbjet
‘The earth, Se Sets
{ta axia, in fofluenced by a. centrifugal force,
which must act most powerfully on the parts
most distant from the axis. ‘Tho amountof this
+, measured | when
in Kko manner by the descont of a heavy body
in tho firvt momont of ite fall. Newton found
that the centrifugal foroe at: the equator is the
conting-
ally
the equator to the poles, where it vanishes alto
gether, From tho combination of this force
with that of gravity it follows that the plumb-
Tine cannot tend exactly to the earth's centre,
and that a true horizontal line, wash as is drawn
by levelling, if continued from either pole in the |
plane of « meridian all round the earth, would
‘not bes circle but an ellipee, having ite greater
‘axis in the plane of the equator, and its Jeast in
the direction of the axis of the earth's rotation.
Now the surface of the ocoun itself astually traces
this level, as it extends from the equator to the
poles. Hence it follows that the figure of the
earth ia an oblate sphereid, or a solid generated
by the revolution of the elliptic meridian about |
its shorter axis. To determine the proportion | je
‘Newton conceived | dou
of the axis of this «pheroid
that, if the waters at the pole and at the equator
were to communicate by a canal through the
interior of the earth, one branch from |
the pole to the centre, and the other at right
angles to it fran the centre to the circumference
of the equator, the water in this canal must be
im equilibrio, or the weight of tho fluid in th
Trg rageareseer mage inom Sem
at the contre, then the difference between
the two diameters would be a minimum, and
would amount only to s}gth part. Mr. Ivory
the length of the two diameters is ytyth part.
‘This determination we may safely assume as
exceedingly near the truth.
From tho figure of tho earth thus determined
‘Newton showed that the intensity of gravity ab
any point of the surfuco is inversely ae the dite
tance of that point from the contre, Its increase,
therofore,in going from the equator to the poles,
ia a8 the square of the sine of tho Intitude, the
same ratio in which the degroes of the meridian
increase. Ax gravity diminishes in going from
the poles to the equator, it follows that a pen-
dulur of a given length would vibrate slower
ied from Europe to the torrid zone.
‘This had been alrewly verified by tho observa
tions of Varin and De Hayos, made at Cayenne
and Martinique.
‘What is called the precession of the equinares,
or the retrogradation of the equinoctial pointa,
had been long known, Its rate had been found
to amount nearly to 50” annually, 80 & to con
plate an entire revolution of tho heavens in
25,020 years, Nothing seemed more difficalt to
explain than this phenomenon—no preceding
astronomer had even thrown out a conjecture ea
the xubject. It was reserved for the sagacity of
Newton. He was direoted by » certain analogy
‘between the precession of the equinoxes and the
retrogradation of the moon's nodes, a phenom
| enon to which his calculus had boon already suc
comfully appliod. ‘The spheroidal shell or ring
of matter which surrounds the earth in the di-
rection of the equator, being one-half above the
not appear; his data seem
the purpose; yet as his
PHYSICAL SCIENCE,
the lity ie that he waa
completed at the
interval of » contury by the exertions of La-
grange and Laplace.
Newton next tured his attention to the phe-
effect in producing the tide is evident
this, that high water always occurs at a
place nearly nt the time when the moon is in
the same meridian, and that the daily retarda-
tion of the tide ia synchronous with the retanda-
von of the moon in her diurnal ravolation. Tt
ia equally evident that tho sun is concerned in
the tides, as the highost tides happen when the
sun, moon, and ¢arth are all three in a straight
Jing, and the lowest tides whon the lincs drawn
from the sun and moon to the earth make right
angles with each other.
Newton poreaived that the waters rovolving
round the earth are nesrly in the condition of a
satellite revolving about ite primary, and liable
to the same kind of disturbance from a third
Voly. High water always takes place in the
hemisphere where the moon fa, and in the
posite heriaphero whore tho moon ia not, tate
at the same time, Now if the action of the
soon distarh the equilibrium of the ocean, just
as the action of one planct disturbs the motion
of a mtellite moving round another, this is
exactly what might be expected. It had bean
proved that tho moon, when in conjunction
with the sun, has her gravitation to the earth
geese hen in opposition to the sun,
it diminished very nearly by tho sate
quantity, For at the newanoon the moon is |
drawn to the sun more than the earth is, and
‘at the fall-moon the earth iadrawn to the wun
more than the moon is, and nearly by the same
quantity; the relative motion of the two bodies
‘& therefore affected the eamo way in both cases,
nod the gravity of the moon to the earth is in
‘both cases lesoned.
‘The action of the moon on the waters of the
the
are more drawn to the moon than the earth
‘and its gravity being lessened, to-
‘wants the middle of the hemisphere Tengthons
xxvii
‘Tho sttraction of the sun and moon conspire
to elevate the waters of the ocean, whether these
Tuminaries be in opposition or conjunction, In
both cases the solar and himar tides are added
together, and the tide actually observed is the
these two
of the solar tide, and vice versd; so that the tide
actually observed ia the differeneo betwoon the
two.
‘Nowton hail no data for measuring the Innar
force in producing the tides, But a measure for
the solar forve, as it acts on the moon, bad been
obtained. Tt had been shown to be ypyth of the
force which retains the moon in her orbit. ‘Thin
Jast is y?reth of the force of gravity at the earth's
murface; ani, therefore, the force with which the
oun disturbs the moon's motion int: eden of
gravity at the earth's surface, "This is the solar
disturbing foree on the moon, distant 60 somi-
diameters from the carth’s centre; but ona body
caly 1 semi-diameter distant from that ceatre
(that is,on the water of the ocean) thedisturbing
force will be sixty times low, or only srrdrersth
of gravity at the earth's surface,
Now this being the mean forea of the sun,
jin that by which it acts on the waters 90" dia-
tant from the point where it is vertical, where
‘it is ndded to gravity, and tends to inereaay the
weight and lower the level of the waters. At
the point where the san ix vertical the force to
‘raise the water is abont double thig; and thare-
foro the wholo force tending to raino the level
of the high above that of the low water is three
times the preceding, or about yyy frrvath of gra~
vity, Newton had proviowlly thown that the
centrifugal force, amounting to afsth of gravity,
‘was ablo to raise the level of the ocean above
17 mile, This cnabled him to conclude that the
clovation of the waters produced by the solar
force, will coma out 1:92 French feet. Krom a
comparison of the apring and noap tides, that
is, of the sum and difference of the hunsr and
solar forces, it appears that the forve of the
the moon will raise the waters 663 French
fit, making togethor 104 feet, which agrees
ia observed in the open
ee in ah rumors, aa 1
also the donaity of tho moon
sos eet to 9,
sncoved ing
sorred only to render it more secure, No other
theory can be exhibited 20 perfect that every
minuto fact might be deduced a priori 2s a ean
sequence of it; and which doc: not contain =
single within the whole range of
the seivnce that i not merely not inconsistent:
with it, but which docs not direstly flow from it.
‘The ‘appeared in 1087; and the doc
trines which they contained were
embraced by the small number of British ma-
thematicians who were able to read and under=
atand that immortal work, ‘But.en the Conti-
nent it was troated at fiat with neglect, anda
indifference bordering on contempt ‘The only
mathematical that Newton had oa
tho Continent was Leibnitz, with his disciples
between | and staunch adherents, the two Bernoullis, The
‘the geometrical problem was one of great diffi-
oulty. Newton gaves solution of it, and it was
‘by this that Lis theory was to be brought to the
testof experiment. If the orbit thus calculated
of Newton, because they constitute
the most memorable, the imost succesful, the
most difficult, and the most sublime set of in-
vostisntions which hind hitherto heon attompted.
ii ib eetinal cal os das ghvon cossbaaon:
tielans (if the expression may be permitted) a
Grane graap of theunivons. New offocta of the |
mutual action of the planets on each other have
been detected; burt all necording most harmoni-
‘ously, or rather resulting as 0 nocemary conse:
quence of the law of universal gravitation, ax
Init down and investigated by Newton. No
‘other dopartment of science can be compared to |
this; no other branch of human knowledge can
question respecting the original discoverer of the
fluxionary calculus waa not yet agitated. Yet
the German mathematicians do not seom to have
given themslves the trouble of making them
wolves musters of tho ipio. The cautions
modeof investigation which Newton had adopted:
did not quite accord with the genius of Leilmitz,
‘who was fond of motaphysics, and in the habit
of introducing them inte most of his investign
tions,
‘France, which has since that period produced
0 many eminent mathematicians, owing te the
fostering care of her government, could not at
that time boast of any of very great eminence.
‘he philosophy of Descartes wan
prevalent; and his vortices, which it vas the
object of the Principia to overtarn and wabvert,
were too dear to the French to enable them to
“| judge of the doctrines of Newton with the
“Yoquisite impartiality. Accordingly the first
| mathematician who ventured publicly to defend
| the doctrines of Newton was Maaportuia In
‘tho year 1732 he published a work, in whieh he
| drew a comparison between the eystems of Des
cartes and Newton, and showed the
of the latter. Fontenelle, however, in his Eloge
of Newton, inserted in the Memoixes af the
Academy for 1727, admits the infinite merit of
the Principia, and statos the universal shout of
admiration luich afer a keen interval of year,
‘nothing conformable to it bad appeared in
Europe.
Ie ie curious, and contributes not a Tittle to
| lead us into.
| hours, that
France, the person who contributed most to
ind;
paral | places iteelf in the diagonal of 4 parallelogram,
a
rel
if
stor
anade bi
the
i
s
be moving south; and
March ia the followii
the south, and Iy
» In the beginning of Juno it hal
‘Tuck to the same sitantion where it was
observed; and from thenee it continued its
‘motion northwards till September, whon it was
bout 20° north from where it wus first seen;
te wholo declination amounting to 40".
‘This motion surprised the observer a good.
deal, as it lay the contrary way to what it
would Ihave done had it proceeded from tho
parallax of tho star, But, tho repetition of tho
i
if
theirdocuracy. ‘They were
afterwards continvel by Bradluy with smother
sector of mnallor mdius, but large enough for
the purpose; which embraced a larger arch,
and admitted the observation of stars which
star in declination, but not in right .
“Aftor considering tho mbject with tho gro
90 an
‘of which ono wide represents the velocity of the
hip, and the other the velocity of the wind,
The telescope, therefore, through which a star
is viewed, and by the axis of which the posi
tion of the star is determined, soust make an
if the star be in the pole of the ecliptic, the tele-
scope must be pointed forwards in the direction
of the earth’s snotion, always by the same angle;
so that the star would be sen out of ite true
place hy that angle, and would appear to do-
acribe a circle round the pole of the ecliptic, the
ridina of which anbtonded at the earth an angle,
of which tho ino is to unity aa tho velocity of
the carth to the velocity of light. *
‘Those velocities Bradley took at 1 to 10,313,
a meat auitable to hia observations, which
made the radius of the circle of aberration 20°,
and the transverse axis of tho ellipae, or the
whole change of plice, 40°, It was the shorter
axis which Bradley had actually observed in
the case of y Draconis, that star being very
nar the solstitial colure, eo that ita chungos of
declination and of latitude are almost the same.
‘To show the truth of his theory he computed
tho aberration of differont stare, and on com-
is sbservation the coinei-
Earth.—Newton, from the
ravitation, hud shown that
measurement of France, begun by Picard in
i in 1716, led toa
part than
indicated
ac qrany ean aln ptersareriaed
than the dinmeter, pro
in waa laid hold of by
by
tho Blick River, in lat. 18° (allowing for the
amine, Bougucrand Godinsailed from Rochelle |
whore they were joined by Juan and
Ulloa, two naval offcors deyuted by the King |
in, In tho month of July, 1736, they mot
under the line, ‘They chose a valley |
the Gamera running about 200 miles
published till 1749; and one of the: mist
‘THE PROGRESS OF
tific works that has ever
cluded that the earth is nob
He com-
an oblate siher~
on the
to another
company, which heroluctautly consented to lead,
for a similar purpose, to the arctic circle, ‘The
associates of Maupertuia were Monnier, Camus,
Orthior, and Clairaut, by far the most eminent
‘tho Gulf of Bothnia, and selected 'Torneo as their
principal station, Their tri extended
triangles
ley | from this town to Kittis, n distance of about 60
miles, The whole was finished in little more
than a year; and the length of a degrve of bati-
tude at the arctic eirele was found to be 87,419
toisos, or 340 toigea longor than the correspond-
ing measurement at Paris, This gave the ratio
of 178 to 178 to the polar and equatorial din-
metory—very nearly ngreoing with the more
extensive operations afterwards performed in
Peru.
But this arctic triangulation bearing evident
anarks of haste, became suspected of inaccuracy:
sent Svanberg, with proper
9 resume the oporations. They not
only rectified tho former obeervations, but ear
ried the measurement about 40 miles further 3.
| Te-was determined that the length of a degteo
in Lapland in only 57,200 toines. This, com-
pared with Cassini's measurement in France,
reduces the cblatenos to )yth of tho xi,
tho moasuroments in Lapland and
Porn, we obtain the ratio of 302 to 801 for the
equatorial and polar diameters,
Other measurements wore made at the Cape
of Good Hope, in the Papal territories, im Eng-
Iand, and in the Kast Indica, but ax they have
employed ax x means of deducing the figure of
Bat the results vary not lew than
3 Application of mathematics to cateulate wit
lytical investigation of the motion of the lunar
apogne, which he extended, and completed in
15S.
‘Clairaut began bis investigations of the Innar
theory in 1743. At flmt he wan eatiatiod with
merely stadying the Newtonian procedure, and
time, Clairaut resumed the subject, and, after
obtained & rewult which fo
palletes
‘by quite a differnnt procedure he also obtained
‘the truo variation of the lunar apogva, D’Alom-
bert pushed his calculations still farther, and |
spproached still nearer the resnit of observation.
‘Thus the law of attraction was for over ostab-
lished on the secure butis of mathernatical de-
monstration.
‘Thix great point being settled, mathomati-
cians set themalyes swith eagerness to improve
the Junar tables, which were obviously of wach
editing of those tables in the
The next point to whi
directed their attention was the investigation of
the disturbing influence or mutual portarbations
ofthe larger and nearer planota, Euler, in 1747,
sent Wo the Academy of Sciences a most ingeni-
ong memoir on the derangement of Saturn's
motion, occasioned by the muperior attraction of
Jupiter. It was now that he discovered that
periodical, and return always in the ase order,
‘though separated at vaxt intervals, His first in-
Pre, pees was mthor imperfect; but four yearn
another
| or diminntion, which alternates, however, in the
| Inpas of 15,000 years, errs
th cited tin tht eral
possible, for want of proper data, to nis
ldgenctect Vokoase tabs fron. a. discuasion of | estima
found that the times of the planetary
esis suomi the beginning of
the Principia,
Hi praetor raat Delle
varsely
tance It added mach to this evidence that
the observations of Czssini had proved the ssane
laws to among the tatellites of Jupiter.
Did the principle which appears to unite the
i
i
1
FF
H
i
I
[
tioned by Ne
: | oux references to it are found fn the
| the ancionts; and Copernions, Koel eee
| entertained opinions respecting it
| much nearer to nccumey. “I donot think, anya
of curves, and || ees i
Seep ag ggrontaloneegmar
sapere ile reen cares a
could be no doubt that this tendency waa
always mutual, and there was no exeeption to
the rule that action and reaction are
with that of the moon to the wrth, exch beisgg
measured by the momentary doflexion from the
tangent to the small arch of its orbit. A more
detailed investigation showea that the intensity
of tho contral force in different orbit tx ax the
mean distance divided by the square of the
periodic time, And the tame intensity being
also as the quantities of matter divided by
the squares of the distances, it follows that
these two quotienta are eqnal to each other;
and that, therefore, the quantities of matter ane
‘as the mean distances divided by the squares of
‘the periodic times, Supposing, therefore,
‘the ratio of the mean distance of the oun frem
‘the earth to the mean distance of the moon
from the earth ia given; aa the ratio of their
poriodic times ia alvo known, the ratio of the
quantity ef matter in the sun tothe quantity of
matter in the earth, of ence, is found,
‘And the eame thing holds in all the planete
which have satellites moving round them,
Hence alto their mean donsities, or specific
| gmvities, become known.
‘Tho Principia Philosophie: ‘Naturalis, which
re first time. Borne cari-
of
the providence of the Supreme Being, that by
‘uniting together they may assume the form of =
globe. It is probable that this sune affection
‘Dolongs to the sun, the moon, av the tixed stars,
which aro all of @ round form.”
Kepler, in his great work on the Motions of
‘Mars, treats of gravity as a force acting natu-
from to and z
from the earth to the moon. ‘If the moon and
‘the earth worn not retained hy some animal or
‘equivalent foros, cach in its orbit, the earth
the motion of the enrth in 1674, be Inys it down
ss a principle that the heavenly bodies have an
attraction towards their awn centres, which ex-
tends to other bodies within the sphere of their
activity. ‘The foreo of gravity he considered as
greatest. nearrat the body, though he could not
digtermine the rato of variation, ‘Theve were
considerable advances, though his opinions were | apsides did
ignaranes.
mixed with much error and much
‘Yet he was disingenuous enough, when Newton
had detersoined the law according to which gra-
vitation varies, to lay claim himself to the dis
Of all the physical principles that have been
hitherto made known, there is none so fruitful
in conmequencos ax that of gravitation, ‘The
sume eagacity that lod to the discovery was
neowwary to trace its conrequences,
‘The mutual gravitation of all bodies being
admitted, it was evident that, while the planets |
‘wore desevibing their orbits round the sun, they |
must mutually attract one another; and hence
in their revolutions some irregularities, from the
eee emrelara is aya) times, might
ecieeere
would not xenaitily change the elliptleal arbit of
the moon, but that tho orbit iteel! would be
reudered awovable; its longer axis having an
angular and progressive motion, by which it
of the motion of the apaldes of the Innar orbit,
which had been observed to go forward at the
rate of 3°4' nearly, during the time of the moon's
revolution, in respoct of the fixed star,
But the exact quantity of the motion of the
not correspond with the akntention
of tho moon's gravity as above nsxigned.
was, thorefory, a cloud overshadowing ‘aupat part
of the lunar theory, which was not dissipated
till a advance in mathematical know-
ledge put it in the power of subsequent nstron-
omers to investigate the subject completely.
‘The lin@of the lunar nodes had been observed
to retrograde at the rate of 3°10" evory day.
| Newton showed that the second of the forces
| into which the solar action waa resolved, being
exerted not in the plane of the moon's orbit, bat
in thut of the ecliptic, inclined to the former
‘at an angle somewhat greater than five degrees,
ite effeet must bo todmw down the moon to the
‘plane of the ecliptic sooner than it would other
‘wine arrive at it; in consequence of which the
intersection of the two planes would appronch,
‘ax Itwere, towards the moon, or move in adirec+
[tion opposite to that of the 8 motion, or
retrograde, From the quantity of the
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tenn Ged nn rediced to
language the
Sebrorhtios rosed te Doe ma
Ages, appearing first on inscriptions and coins, then
, | in manuscripts, and, rare especially atter the:
century, ia charters and other legal documenta, A
‘hi own Commentary on the | collection and partial explanation of tho old Roman
tho sevond edition of it), ons hava beon attempted, others
athotio of Mv. Witham | Gruterw Insoriptic
Dr. Bishop, Seminary | dam, 1707), ond. by Sorter
TOOT, 1600 | mentarias de ots Homexerum, tasted ta th
Theauras Antiquitatun Ttalicarum of
| ilar, in ble -Adphabytwm
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Royal the bat
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of the Bau: Hhd., ane
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the Savinoe of 18
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the first Uncee letters of "1
form of Jers:
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1 Ta mack be-
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‘inte of the Reryal Yunda-
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Rete ot ‘the consent of both
take notice: writer, born ab
tradicente, ot nesine dissenticn and,
“or dissan ‘or le
‘obedient: ainted with medicine, which he prao~
Oaford: mice: Per cont., per contum, by the | Used till 1185, when be quitied hia native town, and
buncdred: eephia doctor, doctor of philos | went to reside at ous. In this city was then
ey oe wemeeriptt acer ta Paper ea cian erent aber ty
+ Qy question: QC, queon's | hin un ronnge, andl fu im with t
‘eouneil: Dd ak Nemptabrasdce, whtas | equ bab. rasniling sebe Gian yarta oe
waa to be. | QELF,, quod erat faciendum, | lishing the rewilte of ia cluerestionn.» Aer the
which was to be done: Q.5. quantum suficit, as much | death of Saladin be went to Cairo, which he had
as in as quid vides Which sec: TRA.,
cruyal
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pach fonor of divinity
TCD, Trnit Ult,, nitimo, Inst;
UP, United | United States: V.
sce: Vis,
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2 mon! rwick-
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ig, at Uln, ia Suabin, and died in
EMER probes, iagiatin,
yract phy,
treatise On eri. He corimaly
sked among the most distinguished
Tived till hie sind waa fully matared.
was, ho deserres to bo numbered amon,
:
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‘ox
ters who, in the time of Lessing, labored witl
| zeal to elevate and refine German literature.
tet Published bis works ia six volumes
‘ga ancient and flourishing Greok city on
ooast, built by the Teians in nc, 543,
it boastad of being the native place of Demo.
ih, xi. 4
han
the first:
on our natury by the fall, Th the early church he
was considered the firet martyr, and xeveral of the
patrimony to his brothers, He studied pooh
Thetoric, philosophy, jurisprudence, and theology, the
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i
ab
L
e
fainily to tho erown of tho
ie ioe to any other person
jstoauoed nad abjured | Tnoteal of this oil
tad M1 and 22 Vio, «13, wake
af Ner, ncousin of Saal, and the
armies After Swal's death,
ri
ports
Freed
[
:
and was able for soven
‘yeare to
Ishbosheth, on the throne at | sides,
Ho afterwards gnvo in his adhesion to
Jott his presence when Joab,
ascontency he sight acquire,
LY
ri
i
i
at the ame timo wished an the of
treacheroualy
eeterby- Inmeobed tha ertaat, aad
ing dnjunction to Solowon.
a
‘
i
Tac in froma ila tus fu tbe
wns founded by the Swedos in 1157,
ital of ail till
peer ad el finest rary of 10,000 volumes,
www in consequence removed to the
* ‘of 18,104, hae a gymnaxiinn,
. Peas ee
‘ ‘archbishop, aud the seat of a eourt of
South Finland; carries on a ennsiderable
particularly in timber, and builds many ships,
—_—
and 5
mart for glaves, and has: trade in. “oll
Sou trorge 10 pont Sa Whpdaly hunted about 0
| aiatnples Ls ang aad with several fortremes,
‘ovor by the former to the latter.
Anobittio® OF Siavent,
‘The
‘edifoe isthe king's palace, bulé of the vame
ie
mat and formir
to the & = Population not more than 20,000,
the name given to the oldest in.
II,
hnbitants of a country, of whow origin nothing certain
* ie Roman ‘hie
is known, istoriana pave this name to
a yeie saeaeaee ae ‘Tromw, before
‘the arrival of othor settlers, ead who were in part
tho ancestors of tho Ro ves.
C
information of this, ho itched Toar-advetral
‘Nelson with fourteen ships of the line to the Medi.
toreanean with orders to seek and attack the Krenel:
by tattery of eannon and mortars, Nelson suddenly
oivlored! half of ix fores to break throogh between
tho island and tho French line of battle, and to. snil
evening, the tattle began, At the end of an hoor
five French ships were dismasted and taken, ‘The
iniral, Brueys, was killed by w eaunon-ball;
‘French ads
it | his ship POrtent, however, continued the battle with
fgroat spitit until she took firo, About ten o'dock
this «plondid vemal, of 120 guna, blew up. Of 1000
mon, but seventy or eighty were aaved C
Cusabianea was mortally woondted, and
itarily remained ii
alsp avid shared his fate, ‘The other ships evmtinued
the cannonade til! i
formerly belicved to have the power uf curing fevers,
eapecially the slow fovors, the intormittent of four
day, and the hemitritens, 20 called by Hi
which was generally fatal, At present this word is,
for te most part, used In. Jost, withous any particular
meaning, like hoous pocus. According to Q. Serenvs
Seuuwonicua, ib ought to be written so as to form w
ec ene
Hee Hane dese eee u
2%
este
is
Be A a
tere ne inal
be i i i
3 23
a Hate
cul a
} a
fal
«
*
ry
*
a
*
.
*
ro
=
*
|
E
2
Heid tut
HaHa eine Haeie
= 3383 ja gi8ie? Fyti Pie Hiei ewunig
ieee tig ia ajedl erurlieliece (aula ied
Halls ie ie i wait aie be ui Balad ff
He Hf Hi He 1G) tl Hil ey Ret tial
ae ies et 33 Fy Fs 33 siedt 4 sy24ita2 3 oe3
sea eta aie ane Tig
ae eet a eee a
HHH eerie EEE AGH ull HY Hung
TS eee
ii Hen Lain lee Pare aan sales
taba ied adeetilinia! lea aa
a a i a i i ila baie
Hee cee a
ne Hid iat Hull a aa
Hi
i
i
LESEE
He
é
=
Hi
i
his countryman, reached the groat
ores of tetzperance and canstant
Hi
Was 80
Arabio,
hie age.
ABULFEDA; Prince of Hamah, in Syria, sumamed
‘the Victorious King and the Pillar of Kelis
Teeiome or an biter tod been inapn
1
i writery who mention
p, was born ab | the
from
gy
ih
Fi
3
E
i
§
ie
‘Shoa, Loo
‘evther covering ubout 150,000 aq. uiiles. The physi-
cal structare of A. is very remarkable, and uy
gonorally dosoribod as m vant sories of table-lan
‘various and often of great elevations, interwected by
‘andl narrow ravines With torrents or rivers
pibs, and of nuruervus ranges of
ort we
riser east of Lake
Istria i nourcen in At
prin ver
tywinia, ‘The
\¢ Mareb; in the mouth
the
fe
—_—
ABYSSINIA, 3
the const aul on the Rea Ses is one of the hottest Deore important
regions of the earth, ‘The rains begin in Juno and transit tredo in
continue tl September, aud are m violent ax to put and the interior
sop to agricultural labour. ‘Thaagh within the | carried
Atropios, from the height at which mnch of the counizy | able situation,
Hes abr the wen ts production ae nary thw of | ho tre with
‘eoperste sone. ‘The principal grain erops are | three routen
rally shennan mF a) | norte fellows
Ageia at a Yow though with caruful way af Sof to
“Abyssinia might ‘ona of tho chief | thi principal
cornproduciag countries of the earth. ‘Tobacco, | vans bring here
cole, cotton, aul the sugar cane are cutvated to | soe of
‘wall’ extent; but the cultivation of the vine (intro: | receive in ex
duced by tho Portuguese), which was carried on in the | Tho f
hourhood of Lalo Dembes, haa been putan end | of the
to ihe endear of thy sonny |
foc alo eit te ue ot
the northern regi i
ix ibs erally feud clbewtsare, UogsSbes wit caals,
he ate, wht la and cw oy ly wl
beasts of burden, Vast herds of oxen are thet with,
‘The wild animals include the liou, elephant, Kippo-
fone and two horned chinoccrus, ical,
“sclira, Kei; a great variety of binds,
weirs itn fo ; ;
yw and many kinds “waterfowl the io patriarch at Alexandria, as the
[psa pa en Dla fre eel a cabs tetceehn ie omnes ‘tding te
of large ‘Monophynitlc view in regard to the Teiuity, while ia
The popolation of Abyssinia consists of a mixture ‘and discipline it cloely rescrables the orthodox
fcental sscta Ib dilly float them, however, ia
elements, and during the last fow
inteutine fonds, the lave trade,
we decreased to n total of
E
i
Etta of
‘of thm
Etats an
habitants of
the
Heebiopian 0 Gi i
formerly «pokern excluavely in the whole northauet
Ce eres ‘but is now only of
‘nod scarcely understood by the clergy. ‘The
‘of the Ashnrss, which is spoken alzo by the
‘of Shos and Gurieruo, deviates frota it vory
considerably. ‘Tho Amhara language is now tho
In
‘8 bold and warlike tribe form-
Ings sort of connecting link between the N
aces, ars wpreadl over all the lower disteicts
‘ame
of the interior of
Africa and Abyssinia from the south-wont
abont 1517, since which tima they havo gradually
vee through m grent. part af Abya~
‘sui, Sucluding Ambara, Gojam, Shoa, Enarea,
‘The inhabitants of Abynsinis yenerally ace
X graft and treachery, and civilization
‘than formerly,
chief ovcupa-
‘iw the cultivation of tho cereals,
——
f | lished |
numerous churebex; the sont the are cut
ont in tho rock; the more modern aro gonerally ran
round, and conical, with thatebed rods, snd wit
are allowed to marry,
‘scribes, and monks. "The last form two classer, the
‘one of which are unmarried, and! live in monasteries:
thers marry, atid devote themselves to
ageioulture, fs
History.-—The Arab tradition is that tho Abyssini-
ane emi i from Yemep, and though their carliess
history fx fall of fables there ix no doubt: thht they
reached a curtain degreo of civilization mt an early
riod. "Tn history they ti
‘effect of checking the
mocrrewe of Chriatianity, and
‘narrowing its limits. In this way the maritime traat
of the Sambara, and of the Iand of Adel, tetwoet
Abyssinia nd the Red Sei, Was transferred
to Mohaminolasitia, Stil tore disastrous to the
Abyusi
the irruptions af the Gallas, who, coming from tho
south in the 16h centary, wrested ‘trrtory after
territory, committed frightful devaatations, extab-
yemselves in the midst of the Semitic Chriatian
tion, and thereby eaumd their rolapso into
‘bariam. From. the period af the cruaniles the
Abyssinian princes or negue had always waintained
oe
rey
a Le
ue
:
Hie ie
ij
Hel
i
fe
STR
i
i
3
Bale
aul
4 grad’
nae uf
LE a
ee
=
atl:
Be i
co | i au
a
ie aa
a
Hay iA
Hi i
ii)
ponent
wes ath AMS
ne] Ht
af
Ha
. fe
oo iphone echo « ipa et ‘ranch of science was A. i064
ey ae ou which wore reapec- | wax to bo by the king the
oe and Carneades, adireotor and sub-direetor from the
£
it
i
!
i
Ik
é
a
iy
ali
il
he
HED
i
dad
ial
cH
li
i
FE
i
i
se
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Hy
is
it
te
4
é
]
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ia
A
:
i
iow to
clact choonos ®
‘tor lite, "Tho first provident wns the famous
established the | Leibnite. ‘The institution truly to flourish under
t
i
Ht
#
1
to
‘that still exist, according to tho | the question proposed by the
are dsroted, time, thelr transactions lave ap a retice of
jeadenicn Tho Aealenie S| wlrines, uuler the tle Ménoires de Edeudénic
f
t
> g to
i, dintedl, at firet, of tere claxees, the
-e88, Redi, and other distinguished men, ‘The Acca. | historical wnd physical: the latter wus divided, in
a Bologna, published soveral | 1780, ino the pls, opey vo called, 0 the
excellent under the title Penieri Fisico- | mcteorological. ‘The transactions in the ite
Metematici, YOST. In 1714 it waa united with | of history and Pcuee under the tithe
established in 1712, Tho | Acta Academur ee
‘thone at Turin, Padua, Milan, | Bavaria wan exalied 16 2 Kingdom, Ite memoirs are
PRY eh eon, alk ot which have published | entitled Abhanddungen der baierivehen Akademie. —
Italy may bo called tho mother | Peter the Groat hail projected the extablishmwnt of
tations. Jarohins enumerates 550 | the Imperin} Acuilemy of Scionoes at St, Petersbons,
insti
uty Tho French
ab Party, Acaeaie Royale is Scenes | By. dons prevented the exooution of his project,
in 1686, by Colbert, received the royal | whi Catherine I. It
in 1699. Tho mombors wore divided into | wax hold Doc. 1725. ‘The empress appropriated abou!
four ‘mambers, notive members or | 30,000 roubles a year for the ‘of the nendemy;
es (receiving salaries), assoeiss, anc éléver. | fifteen distinguished scholars in O
Sioa clas was vo contain tin, and each of the |receved pensions ax members, with the te of po-
‘Marve oilers twenty persons, Tho president was | fesors. mont famoun of thea were Nicholas
ey
s fa
FS hea rmcpers ection
a tly. The
Be
ae ne lt
Breese
at
: \proverent ‘of wages ema
ieee
in the | Accademia de
‘was formed in 1582,
| ite attacks on
formed in 1629, was then a»
Tw
ofthe ancl
main
la
. a 70)
789,—
ain In Sweden, ale,
ted
; ed
pa
i 2 4 HH
i a ne ate
seo.
= epulyt se
oa
‘the distracted state of the | |
In 1740 & Physi
oe wt a
Bocieiy wns instituted thers, which
Hil earae Hee
torial 3
fun Curisorum at Viena, calles
a
:
i
i
fi
tH
al
Ais
i 7
= i
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4
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Be
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if:
ie
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Painting, Soulptire, and Archie
‘in 1826 on model of the
‘London. Yt was incorporated in
it Hace
|
i
22,
lf
F a
i
i
el
since 1733, an nea
arte, founded by Count Tesxin,
1738 cme hae exivted at » but ite
swerw conferred on it in 1754, ‘This acaderny
it influence. The noademy
‘was founded in 1787, and extended in
‘9 nomarchy
f | pop. of 121,608 in 1871.
A
u
A
iG
ty
#
4
ai
i
i
fF
u
i
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tad
intl
5
tages
HG;
aut
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;
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i
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i
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13
E
any fertile valleys. ‘Together with Atolia it nov
Form a nomarehy of the Kingdom of Groce, with a
fecal, No general rules can ba given for the
sition of the accent, and it may shift from one ayl
to another, as it hns dons in many words #inee Shak
wrote. ‘Thus aapect, balcony, process, sojourn,
convex, contest, converse, which have now all. the
scoot cx the ‘firet wyllable, formerly had it on the
fooond. A. continuoite flow of words in com
discourse cannot be made without the oceurnmee of
seconte syllables they are fewer, howoyer, ln nusie
A
rae 3 fi ii bet ua ue Ue fit WT °
: vie alt He i a ue Hina Be ay
| el Ee cane aH ll jee ie i
te Cua atte pitt
in it wil alt E ae ath tl ou
ii ii oh Ha woul rig if tet ldint Le
ee
a ea ri ia ne A i
it ih co ua Le
(
il mh He Heel a a i Hii Ht
= HH delet Hi NG nae an dit a il
aa
* ia sip
a Eee Hd if ie i aye iii He aqniasit
Hat init a Hie fle HELL ayers eganga2zi
re ath HE i eae i eet i
i; ae hey abit sail ath Hey
Pane iH Hi al AG a
] Pep Essai! 3 sista a if
aH a sr HE a ich Hat ee
TH et a He Et Hi Heat Hae
i oH i i Heel ue ae a
Fae a He Hien a te fale
earth cul die Ups saul ii ae fais sea
HeGeae a ue AiG 8 re i it
aik Hf . 333 45s 43:3
Gan eH atis Hil ids
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a 3308
fl Hl UH
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who drove the rivergod back 10 his proper Tnuite.
But A. pared the Trojoas to their city, which only
the interference of Apollo inn roan talkin
toe remained ere the Seaan gs am
joctor
a having fled three times round the city, pursued by
Sho posi, aoa of Peles | A, foaly offered inva for combat” A. slew Bn,
HE
f
i
if
‘waters of the | Homors ends. ‘A., as repmesented by this sublime
sade isn in in of 1 fiery and impetuous character, and has
Riise she Dab Hie, It he ews ected | Us of hat Scenes an retinal waloc Which an
ct that A. would acquire immortal ‘Trad i
ot the same tine, meet an early death, if he went to | further history, though the common story is that he
the aloge of Troy; while, on the other hand, if he | wos killed in battle at the Soman gate by an arrow
remaized nt homo, he would enjoy a age. | from the bow of Paria, before the city was taken.
‘To prevent him from taking part in the war against | Others may it war Apollo who killed is
oe ine ES when nine years old, in | the arrow of Paria A bloody contest
i female drew, and secs bin, ner th rare of |W by. hao ond het 2 tell ts Jove it
‘court of ‘Seyrog eum, o daughter of Priam, and agreed to join
Sebi etins dsnplacrto as teontst ‘The prophet | the Trojans on receiving her as his wife, but wa
Calebar, howorer, to tho Grecians that i Parin in tho temple of Apollo xt
‘Troy could not be taken without Achilles. He was | ‘Th whore ke bad gone without arms, ‘The
songht for everywhere, and finally die | Greeks sxcrificed Polyxena on his tomb, in obedience
‘covered by the erafty Ulysses, who came to the court | to his request, that he might enjoy her company in
Meitactriedes diegilind oo 8 merchant, oo ofered | the Kiyenn lds, Wien ‘Alexander naw his tomb,
‘t the daughters of the king various female orna- | it in maid that be placed a crown upon it, exclaiming,
feasts mening whieh are wore intersperved, |The | “thet A. vas bappy in having. during his foie,
“wax now an easy task to persuade the fiery and | like Homer.”
“ambitious hero to join the other princes of Greece | Acuinies Tarts; a Grock novelist, or Brotic
fg Mh exptition spsiot Twoy, Phonic aml the | writer, oo called, born at Alexandsa, Ue, prota,
had inning of the
o> SRS Lin invtraotors ‘Tho lata | ab the end ere the
ine, music, and ridings the | fourth contury,
more Tis tutor; followed mn to | In hie old age be. became
y te render hia an eloquent speaker and a brave | and rose to the dignity of m bishop. Besides m trea-
tise on the ;, which we know only frou an
abridgment still extant, we possess a romance of bia
Ben Hal ii i ne iit qita 4 ‘ uit iii il
Wi a Hat aE tg ai a o Rue Ae ian
v tee i He ili cme HE itn
fetal qieubatillig Gas died (ot ain bal
alii Fn ee eee iH
: ee nAiHTHH Hitt su il sits eas sia
Hins |
wa of Uy
lta ey at Quan
fund pa fiat aed iat aijties i ine tlh Hl
Z tat He He af
a2
an eeee :
g ae Re] gu
Pe Hae i ih i
vpeedia Hien
Ure eA lite ’
i at tie Lina ia te a Ht Ape ul
eal eatees Edad eM
“Ta Hh
vail a
ful fale Ha
33 a at
shu He Hein
i a i bine if Ht
Ea
Pen Atta peste
il
a
ite
nee
al
He a
s
bis
it
2agtssasig apy i ae ssy
aaa
flied 43) a Pa LF fal hah inl
HHHTEG eu uel a i i
iy cae ee HF rf Hull
SEE geee eagesss pitta
1 ln He
kb HIRATA T PEER TLAL
z ai HL i 332 247 sae 3 BUPHiieiE
i ue AE
H a8 ee ite 3e ous ai FAH
Het - a He Hae il
eal i co t ie Hi ue a
PHATE
Hate
EL rt Peete ere ee agg2405 ey i gaits
CE TT ee emi
a ari Re an aintuit
Ee : ti ane ures iB if ied ge48 ise AHH :
Hide ray i ie aia la pialsaisiis PH ete THEE
a ce Hah HH tne seul ibe a
i AID GH ele oy ee Belt
at Beulan full ining dale eats
fe Hele: HiGniaa SBI
, ee RP HRIPRSae re one EH
3 i ai : Tee iy eae
Se eH lmatati tl AA
Hal a eg i Hin faut! i SR i
i la HA z uneih Lebydysiai Hone : j 3
nu at ea | ie |
iA pei pata CMa et fa |
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fe
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: i 5
rf
i
ix
it
rock, nearly 1900 feet
fof Corinth, and. crowned
A
i
nH
i
:
:
|
ee
E
i
i
‘At was famous in ancient th
del of Corinth, and on its
mee
to}
odie
Pausanias, a temple of
sigs ota the sclent
i
Hl
F
to the Muses, and is often
‘in ancient writers. The shape of the A.
fortress
|
i
‘Phe Fronch abbés and nobles, before the revolution,
‘often exercise! their ingenuity in the composition of
trifes,
Uterature ; one of the principal
7 which Is itself divided into different
cones, The rt ee ine Se Si otal
“thedrop-scene is lot fall between the acts. Each act
|
Bere
pal
£
:
7
A
r
H
i
Session for the regulation of
Inatare therewith enacted rele
wnt, bree i are
iments any transaction, st
Tin France also vacious kindo of docutnenta are called
ats (acter),
Act, in’ the universities, signifies a thesis ronin-
tained in putilie by a candidate for
person who ‘*keope the act," au it is called, carries on
a syllogistic di in’ Tatin a proaing
‘officer and with cortain opponents appointed by him,
‘The custom is now gen: ‘more than a more
form.
| Act or Serrikmerr, the name given to the
statute 12 and 18 Will, TET, c, 2, by which the suo-
cemion to the thrane of tho United in the
- | event of ‘Willits end Queen Anne dying
Without issve, waa eottled on. is
Goorge L, G iL poe of G i
George IV. ton of George ft1.; Williaa TY- brother
of George TV.; whilo our prownt sovereign Queen
‘Victoria is ——— of Edward, Duke of Kent,
TV, and William TV,
brother of Georye
Act or Tottnatro; the name given to the
statute 1 Will. and Mary, 6. 18, by which Protestant
distentora from the Church of England, on condition
of thet taking the cath of eopremacy a
and repudiating tl ‘ine of tranmubstant
sera riled om tidensitioun wader yal they
had formerly Isin with regard to the exereise of their
gion according to their own forme. Further scte
of toleration were afterwanle paxed, and now Dike
senters, Roman Catholics, and Jews alike enjoy all
the privileges of the constitution,
Acta Enuprronust; the frat literary journal that
appeared in Gerroany. 4 commenced in 1682, and
enjoyed along exiatesice and great popularity. Asnong,
i rs ag Hal
He i 5
it i lil tia Hie Hn Hu Hh sae
5 2 HE ie < Bs re qoudtiagit
Ht tt au iu A ae Hun
i fit ‘aaa i up lan fh ath ie
a ate aE anid Hue ae uli fas He pnt Hei
ua ig PUERE ae Wainy ita "i Hi a Ti
ae cA al Tea ain
ah
375
ated i fi i
: ee nln Stile Si Huh i HE ‘ ae i Hut : i i!
an ie i ie Hea Le A iil ite uy
it anae Hae ‘ile sae gal UG
ry
i lan. Ht i &: Hue; 3 H Pad eet ee Tl
5 Ih 4443 fale it i a ihe ag fa Ha il fegel Hh
sla Ri UA : tea il ves ule a Paid Hh
= Heidi il Palle A af ai ful 3 Te HN
te He i gi iu a tle eid
ir aescess8 on? a eet a bute
a we a it HE sleet
ie ATT eee rd eee
Eee Hi acre Ae
A ae dae
ie Hate a
cil ie eae et quilt ue Hi sa
4 a Mine Ms th ce suit et ae an ideatit
i whale cunt Hine 1 Haiti ah Hite nid
He
beads
eee
ne
Hee HH
4
FE
bay
oie
ae
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there are aloo oxtensive and splendid panture
ficlds. The native inhabitants
‘are industrious and i int, but they have been in
measure subdued by the Mahommednn Fel-
‘power innumerable slaves, Slaves and
chief articles of trade,
tho 2d century} and sloo of a band
which in 1421 apposred in Bohemia,
‘the eormmotions oceasioued by the doctrines
‘of Hum, They wore s0 called bocau
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‘ilies whic}
‘he wax admitted to tho st law,
eal
Seonrpiacy
imenta of the British government ;
and was elected in 1770 to the legialature of his sta
as one of the representatives of the town of Boston.
His conduct in this new situation displayed the same
patriotism, coumge, and hoatility to fignn of
the mother country by which he bad always bewn
distir ‘He tool a prominent part in every
public measure, and served on
‘commitiees
and | who drew up soe of the most important state papers
of the time, At the poriod of resuming his seat in
the national councila in 1776 hostilities were active
betwoon Great Britain and the colonies, But the
laring | abject of the latter was ax yet merely to resint thi
authority axsamed by the parent country to Impow
taxes upon them at pleasure. Few permons enter-
tained the idea of a diseolution of connection; very
oye, evon of tho delegates in congrom, seemed t
desire it; but among those few John Adams was the
foremost. Sach» step wax unpopular. As noon ax
he waa suspected in Philadelphia of being nn advo»
cate of the meware, he Was represented in the saont
odious light, and even pointed at and avoided in the
strocte, Bell, however, ha , mondo mumer~
ous proselytes, and May 6, 1776, moved in congress
‘a resolution which was in fact a virtual declaration
of independence, recommending to the eslonies *'to
lopt ouch @ yovermmeat as would, in the opinion of
——
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a ‘his Grammazisch- | attaches to most ‘exposed to it, and when the
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oder | name Was to thove instruments and
ceremonies of she ich some Pro-
investiga. | tortanta admitted into their forms of wormbip, ax
altars, candlesticks, images mast-vortments, Latin
hymns, veepors and orisons, private maka, ke. On
urges, partly the | account of this adiuison, Muckius, « theologian of
> Sean, in connection wish th clergy of Lower Saxony,
‘and partly the results | commenced a controversy, known by tho name of
blameless morals | adiaphoristic controveray, with Me and the
divines of Wittemberg, who received the namo of
r Adiaphorists, "Tho same peculiarities became titans
remarkable labyrinth of | quently marks by which the strict Tatherans were
lorabach i ia, | externally distinguished from the Calvininta,
‘amow, ‘and | gous with oxalic, Laaront 0% obtained
the action of atria acid pon faby se te
Y ftaatic shapes. ‘They | sinoe been by oxidizing suet, oleic acid,
vary in ‘between 50 anil 225 feet, The place | spermmaceti, and other fatty bodies with the same
to store up the fruits of
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sa great revort for tra t. Adipic acid forms brownish hemispherical
‘or ALoIIxtat, Crystalline aggregations, which elt about 264° F.
the Exon ; without decompoxiticn, forming lender
seventh century. ‘was made Bishop of Shireburn | needles or featl ‘tufte Tt disnelves in cold water,
over the monastery of Malmes- | bot more readily {n hot; it in alrite in aloobok
and extmoniinary tales are | and other. ‘The wdipates are mostly soluble in water
n Ta ttecclous powers and his voluntary | ond insclubto fn alochal,
sdawsity., He war forthe thnes, an eminent schlat, | ADsrocums (rom ade, fa aud crv was); a aub>
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‘te win the favour of the people by the mildness of
Raaicieestion. Te was not lou. however, befare
peices cowardly ad suspicious character, to-
‘great a devotion to pleasure. Among
Ser from the Sarmatinns
i, who had attacked Ilyria, by the png
sta tibuto, From 119 to 120 oF 127 he male
i famous journey on foot, and with his head un-
i fall the provinces of his empire.
sited Britain, and cauaed
hn
es be bait from the mouth of the ‘Tyne to
Baleay. rich, $0 secure the Roman provinces trom
ze
it
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ffi:
wat imitated therm in his Dyinig Christian
‘of this mamo.
T2 to 796, was
‘There have been six
, to enjoy in peace the gif
787, after i jaent
campaigns of this king against tho alan rc
who claimed the territory. “By confirming the
favour of the worship.
it une of thin
power. He ex.
King of Lothari
interfering in the di
of Lothale, between, Charles the Bal She ex
peror Louis, respectin ight of succession, he
mado the ieuer ha seats "Ho bad nnotber die
to in France, whero Bishop Hinemar ot Laon bad
Deen dinminsed' ngninst his will; he likewise excome
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‘wero connected. ‘They sv] ‘the collection
hide Neg and the other rorenuse of the eh
‘enjoyed, on convents, many
Peastciaaed coarigerabie veveruee ‘s tine,
‘these ad vocaterand thoiraasistants becoming a bunten,
Rasen Meat sn the pocple made: i who
‘hutch attempted
laboured to deliver
‘bat was axtoniahad
prelates, in connection
‘eit, Under the Emperor Frederic U1. anost
‘the German churches joworer, in
these offices by the grant of large ums of
‘advocate to Charles IT, and
James 11, who enriched it with many valuable books
‘Ht bad no fixed fond at first, but was increased by
such sums as the faculty from time
to the ‘of books. As the
‘confined to advoeator the li
‘8 Kind of poblio library, and it haa
-ge | allowed, and who were thonce called mdiles
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ative, and donative; presentatiee, when
wesenta’ his clerk to the bishop of the
inalituted; collating, when the bishop
is the patron, and institutes or collates his clerk by a
‘act; donative, when a church
FE;
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"ADYTUIE (Greek) ; sacred
place in the ancient ten le into whic priests onl
were allowed to enter. corresponded to
holy of holies
Aah ae oe Sas od torent
AS; cm of Zo and ayo
Ferme lh nd ee eter ad
adel
Inveompliints Te Me , bis father peopled
anew the island, which had Scie ema by the
plague, ‘The new inkubitante
werv termed, on that Par erapd
Pita sea
‘The name of his vite an
Bo id, and Peleus and Telamon were his children.
A, on account of bia love of justice, was joined
with Minos and Rhadananthus in the office of judy
‘a4 poated “up
mi
ing the dead. He is
ame exines from ad temple) of pa
1s, of tho raarkets, cleansing and «training the
ont . At first (494 nc) there wore bot two,
chosen from the common people (crdites plebeti). In
365 mo. two more were added from ameng the
patricians, to whom an ivory chair (sella curwlis) wan
eurules,
Julius Coomar added a third clase (ndiler cereales), to
hows care the public granarien were intrusted.
AKON ; im ancient logy, a huge
‘son of Uranus and Gra, who waa fablod to
‘@ hundred hands, with’ which he threw » hundred
rocks at once at Jupiter, who, when he had overtome
him, bound him with » hundred chains,
nt, the
had
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drt tro ts ener veg nly 00 | Yeng» ped dal Given about ty Us win We dog
time to ascend, thou; ly ing @ iven about ,
fom caution fateood reached he i Y i
scrial voyages Wore nunierout and adverturoms, re:
mave freely, took an oblique course, | peatedly devcnnded by a parachute from hik talloon
wn. gra Thor chad wached a great helght. Plntre de Rewer,
‘ts starving-place.—Dy this the world was eon. | meutioned before ax the first meronaut, attempted,
a ‘with proper manage- | Jane 14th, 1783, in company with Mr. Romain, to
‘8 man throogh tho air; and tho frst | pues from tho Fronch to the English sido; but the
ition was determined on. Nov. 21, 1783, | attempt was unwacceasful, and the adventurers lost
Rewier and the Marquis d'Arlandes as-| their lives. M_de Rogier hod on this occasion united
castle Ia Mustte, in tho presence of | the two kinds of balloons; under one filled with in-
multitude, with @ machine coutain: | flammable air, which did not alone sullicient
4000 exis feet, ‘Tho Dalloon, alter having at-| elevating power, wae a accord, filled by r
‘8 considerable hoight, came down in twonty- | coal firo under it. Rosier had ‘choven thie combinn-
five minutes, about 9000 from la Muette, But | tion, hoping to unite the advantages of both kinda
daring avronaute had been exposed to consider. | Ry mneane of the lower balloon he intended to. rise
PERRIGTEyEE
nde
3 i
ing
but when they were on | the contrary, by increasing or diminishing the fire
‘the surface of the earth, new difficulties presented | under a Kon filed with heated ts, fs cas bo mada
Rozier, who had not wooded in de- i
emeting fonecpe! being bezel M.Charlos, who | surface of the ground, wore s
lien
- 4
nto so Coley otbery;
tem, the experimants were by degree repented in
other countries. Mowever {portant this invention
may be, it has as yst led to no conxiderablo results,
though some facts of value have boon learned with
to temperature, moisture, eloctricity, &e., in
the upper regions of the atinorphore. In thie MM.
s Hii 1p
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rooky,
“mountainous, and unproductive. The surface on the
4s covered with Infty mnges Nelonging vo ie | ono of his
Dee wns beige ore often 12,100, sod | Al
ca
sometimes excood 20,000 foot.
,000 feet, and the road often 7
ipioos rising from 200 to 500%
of
feet. The whole north-castorn m of the coun!
spneral levatin af over 000 fot bat to
to
‘Vou. I
am.
‘not more
‘of eommunieation between Afghanistan and
‘are tho famous Pasa, by which the river
venters the Punjuub ; the Gow Pass, alzo leads
40 the Punjsub; and the Bolan Pass on the south,
which the route
or
i and the
ipa
which flows in a aouth-westerly
‘more than 400 miles, till it entare Take
jen. Th reonives the Ungbundab, w coualderable
Seo s at ware the Cabul in the
the Peri Rud in the northwest, There
proper Lobes, if
‘wo except two shallow sheots
‘water, the One near the W. frontivr, called
Zorrah, about 50 miles long by 25 miles
collier, called Ab-Totad, about 12
itioat paumson | d
.
ratte
ft
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ing
sf
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Proper fom the
t taans of the people. These call themselves
ftaveh or Puktaneh, “Afgaus” being tho Por.
xian naine, are an Tranic race, and are divided
turbulont tempor, and much given to plunder. Their
Tangunge ix distinct from the Persian, thongh it con-
‘tains a great number of Pareian words, and in written
Uke the Persian with the Arabic characters. In re-
Tigion the Afghans are Mahouunedaue of the Susie
wet, Other races in snistan are the
‘that
terest commences only with modem times. In 1738
‘the Persians under Nadir Shah the oun
try. In 1747 he was muniered, and Ahmed Shah,
the ruler of Cabal, hat
fluence in the country.
the aewintance of the British againns Persia,
Hering thot he was meditating q
heat, they xevelved to dethrone him and restoro Shah
Soojahs formertoler. In April, 1999, British my
under Sir John Keano entered Afghanistan, and
after overcoming woe alicht resistance entered Ca
al
Burnes, Macoazhten, snd a nomberof British ofowrs,
Desides women and ‘children, were murdered. ‘Tho
othor British leaders were disheartened and paralyzed,
sud Srey was ma with the Afghans, at whine
Hu SERRE HE 4b 05TE 3 qs ae arin 43
eel a en |
the Cameroan
000 Fe. high,
) Transvaal
‘The Wit
Ke
a Hi
) of the Bight of Bik
and the
this rogios
caus F000 to
IP Hf 2 6:
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ii i HERA oe
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Hae dppkt
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service by Jooph. Af te
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ia ig, Pras car bed of a oan fs
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FYonginn
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to Africa;
parts
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ie
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ively indiigenone to Africa. The
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ES
&
:
,
Ed
i
F
i
&
i
u
H
eee
i
t
!
Ba!
7
1
suropentt
t diversity of form Bi
fan of the negro rico, na well
Teatheus; and
;pernatural influenes, and wor:
‘Wo sruxt. not look to Africa for the tri-
‘not even to the country which wae
AIL that the
‘coasts, where the Moors manu:
‘much silic, cotton, leather, and linen; an uctive
i ix earvied on by them with the maritime
Sstions et Baroy, ct caravan, 8
ao united into states, ‘Their wants
imple, and everysh juired
Maven, fe ch ess ur
‘and arrow nocomary
dlefence, ax well ax all their houschold
they from the surface of the earth is
key; for which patkakg Beare
| feashers, slaves, ivory, gold, mm, the
of Altice t pooh ine
iy. few of the states ot Attica
Mio the rest, not frequented by Europeans,
id } the extensive deserts, and
loins, the but which protects them from | the
the: bow and neow tor the
i
ih
i
E
i
i
E
a
iff
) St. Helena, Manriting, the
Seqehelle sad “Airanta 4. Portiguew,
fansticiun of its inbabitants, have always
the Romans, but it war generally hein to
applied b
ard fen
weatvar
‘ure manufastured hy themselves; the gold | pied
‘ie in 626, and ib remained in theif
hande till taken by Alexander the Great in 989.
Brom hin death Greek oulture flom ‘under
already
Heneoforth for
‘two conturies under the
‘The Arab conquest of this
# zy 4
en
eye ai He
aut He
ae i ie ks yl HOF Basie
THTTLG rapide TRE Revisd TT a1 TT
rl Hy al itt 8 ini He as fle a
a
ies
agsale?:
a tf egal
cal He
il : iy
:{ a Fae
hing, te trap the booty thay should wing bat,
Poser iar no» pice or Sa powders ae I | bang defen, 44 not hte to give up blown
fours called fechas. plants | sone ‘rengeanes ‘exasperated warriors,
are better for inasmuch as they aro more | and expose these latter, without m leader, to the
‘tender than those on artitielal beds. ‘The wild bra i ‘Hil oons were murdered ; tho army surren-
authtoeme are found in. parks and pastures, where to the Carthaginians, Ho himself reatored
‘the turf bee not been up for many years, | quiet to Sicily, and conchiled a peace, 206 xc, which
‘anal the bess time for ‘them is August and | secured to both parties their former pomesdions. He
Seplember. Two other British species, thet, Georgu’s | then engaged in several hostile expeditions to Italy,
mushroom, A, ‘od the faley-ring mushroom, | where he vanquished the Buti, and sacked Oretom.
A. orcuder, are edible, and others ere wed in dif’ | Hia lotter days wore maddened by domestic atrife.
Forex countriee; but a groat proportion of the | Hinintention wax, that bia son, oy
agarics are poisonone. ‘hould inherit the throne. "This stimulated his grand
EABATE; ise compornded of various aub-| son, Archagathos, to etalon, Honrardered th in-
Fa
i
|
g
E
i
F
é
5
=
i
t
ae
He
i
il
i
i
if
ik
i
i
:
;
‘Ane, in law; the time when tho law allows pervone
poerstein in Germany, especially, | to do acts which for want of years they were Two:
cut into vas mortar snull- | common law of England in regard bo age areas follow
‘ings, seals, handles for knives and forks, | (Kerr'n Blackstone, vol, ip. 403): “A male at twelve
‘Tho ‘8. was highly valood by the an- | yours old may take tho onth of allegiance; at four~
‘who executed many fine works in it; and great i and
jirtoee formerly attribated to it.
inn figures bearing a stething
resemblance ty some object of nature or art cy. &
emi, = cirols, an auiwal, &0,; sometimes i8 actually
er, ‘Then gree may, howeres
‘artificially staining tho stone.
‘the alder adventurers of
Carcaus, who, having been
ided ot Therine, in Sicily, | of herelf and her lands, Go that fall age in male or
381 2,0. On account of | female ia twenty-one yoars, which age ia comploted
Jn his infancy, | in the day preceding the anniverinry of & 2
ight up hy hie mother. At the | birth, who till that time jx an infant and so etyled in
the boy was again received by his | lax.” A person under the age of twonty-one may
sent to Syracuse to learn the | make a purchase, but resile from it, If he chooses, on
co
|
a
!
|
i
u
i
i
i
i
]
i
uh
f
tends of a poiter, whore he continued to reside, being | reaching his full age. No one can be cheeen » mem
Sista ty Tinaleon into the umbarof the ctinns | ber of parliament under the age of twenty-one year,
‘He was drawn from otsourity by Damas, a noble | nor Conese priest until ag of twenty-four
suty Tecommended him, | yenrs, nor made a bishop before be in thirty years old.
head of an sont | Tn » when either of the parties is under
a Saecinge With the Widow trentene ge ‘and is not a widower or willow, the
‘Under the “imino ne Soci be sean i the isi =H aeons
inion of un ho | required, if the marriage is in ‘a license;
im, but retarned after a if it be in purmnance of bana publisbed, the
‘upon the sovereignty, in | parent or guardian may, st the time of the publicstion
Ihimself by the murter of 4000 | of the banns, declare in church his disent to such
Fistgey
a)
; ii
fie
:
. —E
33 2 88 ageteagiaas 53
a a
a8 p22aighas 1ta3 ante Hibs Gi eguhilise] aul Hae eae
Hela eniag Whe aly Fl aa cage
Heat uel yaa fide a Hay
a5S¢ fe gee8'ie3 Bre z in A i i : fi aha: 2
ee HaHa Ha a
: Hine nila ap rar Sis qasdtieagevaay ear dercenegeeys
Fine ig EUPIA eH LTE
g2549¢52 92S E22297525 SZ Edel es ied? gh2g5 fee 72 ese ¢ get aszys=s
aaa ils Ue Oa ee eiigas
seeieiuslat levi ausai aia juieenae
Fa tae Pea partial ere reer a
al aH bad eee Gi “5 ¥ tay, Lj at
tah F ip leiibeueddettatial mth
il 2 “eure is ai aa, chee bs i ie A
:
: fini tas tSas3 He bu ut :
Hibs iil iti) He BEE Hh yhh by in 1} i
ae Hatt Ht i i anit He iia
AGENT—AGIS. tre
even the haa exceeded his actual instrue- | which moan carried wore fixed infront of
betas gure bend he cenitle them, Ths French, eotamanded by the Conable
‘the third party might reasonatly ‘to | d'Atbret, numbered 100,000 ‘of whom 8000
be bi powers, the: ‘te bound to to his | were men-at-arms They themanlves in treo,
“apent's agreetnent. divisions, with the men-atarms, of whom 2000 wore
“ADENT, Asotr; persons authorized mounted, in front. The English fins put themselves
to manage the monetary affuire of ‘are #9 | in motion, ‘The French horse instantly hastened: bo
‘called. “All tho ‘of | moot theta, but wore reseived with such a howor of
‘he regiment pasion ‘the hana ef ts agent, | arrows by the archors, that they fll baok on the Gt
whom it i advanced by the paymaater of tha | division, and threw it inte confusion, ‘The light-
(Tie army-acesia ore shun intermediate be | are archers word thet clube and tales, and
wecen the ware ond the army so far as money | broke inte the rauks of the eta ee
auntiees are
!
int
i GF
i
A
[3
ie
iy
Hi
His
‘without tho hazard of a
etn ally the task of E
years, ‘was actunily in the hands o ie
bends. In the spring of 361 ecveed Ofer 1S
a
F
£
B
“ ot 8
li
i
iow of union
i
I
aE
fh
in tho county of
8 decisive battle
hourhood, July 12, 1691, between
TIL amounting to 20,000 men,
General nd thane of Janes
‘St. Rath. ‘Tho forven of Wi
for Anixcovnr x village in tho div-
if
to eoxiquar Francs, Innded Jour, took
storm, and wixhed to march through:
inorder to fix his winter-quarters
With w powerful force the
Wwanced against him. ‘The numorical sue
of the Freach was great, and the confidenos
, ‘and tho nobles such that thoy refused
sid. of the Duke of Burgundy and tho
‘Henry V, retreated w tho Somme.
to Lunes his retreat, and to
nnd reduced by sickness, Henry asked
oa arate et
‘on the wings Stakes, of
avik
Princes, Flv
‘whom were the Dukes of Orleans and’ Bourbon, wore
ri ‘The English lost 1600 men killed ;
Ibe eke of Cock: Hroczy’s caniaistboen
eve
y's head, nnd
effectual blow, when the king's attendants surrounded
him, aud he fell covered with wounds, After the
battle the English continued their march to Calain,
and thence sailed for Engiand, to asomble an army
for» new invasion.
‘AGi0 is thedifference in value Hetwoen bank-money.
and coin or other currvaey, ‘The term ix in most
froquent use in Holland and Venice. Tt la, how=
over, wed at Hamburg and other places in Germany.
Th is eynonymous wlth premum, when. tho bank:
money is worth more than the same nominal amount
of the current coin, and with direoune when ite value
in Jes, agio at the Bank of Amsterdam was
trom 3 to 4 per cent. before the French invasion of
Holland in 1796, that of Venive was formally fixed
at 20 por cout.: the bank-money of each of thowe
places being so much more valuable than the current
‘cin. Thik differunce in value arines often from the
dlroumstance that the onrrent con i depreciated ey
wonting and clipping. ‘The agio of the woney
of Hamby was formerly 14 per cen, this nc
count. Agio ix sometimes uid to signify tho pre
sium or dicount on bills of exchange.
Aais TV, King of Tacedamen, and colleague of
‘Leonidas in’ the government of Sparta was the som
of Eudamuidas TL, and a lineal descendant of Agesi-
nus, He succes ther in n.0. 24, and reigned
four Historiane affirra that he was in. youth
‘of cingular promixe, and that in mafurer age ho pro~
pared, by tho introduction of new law, to correct the
abuset which hd crept into the Spartan, govern-
went. ‘This he found » measore of peculiar diffioulty,
bat he was aupperted by he matemal uncle Agen
though with a soltish and Likewise by many of
the citiznne ‘hoy obtained a Inw for the equaliz-
tion of property, and A. himself shared a valuable
estate with the community, Tn consequence of his
these | exertions against A.’s mearures Leonidas was deposed
and lanished. ‘Tho people, however, soon became
dimatiefiol with the projected reform, and while A.
was Inading an army to aid the Achawans, the indie
Apuapeiigs a
Beet 2
(nil
Bipetie
i eu
3
rs
aan an
nits i He Hie fit ee
ail
53 :
a a:
‘Tn ber ninth year
eee
in 1718.
correcthens,
wi a si BL fe
of,
5
E
=
ie
ci
eo
Hight |
Can a
ti ae bite ial
ay
rated bat then
eee!
Ei
fect above high-water
a
nye 3
i i
oil Hi el aenal ai edit viet lig
2.
[sidual from others of the same | private ‘ted for thelr object only the dee
Spree seten eerste
the A., eg. Attions, », Germanicns, &e., wat weowimad the. of perma endl
settled om those acquired
Mhavox Dri (lata: he Lam of Go, 1. file to them. These laws of the Homa pened
reser Tomainh Utorgy, begining cotnectel with thele system of eatabilsd
‘words Agnus Des, Yang before the com | ing Sin the different parts of their tersitocics,
mumien, sod to the rvgulation of Pope | that, to attain a proper of itis
‘with the bauner of the cross, ob, with: maly ms ta asset Recados getceally
Fear and nave of the pope. The pope cousecrater ‘lsnishe Bes te tive! Remea oo bs lacs obo bs
‘apd disteibates « great number of them. It was ari- | war, Tho «ume policy was purued by the kings who
Piatcrsttaay in te churn cf Rome to dtr | waecened him; and, bm the kings wae exalled,
tbe remalon of the Pascal taper, eooscrntd | ft was sill laine, ty tho eanste an the fopls
‘on Easter eve. in small pleoes among the under the Repabitie. ates eee sees
whe burned thea at home, as an antidote ducing the Roman goveraiment to pursue thia policy,
Gel Adeds of istortane. Dob when. tbe oranber of | which was oonkinecl for w long. voried wilboo) aay.
(M4 bocaine too Iango to be all eatintiod, tho | intermimion; fire, to have a ‘upon the con-
of orgs was adopted. A. D. ix also the | quered people; secondly, to hare » protection againet
‘taree of that portion of the mam which is introduced thelnetnna can een shiny tangent ae
ia Reman Cathotlo churches ot the disteibution of | population; to five the city of Rome from
‘the host. an excess fifthly, to quiet seditions;
i Kier. ‘Thean
‘ha Repante 8
*
isa dio Aathnraibey src dbalnpusbed | Lhe maa of deposi of soldat and rvardiag ther,
eA tows
fpr Kee glial ancy ih Coondlons of laad; ad soch cobvadbe wary) at
‘of clasuhip that provails ‘them, which is | thiv account, denominated mititary colonics. Now,
tuaknows to the other inbshitants of tho Abymsinian | for whichever of theeo causes. colony was t» ba
‘batt is found among the Galin tribes, In it une necemary that some law respecting
‘miligion, and manners they resemble the Am- | it be either by the senate or people:
Te * sa | Ruch ef ber cau, ea called ex raria, a
AKA, or Aknananan; a city of Hindostan, agrarian 6 wl now explained—An
of tho North-wext Sod of a pevvinss l tha | sgnarian law ccnfaand, various. provisions ib) Uae
‘namo on the right bank of the Jumna, 740 males | soribod the land which was to be divided, and the
‘by rail) W.N.W. Caloutta Mach of it ie now | classes of people among whom, and their numbers,
‘but it #till retains not a little of ite original | and whom, and in what manner, and by what
rand bas many ancient and ls % the territory was to bo parcelled oak ‘The
‘smoug which the most fnperiai | mode of dividing the lands, ox far ax we now undar=
‘built by the ‘Akbar, the Motee | stand it, was twofold; either a Roman population
‘or Pearl Mosque, the f10 wae distributed over the particular: , Without,
Femna Musjeod, and, above all, the 'T'sj Mahal, « | any formal erection of a colony, or got te of
‘mansoleum of the 17th century, built by the lands wore made to auch citizens ax were willing to
‘Shah Jehan to his favourite queen. It is built of | form a colony there. ‘The lands which were thos
white marble, nloraed with exquisite | disteibated were of different descriptions; which we
=e runt keep ia ind, inorder to have a just n
afine
wna ° } oF
tad. the government officer, | which bail boon axtfally ina canna then po
sand salt are important articles of commerce, | remion of hy rich and powerful individuals; or, lastly,
in large quantities. ‘Tho | lands which wore bought with money from the public
fort is Iarge, and strongly built of red sandstone. | treasury, for the purpose of being distributed. Now,
‘the great smutiny the all such agrarian laws as comprehended eliber Lands
‘Ww retrvat to it, and dlofeuded thounelves with great | of the euciny, or those which were treat
‘ till they. i is venerated | pics public, property, or thowo
bythe ‘ba the bi of | bought with the public money, were carried into
a of Vishnu. Population, | effect without any publio commotiony; bat thon
n of A. one of the six north-western | which uted to disturb the les and powerful
‘comprises the districts of Mattra, A., Fur- | citizons in the posession of the lans which they uu
Minvoores nd Btawah, with a ital area | justly occupied, and o pace cluniste for sels) om
a ‘without creating great
the Ganges, Srrana, aad Chumbul, | detetoonoes, "Ths fins ‘ew o€ thie Kind ‘wa pre-
‘of A. has an ares of 1850 aq, miles, and | posed by Spurius Cassins; and the same meamure was
‘of 1,002,000. aftrwards attempted by the tribunes of the
: Lams; Taw enacted In ancient Rowe | almost every year, but was ns constantly defeated
gts divin of publo lands Niebubr has so | various artigon <€ the chew; ib wan homers at
horn: thet: these lawn, whic wore 20 | length pam. | Tt appear, both from Dionysos and
6 fn the light of unjust attacks on | Varro (de Re Rurtiea, lib, 1), tht, at first, Romulo
Ay
BAPE E
it et
2:
ES
Fs
ab
Hee
his al
He
3
2 HHH
ae BIEL 8
a
i
Ha
fae
cytes
boundaio h
by
Ma
Recetas
Tot ont, and how much
s3cSs
a
ible
283
ay
Die
te
HE
fate
aa
HE
tis
24
eat
H
ree
en
ee
ie
Es
want
AGRICOLA—AGRICULTURE, 61
in Britain, and uitanis ae prastor
easy fconaalahip'in 77,
fe
IH
i
E
;
id
i
his in reconolling the Britons to
“the Roman thin he da by teaaking thom tha
‘arte andl Joxuries of civilization, to settle in towne,
‘and te build comfortable hous and »plenvlid temples.
an eduoational system for the sons | were
elaborated
the British chiefs, who. final) Latin ss
‘and tho
ns thelr Grew Tn bis
compaign (4,0. 84) A. gained ontiro
worenth
‘of the country ax far ax be had tod,
5. ‘the total defeat of the assembled Catedonians
i
Wibscalive Sty sear of Tustin Geopicr Latin,
myakn Balen geo one of pegs active
‘ ‘the # who propagated the doctrines
and Leipzig ;
native city,
shaplain of the
controversy with Luther
ppt ‘Besides his theological works,
nee eapaining iw eohon Cerna
ee a its Ferg raneny aud
‘mong. the firs German prose
fof the thine, at the wide of Latver'strane-
‘a the Bible. In conjunction with Juline Pflug
Heldingue he composed the famoos
la the art of cultivating the earth
of ernment sind national independence —
Trott Sf atierapting % full hiatory of
‘we must confine ourmelves to slight The
first mention of agriculture is
i
E
aa
‘
Egypt
they ascribed ite invention to superbumsn agen
their geatitnde to auch an abaurd
the ox, for hits witvices am
the Ronan senate,
Among the Grocky, Heijod, who is rupposed te
havo lived about 735 0.c., wrote & poem en agricul:
tare, entitled Warks and Days, which wax #0 denor
minated because hosbandry requires an exact observ.
ance of times and seasons. Other Greek writers
‘wrote oa rural economy, aad Foe ry ‘the
waxed | number, but their works have boon ‘orth pee
of gor, ~The iy ‘of Grecian agriculture
Sot re ee eaten eae
coonadsting of three purts—the share-tiear, the:
Pliny aseribes their invention to the Gi
Augeas. Theophrastus mentions wx different species
of manures, and adds, that a mixture of wall prodoces
the same effects ax ‘manures. Clay, he observes,
should be mixed with eand, and sund'with clay. Seed
twas sown by hand, and covered with 2 rake. Grain
was reaped with a alckle, bound in sheaves, threshed,
ten winnowed by wind, laid in chests, bins, or
granaries, and taken out aa Wanted by the faunily, to
bo ground into meal.
