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•X 


THE 


POPULAE  SCIENCE 


MONTHLY. 


COKJ>UGTED  BT  K  L.  AITD  W.  J.    TOUMANS. 


VOL.  xxvni. 

NOVBKBSB,  1B8B,  TO  APBIL,  186S. 


KEW  YORK : 
D.       APPLBTON     AND     COMPANY, 

1,  I,  un>  S  BOKP  BTEXZT. 
IS86.  ... 


Z/M^- 


OomMBT,  IBSt, 

Bt  d.  afflktor  and  COMFABT. 


THE 


POPULAR    SCIE3SrCE 
MONTHLY. 


VOVEXBSK.  1885. 


FLYDfG-MACHINES. 

Br  T.  W.  M&TOEB.  ' 

THE  tabjbct  of  ray  papef^flying-macliinM — in  a  general  way,  is 
of  imprest  to  pvurybody.    Itui,  to  tboec  who  Iiarc  givi-n  H  more 
[pi/tkuUr  attention,  it  is  not  only  inlvrcfling  bat  fauinattng,  and  « 
crons-     The  |>athway  ht*  hcta  atrevcd  with  wrecks ;  and  I 

'n  u  feeling  prvvalenl  that,  after  all,  it  leads  Dowbcro  in  par- 

f  ticnlir.  unlM*  it  be  to  the  alrasboune  or  lunatic  asylnm. 

StiU.  tbcre  are  timvn  wh^n  we  henrtity  cnry  the  birds  tboir  wondoi^ 
Fhl  Kiwe^  I  mnomber  in  reading,  I  tliink,  Mr.  Wallacft*8  haok.  on  llie 
[Anaxona,  tfaat  be  iraa  oqcm)  Etanding  nn  tbi>  abore  of  the  mighty  river, 
J  Rmfixnted  by  an  impenetraljlc  wall  of  green,  oonecaliDg  within  itaelf 
jJMbUcn  no  end  of  new  plaou*  and  beetles ;  and  when  a  ifayly  painted 
[mcaw  came  sailing  lajcily  along  and  disappeared  behind  tbo  tree-tops 
[vitJMal  any  sort  of  ironble,  be  gave  rent  eropliatically  to  the  gcnenl 
Ink  Xo  flv,  .iml  lo  a  feeling  of  rarpriKe  that  upparontly  so  Bimpld  a 
cm  ihould  liave  rem.itncd  »0  long  nnsidved. 
1  nnipoM  b«re  to  give  an  aeeount  of  some  of  the  attempts  to  fly 
^bftve  been  made  in  the  past,  and  are  now  being  made ;  and  to  try 
the  priiiciplea  inrolved,  and  why  success  ha*  not  been 

The  old  Greeks  and  Ronutns  very  wnubly  appear  to  have  been 
(ODtnit  to  give  the  gods  and  htrdN  and  bntterfliea  a  monopoly  of  the 
air ;  for,  excepting  tlie  9U>Ty  of  Dwdalua  and  Icarus,  little  mention 
bat  been  ittftde  by  clawicAl  wriu-nt  of  attompu  to  fly,  or  of  flying- 


Dxdahii,  It  •eems,  had  killed  a  man  in  Atbeiw,  and  with  hi«  nn- 
fononate  son  fled  to  Crete,  where  King  Jlinos  very  properly  dctain«d^ 
ncxavin.— I 


THE  POPULAR  SCIBNCB  MONTHLY. 


hira  ;  bat,  (Iet«TOiiiic<1  to  CMoape,  be  made  wings  of  fealhen  cemeti 
witb  wax,  ukl,  iiiiitructing  Icarna  to  fly  neitber  too  bigh  nor  loo  I< 
but  to  doeely  follow  bin,  laanch«d  himeetf  into  tbe  air,  and  took 
bco-linc  for  Grcoco-    Tbo  jroung  man,  howvvcr,  was  ambitious,  iind,  Aj' 
ing  too  near  i!iu  hud,  the  wax  iD«lt«d,  aDd  be  porUbfed  In  th«  m: 
wamiiij;  to  future  generalionti. 

After  Ottilalus,  we  next  bear  of  Archf taa  of  Tarentuta  in  SfoO 
a  famous  geometrician  who  lived  about  400  years  b.  c.     lie  is  credi 
witb  a  dove  mado  of  woo<l,  so  contrivod,  we  are  tuld,  "aa  by  certai: 
nechantoal  art  and  powor  to  fly  ;  no  niovly  was  it  balanced  by  weigh 
aD<)  put  in  motion  by  bidden  and  inclo^ud  air."    One  m  turprisod  ai 
tbe  amount  of  talk  and  epeoulsiion  that  the^te  few  words  Imtc  cauiod 
If  the  dove  were  put  in  motion  by  incloeed  air,  then  probably  it  w 
constructed  on  the  principle  of  a  balloon.    If  so,  then  of  course  t 
air  must  have  bwn  htuUvd  ;  or,  bettor,  ntnoo  wood  will  crack  and  wai 
from  bnt,  not  unlikely  a  light  gaa  was  used  ;  and  vincfi  hydrogtm  1 
light,  ]>0iMib1y  hydrogen  ;  >»d  if  m>,  bow  did  AichytaN  jTi-pitrv  itf 
Others  seriouBly  trj-  to  throw  ridicule  on  the  wholo  affair,  saving  thai  a 
wooden  dovo  could  not  possibly  get  support  in  such  a  way — that  neces- 
•arily  it  would  be  too  large  and  heavy,  and  that  lliv  material  would 
not  stand  the  fllraiu,  and  K>  on. 

For  my  own  part,  however,  I  think  that  old  Lanretus  Lnnnid  h 
tli«  true  theory  and  explanation.     H«  says  that  "the  shells  of  hen 'i 
eggs,  if  properly  filled,  and  well  secnred  against  the  penetration  of  tb' 
air,  and  exposed  to  the  solar  rays,  will  ascend  to  the  ekj,  and  soma' 
timea  suffer  a  nMural  change  ;  and  if  the  cgg«  of  tbe  larger  dcscripti< 
of  swans,  or  leather  balls,  slitchod  with  fine  thongw,  be  Rllcil  wit 
nilor,  thu  purest  snlphnr,  qnicksiIv<T,  or  kindred   tnatcrialit,  which 
rarefy  by  their  calorie  energy  ;  and  if  they  externally  rcseiublc  dovca 
tliey  will  easily  be  mistaken  for  flying  aaim&Is. 

"If  we  should  desire  to  give  atrial  notion  to  a  wooden  and  poo 
derons  inaohinc,  we  roost  apply  fire.  Shonkl  tlmre  be  any  apprehen* 
Bion  of  the  dove  being  burned,  it  can  V-  eovored  over  with  HUflie  Itv 
OombuBtible  coating,  nnd  tubes  of  tin  introduced,  so  that  the  lire  may 
be  kept  alight  in  its  bosom  without  injury  to  it.  ...  To  prevent  tlio 
orankliug  of  flames,  and  the  emission  of  sparks,  the  powder  may  be 
deprived  of  force  by  the  mixture  of  ocbrc  and  butter.  .  ,  ,  AnartiHolal 
ibroat  may  be  formed  to  change  tbe  crackling  of  tbe  flames  into  aa 
IniUtJon  of  i1m  cooing  of  a  dove  I'ubcs  could  bare  b«en  easily  "  (and 
probably  were)  "constructed  to  ascend  one  after  tbe  other  at  eonvcn-, 
JODt  intervals,  so  that  tbo  bird  would  apparently  be  endued  witb  life." 

After  Archytas,  we  bear  liule  or  nothing  of  flying-machines  nntl 
(he  middle  agea.    Then  the  astrologers  and  alchemists  and  witches,  in 
league  with  the  evil-one  on  the  one  hand,  and  tlic  friars  and  moi 
Ae/p4»l  hj-gac*}  gf/irits  oa  the  other,  did  many  wonderful  thing*. 
eoatpetitioB  w»§  tlrong.     To  sJniply  fly  wa*  a  mcto  («iflat<B«,  a  ready 


I 


J 


FL  TING-MACHINBS. 


3 


I 


inecDs  to  thr  Mnful-or  good  end  in  vieir.  Tbe  broomntlcl  took  a 
pn-cmineut  posilioa  sa  a  flyiDg-macbiiic.  Wbit  a  pity  it  im  thnt  oor 
aiMwstor*  ibould  hare  bo  pvnistcntly  foagbt  agiuoitt  and  finally  buc- 
eecdod  in  surpreaaiBg  tJie  broonwlick  I  What  could  b«  more  simjilc 
and  eflective  ?  P«rlupa  by  proper  treatment  tbe  nilcliM  might  tiave 
been  [lersasded  to  ioftroct  tkv  rc«t  of  tbo  world  in  its  nw.  In  lho*« 
daya,  drs^ans  and  magicians  and  good  and  eril  gpirita  made  out-of- 
doon  at  night  rather  diu)gi;rous,  and  good  people  rcniiiincd  at  home, 
with  holy  water  on  liand  for  an  emergency.  Here  is  an  cx&mpU  from 
ReniigiuK.  Say«  he  :  "  There  ia  no  doubt  the  following  will  be  consid- 
vnA  incredible  by  all  and  ridicaloua  by  many  ;  yet  I  can  aver  that  two 
hondred  pereoaa  teetilied  to  its  truth.  On  regular  and  Mntvd  dajSJ 
these  people  assembled  in  a  crowd  on  tJic  bankx  of  *omi:!  lake  or  nrtjt^ 
•ecloded  from  tbo  obvervatioD  of  pSMCm-by  ;  and  there  tb«y  wer«  in 
the  habit  of  la«faing  th«  water  with  wands  received  from  demooa,  not 
ndi  time  aa  vapors  and  mista  were  produced  in  large  quantitiea, 
with  tht'ae  they  were  wont  to  soar  on  high,  llie  exhalations  thua 
vakcd  coadensed  themselves  into  thick  and  darkling  clouda,  agitat«d^ 
and  swept  the  heavens,  asaistcd  in  their  atmocpberic  war  by  tint  evil 
spiriu  whom  they  wrapped  iu  th«tr  fulda,atid  at  length  in  a  hail-vtonn 
■mote  the  earth  ut  tbuir  fury.  .  .  .  Salome  aad  Dominica  Zahella,  bow> 
ever,  add  that,  before  they  thna  afptated  the  water,  they  were  in  the 
practk«  of  throwing  into  it  an  earthen  pot,  in  which  a  little  previona 
a  dcmoD  bad  been  inclosed,  together  with  some  atonea  of  aoch  size  aa 
they  wuhed  tbe  hail  to  be.  .  .  .  I>eckerMaygcth  states  that  he  and  bia 
eoofederatea  in  crime  used  to  receive  candles  from  a  demon  of  an  azure 
color,  a»d  sail  with  them  some  diMtanc«  from  the  maigin  of  tbe  lake, 
bold  the  light  downward  and  let  it  drop  freely  into  the  water ;  thatj 
after  that  they  Mattered  and  spread  some  medicinal  |M)wder  ovim-  th«^ 
surface ;  that  they  then,  with  black  roda,  bestowed  on  them  by  de- 
mons, most  vehemently  lashed  the  waters,  accompanying  the  action 
with  a  repetition  of  incantations  to  produce  tbe  desired  resulta,  Then 
tba  sky  became  overcast  with  olotids,  and  di^-barged  tom-nts  of  rain 
and  haO  on  tboao  localilic*  which  they  had  pointed  ont."  Thi»  incan- 
tation, Rcmigius  says,  "ia  not  an  invention  of  modeni  ages.  It  is  not 
the  iBventiun  of  old  hags  whose  mental  puwerii  were  depraved  by  dfr> 
nmi,  or  perverted  by  visions  or  dreams.  It  was  practiced  by  men  of 
kwn  intellecta  and  acnto  investigation,  who  minntely  obaerved,  eriti- 
cilly  examined,  and  deliberately  adopted  their  conririionsL** 

Here  is  a  il^-Acriptioo,  according  to  Kircber,  of  a  flying -machine  in- 
TWitcd  by  one  of  the  fatber*  of  the  Church  ;  Some  of  the  fathers  in 
India  had  btH:B  "cart  into  prison,  and  while  they  continued  ignorant 
of  any  means  of  effecting  their  liberation,  some  one,  more  conning  tlian 
tbe  rest.  Invented  an  extraordinary  machine,  and  then  tlircatene>l  the 
harhtruna,  tnleti  Ihey  liberated  bis  eompaniona,  that  they  would  b«- 
hoU  io  a  abort  lime  some  wonderful  portents  and  cxi>erieooc  iho  visit 


THE  POPULAR  aCIBNCE  MONTHLY. 

■qggrof  lh«  godl.  Tho  barbarkna  laBghod  m(  tbu  Uirvnt.  lie  tliva' 
VOiMtntOted'ft  dragon  of  Xhv  mott  voluilo  paper,  and  in  iliia  indofied  «_ 
mixture  of  sulpUtir,  pit«li,  a.uA  wax,  tcaA  »o  ariUticolly  omngitd  all  hiq 
laateHals  tliat  when  iguited  il  would  illamine  the  inacUine  aiid  I'lihifail 
tilts  legend — '  The  wrath  of  God.'  The  body  being  formed  and  iho  Id^ 
grodivnU  prepared,  fa«  affixed  a  long  tail,  and  ooouaittfyl  the  machlDl 
to  the  beaTUis.  Fuvontd  by  thv  wipd,  it  aoarod  aloft  toward  tba 
olouda.  TIm)  apectoclo  was  tcrriflo.  Th«  barbanaos  beboldiDg  it  were 
smitten  with  the  greatest  ft8bout»bm<-ot  and  fear,  .  .  .  Thereupon  with- 
out delay,"  saya  Kircber, "  they  thr«w  open  the  gat«B  and  atifferod  the 
pri»0Rers  to  go  forth  in  peace," 

Id  the  middle  agea,  anybody  at  all  distinguished  by  Icnowledge  of  ^ 
BOicnce  won  credited  witb  the  art  of  flying,  and  indeed  in  many  casesi 
did  not  acruplo  to  claim  iu  Albvrlns  MagDiu  waa  ooa  of  tbeao,  hot 
refused  to  give  particulam  to  the  world  at  largei  He  tell*  iia,  howovcr, 
bow  to  make  thunder.  Saya  he:  "Take  one  pound  of  sulphur,  two 
pounds  of  willow  cau^n,  and  atx  poonda  of  rook-«all,  ground  very  fine 
in  a  murblo  mortar  ;  place  where  you  please  in  a  covering  made  of  fly- 
ing-papyms  to  prodnce  tbnnder.  The  oorcriDg,  in  order  toasoend  and 
float  away,  aliould  be  long,  graocfid,  and  well  tilled  with  tiii*  powder ; 
but  to  produce  thunder  the  covering  eboold  be  abort  and  thick,  and 
half  full." 

Roger  Baeon,  an  eminent  philosopher  of  the  thirteenth  cenlory,  also  ^ 
elaimed  to  have  knowledge  of  the  art  of  flying,  but  believed  also  in  tha  ■ 
wisdom  of  silence  concerning  the  detailB.  But  in  his  writings  we  God 
flashes  of  real  light,  lie  speaks  of  the  pofi*ibiliCy  of  eonstructing  en- 
gint*  of  great  power  to  traverse  land  and  iiea ;  and  aeenw  to  hawi  born 
the  first  to  have  tolerably  clear  idoax  of  tJie  principles  involved  in  the 
comtiwiltOD  of  balleoM.  He  deacribcs  a  large  bollow  globe  of  copper 
or  Dtber  snitahle  metal  wrought  extremely  thin.  It  must  then,  he  says, 
"be  filled  witb  ethereal  air  or  liquid  lire,  and  then  be  launcliotl  from 
dome  elevated  point  into  the  atmoephere,  where  it  will  llonl  like  a  Yi>e> 
sel  on  the  water," 

In  hie  day  the  air  was  snppoaed  to  have  a  well-defined  nppcr  limit, 
tike  the  water. 

Friar  Baoon  too  haa  been  credited  with  the  invention  of  ganpow- 
der.  He  was  of  course  accused  of  holding  communion  with  the  devil. 
Good  I^ope  Nicholao  placed  his  writings  ooder  s  ban,  and  hia  wings 
were  effectually  oli|i]>ed. 

Shortly  after  hii  lime,  tbe  projeet  of  training  op  children  from 
infancy  to  fly  received  a  good  deal  of  attention,  and,  if  wo  can  triutt 
the  accounts,  consideraMe  progress  was  m.tde,  for  it  is  wid  thai,  by 
combined  running  and  flying,  iiKliTidnaU  could  lOcini  over  tlio  ground 
with  great  rapidity, 

■Rfgioiaotttanita,  a  famous  mathematician,  is  said  Uke  Arehytna  to 
Aanw  fonswi  an  urtiBahl  dove,  which  flew  out  to  meet  the  Emperor 


PL  Y ISO-MA  CBlXSa. 

1 V  at  hifl  public  cntiy  into  XiinrmlHTg,  But,  if  this  is  inie,  the 
dove  most  hire  Hurrivrd  tt«  invt-utur  fur  at  teut  invoty  years.  'Ilieo 
««  are  told  of  a  monk  vho  attempted  a  fliglit  with  wings  firom  tbe  lo|) 
of  a  tower  in  Spain.  He  broke  bis  legs,  and  was  afterward  boroed  . 
a  torccrgr.  Anotber  similar  trial  was  made  from  St.  Mark's  eteeple  i 
YeoiM ;  another  in  Nniemberg ;  and  eo  on — legs  or  anna  were  usu- 


kL— Ta>  FLtna-llAa  UUIil  l1«  li  BcHnonc'*  Ula),    CFron  u  old  Damtwr  ai 


'SerlboM^ 


I 


illjr  broken,  occasionallf  a  neck.  In  the  sintcrnth  century  we  read  of  a 
certaiu  Italian  who  went  to  the  coorl  of  Jnmwt  IV"  of  Sootlanil,  and 
altempted  to  fly  from  tbe  walla  of  Stirling  Castle  to  France.  Uis 
thigh  was  broken  ;  bat,  as  a  reason  for  the  failure,  he  mwcrted  that 
•one  of  tbe  feathers  used  in  coiwtnidting  hia  wiiiR«  were  from  barn- 
yard fowls,  with  a  natural  atBiiity  for  the  dung-hill ;  whereas,  if 


TH£  POPULAS  SCIEirCB  itoynfLT. 


poe^d  Bololy  of  oaglo-fe«til«n,  tli«y  vould  bftv«  \xvtx  ntlnvclod  to  the  tir. 
However,  Uc  doc«  not  appear  to  bsw  vurivd  the  exjieriiueal  furth«!r, 

ilany  other  trials  liave  ibere  been  of  tJie  same  ohancter.  Tbe  to- 
BnltA  were  geQermlly  diacouragiog,  but  men  c3D  always  be  fouDd  ready 
to  risk  lifo  and  limb  in  striving  to  attain  m>inutbing  much  U-bb  im- 
portant tlimi  %\iK  art  of  flying  ;  without  a  knowlMlge  of  tbc  pnnciplnt 
inTolved,  ignorant  uf  lliu  nature  of  tbc  atino»phere,  without  Diauliinvry 
or  power,  fettered  by  a  nupcnitition  that  looked  npOD  alt  learning  ont- 
eide  of  the  Cbnrch  as  coming  from  the  prinee  of  darJoiccB,  it  was  a 
Htrugglv  iu  the  diirk — brave  but  hopoloes. 

Still,  thoM  old  follows  were  quitv  aa  rcoaonablo  in  their  attemjtts 
many  of  our  inveotors  arv  now.  In  looking  through  Patcnt-ORico 
reporu,  wo  sliall  find  devices  only  alightly  different  in  detail  from 
those  tried  five  hundred  yettm  ago. 

One  of  oar  illusttattona  sbowa  the  plan  proposed  by  R4itif  de  la 

Brotonno  away  back  in  the  daric  a((ea  ;  and  another  an  apparatus  (hU- 

cntcd  in  thia  country  in  iSTi.    It  in  only  ono  of  numbern  of  tlio  same 

sort.     RlHif  had  an  advantage,  in  Uiul  he  oanied  a  lunch-baaket  and 

I  umbrella,  and  did  not  need  ao  many  ropes  and  spars ;  but  otherwise 

'  the  later  arrangement  seems  equally  good. 

In  1783  thv  Monlgolficra  invented  tliv  balloon.    Friar  Baeon,  aa  we 
have  Ni-en,  ha<l  Hp^oatalcd  upon  the  |>o«.-<ibilily  of  aueb  a  const  rue  I  ton. 
Id  lfl70  Fmaets  Laoa,  a  Jc«tiit,  had  deBCribed  an  apparatus  which,  al- 
though impracticable  in  to  far  tlial  it  could  not  be  bnilt,  nevertheless 
■  was  correct  in  prindpleL    The  same  idea  had  occurred  to  others  ;  and 
f  there  are  even  shadowy  accounts  of  actual  ascents.  Hut  to  tJic  Montgol- 
fiom  certainly  belongs  the  honor  of  Grst  actually  building  and  bringing 
,   itie  balloon  before  the  public  aa  an  accomplished  facU    They  mtvd  hot 
I  air  only,  but  tlie  substitution  of  hydrogen  gaa  by  Professor  ('harlea 
I  speedily  followed,  and  in  a  few  year*  the  balloon  waa  made  as  perfeet, 
I  cloeptiDg  in  a  few  detaila,  as  it  ia  now. 

It  wonid  bo  difficnlt  to  describe  the  ezcitemenl  which  followed  this 
loTtDtion.  Hie  roost  extravagant  hopes  and  anticipations  wore  enter* 
tobed.  Tlie  problem  bad  been  solved.  The  birdn  and  inHc^tx  would 
no  longer  have  a  monopoly.  Every  gnntlcman  would  have  a  balloon 
hitched  to  his  gate-poat>  or,  wafted  along  by  eummer  breexes,  would 
look  down  in  luxurious  pity  upon  the  poor  plodders.  Sails  and  rud- 
dent  wiTv  to  be  used  as  on  ships  to  direct  the  ooune.  Regular  lines 
of  aorial  {uespngcr  and  mail  coaches  were  to  be  estnldi.thed.  Thero 
seemed  no  limit  to  the  possible  apcoii  Rome,  or  8l.  Petersburg,  or 
even  America,  miglil  b«  reached  in  a  few  houn,  and  for  the  comfort 
of  travelers  the  arrangements  proposed  went  far  ahosd  of  onr  palace- 
oan.  Floating  hospitals  were  to  be  built ;  methods  of  warfare  would 
need  to  bo  entirely  reorganir.od  ;  and  Kngland'e  Iwnstcd  supremacy  on 
the  MfA  ironid  be  of  do  avul,  unless  she  olao  maintained  supremacy  lU 
the  air. 


i 


Of  courM!  an  invention  of  bdcIi  importanoe  eonXA  not  e*ca|K:  oon- 
dcmnaitotu     BsUoons  were  mmnifestJf  contrary  to  the  will  of  Divioi 
IVoTiilrnctf,  for,  if  it  bftd  boon  intended  that  inan  aboul<)  fly,  vin| 
vookl  bare  bceti  giTea  to  him.     Moreover,  the  barriers  of  Tirtou 


TBS  POPULAR  SCIBXCE  MONTULY. 


nonlilT  wonM  be  broken  dowrt  by  permitting  sf-roDaats  to  descend 
iato  gardens  and  balcortiea ;  and,  above  all,  the  boundaries  of  empires 
voold  be  pnu:lically  annnllcd,  and  natioiu  in  consequence  engage  in 
eoatiDoa]  war. 

Well  i»  it,  then,  for  bumanitj'  that  balloons  bavc  not  proved  a  tot 
great  fucoeaa.  Many  ejtteusive  voyages  and  many  interesting  oWcrva- 
tiona  hare  been  made ;  but  as  a  fl Ting-machine  the  balloon  has  no  [ilace. 
It  is  the  servant  of  the  air,  not  the  master.  It  must  obey  a  will,  pi(i> 
ksa,  fickle,  sometimea  kind,  but  never  truHtworlhy.  The  expectation 
that  liMdwajr  could  be  mado  againHt  the  wind  by  means  of  sails  andj 
raddera  had  no  basta  in  sound  theory  or  sense.  A  sailtng-ship  is  im- 
morsed  in  tiro  fluids  of  widely  differing  dcnsitiee,  and  its  sail  ia  only] 
effective  because  the  water,  while  supporting,  at  the  uene  time  allc 
llw  veoel  to  move  mont  rcuiily  in  one  direction  than  another. 


A  balloon,  on  the  other  hnnd,  i«  totally  immersed  in  an  ocean  of  air, 
and  being  of  the  same  weight  bulk  for  bulk,  and  subject  to  no  exier* 
nal  foives,  mu^t  ni^cnisarily  follow  the  slightest  enrrent.  One  might 
as  well  atti-ropt  to  steer  a  boat,  swept  along  by  a  great  Ht  ream,  wilhnnt 
wind  or  oar.  It  fonns  an  integral  part  of  the  currt^nt  iu«If.  It  is  a 
ihislle-down  blown  by  an  autumn  gale. 


FL  7IN0-ilA  CHiygS. 


'  COOT**  WO  msy  proviso  cwr  bclloon  with  winga  or  propeller,  mdi 
fj  u  the  birds  fly.  ThU  lua  b«vn  uu)  caiitinncs  to  be  a  f avorile  oom- 
tiituuioa  urilfa  oar  Inventom.  Ooo  patented  iu  tliiH  coantrf  id  18W  has 
be«n  cbuHtru  as  an  iUDstratton.  The  balloon,  oblong  in  fliiape  and 
divided  for  s*fet;  mto  oomparbnenta,  eapporta  a  car  contnining  llie 
propelliag  maehiner}-,  and  also  a  gas-generator  to  make  up  ducb  lo«a 
of  bifdiogca  as  nwy  occur.  Two  immcuM  radden  ueer  tbe  macbine. 
It  is  propelled  by  four  paddle-wlivvlii,  which  would  act,  one  would 
tUak,  Tery  mocb  u  the  wbcela  of  our  riwHiteunera  would  act,  if 
lotalty  imioerMd  in  the  water,  aiul  would  bu  about  b«  likely  to  drivB 
iha  balloon  backward  a»  forward. 

OctteisUy,  however,  in  machines  of  Ibis  class  the  propeller  in  one 
psaotic  screw,  or  a  number  of  screws,  and  the  balloons  have  a  Tariety 
ia  shape  and  groupin};  which  is  quJte  remarkable. 

It  ia  strsngo  that  people  have  not  realized  that  a  tbiof;  necMsarily 
■o  big  and  light  as  a  balloon  can  not  be  made  strong  and  durable 
enougli  to  stand  the  [ircM<urL*  of  the  wind  at  compsntivt-ly  tow  rc- 
loettMA.  floating  with  the  current,  tlie  velocity  wotdd  have  no  de> 
BtmctiTe  effect ;  but  brought  into  opposition  to  tbb  current,  or  forced 
«t  any  great  speed  through  the  air.  the  resistance  would  be  much 
greater  titan  a  silk  foaig  could  Mfely  stjuid. 

It  may  be  wcU  here  to  refer  to  n  tabic  giiHng  the  relation  of  prcos- 
nre  to  velocity  of  air,  esperimcn tally  ik-tennined  and  verified  tome 
and  again— r^ults  very  imporunt  in  the  study  of  Sying  and  fljif^;- 
machines  : 


^L     Tnoom 

or  nil  wnm 

Ca»tf  at  If  wfct 

^^IBl-»wta«. 

FHtpwMonl 

AnalL 

I 

1-41  ■ 

«<M* 

Budtr  p*r«tTitlblb 

^ 

•s-n 

0-ISS 

G«DiU«tiHL 

■ 

ss-w 

l-IOTf 

Plnnwbtitk  vU4. 

S9-S4 

8S«T 

Terjrbtlik. 

■        Si 

4«01 
Sl-M 

4H»i 

S-OtT( 

QlghatDdS. 

^^K  W 
^^■S 

AS-M 

ss-oi 

7-878  t 
»«S8) 

VwTbigh, 

78-tS 

lt«00 

TemfiMt. 

^^KS 

88-03 

17-118 

GtMt  atocm. 

^^^^VM 

inss 

Sl'190 

ilarricanc. 

^BB 

14«-10 

A9tW 

RtcIom. 

Kow  let  us  sniipose  Ihat  a  balloon  only  forty  feet  in  diameter  should 
Kslat  the  preewire  of  wind  blowing  itt  ilie  rate  of  twenty  milr^t  an  hour, 
or,  what  is  the  same  thing,  llial  the  balloon  should  be  traveling  throagli 
■till  air  at  this  s]>eed.  The  auiface  presented  to  the  wind  would  be 
about  twdre  hundred  square  feet,  and  the  pressure  on  each  square 
fwt,  from  our  table,  would  be  1-0  pound,  and  the  tolal  pressure  oveT^ 
a  tm.    A  esleolation  is  hardly  ooceawr?  to  sliow  that  such  a  pressure. 


10  TJfJi  POPUlAB  SCIMNOJi  MONTHLY. 

acting  eoDatnnlly  upon  our  silk,  would  bo  liki-l;r  to  rapture  it;  va 
whoD  wo  oon«idvr  ttuit  Duddi'ii  guttts  tnigbt  rcadil}'  iiicrvuu  tbe  p 
lira  five-fold,  it  will  b«  admitted  that  ttrra  firma  would  bo  dvcid^l; 
Bafer,  if  less  exciting. 

Alore  than  all  tbis,  balloons  as  hitberto  constructed  are  at  Ik-M 
temporary  ftffnire,  quickly  losing  tbeir  ga£  and  buoyaocy,  expviul 
and  tinwii-ldy,  and,  buwovcr  vnluublo  fur  certain  kindiof  work,  m 
bu  coiisidt-rcd  as  aimply  floating,  not  flying  maohinfi*.     If  we  c: 
to  gain  tlie  respect  of  tbe  birdx  or  buUcrlliM,  we  nust  go  to  work  io 
uiucb  less  clumsy  way. 

In  tbe  excilemcat  following  Montgolficr's  ioventioo,  simple  flying- 
macbincn  dropped  out  of  sight  almOHt  onliroly,  and  it  was  only  after 
long  »«nv*  of  diouppointiijg  trials  that  Ok-  old  ideas  came  to  tho  ci 
f»oo  agnitt.     The  IjaIIooo  enuw,  however,  brought  uboulamora 
fnl  study  of  aOrouautica  generally  ;  but  at  tho  same  time  there 
been  and  ta  a  strong  currant  of  mi^uided  thought  and  iuTcnlion, 
ticularly  to  be  noiiciril  in  our  Patent-Office  reports. 

Inventors  of  6ymg -mac bines,  af  a  mle,  belong  ratbor  in  a  low< 
oUas.     Just  as  we  still  find  old-new  arrangvmonts  fur  jirudtteing 
potool  motion,  so  in  the  attempts  to  fly  tlie  old  story  in  rcjN-ntcd. 
per p4'Ciinl>moi ion  nmn  is  likely  also  to  know  Just  bovr  to  muku  a  m 
ocsHful  fly  lug- machine.     Wv  only  lackfl  the  meann.     Still,  pariiciilarl 
in  England  and  on  tlie  Continent,  many  able  men  have  been  workin, 
intelligently,  perse veri ngl y,  tjuietly.    Before  building  a  dying-machine 
they  have  tliought  best  to  Bludy  the  examples  Nature  has  provided, 
(binking  tlial,  while  we  need  not  necessarily  imitate  tbc  mechanism,  we 
may  in  this  way  got  a  brtter  idea  of  the  principles  and  action  involved. 

Tiie  broad  principle  governing  citlier  natural  or  artificial  fliglit 
quite  simple,  but  thi-  difficulty  of  applying  it  very  great.  Onr  dyin; 
machine,  one  that  is  much  heavier  than  the  air,  and  depending  entire) 
upon  its  own  power,  in  the  first  place,  must  be  able  by  acting  on  th. 
air  to  lift  it«elf,  and,  while  mwntaintog  a  position  at  any  diMred  betgh 
to  propel  itself  forward.  It  mn»t  bo  prc[)«reil  to  encountur  and  lal 
mlvantago  of,  and  overcome  carrents  of  air  somottmM  hardly  ]>c 
coptible,  somrtimcs  perhaps  a  roaring  gale— currents,  too,  not 
likely  to  .luddenly  change  both  in  direction  and  velocity.  It  should  b 
able  to  dy  continuously  for  a  long  while,  and  should  be  tolerably  aafe^ 

On  ibe  water,  if  the  machinery  gives  out,  wo  can  Aoai  or  swim 
but  in  the  nJr  any  little  difficulty  of  tlio  aort  would  be  likely  to  eD< 
unpleasantly.     And  oven  if,  like  a  paraehate,  tbe  machine  coutd 
made  to  drop  slowly,  in  a  liriitk  wind  the  final  Uadiug -place  would  for 
a  while  he  a  maiter  of  uneasy  conjecture. 


I 

^o^ 


II  may  easily  be  understood,  then,  that  the  prohlrm  is  not  a  slmpli^H 


one,  and  yel.  to  a  person  watching,  for  example,  the  flight  of  a  flock  ol 

ffulfs  fo))owing  in  the  wnkc  uf  a  steamer,  the  eKpiijiite  easn  and  graco 

id  appiifeni  gimplicUy  of  tbe  movement  are  very  alriWng.    Sweepin] 


I 


FL  T I  NO-MA  CBINES. 


II 


I  iroviid  in  circles,  oocuionnlly  olorattng  t)i<-msclTc«  by  a  f«w  flaps  of 
lite  wings,  tbey  glide  down  .-iiul  up  tlti-  aurial  iDclin^'S  witlinal  u[>par- 
eMl]r  any  effort  wltatevcr.  Hut  a  cloee  obacrvation  will  nboir  tlut  at 
erety  tarn  the  &ngle  of  inclination  of  the  wiiijifl  is  changed  to  meet 
tiN  new  coaditiouB.  lliere  is  continaa]  moTemcnt  with  power — by  tbe  ' 
bird  it  a  doue  institictivt-ly,  by  oitr  machino  only  throngb  mecbanism 

.obeying  a  mind  not  nearly  »o  vrirll  instructed. 

I  The  atady  of  tlio  flight  of  birds  and  insects  has  of  \Me  yuan  ro> 
ceived  a  great  deal  of  attention,  and,  in  a  gi>neral  way,  the  motions  of 
the  wings  are  fairly  well  understood.  \Vv  could  probably  very  closely 
imitate  these  motions,  but  tbo  question  at  once  arise*,  in  doing  so, 
wotdd  we  be  applying  onr  power  in  tbe  most  effctctive  way  ?  While 
somewhat  similar,  the  movement  and  construction  of  the  wings  of 
^ing  creatnrv*  vary  oonuderably.  What  Ls  bi.-st  for  a  heavy  body  . 
with  dort  wings  b  by  no  means  best  for  a  light  body  with  long 
«it^ ;  nor  doe*  a  sea-bird,  conMantly  on  tbe  wing,  but  perhaps  \ 
not  a  rapid  flier,  Hy  in  tbe  wantc  way  as  a  pigeon  or  bum  rain  g-bird  ; 
and,  in  any  panicolar  case,  it  docs  not  necessarily  follow  that  Xa- 
tore  has  prorided  the  moat  efficient  apparatns ;  or,  in  other  words, 
that  liie  power  tbe  bird  possesses  could  not  bo  nttUxcd  more  cfTeol- 
ively.  Nature  can  not  always  be  trusted.  We  can  Mudy  and  under- 
stand her  laws,  but  she  does  not  firetend  to  ap]>ly  them  on  ecotiomical 
principles.  Fiah  and  marine  animals  swim  in  a  great  variety  of  ways,  ' 
they  have  all  sorts  of  propelling  arrangements,  but  there  ran  bo  no 
donbt  that  a  K-rew- propeller  i«  vastly  more  efficient  than  any  of  tlicm ; 
and  why  should  we  try  to  copy  the  motionN  of  a  bird's  wing  any  inons 
than  those  of  a  fish's  tail  ?  llie  motions  are  very  complicated  in  any 
case,  and  onr  machine,  imitating  tbem.  would  be  complex  and  liable 
to  get  ont  of  order.  And  one  can  not  help  thinkmg  that  we  are  about 
aa  likely  to  make  a  steam  road-wagon  by  imitating  the  action  of  a 
bene,  as  wc  arc  to  make  a  practio-ablo  flying-macbine  by  n>|iying  the 
notions  of  a  bird.  The  desired  reaults  can  probably  be  obtained  in  a 
macb  more  simple  and  effective  way. 

Still,  tlie  study  of  flying  creature*  has  brought  ont  many  intereat- 
Bg  and  mggectire  fact«,  and  bas  given  oa,  too,  some  encouragement. 
In  the  first  place,  wo  notice  that  all  birds  are  heavy,  and  that  the 
expanse  of  wing  generally  dirainixhcs  in  proportion  to  the  incre-ise  of 

L  weight.    Tbe  following  is  a  table  prepared  by  M.  Lucy,  showing  this 

I  very  clearly : 

I  Tails  flrimg  Us  OymM  ^  Wiitg-Stii/aM/or  Mti  Pwnd  ^  Wei^t.  1 

^B  ObbI    „.. „ , 48-S 

^^  Di^pnJlT „ ., 21-«tt  I 

i  Cuekcbair. . .  M 

^^-  St»nwm. ......•■ ......4......     t^  I 

^m  IVm 1» 

^V  Tdtan frW 

i  A«tn&m«nas 0*1  J 


THS  POPULAR  SCIENCE  MONTHLY. 


It 


We  vM  tliat  tlie  gnat,  one  of  the  ]ight«*tof  insccCa,  )\m  an  crpsoie 
of  iring  of  DO  le^  than  4S-9  Gqn«re  feet  for  each  pouud  uf  weight, 
while  the  heavy  cockch^cr  hss  o&ly  fi'l  eqaan  feet  fwr  each  pound. 
With  birds,  the  «|>3ttuw  Itaa  S*?  square  fp«t  of  tring-eurface  for  each 
pound  of  weight,  u-hile  the  great  AustraliiLD  cranio'  liii»  only  0'41  of  a 
•qoare  foot,  and  yet  this  bird  nDdertakca  r«mot«  jaiirne\-s,  and,  the 
«agle  excepted,  Sies  higher,  and  keeps  on  the  wing  lougent,  of  all 
traveler*. 

It  would  appear,  then,  that  our  flying-machine,  while  heavy,  nc 
not  ncMMarity  have  a  very  broad  expanse  of  tiyiog  surfare.  Indee 
|)tttadoxica]  a»  it  may  twem,  weight  is  really  an  cmcDtial  fntnro. 
in  motion  by  maiieular  effort,  tlto  wtught  of  a  bird  acta  somewhat  lit 
the  fly-wheel  of  an  engine :  the  power  in  tilored  up  during  the  down- 
ward stroke  of  the  wing,  to  be  given  out  again  on  its  upward  atrokei 
and  probably  it  is  weight  also  that  enables  the  bird  to  succecsfully 
oomlmt  and  tnko  advantage  of  the  force  of  the  wind.  It  is  noteworthy 
that  all  sailiiig-birdis  like  thn  liawk  or  vulltire,  hav«  oomjorattvuly 
heavy  bodiiti.  'Hk*  magnitieeiit  allkatrowi,  in  riding  from  the  water,  it 
said  to  Ktat  the  air  with  grc«t  energy,  but,  when  fairly  launched,  in  a 
brisk  gale,  will  nweep  around  in  broad  circles  for  hours  tO)>ether,  hardly 
ever  deigning  to  flap  a  wing.  I>arwin.  in  his  "  Voyage  of  the  Beagle," 
epeaks  of  watching  the  condor  Milling  in  a  eimilur  way  at  a  gmt  height, 
without,  so  far  as  he  could  notice,  any  flupping  action  whatever. 

At  the  same  time,  it  is  hard  to  anderstand  how  such  a  condition  of 
affairs  could  exitit.  llie  condor's  wings,  inclined  to  the  wind,  hare 
been  compared  to  a  kite,  and  if  there  were  a  string  stretching  from 
the  bird  to  swrae  fixed  point,  the  whole  thing  would  be  clear  ;  but  every 
boy  knows  to  bis  cost  that,  if  the  string  ali]»  or  breaks,  the  kit« 
i]iiickly  seeks  some  olhi*r  point  of  support — probably  a  telegraph-wire, 
liut  Professor  IVtiigrew  has  suggested  that  the  string  is  the  inviidble 
one  represcDting  the  attraction  of  gravitation,  and  that  "  the  string 
ftnd  the  hand  are  to  the  kite  what  the  weight  of  the  flying  creature  is 
to  the  indiijod  planes  formed  by  its  wings."  Tliis,  however,  does  not 
make  the  matter  ronch  clearer,  for  the  forec  of  gravity  acts  in  verlioal 
lines,  and  a  verticjJ  kite-string,  with  the  kite  flying  directly  overhead, 
is  a  thing,  it  is  safe  to  say,  no  boy  ever  saw.  Why  should  not  our 
bird  drift  with  the  wind  nnless  he  uses  some  muscular  effort  to  over- 
come it*  force  or  to  keep  himself  from  falling  ? 

Once  elevated,  ho  can  utilize  his  weight  in  a  nomber  of  u-aya. 
A  body  will  naturally  fall  along  a  lino  of  least  resistance,  and  if  the 
front  edge  of  ihe  wiugit  bo  tipped  slightly  downward  the  bird  will 
glide  forward  while  falling,  gaining  velocity  and  momentum  ;  and 
tlK-n,  by  reversing  (he  inclination  of  the  wings,  he  can  again  glide  up 
an  aerial  incline  until  this  8torvd*up  energy  has  Iwcn  exjiended.  But 
the  resistance  of  the  air  must  bo  overcome,  and  there  must  be  con- 
tinual loss  from  the  imperfect  austaining  |)ower  of  the  wings. 


FL  r I  NO-MA  cBiyss. 


>3 


W«  ah«U  see  prewntlf  tbftt  tbo  forot  of  the  trinij  cau  be  atilizod 
la  4  ceruJD  eit«Dt  to  mitkv  up  itiew  loMM,  Imt  still  some  naiucular 
tCort  abottld  bo  ivqairviL  If  our  Tulturc  or  albatross  would  onljr 
nrrnhnill]  ddgn  to  flap  a  wing,  all  would  b«  well.  Ilia  obstjnaojr 
a  ?«ty  prrpltMing. 

Laving  tbe  birds  to  their  own  peculiar  derioM,  let  ni  now  eoa- 
flier  vhat  priocipIeB  should  guide  us  ia  coDstmcting  a  flyings 
aucbine. 

in  tbe  first  place,  by  actin^f  on  (h«  air,  tbe  machine  tliould  be  able 
10  Ufl  itseir  from  the  ground  ;  and,  leaving  out  of  aocount  unall  mod- 
di,  diii  i*  a  preliminary  no  one  appears  go  far  to  hare  succeeded  in. 
Xmf  fiieturea  may  be  wen  of  fly ing-macbiiitis  booming  along  through 
the  air  with  all  sails  set,  paswngcre  evidently  happy,  (omc  serenely 
sowkiDic.  ethers  promenading  the  deck  in  the  uaual  way,  with  pvrbapa 
■  coaple  behind  iho  wbcelbouitc ;  but  a  representation  of  a  uuieluiie 
jut  oq  tbu  point  of  etarting  out  i*  not  to  be  met  with. 

kla  erder  to  prodooe  an  upward  pressure  or  reaction,  the  wings  or 
p^KHer  acting  on  the  air  evidently  abould  drive  it  downward.  Sap- 
pot  Mw  that  our  machioe  weighs  6O0  poanda,  wkI  that  it  has  the 
lun  propelling  surface  in  proportion  to  its  weight  as  the  Australian 
cnat,  we  sboald  then  need  about  £46  s({uitro  fei-t,  und  a  prewarc  of 
3-4  pmids  Mting  upwaid  on  each  square  foot  would  lilt  it  from  the 
gwmd. 

Referring  again  to  the  table  ^ving  the  relalion  between  wind  vn- 
Imtji  aad  preasore,  we  notice  that  a  pressure  of  3-4  pound*  would 
he  onariooed  by  a  velocity  of  about  twenty-two  miles  an  hour. 

If,  then,  we  should  cause  oar  propeller — be  it  a  screw  or  wing*, 
01  Uf  otbcT  form— to  drive  downwiml  n  current  of  air  at  this  rale,  tbe 
!9i»»«eelioD  or  area  of  the  eurreut  being  246  Kiaaru  feet,  the  total 
njivird  reaction  would  be  great  enough  to  raise  the  madniie. 

Of  ooTirae,  for  any  other  proportion  of  wing-surface  to  weight,  our 
able  would  give  other  results  ;  or  if  tbe  air  is  already  in  motion,  it 
nO  tell  us  what  iooreMo  of  velocity  should  be  giveu  to  produce  the 
dtned  preMure. 

Ihe  remilta  given  in  the  table  ean  also  be  readily  found  in  a  purely 
Aeoretical  way,  and  they  seem  so  important  (hat  it  ia  a  wonder 
■natigatote  luve  given  them  little  or  no  attention. 

A  machine  possessing  weight  can  fly  only  by  doing  something  to 
the  air.  It  must  put  the  sir  in  motion,  and  it  can  l*e  shown  tb.it  the 
iWMM  of  this  motion  will  be  a  measure  of  the  work  done  nnd  rcw- 
lion  ofatoiiked. 

If  atr  is  almady  in  motion,  we  can  not  utilize  its  force,  not  wishing 
lo  drift  akpag,  except  by  changing  in  some  way  its  velotnty. 

Gtuttiag  all  this,  our  table  or  formula  will  tell  us,  not  only  what 
volume  of  air  mnst  be  used  to  gain  the  denred  reaction  or  motion, 
hot  also  the  touf^otoer  ft«ciM*<»ry.     Knowing  tbe  weight  of  and  Tta 


TMK  POPULAR  SCIEKCS  UQSTUL7. 


locity  imi»««sed  npon  lb«  air,  downward  or  In  ray  other  di 
becoincH  ui  euj  matter  u>  detcrinino  the  {wmer. 

For  cxftiuplfi,  in  the  practic*!  oaae  just  cODsidered,  to  lift  tlw 
obiiw  from  tli«  ground  would  require  an  expenditare  of  at  leaA 
een  horee-power.     ITiw  w  the  ka«l  power  that  would  do  the 
— the  ni-tiiAl  power  would  dqwnd  vnlirvly  upon  the  efliei«no 

pTOpl'lkT. 

lUving  at  last  aucceeded  in  getting  awajr  £rom  the  groond, 
wLih  to  djr  in  iiny  dirLMtion — to  set  the  hirds  ao  vxamplo  of  bow 
thing  ought  really  to  U-  done.  ^— 

llore,  again,  wit  must  apply  the  principlcH  juiit  annonnood.  ^^k 
forward,  the  air  muHt  bo  driven  aft.     Knowing  the  speed  pr^m 
our  table  will  give  us  at  oneo  the  resistance  for  each  square  foot ; 
knowing  the  Biie  or  bulk  of  onr  machine,  we  can  nadily  cctlii 
tbe  power  required. 

The  management  of  the  wind  nnqacstionnbly  will  be  a  Tory 
portant  factor   in    tlio  conetniction   of  a  flying-machine ;  indM»d, 
may  bo  considorcd  the  nio«t  trouble«otne  part  of  all.   Properly  handl 
the  wind  might   be  made  a  useful  serraut,  otherwise  a  danger 
master. 

The  oiily  plan  tlint  HDggCRt«  itself  is  through  tho  «■«  of  as 
plane.     Here,  at  any  rale,  we  ntnst  imitate  the  Urda. 

Sly  attention  waa  not  long  ago  called  to  no  utiole  on  Afi: 
in  the  Proceedings  of  the  Mew  Zealand  Institnte  for  1878,  and 
was  a  table  from  esperimenta  by  Mr.  Skye,  giving  the  lifting  pi 
of  tho  wind,  blowing  at  the  rate  of  twenty-three  miles  an  hour  up 
n  pUne  surface,  uno  sqnare  foot  in  area,  inclined  at  vanons  An|f] 
These  figurea  load  to  aome  Terjr  surprising  and  int«rv«ting  rosulta : 


vHb  vipd. 

UlUnrtocn  In  pModk 

IMIHbc  h(«i  ■>  ?«">'•■ 

KiUaMimoaat* 

k        B* 

iia 

(rta 

4-V1 

I            10* 

1-4S 

tr«3 

S-H 

1          Vfi 

I'M 

0^ 

IS 

1       »>' 

i-n 

i'» 

1-U 

r         40' 

i-oo 

!■« 

f  la  ^J 

!»• 

i^j 

S-07 

o«r^l 

It  will  be  seen  from  the  second  column  that  while  the  greatest  li 
ing  effect  occurs  at  about  an  angle  of  40°,  even  at  so  small  an  angle 
G°  it  is  Klill  considerable.  The  third  column  gives  valni>«  for  i 
cofTMponding  liorinontal  pressnrea  ;  lliat  is,  tj>e  force  which  tendi 
move  the  plane  iu  the  dirwition  of  the  wind.  The  fourth  oolnmn  gft 
the  ratio  between  the  two. 

It  will  be  seen  that  the  drifting  foroo  dlminixhes  at  a  much  fa« 
nto  than  the  lifting  force,  as  the  anglit  of  inclination  of  llui 
oomn  \v»*. 

Coowler  again  the  ffying-niactiinc  weighing  WO  pouiKls, 


FLTiyO-itA  CHInrBS. 


In*  thst,  ID  addition  to  the  propeller,  wo  fnrntsh  it  wiih  an  mi?liDed 

filiM  hATiog  the  same  area,  or,  perfupH  iif(«r  tfao  manner  of   birds, 

iuk«  Die  propeller  a«t  also  u  itn  iuctinol  plaoo ;  and  let  it  be  inclined 

fits  degrees,  with  tb«  wind  blowing  at  tlie  rati;  of  twrnlj'-tbreo  milm 

n  bonr.    Tbeo  tlie  lablu  sIiok's  us  that  the  \Qlai  lifting  tonv  ilue  to 

Ibevind  would  be  278  ponnds,  luaving  'H&l  pouods  to  be  supported 

in  loeie  other  wajr.     The  horizontal  or  drifting  force  would  be  0*38 

fomda  OQ  each  nquare  foot,  or  only  66  ponndK  altogether.     To  coanter- 

■tt  this,  Irt  us  make  our  propeller  act  as  a  kite-ctring  by  sending 

fcttckvard  the  air  at  an  increased  velocity.     Our  otlipr  table  tells  us 

hov  great  this  relocity  should  be,  and  makes  tfa«  neniwiLry  power 

anonut  to  only  about  half  a  horse-power.     To  support  the  balance  of 

(benight,  we  should  need  also  to  send  downward  a  current  of  air, 

inthiiig  an  additional  expenditure  of  about  seven  horse-power. 

Combiaing  the  two,  wc  get  this  ertraordinary  result,  thai  whOe 
Borty  Dineteen  horse-power  was  nocewary  to  lift  oar  machine  from 
tke^iliid.it  oonld  hold  ilH  own  in  a  brecxe  of  twenty-three  miles 
nkodr  with  an  expenditure  of  only  icven  and  a  half  horse-power. 

1I«  accoani  has  been  taken  of  the  wind  blowing  against  dead  but- 
bees,  nicfa  as  the  body  of  the  bird  or  ULichine.  This,  of  eouraa^ 
loald  depend  upon  ifac  shape.  A  bird's  body  is  long  and  narrow, 
dMTiDg  (fa«  air  without  great  leslslance,  and  a  flying- niaohlne  should 
ba  liAioned  similarly. 

Other  losses  bare  not  been  coiuudcrcd,  but  stil)  the  broad  result 
boldi  (hat  it  is  possible  in  this  way  to  utilize  part  of  the  energy  «torod 
op  Id  ilie  wind.  The  accuracy  of  the  reenlts  will  def>end  ajxin  that 
«f  Mr.  Skye'a  table ;  bat  if  future  experiment  should  verify  it,  wo  can 
(odmtand  why  it  is  that  the  albatross,  and  wild-dnck,  and  heavy 
Urii  gnicrally,  while  rising  with  grvat  difBculty,  when  once  up  keep 
M  tbe  wing  with  so  much  apparent  eitsc. 

iIowcrt:r,  there  is  still  the  neccauity  for  a  kite-string  of  some  »ort. 
Rtre  is  a  force  tending  to  carry  the  bird  along  with  ti>e  wind  which 
mot  be  oreroome  somehow,  and  I  still  fail  to  understand  how  the 
■Uatron  can  sail  in  the  air  indefinitely  without  some  muscular  effort. 

From  Mr.  Skyc's  table,  in  connection  with  the  other,  we  get  this 

inportant  practical   ret<nlt~that   in  a  flying-machine,  property  txat- 

Rnetcd,  ibfl  gTt'Biest  power  required  will  be  that  ncccMary  to  lift  it 

ftotn  the  groand  ;  and   that  oncv  off,  up  to  a  certain  limit,  the  staffer 

^Ibs  bnexe  the  better. 

^fe  Theefltciency  of  a  propeller  of  any  sort  will  depend  not  only  upon 
^Ri  area,  bat  also  apon  its  ability  to  send  the  air  away  in  parallel 
■  'tKnM'  If  w  wish  to  go  forward,  the  air  mnst  bo  driven  aft.  and  a 
forttd  cnrrent  tn  any  other  dtreolion  will  at  be«t  give  oa  back  but  a 
fraetioa  of  it«  energy.  Ordinary  screw-propellers  have  not  pr»ved 
tny  effective,  for  the  reason,  probably,  that  revolving  at  great  spocd, 
thiy  Mod  off  a  large  amount  of  air  tangenlially. 


THE  POPULAR  SCIENCS  MOSTULr. 

Wbat,  now,  should  be  the  mechanical  oooetracUon  of  a  iiuNicnfitl 
fl}-iiig-aia<.-Iuue?  Uoir  skould  it  be  built?  Id  what  way  should  the 
power  be  applied  ?  I  have  tried  to  make  clear  what  seem  tu  nie  tbe 
priDcipIes  tavolTm),  but  ihu  bvet  niothod  Ja  wbich  to  apply  them  can 
only  be  found  by  patient  and  iiitvlHgent  otudy  and  experimcol.  )(any 
mea  have  bct-n  and  are  now  working  at  the  problem,  and  tbat  it  will 
b«  oientualty  solved  Kenui  oertain.  A  blrd'a  mimic*,  while utrong, are 
not  ail  strong  as  steel,  and  while  his  power  in  proportion  to  bia  weight 
h,  great,  we  can  exceed  it ;  and  let  na  not  admit  that  we  can  not  equal 
his  intelligence  in  applying  it. 

I  One  of  our  illustrations  shows  the  flying-machine  invented  by  Mr. 

I       lleusoD  in  Kngbnd  !ii  M*-\%  and  ilv)>i.Tves  mention  as  In-ing  tlio  6m 

^^1  Pra.  L— tUntOH't  AIboctxt. 

of  importanec  designed  to  fly  without  tbo  aid  of  muscular  power. 
I'he  olitcf  feature  waa  tbe  very  great  expanse  of  ita  sualaioing  plauca, 
wfaioh  wi>ro  larger  in  proportion  to  tlx;  weight  than  in  many  birds. 
Tbe  machine  advanced  with  ita  front  vdge  a  little  taised,  and  the  air 
acting  npon  the  lower  surface,  when  the  proper  speed  bad  been  at- 
tained, was  expected  to  lift  and  sustain  iL  This  speed  at  the  start-off 
was  to  be  got  by  running  down  an  incliDed  plane  or  hill,  and  tlio  ob- 
joct  of  tbv  ocrvw -propeller  wa»  simply  to  keep  up  the  motion.  It  ia  on- 
necessary  to  say  that  this  machine  did  not  work,  aiid  yet  HenaoD 
evidently  had  a  glimmering  of  what  is  required,  lie  introduces  tbe 
ineline<d  plane  and  propt'lliT,  but  docs  not  apply  them  in  a  practical 
way.  Sucb  a  maciiinc,  of  conn<c,  would  be  completely  at  the  mercy 
of  tbe  winds  ;  and  while  be  might  find  a  ooovenivnt  hill  to  roll  down 
in  order  t*>  get  the  required  velocity,  in  coming  to  earth  again  there 
mi(;ht  be  i  rouble. 

Landell's  flying-machine,  invented  in  ISfla,  was  also  provided  with 
an  extensive  a&ro-plane,  but  differs  in  having  screws  acting  vertically 
to  HiiKtain  the  machine  in  addition  to  thone  for  driving  it  forward. 
Ospptng  all  are  two  ]>arachtitcR,  intended  to  open  and  prevent  a  sudden 
fall  in  case  of  accident.  Tliere  arc  four  sets  of  blades  on  each  ver- 
tical screw-shaft,  on  the  priaoip1«,  one  would  think,  that  if  one  set 
would  be  »  good  thing,  four  seta  would  bo  four  timea  as  good.    They 


FL  YINO-MA  CHINSS.  i  j 

mid  be  Ukdf  to  act  somewhat  like  four  •oiw-propeUen,  ««<■  b«hiDd 
on  >a  oecsn-fltvsmer.     The  niM-famiiinn  iraa  to  be  ilrivcn  bj 
engine.    The  dark  object  suspended  b«loir  maf  be  baU«t  lo 
,  any  •upcrflliODS  eoerjry  of  the  eUum. 


PM  ft.— LtHiwu.'*  PLTDMi-Mtcnm. 


Ill  IMS  Mr.  Stringfellow  built  and  exhibited  a  model  of  a  ^jm%. 
&be  at  ihp  Crjital  Palace,  in  London,  where  it  took  a  iiriw;. 
m  three  aCro-planee,  one  abovo  tfa«  other,  with  a  broad  tail 
At  in  ITcnAon's  machinL-,  no  proviffioti  wan  nuulc  fur  lifting  U 


ilo.  n.—SiiiuiimuAir'i  FuTTWi-ltwitBi, 

'  ground,  thei  power  being  applied  simply  to  produoe  or  ke«p 
utal  relooitT,  the  reaction  of  tbo  air  againitt  the  inclined 
iterring  to  sastain  the  veiglit. 
At  the  exbibttion  the  model  ran  down  an  inclined  wtrc,  bat  r«- 
;  to  rise  into  ihe  air,     II  weighed  only  iwoWe  pound*,  inoladjt 
rsL  unu.— 1 


a 


TSB  POPULAR  SCIENCE  MONTH LV. 


ma  engine  exeitiag  one  ihird  of  a  Uorae-powcr,  boiler,  water,  and  evcry- 
tfaing.  Of  cotme,  even  if  the  model  hsd  been  a  succcMt,  no  lai^ 
machiiie  conrtracled  io  sach  a  way  could  bo  of  practical  valui*. 

The  tn9U!bin«  dcnigDed  bjr  Ur.  Moy  in  16^74  wad  eomcwhat  similav 
to  lIctiAon'*  and  Stiingfcilow'K.  Tbon-  tav  two  iDclined  planes,  one 
behind  the  other,  and  two  hi)rii:oiiial  ktcwn.  The  ncccaaary  speed  to 
lift  tile  machine  wih  tu  W  ubtained  by  a  preliminary  run  along  the 


1 

^^^t 

il 

^Hk^' 

M 

^■IBiiliiiU 

m 

Do.  T^lt«iT*>  AtBUL  fituscn. 

[sround  on  ihc  n-heela  underneath.     In  cominj;  to  earth  again  we 
Icbonld  only  need  to  look  out  for  some  favorable  locality,  ririkc  t&n- 
||tentially,  and  Ibu  rcRutanco  of  the  whecia  over  stouen,  fpncCH,  and  the 
liliO  would  a]>cedily  bring  ux  to  ri'>t. 

These  are  the  more  importaiil  inventions  of  this  class — thai  is,  self- 
raising  and  self-propelling  machines — and  it  must  be  eonfeeaed  the 
rcAults  ar«  far  from  encouraging.  M.  P£naad  and  others  havo  con- 
Htmctcd  flying  models,  but  on  too  small  a  i!calv  to  be  of  much  practi- 
cal importance. 

But  still  there  are  tbe  birds  ;  tJioy  completely  refute  the  argu- 
meota  of  those  who  say,  "  ]t  is  impossible  to  build  a  euoi-cMfal  flying- 
iDachtne." 


MODERN  SCIENCE  AND  MODERN  TUOUOHT.* 
Br  8.  LAINO.  M.  P. 
LIT. 
On  j«t  w*  Irat  that  •om«hoir  good 
Will  be  the  final  ^  of  il). 
To  panes  of  Nnttiro,  Ana  of  will, 
DcCcirlaof  (loal>t,  nuO  niinlaof  Mood; 

Tbat  nothing  walkii  with  aimleM  feet; 

Thai  not  one  lUe  aball  b«  detlrojcil, 

Or«a«t  M  rabbiah  to  the  void, 
W)i«n  God  hath  made  tho  pile  complete; 

*  From  Chkptcr  VII  oS  a  vori^  nndcr  ibl*  tillo.  publiB!i«il  bjt  Oupm>a  k  1WI,  Len- 
doB,l6CG. 


MODBRX  SCIESCB  AND   ilODBRS   TnOVOHT.       19 

Tbtt  not  a  worm  Is  cIotod  In  vain ; 

That  DM  k  moth  with  vain  doni* 

lit  iliriToled  in  a  froiUew  fire, 
Or  1)1x1  tabiorTcs  aaotbor's  gain. 

B«bokl,  *rii  know  not  najtbiiig. 

1  can  bul  tnut  tbat  goiid  ifaall  All 

At  la&t — tar  oA*— at  last,  to  all, 
And  vtvtj  wioUr  chance  to  >iiritig. 

Bo  moil  vaj  Artam :  bat  what  am  If  * 

Ao  iDfunt  orjio^  \d  itie  nifiM; 

An  infant  crying  for  tii«  ligbt; 
Ab(1  oith  DO  Jaagiu^  bul  a  erf. 


tT. 

Th«  wkb,  tliat  of  Um  livibK  whole 
No  life  nay  Ciil  buyood  ibe  ^rare, 
Didvaa  tt  not  from  what  so  liavu 

Tbe  Itkwt  God  wUliiB  tbo  Mwl  I 

Are  Ood  and  Xatare  tban  at  strife, 
Tbat  Kstoro  lead*  mcfa  evil  drvauut 
60  careful  of  tbe  t;pe  abe  mmh^ 

fo  carelcH  of  th^  noyla  life ; 

TTial  I,  eooiUeriiig  everywhere 
Her  wi-ret  meaalnc  Id  ber  deedi, 
And  dndiiig  that  of  fifty  aeed* 

Sfaa  olten  bringa  bat  ooe  to  bear, 

I  falttr  where  I  QrdI;  trod. 

And  fiiUing  with  my  weight  of  caroa 
fpoo  the  greeil  world's  altv-ataira 

That  slope  through  darkncHi  up  to  God, 

1  Klrcl«h  Inmo  bonil*  of  faitti,  and  gropc^ 
Aikd  KUher  dost  and  cbaCf,  and  call 
To  what  1  fed  b  Lord  of  all, 

Aad  faintly  tniA  the  larger  bope. 


LTL 

"80  earefiil  of  the  type?"*  but  no. 
fwm  acarpH  diff  and  quam«d  stoo* 
Sbe  m««.  ->  A  thomutd  types  arc  gone : 

I  care  tor  nothing,  all  sball  go. 

"Tbon  makCHl  Iklno  appeal  to  me: 
I  bring  to  lifo,  I  bring  to  death : 
Ibe  ipirit  does  bat  mean  tbe  breath : 

1  know  DO  moro."    Aud  ha.  tbaU  bo, 


10  THE  POPVLAR  SCIENCE  MONTHLY. 

lUn,  hor  last  work,  who  wteaMd  m  Mr, 

Sadi  ipUndhl  iwrpOM  In  Us  oy«M, 

Vbo  rolled  tbe  paalm  to  wiutrj  nktot, 
'Wlio  built  bim  fnnii*  of  trnUlcM  fnjer, 

Who  tmftod  God  wa*  lure  iodMd, 

And  love  UrMtlon'a  final  law— 

Tboogli  Naturw,  nd  tn  luotb  anil  cinir 
HFlUi  ravioo,  slirioked  uguiimt  bis  cned— 

'  Tho  loved,  who  *affcrtii  couutlem  IHa. 
Wbo  Uttled  for  tbu  True,  th«  Juot, 
B«  blowB  aboat  th«  d«»cn  dari. 
Or  Milled  trithlD  tlie  Iron  liilbt 

Ko  tuor«t    &  axiattUrr  tli«ii,  a  draam, 

A  diaoord.    Dmemu  of  tli«  prliue. 

That  tar«  eaoU  olbur  Id  Ili«Ir  tllni^ 
Wore  mrlloir  tnnsic  mntobrd  wiUi  kim. 

0  liro  ■>  fatlk,  tbon,  an  IVaill 
O  for  thy  rolce  to  lootJie  and  biMil 
What  bopo  of  aosvor,  or  rnlrtMal 
Buhiud  the  veil,  bcliinti  th«  vvil. 

Tkxktwk,  /a  jr«wrtan. 
(^  tiitdpmnimiM  */  LoaD  TmsriMt.) 

Tdesk  noble  and  iwlemn  lines  of  a  gri.'At  piwl  t-um  up  in  k  few 
wordn  wliat  may  Ik;  called  "  tbc  Goapel  of  Modern  Tbonglit."    Tlii-y 
ilMcribc  wbat  ia  tlic  real  attitude  of  most  of  the  ibiiikint;  and  eanicat  < 
minds  of  Ibe  proaent  generation.     On  the  one  band,  tlie  discovcriefi  j 
of  soience  have  so  far  eatabltsbed  the  auivenality  of  \aw,  as  U>  make  j 
it  impomible  for  sincere  men  to  retain  tb(<  faith  of  llivir  ancMtora  it 
dognus  tmi  miraclfH.     On  tliu  otJier,  larger  viow^  of  niiui  and  of  bb<_ 
tory  bkv4!  ahown  lliat  religioiu  Ktiliinent  is  »a  easenlial  etoinent  of 
lioman  nature,  and  that  many  of  our  beat  feelings,  euch  aa  love,  bof 
consdenoe,  and  reverence  will  always  geek  to  find  reflectiona  of  tbom- 
eelvca  in  the  nnscen  world.     Hence  faith  has  diminiiilird  nnd  chant} 
increased.     Fewer  believe  old  creeds,  and  thow  who  do,  believo  monj 
faintly ;  while  fewer  denounce  Ihem,  and  are  uiaeiinble  to  tbe  gooilj 
tbey  hav«  done  in  the  past  and  th«  tmtli  and  Ixtauly  of  ibe  eeaentil 
ideas  that  underlie  them. 

On  the  Continent,  and  especially  in  Catholic  conolrirs,  where  relig-^ 
ion  interferes  more  with  politics  and  social  life,  there  Is  ttill  a  large  , 
amoant  of  active  faoMility  to  it,  aa  shown  by  the  massacre  of  priwUJ 
by  the  French  CommuniittN  ;  but,  in  ihi*  country,  thv  old  Vultaireaitl 
infidvlity  has  died  out,  and  no  one  of  ordinary  callun?  thinka  of  de-j 
nouQoing  Chriitttanity  aa  an  invention  of  priMtcrefl.  On  the  contrary,! 
many  of  our  leading  minds  atv  at  the  same  time  skeptical  and  r«ligious,^ 
and  exemplify  tbo  truth  of  another  profound  itayin^  of  Tennyiion  : 


MODERN  SC/B.YCJS  AND  MODERN  TBOUQBT.      t\ 


^^k  "Tbu«bmorefmithuihuac«td9Bbt, 

^K  B«UeT»  toe,  than  m  hsU  Um  eraetl^" 

The  change  which  baa  come  ov«r  modern  lliougbt  can  not  bo 

Utter  i-tiMnplified  than  by  taking  the  inctance  of  Uireo  great  writers 

abate  votka  hare  prmlnced  a  powerful  tnflueiice — Carljle,  Rvnin,  and 

Gtor^  Kliot.    Tbey  were  all  thrw  bora  and  brought  up  in  tbu  very 

beut  of  different  phases  of  the  old  belivfn — Oarlyle,  in  a  family  which 

■igkt  be  taken  as  a  typo  of  the  bt^^t  qualitic*  of  Scottish  l>reebyte- 

liuiiK,  bred  in  a  wml  coautry  fanuhousc,  under  the  eye  of  a  father 

*d1  Mother  whom  he  loved  and  revered,  who  mif;ht  hare  been  th« 

mi^nb  of  Bums's  "  Cotter's  Saturday  Night,"  or  the  descendanls  of 

iht  Bsrtyn  of  Clarerhoase.     His  own  temporament  (trong)y  inclined 

10  a  fltrn  PnritaDieal  piety  ;  hix  favurile  heroes  were  Cromwell  and 

Mn  iCnoi ;  bit  whole  natnre  wati  aiitipathetie  to  aoien<i&    Aa  Ii!a 

biognfher,  Froude,  reports  of  him,  "  He  liked  ill  men  like  Ilnmboldt, 

Id^Ue.  and  the  anthor  of   tbc  'Vestiges.'      lie   refuse*)    Darwin's 

baunnlation  of  species  as  onprovod  ;  be  fought  against  it,  thotrgh  I 

noM  KK  be  dreiide<d  that  !t  might  turn  out  true."    And  yet  ih*:  de- 

!ih«nie coDcltuton  at  which  he  arrived  wiw  that  "he  did  not  think  it 

pMoble  th;it  etiucuted  buni-Ht  men  could  even  profe«  mocb  longer  to 

khdicve  ID  hiitorical  Christianity." 
Ibetaaeof  Renan  was  equally  remarkable.     lie  was  born  in  the 
Mapof  Bretoa  peasants  of  the  porest  typei  of  ftmjile,  pious,  Cntb- 
oUeftith.    Their  one  idea  of  rising  above  the  life  of  u  jH-anant  wa.4  to 
^Mme  I  priest,  and  their  grent  ambition  for  tbeir  boy  wa^  that  be 
■n^t  he  10  far  honored  m  one  day  to  fceeomo  3  conntry  evri.    Young 
itoM.  aoMfdingly.  from  the  first  day  he  ahowed  chiremess,  and  got 
lothc  top  of  bi)t  ela«  in  the  vitUge  school,  was  destined  for  the  priest- 
^■oi   Oe  WW  taken  in  hand  by  priests,  and  found  in  them  his  kind- 
Mfiimda;  ibey  aent  bim  to  college,  and  iii  dae  time  to  the  Central 
Snuury  where  yonn^  men  were  trained  for  orders.     All  bis  trudi- 
lin^all  his  affections  all  hU  interests,  led  in  that  direction,  and  yet 
i'pYe  ap  everything  rather  than  su!»soribc  to  wbiit  be  no  longer 
'"fcted  to  be  true.    Hih  conversion  wax  bnmgbt  abont  in  this  way : 
BiTtng  be«n  appointed  assifltaot  to  a  professor  of  Hebrew,  ho  became 
ipntfoond  scholar  in  Oriental  langa.tges  ;  this  led  to  his  studying  the 
Smptares  carefully  in  the  original,  and  the  conclosion  forced  itself 
tpon  bhn  that  the  miraeulouA  part  of  the  narrative  had  no  hirtorieal 
fooadation.     LikeCartyle,  the  tarn  of  his  mind  was  not  scientific,  and 
ihiW  denying  miracles  be  remained  keenly  appreciative  of  all  that 
WM  beantifnl  and  poetical  in  the  life  and  ti-aching  of  Jesns,  which  be 
baa  bronght  more  vividly  before  the  world  in  bis  writings  than  had 
evtrbwai  done  by  ortboilox  eommentaton. 

George  Kliot,  again,  wa*  linmght  up  in  yet  another  phase  of  ortho- 
dox Chrisliaoily— liial  of  middlft-class  nonconformiat  Evan  gel  icaliain. 
Sb*  nDbrsecd  tbiK  creed  fervently,  and,  as  we  »ee  in  her  "  Din»^ 


tz  TBE  POPULAR  SCIENCE  MOyTHlT. 

retaiDed  a  Vten  apprecistion  of  all  lis  best  elemeoU.  liut  as  ber  inuJ 
lect  expanded  and  her  knowledge  widened,  ebe  too  found  it  impoasibl 
to  rest  in  the  old  belief,  and,  wilb  a  pniiifiil  wrench  from  a  revered 
father  and  loving  friend*,  sbc  al«o  pasMsd  ovi-r  from  the  ranks  of  ortbo 
doxy,  Slie  also,  aft«r  a  life  of  [>rofound  and  ean>est  thooght,  rams 
to  the  conclusion  recorded  of  bcr  by  an  iatinate  friend  and  admirer, 
Mr.  Myers : 

"1  remember  how  at  Cambridge,  I  walked  with  her  once  in  tba 
Fellow*'  Garden  of  Trinity,  on  an  evening  of  niiny  May  ;  and  sJw^ 
Btirrod  somewbat  beyond  ber  wont,  and  uking  aa  bcr  leit  the  tJirea 
words  wliirh  biiTO  l)een  used  so  often  as  the  inspiring  trumpet-callN  of 
mt-n — the  word«  Gotl,  Immortality,  I}»ty — pronounced,  with  terrible 
earnestness,  bow  inconceivable  wu  tbe  Jtrtt,  bow  nnbelievable  tbal 
weoni^  and  yet  how  porcroptory  and  nbHoliitc  the  MiW.  Never,  per- 
haps, had  sterner  seocnta  aJBnncd  tha  sovereignty  of  inipr-rnonal  and 
iinrecomficnsing  law.  I  liMcncsl,  and  night  fell ;  bcr  grave,  majeetto 
vuunKrnan<te  turned  toward  me  like  a  Sibyl's  in  the  gloom  ;  it  waa 
as  though  she  withdrew  from  my  graep,  one  by  one,  the  two  scrolls 
of  promise,  and  left  mo  the  third  ncroll  only,  awful  with  inevitable 

fttflS." 

Sucb  instances  as  tliMO  can  not  be  the  ri-suli  of  mere  accident.  Aa 
long  an  >kepticit<m  waa  confined  to  a  limited  number  of  scientific  men,. 
it  night  be  possible  to  think  that  it  was  merely  the  exaggeration  of  a 
particular  train  of  thought  pursued  too  exclusively.  Rut  when  science 
has  become  tlw  prevailing  mode  of  thought,  and  liaa  been  brought 
borne  to  the  minds  of  all  educated  pcmonii,  it  is  no  longer  possible  to 
repre&cnt  it  as  an  ex«-]itionaI  aberration.  And  where  the  bell-wetben 
of  thought  lead  the  way,  tbe  flock  will  follow,  Wliat  the  greatest 
thinkers  think  to-day,  the  mass  of  thinkers  will  think  to-morrow,  and 
lh«  great  army  of  non-thinkers  will  aMumc  to  be  self-evident  tbe  day 
after.  This  is  very  nearly  the  cjim:  at  lh«  present  day ;  the  great 
thiTiken  linve  gone  bt^forc,  the  mass  of  thinkers  have  followed,  and 
tbe  still  greater  toasa  of  non-thinkers  arc-  wavering  and  about  to  foU 
low.  It  is  DO  longer,  with  ihoiic  who  think  at  all,  a  question  of  abso- 
lote  faith  against  absolute  disbiJief,  but  of  the  morv-  or  lea«  shade  of, 
"faintoe^s"  with  whieh  they  cling  to  the  "larger  hope," 

Thid  is  nowhere  more  apparent  than  in  the  writings  of  those  who 
attempt  lo  stem  the  tide  which  sets  so  strongly  against  orthodoxy. 
Tliey  resolve  thcmsrive-i  mainly  into  one  long  wail  of  "oh  the  pity  of 
it,  the  pity  of  it ! "  if  the  simple  faith  of  olden  limes  sbouli!  disappear 
from  the  world.  They  show  eloquently  and  conclusively  ihnl  science 
aad  philosophy  can  not  satisfy  tbe  aspirations  or  afford  tbe  coneola- 
lions  of  religion,  Tliry  expose  tlie  hollowiiewt  of  the  substitutes 
which  have  Iwen  proi>OM'd,  *uch  na  the  wontliip  of  the  nnknowabb,  or 
the  cq1(  of  buniaiiity.  They  win  an  easy  triumph  over  the  exaggera- 
tions of  those  who  receive  all  the  historical  records  of  Christianity  into 


TUa  POPULAR  SCIENCB  MONTHLY. 

Hut  bow  of  the  eril  ?  No  eiacere  man  looking  into  iho  iloptbi ' 
his  own  colli,  or  iil  tlto  favU  of  the  world  around,  Ciii  doubt  ttiat  id^i 
witli  much  thiit  \m  good,  gtmcroas,  vn»b,  and  right,  Ui«rQ  i>  much 
la  bad,  bnw),  foolUli,  Mid  wrong.  If  logto  cvutwb  na  lo  rwciiivft  aj  i 
axiom  a  good  antlior  for  tb«  former,  doea  not  die  aime  lo^ic  r^\xn 
eoinpt'l  uti  to  accept  tbe  aiiom  that  rhe  author  of  tbo  latter  must  Itat 
b«en  one  who  "fiml  liad  it  in  himself  lo  give"?  That  is,  we  tux 
aeM>pt  Uio  theory  of  a  God  who  is  half  good,  half  evil ;  or  adopt  lb 
Zoroastrian  voncoption  of  n  uiii\'i'niu  coDluMis]  by  an  Omiiizd  an 
Ahriman,  a  good  aiid  <!vil  ]>i-iiii-)]>le,  wboae  powirr  ia,  for  Un*  i>r 
at  any  rati-,  ttqually  halaticfd. 

From  tills  dilemma  there  is  no  caeape,  anlesH  wo  give  up  al*  -■ 
tbo  idea  of  an  anthropomorphic  deity,  and  adopt  fniikly  tbi^ 
idvu  of  a  Fin^t  Cauiw,  iiwcrulablo  and  past  finding  ont ;  and  ■<!  u  unh 
vorao  whoMv  htwa  we  can  tra«r',  biit  of  -u-botc  real  (iwctit-ft  wc  knol 
nothing,  and  ran  only  aiispeCt  or  faintly  dittcvm  a  fundamnntaJ  lai 
which  mity  make  the  polarity  of  good  and  evil  a  necessary  eonditia 
of  cxtHtviK^e.    I'his  ia  a  more  snblimo  as  well  as  more  rational  ImIIi 
tliau  the  old  orthodox  conception  ;  btit  there  ts  no  doubt  that  it 
<jalres  mora  str^gt]i  of  iniiui  to  •mbraee  it>  and  lliat  it  appcara  cold 
and  cheerleas  to  thoni!  who  liavo  bMn  acetMtomt'd  to  wv  apouial  prorij 
droc^a  in  evwy  ordinary  occoTmnocs  and  lo  fancy  thenixtves  ihe  sj« 
rial  objects  of  sD]>cmatural  suporvisioti  in  all  tlto  details  of  daily  lrf« 
Hopes  and  fancies,  however,  an  powerless  against  facta ;  and  tli^ 
world  t*  an  KUTvly  paa&ing  from  the  phase  of  orthodox  into  that 
scientific  belief  »a  youth  is  passing  into  manhood,  and  tho  pli 
whicD  wo  inhabit  from  tbo  fluid  and  fiery  atalo  into  that  of  tem|)«r 
h«at,  progressive  cooling,  and  final  citiiiolion  as  the  abode  of  life.    H 
the  moan  time,  what  can  we  do  hut  poascss  our  souls  iu  patience,  foDoi 
tntlb  wherever  it  lends  us,  and  trust,  aa  Teonyaon  adriKos,  lUnl  in  (In 
long  nin  everything  will  he  for  tho  best,  and  "every  witit*T  tiim 
spring"? 


TWENTY  TEAKS  OF  NEGRO  EDCCATION. 


Br  J.  H-  KKATISG, 

TUE  ni'^gro  is  do  h>nger  a  problem.    lie  is  part  of  the  body  poUtiO 
and  the  body  locJal  of  the  republic.     Uu  ia  firmly  tvolcd  an 
can  not  be  moved.    Ke  m  hi-rv  to  stay  ;  and  any  attempt  to  distnr 
him,  or  to  excite  his  fears  a.-*  to  hii*  right  U>  life,  liberty,  and  Llic  pur 
suit  of  happiness,  is  nothing  less  than  a  crime. 

A  <)unrtJon  touching  the  negro,  like  any  otber,  must  be  (hhuUc 

from  this  oommon-WMiae  nand-point,  and  every  tuggestion  for  ha  m>Ib 

ttoo  iBiut  be  aubjwted  to  tie  probing  awl  searehing  "  What  nood  ?' 


26 


TBS  POPOIAB  SCIBNC£  MOXTHLY, 


sirer  torneth  away  wrath.    What  Ls  most  needed,  then,  \a  not  an 
siTc  agitation  for  social  recognition  in  public  plavc«  iind  coDTCjaO' 
and  in  scboolsw>dobi]rchc«,bat  e<lucaiiuu,    Bdncittv  tiw  negro,  that 
may  Im  n^lly  free.    Ilie  whole  power  of  public  opinion  ohould 
brought  to  ibc  enlargement  of  the  meaoa  of  educating  the  negro,  gi 
iiig  biiu  a  practical  training  that  will  fit  him  for  daily  practical  life, 
and  enable  him  to  «>mpet«  mioceMfiiUy  with  hiti  wfaito  brother  in  lue- 
fal  vocalioM.  i  Elevation  of  vbaracter  come«  with  csliieation,  pride 
vith  cleTatioR  of  fibanctcr,  and  iiprightneHd,  integrity,  tbrift,  nod  de- 
ocn<!y  arc  the  ittire  products  of  pride.    The  bomeaof  the  educated  and 
skilled  labor  of  our  conatry  tell  ibe  whole  story  of  the  difference 
twecn  that  and  anskillcd  and  ignorant  labor.     Let  ns  look  at  w! 
has  been  accomplished  by  edncstion.     Let  us  reriow  the  past,  )-< 
by  year,  as  we  find  tlio  (igiin^s  and  facts  in  Commiisioiier  Eaton' 
reports,  and  sop  what  ha^  bcftii  ilonr — mmi  if  wi-  are  jnntilicd  in  th 
inniiting  thai  education  is  the  nure  bo|>e  of  the  negro ;  and  while 
look,  let  us  keep  constantly  in  view  all  the  difiictUtics  through  wbi 
so  mnch  has  been  accomplL§bed — the  civil  war ;    the  |>eriod  of 
litical  rccoTistri lotion,  during  which  all  passions  and  prcjudicea  wi 
allowed  the  frceat  play  ;  the  utter  ileji^etion  and  poverty  of  the  wUi 
people ;  the  extraordinary  aocial  uf^ii-aval,  unequaled  in  any  period 
of  the  worid'a  history  save  during  the  French  Revolution ;  the  inaa- 
lery  of  the  iKgro  in  tbe  political  misrule  of  the  Southern  States,  and 
the  fears  of  utter  niiu  beyond   recovery  by  the  white  people  as 
result  of  that  mastery  in   misnile.     I.et  us  keq)  all  this  ateadUy 
view,  and  the  work  of  breaking  so  great  a  block  of  black  ignorun 
will  seem  like  a  miracle  indeed. 

In  18G0  there  were  244,493  adult  free  colored  people  in  the  wbol 
tTnk>n,  and  of  that  number  05,365  were  illiterate,  a  fact  to  be  Hccounti 
for  by  the  laws  in  force  in  tbe  Southern  i>tnte«  agiiinni  the  uduoatioo 
the  negro.     In  the  nni«  year  there  weru  out  of  4,000,000  of  slavea  1/ 
731,000  atliilts,  all  of  them  of  course  illiterates.     The  average  inc 
of  this  4,000,000  is  given  by  (he  centtus  of  1S60  as  80,000  per  year, 
that  in  1867,  when  colored  school  reports  became  accessible,  the 
colored  population  would  be.  for  the  eight  years  including  18fiO,  4,040, 
000.     W  this  number  in   18(17,  according  to  thn  Freedmsn'a  Bureau 
MatisticK,  11],44S  were  enrolled  in  the  day  and  night  schoob  through' 
oat  the  Soull),  nod  in  1869  this  namber  h.id  increased  to  114,623.    Veiy-. 
Blow  progress,  in   part   due  to  the  indifference  .ind  opposition  of  tfai 
wfaites,  who  about  ibat  lime  were  the  victims  of  the  reoonslnicti' 
system,  and  in  greater  part  to  the  reckless  indifference  of  a  maj< 
Ity  of  the  negroes,  who  had  been  plunged  in  the  excesses  of  jkolitical 
Satnntalias.  and  were  helping  the  carpet-baggent  lo  rob  tbe  Slates  and 
bnrilen  ponterity   uilb  bonded  debts.      Chaos  and  confusion,  disap- 
p4Hntment  and  despair  prevailed  in  all  the  Southern  States,  and  all 
classes  were  unsettled.     It  was  no  wonder,  then,  that  with  this  aM 


TWENTY   TKARS   OF  NEGRO  EDUCATION. 


Liuiee  of   114,523  and  an   additioaal   number  of  from  90,000  lo 

LoQO  not  nearly  reported,  together  with  100,000  mom  attending 

Kndaj-acbools,  tbe  ^n  on  tli«  wboto  body  of  colored  Uliteney  iraa 

Bt  a  ftaetioD  of  ilia  anaoal  gain  of  tho  negro  poptilation,  not  mora 

Kn  M,000  succuotfally  ac«ompli»buig  tbe  task  of  learning  to  read. 

"Bat  io  eleven  yean  all  ibis  had  changed.    The  wbilo  people  of  tbe 

Sonthcm  States  bad  resumed  tbe  control  of  their  goTenimpnta,  had 

broagbt  order  out  of  chaoe,  dimitiisbod  the  burden  of  illegally  made 

debt,  and  redaced  taxation,  and  had  tbns  givoti  rrlii-f  to  all  elasses, 

had  ntabliabed  a  publio-acbool  aystem  for  black  a»  well  u  whiu 

Idm,  vhich  baa  ever  linoa  been  aceadily  growing  in  pnMio  favor 

iaereaung  in  efficiency  and  power.     The  result  of  this  may  be 

St  a  glance  by  the  contrast  of  the  HUtistiot  of  1669  with  Lko»e  of 

IBeIS.    To  the  former  year  (here  was  a  total  of  £49,533  colored  pnpila 

coseUed  at  the  South  of  all  ages  and  gradee,  in  day  and  night  and  bnn- 

■bj  Mboola ;  in  the  latter  year  there  were  16,066  colored  wchoolv,  ool- 

ligta, and  nmvenities,  etc.,  with  an  enrollment  of  ri:dl,S80  pupiln,  tbo 

noage  porvoniaga  of  illiteracy  being  ubout  HCvi-iity,  except  iu  Mia- 

wari,  Maryland,  Delaware,  and  Weat  Virginia,  where  it  was  about 

ifty-ni,  a  faet  largely  if  not  altogether  due  to  the  geographical  situa^ 

liNi  of  those  States,  and  to  their  advantages  as  border  Statee  during  * 

tta  nr,  and  to  their  freedom  from  the  turmoil,  diiuHUMionit,  and  diSi- 

nkiHef  reconstmction.     Nothing  can  be  more  inatructive  aa  to  iba 

(oaitioo  the  negro  is  talcing  a«  a  dtixcn  and  lo  hi*  appreciation  of  hia 

Rf^ooiibilitic*.    In  twenty  ycara  of  freedom  he  had  blotted  out  thirty  . 