‘a know that the ancient Romans venerated the
plough, and in the envi nd purest tines of the
‘ropublic the greatest praise could be given to
‘an illustrious charactor Was to aay that he was mn
induateious and judicious huabaudia, SM. Cato,
*.
2
i Pile ey ia Het
Sit Loaton
wor than ie
ae
‘Natare, aut wax er ta iset.
veond
Ha ae
Hn ae Hea se
ini 3
i
sce nlnitid
Ey] he ini jagtiilay ie ia le
nation | femora of ol
carey thei ens dato exc
was
16. Though a private association it waa
‘annual parliamentary grant, and it wax
‘@ kind of sem{-official position.
En;
gr gland,
‘we established in May, 1838, and
466 members. Kn 1240 it was incor-
7 tw encourage scientific tnen
lings; the application of
the: estrwckion of insects
iif
a
te
ite
rent
i
it
il
if
fi
Fai
i
gf
Fa :
ty
fl
FELT:
eh
ides the principal, there are
Sr atnl tate
ot mi ‘and wurgery;
civil engineering, and raathematios; snd of
icalare, ‘There i s larg farm
6 Institution, which has high muputation, and je
‘egy preperot
ugh the effurts of the aboveaentioned and
the invostigations of scientific
ties, the ins
the general difvion of knowledge asweng all laste,
and the abolition af protective cutien which hax Leid
the British farmer under the noceslty of competing
with producer In foreign counts, agriultare Baw
iad vast strides in Deiiain during the present eon«
tury. Inotead of tho slovenly manner in which, not
a contury ago, all operations upon tho soil wens
formed, Hew implements, many of them of recent and
ingenious contrivanes, now execute the work in the
mont effisient manner, and with the Teast weate of
draught, while, as in other arte, the steam-engine bas
beca mado an efficent auailiery. ot
confined at formerly to swampy spots, ix extended
rystematicnlly to whole farms, and every feld on the
farm, got single furrow being Tet without ty ant
ficial drain of tiles or stones, Luto which the aarplos
water may percolate freely, and yot ro gmdually ax
not to carry off nourishment along with it. Seience,
‘too, in the bands of xuch men as Lichig, Boussingwelt,
Johnston, and others. hax beon called in to act au the:
linndmaid of art, ‘The onanisin of plants, the pri-
mary elements of which they are composed, and the
food ou which they live, have been asidwoualy aad
| skilfully investigated, aud rox important remit
obtained, partioularly in regard to manuree and
rotations. ‘Those resilts, instead af remaining wend
Totter, have passed frum books into the hands ef
racic farmere; and the farsayard, though aul
Justly retuining ile pre-eminence, hus to be
222
238
Haldia:
a
:
qUGEH
.
the
‘which inteatal
gaa ret tht
i
23%
23
sheer
abogeey
iginows
of the land th
a Fe
‘of adinirable f
Da
‘enanious clay,
ian i womotinn
wrveral dintriots toa
3
z
Ps | =
Way
=
3
ul
iy
17th centui
abject
te
ary, &
qaaanee
Ficulture, and all
ec
acres
the whole coi
sirned inte a farstrachool, v1
i=
yal
wun
woarked
ips | divided by hedges or.
nT
ilictial
yp
H| ale Hh i
HAR
bd
FEE
HH
id
at
4854 i
i
aint
greater
if
ch oom | to thie kind of
a
Be
very hie!
in
is
tthe available land of.
to ite whole area ix
[ti
inal
63
in Great Britsin ie | shoo
li
ley, wits
geil ae
|
Th ina | near towns, but in general |
‘constantly | the boundaries of estates being
AGRICULTURE.
Wb of agriculture are
stionn of
‘The vine ix oulti-
ance.
we day and farniahee
‘with a great part of their aupplien of
luo article Mrance, Z
German writer on husbandry was Con-
‘Heresbachius, who lived and died in she 16th
Deve Rustica, war as avowed
had preceded
zon agriecliare of eny note,
previous to the 17th century. With rogard
state of agriculture in Germany, we
that the country in very extemive, aud
ot of nail, , climate, and
agrioultaral prodace is, for the most
bia isi: bot reelen wines
hungary and the Ihine, together
silk, &e. ‘The culture of the
‘rearing of the silkworm are carried
Berlin, ‘Tho theoretical agrioultur-
‘with all tho improved imple-
and come of them hare been
in Holstein, Hanover, and
lly speaking, the ploughs,
inefficient, Fish are
5
| pocliy is overywhero aftended ts
neighbourhood of Viena, ‘The
‘eahture Itkewine receives particalar atton-
soe ae noe. ‘The eom-
yvarywbere improving,
4 well an individoals, havo formed
‘Sanerous Institutions for the instruction of youth in
‘The ial Society of Vionno, and
0 Tnstitutions of Professor Thace in
st Gieown, and subsequently at
wmong rwoent institutions of this de-
Jeoil, and surface of Italy are so various
Cyarntione of agricole n Lombardy ars
joulture: ly are
feet Ts peg: ew re conoses,
le ‘thirteen or fourteen feet Log Dut
{in sutamer is clover or other green
herbaye; in winter, a misture of elileaves, elovers
hay, and pulverized walnut-cake, over which boiling
‘water is poured, and bran and salt added, In a uhort
time the onttle cast their hinir, grow
‘and fat, and 40 improved. as to double their value to-
the butcher. The tomato or loveapple Solanum
Lycopersicum),s0 extensively used in Talia eookery,
forms an article of ficld-culture near ‘i,
‘expecially in Sicily, from whence it in rent to Nay
ly
Romo, and several towns on the Mediterranean Sen,
"The territory of the United: States ia very extensive,
and presents almost every variety of soil and climate.
‘The agriculture of this wide-spread country eabraces
I the producteof European cultivation, together with,
some (euch a ugar anil indigo) which are rarely exe
objects of tillage m any partof Europe. A fu ie
tere agasahen ot ‘those states would require a
large volume, With regard to the best manner of
leaving forent land from ite natural growth of timber,
the following observations may be of use to "fir
sottlor.” Tn thowo parts of the country whore wood
f but little value, the trees arw felled in one of the
suusmor months, the earlier in the reason the better,
aut ntarape wil be lene ap to gprout and the tres
will have a longer time to dry. ‘The teees ie tll the
following spring, when such limbs ow ure not very
nnoat the ground should tw eut off, that they may burn
the better. Fire toe put fo ther in the driest
faut of tho month of May, or, Ifthe whole of that
month prove wet, it may be applied ia mig
oof June. Only the bodies of the trees will pa yr
Durning, and some ef them will be burned into pieoos.
‘Thow which require to be made ahorter are cut in
Tisces nearly of a length, drawm together ly oxen,
beplicy
ri
abs
eli feet
z
seen that two wheels are employed,
run in smaller
z= out Pair frst prises,” AL tho Laloester mecting
ect ot te
Gp vonly ploughs which wen
weren divisioun in which prizes
‘aro mado of different nizos and
be used cithor with one ar two
and they eon be fitted with
Aap or shallow wort, or for
wil,
times. Figurus of two
ines, Sink, &e Heal's,
wd in Plate 11. Varioon
Tove been used for wtlring the
‘a8 the miner, for following in the furrow of
. and Ioosening the ground tow
enging up the vubaod; Reidy
cto,
arom, roneties i oe pies an somelin
iy fre costen ted of
pieces ‘joined
are
be in
ler cyl
ono, and this te atill ite moet orual form, ‘The
Ppl pleat improvements upon it ere the divi-
sion of the cylinder into many pleces, sl wtramg wpors
fove dale, an ultiwately the eouversion of it into a
berica of wheels, wit ing alongnicie
of each other, cach with fi motion. ‘The
[erection of thi frm wes to bo attained in Crow.
Al's Clad Crasher, of which a tion fs given
in Plate TH. Cylindsical wrought-iron rollera, which
raay be filled wiih water at 20 us to give
Introduced
them greater weight, hare been ren
Horce-nors. Of thew the commen Sooteh hoe,
represented in Minto 1J., i perhaps the einopleet,
pci bo ame carrying the teeth, and hinging on
‘two mould-boarls, 18 becomes a double mould-bosrd
plough, —Durui-macurxes. These aro used in de-
iting the need in equidirtant rows, on a flat aur
ince, on the top of m narow ridge, ia the intoreal
between two tidges, or in the battam of w eommon
furrow. Corn, when drifted, is usually sown fn the
first of thee ways, tomipw in the wecond, and pease
ad beans in the third or fourth. Que wellAmown
jarm of the drillsmachino in tho it lovgh,
ropresented in Plate II, Another rebiice: f8
in drilling turnips—the only modo ef sowing now
practiaed in Seotland—is in Plato TT,
under the name of Moodic's ‘Ternip Drill. Still
more complicated forua of unachines, for vowing all
kinds of corn in drills, have been invented, and where
‘auch erope require to be cleaner during their growth
‘an inpportaut salvantage ie gained by using them 5
EHH
Beg
ne
with one
fr findleee Peng}
power
‘of the
‘in its bev day
ym to
Hi
Ponto; Geslan fatial, slemtzd ot night
to havo
‘pposrd
in honour of Raechux, Ho was nj
» lowe of which
other riddles, whence
‘» calleotion of riddles,
rae
ly served scren years in
‘He ayn
scoretary to the En
‘that he was ne~
quitting the
Oa
‘
Hs
daily
ie
H Udi
pail
uel
ie
LE
LES
fi
#
iu
Es
i
Hine
He
alt
Hi AHie
aaa tan, the
Sicily
ial
asnonig whieh
i, who fel (0
vor Lee
=
it HEE
eh
aa |
Sereiie
i
re
2
RE
i
i
H
HT
F
He
i
He
¥
Hi
oF
‘even considered salutary. According to
of the ayyieeia, oF intermisaion between
paroxyna and another,
tertians
i
;
H
it
Le
i
i
FE
i
i
i
TE
lf
Fetay
=
I
5
z
Soe sriea of Reaarosd eased Wea
irontom of nan
eat bk Poet aches
loud olamoure Law were raised throvghout
Praueo, andit was thought fat winan lke A. whe
possessed the Jove of the nation, was necessary to
allay the liscontent. He waus therefore re-
‘Law bimelf ha
torestne his ofBoe
To vot hismelf immediately to remed
the financial entanglements, bat his wossures, thin
they were at first siccosfo!, die not teat
ion of Uhe parliament. In 1722 lp had to re
tire a sevoud. tine Jing the Cardinal 3
but wae recalled jn 1727 by the Cardinal Fleury, and
in 1797 restored to hia formor office, Hee forwed the
witha pen
sion sf 100.000 france, and died the folowing, Jear
fpreden muta the Opening of tapes ee
ry made at the openin, ment, neo
: oles of thelr Kinds fot at
ra. | said by Boutorwek to bo mi
there ia pi
with » dow of urine
the pationt falls into a rofresh
{from Which ho awake withoat any rewaine
ny except light gros of languor and
‘occur chinfly in aitaationa wher
j stagnant waters, Hence their fre:
fu Holland, in the Bact and West Ludles, in
parts:of Englond, aud tho thial
ing of th woods and the draining
The neighbourhood of rivers or marshes,
jearefally to be availed by porvons afflicted
‘hey axe cured by medicines, which, at
thst they exert a tonio inflionce, fro-
an ‘impression upon the aysiom
(eomesnicated by the cana ofthe
‘as Peruvian bark, various bitter and
“drugs, certaln metallic ralts, &.
8 noiue sometimen given to a hard
silla of the bolly, lower than th
te be the effect of intermittent fover.
, Hexnx Fuaxcts p', © man distin:
fannala of French eloqience and juris:
thorn at Limoges jn 1603, aud early
dtalonts His father, intondast
seas his first instructor, ‘The inter-
spirit Jaiiciouy elogant, yet powerful and ih in
valuable iuntruction for atatenmen and lnwyers.—His
nophow, the Marquis d'Aguoseau (Henry Cardin
Jean Baptiste), peer of France, end iwembor of the
‘Academy of Sciences, diod at Paris, January 22, 1826.
iala~ | Ho was # lawyer, member of the firwt national assem~
bly, and senator undler Napoleons afterwards a faith
ful adherent of the king.
Sovniia, Josrrn Sars y', « Benedictine, and
Jearnod san, woe born in 1690.’ He was eonsor anit
secrotary of the supreipe council of the Ingultion fn
Spain, and profesor in the auiversity of Salamanca,
Pope Innocent XI. created hin » cardinal in 1080.
Uo published commentaries on Aristotle's Athics, ard
diet at Rome in 1699,
‘AGwrt (Daryprocta Aguti); an Ameviean animal,
much resembling the guinea-pig. ‘There are several
varieties, all indigenous ta South Amerion ond the
West Indies. They live ou vegetables, inhubit hollow
trees, and burrow in the ground. They eat like the
oquirrels, grow fat, and aro sod aw food in South
Amoriea.- “They propagate very fast,
‘AIANTA; atnaritime district of Ashanton (7.0.) exe
tending from the Ancobrn to the Shamab; boundel
on the wea by Apollonia, aad on the ent by the
Fantoe territories. It in the richest, and in every
roepeot tho mort improved district upon this eons!
‘Tho principal towne am Axim, Dixoove, and Sues
condee,
Autasvenus, In Soripture history; n king of Persia,
the husband of Esther, to whom the Seriptures ascribe
alae deliverance of the Jown froin oxtirpation,
a
which thoy commemorate to thin day by an annual
Gane
ae
peenual
BS
a a i EE
i
LETTE
& eat anu eeill
trees and pu walls
At is not uncom.
‘the stroets an)
h the ailanto,
rage
wen live fx ut of earth in
ww huis in sumer. ‘The Aince are
‘brown
Yecn the aboriginal inhabitants of
dak
é
Hider pare
elu TE
ae
aan
q
cae Hl
THEE TL ya
i
i
i
i
F
i
i
i
i
:
:
|
i
i
E
iE
H
¥
ii
i
iy
i
2
:
|
:
=
rf
i
ts
2
f
:
?
i
i
H
er
i
;
fs
l
bat formerly it deno
“Ae was anciently considered eno of tha four
‘cluweuits of nature; and even afr this lrypotlwaix
wa kr wt sw sp oe
‘tall quantiles of ctr eubntansen,
ebaive
vane
hele oie about 77°5 per cent. by volume
dimolved
foxygen igh a 22 per cont.” Tho quantities of
seid and the wapour of water are los constant,
3
ia ee
0 ail, 103 vapour
Seater, 108. Many: other subitanoes ace foun
fa. the stmoxphere wader particular ciroumetancrs.
B85 29°32;
Gee 4 Air in colourless, except in largo
without taste or atuell, but it pomenses
of matter: Tt hae weights
‘of air woighs lees than when
the differvnee taust be the weight
contain in one case and not in the othr
ft haw been found that the wight of 100
‘of pure dry air, when the barometer
i the thermometer (Fah.) at
and this im often used
for the weight of otbor gases.
limes ax heavy as alr, at the
Fe
:
HI
a
|
!
i
li:
iy
i
if
k
i
Klasticsty), » property which it has in conitnon
all gascous fluids, causes it gradually
bebesaeteehes ey a emt
volume of a yan in
in
closed by the blowpips.
tho denaity and elnaticity of the surrounding air,
4s ablo to aupport the cof the atmosphere in
the other arm; the columns of mercury
Leight, If more
aS areepreiy here ie re
mercury is now poured into the tul 10 surface
the liquid: ian beds Sabb ie Toe arm than in
it has beoorne:
the short. When the difforence of hei
tho weight of one atmosphere. By cant
pour mercury into the tube we find that the
of three, four, &e., atmospheres reduces the eoulined
air toa third, a fourth, do, of ite original volutes
‘Dhie low onabloe ux slao to mossure the expensive or
‘olnstin foros of a hody of gas or air under compression,
showing us that this force varios directly as tho density
‘of the compressed airy and inversely ax ite volume,
hus ifm body of ai have an expansive foros of one
atmosphere, when compromed to half ite volume it
has on expansive force of two atmosphere Recent
experiments, hemwewr, ly Regnanlt and others, have
shown that the law ix not quite true, and that air and
sanallor apaces
port easy i ponaued in o ernathali
ny air weed
thournod times itseriginal volume, and kas been can.
doused into less than one thoussndth, Thir tendency
hy
muatio
Sain, Hau ance
pressing the
yal
Nell Meme
cavities in the:
to munic rovembling the ariay
isi
@ more wisn]
ry
meee
ple
igle lyrical passages to vary the
being contained in
of a wi
force of
and moat nutmeron i
air, which is liberated
plate
“alli
Sears times, Uy way of distinction
lel
ae
=
ASBGURt an lmtraneat for the
AIR-CELIA,
Se | jusealibenits tigi npr
joes of the
‘are
in the
by the expansive
ond ie
HP
aH
Hy
na
Ai
ie u
30534 Ide
by:
Gee, oven where
cee
to their
ti
ali
fe tals a
He a Hee
‘or leak extent).
exes eecees einen
of
i
i le
gular
further information see the arti
ALR-PUMP—AISSE. 73
“Gt m glass bell closed! nt the top x, but open at the | tion mast depression of the
‘anil {ts lower sunooth o> the
ato and having is lower edge grou noth | ain. redone by
‘teh sain action, This lam in caled n e-| pone that tho s5uch as the
‘ovine, becaune it reowiver and on that i
‘has mater be rubbed ston this fourth
Bee ues
ieela mst by the
ing 4, which in equ
: found that after thirty
i one 2096:h part of tho
3 in the receiver. Tho
: Secneg ecnmeeteen eae
le be mafic to how how
Ie
: a tio
wi oponing at
nto the recciver, and at in torn
mervary. mer.
ety ow feed Saab cena anal
i shat rom
within ‘of exhaustion,
Both pistons tad wine,
Eire one ‘in raised the other is de-
pred, The winch iv then turved in the opponite
direstion, and. the piston which had been raised is
4 and the rarvfac-
wi conxidorablo the
1 oid. piston x is
mover in an air-tight collar
of the cylinder a valve v is
= iy outwarl, but immediatly
pressure without. ere ix thos
pmustuicellon ‘betwosn tbe reoclver 2, the
tube as, and the exhausting barrel wv. This corm
tho
will Be inloned and
wpe Ba alee ¥ with «
ieh the valve ia
‘air, ‘Thin ae ela
the valve, through which, as the pistou | bausted
air in the barrel will be driven into the
and | cations aud iimprovements were afterwards rade
it | Boyle, Hawhabee, Martos
2B, tho aie in the
=A hy ile elasticity,
Am expa
rol HV. A second deprosion of
tho air contained in the barrel,
iay be continved at: pleasure, ‘The
between the barrels and the reeeiver
‘bo closed by s stopcock ab 6.
juance of tho elasticity of thu air that it
‘as | Count do Ferrio, the French
in, opposes
Bot this prewure is not folt by the operator, as the
presure upon one piston countarbalauces that upow
the other. ‘The elasticity of the air ix proved by the
of the machine. Its proaure is proved by the
great firmnoue with which tho recsiver ie presed 0}
the plate ss during the rarefaction of the alr within,
Tf any animal Je ‘Toneath the mwcwiver,
the’ alr ‘existed, it dies almost. itmedinely
an exhausted revel
but which is within an exhausted receiver, it a
cannot bo heart. Air in thurofore necemary to the
prodvetion and to the propagation of «ound, A shri-
velled apple or cranberry placed Eaneath an ex-
recelver becomes ax phamp as if quite fresh.
‘They ave thus shown to be full of elastio air, A great
vyarioty of experiments may be anade, which are very
intereating, but too numerous to be described. ‘The
{| ainpump was invented by Otto de Guericke, bu
master of Magdeburg, about the year 1654. Modifi-
b
ad sunny otbern Tb to
‘made in various forins, ane of the aitnplest of which
that already deveribwod.
AISLE (fom Lat, aia, 0 wing), in architecture, a
term generally applied to the lateral diviaionx of
chureh, which are separated from the central portion
‘oe nave, or froin the choi by piers or pillars, Tn. this
country there is cnly one aisle on each aldo of, the
navo, but the eontiuental buildings have oftan two.
‘Tho nave ix also sometimen called the oetitral alae.
Aiast, Mapmwousit a lady well known for her
romantic adventures and unhappy fate, was born in
Circassia in 1668 oF 1604, anid was purchased by the
aunbamador at Con-
stantinopte, in 1608, when a child of four yenrs, for
spetige
i Le
338
cnn
ne
aja
2
page
aoe
i
fide
a
+)
H
il ft Re
anpHTG
He ae
Lk was exiinent as
ei
ae
|
null
AEF Sue
an He
ate
q :
:
ah
La
I
a
£8
SE
tala
al
Hf
iat LEE
PH
3
a
zu
4 vl HE :
$
—
7
iad
35
|
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ee
lau ta
Li
ial
qj
ATX-LA-CHAPELLE—ATACCIO, rE}
important congreses have heen held bere. At A Mr, Russian eub~
of averal streets, Alewander, Francis, published his infloential werk, om
i
Bet
Hay
pate
al
le |
Hes
i
i
i
ae E
ne
Fa
i
&
i
cf
i
é
Ei
&
i
Feel
fl
H
He
i
|
i
Se
i
i
tu
:
p
|
it
iit
i
and
Spain under the aavly
nau ab
ite decthncs of
i
a
ee
i
f
Feeisiis extn. peg of ty, and
‘of government
Melebreeyeaien wfiin tedr ros whieh sop
creed. After the termination of
from thore of the latter, and at the
‘A. they openly manifested thedesizus whieh
di di mond clearly. (See
) Tho King of France, at thia con-
5 pot - een chief
b entoent, follo exw
tien Prince Regent of Great Iittaia,
econ of shew two sovereigns was
"0 it lirvetly oppoxed to the alli-
BPromn tho cabgms of A aro to bo dated
‘measures of the German govermments
‘Liberal spirit which had spread among
since the ware of N:
to public oplaion, to secure the rights of
J OF YroMote the Caure of repeoseutative
Becaine a member of the Holy Alliance only in | Pretenrl
of | {com the Dritish throne. ‘The above-nar
of the
lating tn fur delon
SS eee here
=
liad Connté, =
am, togelce. wits dei ap
anaes eo Schl, Aa, den Teal ti. 381)
‘mocond poaco of AA., Oct. 18,1748, tarminated the
Avetrian war of succession (seo Austria), in which
‘V. of France:
to Philip, Infant of
Gonstalla, ‘Thur the
houre of Bourbon, that of Parma (since 1937 extab-
hed In Lucos), toolk its origin, On. the whele tho
ral, in a eecret session, April 30, 1748, rgued the pre-
Liulinaries, four copies of which were prosented to tho
other powers in the wae, and sigoed by them
weparately.
ler, protested, at Paris, July 16, against the
exclusion ef his father, who called hisseli Jaanes TET,
powers first signed, in like mannor, the definitive
peace, whervapon Spain, Genon, and Modena July
Gov'and. Austria, July 23 (ty her ploulpatentiary,
Count, afterwants Prince ta), did the wane.
(Bee Schoth, i. 411, et ag)
“AsAccto, or Asazzo, a town of France, capital of
sho departinent and idland of Corsa, with 14,668
inhabitants in 1866, Lt ie situated on the south-wort
ooart of the idland, on a tongue of tend projecting
into the Golf of Ajocclo, It la aheliered bby mouse
tains from the north and east winds; and the town
aad boy are defended by a citadel, ‘The entrance
AJALON—AKENSIDE,
ince. ‘The result of his statistical labours, as well
his collected by his
i
i
HE
|
F
i
ES
|
i
Whea
Comenden
2
it
f
p
gE
H
fee
F
e@ckie ki
AE 7253
to set. He was frank,
After tho death of Achilles,
received a 4300 a year, | Here he became
2 fellow of| ty, waa admitted into the
College of read tho Gulitonian leo:
tures m anatomy, but never obtained a very extensive
‘He wax, however,
hile at Lond
in the 49th year of his
was 8 may of religion and attics
E
in
i
EL
AKERBLAD—ALABAMLA, 7
gontences are sometines extended to too great | ke It has ‘a jail, and eeveral churehes
iene nuagery too much securmalated’ and | and ecbools, ‘ean
sometimes too thickly overlaid withwonks, | AKSkRAL ( },& town of arkey in
‘Dhese taults ho endesvoured to correct in the new | Aria, in the eyalot of Karnuan, lying ix an open
elition, in which tawny other ‘are inteo- | and well ‘a stream which enters
-doced; bat the original will always be mere: ‘the lake of abe ik was a
admired. considerable and opulent town, anit now derives ite
AKERSLAD, JOH® David; a Swede, born 1760, | chie! interest ‘Saracenic remains,
m4 Ce arig ae pani barre ie mig rary ey
Z © town ie Turkey, the resi
Ther hi aon al he dence of « pas et Rams math
through the ‘Ho visited Jurimalem kShohr, on tho easter elope
rie trent'S 1792 and 1797; and haw offorect | Sultan-Dagh the enravan route
Ca ae ‘the situation of the city | from It hax a carpet
‘of Troy, in tho ‘ranaation of Le Chevaliers | sansfsotory msideruble trade. ‘The houses
‘teavels, which display both the classical scholar and | rise in. terraces, among groves and
‘the Jetened ori ‘For some time about the | gardens. P
‘1800 he lived in and then went to] ATAnAM ited States of America;
Paris ax Sweclsh chargé Dincontent at | bounded N, B. by by
the noah dea, and W.
Bileetre de Bucy our Net | go
fare earsine Capt, the Lettre & M. de Sacy, sur TIn-
eee de Roxette, his famous explanation
at fotice sur
ewe en Can niques, trownées @
Vemive, et en ve "Yara saree lee wea de M,
T Anne ‘Bqually important, both fer
the Horrpear ‘writings and of inscriptions,
iu the rauna Lamina di piombo
‘fropato in un = Ree @' Atene (Rome,
jl
fuldressed to Count Italinsky, ‘Cho National Institute
‘at Paris etioso him a corresponding member of their
‘focioty. He lies buried near the pyramid of Cestius,
= Axkkemnax, or Axsknitax, a town in
‘Besearablo, « province of Rowsia, on the coast of tho
‘Black Sen, at tha wouth of the Dniester: pop. 20,660.
‘Tecontains some mosques and Greck churches, and i
‘ootmimanded by an old dilapidated citadel. Tt derivea
‘considerable importance from its harbour and its
i ‘very oxtansivo ealt-works euppliod
the Russian
restoration, and acknowledged
i organization (if we tay use this expres-
Sune astate of politic) which Raia hal
dete ‘on for Bervin, Moldavia, and Wal
fray won jxeouted till 1827, and. then
‘of Ruedas. ‘This furnished the
eauterti powers. The ancient Mileaian colony
‘waa siiuated hore, and the later Roman
y oi Jai ‘Alba is believed to have partly oocu-
AL
meet ‘but flourishing town of the United
Ohio, ‘on the Ohio Canal, 30 miles from its
‘with Lake Erie. It carrie
eats at niaie follin
Hour-mills, & powder mill, print
ion | terminate in the north-east
ia, | production, and ix
in 1810, jon
880, 064,201;
0 on.
amides,
than 10,000; in 1820, 144,817;
and in 1870, 996,909, of whom 521,884 were white,
ee ae ‘of, counties into which
led is 52. ‘Tuscaloons was formerly the seat of
ere, but Sigg is now theatate
haa ment inhabitante, and is the
ae cre
£
in the middle it is hilly, with some tracts of
lund or prairies; in the northern ‘it is somewhat
broken aud mountainous, ‘The Al ane Mountains
part, The foreat-treca in
the middlo and northern divisions are port, black and
white onk, hickory, poplar, cedar, chestnut, pine,
mulberry, &e.—'The soil Is ¥arious, but m large part
of It excellent, Tn the south ts generally sand
fer caltr on athe seed
fcc oalvation, portion of 1] Hey w
the ae of that
a Coon ana ‘and of
eanemen, consist af very excelent
shea to tine Toor of 8
outside of this ix m epnce ay
intersooted by stagnant water. Next to thie river
swamp, and elevated ten or fifteen fect above it,
>| sk ma sri = owt of chery, back cal
ich soil, with n growth of hickory, pont
oak opine, dogwood, fe Ale: thin como oe
prairies, which aro wide-sprending plaine or gont
undulasing land, without. timber, clothed with graxs
herbage, and flowers, exhibiting in the month of May
the movi enchanting scenery. Cotton is the siaphe
great quantities, Other
Frouoions aro, maim, to, wheat ye onl, de
ron.ore i¢ found in several places, and coal aborinds:
on the Tilsck-Warrior and Cahawba—Tho climate
in the southern part of the bottom-land bordering on
the rivers, and of the countey bordering on the mueeel
shonln in unhealthy. In ihe levated country the
clixaato ia very fino; the winlere aro suild, and Ube
summers pleasant, ie tempered: hy breeaes from
the Gulf of Merieo.—'The population of this wate,
from the tne when the first settlement wus com
meuced, has increased with remarkable repidity.
Oceupying the valley of the Mobile and ite telbutary
"16,000
a. "In
xm onted
E
: Fi
ihe
i
i
i
H
the Addda ent
ot
2
a
‘A. be:
gave ondors to spare the ehtirclies, and thoee whe had.
fled to them for shelter, ‘The treaeurax collected
-Africa, but doath overtook hin ak Cosmas, a Cala:
trian town, 0. 410, Ho wae buried in the channel
of the Buxonto, that bis remaite snjght not be found
hy the Romans; and the captives ia
work were murdered, A like story in told of Attila,
Rome and Tialy celebrated public festivals on the
cession; Sicily and Afrien maw themeclvos froc
from imminent danger; and the world enjoyed
pal | moment of earn. Tut the warch of desolation was
al roaster rea
ty for protecting
om the esat eho of the
one of the warlike tribes which
restart at the tine of the
‘expire, appear to have
feCancasun A pact of the tebe
‘eonqnened ly the Huns; another
soon renewed: the barbarians had learned the way
to Rome; A. had taoght them the weakness of the
former queen of the world.
‘ALGSiteam, 1 town of Turkey in Aris, in the
fio of Anadotia, about. 80 miles east of nya,
‘on the base of Mount Tmolus, famous under the uae
of PRiladelphie as the wat of one of the first Chrse
tion churches, Ts is of great extent, but the hours
fare moan, and the stroots narrow and dirty, A. vast
number of Suteresting remaine of antiquity are seat
tered about the town, consisting of fmgmentn of
of Rome,
‘contury,
in
sinut B00 oe 04. A number
‘of St. AAtban's was foaniled between four
five centuries aftor bis denth,
by Offa, King at
ik Hit 4 corre
i i oo : ie Hi
F
the
8 wun divided into two
ret
Dh
v0,
11, 1779,
3
F
3
by
eee
oats
Indots
@ riob and
before the Turks is
Shove cenperoe,
tH iu GH Hel ae
AE a Had ae ue
i
i
cardinal died,
eyes
and
Latium, ne.
the won of
ial!
schools, There ix a con-
‘tava bas « harbour on the
vestment wom by
‘while
ervioe 10
pale if a
Ru Acen eae aa baal
altails ine
PEERVeLE
ie
Fie
i
i
il
i
i
i
t
i
i
maintaining, rt contain
stubborn
veswaly; | independence, which the Forte has hitherto found it
ly
divided frum noxth
Ts is
‘of hills, of which oix
or four in Central end Upper
sriver’s course is west tll it falls into the
‘are the Boyan, Beratino,
‘Axta. A. contains many wab-
vities, with pondx and water
certain musons. ‘The highest
Jn the country, sud even in
shelda, which is about 20 miles
at the widest beh i
‘The lake of Seutar,
Tt pomenics, in consequence of it
fEeeuolaind aed touthern’ position, an extramely
Pragetstion. Among it tees ar may specie
he pope, hazel, plane. chestnut, ey
vine flow
ches, together with the
fig, mulberry, and citron; mmize,
‘are cul Tt» fauna com
4 | agreeably diversitied, ‘Te lower Balt a beste
ituponsible Lo overcome.
BAN; a town of Tal about 15 miles 8.2,
from Romo, It has shout 6380 inhabitants, and ix
tho sent of bishopric, ‘hough ® poor and dirty
isc, thre aro many fine ving in ik or around th
(hero are extensive Vineyards in the neighbourhood,
producing exeollent red and white wine. “It owes ite
origin to the villas built by lati Eoaees, and
others of the old Rorown nobility. ‘1
mitian indolged in their ‘at A. their
for pleastiro and for cruelty. ‘The moat remacl
remains aro those of the amphitheatre of
‘The present A. still glories in its old renown,
tho summit of Mount A. (Latin, Mons Albanue)
tho celobrated tomplo of Jupiter Latialis, built by
‘Tarquin the Proud; memorable in Kotnan history a
the scene of the 3
ed she a7 ¢ ites ane the Latin eaten
he view 1¢ peak, (ne igh) is ex
ceodingly beautiful. ‘The lake of A. is a wonder of
notare and ancient art. tho war of the
Romana with Veli, 396 2, said to hha
riven in a hot xummer, without an
off of this water; and the Romans, contiemod in this
heliof by a Delphic oracle, construated m remarkable
tunnel or eninariu for this purpse, and mre sie
to have gainnd Jon of the town by means of =
similar work, ‘The tunnel is cub moatly i
vock at a depth of 40 feet, Tes length ix fully 1)
niles, ita width everywhere ot lout 4 foot, and its
depth from 7 to 10 Nicbube thinks that thin ad=
mimble wgrk was an ancient Iabour of all Latiom:
ing particularly to Romo, mia be referred
of the kings, Therv is excellent building.
stone here, Tt is of a darkegray colour, and is excae
vated in large quontities, It ie of two kinds; the one
‘of which ix called Spermne, the other Peperino.
ALRASY: one of the divisions of the Cape Coloay,
‘etwoen Bathurrt, Pelle Victoria Rast, Port Baas
» | fort, Bedford, Somerset Enat, and Alexandria, The
climate is hoalthy, wad the surfaoo of the
Hae
ali
Hea BAHT Ie area
o Hae
. ide
then tab
ite
Ha
toy
boli
‘
aL Thecus ty
et
with black.
by teen who hare waa
Tewlered hant by bo
vee
pee
the | the
\Veing about four and a
ail
a di
Hie
7 2
white is not
He
Hae nt ie He 2 idk
: He ie ie bi a
Hy a
Le
i
i
a
ly notthed the =,
und in thiett
a
: cn cn
utes gat i
abi plier ae
ALBEMARLE SOUND—ALBERT I, $3
Hi
a
it
4
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f
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vee
Fai
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fae
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fe
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sis
a
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mee
potrels and A.in appear
some with the eagles
ed by w flock of gulls or other
i reatassr tert <pae ion Unter
4 water, Under
however, the cowardice of this
ual to ite voracions gluttony.
“docx: an tule of the wea on tho
of N.Carolina, Tt extouds into the country
‘se in from four to fifteen wide, Tt may
‘an an entuary of tho Roanoke wad
He
7
al :
Bay by a canal ext throvgh Dismal
Tho navigation on this part of the cout ix
rey, Cape Hattores in partioular having
‘an evil name for the number of ships that
‘beon wrecked on it.
_ AtikkkoS2, Gru110, cardinal and minister of the
‘King of ‘was the on of s gardener, He wax
‘tx 1004 at Pirennoola, » village of Parma, and
for the church. His first offico was that of
the enthodral of Pinoonaa. Posmosod
him
“oulnister to Madrid, where he gained the affec:
Philip V. Ho rose by cumming aud intrigue
‘station of prime minister; became a cardinal:
Spain after the year VTLS, and
to reatory it to itt ancient: xplendonr.
abuses, created a naval force, ongenized
the eupire
i
nil
F A
tbe
Blan
f
Pz
:
Ess
i
|
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i
His
i
i
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a
255
arch became despandunt,
chief condition of which re ‘the divi
f
1H
Eebe
a
aj
ie :
eBs
By
‘erritory of Genoa, at the request of the pope and
the King of Spain the Genoese, however, soun dis
mia! fits, he death of Cleraent pat au end to
this porvecution, and his ruosewor, Innocent XUIT.,
restored 1m tn 1723 to all the rights and honours of
ATR nt age of ighty-aeven. yearn, Ho left
behind him the character of a bold and vorvatilo
{intriguer, rather than of w great politician, altho,
he cortainly gave ® powerful tom ‘impulee
‘the Spanish monarchy, and establishof many regula
Vious which were favourable to arts, agriculture, and
‘cormmeroe.
Auuexr 1, Doke of Austria, and. afterwards
Emperor of Germany, was born’ in 1248, son of
Redoiph of Hapaburg’ (qe), who bad x short time
before hit death attemy
the head of his son,
power, and emboldened bis see
refused his roqueet, and indefinitely postponed the
election of « king ot the Romans (thie vas the title
of the designated successor of the eamperor), After
the death of Rodolph, A., who inherited only the
iilltary qualities of Kis father, saw his heteditucy
poswsiont, Avtria and Styria, sixe up in rebellion
t him, He quelled by forco this rovelt which
avarice and severity had excited; but «com
. | increased hia presutoption, He wished to. moceed
Rodbolph in all hia dignities, and without waiting for
the decision of the diet scind the inignia of
ewpire. This act of violence induced. the
to choose Adolphus of Neswu emperor. Tho dix
turbances which hind broken out againit him fn
Switzorlund, and a diseaso which deprived hin of am
6, made Kim swore humble. He delivered up the
insignia, and took the oath of allegiauce to the new
-_—
iat ue er ame ae
RR RHeHTE cie Heart Pent aialtae
SUE Le ie ger nta ae aeaa
oe basaesdeleedas cg tepeeae! fo gly ea baile ge siets ages
ia a j ee Fe A ae
ui i ig av a i tual v ped
ee
Hun uF ii 34 Wi d ah HH
ae ae ‘ a Hee Tee sae 338 ae ee
Higa an at Le uti i ee He
eoeeade 233 pete es i:
PSU etl - Hit Hie baal ih
; ; i cds nee & il ie file i eae rt Het
ine # ip eA i 4 Pca i
I ESTs Hes
s le a Hi a rp HES ali
'
tree
T
ih
t
Be
re
i
ie
i
alt
Te receives the Nomerwoy river from! the
‘Nyanen lake.
-Auuicussrs (Albigeois); a name oxmimon to
several distinct recta, ioularly the Cathari aud
who ‘the dominion of
in Rererchy: am ‘endeavouring’ te rertore
‘the simplicity of primitive Christianity. They had
Very much towanls the close of the 12th
the soath of France, aboot Toulouse and
them in 1209. "The assani
and inqisitor, Peter of
i thew weotaries iu the
mt
absolution by gree
eae See =e
Ww a
sta, au 89,00 of the inhabitante, without
of creed, to the sword. Simon de
‘war, nover obtained the quiet posnasion
‘He was Killed by a stone wt the xi
fm 1218. ‘The Teyaton provailed on his son
tocedo Bir claims to tho King of Fran:
Igenioes attracted froma all provinces
new crusaders who continned the war,
m after the veath of Raymond VL in 1222,
nication, Lis wn, Raymond ‘WIE.
by heavy fin id personal punish Hare
oF tie X. deepened shar he middle of the 13
but fogitives of their party formed, in the
Pre
Usrongh the Waldenses, ta the times of the Hussites
and the Reformation
‘ALMIX0K, the naino given to thore pereonm from
whore akin, bair, and Jn consequence of kame
Totoct in their organiantion, the dark olouring matter
fs almont, Tho akin of A therefore, whether they
se parts of
ye Feavon their eyes
are not well suited to endure the bright light of day,
beet in shade or by moonlight. Hence
ty
(white crows or blookbitds aro not partionlarly une
comton), fisher, and perhaps aleo insects. It was
firat observed xmong the negrooe on the cos
Africa, who received tha narae A. frotat
voyagers, Albinism Is most common, a
Tadinn, and v0 frequent fe tn seme
places, that distinct A. moes were formerly i
to exitt on tho Iathiotn of Darien and it the
‘A. are generally represented 3a ph
ast mentally wenkor than ncher
scoms doubtful.
was Weiss (White), a distinguished anatomist, born
Feb, 24, 1696, ut Frankforton.theOder, died Sept,
, 1770, at Leyden, where be was fifty years prufersor
of anatomy. “Tratructed by his faiher, Berna, who
| enjoyed a good repntation wx a professor of medicing,
‘and by the famous profesor of the Leyden echool,
Raa, Bidloo, Boorhsave, he wont to France in 1718.
where he formed an intimacy with Winslow and
Seno, with whom ke afterwards carried on a corres:
lence highly advantagvous, to anatomy, their
favourite sciences, Fle entervd upon his offies ax
lecturer, in Leyden, 1719, with an eration Ze Ana
tenia Comparata, “She medioal faculty there con:
forred on hii tho degree of Doetor,
examination oF dispntation. A fow weeks after,
33 4
Bee Sana
re een ee iutle i
ea Hie en Hu Halligan
toed 473 Pac G2 egt Sone ieTs45 : sae 5 fit rr -
eer a see ey aalts He elie
Hala Hate ends reine vifuaieaye
ulead aaa a ad jase at a
ay PEPE eee ah THRE
ie He ainlniigine =nlld a ie en Paik
~—s =r 33 my ity Fg sis! ail meiithad
ae gs a ue i Bane ua Hiledg ce wit
2 obiste tis tas ies ps
le id ae Ate fee ile
Laeea ie al een isl
te r He eth te 3 vn iatiel
is, Yue i 23 HH dune i
He et
2 ial
rom its being congalable
‘by corrosive mblimnte,
which it forms an luble compound, it isa
‘conveniont antidote ia cases of polsoulng by that
05
ALBUQUERQUE, Atroxeo te, Viewoy of Inelin, arm
the Great, and the
Lisbon,
eB
=
2
E
FE
5
Z
4
:
ii
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3
i)
t
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ij
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iif
in
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ty
BEL
Hl
vis
>
i
2
z
E
i
a
i
Hd
nares their sexyuisi
Sep 26, 120,
coast of Malabar;
je mado the centre of the
commerca in Axia; subdued
t. Ceylon, the Sunda Telands,
‘Malacca, In 1907 he made
‘the inland of Orarus, at the entrance
t. When tho Kin;
ions
ith o
took
i
Betas
SEY
Buty
FE.
ile
bie
id
SEF
7 This is the coin
“Tn 1511 he
5 Who had taken advant of his
eee
are highly veapectod byl
Raiercttadle sol crenaiee ales
Pegy, courted his friendship and protec:
Sees
!
3
Lj
5
E
I
as
Hi
t
Ha
trict; ho waa netive, cantious, wise,
Hix virtues made
f
i
hy hin inferior,
i
z
Es
after his death, made pilgrimages to his
Lesught him to protect them against the
hin succewors, Notwithetanding hie great
isl not exenpo the envy of the courtiers
wpicions of King Emanuél, who sent Lopes
Hd
| (Pocter Lyrics Gree, 24 ed. Le
id ALCALA DR EL
joat; respected and foared by his neigh: | w
jprossion on the Indians that they, for a | edi
1868).
rans; 0 baeatd be recess
city of Spain, in New Cratile, in the province of and
16 miles eaxt-north-east from Madrid, and shout ene
been ‘ile by ‘Matthit Pateata, 19827) aul
se
nod was i ly
celebrated Complutenrian wae
(1502-17) under the dirvetion and st the expenre
dere
e
Canlinal Ximenes; only 600 copies being produced
ne a cont of orer 11,000 (sce Poly Tice of
‘and one of afterwarla
‘enterprises were extenordinary. His | these
was the hirthylioe of Corvantes, the poet Fignernas,
Sa
le it i Hi nt tials ie ae ue 3
é il an Bi Hedi Hikes fa is |
| a iaeuaaeel a i
il etl st tanto cull Hi
lk FBG RRINGEA Biot te ni Hil ii
Haus eitet 0) Ae SE FIT et TG
Se a aa .
ae i a le ne a sul
#248 SHH ih HR a
anel| intl ii HH fh Hip il ae i
: ils lie ane dal Hana fal Hain
2 att ai mal acid idl i Eat BRIAN
, Who feared a wixnilar fate, artfully
procure the banishment of hie aot
A Bim wih hone, bs potpaned» obla
soousation till he had set sall, when irted up
the people against
He was onndemned to death in
Attons, and sald, when the news reached lin, ‘I
shall show the Athenians that Tam yet alive.” "Ite
now went to Argos, thencs ly Sparta, where he
mado hinmwelf a favourite by conforming closely to tho
wailing wtrictnoss of mannare, Hore ho waooeeded
in indnoing tho Lacedmmonians to form an aitiance
the | with the Persian king, and after the unfortunate
ing beuton, he was
He overtook 8o-
ty, and did not mingle
Baiada ating’ s jrece fr Bley os
a Somwy Fer
the Athenians mt Hemet edly aA.
‘of the influence of Nicins, and offended be-
jane, With whom he was con-
on
of hospitality, lind not applied to
drome disagrosment between the two
Into un occasion for breaking the penco, Tho
wont ainbasiadars to Athena: A
‘them with apparent good-will, and adviser
‘eonotal thelr credentials, lest the Athenians
erike couditions to them, ‘They muifered
to. be duped, and when callod into tho
that ‘they worn without crvde
fimmédiately, accnsed them of ill faith,
the Athenians to form an alliance with
‘A breach with the Lacediemonians
Wwonoe. A. commancled several times
‘ich devastated the Pelopon-
imue of the Athenian expedition against Sicily, he
prevailed on them to assist the inhabitants of Chios
in throwing off tho yoke of Athens, He wont
himself thither, and on his arrival in Asis Minor,
Toored the whole of Tonia to inrurreetion againat the
Athenians, und did them considerable injury. But
‘Ayia and the principal leaders of the Spartans became
jealour of him on account of his auocess, and ordered
their commanders in Axin to caume hitn £0 be azsaasin=
ated, A, suapected their plan, and went to Tisen-
phernos, a Persian satrap, who was ordered to act in
concert with the Lacedamonians. Here he ehanged
his saanuers onee more, adopted Ube Luxurious habite
of Anis, and understood how to make biraself indie
penmblo to tho eatrap, dts he could no Jonger trust
‘the Laced:emaninns he undertook to serve his eauntry,
and showed ‘Tissaphernos that tt was against the ine
tof the Persian king to depress the Athenians
entirely, bob that Sparta and Athens ought to be
rowrved for their mutual injury. ‘Tiemphernes
followed thia niviow, and afforded tho Athenians sore
relief The latter had st that time considerable
forces at Samos. A. sent, word to thefr commanders
that if the licentiousness of the people was suppressed,
and the goverument put into the hands of the nobles,
he would procure for them the friondehip of Tima.
phernes, and prevent the junction af the Phamioian
and Lagwfemonian foots. ‘Thiademand was granted,
i Bill FF patil Tet ie Pay (HIRE
i EB oh ted iit pf isk us iat iy Hen a
pa He ale He Wt Seah al ieee ail
i i ait oe Bicasbgirerreasae tase bias
Hate cae a tu rae aa
433 B= 322 355 ges cht o23 2S lf4a8 a2 Bs
i A ERE AE il! ye tae;
Tee ia eRe i Hu
Teena eee Cee
wa He vate HH tH maui eee 3
Life i SEER |
aii Be Leber Preee they PS
iu ie ie Sa A ee
FI 3
ee Hi 7 ;
Lian celal nia paral
i
t
HL
i
;
i
il
i
i
i
‘ita fine
it dows not not upon thelr carbonates;
rif the lnster be mixed with alcohol eon-
img water, the liquor ae into two portions,
pee eiae slobel deprived to » cxsbderelle
lowor the aqueous solution
"Tho. alcoholio votution of eaustio
was known in old phormecy wnder the nase
Hetmoni's stators af cars. Th ted for
aS ET imolves the ter
vaf the acids. It absorbs man} cuneons belie,
Ives tho vegetable acids, the volatile oils,
tan, and extractive totter, and many of
number of the fixed olla are
it in amall quantitien only, but rome are
‘The composition of alcobol was
th wolsier and De Saussure in the last
‘of the last century, when 100 parts of pure
found to contain—hydeogen, 13°04) ear-
‘aloohol is submitted to distillation
arse, 3478. Ite chemical formula ix
; ‘@ eoullar compound is formed,
ea by him founded
y of Si Martin of Tours, in 796, after the
thorchool in York. He hiraself instructed a large
ber of rcholars in thin
fe
tiioe of his death mene He left, besides
‘vHtings, sovoral elementary works in th
branches ef philosophy, rhetria nd phieogy: also
Ratisbon (1777, 2 vels.. folio.
fe of A, translated into English (London,
1887),
Aucronnn. Boo Polypl,
ALDEDARAS, or the e-eye, in oatronomy, a
star of tho first magnitude in the southern eye of the
conutellation Taurus, By the gpectruin analysts A.
has been found to contain aatinony, bimuth, ios,
ameroury, hydrogen, sodium, ealoium, ‘Ke.
‘AupRooxDE, Pusar vax Mantx, Baron Mont
Ste. was born ia Brumels, 153%, and studied in
Geneva, wher be beeatne intimate with Calvin gnd
an adherent of the Reformation. Me drew up, in
1065, the Act of Compromise, which wan sued. by
Count Louis of Namau, Henry of Brederode, snd
others, and wan directed chiclly againat the intro-
duction of the Inquisition fnto tho Netherlands, It
was rejected, however, by the regent Margaret. In
106 Alva arrived. St. A. fled, with the frlenda of
tho Princo of Orange, id returned
with them as their leading coun Tn 1873 ho
fell iuto the hands of the Spaniards, at Macsleys,
was afterwanls ox , and condveted many
diplomatic negotiations of the young ropablie abitend,
Ho defended Antwerp % Ing tisne, thoogh not suc-
cemfully, "He amsited iu extablising tbe univerday
HHH i ete pipizs He Mf H
i ae He yet aia i lite i
Hn ie nid ut quia ie Te H
Hine Ha 2 23323 Pet 2475 HE esgtt a wi iS
aplilipsd dale SRee ay 3 ea : ibe Hit i 33 i
igual Gy Tiare aT ere id
Hie i diay a eres | ue é Hee qitaeie: atte "i
ha baal Ade sale al Pa
elit He HN ate Onl a Mie
4 3 9g9923 EAE TT ae ee
Pa cc fee iat a BL
a Hy vie eee miebay i enue als ih
Hale agi RL re Henle 1h
slab iis BRE eal aie
er a ee mu ie ee Hua any i
TONE it Hae iB Sia eal up
Ft Hilin + tad 3a A
(Heute RU eet Hed nae
i
sree
i
HRY
BEF
FNEIE
ia
i
i
Ebert's
RANDINI; the name of a princely family at
ealatoated in the history of art on account
‘art on acount of
joe freten, in their villa, representing m wedl=
‘by the name of the Aldobrandine
4
of Peleus and
i
= Altob of Tavistock, aad afterwards
‘Worcester, 1046, He was the first Rnglish
who visited Jorvealom (1058), end after his
raised to tho seo of
the | mash ta
aoghtines of un offended pr
and pronounced @ care
thea of Willian” His wrath wan wih dit
at Westminster in 1647, and was distin-
for his love and knowledgy of muric. Hi
Saye the works of the older masters to
‘the Church of England, and composed
worvices and anthome He
u aeveral oxtoemed polemical works
which took place in 1710, he bequeatheed
2
a in their superior bo
the ss reprint wr aly
resent in er OF
tailed bocr; snd dead i all Wri,
ints dowtoaever Comex ‘goes by the name
of beer. The three great classes of malt Liquor abowe
referred w are, independent of mere ‘sidheonene ot
‘strength, excelleuce, and commercial value,
cally subdivided into an almost infinite numbor of
variotios, Every county, every town, and almoet
overy brewer is distinguished Ly ite production of
different-flayoured beer, rendily perceived snd high
appreciated by thei " (Cyelopardia
of Practica, ) ifferonces depend chielly
‘of the water used for mashing, tl
Dolled, the temperatine at which frrmentae
tion ia effected, and the extent to which it fn allowed
to |, The colour of the beer depends
colour of the malt and the length of time oecuy
tho boiling, ‘The pale ale is made from
by steam or in the sun; the deep-yellow ale, from
mixture of pale, yellow, and brown malt; ‘and the
Gark-lrown beer from ‘walt that bax been hight
ried in the Kiln and partly cartonizo, nized wil
the paler sorta Tesides being mado from barle
maise, wheat, and other grains, beer may be mani
factured from a good many other amylaceoux and
saccharine mbstanoes, auch ax beet-root, potatoes,
turnips, beans, caneayrup, molases, &¢,, but the beak
in that made from barley-analt, Boime of thon aub-
stances are extensively employed in Germany, which
has been celebrated as ® beerdrinking country from
the oarlient times. Many difforent Kinds of boer ar
thero made, among the moat important being the
over which he had presided npwards of | Bavarian nummer or Lager-bicr, and winter-beer, tba
epipEt MUTA UAE Hult Sra en Heer
ie lin bd iia Hi fila i hdl Hil igh :
HEN ETRE RARE GERI
eRe a ne He
PAs sere ec ere lisatateiiealas [Ug
a ea a
ae 2 oozes 4 g.
is el ltd “Hh ii ei
os 3242535 is Hee ¥
aH a ili ve ‘el ae th
uth aaa Hal Hipualeanite
Be ae ae ea ve
inl le ii i itt Ri il HF ATE
ES
biel
3
inh ell Fa bee al of
a eee an sian a ia Hey :
th alias inal uaHE i
i
i
{
z
ft
fl
ale
J
i
H
Hi
il
i
i
i
iq
il
z
i
Hi
=
ist
ie
rt
te
¥
ib
f
(pital
feet
z u
s
favourable &
‘Academy received him in 1741 into the
‘of itx members,
in the
In 1745
the the Winds obtained the prize offered by | of
Beeadacy ee Bevis, ot whieh i ees ciness 2
member. This communications to this Acadern
Kighlydlstingulabed=one ure analy,
treats of the vibrations of strings.
peteahe whic
He also
respecting the
Iavenly bodice. Whilst’ Euler and
i these, he delivered in 1747,
of a solution of the problem
itodefermine what disturbances are occasioned:
mutual attraction of the in their elli
tives, including
juinaxes; also his ex-
fuid bodies, and a
‘at dimertations on other rubjecte—works of
‘of which there is but ous opinion atrong
hate
count
neglecter
vy the governinent of his country, he
shot accept tho invitations of Frederick 11. to mattlo in
Berlin, nor tho offers of tho Catherine
‘asain en
TL, uho desired him to take
wns always medarate, his benaticence waa grest,
lived above thirty years, in the plainest insnner,
the house of the weman who had brought hiss up, and
left thone lodgings only when hin
him. His long attachment to Mlle. do 1
shows that he was not destitnte of ty.
Valuing independencdé more than anything cleo, he
avoided the society of the great, and sought arily that
into which he could enter with cheerfulness and frank-
tation timate
pr
mary contest with oJ. J. Howiseat, on account of an
article on Genova, intended for’ thn Eucyolopédie.
Tn his religious views he was, to my the Teast, very
unfortunate, He died of the stone, being unwilling
to submit to wn operation, in 1788, iu the 68th year
hia age. Frederick II’, who had fn 1763 become
respandence with him, which wax published after the
death of both, and is very int 5
iis merits, enlted
‘among raters ad
gf =
i
than in belles-lettres; but owine papi e ees
fate of wri rhe
longer
Tho bext
‘edition of his litersry jlosophieal works ix that
and
ished at Parix in 1841, 5 vole, which contains
Also his correspondence with Voltaire and Frederick.
Condoruot has drawn his chaeweter ia his Eloye.
ALESHON, capital of the French department of the
Orne, on tho Sartha, 105 miles went by eouth frem
Paris, has 16,110 inhabitants, Tt is well’built, and
bas a cathedral. w college with an observatory, and m
townhoure, built cn the site and stfll retaining old
af
Pid ante a
aid
iii a aaa idl ee fate
ST
te He ea Hip i! geil
7 ae if a lage si i iin
Erie rey * sepide enhine:
sie i i it H j ee a i Hs
ca Foal end tal
| di anti iy yy ERSTE EEL
i oe Hi didde Ban Ae i Hi
Hee east a
fu nie Bits ApH Geet
sg ue al if Hy i Ty aide aid id
fale a eeuilie ib fH
aul aa ue Ad nie
S2ne8ie* uieeaht ie He
i
iH
E|
E
Ss
ih
1
Ha
st
E
}
EE
i
i
!
it hora, from whom be was d
fortane in having
an much, poet | cl
i
if
3
F
z
if
f pueFe
iH
aa?
a)
&
iff
i
fA
i
i
Bl
i
ti
i
it
we
i
ee
A
if
2
sf
a
at
i
"Asia Minor, even Saniis, opened | thom,
and
Most
their
the victor. Miletus and Halicarnaane
A. restored democracy
See
ee 833), checked lain
the cleration of
from Parmonio
aoe
Sa
!
i
a
F
i
ta
juician, and at the same time
he had prepared for him,
to health, when bo advanced
of the Persians were broken
jianm, and fied in wild oonfusion. On tho
reoks, in the pay of the Persian
treasures and family of Darius
the conqueror. ‘The latter were treated
ously, A. did nob pursue Darius,
towards the Euphrates, but in onder to out | lot
Galef fica the wea, turned. towards Conloayria and
‘Hore he received a letter from Darins
pence. A. answered that, if he would
a is would restore to hin not only his
gy wife, and children without ransom, but also
This anawer produce no effect, ‘Tho
ry at Tevu had open
. 4A. too pasion of Darnton, which
‘3 Inge portion royal treasures, an
‘the towns along the
tite ke
+ in his own camp.
ted,
ther
also to be recretly muntered. This act of injustice
excited general displeasure, At the same time, hile
over in Grown was threatened. Agi, ing. of
arta, had collected 80,000. men to the
AMecodonian yoke; but Antipater, at tho head of
numerook army, overcame the 6, and dis
solved the league of the Greeks. In the meantime,
A. amaroled in the winter through the north. of
‘sain a far ant won then ‘checked neither
: PHT Gf: af : sete lt gedt3i le
Tei Ai Ge te diel
Hk iii Hila eaten inte
E 5 i ie Hel 38 ie He Ale at fall
BeBe Se Hay efile au
aoe i alld ie nae SiR sees Hatem He i eres FS Ab H
inte Hi He Ht i are ni it ids ual
idl diene ta de “3 HEE ‘lice ; nee ae
SAAkEG ee bE PHP 33 Bait] £23 ait t. ana H alt ial a
va rt Hi a ‘if
sia Hil ii He : wil tale cea Ha eaetacalu
ae Fa Hes ti ea
ore Hell Bee if a ue ae iat Hf Hite es ‘nt fi iid
Le
ig Hi
SE Hie leat Hy i
8 ae nae iat rieis ABH Ha a Hn hil
is described by Gibbon. On the ond the count of Tussulum, insisted, on
fevered lyn pte andr trary, thas the sight of chedoe lag wRY’ tho enpenes
might owe to ‘Henry IV., then a minor, under the pot
asotete tated tent doete eibe Enpecaloours: Unmet a
: * ey care
‘ot his ‘Teign, na in dinale waited for seven days, and returned to Tome
earn oF eeu pol without having oblained am’ audience, ‘Thor after
cee econ ne three months, the cardinals proclaimed Anselm,
his filial reverence to mislead him, and ta bishop of Lucca, who took the name of Alerander 11,
to have reproached From thin time, the popes hare diepensed with the
(9 the cause of tho disaster which bad sanction of theemmperor, (Seo Grigory VIL}—A, 11,
ee fort pepe lee Pipe
une, Saee
tek onder on the emperor Frederick I., ‘the ‘Vietor
their seditious iutiniea to pasa Uy TV., Paschal TET, and Calixtus TIL, who ros, ono
in one of tem tho After the other, agains him under sh vanctlon of|
Teamed lawyer Barbaroaea, He waa obliged to
‘Dien Cn te ior fe to Traneo in 1261 whero be live is Beng, unt
Bithynin. jertaking an expo jon. af the LLombarda
inte Ganl to ment of Fredo 3, Shs emstatance Ot: ie Gameae
Io rae zara feclesiaatical prince and the dexire of the Teomans,
cf his Gallic troops, beaded by the brutal ax opened. way for his return, in 1165. He now
‘te Thracian, Masiraia, who took advan ‘by a league with ihe eities of
digeontont af the einpervr'e atten Lombardy-but was obliged to retire, in 8107, beforo
‘pline. ‘This event happened in the im /,and resided in Benevento, Anagni,
‘weign of thirteen: pecplogaclies ee of th mas
sanity, over the emperor at Legnano, ‘peace
id of Venice (so humiliating to the lo of the ewperor
ot Jee Gast cis horas comtpeted ks te feck and
‘with those of Orphear abd Ay hold the stirrup of A., 121177), the abdication of the
return, the Christian writers all speak very favour Page| ‘of the victor to Rome.
ably of him. Herodian, au the contrary, accuses him | A. humbled, also, Henry IL, king of England, who
of great tanidity, wea woud expored ‘the
His tothor, bat gibt dposition paresinaion of Beaks eras on which the
a erated oun wore such kt to increase the power of the
married, but left no in both countries, He fonso JE. on
tha following singularatory of A,:—Ovinins Camiling, | throne of Portugal, and laid Scotland under an in-
1 Roman senator, conspired against him, A., learning | terdict on account of the disobedience of the king.
the fact, vent for Ovinius, thanked hi for his willing: | ‘The rest of his labours chiefly tended to wugmient the
fo elles im frurn tho burden of government, | papal, power, and bis efforts wero eon-
GEE
ti
eis
iB
EF
ay
SE
4
A. ey ascended the papal throne in 1254, at a very unfay
compelled to share, 90 overwhelmed the | curable thos, At this time the popes claimed #u-
Just he Bosought A. to porn him to | pro authority over the Kinglum of the two icin,
ivate station. He was accordingly al- we the emperor Frederick 1. had died while
iif
(a
‘the iruperial dignity, excommunicated by the eburch. A. offered this king-
‘the name of soveral Alex. | dom, which waa clained by Manfred, Mlegitimate son
reigned from 109 to 119, wud is known only | of the late emperor, to Edmond, son of TL
raced the ase of Holy water—A. IL, | of Hogland, but the project waa not. carried ot.
‘of Milan, previously bishop of Lucos, was, | Conquered by Manfred of Sielly, implicated in the
Bagh 30, 2081, misod to the papal throne by the | quarrels of the Guelpbe and Giitellines desysed in
Saas nists afterward Geng VIC, wile | Tuly, ia pope, wih good tatensions, and pase
aaherontsof the German king, and of the nobility | able disposition, wax not able to prevent, either by
‘of Rome, chose Honorius 11. at Basle. This antl- | his prayers or his exonmmunieations (which were only
A. from Rome, but Hildebrand, then | laughed at), the disturbances prevailing over the
Reet the papal gororacseat euppacied bisa; a | whcle country. At
Bums capes ebay Hint 1088 and te | papal power fs Wala of grea wake Via
hemealves revolted im 1063, fom Honorias, | Geek trem Cana, ander the namne of Petor Whllarg,
‘Thus A; attained quiet possesion of Rome, and of | m mendicant friar, rose to the dignity of cardinal
the PETE hloh, however, Hildebrand ad- | under Tanocent Vil. and was chowsa pope is 1400,
Ls name. "The papal bulls, thersfore, | when seventy years of age, by the council af Pisa, at
re, aiainat tho marsiage of pricsta, | the eamo timo with the antipopes Gregory XII. and
ry 1V.,and the hanghty eum | Benodict XIII. | Wa wae considered ty the greater
carried lis
rhe
: i
IL. as his tool. A. died in 1073, | stantly resided, to an extent injurious to tho interests
1. in 1061, thore eneued a | of the church. At the council of Pian he promised
the electoral osliege. ‘The ma- | to reform the abuws prevailing in the chureh, but
finals, under the influence of Hilde- | took no steps towards it. Ho was completely ruled
procted iinmediately to the election | by cardinal Halthame Cossa, who succeeded him
without waiting for the imperial muo- | under the name of John XXTIT. While ooew
the Italia princes, having at their | in the condommation of the doctrines of Wickliffe,
a
ALEXANDER VI.—ALEXANDER NEWSKOI,
Hee
:
Maid eslones, 0 por aver
fafa Taoiioe Goto
ALEXANDER 'Threo kings of Sootland were #0
named—A. T, ton of Malcolm TLI,, snnceeted ix
aif
i
thelr
the samo
(See Jansen.)
ait
imeelf in polite Kiterature, An edition of hie purin-
cipal work, '* Die Goninles," was published in 1387,
| notes by his commentator Timquenn,
Avexaspin Hanssen or pe Hatta See Sup-
t. =
of the grand-dake J F
‘Vinimir, in 1218. In onder to defend the empire,
which was attacked on all sides, but by the
Mongols, Jarvalay quiited Novgorod, and left the
charge of ‘tho government to hin som, Fedor and
‘Alezseder, the former of whom soon aftsrwands died.
‘A. repuleed the amailants, Rasain,
‘gained, in 1240,
tory, on the Nova, over the Swedes,
ceived his sirname. He overcame, in 1243, the
‘mand, on the ice of Inke
i
& |
F
ae
“a AiG
grandmother, Catherine IE.,
5, lalerys ee. and other tutors,
pled
i fostiog; If 4s did not run counter
‘hich was not, however, of a vulgar
like Napoleon, i
though by di speant,
icy ar conviction of ita nece-
FF
aD Le
her from
‘davgliter of the duke Eugene of Wirtermberg, alwaya
his Jove and confidence, erg i =
ence aver him throughout his reign. She
1828. His first governor, count
from Catherine not
the young prince any instructions in
“music, ax Toq! ‘too much timo for the attain.
‘montof proficiency. Professor Kraft instructed him
‘im natural snd Palla,» short dims 2
it
First, A
iaosuceton
fe 174, a after a victory over the Sw
a re haa’ but one
fie maptration, sckiity, and attention to
personally wuperintending the multiplies
‘conoeme of his vaxt empire, while his simple and
ined him the love and oofidence
try | crown
bare x Lee 1818 hho invited two
taints, Domangy and Chi
dace the atudy of i
menian, ‘oud ‘Turkish at
iénded particularly to the elucation of Tepe nen of
talent, whots he sent to travel through forvign coun.
triea’ He endeavoured in every pouible way ta ro.