I  pctcnit  of  the  illitcraey  that  was  tbe  heirloom  of  the  slave,  and  he 

I  laddooe  that  under  conditions  for  some  years  of  a  menacingly  ad- 

*rae  ud  repressive  character.    The  white  people  opposed  hia  educa- 

^beaue  the  expense  of  maintaining  public  itcbools  wonld  fall  upon 

■ien,  and  moat  of  them  had  a  conviction  that  ever  so  little  education 

*(aU  ametUe  the  brain  of  tbe  frccdman  and  etcvnte  him  "  above  bis 

'•QDess"  aa  ficld-baod,  bouAe-servant,  or  mechanic.    Tliey  were  ju«t> ' 

'/■Bcnaed,  too,  at  tbe  hostile  attitude  of  the  negro  and  the  readineM 

,  Mdogenieaa  in  some  instances  with  which  be  allied  himself  n-ith  tbo 

<vptl-ba^gen  and  helped  that  class  to  postpone  the  natontioD  ttf 

paKe<  order,  and  law. 

Id  1070  Memphia,  Nashville,  and  Xcw  Orleans  famiahed  free 
Mioob  f or  the  education  of  negroeo,  but  ebewhere  ihroughoot  the 
'Antli  there  wa»  manifest  indisposition  and  indifference  to  supporting 
tl)na.  In  that  year,  signalized  above  all  others  by  tbe  establishment 
l<4tbe  Bureaa  of  Education  at  Washington,  uid  the  first  of  tho«i'  in- 
|Mnctive  and  exhaustiTe  reports  by  Commiwionvr  Raton,  which  have 
Wa  eoDtinued  every  year  since,  and  from  which  all  tbe  data  of  this 
•tUele  m  taken,  the  scholastic  colored  population  between  the  ages  of 
in  sad  eighlMm  was,  in  the  whole  country,  8U,576  boya  and  808,408 
pris,  and  tbe  atundance  waa  86,594  boys  and  91,778  gi^l^  but  little 


TBK  POPULAR  SCIUNCJi  MONTHLV. 


ItM  tbui  elereo  per  ceol  of  the  irhule  iiambor,  anil  only  7(^O0^H 
tbtn  was  repoMe^  by  th«  FrocdmaD's  Uoreaa  in  1867,  and  06,O0^H 
than  tlie  Dumber  it  Txtportcd  tb«  prcviotn  year,  I860,  Prt^JadiM  4 
T«ry  Miibbom,  ami  the  [giioranoc  of  ^AO  vvara  at  inilirutinf;  s^ndH 
WM  Still  an  im[icTvioua  oruat.  llie  brnvc  mi>n  ami  wotiirn  «^H 
poAftd  to  tbb  dreadful  array  tbe  light  of  tbeir  Ioto  of  buiaanity,  1 
irtrcDgth  of  a  keen  and  alert  inteliigeDCO,  and  their  lio[>e,  looknl  tbd 
them,  many  of  xYtvm  with  breaking  hearts.  No  miHionarim  to  Qd 
or  Africa  aver  suffered  ait  did  ihoHc  pionecm  in  ibv  i-aii»'now  fo^H 
encoaregod,  and  «upporti>d  by  tiiv  Stat«a  that  U  fint  ri'jis-tnd  fl| 
They  were  lookud  upon  as  part  of  the  machinery  by  which  negro  ij 
irax  to  be  p<>rpetuat«d,  and  they  were  shunned  aa  inl>.'11igt>iit  aidi 
and  abettors  of  mischief  and  rain.  Ikeides  thia,  the  I'>«edm3ii'»  Una 
wae  regarded  ao  obnoxious  in  its  workings  and  its  tendencies.  ITm 
tlHNte  drcumKtanoea  it  watt  to  be  expoctml  that  rerr  diMrournoiiiigl 
porta  would  be  made,  and  we  are  not  surprlM-'d,  therefore,  to  li'.trn  tU 
DolOiWaris  b:id  in  1870  made  do  provision  triT  the  education  of  i^H 
children  ;  that  in  Maryland  tbe  negro  children  were  utterly  ifl^| 
wv«  in  Baltimoro ;  Kentucky  practically  ignored  the  colored  oiiS^f 
"West  Virginia  Monivd  to  be  oontemptnling  tlio  denmction  of  il^H 
mon-achool  aystem  ;  Virginia  was  ainiggling  througli  ignoraqH 
what  free  achoolit  Kkonkl  be  to  the  c«tntitiiihmeiit  of  a  Ry«l«in ;  Md 
Carolina  wa.i  still  in  a  hnpeleM  condition  ;  and  Tenneaiee,  sanl 
Mempliin  and  Ns»hville,  and  the  conntieaof  Davidwu,  Urecne,M 
Montgomery,  had  no  achoola  for  whites  or  blacks.  This  is  a  very  bw 
picture,  bat  it  was  twl  without  its  relief.  MiHsouri  had  a  fnco-ulJ 
system  firmly  established  ;  Arkansas,  enconptering  the  obitlaeMfl 
mon  to  the  r*giona  where  tfUvery  had  betn  abolished,  had  MO^H 
greater  incoeM  than  a  mnjority  of  the  Southern  States ;  South  Ua^f 
with  the  largest  perooatage  of  llUteraey,  woa  eonfldent  of  final  smiH 
Florida,  in  spite  of  some  drawbaekx,  presented  more  reasons  for  MM 
pating  tbe  general  prevalence  of  free  schools;  but  Alabama,  n 
Lgivin^  the  most  flattcnn;^  promises,  was  debuting  tbe  qUMt]^fl 
□lldv:inc)ng  or  rotjrating  ;  MiMiKHippi,  although  commenoing  1>I|^| 
progressing  stowlily  and  efficiently  in  th«  establishment  of  a  <J>I^| 
free  sobools,  notwitJuiatiding  the  great  and  bilter  o|q>osition,  s|>^| 
ing  ooonty  iuperintendento,  collecting  tbe  ecbool-tax,  and  l>n|H 
school-houses  ;  I^aisiana'a  report  wa^i  moet  nn satisfactory ;  6m9 
hnd  just  passed  a  school  law,  but  must  wait  a  year  for  funda  btll 
commencing  operations ;  in  Texas  things  looked  bopeleas,  there  m 
no  school  legislation,  and  lliv  entire  population  wax  left  lo  gruw  it|il 
Jgnoranoe,  save  as  pririite  enlerpri*c  threw  a  ny  of  light  upMi  fl 
■pneral  darknesa.  llie  District  of  Columbia  alone  made  an  eiM 
nbat  was  oncouragiiiK,  and  that  wad  relatively  a«  good  as  that  nsdH 
the  white  children.  In  piibliu  and  private  schools  thfre  wtrs  4n 
colored  children  out  of  a  total  sdnwl  population  of  10,404.     This  J 


TWENTY    rSARS   OF  ^JSORO  EDUCATtON. 


»9 


(one  ny  of  pMutiTa  light  in  all  that  duknas.    Kbewbora  and  farther 
tb  tbcru  woe  only  glimnien  to  oncoarsffe  tbo  mere  "hudfnl  of 
Jam  and  tromen  "  who  were  laboring  for  the  sdvancetiient  of  tbc  ucgro. 
UoTcraor  "Joe"  Brown,  of  Gtiorgio,  funiiilivd  ooo  of  tbme.    A»  a 
rtnlt  of  the  examinatloa  of  the  puptla  of  Allaiila  Uuivvnity.  be  re- 
(Mtied  that  "  many  of  the  popils  exhibited  a  degree  of  ucutal  cnltnni 
which,  coDsidcring  Uie  length  of  time  their  miude  have  been  in  train- 
i^  would  do  cn-dit  to  mefflbers  of  any  race."    Tbb  was  valuable 
tod  timely  tt^timiiny  from  a  high  and  reliable  quarlvr.     In  th«  ume 
y«r  Dr.  .1.  I_  31.  Curry,  now  of  thr  Peabody  Vvj^A,  in  a  epeecb  to 
BrooUyn,  admitting  tbe  dcfecU  in  the  public-school  system  at  the 
SoUh,  declared  that  the  p<raple  were  awakening  to  the  nceewily  of 
•daemon,  sod  "  the  colorvd  people  a»  citizens  and  wardit  of  tbe  nation 
need  lo  be  qooliDed  for  iheir  exalted  rcsiHinHibilltUw.     K«[ieciaUy  do 
ihiyDecd  traioed  and  educated  teachers  of  tlictr  own  nice.     If  prac- 
ticable, a  degraded  race  should  be  eleriUed  and  delivered  by  tbeir  own 
tliv,  as  tbe  patronage  of  the  aupcrior  has  a  tendency  to  degrade 
daacter."     Tbi»  wa.t  aat  the  voice  of  the  awakened  :^ath,  rinng  out 
of  the  ttbes  of  de«pair  nod  once  ninre  aaaerting  her  place  in  the  Union 
aJberreaponsibititiei)  in  helping  to  adYancc  tbe  work  of  American 
dnIbatioiL    It  found  an  echo  here  and  there.     A  planter,  witnessing 
^wheol  examination  at  Athens.  Alabama,  in  that  year,  said  be  bad 
"do  |irejnd)ces  against  the  education  of  the  colored  taoe,"  and  liopcd 
*tlw  children  woald  improre  tbeir  lime."    These  were  tbe  breaks  in 
tbe  donae  man  of  oppoaition  to  the  education  of  the  negro.     Few 
» thej  were,  tbeae  ecboee  were  encouraging  to  the  noble  and  evet^ 
t^-be-reTcred  band  of   men  and  women   engaged   in  the  work,  the 
iBTuts  of  Northern  inslitutiona  or  obnrchcs  whose  voluntary  oon- 
triUtiaas  to  sustain  the  work  had  by  tbe  bi^nning  of  1871  reacbod, 
"idi  tbe  eipenditnrea  of  the  tVeedman'a  Bureau,  tl>e  grrtrid  total  of 
R;S17,SI1.    Of  this  sum,  expended  io  from  six  to  right  yc:kni,  the 
Aaericaa  Miwtiunary  Aaaociation  paid  out  )1,GC3,7!M> ;  the  Preedman'a 
IfaroB,  ^,7 11,285  ;  and  in  other  things  than  cash,  tl,.'^ril,276,  mak- 
%a  tetal  of  «A.-.i«2,rtl  I  ;  the  I'resbyteiian  Church  (North),  »32O,704  ; 
<k  (Wdman's  Aid  Society,  91M.340 ;  and  the  Baptists  of  the  Dis- 
Im  of  Cohimbia,  >3S,000.     A  noble  return,  surely,  for  the  ifcom, 
Mtnsuily,  hau-,  and  maleroleDt  opposition  with  which  the  icaehera 
cf  atgro  itchoola  were  met  by  communitirs  hIoiik  'o  the  quick  by  the 
>Wn|^  pat  upon  tbem  by  dtitfraiirhisenieiit  itiul  political  sobordina- 
l>Da  to  an  ignorant  race,  the  ready  tooitt  of  deHigning  knaTeo. 

b  1S71  bnt  little  improvement  bad  been  m.ide.     The  general  public 

Mill  indiSerent,  and  ibere  was  much  o])po6ition  Io  colored  si-hoola. 

oooTention  of  Southern  Baptist*  at  Marlon,  Alabama,  dcooanced  tbe 

hool  system  as  fostering  infidelity,  and  declared  that  th« 

"ooly  hope  w»  in  Christian  education  in  our  own  nchools,"   In  Louial* 

*»  pcrtona  wort  deterred  from  accepting  tbe  poMtion  of  school  dircct- 


^m 


THE  POPULAR  SCIBNCB  MOifTBLT^ 


or«,  drmding  CoviKl  oatnciiiin  am]  ixmiTUtiofi.  In  the  thinl  district  ^| 
t«acben  submitted  tOMx-iid  and  [i<.TM>iial  discomfort,  iMtrac^ims,  and  0|| 
ptobrinm,  and  were  oompelled  to  Tait  for  moDtba  for  tbeir  pay.  ¥<■ 
progress  waa  made.  At  one  of  the  inHtitntes  a  division  anjicriiitendeM 
sbUcd  that  last  y«ar  (18T0)  ho  could  report  )>ut  Kcventy-onc  scLoola,^ 
t«aclicni,  and  3,000  pupils  in  fourteen  purishf  ><,  vrlivmu  now  be  reported 
ont!  huudrct]  and  tliirtjr-tbnDc  imhools,  100  teaelien,  and  7,600  pupil^ 
and  the  number  cuit«taiitly  iucrea^ug.  The  diffioulltM  an  ittated  bj  tifl 
State  S«periutend«Dl  were  "  indifference  and  incompt-lency  of  the  icacH 
ore;  extremepoverty  of  the  people,  and  the  embarrassed  condition  of  tlfl 
Statv'a  finances ;  yet,  notwithstanding  this,  thoy  wero  laying  the  foun 
dation  of  a  thorongb,  practical,  and  liltcral  )iy«tcm  of  common  ecbookifl 
In  (ivorgia  ibere  was  great  activity  in  wise  ways  to  promote  Ibe  frM 
education  of  the  while*,  but  tbc  "  colored  people  have  hardly  been  pal 
milled  to  do  uluit  Uwy  wonld  for  tlieni*elTC«  freely."  Thvy  Iiad  bJ 
cinety-aeTen  public  aoboola  and  only  .'>,208  pupils.  I^lorida  tia«l  lild 
or  no  progress  to  note,  but  there  were  negro  schools  in  nearly  ercifl 
county.  Kentucky  apparently  refused  to  recognize  "  the  deedrablencM 
or  neccttsity  of  tJie  education  of  the  colored  children.*'  In  TenneaH 
tbcre  was  mncb  agitation,  but  it  was  not  attended  with  suocms,  ih 
tbe  colored  people  were  enipliatie  in  thv  atatement  of  the  diffioaltifl 
«ncoantered  by  them  in  their  efforta  to  educate  their  children.  In 
Alabama  tbe  opposition  to  the  free  schools  was  discouraging,  and  wbtlfl 
tbo  colored  people  had  the  advantage  of  the  Rwaync  School  at  Mood 
gomory  and  the  EmcrHoti  Tiiittitiilc  at  Mobile,  ihcy  complained  in  numJH 
of  tbe  countiex  of  grt^ut  ditliculty,  or  of  tbe  impossihUity  of  "  M.-curiiifl 
any  school  privit<rgea."  In  Missisfiippi  the  enforcement  of  the  fiM 
Bchool  law,  especially  aa  to  negro  schools,  was  opposed,  even  to  "tin 
whipping  of  t«achcr8  and  buroing  of  school -hotutes."  Yet  there  wciB 
Dot  less  than  three  thousand  schools  in  operation,  and  tlie  syittcm  via 
gaining  friends.  Texas  was  the  darkest  6eld  educationally  in  tM 
Ifnited  States,  though  the  Goremor,  supported  by  a  stroug  array  ofl 
friends,  was  eupporltng  and  doing  all  he  could  for  public  instructioo 
Arkansaa, though  in  aomc  respects  leading  atl  the  other  cx-slare  Stated 
wag  yet  far  from  the  line  of  approximate  perfection.  The  pnUlfl 
schools  wcrx!  open  to  negroes,  but  only  one  fourth  of  the  number  w 
ecbolara  were  enrolled.  In  MiMionri  the  public  aobools  bad  paaael 
b^ond  a  period  of  peril,  and  only  one  county  was  especially  opposol 
to  negro  education.  In  Delaware  no  provision  bad  yet  been  mau 
for  tbe  ctlnoatton  of  the  i>^;ro.  Of  Slaryland  tbe  same  re]>ort  wfll 
made.  Virgima  and  West  Virginia  tisd  both  made  progress.  Nora 
Carolina  had  luHt  ground  odticAtion.illy,  and  the  severe  proawriq 
tion  of  colored  piK)]>le  had  greatly  discouraged  their  efforta  for  tbead 
•elvea.  Of  tbe  schools  in  South  Outilina  very  Utile  favorable  Mull 
be  eaid.  Tbe  friends  of  edncation  almggled  ag^nst  overwhelmiai 
odida.    Id  tbe  Dirt-  ;nbia  there  were  eiity-nino  coloreg 


TH}i  POPULAR  SCiSNCK  MOSTBLY, 


poUio  efforU  in  faraUbuif;  eduMtional  fkcUiUes  for  the  oolored  pac 
pie,  especialty  ia  pnpuring  papils  for  the  Belil  tlut  waa  now  wida 
infr  evvry  d»y  lu  «  rcMuIi  of  iu  variy  miiwionuy  effofU.  The  Pu 
bod}'  fiia<l  wiw  uliU)  Wing  diii[ribut«d  in  A  ilitioniniiiaiiug  Mid  cShI 
ivc  «&>',  aud  the  fnenda  of  education  vrero  greeUly  enpooragwL  S| 
tide  bad  tamed.  Public  E«iitimeot  bad  at  laal  come  lip  alnuwti^| 
th«  strength  of  uniuiimitj-  for  public  edncatioo,  and  it  waa  being  |i^ 
emllf  ooDovdvd  tbut  thv  moat  preniDg  daty  waa  th«  breaking  ap  4 
th«  grvat  ntMt  of  illitCTAcy,  and  that  th«  upgro  miut  b«  ednoated  V 
be  fitted  for  th«  tlalim  of  citinnuibip. 

The  outlook  in  ISTC  waa  stiU  rxMta  moourHging,  Delavars  haj 
organized  a  thorough  Echool  system  under  a  new  law,  tlte  ootored  eUl 
dreo  being  provided  for  by  a  special  tax  leried  on  the  colored  popsM 
tion.  ^Vcet  Virginia  ri.'|iortod  live  normal  eobooU,  having  557  etndoBl 
and  t^  graduate ;  North  Carolina,  W)0  teachers  in  training  in  tvacbca 
institDlM  and  normal  schools  "  for  a  denuuid  that  could  not  b»  Ml 
plied  " ;  South  Carolina,  39  pupilH  in  tlw  ^laxn  \onnal  School  viA 
bama,  three  State  Normal  Schools  and  6vv  similiar  inatilutiooai^ 
ported  by  Hoci«ti«s,  all  faaviog  650  stodenta,  of  whom  OAS  wsi 
bettered  to  be  colored  ;  MittHtssippi,  two  State  Kormal  School*  fo 
colored  pupils,  with  351  atudents.  Arkansas  had  taken  a  fresh  sUH 
under  the  provisions  of  its  newly  adopted  oonstitntion.  In  the  Stat 
Industrial  University  &S  white  studenta  were  being  trained  as  teac^g 
and  in  another  institution  sustained  by  a  eoeiety,  160  were  iii  tT^^| 
for  oolored  vcliooU.  In  Tcnnosaci^,  a  normal  whool  had  bn'n  4^| 
llabed.  Kentocky  for  tbo  find  time  inoludcd  thu  colored  cbildf^H 
tile  enrollment  of  Mhool-children.  There  was  no  ijtate  Normal  tiobM 
as  yet,  but  MO  nnrmal  pupils  irere  reported  in  two  iniititution«,  and  % 
graduates  from  the  Louisville  Normal  School.  Missouri  reuimvd  thr« 
Slate  Normal  Schools,  with  tM4  pupilN. 

Tbo  year  1S70  wax  a  pn^sidunlial  y«ar,  and  waa  not  favocsbll 
on  the  whole,  to  thi^  int<>rc<tts  of  education.  Neverihelcw,  ConuitI| 
aionor  Eaton,  in  aummtng  up  the  results  of  all  the  report«  from  ik 
South,  was  able  to  say  that  "  after  a  careful  reriew  of  these  fact*,  Ul 
an  attentive  consideration  of  thom  in  their  soToral  relations,  and  witi 
full  recognition  of  the  »ame  backward  tendency  in  c«!rtain  olbcr  lomG 
ties,  I  am  increasingly  conrinocd  that  tJiuir  local  public  sentinuml  wH 
not  tolerate  any  further  rctrogreitition  in  thcoe  States ;  and  thai  iM 
friends  of  education  may,  on  the  whole,  anticipate  for  tbetr  effort 
inoreating  public  favor." 

In  I8T7  th<^  reports  from  the  South  were  gratifying  nmt  ''OOH 
flfltng.  The  nx-on*truction  pcriotl  wiM  ended,  and  we  found  uura^| 
getting  on  rising  ground.  Tho  total  numlxir  of  negro  chil'lr«n  a 
school  age  in  the  late  slave  Statea  was  l,(V13,0flA,  and  those  (^'urolled 
571,54)0.  There  wore  for  tbeae  10,711:2  bchoois ;  besides  whicb  thu 
were  iweoiy-aevoD  normal  achooht,  vith  3,785  pupils  \  twenty<fll 


Tir^yTY   TEARS   OP  NEQBO  BDUCATtOIf.         jj 

iutitotiom  for  eecondar;  instructioD,  viib  2,607  popib ;  thirMcn 
BUTcraitica  and  colkgi;*,  with  1,270  papils ;  Bercmtcen  ecboola  of 
tbeologf,  with  402  pupils  ;  two  ftohooU  of  law,  with  14  pu|iit«  ;  three 
Mhoole  of  medicine,  with  74  puptU ;  aod  luo  schools  for  the  dekf  ond 
dunb  and  thv  blind,  with  99  pupils  ;  makinf;  a  gruid  total  of  10,870 
Mhools,  coU^es,  etc,  and  SSO^OI?  pupils  vrmlled. 

The  repoita  for  1878,  Dotwithstaoding  th«  TeDow-fercr  ^i- 
ileoiic  that  prevailed  throagboat  tho  whole  of  the  lower  voUey  of 
lb«  Miiminppt,  wcra  extraioel^  eiwoiinging.      All  tfao  States  did 

w«n. 

The  years  1879,  1880,  and  1881  were  years  of  general  progrcw. 
TIic  torTDcr  year  witnessed  the  fair  inangunlioa  of  normal  instmction 
ie  Texas  for  hoth  white  and  eolored.  In  Keotucky  nino  prirato  nor- 
mal adiooU  and  institute  held  in  fourteen  conntiss,  and  a  summer 
oomal  Bcfaool,  were  doiog  good  work  for  toachcis.  Tlio  report  for 
IBSO  was,  taking  in  th«  whole  field,  morv  cncoumging  than  any  of  th« 
pwedtog  on«i>  The  Agn<;uliiiral  and  MeehanituU  College  of  31i^ 
iUpi  waa  opened  with  two  hundred  students.  In  lc<81,  I>ela> 
■OT  for  the  first  time  recogniied  its  obligations  to  the  ctdored  obil- 
Irai  and  appropriated  t^400  from  the  State  Treasory  for  tfaeae 
Rboola.  'NVeat  Virginia  made  provision  for  tbo  free  education  of 
dgbteea  colored  pupils  at  Slorcr  College.  In  ll^82-'t^^  the  white- 
•tbool  population  of  tbo  sixteen  once  tilare  fflutet  and  tlm  Dt«trict 
rf  Colombia  was  4,046,950,  and  the  enrollment  in  public  sehoob 
1^,SSS.  The  colored-aehool  population  was  1,944,572 ;  enrollment, 
HB,lSiL  Comparc-d  with  the  figures  of  1877  there  was  clear  eridence 
•f  the  remarkable  work  that  had  been  accomplished  in  the  Sootbern 
Suits.  The  white-school  population  showed  an  increase  of  13  per 
OM;  enroll  mcDt,  33  percent;  the  colored-school  population  showed 
nbcnase  of  28  per  cent ;  enrollment  increase  40  per  rent.  Tlie  ex- 
(■ditiim  danng  that  lime  had  uteadily  ineresMd  a?  follows :  In  1878 
lfcsjWtTetli,760,Sai;  in  1879,  913,181,003  ;  in  1880,  tl2,475,0U  ;  m 
nn,  I13,3&9,7»t ;  and  in  1883,  «14,820,dT%  And  thi*,  notwithttand- 
■f  there  had  been  a  decrease  in  the  value  of  thu  taxable  wealth 
tf  Im  of  the  Soathem  State<s  amounting  to  $411,475,000.  Notviifa. 
Aadi&g  which,  these  State*  now  appropriated  20-1  per  cent  of  their 
Mi3  levy  of  taxes  for  school  purpoiws,  New  En([]and  at  the  same  tiuM 
fSfing  904 ;  the  Uiddle  States,  19-5  ;  the  Western  States,  26-2 ;  and 
iW  Ttmtorfei,  23-4  ;  the  average  of  the  whole  country  being  22-6  per 
NBL  This  increase  in  fnnda  correspoBded  with  a  radical  change  In 
F*Uie  scntimcnL  Ijonisiana  was  the  only  Slate  in  which  the  prospect 
Us  b  the  main  discouraging.  Both  races  shared  alike  in  the  school 
food  in  all  the  States  except  id  Delaware,  MaryLind,  and  the  District 
<tfColBmhla,  in  which  tpecial  pronsion  waa  made  for  the  colored  race, 
«il  in  South  Carolina,  where  the  basis  of  apportionment  was  the  same 
fsr  each  race,  but  the  amounts  realised  depended  upon  the  extent  to 

TO.  XZTtB^-S 


TBE  POPULAR   SCIENCE  MONTBLY. 

wUich  Uio  people  arailed  tbemsdves  of  the  prorbioQ  by  attend 
opi>D  the  scbo<^ 

Tie  total  numb«r  of  colored  children  of  Mbool  ftgv  in  the  late 
tUrc  Staiw  W4M  in  1863,  l^ffH^'T^i'iincrcaMof  15,885;  andof  tboM 
unrolled,  802,968,  m  iucn>u>e  of  610.  Tbrrcvcrc  for  tl)c«e  15,973 
Khoola  a  decreaM  of  1,681.  Buaidos  which  thorn  wi-r«  fifiy-ux  nonnil 
•choob^  an  incieaae  of  nine,  with  8,&09  pupils,  an  iuoreaM  of  866 ; 
foTty-tfaree  iostUntions  for  eecondarj'  inatroction,  an  increase  of  mne, 
with  6,&33  pupiU,  an  increase  of  1,948 ;  eighteen  nnivemliea  and  ool- 
Icgea^  an  iocreatc  of  ooo,  tritb  2,^88  pupils,  an  increatfo  of  05  ;  twcotf  ■ 
four  toboolK  of  theology,  an  increase  of  two,  vith  605  pupils,  an  in- 
crease of  61  ;  four  schools  of  law,  au  iuuvaM  of  one,  with  53  pDjnli, 
as  increase  of  8  ;  three  acboota  of  medicine,  an  increase  of  one,  with 
13S  pupib,  an  iDcreate  of  0 ;  ni  sobools  for  the  deaf  and  dumb  and 
the  blind,  an  increaM  of  four,  with  IIQ  pupils,  a  decrease  of  4  ;  mak- 
ing a  grand  total  of  16,086  schools,  collegee,  ete.,  a  deorease  of  l,S6t^ 
with  831,380  pupilt,  an  increase  of  3,015  over  tlioae  reiM>ricd  in  188L 

Nothing  in  the  progrea^  of  the  South  ainoe  tbe  eloic  of  the  dvil 
var  is  so  gratifying  aa  these  exhibits  of  growth  in  educational  facili- 
ties and  tJiis  steady  increase  in  the  number  of  scholars  of  both  races. 
TW  people  of  the  Xorlhem  States  will  never  be  able  to  understand  or 
comprehend  all  that  it  is  to  ns  of  the  South.  AU  the  expenses  and 
money  losses  of  tbcoo  States  during  the  war  were  represented  in  bonds 
and  other  forms  of  Goremment  indebtedness,  which  were  so  much 
of  addition  to  the  property  values  of  that  section.  But  (ho  Sootbcni 
States  lost  evcrj-iliing— their  slarcs,  their  crops,  and  all  the  lupofitsal 
their  industrial  efforts  for  five  yenn%  their  public  (Confederate)^ 
nearly  all  of  their  railroatl  and  steamboat  property,  fifty  per 
tkur  boroe«teadfl,  their  farm-fonci-s,  mills,  and  gtns,  the  whole 
•enling  a  total  value  variously  estimated  at  from  W,000,000,000  to' 
tlI,0tKl,QO0,O0O.  It  was  a  dean  sweep — so  clean  that  both  (ienerals^ 
Grant  and  SlMman  found  it  necessary  to  permit  tbe  oScera  and  ] 
vat«s  of  the  Confctlerato  armies  to  retain  Ibeir  hoiMs  and  mnles ' 
make  crop* ;  and  Governor  Itrownlow's  T^^-gitJature  in  Tennessee  ] 
an  act  making  the  stealing  of  a  mule  or  a  horeo  punisliabte  by  < 
on  tbe  expressed  ground  tliat  tbe  ninle  and  the  borse  were 
to  the  life  of  the  people — witbont  them  bread  could  not  be 
Following  upon  tbe  hccJa  of  thin  utter  dcrtitution  and  the  conicqueil 
prostration  and  devpondency,  cam«  Ihu  pcriotl  of  recooelniction,  whio 
inereascd  tbe  confusion  tliat  prevailed,  ro-eioited  tha  passions  of 
war,  and  added  to  it  all  a  roco-feeling  tliat  for  a  time  was  at  a 
heat — a  feeling  that  was  a  new  eip«>nci)c«  to  tlic  people  of  tbe  Sent 
Out  of  this  extreme  of  general  poverty,  out  of  this  race-feeling 
political  paasioo  and  prejudice,  order  was  slowly  evoked,  and  witli 
it  came  tbe  steady  growth  of  a  healthy  public  sentiment  favorabi 
8nt  to  pnbltc  education  and  then  to  tbe  ednoatioo  of  tho 


le  repr«^ 


whil 


i 


TliS  POPULAR  aClBSCS  MOUTBIY, 


F      ..     . 

I  WDdenoy  toward  the  awragv  of  i-ivilix:ition  rcaclitil  )i^  \\w  wLitc  vu\ 

B  it  bu  the  tendency  to  tsciie  fear  uud  to  piiratyu.'  ibv  niri<  (bat  m 

I  loolea  to  the  while  nikn  to  ooalinuu  to  goanuitiM)  lo  it  ita  political  rigli 

I  and  for  iliu  rcvogui(iun  of  the  full  equality  livfora  ibe  lavr  that  ^Hjl 

1  him  the  ]>e&ceful  ponuit  of  bappinefts  and  the  poMeMion  of  pnip^ 

B  By  «ducatioa  a  great  gap  ha«  hwa  made  in  the  mountain  of  illitonl 

■  that  was  fint  assailed  in  lt)63  with  many  [ore1>odiu^  and  muoli^|H 

B  Tbo  philanthropic  men  and  women  who  Snt  andorlook  the  tddi^l 

I  many  of  ibom  pa«M-d  to  their  reward  ;  but  tlii'ir  worlu  do  folloii^| 

I  Tho  better  outlook  that  enabled  them  to  sec  avray  beyond  tJio  mHI 

I  yean  to  eome  and  predict  tbia  better  day  baa  been  fully  jtutifled,  il 

^^H  none  more  eagerly  bear  tvetimony,  and  willinf^  testimony,  to  tbe  boH 
^^f  oonce  and  blcMtitiga  of  that  work  than  tlu-  white  meo  and  women  wl 
were  )>on)  again  lo  their  In-tter  nature*  out  of  and  away  bi-youd  tl 
prejudiced  of  centuries,  and  to-day  rejoice  in  ihe  living  tight  tU 
ebiuea  from  books  on  tbe  negro's  intellect  and  heart,  enabling  Mm  | 
grasp  hitherto  bidden  meanings  and  comprehend  some  of  ib»  txti 
urea  of  our  literature  nod  make  bimseU  strong  for  the  battle  of  III 
1^0  man  who  aur\-ivc3  by  hin  own  elrongtb  and  will  eicilea  admll 
tion  ;  the  man  who  haji  to  be  helped  becomes  a  burden,  and  •  wHB 
Eome  burden,  to  alt  about  him.  Educate,  educate  tbe  negro,  lig^ 
tlie  ways  of  tight  broader  ;  make  the  avenues  to  belter  life  and'fl| 
plainer.  Illumiiiate  him  villi  tbe  iutettigeuee  of  tlie  age*  awPI 
light  of  reaaon,  and  tbe  negro  will  see  hts  own  way  and  walk  v  Itlid 
help.  He  will  become  a  8tron;;er,  a  more  eelf-retiant  man,  and  by  tlfl 
atrengtb  and  eolf-relianco  will  beat  down  all  the  barriers  and  aliaJce  t 
all  lli«  make*wuigbt«  tbat  impede  bia  progroas  and  atand  iti  lila  ml 
He  wilt  be  a  eilixon,  iiidee<I,  and  not  a  balling,  wailing  child.  lie  « 
be  a  man  full  of  man's  waya  and  purpoeea,  with  a  couiprebenaive  gni 
of  his  duties  and  a  sonud,  aeuMbly  guided  determination  to  l>e  in  ord 
case  a  citixen  equal  to  tbe  maintenance  of  his  own  righls  under  ■ 
law,  a  strength  and  not  a  wcaknoM  to  tbo  republio.  Education,  ol 
not  agitation,  is  what  tJio  uegro  necls.  Ho  needo  repowt  and  iJ 
time  to  think  of  himself  and  for  bimaelf,  to  realtee  wUat  be  ba«  uool 
pli.ihcd  in  n  few  years,  bow  elosely  be  stands  to  bis  while  neighboi 
and  how  inlimalely  bis  destiny  is  linked  with  theira.  Ilitberto  bo  ■ 
been  constantly  in  a  very  ecu  of  turmoil,  tocsed  nboulf  anxious,  ij 
oonfoEcd.  Under  these  circumMancc*,  bis  own  natiir.iI  diitincli^^H 
the  poverty  of  tbv  Southern  SlateN,  and  tbe  political  bi.-<levilmeDvH 
made  at  the  South  confusion  worse  oonfoitnded  niitil  1970,  tba  ■ 
T.tnce  be  has  made  in  edueation  and  in  the  noqulsition  of  propertn 
tike  the  work  of  magtc.  In  peaee,  in  freedom  from  politioal  agiiatld 
with  increased  facilities  for  education,  aoslalnod  liy  tho  g004l.will  n 
lh«  Toluntary  tiuation  of  tbe  white  people,  what  may  hn  not  be  A 
poetod  to  a«oompIish  in  the  fulore?  ^Vheo  aerenly  percent  of  Q 
UlUonoy  baa  boeo  swept  away,  what  a  8elf-resp«ctiiig  man  bo  id 


38 


TBS  POPULAR  SCIENCE  MOKTHLY. 


rulvaya  from  the  Gulf  of  St.  Lawrence  to  the  Pacific  Oocan,  so  Uiat 
tbe  fertile  lands  of  Ontario,  Sbinitoba,  Columbia,  and  tlio  Kortbwett- 
crn  TcTTitorics  will  tatm  bo  available  to  ihc  world.  8till,  practical 
Hcicncc  faM  mncb  to  acconifilixb.  England  and  I''ranc4t,  with  onljr  cnv 
Sftb  tbc  fi-rtilu  uraa  of  Canada,  support  ei^bty  million  people,  n-bilft 
Canada  baa  a  population  not  cxce^dinj;  fire  miltioo. 

A  less  far-seeing  people  th^n  the  Canadians  might  have  invited  th 
applied  science  which  tbey  so  much  require     liut  tboy  knew  ibat 
without  science  there  aru  no  applications.    Tbcj  no  doubt  felt  with 
EmervoD — 

"  And  what  tf  Traiie  sow  ciliM 

Like  *hcIU  nlonx  tho  ohnrc, 

And  tbatoh  with  toiriu  tht^  ]irit>rle  broad 

Witli  railwnyit  iroDod  o'er; 

Th«7  ore  but  aailiug  foftnt-b«llft 

Alonx  TlioujKht'a  causing  siroatn, 

And  Uiku  Ihvir  >hape  niiU  Bua-oolor 

From  blm  that  8«ii<ls  tli«  Jroaia." 


itl 


So  it  was  with  a  far-reaching  foresight  that  the  Canadian  GoTemmeBl 
iDvit«d  the  British  ^V^sociation  for  the  Advancement  of  Science  to 
meet  in  MoDtreal.  Tbe  iiibabilants  of  Canada  received  iis  with  open 
anua,  and  the  ncieuco  of  th«  Dominion  and  that  of  tbe  Uiiiti<^  King- 
dom were  welded.  We  found  in  Canada,  as  we  bad  every  reason  to 
expect,  men  of  manly  and  self-reliant  character,  who  loved  not  lesi 
than  we  did  tbe  old  home  from  which  tbcy  bad  come.  Among  thorn 
is  the  nunc  healthincKs  of  political  and  moral  life,  with  the  Hsmo  love 
of  truth  which  disliufpitahcji  thv  English  people^  Our  great  rarn  are 
their  great  men  ;  our  Shakespeare,  Milton,  and  Bums  belong  to  tbcm 
as  much  as  to  ourselvos ;  oar  Newton,  I>altfD,  l-'araday,  and  Uarwln 
are  their  men  of  Kcicnco  as  much  as  tbcy  are  ours.  Thus  a  common 
poswesion  and  mutual  aympathy  made  tbe  meeting  in  Canada  a  si 
OCtofal  effort  to  ftlimulate  the  progn-sK  of  science,  while  it  cstabliskcd, 
at  the  vairie  time,  tbe  jn-inciple  that  all  people  of  Briti&b  origin — i 
I  would  fain  include  our  couuas  in  the  United  States^poesesa  a  com* 
mon  interest  in  the  intetlcctnal  glories  of  their  race,  and  ought,  in 
Bci«oce  at  least,  to  constitute  part  and  pitrcel  of  a  common  cmpirr, 
wboM  heart  may  beat  in  the  small  iKlaiultt  of  the  Xorthcm  tcav,  bnt 
whose  blood  «irculat«R  in  all  her  limba,  oairying  warmth  to  them,  aodl 
bringing  back  vigor  to  us.  Nothing  can  bo  more  ehc«ring  to  our  as*' 
Kociation  than  lo  know  that  many  of  the  young  communilies  of  Eng*j 
lisb-fipcaking  people  all  orer  the  glol>o — in  ludia,  China,  Japan,  t 
StraitM,  Ceylon,  Australia,  New  Zealand,  the  Cape— have  founded  scl 
enlifio  societie*  in  order  to  promote  tbe  growth  of  BcieRti6c  research. 
J*0  doubt  science,  which  is  only  a  form  of  truth,  is  ono  in  all  lands, 
but  rtill  its  unity  of  purpose  and  fulfillment  rect-ived  an  imporlanl 
practical  expression  by  our  visit  to  Canada.     Tbb  community  of  sd 


RSLATIONS  OF  SCIEXCE  TO  THE  PUBLIC  WEAL.  39 


I  will  be  coiitmue.^1  by  the  fact  that  we  liavc 


riled  Sir  William 


tinuM 
PDawBOD,  of  Montreal,  to  bo  our  next  president  at  Binningbvn. 

IL  SciKscK  K»o  THE  Statk.— I  csn  BoC  addrcM  you  in  Abenleea 
TtthootrecoUcettngthitt  when  wcliutt  mot  in  tliisciiyour  )>n.>)iidciit  wsa 
•  gnst  prioc*'.  Tbe  jtut  verdict  of  timo  is  tbst,  high  u  no  hu  royal 
luk,  h«  has  »  i*x  Dobler  cUim  to  our  regwd  u  b  lover  of  bomaattj  In 
iu  wtd«M  wiue,  u>d  especially  aa  a  lover  of  tboM  wl«  and  »ciet)C«B 
wUeb  do  ao  much  to  adorn  it.  Od  Si?pi«ml>(tr  14, 1659, 1  Mt  on  this 
platform  and  listened  to  tbe  etoqaent  addrciis  and  wise  c«unitel  of  the 
Ptinoe  Coofiort.  At  otte  time  a  member  of  his  household,  it  iras  my 
[ffirilege  to  co-opwato  with  this  illuMtrioas  prince  In  many  qaeetions 
nlatiog  to  tho  advancement  of  Hoicnoc;  I  nalunlly,  Iborefore,  turn  to 
bis  preiiidrntiul  addrvM  to  tee  whether  I  might  not  now  continue  tltOM 
0>tmiM.'I«  which  he  then  gave  with  all  tli«  breadth  and  comprehcnsivc- 
neia  of  his  maAlerly  speeches.  I  found,  aa  X  expected,  a  tojct  for  ray 
own  diaconrse  in  some  pr«i^aat  remarks  which  he  made  npon  tbo  r»- 
htion  of  science  to  the  state.  They  are  as  follows :  "  Wc  may  be 
jnstified  in  boping  .  .  .  that  tho  LegiHlatarv  and  thn  state  will  more 
nd  mor«  recognize  the  eJaims  of  science  to  thrb-  attention  ;  to  that  it 
nay  no  longer  roqnirc  the  begging-box,  but  upe-ik  to  tlu*  i>t.ite  like  & 
bvored  child  to  it«  parent,  sure  of  his  pateruul  Huliciludc  for  it*  wvl- 
bra;  that  tho  state  will  recognixe  iu  soience  one  of  its  elements  of 
Mfatgth  ami  pro^erity,  to  foster  which  tbe  clearest  dieisles  of  wlf- 
blcreat  demand." 

This  opinion,  in  its  broadest  sense,  means  that  the  relations  of  aci- 
CHa  to  the  state  cbonid  bo  made  more  intimate  because  the  advance 
of  sciGnce  is  needfol  to  the  publio  veaL 

Tbe  importance  of  promoting  science  as  a  duty  of  statceraft  was 
Tell  aoagh  known  to  the  aucioDts,  especially  to  the  Greeks  and 
Aiabs,  but  it  ceased  to  be  rcoognixed  in  the  dark  age*,  and  was  lo«t  to 
agbt  daring  tbe  revival  of  lelten  in  the  fifteenth  and  sixtoenth  cent- 
net.  Germany  and  Frooee,  which  are  now  in  snob  active  competi- 
liM  in  promoting  science,  have  only  publicly  acknowledged  its  na- 
lioiia]  importance  in  recent  times.  Even  in  the  lust  cMitury,  thoogh 
Pmee  had  its  Lavoisier  and  Germany  lU  Leibnitx,  tbeir  QoTcmmenta 
£d  not  know  the  valuo  of  science.  \Vhen  the  former  was  condemned 
todcatb  in  the  Kcign  of  Tenor,  a  petition  was  presented  to  the  rulen 
thtt  his  life  might  be  spared  for  a  few  weeks,  in  onlcr  that  l>c  might 
tOBpIcte  some  important  experiments,  but  tbe  reply  was,  "  Tbe  re- 
pnUie  has  no  need  of  Mtoante."  Earlier  in  tbe  centory  tbe  mncb* 
|uaiaed  Frederick  William  of  Praoua  shouted  with  a  IoikI  voice,  dur- 

tiag  a  graduation  eeremony  in  tbe  Univeraily  of  Frankf<irt,  "  An  ounce 
d[  mMhcT'wit  u  worth  a  ton  of  nnirersity  wisdom  1 "  Both  France 
Ml  Germany  are  now  aahamcd  of  these  utteranci's  of  their  ralcn, 
al  naka  enetgetio  efforta  to  advance  science  with  the  aid  of  their 
wloBal  reuDKca.     More  remarkable  is  it  to  see  a  young  nation  like 


40 


THS  POPVLAE  SCJ£XCS  MOlfTSir. 