Mere hls aoc fom the ‘yranny of tho Lane, Cho
bles, boyars, starosts, 0. In 1816 slavery was
tbeliabod fa the Bulde provinces: and. ed,
that no more gifts of boora would be made with the
Lawa were enacted to prevent the
abuse of power by governore; and varioux barbarous
uvenges, to which Political prisonery ware wal to
ceator’ confessions, as Well ns the cruel and dispropor=
all his subjects; and much wea Gane Svwanis the
try, after the extabliahment of a sinking fund; the
erection of the bank ofthe imperial chamber, May 19,
= ioe he omutruction of — ani si a
loos a et, bi it other pri
in 1817. ‘econ of aac rea f Rosia,
on hove of woo!, hie mace ae
be | 1804. whole fregn pellay of Ruslavoyage,
embassies, trent
North Awericn bes
far-eighted and enlightened nature ct
‘this may bo added his travels in
‘hin intercourse with eminent men, nx well ox his fre
quent journeys throughout the provinces of his vast
Rapid oll which be waco gulaervlett to the wellare
in | of his count
attention was paid during his reign to edu-
‘and intellectual culture, and many improve-
swore introduced into the internal administra~
the empire; e.g. the establishment of the senate
Jukase af 1802, of the imperial council and the
i kee of 1810, of
ions by 1
Dtsisistention in tho. governments,
On the 14th Vith a, 3807, the Romans were gom-
pletely ‘Napoleon at Friedland. ‘The
Pulte ‘of this hay was an interview between the
es cope Ale bas in aay ea
peace makes an epoch in the Russian railit
Fras cane pored tbe wey Sos tbe oogiweny tt Babee
in 1909, and of two of tho mouths of the Danabe in
1812; and gave A. an opportunity for the improve
ae a un H
il
2
FEE
Ha oo
I mon pany a cn
a Hos
ey
tis Hida alee
aft
i apie eae
papue eine
las
BE
Ee
ania
le
eH
in,
fon it with common ink xt, po, a, anil
esod tha une.” Hos Hs fas etorcia
dial Ha
3 #é
iat
i
fa
silt
ae i
ay 4
ie 3
|
Hee
an:
‘xtatorian and poet, in the rvigma of Tames T.
‘and Charles I. He was born about 1580, and early
ae
‘cumupeaing sounets, were
Hebets Lohdon in 1600, endur th titel ™-Aarorn,
rvt Fanciesof the Author's youth."” Ho
Bilsred ia ntoarch, SamesZ, ashe Bapiah sort;
and in 1607 published ont “Mon-
‘archicks Tragedies," which he dedicated to the
[i
a
:
i
fib
gE
tt
2
2
rd
i"
ee
F
25g¢¢
ife
He
#
ELE
AGRXANDRETTA, or SCANDEROON (ano. Alezan-
dria ail Fesum), a small seaport in Syria, on the!
const of the guif of Seandorvon; lat. 36° 35° 18" N.:
Ton. 36° 9° E. Te in the natural port of Aloppo and
BN, Syria The houres are nan, but recenth
' better stylo haw been edopted, as in the Bn
‘ice-consul's residence, ond some granacies built. by
Tbrabimn Pasha. ‘The town is rendored unhealthy by
the surrounding saacshes, which am been partly
remodiel by draining one of the largust, ‘The port is
8 fue bay, running southeast foc the gull and ean
80 to 35 wall, Imports,
eres cern om at ‘c
ion. from grapor,
fod), "he iuhnbitants are halt Gases,
‘and half Turks and Fellahs,
ALEXASDRLA (Tskanderich of the Turks), an anc,
trrren the sea and the bed of the old lake Mareot
iat. ‘Eunostos) 31° 11° 30" N.; lon. 29° 51° 5*
+ Alexandria was founded by, and named
ia honour of, Alexander the Great, in B,C. 842, on
‘the nite of a village called Rakétis or Raooudah Ite
wished to make it tho contro of commerce
Detween the east and wost, and his aspirations were
afverwards fully realized. ae of the ancient
ny the cu
now in ruins, was sketched lobrated ar-
Dinocrates, Tt stood a little to tho 8. of tho
‘prosanit town, wan 15 m. in cirourferonoe, and had a
‘Pep. of 800,000 frov inhabitants, ond at lonat an equal
umber of Distinguished for {te mnagnificence,
‘the Romans ranked it next to thetr own capital, and
‘when captured by Amru, general of the caliph Omar
2}, ib contained ‘4000 palaces, 4000 baths,
theatres or places of amusement, 12,000 hops
the sale of vogotables, sud 40,000 tributary Sows"
(Gibbon). ‘Tho city was regularly built, and tra
erwed by two principal stroets, cach 100 ft, wide, and
“ene of them 41, long. It consisted of two quarters,
ide
ile, on the eidgo of land bo- .
1
4
Hee
#
ik
i
ii
H
:
i
a
|
iF
i
iy
ia
principal shops and hotels,
the Bigliah consulate and’ chur, baal of of
companies, Be. In many streets of the ‘Turkish
{Qvatter, too, European customs and merchandise are
causing innovations; and the only really Moslem part
of th yf pio» whe the Ary Mca ae
drilled iroepe Tn
have bean obi led
e 2 <A a2 BA aaecy teat ae Rilyh igegece Hit: etas tip a
als lieu Renee Hd Ht al ee
ea uot abate MIS RAG a aE
Dernier ae Ear ealindiliaititae
a feel mS ee ue Hay tl
iad Pert Pete 4 ae HEI au : or 5 Hi ePe gif tie ii i
CUTE ine eT OE
u iy ; = anh i 1a
| a ae ae Sa ane
na ene a te
He a a Prarie va
fe at plslicue weginnl cH seal
a
iaigees
Fra
elie TE alike a eid
ALEXANDRIAN SCHOOL—ALEXANDRIAN VERSION.
i
F
[
i
rest ‘at ho pulic expo i
ight devote thomclves exchuni
Sed Githen's Decline sod Faly Rwanda
‘Libraries; Ritachl,
wards,
Die Alevandrinivchen
Scuoot When the flourishing
st, studly was called in
Trogee-tersicbed, Alex:
‘pt was made the seat of loarning by
jos, admirers of the arts, from whence this
iE
|
=
i
ta
z
!
iquity, which attracted. m:
quanti: und leo the AMuseum, which may j
econidered ot
‘the Ephesian, w
‘school in Alexandria, Eratosthones of Cyrene, Aris
feptaiee of Dyrsalismn Aveterd of Bacotiraen
‘of Mallas, Dionysi ian, Apollonius
jus, Dionysius the Thracian,
‘the sophist, and ‘Zoilus, ‘Their merit 4s to have col
ected, examined, reviewed, and od tho exist-
‘mantimonts of intellectual culture.—To the poets
Apollonius the Rhodian, Lycuphron, Araius,
, Bopboron, Callinachus, Mheocrtas, Phi
lex, ‘Tiinon is
Tetas, the Phlissian, Seyronuy,
ius, and savon tragic poota, who ‘wore
the A. Pleads, Vhe A. age of literstore differed on-
presig
snges:
fence rece’ collated:
Toh tah whisk no sted oon give, the ppiié
of the Greeks, is not to
Greater art in com-
filled the earlier
Piedad tapaeee of tele ween
"off their disciples, of course, still moreso, Perveiving
‘thee want of originality, but appreciating its value, and
“ateiving after it, they arrived the sooner at the
where is
into
- ilty.
Jost. ‘Their criticism degenorated
tion to find fault, and their art into sub-
seized on what was strange sud new,
called | the Magna Syntaxris of tho geo
See8
ial
HE
Hl
th
eit
i
z
af
i
i
H
2
i
ge
28
H
Lest
it mixture of Asiatic
elements, which in Alex
andria, owing mi ‘and
weetern races in ite }, as well ws to ite ity
here, ‘the images
(til in nso) of the ecnstellations, who left
astronomical writings (e.g. the Phenomena of Ara.
tus, a didactic poem, the Spherrice of Menclaus, the
astronomical works of Eratorthenes, = ‘epecaly
\ a
and made improvements in the Cheeky of the yt
dar, which were afterwards adopted Into the Julian
Calida eae natomiets, 08 Tle
rophilys and nintratus)— sie and surgeons,
{ts Demesthenen Philalcthen, who wrote the frst work
on the disenzox of the eye; and Crateyns,
‘who improved the art of pharmacy and invented an:
tidotes; instructors in the art of medicine, to whom
srform | Asclepiades, Soranus, and Galen owed their educa
ion ;—tmedical theorists and empirios, of tho woot
founded by Philinus. All these belonged to tho
numerous asociation of acholars continuing under the
Toman dominion, and favonred by the Roman em-
Alexandria one of the most
antiquity,
lewandeve,
(Paris, 1940-44, 2 vols); Barthélemy Saint Hilaire,
De U Ecole d’ Alexandrie (Paris, 1845); Sirnon, Hise
toive de U Ecole d Alerandric (2 vols. Paria, 1844-45),
ALEXANDIIAN VERSION, or CODEK ALRXANDILE®
im 60
‘oat
‘charucingly
of
Lg. Ny
in
ty
a
§ Hy
syaings the
judges. Alth
Othe fry
ped, affected
ter ingepl
iron, It is
proclaimed’ em)
on April Ist, “Natu
of all the German
tof the Hare,
ted with
He was
Heh,
pes
a lh Ft
Hus ii
tu At 4
or ALEXIS I,
wtantinoplo, was born in 1048, and.
that guneral Weide decnpltated in Peioo, lo
whew
‘aut
D5
er.
‘was the third som of John ©., the
Ho
ALEXIS:
|S a ei
nt tae a
ie sat
fe |
Free z +e
54
ce Wl uve inf
He baled ital ire bial
m6,
Mek,
Com
oe
car, cr Yh rsh
ALFARABI—ALERED. 107
aiate, ‘The Turks were by these Semible of
dimornions to seize ‘uns pone ie | to acquire
‘Robert Guiscard and his Nornans were menacing the’| the rudimentaof knowledge, In seven years he corn
‘woes, and tho ficros crumulern were eneam Tatin
a ae a aoe te sais Hee cyte eee
desl, eS
of him to attack Rome, the y.) wife of Charles
pope: firxa friend of the Nor Stole
man ‘and Guincard ‘it was,
victories “si te ea Me eontiove be
over As} ine inve
roy ad n, Which
Robert could not rejoin, as he was detained in Italy
revolt of his yawals. In 1084, ho returned to | making over all his fortuno to his ister, aave amo
eyes
£ in
i
itt
i
nae
i
fF
ie
died
dl
ied his empire;
‘successors a well dis:
tense he lls to
E
5
‘one continuous evlogy; bat his wife had not
of him. Itisnarrated that when opon
sare
‘ath el, she hhim to name his successor,
answer
jhraxe about
Mi
‘works consist of treatises on differs
4 i ‘Ho excelled
His works were printed ab
Auwient, Virronio, Count, wae born at Asti, in
‘Piedmont, in 1749, of w rich and distinguished family,
Bila enrtyeucaten wan very defective, ke that of
es} men of his rank and country at that time, His
jenelo and guardic wgrino Alfiexi, placod him in
the ‘of nobles at Turin; but be acsms to havo
‘in learning there, leaving it ox
‘as ho entered it, Ho was now sixteen, and
provincial reyiment which was only called
few days during the year. For some
ed a restless and dimatisfiad life, travelling
England, Holland, and then throug
of northern Kurope, | He next left the
1 servico} and, driven by ennui, tried, among
‘other things, to write dramatic: pootry, and
with groat succor, his first work, Cleopatra,”
1775, being receivod with general ap-
‘Hoe now detormined, at the age of twenty-
“year, to devote all hie efforts to attaining a
eee
Oct. 8, 1803.
is remains were ‘in the church of Santa
ih | Croce, at Florence, between Macchiavell and Michael
in| Angelo, where a beautiful monument by Canova
tame nocd wih do great pots of he srmty}
name
av with» proud fe, an! pasion bear ate
ring elevated himself far above his de-
encrate contemporaties His country’s emancipa-
tragedi brupt barron, and
the language devel ot tab sitractive splandoar by
which the post stirs the inmost sool of man, Newer-
theless, he is the frst tragic writer of Italy,
7, and how
acrved ax a model for those who have followed him.
Hin comedic display the same faults in » yet mero
lasing maznor, and are unworthy of his lofty epirit,
fe consider A,'* Abel the moat moceesfal of all his
dramatio works. ‘This he called m tramelogedta,—a
| anid
if the tramelogedia be admitted usa etal
of | of the drama, then the invention aud execatioa of
Abel moake this, without doubt, a fine
hia tragedion nro Saul, Phil
ic work.
itp TE, Antigone,
art, Ke. "Beaidon bin
0
of his hutred towards the Sbcont
graphy, a striking exhitition of his
pope: works appeared at Padua and
1808 and 1810 in 37 vols,
ALrnagAxus, See Supplement.
ALrnep, an Englishman of ths thirteenth century,
sumamed ‘the Philosopher.” Ho ix author of Sve
hooks on the Consolations of Boethivs, and others,
upon portions of the Physios of Aristotle, fe also
wrote a dissertation ou the Motion of the Heart.
He died in 1270, Ho is to be dintinguished from
another Alfred, an English bishop, of tho tenth cen-
‘tury, who wrote a History of the Abbey of Malmesbury.
ALFRED THE GREAT—ALGARDI,
108
ears aI
32333 bs | s3ee . 35
ne pa ui
bape Teeserdaitaa) sta iatied reads daria
Ca eee
eels Bs ty £3 ai 3 feiss angiid pee ceet 1442 3,55
#3 i ire EEF be 2 aii #3) EEE gids23
wa Shi dual et Ananda fl Hl
Ee HBPGT ety ted eae ote leprae PB Hin
a Hi ii lees daln Pe unae as He HH
ue ie ee ae A
ee Fa eae ane
Re TE
83923 ze ral F| 38 Hu iS
apiiaallsual fia ale sane eal HOR)
P ALGAROTTI—ALGEBRA. 109
St Ma and St John | ALAR, Al ALORCIRAS Soe
Magdalen oho 1, ALOARZALN, Supple
F
i
ie
J
a
HI
were is
yore, the frat which he distinguished problems
SGoan tar tacnemed Yo Ban Pllppet Nort oy enced epee pring aloo et
talents,
Pacis; but the prince
gras iio is ihe ae Bologuesd. ia
wl ‘one
His Plight of Atita, a basso rolievo in marble with Se ot axgien be tke venatias of pvbloney
fignees of the size of life, over the altar of St Ta, in | wo must firs: tranalate the problem ont of common
Bs Bete durch, i a owt renownnd work. Tt | int slgbrala expressing al tha earl
wn
Ttalan sculptors of the 17th thelr proper eharvatrs strange in an equation,
eq
of bers,
Bnglaud, Hussia, Germany; Switzerland, and all the | to find the numbers themselves, then the alyebaint
i towns of Italy. His colobrity ax on | roprescnta, in his language, the first of these diffor-
ant commenced at an Lt rite When | ences by @, the second by 6, the
‘twenty-one years old, ho wrote at
part of hix Weutonianizmo per le Dame (the New: | tween the things yiven ‘and those sought by the ex.
‘tonian ‘wlapted for the Ladies), 1783, after | pressions & y=, and 2° ~y? =, =
thie model of Fontenelle's Ph of and | y", he continues to soy im his language, = (x + y
thereby Inid the foundation of hiefame. Until 1799, ‘ a
A, lived alternately in Paris, at Cirey, wi (e=y); thus is x ty =
time he made m journey to Potersburg with Lond | and subtraction, « =? +
Haldmore, Ou his retam be vied Prederio TL, |
‘general expross .
| For particular eases, we have only to wubatitute the
iter | respective numbers instead of 6, in order to
have itmtnediately the ding values of 2 and
to y.—Tho oldest known work on algebra. that we
not leis ostoemod by Augustus ILL,, king of | pouress, is by Diophautus of Alexandria, (The best
Poland, who conferred on him the office of privy: | edition’ of the works of this geometrician, who ie
councillor. A. now lived alternately at Berlin and | commonly supposed to have lived in the fourth oon:
Dresden, receiving from Frederic, in 1747, the onder | tary, i# that of Toulouse, 1670, folio, with a eom-
‘af merit 'and the office of chamberlain. Tn 1754, be ly Baohet, and notes by Fertsat) Europe,
‘returned to his Qa a eee
consumption, 1764, after suffering long from hypo:
Ghondris. fe himself formed tho deaiga of the
‘monument which Froderic IL. caused to be crected
rope
‘we may refer 10 his work entitled Suggi sopra te
Belle Arh eon the Fine Arts), and to the
ho selected for tho Dresden Galle
artiste wore formed under his dirooti le
‘apd etched with much #kill, In his works,
which embrace a great variety of aubjects, he shows
much wit and acuteness. His poems, though not of | England Recorde, in France Peletari ine
. aA onder, are pleasing, and letters are | tinguished algebraists about the sane time; but the
famong the finer in the Tialian language, | sicnoe was afterwars greaily entiohed Uy Vista,
A sollction of fix works appeared at Voniy, from | master of requents of queen Margarot of Frauce
7791 w 1794, in 17 vole. who died in 1603, and by the Engi Harrioy
2 {GB Gh Hit Hite HERE age Tigiiey Hag iit
Re Ie Hel a a i ra ata nae
ne a ear els ial iepblbalael :
ee rea ee
ni ill ‘3 Heat bait! Ba fy aay He
4 ATE HUGH nin ene A
Higa en ese ta
alt ie SUT ; i aay ea ii
: ale ih Hl : a se a ene
iia i He “ Lan ieaeiistal
Lee ec
ie seagate
and velour, he
trex one pide of iene fay and
obtained Lion of God, always view
Sean eee ee
Serer
Hi
i
E
the
fadia, reinain followers of Ali to this day. His
and ace wear
in honour of their descent from the
ores a ‘He was born at
‘Tepelen! in 1741. nL
died of grief, in ing deprived uf ali
‘is territories and wealth by the asi
bat his 7 ive and mere
f of character, and who boxi-
eum years old, at tho head
defeated in his attempts to recover his
fons, he was at Inst obliged to flo to
‘the mountains, and even to pledge his sabre to keep
‘himself from is calnmities, far from
i
qualitios ax subtlety, dissimulation, reasons,
ar, and fiendish eruclty, His nator: | Joooph Sraith alles Thomas Jones.
mmper wns first roused by an attack | ALICANT, or ATLTCAWTY: (ancient Zucentum), welt
adjacent tribes made upon him in self: | and port on the Mediterranean sea, lon. 0° 20° W-,
the course of which they curried off his | Int. 38°20’ 7" N., with 31,000 inhabitanta, including:
and sister, whom they treated with great | the suburbs, si ish province of the
5 to exterminate tho entire race, | same name (800,605 inhabitants), It is a well-built
ital discovery of a chest of gold, he | town, wit ie pene ond anew Se eae
enabled to raiso a force of 2000 mon, with which | the newer parts), is surrounded with walls, and sur
Spine is fet vitor, wreaked he vengeance on j mounted By a strong coatlestonted on an eininence
isles, and i and
day of
Gebers ba Atoagh} guilty of treachory, and thon im | ond improved. “Am desportant article of expect ta
i ther in the harem, on the charge of | sweet wine, called Alicant, and also, from ite dark
the decoased. Here she soon after | colour, wine tinto, which is, for the bag ao mont
tage. During fifty years of con- | to England. Charles V. ‘fint planted the vines,
rululued a wide extent of terior, | binging sols from the Rhine. Another imparant
sanctioned his holding, wis article of is rasa, yuo
fring ths Avaro-testan war of | Jon, lool, BE A. Ue tusperiash aa Une expectant
service to the Turks that ho | Valencian produce, and sinon the construction of the
‘of Trikala in Thessaly ; nt the | railways to Madrid its commerce has considerably in-
he seized Yanina, of which lie wlio got | ereased.
seppistel packs, of bribery and | -Auicona; an African tree, of an iinmense bull,
’ i a native of Congo. OF
iit
rf
i
FEE EY:
E
i
liste
FiGei
Hae
quelled the prevailed, and, in init,
© governed his dominions that curity and of warty,
suet ook the pce of anarchy; the roads were wall | the large one ta cover huts and, being burned.
commerce flourished. Shortly after | good scp.
hie be concluded an alliance with Bonaparte, who | ALIENS. In regard to each country, an alien may
i
bees
5
i
ae AH CH aUREE ETH HE Te ait mp
fee
338;
Bubs | sil
ty
HE i
Sh bees Adi
a He i in il haul
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a a Ne vis Hine ne HiT at BRE
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FL
Otomcs, a bribe of Aznerican 7
Humboldt to collect a kind of clay to
Fainy scason, Ttin an interesting aubject,
‘saftoiently investignted ax yet, how far
aligneat of various countriesis couneated
, Se, and what influence it exerts
cengaquencos of
a
br
=
&
Byes
i
were published by baron Rumor, a German,
fm 1522, in a Work which ho called Aochkunat (Art
‘nutritious
Ppaneian th tho ‘bod;
‘in (q.¥.) the repair of the body, (See
Partin) fxtlecrdacy wate, sueelas ess ba
‘Kimilar to antmal substance, or transmutable into
uch. Ta this respect alinicntary substances differ
Kee eli comy, bose the later relat Ase poco,
‘qualitios in’ spite of the organs of digestion, an
‘Rot ministe with the animal substance, but
x foreign sutstances, serving to excite the ac~
‘of particular organs or systems of the body.
‘aliinontary substances must, therefore, be com
in a ible parte,
LS
fe
ter or lees degreo,
Micon thas, poouliss quulitien in the prc
to the elements of
Serguens
and enerespan:
Lie
matter.
. mucilage, naccharine matter, and farina,
Intter substance, particularly in connection
‘Vou L
caterpillars, and other reptiles and | stomach,
Tadians
(
ie
lf
:
uf
itd
i
i
il
eh
i
H
ifs
of edge
agli alle
aust be mine up with m certain quantity of inno
no nourishment, to
aliment,
sale shall be of a
fact in ov:
Salhuansee te
Ho is fitted to derive nourishment both
from aulmal
and vegetable A., but can live exclusively on either.
Espevience proves that animal food snow readily
the acid parta of the blood, the fibrin, and,
‘the strength of the muscular «ystetn, but
dmonoe the body at the same time to Snfimnatory,
But forme weak fibres, dis tw the
dlaease which spring from fableeas and tends to
iapenaable for tho aupport of the
meal
strength, The ite of some
Kin wo hardly ever tate any
8
i ‘ast Ae i
me
an efflorescence om the voll, ia Fexyyt,
ue
esalgeia. ii a at
[ a ' ot ini He Hey
#58352 i = a 3 ef
fei da _ i
he L
Ht a in i a il i
dl alii
ae al iene
WE
found asi
a i
3334
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seed at
F
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PELE
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tal q
ia pay stn idk
3g338 ees ls ihe
Te ii pe
ryt
Hi i
ip il ah iis a j i
WE pty HE i gals te fat 8 He ve il
a4 A iit Asisiz ik da qnalg i Hi Ho i
: : ee 7 ne ance i Le at ae wee
bile te RAHAT Heat des sine bait
ated ne Ab 8 AEs ea
Tiel ce at fea 2 Tar eT
a Peele Hi aH tt af cl aad
Bi i ee aoe eli iti Ha Be ed or
Gel t Hl He i uae He pana he
ay gil gists nage pas: PH Ro Pd ih
% é tisg ft a Pa Pel Ee | ete il. biel Bia Hie saa By
Bealls tHE inept | ALLA
Hi He Bu Hate eel
FUL la na
Bisksie
“ Ht 2i8a38 Bin Ht THE ee el 44 i aq! ae
oe rit i At ae ie, Hal te Cee it i
sie : a Co Fa ea He it
i ial tached cua eeeeitt es
i Wahine sles: i
Hanae iat ae ual ta
ieant eb sea ihe iia ttl ai Galle F i
| ae - oe
F = ort A it He H aA agaei, ysl
: MMi BARE Hl aa lane
a lie ot aul | a Hie ‘3 8
ie i sit AF ia step He i
i a8 Hae eae a at ii
ae el i ihe la A te ilies 4
6
ne au
Hail iy Til iit Hitt cf ih tae
4 ie Hane
fo be elargymen, and the fourth a skilful organist;
omen; and twelve
‘six poor men, and as
eens tbe edscated unt
donation, in a fright endured
evil on the stage, while himself
‘ious one in a drama by Shakspeare,
A., who suv a real
a fall
tiation, in 1811, by air Francis
BB stirs Yor ta puryoos of stank w otc: | or
‘enemy, and the lace for mutual dofenco. An
allianeo often unitos both of thew conditions. Offun-
‘nive alliances, of courte, are wwually directed against
‘some particular onemy: defensive allinnoss azainst
Seer ign ot ted Src
ol and rights of the cont ing
, Alliances aro divided into three ehicf classes
=I. These in which tho allied partios gre ta pro
ecuto the war with their whole force (pociété de
ira re
int
“tuple alliance, hetween four and re po
‘Contition, Quaciruple AUiance, aud Holy ‘Atle,
college was reconstituted by act of
rin out,
1
fhlitee
‘thelr limbs, and the sort of small,
reach from rate to joint of thei
I,
iH
i
FPF
at
ies
when it is opened; the St
has lod eesterekeeee
Ey
weers. | wexual propensity, they frequently utter a roar which
is a very alarming sound, from its
Teo! distant thunder, especially
‘where autiters are ab the atine tno © cxgaged. At
es ewifly a ightalns, gradually moving slower as be
lear pr of en ore he stor
himself hy inhaling air and water, which makes
Jond rattling in his thrust for a moment, until he
ejoots it with ee foro fot his reap
making a loud noite, and vibrating
h | ously in tho air, Sometimes after thaa i
himself, with head and tail raised above the water,
ho whira round until the wares are worked to fom,
and at length retires, leaving to othem an oppartus
nity of repeating similar exploit which Dave been
compared to an Indian warrior rehearsing his acte of
Tisatrength by getienlation.
bravery, and exhibiti
make 1) BNA ON
—The fernalea
See | upon the banks of rivers or
marshes, along which, at » ebort distance ue the
ALLIGATOR—ALLITERALION,
us
ie
bls E
7
id ita fins
whl
i
if pint Fat
iy i iat HE nt
ae iH Ht
aa
bah if Hl
HE
i bl au
quakes Re
§
Bul Ae
Age
‘lide
i
i
i
if i Hil
. Hinkel
ees
‘joe So tow
an
Se aes
Se
ere
ae
Hh
q342
at
is ti
len i
tae
i ue
HE
Hay | i re ie stipe
i! elit inl! HE He
ery ore be e] ais
ce fh
ae
HIGH te ie
ae
7 aE
at
ae
ile
ry
int
Hite
le cll iid
eta ue GuIeney
tHe
Eero Ay
ang
re
Teena
2h
Hee it
an
al
F
a
3 a
an ee
g*
Hotes HTL he i
ATEn saute,
tl a ine i
Hi i Hh ie Ai Le a i
ae i at a oe a a
i a nl i
Hie este
i Wier ie Hes
pete ay ri
ii iy 23H
28
panes
fe
235
2
iiss
rely
fusing
be melted
‘meat. Ot
» have
other, hé
ith
of
‘others
inl process
are not
wer of the
23 eisag
323
(eine Hi an fata
gb bats
a i an Hi
Se ea
Ce er
Hag Tn Lalita ts i ep
Ht ‘el H i ieee paws ad (inet
seetie diag tageiiiuligg) cee lida tsaiegts 2 teeth elias
: re ee etic tee cE
THEE qeay igi a6 al bed idl
ete Hie ae il tail afluhl un tit
Hii ii Guia Tin a Abie liar uy Hane ay
hier! Higa ae SHH ie ii he
ites Hi ey pte del bu dedi Hila
HUTS SU eve cep eg
a sedi ae led itaneieh
a “at He analy = aul Ai ah % ea et
ae
iG iia]. nate HEE H ui
Aa
eR
wt
met
ane lead in the production of an unex:
t almanac fn Gret Britain, ‘The ete
itan us waa the first tn.
Tropared almanaoe in thr pros for, with
‘out the predictions, which wore in all probability in-
tions, In the time of Napoleon an almsnne was pub-
Uished in France, in which, to every day, an achiove-
iment of the emperor, or something elec relating to
‘im, wow added, Almanacs, in the petty principa-
Ltien of Germany, exhibit the ondless genealogical
tables of the princes, Some almanacs in modem
Greok, printed at Venive, where formerly nll. books
in this language were published, are quite full of
astrological superstition and matters relating to the
‘Grek eharoh, A modern Persian almanac in thus
closcribed in the Eneyelopedia Metropolitana: “Tho
firat page contains a fist of fortunate days for certain
Pr i at for exasmple, to bay, to ml, to tae
modicine, to marry, &o; then fol ictions of
‘ovents, as earthquokes, storms, political affairs, de.”
adynnes,
and | eat Atmanag, in which (bexides
™ y
‘the names of Souvenir, ke, In
Paravaly, ened leone
wally, bu ees
ib or
the natne of Vawhi-
most things ewan
general use that are to be found in other almaa-
1
B
|
=
3
esif
Fere7?
il
i
é
if
Temps, ane
not inferior to cithor of them, is the datronomtaches
ZeArbuck poblisied at Beatin," Tt was conducted for
fifty years by profosior Bode with great ability and
oPTa30, ltncke became fas eda and
enriched it with astronomical papers, which are dis.
inguished for their ability,
cm or AACA; gizls in Hindostan and
whose profession ie to tell storios, dance, sing, play,
and appear ax improvisatric’.. ‘The latter wccori.
ndoabuedly
of which the Aviatics are #0 fond, ix undoubtedly
carried to much stor ‘in the East than
with us, ‘The in thelr Iuitate the
the Bounds of dcoeney. That cngig, lie haat
nat /. Choir ‘singing, tie
Singing f= geaaral, xml ‘bat iu their
ances they show’ the greatest kil. They often
amuse rich people at dinner, There are
for the lower clases.
malay 4 jis 3 Far Huh aig -
tte ae tt ee fet iil Eh ie
sit La Ga ra
ee
jeunte a Huelier nl eebe
i PEL aie
ee HG ae
ica a HG
He 1 ia tt i ail
al te a Be il i He HG iy
ee ee
Ae i ei He u L tall au ete et fii
Hh
Sey
MU He etl eG
ER
ie ay
al rn ati pHi! Paty Pat iL
rie Le Hi a ia i Beal ile ti
Tali
He ate BGH 1 nfs i ih
Aa aa a ie ae ein
ST ae ne
a
a au sa
ut ite A ie if HIE Cur ett
ua rll ae RT HIBUIHE
fat ie Beane ut iia
: EHR ARI
Huan ig! iri pile vil bli eal ree Hite Hu tH
ee ne intl i tie His a aE it i
Ce A aul le je ail ii
seg
nn Ha abe at Hi eed FE} 3 ue al
a ue a eels lls ee a HE?
al
Hani eee oe PE aug LHL Hi Hier
el i eee ine Ce tt { ey ie
Fee ea EG
fated i ia Gant Gl dieealge liga
aera beste ut Hi tn af
ie 2 HA He ae aeae
4H HA an AiHEE lth il iby ill noe ee
ra
\, it muat bo remarked, had
foros, that of &. vowel and that of b consonant
derived from the Eatin, the
‘vouio alphabets of the Kast
and
iplabety which wae
tury’ in order to
&
A
|!
:
i
i
i
=
i
:
:
i
He
a
i
Fi
gE
i
FF
E
Ly
i
A
i
Hl
FI
Hy
:
a
ax in raisin, sometimes that of 9h,
has:
if
Tho
allied to d, was cepresent
the age of eighteon years
08, wen fourteen sears
a Force
atremaci
tugal and Old Castile,
Eamees, O19, heh
AUD IE
But all these wuccemes did
took his son prisoner, and kept him in closes
ment at the castle of Gauson, The queen, donnm
‘Ximena,
and Castile, surnamed
four years
“ALPHONSO X., king of Leon
| Me Astronomer or the Philoropher, born in 1226, suo-
LAER ett mE eee eerie tr
git ig by silts Bile Fi Tite i tet Bhi EE yy
ee
af nana ai a ttiae villi ul teal
AR ee eta ea
adhe REE a eaae =e
bl i Sie eH Sia tale ni fae aches eit
24 Hl Ge aired 3 a3 44 petiit EE fi 253
eT rane aa
i i nae i He ili ata He Uke if uel lhe H
HHUA een LHR il
Hae anf ae Met ie es rset Hae i
Hsuawente Hn bal He Hidetey Ha 1
He He Ha Hi na He Hi
at ual Bil RHE ae HU
43 seat Lageeiqitin Heche
sit are A ae Sa
a rH BR LRE Hulett alba
1 ‘ ben Hie Hie dane Wa nn aged alll
TT,
leliiel ut Hi ‘ut urn TA
ee Se ARR
Taree AE
a Hl He Hull af el ie fa fete aul
3 est 43 22 2 gies i ae A 248 ia; baa 3
ae a Ra ae aa ae
“8 44 de: BLP Pri $i 5228:
cee i He Hf Hata Haetee # fail
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138
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altare, The altar, Dinca tecomintety os ALTONA; Inrgost and moet
Shane ofthe hus, wma eal her | popu i ot Schlerwigy
smaller ones are near the or the side walls, or 5 E, lon,; two
eee To the Lutheran oburches, | miles from Ibe. Pop, in 1871,
also, thore is occasionally @ grest and «mall altar. pasa German and Porta»
ALTRYRURG; 4 Saxon duchy, which is divided by | goes Jews ride of a ‘hill,
th prisiplty of Gera into to may oul prt, | Which vee ‘eapulthonss
an east ‘of Altenburg and , with | when viewed from ‘Hibe, and bas a
eno 80 gS ie, ad 24,000 inhi fine street called Pall Mall, walk formed
aud « west of circle of Se: by a double row ‘ite contre; a beautly
fares of 200 goo, aq. tiles, and 48,000 a | fol high earch, eymniaiomn with
the far Jager popmation, i De to the lon | a Tibrary, and. a containing the tomb of
division, becanse it is fertile and cultivated, | Klopatock, Tho: inland and foreign,
‘vile tho otber i rugged and starll. ‘The ducky | in considerable. ‘The ciy ‘enjoys many pHclogey,
had the 12th vote in the Germanic confederation, and | and has a board of a mint, an
is now jon of the Altea’ a bank, and, since 17: rehool,,
ee 1713, AL wae olen the Swedish
Gian boatochag a pales oka tacmecting bette te | to Readateat cals see ae an
hom, * of & Commun: in ty we a much to its im ee.
the mide of sxiensive yardons. Population ir l80T, | \-AUTRANSrADE; » ta Hy feos ie Ok
ie rr foul ‘the sees of Charles at Pultawa,
ugustun, Aug. 8, 1709, declared the peace of Al.
dmanutade vos because hin Imhof
ond Pi hud
8
imprisoned for life, the latter t> bo put to death,
Augustus, nt the invitation of some Polish nobles,
returned to Poland, took of tho thronn,
‘and renewed hin alliaace with the czar.
Au ‘tat, Common alan ise double salt,
fore
‘manganese, chrorniura, oF
for its baan. Again, the alttode of conn or pyre: | other statue for tha staminium, without alering ihe
ft orabliqoe, ia mensored by aper- | erysaline frm, Tt dimalves tn five pacts of water,
endloular Jot fall rom the vertex tothe plane at 60% and. the solution reddons wy
‘kun into wanall pieces, and. is
object is the hoight of ite vertox above some hori. | loosnly bnilt np aver a wood fire. When auffici
zmtal plane assumod as a baso, ‘The altitude of | roasted, itis placed in rows betwern trenches filled wit
‘mountains is wensured, generally, fror the level of | water, with which it Is sprinkled no frequently ax to
the ocean; that is, the in the | be kept continually moist. Tt ia no timo in falling
difference’ betwoon when the pulverizstion has pros
the distastow of tho vertex of the mountain from the |. ia thrown into a leaden boflor
contre of the earth, If the altitade of a mountain ie | flied twnvthirda with water and Boiled. ‘The fire ix
given without any explanation, the ultitude above tha chy matter allowed to rottle,
‘ocean is always understood. ‘This altitude eax bo 2iguk um out Into nyuare woodan bores, of
trigonemetrically, by harometrical observm- | tho wides and bottom of whi
tions, or by actually measuring the nearest dirtanco | Tho Roman alum is highly eatwemod, Ahuin iv madé
between the level at the base and that at the vertex | in this country at Whitby from alum-alite, whare
of an object; and, if vary grent accuracy (x not re | foros the oliffs for miles, and at Hurlatt and Cam
led, by optical refeton, by the length of shadows, | near Glasgow, from bituminous alomabale snd
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was used olsonsanvintment, Men who wore allowed | the movers, who are thus compelled to abandon it.
to partake of A. received ‘an increass of beauty, | A member who has to the main question
‘and swiftness; and became in some ieasure again to the amendment.
‘ssaimilated to the godx. ERICA, or tho New World, the of tho
AMHROSIAN LIURARY. This enllaction of books | great divisions of tha globe excipt Asia, in washed
st Milan, famous, in modera times, om ret ty the Fact, east by tho Addantle ort by
the discoveries, made by Angelo Malo, was the Anctie, and south by the Antarctic On
to tho public, in 1600, by cardinal the N.W. it at Debingyateata within
tmo0, a relation Charles Borromeo. ‘The | 43 iniles of Asia, and on the N. ap.
canlinal, archbishop of Milan, a lover of knowledge, within 470 miles of the island
caused the books to be earned men | Lowland; but in tho south the distance between the
iter's Lave Supper (Lo
containing manu.
on account of the drawings in it, is to be found there
the others having been eatriod to
Hebrew word, originally signifyin
sutiy, wily, an toen tranfeeed ee the Slice
Jaryvage of tho Jows to that of the Chrintians.. Ho
‘who pronouncel the blessing, at the clove of the
servioe in the Jewish synagogues, was answered by
the Jowish sudisuce with the word amen, Also, in
W.
Y N., lon.
Ws and eat the Polat de Gula lat, 7° 20", Jon.
Horizontal Section —Tho characteristic feature of
thie motion ix ite iirmanee merid
"| Thess have a comron point of junction in the nar-
row Isthmus of Panama, by which alone they ary
ited ta eal other ov los Gay
leatioa is vest Lndlen, whi
imag be soganied as form go be-
may an formin, pe
tween them, ‘The effect of this ‘on the east,
fand of the Isthmus on the wert, is to give to the
seooped, out basin the appearance of an 10a,
‘The entire American continent has « longth of sbouk
8000 ceographical tailes; & wasimum breadth, be-
tween cape Prince of Wales and cape Charles in
North America, of 3460 miles; a const line of 37,600
‘miles; and an area of 10,608,000, or, including the
islands, of Ee quare miles.
The east coast of Amet ‘resembles the
opposite coasta on the other side of Atlantic, tho
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advances. Sine the beginning of
‘the ethnographic condition of
changed. While the Europeans advanced
ax conquerors and
colonists, the native races declined
later:
r h Amo supind in common by
‘end indigenous inhabitants. Its eastern
Coat lands between lat 35° N. and 20° 8. became
van anda with slaves, and on either side of these
European lands without slaves, ‘The Euro-
posnized portion on thua presents three castes
— i, natives, and blacks, ‘Sheir coloar dis-
ngvishos thn, but tho other Lines of separation are
‘The Spanish and Bones
trary, keops strictly aloof from
in the Antilles; though white and. black
means incorporate, ‘The
vettling the oondition of society
uperionty of intellect. given im
‘ascendant over the Listens astive,
the sien oughtleas negro, and. the
ing and neti to, and gradually. to
‘thou to hia modal of civilization.
2 ecaeyet a
doras; 6, Nicaragu
of Hit; # 10,
Argentine
Wepublic; 16. Paraguay} 17. Uruguay; 18. Chili;
‘tian Cabot, who wailed undar the
VIL. of Kogan ae
‘Ammnicus VEsrocrs; properly Ameriyo Tex
ces; born Mazoh 6, 1481, wt Florence, ofan anciont
wmily. He in na
He only made in natural
hile r, astronomy, ane r, wt that time
The tie’ principal "Scher of toe studied at
| Florence, on account of their importance ia relation
fo commerce, Wo find him in Spain in 1488 engage
in trado; and he waa at the head of a large Floron-
tine firm in Seville in 1496, when Columbus wax
making preparations fr. his snoond
countries, According to his own account, in one of
Mis laters, be entered on his firs vogage, onder the
catumand’of wimiral Ojeda, May 20, 149), who loft
the harbour of Cadi with four abips and after a
voyage of thy vet gy, real the mab and
of America, rane y of Paria and the const
for several but od miles, and after cighteen montho
Bpaln, and was received with distinetion
by the court at Sivilla, In May, 1490, ha began his
second voyage, the fruit of which was the discovery
of » multitude of amall islands. ‘This ls his own wo
count, But it is fully proved that no auch voyage
a# the one firet mentioned was made, and that his
firat expedition to the new continent was in 1499,
4
HE a He i au 14
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ALLE He ub die ae ae ie Ho leat
a ii luced ii
tha music, ke, of the Chinese, together with a anbutances, lence it ix one of the imy
See tae creas oe votes eee
fartar-Mantsheou are le
moires PHtatoire, tex Sciences et les Arts | marinte monfum, er 90!
dhe Chinee (6 volt, Paci, 1776-178), Wl wrote | amnoniae), separtaly
Rises de Moulin, wn the Dictionnaire Tar | thr into relat ce ton bottle, snd spying
Francais, published in 1789. Itisa colourless gas, of | more than
"AGMRRGAU, a district or yaw on the river Arawner | hall the weightof éouaow alr, aud hana exeoedinyly
tn sre Bora, fatten or very Eder | pony won well pwn bodes tai same
trious, are rat ocoupied in making Toe it ext flazoo, in
suinte, crucifixes, ,, of wood, ivory, and wants Te is decor 'n atrong beat,
from which a lo tnde arises, having ite Irogon, and one
phlei i me EE of nit by water,
a Se ee RO en which at the takes up O70 times
sion Play which is ed there, at intervals | its own balle id aminonia, or equa
‘osaally of ton i is ‘commerce,
i
2
:
|
?
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‘
fare chosen from the inhabitants of the village, nd ‘the muriago of me
the whole of Christ's wu i death aie dre |, with a
matically rvpresented on a the actors being luoderate
dreated in suitable coutumes. ‘The auditorium, which i
4s partly covered in, holds about ¢000, yeti i woe
i
i
icient to aconmmodate the great
from,
a
3
4
by the Franco- substances,
AMMIANUS MARCKLLINUS; n Roman historisn, of | mixing one proportion of muriate of ammonia
tho fourth century after Christ, born at Antioch’ in | two of carbonate of lime, in a slate of dryness, and
Sri subliming inan earthen pot = and, more
which purifed sulphate of amanonia mized with one quarter
tory of the of ite weight of chalk, finely ground, and
‘considered a continuation of Tacitus and Sucto= | ealeined, introduced it iron retorts, and sul
‘wig, and in very interesting and instructive. ‘There wo ared heat: the it
is ting + the earbonate of ammonia, as
wn old and good edition by Gronoviun (Leyden, | i« furmed, ia conveyed by @ tube into a leaden or
), a later one by Emesti (1773); tho best in that | caxt-iron receiver, it is condensed. It ix used
‘Wagner and Eston (Laps 1802, 8 vols) ‘os a stimulant, usually mn the form of emelling- bottles,
iM jy wh worshig
is
1698)
of
i bt
that 10m, on hit ammonia, obtained from the 10
‘exhausted by heat and Thirst called upon Jupiter for | procuring ga light for ‘Tomtoden from
help; thereupon m rom. and, stamping with | made use of in the manufacture of ral ammoniac,
‘is foot, opened » wring In the mand, and then van | This elt was frst procured near tho temple of Tupi
‘Thin rata he acknowledged as Jupiter bim- | ter Ammon, in Libya (whence the name}, from bumn-
self pal him divine honeur, and bait» teample to | ing cals ung, and Europe was long atpplied with
is it from ‘Great quantitiesare annually earried
‘Siwah, in the Libyan desert, where A. delivered | from Bokhara to Russia and Siberia —Sal ammoniae
4
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‘Adlantic | cording te moat authors, ‘Wing:
in 1811); and, in 1804, mica vies aot “i Acriniun, ki ‘of Argos, Tes of
in 1811); and, ‘Leonanto da Vis ‘trabo, r
union for states,” Ab
amet at Delphi; In later, ion ab Therm or
rather at the neighbouring village Ive
ok tho | Grociun sates sent (we deputien each, Who
hand ninth centuries, by Pater j. OF | with great solomnity: composed the public dison-
treat work, Della Rakdonensia Ona Hietirome| sous and the quarrels of tndividal ctl by free
frin Animale Ricerche Pisiche ¢ Storiche, Milwn, | or persuasion; punished civil and criminal offences,
1808; he published, In 1616, an abridgment, Zlcment | nd partoulaly ‘of the law of nations,
di Blottrometria Animale,
Amontizwnox; the right of transferring lunde in | decision was published, a fine was inflicted on the
mortinain, ie. to some community which is never to | guilty wtate, which, if ‘not paid in due time, wae
‘This word is used in ‘to fou Tf the state did not then submit, the
the jing of public debts, Amortisse- | confederacy took arma to reduce it to. on.
from amortir, ix the French ing eae ee miners
. An instance
‘work,
Grout Britain, which
fnitarian romance. It
‘macy manner, and manifesta
‘0 ose of hoart on the part of the
Tn 1756, he published the first volume of
Life of John 706, the aeand.
femoirs.
valuable
‘Mr Amory resided chiefly at Westininater in a
manner, where he died in 1788,
Anos, the prophet, » herdsman who appeared in
under the kings Uzeis
prot
ta have delivered. His poou-
Tsien ue the wirofentca eral Seagas sated
style, clearness in the construction af his wontencer,
sand distinctness ia hix dewcriptions, Ho in amongst
tho best of the Hebrow writers.
AAPMLARAUB: son of Olclous (according to some, | li
Did himself:
trayod by hia wife, Eriphyle (q.¥.)
His i expen teri te
‘of hin most valiant The
‘bean repalsed in one of their attack, the earth o
‘under him in his flight, and xwatlowed him, wit
AMPHIMACKR. See Ryu,
trees,
the musician, With the nid of his
streams, followed
jzzinh | bruthor Zethus, he is said to have rovenged Antiope,
who was driven into banishment by his father, and
to have bound Dirco to the hems of a wild ‘bull.
This incident i to be ‘th
Fee pet cocoa Tues On ae
1640, and placed in tho Farnew palace at
ts
innesdous, All the other species are aleo found in
America.
it ‘a i cae
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ae eel SE ee eee
ia bel reti ie tee dferralltiale
i i dati eee Ai FEB EH Hat
a GU eG a ee
Le i a Heed aati ie cle ia eetteaiil
= sega . eqiaia Tord st
ETT er eT
Tay it al fe Huge Belin faa a iil Wand
halties We eeeiaed hy fie alee iis Hayat
tae 1 4 He a Pate E iaitas AHL 3 ty 3
ae sit Cee ty
Tatar ee pepe sie sib ages wily
suas an HE iy
a
Et to the destruction of their Fly router the
wished! trom
Germans were dist
se
set
cht, Tmaediatoly
woe fant
sever
contest broke out:
tang
Wore more severe:
nd | cal than the rest, wad toaintained the wtiwost
a. | ar
divided into three
se
whom he
568,
(
"Menno did’ not wi
ne
ziqis iad Hahn
Hil ee aa a
gn i oF
igi Hl i
the Pure, nor yet would
oath in
reganl to excommunication; the Fricalanders
eon after hie di
a ‘tho Pore, and
i
ats =f
A i au
ng fina! a
Hi
2 PRCT
“i
Tt Fr aan cn
is Falahenes
ae
rte
the bitterness
Bat there
oe» a
1 ene another, Soon
with
left
snabaptinte wy
te With then te sty, that om
ae
igat
cone | att
a bed
eta
abet
jl
ive
th
tee
in
fact, they were never worthy | peasant,
Riese eee
ath
fn it a
Hil :
cI Ti
i ee
by the vote of the churches. The Mennonites have
Rae care ae
koe
u
beg A
ie
li see nate a
ci Ce i
33 a 33 itt 452223
i He : lab! eerern he tat ia ae te
HIRSH at si all tt ui
Lee de Ree a
ifigh Hagia ada ijt eal i
Hi crit afta ai Hie cbt ail
: hee
tape ee
el a eu 4 cet guy ill flit
in
tha
been bay
f the Ana
ited, 1640,
tied | dovervo
Saree aes
in tho general PEE
‘Flemingians, | manners
in 1064, on account of | sect have,
jhe eee took
ehurch of the united Ws
We #
3 3 é FE ee 35 ir
we ee TUTTE ‘hi lial ae al
FF] eee sare
Hee early
i
ii
TH
23han, 3
ip:
ip
2 Bin Wet EL
aay Gs ;
He He
tales
Bale
plein: i
: ie aah Je Hatt i eee
visi PS MDNMT pT avaaneeateay
ann nana
i: a a EE ange
ea Tree Fe oe iH ee
lies Hi ee i PTH re Her
Hc ana
sell Hie He Fi THLE ta Hee tad
i wae a itp int Tarte 24 ber ss aust i! gi i f
Hi an Tt ane (ti ue ett ee Ht ii
ft ie ea at re al deqall ull th ia
s 3 2 i Hide i 3 ii ifif
Le ey
; i At zene [82 Buel 4 ; i nl ff if sat) Hit 28
wei feta eantil (Bef Hea eg Ha Rue
i
s.
:
=
:
ae
i
a
S
Gea
ta
fiat jl
ut
3 Hi
if eat Bee
i static
ath
ih No
uincoien
ul
aid
i
THERE
ce
TEE
Hie
se
fl
EE Hr
a
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it
eel
faiet
if in
aie
FE]
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iu He Heh He
a enGhie
a
=
Hh
ee
1799, to.
ipsic,
allio’, Lei
iE
ANATOMICAL PREPARATIONS—ANATOMY.
7
Ht
iH
5
ile
‘vemein may
i ea
finn fo whieh le edi oecing
stance, re for the arteri
1 for the absorbing 1
en account:
iy dat
‘connints of a mixture of
sealed, to secure them from the destroying influences
of dust, air, humidity, heat, cold, tho aun, insoots,
&. D: pruparations can midam be perfectly
‘raxtored.
Axatomr (Greek, a cutting up); the art of dimeo-
Wow; that of brutes frsktey obs valled svotouy.
jin part of intory, and ix one of
i 3b branches of modi-
;
BE
eertcer
$
|
7
riched anatomy with many important discoveries;
, Respecting the brain, the functions of the nerver,
Liood-remels of the meentery, which yo to tho
eer, Brussteator many facts in
tien!
|
ile
‘
H
if
i
Hi
H
i
i
H
ha
intended nly of the writings of Galen
lustrat
and the: ful iam of Slondini. ‘Montagnana alone,
professor at Padus in the 15th century, could boast
of ha fourteen dissections, which wax
then a great number, In tho 16th omtury there
great ory
the chyle from the wi ‘are diatribated
throvgh the whole body, shsorbing tho eeorsted
‘humours, and esreying hack into the blood.
Ne describer the system of the nerves and of
‘the brain: dermology, of the skin. —
tomy ix the acience
of
Sprcien of unlnlsy ge tal ot
‘man with quadrupeds, or that of fish with qo
Tei o ecipce which bas grenty inoreased our know.
as the
Ear i
He
Li Hi Hata
fame
: cto a
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3
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rie
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ail
ruil
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ik i ia
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cued eatin
juin.
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i eal ae ba qui i site
ih ik fea ah At ae! THE fila pueninniay ah
re ae ae ae
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Ec a aa
uf ei! ce ul si aun TUR Hee
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ee
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nil Hin Hilloag ear i ear Ter
tee etl ae re He eae i He
i HU Hi Hie unas a Ae yeaa iii ney
Hee Huey ble ee Hnay ae jee i qe
senls HH is Fe aul HE |e sis!
sessile Hull Teh AAT EA
apeen praaianannmann at
a ee He eal
i a
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ae ie J 5 1374 uf ane
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be eh He ae 7 ly
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fatal ine Ha
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“Tt cena HEH
Bee ase diay? i Hi ely Haney
nu ki i a Huet HE Hide ae i a let 4
TAHARI pete emrereH te)
ae Laipay fi bal ibuieeana ay Hi
ST nae PLB Ta ret aaa
43 il i Ba Ha ils HALE i H a Pall ne
ye AW fesgetraeicenris rar agg HPS HE ei
a i ai) play ae eae Why Bra te i
i i ae a4 iil ay phag haces Hate
We elgnginy ial Prt PLE
Hl belab het Gla al ilaiei is Hl
i ta flea eB aa uit ena lae
i dreriiealy pie Gaal eee
Wl si rath igi THB Re a
: 7 Sr ern ieee HH
Feddtittaddnlfla lianas dasa nlenisteed suey!
ae
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the wea at San Lucar;
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tcosive, The ‘Anat om
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the follow:
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dik te ak UnpHine hla piled! Hl ad
i HH ba Hupaiiiletiiieaeend tiatt ae aif
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vile ee eats Ue
lia ue Hc te aie HHP Pos Beets rad if
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ial ail 1 ile Heyieiene Waeiants del
ag it suey ae Tea ay
fendi Buen qplplilie ines leaned ripe!
aly cine Boa a sae nel
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=e a i ree 432 883 ie Hiei quad i
in He a a ind Ee SHG erate
EE Hl ul GHEE il ul Tae
Hida
ete
«
and received several
telat tear Hcp Saga”
by experiments, and exli
Gera flowed the Disligacy,
ie Hy Hit i i
BED ie te RAE Pay ui lif
4
pte
voluminous writer, Tee
connected with his favourite
PRs
ih ae ee tein i
a We i
i
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ale tall 2382
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eg feaee niall Heel |a plea
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oa ay dhl ake He i Tal i if ait elie ae au
inal ue ai Hits Fie Giblusutig Be
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te WneHE
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Haan ui at sae
: hig ii a PME MRR Tne en
‘ie : THAT TEE IE TG er i
ee ic ee eel
se een Nene RH eaie Hite
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ane
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to hefty
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s Hei euetli ul aflig ey Haar
pl ageces as
uh EH palit rite fae qi Hi
a5a83. eH ree Ae Pai PR
Gee ee ue ea ae eo ie
ee Hh ea ine ce iat intl tea i said
Pe : FA aud i ni ice Hee EE i] a Eee
- pat Hee anh ili He [ue aunt
| a LGB A eed fe nee Cena
ail
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18 1G PNP We PRT een
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i say catia the ipiadiaa if 5
447,41 FPR EE ii
Hirer ete Het ia arn EM te
Bi ee sta Hee al ae HA crahe
iad hel Bhai Hee Healt Hii! HEE i ual
Ht if ih da HEB me
ae Hea a a isi Hala iui
inl ie ests
i a
Le
ined ly
BH reals il
i o ee ; ao Ht
spawn
igh
rma | Yo tabla for ee with n minnos
piaerae
ti nid" thd
¥ Ess
id ‘bs ended eboat nha
eiseeted tha
ation
Tt must
LS i
ihe te
large cork
uch
‘notorione
nung gained the appel
sre also cae be
iy a
qi]
16 to 18 inches;
— | hook ahould be run
middle by un- | which must hang about «i
a
lows:
as
oy
al
at
‘tinh,
ne
ee
LEH sie ey
2 Wisaanie iebind
naif
e
ser
ea pen bree
TE qu a He TTR ee ee
a line ut eae He ae
a aii F asd a22e3 ai oe er g33 Hie aus piliceize
siile Hie ee a artes HISh Hilal agiielisaedy
dele ii FLEE ee basggst att eT HWE
Hui Bt Buu eae at 3 5E3§
ait ae ala aa Lean nie
Ha ay a 3EF He iad rik sft Pale tulaaue
or = at fie RH ile ra antl hae ii afte
Te we aul ag ene tH fe abHibhl Haren
i ile a eerie aay ae cee ta
Ae iG if i H af i Has BY z ts z ll it
Haat ro Hine ire ae 53 Wee! iss eal ft 4
ahi ae fe tetas bettie Hae ag uae ply
H fal eit fa areal DIRE e Ht Hone af
ae fe piglet: i auudl BHT Pe i af! uta
: Pinal gaat analy Hani
B ae a aay te Hi ¢ z uy guilss
sagaulttan lial ii an u il aes inlet ue
Hail aghast
mand ge aa
Aa]
Hana
yHi
lie afi! TF i 3
Hi aaa HEHE i he a nel
ener
[ieaulgiiel
He eed oe
i
fief
e HE Ht gata
ie
ie
tl
sae
a
a et
re
vie
the first.
2
oe
be remembered
ict
Gare
opt Can
aa
aa et so ee
had
SE
i ane
Many
fr
ee)
ee Share‘
Hii Py H TAS a
fn ee :
1 maa of
and Boots
‘nobwit
‘ring
‘oomti
ie ca
th emtol
veir chi
‘their
ol
ty
ee
See
ey aay
L ne ee F He uae
vad fae a aa eg
Preyer ea heiaaa ee
i eae itis fait HE a
Pit
aaay 2
a Hie pest
£26218.
sre ed 288
FEL a
he ne
a,
: Es
He Tid
i
=
|
i
4
i
en
Hg
i
cen
areal Tee
THe eee ru ene ee
a ‘ial Pee a
fad que iui Hh Hie tne reseed pallial HE
f
emt tha
Ite mombers, wi
or
ir
the
of
m0,
nal
ton
‘the
their
‘caunen
FD
tho woitena
. It
the
u if PE 3 Wena Heer
Sa fa a ee Hy
daa!
ics Ey
eit Aa
Ae ie
Hh 4
lia
eee
ia
& northern, a middle, and a southern,
Seve athe soll wr i
aaa
ta
tial
ai Uitte eR LOUTH eH sae
Cer EE ne lat
i ca iol banat te eet
5 3 aga igs Saget. aay 5 = sit : 2 ae BI Hr ae
a 1 hit Hl a Hitt lu uit
il elinitue A er ae
i An ne eh ll slat laid ai sean!
HE se Af eas] rH
COEUR of TA Bi ee
nie inet (id, Bi ii He Hae may a
: PEER wt Ly z ay, oa 4 | I Gee
Soe Wee uae ae
ean shield dente Ui neal
aha af af t i z Sg H
FHT EE fH i Halt! ida 1
(ais;
ty BASRA BB IT eae
pe BA HE
ete
ul u: aid
z iP avegua eegaaazs 17ng
a line aul
oe
Te eerie eee lige a
175
ANIMAL LIFE.
Bread tap HE
A He pele
a Sn ce i if i ug
: ui Hee Ua eee rach
ce i i ie Ht
nit ane ut net ane a Hid ; LH Tat felt
Tea allay Hatt leunaid en ra errntnite
if Se BUH te abe APA Au He
I i fe a HGR YE re TA ane FH tule Patil
Hie ae neue ia a natal
if Hla (esate ius fen ilaaillat
iano rae eine Bee
a aga2s eae rrr saaaee si525253
Hau eal HHA tale ii TE iaiuinte nisin
ple
4
a>
ial
a
al ial ite
i Le 1, i iia
A a ene
Hl 3
i
eG aeigig:
AG | itt Hae
En ae
Hea bata iin
=
a
Se indie i cet segeve
Haley a i all ee Si F al ee ne ii Aavalid
ee ered Pe Per) TH cea Hees se Pieced Teadaeallll
pesgiiiiiiiesi= £22 rr b i (iit ablatas i
| idl ia ime UU en ee HIRE une
| + fe a a Halute na reel r
ae alt Hrs F if iin sapetes
igs FES £ shes ip cisda ges: i
a ihe He ie altel al aH a HL Ho legal
: eat WHRUEA GSH HR En
| Z #u ‘lin HEH qk ey THES THE HH
aes HE ail He ie ela
ere a 4 tH i HEH Hie FH: deat : ree i
Hi i iu ee en TRH eT ae
2 Beer re bart ie Hi esbgsahisseligiz ie $375523
| ae ui ale ala i et (He
Sst i 1 punt Haale Hi tad ale inal noaey :
i
i
PE
var, a Pilla,
thu injarions, thay serve
|.| yreat number of animals. ‘The question ax to
ts
votion of infusoria has given rise
utes, which are not yet by
I
fre eaaill jucod at
eemomes
:
ig
in
#
é
;
i
i
discriminate conderanat
clreumutances,
wibility from this fact; me henee
jater, in tho fluids of
Dogs, ke. zs
average stn of Zt
few kinds, which ay
‘stain what i | tained
‘aa to thone of wid
number of described genera
=!
“abe
‘the:
iu
pled on a
internal organization
eal
=<
planation.
‘rom ts
and Chlazaye
Wucleof 8 Soe Se “
ir aystomatio arrangensent
eu rater ry, socrding to | survr foundation—and thet
tain fifty rillicma of infwaoris, ‘Thoie
by ingenious remareh, and
bodies, usvally of a round shape, consint of n gelatine
‘ascortained
tomical diseetion. ‘Tha prosacution of
periments will tond to give moro exact «3;
ja the Volvocine wud
to the most of them a vory uniform
ton, on9 or mons stomnchs, an Inbestinal
abo
‘Theve moet wonderful discov-
‘of the batch of leavon produced
“) ol
fod by samme’ tak
or at lenet
diffused, Ly the prowenee of infuroria ia the alr is ere
But the opinion ent
jueationed on strong grounds
in « simpler capa ty Deja. “Ao: | cholera vr other epidemi
« manner, " cholera of other epidernics are
oding to his the feos sroniach age are noltng | ms
a
3
rr
i
5
‘eauiful deinntions of infuronn ae to be
Khrenberg’s principal work, on fusions
thierchen ala voilkomene W 1835,
tere enema Copeman at
MALS, CRURLTY TO. The wanton infliction of
‘on animals sometimes arises from extreme
‘eeald tot toruple too the sarah te & Setlaw-oreahs
Sociaties have heen farmed
for the preventinn of oruelty to anle
tals i England and other countries thoe of Eng.
and having been the first. By 12 and 18 Vict c. 92
(1840, the ant set on the subject), te provided that
if any. ‘hall cruelly beat, {ll-treat, overdrive,
tr tortare any horse, mare, gelding, bull, Be
forfall a enn not ex £5 for every such offence,
recoversble before a ‘of the peace in a sum:
mary way. Bi ‘cock-fighting, and the like,
ae: ia injured, the guilty party m
Ep tavue eapeee inte meucenrsst eset nt)
1 the jastioe shall think fit.
tte is mon decided opponent was his colleague
“Arvisie(Pimpinelta anieum): an annual plant of the
natural omer fer. ‘Two wpocion of the sama
genus are found in Britain; but the plant prod
the anise-weds of commerce is a native of Kxypt,
ia, the Greek islands, and other eastern countrien,
‘are roundish and steinted, fatted on one side,
and pointed at one end; and of a pale colour, inclin=
ing to green. Attempts wore made more than 200
years ayo to coltivate anive in England, but the mam.
or are seldom warm enough to bring the plant to
taste, leyrea of swoetness,
‘They hava lonyy beon employed in medicine, and have
bosn considers incasos of the longs and
stomach. They give out all their
id_m spirituous water ia
angelica, Star-anise or aniseed stars, aro
of a mall evergreen troc, the
belonging t the natural order Magn:
:
Hl
oH
i
3
E
if 3
i
Fe
i
iJ
3
|
E
F
5
q
if
2
2m.
reeht
ducal ‘and gavoit to hin won, Louix Ls hence
forth i remained soparats from the French crow:
All Louis XX, took i from Reng 1. ia 1484,
Bricnnius, but was baled by his want oF energy and
7
:
F
EE
Feeke
Hl
HT
dae
Bit
fe
i Ble
BE
B
E
£
i
fl
F
;
BA
ES
H
4
I
i
é
i
nil
ran
Ene
He
[alii
nouinated him at ber death regent of the empire
doring the minority of Prinos Ivan (of Brunswick),
Shi ed in 1740.
Tatterly erin
introduced hy Protastant rofagees from
fed frome te persecutions of the Duke of
ian
tate, digested in tho order of time, and written in a
bared g letersi arg ‘The name comes
from the annual records of the Romana, which
eS ae aes
And the compilation of which wns tho buninese of tho
pontifce mazions,
Awxam. Seo dnam in Supplement.
ABNAMADOR; & town of Africs, on the Gold Const,
formerly & very cons market for slaves. Tt
faa strvogly fortifind
ium, who
va.
reins the elege and retire. ‘The town comista of housca
‘which are biddled toguther without any rogularity,
each generally having wmall aquaro in its centre
‘Tha in trae In in abot 3000
(AMORA, OF 5 one
Toland (gr) ze =
account of the affairs of « | cro
ANNA IVAXOWNA—ANNE,
104).
pets ‘4 yonw’s income da to the pope,
death of any bishop, abot, oF pata
pi by Bis socomscr, ‘The eoucordasa
1444, restored to the
ich had
, ascended tho throne,
tor of James IT,, then Duko of York, and Anno,
‘the renowned Clarendon.
zB
iI
tx
i
ut
ee
a
i
rough, sho was
‘pon by he and her houband to fin the tr
party. | After the dean sister, Marg,
‘nd that of William ILI. in 1702, without
and after she ber
ES
ay
HE
Hey
capacity was
seasiend prrenes by Eien omepa ened
Tories were stiafied to know tht the weopre wns a
the hands of a daughter of James I., and hoped to
ace to oli! royal house revived in her male desonud
ants, fia rejoiced that the queen, faithful to
tho triple allianes, 0 the domin init of
Louie
Ak ae colle in the Boure of Honore. ears iey
vain attorpted a landing in Bootland, and the queen
was stig ts ‘® proclamation .
‘on bis head. Of ber seventeen ebiliren, all
{in infancy oxeept one son, the Duke of Glonesster,
who died Sse nh So ag of a m8
widow in in the 44th
thongh reqpeted by Miameat to contrest ®, Baw
mariage, declined, ‘The Marlboroughs now lost their
influence with the queen—the d
tend of the Whig party, which the
ond the duchess having offended ber
nes Tulative of ae eo apcecietee eon
now tock the the ‘in the | ie ‘it will often not ‘until several
fe favour, and'it was: ber indo | rotautes ‘after being sere Ike seah ptigernans
ence atthe Whig sanity ot ‘was thrown | are still more een nthe labret
out of office in 1710, and the Torlcs, | tears, called “Princs Rupert's drops” are
with and St. John (Boling- | formed erty ey ‘They
broke) at their bead, fetes ree ean are glol ae ‘Uaper to @ small tail at
whic A publ took gaint ber ; obe ease "Those which emain entira, after
{et ene given up tho hap of mri a the | fallen ne theater, show the opera
(Gitcemion: bus thie irreconelable enalsy of Oxford glass in the highest degree. will bear a mart:
and Bolingbroke, the former of whom aveused the ke on the thick end, bat if the emall tail ix
Tatter of fa the Pretender, wavan inaurmount- | broken, they burst into powder with a loud explosion,
je, Gn i of hor | The reason of thie singular feet ie differently given,
ris ‘and | The natore of the which annealing produces
‘ow wa “0, | onan ob iat aly wna,
Axxo, Archbishop =
Fier | pallited importance as ‘chaxoslior of thie’ Mexperne
in| lent EVE] as eantaae gorectet a ta ey
1 5 Brera
number of admirable and | life; hie paternal care for hie aoe; his zealous rofor-
daustchs +f tiehsitiie aid ORME BE Giese es
‘be consideré Se ‘The hymn fn
is praise is by some thought to have been written
pac ek | soon after ‘hie death} by*ofbers about 1189, It
ele begina with the traditions of Germany, giving
Ther good ensa wna rendered inef. | the history of the are ant nt
energy. ‘The goodness of her dis: | nnd of its 88 bishops (of whom ¥ wore saints)
position obtained for her the title of the good Queen | A. eb
“ane. She was an excelent wife aud tmother and a | government of the saints, mud iis grief that te
‘ind imistres, Countryman, by thete Internal dlsodrd, should madly
"ASME OV AUSTRIA, Queen of France,warthedaugh- | hasten mutual destruction. Unable to suggest &
torof Philip IIL, King of Spain, and in 161 marned | remedy, the patriot dies of griof at the ingratitude
KILL. On hie death their woo, Louis X1V., | of thove wht bo had xealbualy etziven 40° bene.
‘being under age, ‘sole regent of France | ‘This hymn is one of the most important monuments
. Pyaleoet ea vOr,, yy ee a
uatre of te uation Zou: | AsNoTHee are peciodiapaysunts of ‘monay,
fidence in Cardinal Mazarin, rhe fod: forced to flee to a certain annoal sim, and continuing
concer with public alfairs, remainder | or to pay the annuity, or of
of nel tn webrement. Ee died i 1644; of the | some other peron, or indcitly;and Ces lat ary
called
Ceara fia ised Hey i014 King of
Eogland, was the daughter of Tobi IH, Duke of | end of every quartar, or at other
Cleves, "The King asked he in marvin in 1640, | he agreement upon which the annuity axiaer;
‘whou she was twenty-five years of ago, after baving | and, where it ix the is
wae
mare, a8 ho called her, and a divoree ensued. She | happens after the expiration of a part of the time
process to which many artictes of | tant nor his heirs will be entitled to any proportional
sadtal and glaas arc subjected in order to render them | part of a payment for such time, unlems
more tenacious and duralle, and which consinte don is mado for thie in the contract.
or ie
vant of brittleness, which destroys their | question is, according to the tables of longevity, good
‘and has to be rmedied. ‘Thin for rai oa acy fox ooh ls ts Poel os
ith some articles the procom hax to | than if it were good for only just five years, wince
a repatal amber cf tm before they are feed | the probability ofits oontinsng efx yearo is greater,
‘The tempering of stool is one kind of annealing, | A» an annulty is usually by of pearl
etn} in the iment of a certain sum, as a consideration whi
houses, and eonsiste in ‘as | the mnkdog tae payment, or somo other parson
‘soon aa they are formed, and while they aro yet Hot, | named by him, entitled to an annual, semi
thto a furnace or orén, not wa ot ax to emelt thors, | annual, quarterly, er other periodical payment of &
in which they ara suffered to enol gradually, ‘This ta | oartain wum, for a atipulated number. or for
found to prevent thoir breaking so as they | n period to be determined by the happealug of »
wthorwise would, particularly ou exposure to heat, j the
it; the rules and ‘hich this
‘Unannealel plas, whea broken, cfca fics iato pow: | peesent value isto bo cmpnabaratoe beet
ects of much investigation, The
der with great violence, and, in general, it in in more scientific in)
danger of bring fo vera it atroke than | value of annuity i evidently a sum of
‘one
‘vorwel wi
182 ANNUITIES.
ot value than ane of the same amount pay- | of age, as given in Dr, Thalley's table; but wos
oe 7 ios the ansuitant haw the fenote from the fruth in the caller oa Iner
Spare ee
" Py
words, it requires of mortality fedvoad trom ha Lendos Wl, todd
he put at itera to yield tables founded upon 5t of the values of annnition,
payable , Mia to Dut ab the period when this table was calovlated, the
sum, ‘ab the end of each ty London wae ao moc highor than i the
valao of an annuity for a limited rab of the country, that tho valuos af the annuities
whiok, if put at intorest, will given in it were too small for general ate. Is
ye ae epee Steen cty Beat eur bea
of the annuity and interest; and, Probabilites de ta: Duerte de la Vie Humaine—a werk
to Invest @ certain sum of money. feel is spicuity and neatnen—tabler
sf a annul fora given tune of yas, the | of mortality deduced rom obvarvations une on the
‘comparative value of the two may be preclacly ent- | mortuary registers ‘ous houses, anders
Seated, the rule of iaberest Being ot ane
‘ties for uncertain perieds, and partioularly life work separate first constructed for males
tes, are more frequent, and the value of the annuity | and females, and the wreater longevity of the latter
Iscouputed two the probable: rendered ap i x's tablen were a
life by which it is limited. great acquisition to the science, and are deel=
grated for public services; and, as there do not ‘to some that sre vtill extensively used.
arise from a specific contract, Dr. Price's famous work on Annurticr, the fret
mubjocts of their precise valuo is not often | edition of which was published in 1770, eontributed
& subject direct the public attention to
often created by contrast, ‘of thie sort; and was, in rep oO er ae
ot & private aunuilty olfies utility. Of the roore recent works, sinong
advanoed by the purchaser, ‘are thove of Mr, -. Milno, which, indoed,
naally, in y, quartorly, or other periodical pay. | are Roth excellent. “The Lattor, besides all that wk
ents, to the perman advancing known as to the bistory, theory, ar prac
other annuitant named by tice of the scieues, containa much new and valuabbe
‘annuitant; or the annuity Iatter; and to it we beg to refer auch of our readers
his heirs nd sesigns, ducing the life of some other | ax wich to enter fully bo
or ‘two or more valuatle work on the subject
life of the Tin Report to the House of Commons on Life Annuities
aaumber of persons named table on which Dr. Pri
‘shereby the wanuity in rained. was calculated 3
L
:
:
i
by a
raising leans;
ivabe tion or company their object
to give the onnultant the use, during his
‘of the income of his capital, but of the
i.—If person having a eortain capital,
to apend this enpital
Hl
pu
ls, precisely how long bo:
Upright Vood ikl eptals' core ene during ha
lifo, and, by taking every yenc, besides the interest,
‘soortain amount of the enpital, ho tight secare the
‘ame snnual amount for hia mippart hin lio,
I much manner that be sould have the mame sun to
speul every year, and consume precimly his whole
kd ale meeyegn ate
hhow long ho sto live ba agroee with the government,
the risk of the duration
‘exchange for the capital which ho
ay. ‘The probable duration
becomen subject of computation;
‘and, for the purpom of making this onloalation, tablor
of longevity ro mare, by noting the proportions of
deaths, at cortain ages, in the sume country or dis-
trict—The celebrated “mathematician,
onder to facilitate the calculation of their values, Mr.
De Moivre assuined the annual decrements of life to
‘equal; that is be supposed that oat of 86 (the
it of life on. his hypothoxia)
would dio every year
‘This assumption
born
the whole
agreed well | M. Kersoboom on the holders of life annoitien
with the true values between thirty and sorenty years | Holland s—
thampton and some
born duis, howeren ax
a defcots
in the construction of the table, as from
‘ment that has since taken place in the heal
‘of the public, that the mortality represented im the
Nor table is, and hos
nthnanpton boom, decidedly
‘above the avernge sate of mortality ‘The
only other tablen used to any extant in for
ol
the calculation of life annuities are, that framed by
Mr. Milne from otwervations made hy Dr.
‘on the rate of mortality at Carlisle, and.
Flolalvon based on the observation of the mneetaliy
in the a Naat aisepaeg he
government annuitior,
tweon male and female lives. Mr, Milnes givers
decidedly lower rate of mortality than the Nor,
than table; and there are grounds for
‘thin! — ‘the mortality which it representa is no
different from the actual rate moot
of England; though it cannot be supposed that
‘a table founded on 40 narrow a basis should give m
perfectly fair view of average mortality ef the
veatire kingdom, If the wean between the caleulatert
values for male and female lives be taken 1% agrees:
nearly with Me. Finlaison's. In order to ex-
‘bit the foundations on which tables of life annuities
‘and inauranoe have beon founded in this amd other
countriea, wo give in the following table the rate ef
erie Fy been observed to take
1000 el born together, e the mum
the end of exch year, till the whole become extine’,
in England, Francs, Sweden, &e., according to the
mont celebrated authorities, "The rate of
‘at Carlisle, represented in this table, is less
obperved anywhero else: the rates which
‘nearest to i$ wre those deduced from the
lresdy referred to, of M. Deparciewx, and those
port
018 ot
pgerse aa
ji agit ! onary
i S|
ibe ue HEE
is : nealis aa >
el
eaters
eae
the expec:
Tife, the value of wn annuity, &%.
icing
Rha last one St
Fg ofthe Rivlte
‘vray relation Whe owt Perera
ie ah az35| oso
it rn
005 |s4ea| spar ree | eras| sas
wo | wre | sxe | sie | seas] ae | same
rig rhs tou]
ter 71] ret om | weer] now] wae | ora
5
tH reanua [go3 ei
Hl ‘Pisbvesseid% tlt aH
relation to the rate of mortality
next table, oxtmoted from the Second Tr
the Committee of the House of Cur
=
erilly Boictien, ive view of the
lin anme of the met caebrlad len of mer
adpestatalid eas rap tt jeter) 22175 PE RRee
“Giusy” |BESPRESTSONGSSCETSRELEL DTS OGSESESTSLTS IS BOSSES NST RAN TNSSARGRA LANGA SRERABSRSSSeRSa sae ARAeY=—"~
‘What | RBSAURBTSESUSTESEEETNES SUTURES eheAeER a 7aaaEA TA GRAD ZEAaRESIEREANSESEAGERrECsasmsE=a=--~
el ‘Whmne < | HRPERCESDSTORTSTSE SUGNASSECSONG 23298928 9G9SES55 350s3 RELES EAE NSANNERSSESASE SECTS S ATARI =er< sen
ty
SSGSESSNSREITSRSSAURKRECS ES IARI NRRaaE Sse eeece ss ssuessr=genetErreewssssaesesasaane~~°o—=~
‘woNGomind “* | SEUSUSESASESERTATIENSSSSCS1SISUSS3 gERRER TT TTANETENARSAORINRSGSLERSSEATESRRESTS pARZES AAT Se Tee rem
i ‘won ™t | RERSSSTazEYSSCLSSIISS0SE2sOSANAL CDS RSdeSSRNECERAAZAREASHAZESS=SSAERESeESSUaSeRtneRAZSSM
“Younohr” | EPRSESTSUESRR TRESS TD a9SaRESTNSRESOSSISS I SESES 0S NATECNS PENSE RESNESEETEESESASEeCrE SS Ea
SEBRSRISITIIVSSESISASSASATLSL TASS SH FAINT STIONITT VIRUSES RACSAINSGRERSLHTRLEAN AS Rees s<anA=R6*-—e~
zOSSgGDSESESESISSEaaatssSSERRSea aT SMES EABUREESDS SANE TER IEH as =SBrAESESRoesassaauazas—~==-~
UGSSDSREAENENSH9RGRET=O SANARGNG ASR UNS ERASERS RAIS EARANS EAS SCERCRaTEavsRaRaNRa=s=a=neewwem
Hee SreeS ASR SSIS FG NTANSRRRSRSTARERAS SS ITISTS SATISAI I VSRVTSUTISESTEK LST SLC E Tes:
18k ANNUNCIATION—ANQUETIL DU PERRON.
the declaration ofthe ancl | (by which the price hold the hoa) to
Gabriel to the VI ‘informing her that she | be ordained; and thus, ‘expression
Se ee tee atin ol cork Fost 26-88). | of the vitoal of ordination, tba fe ‘power
Anuunciation Day ix * feast ot the church in honour | to bless, to and =
‘efthe ann in the wentern chu lergyman' these spots are rubbed
en the 26th of Murvh ‘The inxtitution of this fevtival | off. "(Por the oereimony tee
amaigned to the eoventh ccntury—The | Corvnation.) ‘The Grocka and Romans,
‘Sardinian, onder of ‘of the | the former, anointed themsel
io dell” Annunriata) wes | Athletm anointed themselves in onder it
itn more difficult for their antagonists to ft
tates
pd ‘ANGMALY; the deviation frum arulo, ‘That which
the Berdinian dovintes is anomalous. It in alo used in.
grandrosazer. astronomy to denote the angle which a line drawn
ranle, and. rust from » planet to tho sun has sinos
St. Manritive and St. the planet was last at its ‘nearest die
‘The decorati: lance to the sun. On account of the planets not
thicld voxponded to moving with the samo velocity at of their
Imnots, the ts, thie angle doos not increase ‘henos
‘roses, and it derived ite name. The anomalistic the
gus Khodum interval betereon two succeaaive times ak which the
of the Anni earth is in perihelion, or 365 days 6 hours 13 minutes
rinally 1 45 seconda. In consequence advance of the
in 1601, earth's perihelion, it in longer or
Marin common year by
‘one time fitty ANOXYMOUE (from the Greok) without
Axovrnis: names else, m person whose or
privative a) ; pain | who koeps his uame a secret, an
aay arise from different eaures, anonymous writi is an epithet applied to
teracting it must be very difforont. Thur, forinstanos, | an ‘name, Writers often conceal thezceolver
Sipain mayrbe peodoced by lafhanrastin; ond, fo this | andor n peoodo or fale names, whieh they retatm
‘ove, coating theans, {okewsrm posi mmetines | author, even when thelr tras marae bas long; heen
even or, known. It was some thno since
At ‘lier testes eof hn Laflamnicory | tonal at Stotgqard Ju G oe
Kind; for i » in debility of the nerves, cramps, | lawful for a third person to of
Seen ee eens |S
lien a ausooptibility | kno the anonymous
E> pelafel lonprendons by dlainlehing thn ehalilty rons ispensabto Yo the Wil (S08
of the nerves. In early times, when the doctrine of | Barbier’s Dietiownaire des Querages a
poisous and antidotes was more aitmnded to than any | Pscudonymes, ovmpoxts, traduits ow publica en Brame
‘other part of medicino, the soothing quality of many | raise em Latin, with historical and critloal
SSmplen os lio more clonly oberred, and a par | acond edition, Paris, 1839-26, 4 vols) | Authors
‘lass was formed in this way. As this thei maanes secret
exited to 4 high, degron in pia in | ¢g. Junius (9.0.)
tne, It not only obtained the fevt place fa this cam | ASQUETH-DU Pentoy, Ammann TYaciera; one
of tnplen but be wae anodyae won given to all | of the most ditinguah ‘the 18th
amixtares containing it. Other mont val anodynes | centary, ‘aris, Doo, 7th, 17315 studied
arechloraform and chlorodyne, Tho uso of anodynee | thoology at tho university there, and ob
i only when the causo of pain cannot be re | Auxorre and Amersfort; Teturning to Pars, that he
moved, or not 40 enon ax its violence requires, or | might study Hebrew, Arabic, and Persian mam
where {tself is more injarions than the cause | alvan Hk’ assiduous at the
which produoss it; eg. when it prorenta » favour- | library excited tho attention of the Al
blo crisis by zondering tho patient unablo to aleop. | keeper of the MSS, who obtained for hius
ANOISTING. From time immemorial the nations | salary as a ntudent of tho oriental Acci-
‘of the Eaxt have eon in tho habit of anointing them. | dentally meeting with some MS, fragmenta of tp
selves for tha rks of ath and bonuty: and toanoint | Zend-dveca (t,he resolved to = and
‘® guest, was to show him one of the highest marks | other means baviay failed, he 754 msm
of respect. In the Monaic law, and several ancient | private soldier, Hix zeal for sclence #0 deoply laa»
opp | ey tee! or hs bees gvreameen tae
obtained for hin ernment &
and’ a aaluy. cAmived af Pondiciéey, Be learned
modern Pervian, and went to Chanderni to study
Sauscrit, War breaking out with during
which Chandernagore ip ay
traversed a groat part o osula,
wottled at Surat, Here he prevailed on some Parsee
priests to instruct him in the Z by
‘which ho wus enabled to translate the dictionary’
other works from this lan ‘They alzo gave hive
aret Se Zoran ook The ino Fonte
aa a fon im to return to Europe, where
shueb, fond that of sncinting i arrived in 1762 with 180 MSS, and other
rt Tn tho Catholio chureh, the ardaining | ‘The Abbé Harthéleray now obtained for him w alta
5 | tion tn the Royal Library; and in 1763 ha waa ¢hdaa
bishop aneinis with the holy oil called chriam (qr
the pala of both bands, the thumb, and the forefinger
a imember of tho Acadeny of Bellerlottres. In 1¢7%
a
hho suoceeded Lanfranc, who died in 1089, as, Arch-
‘bishop of Canterbury, the throne of the primate
vacant four years. This he “4
a eee
nd Proslogiony bn the Inter Thats erpeeiek
the oxistence of w Supreme Being {x net
runs expounded
of the
into Des,
¢ firab archbishop
in his 27th year he was tained to the
rank of posteaptain, and was for a long time on the
il
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arrived at Spithead, havi
June 15, 1744, after an
nine months,
his
sauch to
and discos
adrairal Je if i
raised him to the poorage, with the title of Lord Ans
4m, Bar of Sobertm,. ‘Two of the prizes taken on
Ui accion were calla vince an Ja Gloire
vanquished 3 Glory tlic
\aished' the Invincible, an we you.”
Soci veces ivewacts by osimasa Port a ee
Admiralty. In 1758 he commanded tho floct before
Brest, protected the landing of the British at St, Malo,
Cherbourg, &e., and received the repulsed troops into.
his vesela Finally, in 1761, he waa ay ted to
‘convey the queen of George TIL to . He
Seas ee (originally Onolsbach)
or Assnaoit
touts patel esate es
i ttily wituated at jonetion e a
bach with the Lower Rezat, with 19,018 inhabitants.
fs
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Le
ation of several, where the ofan idan
fer eg er
‘ants, which are destitute of organs of motion,
‘materials which from their own mouths,
and which soe to have soine proparation
tn tr stomache. Tn ne weather thay careilly |
‘oon’ .
i
i
i
f
second evotion, cor domes of considerable size above ground. Some,
lerapmiarstepty form the most kingular | ta svt Teng be
rota, inidunt lal
Se bea sore rere the progasy are $6 be Teared,. tte asia)
interesting cli whether above or under ground, have commonly
ralini, strong and acrid odour, which axises feom the meld
gation ‘of | socroted by somo of them from glands placed near the
tall fanaa, This acid is known by the asthe of or
Fee a
of Swaznae yumar, and most + | fou in on of beew and wasps,
ber, wo must refer those who te produced astiially. One nmony the mos eustous
of natural science a gift as procious as it in rare —
Most of the apecies live in langy companies or to
<ioties, compored of thros warts of individaale—males,
females, and nouters, The males and females have
Jong wings, not 40 moch veined as in other insects of
the wane ction, which are very temporary; the
with, in
neuter, which are actually feu: perfect
ovaries, are destitute of wings, ‘Tho males and fo-
malorare found in the vioinity of their habitation but
their existence the deposition of their eggu for the
fomales,
‘which couple in the vieinity of the ant-hill, are fre:
quently seized upon by the numerous neuters, ear
Hel back fnto tbe galloron of tir dwelling, and
detained, until they destroy their wings, and lay
thoir opge; itor which they cease to be of conso-
quence, and am driven forth, The males are much
smaller than the females, and have larger eyes,
has, ——— with the general
have since been arn;
off to their next,
faympha pectiliar to
to the
vanquish
Not onl
the aphides ax will.
to the ger
nests being individuals of
xpecion, Huber first observed, and his
wmazon or eanguineous ant resorts to ¥i
obtain working wuts of othor species,
two, thus setually making slaves of
regularly about the xume hour, when
day begins to diminint, and for ne
they design to plunder; there, in spite of all
pre rd ogee ail
helr own nest, where other nouters
‘Roped todvidone aswel toa te eel
dividuals os well ea of theo
bes “Anethac acxuedingiy, soci
relation to ante is the subservieney of the
ects called aphides or rine-fretters to their
i
eral rule
if
‘ly confirmed, that the
jie
he
"The nonters of
Lt;
i
days, advance in ® clense amass tows
bs
HG
HEE
tls oeachan, Se oes
ait
iter
ties, The aphides are remarkable for from
lito prominences on the posterior part of thelr
bodice a small drop of limpid and swoot-tasted Huid,
do the anta profit by this when it ie fosmd
on the loaves, but they know how to obtain it from
"An ant approaches the aphiig
ie
i
EERE :
rail
H
uf
i:
i
fe
Bis cis wns hor’ they labw cate of thm ty
‘of young to feed, It woul
ta derived ol thir nour
mont from the aj or from the dead bodies of
"ANTEATER (Mi 1.) a genus of mam-
riforoun quedroped, of the onler Zaentata, O- This
peculiar race of animals is ebiefly found in the south-
‘imlaishing the numbers of immense hordes
hich dowdlate
wl
dwellings. Every
roodtera the ant eaters
thoy gather their prey,
antorior, aro Tol wil
om ‘acuta nails, admirably adapted for broak-
ing into the hillooks ‘containing their ny ate
fout.""The moat rematlable of the spect, whose
adits are beat known, in the Myrmecephaga jubata, | M;
or great ant-eater, aometimes called ant-bear.—The
st ant-eator is four or fivo foct long, exchunive of
tail, whieh is about three, The head and an.
terior extremities are covered with a brownish hair,
which in mixed with white on the trunk and tail,
‘though the predominant colour is brown. On each
aide ofthe shoulders there ia & Back, Tand. between
two white ones, which ascend towards the middle of
the back, whore the hair in elongated to = sort of
‘mane, which increases in longth and thickness to.
‘wards he lnse of the tall. The heirs at at the end,
and round for the rest of its length, somewhat rex
sombling the hair of the dear, ‘Phe foro-ost havo
187
k
ef
Hil
it
Hl
7
Fe
H
fs il
ie
f
nese
ie il
i lp i
TPH ER Ge
4 Ha
ehapeeper EEE
att ee
a
eutiy
a
tHE
Hth§
bit
Hn
a
Coppmerptiio bre tyiaaoindicee Un i, wad
ere nes eee ee the earth
covering it was removed, rain fell until the hole wos
filled again. Sertorius ie said to have opened the
gravo; but when he found the skeleton to be six!
bi horrorstruck, and instan
again,
Anracoxisr Musctsts; thove muscles which have
‘opposite functions, ns flexors and extensors, advo
tore and adductor.
ANTANACLABIS (Greek) ; the repetition of a word
inadifferent meaning, or as adifforent part af speech,
which attracts attention, and gives expreeivenon £0
ihe phrase; ee “Let the dod bary ther dead" or,
i
cei
f
Fock
aH
Hate
3
2
aR
Fie
i
it
tie
F
i
H
7
2
3
4
2
:
to men
ay ‘the yea within the antarctic circle, but oftener
enite aro extended boundary. Our
samtarotic eaux.
ibe flow! bin aceorae lat. or wai in eee
bE wing, 71° 104. Ta 1819 the New
Bouth hetleal lands, @ group Iylog between 60°
32 and 67" 15’ S las, 44° 68’ ond 68° 16’
W, Jon., wore disoovered by Mr. Wm. Sosith, master
of an dnglish Sineo that time tho boun.
daries of our ‘within the Antarctic circle
have boon yreatly extended Ly expeditions in which
the British, French, Russians, hes
‘Americans have
taken an hononratle In
lar Sir James
‘Rowe, in command of tho Brebue and Terror, titted
‘niles farther thin any previons navigator, further
Progress was arrested by a barrier of foe.
AXTEDLLUYIAS; any thing or being which existed
Lefore the deluge, | See Deluge.
ASTELOrE (Antilope); a genus of mammiferous,
utninant quadeu to the deor and
beat, fine
than | a fami
4
ANTAR—ANTELOPE,
Z
:
z
il
eH
iF
i
i
Pa
ive
i
i
lone of rnmeular vigour and coxty
than the deer, thay do not ad
bounds, but by
in some epecies
a
i
:
i
E
|
i
!
EG
|
rf
il
Fr
E
i
i
:
Hl : HH
aeee i
ay
oat; wifle a few others appraximate
to the appearance of th cx. With a
en, harn-
|. ‘The gnu is tierce aud warlike,
ting through life a vicious and indomitable dix
i
an
‘or families, consisting of twenty
als, ‘They feed exclusively on:
sropnsionsy living
individ
oe ee eee
6 ea80n, ene-
tans ty lars oo rose Gah ‘ont aa
this fa, SCeannot save ther a
uit of the jackal, or the insidious ling of the
tiger, Lions, leopards, ounces, and other carnity
fn at ledge ao
+ and man, aid
ie shire to their destruction. In the great
aystorn of balances established by nate
Fooullaty adapted for thelr slaadion,
rally in countries whore @ luxuriant vegetation
and | quires constant efforts to repress its:
Tie they at tho same tine farabh Istge supelien of
food to numerous carnivorous anitnala us
the human race. Dr. JJ. E. Gray makes tho
te
(Antilope), and divides ther into the two
sgroat divisions af anielopes of the felds and
the devert; the former having nostrils stmoath wed
from hairy, the later having, them bearded
‘within, of covered with bristles ‘The antelopes of
the ficlds again are divided into three grospa
true antelope, the cervine or deer-like antelope, and
the soatlike antelope. To the true aajlopes belong
the
#
3
Mine tee seeentiast PAE Sd pean Leeann
by the Ruwian naturalist | ite lymte horos; the madoqua of Abyminis, the
the Uni
istinotion wins drawn nx to persons born in Britain
‘before the colonies were from the mother
ANTENSa, in Bodies, wit
removed with his sons to i
the Ileneti, to Ltaly, where he founded Pateviam,
now Pod
lua.
Asnimnos, in mythology; the god of mutual love.
he Uae et Rtsay ates thst Oe oso ee ap
god of love, was grown up, his mothor bore Anteros
‘to Mars, & flotion which indicates that love must te
autual. According tosomne, however, Anterus is the | monks,
= love, or
smi lo peel these
ot
antipahy; Be wae alsa
of
who did not retum the love
choot
AL Wee
about 60 nc. In later times the
Constantinople, who. howover, by his ex.
‘taatelens
the Anthology of Ceplisins, rather injared | to preserve fram
Pivces,
hha Ne
Latin ancient
powem waallse ih chuvacter tothe rook anthologi io
we owe to modern scholars. The first of Ueaercel:
Jections waa Catalecta Vetcrum Poctarum
"ANIHOMY , St, the Great; frst intitator of mon-
susiie Ie; born 4°0, 251, at Come, sear Heracles,
town of Upper Exypt; went Into relirement from s,
ML see at Mole aa Oe
AD. 308 mavern!” ermits
of the East having boon dra St Daal
train of te Calli eure A
itl
E
i
Hy
Le
i
i
[:
3
I
Ri
E
E
2
E
him, which is a maxtor. are.
ANTILKACETE (from the Greek anthnas, coal) ia the
to vrlads proyacios font of iene an
Ina. Ie igniversrith someditculty, en
ey
tates I$ occurs in.
si, berera, aorta by the Laven
iar furnaces and grates. It is Ww
Targely aed in all the maritine parts of tho Uaitet
States, not only for manufacturing purposes, ia which
whore it ls much used inamelting. In the | Walde
:
le
arf
the
‘ethnological relationship which exists between the
ces of times and those now living. ‘Phe
third branch of A. is that which concerns itself with
sy Vanished to
tianity among the Goths, and di
Christ, 'Thoy wore excommunicated by.
surah, rather on acoonnt of their persevering tn th
ame timo with:
the present day the Mormons offer & ex
le of the resuscitation and development of anthro~
pomorphio doctrines, Tho heathen re a
almost always strongly ant a
at the Greeke and fioane, Yor istanes, dideeed
fom ten only ia the poseonion of i and
superior mental and physical power. A certain
amount of anthropemorphian in language is unaveide
‘they hd sacrificed to their idols. In some iuxtacen
1 horrid desire for human flosh appears to have been
cceusioned by disease, like other perversions cf the
ite. ‘a cowherd, names Goldschmidt, who
ad committed a murder, and in order to prevent
Caribs are said to hayo been cannibals at the tin
tho Spanish conquott of America, and the
“canmibal"" ix bolieved to
gardens, vineyards, and orchards, and
cellent olives, figs, orange,
export consiat of #tane for building, fruits, olive-
oil, 0, A. was founded undlar the nate of Antipolix
arvailles) wou
orephats whe would pretend to bs the trae Christ
ety
chureh, whose appearanes, announced by their own
paroottiony would the reappearance of
Chrint, whic wim then commonly expected. With
tho beliot of the millennium. which was to succocd
any deciiion with regard to the various notions its
members have entertained on this subject. Napoleon
I
towns
‘one in Thesaly the other in Phocis, farnous for the
Hhllaboro whiel in their noij hood, ‘This
twas in te us a aaodicine, and was
a Batico ks tacknaeal ‘the brain, and
Por hor history, see the
ip ‘has iommor-
tallzed her in his CEdipus at Colonus und bis Anti-
Aimiaoxvs; one of the generals of Alexandr,
‘born about 382 p.c When, after the death of Alex.
ander, hie erale divided hin conquests among
iomacives, he obtained the Greater Plryela Lycla,
and Famphylia, Perdiocax who strove to wnite all
tho states of Alexender under his own dominion, and
‘who feared the energy of Ani ‘conned
ees to the Rapeorecrs vf the A mw
wrough hia intontions, embarked secretly for Hurope,
and pao himself with Craterus and tg shrree
. Thoro threo tan, loge with Ptolemy,
: wat
‘The | gone.
short time, he became master of almost all Asia; for
Sclouous, who reigned in Syria, and had endeavoured
to oppose his vanrpations, was likewise overpowered
by him, and songht shelter with Ptolemy. A. pose
a
e
i
i
ny
al
ceitelt
deel
EERE eLeEa?
EF
if
i
Hi
3 til
RFE
pe
Sa
asin al siden Wy hata, ings, na rosin ond
esroundel on, the nor an caah wis many rocky
Sete The inland rine» nowherw abors 1000 foe
inland. “eat ty ste nd does not
og nepe is w aoaroity of
. The sey fro mugnr, maw cotton,
Tolass, and rum. The population te 36,412, of
2566 are whito, de rest, coloured, An-
overs By Gelamabon in 1409, ‘The
fo, f0 2689, by » fow English
Charlee I
Serta E1088 Conn 1 pot ted it to Lond
lou In 1666 a French expedition, uniting
rath the Cs a foraded the a iid waste tho
Tn 1706, and ciated the three sno.
ceeding years, Antigua was cured by the govern-
went of & ferocious aud unprineipled tyrant, whore
rimes and teagical end will nob soon be for-
ten in tho Went Indies. ‘The administration of
it Park eeetne to havo resctnbled more cloaly
the tarbaroas d ‘of Nero or Caracalla. than
pty of the ea te
fragments to beasts of
‘was this panishroent thoogi to be desoFved,
Sho Brith gorerament rtd the set by grant
ing @ general pardon to all concerned in it, and
4
Bt Vincent, Tobago, St-Luci, fon See Wet Puan.
(Armen tern
fell in the
‘whom hard
called ion
cei tine Ure
‘he apes
traditions hi of later The
ios 708 im are
Ws) thpont » uaive ok who
'e suppoied to hand eae fi ie Lor =e
‘AlAs, ko placed. Buniva bolore
et Homes — which the
the Bios
fragments of which remain,
ANTIMONY Iso bluish-white, brittle metal, te
sealy or foliated texture; it has brilliant Losey ad
ee ait, marly Oh ie ak coke
tilled the regular of antineny, and and is used ax an
to heat
Searviti hao pales :
of antimony.—Antimony forme with 0
nies, with which the aes unite und’ pire ta be
numerous salts, the most important of is the
double one called tartar emetic of
tartaric acid with
‘is manufactured in the
ound of poe
tartar, and boiling
for an hour or two:
sand act by to eryetalliso, ‘Tartar
ly used antimonial medicine; and
SSmanaged ax to: produce elther
a vomit. — Antimony t ound tn hs
in minale quantitics ia veveral
colons! slztare with ore of ite MSSaaen
por; but it in from its combination with
‘whioh state it cooure frequently in Raver, Sait
land, and Hungary, that the antimony of
isfurnished, ‘Thisimineral, thecalpburstat Sasa
is found in compact, foliated, and radiated maawe, mk
ANTIN( US. 193
well as ‘colour is « | coantenance has something melancholy : his eyes are
q Aridescont, | al ‘with good outlines his
Beate of 8 Gecniopt toate Ue siovis eoluie Bice toa
candle;
wholly:
sm
cont] —To | miles from the sea, in # beautiful and fertile A
obi Cacarhoge pe twas founded by Seleucus Nicator, Poet
ore is into largo | waa named after bia father Autiochos. Tho tirt
‘arthon ‘and thoes | iahabitanty were from the neighbouring nd
- ‘is mpplied | unfinished city of At founded Anuigenus
thuret of | in 807. Tt was four in circurnference, wie
and flew | famed for the number wad splendour of its public
shore it | buildings, Uhe Seleucid xaonarch vied with
without cach Rana teed sand the
tury dering | Roman emperors having ala dono moh, to adorn it
contains | It was onll a ee
substance | Beautiful,” and it wos advantageously situated
‘Toasting the | trade, being easily appronched by the ‘of the,
:
A
fi
1
i and
eee of frivolous amusements, and their
awind-furnace. It also affords, by ealeination and | ridioule and scurrilous wit. A. in frequently inen-
sulmequent fusion in earthen crucibles, the glass of | tioned in the New Teatau if
sacle ef -0 ene bpe Mace. te) clita ods enc We EO al ONC
tion of tartar emetic. ‘in ots xi. 26). Fow place have 0
Tpopolar soedlciee, ts Hesse from the | nlamitng on A Ta. 65, oh oe es Tuking up
‘calphuret of antitnong, ly boilin imony
pal aabes; the eres mineral 1s depastval i the
nb brow ‘The supernatant
i
a
tf
Hil
of the
and 3e-
fesragemnent of the mural Iw, into which some Pro- 30 ye
tevtants wero betrayod by il-judged attempts to emperor
tcale the olfluoy of faith in tite salt “taken by the
Tohn Agricola was the most consptenous ‘when it
thie r, waned in 1637 viojently attacked Lather and ‘They established the:
‘Melanciion on thia ground, in a publ wan Boe-
in Wittenberg. But in 1539 he recanted, ya taken
lished seumuaciation of his rvoom in 1640, nt Borlin,— Tn 1616
Antinomians ix the ni de ‘to those who adhere modern
to hie doctrine, hy maintaining direst, ‘of the
ary lnplication, ‘the moral law has ceased to be , with
Cron! ‘on believers le of Let as narrow, dirty sees! me nce gore one story,
NTINOUS : @ aynian, wl extrava- population ix varios river, es ranging
ant Jove of Hindtian han icrmevtalized, Whethorihs | between 6000 or 7000 aac 18,000, ir har some
threw himself into the Nile with the intention of | manufactures of sillatuffi, f, end carpets, end
preserving the life of Hadrian, whom he accor] same trade in these artic mn wool,
on his tras or weary of hin own life, is | bees’-wax, &e. ‘The neighbourhood of abounds:
not to be decided. Hadrian sect no bounds r, Olive, trees, and in vines, but
: ty hin |i
igvie€ for hin lows, Not eatinficd with giving the namo | indifferently cultivated.
of hin favourite to nowly-discovered star i ANTIOCIUS ; a naane of soveral Syrinn kings, rome
il nppellaton iil she arvctad | of them important in Roman hietory. ‘he fivt who
his honour, called cities after him, and | was known by this name, & Macedonian, and general
King Philip, was father of the faunous Seloucus
empire. His image waa therefore td ‘y | a), by his wif Lauice. The son of the later,
tho artoin every way. ever a thew figares belong | A Her, earied cx many wowuccomful wars, and Is
to tho fom remains of antiquity, particularly the | chisly known fer his love of his etp-mothor,
Anti in ' in the ‘of | nice, ‘Though he endexvoured to aubdue his
Hadrian; and the A. of the Capitol, found in the villa | it threw him into s lingering nicknos, which continved
of Hodrian at Tivoli, Antiquaries, however, differ | till the king’s physician, percsived the
‘much in opinion concerning thee ‘casiwe anid disclosed it to his father, who thereupon,
will not allow thotn 19 be images of A. but recaguizo | from love to his only son, gave him hie ‘endl
in them tho characteritics of cortain or gods. | beautifal bride in marriage. One of his ta
£
3
5
E
s
3
u
a ae
a
Hi He i i a in
a bee i ee ni
dlls due i Hil a i ae iia Heli
Has i ae silanes ut i ies stil
sei Laue ETE annilreuit
int Hit Ghu eH ef ied ae Hi si Wil rgauayiie
a a iA ue tge
all ile qt teal
aa We ae ane len
ment Ini Uae ala bis ah I
Galella daa
PAE
Bu
Hell
UA
Hag ity Ht
fhe i:
HHA
Hi
ne
i Fee
Hj
ce
pected
from the
the
bear
and of the
eee
Ce
mete
of the
aa
wo
:
——
mate
Hen
re sil
i et
iu ie
eat
HE ieee
i
io ti iu
dul
ete!
pect
pS
Hil
ull Pr bee
ae hit ae
raat
acl el 2
ie ti
Hh f
ata 4A
HE KE}
shefiagtta
ali days
4335
Lae
Hath vel
25
ie
cage
a Hel ii
Gus He
Ba en :
i ae
es el
4 ih ‘ull
ik ee
ienindiass
ine HELI
t alel nF
a
ia tu il
if
cal Tenttne on Gh Great Britain: Ken
Pages ep poms ah
a
After the convulsions which attended
ANTIQUE.
corrosive sublimate,
sulphuric ether, ebdoroform,
alocs,
‘the vote af
aoteplin
bis: od
ANTISPARMODIC.Antixpaxmodion re. medicines
[rope for tocar ot pastas and convulsions Opi
1, and the essential oils of
oenoed, | table, ars tg owt unefl of ts clam of medians
“Axiriern ex; founder of tha enot of
owas born at Athens, and flourished in the:
of the 4th century nc. Me enjoyed the
‘term | of the sophist Goryins, and followed
@ thotorician; but after he had
ronounced the vain ornaments of
to devote himself entirely to phils
che arp wba
7 yored to
meee een Creetpap a tinge i
parted lic rx; | virtue to vinb ix ve
Epeconte ecells: gitbeia of bs bess bes vious | pandauce of axieioe eronmamons 5
spur, the deny sper lip erect, thone bm ieee enarl vies
lower a I, the middle segment | ledge. le aimed to 108 heel)
wad. eens ‘which closes the mouth;
il
fel
ff
a
(yx.)_ The latter is celebrated for the
vivacity of hin mind, and the
romarka; but the oonduct of A. waa
‘He was prewent at the death of Soaratos,
|
forgave hix master’s nconsars, whom he is
i
‘beot instrumental
ANTISABATARLAN® | modem religions eect, who he wok uj
deny the neceity of observing the Babbath. ‘Thote | Cynotarges, a echool of Athens; from which
hie that the Sabbath ah | wtanco some wupporo the school deri
‘institation, and that in the New Testament no exm- | ‘The opinions of A, ate well known,
t for hogping itin to be found. ‘The Quakers | works are all lost, with the except
do not object to sho observance of the Sabboth, yet | The tlme of his death is unknown, but be
‘attach importance : the bale of Leactra (0.0. 971), and died af the
i of 70,
ference, fn point of view, between Sabbath | Axrrrmesis (opposition); =
and any other day. which two things are attempted to
i
s Han pass
Se:
Hl es ier a EBT
Ee Te
at HEU ep Hiatal ely Ar rE
atc Pa a He : amet
te Tliaeett i La
rate yet uh Cn t igh Tee
EH slshiall sil Te na WRG tnt
nae |e ETT ee a
qladl Hee Talal BEEING Hh a ;
ee au
i ae in? ite il q tal UE Haale ih
Pui flea (ae Geet sola
sing gue He eel etal teats &
| Hee Peery Hee Eu i
iFlag Hie Loe sal Bir i SES !
hein PELE FH TBE ne ih roe
HH i i
el
HT Ua aa Ace me
E Hiei fe
iil iien penile an a i (ele deca!
Hen pel linde es EHTEL
i ae EL ce
sn UTE aa, BHA ao ee
BREE lite filing Bat eiy eigesinafigidditesiaile
; ig2eh fh adh alt eiieg: eating cel
Uieacninliia a sal Puen He an
rl sae Pa Z Wee spiny STCa Rui
Haein hadi Wael
ie Ce Hh Ht aie
apsyeeis ieee?
ee
Blan
slnitaiatigie
er REH tl
a Hep ay va a Hy ue Leet ia ea
eri: We FLEE E fi ry PE
ay ae iat | fire tls saa BEE
Hi Hee ED
i a mH H He al ile ik es
eal ti Le nl a La
ray WRN any ne iG! i SUTRA
EG ar Ha
a i tite aie ee ci
- i 4 A 3 +4 a5 z ig4 ‘3 3 2 :
ae ie a tt
Ppa reteset ee cat
ule Rat il gh i Hide Hille Hae haa
if
Be
HH
:
ze
if
f
t
i
ua
lle
aH r
ue
aie i
Hi
Le
AL
F
E =
H
EE
°
F
I
i
re
?
Hl
:
f
aE
PF:
hand to be
which bis had
00
Accondi 300 senators and 2000 knights
Postbed da tL peomrtpeon. When the =a |
money uocessary for the war was procured, vie
Basin eres Ges 8 sien: do all
herding’ rmvviri had appoint
for wovoral years, A, and Octavianus departed in 42
for Macedonia, whare the united forcos af their eno:
him, | army, and surpocti
wld be interret with the highest
orders that it abo
honours. He then weal to Greece, visited the public
manifeated hia ad:
this city, splendid’ even in ite ruinx. Thenoe
ho pro-
t fare hime up wo mont
lowpot, and. by hia
conduct and sinvish devotion npr
which was decided in favour
arrival of A. in Italy. The death of Fulvia feciliteted
‘ reooneilistion between the two
P
&
#
bandoned coure
ont back lis beautiful and virtuous wife!
iy tra, without rogned to the
of the state, ki ive
whe
terercine the most open injustice Afber a
accusing him of
triamph
g¢
; if
iF
li
ican
many of his adherents and embit
Rome. All thls chimed
‘ity of arvebing
nent the
i
3
?
E
| :
« EF
EE
HF
hho took caro to
ings caused. War between the
ame inevitable, and oth began to
Amid s round of pleas
important affairs, and filled the
rendezvous of his troops, with musicians and.
At length war wos ds
Queen of Egypt, and A. was deprived of
ship and government.
forces, and A, lost, in_the naval
(er), ne. 9}; the dominion of the worl
gracefully’ fol loopatra. in
Eemy on land waited in vain for ‘and
last surrendered to the conqueror ‘Upon’ ie
went to Litya, where a con ‘howt, whieh
tal Tlt her; a alot hope. Ou i axel
perceived that it had exbraced: Octovianus,
EST hs grist "on the Uleovert =e Bigs a
‘wns with much ditfioulty prevented from connanlating
fiche. | Me returned to Kayes and ved
scurity, till Cleopatea succeed f ack
to her and to his former mods of
festivals wore interrupted by the arrival of
who refused all proposala of wubmisiion, A® hin ap
pearmnos betore Alexandria, A. seamed to recover
all his former courage We marched out at the!
hostile foros:
i
ies
A
FF
ing that
patra, bo again lost his oournge. He
‘of the queen, in oner 1 tak Vongeanee
Boer aie fd, es
fal upon his own eword, 0. 90, Plotaseds
that’ ‘A. commanded his slave Eros to slay him
slave, pretonding to bo ready to obey, requedted
‘the mowt zealous defender of monarchy and the | migrants of tho 17th century.—The town of Axrrit
Bourbons Tay wd st Milan by Bonaparte in | ix pleasantly situated at north end of Lou
Se ee eee bee een |e eee Tabstinoe aliety opueed eae
‘al u was . ibante in
‘councillor-of state by Alexander I. of Russia, and | mannfacture. Pop, 2131.
sont on public busiaies to Drewlen, whore he wrote | ASTWERP (German, Antwerpen, Kroneh, Anvers),
a remarkable work inet Napoleon—Fragment du | the chief {mph ‘Belgium, and tho I
vinoe of the same namo,
in Russia with the seoret | bank of the Scbeldt, 274 mil
Somes creer rece cere maa
ows to sims i. at in sich is
aire Gon_ He peo er tls | oh vp. em
Saracens a aera | ara
vervices he could never win the confidence of Louis frat Kadi comet
XVILL Ip 1812 he was murdered in o village near | 5 leagues in wit
‘London, together with hie wife, by hie servant, | on the river. Tile
Lorenzo, an Italian, who committed suicide imme- | the lin whieh had become too
Neagh and
66 miles; breadth, east
Pop. (1871) 419,752. The surface of the county is | forte and outworks outalde, and at rome distance
almost wholly 00 trup, |The eastern and | the fortied enosinte. ‘The guneral appearance of
ively mount ‘prodnced
ny the numerous chnrebes, ‘mgnificen
heath and bog, but no part of it rises to great | public buildings, the statelyooking antique houses
height, and Trostan in the northeast, | which line its older thoroughfares, and tho profuxion
‘Slemish, near the middle of tho county, and Divis, | of beautiful trees with which it is adorned. The
‘near Bolfast, are tho principal pean iy Tieaides | oldor streots are ej pee =
the Lagan and the Bann, which flow from Lough | so much so that a stranger hns w diftionlty in fining
Antrim from Downand London- | hia way; but the streets of the newer quarters are
‘ary several aualler rivers, | broad and regular, ‘There sre acveral squares, some
gone opr of which are very handsome. At the of the
into
MilerWeter end” tho Crumlin, | 400 feet high, one of the lange ata yet bea
‘treats of leo importance entering Lough Neagh, &e. | specimens of Gothic architectnre im Belgiam, anid to
yj i ale PASE a eT say
: oH Hits He ta af ce iat
jai E He Peal ia Hate Baal
F Ht HY tel le ua at aya
3G 2 r Ye STH Hid Fie BH fe Pi z aieytt
ee ee anne
Prue inal rH IFHED le} in all Hall Halll
fie GH GIAE Hepa Sane
pL LL i Hy ny / Hil nile aig iy
Pali! i aud Be iy tparigag
si at es i
FF ent bey Bt Hi eet i 1 ble
Cee Hea ie HG uae hey
5 Hel eu ered iad ii Hiei HIE
AN
aif
He inl! i Hi re i
iy i HI iy Buey 4 inal PHO
‘| i ae ti ae Hey Ceuta
ee ft ne ieee i ee ee
UH ualae HHA tf ii Ca Hy
ae LRT Ee art
ul ae ies ae Patten
i ae ae HF rt ‘edit Wl sin
Se ei ee
say! cujanneaa iH
He ae ae ae
eR RAEI Hila tl a
aH ul ists
ny oi Pil Hl
2
iu
4
5
#
a
igi
cla
Eeksez
i
Ey
i
2
5
E
F
i
if
=
ite etmangth and forocity are euch that it
inthoforents it inhabits. With tts massive
Which wre furnished with long fangs, it oan
an ordinary wusket-barvel with the
Tt inhobits tho equatorial rejgions of Western
Fox iplne ei also an inhabitant of
Africa, ially of the conte of Congo and An»
the proportions of ite members, and form
the had 2 slowly resembles dhe human kind. Tt
a very ainusing, though at the same time au un
ive st to ropd the monstrous ox
Sagorstone and ridieulous fablea which bare, tnen
some ofthe apes try eazioos lated anthora
LAs thoy am always otitained when very young, they
are trained to the performance of actions which sheir
echibitors afterwards are careful w say have been
Ly voluntary imitation. It is, however,
sfter fong and painful disciline that this ed:
cation is effected; and thie ono terminated they
mivance no farther. ‘They never exhibit as much
saepcliy ns ia shorn by x quod dag, nor are thes
‘capable of an equal degree of iunprovesent, As they
slyance ia life thoy become unteastablo, savage, and
dangerous. Lascivious, filthy, giuttonous, and fero-
cious, thoy offer to man a perfnct picture of what he
would by wore ho like thom destitute of the divine
facalty of reason, which controls the brute impulses
of his orgonlzation. In their native hoants these
Srimals manifest differences sulficiontly steiking, in
their habite and modes of life, to rendor them inte
renting objects of contemplation, Homo of tho
are
dls | andthe
| origin 40
epecion
lo for great activity; others are sluggish, | fore, was justly called ars A pelea,
| he forthwith corrected it, whereupon the
al
ial
ute
ie
te
ath
dl
t
=
uF
F
i
onohor,
si
to
‘the frinndahip and familie intercourse
established, wl
fe
l
‘vieited the study af Protogenos
the totter, he drow with a pencil om a
ready to be painted a fine coloured
on his return,
wtroko of (AL, and
accoringly drvw a tecond and finer
and drow a third wtil finer than
so that the Khodian painter d
quered. ‘The panel eoutaining the
{Cr ened engraton
ina
in: 2h tations of Ay
Inia subjects. ‘Eh
of his pictures: was Veuus rising fror
sea and wringing the water frou her
Anocyomene,) Hin portrait of
a thunderbolt in hia hand was 10 lem
Ry a happy spplication of perspection and eljan
oicury, the hand with the lightning meemed to pe
frow the ploture, ‘The talent and renown of AA.
fot their height about n.0. 990. Death
surprised tho artiat in
in
i
il
gt
il
é
i
i
a
ik
i
es
if
to 800 nc. Among the
told of AL
one W ve tise to the Latin prowerk, Ne
amupra erepidam, * Lat the cobbler stick to bis show”
Tt is maid that having heant » cobbler
error in the drawing of «shoe in one
upon him to criticize the leg of! the
reecived from tho artist the famous
greatest merit of A. was inimitable grice;
were full of life, grace, and powtry, pat Ii
id
APENNINKS
Feral tho
valley of Savona,
woat shore of the
versa the whole
Minton beng tose
‘The total longah o the A, from thelr comen
‘to the Strnit of Mesina in nearly 80
the sinuositios ‘The avorngo
‘the range fs about 4300 feet, and nowhere
ilo they reach the limita of sow, though
rummnits exceed 2000 feet in height,” Monte
Corno, ealied alin Gron Samo d'Ttalia, or the Great
Rook of Italy, which rises among the mountains of
the Abruae, not ar from the town ot Aqui, be the
Tf of aha chan, sing tothe helght of O54 feet
ia the ygiow rise the abapelem mass
Majolla, with ite cartellated crows of rocks, and the
Monte Vetino (9181 and #174 foet high ro.
spectively), both of whlch overlook the brant kn
high, ccomplotely from
the manin bain; and iy rouarkble an foreaing almost
the a arity by which the eastern coaxt of
extent: ond the
of Rurope, is an instance, and tho Tak
forms prevented by them are, however, agrenable to
‘them
‘tho oy; the Sub-A. are rounded and undulating in | him,
thoir contour, ‘the main bin is dist
which may be mention
ta, oar Genoa (2549 foot high),
the road from Florence to Bologna
rs
APHRODITE : the
‘the | which ho impacted to the ehildres a
be
i
SHH
Hi Hf
F 3
Ets
e
b
published under the cium, i
{no Clius, who wauined the ial nickname
Ams Hapiy; » boll to which divine honours
é
i
i
il
5
3
FEZEEF
Ea
bul found, ho was
four months in the osst, As
new moon he was let ship, with
Sa to Heliopolis, where
was
fl
i
where he had a le, two chapels to dwell in, and
sslarye court for exeraise. ‘He had a
10 be
account
12 is goaoraly balloved thot tho Apo.
‘was written by John in. his old age, st the
of the first contury, (n the ale of Patmos, whither
hold been bantabed by the Roman eupercr Det.
tian, we Look was commanly moyarded. as
ino in the first conturies of Christianity, eritios
wvo not been wanting who have doubted the evidence
of ts being the work of tot. Its genuine
seeans 10 have qnestioned contary:
Dut Archdeacon Woodhouse, ia his dimertation on
the divine origin of this book, im answer to the ob-
Haat
diel
a Ha at
ae
i
: oH ie
Tet
et
a
18
H}
ini sn ff me a ae i a tail
eat oe a a
Haat i ee Huei lab Hiteenea ene
Bae Sepeigagaii? Tee 4isfyaiis uaa Lp Bb
a a
Sad. é gbc4a¢g =4 48 332. EE
Heyes Se anil er a
| Heer i ie ete a on TL Pana
eae eat Heenan neta deel
iy] silt i a pega sie Ebay aint
Hea eee cae ist HEAT Man
aaghua if 4 4 pul! Ho Tae i Hie Bea H i it
inh ee WE aie Hie EE lena ali ie
Al
er
Le Maral i a Face ‘ne
iG aeucuieedy spine tindyedale ee
at eed ae den tea all
k y igiaite a Gd HH i at buy jaa
a a UA SOC antan ate eT
ae Whit Haale ee iSpy fi ot ‘i te
i ae He Cae ie LAE Hina 4a] it a
saa ae ii ee
Fi ih dh A iI te He i ltt
Ring 4 ile Pu ih ae te Ht
Hl iat nie flitd “ai al ue Sant
i Ge Pinal antl
BLE
at
i
Fe
HH
i
‘
it
;
Hi
:
i
uw
j
i
£
it
i
H
a
e
EE
it
i
ee
his aniracles
earns Gein tates
wi wie nt Idle ages,
Bu Tanurusyres,
i
i
lootrings to.
wan 7 ;
1 rlotes the romantic adventures which Av. 2 ian
passes through ‘ago with
fe daughter of watt Coenen
extant; but there existe
‘of it in Unree editions, one of which ik contained in
‘the Geta Romanorum. romance ix of ey
interest to us as having furnished the
wich ma plata sera
also in ils before th date of Periden’ An
the Latin of the Geata was
English from
printel by W, de Worde in 1510, and
Mepis Ske eleplito bal been taste os arly no
Satin conmeny
MATOROETICN, A grant number of apologies ware
rien im defen of Christianity in the early aes
of Tae ppt ‘others, but apologetion
forma @ seperate branch of theological nclence
sth century, We understand by them &
echibition of the arguments for the
:EE
if
i
iz
J
bility of he: }, Paley» Beidencer, Bishop
Watson's sApolegy for Chr Christianity, dc.
Avorouen.
Apovoey ; ‘eienos uf ote who accu. Sadicnt
fe anciente ere public, as they are io
‘America, and condisted of wpeechos for
snd pgusal w porwn or rouse, and of tho examiner
ial | Th
ory, | silane of tho 13th century, wan bora
fi
i
tH
Hi
i
:
ag,
i
t
i
i
i
i
i
:
E
i
i
i
3
z
:
i
i
i
fe
#
a
i
4
i
é
F
5
a
5
i ate
#2
ie
:
tie
Ed
IF
I
fl
sE*
zit
=
H
be
HE
ie
au
&
Hi
in public court, After the secure
belonged
‘were,
Chrtatetiy rach apolgiatn‘ os
eat etched I, ether vey or ‘i ie ae
sinvation, In consequence, now apologies
bean written, and,
exhibit great power at
yer are alto apol
ticular mnota 5 6
People in Scorn calted Quakers,
Avoxo, Pern, ou0 of the nest celsbrated
oaeatt
Abnno, a village near Padus, in 1250.
at the university of Pati” Hi
physician became so great, that bin
cons Was finished. Hix body woul
signed to the flames, bat
female domestic, who had it
‘and secretly roburied. His
more than equal to this
Dake of Urbino and the senate of
Padua. .
ometed statues to him. Besides the war, oo
ciliator Diflerentiarum Phil
ore,
Medicoram, this author wrote De Veneta
t. | Remediia (Mantun, 1472); Geomantia y ‘Gucetionan de
‘worken,
Fetivibua, and various other
‘Avormriniam (from tho Greek i
short, pithy sentence or anaxim, 24,
sayings of the aecen wire menof Gronce, ah
wrote a collection of them, and we have» cullection:
by Lord Bacon, Spo panel te ae
composed of apophthegtns.
APOPLEXY Is the name
occurs vory suddenly, aa if Tal boon’
‘pom the head, pec free
al
‘2 333 LEE a ali ull #8 ee tin Ha i He eee
it rate | gE i 3! ap ut ene a ieee i fnew
Hy Fr a cite ee Hite
Fe ar aa end a
ee algal ae ay eis fj He EE di bbe
r i i 3 Hil 2
bagik Her Br a ; Lilian:
Weald Le
Le i
it ni wert ee RE Tt Bilin
th
will
car boon &
= Faris
France
William
Dimself
iets
fact, Ninel
fy WW.
val,
at
oot
mp
7
fonwtantins,
oxy
—
thes
.y wa
horses
provide
male
it to be
ony
be
Poa
rent without
on
im four
ounce his
Sat
offerioe, hows
‘6 Is ie
contract) when | delinquon',
‘Appears at tho | of this
‘the remedies | dormant
contrary,
nti EHNA T Hiei
li a 3 C1 i vi H a siti
23 e253 Fee i j
ni : a Buy
bell
i Hu ets 1 i
Peery la
il doew nat
low, the
\ either in tho Limks,
‘mouth or nose, But if, on the
ly
from whut baa bean said, that
‘to be antic!
‘he ey or mouth, or vome other
‘apt to
other complaint, although some lamencsa
mation is
result
Vou I.
of
‘neas and feeling are enti
‘sonsiblo to i
+
a al: Ha
ate
fectod by it
i i aa hy au in bi i it Hi i el a
Fi ratte ani 3 i junit 4
aida l Hea slieiiaie aint Me
i oo. i Hi ina ts
Hy H ut 3 i 38 ik “th un Re eseh
et eae et sti n
Hae Tree errr ee ete
Hae eT A CHa
ay pide i Ht ny pind aul setae een
tl jae ea tH HET CE
3 pigies PEEety efaececieeaye
ci sa ieeetin ipa lh i ena a
Hs if Hall eal Hed ele ETHER EES Te
neg, the
rH ae Hatta i
Hh ji atite a
te
ail Te 3h
ee H A
Hl a ee an
il
Perr. crerres He i.
i sli i! ee i naa tt ; i Ai it fg
rie RH Nie Meal lena nedg
eae il oe 8 i iu : ul a
diabtrriudel eiedeeital lu Ht ian Hil h
Hay ie uh nie Heal Haun an Hh lie tae ie
ee ieee
oe ey
sa Te a
EE He
fees a. abi, li a Hae He af ce fue s as rt i
ide aay ale ase HHT AN
=
212 APPALACHIAN—APPARITION,
18 predeoomor_ often ‘im the gods | often ix new and fantantial groups: and thos sar
eee det the actif Tis | rounding us wih phantacmagoria of the. bodies
wile after having killed her by o kick when abe wae | creation of the brain, oo distinct both in oulie and
abd Carvoalla having mardored hie brethor | Lincament, chat while tho oxdting conse ewatinues te
‘with hie own hands in his mother's arins, | operate, the illusion of reality ‘over the
[ eres canna ay pera fom a pri ry mind with an intensi to, sometimes
emark—Sit dieu, dum non at ivus, Al. | greater than, that of the cs
Si uloume nt tele dl pera enoiel by aconmarlyeosanitesk Wk tha tase of
wae lao egg pra ‘excitement in which it has ite origin; or, in otbor
‘was mot antiaied with being ‘on n | worls, censea to be active when the spectral pheno-
[a bea epnae gael non tela Ao SS oe ee
‘ora, appearing as Jupiter, Bacchus, or Apollo, | mind, when it regainw condition, becomes
ceveveniad toe griseus Ver cod Bisex: ‘Oca | tmmedietly wall uf the allscecon unler eet
tpiereigon :
faed by that wi phantasms
nnn for Christian,
be sored. by sheir
‘waiting who see in
fasta of dalllng
‘that saints were never canonized during their life
time, ‘The practice of deifying
pears to have arioen
generally ontortained
‘ule or manos
rit was commen for
ore ep an lapsed
to be pal
asthe
“Arrabactitay MoUsE
Tal
-ALSPALACHICOLA; a river of the United States, | or other, by wi may be excited,
formed by the Chatahooches and Elint rivers, which SS renovated fx
unite near the northern borer of Florida. A., | consequence of its ion on the organs of sense.
after» opuree of about 70 railen, lows into Bt, Geonge’s | Sir D. Breweber has ‘tu pliysical fact Sha
Bound, in the Gulf of ‘Mex! ‘a avigable | “when tho eye in ‘uot to the impronious ef
Gronghout for vomala of considerable else, ‘The | external objects, or when it fa insonsible to theeo ob-
‘the western and tributary of | jects, in uence of with ite owen,
‘the A., tines in the ian OF shany moun: petelions any othe ene) aa
tal, on the confines of Georgia ant Tennemee, and | hs either teon called up by the memory, or ted
i nave for bata eas 400 cao Cran to | Uy the acai wil meh aii
Gall uf Mexico. bad hoon formed from she vision of areal object. In
"ArrAxaat, "See Apanaye. unprewsions," he adda,
‘Arranesr, among math have found that they follow the motions of the eye~
mers, denotes things as they appear to the aye, in die- | ball exactly Hike tho spectral impressions of Iumninote
soi trom wh hy rel vj nt ins thoy een em ao. tn nr
yparont mot varent immobility wl dizplaced
Bo Laportant te thie byran external foros, If thie twselt ball be found
ary, wnorally tru by others, it will follow that the ob-
ies, that we find fet of smal mterfaton may i wm, we i
ignorant of this fact, Undlly as external objecta, and will oceupy the aaa.
sed grt advanounes local position in the atl ot vislou es if they Il beam
before toankind wore formed by the agency of light". ‘This goes to the
posed to appearances, ery root ol the theory of syparticuss all Gee
may appear to move, mena of which oom to depend upon the relative
the motion ie in the tensitios of the two clases of impressions, and pose
he stands, as is the ‘the manner of their accidental combination. Tn pam.
the inhabitants of this earth, —Tbe feot beelih the mind nob caly porecases a contol Byes
dele, of heir ites f | its power, but the impresisas of extemal
inheritance fs Tadafosdi tlouo oooupy ita attention, and the play ef
tion is consequently checked, except in when
: | its operntions are relatively more feeble and fale
Heirs prosesiptin, are thoes Who, Af the ancestor | But in vhe unbealiiy state of tbe mind, wien: ea mse?
should dle itainediately, would in tho prevent stats of | tention is partly withdrawn from the =
things be bis heir. tf eatornal objec, the ixjprewicts cf ley oS aa
‘ArrAnitto%; w epootral illusion involuntarily gono- | tion, oF rathar ion, will either eS,
mind, by toeans of which figures of forms, not pre. | combine themselves with the impresses of extersa
thoir rality. Tt in the result of
the rencien of an excited imagination, renovating
pest feeling or ions, with an enemy ee |
Ciena to toe dogres of exoltement; arranging, tam
objects, and thus generate itlustons which In the one
cae appear alone, while in the other they are gear
projucted among those external objects to which
cyoball is dirooted, in the manner explained
Dy Iiwwrtee. We may nd that the tarp reasoning
which spplies to the Impressions derived frogs,
as eeu NaH usagi
ats5pes3
ay His H itt 23 E| i auegite
hut ce EE Ee
i an 3, ae au ett pale % a F } aaft i une 3 Hise
Ae ie Tae faaiie i i a ah re ;
i : Abe Haniel A didi: alte sell aas| gaits ip
HEE es ee La
Fr a Hee sul a a a qlee
Fe Bia: Hee He He a3 ‘ i Fi ue iH PH LEE EET: Wal an .
dig eae FATA Fee ee fis
i ne Hn aad tal EAA arUi eH ET
Corie Uae beet uate ee leh Paha sh i:
wiht ee niet Tie in| aval! ditsaliis
PIU Sten RUA Hie iH Eevee [torreon
ul ha id banal Wine btleleas di ae iil
Sa Ha Hip ue sralligi aa ‘i
an dads a ule 3 TE ‘ f iit at ik
Hs Lae
ae2ne2S23 73 HG
Ho lel pipers
Hurt | itt Ope eee atcha (ape
ee Ht i matt fe ee aH Hu Ha th
le Hae ua Ha un dies fal ee Hil
E i Ha ae HHL ean Tea RRL!
aa uw oe gaais Setscccte $2555 8 5e5 58 2E.5
nba a haute Hates Eiht af iethlRHey
pt Le eee a ea a
at Hy te Tare : PEO ETT
i I i Bil Ia ARRUTT TAME ah
i elie aia eal i ul fue je art Rote
ees ap ete tl
ae Hina at eres ani
ae HH ; Hi Fil 3 Hit HIE E} Hi a 1341 ij
Aa ea al itaMinauel
Tel at ci aun i ee au
Het HE Rea ae
EARN AMT
FRA i He cea cane
Heenan ae Heute! Ha died te
it Le nM Ha aa i nage
th i ee eg
oe nd ull JA la salt ae i
ee Mice nN
i tie ie deneeete Hi ey Hu eating
Hal ean ib il rate 2 AH Hittite Fill
ee al an HH
i BETH tall |
Heat all Hata, HL He faites Hi ea
i
i
|
ESTE
al
ait
f
H
i
:
i
Indenture to serve some particul
ee aiias kee
‘to be insteuoted In some art,
cording to the oxnmon law
Rana right to employ hinwoll ab
awful trade, Bat this principle
subverted by a statute pared
reign of which enacted that no person
hould for the futuro exercise any trado, oratt,
anystery in ‘unless he had proviously surved
ton appren ‘of seven years at least; so that
‘what had formerly boon an few coi
aro boond out by the guardians of the poor to
[porvons, and in this case the consont of the A.
necesnt'y.
nowt enacs,
‘the Tong
waa
ticeabips,
One:
view
thipe waa eatendod to
ion, time of
BRON
for whicl
in
period the
whieh
lentes ad
formance of the agrooment,
oe hie friends with
conmnt, In Seotland a boy
fourteen. or & girl under twelve yours of age
- | hitter almonds, which aro comment
|
to disclowe
re
ee
‘is to A. the
ce poor
come
if after
being put into the witness-box he niduno Lo toake eam
‘term useil in mathematics te
no fa known for areielng at Tt ease
Although, by auch an approximation, tho exact walte:
ff a quantity eannot bn dixcoversd, ‘swt, i prastion,
At may be found sufficiently correct; thus the:
ual of a square, whose sides ato by
is 2, the exact value of which quantity cannot
obtained; but ite approximate value many Ys aulti-
tated in the nicest enlculations. Tha proces ix the
basi of rany calculations in purwand applied toate
matics, and is of freqaott ws and ere importance
{in all proctieal operations,
Arnon (Prana Aemonica i a feat Ue pase
‘Care should be taken to gather
{it becomes soft and mealy. ‘The kernels of
have i pleasantly titer favour, and anew auc
better, for eevernl porpesce in confeotionary, ‘thas
0 that of
ronds, was formerly naod in emulsions, Tha gum:
Guat imues frum the apricot-tree in almilar to that of
Sea eceaeean eae payee 7 hea
ia consequently seldom
cot-teees rare ciety raised! againat walls, =} are p>
une
Likewise contain a sweet il, which,
eaunot become & party to.an indenture without the
pagated by grafting upon plum-tree stocks,
ae He eee
a3 r iii a (822222529
Hn Hoe fut Hi lee satan sys ait os
fi HE re REE Be sig tite laa iat ta dd
bet HER earite Hilal taal i] Han
L Hine tes ties
ii il : Dien rey teen ty et
HAL Pee ia Fer He ua Hil iting
piseds Hi a a5 ttn FA Wa Hy it Litt ree th
ip ee u Bll He eal
aie gsesage sea
- rr Heil? HEB:
ba siete fie Hl
Dee salina rast
i iE Teta EE Halll nh
ie ie ah PERE ee
salen A Vian tal
cee | tHE 4 F ie
* HCH
=
F
CT.
an an
218
Bil
RATE Hal
it ql Ta Lee iM oo bs i
rt Fy ij if | 4 | fo Hi ie fh a lt s aH
tif : Bi if Huet wae f ie Un Ay Alito
ae ef, Se BH La] ey i i af "= riety aH chai
ae HT ea eat Laie
Hee Aine Aridi alia
iit ici dae Tau aa
Hiei ra ee seiite quispltafoiy pie i
Hate ait se slate |
HE HaeUi Wallan s
a iu HTL ees Be BHU ee
a ilnealetlg Hl sacl | ae
iit en aaa an ahi ai ialitt nendi ahi
a AGE
uaa MEL a es a
tid ‘ni : i AHN: Ga Ht Puli Hine ie
HF ip i li q iy “ ee pay : ge piel
aq it 4 - #3 Te #41 feiasgeas Eeact2 Bat cite Pert ets
liste ae i He een
5 iu phe ate an fi 1 is Fi aft PH : a AHL
jaa HEB RG eeaT eet HUE
4 if ania Habu H ett PEPER EL gust Faees ieee
et PR ea
EY dale Be ene ait ae a His
we | i ie iil atl SHIP ge if ued
ui THe cutie Eat ete Pais Ec
Oe eu Mee a AEE
ideale eae 4 fipaitall ae
elie Te a link u ee iaetl Hui ali Hai le
220 AQUITANTA—ARABIA,
table.’ On a visit to Rom Aquinas distingutshed
‘Dimeelf peat repartee; being in » cloret with
" maine
“You see, waid the
‘Mibetage ot the eri plat tn'wiieh he od,
“Silweand gold hava Tnone.!" “True, holy father,”
ee malfeerintpaayiny anetpeadec’=
laptop met
In’ 1968 he rotumed to Italy, when Pope Clement
TV. offered him the Sritie of Naples, whieh
Tjons tn 127 forthe eta te tireek
.
acu Tat curls, Aguinan wae callod Usher, 0
present the council with a book which he had written
i
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if
i
‘prodigio: doctor, bo»
stowed 1 ines, he was
called the divines,
and the ffi requeet
SG Derisiny 1 oes Tobn XXEL,
i the necessary testimony of muir
cles. His writings, which were held in the highest
etimation sect
allel after i ly
‘yolumsinows, amount io,
His principal work, Sune, Devlin, boar a bigh
reputation q
“Hn works wore i
Yolk, and several. times iv,
1768-88, ‘baa
passed separately through various editions, Te
ibiance, fn tung aioe etc Augustin
it
ern!
and Aquinas is no marked, that it haa been fancifully | horses,
maid, hat the soul of the one had passed into the body
of the other, Seo Werner hellige Thomas
(Ratisbon, 3 vols, 1888); Gibelli Tita de & Tomaso | and
(Mot
EA gulno, » baptind Jom; sec
AL (Aquiéant) were probably of
ments ‘
cathedrals belong to es of ornament:
itatancs fn York minster, Roane
Therian of Spanish origin, drivon towards the wert | eathed
in 608, Since that time it has born some:
o ki rometimen a duchy; and more
reountly, it passed under the name of Guienne, At
present, the eidevant Gaienne farms the two depart-
‘ments of Gironde and that of Lovand-Garonne.
AMARELLA S1UAKT; commonly called the Lady
Arabella, This unhappy and innocent victim of
jealousy ‘and siato pals, was the only ohild of
Paris Seuart, Kail of Lannor, younger brother te
Henry Lava Darnley, the hushatvl of Mary Quoen of
Soots. Sho was therefore cousin german to Jatnes
‘alladolid, &e., mbonns
chambers of Pornpelt, also, it has been
the | in some of the mausoleum of ancient Rome,
larly fn that called the Toxab of Uae Nasow, a
in tho bath of Titus,
ARAMA, the Routh westernmost.
called by the natives Jeziret el
Peninsula of the -Araba; snd
Pern i Tn early
by the Hebrews simply Kedeto, or
inhabitants Berti '
name Arabin, when it firet oooure
(as in ok.’ xxvii, “Arabia and
Kedar"), is evidently applied not to
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ARABIAN LITERATURE AND LANGUAGE.
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‘a century before, was limited to the | countrymen, dewrves much praino, Many famous
jvenoe), whon they had formed iphers were, at the same tiie, for
. In | the phynical acienoor, induding were tot
phynies, | then separated Next toy
ve mont
‘Bokbara,
in une; for example, almanac, | Cordova, from the 8th to the
zenith, oadir, and many | schools were instituted, and, with the
in | bestowed on thie branch of
[ages ase tcionce, the nation
the work of the Arabians ‘They extended, in Africa | not fail of making important advanoos in it,
tha Umits of the known world, | in salty, ays ‘were here alto dependent
Gronks,
I
11th century,
devoted
Ht
uh
via ‘in a yreat degree, known to thom, (nomology) they moch nad learned bow
‘tguted the knowledge sf Arabia, hots own oountry, | vo tet judiciously various Minds‘of sialcaemt.