UtoTTnttcd  State*  rawrving  16(^000,000  ion*  of  Dstiooal  Until  fot ^HTI 
promotloD  of  aoMalilic  «ducUion.  In  tomo  rMpeots  Ui»  yuuiig  tami- 1 
Xry  u  in  advance  of  all  £uTO|>can  natlonii  Id  joiiiiug  «oi«iic«  (o  iu  •!■  I 
ministrfttive  offioee.  Ita  scientific  publii'Xions,  like  Uic  ^rcat  palm-l 
tological  work  vtnbodjring  tbo  icse&rcheii  of  Professor  Marsli  aaiiyil 
awooiUn  in  the  Geological  Survey,  are  an  example  to  other  Gortn- 1 
inenta.  Thu  MtDiHtt-r  of  Agriculture  »  aurrotinded  with  a  elallalJ 
botanists  and  chemista.  Thv  Homo  Secret*!;  i«  aided  by  a  spoeilll 
IScieiitific  Commt&Uon  to  investigate  the  liibita,  migratloua,  and  fooll 
of  fisbes,  and  the  latter  has  at  its  dispoaal  two  specially  constnwuil 
fttcftmen  of  large  tonnage.  Tbo  United  States  and  Great  Britain  pr»J 
moM  fiaherifls  oa  diatinot  systcma.  In  (his  country  ve  ore  pcrpetnilM 
i«ubg  expcDsive  commiskions  to  viait  the  ooute,  in  order  to  a»o«rUhJ 
the  expcricncea  of  flslwnaen.  I  hare  acted  aa  ehainnnn  of  one  tA 
tlicse  Koyal  Comnuseious,  and  found  tlial  ifae  fishermen,  liariiig  onlfl 
a  knowledge  of  a  small  area,  gave  the  most  contradictory  and  uuatl<l 
i«factory  oviilcnc«.  Id  America  the  quesdoDS  are  put  to  Nature,  sttdl 
not  to  liHhcrnicn.  Eiact  and  tcarching  invcbtigationa  are  made  isttj 
tlio  lifo-hiitory  of  thu  fi«lte«,  into  tbc  temperature  of  tiio  eoa  in  wbidi 
they  lire  and  itpawn,  into  the  uitlurc  of  their  food,  and  inio  the  liaUlB 
of  their  natural  cni'mitis.  For  ibis  pur)iose  the  Government  gnvd  Uia 
co-o|>cration  of  tlie  navy,  and  provided  tJ>o  Commission  with  a  spoail 
eorptt  of  skilled  tiaturaliittH.  some  of  whom  go  out  with  the  stcamitlilpu 
and  othcra  work  in  the  biological  laboratories  at  Wood's  lloll,  Maaaai 
chusottA,  or  at  Wanhington.  Tbo  different  unirentitics  »>n<l  their  ben 
natiiralialJi  to  aid  iu  these  inrestigations,  which  are  under  the  diTWOtioa 
of  Mr.  Uaird,  of  the  Smitbionian  Institution.  Tho  anniuU  coat  of  tlifl 
Federal  CommiMton  is  a1>out  forty  thousand  pound*,  while  the  tepM 
nUc  States  rpend  about  twenty  tliousand  pounds  iu  local  efforta.  TU 
practical  retulu  flowing  from  these  Bcientifio  investigations  have  b«9 
impoTtanL  The  inland  waters  and  rivers  have  been  Ktoclii-d  with  6u 
of  the  best  and  most  suitable  kinds.  Even  the  great  ocean  wbiel 
wa«be«  the  coasts  of  the  L'niled  States  is  beginning  to  be  affi-t:tc^  \m 
the  knowledge  thus  acquired,  and  a  eensible  result  is  already  prodncvJ 
npon  the  most  important  of  its  fisheries^  The  United  Kingdom  largeta 
depends  upon  iu  fisheries,  but  as  yet  our  Govemmeot  liavo  scarcvla 
reallEcd  the  value  of  such  acientlfio  invcetigations  an  those  pursueJ 
with  success  by  tbo  United  Slates.  Lesa  syRtematically,  but  witl 
great  beuc&t  to  science,  our  own  Government  baa  used  tho  surreyinJ 
expeditions,  and  sometimes  has  eqnipped  special  expeditions  to  pra 
mote  natural  hiator}'  and  »olar  physics.  Some  of  ibti  laltrr,  Hke  tlifl 
voyage  of  tbo  Challenger,  have  added  largely  to  the  store  of  knowll 
«dge  ;  while  the  fonner,  though  not  primarily  intended  for  sciential 
research,  have  bad  an  indirect  result  of  tnfiuito  value  by  becomlnfl 
t  mining-schools  for  such  ioveatigatota  aa  Kdward  Forbos,  Danriu 
Hooker,  Huxley,  W'yville  Thornton,  and  others,  | 


TBE  POPULAR  SCIENCE  MONTHLY. 


boat  the^ 


there  arc  exceptional  mhm  and  eome  brilliant  example!)  of  ii 
neot  EiDce  tbetH?  words  were  written,  bat  generaiiy  ihrougboui 
conntry  tvacbing  in  ■cioncv  in  a  nanio  ratbor  tbao  •  reality.  Tbe 
Tc«bnioal  CoinniiMion  wliich  rejiortcd  last  year  can  only  point  to 
tiiree  schooU  w  Ureal  Briiain  in  irbicb  science  ia  fully  aud  adei]ii9tcly 
taufcbt.  While  tbe  commission  gives  ns  tbe  ooBsolation  ibat  England 
is  still  in  adrance  as  an  indtiEtrial  nation,  it  wants  ns  that  foreign 
nations,  wbicb  w^ro  not  long  ago  far  bt-hind,  uv  now  making  more 
rapid  progroKN  tban  ibis  c<»iDtry,  and  will  soon  p«u  it  in  the  rare  of 
competition  unlem  tc  give  increased  attention  to  acicnco  in  public 
education.  A  few  of  tbe  large  towns,  notably  Manchester,  Bradford, 
liaddcrsfield,  and  Uirmingfaam,  are  doing  eo.  The  working-claaaea 
are  now  receiving  better  instnictioD  in  science  than  tbe  middle  claaaM, 
Th«  competition  of  actual  life  a«MTts  its  own  conditions,  for  the  chil- 
dren of  tbe  latter  find  iDRri-asing  diffically  in  obtaining  employment. 
The  eanite  of  this  lien  in  the  fact  thai  tbe  •choola  for  thv  middle  clasMW 
have  not  yet  adapted  themselves  to  thv  needs  of  modern  life.  It  \% 
tnie  that  many  of  tbe  eodowed  bcbools  have  been  pnt  under  new 
•dwniM,  but,  as  there  is  no  public  supervision  or  inspection  of  them, 
w«  bare  no  knowledge  M  to  whether  tboy  have  prospered  or  slipped 
back.  Many  eorponte  ccboolt  bavc  arisen,  komiv  of  tlicm,  likv  Clifton, 
Chelienbam,  and  Marlborough  Colleges,  doing  excellent  educational 
work,  tbougb  sa  regards  all  of  them  the  public  bavc  do  rights,  and 
can  not  enforce  guarantees  for  efficiency.  A  return  just  issned,  on  the 
motion  of  Sir  John  Lubbock,  shows  a  lamentable  deficiency  in  science- 
teaching  in  a  great  proportion  of  the  endowed  kcIiodIh.  Whilv  twelve 
to  rixt«en  hours  per  week  are  devoted  to  clawies,  two  to  three  bonra 
arc  confidercd  ample  for  tieience  in  a  large  proportion  of  the  eebo^g. 
Id  Scotland  there  are  otdy  six  schools  in  the  return  wbicb  give  more 
than  two  honm  to  science  weekly,  while  in  many  scbools  its  leaching 
is  wholly  omitted.  Every  other  part  of  the  kingdom  stands  in  a  het- 
tcr  position  tban  Scotland  in  relation  to  tlic  tolenoe  of  its  endowed 
schools.  Tbe  old  traditions  of  education  stick  as  Brmly  to  eohoolaaa 
a  limjM-t  do<-«  to  a  rook  ;  though  I  do  tbe  limpet  injustice,  for  it  doea 
make  excun<ionii  to  seek  pastures  new.  Are  we  to  giro  np  in  despair 
becanse  an  vxclunive  aytitem  of  classical  education  bus  resinted  the  as- 
saults of  such  cultivated  authors  as  Milton,  Montaigne,  Cowley,  and 
Loeke?  I'here  was  once  an  enlightened  Emperor  of  China,  Cbi 
Hwangli,  who  know  that  hi«  country  was  kept  back  by  its  oxclnsivc 
derotion  to  tlio  classics  of  Confucius  and  Mencins.  He  invited  five 
hnadred  of  tbe  tcaehera  to  bring  their  copies  of  thexo  authoni  to  Po- 
king, and,  after  giving  a  great  banquet  in  Ihelr  honor,  he  buried  idive 
the  professors  along  with  their  manuscriptii  in  a  deep  pit.  But  Con- 
fucius and  Mencius  still  reign  supreme.  I  advocate  milder  meaauree, 
and  depend  for  their  adoption  on  the  force  of  public  opinion.  The 
needs  of  modern  life  will  force  schools  to  adapt  ihemselvca  to  a  scicn- 


I 
I 


THE  POPULAR  SCIENCE  MOXTHLT. 

ij  he  EpKializcd  in  ordn-  to  coltivato  tlic  power*  of  the  tnas  ' 
lint  extent,    Sh*l!C!(p<':irc'«  Mtticalional  fonuala  may  oot  be  alto- 
gctbcT  true,  Iwt  it  contains  a  broad  basis  of  tmtb  : 

**  Ko  profit  gooi,  where  is  no  jAtamn  ta'M ; 
Id  bnat,  dr,  ftail;  what  70a  most  afllMk'' 

Tbe  comparatiTo  failure  of  tbe  modem  aide  of  aebool  edocation 

rilca  tnta  cousliluling  it  out  of  tbe  boyi  who  arc  looked  upon  ta 

iluucal  aasea.     MihoD  pointed  out  tbat  in  all  ncbools  there  are  boys 

I  wbom  tbe  dead  languages  are  "  like  thonia  and  tbistic*,"  which  form 

poor  nouriBhiiient  even  for  auea.     If  teachers  looked  upon  then 

classical  asses  as  beings  who  might  receive  mftnlal  nurture  acoordiog 

to  tbcirnature.  much  higher  raiulta  would  follow  the  bifurcation  of 

oar  sclioola.    8aul  went  out  to  look  for  asses,  and  be  found  a  kingdom. 

Sorely  this  fact  ii  more  eDCoaragiog  than  the  example  of  Gideon,  who 

^■"  took  ihoruB  of  the  wildemees  tod  brier*,  and  with  the*o  he  taught 

^Kbe  men  of  Suvcoik"  *   The  adaptation  of  public  icbools  to  a  acicotific 

^nge  does  not  inToIve  a  contest  an  to  whether  science  or  classics  shall 

^^rcxail,  for  both  are  indispensable  to  true  education.     The  real  ques- 

tioB  is  whether  schools  will  nndertake  the  dnty  of  molding  the  miods 

of  boys  according  to  their  mental  varieties.    Classica,  from  their 

structural  perfection  and  power  of  awakening  dormant  faculties,  have 

claims  to  precedence  in  education,  but  they  have  none  to  a  practical 

monopoly.     It  is  by  claiming  the  latter  that  tvachors  sacnfico  mental 

I      receptivity  to  a  Procrustean  uniformity. 

^B  Tbe  universities  are  changing  their  traditions  more  rapidly  tlian 
^'ibe  schools.  The  via  antiqua  which  lends  to  them  is  still  broad, 
though  a  via  mo<l«ma,  with  brauching  avenncs,  is  also  open  to  their 
honors  and  emolument*.  Physical  science,  which  was  once  neglected, 
is  DOW  encouraged  at  the  univcKities.  As  to  the  seventy  per  cent  of 
bojs  who  leave  schools  for  life-work  without  going  through  the  anl* 
verfittes,  are  there  no  growing  signs  of  discontent  which  most  force 
a  change?  Tbo  civil  ecrrice,  the  learned  professions,  as  well  as  tbe 
army  and  navy,  are  now  barred  by  eiaminatlons.  Do  the  boys  of  our 
public  schools  easily  leap  over  the  bars,  although  some  of  tliem  have 
lately  been  lowered  so  as  to  suit  the  schools  ?  60  ditEcult  arc  these  ban 
to  scholarK  that  crammers  take  them  in  hand  before  they  attempt  tbe 
leap  ;  and  this  occurs  in  spite  of  the  large  value  attached  to  the  dead 
languages  and  tbo  small  value  placed  on  modem  subjects.  Tbtia,  in 
tbe  Indian  Civil-Ser^'icc  examinations,  800  marks  as  a  mozimnm  are 
assigned  lo  I^iin,  COO  lo  Greek,  50()to  chemistry,  and  300  to  each  of 
the  other  physical  scicncea.  But,  if  we  take  tbe  average  working  of 
tbe  system  for  the  last  four  years,  we  find  that,  while  ftixty>eighi  per 
cent  of  the  maximum  were  given  to  candidates  in  Greek  and  I^Un, 
only  forty-five  per  cent  were  accorded  to  candidates  in  chemistry, 

*  Judges  riii,  It. 


♦« 


THE  POPULAR  SCISXCE  MOXTHLT. 


It  \*  tiot  tboHe  wbo  desire  to  anite  literatnro  with  ficieQc«  vlw 
griule  education  ;  the  degrwJatioD  is  Uio  oonse^nence  of  the  refi 
A  violent  reaction— too  rtoleot  to  b«  vriw— lia*  lauly  takto  plM 
ag&inst  cIamJcix]  «<Iaeatiou  la  Franco,  wboro  tlimrowu  vonuunilar  uoo- 
pie«  th«  poaiuon  of  dead  Iwigutgoii,  wliilo  Latin  and  aoioiico  arc  ginn 
tlio  MUDO  time  in  tliu  cnrrictiliim.  In  lOnjilnnd  man u fact urera  crj  est 
for  tochnical  education,  iu  nliicb  classicul  culture  abaU  b«  exciadML 
In  the  sidiooU  of  the  middle  clastes  soience  rather  Uuui  teofauia  b 
needed,  becanso,  whcu  lh«  n?«da  of  i«ii>Dce  are  eown,  twhaici  u  Itt 
fruit  will  appear  nl  ll>eiip|)otntvd  tinto.  Kpictelua  waa  viao  wbnibi 
told  ns  to  obaerve  ibat,  tliougli  iihc-i'p  vat  gra«,  it  la  not  graw  bw 
wool  that  grow*  on  ttieir  backs.  Should,  liovevrr,  onr  giaranuw- 
•choola  pcraiat  in  ibeir  refueal  to  adapt  tfaemselree  to  the  oeeda  ol  a 
,  acientifla  age,  Kngbwd  must  follow  the  example  of  oilier  Europe** 
nationa  and  foand  new  modem  schools  io  comptiilioH  witb  tbcm.  Kot, 
08  Htixlcy  boa  put  it,  we  can  not  oonlinae  in  tfala  ago  "  of  full  moJcfa 
artillery  to  turn  out  our  boya  to  do  battle  in  it,  equipped  only  vilh 
tbe  sword  and  aliicld  of  an  ancient  gladiator."  In  a  acientific  vcA 
keenly  competitive  age,  an  cicchiuve  education  in  tbe  dead  langnagt* 
taa  por])l«xtiig  anomaly,  'llie  flowers  of  literature  eliould  be  caltl- 
rated  and  gathered,  though  it  ia  not  wise  to  Bond  men  into  our  fltldl 
of  iuduBtry  to  gather  tbe  harvest  when  they  have  been  taught  onlj 
to  cull  the  poppicB  and  to  poah  aside  the  wheal. 

IV.  SaEKCB  AKD  THK  UsivBi«tTi»a. — The  Mate  has  alwava  frtl 
bound  to  alter  and  improre  nnivrrsitiw,  even  when  their  endowment* 
arc  Ko  largo  ns  to  rcniicr  it  unnecessary  to  support  tbcm  by  pubUa 
fiu»da.  When  universitieA  are  poor,  Parliament  givefl  aid  to  then 
from  imperial  taxation.  In  this  eonntry  that  aid  has  been  given  with 
a  very  sparing  band.  Thus  the  univeraities  and  collcgea  of  Ireland 
have  received  about  £30,000  annually,  and  the  same  sum  has  beei 
granted  to  the  four  univerKities  of  Scotland.  Compared  with  imperial 
aid  to  foreign  uoiveraitica  auch  aums  are  small  A  ainglir  German 
unirerelty  like  Siraaburg  or  Leipsic  receives  above  ;e40,000  annually, 
or  £10,000  more  than  the  whole  coUegoH  of  Ireland  or  of  Scotland, 
!Slra.-<burg,  for  instance,  has  had  her  nntvenity  and  ila  library  rebuil 
at  a  cost  of  X7Il,000,and  receive*  an  annual  KuhMription  of  ^13,(100, 
In  rebuilding  the  University  of  Rtrofiburg  eight  laboratories  bavo 
provided,  ro  ss  to  equip  it  fully  with  tbe  modern  nsiuir^mcRta 
leaHiing  and  roseareb.*  Pruimift,  the  most  economical  nntioiiln 
world,  upends  X391,O00  yeariy  out  of  taxation  on  her  tmiveraities. 

The  recent  action  of  Fnuwe  is  still  more  remarkable.    After 


fol 

tlM 


FnuKO-Giinium  War  the  Institute  of  Franco  diacuaaed  the  imporlas 

"  The  rM(  of  tb«M  UbomortH  Im*  b*en  u  foUmtf :  Cbnnlwl  butllMa,  £39,000 
rh;i>(alIii»tIluie,XiS,000:  Bounlcsl  IdkIimIo,  £M,O00;  OtucrralorT,  flO.MO  g  Anak 
on7,JHS,00O;  CUaloalSargcrr,  <Sl>,iWO;  It^ologlMl  Cbtaltu?,  £lfl.00O|  Phrdolod 


48 


THE  POPULAR  SCIENCE  MOSTBLY. 


Tbe  wealtliy  CiuTersitiea  of  Oxford  aod  Cani)>ri<Ig<;  nrv  grad 
eonslTQcling  Uboratories  for  science.  The  niercttant  ])riDcva  of 
Chester  have  etiuipped  their  new  Victom  Uniirenity  with  aimilar  labo* 
ratories.  Edinburgh  aod  Glasgow  UniTerritiee  have  also  done  h^ 
paitly  at  the  cwtt  »f  Gofcnnicnt  and  largclj  by  private  sabscriptioDS. 
Tbe  poorer  Universttiea  of  Aberdeen  and  St  Andrews  are  still  ineffi- 
ciently provided  with  tbe  modern  appliancea  for  teaching  soicnoc^ 

London  baa  one  small  Govemmeot  college  and  two  chartered  col 
logos,  but  is  wholly  dctlitato  of  a  tc^achin^  uuiroreity.    It  would  exoii 
great  D»Uini»huicnt  at  tbe  Trc-n^iirj'  if  wc  were  to  make  the  modect' 
request  that  the  great  metropolia,  with  a  popnlatton  of  four  million, 
should  be  put  inlo  as  efficient  academical  position  as  the  town  of 
Strssburg,  with  104,000  ioliabitaots,  by  receiving,  as  that  town  doM, 
£48,000  annually  for  academic  iDstructioD  and  £'00,000  for  ouiTersity 
buildings.     Still,  the  amaxing  anomaly  that  London  has  no  teacluDg. 
uiiiTcnily  roust  ere  long  ceaae. 

It  is  a  comforting  fact  that,  in  iipite  of  the  indtfferetice  of  Parlia- 
ment, tbe  largo  towns  of  tbe  iuiigdom  are  showing  ibeir  sense  of  ths 
need  of  higher  education.  Uanchester  has  already  its  aniTernty. 
Nottingham,  Birmingham,  Leeds,  and  Bristol  have  colleges  more  or 
cumplutc  Liverpool  converts  a  distieod  lunatic  asylum  Into  a 
for  »aiie  ]>cople.  CardifT  rente  an  infirmary  for  a  collegiate  building. 
Dundee,  by  private  benefaction,  rears  a  Baxter  College  witb  larger 
ambitions.  All  these  are  healthy  aigns  that  the  public  are  determined 
bo  have  advanced  science-teaching,  but  tbe  resources  of  the  institutiOH 
An  altogether  inailcqiiato  to  the  Cnd  in  view.  Even  in  the  few  casn 
where  tbe  laboratories  are  eflicient  for  teaching  purjioses,  tbey  arc  in* 
efficient  as  laboratories  for  research.  Under  these  circomalances  tbe 
Royal  Commitnion  on  Science  advocates  special  Government  Uboi%- 
tories  for  reitearch.  Such  laboratories,  eupportcil  by  public  money, 
are  as  legitimate  subjects  for  expenditure  as  galleries  for  pictures  or 
sculpture  ;  but  I  think  that  they  would  not  be  successful,  and  would  ■ 
injure  science  if  they  failed.  It  would  be  safer  in  the  mean  time  if 
tbe  state  AMistcd  universities  or  well-establiBbed  colleges  to  found 
laboratories  of  rescaroh  under  their  own  care.  Even  such  a  proposal 
shocks  our  Chancellor  of  the  Exchequer,  who  tells  us  tliat  this  country 
is  burdened  with  public  debt,  and  has  ironclads  to  build  and  araenali 
to  priivide.  KevertbelcBs  our  wealth  is  proportionally  much  greater 
than  that  of  foreign  states  which  arc  competing  with  so  much  vigor 
in  tbe  promotion  of  higher  education.  They  deem  such  expendituro 
to  be  true  economy,  and  do  not  allow  their  huge  standing  armies  to  bo 
an  apology  for  keeping  their  people  backward  in  the  march  of  knowl- 
edge. France,  which  in  the  last  teu  years  has  been  spending  a  million 
annaally  on  university  education,  had  a  war  indemnity  to  pay,  and  com- 
petes Buccc«sfnlly  with  this  country  lu  troncla4lfl.  Either  all  foreign 
states  are  strangely  deceived  in  their  belief  that  the  competition  of 


I 


I 

I 


50  THS  POPULAR  SCIENCE  MOXTtTir. 

for  I'lato  and  Amtotlo  taught  and  pliilowtphiz^d.  If  you  do  not  make 
tlic  invcstigiitor  n  sclioolmiUU-r,  lu  Dallon  was,  and  as  practically 
our  profvKKors  are  al  tbe  preeent  time,  with  the  doty  of  teachinfi;  all 
braocbefl  of  their  sciences,  th«  more  eUmentarT  truths  as  veil  a«  ibc 
lighest  general ixatioRB  being  comprcaaed  into  a  course,  it  is  well  that 
tbtj  ahonld  bo  brought  into  contact  with  the  world  in  which  they  live, 
BO  aa  to  know  iU  wnnta  and  aiipiralions.  Tbvy  could  then  quit-ken  ihe 
pr^iant  miiidH  around  tliem,  and  extend  to  oibcrr*  their  own  power 
isid  love  of  n!*varcb.     Qo«tbe  had  a  tine  pt-rception  of  this  when  be 

wrote: 

"  W«r  in  d«  Wdtgwwhichta  Icbl, 
Wer  in  die  ZeitoD  tcliaut,  uod  vlrcbt, 
Knr  iet  Ul  wcrCh,  za  ^jiroohoD  ond  xu  dicbten." 

Otir  anirerBitiee  are  Ktill  far  from  the  attainment  of  a  proper  com- 
tnnation  of  their  rceonrces  between  leaching  and  re«earob.  Even  Ox- 
'onl  and  Cambridge:,  which  have  done  no  much  in  reoenl  years  in  the 
equipment  of  laboratotiea  and  in  adding  to  tlidr  scicnttfi<;  i>(aff.  an 
Blill  far  behind  a  second-elses  German  university.  'I'he  profeKnional 
faculties  of  the  English  univetajties  are  growing,  and  will  diffnse  a 
greater  ta»to  for  seicneo  among  their  studenid,  though  they  may  ab«orh 
the  time  of  tlw  limited  profi-wooriutv  m>  as  to  prc»eiit  it  advancing  tbc 
boundaries  of  knowledge.  Professional  faeultica  are  absolutely  osacii' 
tial  to  the  ezislenee  of  oniversities  in  poor  countries  like  Scotland  and 
Ireland.  This  baa  been  tbe  case  from  Ihe  early  days  of  the  Bologna 
Cniversity  up  to  the  preiicnt  time.  Originally  universitioii  arose  not 
by  mere  bulla  of  pope*,  but  as  a  respouBG  to  tbc  elrong  dcoire  of  tbe 
profcwional  classes  lo  dignify  their  crafta  by  real  knowledge.  If  tfamr 
education  bad  been  limited  to  mere  tecb»ii.-a]  seliools,  like  the  JktedicJil 
School  of  Salerno,  which  flonrisbcd  in  the  eleventh  century,  length 
but  not  breadth  would  have  been  given  to  education.  So  tbe  nnirer* 
aitiea  wisely  joined  culture  to  the  prafositional  seicncca.  Poor  countries 
like  Scotland  and  Ireland  must  have  llicir  ncademie  nyiiti-nia  based  on 
the  piofcsgional  faculties,  although  wealthy  universities  like  Oxford 
and  C^imbridge  may  continue  to  have  them  as  mere  supplemcnis  to  a 
more  general  educAtion.  A  greater  liberality  of  support  on  tbe  put 
of  the  state  in  tbe  efit.ibliiihmetit  of  rliaira  of  science,  for  the  sake  of 
ficience  and  not  merely  for  the  tea<'hing  of  the  profesKions,  wotdd  enable 
tbe  poorer  uniTerritie*  to  take  their  part  in  tbe  advancement  of  knowl- 
edge. 

I  have  already  alluded  to  the  foundation  of  new  colleges  in  dilTer- 
eot  parts  of  the  kingdom.  Owens  College  has  worthily  developed  into 
the  Victoria  University.  Formerly  she  depended  for  degrees  on  the 
Unirersity  of  London.  No  longer  will  she  be  like  a  moon  reflecting 
cold  and  sickly  rays  from  a  dUiant  luminary,  for  tn  future  ehe  will  b« 
a  BUD,  a  center  of  intelligence,  warming  and  illuminating  the  rogiona 
around  her.    Tbe  other  colleges  which  have  formed  tbemselros  in 


i 


Tff£  POFULAIt  SCIBNCB  UOSTBLY. 


globular  room.  Tfa«  window  U  so  contriTeil  tUnt  it  cmn  br'  made  i 
or  Urg«,  as  the  light  is  otrong  or  fcvblu.  From  the  w&ll  in  the 
upon  wbich  the  picture  la  made,  «  iicrve  canies  iJie  iinpresaion  back- 


1 

ire-™ 


no.  1. 

ward  to  the  brain,  and  by  means  of  that  impniwion  we  pcrcHv©.  This 
ia  the  mystery,  bow  tb«  braJii  get*  its  tmprcMiioii ;  not  how  tbo  eye 
gets  ita  image. 

In  tb«  present  article  I  shall  not  describe  the  Btructare  and  fon 
tions  of  the  eye,  except  to  show  how  human  ingenuity  baa  contri' 
an  instmment  almost  exactly  rcttembling  it,  and  ca[>ablu  is  some  ro-' 
•peoU  of  doing  far  more  wonderful  work.  Man  hw  invented  id  reality 
an  Mtifioial  eye  which  hgch  fartlier,  with  infinitely  greater  diminctneM, 
and  in  a  very  much  oborter  space  of  time,  nearly  everything  which  lie* 
before  it.  Almost  every  particular  in  the  structure  of  the  human 
Dinst  be  imitated  by  this  instrument.  Wlu'n  in  its  moet  perfect 
dition  it«  work  ia  quite  iw  woiidcrfnl  a*  the  eye  of  an  animal. 

In  the  first  place,  we  must  have  a  perfectly  dark  box,  aay  about 
foot  high,  a  foot  widc^  and  about  eighteen  inches  long,    l^is  b  t1 
dark  chamber,  and  oorreaponde  to  the  eyeball.    In  one  end  ia  an 
ing  in  which  is  inserted  a  peculiar  arrangement  of  optical  gl 
Th«ae  will  correspond  to  that  part  of  the  boman  eye  which  is 
the  crystal  tine  leniL 

^tiiat  is  this  ?   Jnst  in  front  of  tlie  nuin  body  of  the  eyeball,  bchini 
the  curt^u  which  we  see,  is  a  traoBparent,  drcular  and  flattened  body, 
tbioker  in  the  middle  and  thinner  at  it«  edges,  the  exact  shape  of 


TWO    WOXDHRFUL  IXSmUitS.VTS. 


S3 


brnhg^gbM.  It  ii  bold  in  Jta  i>4»]tion  liy  a  very  delicalu  oiciubnnB 
MA  nupcDdB  it  in  Ju  pbc«  in  front  luid  IxiltiDd,  If  ii  wvn  u«t  for 
tUi  rrmuitioe  lens  of  the  «ye,  we  abould  bo  abln  only  lo  bars  on  in- 
diiliKt  impNMion  of  liffht.  'Jlib  lens  enahitu  an  lo  »m>  iliti  ronn*  of 
itm«  -  ilfdBiii];  ihvtn  in  tb«  «ino  rainno-  «s  Ike  luna  of  apeffUchM, 
•  niiM  of  the  l«l«acop«  or  opers-i;lM8.  Now,  in  tb«  nrtiliinni  vf 
fluohira  ST'  '         '  wernQBt  pUoe,  in  tbe  from  r>u-(,f{bM  li 

Utoa|{hwUi<  >  or  viviv  cftD  pouw  into  its  inWhor. 


'hi^n 


iT,  incnUnii  Jr.  ihcopUeMrtslMdlliitWttebMlli. 

b  Ike  bnman  oyo  tbo  entire  inner  surfaco  of  tbe  eyeball  is  oorcred 
*itbabn><imi»h-l>1(u'k  mcntbnine  called  the  choroid  cont.  \\»  u*tc  in 
tlllvTb  light  whii-li  reaches  it  and  lo  prevent  reflectioos,  Nov,  in 
nrirukinl  inttlation,  ««  mnst  oorer  the  entire  interior  of  tbe  box 
«ii^  black  (Mint,  00  ba  to  absorb  every  niy  of  ligbt,  except  that  for 
vUsh  m  have  a  use. 

U  tlic  I>ack  part  of  tlio  hnnian  eye  ii«  tlio  termination  of  the  optie 
t«Ti>  ndUol  th<>  nitina.  It  is  that  part  of  the  eye  which  is  especially 
bHlirD  to  light;  it  receives  the  raya  entering;  tbrongh  the  front 
*Uow,  forau  a  picture  of  ibe  scene,  and  oommaoicatc*  tbe  imprm- 
«n  Uinitigb  the  fiben  of  iho  optie  nerve  to  the  brdn  behind  it.  How 
n  <Im«  this  wo  do  not  know.  It  1*  certain,  however,  that  an  exact 
pinuw  of  anything  we  mo  I«  created  npon  tJiie  membnne  in  the  back 
pui  of  ibo  eyeball. 

Doubtlnw  tbe  rrader  tisa  already  guened  the  name  of  thi-  artificial 

'iTroiinn  I  have  been  describing — tbe  photographic  camera.     Hot 

.  ill  lake  tbe  place  of  tbe  nerve  or  rvtina  of  the  eye?    What 

r  ihf  TnyBlerioiii"  eeUfi  of  jrmy  matter  in  the  brain, 

tin  thi!  vixuid  inipr<*sions?    After  all,  ihia  is  the 

"i^l  rtallf  wonderfal  part  of  either  instrDio«B& 


THS  POPULAS  8CISNCS  MONTBLT. 


In  Tno<lcm  plintogmpliy  tJiat  wliii:li  aDNWcn  to  tli»  rotiiu  of  lb*  I 
«;-e  a  eaWvA  a  -'iti-iiaiiiv<<  plittv."  It  is  n  small  plAte  of  glaa»,oeildl 
with  a  chemical  solution,  bo  Rensitive  to  light  that  it  dark«na  tba  no- 1 
HK'Dt  it  \i^  fzposMl  to  the  faini«Bt  ray  of  euoli^ht.  Let  as  take  one  til 
tiiVMf!  plati'H  uiid,  with  duo  precautions,  carcfutly  put  it  in  th«  oaaual 
exactly  whi'ixi  in  th«  human  vyu  the  retina  iaMtuatod.  Tlu)  couuta,] 
or  dark  chamber,  ia  oovercd  in  front  ezaotly  aa  though  the  eye  wenJ 
oloeod  ;  not  a  ray  of  light  under  any  oircumstaooea  is  y«t  permitted  to] 
Qnt«r  it.  I 

Kow  ooDiM  the  iDyet«rious  part  of  its  execution.  Let  na  soppoMJ 
that  a  man  blindfoldMl,  and  tins  artificial  oyo,  t  photographio  canitru 
are  aet  dowu  in  the  open  air  in  the  bright  stinHhine  before  iho  soant  OH 
»ome  f^at  ceremony— a  prooeaaion  of  a  ihoutiand  persons,  the  moiring 
paiiommn  of  a  city  street,  or  a  wide  extent  of  tandscape.  8Q]>paiii 
that,  the  bandage  being  remoTed,  the  man  wore  iniitrticted  instaataDH 
onsly  to  open  and  shut  his  eyes  as  quickly  as  possible,  and  then  la 
describe  what  ho  had  seen  in  tJiat  twinkling  of  an  oyt.  What  woulfl 
he  the  rvfiult  ?  I 

Try  (he  experiment  yourself.  Go  to  the  window,  with  your  eyed 
«lo«cd.  0]>L>n  and  shut  them  jnst  aa  qnickly  as  possible,  and  then  trn 
to  deacribe  what  you  have  seen  in  that  time.  It  will  l>e  very  IlltlM 
beddestbat  which  yon  ntnem)M-r  from  previous  familiarity  with  lb] 
aoene.  For  the  ta<y»i  put  there  will  be  notlting  beyond  ■  confiMdJ 
idea  of  light  and  ^bade.  The  time  of  thin  momentary  vitiian  will  \M 
too  short  to  enable  the  human  retina  to  perceive  or  the  hnman  IxiJal 
to  register  any  definite  impression  of  anything.  I 

How  is  it  with  the  photographic  camera  and  losa,  our  aniflcilll 
eye?  We  will  itnppose  that  everything  is  in  rc4Klinea«,  that  its  rctiatl 
or  sensitive  plate  \»  in  perfect  condition,  and  ttial  not  a  ny  nf  ligbtl 
has  yet  entered  within  the  darkened  chamber.  Instead  nf  bving  "tWl 
twinkling  of  an  eye,"  we  shall  arrange  so  that  the  time  elapsing  boJ 
Iweon  the  opening  and  closing  of  the  artificial  eyelid  aball  bu  iMstlml 
ono  tenth  of  a  second,  or  far  less  than  the  time  noooaaary  for  nur  a^llJ 
to  open  and  almt.  It  )ih.tll  be  as  nearly  "  Instantaneona  "  u  poaaibkl 
Everything  is  ready,  Cliekt  It  has  opened  and  abut.  What  hai  IH 
aeen  in  that  little  instant  of  time  ?  1 

If  anything  is  in  motion,  it  has  been  perceived  in  that  fragment  oCi 
a  second  an  if  tnodontem.    Men  walking  along  the  Mrwit  aix'  i 
with  uplifted  fwit.     A  trotting-horse  may  bo  eatight  with  all  oi 
legs  in  the  air,  viewed  just  at  the  moment  when  he  was  clear  of  IM 
ground.     A  man  leaping  with  n  high  i>ole  may  bo  pictured  in  !  :  '   '" 
prwiitcly  in  the  position  in  which  he  appears  at  the  highest 
Motion  ii<>i>ms  rest.  ■ 

But  this  is  not  the  most  wondorfol  of  Its  powers.  Far  lieyond  llM 
keeneHt  of  human  vERlon  ia  its  range  of  sight.  If  the  light  is  goo^i 
tiu  0en»'nive  piate  of  ghua  will  bare  recorded  and  disceniad  k  llMWJ 


ki^h.     I  can  we  tevea  R(NIM9HQgii  or  UikIu.    TIhi  sveuao 
wiih  ibade-lreea  on  either  side.    The  street  ja  filled  witli  a 
(ADontroa.     So  ex<|uiaitel;  fioe  are  all  tbe  details  tbal,  lo  bring 
It,  1  must  a»o  a  email  liaii<l-ntion»cope.     Hourly  fifty  vehioki* 
f  kind  u«  Id  oigblr  all  in  jioaitioii  of  arrxwlcd  nioUoB.    A  block 
aa  omoibus  U  ap{>roaohing ;  tli«  very  foot-t>o«rd  olait  upon 
I  tKuaenger  reet«  his  fe«t  I  can  count  with  my  niicTOtc<»po,    Tho 
ki  aro  crowded  with  every  variety  of  ParUiao  ooatumea.    Meor 
luildiiT  touohing  his  hat  to  hia  nnperior  oflieer  a*  bo  passw  him, 
w  block*  away  T  can  se«  a  man  sweeping  the  street.    ISc-huol- 
id  cli-rlu,  iihop-girk  and  mccbftnics,  soldier?  and  street -sweepers, 
D<rD  of  li'iKufc  and  rambhng  travelers,  reprewnting  every  tjrpe 
iiiaD  lif(%  are  oil  hen.     It  ia  a  picture  of  a  Moment  of  Exiai- 
Tt^n  mlnates  later,  and  it  nay  ho  not  a  ainglo  pvnon  fioni  rop- 
i  will  be  walking;  or  riding  along  this  street,  yet  tho  tKeno  it- 
U  be  unchanged.     The  crowd  continnes  ;  the  atoms  change, 
re  b  anotbiT  Paris  view,  of  a  spot  infimtely  inlereeling  to  the 
in,  tho  Ptaco  d«  la  Concorde.     Almost  in  exact  range  we  see 
o  rciaiitaiiis  on  either  lidv  of  tbe  ObcUak  of  Luxor  ;  a  qnaner 
lile  beyond  is  the  Church  of  the  Uadeleine.     The  name  over- 
crowd of  human  activities  is  here  agaio  nnconscioualy  arrested 
plata  of  glass !     Tliere  rises  the  E)*yptiaD  Obelisk,  every  hiero- 
■  daar  a*  when  Grot  raised  in  K^j^pt  two  thousand  years  ago. 
human  invention  could  have  caused  lhii>  eyo  to  prc«cr\'0  for 
one  glance  of  tbe  awful  (ragcdics  which  have  been  enacted  on 
K  I     lu  place  of  tboso  romping  school-boya  or  laughing  mgfat- 
nci-  '1  on  tbiq  pliiiTc  au  eager,  hungry,  and  bloodthirety 

In, .  wo««.i  wb««»h,>  abeliak  poi^a.  to  heaven  oneo 


TBE  POPULAR  SCIBXCE  MONTH t.Y. 

mcr.    Fat  oat  in  infinite  Apace  are  stars  which  the  human  eye,  looUoj  [ 
tlirODgb  tlie  most  powerful  tvloaoope,  fwlM  to  loo  ;  tbvy  ore  beyond  \\m\ 
range.    Yet  ibiH  ftimplu  plate  of  gla*  cao  bm  thiiin.    It  ha«  n 
beyond  tUat  of  any  bumaa  retina  !     Dark  8]>acee,  once  r 
blank,  are  to^ay  known  to  be  fall  of  suns,  c4ch  perbapa  wtt  J 
vat  of  planvtM,  liltocl  it  may  bo  nritli  bctrigg  liki^  ountclTos. 

TIic  future  powibilitieit  of  ibiM  wonderful  inrcntioo  am  bevntxl  ood- 
coption.    It  may  be  tbat  for  eentttrlra  henee,  t>cforo  var  ctuiK.  ixiA\ 
dvitixation  (riumpba  in  peace,  ibo  iDstantaneoua  pbotographie  sp{)«»| 
liw  will  be  a  purl  of  i-veiy  army  equipment.    There  is  no  reason  wh 
a  great  battle  r^uld  not  b«  taken — aside,  perbap«,  from  lunoko-otiMkiJ 
rily — as  well  as  any  great  coneonrw  of  people.    Tfrday  il 
graphic  artist  is  content  to  cat4^  tlie  nwremenis  of  a  ra<:r-h<  i 
athlete,  or  the  panunroa  of  a  eity  crowd  ;  then,  perbaps,  oar  dii 
posterity  will  be  only  satisfied  with  the  instantaneous  recor?!  of 
iinportuni  events.     To-day,  history  is  made  np  of  conrii»i-<l  unl 
puted  statenicntM  ;  then,  it  may  bo  read  in  the  linng  picture*  of  i 
deeds  tbemselTes. 


A  FREE  COLONY  OP  LUNATICS. 

Br  UENBV  DE  VAKIGMT. 

TnE  celebrated  Belgian  colony  of  the  insane  at  Gbeel  has  iiot]i)D|| 
in  its  external  appearance  suggestive  of  the  ordinary  Innatio  ttj'X 
\ma  ;  its  inhabitants  give  no  snperficial  indications  that  a  large  ptxipipJ 
lion  or  ih(-in  arc  madmen. 

If  one  would  eonecivo  what  Ghc<-1  is,  be  most  Imagine  a  town  oi 
five  or  aix  tboumnd  souls,  in  no  way  different  from  other  towns  of  lik 
importance,  snrmanded  by  a  number  of  hamlets  containing  altogot 
perhaps,  abont  as  many  more  inhnbitanw.     Thcxe  people  haw 
from  a  very  remote  period,  in  tin*  babit  of  taking  insane  poraoM  < 
board  in  their  liousea^    Tlie  lunatics  live  in  constant  contact  vritli 
family  of  their  host.    They  share  in  their  labors  and  their  plea 
if  so  inclined  and  their  means  permit  it.     I'hey  come  and  go,  in 
enjoyment  of  an  almo«t  absolute  lilierly.     Tt  line,  however,  been  fo 
MOeasary  for  the  good  of  the  paticntx  and  of  the  scillcd  populatic 
to  organlxe  adminiittrntive  and  medical  acrvioes,  in  order  to  prevt 
dt&gerona  and  improper  persons  from  being  sent  to  the  colony,  i 
for  the  ciro  of  the  mental  and  physical  affections  of  the  padent 
for  scenring  to  them  proper  acoommodatton  ami  treatment ; 
infirmary  has  been  ratablisbed  for  those  who  need  medical  care. 
the  adroinifitration  makes  very  Utile  show.     The  whole  of  ihr  Gfai 
district  is  an  aaylam ;  eitd  the  streets  and  the  eurroanding  country 
l^/iromenade  of  tlic  lunattca. 


THE  POPULAR  SCiSUCS  MONTHLY. 


tlicm  up,  or  ID  some  other  way  ;  tliat  Uioy  abotitd  \>ny  for  aU  ilu^l 
oaosed  by  th«ir  patienu ;  and  that  lunatics  aliould  uol  fft  out  bolfl^ 
flx«d  hour  in  th«  moroiuj;,  sad  sboaJd  return  by  a  fixed  bout  la  th 
«v«BiDg.  Tbcy  w^rc  also  [troltibited  from  n«ing  firv,  •.•vtii  lit  Ii^ 
their  pipvo,  outside  the  bouM  of  (heir  nourricitr.  An  nriliiiamw  n 
ITtN)  dirwteil  tbe  police  to  take  prceautioDR  against  damagvR  hy  Ion 
tics  and  liy  misobioTOua  and  dangerous  animals.  Tlic  mcdiraJ  tftM 
was  instituted  in  1838.  llw  control  aud  admioiittration  of  tbo  qH 
passed  from  tlio  communal  oi^aniestion  to  tbc  state  under  til^M 
of  Jane,  I8G0 ;  and  in  tbe  next  year  tliey  were  placed  undtf^ 
special  direction  of  a  ooounUsion  whose  oorapooitioa  and  funotioi 
were  strictly  dcRncd.  In  1874  th«  communal  antbority  was  doprin 
of  irlint  tittle  port  in  the  iioRtinatioo  of  cwmbon  of  tbe  conunitiia 
bad  been  left  it  undvr  tbe  law  of  1851. 