Syria and Perea, and gained some acquaintance, | their ‘writers on svediine belong Alara (wes
at leest, with Groat Tartary, the sooth of Rossa, | tirst described the ey a
H
y
istakhel (Liber Climatum, | Jacob Ben Ishak Alkendi, John Me
Wy Miler, Gotha, 1839), Abu-Ishak-al-Faresi, | Ben Abbas, Avicenna (who published. the Camen
Tbn-Haukal, who wrote ree yr vel i, 1150 ——_ — ee beat, ae
i is faubert in 183, at i wulcaaim, Tha Zohar, Aver
who died ia 1240, and Abulfed, | roan (tho author of A Compendium of Phywehe ie
themselves as geographers; snd much | cannot be denied that honour is due to the Arabia
most renowned among them, Abulfeda and | far having maintained the seientifie 3
medicine during the middle ages, and ‘the
~ | study of it in arope. If phyaics made Jeon progres
among them, the cawe lies in the method
‘This acionoe was treated ms in onder
reconcile the principles of with the doctrine
of fatelity taught in the Koran. Mathonnstios the
Ambiaus in
enriched, simplified,
oy in the 18th century; aad by Leo Africanus, who | arithmetic, they introduced the use ef the elpheey
Arion and Asia in tho 16th century. | which go under their namo, and the deciinal sytem
Listorians, since tho 8th century, have | of notation into Kurope, and, in tigonometry,
gh they have not yet been | instead of chords, ‘hag ies the genes
operations of the Grocks, and ext ‘the general
full advantage therefrom. ‘The oklest | and useful applications of algebra. Mfohsissned
rian ie Hesham BenMohacomed Al-| Musa and ‘Thabet Ben Korrah particalarky distin
‘Sevoral other historians lived in | guishod themselves in this departumesit, Alesha
the same century. row the beginning of the 10th | wrote on optica. Navsireddin Uw Ble
ceutury bistory Was a favourite study of the Arabs. | ments of Euclid, Jeber Ten
— EE
ARABIAN LANGUAGE—ARABIC FIGURES. 225
the, re Atha
Sy peas Riemer foes | ar be ieee
aad ik became almost lnk after tbe espulhion of the
‘were erected ab Bagdad
dova, Ascatly as a.p, 812 Alhazen and Sergius had | from Europe, Posto) (1538) again introduced the
‘translated into Arsbio the Almayest of Ptolemy, the | scientific «tudy of it into France, and Spey into Ger»
fms rogulas treatin on astronomy, of whieh, fn 698, | many (1669). Tu the 17th omnory It fourthed fn
rextraots, |
still later, Averrves, ‘wan afterwails sealoualy pas:
iy in the 10th century, observed the advance | sued in ‘sina, and Eagles, see
of the lin of the earth's apis, the obli-
ity of tho ecliptic. Alpoteagius wrote: of
facets Geography was ieought nto romnection with
mathematics and astronomy, and sclonsitically,
bby Abulfeds, ‘The division of the earth}
into scven climates, various
and the Iike, belong to the ‘Much ns tho
maverae ¥ ‘were cultivated, the of tho
for potey was not fete, Abu Tema,
collected the greater Hammal, an anthology
den beoka nid Deshter In 80, the lower
ss supplement to tain the
woven prizo pooms of the Moallalée, Aftor this
‘the oriontal of
riore and more strong, the vue grow
and extravagant, and the ose bart pry. | Fre
ebeacee it Beni, or hi, ender |
logics ie Tamadl
ts anion oom Tike Hac or
hie ee an tmeupaode bt ‘Dat arousing: sbond
Hus Germen by Mckerh ilo Bol Uy Ohapalon of his
iter
and Preston; Arnab foarte ae | i mariage, AbTength oof i, Bhabrsa
Amma rotnance, Ant Hoe geal vist,
sELAr ie all ead tongiaioms tamberoon ea a coee {ho crue cont the chm of her
cea freaae = Aleppo. “It is wristen in 36 — sultan to defer
ak
stot. i
‘tho Turks bas stifled the intellectanl dovelopment of | elassioal work of Arabio iterator ns they belong to
‘the Kast, which now awaits in apathy and deadnes | » comparatively Inte period, though the exact date of
rit its awakening to a freee aad higher existence. | their composition is not known. Mr. Lane, who
Jiteratare i
ced a to. express 2
that of Hori taint R60), "Seven ‘erent Antobere, from ‘tho emullest to the grostest.Pro-
zy paid ia i anne | pty "yong ob ere Inian, rahe than
Poth Semitic ales, mong which i
ik ni ; Hhnowg. and softness | bas bean in use in Thun from a very ently
‘the Korwn it was as a writ a ana and wax first borrowed from ty ‘he
peed meg eh diel hey wes
tineo the 10vb oontury, among the Arsbian authors, to Spain, where, in the 10th 0
‘who established tho Principles of the langongo, its | the colebrated. Gerbert, afterwards Pope
Hein wore export welt in| TT, becaine nequninted with and difimed
dictionarien. Hy the entrance of the Arabians into | ledge of them throughout Europe. They’
Bay an iol, ihe akech beso’ noe is | aotly adopal base apt eed ee
Ole Te
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spider), « clase of
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‘ticks, Re. Soe Re
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from rice, from the juice of the oocoa-nut, date, and |
other or from ‘The A. and
‘Colombo in Ceylon, te distilled from palm-juice alone, |
thi,
Aintled, given the |
ion produces the best sort, which is
spared, ‘Me A. sol in
» Puro A, is olor and
pee! sere
able mmell; It comtains at least 62 to 54 per
ext. of alcohol. Not mach of it i# imported into
England; but i is drunk in Todia and the
i cn |
Haat general fete |
it
ly, the Tudiaa aud
ith America,
7 Bod been oxplid
from Parndise, and separated from each other 200
Zea 08 Ube est in aacribed to Mo.
4, riled in 1807 by the Wababecs. ‘Th
Sites cont tn inept | devon tn
£
il
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hwaths, and its randy shores
Evaporation, as there is no
water, Tt lies very low,
sang sal kes and tnorasts, but no Ril
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‘and remarkable for hin
Yorkshire, 1704, ial duel
ala beca:ne acquainted with the oriental and.
es. In 1734 he wes up
frwards, when an expression
Richard Houseman respecting »
covered in wcave, caused him to
tody as one concerned in the:
hie confesiion an erder was imued
sion of Aran, who bad long
having boon ther, firet ins
erate rs ae
757 wt the r
places be heal 1 hinnself with credit, and
‘and
ne
wecuted his studios with great diligence,
arrested in the latter end! of 1758,
3
uh
fs
‘8 school at Kirneee
steal tn Laney
RATUS.
ee em en
Ht ee i a 4 fe ae
35 ai 3 Fipbsee 5 ai] saceed f)ediataa! i
niu DUS HAS ae Te
Fe i a Hel ay a fs et i
El ail i i che 2 i 4
ih HER ata HoH tbr ii ae alain Hall i tn
qa Hi Ete HE EEF Ha He i ry Aer atc Pa
‘ a a i Thee ar erin aie uae: HER te
eae Ha aa Ee
dee iat Lee a wie
Pi an ene Hate el ileal
ie emer uel AIRE Ae A
Hu HHH ine beeial HTL fa ABLE Ro al
of a friend, ©:
1" He 'diod in 213 9.0, and was intorred
‘honours, A. was one of the most,
have not reached posterity.
it ie mach to be
chief mat his iintory are to be found
awanilanta to the (time, thoagh othe ibject
present time, a arene
preety
andemploy themselves inagrientturoand raisingeoaitle.
“Pho woollen
“Bohold |. | cisions
rintocratical form of government, agrooably | Hia
‘They dvvell in Tiger
ofan ogutabie suture (ix
canes of atrict right (in negotuis atvieti frre). " Tr the
cues the
noble-minded men that shed lustre on | latter:
dress of the men is a shirt and a dark- | learned
women, ‘Their language
is allied to tho Patagonian, ‘The chiefs arp called
toqule, one of them being the grandsons, and
rior to the rest. Distinguished knowledge and
nem mnit be ahown by the nobility to excite e-
spect. The goneral appoi
in his torn appoints another for himeetf. ‘Thus every
inferior rank is dependent upon the one above it, yet
ne power. Iu es Jaws and
t onl
than, for the frst timo, they laazned the valve of
cavalry, Now thay have many horwes, are excellent
Horsemen, and skilful in the wee of the lasso and the
Yolas, ‘They are now likewise well skilled in the use
‘of firearms, Tn thelr battles o portion of the warriors
‘usually rewnin behind aaa conprdereserve. The A.
vance 10 an attack with » hideous noise. In the
Woltitionary struggles of the South American wtatos,
hin own lieutenant, who | f¢
justi
saat dination between the to wink
laws cover Gays sas Cab apie Tak cep tore
protested within ten days, former
arbitrium homologatun; the latter, bares =
‘The latter, according to him, ought to have ae!
force,
+, Wald
submnivaion is in
‘a commimion by both partion to the arbitrators te
determine the subject in dipute. If either revokes
this mathority befor the awaed Sx mats Samet
no im *o
But if the balan weeky alse oan
‘will be entitled to against
funiy 2 sovakiug for be Keaeel od
to submit tho matter in dixpate
the toqui of the A. rmolved upon neutrality, which | General to subsnit dispuses that may aeias,
The Lonourably malntained, The Chilans lock upon | ouch as those contained a polides OE SaaaiSaseniaa
tho territory of tho A at belonging to hom, and | not binding by the laws of Ragland | Stlar gre
dave formal the provins of Arauco out of «Tare | ments ar however, nding fe Germany season
other parts of the Continent, where of copart-
Jartof it. ‘The portions af this province that ave realy
‘under Chilian role number over 10,000 inhabitant
while tho number of fr00 A. is ertitnated at 80,000,
A French advonturer, Antoine Tonnens, contrived
‘¢ got himself proclaimod King of Arauoanin and
‘Patagonia in 1861, bat was soon taken by the Chilian
government and sent ont of the country. In tho ond
of 1869 the A., after auffering some severe defeats,
‘surrendered t9’the Chilians; but the following year
their king (Ordlio Antoine I.) again returned, and
‘wor van renewed. Thay seem fikely to malatain
their independence for somo timo Langer
AsueLa; now &rbil; a small
Assyria, renowned for a decisive
‘Alexander the Ozeat against
ame applied among the Romans, 1.
to & judge, ‘whom the pretor bad cousnissionad’ to
‘betwoon the partners to arbi cand wills eftes
contain « provision thot disputes the
sand dovisoes shall be eo settled. In wal
pptes under thedo stipolations, tbe partion
Sa an at we aoe we Uh mtaaea
‘upon a penalty for not complying. Keach.
bea atone Api ans te. 6 acy
is
agrooments in Englond is, that
‘tribunals in the place af these ny thre lave
of the country, which may be done in case of = ie
pute that bas actusll . but not by a
Ted prospective agrecaent a tape aa
tries, however. favour the settlement of disputes by
artitration, ‘Tho partion m
their caso to wrbitration, a1
wine the ngreement,
ARUORICULTORE includes th culty of tw and
youu
of the land previous to their final
tive growth and
rent, daring. growth,
period for falling thom.
‘all those differant topics, snd roust content ourselves
‘with touching upon one of two. ‘The selection of a
suitable soil and altuation for the different toes ix
‘one of the most important pointe in A. A. apruce-
‘treo will thrive well for six or seven years in a dry,
randy oll Yuta, twenty year of age itis cove
with lichen, ite ander branchos are nnd the
whole plant at a standatil. Plant it on
towards the nurth, or at the foot of a hill where the
oil is loamy and damp, and i$ will preson’ quite
stother picture, So an cae’ may grow vigorously
enough fora time if planted on en sxpowed wplandy
‘but she clayey soils of tho valley arw its natural home.
‘Tho young plants have thelr proferences as well as the
older trees, but, ly speaking; » loowe send
Youn makes
grafting. The treatment varies so much in posed
to some of the kinds that no general rules ean be
down. Whon permanent situations aro sclested for
tho young plante it must be kept in tmind—First,
that fast-growing or softwooded trees, auch ae thd
‘water.
Te ie teoo they will grow an dry Isnds, buat their want
i vigvar ad onsellns shows Gat hosarease tee
‘thoy profar. ‘Theve trees, From the fastness
&
r
for instance, have been covered with:
‘Hnnting hna also proved succesful,
Anson VITA, the namo of several tress:
and the natoral order
‘The cones are amall; the young twigs have an agree
ll; the wood in eft and Tights but
foogh and durable, ‘The Chinese A.V. (7 vieniti)
in also common in Britain, Its uprigh wee wn
lnnger cones easily it from the former.
Tt yields a resin which was formerly thoaght to have
medical virtues, Eke the wood and young twigs of the
1 cceidentalie; houce the namw—arbor vilee being
Latin for Treo of Life."
/ARUROATHL of AnEKaBOTHOGE, a royal burgh tad
¥en:port sown in the county of Forte, ita
ft the embouchare of the small ‘river Brothook
intotho German Ocean, 66miles NK, Crom Edin
magnificence. Kin,
the Lion granted tory
oF
‘the privile to
Arbroath about the. milo a
the 12th ran
‘odio te
founded the abboy in 1178, which was dodioa!
‘of ‘Thamas h Becket, tx last abbot was
on after whose death i fell a prey to
the
Cardinal
of the reformers.
Sotlnd
rapid, progress in recent years,
Inazy Bandaome buildings including « parish ebarch
|
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2.
al
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tin ‘was bora at : ‘were,
Sie tasted wn sfc tae rastonsion bak ta o ‘Victory and a
‘what yoar is uncertain. Ho roonivedl the degree of | village of Mondi), now’
Dootor of Medicine nt the university of Aberdeen, and | nus, ‘atid Megalopolia. ° he
in the business of teaching matbematios in | herds and huntors of the rmgyed mountakn
shy a creat rat | pei caer nee a
Se Sie 170] bo sas chews alow of to oyai| Sagan to elite that ‘oleae bea
Sooiety, in UP eres Bel ves with dancing and music. Their
Spurious and instructive treative “On >| wax Pan, aud the occupation of tha people
‘of tho Births of the Soxee;" and soon after he | entirely pastoral. ‘This, together wich tbe rowanls
wat exteuoniinary, and then | charnotar of the 7 occasioned te} poste
in. 7 to Queen Anno. About this | to select Arondis for the theatre of .
‘time he became int with Swift and Pope, and | the present day A. forms one of the five
this iia amavrte formed th plan of aie | nom ie ie
on abunes wana learning, 1b the coun] besides ancient a portion:
Son of ‘Gin dasign oes intel by the decthad | won tdeof the Goll cf Neopln
the quect, and we have only en inpertost easy, | Tt presents ilo,
under the’ title of Menoire of Martinus Soriblerut. | and ‘woods. ‘The vine tlouridhes, ad
‘The death of Queen Anne made such an impression | rich and extensive humerotts
on Doctor Arbuthnot, that, to divert his melancholy, | Arca, 1055 #q. miles; 133,719.
he vinitod. Par andy on Bis rotura, wow deprived of US, a Tounder ct
Bis place ob 5 bora
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‘Bedics, 1733. In theao he diaplayx | able to cocakat all opinions. Ax he was oblige,
‘ecld and extensive Inening. His treatiae on the | however, to reconcile thove etrange maxims with the
if
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Ee 8 tasty siti iu taki, | rival of Astlippen, be divided hia
‘Hit miscellaneous works in 2| Venus, Bacchus, and the Muses, without ever.
volt, 12m0, with a memoir of his life prefixed, but | a public office, Me died, from an
Re
owe of the ploces there given are now known not | dulgence in wine, seventy-five years old,
to be his, Arbuthnot was greatly beloved by histite- | Ancu, in building. See Architecture,
rary finda, Pope has addressed to him the Profaque | | Anon (rom. the Gree arché, .
to the Satires, nod Swift affectionately adverts to hit | ayllable which ie foro mae im eee
fin more than one of hla poems, ‘Arbathnot,” he | to denote tho highest degree of their. whether
says in one place “haw more wit thaa we all hare | goed or ide Sechangi rch a
more humanity than wit.’ areAbishop, arehepirit archjiend, archSattere,
‘AnG, Juasse D', eo Joan of Are, archfeloa, Bs.
i
2
13
i
ities elegant ranges of sbopt and warchouses, xo | Northern Dwina, about 20 miles
constructed ax to form a coverod lane, to which the | in the Arctic Ovean,
‘term arcade is applied. Petersburg: Int, G& 32° 1" Nu; Sem. 40
ARCADIA; the centeal and moxt mountainous por | It extends about 2 miles on a low Gat aleag the
tion of the (Aforea); the Greek Swit- | river, and ia ill built, mowtly of woeden
4
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4433 HG: dial ue 2 i Hise ai: ti8 eu
lia ayibetat Gait 2lz i HG aul
ie a ae Tae
i H APES bays aunty 43 Alt 3 a3 #2 fag an 5 a: igs
z4 HH BsTe He fi Aint ists, Bu ie meas ae
Ha ee a He ia a ee
rl eh a setae ead iaallitnn
HE ti pelele 38 ional “Hane Hane nu = eal
+ fen Hh | HIRUIHNL IRE EL REE iii
Hue i cL ual ore “fl f huis ify Hie Bak ates]
ee a
i af eth atest Bye Agee gpedasa4 heed) ee ai uy
Fee ee a a
ivan! aes fipall; Apt erat
anal bag ila fin Hel EUR
important
wna ), two ol
Merlin, 1793.
ANCHERT; the art of shooting with a bow and
arrow. This art, either as a means of offence in war,
or of mutsivtonce and amusement in timo of
welt fn the wile
Tt appears that
‘the Jowa did not rxcel so much in this art ms nome
of tho neighbouring nations, by whom they were in-
fested with porpetial hostilities. When David suo.
he found to isene
tribes, should Le taught the ure of the bow. Jous
than, the son of Saul, appears to have been #0 expert
iu the practicn of pleny, tnt he nover crew bis bor
‘in battle without ch ig hie arrows in the blood
of ths mighty) but im that tnt encounter in which
hho and his father fell, the Philistines manifested a
petiority over the wen of Israel in the use of
itary weapon. Fro different of
che Old Tostament, and from othur ancient
ipl, hea
, however,
troops Tho Atl
te
were indebted
ARCHELAUS—ARCHERY,
on Geom War, in which | the
; | except ina calm, or in a
for some of their greatest victarien |
‘two the feats of the archers; and
the bloody
+ | King end the douphin, and alioost all
France, were taken prisoners, was lio
ont warlike of all the | the
grat eample wh
Hale of Bannockbara, of di archers with
one at the commencement: conflict, was,
patievinn el for Seotland, too seldom followed. —
Notwithstanting the encomiums which ancient
modern writers have lavished on archery, St mast
‘adinitted that in many respects fk was nob
being compared with the uso of firo-arma Tn not
tates of thoatmosphere it could not beay ip
‘effect; moisture not only impairs the Af
tow, bot relazen the strings, and soon renders A
unfit for use, direction and intensity
winds aust often have been still more ta
pridieleb tur
wind ix boisterous,
Turkish troops were ao artned. Concerning:
nua pasticn, oc healthful exereag, {9a aa
‘
ARCHERY—ARCHILOCHUS, 233
ton of Galen, a8 boing suflctantly activn and not too the company, 1720,
loots ta adios fo tis eltacy tad modeate rows of gold medals,
exertion of the manscles It postomen two othor adean: sonvivial acting of the
tagox. Tt loads to puro sit, and it inalso abundantly ‘There are bosides two archery clubs con-
intoresting the mting, spectlly when It attended ihe Kilwiening archer
by competition. For toare than two hundred years lent body, also keep up.
ther freatina were Jotrodocod, aibeupia were unde
bythe Engh, goveruent frm ti, Ann, to Cownr (curve de arcubui); the chief and
encourage the practice of archery, Charles T., in the i ig to the arch
{Garth your of hie reign, granted w commision wader ‘debating of
the grent seal for enforcing the use of the Jang-bow: from. ths ohare in
si Sach thi asf a fe Jere fora commonly called, ary le fvw (de arevbus), whens
‘another was granted {a the year 1653, to two persons edd, which church is named Bow
of the name of Meade, authorising tem Wo teach an is supported by
invention for uniting the une of the bow aud the ‘many bent bows,
Ton youre atterwands a wan iesued by the ‘over the province of
Farl of Kasex, ealling wpe all sealants) Thoseaver, lies to the king.
Co aimed ony, tor uring matter obtained
vioo of the king. Since that time, aa, indeed, long the most of
before, archery can. claim only to dered as @ ‘and the.
recreation. In Groat Britain « nusnber of aoeiet {a anothor of the
have contributed to preserve the exorcise from falling aul dyer owe ars
int total disuse, ‘The archers of Finsbury ato now tinetoria, oF
cextinet, but their society Is Incorporated with the in the Canaries and
division of the Artillery Company, inland, wail in the Levant ; the £2 fucks
founded by roval eharicr in tho twenty-ninth year {in worm elitaaton, ad the
the rvign ‘of Honry VILL, who wars permiited to ‘Madaguscat, Both
shoot not anly at marks, bat binds, execpt pheasants small quantities to be
‘ot herons, and to wear dresses of any colour, except Ihave to be imported from the
purple or rearleh, Ainong other companies aul ‘is iinported in largo
aubsisting in | are the Kentish the ‘Theee lichens, which are
Woodmen of Avden, and. the ilies." The collected from rook» near the saa, are eleaned
Royal Company of ‘Archers in Sootland ia sai to rater, after which some
have arisen in the time of James T. The comsnisaion- wor Ia added, when the ealouring
ers appointed hy that prince to auperintend the exer: iw evelved anil falls to
cise of archery in different districts polected the most | the bottom, matler of Zecanora
and forwod them into = company, litmus when lima or an alkali ia
act in tbo capacity of Tho king's principal lod has a beautiful violet colour, It ie used
garde; a ‘which tho royal company still | for improving the tints of other yes, a from ite want
iaim within seven miles of Edinbargh. Tn 1677 we 2.
an act of the privy. oe of he eto Toning
4 his Majety'» Gompmuy of Archers; nod at the
s consisting of of
fame time a ®
of
dimolugion. In the year 1708 they obtained »
puciece dene Meee cesec te wake
their privileges, The royal prize which m
wwihdmnwn by King Willan soon after th revolution,
‘woa restored during the reign of George JIT. This
footie Solty bel ose teal rear
Iki nobility and gentzy, se
able. citiseon cf Kdleburgh,-containe, above 1000
members, Th is part jal honsehold in Seot-
land, ral, four omen
itlomen of rank, rd
ay heir
anni itn the body af the members, manxze tl
concern. ‘Their uniform le tartan lined with white,
and trimmed with green and white fringes; a white
tach, with groon tamels, and « blue bench with »
Bt. Andrews eros snd foathors. ‘The royal pri
already mentioned, becomes the
llver arrow given by the City of Edinburgh, 1709,
‘The fourth, a puach-bowl, value £50, mundo of Seot-
ont andesven councilor, chosen | §
ae ad br
ie agreement, han,
cof the antires in wich the efended
imealt in despair on account
on
sententious concise
ful but iter
“Archilochum proprio vabiee armavit tambo, “Rage han
‘armed A. swith bis own Saunbus," is well known, Tn
other Iyrie poets of a higher ebaructer, he wna also
‘ragwmonta, sich
Lyrich Greeorum (Lei
‘dition. (Laip. 1860)
‘a bis
verse
in, Aroha
'e Poctor
fo, 1848), and in Hartung’s
fe used the half-penta
whence this verne is called
ian ter
Baee
o
Hae
|
:
i
;
HH
ij
Hi
i:
E
(i
ld B i
tf l i
ae rill
rahe
wvered the solution of this
(hing? andl it is said to have exused
Scoteued Tad mying och Sure Buree? **E have
ping out, Hu it Bus a vo
it, T have found it!" Practical mochanics,
rpeara to hare been mney adancy at th thns
; for iis exelanation that he eoukd move the
earth, if
hows
=
Thal a point without it to atand upon,
the enthasinan with which the extegrdinary
no ee Se .
‘the inventor of the corapound pulley, f
de. ‘During the lope of Syrac
eouatry, Pelybius, Livy, and Plutarch epoal in do~
SEPA wits Sinatatiog of thoraachines th Phi
the repelled tho attacks of the Romane. They make
‘no montion of his having sot on fire the enemy's fleet
hy —a thing which is, in itself, very
Amprobable, aud related only in the Inter writings of
a and Zuoian. At the moment when the Ro-
aroun,
grined of the city
mans, under Mi posteusicn
Ty assault, tradition reintes that A. was citting in tho
sanrlet
absorbed in thought, and contamplat-
be had drawn in the sand,
ho addressed ira, he in related
rele!" but tha
staal
valbe. Cicero, who was appointed quiestor over
found this monument in a thicket which con.
‘The works of Archimotes, as arranged
by Torelli, ere, 1. De Planorum Ezuilidriie, oun
ie | nw circle, and for tha reasan
| and handsome baildingy of oll Kinds, adap
I
+H
i
et
i! '
i
il
i
i
:
F
8
Hi!
a
Ly
if
fi
: ity :
abet
FE 2
Helbgi
the
falands situated Uhorein, ‘Tho origin of
cbioures but it ix comuption of
toa
pomibly 9c
eer
tion, they are divided into the
Europe and to Ania, The
i
ait
the Grooks the Cyclades (q.)
farther from one another, the Sporades (g.%)
pare with this article Lyd, gropont Seay
larity of physical structs a inet alle
arity of pliysical structure, and a
‘and flora; while such of them
neighbourhood of « continent
theve features the neig!
ay be ciel St ome
gon, former being staf a
[otc ck on nnlar st of fonds Mo the
‘long the Indian A. the Greek An
Inlands, the Arotio A, &o,; to the
wich Txands, the Marquesas
Inlands, nnd others,
ANGHITECTURE, in the general wense of
is the art of erecting durable, commodious,
i é
i
Ba
i
Fe
i
lis
H
to the ot
a iry architecture (wee
tification), and nacal tecture. For the
convenience, further divisions are sometimes
ih
"
i
Fi
ui
BE Ha y4gg5gna2
RABY
en
43: Hi eel init Heat HEH BE Hae
te ia a ea
a
ee
all | re ai ae t
Ca ae ei HH a
Le aca A a Lava
a ee ae ire
sbreaii ds 73 Pint an gf atte 5 :
fi ie ul pe att ue Ha i nn ite
Ta Ha REL Pe lel
u nil ete?
5
i
236 <
Le parece gearronigrrege ‘The lintel
or extends in a righ} line over a vacant space,
from one eoluwn or to snothor. The
fl
i
ge
iE
i
if
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:
z
2
2
‘Sipenthe shape of n prin of
inte
ti
a
a
if
&
7
dered as the inversion
Fea
cs
a the link, the other by
weight increased by that of the link itwelf, both of
ing originally in a vertical direction. Now,
inverted, no as to constitute an
‘Tho arch thus forsied ia denomi-
tenary arch. In eon eaves, it differs
bot little from a circular arch of the extant of about.
‘one-third of a whole circle, and rising from the abut-
ments with un obliquity of about 8) degrees from a
ne. But the catenary arch is tho
form for supporting ite own weight, anil also all
additional weight which prosiesin s vertical direction,
304 not the Bee fn tora, lateral pry
proenure like that of faide, noting equally in all dirvc-
tions, Thus the arcives of bridges and
similar struc
prosed sideways, a woll as verti
Titanee aa if thay oy 4. weight of fluid. In this
case it i wt the arch should arixe moro
Forpendiculacly from the abatement, and that iis rene
al figure sbould be that of the longitudinal regiment
of nnsellipse, In mall arches, in common buililings,
where the distorbing foree is not grest, it ix af little
consequence what is the shape of the carve. ‘The
atlines muy even be perfectly stright In the ier
of Aeloka which we equantly see over 8 windve,
| paired, at
‘he want of
i
E
i
8
ind their ruin
m that the outer wupports of
ould be strong enough to resist horigontal
wure. In the intermediste arches the Interal
of ack, arch i counteracted ty the
lateral force of the one contiguous
however, whero individual archos aro
datroyad by socidnt, i is desirable that
piers should poses sufficient horimntal
resist the lateral pressure of the aul
‘To, vaull a the lateral continuation
sorving to cover an area or passage, and. beaeing
fine Felation to the aed that ‘the walled t te
column, on the
Eo
of
Lad
wor in Gothic
dome, soxnetimes called cupola, im
covering to « building, or part of ity
cither & segment of » aphere, of
similar figure, When built of stone, it ia
strong kind of structure, even moraao than the:
noo the tendency of cach part to fall
acted, not only by thove above and
by those on each side, Tt is only
‘constituent pieces should hare @ oman
that this form should be somewhat
‘of & pyramid, so that, when placed
its four angles inay point toward the contre, or axis,
of the dome, During the ervetion of « dome it ie
a
24
ft
i
ii
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2
gre
af
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ee
FFE
if
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£
supported by rayters, which abut on the walls on ench
aide, like Use extremities of an arch.
containing most materials, may
pl ‘On tho
XE the weight of bod be equal then the kw
roof will exert the greater pressure; and this will
increase ia ion to the distance of the polnt at
whieh pet aoe from the ond of each
fons deat de ale on
jomnes and bridges, the mareriats are wu toan
‘internal ici Yba' pale seevagt:
Hilfe
ue
lel
ail,
Hy
2:
All
:
it
‘eatetiy brequetie leks sane ey eee
to ie tir
prerger flag he pice tomes ecers dan
. Martier, intended to trum or surpend ane
Piece by another should be forwed upon slnllar
ociplen, “Howls in-sany inalanses, after’ boiog.
[oor wering of shingles,
Hn
tal
ily
HHL
HAH
ee
PUT
tr it
countries has heen characterized by peculiarities in
extemal form, and in modes of construction, These
peculiarities, Among ancient nations, were #0
‘wanting in most antique structures, and
ay Tne seylobtto 1a
tera m
‘he Jowar pat of column, when
the bases the middle, oF longest
i; and the upper, or ornatnented
the capital. ‘Tho height of colamnm ix
diamoters of the column iteelf, taken
always at tho boso,—The entablatwre is the horisontal
The namo pl In Wa general sams, plied tw
scare profes baa pa Sa Tons St he beeen o¢ Wu
SEES Lois Re ecko
P
Hee
geaai
| E
ia
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if
Ht
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it
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B
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3
ii
‘sonseny
simplicity and regularity of most antique edifloes, the
2 aration isos ddfelt dha might be wpe
‘been made of steoctures which are in very ruinous:
siate.—We coe now to the diferent styles uf archi | these
L. Egyptian 3 I cient
bli Falla re rome nc
‘aay which hrs succeeded It. ‘The elomentary
0 the oataide. This feature ia exp)
ttyle of
inl than.
to have
doen derived from the mud walla, mounds, and
2s a singular wlstare of darivailoun the Gra, Latin,
Heals, Vrntas oud tach fanpunet ars as ante’ cont
(Wathou Yer te Geebuioa! Letina of eevlovectare,
l
i
i
i
ae
It
|
iH
i
i
i
i
TH
i
i
i
iF
ls
i
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i
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HT
ty
it
aB 1
i
f
ff
i
ay
i
5 i
F
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E.
3
if
i
:
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ib
i
é
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8
i
|
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3
it
Hi
a
:
i
i
i
ii
4
?
il
w
archit
stood certain modes of
‘the column snd its ent
Beat
Italians, at the timo
G
and Corinthian, These were adopted and an
the Romans, who nlzo added two others,
*
z
f
t
F
F
#
immemorial
itecture—By tho architectural
in tents, a kind
ahcare they were
5
it
upted to their nomad life, ‘The Chinese bavemade
iH
in ose
the best days of Greece and Rome, for =
of six or seven cetfurien, They were lent
of in the dark ages, and again revived ry the
had thres orders, called tho
&.
|
i
th
Aine, oF confo section, and not» cirowlar aro, as
opted.
i"
ne
Eee
He
ve Hil
eaTEE iu
F Hee
ie
let
‘tou ‘omaments in their stand, ‘The
theatre of ius at Rome presents an example of
the Roman Doric. dlimiuishod the
size of tho volates in the Ionic onfer. Thoy also
introduced = kind of Tonic
cngital, im which here
lntes, inatend af two
Tt beat
wArchof Titus (wee Plate X.)
in Rome ond ite
from the theatre in being a completely
rather elliptical building, filled on all wides with as-
‘omding seats for spoctators, and leaving only the
comtral ep tho arena, for the combetante
and poblio ‘Tho Colisoum tx a stupendous
structure of this kind. ‘The aguerduets were ston
canals, eupporved on manive arcades, and conveying
large sbreauna of water for the mupply of cities. ‘The
triumphal arches were cormonly solid, oblong struc-
tures, ornamented with sculptures, and open with
lofty arches for below, (See Plate X-)
‘Tho basilica of ‘Romans was a hail of justice, used
lao aa.an corplace of meeting for merchants,
‘11 was lined on the inside with colonnades af two sto-
‘ios, or with two tiora of columns, ono over the other.
‘The earlieet Christian churches at Rese were some-
times called basilice, from their pomewing a similar
internal oolonnade, ' The monumental pillare were
towers in the shape of s column on a pedestal, beating
‘statue on tho summit, which was approached Ly
wpiral atairesse within, Sometimes, however, the
colutnn was aolid. "The thermer, or baths, were vaat
‘mtructures in which multitudes af people coud bathe at
‘once. ‘They were rupplied with warin and cold water,
and fitted up with numerous rooms far purposes ot
‘exercivenndrecreation, (See Plate X,)—In several
Particulars the Roman eopies differed from the Grock
moodels on which they were founded. The stylobate
or substructure, among the Grecks, was usually a plain
succession of platforsna, constituting at: equal access of
ARCHITECTURE,
‘apanné
Ee raoet wicking {eaters of the boll
Dther areas were joined, and
Hy err -druss or Fae Jan
frequnntly that of an octagon 5
a Greek rom, with the
‘woro dilapidated and torn down for
tare ssc ta an Grrogular olfle of belong:
Sisned to be frbabad,sepecaly Tia
dark ages Te consisted of Gredanand Roman
combined under new forse, and piled atcuctiars
wholly unbke the antique originale. Hence tbe
Romaneaque wud Greveo-Gothie architectame bave been
given to it, Tt frequently contained arches upen
columns, forming ive arcades, which were.
ey above each other to a oT at
at wn vometines imposing.
Plato XL) and Leaning Towee: =
of St, Mark at Venice, are cited s* the best sped
mens of this style. ‘The Saxon
anciently in England, hus some in
with thin atyle. Two examples of Ue will be found
the doorways given in Plate XI,
this wale, of architecture, the Lombant
rman Ktomaneae, form infortant pha
‘The Lombard, wa preva in North
16 Sth or Oth to the T;
the head of the Gres
Ny
just feeling for proportion, a corn]
2e iceskaest oll she puro ‘the
Pointed style, not bo be remarked! in an
eleowhere. Tt fouriahed in .
and England, from the 11th to the 29th
including what ie termed the SemicNorman
in which the round arch is often
polnted, as ot Christ Church, Caton ea ae =
ad
os
5 yet ib
only in modern tae that i greet master pees, a3
‘prescut paid to the atody atyle. Its
characteristics ace ite pointed arches, its
‘and spires, ite largo
ular over the
greatent of tecture
havo beon bert displayod in occlesinatical odificoy, it
snd the usual plan and con:
A ob cor cathedral
Jv commonly built in the form of a cross, having a
place of iuters
rand the
tow.
"Tho opporite, or eastern
part, is called the choir, and within this is the chancel,
‘The transrerse portion, forming tho arms of the
cross, {s called the t.
creoted above the rot
if
in proporti
Tae wal of Gothic church are supported on tha
on Intoral projections, extending to
Vottom, at te cama and’ between the Windows
sy are rendered
‘spreading undor
‘On the tops af
the battreses, and elsewhere, aro slonder inl
saructure oF spices called pinnae.
ormamented on their sides with rows of
pearing like leaves or buda, which are named
crodtel, The sumnit er appar edge of a wall, if
enight, inealled a parapet; if indented, a hattlement,
i windows were comune
are
projections,
ibe
‘were divided into. joular lights by mudlcona,
'Vhe lateral spaces on the upper and onter sido of tho
arch are called spandrile; and the ornaments in the
on. collectively taken, are the tracery, An oritl, or
‘Ole
the perpendict
whole, its lofty, bold character. | turies
iti of Gothio archi
‘turrets, | in nttompted. Kut the oovasi
et
i
3
i
u
i
3
li
i
Hg
i
aE
i
a
if
z
PELE
fl
cod in Taly daring the 15th century, under Beu-
ar
locdd al Albert Goo, Pte ‘Se, us wene ts
first to ntudy the ancient remaina and to
ir Tosearvhes into a which finatly
‘was shaped into the Ktalian style, sn Ttaly apd
throughout Europe; 16th and 17th cen-
Grecian style,
ies ale
it ental more
vaaleng and fite better with the distribution of
eae eet sy Ni cid ae er
ethic, ‘Tho expenns, alno, is gunerally -
ally f anything lie thoreugh and getnine Cetho
ip asd ional introduction of the:
Gothic outline, and a it of its ors
namenta, has uydou! fu agreeable effect, both
Ja. pulls ant vara elo: anil we are indebted
to
waimasnce, fron 518
con-
our
ttle labour on the part of the occupant, and sufli-
cnt to satisfy his ‘wante—huts, grottocs, and
tena. Bat as soon as men rove above the state of
rude nature, formed ies, and cultivated tho eoil,
thoy began to bil
‘tions habitatioon, ‘Thay wronght the materials with
4
is ARCHITECTURE (HISTORY).
more cure, fitted tho more closely and | although they had early appliod thelr industry to
feet tee cats ena aed tortie pais rhecapitol and the umole of the eapfalie
jupiter were erected by Etruncen architects. But
WF
i
!
F
if
rf
u
;
i
Hf
|
5
i
5
u
fF
j
4
f
re
FE
E
2
Fi
i
i
the Pham!
whose cities, n
Season th canines var tyne
lecturersond th Gyan and the Piston ew
‘anc We
‘architestaral monuments of theso nations hove,
Tater
‘out of
Perwian srobitectury, the ruins of
Rervepoia ail romain; of the, Heyptian, obishs,
pyramida, palaces, eepatehres; of the Etrue
ea, seme and portions af ity walla.—Tho
Heceemy pte peptone al sprog olan?
ite = len-
dour, which excited taretion, astonishment, ead
|. The
and
vulated
Garough and eigmllo wc natio litay oad Sige
Sigs oe Dot order of cola tdeatrtaee US | od
first period.
stout masters, Phiding, Totinax,
encouraged and upported by
«ach
y ‘the Acropolis of
isu, the Odour,
Plato LX
Bling: lag igi ciceiatyote elie wh
c simplicity was united wit
munjeotio grandeur and lagancs of form, ‘The bosutice
of architecture wore displayol not only in temples, but
‘also in theatres, odeuns,
noble simplicity had given
ment. iis was the character of the art af the time
of Alexander, who founded « number of now citior.
Dut a strict regularity hitherto provailed in the midat
of this sploudid decoration, After the death of
Alexander,
7 823. 2.c, the increasing love of goudy
hastened the decline of the art more and
more, In Greece it was afterwards bub little culti-
‘vated, and in the edifices of the Selowcide in Axia,
and of the Pvolemics 1a Ferns, sai impure taste pro-
‘The Romaus had no temples, or sinuilar
Public elifices, equal to the Grecian manstar-picces,
f
) An equal taxto | bats
> | whieh is proved: purticulasly hy the ath of the
fei, of called n Seer’ Leesan erm
ii
i
=
H
3
4
te
7:
who introdaoed the Grocian architecture to Rome;
and he, as also Marius and Cassar, erected large tern-
ples in thin and in other eitins. Une apes
a Se ves
capable at that time, encournged the Greek
Sarees moira many. od works
of architecture, beet (the Pan-
theon), aqueduct and theatres, Private habitations:
were adorned with columns and marble, Splendid
villas were bails, of which the zich Romans often
pomensed several. Thair interiors were adorned
‘works of art obtained from Grovoe, or executed,
Greck artixte, The walla were covered with
marble were painted, and divided fimo
E
i
cere
seFEs :
Biba
EEreTiSede
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timo of Nero, wl iden palsow ix
exterior and intorior of the bnildings ware:
adorned, He
als alroady existing, the endeavour in
was to invent new styles, and to embellich the besa
and ont.
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if
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from tho dao of Vespaaan to in eign
the tine of Vespasian to
tontnes, Werks were produced la tls past
itt
Greeke, In the provinces taste became
corrupt, Architecture continued to dealing:
Antonines} more oraawents Were coat
FF
deed, ‘himeelf » connaimeur, did tor
improvement, bat it repidly declined under Ils wat
ceesors. ‘The buildings of this the mre either over
charged with mean aad tif ormauests, a these
of Palmyra, crected about 260 4.0, or border
‘on tho rude, like thow of Romo, erected ‘Cen:
stantina Little was done under the a.
perors for the embellishment of the oltles, am oseent
of the continually disturbed state of pee
Wnion, however, built much, His principal
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antiquity, and studied their beautiful forme and
eR
&
at ‘Pemro, and Mantua; Loon Battixta
Alberti, who wrote about theastne time on architectures
Brasante, who commenced the building of St, Peter's;
Michael Angelo Baonarotti, who erected its mi y
afterwards dirosted, with Raphael, the
Thee were
others who proceeded in their spirit
adi, Serlio, Barozel, known
‘Scmozzi,
@ name of Pigols. ‘They are the founders of
faling tanto in architectaro, (S90 Plato X.)
however, they studied their art in those worke
iquity which tind already deviated from the
rity and elevated. grandeur, is evident in
Dulldings. "Thus a new period in
ad begun in Tialy. Tialian masters,
furtints wont to Italy, introduced the
Roman tasto into foreign oountrins, which gradu,
ally supplanted the Gothio-—Sinoe ‘that thoe, ar
titecsure has xperienoed diffrent destinice, tn
ee
az.
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ifferent countries. It hos risen aud declined at | arcls
slfferent periods, Laudable attenapts have been mals
in recent tispes to advance it to ite truo perfection,
design and of unusual merit have been built of late
ease, thoughout Hurope. | Vrauee and, Geruaay
ich will retuain to folure ages
* proots of our nationsl taste aro the grand bridges,
viaducts, fin, which are charastoratio of the age;
‘snd when other puny works, whore only merit is an
ARCHITECTURE (HISTORY) —ARCHONS,
Hi
i
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B
‘Hapsburg (who was elected in 1975
tequont omer at
ai
historians (eg. in ie
Sats tae eibatie eoe erect
‘uma. of them, archives
5 were
allover the country till the Revolnsion, weben,
y law of Sept, 7, 1790, they wan pe coe
lace of depo, afer avery Lange a of
ments had |. ‘Thin immense collection
of publio acts is now in tho ancient Hotel Soubéae
Marais, in Paris, ‘The a of Oet. 10, 11 -
Feb. 20, 1793, put the whole management of
archives on a systematic footing, Ia 1814, Janet,
the archives of the navy and the war
were emganzel, in onder to = the la
jocuments, military memoirs, >
pARomoniay the higher mt Athens
ere Was for:n long period only one. pomewed
for life all the power and dignity oi ching ‘and Wa
ccicaen from the royel race of Codes In
4.0. a chango waa introduced, and the tenure
archouship ‘was restricted tn ten the
‘appointed being still a member of
714 tho latter eo
fe
a
01
nobles;
duced,
reformas of Solon throw the archonship pem
who possesed & certain amount of
noble by birth or nots and in 477 4
sccemibletoall Athenian citizens,
The first of tho nine arehons was called
tnd sometimes the . Kponymus, bosatise te
name to the year in all public resorda. He had the
care of minors and orphans, and iad to
some of the feativals. ‘The second A. wae
King A. Upon him chiefly devolved tee tare:
religiour concorne of the people, in eansection
whioh he had to act we prosenntor of
offenders —_ religion. ‘The thin AL the
name of Folemarch, and was originally:
the superintendence of allitary
Inter times Ue cutie were chal te the
tion and superintendence of the residews alters
Che rest of the A. were called Themothetan,
i sion over tho laws of the | itm 175% with a fo cof Brith and
cerca « ganorl enporvision over haf compen sor
cs
saliptio
1788, at Pentanion, was designed forthe chive, but | that a part which has once become & branch By the
his fither, a Inwyer, ylelded to the decided inclination | influence of alr, may be easily turned into a.xoot by
of his sou for military science, He was received into | the influence of the earth. ‘The term
wwe find a ppciont ot
eee oh: sailed pesius.; 3 1780 be larented the | exoallnd chestaaia rearing of ailkworus ix an
Dumourics (in 1798), he took several places, including nS, oF NAR; an extensive tract of
Ho, then went into retirement, whero Be | hil and teching continuously over aang pron
wrote his ‘bont work, the result of all the rest | of the north oat south-wost of Bl
ARCONA; the north-easiern promontory of the | (Arduenna Sifve of Canar); but though extensive
sland Rogen, in the Balti, Here isan old circlne |glstriots are oki under weed, argo potions are
fort, in wi ich wan formers staat the tomplo of |"covered with oul fields ‘towne,
;, who was highly rene. ‘The country fs beter malted for pastare than tilage,
mated by all the Sclavoniaus in North Germany, and | however, sind eattle, hoop, at
thrown
the god in 1168 ‘The country is delightful and fer- | “Axdon.””
tile.” ‘ho shores are precipitous and abrupt, and | ARDENXES; 0 frontier in
£
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or districts of N, and S.A, of | connected “
which the areas are 5700 and 7600 square | north part of the forest of A. are
zniles, and the poy 1,655,873 and 1,006,005. | mountains covered with wood and
A. was ceded in 1801 to the Bast India Co. by Azim | the plains in the south-west are naked and arid,
mah, Nabob of the Carnatic,
1 city of Hindostan, formerly capital of | pastures are excellent, ‘There are extemsiro
:
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tho Carnatio, 6h the Palar, 70 miles W.S.W. of | quarries, numerous ironworks, and important
Madras. It is of modern erection, vorrounded by | features’ of cloth, ieeuwang, lenthor,
i
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te
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if
Al
2
2
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ft
07644 foot. ‘The 10th part of
Me tstalled’s dattre tal the 10008 ¢ voto
is & wurface of ten ares. A hectare is 100
247 notes. ‘Tho French general
ler pga dees) pte
io in
ner
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1 Ahde salle aren serving as dbo unit of
fieasuremnent
5
‘borry or drupe, with a
‘To thio genus belongs the betol-nut, oe
inang palm (4. Catecha), a native of the East in-
and cultivated there in snany varietien Tt ina
Nery Penta pain, with a alenshor atom often 40 or
50 fect high. Ite nuts, called brtol-muts, are rolled
inte a leaf of the bet pepper long with w litle
Time, and ary thon chowed; ncustom which is widoly
the East, and has even been adopted
wing of this mixtare
odour, and ix maid to presarve tho
and gums; but it’ gives the formor a disacroo-
inh-red colour, ‘The mute are locked wpon
‘necessaries of life, and form an impor-
cEEELEOTT
H
F
tow
AREXA. Seo Amphitheatre.
Auexbr, Manri Enenenc. This learned man,
sengwned for his scientific travels through a larye
partot Europe, was born at Altona, 1709, and died
‘of the palsy, in the neighbourhood ef Venice, 18
‘Being recommended by Count de Reventlow in 171
he was appointed an dw in the botanio garden at
Copenhagen, But his predilection for the study of
the | land estimates at 20,828 foot.
| or Peak
‘which ho endured nt Naples, on a.
‘bunarism, contributed much to hasten
‘at’ tho ame
its ity, purity, and love of jt ‘Te oh
talent Te ane hea joes neelageea aa
of Aret (Mars), none tho eitadel.
‘of thin court is ancrfbod.
members were men who had
bad
ves
honest and diligent execution
and conduct bad |
asstines aa that they never Anentence in whieh
fetl partion did och cove eerie hed an
this wibunal were Sila erie loa tia
it the saine
arson, dissolutences of
is, Ths
were
;,and in tho night time, After
vortigation af @ cage the votes were collected.
ment of the Arvo
he open,
a the,
the government of Pericles
tainod ite purity inviolate:
upon by his causing himself
without having been aD pas
spectability, however, for = ‘sunk
‘the dealine of Athons,
Anuquipa; a city of Perv, snd capital of
Tart of mune sara; 200 mies eg
witual a fertile valley, at height
above the level of the ren; and before the:
of 1th Augurt, 1868, which did nob
house habitable, it was ono af the
‘S. America, Behind the city rise
tains, one of which is called the eofeane
af Haus, and Ie one of th
of tha Andes, Baring a
it
‘thie court of justice re
HI
a
somenits
if
it
Hi
deal, @ college, an hospital, no
It Ke subject to frequent earthae
tere to be overhalanced. by
climmte, and the beauty wud fertility
round about, Tay in the port of
90,000,
‘Awe, Seo Mars,
1. Ono of the Hesperiten — 9. A
Anuerisa.
daughter of Nereus and Doris, first anyroph of Déatisy
Fi
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Stat eeave ii Fae ie ilu i H 3 aH ii
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Meritt oie pee
iu rege be Pte
ile sala “i eee tivea iis ev aH
24S ARGALI—ARGENTEUS CODEX,
is the otress, indoced him to leave the serview, and
ohiee! fF ececentinen ie ranoe ales $0 ‘bo with her in Spain, But Be wae
pec yy les Constaataoyie with ‘ho Prana nolemater Ii
te
ssty clea ox petit i rvbara is ered tha araiy agai i FTA
beet or at the vt eh bea woe and aft
stock whence the cud] fouevica Kyra tall Soe lateral ein)
ture descended; though it is difficuls, from an inapec- rhe became at author, aul went to
tion of the A., to conceive how vo wild and energetic | that he might write with more freedom. Hers bs
‘on stimal hod hin Lettres Juiver, Lettres Chinoiaes, anil
into the imbecile TatresCabalistiques 1 eee
‘tlooks are composed. ‘wished to beootne te wth, te anton nd
‘common doer, abd in part and bearing rosetables the | receive a visit from him. He ‘tha be
efi ek Eegh le fick 1, wits his six
dive his head a yory ing, Ding in the habit of compelling
Borer ask pea parva. fst eas estis aden for, | the tnsth; ot he Ten Frederic neatn eivtiad oe
wants, sind hiave the polnts directed forwanis and | DA. appeared in Votsdam, received. the place cf
catmands; from thels bag they are transerely | ‘and that of diteotor of the fine arts In
weaved or wrinkled for half their lenyth, the remain
der being nearly amooth, ‘Tho horas of the female
‘sre more like thows of the oommon titi
directly upwards, and our ards, 0
hee
tho elevated, ranges of northern Asin, in the deverts
or of Siberia, the mountaine of California,
‘They
Amerion. They
Pye a heniace fanilley comet ‘of a male with the
‘suit hopeless, nx thay from rock to rock with oe
security, and are socn Lost Wo sight, Tt is Ly steal- | partinent of Oise, om the right bank of the
fng opon them againab the wind, of lying in ambush | Beine, 7 miles Lelow Paris. 18 lies in a fine die
pase where they iu yon Hit i hater ixenabled | tit bowing with weyards and, gardetny fume
‘to make them hie proy. In tho upring of the year, | which much wino, fruit, and vogetables ar eauk 6
when under the influence of sexual excitement, the | the Parisian market, op, about S000,
acquire a warlike disposition, which induces | AngxwTevs Copkx; a MS copy of the:
severe and obstinate ccmbats for the posession af | pels, so naiaed from its silver letters. It
the femalen The A. was fet saintctorly wae | iw the university of Ua, and
2
?
il
of Uj isa
Known a4 an inhabitant of America by tho expedition | Gothio version of Bishop Uliilan (ge. lived
of Lewis and Clarke, who brought tho skins of a| the 4th century. It isin written on vellum,
mala and female from the Rocky Mountains, ‘The | stained with a violt colour. Gn
A. had been jounly indicated as an inhabitant of | letters, all unelal
apitals, ore
Califor by Veregne. | The pecs in call iyhor | except the ini
by the Indians and traders. ‘The Indiaus make vari- | MS. wax discovered in 1607, in the
ous domestic wionsils of thew lange horna, and apply | abbey of Werden, in Westphalia, and
thts ans to the axe purpoen as those of the deer, | ohxngen of cwnere, was eect san present
—The domestication of the sheop is qneval with the | Queon af Swoden, Voudiux, a
Infancy of the human family; and it is not, there- | received it from her, or stols it
fore, eurprising thet the dowesticated breeds should | Gabriel de Ia Gardic bought i
differ 20 materially from the paront atock, when wo | for £260, and sont it to Upmal.
linow what can, be aocoraplished by orow-breeding, | it was published by Francis Junin ia 1
even during tho life of » «ingle man, When domes- | Ulfilas
ticated noft-fleooed whee aro taken to warm climnton
‘this floooe is spevdily aed, as we have repeatedly | greater portion of this invaluable work,
witnessed, and a coarse, rediish hair takes its placs. | written monument of the Teutonic lang
Tn this eondilon the resoublance of the aniial to | loa. Bome fragments of Abe Gothia version
the A. becomes very striking. Paul's Epistle to tho Romats were dimerersl
Anoaxn Lamp. Seo Lemp. Knittel in 1756, in a palimpeowt
Anakss, Jax Barriane oe Boren, Mangcts '; | ducal library of Wolfenbuttel Ie seema
‘born 17 Aix, Te was ilesigned for the law, | been written In the Oth century.
but following his inilination, eutered into the military | of St. Paul's Epinites, and soe
earrice mt the age of fifteen. His pasion for Sylvia, | Paalms, Ear and Nebi
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Anal |, or KiMors (the ancient Oimolna);
sya nan a Grin Arhiing 1 abt
‘The ihn rh) en oe fant aro
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ae
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nto the mysteries, he made vows wich
Anso, See neta,
‘Anuot. See Argal.
Angouis; an ancient division of Greece; the
eastora region of 5 bounded a
ih Aroadin; 8 bp Laconlsy ead S2W" by ie Alo
iS. id fa
Gault Tho Greeks inhabiting it here be
‘the ancient authors Argiees and A te
mountains alternate with freliful plolna and valleys,
A to the traditions of am A
wan rich, and iy
about 1500, and Danaus, about 1500 mo,, wld to
have come hither with colonists from Here
reigned Pelops, an emigrant frou Asia Stlaor, frac
whoin the pouinaila derives ite name, Horm, too,
ee heer = re See e
amomnon, Adrastas, Eurysthous, jos, Hero
Hereulea was born, In the moraas of A. he ‘the
Ay and in the cave of Nemea subdued
‘the ferocious lion, In times it was
divided into the small kingdoms of A: Mycenm,
spn, 6, Hormione, and Epidsarus, which
aflarmards formed free ataber, ‘ily, Argos | sayer Phineus waa king. Phin strangers
has retained its name since 1800 mc. Ite inhabi. | dirvetions, and a guide to conduct Dileep tt
tants were renowned for thelr lowe of the fine arta, ne oe ee
particularly of music, -Hery, aud in ee | ia. please reseels ‘Gough them, Having
‘were erected te the Biton and abis, who arrived at the rocks, in compliance with the advice
foll victims to their filis r, Near this city lice | of Phinens they owared a dove to fly through before
Napoli di Romania (q.»,), the anciont Nawplia, with | therm, i, roving with all thei atrngth,
‘an oxoollent harbour, and the most important fortross ‘Orpheus pinyod on bls lyre. ‘The rocks stood.
‘of the peninsula CA tee firm, ‘the danger was escaped. ‘The last adven-
Castel, on the Aycan Sea, formerly mage ity | ture awaited thon at the inluul of Aretiss (ur Dia).
‘Hormloa, with a gervo 20 the Graces; | Here they found the Btymphalides, birda which abo
‘opposite is the island of Hyden (gon) None the eity | thir fea ‘arrows aod trom which tke borows
danas, the ‘of ancient Gresos, | could. only ‘sbemselves Uy a voleut lacking
en te iver us (g.r.) had his tomple. | of weapons’ Having driven away these dangeroos
‘Trromne, now the village Doma was | monsters, they ret with the suns of Phryxos, who
bom, A. now forms, with Coriuth, one of | having been sent by ABotes to Orchewentis to tale
five. Peloponodan pena fiom of their” father's. foheritance, hed been
both in 187] was 127,820. hithor by wtorma. They relieved theve rufferers,
ARGONAUTS; in fabulous his y, those heroes of and reovived them much veeful information.
in view; thry
King
fonped of. tho design of ‘the
wer, did not refuse,
i i a flees, on which hie
government during his son's minority, At the | life dey ies, bat coacged Than with three labours,
time fixed Jason appeared to demand father's | by he to destroy him. Jason was to
kingdom, Pelles, ay tly ready to ‘the | yoke the two ‘breathing bulls of Vulean to a
throne, required of him first to from iin ‘adamant, and to plough with them four
the goklon fleece of the rata an whic and of land consecrated to Mars, never before turned
Hello qr. ander Athamas) had eacay 0 perme: | up He was then to sow in the furrows the remaining
cutions of their step-mother Eno; for Phryxns, having | serpents teeth of Cadmus, in the of Hetes,
actif the rath, ad hong. up the fcose tn a | and to kl dhe armed heroes which they produced at
consecrated grove at Colvbis. ‘The ambitious youth, | last, to fight with Tr dm rnpinsedcoe
unconscions of the treacherous natute of the proposal, the golden fleece. All Jabours he was to aor
‘Sngaced Se acmeae lia Sis pimesaiet sid eae comy ea gee mary ‘To resoue the here, Juno
valiant heroes of Greece took part with him. Her- pm, wi Ms the danghter
cules, Castor and Pollux, Peleus, Admetos, Noleas, | of in ic, infused into her an amlent love:
eleager, Orpbeuy Telocaon, Tooweus and his lend | for Jason, and in rehur for a peomiva to crcoct ber
|
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‘cocountored the frightful Seylls nnd. Chnsybiis,
alluring Sirens, and a fearful storm not far from the
coast of Libya, ‘Then they came to Crete, where the
ssiant Talos, who guarded the ialand, opposed their
Tending. A single vein ran. from hin head to
Deel, and was cloved below by « braas nail, Medea
ga¥0 him an intoxiesting potion, end opened the voin
‘hat be might bleed to death. At last they reached
the long-wished-for promontery of Male; thelr
{n the southern part of tbe heavens, ‘Thus the expe-
‘itiow terminated gloriously. Bus before the herves
very omentially, Several pocts
cclebrated this adventurous
have, besides that by the pteudo.Orphet
this mibjeot hy Apotlonins of Rhodes,
Yalerius Flaceus.
ARDONSK; a former province of France, between
the rivers Moae, Marne, and Aino, St, Menebold
waa th capital. —dryoans, Wood of, runs through
Upper Champagne and Lower Har, and is mostly
monntainous. It was so desert that the Prince of
Condé, who roveived it in 1057 a8 an appanage, and
Dis mcoemors, used i$ only a+ a hunting-ground and
plsee for felling wood, and it became a revort of the
poem on
1d one by
his | OF these
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breadth, exocertis in about
sr fons tnd’ s es once 10 soa ea
dented, it is euy
of wos-const, Its
Looh Suwart, Loch
deans Uhsseinr acted and
in, a a
‘The county taclods the islands ot Tiree,
county searcaly formed
abject to the
royal and independent xwa
titles, and jurisdiction of the latter, however,
‘sequently fall to. the Campbells, to whous bey
belong. "The Duke of Argyle, woes
Tnverary, ix proprietor ot
of the territory, and chiet
The
The W, termination of
in within the county.
stzvteh NE, from tho river the
| Porth and Inverness consist obietly of
also extends along the N.W. shore of Legh:
into the districts of Sanart and
covery other part of the mainland
the Grampians, on the B,
bed
HH i pe fyiEnan
: i ulate Hal ee ae
a ee PERE a HEME aS at
i Ht ita A ia as F ee
Hen A
SoH Ea) Es Ha 232535 3 A
er i tee
Hl rere Hei mths Hate nas : li ide urs
is Hl guy ae Hd i ELT] a4
21 ERNE sate vl iT i a i #lfiai Dee
a a aus aud ‘liad a an sea iil Hi { Pr ei
a igi jel 4d tH woali We ui relay
i ue Ne se iid
| pact qpistisc diag’? ehggdlicisgys cig beara,
i Mi i dahl te eed Bluneald! Hie i
lh Ee alii ie eo ees ca eit iu
Bs PES 4 PA TLE ie qa 5
Ri Pee ea teu feta
Sk pom (wide to Uri lieh the rstraton of
diod suddenly, ase
considerable
‘Vofore his decense, 337, cased
in the Arian mode.
liturgy,
a
it lao in
to faclee oe Ati Vohep Felix. the divisions
among the Arians themselves, in the meantime, pre-
foret pina ctor forthe ehureh,
‘the former constantly under ite anathema, At
firat the Semi-Ariana, oF w
Basil of Anoyra and ‘of Laodicon, wore
Ee
eee
z
H
2.
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=
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Es
2
3
10
jeodeiua restored the do-
faith, and the divisions wmong
tho Arians thomsolvos hastened the downfall of their
inflaence and ibility in the Roman empire.
‘After te fet fof ths fh ecutury Ariana woe
in that portion of the ‘anpize which
by the Visigothic king Reeeared, aup-
hhore, ala, at tho end of the fifth contury.
among the Suovi
fa Span, mong whom ft bad prevalied fr» century.
‘atholic faith, Ever sinos 430
Arians, nnd the doctrines of their weot in
Northern Afries, even by the severest porseontions
‘The victorics of Belisnrtus, 634, first put an end to
theie kingdom, ax well as to their separation from the | |
i it
‘erthedox church, Arianim was maintained
‘atnong the ‘who brought it to Ttaly, and
adhered to it firmly to 662, Since that time the
Arians haro nowhere constitoted m distinct sect; and
though the Albigenses, in France, in the 12th ant
18th conturies, were accused of aiuilar doctrines, and
wna ‘& more
having about 20,000 inhi before: z
by an caribouske in 1699. a 1809 $f wae
i
i
aig.
‘Annerts, S00 Air,
AnDIANES, or Aniniax; the princi
the Persinn theology, which per
tho designs of Ormuml, or Oromasdes, who denotes
the principle of good. Sex Demon and Zoroanter.
Aruaasrtass; a fabulous people who are
rot moto hei nthe extn ora cg
reriander, in Corinth, and
torwarda vinited Sicily and Italy. At ‘Taxentam
hho won the prize in « musical contest. ete
| barked ina Corinthian veel, asconting to
history, with rich treasures, to return to big
3
f
Hl
the power of his music.
Psa peed pone ha the
‘to bis aweet
seamen still continved unmoved, A. then
to escape the hands of the murdorers
death, and threw himself into. the
‘ack, and wi
stormy billows by the power
crow ly
I
she
Hi
fF
of hin
tafe t9 Mount Twnaran whence he
"The sailors, having returned to Corinth,
questioned by Perlander concerning A.,
Hho was dead. Upon this he appeared
| Saunton to bo aasided. "The ite ae aaa
| ean hom to be crucified,
| dolphin whish rorebed. him, patie,
the hoavens. A fmgment of a hymn
ascribed 10 A, Ss contalued In Bergh
|
:
i
i
i
uf
ff
| —4rion is also the name
lous and poetio history.
An1080, in muxio, Seo Air,
ARIOSTI, ATTILIO
with whom, and with the cclobrated,
afterwards: lucod the opera of Muaio:
Ariosti setting the first act, Bononcink the
‘and Handel the third. 1 Likewise ceanpemed:
other operms in England about the year
which time the Royal Academy of Musie ges
ished ; and fs ual to have Introduced into that
country, for the first time, the Instrument called the
viol amour, on which he performed & new
boing appr a n on
‘the 12th July, 1716, noon after his arrival, He thon
‘wont ‘but again returned in 1720, and come
Pored several opetes. Hs oboe ore laf’
after publishing # book of cantatas by sulmcription.
‘The place and dato of his death are ‘oat he
ia suppescd to havo diod about 1740.
AsuosTo, Lupevieo, ‘of the most celebrated
of
Boe 8
mouber fret judicial court,
Tuma he poparsd. Sugsdln hich ated wis Bs
others others, ono founded on the story of
lear to sy ikke. Tn the school of Ferrara he
isth hed himself in hin studies, His father de»
his for the profession of the law; but, after
five years of fruitless toln the Joong maa
tis tau, Get bo aulghn devote Liesl to
0 a! Este,
‘Tppolite fised hiza at his court, used hin counsel i
‘lost important
‘The unl
‘eek me
to Bim no eufiiet apology; end on
to attond him, thorefore, A. lort
final’s invonr, which gradually passed from
coldness and indifference to setited trod.
tad
Denedet
wa
‘moll but convenient nod pleasant
the following verses to
‘be insoribed
Emaar
which is m continuation of
cannot be per-
:
i
I
i
the received a mortal bite from a poisonoos
wae ‘us pnt yh Ion of hie
ver, Wak now swarms,
eth elie of xn ela
£
schol
‘Ue fact that there
He
ut Aloxandri nc 145,
motor, who ‘steamed him, eonfided to him the
edneation of He ‘voluntary
258
going to rota “Mae Aristides injuroil theo! ine
an “No,” anewored the voter, “bet I am
of hearing him called the Jwat.” A. wrote his
and returned tho abell in aflence to the voter.
With prayers for its welfare, about
‘years after, whon Xerxes invaded
‘Greose with a large nemy, the Athenians hasiwned
soe hopes etapa treme
da, eculving,antall
‘was wurrowniod at Salamis
with all
gE
SEF
Hiveces
and that nothing ould be more advan-
‘tageous, but at the sume tite nothing more unjust,
‘than the plan of Theristocles. ‘The plan was at once
Eipeendet tee Grea fo Iepew’n ony eile
to ing a tax, wi
should bo paid into the hands of an afloor appoi
‘tho states collectively, ited mt Delon.
fe expen. He left two daaghter, who rece
Towrlea tren the stab nod soon, Loviaslus, who
ted with 100 silver minw and a tract of
land.—Avristides dilius, famous thetoricinn,
bam 4.0. 117 of 129 in Bithynin; after travelling for
some time, settled in Smyrna. “When the city was
Sectrope ‘by wn cxrthquals, aD. 178 A. Uy. bis
‘The inhabitants showed their gratitude for thiseervive
Rzeceting statue tohim.) He diel in 180 or 1.
meeit of his orations, of which forty-five are yot
extant, consists only in the:
by which the emptiness of tho matter is tolorably
wall concealed. —. Aristides, «’Theban painter,
‘with Apollos, flouriahied 7.0, 840.
famous pictare of his is spoken of by Pliny, repro
senting © mother in a expturod town, mortally
‘wounded, with an infant sucking at her Urwast, who
is approhensive will suck blood instead of ilk;
it beceane the proporty of Alexander the Grent.
Sereral other very famoos pictures of his are also
mentioned, for one of whicb Attalus, King of Per-
garnis, bs maid to have given 100 talents, Expression
scons to have been the grest excellence of this
ancient artint,
AuTETUS; tho founder of w celebrated phil
lendoar of the language,
y tin dangle As
| the houres of the great, while
A| of
ARISTIPPUS—ABISTOGEITON.
sophiesl school among the whieh wae called
flourished
ructod by
the younger,
into. i joular doct
called
ie wotings ary loa, Winans Meeceo- phils
dis. | cal romance (Aristippus and. some
ies) lively and
Sita oo
worn ae Maree pga
would be the bottar for being echolar, “If fer
‘elae,” said ho, “yot for this alone, ab wher
‘ecomes into the theatre, ane
another,” Being waked why
i
f
'
those of the philosophers, he ey Because the
former know what they want, and the letter de mel.”
‘When 4 certain person recommended hie sem to him,
to doranded 600 drachmas; and wpem the father's
replying to him thnt he could buy a slave for that
som, ‘Do #0," sald he, “and then
f
ui
to pleed
to make T always hirv a cook." ‘Being
was the difference between
replied, “Send both of them
‘who aro acquainted. with melt
you will know.”
ARISTOCRACY. See Goverment,
‘ARixpoaKATON ; a citinn of Athens,
ls wondered famous by a
junction with bis. friend
I
H
it
Ai
i
{
!
pet
3 HGH ie in ia i tire ae
Te ae Hae cE Hate
= fr s Fe ; 32 fel ey i
oo 7 o a ee al
ied wh Hise lie ali sl ul Hl
ee al i ees Hit ii Wi hae
qild rar Hea Ha al
Hil
snr tea
Ene
i ain Rane fli Hie ae z Agi
ae ieee a
Ht ua i q Ca
nil Hm PHL Heel pceerteae
a PU RANE
eae HG deatiis nil of BG al aad
Ppancone tl Aitiery
for the arts and
scienceg we cannot but chink that sTlcearee
was judicious acted. It sober,
Fectinmpen Srey epee abi
ittod
‘Maoodonia for over, and returned to Athen alter an
Absence of twelve years Ammonius the Kelectic
that he followed his popil in a part af his cam-
pes and this ssems very probable, because it tn
ly pomible thst so aany anisnals ax the philo-
supher describes could bavo been sent to Athens, or
that he could have giren go aosurate a description of
‘thom without having porsnmally dissected mnt exn-
in » familiar and intelligiblo way, on mubjeots more
early connected with common ‘life. Accordingly,
his works also are divided into the enteric or nbstruse,
ww the coterie or familiar. Alexauder aided his
him presente from Asia,
his services, gave him 900 talents,
led to an imter-
Tolations, and at the death of
ver, in 923, A. was even reported to have
had m share in the allezod poisoning of the prince,
though there is no reason whatever to believe that
be wat poitoned. ‘The Athenians, now hoping to
een comntnand of Greece, endeavoured to pre-
vail on the other states to take arms againet tho
Meoedonians, and Aristotle became an chject of
rempicion on account of his eonnection with Philip,
Alexander, and Antipator, ‘The demagogues, sup’
Poctica; Ethioa
Politica et Gconomicas
nom,
| Badlon, Magna «
Historias De Animaliun Partibuaz
tationis Vib, xiii,, et alia
‘combine numbers
to obtain results which eatisty’
rules, method
ia vory
diiron
‘Tha Grecs ite wull known, mero gnuraai
systom of decimal notation, the simplest
Sefeet of ail inveations. "They
ounly by help of the letter of
this method received.
‘den of number ix one of the latest
to form. Before the mind ean:
conenption, it mat be familie
cation by which we muccesively
to epocien, from epecien
id vege ti spl
would muygont tho wi
Dual, accoriingly, though retwined
occurs in the languages of all
Counting these pairs again by two's, and
the same procedure, we arrive,
at the radical term, 4, 8, 16, lo. t0
numbers are eaily reducible,
posed of 8, 4,
‘tem of numeration,
ranger t
oortain to haw
countrios. Vestiges of it are still
Chinese ; amd Teitmita hax extolled tha
abundant extravagance. It would, 10
fte naked sitaplicity, supersede the
thought, and reduce all the operations Which ecu
ment, termed bu
ecled of wociety to hae
f
I
bya continued
ual competition of
introduced into
pled alin oxauniely Eastern
‘nubdiviaion ie likewise used with convenience
for ning tho weigh
to rea
symbols, or by employing, for the sake of abbrevia-
tin, the tala letters of words significant
‘mumbers themaelves, Ths
M, sometinien
sen divided elo, capromed thousand
all the chamotere absolutly roqaired in a vory lanited
Buch are
xystem of nuineration, ‘The necessary
them, however, as oft occasionally ax
‘Was soon found to be tedious aad ing.
oor curtailed marks were thersfore employed to ox-
the intermodiate multiples of fire; and this
seaproverment mort ave tale place at 8 very early
‘ot Te
ition of
:
LP
F
F
il
FE
HIN
‘by counting
and
i
i
ra
’
of nowendeeinn (nine
‘twon), it i iin eget ba Tn
to une duodeviginti (two from
toc pile Bet th apt characters
now lent their to ‘The uniform
Licoad strokes were diveniseed, and those letters which
rnort resembled the soveral combinations ware adop-
ted in thoi ‘Tho aimple stroke | for one, and
rectly ive sol Le
aris eed
is i
atun. ‘The later 1) was very generally texted
rer symbol fo for fe
hundred : tod the angular
cbaracter for ® Likkowiee, oe
(ane -of the word weille,
sagt sit ir sha Seartasiae
m1 ‘wast
etter rears
Y
of mit, aap have been very
‘was perfectly analogical. Ei laroperd
plex eytabol GL> for’ s thowiond, the interwadiate,
en erento
Fregresdin ty lene hte, eclne and ogutese.
Were made to signi ,000 and 100,000.
hhalvor, again, of characters,
ar 130 und $000, ere ecxployed to-danote 8008
‘and 60,000. The oldest form of notation among ths
Grecks, and the eystem of numerals retained by the
Rorans, Sneapable of any material
improvement. They might serve laborionsly to
rogistor a number that wae not rery lange; but thoy
conld not afford the slightest mid
aritimetical computation, Dy what
rr
=)
it
justanve, could even
94 bo multiplied to ‘come
srymbola V, shore both,
tho units and the tene aro equally involved? Bot th
Tomane were Inte in acquiring any tanto for refi
deeek el enolont eng te Wists Sioa aN
profoundly ignoranb of science.
simple calculations which thoy had ovcasion 40 mabe
tho Ros obliged to have recourse to 0 sort
pebbles or counters.
?
ee
‘wore taught that
a
‘art
‘with thet, ai of computation,
ect, or hor Aled wit pelea asd tard on
sehioh these were placed i
sites
Ly :
eage2: [ip
; aaa i ie
nial gt a a a i a
fant wi ao Sees ei : oe
ifn F he ie nae
Hn a Wh
He 4 ot
j h 449 afi
j a]
‘ of Hit i ful at
Ht
SHE
sieiay
i quit a a kal ie
nse... ia
HU eB a= FE He
a Ht Hattie
H al He Bin
fi Hees “Heine
pie ii sa itis Rae une! Hil i
giz Pal i ie Hina BH gaggiseae a Fae a wick 3%
it aire Coe,
atte un Hae Ha Fe! Tee THI
i ai el: gH 5 i] rel rr pesd Hage iilulis 33 Hi
NHB ai Heater ed ea eragvaddegiateqetaataiieaee
Sasi" isiaie; erie. agghes eet Tit Ete E HL Ht
li i Hee ere ee se
ia ahe i eH HAH ilk Ln ea
iBT
abl
al
p
i
|
t
i
i
He
AH
Pe
i
i
EESE
ii
ih
Ee
e
ie
|
Be
a
¢
gE
Hi
it
the
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i
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F
:
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course be extended by this mechaninn only »0 far as
the thre first figures; but this may bo wulficient to
five some idea of the construction, and wax in fact,
fr, Biabtingo stator, tho point ta which tho first model
of hls calculating In onler to
sctunlly prosented to it on two opposite sides of the
‘ine, the number 283, for example, appearing in
figures before the persan employed in copying. I'he
following table was caloulated by the engine referred
tom
i
1
it
:
i
é
th of the territory began to
a orplorations have
itsvnt chs In depos of ts
fo any ia the mlning regia of the
jevada
Sonora on the south, which Intter
into and Poors lis the
aE
ee
&
Hell
nal
Ht
Re
a EE
i
E
:
:
:
i
i
ti
EE
i
i
i
grass, ‘The capital
organized with the usual gov:
in Pobruary 1868,
1870 wan 0658,
A”
Bil
resided:
.)—In the aynagogue of
in which the tables of the lnw:
tho namo of the ark of the
two fect
eight, ia which were contained the
articles tioned
mentioned in the quotations, It was
‘of ‘shittim-wood, and covered with the
called also the propitiatory, as the
rie tn
a
Fi
i
fe
ble,
jinted Gyo the Lain ores or vessel.
hi
:
i
:
if
i
HU
;
:
it
u
cithor ond was a choruby these
other, nnd embraced the whole
tenement for the people (Habslc
Ploced inte tune ol ae
i
captivity it appears to hare been alther owt,
Fotore nie time tt was’ kept Se ther ‘and
‘was moved nbout ns elreumstances ‘since
that, atnong the things wanting in Ube,
stroyed; for the Jews universally concur in
Seco ean
‘ono was the ark of the covenant,
them; but he Years of age before ho
ve al up iy t the comideration of
Eee Calin at ee aera at tho
samo time that be added igi pearep ey
Head ane miocteg pee
res, at blackburn, in Lancair,
ave the means of spinning twenty or thirty threads
Reet iprmgrp nig teen ea ae oo
By tn omy tout 30k hegre batons emp
points attains n ‘weft, being destitute of the firmness or harduass re
prairies are of great extent; the forests also are in ‘the longitudinal thrends or warp. But:
very magnificent containing fine specimens, prin: | Mr. Arkwright auyplied this Dy the inven
=
‘of oak, hickory, aah, tion of the Ahat wonderful of
Bale Rt cietine nisin | sien as evar moet
tho St ‘and the Waahita. merely to feed the machine with to join
Of the state are thermal epriugs, much the ‘he they Kapen ta ca Ee i not
chronic and paralytic affections. Their teu difficult to understand the on Which thin
‘vasion; bobsSa) Abe drioel pamaoes munching rep erp pet
point, The climate, tho: on a cea se eee ‘moans of
rivet extremes of heat, machi ‘The ‘roller of each pair is furrowed
‘ter ly in the lower districts, is unbenlt ty Biba’ Linginaaliy, sad Ske tga ion in rrers
feitlers ‘The voll differs much according ‘with leather, to make then take a hold of the eottan,
psp » ply yeti Peete sic puted wenn, moc
in not a few it a lis cot
ably abundant. Many districts are admirahl it wonld merely undergo a certain degree of compres
raring, and great numbers of ex son from tl ction” Ko mone, howover tm the
carding, ot roving aa it is vechateally tegua
‘tier, beaver, to pas noagh the fins pals af ello alan fie
ual bs oe nissan, vive bythe coal pir, which ary tae to rovaley
joad, " Aerkaneas, originally oct {as the case may bo) three, four, or Sve times
chiefly’ the ‘Chere 4 the vilocity of the fey palr, Tay tha pod
was colonized as onrly as 1685, by the | trivance, into
French under Chevalier de Tonti. As part of | desired benuil
Louisiana, it was purchased by the United States in | by the of
1603. Te was ervoted into @ neparate territory im | mon the
odien legislative and executive are. appainted
popular elostion, the governor and. senators for previous
‘aud the representatives for two years. Education, | by the cousaon haud>whieel or distaff, or by the
‘oth in it higher ead ordinary Lranches, has made pleinfedncre ney =
nnn
5 it in
1519, and admitted into the Union in 1836," All | oi
> en
G0 Tus channel a Wide, dpe tile cltoued | fron bar by.
Ly rocks or whoals, that boats arw able at some seasons | rollers; and though there is 0 mechanical analogy
‘to uavigme it unimterruptedly for 1980 miles. Ive | between that operation and his process of spinning,
pina tributaries are the Noosho and the Canadian. | it is not difficult to imagine, that by refle ‘upon
oth im ite upper baain and along parte of ite | it, and placing the subject in different points of view,
aka aro elt pelts, conning Of plata of rece | it sight lead ira to Lin vention. "The precun dats
wand, resting on thick beds of mack-malt, Tn dry hot oft cincrne isn kaos Fu ms peo
woather the surface of there plains becomes inorusted | that the felicitous idea of ig by hod
pin i ocourred to his mind ae early as the period when
henoo receives the name of the ealt a ‘was engaged in the invention of the jenny,
for alipout immodiately after. Not being himealf
ic, Arkwright em ‘perwon
‘ANKONA. See Areona. sng 2
watchiuaker at Ws
practical mechanic,
AwewioHT, Stk RICHARD, famous for his inven. | the name of John Kay, a
tions fa eottonspianing, was born at reson, in | to waist im in the ‘of the parts of bis
Lancashire, in 1783, of parents in humble circum: | machine. Having made some progress towards the
etanoor. Ho was the youngest of thirteou ehildron, | complotion of his inventions, he applied, in 1767, to
roovived but m very bidifferent education, and Was | Mr. Atherton of Liverpool, for pecuniary auistanon
Ved to the trade Of w barber, In 1750 he beeame | to enable him to carry them into effect; but thie
an knerant hairwerchan, and saree te Protis | guateman declined if hie property in what
soo a valuable proces: _ v0 hazardous « speculation, though
His ruddeace inn coltonapianing dieuiee Uaten| | salt ‘to assist
aaturally drew his attontion to the operstions of that | eonsteuotion of his machine ; the first model of which
H
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it
‘tried, that against Colone vant, in
Court of King's Bench in ay Colonel
fontaunt’s defence was, that Mz. Askwright be
ymtunicated his inventions in tho.
been intended only to
ors from pirating his inventions, A
r Wau given aguizrt him. In Feb, 1785,
neatly four years after the first trinl, which overturned
‘nse; but ndded, that the obscurity charged | Drake, Hawkins,
the iom hind
‘the patent, ‘& necond action was tried in the Court of | of these, includ
in which Mr. Arkwright brought
acknowledgment of s0 much » spindle was demanded,
in order to eoitle the-dispute, a process on seire facius
Yee Broasht sgninat Mr, A; in the Court of King’s
Boneh, in which the wholo question was argued, 1
ily a8 to the unintelligibility of hix epecifieation, but
con tho less technical and mare important ground of
his not being himself the inventor of the machines for
‘which bo lad obtained a patent. After a long and
ably-conducted trial, a verdict waa given against Mr.
‘A., and in Nov. 1785, the patent wax cancolled,
Notwithstanding thi, none of Mfr. A.‘s mort intironta
onda, or thowe who were bert
; ever had the slightest doubt with respect
to tho originality of his invention. Some of them,
indesd, could speak to the circumstances from their
‘own personal knowledge; und their testimony wae
uniform snd consistent. “Sach also sovenx to be the
opinion now generally entertained, In 1786 Mr.
yuainted with ‘his | forth
Arrived at length off D
Pipette
ee
{ abandon the
opposing his passage
celved the idea of
‘of these eoveral wore driren by a weet:
const of Ireland, pea
z
es Hey
ail ne a quae 4 ETM
8 iif: as 134 i
tae cali a Hh uaple Hate aibaitates tpt
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sa ERSTE al doa i
Hae hild ail Hue Hee liaty i i elena 4
Ringe eeu a Lai bie i
; J izad S i
cea eee
wal b lh ah vi Hal i ne i na re Pee tH
ii alle died A ili! fai a qi ah a at
ae rata ie pe Hanae
hal rr Bs i: raat ae ii Ce
Hafli Hala REISER AL Hetil EAE eel wh ae
$
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share of
urdistan, and almost the wholo of Azerbijan
Jovel. ‘The mountains are mainly composed of tra:
enyt 7 with slate, limestono, &o., appearing
ou the the chains, and sometimes rising up
with the porphyry. Granite is also not with, but i
spot frequent; and in the north, in the Turkish prov-
Soo» of Akalsik, tortiary fowsliferoon formation is
excopt Ararat, of which an eruption took place in
ke. A
generally the caso; and thoro are no but such
ss can be eresed ina single day. Silver, lea, iva,
aan copper are found in the mountains ; and the last
two have, to some extent, been wrought in modern
Rockeealt i
is
considerable quantitice to Peria and, clsewh
where,
Van, and the paahallc
Pala foray as of carried
gt
plentiful, and ix exported in |i
ARMED SHIP—ARMENIA.
‘Mineral bet littie z
tien of Un coutieaaty or of hte oa
si
E
:
:
BE
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F
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Z
=
it
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it
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th
f
E
joulture. ‘Tho horwes aro spirited,
inet, birches, poplars, and. beeehon
there are no thide forest except tn the most parse
of the country. ‘The flora ix not ao varied wa
eer ae iin
respects; it resem! 0 vegotation
‘Tyrol and Switsorland. <-23
"Tho inhabitants nee chiefly of the genuine Armenian
wo oak bale cham, css a
tod wubjugation 1@ COUNEEY,,
Pires hare cosioed 8 footing, OF ieee ial
‘aro the Tarcomana, who still maintain thelr
habits, and from whom the country has received the
name of Turcomania In the south portion ane the:
predatory Karis and che Tuna; on sina
wu the whole
Greal The total
Armenians has beon ertimated at 2,000,000,
probably one-half are in Armonia, The
jike the Jews, are at over varions Countries)
and, being strongly addicted to commerce, play sm
vaca a =e a They are foand over
+ Asia; about 200,000 are i
4
/
F
u
nny
all
ie
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Renee gers ban ey
a ected vn a oe
call themselves Hoith, and thelr ovuntry Mat
‘The i. rive ss = eixth
ET er dee ton sh ch
in torn by the ns, Mela, Persiana, and
Laer eye of a it
Hct Aten Wn Sk adi
‘ull wo ie rs, Artaxios wad Zariadros
(223-190 p.c.), olf ‘to Antiochus
tl between them,
which now was divided into Armenia Major and
‘Minor, Artaxias getting The dynasty of
Artaxins cannot have reigned long, however, since in
‘the middle of the 2d century n.0. we find A. Major
ruled by a branch of the Parthian
‘most cclobrated prince of this race wax Tigrancs the | i
leavpotamin,
and Atropatene. His conflict with the
‘ower Sal hp wo Sek Ex ELE
Ponti, eoxt itn (#.¢. 63) almowt all hie conquoxte.
‘Tho Romans on the west, and the Parthians on the
recovered
Tucks anes Ris ot oaa chest spaenage
ings. r attom sul
tion in vain, and it remained free until 650, when it
was Gert the Arabians. prea ‘it several
tis masters, among whom were Gengie-
Koon aed Mocriane
d by several nominal sovereign
it wax mado a Roman provines, On the division of
Roman. world, it fell to the share of the
empire, and shared ite fortunes till towards the end
of the Lith century. It was now (about 1080) raised
to indopendence: ita sovereigns extendad their power
over and ‘and played an important
part in the Tt Jong maintained ite inca
‘Mongols snd Moslems, but nt last
ruins are yet to be men, which display a good styl
in architecture; ¢g. thn roinx of the eld capital Ai
‘which was destroyed in 1919 by am earthquake;
Lirtes
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fourteen daya in tha
observances of the churel, may get
266
the bishop, and may read mass, baptizn, conirm,
marry, ‘extreme notion, and have authority too
oe ‘Such a fact makes it exay
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‘old as tho conversion of the ‘to Christianity,
of all the languares
‘Latin was during the middle ages,
when French, Italian, Spanish, or Portuguese were
corrupt jargons, each ia ite own countr;
tho tongue, in whicl
Phe Armeni
jerod a dead Janguage. In
jenian language, which is divided into
several disloots differing considerably from each other,
‘but all capablo of being classed into two main dialectio
‘an castern and
Turkish words, and the conatruction of sentences ix
by tho rulor of Turkish syntax. ‘The moat
learned Armenian antiquaries donot protend to trace
‘their literature further back than about 150 years
before the Christian em, when two Parthian brother
‘and Valarsaces, reigned over Persia
‘ monarch, being a lover of
letters, was inquisitive touching the circumstances of
il
- | romain, inserted as quotations
ARMENIAN LANGUAGE AND LITERATURE,
ures once ieee
F
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fe
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i
‘same timp schools were, by the faxour af Leena
‘nian sovereign, instituted ed
the scholars there trained.
to
tho birth-pluce, Besides i
Eranaations be wrota a. Bs
for the early part upon Maral
of whom the names only bave desownded
eT
still habitually sung in the Armenian.
A number of his simaller works.
tially perished; and of Moses
tarics upon Haikan grammar
i
il
Inter abd more Fortunate weber, sas
Armenia was printed in England,
tho tast_century, by the sons ot he
teat tt tne no Engng, abd ea
4
Dental scholaen tt Halen, te te
remained
contury Haikan literature firwé
and then began to decline. With
‘omtury, to the sixteenth
‘caine more desided, more rapid, aud
of the lan wos
milate pee ct atta ae
do not moan to say there were no authors:
ry
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‘in TE lun are ial giling eal
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Hee erin ined ea
He see ay pin iit a in lap
“i He lita Has Hae peel i ae BT
ill qeieninil aid itt ueefes HED
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Se Sa
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‘ure more generally calles
on acsount of the title Remonatrantia which they
gave to adocument prosonted to the states goneral
of Holland, in which thoy endeavoured to prove the
‘opinions of the reformed church, in rexpect to pro
destination, erroneous, Diversity of opinion on this
subject was the chic reason of their separation from
‘the refurmed church. ‘They maintained, 1, that Ged
hhad, indeed, resolved from eternity on the salvation
sod’ damnation of man, but with the condition that
all those who betioved should be aaved, while the un+
dellovers shouli be damned; 2, that Christ died for
all men, although nobody eould partake in
tion hhe boliove; 8, that nobedy can have
i a hirnself, Uut saust be Lorn again of
God, in Christ, thronygh the Holy Ghost, in orier to
atialn its 4, that nobody can, without tho grace of
God, think, will, or do anything good, because all our
wood works have their origin in God's grace; 6, Uat
the faithful can ateuggle sgainst Satan, the flesh, and
tho world, and conquer thom, by the assistance of the
Holy Ghost, ‘This is the genuine doctrine of Arminius
and his sect. From thees original Remonstrants,
however, are to be distinguished thove who were uot
‘ratiafied with these five articles, but procveded farther
Jn tho contest with the Reformed or Calvinintic
chateh. As, even before tho Arminian dispute,
several writings of Socinus had been circulated
Sccrely In Holland, particularly among tho men of
Tearing, who were almost all Arminians, it waa
sataral that the lster Arnninians should eviucide, in
many points, with the Seciaians. They wore there-
fore xeeused of Socininniem. ‘The states of Holland
ARMIDA—ARMINIUS.
his salva | and the Saal.
‘esl a8 Leyden)
partion doubted the obligatian sles commas
‘pect to mpiritual affiirs, the famous xynod at Dork
Se ae eee
:
if
|
‘get, Any one who joined them waa not:
to accept their creed, but only to declare, yenend
that he was o believer
ry hem, and pear ye
hie life according to Christ's commands,
narvieo was almost entirely like
2
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i
f
lows spirit wax ao fatal to Lollias, wore
with a fow of tho most: powerful tribes,
of the Rhine, and the interior of Gaal
;
rare made to soure the of
tril hostages, and by a Reran slneations a
taitoealy bestowed ox tee children of the
A,, won of a prince of the Cherusei,
in the old Germnan, xignitios famous
bom 18 s.c, Me was educwied mk
into the rank of guites, and appointed. to
table atation in the army of Anguatum,
favour and the of learning
i
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bal
_#
his instructors. “Convinced
jin savago countrymen woul
the dived feraes of the
bs
H
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apapatuan ins
' a Irie He ue ue ial BE Hie a ig se
{ a celles acai a Hear teh i
qlnce Pee ge i Lange HGH pepe aah Fed
a ee ee ay
ries vers it $35 Zed. cts? ea2: 3
Pee rr aes ir Hata Hh Hepa ius
| anny se eal di
2E 3. 2a ua:
Hs 23 Hi a is Hl Hee Hie ie i all He HA Gere eis
a HuSE BE rate iu pl nave af Ran TTHAA Gy
Re ae Ge
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Hue He alits Hheda iF HH gist LUTE
aL uaa Soe
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amas, beginning
atevsiele, endeavours continually to
which aa ake fc feos gener
anos, "In oonteguenoe of
boxing—and this can be made truly
‘Christians are accountable to God alone for their | stacles
ious wentiinents, His followers included sowe of
men in Holland, as Barnevellt, Hoozerbecla,
od Grotivs. ‘The Arminians still remain a distinet
seet in Holland, and from the timo of Laud have
nen the inant party in the Church of Eng~
Jane, Editions of the whole writings of this divine
were in ono volume, 4to, Leyden, 1629;
Fran 1631-1634; and often ofverwards. Tho
principal piece in this collection is entitled Dinserta-
tiomes de Divereis Cheistiance Religionia Capitibus.
‘See Arminiaws,
AgMOBICA; the anclent name of the whole northern
and western const of Gaul, from the Pyrenees to the
Biine; under which namo it was known oven in
Cueane's time. "The word ix aaid to be of Bas- Breton
in, and to signify mariti
KMOUR; adefenxive habit, employed to cover and
te from the attacks of au enemy, A
or helmet, cimay, gauntlot, tames, beaascte,
‘culsses, and covers for the legs to which the spurt
wero attached. This furniture was denominated
armour exp a pi, or from bead to foot, and wax ured
by the cavali menvat-artor. The infantry had
ay part of it, viz. a pot or head-piece, a oulram,
tassor, but all Hight ‘The horses themselves had
armour, wherewith to cover tho hesd snd neck,
24
for
juiro infinitely moro will, and :
be ured o mod in euler oy ae
be. Man is protected by nature sue’
adownward blow by the sluuye bones of
B
a
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i
f
¥
F
F
EF
i
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Gist 2 downward. blow with the: Sst
injures seriously, while the thrust of s boxer fx
dangerous —L Dieter
which are properly 20
Tod alo Wh parts of fortiontone
particularly ta protect the body. ‘The.
tant arme are treated of under the proper
ween
Some writers make » disthnetion bet
Ele
(infantry and cavalry) and manned arms
‘The history of war includes elo that
French and German military weitere
opply |
é
fe
1
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:
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¢
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of
‘the
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He iat Hal it dl eal nla
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a ae a : ne 2
ine a i Hk k Hel Hae nae B alban alt ie
petted pals fuel! Bi
Ui acu ne rf ut Gh alae 2 !
Festa ee i i
gored Ri et eaREES viderei a8 : PEELE |
sal eu HT un all BET MIE At
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Petey Sara of eatern
the character of armies and
"This king established smaller di
proved the advantages of the new system,
‘Wallentain ackuowlalyed, Soon aft
anothor
‘Weltion, and his son and successor Louvois, the art of
ne being particularly improved by Toren ad
other comtemporary great generals. Standing
iattaloal au exten kithorto uorxampled. Tastend of
MBs 36,000 ues -sestaloed ‘by Elesry TV. Louis
on,
—— a
ime. opp ing
standing aril iom. ‘These
ly havo exerted an im-
portant intlueneo vpou the art of war, This art was
ractised upon a continually increasing seale. France
was, at the anme tite, endeavouring, in every Way,
to aecure lng Lourie by the cof now forti-
ications, and heranilitary enginoers were particularly
eminent, In the beginning of tho 18th century &
new and important epoch commenced in the military
Not only did Hussia, in the time of Peter
Great, maintain a larye standing army, well disct-
when, ax then. hay
ich
‘on foot an | fi
vei What ‘the “eet
ccentive. What was
he necomery
eve wih
tof ry
pee Anew mode
suomanan achlas fee tbe perce
as , then the other
peicnce alot the nat
ebait of two acl
that no excellence of di
armies on the continent of Europe are
cious ahs
try.
sarmios is nearly alike
Europe:
have
plined in the European manner, which afterwardx, | clases of troops.
lation
other
Touropesn states; but Prumin too came forward,
under Frederic William I, as n respectable military
power, and supported an ariny far exceeding a proper
proportion to her population ; hence ale waa inducod
40 wet tho cxamplo of foreign levios, in which origi-
nated the inconvenience, that, in the hour of danger,
large part of the army could not be depended on,
and, moreover, it was diffiealt, to maintain discipline
over this sane portion, consiating of the refuse of
forvign nations, ‘The native soldiers, too, were
corrupted by the eotact, and it was found necowary
to redaco
army to a machine, inorder to make | has
soch materials sorvicenhle, ‘This den was pat in
execution by roderic II. The system of standin,
troops was carried to aa extent much a» it hi
over reached, and Pramian tactics became a pattern
all tho othor states of Kurope, ‘The system,
yrer, had fatal imperfections, which could not
{fail to produce very injurious consequences. The
rest number of foreign vagabonds enlisted, Ted to
the intreduction of degrading discipline, which
i
‘the vari kinds of - cl
various troops,
France and Prowia, are excellent,
‘troops, learning fA #0
the army ix considered asa
the diffarion of knowledges
eerven throe years without. bein
H
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doing wo, Now that
abolished, howover
20, 1871), and ization
Saat ae ee
army of the United States commimions
and the balf-pay system haa
Napoleon inerwsed the san of
before unexampled, ate distinguished |
ing to the nan for which they
the namex of Ulockading aries, aravies
of rear, bo.
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SURI HiAE veel HUT aac uli
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LLM EH Ed aul asinnth Hn
qudgedsills Hill dup
‘vemels, and seatealy dei ‘in the shade,
‘wotil it in suiclently hard to be worked into lus
DUArAy
ae 1a Poanon
decadence 5
‘or mames for sale. though made in the deat.
‘Went Indies, ix an object of no great commerci ‘united himaclf to this and, ao)
‘importance; not ‘unfficiont to ‘of the Bible that os ‘played
‘much encom ta iteenltare, Ts iemow ohietly | portant part in the history of J g
‘by the Spaniards in South America, and | Arnauld d'Andilty, oldest sm
for the purpose, expecially, of mixing with chocolate,
which, in their opinion, it gives a pleasing colour
ax Q0r THOMAS-BACULARD 1; 8 pro=
ARxAUD,
French writer, bors at Paris, 1718, where he
Eto r
studied with theJeruits, He was a prococious child,
seo] could eny with Voltaire—
"Dit be eons Jo bignya doe ve *
jones of the wood to | k
Jou
works.
ARNAUT—ARNIM.
ft ca i
Peete ea Hi Hi!
te Lee Hebi
qe af 8 tural a}
a ty ae
bts
Mista
ies
Men
eae
s—flowers,
3 ache a
diuretic.
arvon
plied ext
os
foes low fever,
bebepayee hs ai ai ibaa
Te ee rite a He uael
rata Hae i ih al a OH a aul
a cy 3 FFT) £5833 PETE er PEPE a a 3 3 a
4 mall He a ee He i anu Hull Bis Hl HE Hl
ih nr ile Geet ella tl penta
ETE Hide vue Te luni
ral eR
wil s eget at gg tgegtst au inal
aul] FTES Let iit cle IPE IHY OF Bh
Halll ae Sea Ril
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348F
i
‘ot civilization, Niebuhr, in his oman
vision ““Tuscans and Ktrucans,” «aye aa
xreatet part of Tuscany is moun
‘Whe rich valley through which the Amo
in anciont times covered by a lake and
From Sena to Fiotole, and toward Prnto,
follows.
Uh ecw nt then of te ecto of the wala of
as ia shown by many openings which were
Aadgosd tor desing B38.” 1h conse the in ot
modern Florexce, whos crigin it ix therofore alywund
toreier to the times. A section was also
‘cnt at Laincina (tho out) to drain the rich fields of the
valley of the Arno; or it may be that the rivera
hich now form thie part of the Arse formerly fll
{nto the Clanta. and the object was to diminish Ua
Tiber. The marshes through which
Hannibal marched are, ab present, dry on the right
thank of the Lower Arno,” In the tue of Napolcon
the A. gave its namo to an extensive and populous
department in tho grant empire, Klorenco boing
‘the capital. ‘The population awounted to about
600,000.
Anxourvs THE ELDER, called also the African,
was, shout 40. 900, teacher of rhotorio at Sica
‘Vouerin in Numidia, and in 308 became Christian.
‘While yet a catechnmen, he wrote seven books of
Disputationes advereus Gentes, in which he refuted
the objections of the heathens against Christianity | Ni
with spirit nod learning.
dofective knowledge of Christianity, but is rich in
‘matorinis for the understanding of Grok and Roman
toyibology. Hence it is cne of the writings of tho
Tatin tathers which, ike the works of his disciple
Lactantive, are particularly valued by philologiste.
ARNOBIUS—ARNOLD.
doctrine
tho | upon the sects which arose during the rama:
following centuries.
ARNOLD, Buvxpicr, one of the most distinguisbel
the eacliee
‘This work betrays a| Brit
Orel bux pulse tho lst and
‘Frum the
i :
Rome, and by
Hl
?
l
and A. wasobliged to ly.
and burned at Rome as a
ashes were thrown into the ‘Tiber, and. bis
tupprowed, But the spirit of his
sigh
£
that a tation on the subject having been
made to Caogress, before m court.
martial, and condemned, Janvary 20, 1770, to be
reprimanded by the commander-in-ohiet, Tn tae
moment Arnold nourished suf “hatred
towards the cause which be hal so | defewched,
and being afterwants defeated in an appa to
from the decision of the commissioners to.
centile certain claims of his in connection: es
‘eapedition to Cs ho detarmined to.
country, and through Colonel Charles Bey
Robinson, entered into m com
subject with Sir Henry Clinton, the
iow York was ab this time in
inh, who had asset
#
PF
ti
of thoir troops. The fortrem
great importance, is aneae oy
station of very
Jeagoes from this city.
eominand of this
into the hands of
Ameld aired at
© British, with the
as
z
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gabe
sefril
i
3
paxaports to
—one for André, under the fictitious nage of Ander.
eon; the other for Colonel Charles Beverley Robinson;
‘ond them shore, This
‘Robinson refaned to do; but André, fll of impationce | «
w
Ht
Hy
i
Hi
ai
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‘26th of September
lot Tt was settled that André should go back
‘all haste to New York
se
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ae3
Toft unguarded,
‘of oll the works, and of the passos leading to
reveral coomoirs, written with his own hand, and
whence » boat was to convey him tw the
Vulture. But this vont was defested by
obstacle un ‘Th sloop having gone
aground, bogs to feut agsin at the ricag ofthe tide,
8 ciroumstance af which
aasiar and rower of the
oom An to the sloop. wi
intoly 40 Aroabd, ead caged Mins fret hs asthos
rity to compel the men, but this the latter dorst not
attempt Arnold now wished to withieaw the papers
with which he had ints hina; but Ande was
eairous of showing to Clinton with what pono-
Eualty he lind exooated bis salmon, and Fosited on
.
27
‘atning tha pape, WES: Be enced 8 hs Soke:
pa peer RE Deed
of which they traversed all the American poste with-
out ‘arzived. at from
E
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boatman to
of André (qx) in woll known, but ie
‘was happiness i
Arnold, who sarvived. the wer but to drag
a dishonoursble tife, in tual banishment from |
native country. Hedicd tn Gloucester Place, London,
wi otters to isn are still
Pomaceneae
which the memory of this sua
TIN A2UE, sehen it eae pled down on nocount of ita
rrofural to change the judgmen
traversed the sentence, ord
ral admiration ex-
in act of mupponod justion. Nettelbeck
‘and whon the people learned that he
Sarord smeniied
sae ec a proof of the
1 Englih
composer, was born in. riper 1740, on rool hit
iowa! ctucaticn tn the chapel royal, in London. Tn
hie 28d year be was the author of
sition, and in 1760 was
Covent m_ Theatro.
Maid of the Mill,
‘a dramatie compo-
‘which the former, in particular is highly distinguiabed,
He hlsa) sunny Yoeal nd fowtrumental
ppioces for the gardon concerts. Ho was made Doctor
of Musie at Oxford in 1773, and in 1783 organist of
an elition of all the
folio. In 1789 be was
EB
e
E
=
5
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ite
4
i
i
5
and
whowe writings,
Aristotle, bad long been his favourites, In
tho unanimous vote of tho tei were
the
Metropolitana,
‘of Thucydides,
inted a composer at the | Chrin
lore he #et to music the
with which De, Arnold
Jat le tia for other odes of
managed, during the fourteen
fled in Itruoh only fo take w dewp Echo
: aaah age ‘it Bh PPE Br EEH 1 :
i Hel ag ae fe He Hi
dite ite eel ile
ae a a He ie TR .
i bay Lie eaters el
a at Ht BE ran Sanit
rage ne aH fe Pa cau
tia ail uth HS a HOF Hedi itaei
Hi ‘< aa & erie ised
BEY i | We die a till He feRe ial uk ae 2 8 2
Attn Pie Caress aren bere
ae i HATE ATT CEES ELLE Ee
i ayy HH at Ht HE PP eee ue RE shi
S332 teste gplas ligittisgstsatc lag eidpaibi tai
Wag fat Hl: ale aden dee aii]
rH HER HULL eed er ere ee er EP
ARPEGGIO—ARRAN,
sasha
ae
8
iv
Hi
Hy
‘was estimated at
ia six-tenths were Mughs, throe-
medang, and one-tenth Burmow. In 3867 parlin.
=
\ ea
‘to tho last dagroo savage and barbarous, It does not
appear, however, until the Burmow invasion, ft had
ever boea su com als 7
ib varsalage to a i wer, althou
SoS Mogae and Pegvery tad of Gidea Saas cor-
ried arms into the heart of the country. Daring
the reign of the wafortunate Sultan
‘Shuja, his brother and rival, was basely murdered by
the Arracan Raja. The
1145) the province was con-
squared, ible realatance, by the Burmese,
and was followed by the surrender af Chedubs,
Ramree, Sondoway, ond the Hrokon Isles, ‘The Mughs
nobaequently toade toany efforts to rescue their cou
ty, more ly in 1811, under @ rebel chi
nuaiued Kingborring: but were unable to withstand
the bravery, discipline, and cruelty of the Burmeno;
who even managed to, extort a surplus revenvc, of
which abont 18,000 rupees wore annually remitted
to Ara, for tho support of the white elephant and his
establishment. Arracan proved the grave of General
Mors’ arny in 1825, and ae evutiusod ually
ire even to the uative regiments stationed
‘em the noa-coast and among tho islands, ‘Though
its population is sill santy, and the natives are
ttle disposed to torn ita natural capabilities to. good
account, it mow farnishes about 62,000 tous of rice
‘autiually for export, and grows good ervps of extton,
tol indigo. After rice,
ianalt. Tho chiot dict ia rico,
those who can afford it oat
stable
poultry, Titse Beal ts eaten, and wuilk Is never used
An arsicle, however, in universal demand, and which |
under cultivation ; and the
00,000 souls, of | Akyab, the
95°10" E., once w
ih population of £6,000, i» now nearly m4
Pop. 8000 to 10,000.
A ‘Bee
| the kingdoms
and the
of the
pletely subdued aa Lo ackuowledge | dinia.
rly afer the Spas
attached.
jects of an enemy. Part
the titlo of a kit
les | average breadth, 90
lation, abot 600,000,
te i hnee
anatter charged upon him In the indictmeet Ie a
from the Lasin ad retionem ) in old Freveh
arraisouner, and thenee oregant ce Steph
Com. v4, Pp. A40, note be)
Axnax; an islind, Scotland, in the Firth of
bet woon the coast of Ayr on the wat, and the
aula of Cantyre on the wert and Cy
by a channel, about 10 miles wide, firwu wiht
which it forma the county of ate) Tenth,
5,, 20; breadth, about 10 tillen; pop, 187]
is of wild and romantic appearance,
orilera half, which ts eoveral by:
rps
al
:
te
ky
HE
|
i
i
u
iu
is
Ht
i
5 E.
Seibel
radia
Hy ete
Fe
lis
avila
Hil
‘Drumidoon, which Fingal is fabled to have occupied,
‘ond in which Robert Bruce is ‘on better
rounds, to have found shelter; relics of Daniah forts,
Druidieal stones, cairns, ke. Ecolesinatioally Arran
{orma only fo parishes, but belde tha perish churebes
thas soveral chapels of ease, an Independent chapel,
‘url various Free oburches.
Annax Istaxns, or Sourm Amnas Istana; three
isfinds near tho western coast of Ireland, in tha At-
antic, at the mouth of Galway Bay.
Arranmors or Tnishmore, comprives 7635 acres; the
next, Inishmasn, 2252; and the lenst, Inishers, 1400,
mainsof Druidiem, open temo, altars, stone pillars,
‘ered tous and Fath edraclous fountain, and
sacred groves, The religion is entirely Roman Cae
‘tholic, and the Trish ‘is spoken» ‘The surface
of Arronmore rises to rht of 360 feet above
‘these, snd is undulating and fertile A
‘and fishing: aro the chief empleymenta, ‘oat
are rained, sheep fed, and the mest calven
are reared hero, ‘The varietien of fab are rery groat;
and the board for the fisheries hare: o
poppooticy, roadoof untanned
aro probably the mont curious, The principal curi-
‘ities are the puffin-holes, Kilmurry Fort, and Great
Kovin's Head. "This i the station of # preventive
const guard; and there is m lighthouse, exhibiting a
revolving light of bright colour
ture | ts
ina Putas, who,
ust the
See
i fs
atid ih toe bene wik
je, non doleé" (Puts, it a not
AKKIAS, n Greek historian, native of Nleomedia,
flourished in the 2d esntury, under the emperors
Hadsino and the Antoxiaes,” "He
with the citienship of
Rome, and appointed prufect of locia by the
Sivlowulaes Tn Gib oseciy ba daisr =
in learning.
tell inthe ue againah the Maw ‘and was after-
to the ‘snd oven conatlar
dignities. Like Xenophon, he united the lit
ith the character.” No low than noren of
m the expedition of Alexander which, be ci.
on the expedition of Alexander, which, being prinei-
Sauy.cou pli feo the meneke ot Feo,
a jug who
wal authority with the forme
x ‘to Hadrian is also extant, entitled
Baini, probably written while be was of
Cappadocia, ‘are borides, under the name of
A, @ Treative on Lactier, » Periplue of the Red
Sea, of whieh the sutl fa dont 7 and his
Bnchiridion, an excellent mo treatine, contains
‘The best editlonn
|
&:
j
» are that of i
1704, folio; of ee Greek and Latia, Amster
Schneider, » 1708.
‘Pho best critical edition of the historical of A.
wins | is that of Moller, Paris, 1846; the beat of the Seripea
i
Ha
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i
ze
a
FEF,
Fe
ie
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i
i
an
4
E
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ff
ee
a
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ie
ee
i
i
£
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SE
=
aka
%
i
i
‘tho arrowroot is obtained by
(fia
ri
i
te
i
commoran.
perhaps, the salep or archis
a of nutritious
serait
invalids it is invaluable, more eqpocially
forme of bowel complaints. ‘Owing to the groat
‘mand hha boen much adulterated, snd care
rod in the suloction of it. ‘The purest Is tho
apace ot Bermuda arrowroot, A very cheap and
‘tolerable substitute for this article may be found in
the starch obtained from the potato’ (se Potato),
which carinot be too highly recommended.
AANROWSMETHT, AON: hydropraphor to the King
of Great Britain, and distinguished ax a constructor of
rnaps and chat. His works aro frequently adverted
tonsstandards for oomparison and referenos. Besides
S grat munber of maps and charts he poblihed «
General Atlas, 4to, 1817, to accompany the Badin:
Gasetteer, Ho was also author of a pamphlet
don
Ey
‘entitled, 4 Companion to a Map of the World, He
sdiod in London in 1823, aged 73.
the name of two towns of \y in
Estromadurs. ‘The one, called Arroyo del Puerco,
Population 7208, aboat 10 mili weet of Caceres i
wrll-buils, reeraly in howe of tro storie, and bat
8 palsco of tho old Dukes of Benevento, and a parish
church adorned with vome paintings by Mornles.
‘The other, called Arroyo Molince do Montanches,
about 27 miles south-east of Caceres, ix an ill-built
place, with narrow, eroked, dirty atreets, bat deserve
notice from ite sito on the edge of the ridge of Mon-
Sanches, wher, on Ooiober 28, 1811, the French
reve sarprived and defeated by the British, under
Lond Sli.
Nisan, w comiderble manufacturing town in
fn all | and enethy
cost.
an oloment of
mee dene rer ry
tases cotieore, Ab eet need
colour, and readily tarnishes
oa oh expowtre to the
E:
t che ities, and
to ie :
caevot fon, aver or Cod Satie ae
ee onan s eS ee
ith oxygen arsenic forms two compounds, both of
whieh, from: i property of ry
« arcniom
acid, tho moro important of the two, Sx the:
senie of the shop. Tt is uanally sean in,
translucent maxes, in which state
the process of sublimation, Ib is one of |
wieulent poisons known, not only whem takes
tho wiouaeh, but when applied to a
when its vapour is inepined. 1 i# found
tonal! quantities, tut $e obtained
roasting of several ores,
cobalt and areenical py
condensed in long,
the furnaces where these operstions ane
and wually requires a socond sublimation,
addition of a ttle; to deprive
it may contain, Its manufacture:
confined to Debemla and Hungary,
up from thelr youth in the
to tho ago of 30 oF 35 yours.
‘ous nature of their oceay
that we have agen them their
wells over which » skall was painted: to :
Yody that the water contained
we in medising and ae o ratabane, 8 ta enue
ployed au = ne
it ry
domunsic
tH
it
i
fa
dl
Hi
y choap
when too reuch ia adel
‘opaque, and unsafe for ue
potash, aningled with. sulphate of
ipitate, called Sek
ed aod levigated, forma
ried andl
ith sulphur, arwnic forme Tkewiag
it
perce)
two
R|
lel Hatt FH
Be Hate i Hiene any
tee ie fi iit tg Hey SUI A
i ae aa ey
bi il rales Hise eal aie ce a
i dul Hatt Rea 2H hbeht i
1G gee Hue He ee ae puna ji
ta 7 ‘| HE i 2 Hele Hee aie ei) FE
He i ee Ee
iat G8 Tgrseys wei Tee Win eae HEH
oe ae Hy ee aie
gy aa a ee | uenla Tn as
a arn
auial mlnaidiee Hey auag dap
A red ea i did bel]
peel
ie
$52824
i
Maen eee Celie ectoooee
lish the fruits of his own labours; bot ws
es
at
i
a
ei
#
af
:
\yologtea,
ther wit a fe of the author, were ne
in he yon 173
called the
the 4 sont
He occupic hhimnlt principally oe
‘the interpretation of dreams. We still have two of | rebelli
‘hia writings om
Annes, See Diana,
‘Ajneataia; Queen of
Caria, sister and wife of
Mataoluy, whose death she lamented In the most
. Hryaxin,
Leochares, ani ‘Timothens made the decom:
clatiot dean, by fur bores, whi
adorned the
Vitruvius thought that Praxiteles was
on it, After the death of A. the
it without any compensation, that they
prope not be deprived of the honour of their labour,
Te was an oblong square, 411 feet in compass, and
190 feet high. ‘The principal side wos adorned with
thirtysie column, and twenty-four
entrance. A. died, noon aflor her hu
monument which sho had erected to
Queen of Hallenmassus, accompanied
Xerxes on his expedition agalust Greece, and iistin=
wish hereelf, in the tattle of Salsanis {489 v.0.), by
her determined boldnes,
ARTEMISIA (Bot) See Wormueod.
ARTEMISIUM, in anciont progeny 4 promontory
of Bubos, on the northern aide of the island, which
34 famoun for the gront naval victory gained ia te
neighbourhood by the Grecinns over Xerxes,
Averestox; a heretion! teacher of the Sd contury,
who denied the divinity of Christ, and declared him
to los mere man, of ture virtue. He lived in the
diocese of Rowe; his adherents, the Artenonites,
- | from ite summit, and
the | of Edinburgh aud
ite af Sie
site af Goa
n or chick
‘was born about $01, ia 08 be ee ae
ae ae
1, as the poets relate, he conquered 1
cee Thence hs 8 Sea
hastened home, on account
‘wife, and Modred, hin
wax found, in the rvign of
Arthur ls mpposed to have some
sand has ever ee
elataund our posi thought of
on King
tho old
a iadilon’ that Ring Ariher seeped
# talon at Ring Ath
‘ifeated the Baxene tai
‘neighbour 1 ina rg
inca precipitous roo
Fnapist st yrpeocioatir tanalie ata
fepa and engoual form, from
ight, aud five in diaweter. Ib
ies ‘the ‘view is
teortifel at Oo the ports lea “he ruin a *
“ALiCOKE. ‘The artichoke
well known plant which ta cultivated fx
(Crnars Seetpaea i
chietly for calins ‘This plant wae
vated in Regland be early an the fear 1SSM0 aR
arta tha? are antes. acs te Sat the Greer,
which is called the bottom, and » teal
‘the scales of the calyx. "The choke couniete:
Unopened florets and. the besten that
from esch other. ‘Thee stand pan the
the totic Sa bo
‘nd must be cleared away tefore the
caten, Sumo alsorily ateiiaibe fea et
that asy owe, ualucky enough to.get it fnto Die
al
a ee
pages ful sie ee sreseenenitis ey
ae 7 He HH oe val ae a ii 33383 Hy Uh al
nit susty itt Fe atid 22a88ae FEEL bike Toe 24 aa f
: ciantileal i Cat elie Bele
i fe fala i A ere wibatil jee
Bay aetail ule fil
Tere nA ea i en
ay THUR ETER err eer all rate
i mM ial ae el ngranigny i Hu eee ALES
F Feast tia a 325882222 Te
ee a on i ja [een i ae ae Gu
pee seb diitila: H er ite re
ee Le NE
reall aii ial: BREE Pirated nity
eal UT Te ge fled
Sabla nee fies abide te
Eber reser ei]
i
[
&
5
ee
|
a9
iE
ay
ca
EE
Hi
He
‘
i
Letty
eereeegeaea
manufacture, than ix genarally to be «
wornon or einves, ‘Thus we find, in the middle nges,
men, ‘perons: ‘useful arts, From
that time, however, it seems that mechanical arte
wore om only by froemen, or nuna and monks,
sho both for [vet and others, Whon
tho cities grow up, and their number and population
‘ne of tho tsmens chases which
history shows to have
elevation of the mechani
the:
jonourable to bes akilfal mocbsnic. In many in-
too, they becatne blended with the fine arts,
several workmen have been handed
of n bill, on the north bank of ‘he siver Asap’ 1
zallos wet of Brighton. Tt compris thre prinpal
streets, two af which are spacious, the arrow
and j Mut oll are well kept. Tho houses are
monly old, and titber built, snwsy of thom dating ax
for ore aro alo
beak af the time of Elizabeth; but th
of rubatantial modern buildings,
‘Tho river in navigable to the town for vemels of 250
tons, and the trade, which is considerable, is chieily
timber, corn, flour, nnd bark. ‘The larger vesscls
stay at Littlehampton, at the mouth of the Aran,
‘end, in consequence, is
devils. In the reign of ‘VIL, on being restored
to the Fiteslan re an ack wae
to annex to the thin conte and
‘the dignity of without further eveation,
‘The fesse spayed i he preent is of
#8 heavy brown east, tomake the new: the
better with the remains of the old building, amd
nothing has been neglected to render it one of the
orice of anctemt
i
j
if
i
i
FE
a
if
A
iF
i
z
¥
pany wtattes, uxt
Selden published somo of the
‘thought most intersting,
Arundeiana, to, London,
that not more than half ‘of
escaped destruction in the eivil
in the ganlen of the earl, in the
Hoary Howard, Duke of Norfolk,
ccclloater, ‘the rerosinder
of Oxford, where thoy still remain,
Jeotion ot snoriptons ‘was publahed
Prsdeane, tn 0765 by
hn,
Hi
ae
ge
Hf
j
. “i
cipal even
‘ian history, doin
eign of Ceorops,
Diognetis, m0. 264.
Anvxa, Tangorsru9; the son of Tarquin =
Jast king of Romo, Having met Brotus in the:
battle after the expulsion of the
mutnally killed ench other.
Anuusist Caan (A rusia fetds); plod Bn
famous for the last Lattlo Uetweoa the Romans
Pyrshus (g-".)
¥ Hie p
HOU RAL ERIS
HU at He
t ae
i: 23
ql Hane Fa ee i
Ht a ida an rat ee at
sbstaats HEN Hii aaeet a i
eet See a i
ua Ann ee a iret
iia ze Eau ia Hern ie Hllida a ful HH
ities & He aa le ul
lis ful He Hi ITE
i pea aH i uit HI Hi i ii
ana Piuiite u at HF
er: itll sili] i
Hil rah BHC AL H vk a i
eal Picante
He Bante i
Heads! EG ee
ioe
ie
ig
Ib
Hu
i
i
H
PLERE
A iE
TL
ial
:
iF
merous
‘Ming cok (mountain cork; in har, ite lightly
curred fibres (mountain wood); sud ia agi
fibrous mames, hanlcr and heavier than the other
variction (cominon nxbeatw:), Tix most common
llow, green, and blue, intermingled
intrastate exept acest on
na
Man wrcheettsltae sic cea lesiflly
Savoy and Corsica. Its fibrous texts
whlch, when soled, "was
puriled by Sowing i a the ie fm whe
falwaye caine out ero whites heen it
Su baetipeplornl ey tr
Romana thie cloth was purchased at nn exorbitant.
Bil oe aa up the bodies of
‘The
ing only © timue of pare amianthos,
Paper may ole be foamed from shia wabutanoe, i the
‘way in which common paper i¢ made, except that
more size ixroquisite, A book haxewen been printed
Bee Lidtiomania)
ea it’ in ndlvantage-
in_the mannfacture of being re
duced to fine flaments, and kneaded up wi i the day.
Bah vessels are lees liable to break fro sehen
ferty alles W,8.W.of eraser. Th was noted
uring the eee, _Uysntalns innurooabts rol
oe Bhp sm, and in a commplote scene
SF dmeclation, and almost without an inhabitant,
ASCANDS; con of Alness and Cronsn, acornpaniod
Juda father in his flight from the burning of Troy, ad
went with him vo Tualy. He was afterwards callod
Julur. Ho behaved with great valour in the war
between his father and the Latine, Ho succeeded
Ainoas in the government of Lativm, and built Alba,
to which ho transferrwl the seat of his empire from
Lavinium, ‘The descendants of A. reigned in Atba
was, Ive
Loe Aulus, the eon of A. d
ith Sylviua; but the Latins:
dleseonded from the:
sailor's poste oe ee ala
‘incl falda let wh lelerfor
his island f we
wns discovered it ie 1001; bat in 1816 ate,
faanilion from St. Helena nottlod bere om
reid the
the Cape of
Uottak 2330 fons nd is
canio origin. Tt wntfored much
ull 528, when, copious
So wise
a to the rid ine eae Tt in
‘meridian tar =e
time, By the right. assem
pobre hn
to ou 5
Obliqne aacenion is that oe
von with the star in an tore
Ascrysios Day; the ay, on which the ascension:
of the Saviour is commemorated,
Thurday. Wt is 0 movable feast, al
‘the Thureday but one before
Biblical critics, of whom
Semler and Poulan eat
Axcr710s; « uame given in ancient tienes to those
Chhlatinas who devo Shemales to ace
of ul strove to distinguish thetnmelwes
i ed. ty sialnenoe ee aa
and hy voluntary penances. Hence those
‘rhich tench the opirtunl exercles of
acctie writings Even before
toes of the fit owiinn etry thar were
‘scotios among the Jaws (see Ktsenas}, alee
the taopier ‘of Greece, and in in pertalae
tho Platonics, ‘The expiremi
aired ttm many indalgenoen ea
Monastery.)
=
aad eloount sao now valuable as specimen of
genuine Englinh, Te was never! his death,
hich happened in 1668, was ocnsloned by his too
love application to the composition of » poem, which
he intended to presont to the queen on the anniversary
hier accession, His works were collected and pad
Hshal by Bennet ix ono vol to, 1709, with w life
by Dr. Johnson,
ASCTDLA, a clas of molluscous, or rather mollur:
coid animals, without shell, and’ designated by the
namo of Tunicata, because thelr mantio formas
insome kg te aa sh valve,
Kiaropeean tea, and corgonixation
attracted In molent times the attention of Aristotle,
laceons, incrusted
wand, and even with mall shelle, others soft and gels ‘Several Assertions
Fat Ts
=
life. ‘Theindividuals which are thus
duce younyg which are not ‘and have.»
different for from thet owa, but, om the other
ASCLEPIADEAN VERSE convinth of two cr thr
ins
reve and fan, Jt alway Gaon wi epee,
Tt alwe
atende hire andes =
|
:
a
i
fs
u
:
b
i
z
rwal medical knowledgo, ‘To him ts attributed the
division of diseases into acute and ehrouls.
Aswtt, or Aweitros, Caran, no Italian aston
mist, born at Cremona in 1681.’ He studied modi-
cine, and became professor of anatomy in the Univer-
Soy af Pain, whern bo highly ditoreied Maa
‘discov 8 myntem of vossels,
heel in to absorb the chylo formed in the
sae hus conteibato to the epport of snimal
fe. Asellt first observed these ‘in clingeting
=
E
&
ving dog. His
year afi his death a Milan, aamely fx 1024,
i3
£
:
t
;
;
i
|
il
E
i
t
i
i
#
ui
u
g
¥
F
E
©
£
i
z
i
i
i
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i:
i
a
i
il
i
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i
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i
crit
He
[ i
i
HG
HI
ie
i
i
il
iit
L
ae
&
E
a
Fe
it
Gi
ut
tre
aa
it
a
i
t
F
:
if
erom strain; but it
Ht, The amb ix, by |
“husbandinan's foe
tTEE
&
Serpoles nd very other parpno where len
log jen are wanted at small 2
‘oven thetwigs, ane onten by cattle w!
eridity; the beck fe ussfl is lanathg, and the weed
Fin raed cobra quay of peta
drip of the ash ie injurious to most other plants,
‘the moet Leautiful appearances of vegetation, ‘The |
t
He
te
ink
Eg
ih
i
Mt
i
ERE
H
B
2
a
rag
#E
i
H
;
a
4
|
ik
|
ll
i
i
i
of
lat. 5° to 9 UF
Si nw eT It is
miles from B to W., and peagly
3, to #, ite genoral form bei
i
?
fa
the vo, nad cotton: all
oc aoe oeeioes ae
rice, com, stgaresne, nnd ‘the
the staple rezetable food of the ‘natives,
tnestio annals ve corm hore of anal
ti
ant crocaliies nnd other reptiles sboemde
abundant, being found either
imuuggeta ‘The Ashauitess ane’
(oman
ornament,
io ot We
“tar ot
feather, and male ‘of perinr work: | law and other tranches of knowlege, atid practiseat
imanahip, ‘The governsnunt fe royal | # a chancery solicitor. On the breaking out of the
wil og eral tet abelten The Albee: | dvll wars ho reticed to Onford, and eateod hizawal
tore ade « reelitance to tho Betish bo | of ‘where’ he in
‘toon 1807 ond 1826, A war with them hae again
per their ine
‘expedition Jed bs kc Unrast Wolseley has bees vent
‘netinnt them, which han foie succewes,
‘Tho pop. i loooly estimated wt 1,000,000, ‘The chief
town is an, with w pop. estimated at 100,000,
ASHBO! ‘ssmall town fo on
Dove, over which Is a stone bridge, ‘Sime lace ts
ighbourhood employ a greeé many porsons Pop,
Dt aes
PRTON,
anded by hills, about
rom tae attached bizelf to the study
fand tho permead of he baa to calle mae
terials for his celehated! tho Order of the
Garr. Hie love for botany having inde kim
lodge with the eelcbratel gardener of Lambeth, Jobn
Dortyakire. The town conte of one principal ‘radeacant, ho obtained tho carious wolleetion of
street, from which branch revoral emaller ones, rarition got toguthor by that person and bis fathee.
Smunalactaree eaablicbed hore are ahioly thow of | On toe Gestotion staonle ran grated wie the
‘cotton and woollen, ‘and leather. ‘There is | post of Windsor horald, and reeeived other
Mlsewise good tende and the fairs are eele- | iments, both: henouralile oud lucrative; was
brated for tho sale of fino bores and cattle, The | a fellow of tie Royal rand favoured with the
ruins of Ashby Cantle of great note in former times, | diploma of a Doctor of Physis from the University of
and which roorived Mi ‘of Sovta1m a prisonor, | Oxford, Tn 1872 ho prowented to the king hia work
and bee son Jamos and his queon ae guests, are still | on the Onior of th Garter, and in 1475 rested
A’
Kd’ of engl bvicn "Thu eooubocat jaro | sided bis ols and BESS: thal smamentog the
pula of slicl Hic beoks ie tabairigt ed
at He dled in Moy,
‘ebictly of earthy and saline ingredients, the | several of which have boon ania of
latter of which mony be by washing, nnd | hie Tife. eee fa
taro callod eegetable alkali. ‘consist mainly of the ASHTON-UNDER-LYNE, a market town snd
phytate sas of poten, England, The
Marino planta whoa, give a bulley wih, which | town lies 6 miles x of Monchester,on the x, bank of the
contain juantition of salte of potassium and | river Tame, and narrow
eovlium, and which was formerly the source | strvets. 12 has boon sauch anlarged within tho Inst
of washing soda and of oda for hie Se ‘the extension of the cotton A
also the source of fodine bromine. (See the of cotton yarn the weaving of
Baris and Kaur.) plate tie pe carried on is this town and parish to a
-y and saline matters which existed ort-
‘ond others uss them in am inimenee quantity,
fore also an exnellent manure.
ASHFORD, « town in Kent, ploamntly situated
on # gentle eminence, near the confluence of the | putting ashes upon the bead na = ‘of humble
‘pper Eeanches of the Hvee Stour, evar onw o€ which | wpenteace fort. Tewes formerif, aad toa corals:
292 ASTA,
‘extent ix still the enstom in Catholic countries, to | than Kurope: the elevation af which i little
Satine ha Area ele cea at ita 200: 3908 To ‘Thos, again,
uring partake of the Lonts supper at | stretches along the Eudlan Ocsan,
ie “Trileptal oly bre ‘vioo, of rely loved sogienel ean
‘when all the giving Ives up to | part of the ‘whure tho elevations do
rer spect of puyety during Uae cnralval tl twelve seed from 2000 to 4000 tout above the sas
Joloek en j, go on Ash-Wednesday morning | formerly believed to be more than doable
‘nto church, whore tho officiating priest puta uahes on | of the latter aznount, or 1000 foet; a supposition
Adie rad wi the word “Dust chu at au nto | trait by the foc hat Vines, sau
ee ecprentes ch nection xd repontoncs we | Bel blir hers Serces of lstn cee
aa an repontanios, was 4
fan old custom af tho Jews. er lita sone Sara otha oy sea oe
ASIA, divisions of the facts have 8 pret era
1, by the Arctic | the continent & actually below sea level. exe
‘Ocean, 8, by the North | tensive country ¥. and . of the Caspian and
Pacific iby Africa, Its | around the Lake of Aral, forma m vat cavity oF
to Bebring’s | about 65,000 eyuaro miles, all of which is balow
* ‘miles; ite greatest | sea level. ‘The prodigious mountain ‘of Axia.
heendth, Stovero Vortotchnia, n Siberia, | are mo less remackuable han fs vas
to Point extent ofthe | Tas pupal ofthese ar foun of las Go" abd
Malay. “Asia fx joined "consisting of four
abe tniben evel mngiet swe rang tes
Himit; being feom st by an arbitary line i
nly, part of which ix formed by the Ural
tains; and is connected with the Tethonus
of Buen, On te iti para from America
Tiehring’'s Strait, where Gaia pen
ive pee eee
‘aro singularly |; being deeply
pts tat The peal ofthe
in.
int tthe Pru i, Aran Sen, ay
and Gulf of Siam, on the const; tho Gult Mao:
cof Tonquin, Yellow Sea, Sea of Japan, Gulf of 'Tar-
tary, Sea of Okhotak, and Gulf of Anadir on the 8.
‘ost. On the x, the indentations are equally numer- | — Having thus rapidly sketched the ot
fous, but, with exception of the Gulf of Obe, not of | the continent, we now proveed to notion ie
‘the mame extent. ‘The more temarkable peninsulas | physical features in detail.
fare those of Hindustan, Malacea, Cochin China ina.
and Anadir on the 8.’and x. const. ‘The
‘tls divinion of the globe are, on the s.. #, the Lac- erally a Jal to thro:
cadives, Maldives, the » Ceylon, eee i cue a aa is fren
‘and Nloobar 5 the Mengui Ar- | 27. to a.r, conslits of three parts, the Hindi
chipelago, Sumatra, Java, , Colebar, and the | or Indian Cauensua, which from the
Sunda and Banda joluceas, range, in to Cashmere; the
‘Chusais, Hong-Kong, the Japanese Empire, Sayalin
or ‘Paral, Ki ihe x, Kotelnol
Fadievek, New Siberia, Liakov, and, nceonling to
Int. 1° 15’ ond 78" 20° ., and lon.
27" and 190° x, SE fs Sends are inctuded, ta.»
sod within ite limita are Asiatic Turkey,
‘Amabis, Perla, Bolooshistan, Afghnaistan, and Hint
dustan; Dirmab, Siam,
Nepaul,
‘Cashmere, Independent 'Tartary, and Asiatic Russia,
‘Tho vait oxtont of Asia, tho diversity of ite wur-
face, andl the conflicting accounts given of the physi-
‘eal stracture of large portions of its interior, peatiow
larly in Central Asia, render it extremely ‘ditficalt,
if not impossible, to give such a view of ite goneral
conformation at should be at once aveurate wud in-
telligible, Tt may, howover, bo characterized geno-
rally, and notwithstanding ite enormous elevations,
wea flat country: itx meen Tovel above the wea not
‘exceeding 110 foot, while third part has not more
Han 266 feet of mean height ‘Tho whole of that
Jeetion tying x.w. of the Thian-Shan Mountains, o¢
of lat, 45° 8, and &. of the Altal, or of lat. 50" s., fe
‘our prodigiots plain or tract of lowland, « thin! larger
», in Afghanistan,
a, or /mans of the ancients, which strutches
froin the valloy of Cashmere to Bootan, with
circular infection; and lastly, the mountains
Pootan and Aman, ‘The entire Tength of the nega
of tho Himalayas is about 1800 miles,
from the w. extremity of the Hinda Kash,
river Dehas in Cabool, to the
sam,
tains haw been
foot. Tho highest mmmit yet ascertained
Monnt Everest in Nepanl, whioh ia
height. Kunehingings (28,178 teat)
‘peaks that exeeest
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san elevation of 13,81 feat an
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the greater serenity of the sky om the 3,
froquent formation of anow in Wary
the radiation of heat from the
‘which are mach nearer than those on. tha f.
crest of the Mialnya sof srt
ceopeclally gneiss, wi
tras Dodoo curt 20S oe a
18,000 feet above the lovel of the men, ix
trata; granite fx froqnent at the baw, and
comparatively modern date occur at grew:
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‘or less extent, existing over this great continent, will | ‘sew of sand,” ‘an area, ,000 aquare
tbe fond etised in tha artllen on tho eounteion in| anfleo tn nx: axteeaieyy Ste whole length -Selog
which they occur, povbably
V Earthquakes, &e-—Tha continent Avia | cmart of Trak Afom! in Pern ts aboat 300 mien
‘has few volcanoes in a xtate of activity, thongh ite | in , and 210 ia Phere are,
inlanda are crowded with them, Java containing a | four other deserts in this country, the whole oscupy
‘otter number than any otber epot on the face of | ing thrortenthn of ts entre nufaca, In Tartery
a
tho &, shores | which, with other tracts of a ximilar description,
‘of the Caspian Sea, Ir f# 14,696 foot in height, ix ae sterile, extend over nearly half the ecuntry.
‘ancl is constantly amoking. The
ae
T
2
2
covered with snow, ly suo) ts of Afihanistan, North-western Hindus
table-lnad of Western Ania waa at one tine Tndian desert), and ‘Tibet, are also of great
of intonse commotion, now reatrictod to the mountain t, and om ‘are the vast
just named, to Seiban-dagh, and Aramt, In the | dowerte of Arabia, square
ce!
i He ara
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ie sa i a Hgtaiai all eaiittes (E
qa a FH Wis Hiei tnlatal dal aul ees bs
dei i i i Hue sy TERRE ET Ee 5 EPR HEL CRE
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a fib ae ideas i eee eee
HOLT EN EPH Pere Eee Ed
daa d a PEE Fe H Ale ae i ani Hove tas
ah Hiatt ae ‘lie Bit ft UAE j Dey
2 a He A ee ri seat Ha (eles
FUSE rae TRea HHA
Hl a He i We ‘ rf HORTA
iG ah i nai HUH j He bil 8 ; ie 4 ate if
ba tall eee Uae a
HA es Tee i; in HAHN innit eeu Eden:
z Hil nity titi fi Due wand ine Ta “il ini
; i H ri fig A527 H le
fe aR
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tah Petia Hn
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Tessie He ft ae age lahat
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206 ASTA.
which to the the otters are dis: | vipers, two species of which o Asia,
eibuted in atte Acie ‘Various kins | ‘Tree-scrpents, inhabiting the
of oxen have been in India from time | bow constrictors, pythons, the lange wanke
immemorial, The most remarkablo of thove are the et u
Andian ex, which Lad A algae erg
the ‘Tartary ar, with » bonutiful white willy
‘The buffalo ix native in China, India, Borueo, aud
[at pevncyP arr teats en fin ite
‘state formidable, universally. yestiont
ed, ‘The homo ix now known only aa a domestic
‘snimal in Asia, although believed to have at one
Sime run wild i the central plains of Ut continent.
‘greatest number of species: Pe haty
frat cl Cashatry hid lls oprend ove Tell,
over
Mice tuap teowtoah sleraticns of frees 10,000-44
13,000 fowt, ee eee
ls oth hy, Tho aboop are “teuplon.
ly from tho courtln of Wontern Asin and, | pevullaly prolif in alinaowous fowls some € Ube
Me the gost, are most numerous in thls part ofthe | posing moat beillant plomage, “whose
Tied the soe wa araight lel heay veg cn | igo tbe gold od aver yookentGe Chey athe
mut, ving om | laya, the gold snd silver
the tsble-lands of Pasir, nt an elevation of 15,000 phevant of Sumatra and Borneo,
font above the scx ‘The wild aux or onager of ‘Tar- | aceous fowl (Meyaportiva), of remurkabiie fe
tacy; lively and Imodhome animal, of great sped, | found in some of the ila of te Indian
‘in regarded ae the origin of the common ass. It in: | ago; and to this rogion, or to the southern part of
hobite the dry mountainous parte of Great Ti , | continental Asia, wo are indebted for that wala
ing, in summer, ax far aa Int. 48° x. Whole | able of domestic fowls, the common cock and hen.
‘of them are seen in motion also as far aw the | — Aacex of Axia, Language, Keligion, aad .
desortnof the Lower Indus; but they are distributed | —Anin ix mupposed to have boen the cradle of
chiefly ovor the eastern provinces of Persia, ‘The | human race, Tt containn » vaxt ‘ot tae
wild awe of Cuteh and Northern Gujerat is not found | and nations, The great divislons or connie
further © than lon. 76° x, on the 6. side of the Him. | of the Cancasian group, the Mongol Tartar gromp,
alaya Mountaina; it expecialls vents the salt | and the Malayan and nations ‘The first
She taal lpoor, Jewulmevr, and | occupy nearly the whole of Western the Hima-
Bickanoor, ‘amen abound, | ‘on tho | laya to the Brabmapootra, and all between
‘elevated regions of Thibet, on the shores of the laker | theeo mountains and the ooean. The
of Sansaarowar and Rais, t » elght of more | family ocoupie ll Asa x of the Pera
‘than 15,250 fect above the sen, Of ape and | and of the: the whole of Kastern Asis from:
monkey tribe Asia has 180 Me am | the Rrahmapoctra to Rehring's Strait; it inoindes
‘only an tho cost of India, Cochin-China, | the Mongol and Tartar tribes, the Chinese, nde:
and the Sunda Talands; ayes in the Sunda Tnlands, aod Japanese, The Me nations
Malayan Peninwla, ond Sumatra; the outang | the Indian Archipelago. ‘The ‘Coyle,
in Sumatra and Borneo; the latter, and the chim- | Horneo, Sumbawa, ‘Timor, and, or
Panace of Africa, approach the nearest to man. ‘The | tially, sumerons other ialande ‘These ‘atvicons
species of ynawers are numerong, and diatri- | of the Asiatic population are again xa inte,
‘buted over the continent, from the x. of Siberia to | numerous tribes, Of the four principal groupe mem
Comerin, They are included chiefly in the | tioned, the Caucasian is the handsomest end probably:
familion of tho porvupina, the rat, the hare, and the
squirrel, the Iastenamed prosonting ia the Seiurus
Malabar squirrel, the most beautiful
the ——
‘Asia, on the courta of tho Blick Se
‘and Asiatio forma
pas into each other,
‘The chief hannts of the Keptilia of Asia are the
northern and porth-autam partof Hindustan; be.
x, and between the
and the Bay of Bengal; China in a lows
he islands of Ceylon, Sumatra, Celobes, aud
Java, in tho Inttor in greater numbers and variety
than in any other part of the world. At the head
of this class of animals standa the Gangette crocodile
(Gaviatia Gangetieus), troquenting the Ganger and
vther great Indian rivers. Tho crocodile with the
hholmot (Crocodilus galeatns), and the doublo-crostod
crocodile (Crocodilus biporeatus), are namervus in
various quarters, toth continental and insular. ‘There
are ten §j ‘of frogs peculiar to Asia, and nino
species of toudls; but of the former threo only be-
long to the suainland, th
trough tho inlands, two
105
| in China, Japan, Anam,
E
:
|
raco arealso
of Migs exits, epecaly dhs CHa
par
ibral
‘The
tions ere dark, with Jank, Diack hair, fat
faces, and obliquely seb eyes. are ine
genious, mild, and gentle, in some place; fa
fierce and vindictive. ‘The a! physical
characteristics of the Rthioplans are well to
conalst of a black complexion, blak 0c frizaled
hair, thiol lips projecting: jaws, high
and’ large prominent eyes. ‘Tho moxt numerene
the great Aslatic races ia the Mongolian, next the
Caucasian, thea the Malay, and, Laatly, the
ian, frequently now called the Papua race, whey
‘estimated at «million only.