The  present  system  dates  from  1S82.  it  coofidea  tbe  ini)<t<ftii] 
and  surveillance  of  tbe  pstienta  to  a  superior  comnisstou,  rousiati* 
of  tbe  governor  of  the  provinoe  or  his  delegate  and  a  number  of  n 
aponaible  local  officers.  To  this  oommissioo — *U  of  whom  except  on 
a  physician  appointed  by  tbe  Government,  are  e^effieio  raemlitn— J 
added  a  "wcrcliiry  n-cctvor,"  appototod  by  tho  Mini»ti.T  of  Judin 
who  U  tbe  real  exocutiro  officer  ordircclor.  TTio  8uiM.-riur  comini«o 
ia  charged  with  tbe  general  care  of  all  Uiat  eonoenia  the  patienlii.  I 
reports  yearly  on  the  refomu  which  Mom  to  it  lo  be  needed  ;  watchi 
that  all  the  regnlations  are  enforced ;  aod  keeps  tbe  list  of  ytnW 
anthori«?d  to  receive  patients.  It  ia  supplemented  by  a  pcratHiM 
committee,  at  tbe  head  uf  which  ia  tbe  burj^maeter,  vrhosu  boduj 
it  is  to  care  for  tb«  interests  of  tho  lunatics,  to  look  after  tha  W^| 
of  boarding  and  taking  care  of  them,  to  inject  their  l>onrdiug>p^| 
and  to  attend  generally  to  the  execution  of  the  regulations.  Tb^| 
also  a  lodging  eoinmittee,  whose  business  it  is  to  secure  places  rar|l 
tienta  whose  families,  or  the  local  boards  by  whom  they  are  sent,  hai 
not  already  provided  homes  for  tbom.  Fiirtbennorc,  tbe  adniinti4Q 
tion  includes  tbe  very  modest  but  very  important  guards  of  SM^M 
appointed  by  the  Minister  of  Justice,  who  are  broof;bi  into  na^H 
mediate  contact  with  tbe  patients  than  any  other  of  tbe  offioon.  tli 
bear  tbe  administrative  and  medical  orders  wborever  thoy  are  to  ||;l 
they  constantly  go  over  the  section  to  which  they  aro  attn^'liM,  vU 
ing  the  patient's  lodgings  at  any  limo,  and  in«i«ting  on  bis  room  bdl 
shown  to  tlictn  at  a  moment's  notice,  and  on  aceiog  the  patient  himM 
if  he  ia  at  bomei.  They  see  that  the  paticot  is  properly  ulothett,  i1h 
he  docs  not  work  too  much,  that  his  room  is  well  kept,  that  he  hi 
suitable  food  ;  they  n>|>ort  caeca  of  sickness,  help  take  l)ii>  sick  tt^ 
infirmary,  and  sec  that  the  medical  pr«acriptiona  are  reMpcoted.  ^| 
oIm  SCO  that  the  patients  are  at  home  at  tbe  appointed  hours,  and^| 
to  put  down  any  disorder  of  which  a  patient  may  be  tbo  oooasl^l 
the  object. 


Tff£  POPULAR  SCIENCE  MONTBIY. 


nnd  novrridtrs  of  tlic  commune,  is  then  consulted.     The  ArUo* 
are  those  wlio  tabo  lunatics  as  boftrJcn ;  tbe  nourridcn  (foei 
tbow  wbo  take  indifcent  iDsano.    Aa  a  nilo,  onob  K9U  or  novrrioUr 
expocl«d  to  tuke  only  one  patitnt ;  but  aiany  mcvptions  are 
and  a  liberal  construction  i»  indulgci]  in.     The  food  la  usually 
llie  tame  as  tliat  of  tbe  family  witii  whicli  Ibe  pMient  Iive«  | 
qaeotly,  the  comfort  of  ibo  latter  is  to  a  Urge  utont  dfpi-nil«nl 
tbe  pecuniary  condition  of  bis  host,  tliougb  tbk  prici<  bv  pay*  for 
tenanco  may  be  tbe  same.     In  tliis  point  tlie  oIom  asylums,  wbn« 
tablo-provision  is  uniform,  or  is  varied  ncoordlog  to  a  ays: 
bave  some  adTanla|^  over  Gbvel ;  but  tliU  adTantags  b 
more  than  offset  by  the  freedom  of  tkv  open  air  and  excrotso,  aal 
country  life  which  tbe  sojourner  at  (Tbcel  cujoya. 

1'he  air  cap«city,  tbo  fumisbiag;  the  cleanlinNa,  and  byptiiic 
dition  of  tbe  ]>at4VDt'B  lotlgings  are  carrfully  proTldi-d  for  id  tl>u 
lationit  and  secured  by  tbe  iiutpectiona-at-will  of  tlte  seotional 
Patients  able  to  p«y  a  larger  than  the  usual  price  can  wcurc  '[uart 
to  suit  ibem ;  then  tlie  administration,  being  informed  of  the  ttipiil 
tioDs  of  tbe  bargain  tbat  bas  b«eu  made  for  them,  see  that  th«y 
cairied  out.     The  board,  whether  of  the  at^tf-paying  or  of  the  indi, 
patients,  is  paid  through  tbe  permanent  committee.    'Die  price 
board  ia  fixed  anew  at  tbo  beginning  of  each  year.    It  is  not  absoliti 
uniform  for  any  class  of  patients,  but  is  subject  to  variation, 
to  the  particular  circnmslancM  that  may  exist. 

A  coiisidcrablo  responsibility  ia  tiinurrcd  by  tliosB  among 
lunatic  in  put  to  board,  and  in  many  instances  tbe  poeition  of 
gdardians  Is  no  sinecure.     Tbey  are  at  once  furnished  by  tbe  adi 
tration  with  a  register,  in  which  are  recorded  his  narav,  ago,  box, 
stale,  and  profession  ;  and  in  this  rrgiHtor  tlic  physician,  tnspeotor, 
gaard  of  the  section  bave  to  enter  tlicir  names  every  time  ibej 
tbe  patient,  with  sucb  notes  as  will  constitute  a  kind  of  history  of 
case  And  a  finanoinl  nccount-eurretiU 

Tlie  nourrMtr  liaa  to  answer  for  all  the  waxte  and  damage 
patient  may  commit,  and,  together  with  the  guard  of  tbe  si 
beld  reeponsible  if  be  escapes ;  and  be  ia  liable  to  punishment  la 
he  allows  himself  to  commit  any  act  of  violenoo  or  bnnUhip  n 
bis  ward.  Only  in  raH«  of  extreme  danger  from  a  raving  hitistic 
be  permitted,  in  M'lf-dcfense,  to  exercise  reMraint  upon  him.  1! 
physician  baa  the  sole  right  to  prescribe  ooerciTe  mewurctt.  Like 
other  intrtilutions  of  the  kind,  Gliecl  bas  passed  through  a  period  wh 
measnree  and  iniitrumeDts  of  coercion  were  freely  employed  ;  but  til 
are  disused  now,  here  as  elaewberc. 

ImUncc*  occsMonally  occur  where  the  attcDdanls  nse  force  towi 
tbe  insane,  hut  they  are  made  casae  for  diicipline.  It  is  to  Iw  ( 
sarTe<l,  with  reference  to  this  questlMi,  that  each  patient  at  tlticnl  t 
not  one  or  two  only,  but  Mveral  iboojuutd  persons  observing  hia. 


A  PBSB  COLONY  OF  LUNATICS.  fit 

tdoae  msyluni,  a  vety  hbuUI  nnmber  of  f^itardit  aix>  eufflcient,  with  the 

ad  of  the  high  walls  and  gratings,  to  watch  a  re lativoly  large  tiDmber 

rf  taaaae  :  bat  tbcro  tbv  pntii-ot  is  not  watched  by  any  oxe«pl  th« 

gnrlc.    While  cumvii  of  inaltroattncnt  arv  rarv,  they  ncverthdcK*  occur, 

Ud  hare  to  bo  brought  into  the  ooarls.     But  tbis  is  hardly  jiouible 

K  Qbeel ;  here  ia  a  wfaole  population  directly  or  remotely  inurtated 

a  teeing  tbat  the  patieots  are  well  treated.    Tbi-  nourricier  always 

fau  tivals  who  would  be  eager  to  take  adrantage  of  any  uaj>e  of  vio- 

thoMor  bratality  to  denounce  the  culprit  and  bare  bia  licenHu  wJtfa- 

'  bvn.    Every  inhabitant  of  tibcid  is  or  can  booone  acquainted  with 

ill  the  menibvn  of  tins  eolony  ;  he  knows  wber«  tbey  live,  and  under- 

wit  thn  phaseifl  of  their  various  affectiona,  and  ban  a  »yiiipattiy  for 

Aon.   Wbcre  else  could  be  found  bo  many  guarda  and  «o  well  traiued  ? 

Bm  the  tiomber  of  guards  of  section  ia  not  in  proportion  to  tho  Im- 

partaacfl  and  multiplicity  of  their  <tutic«,  and  it  «hoittd  be  increased. 

IWrmen  am  not  enough  to  attt^nd  U>  all  tbn  delail«  that  full  under 

4nr  npenriaion  ;  and  cases  may  occur,  a«  haa  aomctimea  happened, 

*kB  they  are  all  at  once  occupied,  or  abaeot,  on  special  duly. 

(hioe  placed  with  bis  novrrieier,  the  patient  enjoya  considerable 
Ebtrty.  If  he  ia  vvtttby,  or  io  easy  circumstance*,  he  does  what  he 
fhuM ;  he  may  read,  write,  araoke,  and  work,  according  to  bis  inclina- 
tioi ;  the  poorer  patient,  aUo,  if  be  does  not  carv  to  work,  may  pan 
luiimc  in  htM  own  way.  But.  except  when  an  indigent  patient  is  too 
lU  to  labor,  or  when  physical  tnlirmili«  forbid  his  cxercUing  any 
nnul  pfofeeaioo,  the  largo  majority  of  the  patictiiA  at  Ciltccl  are  em- 
pbfdd  in  some  way  or  another.  Work,  especially  field-work,  agmts 
viil  whh  the  insane.  It  gives  them  a  salutary  diversion.  In  a  purely 
flTiical  view,  it  has  always  tho  advantage  of  strengthening  their 
■ucia  and  promoting  an  energetic  circulation  of  tbo  blood  ;  bat  the 
ttneCt  in  this  ease  is  perhaps  more  moral  than  phyaicaL  Tbe  pn^Mn^ 
lita  of  patieflts  employed  at  Ubeel  varies  according  to  tlie  calvgorio* 
(f  their  affections,  but  may  be  aTeragcd  at  about  sevenly-two  percent, 
•d  li  nearly  equally  made  np  of  men  and  women.  According  to  an 
Miaate  furnished  by  Dr.  Pcttcn,  in  a  group  of  390  maniacs  arc  179 
an,  only  80  of  whom  are  idle  ;  tbe  rest  are  at  work  u  follow  :  25  at 
koQMkeeping,  110  in  agricnlture,  and  tbe  rest  aa  masons,  fishermen, 
kidHnakera,  draughtsmen,  carriers,  sboe-makeFS,  joiners,  or  tatlora. 
Aaong  the  idiota,  we  find  ll^S  employed,  64  unemployed ;  among  63 
ndaacholics,  44  engaged  in  HOmc  kind  of  work,  and  IB  not  so  engaged. 
Aew^erablc  number  of  profesKion:)  are  rejireaented  among  the  insane 
men,  and  ihwn;  who  desire  to  work  at  their  regular  business  can  do  so. 
Wiih  the  women,  while  the  nnmber  of  professions  is  amaikr,  tbp  num- 
Iht  who  are  occnpied  in  one  way  or  another  ia  more  con«iderable  than 
iM*g  tbe  men  ;  the  majority  of  them  assist  in  the  liounekeeping  or 
iitalda)t  MM  of  the  ohildmn  ;  many  work  in  tlie  fields ;  a  few  carry 
W  a  trade,  tace-making,  for  instance. 


6t 


TSS  POPULAR  SCIENCE  MONTH L 


theS 

nuke  fl| 


TIm  eapOkcity  to  do  profitablo  work  v«riM  amoni; 
olaMM  of  pntionw.  IdioU,  ncwrding  tg  Dr.  Pculvrx, 
laborers,  unless  th«ir  dbease  ia  too  far  advanced.  To  prvTi.-nt  a] 
it  U  RtipnUted  that  the  nourrieiet  ahall  not  decide  on  Iiih  iiwd  msfi 
bility  wlietlier  bia  patient  sball  work  or  not ;  lliat  i^  dtru-nnioui 
medical  ptrmimon  or  prcccriptioo.  Tbe  pAtienta  arc  apt  lo  won 
mueb.  Tbcy  bcoome  int4Tc«t«s]  Id  tbo  occiipatioQe  of  the  fanlt] 
follow  tkem  to  tbe  fields,  untcsa  Ihey  arc  prohibited  by  the  pbyi^ 
and  are  in  this  way  often  templed  to  do  the  full  day'a  work  of  a  a( 
man— eometimea,  poeaibly,  to  their  harm.  I'he  cotnpenaatiou  tU 
oeive  depeods,  of  cotinie,  upoo  the  work  they  do.  SonotliBwi 
receive  a  amall  anm  at  tbo  end  of  tbe  week  ;  Bomeiimes  they  ar« 
in  tobacco,  egg*,  beer,  or  arltolof  of  clolhing.  But  the  adtninliti) 
take*  care  that  they  get  aonietbing,  either  in  tbe  form  of  a  pij 
or  aa  regular  pay. 

'llie  reflations  of  internal  diaciptine  imposed  on  til*  |Mttial 
very  simple.  Tl»ey  caa  go  out  between  ei|iht  o'clock  in  tbe  mm 
and  four  o'clock  in  tbo  afternoon  in  tbo  winter,  aod  between  tii 
•ix  in  the  summer,  and  at  otb6r  bonra  by  special  i>orRiie«i<nt.  | 
quiet  patJenta  cati  reaort  to  tho  innn,  and  it  is  forbiddeo  to  giro  tjH 
oua  liquors  to  any  of  them.  If  tbe  patient  does  not  doairo  to  i 
be  can  indulge  bia  taste  for  reading  or  art ;  in  pleasant  weather  bj 
go  lo  Oheel  or  walk  in  tho  country,  alone  or  with  a  friend  ; 
not  allowed  to  travel  on  the  railroad  or  to  go  away. 

The  question  is  in  order  of  the  effect  of  tlii«  liberty  upon 
aonal  security  and  the  hciiltli  and  morality  of  the  poj)uUtioa  uf  Qj 

SgicidoB  are  very  rare ;  tliere  baa  been  only  one  since  ItfTB ;  i 
were  three  between  18TE>  and  1879,  and  others  in  18A0  and  1851.  i 
net  of  vloleooe  lioa  been  recorded  since  1(^8.     But  such  thinga  | 
oocnrrcd,  aa  when,  in  1B44,  tbe  burgonuwter,  who  was  also  a  drug 
was  assassinated  by  an  insane  herbalint,  wh»  irnnginrd  him  hia 
in  trade.     Dr.  Pcel«ni  can  recall  only  three  cases  of  criuo  in  a 
long  time.    Tho  iK-monal  security  of  the  lunatics  ia  aomettmea 
promised  by  tlio  dealers  selliug  tbem  liquors.    Tho  fact  ia  alwi 
grave  one,  for  It  impliee  a  deficieoey  in  the  snrvcillanoe.     We 
already  said  tliat  four  laniards  of  section  ore  not  enoagfa.    Mori 
needed,  to  watch  those  who  have  their  scnsca,  aa  well  as  tJioae 
have  lost  them.     In  this  way  only  can  aoroe  of  the  objcclionablo 
urea  inherent  In  the  mode  of  life  carried  out  at  Gbeul  bo  elimin 
Baeapee  are  by  no  mcaiu  rare.     Sixty-six  cases  occurred  in  lb 
years,  1870-1881,  or  an  average  *>f  about  nine  a  year.     Wlicnol 
patient  iK-traya  an  inclination  to  run  away,  instead  of  being  B»bj4 
to  measures  of  oocreion,  ho  is  usually  sent  to  a  close  aayloiiL     Ii 
fact  worthy  of  remark  that.  In  nine  easea  ont  of  ten,  altempU  at  t^ 
take  plai-e  on  Sunday.    This  is  uaqally  becaos*  iho  noitrriiriarti  d 
and  amuse  themselves  on  that  day,  and  loaie  their  patient  to  taka 


borU 


6t 


THE  POPULAR  SCJBXCB  MONTHLY. 


ia  very  limited.  In  fact,  the  Belf^ao  uyluros  Bend  tbeir  mcnrabli 
here  bo  far  aa  tbef  cao  ;  and  of  the  whole  number  of  patients  cared 
for,  M-vmty-eight  per  cvnl  arc  classed  as  iDcnrablc.  Tliv  Hj'Stom  Torkt 
UDfavorably  fvr  the  coluii)'  rvlntivelj  in  a  double  way — by  diminiib- 
ing  the  uuDtber  of  failures  to  cure  in  the  doee  asjiamt),  and  by  oone- 
apondin^ly  iucreasing  the  Dumb^^r  at  tihecL  Undoubtedly,  the  rtgimt 
ai  Gheol  it  favorable  even  to  incurables,  but  it  is  more  so  to  curalile 
cases,  and  it  is  to  be  regretted  that  the  colony  is  not  put  in  a  position 
to  make  B  more  obrions  proof  of  iL  The  proportion  of  <lc4ttfas  n 
raised  in  af^waranov  by  tlw  Maio  cause.  From  1860  to  1875,  the  pro- 
]>ortiou  of  deat.bn  vurit-d  from  five  to  ten  per  cent,  risinf;  to  the  latter 
figure  only  tvice.  Such  proportions  are  not,  however,  exaggerated, 
sod,  if  we  consider  the  hopeless  character  of  tlio  dii«a«e  of  tlic  majonty ' 
of  the  patieuis,  wc  nliiiU  find  tJiat  Gliovl,  if  it  can  not  heal  iucuraUos, 
kvfpH  them  in  life  and  health  for  many  years. 

I'lic  iiiMine  [KipuliitioR  has  rcci-ntly  iucreascd  very  fasL     Id  1 
there  were  717  patienta ;  in  IduS,  778 ;  in  1800, 1,035  ;  in  1872, 1,116 
in  1879,  1,3&S  ;  in  16BS,  1,06S.    The  incrcaso  is  partly  owing  to 
growing  willtngnesa  of  the  people  to  receive  palients,  and  partly  10 
the  improved  administrative  and  medicAl  eer^'ice,  which  luakesi  it  iiior« 
obviouK  that,  with  their  liberty,  perwns  sent  there  will  not  be 
for.    As  to  nationality,  most  of  the  patients  arc  Bdj^aM ;  after  w1 
come  Duiicli,  a  fi-w  Fri-n<-h,  and  fewer  Germans  and  English, 
the  case*  arc  some  who  have  paased  moHl  of  tbeir  lives  at  Ghocl.    Om 
is  recorded  as  having  died  after  a  residence  of  fifty  years;  anoi 
Msyed  there  fifty-two  years ;  and  residences  of  from  forty  to  fifi 
years  arc  not  rare. 

In  what  docs  thi»  family  treatment  consiat?     The  lunatic  is 
from  hilt  habitual  environment,  from  the  aociely  of  those  among  wb< 
he  fell  ill.     ITiey  exist  for  him  only  in  memory ;  they  are  not  tb< 
to  remind  him  continually  of  a  melancholy  subject,  and  to  keep  up 
current  of  ideas  in  which  ho  is  involved.     A  new  life  is  opened  befora' 
biin,  with  new  fnce^  in  a  new  country  ;  everything  is  a  vubjcct 
distraction  to  him  ;  and,  on  the  other  hand,  be  has  not  the  contin 
feeling  that  he  is  in  a  close  asylum,  with  a  door  he  can  not  pass  throi 
and  a  wall  over  which  he  can  not  look.     lie  is  not  in  perpetaal  coD-, 
tact  with  lunatics,  and  is  not  Hubjot-tcd  to  a  deprrsKing  influence.    I 
enjoys  the  privilege  of  physical  activity,  and  of  life  in  the  open  ai 
with  »ound-n)inded  people,  who  are  all  the  time  diverting  htm  froD 
his  preoccupations.     He  has  even  little  children  asking  him  to  amna 
them,  and  winning  his  attention,  in  spite  of  himwlf,  perhaps,  froi 
himself.    He  is  part  of  the  family  ;  they  become  attached  to  him,  aa 
he  becomes  attached  to  them.     No  one  laughs  at  him,  no  one  mock 
him,  he  is  never  tbe  object  of  any  kind  of  demonstration,  but  all  laU 
him  for  what  he  is,  an  innocent.    That  ia  the  family  treatment  a 
Olieel— isolation  witboat  solitude.  ^^ 


66 


THB  POPULAR   SCIENCE  MONTHLY. 


cacc  nnd  nuuiners  g(  %  mui  of  tbe  world,  of  fine  build  ftnd  well  ijiftlj 
He  paid  Uie  honon  of  tbe  hoDM  to  oa  witb  tbe  greatest  politenea*,  aos 
declared  that  be  was  well  satisfied,  to  be  at  tibeel,  saying,  "1  am  a 
tittle  deran^jed,  and  the  qaict  of  tbe  place  does  me  %  great  deal  of 
good."  He  had  not  tbe  toa«t  dMiro  in  tbe  world  to  go  away.  Uii 
wife  bad  been  tbere  a  ahort  time  before  to  take  him  to  the  aea-«bore 
for  a  tittle  white,  bat  be  would  not  go.  It  was  not  Hill  enough  tbcrc, 
and  the  life  of  the  world  woold  worry  bim. 

On  the  roitd  we  met  another  lunatic,  whose  monomania  was  to  go^ 
erory  day  to  the  railway -station  for  a  case  of  wise  that  be  was  expecl- 
ing.  It  bad  never  come,  bat  tbe  porter  woald  always  answer  bis  qoee- 
tioDS  hopefully,  and  he  would  go  away  satisfied,  to  repeal  his  errand 
tbe  next  day.     Walking  ia  one  of  the  man's  principal  diversions. 

We  next  visited  tJic  home  of  a  peanant  who  Itad  the  care  of  two 
indigent  insane  women.  One  of  ibem  was  utting  near  the  store, 
mucti  dcprcatsed,  and  silently  weeping.  The  children  of  her  hostcfi 
were  playing  at  her  feet,  while  the  mother  was  atteudiog  to  her  hom^ 
hold  duties.  The  other  woman  was  assisting  the  miatieM  of  the  booaa 
Going  oat,  wo  met  a  portly,  digntBed  gentleman,  who  imagined  him- 
avlf  to  be  a  gvnvrat.  He  vnteritl  into  coiivtnsUon  witb  U8.  "  Doni 
you  know,  Glieel  in  a  very  pleasant  place  P  There  ia  plenty  of  Kocicty 
here,  and  very  enjoyable.  Yea,  it  is  good  to  be  here.  The  ur  b  pore 
and  the  life  ia  qniet.  I  love  it ! "  Tliia  man  was  sent  here,  6«v 
years  ago,  alone  and  unattended.  The  story  goes  tltat  on  reacfaio] 
•omo  city  on  tbe  way,  the  police  asked  to  aec  his  papen.  Ilie  "gco* 
crat "  showed  tba  certifioato  of  iasaoity,  which  the  physician  who  sent 
him  to  Gbeel  had  given  him,  and  the  order  for  his  odmiaaion  to  the 
colony.  Tbe  gtnd''arTM'<ms  not  satisfied  witb  these  papers,  whicli 
did  not  correspond  with  bis  routine,  and  asked  for  others.  The  "gen- 
eral" answered,  with  dignity :  "I  am  mad ;  you  see  that  from  my 
papers.  Tboy  have  sent  mctoGbeel  \  let  mo  alone,  and  I  will  go  on  I" 
He  was  at  last  allowed  to  proceed.  He  looks  upon  Gbeel  as  a  town 
wbere  numbers  of  people  come  to  take  board  to  cttm  their  nerves,  and 
deetarea  that  the  idea  is  on  eicettent  one.  Farther  on  we  met  two 
Fvendi  Innatics.  One-,  from  Saint-Bricnc,  had  found  things  ao  oom- 
fortable  at  Ghoel,  that,  having  been  restored  to  his  family  after  get- 
ting better,  ho  became  disoon tented,  and  c.^me  back  alt  alone,  to  join 
tbe  colony  again.  Tbe  other  one  was  a  muaical  amateur  who  regu- 
larly attended  all  tbe  conceits,  llie  nest  case  was  a  little  woman 
about  forty  yean  old,  a  fluent  and  proper  conversationist,  who  lived 
in  coMNtant  expectation  of  her  lover,  who  was  to  marry  bcr  as  soon  aS 
be  came,  but  that  would  not  bo  till  a  railroad  was  built  direct  from 
bis  vilbge  to  Gheel.  She  seemed  to  bear  herself  very  eboorfnUy  ia 
her  waiting.    She  had  been  discarded  by  her  lover. 

We  next  saw  an  KngHsb  architect  and  water-color  painter,  wbc 
bad  been  ruined  by  American  whisky.    He  complained   of  beini 


\ 


\ 


icty  . 
pore  I 
etalfl 


68 


THE  POPULAR   SCTEXCi 


with  hu  hofltoss,  whom  be  accused  of  the  mo«t  abominftbU  ontragfi, 
Mooog  tbom  of  pouring  mclteil  lead  into  hi»  hciu] ;  while  the  woman 
lMt«ned  to  bis  vogviM  with  &  nniling  nnd  motherly  calmncM.  The 
poor  man  had  become  deranged  after  losing  his  wife,  about  ten  ytan 
before- 

The  houses  iu  which  these  patients  wero  domiciled  were  all,  ercti 
tbo  most  bumble  ones,  of  comfortAblo  capacity,  light,  airy,  cheerful, 
and  well  kepL  Our  gcnLTa!  imprcmon  was  that  in  nomo  caeea  larger 
or  b<:ttvt^ ventilated  rooms  might  be  deoired  for  the  indigent  patient^ 
bat  that  there  waa  a  general  tendency  toward  improvement ;  and  thit 
this  will  come  in  time,  by  the  force  of  cJrcumstaDoee,  without  its  be- 
ing neceeaary  to  make  special  new  regolatiooa.  The  clothing  of  the 
patieuM  appeared  sufficicot  and  suitable ;  and  t&cir  f<wd  was  evidently 
nothing  ebe  than  the  food  of  the  family.  It  would  be  exaggeration 
to  say  that  perfection  has  bi.'en  reached  at  Gheel,  or  that  tbo  medics) 
orgnnizatioD  and  Burvcillancc  are  all  that  they  should  be.  Criticum 
ia  not  out  of  place  there,  and  there  is  room  for  reform.  Tbat  rery 
great  improrementa  have  been  made  during  the  last  thirty  years  may 
be  attested  by  reviewing  the  debates  that  liavo  taken  place  in  the 
Belgian  Chambers,  since  1690,  conocraiDg  the  condition  of  the  colony. 
In  one  of  the  later  di»cnsiion«,  U.  Vleminokx  eatd — and  hia  remaib 
apply  to  the  present  condition  :  "  Can  any  one  mention  an  estahlieb- 
mcnt  tbatcombrnea  all  the  advantages  to  be  fonnd  at  GbeelF  Tliere 
ia  none  sucb,  aixl  there  can  not  be,  for  it  la  not  enough  to  say,  we 
will  go  somewhere  and  get  so  many  acres  nnd  establish  a  new  colony. 
No,  no^  more  is  needed  than  tlial.  To  make  a  colony  like  that  of . 
Gheel,  we  must  have  inhabitants  like  those  of  that  place,  who  will  not] 
object  to  living  a  family  life  with  lunatic*,  and  who  have 
tomed  themselves  to  sucb  a  life  from  generation  to  generation  fo 
hundred  a  of  years.** 

T>r.  Peetem,  who  is  thoroughly  acquainted  with  the  colony  and  ital 
Deeda,  dccslarc  that  no  fundamental  modifications  are  required, 
system  has  workwl  for  several  centuries  without  trouble  ;  and 
miunto  improvements!  arc  wanted  bore  and  there  in  tltc  machine  i 
whole.    Tbe  moxt  important  matter  is  to  increase   the  number  oM 
guards,  who  would  now  be  wholly  injxilTicient  in  case  of  any  i 
geney,     Tbe  medical  service  also  should  be  assured  a  safficient  i 
pensation  to  justify  the  doctors  in  giving  op  everything  else,  to  devot«1 
tbemselvcfi  wholly  to  their  dntie«  here, 

TTie  principle  that  rules  at  Ghocl  is  certainly  more  humane  tha 
any  that  prevail.t  in  close  asylum*,  but  it  is  applicable  only  to  parlica*! 
lar  forms  of  mental  alienation.    Provided  tbe  patients  to  lie  seiit  tbcr 
are  judiciously  aelccted,  the  poomble  inconveniences  and  abuses  of  i 
family  rfpime  are   a  small  matter  compttTcd  with    tbo  advanlag 
whtdi  tbo  lunatics  may  derive  from  it.    Possibly  some  of  the  existinj 
tittle  abuses  will  nerer^pilT  disappear ;  bnt  do  not  and  will  not  i 


7* 


THS  POPULAR   SCIENCE  XONTSZr. 


time  tn  nvnilini;  thRniKcIveaof  tboconBdeoro  wliioh  tha-  jjW 

benture  iaspired,  aud  SUttcA,  dtiea,  counties,  etc.,  were  su  dm 

onantiy  irith  obligationa  carnring  long  coopoo  attachments.  Uxovl 
for  f^vemment  and  municipal  ns«8,  there  noror  wb«  a  cnoro  d'lMstnij 
invcntioR.  It  hu  been  the  means  of  niimberlna  dercpi.toni,  and  hi 
inflicted  heavier  loium  U|M>n  thv  inriMing  pnblio  than  all  other  ilrHoJ 
combined.  Being  impplemcnlal  to  alock  certiticate»,  it  haa  duplkat4 
rcpreeeotatirei  of  tbe  aaroe  raluea  and  led  to  exceasire  taniea  of  psptfj 
it  faas  Beparated  oapitalifita  from  the  management  of  propertim  inf 
vhich  their  moneys  have  gone ;  and,  being  based  npon  mortgMl 
promiting  ab«o1ut«  Hi.>ctirity,  It  haa  too  ofUin  occxnnplishvd  the  gIflH 
dcRcption.  Many  a  man  has  purobaftud  and  paid  a  good  pric«  flR 
mortgage  coupon  bond,  giving  hire  no  control  over  his  scounty,  wW 
vronltl  haro  rojoct«d  a  shnre-certificale  Elanding  for  an  o<[ual  inlcnl 
in  the  property  pledged,  and  giving  him  the  right  to  partii^]>ale  in  id 
management,  with  tbe  pomibitity  of  a  greater  return  for  his  money.  I 
Under  the  carclen  legislation  of  many  of  the  StatC1^  wliteli  H 
permitted  corporations  to  decide  for  themaelvea  tli«  amoiinut  of  uUl 
gallons  they  might  pat  oat,  it  is  no  wonder  that  the  privilege  hM  bM 
abused,  and  the  making  of  ahjtrea  and  bonds,  the  latter  reprewnlsj  n 
bo  amply  Mourml  by  mortgage  liens,  has  been  «arrie<l  to  criminal  it£ 
OCM.  One  illufltratian  will  auffinc.  Tlio  Arkanaw  Central  ItaiHH 
Compiany  (the  name  indioatc*  the  locality)  built  only  forty-eight  m^ 
of  ita  pTOJe«lcd  line.  The  road  wa«  of  narrow  gaage,  irith  TlQ 
light  iron,  and  in  every  way  cheaply  coiutraetod.  It  eoal  Ium  Ibi 
ten  thooaand  dollara  per  mile,  including  equipment.  A*  with  mm 
companies  building  railways  in  new  coantriee,  help  in  its  behalf  wa 
naked  from  the  commnnities  to  be  benefited,  and  bonds  aina«BtIi| 
to  nearly  half  a  million  dollani  were  given  it  by  oonntiea.  ctitm,  vM 
Under  a  i>tatnt«  proviiling  for  aid  to  railroads  when  their  beds  ^H 
be  ntilized  for  Icvce  purjioaea,  the  company  got  ♦HHl.WM)  of  fll 
bond*.  Under  another  statute,  it  got,  as  a  loan  from  the  Btai«v  \% 
bondi  to  t}»e  amount  of  tl,350,O0l).  which  wvn  to  be  a  first  lien  nptl 
tl»  property.  After  such  abundant  asttatance,  it  would  have  SAaDH 
hardly  neeessary  for  the  company  to  pat  oat  obligations  of  ita  om 
nowever,  it  proo^ded  to  Imuo  and  market  ita  own  bonda  l^fl 
amount  of  99,500,000,  of  which  (il  ,900,000  purported  to  bo  H^| 
by  firat  mortg]^^  wineh  waa  not  the  oaoe.  In  adilttion,  n  conaJd^H 
araonnt  of  atocJc  certificates  was  iiwaod.  Atlngethor,  nearly  $A,naH| 
of  paper  were  put  out  and  negotiated  on  the  basis  of  forty-Aigbt  mi 
of  narrow-gauge  road.  Bill  this  proved  to  b«  inmflicient.  Tbifllii 
for  noo-payment  of  interoxt,  soon  pn«ied  into  tb*  handa  of  ■  ntim 
who  found  it  in  siich  an  nnfinishcd  state  that,  with  tbe  wmrl's  |m^3 
lion,  he  iflflned  a  co««idi>rflhle  nmonnt  of  liia  own  certificates  to  pMu 
for  neceasary  repairs  and  bett<>nnentfl.  Then  the  road — the  P'^'^U^I 
90  mac)x  outlay — was  sold  at  public  auction,  and  brooghl  tli«  a5| 


bostneM  referred  to  has  not  been  confined  to  railro«d«.     We 

stocks  &nJ  bonds  upon  llie  muict  rvprrMnLing  ovarlj  all 

ible  kiliilM  of  proprrtj — t«)i^rt|>lts,  t«lv|>Iioiif8,  niinM,  attic- 

grain  anil  gnM  f»mu,  «-ai«r-work»,  (iU'<;tr)i:  ligliu,  fuctoriot 

I  of  every  OoMription,  ct^anitMMt  lines,  nnd  a|iartmeiit'liuus». 

Moia  to  be  no  Umlt  to  their  jiroductiun.     Hi&re  never  was  a 

len  U  waa  m  tMsy  to  invest  money — and  to  lose  iu    Of  tfa« 

W  that  are  offered  with  firat-oliLss  recommend  atioon,  it  is  prob- 

aboat  one  third  are  actually  good,  one  third  have  sotna 

oA  ooo  tllLrd  are  practically  worthletw. 

tb«  condition  uf  things  described,  tbc  laws  of  our  Statea,  In 

orporationa  atmoat  UroiUeHi  power  to  iHsac  negotiable  [Mper, 

loobtedly,  v«>ry  largely  to  blame.     Our    banks  are  dloeely 

and  rMtraincd  from  taking  people's  money  on  false  pretenses ; 

uacb  better  la  Et  for  railway  and  other  corporations  to  take 

of  Ic-galizcd  fictitioiiH  rviJcncc*  of  vnlpc  ?    Banks  ore  by 

the  only  corporate  inKiitution^  that  iiix-d  watching.    One 

Bfonns  that  woald  seem  to  b«  very  mach  demanded  ia  legit* 

hat  will  provent  companies  existing  by  authority  of  law  from 

out  dobeonres  or  scrip  not  represented  by  money  actually 

i>  thrir  ircanurio*,  or  by  proprietory  interests  whose  value  is  to 

mined  by  disiuterested  parlies. '  Pennsylvania  ha«  incorporated 

ially  Boch  a  provision  into  lior  Constitution.     Uer  example 

lUowad  by  all  other  States. 

MM  tb»y  ba\-p  sastalobd,  investots,  as  a  rale,  have  thmn* 

to  lilamo.     Tlio  mistake  made,  in  nine  cases  out  of  ten, 

purchaM)  of  ehtap  ttevrittt*.    The  hope  of  realising  a 

erdinary  IntcrMi  by  bnj'ing  paper  at  a  disoount,  has 
^mimmmmmmKfmmmmmmm^.-a i.._.  -^nm^Km 


7» 


THE  POPULAR   SCIENCE  MONTHLY. 


Am*   AlaASA^^ 


But  for  ibc  losses  referred  lo  U  ikcre  not  too  often  sonebody  else  u 
Uame  ?  The  seller  of  inTestment  securities  is  tisually  not  the  maJker  of 
tbem,  bat  &  profemioanl  middlo-nuD  knowD  ss  a  broker.  The  extent 
of  bia  ruspoDitibilJty  \*  %  wry  lotiTcsting  question.  Is  bv  justified  in 
aaMiBUDg  that  eartjtt  emptor  i»  tke  rule  that  is  to  gorem  ;  or  is  it  in* 
cambent  upon  him  to  inform  himself  as  to  the  true  character  of  Ui« 
paper  he  offcn,  and  give  his  customer  thv  benefit  of  the  knowledge  he 
acqnirai  ?  In  other  words,  docs  bo  not,  by  virtue  of  the  relation  be 
bears  to  tbo  purobaser,  wbich  u  ordinarily  one  of  ooofidcnci?,  become 
moraDy  al  Icaat,  a  sponsor  for  what  be  sells  t  In  ricw  of  the  millioDs 
of  trash  that  have  been  unloaded  upon  the  public  as  solid  inrc«tmunlv 
of  tbe  true  character  of  which  it  would  not  have  been  difficult  for  any 
one  making  a  bosinoss  of  handling  paper  to  inform  himself,  it  is  baid 
to  reach  any  other  conclosioR  than  that  tbnrv  has  been  very  great 
laxity  on  thv  part  of  many  who,  tinder  the  planuble  titles  of  brakcr 
and  broker,  liiive  made  the  selling  of  seouritiea  an  occupation.  It  wiltj 
hardly  sutlioe  for  them  to  say  in  defense  that  they  sold  tbe  paper  at' 
market  prices.  They  should  Itave  known  that  tbo  value  of  wbU  tbey - 
•old  bore  a  reasonable  upproximation  to  the  price  that  was  paid.  If 
they  did  not  know  it,  and  could  not  aacertain  the  fact,  tiiey  had  no 
bo^esa  to  dispose  of  the  property.  Manifestly,  a  higher  sUutdard  in 
snch  mattdn  ahoold  prevail,  and  the  way  to  secare  it  is  to  hold  those 
who  profesBtonally  maricet  investment  secorities  to  a  far  more  rigid 
aocountability  than  has  heretofore  boon  insisted  on. 

By  what  role  or  rules  is  the  investor  now  to  govern  himself  ?  'No 
formula  can  guarantee  him  abaolule  safely.  One  thing,  howover,  he 
can  properly  count  upon,  vi^,,  that  he  must  expect  to  pay  a  fair  price 
for  a  good  security— one  that  will  retnm  him  no  more  than  a  mod- 
erate interest  on  his  money.  If  ho  wants  to  Ki>cculate,  and  is  willing 
to  take  risks,  that  Is  anotlier  thing.  He  can  then  look  for  bargahu. 
But  theru  is  such  a  thing  a*  going  ton  far  in  the  matter  of  pradenoe: 
Tbe  investor  may  pay  loo  dearly  for  safety.  There  are  securities  wbJcb, 
eompared  with  others  that  are  to  be  had,  sell  at  prices  much  above 
their  real  value.  The  reason  is  that  they  are  aniveisally  known  to  be 
good  both  as  to  principal  and  interest  ;  but  there  arc  plenty  of  others, 
that  may  bo  had  at  lower  figure*,  which  are  just  as  good.  There  is 
no  reason  in  th«  world  why  tbe  investor  should  not  get  at  par  all  tha 
paper  be  wants,  that  will  yield  him  six  per  cent  interest,  and  be  as  safa 
as  any  projicrty  can  W  under  human  stipcrvision.  In  making  tlia 
aeloction  no  more  judgment  is  demanded  than  in  purchasing  laodl 
and  oatUe.  Two  very  common  and  often  fatal  mistakes  shoull 
be  avoided.  One  is  in  relying  solely  upon  the  advice  of  a  broker. 
By  far  the  gn-atmt  number  of  losses  to  investors  has  been  in  scouii> 
ties  purchased  eidusiTcly  on  the  recommend aUons  of  interested 
miseion-meo.  While  it  is  well  to  get  th«  opinion  of  a  reputable  b: 
tbe  purchaser  should  investigate  and  decide  for  himself.    Tbe 


i 


CONCERNING  OLOVEE. 


Bv  aRAKT  AIXEK. 


RT  group  of  org^xnUoiA,  «T«ry  genos  and  cverf  specica  of 
lat  or  aoiiaal,  ba>  wrtain  Mroog  points  which  enable  it  to  bold 
IB  the  Btnig^v  for  «xifft«noe  kgaintl  it«  oompvlitort  of  tvcty 
lost  f^roiip*  tiftvc  oJno  tboir  weak  jMint*,  whidi  lay  th«m  op«a 
[  or  vxtinclion  at  the  hands  of  lb«ir  TariouM  eneuiea.  And 
tk  potnu  are  exootly  ibe  ones  which  giro  rise  moet  of  all  to 
nodificotiotu.  A  Bpectea  10*7  bo  regarded  In  its  Dormal  state 
liHbriuta  bHween  stmoturo  and  environing  comlitions.  Itut  the 
itffl  U  Dev<-r  (|uito  completo  ;  and  th«  point*  of  inonmplet«nea0 
ibow  where  natural  selection  Ua«  a  fair  chance  of  establiabing 
wr  eqnilibnttons.  ThuM  are  aomevhat  abstract  Btatemeats 
nakefl  form  :  let  nit  hcw  bow  far  dcfioiteness  and  contrrctcnem 
iren  t'l  tlu'ti)  by  >[>i>l>'ing  tlioni  in  detail  lo  tliu  cue  of  a  famil- 
[I  of  agrionlinrm]  plants — the  clovers. 

koet  people  clover  U  the  namo  of  a  single  thing,  or,  st  most,  of 
Igi,  porple  clover  and  Dutch  clover ;  but  to  the  botaotst  it  is 
e  of  a  vast  gronp  of  little  flowering  plants,  all  closely  ri:«'m- 
tt  another  in  their  main  essentialii,  v<:t  all  ditTc-ring  infinitely 
e  anotber  in  two  or  three  strongly  marked  peculiarities  of 
BportAnoo,  which  oeverthelees  give  them  gn-at  dlHtinctnesiof 
d  tppa-tt^twif,     la  KngJBiH  alone  we  have  no  less  than  U 


74 


T3S  POPULAR  SCIENCE  MONTnir. 