; The uagege of Male os el
its tribes, there being, according to no
fewer thin 937 different dislecta ‘The
religions of Avia are Brabanazcian sud
the former being professed in Hindustan, the latter
F
Ceylon, and Mc end
Inthe haf Aaa lamin (pevaloy sa Sea
“=i
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menace
aess if! ah adsiaizi ale He HBG i is Hp i] i
aa ce tan Hi i / Hea
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Hy Berit cer fee Lr Sr
seh ee
Hea Te Ft a Atal a Ane ae a mt ck oe
iJ . i 3 iS fs AE
te
4 Et 4 a cae ia i Hh eae ial ;
Fea HE LEE a 213! BATE iy i sisaee
AUR eT Hau fe ne Haase
Hirer 91] Hnull Hea dd Hee Halleld aH
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‘of Britiah Tndia, 190,000,000; of the nativo states
of Tndia, 49,000,000; of Japan, 85,000,000; of the
Indian As ‘22,000,000; , Siam,
‘£o,, 20,800,000) of tho’ hpotsasins 6,600,000;
of tho Rnssian 9,000,
frum ¥, to % The whelo country
under the Turkish goverment, and is dixided into
tho provinoos of Anatolia, Karamania or Cararania,
Adana, or Fuhilly Roum or Sivas, ‘Trebizond, and
Marwh. See NATOLIA or ANATOLIA.
ASLATIC SOCIETIES, leaned bodies iuvti-
Wor the purpowe of eollocing valuable informae
tion of every kind respecting the different countries
“Aniatio Society of Grest Tritain
and Ireland wus established by Mir. Colebrook, and
pened March 19, 1823. At first it publiahed ‘Trans
actions, but since 1833 it se published The Journal
ef tho Royal Asiatic Socioty instead, la which many
and the Gresian Arebi- | is
i iH
i
i
|
i
an evil spirit ‘which slew seven
iter af at Ragos.
ASP, Aaria (Vij je), & mpecion of 4
fom ta Zerrt Gaseabling ioe celta
wpectacle serpent af the Kast Tndien, excepts
Drown, |
nock of the asp ds net wo of
ite colour i. greenlay, ‘ithe
venomous serpent fe found in, ther
Nite, tnt a bon caste for ee :
Whe "quick and cauy dats conan emu
When approncbee ve disturb this
cubra da capella, vlewates its bead md
aT
rE ny di He hy Us iT
TE WE sya
ce all ae Me ge
t a ce Hae ivalitidl i
i atts cnt Hn sh Hb ae bt aE a
HE mined I pl i ee HE zt
a Hi al ull ll mae i ably i
Ha Ce E ae
gzsa™ 3 sega ates i228% 7
: E ul te | aie Ta ai He SS aj
ae a Ht eed
i He ei Haebne aint halle a
iii ral ie 4 ey uh iy HEB
HE te eas cel oe
i aNatauny el sna
in HAE ea
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piterages
spiel
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sale
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‘one another),
Everythi
~ villages:
to be the stronghold of the Austrians, and Hsdlingen
‘of the French. When the army of Napoleon gave
up all hopes of gaining the victory by foreing the
centre of the Au to secure
very
their retroat to tho ialand of Lobau, which was dis- | feotnem
fn sacred and his-
‘ile ‘sud the
it in the of
tion induced by rearing © waceossion af
under the moat dobasing influences of slawers, the
everest Tabour, combined with expomine tat the
rigours aS
hed
turbed only hy tho cannon of the archduko. ‘The
Joe of the Avatrians in killed, wounded, &a, was
anon killed nnd 18,000 wounded, the Fronch 8000 | f
Killed and $0,000 wounded.
ASPHALTITYS, a lake of Joon. Seo Dean
Sra.
ASPHLALTUM, See Brrvsor
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, | 236 ships, of 308,075 tons, entered; and the seme
sixme amount, psa
isan
number cleared,
ASP
it yourly.
‘rld coy tnkabiting the roountaiaoas Sasha ae
tary, &e., and celel
tory'for the fiery activity of
of i
its course.
since become proverbial for stolid
ing, whilo tho invenaibil
‘has fixed upon tho raco the
coarwor quality, of food than
fore far for
gions, where the is
ity induoed by
a
\ULT.
Cee ee nee eae
4 duo, Pi Rei ean tagat
He FRECHE Gear sete err Pt
ee i i ea SIRE
i iH Hoa eae a math He Aura ea a
i ae Hsia at HH alice ipa ih ean ule
IT EEH EME HITE eet HHL GNM
EH eet raTte Ha Hn ant ue
25495 FH tal ae ee ae
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Beer te eee iW 2 fis
ue “it nh vehi a i iii 4
to travel to
poeta es
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foe
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aeageet
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» ‘of pure motallic silver la!
Coe hep eet
the te dissolved in nitric
re
pring frnme-work to cour the of silver to
fogetes, ‘The ‘is eanolnded when Bo
furthor precipitate 1s 0 ‘on the addition of the
valt olution. ‘Tho quantity of ailver is ealoulated
ralt solution wed. An alloy of
Sega saa aie
silver is beaten and rolled out fnto a thin plate, whieh
Ss curled up by the finyers into a little spiral or cornet,
‘This in put into a flask with aiteic acid, which dis
janray the silver and leawos the cornet darks anid
After ing with water, the cornet is
boiled with 0 weld. to remove the last
about three
ferent fossil ganatlinn ed tor aves
juantitica of the silver
ped earetermiy
ASSEMULY, Giomual, the name of the spreme
coclosinetical court of the Bstablisiod Church of Soot
anid. Te cousints of
ic, is sulriatively epuaiod. tie
ly
Si ae Tow is the epprobation
5 FAL
by the wo ‘Parliament to a bill whiels baw
yi somes nay be gin Son
royal aeent may be given ia two way
perwon, ‘comes to thie Pec,
ToT tn tides of al the bill at ar pasa
Houses ure read. ‘The queen's anwar
Tis date oe wo ler Te poor
webeu no other
the date of the act. hos
ASSER, Jou, or Anmenten
Amer of St David's, a earned Britta
distinguished ns the instructor, eornpauton, may
saupher of Alfrel the Great He wa
abbot by Alited of two or three different:
fille i ai sun
Hep jagsayeg
i Cae iss i i AEE ne -
i ua a ne
iis Ae ene a aa
i co ze i GeuinrRial
a ae Hae a
a iHilly Hala i
HH su 3 3 He ai uit dail el
ti aaa al sau
i a is xl iH
i ul el
a EF i ul =
HH Hal i es Ht
aj tee eta i tg
Hel ee
ce ate FABLE
S224: Pate Lp iaip t
304 ASSIZES—ASSYRIA.
hove asizen the judges sft under fi | ASSONANCE, in rhetoric
ee ene Sees oe ramps Soe AS ee
‘to criminal esuses or businows, ‘The tirvt i the com- | same or
‘misdon of aarise, from which the sesion derives ite eke ‘This ie
{to tales amizes in | writers soxietinies
ain
Be
Be
=
2
F
E
;
afee
ite
t
Bu
half year. Tn Am-
rion there are no courte or vemtans fo ours which
are
ly suaizen, Tho jowever
orzo the anne dutias in the countles, within choir
port
ae cirouite and jurisdictions, as the English | miles
and generally tn ‘the samme manner, that is to
say, acoonling to the course of the common law,
‘The American judges have not, like the Euclish, an
ial commissions, Their eommimion ia aingle, an
Sppoltte thom to Ube office, But the general and publie
aves mark ont and define their duties and antherities,
whether general or |, and these duties und au-
Uhoriies are y ribject to be altered and
changed by the legislative authority.
however, the dution and authorition of tho judgur
tho higher oourte are
of
similar to those of the
very
judges in England, ‘The tanner of proceeding, ex:
aro tried in tho same manner, 'The sessions of the
courts are usually called terms, and generally speak:
ng the couses are tried before the courte of the
county ia which they are commenced, without hav-
fing been sont there by = rovord fram a court sitting
in another county,—Binoe 1808 there havo bown ns-
sive courts in the judicial syntem in France. With
the Bnglish institutions, however, they have scarcely
anything in common but the name,
Pogilet form. he
| height of #20 feet,
Ta general, | m3
i
ty
A
i
r
i
;
e
Ey
i
;
ne
ih
under
jutting into this lake are the ruins of the auelewt
Cut Avia the
the Mesopotamian plain, and is not seperated.
Mahylonin, which adjoins it on the s., By amy
boundary. On the . it is bounded the.
‘Tigrie. “From theag mountains a number of
descend, which, after flowing
entor the ‘The most
Kurnib, and the Diyalel,
of the Shirwan and the Holwan,
almost the whole murfane of the countey.
dulating character (boing formed by the:
of the Median and :Armenian
‘an important bearing on the elimate,
ii
Hl
&
‘
i
i
in temperature aul productions freqh
|
i
3 9278 (88 2 33 ae ane Hi seaapnyagiy Hi ALE af 42471 i
ee EEE
at He ee reat
et ea Le
Lee aa i TeeUeAt:
a £36 eon aq ui Hi] ih BS pass E suuein
slate gee ena a ithe meee
fi alia ia arte rt leat
fatal ey Malla) USI ea Tee
a i Hat HHH RP tee
rage Hr Le peat) tia a
PPTL biel aa ee eee PET po
ee TAU Base Ul
«i
a ne
aa
Hi l Bert
Hy J
Ee te a sald 3 Is
if re He a Ee i att
iil sit cM a fi ab “i mal if 3
ii a ib HG Ble Ha ni Hie itn He
i en Tete ere
a i His Feas Li :
i i ue te le i ae a a a
He BREE nines i ipa AR Le
peta ae Leal ae i AE
7 PAU TIRE ee eee ELH en enn et
fl
i
EEE
i
i ii
decided; iption
Fewer is oqual to that of Jupiter
fercury, whish nearly agroo in
this, that thelr diameters can. he approsimataly do:
‘March, 1549,
refractor as
ive
lander made it, 269 milo "The amallest
i. ‘Ths more accurate calculation of thoir
‘or elewents of their orbite, has considerable
few
dithie since they sulfer far greater ations
thats ce fic
AS MA ( ), difficulty of cetconpe tena
the close of cach paroxyam, with o
discharo of acu fleved by wren. sth
Ss ementially » epasm of the muscular tiene which iv
eontsined in the smaller bronchial tube Asthma
rarely:
to attacl
‘upon a particular constitution of the Inngs. Dye
pepeis always prvvals and appears to bo a very pro-
ition, On the evening
predisposition, and in many others it meme to depend
ipon,
n feature in th prelisponit
preonding an attack of asthma the «pirite aro often
tnuch atfected, and the pervoa experiunces a none of | wwe
‘man,
timniah to | th most vary
these | to the form af the disease. By far the rest:
connints
iy
|
F
SFFF
4
|
i
4
i
i
if
E:
E
i
a
Hu
remissions, Pierson
‘doe to tine Wheat
to
day; and the discos
off at last, the
‘charactar- snliye bis arta et by ight inet fuer Raper
‘varions—eccumulation
ange, ‘The exciting canses are:
of blood or viseld mucunfa the lungs, noxious
Labbe jen deumog es eae ‘ain tie
of ori or othor metantatic diseases,
Soares mercies
diseases in the tharcie visooms, 0.
fits retin at nd it Se
ally difficult Paris fund atest
occurred; but it offen continues
fant part of the treatment
or removing the several esciti
ing on the I
muodium of the primm vin, ke.
ence can alone ascertain what the
yore, ins to tomy ire, dryness, part
fia wo staan though ood ea
on bahit in this reapect; ta a due
ar well ax of the oe eS oe
will usually afford more permanent relie€ thas
‘medicines we can employ.
ASTI (nncent. Hawa or Po
he :
sarounde ty dle
of which now remain. ‘The streets, though wide.
torel with several wot el
mean and deserted appearance, finest.
ing is the cathedral, a veucrable Gothia stractare,
warmounted by a lofty tower, and adorned ‘with a
excellent paintings, ‘The trade fa. rts
about
before the Christinn era. It was tyelce
the Gott snd ou the Iter: 2
Pompey the Great, who gave it ite hme
orn ba it os
i
i
Bourbo wit
8 sae PEEL Pera a ui
ee Hh ne Hey Pill
pea eae
ee
HiBe i ae Hipp iit if
af
* agin Sa
A i
fieiiee pal HH DR THe
ie | wie
a3 j I 2. Hi “4 4
' Hi
ae
EEE ar “Hit
ial iy rAd ile Gal Hin fi Hine ey] He
ee a
Sa e Heel Genial
fi Hh u 3s idle Hay Elneaallt g diryall
SE EET EE
ar Ly 2 TE HiT fail sada res $
EIT acer ai UT ett at
i
Ht
ba
un ul
ca a Hh ah
Betta cui) Taig
i ra | i a ee
He ue He T i fd der figaiialinet
JH Pereres Peete (LTH ae eee
ie Hae IHL He ee RH
sprees TT GT RR ee IE
He fe Mi cee ee ee
HaHa He radia atl Wt Minag?
eee ee ea ata AN
at i Ben eure i
ith] ifs ey: Haeaié ri
«HMMM HG dee COU GaH ESE IMGiIH aAlLy
a
it aypeai TH ui sis at
ee Hl au a
an a fe ie
eu le eee at i re Fiat i
ti sets a eau ae ey a
Hate (ee lineal i ab iW Ht att Hi
fal He yu Higell RE ia sa UEL Ron sg
i if wae aul iy Breed ial HT eu i
E fi Ha cali Hy i a Ht ue ae al ue i if
Aaa Tae nae ala
eae af Hed algluy veered
RE z aay ft ant ale vals An SELLE
Bde etie nau tae eT OUT Ee na EE
e 33 2 ie if HG iy He 4 34g ey E26
se a ee
ae io Hebe a oe
La Hi eae Hy F re ui
selene geet ue
He i ae A HAE ad stihl cal Hn nth He re Ho
Ha ae a Ha tle ais en iit ie i i i AN
ry fib ut Hed Fi i Hie
a ue Ha ae iF a ie Ay HE Lill lualeae ul Hey
| E ba tine r i pay Hp iu ei ib He ne i
E ee led He uu tt Hel
3 3 3 z EE Zonas : 3
rE mie ne ele Hf bal FADE elelanay
ASTYAGES—ATAHUALPA.
Slt
ae
Tee a ie
BP iat i
te i a ae
teh wal
i inh ELH Hie Huh
0 ae a i ae
te a bial ae a
nt mda ce faligy fe Eth
id PTA TEs Eee ER EETHE UT et Ey eee
ge me SG ae aa
ri ltee al ie a ailifat tA ii Heels
lie Miiige ie TM SPOR RL tg
Ae ie ai nan i ean it
al! aeese A wal ae pa Z Hie ate PLES HEY 2
de ee eile HLF ST EE
aie He Hitt ahaa ABUT
i
: =
* ane fu nee ae is 3235 al ABT HEDP ages Hill
ay a FE cae HEL Bere see iil ul ie if ts ae He
al at ie i ait wl we Hee Hue! a i fi)
i oe
Hn RGAE Hi Habegee lection
EE ispse (ies He A
ed ee ual eee aetna Hi
7 Eeigte33 Hae FEET Tes Eee une ERE 3
He id fa Pane art i Hp rl ae ra an
Hi Her paul b Hal TE ae Hee He o Hi
Hilge ie iin alli Pa at iu tl
ee a
imal! HEE et (eGnie alae Aneta
‘more than 00 bishops assombled
a from the Bust and West. In consequence
of this he retwened « secon time to his diocese. But
‘when Constans, emperor of tho West, died, and Con-
itantiva Gocame master of the whole empiro, the
Ariana ventured to riso up against Athanasiue, ‘Chey
im in the councils of Arles and Milan,
raving to colcbrate a fertival in
suddenly ruxhod in to: make
sand manke
peer hina fa suri.
time, fled into the deserts of Egypt.
mies puryed him even here, and set
ince, andl who would not betray his retreat,
‘oa hin account, ha wont into those
In this undisturbed spot Athanasius cox-
posed many writings, fall of eloquence, to strengthen
the faith of the believers, or expose the falsehood
hin qnomaien, Apostate
tumed after an absence of six yoars. ‘he mildness
whieh ho exnrefsed! towards his enemien was imitated
in Gaul, Spain, Italy, and Greece, and restored peace
to the church, | But thin peace was interrupted by the
‘complaints of the heathen, whose temples the zeal of
Athanasins kept always empty. ‘They excited the
‘auporor against him, and ho was obliged to flee to
‘Thodais to save his life. ‘The death of the on
abd the aoconton of Jovian ania txveght hla tack:
‘ut Vales becouiag exaperor eight onthe afer,
and the Ariann recovering the saporiority, bo was
‘once more compelled to flee. Ho concealed himeelf
in the tomb of his father, whero he remained four
‘months, until Valens, moved by the presaing entreaties
ATHANASIUS—ATHEN ZU.
of \ohrreanlaer ct
EE
a
Fe
i
BF
RE
Hy
pit
l
a
.7
H
BE
Sree
ar ie “
ATHEISM (Greek, and Theory
doshas which eos ihe ease =
E ‘to theirm, or diam. Ax ®
‘that of the multitude: for examp
ture, when {r says, ‘‘The foal
fntimating that it ia not
BF
ii
a
F
s,
#
i
i
H
Victorious in his ware with the Danos af
and, and tho Soots, by whom they wane
‘After smal overthrow of hs enerles
‘gorerned Jn peace and with great
In his reigu a law was passed conferring the
thano on every merchant who had suade
‘eyagor on is own account. He did in
ATHENA. See Mixenva,
ATHENAVUM.—t. A temple of Athena ee Min-
Hil
i
‘youth, and in later times the mae wae
all placos of edveation for tho 2
Lerated school which Hadrian cam the |
toline Mount, Many learned men received a
that they might be euabled to study at Belmare,
loa inane amutabled to exchange
writings. In fact, it
tife ecadeny —8. "In
I
f
waa what ie now
I
i
HI
al
I
2
i
i
i
i
Fs
rin, who Livod at Naneratis, in Egypt
andria, and aftorwanle at Rome, at the end
E
"
i
= 2233 a 324 is 3: %, =
: Bale iat “tal Ht care He Hl te i
“ip j a uintialiy alti Hi ; He
ale ae oe sual
ar ae a He qHats He Tat il ei iu!
Feeley Huei eal aut a
il aun
SH RIPE En TBS Ei inl Ae eu
all E sre HWE. ae Hii uauies le 343 AAA
ini gue ee
Tien ene cat aa ie ea
eB eaaa Hie ar
Sa ete ie an ini iia
ae a Hea HA an Rue tor
BP MGHUD glade ialigineudee
et est tes tet eepee Hie Heer eugene
4
i
Hue
dine
235
a 3
Le 4
200)
uit it
i
i
mig ie Wali
ay
E
i
ARE
Yess
na
Hit
c
a
ao a
I
é
z
<
s Behe aes
Hee
iH Feat tesa
UIT eB a
ee Ue
i aa lL Tee ee
AE HRT HIB aig ule Hadi
Hi Hi PHT Hee re
stiles i plata
HG ime ai au eaal
ig Heal area
un a ldtesdt es PPE PLE
a iu i aa ay
fA Bu Be aint
aH a<4453 5220239 238
wilt ii rien fil ai
ut 3 age Sypeaty 93
a ane a vale g i! ay i erin ui jail i aie
ia Baio A (isle ia il Hit
i el ee 2a erty a i ce
3 e | ig! i Hid Hl
a a
4 23 3 i ry = ni
a
aee24 ae ay : rH FE
ae : Hl ie 5 PGi dle
tt ea bart ua hat aE
nea rae tal elt
RE B e ete
8
‘
|
:
‘of hermitages, which contain more than 3000 monk,
mostly Rusdan, of the order of St. Basil, ‘There live
ie‘ of mas
rs
ia cafuan gut Dok and
the town of
weokly markets aro
FEELTET
3 uF ¥
a
Lt
HE
i
au
halt
ie
ik
Hy
Hi
i
ee
il
i
i
i
I
i
i
Hy
1
i
i
i
iff
il
eit
‘i
2 &
i
eLF
is
principal ~—Athwart the dee
oper Ages ox cmocar boll oan se fp paces
the course of 0 interoopt the Latter, snd
20 miles aw, of Nana, and $7 miles Rw. of
Dublin, pleasantly situated om the Barrow, which is
erosoed ‘by @ stone bridge of five arches, It
of a main atrost and market
ATHY, « markot town in Treland, county of Kile
rubil
‘consist chief,
ice barracks. Before the Union
it aent two members to the Irish Parliament, but, was
then disfranchised. The modern ‘of Athy | miles
in duo to ite position at the junction of the Grand
Canal with the Barrow, which is navigable hence to
tx mouth; and it ix also one of the chief stations on
hallway. Tt has a Jange trade ia corn, which is cent
in barges to all parts of Ireland; and it has two
wookly markets, with six annual fair, Pop. in
1871, 4467.
ATLANTIC OCEAN, the name given to the vast
expanaa of ws ling botwown the w.coaeta of Europe
and tho x. coasts of N, and 8. America,
and from the Arotio to the Antarctic Seas,
fo, aa any with eutliciont be said, from polo
w ted from the Pacific Ocean by
ines drawn from Cape Hom and Capo Avulhas to
the Antarctic Circle, Tho name is probably decived
fromthe island Atlantis (which ce), which was be-
Moved by the ancients to be situated somewhery ia
this cooan. Ita groatont brvadth i between the Ww.
coast of N. Africa snd tho ® coast of Florida in N.
Amorica, tho distance boro boing 4150 milex Tf tho
Gulf of Mexioo, in reality one of its Lays, be included,
ttyl exten to 4000 millon.” Hs loot breadth, which
fe betwoon Norway and Grosnland, ts about 080
tulle Between Cape St. Hequo, Hrasil and Siarra
Loans, the breadth ix 1792 miles.’ Tt auperficial ex-
tont hax been extimated at 25,000,000 squnra miles.
Fromm the amber wud extent of It Inte gully and
7% Its const lines are of great length, tho x
Sprants of 33,000 miles, ‘and the. upwaris ao
000, ta principal inlets and bays are Bali's wud
a
BREE RES
it H
1 :
i
from ita comm to:
ix about 3000 geo. miles, tra in ite cour
20 degrees of Iatitnde, o from 23" to 43" x. Le momar
‘breadth is about 360 miles; its brondest part Se
‘tween 40° and 00° w.lon., where It ieupwandie
Uroad; its uarroweat, in the Strait
and along tho American coat to about
whore it does not excood 60 miles, and fe
narrower, Ita oor ive
Unni is 35 mils fn 24 Rou. Jn ae an a
the
On
i
j
;
1. it was found to have a velocity of 80 iniles in :
the of
ing f Strait of Florida it is of a
haning from E ane
i
i
fF
i
ih
Hi
i
% ft
He
till ft makes 0° Jon. whon i proceeds
aldos of the oquntor, til it arrives at
ja South Aimorica, when it
08,
other along the couut of Brazil,
tively, the Brazil eurrunt, and
equatorial current, Tt throws
Jou, 22° w,, called the 23
that direction, ‘The
‘const of Africa to Cape
breadth, near the cotumencement,
sppants Capo Palmas, 360
about Jon, 81° or 82° we. ft in 480,
city, whieh Is greater in summer
trom 26 to 90 miles a day. ‘The
the Equatorial current nana
Guiana to the inland of Trini
fF
[
i.
Hi
Ht
REE
i
§
i
:
i
=
Hil
a PE.
i
ii
ii
pi
Pater
ee ee ea.
HIRE Hae
eee
4 s ae brag reas qepasteaias al
a i at a uel
ipeai®
Ba jatabiap be iba nea :
cine ae bu HH an ale i ied 4 ah He ie Hei
aaaiqia hts PPT une Ep aT (i
at au Hi i le a nels ee Fee a ae iG a at ;
ii uy ue ill it ie ee
i fi ia ani eh tat i tint aie “lla if
deg aiLtstti fl ieit thy eine ern
a see tilt irene ae
THe Hearne
B veg
eG ie cer
Newh
ATLANTIC TELEGRAPH. Soo Trtecnarn
ATLANTIDES, in the form of
eat ad > eget frelon vrs cae
ATE
been received which had ventured into
vay lamina wat slo fe fre | which
very ms t in a wpot wh
sara ex bien wx baa re ‘that
ithad punk. ‘But some persons ‘Phorsi-
ofkn or merebant (ae we know
ee “ pete wel
5 ivon out ‘course Dy storms an
currents, were forced over to the Amorican conats, | to that oa mye
from which they afterwards ly to bere aiy? F, deep We: owe
[ibe a dy pe hieee ibe hited yr valagy ange kved ‘circum
‘mention: aswell ax st name: | recognize it hy our
es ‘Diodorus Ping, and Are stances, and in proof of its existence es
‘nobis, was nothing more than what is now called for the purpose of
Atmerica,—The most distinct account of the island of |, the serses themselves readily be te
Atlantia in in Plato's Timmeus, ive it, or to any alteration in
ATLAS, Movxr, an extensive mountain system | it. Thus, on into a deep mies
in North Africa, the &. extremity of which commences | th: increaara so quickly thst one cannot fail
‘near Cape Nun, in lat. 28° 40° »., on the Atlantic | to 6 ® sensation in the ears and
Ocoan, aid after traversing M on
Algiers, and
‘unis, tersninates oa the const of the Mediterrascan
Ses, about lou. 11” ‘The gouural courve of those
imountaine ix from W.%.W, to RX; but they do not
consist of one continnens and definite ‘ont of a
di Lewin into lade prinoiy ft cy ite
running W. to #, tho one called # ;
nd the othor tho Lessor Atlas; the later Iying to:
wards the Mediteraneag, ad the former adj
chain may be reckoned nt about 1500 miles,
mensured from Capa Nun, on the Atlantic; to Cape
or Tas Iddah, on’ the Mediterranean
tle a Known of the heights of the Ala Moun»
Hooker in 1871. Tho highest elevations aro aot
baller to goat enrond 13,600 o 1,000 foot; but
thet altitude is moderate, as they do not
shoot up fat aft peaks Ike tho Alp bat cone
peadoally of broad ckigee snd rounded summita
the botany, and minoralogy of the Atlas
range, Bile is known,’ Granite gncing ant schist
ppeat on the higher poalo, lower parts of
ridges are formod by secondary limestone; while,
au to , We Know that the vogotation is chief!
Burupean in character, exoept an the low groan’
‘and noxt the desort. Bilver, antimony, lead, copper,
fron, &o,, are among the minerals, ‘Those mountains
Axtai, in the Greek mythology, the name of »
‘Titan, son of Tapetos and Clymeno, Zeus, the eon.
qqnerar af the ‘Titann, condammod him to bear the vault
of heaven, Me was endowod with wisdorn, and lator
‘nccounts ascribe to him much knowledye, particularly
of astronomy. By Pleione, the daugbter of Ocean
hho had seven daughters, who, under tho name
Pleiades (called Wicowias, aftor their father, Atlan
i
|
Gis
te!
diy
Js
Mat
mi
rt
i
F
3
:
ry
i
i
|
r
i
32
a
if
E
ta
at
Aiforent epecimens of aie cillected ak
of the carth's surface, or collected
‘ i
323
ATMOSPHERIC RATLWAY—ATOMIC THEORY.
ee i i ee ae
if
i
of
i en
Bul By
B
= S faty 3 i
ieee te eG iH Hin fh
i : eHiae ee wanhG HEAL
ae i ay atl Had ATE el
came
of ulti
in differ+
ona
Cog td
‘of the
may com-
ion Ie
Sane
aia any of
eee
fording a far stronger
Speco
have
whi
we
*
ee
atoms
—
‘it fol
an
‘or more atone
ioe
to tha a
Cimatee aa
union,
‘in formed
‘its constituents.
eee
mcrae =
2 wth
SrSaspie tre word by wrt membe oe
of Bydrogen
‘oxygen must con!
gen and an
ay ae; it ie Ae il pagitaaatl aie
f Huan caine eae Hee a Hidate
a
ae 33 ie
a ib a ie He
ak pas
Sef i a ie 3
iad ne
ca enn ee ea
? wile aus dea
oe
Be Pe
: i Be rH fan Huis i
He Hl i ih uae dul er
aati i tia i Le a f a
pull nie aye a Hi FH ik ae au Adaline
jie Pn Hi HUE anil a aiden
TIL TE Hie Reco er are
ene ea eal in Hleaae
; il ae i sedalea aati ral teeth ibaa
ne ie eee Ps ethene ea
fal a3 : uh z Fed Hi = ii a FTES Heat
Te La ree a a tee ue
a sali Had Tee tins iti
Parr ete
fan HEHE Ha A ee fat tie Ene HE EE
SME ce En Ea a
fll a Heelan ‘tae Rare
HT HGRHIR BT ee aa te Hall Li lite
Bune iil ipa Halll epi A RE
oa ae
whip purest ete ty aeean
Han Ue Ani ene eiata dl Boe uy
Be Fe rE itl olin if ule nie a i LF
ial Ha He ih { ee bee cee
eta an! at tl Hie is tate if
igi nea ea pla uy
ae Haun mean noe :
FEEL
é
Fa
f
i
Hi
SRESTESEES,
Hie
aug
fl
F
t &
Hie
FF
;
=
: F.
iu
a
i
chooses it, if possible, even in a rc
thing f more ruinous than toloae ite advantago; and
it i one of tho most important objects to deprive an
advorwary of 4t, and to confine him to the defensive,
‘The nttack is directod nocording to the condition and
pation of the euemy, econling to, the purpwe
‘war, ling to ‘time, and circumstan
3s a soit na "The
‘im
‘On tho dexterity and cou
reot and quick execution of the — il depend.
‘Those attacks are the best where all the furves can
be dirocted in concert towards that paint of tho enc-
my on which ition depends. If he bo beaten
his
‘at this point, tho rexistanos at othors will bo without
‘the amailant. Tn most casos the
feated if his forces can be divided, and the several
woale lines, of
Tt is alwayn unfortunate to adopt half meaxutes, and
total to aan tho object a any pris. | Tastend ot
saving power, these consume it in fruitless eff
sad seis aro made in vain. | Peco amaalta
snd even the troops attacked
pega ty
‘as tush aa poor
ity for aa long as they can do so
their connection, and the power of apply-
ing their force a¢ oceasion may require; but, for this
Very reaaon, it is not the best form of attack, because
In Iearwe tho defensive party too long in om
of his sdvantages, 2% ‘The form in which both
advancing, which ho led against
y_ with & view of
Peat
tain, ‘the enemy tals no
St Jn our times this fore of atta
another way:—whilt engaging
is ‘hy eletached corps,
‘on his rear. If he suffers
attacked with columns, if possible,
St thor te, ad Wilhimpetuods.
‘the artillery breals a ws
‘work, nad start Eha gurroon,
"ATE.
AT
« over, and lay where the jury
‘eet at th ‘or found # fact foreign
to the evidence, or where their verdict wan ayainat
well-known and
acknowledged It
of Cs forty he yen fr wv in
& cause, writ seems to be now ebeclete
‘TTERBURY, Frayer, a celebrated
prelate, was born in 1663, and received bis
‘ot Westninster, where he was elected » student of
Christ Church College, Oxford. He
fereperli sCas cage tue eee
an :
ETc hn degree MAT and ors Sipe ae
‘as a controversialist
i
Ee
:
e
Fe
EE
Hl
BH
ith Bentley on the
onl
London, where he became
May, of Bridewoll, sn
Brido'y, and soon
f
‘and elogance of his pulpit
‘comm
‘out incurring opposition, on
dency and doctrine, Sen oa and others.
EE ee
raa iif | aii
oe i HE ne
4 Sghgiiix 3 f aus
4 ret ea ea :
salrlibejed fern! Pre : HUTTE
Had all a He Huh a He iF iat Hh i a
ee ae ihe Hee tr Hae Ue Heel Taian Hib
in Leta Pee teen
Hane The a nee attiaith ea
cr ae
iid dade atcha ata ie
3 Pears gicda:83 aeiag per
TUTE Te Herrin eae
:
fe
i
a
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i
Bece
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i
j
4
é
ert
i
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je
Camander restored the cligarchy, and
‘Demoteius Phaleroux governor of the ‘state,
uit office for tea years, But
called
the citizens, and permitted them’ to
Uberty, mere ‘4 garrinon in the
‘Munyehia and the Pirsrus, ‘This yarriwon was after
$64 gain conquered them, and in ths tuation they
od ntl they weparated themselves from tht
‘Macedonians, and jolued the Ackuean league, ‘They
afterwanls united with the Romans
‘and their now: ir fre
‘they wuffored
fhomealvesthe vengeance of Rome. Sula enptuted
fhe lip, and Tete # only an appearance of Mberiy,
which if retained until the time of V ‘This
Jomyee to the empire of the Kast. A.D. 3106, it was
conquered by Alario the Goth, and the country de-
ratated. Attica, ancient Boots,
‘by the Society of Dilettanti (Londou, 1617, folio).
‘See Armexs.
ATTIC BASE, a peculiar kind of base, need by the
auiclent architects in the Tonio order, and by Palladio
‘and sore others fa the Dorie, Attic Order, or Attécr,
rho auetly enjoyed the
the Athenians, who bated hira becasse bo wna not | Brat
‘them, Polioreetos to
~ | their bravest warrior and most ekilfu)
the wife of Antony, after the M
Mutins, and therefore waa
of soventy-aoven
Wo he became
he felt to bo incurable,
‘by voluntary starention,
Appian Way; in the geave of
TTILA (in German, Bee), the son of
2 Han of royal devant, who fllowol unc Toa
‘the barba
in 434, and ehared
Urother Bled. "These two leadare of
‘who hhadt eh oe
the Eastern Expire, and twice
Thoodostus TI, pie
The fosted ty al th
and Avia ‘The Hans themselves
i
regard fer hin soon amounted
reverence. He gave out that he
sword of thelr tutelar god, std, proud
which added dignity to bin powor,
extond his rulo over the whole
hin brother led to’ be
he annonnoed thet it was done he
God, this mnander was eslobested
Ley
bu
:
ny now sole marter of a warlike
bounded ambition made him the terror of all ation
and he hocame, aa ho called himmelf, the seompe
which God had chosen to chastiee the
Tn o short time he extended tas
the people of Germany and Seythis,
wi
a EE aie vai ee Hee ali a ee iH aunell Fe
Hi HEL #: Hed Waele i
Hal ae ih a sil ie a B a iB
235 rae a 3
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he ws
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a hit Ha he aa Hi ae a velit
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reel
warfaoes, a4 to glue;
E very body
if raised from its surface falls
Yack to it again. The plumb-line, which is usually
vertical, takes.an oblique dixcotion'in the vicinity of
high mountains (eo Eanrs, Dexmrr ov aux); the
moon ia drawn the earth;
earth and tho other planets towards the aun, "The
heavenly bodies arvsubject toa ximple law of mutual
Sabes Tea Grea satsrleas tak of oleae
tions
lor's ‘comprel
sweortion that it must be universal and mutual in all
Ingenuity,
(oe Lit Baox), Whoa beatles tend to come together
from rn is denominated
pf Ie by cohesion: end when he
bodies tend
contact gether, it is by
Affinity. ‘These threo latter spocios of attraction act
rad | and almost deatitate of vegetations
if
ee
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Fae
if
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tare-rooma, and which affords: great
verifying the laws of falling bodies.
‘ATYE, or Arrre—I.
ry rekon
oe
YB,
Toad to th
ot
tongue gave was, and he cried out, ‘Soldier, kill
Cresusl’
itted
a
‘heritanoe, ar wenth 1 at Cher esths he kia
ip, vires of. he: ol debe ea
reraainod during lif, was
aly beis after ‘No fondal lord could
this rij Tt was vory early softened in favour of
tho rvintiona who resided in the kingdom. Sexe
cltfes, as Lyons, in onder to favour commerce, etvestiied
the privilege that the eatate of foreigners hs died
in them should go to the foreign heirs, and this was
by treation with cartain ‘Th wae
ished in 1519. See
AUBE, a Frouch formed out of the
of Chatupagne and » stall portion of Burgundy,
bounded s. by Marne, &
Cote-d Or, & and 3.8. Youne and We
il
¥. and ¥.W. are
‘riety, on the contrary,
orally of alluvial
Speed ot the wolany greta snd
{8 ScHypeutemneayaitienny seg ycfeteee 2TH He Pel
Ht ee ae Be ie Lt Ha He if 4
ue ral Pee nt Hate
SU err ete Gy
Cee ene ie ce a Ae
2 Ri Bye Aeiw rr reat
aie sl ie ih Li ilu raul
lie te SET ee
ies Fld eee beget ‘nie
i He ay Hi aaa Gt bie nie
He i coe ull ui
fie: a Ppgteg EER aoe apse lepeqg7tas d
Tee eee aul ies ture Stn
4
le
3
fl
a
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|
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a
ilette
feevoeicpaie a mae
to 5
and inthis capaity te ad the greatest influence ot
themeasures which the eourseof events was constant
rendering ta ‘Kr hia return bos
oduct was wa to an investigation by Paalae
‘mont, and waa to be anes
lied in 1814, grein
AUCTION fs a sale to the party of
te subject to ae by, the laws of
‘tum the objec of itl eto povent
‘tax.
frauds or
AUCTION
auction,
or
down the name of the highest bidder in
mullicent to hind any other person for
zhont bidder purchased, even though
such person bo present, provided he do not object
before entry. very suctloncer matt take out a li
auctions) to oupley
tl
his verti
his book,
whom the
by auction, eamploy putfers to bid for him, it ix a
fee on th rel idler, ad the gest der my
to-complete his contract. But 4s seoms as
‘the more employmont of puffers wnler any circum:
ances were now held to be illegal. “Tho inclina-
thon of the conrts at te ery ‘time fx that a ele
‘uy soetion should two conducted in the most open and
public manner pomible; that there hoald bo no re-
Gir par of the Pratfing te i
part of the buyers,
tom Inte ease, oven though there be only
seud'it wae then decifed that the recognized
4 muctions of explo 0
such persons open
th sale of hares Sl ct be cenained™ (Wook
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Sanlen, oats, and sy.
Seated, the olive tery: partially. Tie
white and red, but: pia
Tame. "Muah tn kop
mocadows. ‘The minerals Include copper,
coal, and slate, and mach salt ia mindle, Bothy fer
conmumpt and oxportation, from the pn
pore ~
AUDY, river, Franco, whieh name to the
above department, ismes from the :
\ée-Orivutalen, about + miles 3.W. of
Mediterranean, after a ours of nearly 190°
Tt recoives neveral atttuents, of which the
Ospetienen, 3 Barrie, wolted fa
ERT, Jnaw a Bete
degree the taleuta of an engraver with the’
of natural history. He war born at
1759, went at the mye of wighteen to Parte te
drawing and patnting, and made himself a seiltel
ralniaiure puluter. In 1789 he becaue
with Gigot COrey, a great lover and <
natural his 4 Who a vat
rarest «pecimens af which be Audebert te
feiss Sea seersures sec tag | Hiel-
A, whence be brought tack m
which havesboen used in Oliver's History ef
‘Tals ocoupaton amakened fn Mtn w tate far
history. Ho now undertook some works
the foundation of hie fame. "Tho firwt was
Singes, dot Malis,
ques (Paris, 1800, follo), in- which fe
zl
against Vortugal, When this tailed, he wt ety 30
‘was named objects of nove cat
Legion | by
of Spain fect high; the bishop’
ing of Spain| feet igh the ts
il
A
E
i
a
:
ft
3E
a
oy ‘branches of
pelled him to return to France, Karly in 1811 Na- | industry are cotton-spinning and weaving, bilesebing
poleon gave him the command of @ corpsin the army | and dyeing, the manufacture of a ner
of Spain. Afterwards he returned from thence, Tonther,tobwcon calebrnted goldand vilver
chemicals, &o, An extonsive
and
emained without Mk ¢ until July, 1813, trade le dome in.
‘Ton be Ind tos stay ts licrerke against Wonay, | Ing engring, and booking, aod aan
igemeine Zoit
etitrance of the allies into France, hia duty was to | the most widely circulated newspaper of
cover Lyons. Louis XVILL named hit a peor, | published bere, ‘The city owes anuch of ite fsupare
After tho fall of Napoleon, Angereau used reproach- | ance to banking and stock-exchange
fat language respecting bin in a proclamation to bis | which ita transactions are vary extonsiem "Ti
‘srmy. Napoleon, therefore, on his landing in 1815, | the emporium of the merchandise, and the ebief mat
of CS
mnong Ney’ jade
atied, June 11, 1816, at his estate 1
dropay.
AUGIAS. Soe Avaess
AUGITE, or Prnoxnns, the namo:
Inineral, interesting on account of i
a apocies of
of
ite wide distri-
snd 4. of Bareps,
4m Hines’ parallel to the sides of an oblique rhombic | end of the fifteenth century,
pprina of 67° 0 and 92" 6, tts primitive form. Its | Portuguese and Spaniards gave
‘pocifle gravity Is trom 3°23 to 3°84; lustre vitreous; | the whole commeros of the work. Tx in ean
Tardnom eufliloat to scratch glass Diforeas | sequence of the vppeatlen tthe lower
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A
AUGUSTA, capital town of Maine, ta tho United
States, on tho river Kennebec, snd Portland and
‘on tho’ river ;
‘Bangor Railway, 163 miles x.8. of Boston; ‘TSO,
This fs planesod od Becton fem serra athe
tate-houne a fine Lo
eA large dam constructed carne ives
‘© grent amount of waterspower
‘Here is an it acrows the Ken~
Tires combing eiuey enkag eo LAN ent ag
‘The river ia nay to Anguata for vomols of 1
toms,
‘AUGUST: ‘and capitalof Richmond county,
is tus Unt Sten on tho Bort Carter
onnally hare, and hence conveyed down
the river to Savannah and Charleston, for northern
in 405 became Bishop of
«
‘Hippo. Ho entered ‘into a warm controversy with
a Jangengs past s pure late, it pode bare and advanced through
‘vor more powerfully tou
ati towanlaig
ven him for a
Sieanaer util ieee
iri ffl,
‘Confessionun
went of his seal for tho
Hi
the human heart, and
Painters have therefore | had
Augrntur
lin (1823), Sancti Angustini
Angustine loft a monn-
mouastio life by founding
‘sintor
Uctavion family originntod at Velitrm, in the country
oh the-Voloctane, “The branch Sig
Tins | longest was rich aud distinguished.
ed
his S Ne ding the
son. Notwitiistand
he wenb over to Tuly, in onde, af
should favour him, to hopes
cntertained froin bein
camo victorious, and the
Most unlinited power,
Ua em
idee ae ae a fia te an pi SHE Hal
Hua Hein cay iat He FH SHEE
A er tid: aa 433123 HG a
Uae Unease eae Hi ait iia
Hl | i u po ine 3 Hifi sft i i ai a g
Au ie if we ifs 3 rane a melt lhigitl iin i
A Ha erat HHH a Hi He Hal Ht arya iii
ne fi it HE; HE ayhggis PRAGA anes TeaEd
oh ial He fn Hi ile i Hie be aie a
an ne ik een i lee a ee
a Ea ut ad : LeU beta te aH i ut His
qua ink iy iH | Haat Hy A de i up an ue
aE TRIM ee i 4 it Hit doy Boa ia PEA
filha tDeAUle ail stlall allllalnl BEE Wan
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Ha cn Hae Heat d lid al i cae
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Fa Halle tl He u unl Halaenipane ST a
nt it Hee ane Une ee
Mio Tree GHEE EeMT sy Hipp Le Ca eee eet pee
gi lat ae Oe eee ee
sre Caer er eg ae
‘ BOPP a Peeeretl PH ESE eee eo
a net pred eeeet A
Hea aati labmeeten Gi ey ie
ie Het i fiat il} ee ral
iy nee efile Hara riage R Hie bg af
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jomapayiae bits DR MTC TAU
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ae me aah ihe ial fi A iH
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4 a i 93384: 3 232 £53% Se PEC 453
Ate
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a i caida uu! il ae ree Ln
Piiiabean tte tee lit
i qiilubila ele na Hee ee
i 4 i men Hi ili ue ii : dane Bios
2 Hadith: ik rll ue inal! rill rl eH HTT
=
3
syyesisate! ail! PUES Hee
i rH He Pat Hat ee ie He neaianen
bt Bie sata bi calcte iene fF
aa Hr es Sun
ae di eA ete i
aa 4 rH 23 fe EF a TEP pr
=e HH : ant Te He an ea ate eH
di eo i jet ine ae
i 23 if 5 a a i 5 af | he
al a ie dala nal
Ca a sl
Pai Hue eatin ila ee
be han ‘ls epigrame, idyle,
vis aceetin Tho wet
id
bert; Paria, 1760~
WES. ‘Sea AnauR.
ton, and ultimately, in 1X07, to Ci
her residence in the’ toned
eilitions
by Souchay; P
70, four vols. 12m.
‘hawton. Di
were, however, ber
ject of Mine Austen in
‘advocate tho auperiorit
ble and accomplished Ladty,
tal atdrotions wore of thick
wore af abigh
died of conmumption, om the 18th of July, 1637,
Tr ber forty-wooond years “
ith is dw,
tent
‘4 serie op 1700 to 1900
BB
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santa mad reo em
aad ee
4,000,000. an fomatn ane of ahroe ined hich
tinent, lying between the Indian. Pacific
Hof Asia; betwoon Tat. 20° 0! and 89° 10" mop ama
extending from lon, 113° 5° to 1
x. by Torres Strait, the sea of Timor,
of mun, Timor, Flores,
8000 miles; area, 9,000,000
divided into two wnequal
‘tho Gulf of Carpentaria, on
Gulf, on the %; the former
i
f
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l
#F
Es
5
iff
‘immense
rising from it like ialanda,—!
is is remarkable for ite
del elas of ilps ct exe a
si ol with one
throughout the country, namely, x and
fn tho & into n vant
Murray and Darling rivers. two
tertiary plateaux ovour on the & and the %, eamate:
* fei lite i tit 1} th ute wu} BoE igty
i EE Ee EH
H fi SPARE ees saad) Be
5 ul if i i He a te at i
Hf fl Ait # et meat et
Ae it Hi | : Fe LL sul H A a4] A
at liu th iilliial Hil in Beal
it a ese iit He i Ha sana pene
i rf Hin a i ie u et
: He Hl ae : ie ai jet itl
a 28 na ae
3: 363 a 33 t Fey ay
i ii ld Hun ae Ha ta iil 2a Ht
{eemrnerr echt ser the ered Cae oto
Hi
i
E
3
Ht
i
Hi
Z
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:
af a
iy
Hit
sede
a
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ag Te
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TEETTEE
tl
5 ZF
ee
SFee
He
bial
Pee
HH
&
i
2:
it
HH
Ti
He
i
a
ce
troe, which grows to the height of 16 or 20 feot, whon
‘promis cae ieee decreas tan
i
i
icinawesieanes
fing to ® it of 70 or
Palma, however, are limited to the ¥ and ®
Hise
FF.
shores, where ve, ion resembles that of Indin
more thao that of the rest of Australia, -
worts constitute a marked feature of Australian
ee are the Xanthoreas or
Es es ray net rat ee
ny
fey the eat re he a whe
‘ech
pancal Rowers like bulrashen whieh furnish vals.
blo fodder for all kinds of oattio; the baso of the
Teawos: may be used as food, and
top of the trunk fe eaten by
roasted. Tn the more fe
Stat found native wheat nod oats in the distant
intorior, and elsewhere rico-gran, ‘Tho same plants
‘wer sein by Stuart in his Jonneys ncross the con
tineut. Within the northern interfor three varieties
of Indigenous fig have bees found, all well flarvured,
bevldos o native ‘ape and other fruit, uae as fod
Wild yam were also found, and on
‘ver a plant of the
Talo Weil fre and
| shoped tail, are natives of Uhis
i
lH
Hf
i
iH be
peek
a
Halt
‘ft
ie
te
Ht
He
ie
yy andl iprehend
ia et "Pag, ey ry mee
pipes
ether epseiar of hanela' saloon
#0 also are h
of them of the most
:
ne
eligi
ii
sill
irs are aleo absent,
re
el
Aa
iv
i
|
i
:
uF
Hi
bird, und the Tyre-bird, with
it
(i
:
cl
Other nquatio birds are, the
rare ovis of the Latin poote—the
of the moat stately Sous and
soon in great mumbers cn the
"The reptiles. of Austra m
‘Tho most formiSebie ls the alligaian welch shone
f
in the x. its are DaMeToas, and sone ef theme
extremely venomous ‘Those most comyaoely mean ta
=
3 Pineete 5 +
Ee
: Z E FI GEEESaa
i ne Sr aR aa ed ae
Hatt SH ili Tre ee He
eae Lay its DUH ne ue ral
idl Ha eat He Hiniel ei
te pH HF cells (Gel tn Hieie iii peu
anu rie rial! Eni fait ee hi tht neu
ti Tan iL) th or ie feta aul
aT fit las He esse aii ae
lit etl ills z re Ha Hi He a3 ie id Hi
ie Ha al Heli! sl faa Hee Hiitn ae
HH EGHHTRLA th ene lobig jue
Eats iu! aide ila Farle si nae Ref lh
RPL ain are it
J
va ee at
sabe aae: vat
}
a
iil oy : iil lite iat a ey
eh Ha if i; te ace Bei
Hf peadities van af ue Was
EET Gehl He libs Has
FTE Pe Eero ee ET
Es
a Hane it oT rectal lina
i ul staat Peet ap 7
: ise i ie seen hats
Fale restr rated eal util
Hee te i br i ee intial HUET Eee
Aa Han Beir 3 peel tl
is i Hg Bi aeteee fe H cn i Habe i HF ee a
F Tae a a ee
il ete eu ee
allt Hanae rae ite Haat dul Len Blair
tel Ha Sir TH ee ily HG ei
Sean eae on Te eh a ae
laud euibyhals i iV an
ate 8 isis Pris HEH a Gh g BHO E aH
Hi ee at tana Cera
Hh oe ea ae Athy He fae aie ni Hint
Hh a ae Be at Ha hie ra
iGNErE na iii ati if HH Hts Be ley si ui
members elected for
of tho members retire every foar year thir acco,
tora being then elected for twelve years ‘The honss | extent may be
penn ‘of thirty-six
consiats
‘by elghteon
‘exsoutive council, the embars of which most have
own eloctod ‘of either of the two houses of
Paeliament, For the foundation of the volouy of
‘South Australia ee AuwrRALIA—Hintory. ‘The pop.
Hn 1671 was 185,028,
Al ‘Wearens, in tha most extended
sense, that ‘of Anstralin W. of lon. 129° i;
ounied r by North and South Anstralis, and x, W.,
fand s, by the Indian Ocean. Of this vust tervitory
Uitte is ‘Tho greater part of ils interior has
over been ‘and only is shores have bee
‘with ‘of muinutenom, Tbe princi
hays and King Sound,
th Gr wand W.
consts, extent on
the 8. coast. the BW,
Cape Leoavin: v, dea
Capen ‘ai
Tondcndeery. ‘Tho cont 5, but ly
fon the x. and XW, inlets,
Ny of Ink, 18 frequently
rooky, nnd at ‘From lat. 18° to
U6" Ait is gonorally low, sandy, and mostly barren,
here and maf rae,
a thik mangroves ler
of the cost, shat is properly
‘but in many it is well wooded,
this vast territory {n estimated nt about 978,000 square
es pousoies, werent Sriejh ey
eultlvaion, ge hy
Fine weight of the wbese (own tm been
‘more thaa 70 Ibe. pote ad its quality generally
th Australis. Soil upon which
20 bushels
A groat deal of barley ix grown. Onte will not grow
srell und the climate le uawulted to flax "Tbe ert
‘ago is scanty, and the average soll would keep about
‘ono shoop to 6 acres; but there je the advantage of
iy of water throughout ie your, tumalcing ta
cslonys Grefo ta pete sis
- Grapes and currants of ove
thrive, and a great deal of wine has Dceaasmen
tho former for the oonsumption of tho eclony. ‘The
minerals are cianabar, antimeny, plutnbayo,
‘and copper. A considerable or,
‘trade ie carried on with Now South Wales, South
Anatealia, and Victoria, as woll aa with Singapore and
‘tho Mauritins, but by far the largest uhare of the trade
is with the United Kingdom, Coal af good quality
wt and import
AUSTRALIA—AUSTRIA.
thas heen found, and it
popu
‘export of the colony is wool. Tt
averaze in Britain than
foowo, and party owtag ta
t up, from wantof Inbour,
feel tered ee ow
Increased, and there
eee ‘The nest
sigur
to the seas
of a great sino, possesses the |
wwe the
sat tho same time it ie
any other wood
feels an
ohare from
made up £1 Bion
expenditure:
conviots, bat this waa
vorament 1s dilar
rae
ico ee
nituated about 0
year 088, hen toe Lewtbore
Fede in Upper Ttaly, the river
et Vane borer - German
voll, proprictors: iter
tnd the Ava, ofho had
3 Hail a siege
ss ee
ieee He Geet ila Weal
2a LH iF iu ie nd Al Hee ary Par riitiee
Ee ee a eG MD
ee ete
os HEE lt ne fae bE i it
eae aes
BE AoE uh AE vais yPeSg a2 ga2i4j
a cae : a le Pele Hell i ia)
fal aif 1B Hira Heh ee Hts
Hi 3 HE a8 i ie ag i Hs ull Wp elt aatiy = He |
cae EG
Bi 4 aah Hips be ;
BEE teh BEG ae Harare ieni
f
i
Fag
i
d
“8
e
i
ak
i
eret
4
HT
ll
E 7
bbe
u
i
3
5
Ei
2
i
z
i
|
i
B
Otho, came to m recaneilintion with the Emperor
Louis After the death of their uncle, Heury,
sano of Typo al due of Cats (i fiber
Inrgaret Maultanch), they parsunlod the em-
of prea
Povor to grant them the investiture of
arinchia’ tn.
ever, to John, king of Bohomin, by the of
Sct, 1866, in bebalf of his son John Henry, or
rather of bis wit 1
ES
:
a
tria, and a the other territories to his brother,
I. ths Flos Teco tad mada ome!
attempts to Hy possessions in. Swite
Serland, He was killed July 0, £386, on the Geld of
Sempach, where ho lost tho battle, in connoquence of
the valour of Winkelried, and Albert administered
‘the government of the extates of hie brother's minor
‘ouly eon, who was suar-
She reiained ‘nothing,
castles and 6000 marks of gold. Her
to Bavaria alao the renounced in considora-
uae
Ff
rolating to the division of their
ended with the death
course of the
Decaune ole ruler of ll Austin
milion, by his marriage wit
tar of Charles thi united
ts the tuts denials “Bet
mia. During
frat matopalis of the aria and
Jerman Exspis
spire. ‘Tho
Joanna of Spain raised. Ssoenes
throne of Spain and the Indies.
1606, thirteen years
of Maximaflian, which
flowed by th, on
grandaon (tho eldest wm of
=
a
E
7
ia
Te FE sf itt ty! ii 8 i Ure Higi su aun sel
ae Md He eee Hi He au in ce
i Hitech He fi sal iui
alae nee aie
La Ue ae ree a ia
ie albany ay (ine cau us i !
i fy Ie igeaes) Hills Hn Ba uae ane
x if tHe 2g FE 3f 2 E ag b i aa Ee
ca Q aH ee a dae Eber ate A H ta is ful
wi
1,
ious
two
ered by Jake
oer
mal jel
a
i
at i ae LES Heee plies
ie a leat ee a
: i hy Fy cs ii ae i Hens 5 a i 235 tl
: Hela 28 au He val HiME ea i atti Siena
au Ha Hie Hate rete il aaa stn
aie et etre a neta Hl
352
then in the hands of Charles IT. king of Spain, who
uceoed hin Fis or taal
of induced Chutes
Seomodiataly
Srcamesedl el -mprerarb ded pry pt damon ied
Ho-was ol ‘December 24 of the
; bat was of to accede to the Peace
his allies at Rastadt and Dor
ee ene
Si ite
ze a :
i
@
Ht
eyeelini
a
i}
i
t
‘3
F
i
ke
i
i
Z|
werk,
sdestris under the Reuse of Hapero.
From 174040 1790. By the death of
married Stephon,
wed the Anstrian
laims were disputed, and rival chains
set up, A violent. war, began in which sho ad 90
itain. Frodorick TT. of Prussia sub-
Silesia; the elector of Bavaria was crowned in
of
¢ extinct; and Ma- | convents
lear the
witha paying
a
i
Bg
E |
?
z
i
ae
4
{
i
By
[
H
i
SEEEE
H
fonter
fe Bot his weal
ie sealed bepress
iiful queen. Dut ia the
senchuded June 4 174 he wae obliged to | of Ba
Sf Techen, Jagradert tnd Tropan Fre
en, f,and .
andaing the party of Chaes VIL, soon renowed
war. ied Jan. 20, 1745, and the
‘of peace, concluded
‘Frederick the ‘Ry the Peace of
was oblignd
‘Aix-la-Chapollo, Oot. 18, 1748, Aw
40 cedo the dushles of arma, Plxcoum, and Gus
Leopold
to Philip, infant of Spain, and eeveral districts | and led
Pe eyed rho Auta monarchy was | Netherlands, and
now firmly established ; and it wax the frat wish
the Peace of Haberubery,
ovey wae now Uesued in Austra, called stale olla
&
. Soon
cis TL, to the throne, and
g fant i Bist E ei iis
fe i SEG: ii He it
an np es a ail
eel ii He
EER? aEE PTTL HH
i ree ea 3
is a
oe
2:23
Dear Hy Bue il! REL Te sage iu
Beit ye i
ie aifliel és ily Hinge Hi eld
Hales id i 4 i TERRE linia
FU deat Tie eect es
ifiel ee a a Hania
i i tH Ha wu HH oe at Hipp ae: rH tA ete
HTT sr re eel ueretiian Win viernes
=a
354 AUSTRIA
tho empire, in Vienna itaclf, the insurrection made | two parts, the one made up of the Cisleithan or Sta
(ane dor ce fee ae ‘vouic-German di tered Tramabeitiaan
|
j
i
HE
E
:
i
4
:
ij
[
HE
i
Hi
Se 2
é
£
A
i
=
&
‘1
i
Es]
A
z
of
He
ieee
ate
i
El
ae
ue
open to tha victors. Francie Jon
Miberty to employ the southorn ars;
"This dowign i xf
and Prusia were willing to accept the mediation of
Napoleon, hut Ttaly would not hear of a separate
arsagement, and continond, the war, On, July 20
inal Tegettholf defeated tho Italian floet near
the Dalunatian island
the Pruiana continued to advatice into Austria, and
trwatened Vienna. Francia Jom soenlingly sae
to conclude m yaace with In
(Ang. 23), and a little later peace was concluded
with Ttaly alio (Oct. i). Tho result of the war was
the cession of Venetia Sroagt ‘France to Italy, and
the withdrawal of Austria from all interference in
the affairs of Germany,
Since 1866 Austria has been ocouplod chiefly with
tho internal affairs of tho empire, ‘Tho first aim of
tho governmont waa to restore tho constitution of the
state, which had been established in February, 1961,
‘bot which had been suspended since 1865 owing to
the demand of Hungary for nelf
Austrian ntatesmen were anxious
tho dispute, the Hui ‘wore finally
agreed to, and the Empire of Austria divided into
nent, Ad
(or m aottlement of
‘Lissa; but, on the other hand, | 61" x,
{zuacy ad miliinry and sal coat oe
‘tent also in matters of finance. ‘This settlement waa
coms by the coronation of the Emperor
Francis Je aw King of jy which took
place at on the 8th of Sune, 1567,
the te ee
diet of the Cidleithan provinces, beld ——
‘year, ‘question of the cancordst of 1855
tame up for discussion.
diet were desirous
i
f
Fag
ip
F
Z
E
5
f
i
!
i
E
E
i
i
f
fi
es
ip
iit
i
:
aa
&
z
i
A
E
seen Une vedatoe
15, prongunoed ts
have
‘Tho Avatrian empire in one of the
populoas of tbe Bag eaten attend
‘the contre of the continent, It extends
Int 42° to 61", or exclusive of
tho exclusions abuse stated, ix
hounded 8. by ‘Turkey,
Kingdom of aly; W.
ia and
i fut Hy a
i i BLL FH Et bet
Hi Hib Halig if
HE ihn Hie
i ie! Pe eal
= H aa ages 328
pang JOE gs a i He tet ei
? FTP HEH IER AH eee THT
: Bee Tit Ea
shee ty teamed aut ae
lq : ee gia vigiaiee! Bu
[lays iid an nea PH
Vm ieee et
i ie ad fa 9) sane
rede uhh FURR eer
Hees dige | MUNG
RHEE (be "evel
: Ea het inal
356 AUSTRIA
plasewaren £2,740,189; wud sltke manufactures,
‘value of thix clos of manofactures value of £2,017,240 in ISTQ au
about 2,000,000, of which a rery the chief | the value of these
tity lo abroad in 1868 was £10,01,449; fn I
riod on and én 1870, £5,080,415, ‘Othut
pagel tea pane age eny on ee acre
as scytbes and reaping-hooks, haye a world: | exporte. value of 42,494,172,
‘wide reputation. thot of 22,280,298 in 1870,” Newely |
aitvor plate and the commerce of Austria a carted on
‘rtioles of Vienna wor place being v
‘with the reach, "Th fern wih aay a
‘the amount the exports wove 28,000,006. A cold
ome demand, ix ‘on also with Italy and
fom of Groat Deitain with Austris is mot. . bat
Gf about 23,200,000; ot bocr the prodction lo | Ite real amount cannot bo determine, aa the’
2£1,000,000 in value, the number of broweries is over | of ‘Trade returns only give the trade
$0; spits ae Ae tothe ral 2,500,00, | barwoan Tena nd AntTAn pert Ay
‘The manufacture of tabaceo i wate ap! | Erol pinging other icing
‘was earriesd on in $wonty-two, I or included among
Tonia Of vanilefodestcy toe ae Searafaotrs,| na prt of the counteiea ‘The
since the los of the Lombardo-Venetian provinces, | to the i in 1860 were
haa become greatly limited. ‘The manufactures of | in 1870, £1,104,602 : in 1820 were
‘woollen, hemp, and flax are among the £1,841,102; a 1870, £1,715 601. ‘The sexple expen
most important of the state. The first yives em- ‘the and ot wha,
ployment to about 400,000 pervons, and tums out | the value in 1809 amounted to
‘about £14,000,000 worth of goods yearly, of which | 1870 only to £710,210. Moro than half of
& snare proper s analy expt, in ‘maize or Indian corm, ‘Tbe 4
the whale fare abont 660,000 spindies | Great Britain and Treland snclade growt 9
sand 95,000 looms einployed in woollen weaving. The | of articles, the more important of
of homp and flax is always advancing, | sugar, cotton manufactures, cotton vara aad
sand givos omy b toa, ‘number of persons | woellan goods, Gaby
‘any othor branch of industry, «nd produces | To carry on the forvign and internsl comssmos
goorls toe greater value, viz. about 416,000,000, and trade of the empire, Austria, in the ing of
‘iif seats of the are Bohemia, Mora- | 1871, had 7543 vesscls of all sixes;
vis, aud Silesia. The anual produce of the cotton | employing 28,244 mon, Of thess, é
aan is next in value to that of woellens, | large aize, handsowely and ‘built,
“Althoagh. about 1,800,000 spindles aro in activity, | them are steamarm, “ol Austria
‘cotton-yarn bas to bo peed. On the other hand, | arv », Pola, and Finme, ‘Tet Sam 182
however, cotton cloths, which enjoy a very good repu: | there wore 6322 miles of railway open for
tation, arw exported. "Tanning 14 earriéd on to the | the of which 4070 were it
exteu in Moravia, Lower Austria, and | aud 2252 in ‘Tranelthan Austria At the sume
emia, yor not auficiontly to supply the demand, | time there were more thna half aa 1iumy anew in ean
‘Whe man of loathor er, in very | struction,
Jang, and in the preston of gloves (in Vienna ait | Boney, Weighte and, Seaneres Tn
Fmguo) Austria stands nxt to France. Al
the manufactaro of leather and leather
ploys alxvat 200,000
a
permons, and amounts to about
1£10,000,000 yearly. Whe mamatscturing in
‘Austria has received a grost impotus from the aboli-
tion of trade restrictions (introduced in 1860), the
establishment of chambers of trade and commeres,
pol saree eet schools, &c,
from ite contral position
‘Haro partly from ite
nnmerons navigable straams, exoellent roads, and in
cf goods ry to other countries,
‘Phe average annual value of the total export, import,
and transit trade of the Austro-Hungarian monarchy
<huring the three years 1868-70 was abont 42%4,500,000,
‘This was exclusive of Dalmatia, however, the im:
ports and exports of which together amounted to
21,580,000 in 1370, ‘The averogs value of the im-
porta the above poriod was £30,500,000; that
of the € £41,400,000; of the ‘traruit trado,
£12,600,000, Thene waluos only re .
chasdiee, and did not include coin and bullion,
the former of which was annually to the
former fuuported:
value of £2,600,000, and ex to the ralve
of £8,000,000. Tho principal article importod in
maw cotton, tho value of which war
to row cotton wtand iron, imported to the value of
half-crown, and the ducat (Oe,
silver coins are the florin
i
two quarters nearly.
cused liquid moasuro, Bs equal
gpllens ‘The Vienna fot te oquall te
ae A, a fuperticial measury, the jooh of Rand i
Populati 4
liah acre,
fie Soptiorot eel
0 6
rage and Jan hele
‘Austrian Kntpire ‘Phe Sa
16,000,000, or 45 per cont.
are the chief of the component
monarchy ia point of
mam of the
niola, Galiota,
‘Military Frontiers, and North
population of Silexia and
| ial ae fits ai7 gteEue
| in BEHE i PP LEA Le
ae i ce aay dase il nea at de fing ne
rt all ie ak ail TR lh a au Run
a ee unl a etree Hida ceil
ae bat a i Pl cancel f i f i
idles susan tauieteh aari(G
ul He ee a ale i
Hie THE a ve fill!
nn ce SH A ne HE
une ie aan tEe ai Aiea al ib Cttal
iit Hl 3 erly “ih 3 aa BE ab i gas AE EF reee
ily He cee ae ae ae Man
| ee HH, vires i an ul
eo ee ean a daidn ly
ale Au He ri bH Fey lil futintili Ly au
house in members)
ral
P
Inboure of the members of each family
{4 common property. Military service begins wit
cach male member of @ family at the end of the
twentieth year, and continues as lung ax he is eapable
ef boating arms, Tradoamen, manufacturers, and
itary service, even
luding troop
war footing, $98,700. The navy 4s small, consisting
f | tuman intervention. A vase,
ths | when first eonmul, om bel touched
i
:
F
iH
Hh
At
A
Hy
(
Hi
i
5
i
i
i
‘
P
ag
Hl
g
i
i
i
it
Hu
it
wy
excouted some admirable
them is’a child sitting at a desk,
the ink, shakes it, and writes
ietated to him.’ Thix must
fi
rhe?
treo, undor which a ab was
chese-player of Von Jen was
coverod to be mored by a man
AUTUMN, that one of the seamome whites ix
‘northern termperate zone, when the at,
‘apparent descent to the Ci
1@ equator, ‘The ond of autumn is at the
the mun’ doclinati
of the shortoat day.
torn herniaphero takes
From this astronomi
ix continually marked x0,
has long since
now near the stars of the left
\VARES,
Al
‘ec He
Le Es) reatrieth veered
eeuiaeal wal ne Ha a fads
a ine Hi a Hee HTL 4 i sil He Fae il ge debits
fee ee ae ia te aid ane tHE iene
us sis: wh al au ye re HE a8 fal abe a ia Pa
itht'k be ies Hel ATR HILT ial aes
ad fie BiMDSU HEIR, GRA] & RT
any ae if Hee dad nil Vn id fH
i
qatactsesay aes Hi cap
Ce UR ey
eae on
i
!
be
of
igh thon
Orage
0 #08
teh.
is broken
‘een
a
a
plain the
leamic
form a
in alti
it ts
regular
Teh
2 B a ae
: =
eotren iat
pa
Wy
wed
in the
ees
Timestone
of
of
platens
cones and
zone of
‘itude from
entirely,
‘The
a
‘treed ax
wartment of Youne, 96 miles 9.6,
inhabitants. It is fine;
sil,
Limagne,
of the
los, with an ay
altitude above the
ft
t abot
Wwe the
Tong chatn of
amber of
miles, and va
rg
te
and haw
mer nd 30
i the
incloaed
Java currents may
AUXERRE (ancient
aberre
3 ia
‘cathovh
He
gSn4 iil 3
Hele Hi
Francs, dey
with 16,49;
cies
=
in
stalned |
mil
Ban aa teerie
Bae
oe
3
un
if
i
i
i
=
i
Z
g
rye
if
i
fe
i
5
5
#
8
i
;
|
fe
Biz
i Hy
:
i
?