SODUipMlli  jMoallkrity  of  itn  own,  wIiifIi  has  insured  for  it  ta  adnD-  ■ 
Ugc  in  oettain  ntiulions  ovtr  all  it»  nearest  coiigutit<n)  ?  I 

Ciover  ia,  of  coaree,  by  family, »  pea-flow«r,  iinu  of  iho  gn-ju  groip  I 
of  th«  I'(tpilionace<ej  a  tribe  of  tbe  vast  logmninoiu  moe.  Xow,  wof- 1 
body  kiiowN  th«  grneral  appt-Arimcv  of  tbe  pcm-blowoni,  a  form  of  I 
flovcr  which  rcappetirn  throughout  thu  nholo  grou|>,  iii  such  ilitTCTrot  I 
planta  aa  gorae,  laburnum,  peas,  hvans,  vvtchcs,  wi«taria,  lupinir,  lall 
acacia ;  and  it  is  dearly  thia  form  of  flower  which  gave  the  oriftfmll 
■OMRtor  of  Mm  papilionaceous  plants  its  main  advantaKe  in  the  ilnf  I 
g1«  for  exictoDco  over  ulmoHt  all  its  compeers.  In  other  respocti,  lira 
various  memborM  of  thv  pi-a-flon-cr  tribe  differ  widfly  from  ouo  UrM 
oUtvT.  Somu  of  thvm  are  t«U,  woody  trees,  like  the  lahumam  ;  fowl 
are  bushy  ithruh»,  like  the  broom  ;  some  aro  low,  crtn-ping  hcrh^  lik»l 
the  clover ;  and  somu  nrv  lithe,  trailing  climhets,  like  ih«  pen  nwl  ikt  I 
scarlet-run uer.  tM>  again  witit  their  foliage:  some  have  bard,qi^l 
loaves,  like  furze  ;  some  have  regular  trefoils,  like  medio  ;  eome  bsnl 
long  Kpntyit  of  many  leaflets,  like  the  sainfoin  ;  sndeome  havertingiiigl 
tetKlriU,  like  tlie  peas  and  vetches.  Unce  more,  in  the  pod  and  iwd  I 
tl>cre  arc  infinttG  varieties  of  shape,  sinr,  and  arrangrmcnt,  as  one  viMjM 
see  by  comparing  pcu  with  hofw-boans,  or  tbo  short,  hniiy  pod  M 
gone  with  the  long,  smooth  cajDiiiuli!  of  (he  vct^b,  theinflat^'d  gk>lwn 
tlw  bladder  senna,  and  the  twisted,  snail-like  spiral  of  the  mi-hc  Inl 
fact,  thcro  is  hardly  a  single  particular  in  which  tbe  papilionnceocaJ 
plants  do  not  diflTer  from  one  another  immefUKly,  except  only  their  |»4 
cullar  fiowcr.  Clearly,  then,  it  is  the  flower  almost  alone  which  bn 
given  tbem  their  fair  start  in  the  stniggle  for  life.  I  say  almont— «u(l 
qaite — alone,  hoeaas«,  as  wo  shall  *c«  hereafter,  tl»-y  owe  laudi  abo  wl 
their  relatively  Urge  and  richly  stored  seeds.  lu  this  one  point  t)i>y| 
early  reached  a  state  of  equilibrium ;  in  other  points,  they  went  oftl 
varying  and  adapting  themselves  to  an  tti6nit«  variety  of  external  drj 
cumslancos.  1 

Though  it  is  not  my  intention  to  deal  at  any  length  lieni  with  soyl 
of  the  papilionaceous  trilio  except  tbe  clorent,  a  few  wonls  niuit  Bnl 
be  premised  about  this  |weuliar  and  suecessfnl  type  of  flower.  It  coo- 
ststs,like  most  other  blossoms  of  the  dicotyledonous  race,  of  five  potald 
inclosing  ten  stamens,  and  with  •  single  ovary,  or  embryo  pud,  in  Hfl 
very  center.  But  anybody  who  has  ever  looked  at  a  p4iA-bloMem 
knows  very  well  that  it  is  not  retrular  and  radially  sym-i  >       i 

dog-rosD ;  it  has  its  parts  bilaterally  arranged,  so  that  n:i  ^. 

ing  npon  the  flower  in  search  of  honey  necessarily  brushes  bis  braul 
against  the  stamens  and  pistil,  and  therefore  cross-fertiliws  the  em 
bryo  pods  by  ovrying  pollen  from  one  blossom  to  the  sensiUvn  m^ 
face  of  the  next.  I'lie  five  petals  have  undergone  special  modifio^H 
so  as  to  snit  this  special  mode  of  impregnation.  The  upper  pnH 
Imown  as  tbe  standard,  is  usually  broad  and  i>zpandod,  serving  as  m 
AdrertJsrment  to  attract  insecta;  and  in  many  advanced  spedMHa 


ft  GcniiTtivo  nqnioo.  iiM)  two  lowoei  petals  ofairnre 
ilvd  by  dieir  tiO(l»r  edgv,  w  m  to  form  %  singte  orgui, 
tli«  kcol,  and  cloaoly  inolming  the  itamenn  and  inMtil.  As  b 
nil  t«n  statiMM  are  nnlled  into  a  Hingle  tub«  or  sbealli ;  or 
iue  lower  ones  are  so  unito<l,  vbile  tbe  upper  oDe  b  fre«.  In 
the  general  aniformity  of  floral  typo,  however,  muny  special 
ioMct  (ertiltution  prevail  among  tbo  Tarioiu  pea-fiowcti, 
•  tbe  'blowora  hunt*  opoo  daitioally  wbcn  tl>o  bee  ligbta 
aatlng  biin  all  over  with  the  ripo  iwllen  ;  KotnotiniM  a  email 
U  pamp^  out  from  tbe  shaqwiiod  point  of  tho  keel  by  tbe 
tbe  insectV  body ;  sometimes  tbe  pollen  is  de]>0Hited  from 
on  the  spirally  curled  summit  of  tli«  pistil  ;  sometimen  i(  in 
by  a  littli!  hm»h  of  hairs,  situated  close  beside  ibe  sensitive 
1  tba  embryo  pod.  All  tliat  it  u  here  necessary  to  bear  in 
irever,  is  tbe  general  fact  tliat  tbe  pa|Mli<HUWOoiu  typo  of 
I  gained  ita  preMnl  high  poaition  u  a  domiiuut  floral  pattern 
Dtifol  and  Taried  adaptation  to  insent  fcftilizntion. 
being  tho  general  nature  of  the  pea-flowers  as  a  whole,  we 
It  to  inqnira  what  are  the  special  peenliariiies  whieb  bare  en- 
olovers  Iti  particalar  to  fill  thvir  peculiar  niclio  in  the  exist- 
Mnny  of  Nalnre.  Clearly,  the  positions  whiob  cloven  are 
to  adorn  are  not  the  high  placM  in  tbe  hleTanoby  of  vegetal 
ny  are  not  ull  foreet-trees  or  bnahy  shrulM ;  they  are  nr>t  long, 
ttmilers  or  elimbem  ;  they  are  herbs  of  low  and  procumbent 
',  beet  fitted  for  filtiDf;  up  the  interspaces  of  taller  vegftalion, 
vyinK  with  the  gnusce  as  elements  of  the  close,  tender,  deli- 
ard.  Tlio  potnta  which  have  enabled  them  to  tiurrive, 
Jast  tboM  which  allow  a  plant  to  tJiriro  under  surh  spe- 


76 


TS/i:  POPULAR  SCIENCE  MOXTSLT. 


among  tlto  mnouadii)}^  griuMir«  in  sack  a  way  m  to  g«t  tm;]f  u  utl 
nn  and  lir,  wbicb  uro  iivci-wutr)-  for  ibu  nutrition  of  ibo  pU&u  Dm  j 
the  chief  peculiarity  of  tho  clovon  is  tbo  arrangemoal  of  tiiur  fiomnl 
in  doDse  heads.  Instead  of  the  bloesonu  growing  Mj>ant«l]r  or  ial 
pain,  ae  with  most  ]>eas  and  vetches,  or  in  long,  looftc  bttnolHM,  u  wUl 
laburntiin  and  sainfoin,  the  flowers  of  the  clovers,  mnclt  rvilaovil  tal 
Mizo,  arc  vrowdoil  into  compact  littlo  bundles,  for  the  most  pirt  M I 
tbo  end  uf  a  long  Rtallc.  Wbut  wv  ordinarily  *»ll  tbo  flower  of  a  par>| 
pie  clover  is,  in  fact,  such  a  head  of  vlti«t«rod  flowers.  Tliia  deml 
clnsteriDg  of  the  flowers  makes  them,  though  indiridually  sroall,  itrfl 
otMupicuoos  in  the  mass  to  beee  and  other  insects,  and  so  largely  M 
creaeeB  their  chance  of  cross-fcrtilixation.  For  the  same  purpose  thif  1 
naoally  MCr«t«  abundant  honey,  and  they  poeseu  in  many  cases  thu 
familiar  fragrant  clover  i>crfnine.  Mori-ovcr,  in  most  though  not  ia] 
all  spccioB  the  basrH  of  the  five  petals  have  grown  togi-tlu-r  into  tj 
narrow  tnbe,  invlosing  tb«  honey  ;  and  in  the  oommoti  pnrplo  clers] 
this  tube  is  so  deep  tliat  no  British  insect  except  the  bomblv-lxw  lusl 
a  proboscis  long  enough  to  reach  the  nectaries.  Such  peculiirilNil 
are  quite  sufficient  to  giYS  the  clovers  an  immense  advantage  in  till 
atmgglo  for  existence ;  and  it  is  not  surprising  that  they  should  kml 
hoKiome  exceptionally  nnmcroiia  in  spMics  and  individuals,  even  aiiK«|  I 
tbo  richly  endowed  and  dominant  |)api]iona«eoai  family.  1 

Every  race,  however,  has  its  weak  aa  welt  aa  its  strong  pobiM 
and  the  weak  point  of  the  highly  succeoaful  cloTcra  lien  in  lb«  nspiM 
tested  poiition  of  their  seeds  and  pods.  Hence,  in  accordance  wfUM 
the  general  principles  above  lud  down,  it  is  in  these  particulars  ihM 
we  might  expect  to  find  the  various  species  differ  most  from  oml 
another,  since  this  is  just  the  part  o»  which  natural  selection  of  farV^ 
able  varieties  is  moHt  likely  to  be  exerted.  As  in  the  {upUionaeMflj 
family  as  a  whole,  (be  flower  is  the  organ  which  remains  almost  IdcBtri 
cal  throughout,  because  it  is  the  organ  which  giTee  the  family  its  tratJ 
importance  ;  so  in  the  restricted  clover  group  the  trefoil  leaflels  ■*■ 
Ibe  clustered  heads  of  ilowers  remain  almont  identical  tfaroughoiii,  unfl 
for  the  like  reaaon.  Bnt  in  any  vlassification  of  the  various  spii-iin  oil 
clover,  it  will  be  seen  by  anybody  who  looks  into  the  matter  tlisl  sill 
the  diMtinctivo  oharncters  are  drawn  from  differences  in  the  pod  sou 
calyx  after  flowering,  becansc  this  b  the  weak  point  of  the  genua,  ami 
tbe  one  in  which  alone  diver>itics  of  habit  have  been  likely  lo  uM 
and  to  be  perpetuated  by  survival  of  the  fittest  Tbe  othw  orfiiiJ 
have  long  since  reached  their  equilibrium  ;  tbc«c  organs  alone  rOHH 
in  need  of  further  oquili  brat  ion.  I 

And  why  is  the  pod  a  weak  point  ?  For  thia  reason.  The  MM 
of  clover,  though  small,  are  very  richly  stored  with  starches  and  otbrn 
food-stuffs  for  the  growth  of  the  young  plant.  Such  richness  is,  ofl 
course,  in  itself  an  advantage  to  tJio  race,  because  it  allows  the  snwil 
lings  to  start  well  c(|uippcd  on  Ihv  path  of  life,  with  aome  accomulatoll 


coycERXtya  clover. 


77 


liuided  on  to  Ui^m  by  the  rootber-plant.  But  wh«t  will  r<<rd  n 
ig  will  fi!«d  an  animal  as  well ;  aod  it  is  juBt  Uium  ricih  liulc 
lo  tlio  clover-pod  which  give  it  ull  its  dMgvroua  valno  m  a  r<Kl(tcr 
cftttltf.  Ileocc,  in  tbo  wiM  stat«  tbo«(i  doTCn  whioli  bav«  thvir 
l«Mt  protected  are  ino«t  lilcely  to  bo  eaten  off  and  killed  down 
birdfl  or  animals,  wbile  tbow  which  bave  thorn  moRt  proU'Otcd  arc 
t  likely  to  tiurvtvo  and  become  the  parents  of  futiin-  Kenoriitlntw. 
lh«B.  wc  bave  ibe  basts  npon  wbiob  natural  selection  cwi  act  in 
lUating  the  primttivo  ancestnl  clover  into  variotw  <]iv*.-Tgcnt 
^Vbat«vp^  acddontal  variation  bappens  to  give  any  parti<Tn- 
doTvr  protection  for  iti  SMda  tn  any  Ri>eeial  habitat  will  certainly 
pteeenrcil  ami  IncreaMd,  while  all  opposite  variaiions  will  be  out  olT 
A  dttnotiahod  at  onoo.  So  far  as  their  foliage  and  their  flowers  ire 
aoiTni.-d,  tha  clovers  as  a  body  are  practically  in  a  Moto  of  stable 
im  ;  so  far  M  tb«ir  fruit  ant]  sm-ds  sro  coticrmcd,  tlicy  an 
ijfoiog  modiflcation  by  natural  selection. 
CIntly  to  illustrate  this  fundamental  point,  k-l  u«  tint  look  at  romo 
ing  and  closely  allit-d  plants,  which  arc  not  «zaotly  olorcrt, 
'hioh  rcK-mblc  tb<-ni  in  almost  all  Important  partioalors.  Th«se 
■how  the  Mine  devtocs  for  sjMcially  protecting  their  se«ds  and 
from  binbi  or  anintaU.  Take,  for  eiample,  tbc  genus  of  the 
Tbeoe  aro  mostly  small  greensward  planti>,  with  trefoil  lc«f- 
Ukv  th«  clovers,  but  with  the  flowers  in  ratbt^r  Ull,  ono-stded  spikes 
looM  banches.  llicir  pods  are  usually  long  and  miay-SMdod,  but 
|l^  baro  this  curious  peculiarity,  that  iniitiiid  of  growing  straight 
liXf  that  of  a  pea  or  bvan,  ibcy  coil  up  spirally  like  a  BOail-sbell.  When 
rip*  tbpy  fall  off  the  plant  entire,  and  thus  defeat  the  hopes  of  birds 
■nil  otbnr  crotttores  which  wail  patiently  for  tbo  opening  of  the  pods, 
Tk  simpler  tnetUcs,  such  as  the  agricnttural  Inccrn,  have  smooth, 
tprtl  pods  alone,  and  therefore  they  can  b?  employed  snceessfully  u 
MiWrfor  cattle.  Bnl  tiiix,  wbtcli  proves  an  advantage  from  tlto  point 
tfflw  of  the  farmi.7,  is  naturally  a  diaadvantago  from  the  point  of 
tWv  ftf  iho  plant  in  a  wild  state,  bc<-auH0  it  inKurcs  thi*  socIh  bcii^ 
Mleo;  and  hence  the  more  developed  and  weedy  medics  bave  ac- 
Ittrtd  Moot  protective  pricklM,  fringing  their  globubr  spirals,  and 
■Uog  tb«u  vcrj-  di.4taxt<-riil  morsels  to  cows  or  horses.  Wo  bare 
ttB  neb  prickly  medics  in  KngUnd,  one  olosdy  coUed  and  rolled 
ncad  like  a  bail,  and  thickly  set  with  curved  hooka ;  the  other  looM 
EW  ■  rorkwrrw,  with  two  rows  of  sharp  bristle*  at  the  adjacent  edges  -, 
■ul  buth  these,  as  I  learn  from  farmers,  are  extremely  objectionable 
*i*dt  in  moadows,  rendering  tlie  hay  almost  uneatable.  Indeed,  I  nm 
■nnd  (bat  cattle  will  never  tooch  even  frtish  meadow-grOM  contain* 
lifthcm  rx<^-pt  wbon  absolutely  driven  by  bungcr.  It  is  noteworthy 
IM  far  ttru  doubtf ally  native  smooth  medioa  (lucem  and  none*>nrb) 
^  n<'v  nattimlljr  ir*  roagh,  dry  pbcw,  and  are  only  largely  found 
iai  grmHC*  ** — ibai  h  to  tay,  wetv  introduced  and  maiutajiicd 


7» 


TUB  POPULAR  SCfSyCS  MOXTULT. 


by  humaa  ogvncy  ;  «hil«  our  two  mora  tnily  wild  ajH-cin  nrn  infl^| 
nod  piialuro  w<!C<1k,  and  aro  tJiereforo  ataply  pruUrUKl  by  priiflH 
ngninst  lierbivoroua  uiimabL  Again,  bird's-foot  trefoil,  wbiwe  |nH)l 
yellow  flowers  form  such  ornameniH  to  our  ftiinny  bauks  in  RaaiHO',  I 
baa  a  long,  bard,  dry  pod,  too  stringy  to  bu  edlblu,  and  filled  with  pltb  I 
betwran  tbo  iM-aDs  ;  while  ladyVfiDgcn,  a  Horavwhut  similar  type,  latl 
an  inllated  hairy  calyx  oomplcirly  inctoittiig  tbo  abort  ]>od  iii  itA  fM-l 
Uotivc  and  inediblo  r-.ap)iile.  Strangest  of  all,  bowover,  ii  tlio  «iaill,l 
matted  btrd'e-foot,  wbu»e  pod  never  opooi  to  shed  Uto  aooda,  bot  iM 
videa  between  tbem  into  little  }oiDt«  or  "articles,"  t^ach  IneUwing  il 
single  bean,  and  so  obcMing  tlic  «x]H!Ct8nt  binis  of  their  promUedj 
food.  These  oxaniples,  wblclt  might  bo  muUipli«<d  indctinilvly,  willl 
■ufficivntly  Mrve  to  show  tbe  iupuriance  of  proi««tioD  for  ibu  MwdiaJ 
•  basis  of  differentiation  amonjc  tbe  papilionaoeoua  flovmi  I 

With  tli«  i«Btricted  tribe  of  cloven  tbe  need  for  aueh  prolectki] 
has  almost  alone  produced  all  the  species  into  which  tbe  geana  bril 
I  long  aioM  split  u[>.  Onginally,  of  connte,  ve  nio«t  suppose  that  then 
existed  one  united  type  of  auecstral  olovcr,  differing  from  the  olhs  i 
papilioaac«Dua  plants  in  tbe  points  which  now  distinguinh  tho  wbdtj 
clover  genus,  but  pOBBeaaing  none  of  the  s[iecial  diatiuctivo  niarkfl 
which  Hpvcilii.'ally  divide  one  kind  of  clover  from  another,  lliin 
hjpotl)c4tc«l  anvcator  lind  prob*)>ly  rather  large,  purplish  flowerv] 
collected  la  compacc  luada  on  a  common  foot-stalk,  with  tbe  flvil 
petals  Mparate,  and  with  a  Biaatl  three  or  four-secdi-d  pod  complNelf  i 
inolosed  within  tbe  faded  brown  pctaltk  From  Homo  tucb  fomi  iW] 
eaisting  clovers  have  sprung  by  differentiaUona  almoitt  fntirtl7  J 
affecting  tbe  pods  and  seeds,  though  they  have  aJao  varied  a  liltU  bl  I 
color,  according  to  the  individual  tastes  of  their  partlcntor  iiitoei  I 
visitors,  as  well  as  in  the  degree  of  union  effected  between  ihnrj 
petals.  Without  going  beyond  the  Hmita  of  oar  «wu  nnlivo  clorenvj 
we  will  look  fiDti  at  thoM  typ<«  in  which  the  arrangement  of  the  pod 
is  simplest,  and  then  poM  on  gradually  to  those  in  which  it  Is  mora 
and  more  complex,  till  we  arrive  at  last  at  tliat  most  marvelous  Enpl 
li«h  species  wbicb  actually  buries  its  own  pods  entire  in  tlio  grunndj 
by  a  wonderful  tcrtcn  of  appsreolly  purposive  roovementjt  and  gyt*-J 
tions.  I 

Our  common  EnglUh  purple  clover  (for  convenience*  aake  ■ 
adopt  throngbont  Mr.  Bcntfaam's  vemaonlar  names)  may  be  taken  ■■ 
A  good  specimen  oflhewmpler  and  leBs-protoolod  IciDda.  Tbe  nam 
fact  that  it  is  grown  extensively  for  fodder  abowa  that  it  hoe  no  deUN 
rent  prickles  or  bri«tJes  to  ward  off  tlie  aUaclcs  of  berbivorona  uli 
mala  ;  and  indeed,  thronghont  ihc  clover  gronp,  it  may  bo  noted  tbll 
birds  and  inaectM,  mtlier  than  lurgo  mammals,  seem  to  be  tbe  onontM 
especially  guarded  against  by  the  majority  of  plaoU.  Porpla  olHl 
i«  a  perennial,  with  long,  hairy  etema,  tbe  hoin  »OTvlng  to  pr«*«atfl^ 
from  enepiog  ap  to  the  bloaaoma  tnd  tueleealy  rifllog  the  hoon 


ft^fi^wot«ction  of  tiio  poaarebere  comparativ^ftligju. 
A  ooolattu,  M  a  nilo,  onlj  a  singlo  aevd,  wad  it  ia  exwiDklly 

atsipljr  by  Ihv  wirv-lilce  oalyx-tootb,  wbicli  arv  long,  Uiio,  aD<I 
•e^.  and  fringod  on  citlier  side  by  a  row  of  lIiick-NQl  liain. 
I  loweat  are  longer  Uian  ibe  others,  apparvntlf  M  a  prot«otJon 
crawling  inaecta.  Aftvr  flowering,  the  petaln  remjun  upon  the 
um  !)row-n,  and  inelow  the  ripening  pod.  Tbese  brown  hesds 
)IowD  flovcra  bat*  mcli  a  dead,  witbored  appearance  tluit  tbey 

BciMtJy  to  d«GftiTO  all  intending  depredators,  /u  a  wbol^, 
laa  Monu  to  sarrivo  nialnlj  bvoauHt'  of  its  protected  young 
Mda,  ita  xpecial  attractioiui  for  fertili/utioii,  and  its  habit  of 

;  the  poda  in  the  dry  petal-tube.  It  HbouM  be  noticed,  how- 
kt,  iboiigh  artificially  propsgsted  in  meadows  and  pasluree,  it 
lol  probnlily  be  a  very  aQcceasfnl  plant  if  left  entirely  to  ita 
tIom.  Alan  haa  tnlorvcaed  to  give  it  hia  powerful  aid  by  aow> 
Mod,  tad  by  fencing  it  off  from  cattle,  ro  tltat  it  baa  now  be- 
1  ^ite  of  ilaelf,  one  of  oor  mo«t  abnodant  aitd   ubiquitous 

X  In  order  we  may  take  a  aeriea  of  amall,  wild,  purplish  clovers, 

allied  to  tbis  cultivated  type,  but  more  specially  adapted  for 

Ion  Bgain»t  animal  foee.     Of  these  the  little  knotted  clover, 

growN  in  oar  dry  pajttttres  and  banks,  ia  an  excellent  aimple 

t.     U  IN  a  Ninall,  tufted  anniuil,  often  growing  In  very  cloaely 

.  abcep-eaten  crofts,  and  t1i<;n:fure  witb  an  acquired  habit  of 

[  etoto  to  the  groand,  and  spreading  its  foliage  flat  against  the 

talMalyx>t««itli  are  abort  and  almost  prickly,  and  its  tittle  knot- 

^^grow  M  ckwe  in  the  angles  of  the  leaves  that  evcu  a  »bc«p 

R  work  to  bite  them  off  witb  hia  nipping  front  teeth.     Tb« 

■iBHUUQfibiUUIw^KiKUinsaHUHfiUik^uaiflL 


So 


THS  POPULAR  SCIEyCS  MOXTSLr. 


illied  to  the  knotted  clover.  It  grown  raucli  tallt-r,  bui  h^H 
eqtullj'  forti<lc]iiig  type  of  pods  ;  and  I  notice  Id  Soutlt^ni  P)fl| 
wbt'Ri  it  U  vory  nbundunt,  that  the  dry  stalks  tad  oblonj^  huadi  J 
fniit  on:  alirayit  loft  unoroppod  on  baro  bankii  and  roud-^dM  whfQ 
goats  and  sheep  have  bwn  j>roivsiti{{— a  fool  whi<di  olvarly  bIowi  tlM 
even  thoae  <unnivoroua  graxt^rs  conaider  it  an  im|>itlniahlu  morwK 

To  the  moie  i^roup,  X  think,  bat  in  a  more  di>vclopcd  drgret^  li^ 
long  three  or  four  other  British  species,  whoM  protectioDB  an)  hum 
what  less  en^  to  nndcrataad.  Of  theee,  cliiotercd  dover  appeauriM 
a  fltill  higher  type  of  rough  cIotct.  It  ti  a  slender,  creeping  s^H 
vith  very  mall,  globnlar  flowcr-hvoda,  alnuMt  bnrii'd  in  the  angka  I 
the  stein  and  loaves;  and  illiiu  short,  broad  calyx-teeth,  rigidly  ovm 
backward  after  flowering,  and  witJi  hard,  eharfi  points.  This,  I  III 
it,  is  a  protection  against  browsing  animats.  The  sea  clover,  on  llf 
other  hand,  seems  rather  to  guard  against  birds  or  insects.  In  tfe 
flowciuig  Mate,  it  looks  almost  exactly  like  a  nnall  purple  clonn 
but  aa  the  seed*  ripen  it  nwnmcs  n  very  diffenmt  aapooL  Fini  of  y 
the  calyx-teeth  grow  ont  into  rather  broad  green  leaves,  so  that  d| 
whole  bead  lo<^  more  like  a  mass  of  foliage  than  a  bunch  of  ri|i#niii| 
fruit.  The  lower  t«otb,  especially,  becomes  very  long  and  leaf-lilMI 
and  it  may  be  remarked  that,  as  a  rule,  tho  two  lower  tci'th  in  oloTtfl 
differ  more  or  less  conspicuously  from  tho  npiier  ones,  pointing  t^M 
cntJy  to  some  spceial  danger  of  attack  from  bdow.  As  the  pod  i^H 
ripens,  two  lips  grow  out  on  eitlwr  side  of  the  calyx,  and  finally^| 
on  the  top  of  the  pod,  so  as  to  hermetically  seal  it,  leaving  on^H 
tightly  closed  aperture  in  the  very  middle.  Tbna  the  calyx  has,  u  fl 
were,  a  false  bottom,  appearing  to  be  empty  when  it  is  not  reallj  M| 
and  by  tliis  moans  deceiving  would-bo  intruders.  It  must  be  iioliesdi 
however,  that  such  a  dcooplive  dovico  would  be  useleM  ftgaiu«t  a  bsi^ 
bivorona  animal,  which  could  crop  off  tho  entire  hc«d  ;  it  would  <oM 
serve  against  birds  or  inwots,  whioh  might  pick  out  the  seeds  one  H 
MK.  That  it  does  elTectually  protect  the  tiny  beans  is  certain,  for  a 
no  oaae  will  you  find  a  calyx  without  a  pod  inside  it.  At  the  MUM 
tines  ■<>  thoroughly  has  the  calyx  with  its  outgrowth  of  lips  <avtA 
the  place  of  the  primitive  pod-covering  that  (h«  real  i)od  is  rodtuflH 
a  mere  papery  envelope,  and  can  only  bo  detected  as  inclosing  thtj^f 
by  a  somewhat  careful  dissection.  In  this  aoa  clover,  too,  the  (^H 
faoad,  when  ripe  and  dry,  has  a  very  forbidding  aspect,  the  maaa^H 
big  decidedly  prickly  and  stringy,  like  a  teaxlo  ;  antl  I  uliservo  ttHj 
generally  remains  uncropped  until  ibe  calyx  and  seeda  fall  uf  tbm 
•elves,  «(pccially  in  Soothem  Enrope,  where  it  grows  very  tall.  WM 
it  shoold  bo  confined  to  tlie  noigliborhood  of  the  sea  and  of  a  few  lida 
rivers,  more  ospeoially  to  salt-uiandies,  it  would  bs  linnl  to  say  j  prol| 
ably  tbespcciai  danger  against  which  it  defends  itwlf  is  one  foml 
only  nnder  thcM  circumstances,  in  which  case  it  would  there  aloi 
bare  any  advantage  over  its  competitors.     Indeed,  it  mn<t  not  be  mi| 


led  to  tlie  short  stcmn,  cixi  v^ry  orawdod  ftlong  tbeir  ooarM. 
r  Kgvd  it  M  UiD  last  eflort  of  a  very  degraded  race  to  keep 
[lialuKW  in  tlie  tnwt  ctoecly  gnaw^  pastures,  on  sand  or 
irlwrc  ooly  rerj  dwarfed  siitl  »onibl>y  plants  can  <»cap«  de- 
1,  The  reader  will  nolicv  that  undvr  hucIi  cironinstuiCM  two 
clover  Boccovd,  €a«li  to  its  own  way.  If  tlio  heodi  bocomo 
ull,  cloiw,  «td  iBcooapicaouB,  or  tightly  prcoaod  a^nst  tlie 
lilJDg  nt«*ms,  tliey  escape  the  observation  of  broweing  animaU. 
le  othvf  liand,  tbougb  tall  and  noticcuMe,  they  dovclup  pnokly 
nei  teetli,  tbey  are  rejected  as  unfit  for  food  by  ibe  orvMorei 
erour  the  snrronndiDg  herbage. 
XBcd  rloTiT  MkoB  iu  dbido  from  a  peculiarity  which  Boenia  to 

Kwith  ita  mode  of  fcrtiliKatioD,  for  it  haa  ltd  standard  petal 
Fif  Instead  of  inward  as  in  all  other  olovers.  The  mean- 
object  of  this  change  I  do  not  know ;  but  its  most  niark«l 
Is  Mill  one  bearing  upon  preservation  of  the  sved,  for,  aftor 
thv  nppcr  part  of  Uio  calyx  become*  much  inflated,  and  la 
id  by  large  mcinbraDOtis  viriiui.  At  the  same  time  it  arobea 
lower  half,  leaving  thr«o  siaall  teeth  below,  and  two  swollen 
the  top,  »a  as  to  form  a  sort  of  bUdder-like  capsule  over  the 
td  pod.  In  this  case,  again,  the  protection  Is  obviotii>ty  dv- 
againat  birds  or  insects.  In  the  carious  strawberry  clover, 
among  dry  meadows  and  road-aides  in  Southeni  Britain,  tli« 
rrlco  has  baon  carried  a  step  further.  Each  flower  in  the  head 
Krrottnded  by  a  long  involucre  of  lobed  brauta,  nnd,  after  How- 
la  calyx  swells  imioensely,  so  as  to  transform  tho  eniiro  bead 
impact  globular  ball  of  litlle  bladders,  each  inclosing  a  single 
liiaMnumemcni  has  been  popiiJarly  compared  to  a  strawbcny. 


Hr^ 


.«.  -.:-i.  :•  t—a 


9s 


TBE  POPULAR   SCIESCS  MONTBItY. 


erCD  hetv,  the  caWl  ha^  oxtr«mely  Ion)?,  dutovt  t<?«tb,  thicklv  COTC 
with  smoolk  hairs,  which  serve  lo  keep  iu  bMios  nate.     Tho  ant 
of  a  prickly  pi»r  or  »  ro«o<hip  iriU  skow  bov  very  unplcanuit 
tuUTB  f«el  in  tb«  tnoutb.    TIil'  beautiful,  finall  barefoot  cluvcr  ilcrirc 
its  eipresaire  name  from  a  further  development  of  the  same  principle. 
Thfl  long  teeth  of  the  caJyi  project  beyond  the  flowers,  ami  are  enve 
oped  in  soft,  downy  bair,  which  gives  tbe  whole  head  a  rery  daintj 
fcaikvry  appcxranec.     As  soon  an  the  flon-crs  are  faded,  tbo  head  Id 
like  a  mero  nan  of  *oft  fluff,  uncnltcing  to  hcrbivorouii  animg 
effectually  concealing  tbe  Kcda  from  birds  or  insecta.     The 
clover  of  Sontbem  Europe,  naturalized  in  England  at  Sborebani  and  i 
few  other  spou,  atart«  from  much  tho  same  point,  bat  has  specializ 
itDcIf  both  against  large  and  small  depredator*.     On  the  one  hand,  it* 
smootb,  woolly  calyx,  much  like  that  of  oriniKon  clovi^  during  the  floir^ 
ering  Ktagv,  tipTrods  out  after  blossoming  into  a  star-aba[ied  pattcmJ 
and  fomia  witJi  its  neighbors  a  dry,  bristly,  interlacing  b«ad,  thickM 
studded  with  sharp  hairs ;  and  this  suffices  to  protect  it  from  cattl« 
and  goals.     On  the  other  hand,  tbe  month  of  the  ctilyx,  being  tho* 
exposed  by  tbe  EprcjuUng  of  the  teeth,  is  closed  by  a  perfect  cAeNM 
de-Jrite  of  oonvcigent  tufted  bairs,  alt  meeting  in  tbe  (-enter  of  tbd 
throat ;  and  this  barrier  answers  the  same  purpose  as  that  of  tbe  mC^ 
clover,  though  in  a  different  manner,  by  forming  a  false  bottom  lo  ex- 
clude insects.     I  notice  on  the  dry  Meilitcrrancan  hills  that  these  brtstl;, 
heads  are  rejected  by  tbe  gottts  and  shce}),  like  ihoHc  of  Boocone's  eli^ 
ver,  and  even  doiikry«  refuse  to  eat  them. 

Tumiug  to  a  somewhat  different  class,  there  are  some  cloven  whie 
protect  tbeir  seeds  in  a  quite  distinct  manner,  by  merely  turning  the 
out  of  eigbL  Common  Dutch  clover  does  this  in  a  simple  yet  very* 
noticeable  fa»bion.  It  bears  its  pretty  while  flowcrii  iu  tall  globular 
beads  on  a  k-ngthcned  footstalk,  which  renders  tbein  extremely  coo- 
Bpicuoua  objects  to  the  fertilizing  bees,  iiut  each  flower  is  stalked 
within  the  head,  and,  as  soon  as  it  haa  been  fertilized,  it  turns  do«i4 
ward,  and  fades  brown  a^iftinst  the  common  footstalk.  Every  head  of 
Dnteb  clover  thus  h-ibituiilly  conBint*  of  two  parts — an  upper  part, 
contwning  erect  open  flowers  or  flower-buds,  not  yet  fertilized ;  and  i 
lower  i>art,  containing  overblown  flowers,  already  fertilized,  and  : 
«ngaged  in  *elting  their  seed.  This  plan  combines  two  distinct 
vantages  at  once.  In  tbe  first  plane,  tbe  bees  lose  no  time  in  dis 
nating  between  the  mature  honey-bearing  lilosBoms  and  those  all 
rifled,  which  insures  more  frequent  visits  and  a  larger  general  aver 
of  seed-setting.  In  the  second  place,  the  fruitinR  pedieela  and 
being  turned  down  and  concealed,  are  le«s  Hkely  to  he  vUiled  by  i 
animal  foes,  such  as  flying  insects,  which  mipht  lay  their  egg»  withi 
and  let  tho  gnib  feed  (as  often  bappcnn)  on  the  growing  need.  Dut 
clover  is  a  fodder-plant,  and  therefore,  probably,  in  its  native  sial 
doea  not  grow  much  in  places  exposed  to  the  ravages  of  largo  her 


84 


TBli  POPULAR  HCISNCE  MOXTHIT. 


onljr  wbnt  Ike  frait  begins  to  rip«n  anO  the  calyx  to  aasniiu!  iu  i 
t«ristic  sbapv,  that  they  oan  be  readily  iJenUtied  by  safe  upeciSo  1 
Tbrouglioul,  in  •lioit,  all  Uw  cloTer  traiu  ronuiti  almost  th«  i 
oept  iu  tlH!  matter  of  ibo  fniiling  pod>i    This  ia  tha  one  weak  | 
tho  genas,  and  this  is  tbereforo  tlw  pUoe  wlut«  uuaral  Mlaaia 
boea  nbli!  to  produce  fresh  differentiating  effects.     8ac)i  a  brJt 
niduration  of  one  Mraall  group  of  plants  may  sen'e  to  bring  tlw  { 
principle  with  whioli  we  iitart«d  into  the  definite  relief  of  com 
plication  ;  and  it  may  ako  Nerve  to  slww  tlio  raat  vaiioiy  of 
witb  which  Nature  effects  ibe  Belf-miiu  object,  eren  witliin  the  ni 
limits  of  a  «ingl«  family  or  genus. — Otntlemat^t  Maffotina. 


■«M 


THE  PROBLEM  OP  HlGnER  EDUCATION. 

Or  C.  A.  EGOKBT, 
nwmao*  c*  weontx  uhovaou  ix  tiu  (vtrwairr  or  wmt, 

FEW  subjects  have  of  lata  oogtgfld  tho  attttition  of  tba 
tlioughtful  people  of  ihig  ooontry  in  a  Ugbor  degnxt  thai 
question  prominently  brought  before  the  pnblio  by  tho  rocent  i 
of  the  Harvard  faoully  to  open  tl>o  dooni  of  that  famous  innlitut 
applicanu  who  might  come  prepared  in  alt  the  braadtea  bitbo 
({uircd  for  sdmissioo,  except  Greek,  for  which  study  tbey  wonU 
had  to  offer  an  equivalent  in  sciontiHo  and  nialbomaticul  work, 
been  genorally  admitted  that  this  work  would  h»TO  bM&  mora  i 
than  that  rciquirod  for  lh«  Greek,  but  the  op|ionents  of  lbs 
bare,  nevertheless,  assured  the  publio  that  lo  omit  the  Greek  won 
dctrimentnl  to  AmeriMn  MholarBhip,  and  equivalent  to  buildir 
cdnoatiooal  •truotoro  on  an  onstable  foundation.    Some  of  those  i 
oenta  bAve  gone  m  f ar  m  to  assert  that  the  onstomary  college  < 
Bachelor  of  Arts,  ntands  ns  definitely  for  Ijitin  and  Orcvk  as  iJu)  i 
H.  D.  stands  for  the  study  of  medicine.    Now,  inasmuch  u 
lege  is  the  school  in  which,  according  to  tlio  Ix-st  authorities,  our  y<i 
people  are  expected  to  gain  a  higher  tti'gree  of  education  than  tbs  I 
anhools,  academies,  and   high-RchoolH  can  giro  them,  tbe 
Wbnt  constitutes  tha  bans  of  highw  education  ?  \»  answered 
opponents  of  the  Harvard  menmire  in  fsTor  of  the  traditional 
and  Qreek  coarM,  and  that  only.     But  the  very  fact  that  men  i 
high  standing  in  the  domain  of  education  as  Prci^deiit  Eliot 
UBooistes  bold  a  different  view  should  be  sulEcienl  to  entitle 
to  reipoctful  attention.    It  is,  of  coarse,  easier  to  fall  back  on 
known  nutborities,  and  the  usage  of  the  past,  than  to  exaraino  < 
fully  into  a  *abj«ot  that  evidently  lias  at  least  two  very  oba 
rides ;  bnt  Lf  the  lubjcot  is  one  that  so  greatly  affects  tlia  i 


ntCiTrie3Tiy  ihitAVo^ tWtntng^nieTi  tfl It ^tut'^S^^ifi vlmT 
wiab  ihat  thii  umining  shall  oootinue  for  all  Um«.  Thcro 
ler  party,  not  %  wliit  less  intelligent,  and  probably  far  man 
who  nutiatain  that  the  higlieat  ind  best  education  is  nnl 
iljr  of  on«  typo  ;  that  it  may  differ  as  iadi^-idnals  differ ;  tliat 
tgt  Itself  ba«  changed  in  tbc  put,  it  ohanging  now,  and  \» 
BTtato  to  ehango  in  tite  future  In  aecordaoi-«  wltli  a  wolU 
law  of  bfrnuui  lifo,  and  diat,  thoreforc,  it  is  neitlicr  logioa] 
to  ro<inirn  vrery  yoong  person  of  the  present  lime  to  follow 
ipl«  of  olditr  perooas,  in  the  kind  and  manner  of  edaoation 
u  tbe  beat  wbeo  tb««e  older  persona  were  young.  This 
mlHT  insist  on  ita  being  unfair  to  shut  tbo  doors  of  Umj  only 
I  which,  aoconlin;;  to  the  TJow  of  tbcir  opponents  tbumaolvoa, 
education  should  bo  gircn,  agaiuHt  llioan  who  honestly  emlor- 
Brrot  viown  of  education,  and  (iiey  raIc  :  \Vliy  should  you  who 
•cbools  deny  to  us  and  our  children  a  rii^ht  which  we,  on 
,  are  vUling  to  ^^nt  to  you?  Who  is  to  be  tbo  judge  bo- 
T  Is  the  coUego  to  be  forovor  tlie  Hcbool  only  of  ooo  sot  of 
T 
niona  lik<-  iIknw,  oonlDg  u  tbey  do  from  people  wbo  are  nrathcr 
mir  uUnk-ntdio*],  ean  not  be  turned  oS  by  generalities  and 
iplMCi.  To  argue  as  Ibougb  Ureek  and  tboroaghoess  are  con- 
tsrsM  la  begging  the  question.  No  one  deniea  tJtat  GrcM^lc 
my  be  thomugii,  and  tliat  tlio«i«  who  are  engaged  In  tbrm 
dwy  ehooee,  regard  tbftm  as  superior  to  any  other.  It  is  only 
wEah  10  force  their  own  oonvicuon  on  those  wbo  differ  witb 
tbfir  alaims  will  meet  with  opposition.  There  is  a  sapor- 
r  in  the  eflioaoy  and  superioriiy  of  Grook  that  makes  one 
fjiMwi  tMU>ar«  wbo.  ybaa-»*sked  what  matcrinl  h«  ew- 


M 


TS£  POPULAR  SCIKNCS  MONTBLT. 


tioD  DocctMiily  |>ro«appo«ed  a  kitoivl«dg«  of  Ijitin,  OfmIc,  and  I^H 
Hebrew,  bccaune  Ui«»e  languages  were  Uio  k<;jra  to  the  knowlnlgl^H 
student  detired  lo  obtain.  Itat  this  bad  not  always  been  eo.  At  Ml 
Latin  alone  waa  UHed.  llio  inlrodactioD  of  Grmk  often  met  with  is^l 
tenao  oppoaitran,  for  inittancc,  at  Oxford.  Grevtc  stood  tbeo  for  tm  I 
idea*,  it  WDM  ilic  tn^iwure-liouw!  of  tbo  niotit  valuable  kimwlpilg?,  u»l  U«  j 
profcNMoni  of  tbu  old  school  ibougUt  ibcii,  as  oomo  of  tlivir  collt-igaM  J 
acem  to  tbiok  eveu  now,  that  tbe  old  education  had  been  g^ood  raongkl 
for  tbcrDi,  and  therefore  must  be  the  best  for  every  one  el>e.  Unl  tb«i  1 
riaing  tide  of  the  ICeformation  soon  eettled  tbe  qneatioo  of  Greek,  ll*  I 
demoDds  of  tbe  time*  were  of  a  religions  nature,  and  tbe  Kew  T«nt- j 
ment  was  written  in  Greek.  And,  besides,  wbalover  there  was  le  \t\ 
found  OQt  about  scicnco,  pditioal,  mental,  and  even  physit-al,  baduj 
be  eearobed  for  in  Gnsjk  boi>kg.  To  bo  ignorant  of  Greek  wM  ^H 
aa  surioua  a  drawback  for  a  sobotar  a*  to  bo  ignonut  of  Oeniiaii'V|| 
Franch  is  to>day.  Latin  was  tbe  native  langoage,  bo  to  speak,  rf  ] 
OTOiy  Boholar,  It  was  the  comrooo  mediam  of  social  and  learned  )••] 
tercourso  ;  the  spi'och  in  which  the  profeaaor  lectured  and  tbe  stndMI 
ansnorcd  when  examined  ;  the  language  n»ed  in  pttblie  di«ptitatiM%  I 
on  tbe  roAtTum,  in  tbe  courts,  and  even  in  the  theatre.  ^^ 

There  were,  of  course,  also  the  specialties  of  l^aiin  and  O^H 
grammar  and  literature,  aa  ihoro  are  tho  Hpccisttics  of  Englitb  R^H 
mar  and  literature  in  oar  colleges,  but  tbe  general  purpose  and  ti^H 
tbe  college  was  to  impart  knowledge  of  facta,  or  what  was  lakoi^^l 
facta,  in  natter*  hivtorical,  phyaiool,  pbileeophicol,  tbMlogical,dH 
naturally  enongh,  aUo  philological  and  literary.  I 

In  the  di»cu>«i<m  of  ibis  Hub}eet  fri>qncnt  referoDce  ban  bcm  malt  I 
to  the  higher  sebools  nf  Oeraiany.  Now,  it  is  a  faet  that  tbe  0'*^fll 
ooiversilics  have  continued  the  idea  of  the  old  nnivenity  moie  ^^| 
futly  than  any  others.     Tbe  most  successful  old  tinivn  ''^^1 

I'aris,  bad  contained  tbe  foor  faculties  of  thoology,  law,  m  i^l 

tbe  "arts."  Tbe  terms  of  admission,  aa  f ar  as  scbolaniblp  ■■■H 
oemed,  are  the  same  for  all.  Tliey  are  still  tbe  same  for  all  (k«H 
modem  (ierrnan  university,  with  one  notable  exception,  of  which  WM 
will  speak  f tirlher  on.  The  American  college  ought  to  correfipoad  1M I 
tbe  faculty  "  of  arts  "  ;  it  may  at  least  be  compared  to  it,  thougli,ttJ 
a  matter  of  fact,  tbe  preparation  for  tbe  German  school  is  mot«  seMfH 
and  extcnuiro  than  tbe  preparation  for  llin  American  college.  As  tli*] 
latter  givca  to  its  successful  graduatra  tbe  degnH>  of  bacbelov  "('J 
arts,"  the  former  nacd  to  confer  on  all  who  passed  tbe  proper  enum 
nation  the  defn«e  of  master  "of  ana."  What  were  these  "arti"1 
originally  ?  They  are  enumerated  in  tbe  following  line  :  *'  LingM^J 
tropus,  ratio,  numtrus,  tenor,  angulns,  astra" — i.  e.,  grammar,  rhMffka 
dialectics,  arilbmetic,  music,  geometry,  astronomy.*  1 

That  Is,  tlie  degree  "  of  arts  "  meant  proflciensy  in  these  braadMH 
'  BsMott,  'OtncMcfcM  der  dmlMbM  t?nlr«nluii««."  I 


TBS   PROBLSM  OF  UlQttER  SDUCATtOX. 


«7 


it  wtu  merely   an  hutorkal  tooidvat  tbat  tfacM  braDobea  were 
la  LAlin,  and,  to  a  large  extent,  learned  from  Ureeic  t«xi-book& 
i«  w»»  true  of  tb«  other  fiuultic*.     It  woald  be  jiut  m  logioal 
lid  i\\M  our  candidatoA  for  the  degreo  "  M.  D.'*  nhall  b«  exain- 
ID   Latin  oti  ttie  cunt«iit3  of  tirec'k  t«xU  on  mvdiciiiv  u  it  U  to 
;  tlut  ibo  degree  of  Bachelor  or  Mast«-  **  of  Arta  "  stand*  fur  tbe 
IBBIItea  ID  wtiicb  the  stadiM  w*r«  taught  and  etodied,  instead  of 

lag  for  tlto  >iibjeot«  ihenutelTCt. 
At  tl)(>  Gcmuin  unirt^rxitiM  tbe  teaching  vm  done  in  I^in  aa  late 
Uic  beginning  of  thu  vigbteenlfa  century,  and.  In  ona  or  two 
MmIks,  through  tbe  entire  century,  and,  in  one  or  two  inatancM, 
Ttn  into  part  of  tbe  mneteeuih,  Jt  vaa  then  a  neceiiiiity  for  tbo 
igkiT  *cbool  to  require  of  ila  students  ftiuiliarlly  with  this  languagi^ 
nd  it  waa  the  Rpociol  buain«H  of  the  preparatory  acboula  to  give 
hem  titw  familiarity.  This  b  tbe  original  and  true  reason  why  Latin 
_rw>  UAV  (icnipi<-s  Mch  a  largo  place  in  German  secondary  inMniclion. 
^■^tlie  forre  i-f  tradition,  to  which  has  since  been  added  tbo  convio- 
pBB  ibat  the  study  is  the  beet  possible  for  alt  on  account  of  it4  intrin- 
iio  valnn.  TIiia,  hotreTer,  was  an  after-thought  of  those  whose  bnd- 
Hm  it  waa  to  t«ach  it,  and  the  same  is  true  of  Greek.  The  example 
o(  I^iin  naiarally  aiiggeated  tbo  same  reasoning  for  tbe  study  of 
Cnek.  and  the  preparatory  acbool  did  what  it  could  to  send  to  the  uni- 
Ttnity  atndeols  who  thonid  be  able  to  use  both  tbexe  languages  in 
Ktnal  study,  and  for  the  purpoao  of  gsining  information  from  books 
prialed  in  tbeu.  But  gradually  and  ntcadily  tlio  subjceia  taught  at 
ibe  uairenity  took  a  wider  range.  What  had  been  the  very  bcM 
jmfwativn  for  tbe  few  subjects  originally  taught  at  tbe  luiivenity 
botte  srinn  of  opocial  vslne  only  for  a  few  snbjects.    I'he  prepani- 

KiebouU  wen  called  on  to  meet  the  iocTcaeing  dimand.  They  lia4 
Id  many  other  branchea,  French  among  them,  to  tbetr  ooarae,  aod 
it  happened  that  the  German  student  who  wlnlicd  to  prepare  for 
tbt  Qniteffity  had  to  spend  from  eight  to  ten  years  in  studies  that 
nqdnd  bis  pnvsence  at  the  school  for  thirty-two  hours  per  week, 
ihMt  oiMi  half  ijf  which  was  devoted  to  the  two  spccialt !<,■*,  l>nt(n 
iri  Qfoek.  We  aay  *'  spocialties,"  for  such  they  were,  and  atill  ara, 
■hkov^  the  strange  claim  U  made  that  this  preparatory  school,  tbo 
"QTBtaaMHrn,"  does  nut  intend  to  teach  npi^riaUics,  but  tries  to  guard 
■plait  tW  danj^er  of  the  ooe-sidedneu  of  special  pursuits  by  tbe 
btnidaotion  of  tbe  two  aodcnt  languages.  Those  who  make  tbis 
(iilB  fail  to  SM  tbatf  were  it  not  for  the  sixteen  or  seventeen  hours  of 
•Iksr  inttmotion  tbat  the  wbool  now  imjiarts,  the  German  student 
*mU  ftHJ  be  th«  some  unpracticable  pedani,  distinguished  only  for  his 
tWviiily  dead  learning,  ukI  all  ba(  total  ignorance  of  overytbing  else, 
1^  bu  wa«  a  hundred  year*  ago.  It  i*  only  In  a  oomparativoly  small 
pnthit  ibo  occupation  with  Latin  and  Greek  libenliwd  bis  intellcot 
ul  epond  lo  him  Ttsioas  of  ii>U)hcta.tl grotrth.     To  a  far  groaler 


8S 


TSS  POPULAR  SCISycS  MONTHLY. 


uxICDt  tliU  WM  due  to  Uio  nttAnlion  be  b«gAti  In  givu  lo  liU  nn 
tuDguu  And  to  ihe  great  authors  of  bbi  own  and  of  utdgbboring 
Plato  and  Aristotle,  Cicero  and  Horace,  did  somethiDg  for  lum ;  bnl 
what  was  that  oomparod  to  th«  iDtelleclTinl  weallh  of  [he  n*W 
of  soience  and  the  vivid  inspiralion  itiat  fame  to  him  from  ibi! 
of  modem  tJwught  ?  To  dvny  this  is  to  refoae  to  see  tJte  li^hi  vf 
tlM  nooaday  ewi.  PoeM  like  Danu-,  Sb«lui«p«an<,  Hlolit'^rc,  Scbillff, 
Gwthe,  took  a  powerful  Itotd  of  his  ItaaginMioo,  n-finrd  his  monl 
Batnre  as  no  ancient  poet  could,  and  filled  his  rouI  with  idonU  of  lb* 
modem  world.  Voltaire  and  Uume,  liouswaa  and  Diderot,  Carift) 
sod  Kant,  Herder  and  Lening,  taught  him  bow  to  reason,  and  to  d«l 
with  tht>  problems  of  modem  life.  And  to-day  can  it  be  tnil;  mU 
that  tbc  inspiration  tbo  Qerman  student  draws  from  Plato  an>l  At» 
totlfl  can  be  compared  to  iho  powerful  impulse  and  tbo  incompnaUl 
intollecttial  help  he  receives  from  contemporary  writers  like  lion* 
boldtr  Ri(u:r,  Peitchel,  Scbleiden,  llaeckel,  and  a  host  of  olhvn  ia 
various  fields  of  science  and  philosoph)-  io  his  own  land,  and,  aiwti|; 
neighboring  nations,  from  tlie  pages  of  s  Charles  Darwin,  a  lluillj, 
Tjndall,  Claude  Bernard,  and  enttro  galaxies  of  others? 

We  may  repeat,  therefore,  that  the  German  gymnasinm  t<MlM 
Lads  and  Gre«k  aa  epeoialties,  and  that  if  this  special  tralnlng^^ 
not  shown  in  its  stadente  the  bad  effects  that  are  usually  attriliulJ 
to  Bueh  training,  the  merit  of  having  prevented  these  effects  lies  wilh 
thorn  other  studies  which,  as  wo  have  scon,  occupy  tbe  stodent  t«r 
tbe  other  half  of  his  time.  If,  now,  wo  compare  the  courses  of  tbt 
oorresponding  Am«rican  scfaoots  with  tho««  of  the  PVnadan  (or  Gcr 
man)  gymnasium,  we  find  that,  while  tbe  Amerioaa  aoliool  lias  tbt 
same  studies,  il  does  not  snoceed  in  doing  the  same  work.  Uenoc^  ta 
order  to  make  up  for  the  deficiency  of  time,  ihe  preparatory  trafniqf' 
is  continued  in  tbe  college  proper.  But  if  tbo  object  wer«  to  gin 
the  American  student  as  tbnrougb  a  training  in  tbe  Greek  and  I.Ml%l 
without  oegleoting  tbo  otbcr  studies  taught  in  the  German  gytnum 
nm,  tbe  entire  lime  of  the  college  would  be  taken  np  by  these  so-caUd' 
preparatory  studies,  eo  that  the  college  would  have  no  time,  or  brt 
very  little,  left  for  otber  work,  Tliis  is  a  very  serious  objection  M 
the  adoption  of  the  German  system,  and  tbe  only  alternative  wm^ 
be  to  establish  our  preparatory  ecbools  exactly  on  the  same  bsaJttt 
Ute  German  gymnasium.  But  would  this  be  desirable,  even  if  it 
feanbic? 

Un<iueBtionably  tbe  babit  of  oonstant  application  for  so  mM 
years,  during  which  his  study-hours  are  twice  as  numerous  as  tba 
of  his  American  colleague,  while  his  vacations  are  briefer  and  bis  da; 
of  recreation  fewer,  makes  the  German  student  unusually  oapabis ' 
profit  by  further  instruotion  after  having  passed  through  tbe  gynn 
alum.  He  is  very  aocurate  in  some  knowledge^  and  perhaps  tbe  ve 
fact  that  be  has  specially  emphasised  a  few  branches  so  that  now  I 


DeoM  biiu  froiii  tim  aut^oriuee  llie  cotttUiwn  abtimtti, ' 
to  |)unii«  hiH  tiiuiJieH  >t  some  olher  institution.  Then  covat* 
ot  tnilii&ry  service,  dnring  wliich  lio  pae«ca  tho  greater  put 
Aj  tD  admirable  out-tloor  cxcrciar.  It  fau  bccD  frequontly 
I  by  edunli-d  G^rnuuiH,  And  osfwcially  Pruntiniiv,  that  tlib 
miliury  duty  i«  tlie  ulvntiou  of  lli«  manhood  of  ibo  nsUoo, 
fi>r  (liat  iHirtioQ  of  ilie  jouog  inon  (i>at  !1{k-iiL  Ibo  best  years 
youth  ill  lb«  cItMe  coiifiuement  of  the  teamed  achoob. 
liOM  wlio  inMiHt  ao  utrongiy  on  tfao  ncccsiuly  of  imitating  the 
wage  nrcfutly  reflect  on  thb  udc  of  tho  ijiieation.  Bnt 
atill  nuotliPT  xiclc  We  haw  all  along  B]>okirn  of  Iho  Latin 
ik  propintion  aa  lliougb  it  were  abaolutcljr  truo  tlial  the  elu- 
lO  HTJTod  St  the  univeraitj  from  tlie  gyronasium  bare  sotu- 
ered  these  Isngtoges  to  which  thev  have  sacrificed  so  much 
Th«y  are  expected  to  read  Greek  books  undentand- 
Bwdical  faculty  of  Berlin  cxpntmly  itBtcd  it  a*  one  reoaoo 
wbo  winli  to  enter  tb«  univer«ily  *bould  know  Gre^tk,  that 
b«  able  to  read  Galen  in  the  original.  If  such  a  proficiency 
ia  «xpmt«d  of  tb«m  in  the  department  of  medicine,  it  is,  of 
lered  neccasary  in  the  department  "of  arts,"  and  ao 
two  depsrtmeDtB  of  the  aniterEity. 

ta  tell  a  dilToront  story,  Kumerous  proofs  conld  be  ftir- 
tliow  h^yir  little  even  the  gymnneiam  sncoeeda  in  mnking  its 
get  racb  n  hold  of  two  anoiont  langosget  aa  will  make  it  nil 
lible  for  them  to  loee  the  knowledge  M  gained  before  they 
gh  their  university  course.  We  will  eonfine  onraekea  to  tho 
ly  of  one  of  the  mort  competent  sobolars  of  (Sermany,  the  late 
Laeker,  who  recently  died  in  this  comitry  while  on  a  visit, 

tiuntidMft^JiliiyiidataiUbidiiiiiiiiitaAiiibib 


TBS  POPULAR   SC/SyCS  MOXTBLT. 


Toy  great  importance.  It  proves  at  loaat  this,  that  tb«re  btb  iafll 
nany  iDon  of  ucknowMgej  abilitj,  nodonbtrd  booectjr,  roi)  i^H 
lovo  of  vdiicxlion,  muI  able  u>  judgB  of  Uio  «yiit«ni  frvcn  pvrMnula 
iwrteiicc,  who  du«ini  suvli  a  cliango  iti  llie  piyjwntory  itcboaling  ■ 
woiili]  permit  a  student  to  go  to  the  university  witbout  having  Hwllil 
(Jniuk  at  (dl.  Is  tt  a  si}(u  of  a  eballow  mind  la  dUcoiitiUnuoe  if 
Amcritra,  under  circuniHtaiiccs  ibat  inakL>  tbo  experiment  far  kM  Itka 
lo  iti)cc<>cd,  what  n  thus  proved  to  hv  panially  a,  failure  even  ia  Gdj 
many  ?  Is  It  triiu  that  thiwo  irbu  bold  naoh  vi«w»  aro  jiiKlly  rbun 
able  with  a  wanton  dt.'sirv  l<>  d^Niroy  a  vrell-lried  synt^m  of  "tliM 
ough  "  education,  in  order  to  introduoe  new-fangled  noUona  of  llJ 
own  F  I 

But  tJtc  grmniuiuiD  i«  not  tJto  only  xobool  that  pr«p«n«  fat  M 
nuivcTAity.  At  pruietit  anolbcr  school  tii  which  1ms  Iaiid  lod  il 
Greek  are  tAUght,  called  "  ReaUohule,"  has  also  the  right  to  jgitt  M 
gnuluatea  s  certil>c«te  of  "  tnatatity  "  which  etitillee  ihem  to  meniM 
khip  ill  tliK  nniversity,  at  Icimt  in  some  of  tfa«  oourw-i  of  the  "Artil 
depart m«- 111.  lliU  fiict  fboiild,  t bi-rvforo,  bo  bomv  in  mini] :  tliat  la 
Gemum  utiiTondtica  do  admit  Htudcnta  who,  inntoad  of  Onwk,  oH 
other  fitndies,  Tery  macb  as  Harvard  would  have  done  if  llic  prafMl 
Uon  of  lis  faculty  bad  not  been  overroled  by  the  superior  board.  IM 
ptvfcMors  of  th«  German  universities  mostly  favor  the  "  |;rymn3«itio,1 
froiD  which  almotit  overy  one  of  them  was  frrodnated,  bnl  they  an  m 
ao  nnmAonable  as  to  net  np  tbeir  own  individnal  prefen?oceis  agtbM 
the  intelligent  viowi  of  a  considonblv  number  of  higlily  tilueiki^  ym 
pie  who  are  not  profeaaora.  Hmkc,  whatever  the  e2um]>lc  of  Genua 
uniTeraitiea  may  teach  us,  the  leMon  of  intolerance  is  not  tnu^ht  M 
it ;  at  least  not  of  intolerance  in  the  sense  that  tho  views  of  an  intcUl 
gent  minority  must  be  absolutely  di«regar(Io<l  by  the  majority.  I 

The  German  "licalachnlu"  tcachvM  acicnM  and  matbvmatioi^ Ul 
in,  FrcDcb,  Knglish  in  conocction  with  tlio  other  branobv*,  Gemili 
langungfl  and  literature,  etc.,  common  also  to  the  gymnaainn,  M 
ia  claimed  that  tbt.i  eounte  Ik  not  so  beneficial  lo  tito  student  as  IM 
of  the  gymuaaium,  and  a  t«n  yeara'  trial  of  tlio  Berlin  philosopbtMl 
faculty  eeems  to  have  proved  this.  We  will  not  here  enter  upoa  I 
discussion  aa  to  tbo  probable  causes  of  tbi^  failure  of  ibc  KealtclMa 
beyond  stating  the  well-known  fact  that  hilbcrto  tbe  Kcalsebnle  bi 
not  he4'n  generally  palronixcil  by  thn*e  who  aspired  to  the  hi{M 
education  of  the  university.  The  prejudice  in  favor  nf  tbe  oM,  WM 
tried,  and  splendidly  e^fuipited  gymnasinm  was  so  gnat  that  till 
school  naturally  attracted  the  majority  of  ibose  who  wiahed  to  god 
the  university  later.  The  eourso  of  the  Kcalschule  (L  e.,  that* 
tlio  Snit  order  or  class,  there  being  a)M>  a  lower  order  or  cIjuu)  ia  Joi 
as  long  as  that  of  tho  gymnasium,  but  tbe  gradiute*  of  tlie  ReuUdiol 
are  few  in  number,  and  it  is  the  exoi-ption,  and  not  the  rule,  when  tm 
of  them  finally  attends  the  univomity.     Uenoc  it  is  manlfoally  oiiM 


THE  PROBLEM  OF  UIQBER  EDUCATION. 


9» 


to  tase  a  deSnite  opinion  of  tbo  possibilities  of  tfais  tcliool  on  the  work 
bhberto  done  under  oircamtiUnvn  ho  Terj-  disconraging.  Even  noir 
Uk  gytnnaitinra  u  favored  with  privilege*  which  an  as  yet  deoiod  to 
the  ftealschnle,  «•  no  gndnate  of  the  liiUrr  is  admitted  to  the  dopart- 
Bnta  of  law  and  medieine,  at  least  not  in  Prui»i:i.  Tliat  tbc  oom- 
ptntiTcly  few  frradti&t^  of  the  llealscbule  have,  DevcribelesN,  made  % 
ino  and  hoDorable  record  for  themselves  ia  so  undeDiable  fact.  It  is 
moeeeaaary,  faowerer,  to  pnt«r  into  a  defense  of  that  school,  as  it  baa 
not  been  in  existence  long  enough,  at  Irmt  as  a  sobool  that  ain>cd  to 
prq»re  for  the  uuivervitjr,  to  show  wliat  it  will  be  able  to  do  when 
oooe  the  prejudices  now  raised  agunst  it  shall  bare  disappeared. 

Hie  Gerntan  university  requires  of  its  candidates  for  the  degree 
of  )L  D.  Boob  a  familiarity  with  Greek  as  will  enable  the  xtiidonts  to 
nsd  Galeo  in  the  original ;  but  do  the  medical  studvnta  really  coiuult 
(iilan  in  tho  original,  either  at  tbo  university  or  in  after-life?  1  hare 
been  at  the  pains  to  gaiti  some  proofs  of  this  laudable  praetice,  but 
tea  far  in  vain,  llie  all  but  unammiHU  Initinioiiy  b  that  the  medi- 
al Itudent's  greatest  desire,  next  to  knowing  the  practical  details  of 
bit  profession,  is  to  bo  able  to  read  the  works  of  tbo  best  Englisli  and 
PteDch  aalboriticK,  and  specially  the  periodicals  that  bear  on  medical 
ad  kindred  i>ul>j«cta.  But  Knglii>b  is  not,  as  a  rule,  taught  in  the 
uiTfnity,  nor  tii  it  one  of  the  ri^iuircd  studies  of  the  gymnasium,  and 
tbt  imtnenst)  amount  of  labor  the  student  has  to  perfonn  makes  it  im- 
fosnble  for  bim  to  do  enough  for  the  study  by  private  effort.  And, 
tb(a,lhe  prejndice against 80  "easy "a  language  !  Tbia  prejudice,  tba 
toolt  of  the  peculiar  training  of  the  college,  is  one  that  college-meQ 
ntfrtain  like  a  dogma,  and  whieb  they  never  tiro  of  impressing  on 
Iba  stadent.*  The  acutcst  oritie  of  France,  8aint«-Bvuve,  tn4-ident> 
lUy  alluded  to  this  prejudice  in  his  defense  of  Racine's  mamcrpieoe, 
"Alhilie."  Ue  said  :  "  Great  lovers  and  judges  of  antiquity,  AmI  xeho 
on  aoi;  ptrhapf,  as  ffrtat  judges  of  the  ProKlt  txautk*  of  '  Atftaiiet 
■utain  that  SopboclM  (in  bis  '  Antigono  *)  is  superior.  ...  I  listen, 
ui  let  them  t^k  [iPiooute,  el  Je  laUtt  din).  /«nry  (Aom  who  an 
fOi^y  ctipriU^  of  Jttdffing  mth  e^uai  corrcetnw  {au  mSme  deffri) 
i/lie  bM>  tinds  of  beauties,^  etc.  llie  modeiity  of  the  remark,  com- 
■■gfram  one  who  was  himself  no  mean  judg^  of  antiquity,  ought  to 
Hfire  other  critics  witli  a  reaiionable  diffidence  when  about  to  pan 
jldgmeiit  on  tlic  diffii-ultii-s  of  other  languages.  Onis  may  learn  a 
4nn  langiugcA  moderately  well  in  Icsit  time  than  it  takes  to  learn  a 

<B|tll  <MM  veil. 

On  tbo  Continent  of  Europe  one  may  meet  with  many  illuctrations 

*  II  tlw  dffiiMhlM  ef  •  hagua^  >r«  ll>  cUii'f  rnnmnitTniliiiinn*  aa «  )lu4j  far  "  (1U<^- 
fiat^  (ts  tiiliiiilsrttnn  ot  liDpn>T«d  mtlhi<il>  cil  l«ichiii^,  ^y  ii»bl1nji  lli«  itadnit  to 
rltaaa  4iflka1tk<  bj  ■■  " tntj piiif,"  Bonld  into  far  ilratroj  llirir  valiip.     For  * 
tea  of  lUt  pc«]adiar,  mo  a  reccni  anlclo  on  'Aodvni  Laaguajw"  In  tlw 


THE  POPl'LAS  SCiSKCB  MONTHLY. 


of  tbts  fact.  The  "  Cologne  Gucette,"  for  uistancc,  ui)«<d  tn  fmiflfl 
the  i>«riod]val  advertUemont  of  b  Uennan  vho  imdoubt«dl/  piWH 
hiiniicif  on  bis  English.  Dcsiriofr  to  obtain  Mine  Knglieb  boaHcniiWl 
woum)  up  with  tbia  remark,  "Tb«  tU«t  ii  notorioiu  and  nnlimhoL' I 
Wlut  bo  roallf  meant  wan  llint  bo  Mt  b  good  %altA^  and  ibcn  «■■ 
[4eiity  to  eat.  It  ia  this  kind  of  modem  tonyuage  wbtcfa  aostc  initfn  I 
ertdcnUjr  mewi  when  ih^y  epeak  of  lh«  facilitv  with  irhich  inHdM 
tioDM  from  modvm  languagcis  can  be  made.  Let  us  enppoM  t^H 
Tnm  DO  projudi«a  agaiiut  tba  modem  Jangm^^  and  none  in  farorni 
Oreek,  whut  woold  h^ipeu?  Th«  medic«]  faoalliw  would,  no  du«bi,l 
advbe  tlieir  studenta  to  avail  tbemaelvea  of  everjr  opportanitif  to  en 
tain  a  };t>od  knowledge  of  the  three  languages  tn  which  (he  chief  nJ 
solta  of  modem  ciTiliEatioii  are  recorded.  But  to  do  this  with  atfM 
HOnable  cluincD  of  suocom,  ench  stadenta  miist  b«  allowed  the  neceauu^l 
time.  Th«y  MUi  not  find  thiti  time  for  the  modem  InngoagM  ashmiciil 
the  college  compels  them  to  dorote  it  to  the  andcnL  To  measare  rairif  | 
the  disciplinary  value  of  such  a  tanguago  an  Knglixh  io  not  an  Htn 
matter.  Take,  for  instaooe,  the  oboiM  of  synonyms.  Heap  latl 
broth  wwnt  to  mean  the  same  thing,  at  least  in  poetry,  and  ^  tm 
poot  may  want  to  (ute  tl>c  ouo  in  a  ptaoo  whero  bo  could  not  use  tlfll 
other.  An  English  gtintleinnn  n|K!nt  an  oroalng  in  Vunico  at  (bu  tm 
atre.  The  piece  represented  was  an  Italian  version  of  "Machnth.*! 
In  tbe  conr&e  of  the  play  our  Englishman  heard  the  exprcinioD,  *'P»I 
tents  infeniale,"  which  he  mentally  translated  into  *'  infernal  80u|v'| 
without  being  able  to  recall  the  original  passage.  ITnving  rotiinwll 
to  thv  hotrl,  hi»  fint  care  wa«  to  cxiiminc  the  English  work,  when  ktl 
was  delighted  to  find  that  the  immortal  bard,  far  from  using  im 
shocking  "  infernal  soup,"  mentioned  only  the  comparatively  harmlll 
"hell-broth."  I 

Whoflver  haa  consulted  a  dictionary  of  synonyms  in  the  KngUifaJ 
Qerman,  or  Froncb  language,  will  receive  with  some  doubt  the  asasM 
tion  that  the  ancient  language  are  richer  in  this  rcHpect  than  Unl 
modern.  The  cttli-brntcd  historian,  Ouizot,  devoted  many  yoan  loadiH 
tioiuiry  of  Prcnob  synonyms,  which  contains  over  eight  hundred  papM 
The  astonishing  wealth  of  (he  German  vocabulary  is  welt  known,  and 
the  philosophical  spirit  of  the  nation  has  inlroduovd  such  a  gnall 
number  of  (ho  nicest  shades  of  exprosston  tlint  a  translation  from  ibn 
German,  in  order  to  be  good,  requires  an  extraordinary  effort.  I 

"  TraduUorc  tradUort,"  say  the  Italians.  "  A  translator,  a  ttiH 
tor."  Not  Dccossarily.  There  are  translations  and  Iranslaiions,  baM 
after  alt,  to  tninj>latc  fluiiiily  from  one  langiiafte  into  another  is  n<4 
the  real  object  of  language-stady.  ITnlesa  a  student  rftids  a  foroim 
language  as  he  does  his  own,  he  has  not  mastered  it,  but  to  gain  thlfl 
ability  is  a  far  more  serious  undertaking  than  is  commonly  belir-veiL  I 

Be  this  as  it  may,  it  is  at  least  certain  that  a  docU>r  of  medicln^ 
or  a  candidate  for  the  degree,  Kboald  have  an  ordinary  knowledges 


TBB  PROBLEM  OF  HIQttKR  EDUCATION. 


93 


botany,  at  lewt  of  so  much  of  il  u  will  enable  him  to  reco^iUo  cam- 
omil«  when  b«  aees  it,  and  to  tell  tbe  difference  bdurrau  li«mluok  and 
psrel«]r.  Mow,  this  ranurkable  charge  b  laid  Bgsiost  many  of  tho 
candidatci  for  tbit  degree  iii  Ocrmikay,  that  they  have  not  obtained 
tbi*  knowledge*  Tbey  niay  Ik>  able  to  raid  a  quoUtion  of  Galea  in 
GrNk  (altbongb  they  would  understaiid  it  inlitiitcly  better  in  the  i 
tfagaat  Oenoan  veraion  they  have  in  their  library),  but  m  for  camo> 
oile  and  hemlock  \ — pshaw  \     That  ia  tbe  apothecary's  businMa. 

Without  wirihing  to  »it  iu  judgment  over  iinch  facts  and  views, 
lUi,  St  Icaat,  we  may  do  :  we  may  atlinn  that  there  arc  maoy  per* 
wna,  who  are  neither  eballow  nor  uneducated,  who  yet  prefer  in  their 
{Ayiieian  a  thorough  knowledge  of  botany  to  any  degree  of  »kill  in 
nading  Oalen  in  Greek. 

The  American  college  orowns  the  cdncatioDal  stractnro  of  the  state. 
tn  bcreaae  it»  power  for  good,  it  ought  to  be  ac-cvM»ihlc  to  any  HtudcDt 
•be  b^  paaaed  thiongh  tbe  preliminary  training  of  the  cooinioD, 
paBumu*,  and  high  echoola.  It  is  not  at  all  true  that  tfaoae  who  oppow  | 
the  prceent  college  preparation  desire  to  make  education  leas  efficient ;  ' 
ntker  ought  it  to  be  said  that  many  intelligent  friends  of  edacatJoa 
vidi  to  make  a  more  efficient  colle^ate  education  arailitblc  for  a  larger 
nrnber.  Tbo  college  slioutd  not  be  a  acliool  for  one  upccialty,  bat 
ntlier  a  achool  in  which  many  specialties  are  taught  by  the  rcry  best 
■ptcialiHts.  In  such  a  school  ancient  languages  and  literatures  would 
bold  a  place  alongside  of  modern  languages  and  literatures ;  tbe  sci- 
ntca  of  astronomy  nn<l  phynes  would  ntund  on  the  same  level  as  the 
Mwiices  of  botany  aud  geology  ;  moral  and  rot^iital,  political  uod  social 
ideoce  would  be  equally  well  represented.  There  ia  no  reaaoii  to  fear 
that  aadcnt  learning  would  suffer,  but  some  to  hope  that  it  would  be 
tarried  on  by  those  who  are  drawn  to  it  by  natural  taste  and  ability, 
ttd  not  simply  bccau«n  it  is  the  fasliion.  Wliat  can  be  mom  unpracti- 
cal to  the  common  mind  than  tbe  8tndy  of  the  atara  J  What  imme- 
diate profit  doea  "  itar-gaiing  "  hold  oot  f  And  yet  Katnre  producca 
the  rcquiiiile  number  of  bom  astronomers,  who,  at  one  time  or  another,  . 
recognise  their  vocation,  and  reac;h  it  with  the  directness  of  the  b«U  ' 
ihot  from  a  well-aioMd  ri6D.  The  essential  thing  is,  that  the  young 
itndent  most  not  be  allowed  too  soon  to  make  his  choice  of  aludie*. 
For  this  rcaaon  a  preparatory  couthc,  which  may  extend  through  the 
iret  two  yeara  of  college,  seems  to  b«  a  necessity.  There  is  nothing 
to  preveDt  an  American  college  from  allowing  this  preparatory  course 
to  be  of  sacb  a  aattire  at  will  enable  the  student  to  elect  between  two 
Hwdira  of  similar  value.  This  limited  election  would  still  be  of  the 
Mlvre  of  a  prescribed  eonrsc.  It  would  be  very  nearly  what  the  llar- 
Tsrd  faculty  have  tried  to  introduce.  It  will  remain  an  open  question 
for  a  long  time  loootne,wbat  study  should  be  offset  against  tbe  Greek, 

'      •RtpoftsflhtPnMilaalDabterof  Edutwlon,  Juljll,  16S8.    " PMiiagoglwba  1)^ 
«*"(L«a«Wn),  isn  pp.  33,  tL 


94  THE  POPULAR   SCIEifCB  MQNTHLT, 

if  onoe  the  princi()!e  should  be  recogniiwi.     Km  lUia  VouM  be  a  I 
t«r  of  detail,  n'bich  the  different  fai'ulties  vould  evoDtually  fleltlitil 
tbere  is  no  rcaaon  to  fejir  that  anj*  faculty  would  long  rotillnon  i 
vtcctivo  ByRiem  which  rxpcrienco  ttiould  provo  to  dia^uslifj  itododl] 
from  choodng  tbcir  HubMiqucnt  Htudivft  int«lligMitly. 

What  in  iio«dcd,  6nl  of  m11,  ih  thi*  fnnk  acknuwlnlgtnral  oo  Utj 
l«rt  of  tliofc  who  now  oontrol  our  colleges  that  these  iiistilutioM 
intended  to  furnish  the  toeana  of  higher  education  for  n11  who  «v 
nalnrc  titt<^d  for  it,  nnd  that,  aa  long  a*  thcr*  nro  divorgvnt  virwi] 
by  mvn  i-tjually  eminent,  aa  to  the  |>ropN  preparation  for  Ihu  bigbar^ 
lege  Btudiea,  it  behooves  do  one,  who  happens  to  W  iu  power,  lu  use  1 
authority  for  th«  purpose  of  monopolising  tbe  college  for  the  applM»>j 
lion  of  bin  own  theories.  It  is  not  from  a  wi»h  to  leseen  Latin  u4( 
Gnick  Jt-arnTrig  that  the  pU-a  ik  miulc  to  treat  other  utadic*  will)  e>{iul| 
libfnilit}'.  Thern  is  no  onulimgbt  made  on  I.ittin  and  Greek,  bu 
tbe  eotttnuy,  those  who  favor  the  monopoly  of  Latin  and  Gt 
often  guilty  of  making  an  UDworrantable  on^Uught  on  modem  stnd 
lite  tendency  of  our  colleges,  in  apito  of  tbe  connrvKtive  element  ial 
tbtoi,  ia  toward  the  breaking  down  of  ifaia  monopoly.  Thu  ioomeeoTl 
decliie  coaraes  in  all  tbe  prominent  colleges  is  a  most  aignificant  i 


OEIOm  OF  COLOR  IN  ANIUfALa 

8r  U.  TAtTL  UACriUI.. 

OF  all  the  charaoteristics  of  organised  bodies,  color  is  one  of  lbl| 
mo«t  fugitive.    Trifling  variations  in  the  individual  vonatiwj 
tion,  apparently  slight  changes  in  the  biologieol  oomlitiorH  to 
it  is  subject,  are  often  sufficient  to  induce  considerable  tnixlific 
In  the  ext«rior  eoloration.     Color  in  animals  may,  ilierefore,  h« : 
garded  M  having  a  variety  of  origins,    fjomctimes  it  is  due  to  tbe  fa 
that  tbe  tissues  arc  formed  from  colored  mat«rial ;  more  frrquditl 
to  ibe.ir  Itaving  imlubed  a  colored  fluid.    This  ts  generally  the  i 
with  the  formations  of  tbe  epidermis,  the  hairs  of  aittnials,  the  f« 
ors  of  birds,  and  tbe  scales  of  reptiles.    The  tntnalucid  nature  of  till 
ti-gumenta  may  also  bo  the  caui>n  of  external  coloration,  ax  i'l 
thv  wbito  mco^  whoso  delicate  nkin  (rxhihils  the  vessels  of  ili> 
lying  tianie*.     Many  invertebrates  are  so  transparent  that  tbeir  ii 
temal  organs  may  be  seen.     In  the  majority  of  eiises,  auimaU  u\ 
their  external  hues  to  colored  granulations  or  pigments,  which,  diflu 
through  the  tiaeues,  give  tints  varying  with  their  abondanoa  or 
tribution.    This  substance  may  Iw  black,  or  browo,  nr  yellow  In 
vertebrates,  while  red,  ydlow,  blue,  and  greeti  predominate  among  I 
invertebrates,    lite  pb^omena  of  interfcrcitcie  presented  by  ihotr  I 


TJl£  POPVLAR  aCiSSCS  MONTBLy. 


oiM,  WhiU  parU  of  inlnialti  are  oft«n  atUr1c»I  irith  dUoun.vtdl 
tli«  OtlKr  poru  remain  bMllhy  ;  and  light-sktiiiuil  niiinuUs  an  nai 
troalili-d  1)y  fii«  and  panaitvtt.  Albinoistu,  wbiuU  la  simplj'  &  MJ 
maptilude  for  the  prodaclion  of  pigment,  is  *  sure  sign  of  il«gc»«rtri 

Vi{p>r  of  tlto  genital  organs  ts  ORO  of  tho  most  miuiifcst  tigni  j 
vital  artivity.  Ilio  relation  belwwn  tlip  r''[tnnlurtiv<i  fiiiirtion  u 
pignii-ntation  In  mo  Htriking  tlixt  Jk'iisiiigi-r  lt;ui  i!x|>rcMtL-4  il  a^  a  lu 
IVoubles  brought  upon  tbuttoxual  fauctiotiA  undvr  the  iufIuene>eof  H 
particular  caoBes,  as  of  domuBticatton,  often  coincide  fiilh  Ibo  moj 
siDgulAr  modifications  of  color.  i 

Tbo  color!  II g-matt^r  is  also  intimately  connected  with  tbo  ttarToj 
■yitt«m.  TliuH,  it  t»  at  tbo  uxtrcmitj  of  a  nerve,  tJio  optic  DorrOitlj 
is  looallxed,  in  all  species  of  animaU,  Uic  tnaximum  of  aptitude  fnf  || 
prodaction  of  j^igment.  In  the  lowest  types  of  the  series,  whea  d 
eye  begins  to  become  difforcntiated,  and  while  it  can  harilly  yM  1 
oonsidcrcd  an  organ  of  vision,  a  pigmont^ot  may  l>o  obscondj 
make  ila  appvantnoc  At  the  sanio  ttmo  other  parta  of  th«  opiM 
appantus  tliat  have  a  muoli  gmatc<r  functional  importance,  thu  nifti 
tag  media,  for  eiamplc,  may  not  yet  be  cxUliug  even  in  a  noij^M 
ary  state.  Tbeae  oonsideraiions  lead  me  to  believe  that  tb»  ^ffk 
pigtnont'fpot  owee  ita  existence  not  soldy  to  the  advuntagos  wpn 
the  individnal  may  derive  from  it,  but  diiofly  to  th^t  [>ri>xititiiy  of] 
Derve,  the  elcin«nts  of  which  are  <)i«turWd  by  a  contimiouH  vibniia 
movement,  or  by  light.  Thin  kind  of  election  of  pigment  exUts,  mod 
over,  not  only  io  reference  to  the  organ  of  sight,  but  frequently  alj 
in  other  special  sensitive  terminations — at  tlic  ends  of  the  audltoj 
ncrvM  with  nomo  invertebrates,  at  tbo  end  of  tho  proboicia  fa  ll 
Miinofti'S.  In  the  chameleon,  tho  tarbot,  tho  cullK^-fisb,  and  tona  tiu 
animals,  tho  connactioD  of  tho  pigmentary  system  with  tlie  nerroj 
K>  oloeo  that  a  ntniple  ner^ouM  excitation  is  enough  to  modify  the  u 
tribotion  of  tlie  colored  granulatioim  in  the  integometita.  I 

On  the  otber  hand,  certain  coDstitotiooal  defects  indnoo  a  dioUnj 
lion  or  abacjioc  of  coloring-matter,  of  which  I  can  give  no  bctt4iti||| 
tration  than  to  cite  Darwin's  curious  obsenation  tliat  white  calj^f 
erally  have  blue  eyca  and  are  deaf.  ^ 

■\Vhat  we  have  aaid  tends  to  prove  that  tbo  poeitive  facU  ot  lU 
or  the  complete  development  of  ihe  organs  of  the  individual — lieaHj 
strength,  fuIlneM  of  fnncliona,  display  of  activity  and  accentqalioo  j 
imimal  vigor  in  tJie  nertona  system  ami  the  organs  of  nlatioa — od 
respond  closely  with  an  abundant  prodacUon  of  ooloring-inaiti-r ;  whfl 
the  negative  facts  of  life — age.  constitutional  weakness,  disease,  m 
thy,  and  degeneration  generally — lead  to  a  more  or  leas  complete  Ay 
appearance  of  the  same  sabsUncc.  N«vcTthele*s,  wc  notice  in  sail 
oasee  the  contrary  fact,  or  a  dqtoditioa  of  coloring-mat (er,  or  uij 
omae  of  ita  prodnction  in  connection  virith  some  pathological  t^OQ^I 
of  tbe  organiam.    But  tbeae  caaot,  which  loem  oppoaed  to  our  tflH| 


OBIQIS  OF  COLOR  IN  ANIMALS. 


97 


m  geeenTIf  •uteeptibleof  cpedaJ  oipIaoatioEij^  ud  their  contrwlio- 
JOD  of  tho  otlicr  fscu  U  011I7  apfMuvot. 

Is  coDsidcration  of  the  influeiuNi  of  externa]  agencic*  on  ooloralion, 
v(  dittugui»h  Wtween  two  clasM* :  tboao  forces  vh\v\\  can  be  re- 
Mlnd  into  ft  rapid  vibration — light,  beat,  and  cltxitricitv — the  ftoiioa 
of  which  is  Tery  marked ;  ssd  other  more  complex  ngrocic«,  among 
*bich  we  include  food,  captivity,  moigtore,  and  the  colorixing  itod  de- 
eolonsing  action  of  »orio  Hccrction«.  Light  ia  the  principal  excitant 
capable  of  provoking  thi;  dL-vclopnient  of  ooIoriDg-maltcr,     Very  sig- 

.  nidcast  on  this  point  ia  3d.  Paul  Ilert'a  account  of  hU  vxpmmeota 
I  the  larvs  of  the  asoloti :  "  Pale  on  iaaoing  from  the  egg,  they 
ome  colored  by  the  deposition  of  pigment  under  tho  influence  of 
Hgbt.  In  tbc  dark,  or  in  rvd  light,  Mw.  pigtncnl  ia  not  developed." 
From  tfaia  wv  learn  that  the  less  refrangible  raya  have  no  influence  on 
the  production  of  pigment ;  it  u  therefore  by  the  rapidity,  and  not  by 
the  amplitdde  of  ita  vibrations,  tlutt  light  acta  upon  the  formatioB  of 
wlocmg-matter.  An  analogoaa  exanple  is  furaiBfacd  by  l)ic  Protcua, 
vUcli,  having  been  drawn  out  from  ita  dark  hole,  becomtv  gratlually 
tekved  by  light.  We  may  compare  with  tbcoc  oW'rvattoua  tliat  tb« 
MgiO  baby  ia,  when  first  born,  of  only  Kliglitly  different  color  from 
thi  vhttc ;  and  the  fact  that  certain  parts  of  bis  body  may  already 
ihtw  the  negro  tinge  does  not  contradict  our  theory  of  the  dependence 
of  the  color  on  the  action  of  light,  bat  ia  only  tho  mark  of  a  hereditary 
loiUncy  to  become  black,  I  do  not  intend  to  attscrt  that  light  is  the 
nit  cause  of  pigment-eoloralion,  for  that  would  l>e  contrary  to  the 
hoa ;  bat  it  ia  generally  lite  exciting  and  sometime*  tho  necewary 
■mm  for  tho  development  of  the  coloring-matter.  It  play*  a  part 
Se  that  of  the  spark  in  combustion,  which  has  no  effect  upon  an 
inconboitible  body,  in  tho  same  way  that  tight  produces  no  colorizing 
Act  upon  an  albino.  Then  is,  then,  an  aptitude  to  become  colored, 
rtfeh  varica  according  to  races,  and  may  not  alwayii  exist.  Tlie  quea- 
tim,  bowerer,  of  the  ultimate  cause  of  coloration  ia  not  solved,  bot 
only  poahod  back  ;  for  we  are  ignorant  of  tho  cause  of  this  aptitude^ 
tad  ar«  obliged,  to  explain  it,  to  have  recourse  to  tlic  laws  of  heredity 
ad  natural  selection. 