&
monte of Rama are the subject of the
called the Ram! The ej hth avatar of Vishnu,
F|
Teprax Mrruotooy.
AVEBURY, a village in Wiltabire, 6 miles from
Marl It in noticoable as occupying the sito
of an ancient Druidical
sisted of a large outer circle of 100 stones, from 16 to
27 foet in helght, and about 40 feet in circumference,
Tt was surrounded by w broad ditels and lofty xam-
port, and inclosed within it wero two smuller circles,
seach comaisting of a concentris row of stones,
which originally con-
\erotut
Darrows oF tumuli, one of wl et ay
op peters to the height of 170 f :
ring an area of sar adem I
), oF Bnagaxga Nova, & seoport town
l, co of Douro, 26 tallos & of Oporto.
It ica y# soe, and contains a cathedral. Aveiro
has manufactores of earthenware, and aalt ix made in
great quantities froma the lagoons in the noltboar-
5 but the quality in reckoned inferior to that
Produced at Sotubal nad Lisbon, ‘Tho fishery Is
active, and a thriving trade is carried on in ofl, wino,
crane, &o. Pop. 6557.
AVELLINO, a town in the Kingdom of Ttaly,
Naples, chief town in the province of Principat
Ultra, 20 milor of the city of Naples, Tt isa for-
tified 'plaos, snd tho seat of a bishop, suffragan to
Benevento,” Tt has anquare adorned with anced,
and several agreeable promenades ; but the
public edifices, with the exception of a granary, are af
tho poorest description. It has some mauufactories of
macaroni, of sausages, long celebrated, and of conrve
| tha’ other intoresta far conteitution, ‘andy
comprehenda loa or damage se hep
uel and
‘argo, oF
hip, for
the cutting away of a mast,
the interest belongs, without
retry not incurred volunt
tnd partoular average taeas
Ler oan eee
‘Naples, Kingdom of Italy, between the anciens |
and Patel Tt servile tm some lace
deep, and surrounded by ta
which unod to be covered with inamense
i
8 ee
A
ie!
au Hie Ha waitin iene unaeRiE
2 PaeiHe RAPA Ee by degeeiva :
Te a did ea
HEHE ua He Eis? Wl H PH abi attics: 2275 uy Pr
Hina te mlpeted qe in nail| i rena
an fae sin lt deliilalt pall @2u7 HAL
anal i rh auieayns ln ey ie
Hae SH ellie HEHE ie pul Hie
7 spn gaa ae nds Hu wal te at bth
i ely EE ae Th Fa jpuyayay ae Pu subs
ae ean a Th iu
ell aay tea Sagi Elba aaa
daly Ce eal i ie eee
Hela vault gunna A 3) is
Teen tele liial A Cutis lett
3 els (lis ve te
"
i
HB
iu
i
ne
ie
i
i
&
i
Hi
snd turroted walls, the ramparts of which are
Apalcarenpea Pomel cereeytelee shear
wih s Renatifal chavel aguned no
cient:
a iece; the papal ‘with lofty maasive
allsznd coe bean cal the hamaber of haar:
xition, with ite atrocious appurtenances ‘The aille
‘Avlgwen sad the Racin of eter eel os
amt worms ix carried on
extenrively in the dintrict ‘The manu-
ivot, woollen and
i , &e, with silk dye-works, paper-mills,
ke, and o trade in iron,
a in pam eee The ee of
rauclise is five leagues from Avignon. city
and ity larity i the middle ages
which Pope Clement VI, bought of Joanna, queen of
Siolly countess of Provence, in 1348, for 80,000
forma Avignon was #ul jnent several times
‘French, and held for 4} periods, but
{fn the posession of the popes. From
‘March 1909 to Sept. 176, seven popes in succession,
from Glamena V. to Gregory XI, wero corapelled 40
rule in this city, "The Cathclig bistorisos com.
monly call this perlod the Babylonish captivity of
the popes. Near Avignon are found many Roman
quits.
"AVOIRDUPOTS (French anoir du poids, to have
weight), a system of weights and meavuree in which
‘@ pound contains 18 ounces, and ix in proportion ton
pound troy a 17 to 14, All the Inrger and coarser
‘commodities are weighed by avoirdupois weight. The
avordupoin oanoe is Tow than the trey ounce in the
Feopertion of 72 to 7
VON, the namo of soveral rivers in England, the | 1
méat important of which are the following four:—
1. The Upper Avon, rising in Leicestershire, rons
‘SW, and falls into the Seven at Tewkesbury.
‘Stratford-on-Avon, « town on this river; in the birth-
place of Shakepoare, 2. Tho Lower Avon, which
Vises neur Tetbury, in Gloucestershire, and falls into
the Severn x.w. of Bristol, being navigable ax far aa
Bath. 3. In Monmouthaliire. “4, In Wiltabire and
was m county | is
and Newton gives the name of axsom te
and
seaiinoat ney ee
of
followed Bacon's phrnasology “too
‘AXIS, im geomotry, the straight
the area of a enrved figure (oF
& aul i] 3
Hee nee
ei pias Hal ith ga3
ui att Le Hee je TCE
Fe af aan ay fe Hl Hil jel ive fe ‘ fi 384
La aut a elie
eo: 2h ia eS 4a ggg hteye
al ill stati ee ae ieee
Ha ne [Pili ae ie ee
a iu ee ee Henne Bul i
iit sat Ha a etd ae ines cH -
3 EES i 3 au 2 Bs erg #3 reid A
Han at ae if: ee HH
ue Hea ae dae hee thant re
A THEE reali ae ii
zs ie Tt PE a3 Halls aia: Hl
iH Ber as Fu
ee
BREE
Hin
v
Eotablished and Dissenting churches, the town's new
Tnuldings, ‘containing elegant seecsbly roms, sd
=e an it spire, wl 226 feet in
vt hae
7
aro commodious, and ove
Wallnce ‘Tower, 116 fect i
‘ancient tower, said to bare
at
respectively
the Auld and the New Brig, the latter an elegant
suburbs Newton, or New ‘Town, and Wallacetown,
‘both on the right bank of the river. ‘The
chiefly with Ireland; the exports consisting of cnt
‘woollen, iron, conl, whatatomes, paint, &e.; nnd the
Ammports of grain, spirits, timber, slates, bricks, nnd
lime, At the mouth of the hacbour, which ix formed
by two Jong piors and by a breakwater,
azo two reflecting lights, "Bhip-building is carriod on
to some extent, alsa tanning,
and the manufacture of
only branch of finds
staple Tho white
‘and shoe making,
sacprts which ts new the
entitled to the name of a
» once important, have
{in extinct,
town, are well attonded. ‘The chovalier Ramsay snd
the poot Burns were both born in the nojghbourhood
of Age, The houre in which tho latter was bom
stands withln.a mile ond « holf of the town, between
it and tho village of Alloway, and a monument haa
theon erected to his memory on a height between the
Kirk and the bridge. Pop. af parl burgh in 1561,
18,573; in 1871, 17,553,
a TRE, an extensive maritlme coanty on
tho ,W. coset of Scotland, having somewhat of a
ermcent form; bounded x. by Reufrowshir, ®. by
Wigton snd Kirkoudbright, m Uy tho shire of
Lanark and Dumfries, and w: by the Trish Channel,
Tt is about, 60 miles in length, measured In a direct
line from ite mond northem to its most southern
Feiss with a troadth varying from 10 to 26 miles,
ut diminishing to 4 or’S miles at ite x. and»,
extromition Tks const line, which is about 75
in length, prownts no deep indentations, but haa
is found in the river Aye, Muh
‘many places.
"Tho sgricalture of the county wae in m
ceondition till about the middle of the Last
when it began to improve, and has since .
om rigs 796262 Soca
county, Wi eres
tudes cultivation i871, Phe ‘principal
rained ie oate. In 1871 the total number of
under oats was 40,947; une
undor barley or bere, 1448.
fcres; niet potatoes,
ps had Bowe 9608 besa
Dacy-boetandty ts. exteanivaly
known and much-esteamed Dunlop choose,
fromm pariah of that uamo in the district of ae
juantitier
fren in the adjoining
cheese. In the moors the natit —
reat numbers; their wool fx conse
the flesh is exocllent, ‘The horses oA wot
| superior breed, being hardy, strong, aiid ef are ain
‘The roads throughout the county are mow exesltonty
although in former times there wa 2 peor
icable road in it, As already ine ie
manufactured to a great oxtent, and tx: increas
ings its woollen manufactures wre extensive,
county Teas famed for its beaut
boxes. Among the many tn
antiquity may’ be notion’
gray stones, ono in the
the larger of tho two, én that af Sor,
w
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after they utter a, ‘I'he firet
Splible wih thay. pronoanes is generally bao. pa
f
cy Tn the
frongunead «under certain clroamatanoey
ipanish it has thik sound between two vowels in the
middle of & word, and rally when it occurs be~
tween » vowel mr
‘The modern G:
hare
wod scarcely any molion of the lips. Another letter into
‘Saxony the
part iplo wwe p and b
indifferently, and in another part Pirrice used at all
Some languoges regularly change} into p under or
taln ciroumstances; a6 the Latin, when this letter
ccours before p; thus ob is changed into op before
ponere (opponere). The German pronounces b, at the
‘end of a word or syllable, invariably p—B is often
used as an abbroviation, and ite common meanings
are before (4s in 6.0.), and bachelor (as in B.A. B.D,,
LLB) With the Groeks and Hebrews B signified 2)
among the Romans, 300; with a dash over it, 3000;
and with a sort of accent under it, 200. (See Ax-
a» multitude of
kee ,
nf sbeolt
naxviaTtox®)—In mule
seventh note in the
ancicats denoted by
susical i
and the imperfection of
fin Wika Beets
Herodotus calls him the gon of Alowae; otters
im the gon
him a Chuldean giant,
‘kim,
ot limited to Bal
mentions human victims; &
made of the ancrifiows of bal
inconse—The name Baal ar
langunger, signifies ford, an
a ruler: for example, when.
i
proper names, as Belshasar,
ALBEK. Seo Batty
|
‘of tha baboons is tho clongnted, dog:like head, | of which almaut every:
cospreasod chek ‘and strong | bylonians, one of tho
Por hipley mace eeemrg tony bet ‘earth, of the Bamitio race,
saporior ‘of the arbite. Notwit ‘this rungs, which ia an Arumaie
sia apuroeaaton tothe ape of the Ga’ Le, | dnc ‘with settled
ceedtanyof the ans and bcc give to those cow. | Tie Bre Une of Linge sentiobed
area a rosemblanoe to humanity’ us ‘it is | posed to have reigned from
"The whole aspect of the ‘im- | new dynasty moceeslod from
pre Deholder with an idea of great oe
strength, united with = temper at once ly -, amd the
‘sicious and brutally ferocious. Such in the true | race. For almost
hnenctar of the baboons, capable of being raled anly | cortain is Ienewn
Ly Abe everest treatment, Lett to vam wil spree te
savage natuns romumon Its eway,
and their actions are destracti
ca yet ou | ue
Good ‘@ syosics of baboon is found in | the
Io ammbee the dababltants chase them | might be
‘with dogs and guns in onler to destroy them, on | of thix
account of the ravages they commit in the fields and | ‘The
‘garlens. ‘They maky « very obstinate and olfoo- | 625), who,
iT
industry
BABRIAS, or Bannres, a Greek poot, supposed | love of Ina
dha trod hehe dine Bator the batnsing et the | ut
128 fables previously unknown was
discovered on Mount Athat Among the beet | Bi
editions of Babrias are those of Lachmann (Berlin,
1546), and Lewis (two parts, Oxford, 1846-99). Mr. | ors af
‘Tyrwhitt printed, in 1776, Diwertatlo de Dabrio,
containing all the information ho eould collect oon”
is ancient writer,
BABYLONIA (now [rak Arabi), an old Asiatic
ola
‘bounded 2 by Susiana, the Persian
Galt sal Chaden, why Arabia Dest ad by
‘Modia and Armonia, or Mi
deans had
i
or amin. As the Chal-
gic, two great rivers, the Huphrates
or Frat, and the Tigris, ‘The former stream, which
{is almost always on a love} with its low banks, aver=
flows on the alightest occasion. It inundatos the | Ii
hole coustoy every oping, when tt io ewollen by
tho waters from the Armenian mountains, and forti-
Uses it as the Nile docs igypt. Nature has supyiliod
the want of wood and stone by clay, which, when
dried in the aun oF burned in furnaces, maker durable
briclay, that even to the prosent time havo resisted the
‘Affects of the climate in the ruins of tho ancient city.
For mortar tho inhabitants use bitumen, of which Tobe, verwobs,
‘thare are coplous 1 of Iarge buildings, aro
‘The extent of the old capital, Balylon, situated on | and Ronnel think ono of
tho Euphrates, according to the representations of
‘tho ancients, approaches the miraculous ‘The walla
ars said to havo bom 350 foot high and 87 foot
thick; to have had 250 tower, aud 100 gates of | A third, a huge abl
Meaeyead te have been more than 60 miles in circuit, | the Euphrates, ix calle
‘The
among
empleo of Belus and the hanging gardens were | This was first desoril 7
fe grvatash Sucioutien of this rignntlo clip, | the tower of Blas, the top 68 WRiEaae
Tg ae
| i wa ue aE re tr on ce
a a it sats
2H lant
é is pre] bean Hil Ba He
i i ate Tear Head HERE Hh BHI aay
z
5
4325 a 3 = fe i 4 ae £
ii a Heart ie Haul ae fn lage 3
fa ue nied alae Hat aul a i apie ui
al ae 1p ne i ue au eae
fy peaiaala ait H PPO eer
nA a ee BE a RE
za gE ile ai atte HIT, Ga
Hovalalaia acaeetli i allied inte
0
pe eg pelea ih ‘This
proctedba sree Deal i ‘The
Seong ery eur tiny rk tate of Hac, | whi
‘Allover Athens reigned icntiounos ‘
‘These
who celebrated
ie
HERE
fn musical
ied in 1760, ab
straction on the
richness,
BACCIOUCHT, Manta Avene Eurza Boxarare,
ister of N: ‘was born at Ajaccio, Jan, 8, 1777,
and edu im yal institution for noble Inilies:
iat 8t, Cyr, Sho lived during the revolution with hee
mother at Macsellles. In 1797 ahe married
ho in 1806 wae costed Prince of
in
omy
Chateaubriand, and the Mar-
tance, Gonarousasnhe ever was towards
intellectual superiority, abe kept her
linate xituation. Tt was she,
tho principalities of Taiooa and
and as Grand-duchess of Tuscany she | sci
enaated the part of m queen. When this Semiramia
of Jnicoa, uso Witty writer styles her, reviewed the
‘troops of the duchy, lier luusband discharged the office
of ide-decamp, “Sho introduced many improve- | ints and moat skilfn} organist. Kama,
ly aminted by the officers | MaNveL, born in 1714 at Weimar; died
. In 1814 she retired | Hamburg. After having studied at
to Bologna, but, was obliged in the following year to nas a mariclan in the P'raesiaa
rade in Ausisin aro abo lived at deat with her | and wae 0
8 nervous fev
‘Villa Vi
BACOIO Di
eclol
hae
in 1469 at Savignano, near Prato, in ‘Tuscany. He | Cmisrtay, born in 1795 at Laly
learned in Florenen the first principles of painting | 1782, was, on account of the
from Coalino Rovelli, and acquired a more perfect | style in which he wrote, » favourite
kenowlodyo of art by studying the works of Leonardo | the publi
da Vinci, Ho wos an odmizer and follower of Sa-
onarols. On his deat, in consequence of m vow
dia a he took the
Domain Labit 121600, ahd aoremed the nana of
Fra Bartolomeo, For the space of four years he did
not touch his peneil, and employed it afterwards only
‘on devotional subject. Raphael visited Florence in,
1504, and guve instructions to Bartolomeo ia per- as
1 Fa le the akbeveaton of fate hotrod onan | Setlelon beversgs, The tie
Ft béfore the namor of monkx, castlo is one of the sublimest on the Rhine.
ji
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tie oe 8 Tams
counsel, with a pension
‘another of £00.
Lard High Chancellor
of land and Haron of Verulam, aud in the fol-
Ton year Vi ‘s. He might now
have lived with without ling hin
by thoue asta which have stained bis rept
tation, Neversholoss, great complaints were mae
innt him, He was accusod before the House of
Lords of having received money for grants of offices
ner the of
tinble to fay Hise aod soe awed the
2 imself, an
mertiScatioa of «tial contemed
himself on the meroy’of tho pears,
to limit his punishment to the Joss of tho
wi th
Hedge yan ext cnfemion the tra of liner
tthe king, andl the interest which they thomeelvos took
i
» notwithstanding tho intercomion of | He
i
ag
i
i
he explains the anciont fables by En
explain ani ctngealu
matios, and to thin it to be aseribed
al
paay HeWE? Wun iy Hy
ey irea a He al
c a Ee a
a
it it HE he ri
cui ul ee iil tui ‘lil: Hee A jaa
rape i
at i
Sheen
BACON.
met ele ae Hike Er Ta Rea ae fl
file Ha te a Hae ey i He Ban ti af an
sa a ee ae
Hull sini ae a ate is
ee rE uit ile Hip ue! PAA vnue fin]
i muutiitite a auth tiga see ane eiie he
HBHANEAh ae Tua Ta eal
HI; x
i
i
i
Es
E
HE
Fist
Ht
fal
|
7
ul
i Ek
and their causes, ds proposals
in which'he approached very
Ei pias sedge oot tod cleo
ia = copy in the Bodleian Library.
mentees sieaes
‘ever
entitled to remembrance ws & great philoso
wonderful mon.
BACTRIANA, or Bacrats, one of the
provinsey of it Persia, and, bofore
powerful kingdom, the inhabitants of
noted for bravery.’ On the x, and x. ft was ‘at seventy, and r
by awe of the Tangent rivers of Al ie tty, stenting it
non} on tho & H stretched along the Paropsssiouy | water ‘ot to which thoy have given ries
on tho W, it reachod Margiana. “On aceoant of its | crowds of visitors from all parts of the worlds ‘The
situation and fertility it had mado great progress in | climate of Baden varies much with the sufsce
clvilimtion at a very early ‘The Persinns | While in the valloys and plains all tho ordinaey
derived their religion, and architecture | fruits are coming to maturity, cold winter bilasts are
from Bactria, doclated himself sover- | often felt the eee are er
cig of Asie, after the destraction of sian | ravine othe aids of the ‘from whieh the
monarchy. It is to be tour knewwledge | xnow seldom entirly dicappeare ‘open valleys
of thin country is but alight. Viven the 4 fu the a. are Swuchl armple than Mee tan Thee
of Aloxander give no particular account of it. ‘sido, and also the Odenwald, are oald, lying
BADAJOZ (with the Romans Puc Awuato), the | to the Vasts frum the Swabian Alps
fortiod copital of, tho 8 ‘nes 4 | climate of Baden, and indeod
‘om the left bank of the which fe ‘by | valley of tho Rhine. Hore winter ix short.
a xtone bridge of twenty-two arches. early; the heate of aumter are tempered
os far frm the Portuguese frntiry, and ban 33,490 | ration from the ver and the Inkes; tie
2 W. 5 ororel th ery
bearing planta and trees, p
chestnut, grow in luxw
sii. ws the
Kniglish, on Sth and 29th May, 1811, and was bo- | line many
sioged by Wellington on 1¢tls March, and taken. Oth | siden furaleing
April, 1512, Tn the Peace of Badajoz, concladed be: | timbor, which are
Swoon Spain and Portugal) Gth June 1801, Portugal | produce of grain is ential at
jsod to shot its harbours againwt the British. f than 0
Miorates was a native ‘of Pulajes, which poms | man wheat, about one-fifth ext
‘several of his paintinun. sand rather toro than,
BADEN, Guaxp-pocur o¥, ove of the mory im: | ties of potatoes are grown
portant states of the German Empire, in the aw, | and homp of cxcellent
particular dixtricta,
the w. and part of the & ita contour is defined by the | tock ix generally practiand:
4 bat in Hreetloas iia xsech tndeabed pate of and om wich
and mixed up with other stator, ‘Tho lino through | allowed to lie waste, and the
ite contre, and forming a elight curva, with its con- | novor lovt sight af, the seience
vexity m, ix about 175 miloe, Ite brondth varios | be rogarded as far’ advanced,
from 18 rhiles, where it Ia narrowest, a little to the w, | forms an iaportant oven
‘of Baden town, to 85 miles, Tea area, 6909 English | goata and swine arv fod
and. 658,600 acres; wood, 1,269,800 acres; | comparatively extent of ity
Tincyanda sil gardens, T4700 nen rivers and | of the wine both whibe sa rede
venate, 400,200 acrex rank fn tho fiat class, Baden hate
Physical Peaturee-—Vallen ix decidedly waountain- | for ite fruits, sciong which tay Be
ous, boing traversed to a considerable extent by the | sive orchards, or foresta of
lofty plotoou of the Schwarzwald or Black Forest, | nuts, and particularly the dberrios
which, commencing betwoen Busol and Waldshut, | Black Forest, from which are 6
more gradually. Its highest point, the Feldberg, is | suuall scale. Perl
4076 feat fm height. bp ee of 20 it aac nines ce
elevation, though somewhat precipitous, called the | districts of the Black Paroety and
Pe ines 1816, when
1846 and 1855 it suffered
a ‘ecreavo from 1846 to 1849 ainonnt-
ing to 4712; from 1849
ie fealvecr ota
tained
‘oatloned are pmeron
Baden, by the latter that of Baden-Durlach,
united in 1771, in the person of the
i
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snout, small eyes,
teeth bear i
rou
a considerable resemblance in
to
burrowing,
14 wonsal in having a
from whieh » fotid wd Damo
shows tho wimilarity of thir gonas to tho bear
a much as its general resemblanos of structure.
the w!
re seldcen acon unlem hnatod for, and
doing very little injury, exoept when greatly mrulti-
pict ‘Tho female’ brtage forth thee’ er four abs
ster.
Only two species of the badger are known, th
Barvpean (10 vulgaris) and American (M. Labrado
‘Tho Ei
from ite forehead down to tho nosoj and =
juropean badger has a broad, white | bold
fl
FES
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BAENA, a town, Spain, in Andalushs,
wi ako nes hen
of the Marbolla, Tt hs hilly :
Dara cree," town and bees ag
arches, a town
Wellattended sch ila, a bene
monarch said to him, ‘Jean Bart, T awe
a commodore’ “Sire, then hare
anawered ee
Louis told them, ‘This is the anawer:
fools hin own worth.’ B
Part
number of Dutah and Hgts n
Ianded at Newenstlo, and. Laid waste the
ing countey. Tn 1092, with » fleet of 1
mot the Dutch flovt loaded
¢ to fight the
fen, In 1604, whan
wile Hua HH i
a
an Hi eee Martel iil iat Ha
nea es earn
i alae 1 ala ere Eee
stati i He i Slav ital
a i aH i E ay eat HIRE EERE
cae ea
elias oe ai jal ae «ed une!
3 2 ieee Pee ce sgaee He Hi gi
ah at fla Bice a Hy Hal
alia ili ele etl] BiH Garret
duane Het ae HES TH a GLa
+!
anplencdid Lee ieee
‘intoresting
the
Tekan bibiimere oft sed
the alnves. Inclosures for in 1
: fags at tapeh ree
BAGNERES DE LUCHON—BAHAR.
aT
i
Af
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us
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DAGPIPH a acct mteecite cara nahani. Ne
i ‘the northern
ony, and so long'a
anda of Soot.
an xeulptures, In
Bowe to this day, at the tie of advent, the paa-
fore the
it.
MRAHAMAS, or Locate Iaaxpn, 9 group of ial-
anda in tho Atlantio, North
Amorioa, belonging to Great Britain. ‘There are
reat number of these islands, some say 600; but
Tany of them are mere rocks, and others, cn account
of the difficulty of the maviyation, are little known,
‘The principal are Bahama, Bleuthora, Abaco, Yuma
or Hama, and Providence ‘They aro tn general
fertile, with a soil similar to Sonth Carol
78" to BL" w.; lot 20" to 27
17TS contained 2062 whites and 2241 blacks. Tho
Tie
in 1846 was 20,600, and is in 1571, 39,162.
inhabitants are Of two deveriptions, the roni-
Nason, in New Providenes,
was £11,825; Litre, £40,66:
in 299,190; the
fh 6s
about 9 wide, 57 miles frour the coast of Fawt
Thoughts land fn well webere toe bal
4 -
ind tho air sora yrs Inada
ile, who subaixt selling Recesarion:
Which’ the currenta drivn hele
=
See
Pf
rovines, now included im the Britis naive
In India, and contained within ‘thy: o
Bengal; bounded n by Bengal a by |
Morung, % by Orima, and ¥. by Oude:
*
bar Wi # ;
Ce i
2HE inn rel dal sult el
ih Hip a Hii He Heel Bai ce
; al ti erga + eae ce i
ee
TE gna 7 aa fil EE) Big iil Hill
ah ie in a mn eee Eee i
dade ih HHI ea dine Cnn Halal
: ee eu ets
ae a ‘ reeled ui Heinen He
| ae rallied rere tee terri pecn lis
7 pila dee ne eatin
nianding mbject of ridioulo on the stago for their
ignorance, their ridienlons presumption, their deceit
anit injustice. The roynl bailiwicks, therefore, by an
onder of Sept. 1, 1770, were refurmed; the jurindic-
ie first abolished
by the laws of | Wi
tion was
Aug. 4, 1789, and mupplicd by the district courts,
tribunauz de sitre instance.
‘The namo of bailiff wax introduced into England
with William £. ‘The counties were also called bait
wicks (alive), while the subivisiow were calle
fendreda > but
lang sinco coased, tho English
of subordinate officers of justice, like the French
Ihuiasiers. sheriff hie some of them under
him, for whom he is answerable. Tn some cities the
highest municipal officer yot bearn this name, sw the
high bailiff of Weatminster,
tuayor ia at tho samo time bailiff (whioh title ho bore
before the present became usual), and administers in
thin quality. tho eriminal juriadietion of the city in
the cours of Old Bailey, where there are annially
cight aittings of the court for the eity of London aud
county of Middlesex. Usually’ the recorder of
i maj Tn some instances:
in England ie applied to the chiof
towns, or to the commanders of
Sovdland Le applted to stasgiurate of tang avis
npplied too magistente of a burgh having
powers similar to thove of a justice of poaco.
BAILLIE, Joarxa, « authorees, born
the torin bel
tu the courts of the hundreds have | of
lish bailiff aro only a kind | i
In London the lord- | Ds
=
5
i
i
jing and demons
time before Dr. Hunter's,
for the in
a De Ball was but ihe noun aa
c year 1798, when Dr, David Piteaien,
tompelied to repait to Lishon fee tse!
miller climate, Dr.
vy
Kingdom,
ty Pa eel HAH bane iy
Hal le SE aE ale a eB
Hoe ete aie li: auniie i
ce i it ie il BH EE tent a ie ic
iE i H HIF ie alli nee Ral Hien
A i A ie He Siete te a ‘h bai u
ee il ieee! Hill iat ii at sea
18 ei i aS gbe qeni HAH agent a A joey ETE
: ill Gil i ee
i eae? +} SEES SS to
(i He eevee eal ne he Braue
a ddl uae tay rl fe
i afageepiscaddseglassiepsqete : i
a Mi jit li eet ins peta i
2 4 $325%8 g2 3 sete zi ae ie ‘ ges
FNEHHH HE eter in tll Hea iene
to restrain a furious populacs, ‘Tho pallintory mea-
sure mploped ty Hal to rwave te appearance
of tranquillity might delay the eruption, but eould
thot suppress it. Once only he liad recourne to rigor-
‘ous measures. ‘This waa after the return of the ki
from Varennes, ‘The, vckent ee ‘wins
to seizn this opportunity for hi ition, and a
iret ‘number of them asombled, July 17, 1791, in
smembly approved of his eonduct} nevortbeles he
hin place, Sept. 19, 1791. Haly retired on-
timo, by the events of May 31, 1708, oiroumstances
BAILZLE, or Barut, Wircaxs, a
‘the 16th century, # native of Scotland
Shes be Shdiediedichs i ad pane
where he stu wi
and afterwards
‘be made rector,
in the University of
In his he
swore changed, ans dividon ofthe Tovolutionsry | Iware
amy entered’ Melun. Laplace infarmed Bailly of
his danger; unfortunately he did not regal the
‘warning, but persinted in going to Melun, Ax roan
‘a4 ho entered thin piaco ho was known, Ife waa eeat
<< ee
national | Galent doctri
shotina contre Ene ui 3
Grecarum,
|
ye eae astronomy. ‘Fablea, ot des Religions:
‘death of Lacailio in 1753, he entored the Academy | during the palo Un ero tnApe
ti aed tain os res of Lae | 21 to Oct. 2 178% (Ghreo vole = eee
alll ‘ou theatarsof the rodine.. Heun- in law, fs the, a chat
took aly a this tne a geet ‘the satel- | oF thing to anothor to koop, either for the use of thy
litew of r, the of ad ee Pe ee
made a question, File Kasai aur la det | or person to whom it ix delivered. A. a
ee a aed hap emp y epe ced dip pel Ty
lished a treatise oa the light relleoted by the entel-| redclivered to tho bailer and the zuatorial
te of Jupiter, whieh undertook to taeaue by |i can of amet, rte tothe der
aa process, Amidst these Inboriows oc- See
om he never loxt his love of literature. His | and redelivery of the: ‘of the bailment.
jams on Pierre Corneille, Tacibnitz, and other, | respousibility will ‘nce degre, upon the
‘wore so favourably received dlist he revolved toclecs | contract om which the bailment is va thing
1 scientific subject, suscoptiblo of tho ornaments of | is dalivered to the bailee to keep without any adeane
style which secure hia literary fame. ‘He | tage or use to himself, or ‘ont
eae each 1) tse itr ert npstcn: | oxy Sc reer ungeice, tas tae
miarto). Te mot a :
sich te ingreaned by th dacbaous Wat secnente | ln antes! beau of both partie Ye
between the author and Voltaire, which led Bailly to | kept with the ordinary and usual care
sh he atres or LOvgine dew Senos et mar | man Taos of his ewn ponds uk i
‘Atlontide de Platon, In 1784 the French Academy | for the benefit of the bailee bo must
lected him a werber in the place of ‘Tressan, and in | strict’eare in keoping it, nnd-will be answerable for
‘1785 be was wdmitted into the Academy of Inscrip- | alight: ligence, A agreement mae |
tions, The government aleo made him a member of | many casos of Ca
the comitton for the ‘ad influ: | risks assumed by the borrower of hiter
‘neo of snisnal magnotim discovered by: Meamor, | case hie obligationa will bo determined Uy
Hatily delivered. « doutie ‘one for the public, | tions, und letting for hire are cr
wo give it ® just view of the: 16, the other forthe | bailment. ‘There isan emay on the | ol
king, on the real caves of magnet moral iu by Sir Jones,
influence, The latter was not published till » later ILY, Franc a inti
period: Whoa Bir rorelation tore hia tom at ‘Now'vary i Herahiny in 7745 etal &
fl parvuits Paris chose him, May 19, 178, fim
dopaty of the tie t; in ‘itself he wos | Ame ‘then settied in London as a:
made first president. He retained place in 1802, While thus acti he
a es a national as | tables for tho purchasing au of
sanbly; aad when the king forbade them toamemble, | doctrine of inverust and the: of
he presided, June 20, 1789, in the eoesion of the tonnis | anoultios and assurances, and an epitomeet
cout, the deputies sworv mover to separ: | history. On rotiting from business ‘with
sto till they had given France # now constitution, | fortune in 1826 ho turned his 2
Leing chosen mayor of Paris, July 16, be discharged | to astronomy, and became one of the 4
‘the duties of hix office wil anual integrity and | Axtroaomi ye iene
ia ; bat there virtuos wore not sufficient een: Painters of Flaw
oteod, 1844, a.
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fungary (1
Gerinany) savembled a great army (including "
beat Te ‘and 2600 noblemen uv the
command of the eof Nivey), and attacked the
city of Nicopolis, in Bulgaria, situated near the Dan- | after
ube. Kut Hajanet mot them and obtained! a decixive
‘over the allied Hu Poles, and | Some
2th babar 1808, "Signed ecaped,
by Kamty ight, in dine, “The Frnch, by
‘imprudent Ropeboestiy ‘tho
om
Eamplre 1 ‘Timur (ovo
‘Tascentare) had not attacked Natolia in 1400,
i ‘d to moct him, aud suifered a total
near Anoym, in Galatin, Juno 16, 1402 He
hhimeslf fall into the power of tho conqueror, who
tronted him with generosity. The story of his bei
carried about in.a eage by "Timur ix without hixtori-
gol govol._Bajazet dod tn 1400, in Tiana’ cur,
in Caramania, Hin mccessor was Soliman L—Ba-
Taner TT. mceeeded his father, Mohammed
inst his rebellious won Selim, to whom at
Inst he ved the empire. He died in 1512 on his
way to the plsce which he had chowen for bik retire-
ment. It haa been mppeoed that he was put to
of the Turks, in 1481, He increased tho ‘Turkish | oaths
tained a living,
having embraced the prinel
relating to it
Talreciy, aad oer nit aan
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0 was preforeed ‘colesinatical appointm
of atticial of , and afterwards bocame rector
of Fisk,» parish in his native county; and suo»
shrowglt Uh
which opposed Queen Mary till the dea ar
ray, January, 1670, when ho was in some measure
ta uvort to the queen's side «n account of
a ferred against him by the succeeding
rogent, Lermox, who taxed him with » share in the
Darnley. For this accusation no proof
murder of
was yer adduced. Balfour outlived Lennox, and | the
i
was serviceable in bringing about the paci
Botwoen the king's and queen's party under Morton
in 1873, He would apprar to hare beon on
by Morton in tho taxi: of revising the laws of tho
% Against Sir Jaren, who was conmoquently
obliged to retire to France, where be lived for somo
yoara Ho roturhodl in 1580, and rovenged tho per
scoution of Morton jucing against him ou his
trial « deed to which be had seceded, in
‘» murder, and recom
smenling Mn to the queen as a hustand, Sir James
in manuscript, beth by students and practitioner,
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eluded 9 trenty with France, ca
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hands of the English monarch, who:
son to Landon ta bo
pore intereedod for them, snd.
said commited wo his Inga 19,
to his emtate ia France, where be died fn 904.
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ith, We have ‘that the ballad above Spears at uy. On
le propery of Penton olga; wo ought te | ble rtarn to Ldiburgh he wae teacher of
mention, however, and they only, | these at the Naval an Aculeny
among the southern of have songs of there. In 1545, on the recammondation of Profrssce
and merit with the Yallads, H, H. Wilson, he wan appointed by the ot
incipal differenos between them is, that the Span- | directory of the Hust India Company to: ~
yomance ts ia toshaks the English fn | os. pri ‘the new operations which Ihed bees
1b chamneter
fally ooou
wars of the free cities. “The
allad tins been successfully cultivated tn Scotland | works be was awarded of @ peice 4
and er ys inetd The maps Peet ete eve ‘the : Ty > aad the
man) superlative merit, TDA, 4 ans , Ballantyne
Canaingluar,. Motherwell, a while the latear
Reo trag
Victoria, and the city next faa |
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+ which was built in 1798, is a very handsome bulld-
‘The nnoieat
parts of the town, exhibite many sigus of ite former
Frcength. It is ell ted am w. derlliog onto,
ia Core memorable as the bi
thread, rope, sailcloth are carried on here, and
many of the flatten are ocupd in the salon
nd whito fisheries. ‘Thore are aleo two ship-build-
ing yards adn iron founiry, at which ploughs and
other jou Anny aro manufactured. In
1861 the pari. bor., ineluding Macdaff, contained 6781
‘The southern part of
tainouss northers
diversified with hill and
abeoy, 1,103; and agricultural horses, 984,
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land 7 or
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the iumports,
BANGOR, a city of North Wales, in Caernarvon~
rituated at the foot of
near tho
see proximity to the sea has given
it dhe advs f becoming a favourite buthi
place; and the viows of ‘and the Caver-
Tarvon moustatet fem Gasth Palnh the oree
of the inhabitants, are of the most plotresue,
ond sublime Pop. in woh ase
town, connty Down,
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sare naine, under tho government of
teh, on an arm of the Hanjex, about 14 miles
above its mouth, to the marshy ground and
i
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frequent inuadations of the river, the houses are built | the
ye
@ singln individual i
ing voles, a
ion, oe buildings, and the fort,
tare built partly of stone and partl
fort Tatas
biota, binky ets,
tically mado; and wi
caral, Chineso sills, outh
7000,
a tetiee Capit oN ad pind
meres, a place it of money, Banks,
Iie moet eonamercial aatibatou, originated ka Italy:
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tionod above, it receiver also a lange
management of the public debt and annuities Ite
ontlay in nearly £260,000, inctnding £20,000
for pranions, beoldes the £150,000 payable to '"
ment, Tt maker # considerable profit on foreign coin
nd bullion brought to it, for which it pays at the
rate of 2, 17. Ye, an ounce, or 1pd. per ouneo loan
than the Teal value During the quarter ending
tim of the
securities, and £22,952,000 tmilion. ever ainco ite
establishsont the bank haa been closely allied with
the government, the fats of the institution having
alwayn been dirvotly involved in that of the govern:
ment; and for twonty-rix years, from 1797 to 1823,
‘ax wo shall se0, the exiatenve of the government and | paper
{nto of the kingdom seemed to depend wpan main
taining the credit of the bank and the circulation af
ite paper, Besides beiag « croditor of the govern-
ment to the immense amount alruady mentioned, the | speci
institution is an important agent in the management
‘of the ublio debt and the eotloction of the revenue,
As Adam Smith says, ‘She receives and pays the
(greater part of the aunuities which arm das to the
crolitors of the public; ahe circulates exchoquer billy;
and sheadvazces to the government the annual amount
of the land and malt taxes, which are frequently not
paid till some yours thereafter’
‘oxides its importance to the government aa a
publio creditor, aud as an agent Iu managing the
HEaances and Palilc debt collecting taxes, ad paye
iH
Al
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i
f
fi
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!
a
of cash standing
to repay tho trouble of pees
tha Eats oft sad nest at flee ta Landon, toe
Pipl mer to Ht an Wa
‘The moxt important event in history rf
non we hare re fo di i
On th Toth of Pebeusey thst yea, blag Sum
a
eal of ppade ant Shovlasearet ead
should be made known, The Parliaqvent tonk the
sie tn he ta ay ee
ae re ee pt Fer
jon. of porta
inton is ta ly 0 ene aes
par othe Uric sad Un econ
Fron outiaued from She bs as ta pa
the notes of the
frum about £24,000,
moantiine & new:
was again, for the
arived at's par with
fied ouly by necemity. ‘The whole 9
administration, and all the commercial:
and connections af the
‘the affaim of the institution:
wing in 1797, The holders
ciopositons, wore jroming
which there risunined in
while the notes and
might be demanded,
mands wero pouring in
3a HG sunpieg i jis uf Heydengys PRUE Tt
alas Alp Hie sag sli gih ee ra tots
a (ey eee e Eee
naa tal ae a iat En
Ei He ane i Plc pe pejutee |
7 i Eade ‘ fd i ai c ae wae a a Hy ae ee iJ
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ne ii fees iE HH Hoje einaiees i ie oH
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286,4715
fifty in the year 1604, The
017; in 1810, 25
‘Thoro increased
ing incresaod fastes by the private banks,
fe circulation was £621,
Sah UA s
to t
ff whe th auibor wna
£2,956,099,
id
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f i Haul yy Ee aoe Bah as
a 5 a ie He Ht an is
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ce i Lee (gta ch jai ib eal
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Es re ual Hp af if ie elie ig
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‘of commercial disnstor,
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fanhattan Bank, eotabliched in | banks
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|
i
fi
a
i
a
fil
f
uh
iH
i;
i
al
rected by he don
the tors
cre, tn dered
ense of carrying
maximum limit of the de fixed at
=i | aoe tree gean cone ee eae
ngs in 1838 Lae Ried individ inthe: ot in the:
Taw prac 8 provi ‘any ual | capt in the caro of Freland, in which
pa Ser map pet liner Negeri or ery
Ing on deporting wich tho controller ok tks uth Tisve been introduced by differeat ast
ited ‘tho stools of any state, or of the | In 1824 it was ‘that the deposits for the fret
‘United States, yield 5 cent, when an
smount of ea cee th Soeiead Tn the autumn
of 1557 nearly all the banks in the States suspended
specie paywmuta, Jn a majority of cases ty Teuune
within @ few months, with but little loss to either
stock or note holders. ‘The position of the American
Lusnlex was considerably altored by an net of Congroes | by
which was passed Feb. 26, 1863, providing for the
establishunent of a system of national banks fering
govermnent noter. By this act associations for ear
xying on the busines of banking may be formed by
any namber of not lose than five, who must
xpeoify the name undor which tho asociation ix to
‘on business, and the place whero: the amount
of the copital (which shall not be lew than $50,000;
‘onc in cities of over 10,000 inhabitants $100,000 at
Joast); the numbor of shares, time of commencement,
fe. A cortifiente of theao iculare must be at-
tevtol before a judge of some conrt of record or no-
sequal | y
dleponite
deposi ‘ith interest:
sling a Us ante of eos kaatteal Me a
the to the trustees:
‘yours; and by the act of 1844
limit of hme was fined at £0, allowing,
hhnsband and a wite to hold
of that amount. ‘The minimus te.
were 628 sovings-banks in the
whieh 500 were ia Kngland, 83
land, and 54 io Ireland, ‘The
a uepuecu yatta ete ety UHR
ai Lt a i ie Le nea a a ie
He a Ret dati
I il
ii ee Hip Z pital
= 22372 : z 3 ol er oad Tt
al Hd ae a eR Hy ny
ait nal ull Bulle TBH Hilal THe Hail
ee Te ai oleate iui ae
he eaas MEE Fp els qe itn ks Hale 22
a 3 nn alia ay 3 H ee ile mlb ae
ee ra nna
Ct Ha sata Hiei itl
= ae Ht sale ae PE she Stir se tall) F|
ordi ei rage eee reer eT EH oe HI
HE
ie
iy
!
f
I
‘that ashore the teehee
6 belonging to the bankrupt
edlcatlon Say one or tars | pert of bis a bllored bor sa ae
oes had peep eet pee ‘te
toa y
tors. is bound to asaiat as far sa lho eas
Iulent conveyance of | realication of his property, and in tho of
of it 3 That, | the procoode among the crete. Ha .
creditors, he has | statement of his affaim before the first mnewting
broad baa re- | creditors submit to eauninatoos gre a Inrenhae
of a orediion sal
prrovert n | i whom the property of thi Sack as y
in tho | in whom the a
court # declaration wlmitting his inability to pay his | nished with very exteraive toon hemeoeeiteal
dobts & ‘Phat execution issued against the debtor | the baakrupt's property, carry on the bankrupts
many log proces forthe parpaw of obtining pay | busines, if judged ad 0 to di bei
ment of not lew: than fifty pounds has in the case of any or proceeding to
trader been levied by soizare and cole of his goods, | the bankrupts nal poe
4. That the petitioning creditor baw served en tho were fis owns’ He may flao
debtor ia tho prescribed manner a debtoe’s wuzaa0ns, | puto to arbitration, comprouse all debts or:
ring him to pay a sum dae of an amount of not | and with the sanction of the creditors, givem
less than pounds, and the debtor, being «| moeting called for socept of
trader, haw for the epsce of seven days, or, not being a | position or scheme ‘lent pepe
‘trader, has for the space of three weeks succeeding the | bankrupt. ‘The trustee must call & meeting:
servis of such summons, neglected to pay such sum, | committeo of inspection once every thras tenths wi
oor to wocure of compound for the sane. The act of it aul settle what
bankruptcy must hare occurred within aix months of bo “7
tthe timo of presonting
the petitioning croditor oust not
‘unlom the creditor ia willing to give up his security
for the benefit of the credit, or unlew he will giva
‘2n estimate of the value of his security, when he may
bbe admitted na a petitioning creditor to the extent of
‘the balance of the iobt du to him after deduoting wack
‘extimated ralan, When the petitioning creditor gives
suificient proof of the debt, and of tho tending it
necowmry, ani of some one’ act of Laukruptey, the
court then adjudges the debtar » tankrupt ant «
eopy of the ender of adjudication is went to the Lon-
tho petition and the ab ie haa
a eocered
bankrupt: may then apply f
ee
that his henkra
dividend. Kas areas
g anita
Wi au HAE ui
a Uae Hal Te i ate
He rit ages ¢ fee tif
a E
‘3 5 ; Lene
A i inte ie ti ne :
fiat ee zi he OE HE in ata aaa
Bie lige ae ran ut Fee Ea
fh i Ee Fre aiHhes net at rT Haya 7 Au r
24 AUTHAF ie a fi Huy Hi ih Het : Hl
th oe ae tea
ea uli Heat i Beate i
sabn Pais dee Fianna fe ila?
TBH Hninele Een
Han’ (eat
at Pui
412 TANKS—BANTRY,
Fok Flas onaacit poeta BANNER, « word found in all the Jan-
x Tn 1779 he married Dorothea, Gaga dt Wones becca, eregeeatt how=
vldoet Willie Weetnrn Hagemen, En. | evr, ton ta many vary Alen waa Teg
of Kent. In 1781 hewasmadeataronet | fies the cours or santacd, | Assos
‘Tn 1795 he received the orderof the Bath, ‘Tho Preach | Germans, if knight was able to lead ter
a ‘of the National Institute in 1802, | that is, ten other ageise th enemy the
Cee ee ee re | ee ee ee
to bin m sore
Usd at ah ots fhe ha of the Bree” | reandan bearer as he ide cone of the
huis collections im. ‘are cele- | offloans, ws the gonfioniore of Florence and
‘Besides some eal pal Italian republics, and the banuerherr in the
and some contributions of k repotiles.|Denneret in England wae Engi eae
wrote: but a Short Account of | in the field, with the coremony of ‘otf the pains
the Canmox of tho Mildaw, and the Rost | of hi atandand and making tt 6 tenner—a cuRtamt
in Com, 1805, He died Jane 19, 1830, Tnaceord- | which lias long aface comed. Dannors ate
ave with » ‘equest, his collections wore | famour in sas tho Dania phen fase
in Stirs
‘works executed by him was a statuo, oxhibit-
Sg eben rnlag the Loew of Hein jig, now in tho
IL of the Firitish Tnrtitution. Mo is also the seul
‘tor of the admired mouwnent of Sir Byre Coote
Westininster, Mr.
Abbey. Mr,
member of the Royal Academy not long after hin
Fetten from Busi aod fnhd a Ife Sf axluous smade atill
two rivers in the ¥.of
lain oalled the is
i - falls into Lengh Neagh, near the Ran-
foot Ferry, In county Armagh. Tt is navignble by
Yonts of 50 tons burden.—The Lower Bann is the
eee Soe, ot Ting Grevagt et
to
cebu, ent setwards dowing by Sot ginsoet ta
Anteith, snd Kileea in Londonderry, forming the
Douiaty of the two coutles; past Caleralne, ft
fale into the Atlntio Oran 4 jos Lelow that town,
‘acourne of nearly 40 miles, A bar at ite mouth | deper
‘renders the navigation at the entrance to the river
difficult in rough weather; but on ordinary cession | i
veusels of 200 tans can proceed at far up ax Coleraine
At that town occurs a fall of the river called
the ‘Leap, and sbove it are one or two rapids,
By moana of tho Nowry navigation tho Upper
‘ix made subservient to the Gog he 8 communion
tion from Longh Neagh to the Irish Sea; and if the
Lower Bann were rendered navigable throughout,
safe communication would be opened frou the Trish
Bea to the Atlantic,
BANNATYNE CLUB, a Iiturary society inati-
tuted in Edinburgh (1823) by Sir Walter Seott (lite
first prenident), David Laing (secretary till ite disso>
Tution in 1868), Archibald Constable, and ‘Thomas
‘Thomson. It started with thirty-one inewmbers, hav-
ing the intention of printing rare works on Scotch
history, literature, geography, te. ‘The membership
‘was aibxequently oxtenlod to 100, the moxt eminent
of Scotchinen eagerly seeking admission. It derived
its name from Geongo Bannatyne, to whose offorts
swe arw indebted for the presersntion of tuch of tho
Boottiah poetry of the fiftecuth and sixtoenth cex- | lange, wal
tories,
the woduet, Tt éch
Ae
ingsize, 2 males 5
aud Ealward Tit Halu on the Ss
Tuly, 1914, in which
has manufactures of
i
i
wiblie notice or making proclamation
Broalat ‘contract, and the tateuded celebration
partion in. of such:
BA "AM, or ‘Baran, a ince, ‘the
wrboto ofthe Wend of of Java,
=
rated other |
2" ta ea
vinows, it grows large quantities of bie
‘was uurpased by fow towns of the East in amtyilty
pees it fs now very much decyl
, Aneaport town Ia Treland,
at tho head of Bantry:
Bantry Bay, % el
consists of two paral
5 malo, am
‘The water ix deep close to beth shores,
:
i
iit
ji
Hy
i
ce
ie
ri
A
a
a
H
i
:
2
i
z
4
:
diinish exoewsive ‘and which te aven
‘wall hy Kuropeans'in fevers and diarrhieas ‘The
flower are large, white, and handsome, and fn their
pacar army yy tees
‘POPPY: smow-whito
preci esl grated, ‘aod
‘the leaves drop off befare the rina come
on. The fruit is of an of considerable
‘ize, and tastes like ‘with a plearaut
acid flavour, Theexpressed juice, when mixed with
ign, fone » coling drink rch eed putrid
fevers: this juice nleo sed a4 a enasoning
for corn- ol and other foe.
(Aa most ceremonies ort:
apace. inate frum cuatuma or events of common life, which
BANYANAGY (ancient Riruli Doningrun), »| ao afterwarls cheno rpreeat smething higher,
mountain towa in Hungary, county of Seathmar, 08 | baptism or rom te Iathings and ablations
tiles x, of Dobreosin, and not far from the borders of | ao frequon: y Festina $n Ards,
‘Tronsylvania, It has gradually risen from a mero | all the aoeta of that part af the world, whether hea
mountain ‘to the rank of a town, and earties | thens, Jows, or Mobanunedans, have obtained a rell-
on teale in wine, fruit, and eacthen | gious character, i, incre.
ware. The inhabitants muffer mn a want of | ing, fream the Greeks ‘iso) wae with the Jews
get ‘re in the neigh- | even before Christ, and overy converted heathon war
shod whiak [sal ight be Eroaghs foto tbe | aot only elrvamend, but elie wasbod, ass erabel of
town at Uttle cost. Kour yearly markets are pre or ap the
held here, wp. 9082, ‘tains of his former life. From et
BAOBAD (ddansonia digits), » tre, belenging aelytes, however, that of Bt, John the Baptint differs,
to tho natural order (or wub-ordter) Bombocom, and | becnase be baptized Jews also aa a aymbol of the
ing the only known specior of ite genus which | necosulty of porfact purifeation from in. Fosus him~
was named after the neturalist Adanson. It is also i ees epee bo ee ‘several
called the monkey-bread tree. ‘The leaves are deep ce ee ee of John.
[pony emp apeledlons awd gpk poly caintirward ‘Christ, never ‘but directing his
ing from a common oeatre, aud each te in | disciples to administer this rite to the converts,
shapes hia tee fs amtive of Weetsm Afrcn wad | weal the words: “Go yw therfore and toch ll
{ie Hhowise ssid to be found in Egypt and nations, ‘them in the name of the Fathor,
itis cultivated in many of the warmer parts of tho | and of the Son, and of the Holy (3host’ (Mat xvi,
‘world. Tt is one of the known trees, itetrunk | 19). Baptism, therefore, became a roligious cere
‘being somotines not lew than 30 feet in dianeter, Ta | mony among Christians, and is considered ana scra~
‘account of soxpe calculations are | meat by all seota which acknowledge mcrasenta. Tx
made the ‘of this tree founded on | the primitive cburch the form of
tho evidence of the annular layers, The hi Wipe ne pala ine river
its trunk by no means corresponds with the thie) ‘or vessel, with the words which
which ft attains. Thus, according to his calculations, | and to express more fully bin of A
atone year old ite diameter is} inch, aud ite ab verall) ved & HOW maMIE, immersion of
G inchoas at titty it hus attained a dine | She wi “ras omitted only in the onse of the
toetor of 4 fect, while is height ia only 22 fect, and | aick who could not leave their Tn this caso
so ony till at 1000 years old tho baobab is 14 foot | «prinkling was substituted, which was called ¢linie
OS feos 3 and at 6000 years the | doptiom. The Greek Church, as well ws the sabie~
ee ee ulicnlar | matics in the Kast, retained the custom of
eight that the trunk will be $0 feet in sud | the wholo body; but the Weetern Church oh
z
x!
5.
cs
u
uly 73 foot high, ‘The roots again aro of » most ox- | in the thirteenth century, the mode of
{raonlinary length, wo that in a tree with» stem £7 | sprinkling, which has bees continued by the Prot.
{cet tn gic themkin branch ce taproot menmars 10 | tants the apties oly exepted, The introduction
feat,
\. Tt often bapy the) ion of | of this mode of baptivm was ‘to the great in-
Teaves and of drooping ‘almost hide the convenience which arose from the of the
forms a hemispherical mass of verdure | whole body in the northern climates of Europe. The
140 to 160 feet in diameter, and GO to T0 fort high. cei imp ia ene a
The pale-coloured, sod soft, eo thas in | the rit with the diffusion of the doctrine of
Abywinia the wild bees ‘orate it and lodge their | the’Trinity. In the first oenturiewof the Christian era,
ew
i
i
2
2.
2
&
i
:
z
i
=
iff
rite by the Montaniats in who baptized
tthe doad, was abolished ‘vovere punishments;
tes te omen Coubsic coataser Soe precis ol
‘Daptizing church-bells continues to this dny—a ous
tom which firt came into use ia the tenth eeutury.
pis believed hat the staging of puch tale during»
sunder-ttorm serves to protect the ni
An i biceeoes snr emtoet ty cas
7 10 very edfloasions, the Romish has
the: ‘of baptize heretics,
pyar pee ivi:
ia apiit 5 and the ivi-
Iiges which he anquites on «Christan are all indi
cated by symbole; thus the salt af wisdom ia given,
Me garment of lunovence i put on, Re. The Caollg
water, fey and Dood (laptiena funins, famner
:nguinid). The fret ix the commen one; tho seoon
5s perfat love of God, connected with ssincore and
Jont deaire to be baytined: the third fs the martyr-
vom of » catechumen for the Christian faith, All
hres aro equal fn theis effect, The Rainy Church
acknowledges that all persons not baptized aro
dated, even infants; but i dow mot state what
Lhey are ta mifor; for even St, Augustine, the stern:
‘est and soverest preacher of this doctrine, deemed ft
Slight.’ Some scholastic theologians have thought
that the pain they wero to endure would consist in
from God. ‘The Jansenista believe in the
bt always
hamanity, gives, in the fourth canto of his Inferno, a
place to all virtuous hesthens and infants not hap.
separate from the other part of hell; and it
distinot from.
for this ‘The most celebrated
are these of Florence and
Ameri the S
Calvi
iniatic, ‘The other clases
ie
Hin
it
{
af
Hh HH if 28
ae ee
Hu He sill fad
ae eG erie j dunn
i le ae a Hay a ae
[ fs te ee ee i
ea ia ae ee ul en fait
fi rae HE Headly (din ee ae 1 ate
alu en te PTT Bale
fal Sle ihe 4 seal Ute a ball
; ‘ i; aE Hine te Hines i ile a iF iia tay
FHI ieee te lalate wu ihdly He
Melia EN itt ale
alee THE qj Hubei ea ill
HET a ea ies
i
Ha
416 BARATELLA—BARBAROSSA. ;
BARATELLA, Axroxto Lavnror, a ‘of | extsbiting perpendicular walls of 150 feet. ‘The
Patan who Snurabed in teri talf af tho Asesth | bigbess ike O thn id Att HUllaly, 1148
century. sie aes - ee a Ke tee veg ving pee)
are presery’ ‘Yorlous Ibraries, or forests in Darbadoes, theoe having:
‘them havo been ‘He died in 1448. down to malo way for ageloultural The
BARATIER, Jeas Prunceee, born ae Schw indigenous mammals cotuprise the: mon
inthe masgrarise ot in 1721, showod ay, isc tose ee
he Frocxity of and a Kind of universal | of Thelin of Lrdola also monger. isp
talent. ‘the age of four he spoke the lowlands is black, somewhat in the shal-
So Katt trl afer leant Grek an fen dew parts cosh Sila sto eee Tl
with A seven could 0- | 800. z
Wee Banter ala seerpards ral sera Win maid Se bok muted to the etiam t the
‘books, and in his fourtewoth year published a trans | cane, and with the ald of manure has given ss
Jasion of the Teinerary of Benjamin de ‘two | returas of sugar in favourable seasons a any in
vols. Bvo. A pair of globes having come into his | West Indios, the prime lands of St, ex
hands, he ‘tured his attontion to matho- | cepted, ‘The hemos of the planter ry. er Saar
aati, geography, and astronomy, ond in low han | ous all along the oountry, and with the
three them well, and could solee many | Eases per oper the a
cof the most important. for a [ bame
He cron atte
Pari
‘of London and. Prossin,
pe tpt
to seve
turned his attenti
among
initio Chronologics de Su
ene
tinued his mathematical parsuits, and
familine with
‘only Inboured at his studies, but kept-up his spirite
waited with Christian
patience an the
‘end came, Ab hia death in 1740 he was ouly in his | with the word.
rear, The bi ‘of this extraordi-
year, ©
th’ won written by Formey of Berlin, snd
akoty De Joon
BARAZE, Crrumsy, a Jewult miaionary, who pro
cveded to Porn in 1075, and laboured with almoet
‘districts of that country. One of the tribes, said to | i
be more civilized, but also more eruel than the others,
ut him to denth tn 1702,
BARD, Seo Hons.
BARBA, Avan: ALoxzo,a Spanish priest of the
wovontecnth contury, who, having officiate] us curate
at Potosi, in South America, turned tention to | hax
tise on thie
‘been discovered by the Portuguesa, int belonging to
Jong aed 13 broad, containing 106,170 acres, snort of
which ta under cativation, Tt in dlvided Into eleven
parishes, and contains four towns, vie. Bridgetown,
the capital, Spoight's Town, Austic’s Town, and
Jamestown. This now more densely peopled than any
syotof lad inthe world the popalation being returned
by the cousus of 1871 st 162,049, ar about 980 to the
square mile. The climate i very hot, but th air is
iv, and moderated by tho eoustant trade-winda, It
aubject however to dreadful hurricanes, ‘The sur-
face in diversified and often picturesque, presenting
nn xapail scale m succession of valleys, hilla, tablo-
Yad, elif, gorges, and ravines, soto of the Latter
King. Ho noted with the greatest
duced a revelt the
at the Kigg af Tamia Thane
and ‘Tons itselt taken, of
declarwd himself the soverekeu. He
=
’
Ta anit tl Hes i ne i ie
He Hea oe Hae a fal iu ea i
Ha uh a teh oe Te i
i ae ee Ee
i ns re ght = i 5
i al jE gal a li te ee ah
Qe Be aoa ban sa re
fi tala
mee ll
Hi ate 8 Hi ae ull dear jullie EE,
iit tigate 4 ne i FEHR Mien at nad i i
agg ee ae ra EEE i i Hu
tee aH i hy i iW I i fil shi Ear Fld Huet i
pe je Ip a ue halt : : Hea ede aie
ce L BPs yigies 9,3 itees = eae eeae’ a
sili gel Hallit al Ae iAUE dae
i
i ik al i
3583 a js aul ee i
a if p by ARE Hie Hs
Biante f i TUD EH SVE atic aria pitre Fee
i He i AHR RE sali tele
Teale ‘ aan a He ii ley ie ae
H a fe Say ebay eae rd qlee: uy HE AL
NE Ib
See eee eae a itp a
j Fa ; ae ban : filet ih FePCOEE STE SEY Treat
ii H eee: eal ai seat LE tb
2 HaHa ie it ch Ue Ha a
=
5 UAL sete hig nae i Hee i pid
EE re
pia i ae al il i Fae ne ne
ae iat ue Hele Hall
aH i ae Hig) ie Hi Hi ine aaa il
Ha
peer i it fe aa E
Fo Hee HELE HH Ha Hin HEE Beat
Ges S53. Hk ; Gi 7 HG Hatta RE:
B Hf i i a Ell i ui 3 Hn 5 ils 3 i 2
di i
Ht ulin: latin
Le i Pie Eee cal a
ete! a Meta ale
peste rama eA a
- si g Pi
ay “ gut Sagie tog itaue Fee ep
=228? s4 babe estaedes a PRS mee | Hee a
fi eH eet ia elie
21d fin is HE
a ua Heals tt i q
3
¥.
rn
ae ite
ee a i
Ae ag il
i fiieeaeut Me He eaat f
Hleaeinalla ease ai eae
RDU ene ati ne SyaaatasasarEaaiidi iu ial
BR Pe ae Ha i s25 BEGET Eee) = epaig
Ha (eee ee cea
i le Peek ee hile! fee aia eb Gadnall
i Hiilqiins Hai init Bi is
he i ea La ee
He atl) tbal SHI rn
3 Ai} iil ae geal Ii Ge = falta ar aa sun ias
silig felicia ble atre uel nale
3 wl et lead! Hapa cl ai
ae is nae i fi HG dea ni Se
i ne tie inlet 5 He ea H ele
ae aint iy if: i Hi i He Hat ae
fate Sane ben! a pee fe
Tk i i inl HA inl ih i
ee a
fa
ue
a eh
liga Hele
? ES
Hite ul apie
F eae heeidaall
en qhaia ab laliii " uy ui
; Fea ‘agai
Bie i
i ai ie
aT Oc an tah
iaaiae
=
DARDESANES THE GNOSTIC—BARETTI.
ayaa
Hb Uaptiege:
i i lai inal ani
hag
ry a a
Pena a a
2 HT . es Hh ite i ) ae fet
i ree ae ce He eit peu Giereet pane ee
aie BULB AI an arr deatii(i
(fee ie eat nee ea
uy Hi = na THR ree
ry in i rF anlage tee ETE
asgee i a ait aed Spaeelycs Hi isi ich
sige ile ie TUNER nat eye tee
hag Ee Bes Ss sect ss Fe ge sae ge 825s23-
ie eae Fea fete bE
Hes Hu le i ca He By i PUA alPae tier aT
Ea Pb Peri ee
Heap! hai fa alte Hunn ahi
ae
a ee at See Ae
ay i j 3 a5 bs 2
: ee i en ee :
it fe a a
ait He ‘lai a (HEH aie Hale Fete rroes
3 24% egsEseg ES]
nia Hi iit if FRE Ve rae ae alae Hanh
a ,
ii nade jae id a fi lie fale a 4a ln
aii ce Hee He cea i ily il a He
z Sag piel ie ie He puck i Pe i
Dee ARTE pret ey
il
7E
li
E
aH
ii
295;
rf
it
i
E
&
Fi
t
z
hie
see
ia
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:
i
!
a‘
;
i
if
i
eS
|
i
au
fal
fu
ipl
tube
Lt a
E wi
Hes it
Hf if 3
eee
aro
Haan
Piaget alee exh, nad leo tate ‘the We
ies.
BARKER'S MILE.
BA
ING, = town,
Soo Hyoroprwanies,
and, in tho county. of
; about 2 miles
chureh, a handsome structury,
with » lofty tower, and containing some ancient
mouuments. ‘are no manufactures, but the
fiahing trado in carried on to » grout extent. Pop.
fn 1571, 6766.
BAI-LE-DUC, or Banaun-Onxars, a town,
France, of the departznent of Moun, 125 milew
& hy & frou Pacis, consists of wn upper and a lower
town, the former of which ‘a fine view, is
wall built, and has noveral elegant mansions. ho
lower town extands into tho valley traversed by the
‘tone bridges,
busy active place, with snany shops, manufac
‘and places of busines. ‘The
streets aro wide and well laid out; in particular theses
of Rochelle and the Capuchins, which are Lined with
ay
abe
lE
HE
i
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abtbed tn 1787, 9 ease n
jo vote the sale of bik poem, and that
edit ‘of the Psalms adapted by tion, a
tp the newspapor aad becumas
wo find hin in France ae ageat for a mumbo
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‘was induced only by the moxt wi
tone of the utates to rutain the oftioo which had been
ied to him, and at lost concluded, in 1600, an
with Spain for the term of twelve years, i
ype, the independence of Holland. wav scnow
Indged. His i ‘now bocamo #till greater, and
ho wax more and more an object of jenloury ta the
house of Nassua. ‘The hostile spirit of the opposite | 1
Fartes tn the stato was further incensed by theo-
logical difficultien, In order
wi
general toleration in respect to the
pointa in question. ‘The state acceded at first to
‘even in the assemnbl;
‘the peaple, of whom,
Maurice had become the idel, As he could not
redoubled its attacks wj
Barnoveldt, who, in answor to thom, published 1
cilebrated memorial in which he warms the Unit
which threatened them from
igeured, the
8, to which
of Burops sent
deputies. ‘They condemned the Arminians with the
civil tun
creer fon
boat
td | being open at ove and only, and having
judges condemned
‘Whom hin country owed its political existence,
i
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ial
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Gothic church, and a
ts manufactires consist chiefly
Ince, paper, brushes,
fay the
i
f
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by a stone bridge; is surrounded
Aanked with towers, and contains isonet le
A a large Mogul pavilion of a aquare form, with
Satig he relps of Acreage el a
Se Ly Snasdhants nine iar Sanaa
tants,
BAROMETER, an instrument for measuring the
woight of the air and the variations of ite prewure tm
onder to determine changes in the ‘the height
‘of mountains, and other not
ful instrument’ bad ite origin in an ot
‘Torricelli, an Italian, who fourished about the middle
of tho seventoonth Century; and we eoncetw that x
melee ‘rat ames
means of teaching the mat
‘time it unfolds the early history of the Recometer.
‘Toerivelli took m glasx tube 4 foot in
H
mercury, he placed the ina
ese fel mst takers a =
of the mercury Sowed out of the tube,
i it tube was
vertical direction, with the open ema tx
i
oth
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Se555
Hie Per Hu Hay Lis Ae 22228455
ah jeaie # ee et i ee iad un ‘ae juju
ii ile Feat ones i Sule Binnie gale
ane Lear Lana
; Hi ne aati ub neulas seas
ii Hee He i ul eH Sete a ies in ie 3 Hf Har.
E ivi ua adtlil ail! ae Huy fuelill Har
ij al fe (ual ane ut Hi al
{ i a3 pests af a ee Beat efit ere tile
i: at aa ne eee
ae PHA FHT Gel PH Lae thin ae
ane a ie AU DARA EIU sh a :
att Aes at 3s hig jue Pisgah a
LEY at iisalal uh
Ee TTT eH ere nae LEP
u
with ft without mnch trouble,
eee ee ‘Te would be inoan-
thonsandth part of the observed.
Fahroabelt above 32°,
sly form « rank of lower nobfiey after, the counts
tion
fin causes between the ki
to the rovenue, In Seotlan
by the Lords of Soacion.
BARON and FEMK See Hoenann and Wrree
B dignity in Great
to
originally instituted by Janes I., May
fs said that Lont-chancellor Bacon ¢
idloa, and the first baronet was Sir Nicholas Bacon of
Redgrave. Baronets are created by patent, under the
great eral, snd the honour is generally given to the
grantee and the holrs male of hie body lawfully be:
pian though eometines it fs entaile on collaterals
1m the preamble to the original patent it a
that tho onder was ereated to get money for tho cup.
Dart of soldiers tn Trelabd, each baronet, on his crete
‘tion, being obliged to pay into the treasury @ wun
- | Annales
C. Baronio
in
the | Historico-chronologien in
in England | 9° 46°
bration of
the posmyo,
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(Rome, 1588-1607,
‘aes otlee: leah in
author, Many errors,
wore hy the
in bie it critician
l
on
Ann.
(Geneva, 1705, four vol, folio),
writ me
Mu
tie Kamo, 164,
of Laderchl,
fll
HI
ii!
pies ty
lala, on is roy
surrounding ovuntry
nearly rained by the Fresh earthoalis of
HANIA, ert * Xioglom
mouth of the Gambla, om
Lends about 00 miles ‘The Ms
{orm a ca
‘os
of the inhaldtant
Se ch aS the
epulons town near: the palaat
group of iéamnds om
eee
ite name, hae
Varying from St 4
ine
i
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rs
i
tf
or BARKAY, a
Bootlan
forming part of the Outer
Island, which gives the
of 8 unles, with a
| Ba
coast of,
Ee
Fy Hen Hitea Hine [: ie i pr Ww APRA UE it i)
ne ia eh | Beh leant a eae ipl
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pet eeeseas 4; Pee 2 $255.33 =
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