The  rich  coloration  of  deep-Ma  animals  apparently  contjadicut  thic 
(seta  we  have  cited,  but  does  not  rc-JilIy  do  so.  For  it  in  principally  tie 
nd,  or  less  refrangible,  neutral  rays,  the  paHtngc  <if  which  is  inter- 
nptcd  by  the  water,  while  the  blue,  violet,  atid  ultra-violet  rays,  which 
iTB  the  active  ones  in  coloration,  pass  through  it  to  a  considerable 
jtptb.  Forthermore,  wc  know  that  the  molccuK-s  componiug  the 
timea  of  these  anintals  are  subject  lo  vibratory  movements  aualogous 
lo  iboae  of  light,  wbicfa  are  represented  to  us  by  phoephorescence ; 
aad  we  may  cooceivo  those  vibrations  lo  be  intense  eoongh  to  produce 
aeolotatioD  Etke  that  which  b  the  effect  of  sunli(;bt. 

ft     As  a  »Ble,  the  parta  of  animals  most  exposed  to  rays  of  light  are, 

■ »««.  unn.— 7 


98 


TBS  POPULAR  SCIESCS  MOXTSLT. 


oUior  tliSnga  being  oqunl,  rlotiMt  in  oolorlng-matur.  The  bMfaafl 
irild  ammals  are  usually  uid  vitli  few  eiccptions  (as  araoD]'  m»  I 
tarnal  and  barrowiof;  snimala)  more  Btroogty  colored  tban  tbeix  bi^ 
Un.  AiiotliiT  cliuti  of  rxccptionii  may  b»  tv<-n  among  fixliM  of  M^l 
familiiM  vliii'li  \w  on  tbvlr  sidw  inntMd  of  on  ibt^ir  WtlicH,  and  ncplH 
not  Uicir  backs,  but  one  of  tbeir  Bides  to  tbe  llgbt.  In  tbcM  fifbwtiu 
nppor  side  u  colored,  wbile  the  under  side,  next  lo  Uie  groand  uid  tla 
darkncM,  is  not.  Articulates  siso  bavc  tbcir  upper  uden  most  etro(i|t]l 
colored,  although  what  in  tlicm  aiuirrn  moitt  nearly  to  tliu  docid 
oolamn  is  next  to  tbc  ground.  Tbe  parts  of  tbe  »ltcllii  of  otoUaikJ 
which  are  in  contact  with  tlic  ground  arc  uncolored,  while  tbc  paiW 
exposed  to  the  light  shine  with  varied  tints  ;  and  this,  wbatorirBM 
bo  the  peculiar  ]>o«ition8  Besumed  bj  particular  ibcUs.  I 

For  individunlH  of  tbe  Mme  race,  the  abundance  of  tbe  colorinJ 
matt«r  is  generally  proportioned  to  tbc  intcn^t;  of  iho  light  to  vbUl 
tbey  are  exposed,  lliis  fact  in  generally  understood,  though  Axan 
obMrvatioDs  bearing  upon  it  are  not  as  numerous  as  it  is  deifa^H 
they  Bbotild  be.  It  is  veil  fcBOwn  that  the  tkin  is  tanned  by  Hpi 
that  people  from  the  north  are  browned  by  living  in  tlie  eunlli,  and 
that  raddineos  and  freckles  appear  under  the  action  of  tlw  mnti^n 
Some  peoples  of  the  white  race,  like  the  Uindoos  and  tbe  Moon^  iMH 
live  in  southern  climates,  are  frequently  darker-ekinned  than  ibe  wl 
groes  Ifaemselvce.  Still,  we  can  not  affinn  that  light  is  the  only  oaon 
of  these  changes.  I 

Mr.  Gould  hns  observed  that  birds  arc  more  strongly  colored  wIiaI 
tliey  live  in  cotintrios  having  a  clear  sky  than  on  inlanda  or  tho  ica^ 
aborc.  Bcrehstein  aays  that  the  colors  of  the  plumage  of  oaga-bMfl 
are  affected  by  tbe  aliadc  in  which  tbey  are  kept.  Mr.  Allen  has  ehowal 
that  tbe  color  of  several  species  in  tbe  United  Statn  changes  as  wo  m 
from  ooTlh  to  south.  I 

On  secount  of  their  clwe  relations  with  ono  another,  it  b  hard  tfl 
distingniih  the  cITecbt  of  heat  on  color  from  those  of  light.  Kxtenall 
temperature  can  not  hare  much  effect  ojwn  the  skin  of  vrarm-bloodtdj 
animala  wfaoac  bodiea  are  kept  by  tbe  internal  heat  at  a  aniform  m 
gree ;  but  with  the  for  it  b  different,  and  it  is  po«»ible  tliat  cold  uftn 
induce  an  abstraction  of  coloring-matter  from  tlie  hain,  and  thai  tw 
white  color  of  animals  of  the  polar  r.ono  may  be  partly  owing  to  tftH 
fact.  According  to  Pallas,  the  hor«o  and  the  cow  in  Siberia  bol^H 
paler  daring  the  winter.  The  ermine  seldom  becomes  as  white  din|H 
winter  in  England  as  in  Norway.  Its  summer  color  perBiets  till  Ilia 
in  the  Kason,  when  tbe  extreme  cold  comes  on,  and  then  chaogM  iail 
few  daya.  The  isatis  fox,  which  in  the  polar  regions  beeomct  wMtfl 
in  winter  from  brawnish-gmy,  changes  but  little  when  taken  to  Em 
rope.  The  Alpine  bare  does  not  put  ott  tU  white  dress  at  a  finfl 
period,  bnt  at  a  time  that  depends  on  the  greater  or  less  Mrlinoa  ofl 
Cbv  b()giianing  of  winter.  I 


M,  Tea  wltVi^paeeu,  tiirnwl  TiTacIc. 
paroqnrt,  f«d  with  the  fat  of  oertaiii  fishes,  bccamtf 
wHh  rod  and  j-ellow. 

bare  been  WTitt«D  on  tbv  inflnpnce  of  nstaral  leloction 
tor,  snr)  bare  elnoidstod  tbo  ■abject  no  fully  th«t  we  need  not 
it  at  loogth.  Tbo  prindpal  Mpect  in  wfaicb  tbe  influence 
ilMlf  U  tliat  in  wliieb  the  pnerailbig  color  among  auimals  gives 
kind  of  rMemblanee  to  the  ground  on  which  or  the  mcditiin  in 
Ib^jr  livoi,  or  to  the  objects  by  which  tliey  are  surrounded,  to 
y  are  moni  readily  hidden  front  their  euemicc  In  oilier  cam* 
I  nailv  oonoiiicnona  in  color  or  to  reaembl«  diMgreeable  objccta, 
Ihvir  encmiea,  inistiikiiig  (hem  for  something  elw^  shall  av<^d 
Snch  cases  belong  to  the  classes  of  phenomeoa  which  Mr. 
I  baa  grouped  and«r  tbe  designation  of  protectiro  mimicry. 
'  eaaMt  certain  colon  aiay  bo  aiaociatcd  with  pcoulioritioi  that 
A*  anlnul  mor«  capable  of  roditUog  peculiar  condltiona  to 
may  be  exposed ;  when  natural  («I»clton,  aided  by  aelMtion 
brevdcr,  may  contr)but«  to  preserve  this  color  to  the  exclusion 
Thas,  according  to  Darwin,  in  Virginia,  black  hogs  alone 
iun  a  eonrm  of  feeding  con^istinf;  largely  of  the  roots  of 
UrtctoHa;  ao  a  race  of  black  boga  boouM  wtabllshed  in 
■117. 

h  more  migbt  be  aald  on  thla  suhjcct.  We  mtgbt  coodldor  tbe 
m»  of  Nxoal  selection  to  which  male  birds  largely  owe  their 
jamage  ;  Uio  heredity  of  colors,  corTclatire  variations,  and  tbo 
and  obeeura  action  of  domestication  ;  tlio  action  of  moiaturo 
one  aeoretod  prindpica ;  and  the  diMtrihntlon  of  colors  aa 
to  geographical  region*.    What  I  have  mid  baa  been  really 

the  purpose  of 


too 


TBB  POPULAR  SCTBITCS  MONTHLY. 


THE  MOTOR  CENTERS  AND  THE  "WILL.* 


Bt  VICTOK  H0B8LKT.  F.S.aS. 

MY  flubject  being  tho  niwliaiiism  of  thu  irilt,  U  might  be  aak 
"  Wbnt  bu  ■  NUrgeoD  to  do  witb  [myrholog}-  f"     To  whicfal 
would  aoavrur,  "  ETcrj-tbing."    For,  without  fAitManag  ciyHelf  bvliii 
Mr,  JonUhan  Hulohinson's  trite  easing  that  *'  a  eurgeou  aiitmbl  he  i 
pbjalcinn  who  knows  how  to  use  his  hands,"  I  would  remind  you  tbi 
pim  •cif.-ncv  lias  proved  »>  good  a  fo<t«r- mother  to  surgery,  thai  i|i»^ 
eaacfl  of  tho  hraio  whii^b  wore  formurly  «oniddercd  to  be  ho|)«tem,  i 
now  brought  within  a  nic«aurablc  didtanoo  of  tho  kniftt,  and  Ihenfo 
a  Htcp  nearer  toward  core.     Again,  I  would  remind  you  that  aiirgtoi 
rather  than  physicians  see  the  experiments  which  so-called  Naliirel 
tlwaj's  providing  for  us — experiments  which,  though  liorribl}*  clun 
do  on  rhro  oocasions,  as  I  ahall  prosentlj  aliow  von  to-night,  Icd«1  i 
powerful  aid  in  attempting  to  mIta  the  most  obscure  probleawi 
presented  to  the  Miixiiivt. 

The  title  I  bare  cboaen  may  potaibly  be  objected  to  aa  too 
prchensive ;  but  until  wo  are  ready  to  admit  a  new  tormino!o;ry. ' 
must  iMnploy  the  old  id  order  to  convey  our  moaning  iutrlti^iM},! 
though  there  may  bo  coupled  therewith  tho  ri&k  of  exprii>i<ing 
than  we  doaire.     Thne,  when  I  speak  of  tho  mcclianism  of  the  vill  i 
tbtt  motor  centers  of  the  brain,  1  do  not  intend  (as  indeed  must  ba  i 
vious)  to  disciiM  tho  exiitonce  of  the  ao-oalled  freedom  of  the  will,  i 
the  source  of  our  conscionancaa  of  voluntary  power. 

I  shall  rather  describe  to  yon  first  the  general  plan  of  tha  m 
\txa  which  conveys  information  to  our  brain,  tho  thinking  or^an ; 
the  arrangement  of  those  parts  in  it  which  are  concerned  with  Tola*- 
tary  pheitomena  j  and,  finally,  I  shall  sftck  to  show  by  means  of  eif  ■ 
ment  that  the  conaciouitncM  of  our  eziating  as  single  beings,  tbv 
sciouaness  of  our  poamasiDg  but  one  will,  as  peopio  Hay,  wlitle  at  lU 
same  time  wo  know  that  we  possess  a  double  n^rroua  nyat«m,  I*  <! 
to  the  fact  that  pure  volition  is  dependent  entirely  on  the  excmi- 
the  att«ntjoo  which  connotca  the  id«a  of  aingleness ;  coneeqiKn 
that  it  is  impoasiblo  to  carry  out  two  totally  distinct  ideaaal  our    ' 
tbo  same  moment  of  time,  when  tbc  attention  must,  of  ooaiM,  bi*  : 
roS*g^  upon  eaeh. 

I  fear  that,  in  making  my  argument  consoculjvo,  I  aball  har« 
paas  over  Tvrj  well-beaten  paths,  and  *o  I  most  ask  yonr  patiraoo  f<( 
a  few  momenta  while  I  make  good  my  premUes.    The  nen 
_t»m,  which  in  man  ia  composed  of  brain,  spinal  cord,  nerves,  m 

linga,  ia  arranged  npon  tbe  simplest  plan,  although  tlie  deuili  < 

*  iMturB  doliT«rad  U  tlio  Rojsl  InsUlvllaD  eS  QrMt  nrluln. 


TITS  MOTOR  CENTERS  AND   THE  Will. 


101 


tlie  same  become  bigbly  complex  when  t«  Arrive  at  the  top  of  the 
Imin. 

At  Ilie  Bsme  time,  vrbil«  wc  have  tliia  simple  plan  of  ttractare,  w« 
find  that  there  ta  al»o  n  fandanic-iilal  mode  of  action  of  tho  samo— a 
mode  vhich  is  %  simple  czposition  of  tliv  principle,  no  effect  widiout  a 
ctuM  a  mode  of  action  which  is  known  ati  tbc  phonomenon  of  simple 
itdex  actioa. 

Hie  general  plan  of  the  whole  nervons  system  is  illuotrated  by  this 

nodeL     Imbedded  in  tbo  tisiuea  al]  over  the  body,  or  highly  special- 

iwd  and  groapod  together  iii  weparate  oitgaua,  sach  aa  the  eye  or  ear, 

n  God  large  nnmbcrs  of  nerve-endiof^s — that  >s,  ctniall  lamps  of  proto- 

K  flatnt  from  which  a  nerve-fib«r  lead«  away  to  (bo  spinal  cord  and  »o 

V  Dp  la  the  brain.     These  Derve-endings  are  designed  for  the  reception 

r    of  ibe  different  kinds  of  vibration  by  which  energy  present*  iuelf  to 

P     B!L   As  tbe  largest  example  of  these  nerve-end  ing«,  let  mc  hcrv  tbow 

jm  one  of  tbo  so-^ftllcd  Paciiiian  U>«li<-j(,  or,  more  correctly,  Marabairs 

MiHiaw.lBii,  for  Mr.  John  Manball  discovered  tbcM  bodies  tn  England 

befora  Pkcini  publiahed  his  obsorratioas  in  Italy.     Ilere  you  see  one 

of  (hoc  amaU  oval  bodies  arranged  on  the  ends  of  one  of  the  nerves 

of  (be  fingen,  and  hero  you  see  tbe  nerve-fiber  ending  in  the  little 

fntoplasmie    bnlb    which    is  prot^-cted    by  a  number  of  conueutric 

ifatstbs.     Prcxaon)  or  any  form  of  irritalion  of  this  body  at  the  end 

•(  tbe  Dcrvc-fiber  canses  a  stream  of  ncrvc-cnergy  to  travel  ihroagh 

the  ^nnal  cord  to  the  brain,  and  so  we  become  cooscioos  that  some- 

tldsg  ia  bappeniog  to  the  6nger. 

L      Here  tn  thta  section  of  the  seimtive  membrane  of  tbe  back  of  tbo 

^1  *ji^  the  retina,  you  see  a  similar  arrangement,  only  more  complicated 

r  — uadf,  nerrc-fibcra  leading  away  from  small  protoplasmic  massea 

I     liicti  poawwe  th«  property  of  absorbing  liglil  and  transforniing  it  into 

I     tm^-eiMrgf.     It  is  this  transformation  of  nerve-«aergy  into  beat> 

I     li^t,  pratare,  etc.,  which  it  »eems  to  me  should  alone  be  called  a  s«n* 

I     Miat^  tR««pective  of  conacionsnesa.     And,  in  fact,  we  habitually  say 

w  fttl  a  sansation.     Tbe  terms  "  feeling  "  and  "  sensation,"  however, 

■>«  beqtiently  used  na  interchangeable  expressions,  altboagh,  as  I  shall 

4ow  TOO  directly, "  feeling  **  is  the  ronsoious  dixturbunco  of  a  wnnory 

<Mir  in  the  surface  of  the  brain,  and  in  fact  feeling  it  the  c»uscious 

pne^tioD  of  seooations.     This  diiitinctioD  between  feeling  and  ^nsa- 

fioo,  if  dogmatic,  will  save  us  from  dispute  as  to  the  meaniof;  of  the 

*ari  'acmation  " ;  and,  farther,  the  distinc^on  is  one,  as  I  have  just 

■iom,  which  is  justified  by  custom. 

Now,  the  nenre-fibcr  which  conveys  th«  energy  of  the  Eeneation  is 
L  t  rmnd  tliread  of  protoplasm  which  in  all  probability  connects  tbe 
^B  auto-ending  with  a  sensory  corpascle  in  t)i«  spinal  cord.  These  nerve* 
H  fibo*  running  in  nerves  are  whit«,  whereas,  a^  you  know,  protoplatm 
H  ii  gny.  They  are  white  because  each  is  insulated  from  its  fellow  by 
r    a  «faii«  sbeath  of  fattr  sabstance,  jnst  as  wo  protect  telegraph-wires 


1C> 


THE  POPULAR  SCIENCS  MOSTBLY. 


with  coating*.  It  is  uot  BtietetuuK  aiiatogj-  too  fv  lo  saj  tlial  aum 
force  may  probably  eftcajMi  uolen  pro|>crl)'  Ituuljitod.  j 

Id  oooMqnoDoa  of  the  fibun  b«io g  cowrcd  wilb  tboH  wbUir  *bMtH 
th«7  f<>rm  wlial  is  called  Uto  wbhc  malter  of  tbo  l>min ;  wliilv  w 
i>0TTO-ecnt«ni  an  gray bb,  and  tlierefora  form  wbat  is  callud  ibv  grd 
matter  of  tltc  brain,  eo  that  tbe  gray  n)att«r  rMetTes  and  racordi  II 
messages  conveyed  to  it  by  the  white  iusulated  flbera.  \ 

From  the  sensory  corptucle,  which  is  a  small  maai  of  protoplad 
provided  with  hranchmi  coonocting  it  to  nt^ghboring  corpnirlM,  tl 
Dcrre-corTgy,  if  oilcquatc,  pocM*  along  *  Juootlon  tlir««d  of  protojilai 
to  a  much  larger  cor])u»cl«,  vtdob  is  called  a  motor  corpunclo,  and  ll 
energy  of  which,  when  liberated  by  the  nerre  impolae  from  th«  m 
ftory  corpuBclo,  is  capable  of  exciting  mit>clc«  into  active  coatncH 
Tbew  two  corpuMlea  form  what  is  uillod  a  iicrvo-ocnt«r.  I 

Not  only  aru  tlio  motor  oorpnscluM  fewer  a*  well  aa  mauh  lorgl 
than  the  aenaoiy  ones,  but  also  the  nerrfr-fibcra  which  go  ont  fni 
them  ar«  larger  too.  In  fact,  it  would  seem  aa  if  we  had  anotli<T  elJ 
analogy  to  electrical  pheaomena  ;  for  here,  where  we  want  a  sikIiII 
diacbargo  of  a  conudenible  inteoiity  of  nerve-force,  we  fiud  (o  ban 
large  accumnlator  mcchanitm  and  a  largo  conductor,  tbo  rcstataoce  \ 
which  may  jnatly  be  suppoACd  to  he  low.  Finally,  tlic  motor  tMsrn 
fiber  terminates  in  a  protoplaamio  nuas  which  '■&  firmly  unltad  t»l 
moscle-fibcr,  and  which  enable*  tho  miuolo-liher  to  contract  and  \ 
cause  movement  of  one  or  more  muaoUiL  Now,  with  tbia  idea  o{  t| 
generxt  plan  on  which  the  whole  nervous  system  \&  constmctel^l 
will  understand  that  muscular  action — i.  e.,  raorement — will  ooH^ 
proportion  to  (1)  the  intenuty  of  tbe  stimntation  of  the  aeoeory  M 
pnacle ;  and  (S)  the  resistance  in  tbe  different  cbaaoeU.  ^Vbeo  aM 
pie  flow  thrutigh  the  whole  appamtiu  occam,  it  b  called  a  alaiH 
reflex  action,  and  this  wm  discovered  in  England  by  Dr.  TllanhJ 
Halt.  J 

To  recapitulate  :  A  nerre-oenter,  theoretically  spealEing,  we  find! 
conaist  of  a  sensory  corpnscle  on  the  one  hand  and  a  motor  ooTpnaa 
on  tbe  other,  both  thcnc  b«ing  united  hy  junction  thnuKls  or  conuu 
Burea.  To  auc^  a  center  eome  Mmaations  or  impreaalona  from  W 
nervo-cndingii,  lutd  from  such  a  center  go  out  impnlses  which  act  U 
muscles  in  action.  I 

I  have  dwelt  thus  at  length  on  this  most  elemontuy  point,  bxcBBi 
it  appears  to  me  that,  in  oouscquence  of  the  rapidity  with  which  fond 
tion  is  being  domonstralcd  to  be  definitely  localized  in  variotiH  portlM 
of  tlio  cerebral  licniihphrn-o,  w<<  are  in  danger  of  loeing  Mght  fliHl 
Hughliogs^aokson'n  grand  gen (.-ralicat ions  on  norvc-fnDOtiOD,  n^H 
we  are  gradnally  inclining  to  tlie  belief  that  the  fiinotiou  of  rnch  pn 
is  very  distinct,  and  therefore  can  most  readily  act  without  (UstBiH 
aootltcr  part.  In  faot^  wo  ore  porhaps  drifting  toward  the  quId^H 
ot  tpcMAaxAxy,  and  dkregarding  entirely  the  facte  of  overy-da^B 


THS  MOTOR  C£Xr£JiS  AliD  THE  WILL. 


loj 


thftt  ev«i7  cjHo  of  mrvQ-action  inolodw  a  <]iiitur>iABco  of 
siile  u  welJ  m  Hw  activu  motor  ageooy.     Did  wv,  in  fact, 
ibe  poosibUtty  of  tbo  molor  oorpuitolo  actiojj  per  le,  and  in  ttm 
of  wiy  MttMory  ■limalaUoo,  to  uliould  again  be  ylactd  in  Ui* 
of  believing  ikat  od  offvcl  could  be  produced  iii  tlic  absenco 
rtctOM. 

For  tbeve  reoaons  sncb  a  eeater  baa  beea  termed  kinjeatbetio  or 
Biori  moCor,  ao'l  eocb  oeatera  exiat  in  largo  nntolwni  in  tlio  epi- 
kl  oord,  and  tbey  perform  for  tu  the  lover  funoUona  of  our  liviw 
itbout  arooBing  oor  ooDsdooaneaa  or  only  tbe  substrata  of  tbe  aane. 
Bat  now,  turning  to  tbe  brain,  altlioagh  I  am  extninvly  anxiona  to 
abitaia  the  idea  just  eoonciaied  that,  wbpn  discuaiting  ibe  abUraM 
i»  of  ita  functtoDB  we  sboold  rcmctDber  tho  itcuHori-motor  airaiig** 
•nl  of  tbe  ideal  centor,  I  aball  have  to  ahow  you  directly  that  the  two 
la^— namely,  tbe  MWegry  and  moior — in  the  brain  are  eeparalod  by 
wide  interval,  and  that  in  oonscquenoe  we  have  fallen  into  the  habit 
ing  to  tbe  groups  of  aensory  and  motor  corpgulcs  ia  tbo  brain 
.inct  centers.  I  tmst  you  will  not  oonfuM  tliCM  exprea»iona, 
nnfortuDatcty  fcvblo  torminology,  and  that  ytHi  «-iIl  understand, 
:b  porta  may  Iw  anatomically  •cparated  and  only  conoected  by 
threads,  that  fauctionally  they  are  closely  correlated.  In 
ice  of  the  bilaleral  symmetry  of  our  hudica  we  poaoesa  a 
brain — a  praoijcally  aymmotrical  armngeoieiit  of  two  uittnut«- 
oonnecteil  halvea  or  bemiapheree  which,  aa  you  know,  are  ooneemed 
,cppoaite  flidea  of  tbe  body,  for  the  right  bemtsphere  mores  the 
iba,  and  vkv  vana. 
For  my  purpoae  it  will  bo  aufSoionl  if  wc  regard  the  brun  as  oom- 
of  two  grrat  oollcctiona  of  gray  matter  or  oerTO^orpuiicleA 
bkh  aro  oonneeted  with  senaory  nerve-eudingn,  with  muBcles,  and 
itisutaly  with  one  another. 

Id  ibu  traasrerse  Mction  of  a  monkey's  brain,  which  is  stained 
uk-blue  to  »bow  up  lU  component  piorta,  you  will  see  all  over  tbe 
irfMo  a  qoatitity  of  dark-gray  matter,  which  ia  eimply  the  ridily 
iToluted  Murfaro  of  the  brain  cut  aorosa.  OI>Mrve,  it  is  about  a 
tarter  of  an  inch  deep,  and  from  it  lead  downwonl  numeroua  white 
wn  towarrl  tbe  spinal  cord.  The  surface  of  the  brain,  the  higheat 
id  moet  oomplictited  part  of  the  thinking  organ,  in  called  tlio  cortex, 
irk,  or  rind,  and  in  it  are  arranged  tb«  motor  ocatent  I  am  about 
deaoribo.  TImmo  white  flbers  coming  away  from  it  to  tbe  cord, 
«  only  or*  chonnela  conveying  meaaagea  down  to  tbe  muMclea,  bat 
10  oarrying  nuaaogna  from  tbe  innumerable  aenM^corpnacles  all  over 
Dbody. 
So  much  for  one  gray  moss  of  centers.  Kow,  down  here  at  the 
a«  of  tho  brain  you  sec  two  lumps  or  mosses  of  tbo  aome  naturo,  and 
H*  m  called,  Uierefom.  tbe  basal  g&ngUa  or  gray  masse*.  Since 
ey  an  placed  at  tbe  side  of  tbe  paibs  from  the  cortex,  and  undoaW 


I04 


TBE  POPULAR  SCIENCS  MONTBLY. 


4 


"1M 


edly  <lo  not  interfere  n-iih  the  piuasgo  of  ImpnlMi  nloDg  tkoM  pH 
wtt  maj  put  tb«iD  sside,  remembering  that  tliej  probably  w 
cemed  witlt  low  aetiona  of  the  oervoDa  system,  ench  as  eating,  etc., 
which  ar«  popularly  termed  automatic  fuocttons. 

In  this  photograph  of  a  niodel  iniulo  bj  Professor  Aebjr,  of  Berne 
jou  «6u  i«pr«Mmt<!d  from  the  Trout  the  two  ccrvbral  bemtcpbsrM  wit 
the  conten  tn  the  cortex  u  little  muuofl  on  the  turface,  and  tfao  bual' 
ganglia  as  darker  ones  at  the  bottom,  while  leading  from  them  down 
into  the  ipinal  cord  are  wires  to  indioate  the  cbaimols  of  commuuick- 
Uon. 

Note,  in  passing,  that  both  hemispheres  are  connected  by  a  thick 
baud  of  fibers  called  tho  "corpus  callosum."  It  i«,  I  bclioro,  the  oloM 
anion  thus  produced  between  tho  two  halveo  that  leads  in  «  grMt 
neamre  (tboogh  not  wholly)  to  conftonanco  of  ideas. 

The  arrangement  of  the  fibers  will  be  rendered  still  clearer  by  thb, 
scheme,  in  which  the  cortex  \m  represented  by  this  eoneare  mass,  and 
the  fibers  issuing  from  the  same  by  these  threads.    The  basal  ganglia^ 
would  occupy  this  position,  and  they  have  their  own  ^stem  of  fibers. 

I  will  DOW  leave  these  generalizations,  and  explain  at  once  tlie  great 
adTaoeo  in  our  knowledge  of  the  brain  that  has  been  mado  duriog  the 
lost  decade.     Tlie  remarkable  ditfcorery  thftt  the  cortex  or  surface  of 
the  brain  contained  oonters  which  goTcmed  definite  groups  of  muscles, 
was  finit  made  by  the  Qcnnnn  obseiTCra  Uiuig  and  Fritsch  ;  their, 
reeult«  were,  however,  rery  incomplete,  and  it  waa  reaerved  for 
feasor  Ferrier  to  produce  a  masteriy  demonstration  of  tlie  «xi«t«no0^ 
and  exact  position  of  these  centen,  and  to  found  an  entirely 
scheme  of  cerebral  physiology. 

The  cortex  of  tho  brain,  altliongh  It  Is  eonroluted  in  thia  exceed* 
ingly  complex  manner,  fortunately  shows  great  constancy  in  the 
raogemtnt  of  lU  convolution*,  and  we  may  therefore  readily  gnwp  tb*! 
main  features  of  the  same  without  much  trouble.    Ftam  this  pboto* 
graph  of  the  left  side  of  an  adult  humui  brain  you  will  ko  that  Its 
outer  surface  or  cortex  is  deeply  fissured  by  a  groove  running  hacJt- 
ward  jnst  below  its  middle,  which  groove  is  called  the  "fisenre  of  Sjl 
TioH,"  after  a  distingoiithed  mediwTal  anatomist.     This  fissures  If  "»r 
ried  upward,  would  almost  divide  the  bmiu  into  a  motor  half  in  rn>t.i 
and  a  sensory  half  behind. 

Of  equal  practical  importance  Is  another  deep  fissure  which  runs  at 
an  open  angle  to  the  last,  and  which  is  called  tho  "  fissure  of  Holaiido,'* 
Rolando  being  another  pioneer  of  cerebral  topography.  Now,  it  is 
arownd  this  fissure  of  Rolando  that  tho  motor  side  of  the  centers  for^ 
voluntary  movement  Is  situated  ;  and  when  this  portion  of  the  cortexH 
ia  Irritated  by  gentle  electric  currents,  a  conBtiint  movement  follow* 
aocordtng  to  the  part  stimulated. 

Because  of  their  upward  direction,  tho  oonvololions  bounding  the 
Haaare  of  Rolnodo  are  called  Kwpeetively  the  "  ascending  frontal  "*  and 


their  J 

Pro^ 

t«no0H 

seirl 

SI 


THE  MOTOR  CSNTBRS  AND  THE  WILL. 


los 


Eiog  pari«al "  convolution!.  Now  bcre,  at  the  lowest  end  of 
pe  of  Kolaodo,  wo  find  motor  atom  for  tbe  movcmont  of  both 
■ides  of  tb«  faco  :  that  i«  to  nay  that,  m  rcganls  t]iU  panicalar  piece 
of  tho  cortex,  it  baa  iho  powor  of  moving  not  only  ita  tvffular  wido  of 
tht  faoOt  tli«  rigUt,  but  also  tbo  left — that,  in  fact,  botb  sides  of  ibo 
faeo  move  b^  impulse  from  it. 

Higher  up  we  find  an  area  for  movement  of  the  opposite  ai<Io  of 
the  faoB  onlf.     I  reservo  for  a  moment  tbo  doHoription  of  tbis  portion 
of  the  brain,  and  paiw  on  to  aay  tiiat  above  these  centers  for  the  face 
w«  find  tbe  next  is  for  the  upper  limb,  and  most  especially  tbo  oom- 
noQ  moremeot  of  the  upper  limb — vlt.,  grasping,  indeed  the  only  for- 
ward novemeat  which  the  elbow  is  capable  of,  namely,  flexion.    The 
gnwping  and  bringing  of  an  object  near  to  lu  iw  lUo  commonest  move- 
ment by  far,  and  wo  find  here  that  thi»  center  is  mainly  concerned  in 
^it.     Behind  tho  fi«siiro  of  Rolando,  Dr.  Ferrier  placed  tho  centers 
Hfor  tbe  fingcrff.    Neil  alvove  the  arm  area  is  a  portion  of  tho  cortex 
V  wbioh  movcoi  tbe  lower  limb  only,  and  in  front  of  this  again  u  an  area 
W  for  eonaonant  action  of  the  opposite  arm  and  leg.    Let  me  here  remind 
yoa  that  this  being  the  left  bcmisphoro,  these  arc  tlie  centers  for  move- 
ment of  the  opposite,  that  is,  the  right  limbo,  and  that  in  the  other 
betDisphere  there  are  oorreKponding  areoa  for  tbe  left  limba. 

Thns  her©  we  have  mappc<l  onl  those  portions  of  the  cortex  which 
regulate  the  voluntary  movement  of  tbe  limb*.  So  far  I  have  omitted 
mention  of  tbo  mnfcles  of  tlio  trunk,  namoly,  those  which  move  ibo 
shoulders,  tbo  hipa,  and  bend  and  straighten  the  back.  Dr.  Ferrier 
had  shown  tliat  there  existed  on  the  outer  surface  of  the  cortex,  ber^ 
a  small  area  for  the  movement  of  tbe  head  from  side  to  side. 

Professor  Sch&fer  and  myself  have  found  tliat  the  large  trunk- 
mnsclea  have  special  arena  for  tbi'ir  movement,  ranged  along  the  margin 
of  tbe  bomJ^herc,  and  dipping  over  into  the  longitudinal  fiMuro.  Thoa 
aU  the  mttaalea  of  the  body  are  now  accounted  for,  and  I  will  first  draw 
■peoU  attention  to  the  fact  that  they  are  arranged  in  tbe  order,  from 
below  upward,  of  face,  arm.  lo);,  and  trunk. 

Tbe  oonnderation  of  thin  very  definite  arrangement  led  Or,  Tender 
Brunton  to  mnkc  the  ingentons  snggcattion  that  it  followed  as  a  neces- 
sary result  of  tliu  progrcMive  evolntion  of  our  faculties;     For,  premis- 
ing, in  thu  first  place,  from  well-ascertained  broad  generaliiations,  tliat 
tbo  highest  center,  physically  speaking,  is  also  the  highcBt  functionally 
aiul  most  recent  in  acqniremenl,  we  find  that  the  lowest  is  the  face, 
and  then  we  remember  that  tbo  lowest  animals  simply  grasp  their  food  ] 
with  their  noatb.     I  Imagine  it  is  scarcely  m-cenwry  for  me  to  repeat  j 
tb»  notoriooa  confession  that  our  faculties  are  arranged  for  iho  pur- 1 
pose  of  obtaining  food  as  tbe  primary  object  of  what  is  called  bare 
eiiateneo. 

Frooeeding  upward  in  the  scale  of  evolnUon,  we  next  find  animals 
which  con  grasp  tltelr  prey  and  convey  it  to  the  moutb,  and  so  we  ftod.^ 


106 


THE  POPULAR  SCIENCE  XONTULT. 


noxt  to  the  face  area  evolved  tliat  for  ihe  ann.  And  bo  on,  Lke 
aUtp  would  be  the  i]evvlo|)mcut  of  the  legs  to  run  after  ibe  prvy,  uid 
bera  U  the  leg-c«nter ;  while,  finally,  the  trunk-muscles  are  dragged 
in  to  belp  tli«  limba  more  effectually.  To  my  mind  this  idea  reGeirn 
ovem'lieliniug  support  from  the  considonitiou  of  tlio  fact  that,  the 
bigfa«r  our  cont«rs  are,  tbc  mono  they  n^quire  eduvatioo  ;  tbo  infant, 
for  instance,  in  a  few  clay§  iliapca  ita  f  i>co  quite  correctly  to  produce  tlw 
food-inspiring  yell,  yet  takes  months  or  years  to  educate  ita  upper 
Umbe  to  aid  it  in  tbe  aam«  laudable  enterprise.  Finally,  what  terrible 
probation  »oino  people  paea  tbrough  at  the  hands  of  dancing-mafiters 
before  tlicir  lrunk-niuftcli'«  will  bend  into  the  bow  of  politeneea  I 

Now  to  return  to  the  lowor  end  of  tbo  Gunrc  of  Rolando,  to  the 
areas  for  movementa  of  the  face  :  it  vaa  long  ago  pointed  out  by  the 
two  Daxcs  and  Professor  Broca  thai  when  this  portion  of  tbe  bnin 
immediately  iu  front  of  tbe  face  ar«a  was  destroyed,  tbc  peraoa  lost 
tbe  pow«r  of  articulate  speech,  or  was  only  capable  of  nUcring  injec- 
tions and  cuttomnry  "strange  oathit."  In  fact,  this  sniall  portion  of 
the  k-ft  side  of  our  bnuna  (about  one  and  a  half  square  inch)  i«  tbo 
only  apparatus  for  exprofuug  our  thoughts  by  articulating  sounds, 
and  note  particularly  that  it  is  on  the  left  dde.  Tbe  corresponding 
piece  on  the  right  side  can  not  talk,  as  it  were.  This  remarkable  state 
of  things  is  reversed  in  loft-bandcd  people.  In  tlinio  tho  right  hemi- 
sphere predominates ;  and  »o  we  find  thai,  when  Ibis  portion  waa  dia- 
eascd,  there  followed  aphasia,  a«  it  la  c«31ed.  'n'hile,  howcTcr,  the 
Tight  side  customarily  saya  nothing,  it  can  be  taught  to  do  so  in  youag 
people,  though  not  in  tbe  aged. 

Before  leaving  these  motor  areas,  let  me  repeat,  by  way  of  recapit- 
ulation, tliat  lh«  only  truly  bilaterally  acting  areas  arc  tliose  for  tho 
lower  facial  and  tliroat  mu»clc«.  This  is  a  most  important  fact,  for 
the  idea  baa  recently  been  propoiindeil  that  both  sides  of  the  body  ai« 
npraseuted  in  each  motor  region  of  each  benusphere.  That  is  to  say, 
each  motor  area  has  to  do  with  tbe  moTements  of  both  upper  limbe, 
for  example.  In  support  of  my  contention  that  this  is  sot  in  accord* 
ance  with  clinical  facts,  let  me  here  show  yon  photographs  of  tho 
brain  of  a  man  who  was  unforlnaato  enough  to  suffer  destruction  of 
till)  fibeni  leading  from  one  motor  area.  Here  you  see  a  puncture  in 
the  brain  which  baa  caused  hemorrhage  beneath  the  fissure  of  Bo* 
lando  and  the  motor  eonTolotiona  in  front  and  behind  iu 

In  this  transrerse  seotion  of  tbe  same  spot  yon  see  that  tbc  biemor- 
rii^go  has  plowed  up  the  interior  of  tbe  brain.  Here  is  tbe  cortical 
gtay  matter,  but  its  fibers  leading  down  to  the  muficlee  are  all  de- 
>  ttroyed.  Now,  in  examining  this  patient  I  aaked  him  to  more  his  left 
arm  or  leg  ;  he  wan  )>crfectly  conscious,  and,  nndi'nt.inding  tlm  quits 
tion,  made  the  effort,  as  wo  say,  but  no  movement  occwrrc<I.  Now,  if 
both  sides  of  tbe  body  are  represented  in  uacb  bembphero,  it  afoms  to 
me  tiiat  Mch  a  case  would  bu  impoMible,  or  at  least  that  a  little  pnc- 


\ 


I 


THE  MOTOR  CENTERS  AND  THE  WILL. 


107 


I 


I 


tin  WDold  eualile  the  other  herai«]>hero  to  do  the  work  ;  but  ntl  clini- 
oU  facts  Bay  (hat,  one*  dcttrojed,  tlic  1<m«  in  never  recoverwl. 

U  wfl  exaniiiiQ  thia  motor  region  of  thv  cortex  viUi  th«  Buoroscop%,| 
we  of  course  find  tlwM  largo  corpnaole*,  n-hkh  iro  bttv«  Icuned  utt] 
thoac  wbtoh  lUoBC  glvo  onorgy  to  th«  mnaok-H.    But  joq  muK  not ' 
imagine  that  the  motor  region  consists  Holely  of  tbese  corpnaolvH.    Ou 
th«  oontnrj,  aa  vou  see  in  this  diagram,  \re  have  several  Uyers  of  cor- 
pweleo.     I  shall  return  to  this  arrang«mGiit  of  the  corpuscles  direcllj-. 

Looking  back  at  the  surfaco  of  the  brain,  you  iioIil-o  that  I  have  . 
only  aoconntcd  for  but  n  Rtoall  portion  of  the  (:ortvx.  Dr.  Furrier  was 
tho  firat  to  abow  that  th«  portion  of  oort«x  which  perceived  (and  I  nao 
tbu  word  in  ita  strictest  sense)  the  sensation  of  light  was  thin  ]>art,  and 
it  b  therefore  called  the  "  risnal  center  or  area."  From  recent  re- 
toaiehes  it  would  appear  that  ve  must  give  it  the  limits  drawn  on  thia 
diagram ;  below  it  vrc  find  tho  c«ntor  for  bearing.  Tbua  wq  know 
where  two  eenao  perceptive  centen  are  aitnatcd. 

SlionMCOpie&l  inreotigation  ahowv  that  this  aenaorial  portion  of  the 
eortcs  is  very  deficient  in  large  eorpoades,  and  ia  correspondingly  rich 
in  amall  oells.  Here  in  this  diagram  you  see  tbeae  two  kinds  of  atntct- 
nre  in  ttio  cortex  cerebri.  Note  the  greater  number  and  complication 
of  the  small  corpa»ctcs  in  the  (wneor)'  part  of  the  cortex,  and  the  com- 
paratively fvwer  though  tnui-li  larger  coTpuaolea  in  the  motor  region. 

It  aeoma  to  mo  that  aovvral  beliefs  are  juatified  by  tbese  facts  :  In 
tbe  Sr*t  plaoc,  tho  movemcnla  prodnoed  by  the  action  of  these  motor 
cmtcn  are  always  tbe  same  for  tbe  aame  center ;  conaoqttcntly,  it  has 
only  one  thing  to  do,  one  idea,  aa  it  were.  Thus,  for  inatance,  bcud- 
bg  of  tbe  arm  ;  tbia  action  can  only  vary  in  degree,  for  the  elbow 
will  not  permit  of  other  movomenta.  Ilonce  we  may  look  npon  it  aa 
one  IdiA.  Now,  observe  that  wbero  one  idea  is  involved  wo  have  bat 
fnw  coqiusclea.  Next,  consider  the  multitude  of  ideas  Uiat  crowd  Into 
our  min<I  when  wo  receive  a  sensation.  One  idea,  then,  ratiidly  calls 
np  anntbor,  and  ao  we  find  anatomically  that  there  are  a  corresponding 
Bitch  greater  number  and  complication  of  nerve-corpuaclea.  To  earn 
Hp,  I  believe  we  are  Justified  in  aaaertiug  that  whore  In  the  nervosa 
ayvtem  s  considerable  iutennty  of  nerve-energy  is  required — e.  g.,  for 
the  contraction  of  musclea — you  find  a  few  Lu^e  corpDscIca  and  fibers 
provided;  and  that  where  nnmeroos  ideas  havetobe  fnnctionaliKcd, 
Ibcre  onmeroaa  small  corpusclea  are  arranged  for  tlio  parpoao. 

Bat,  now,  tbe  special  interest  attaching  to  tbe  acoaory  peteeptlva 
areae  is  that  they,  unlike  tho  motor  areas,  tend  to  be  related  to  both 
aides  of  the  lK>dy,  With  our  babit  of  constantly  focusing  tho  two 
eyea  on  one  object,  it  will  strike  you  at  once  that  habitually  we  can  * 
only  be  attcntjvrly  conacious  of  one  object  at  a  time,  sinoe  both  eyes 
are  engaged  in  looking  at  it,  ai>d,  aa  you  know,  wo  can  not  aa  a  mat- 
Xut  at  fact  look  at  two  tbiaga  at  onoo. 
HjSoiios,  I  take  it,  both  tcnsory  perceptive  centers  ore  always  taUy 


THE  POPULAR   SCIEXCE  MOyTBLT. 


occupied  vitb  tho  sttmo  object  it  tbe  ramc  moment,  sod  that  therefore 
vo  have-  «0(Dpl«t«  bilucnl  representntjon  of  both  miea  of  the  bodj  in 
each  heraispbere.  As  a  further  coDSeqaeoce,  each  sensory  perc«ptiTe 
area  vill  re^ster  the  idea  that  engaged  it ;  in  other  vords,  both  cen- 
ters trill  renieniboT  the  same  thing.  Thas  it  bap]>cns  that  each  tcnfory 
area  can  perform  tho  duly  of  the  oth«r,  and  therefore  it  i«  a  matter  of 
coitt|»ratiTe  indifference  irhcther  oo«  ia  destroyed  or  not,  and  as  a  mat- 
ter of  fad  when  thU  bappetia  we  find  that  the  peraon  or  animal  reco^ 
nixes  objects  as  thej  actuallj-  are,  and  in  fact  has  no  doubt  as  to  their 
nature.  Uere  you  see  anatomically  tbe  reason  of  this  peculiarity  it 
found  to  be  that  the  optio  or  seeing  ncrres  rroM  one  another  incom- 
pletely in  going  to  each  hemisphere,  and  thu«  eueh  sensory  center  rep- 
resent* half  of  each  eycluill.  M 

I  miut  pass  rapidly  to  tbe  description  of  the  rest  of  tbe  surface  ot™ 
tbe  brain — the  hinder  and  front  ends.    At  the  outset  I  must  admit 
that  all  our  knowledge  eonc«raing  them  is  very  bypothetical  in  the  ^ 
absoneo  of  positive  expeiimctital  results. 

This  much  we  can  say,  that  they  arc  probably  tfao  fcats  of  intol*] 
ledual  thought,  for  many  re.isoiis  which  I  have  not  time  to  dctaiLJ 
Farther,  wo  know  that  these  iniellnctiial  areas  are  dependent  for  tbeir^ 
activity  entirely  on  the  sensory  perceptive  centers,  for  the  dictum  that 
there  is  no  consciousness  in  the  absence  of  sensory  stimulation  is  very 
Tell  established,  as  I  shall  now  show  you,  however  astounding  it  may 
a|^>ear.  In  the  find  place,  you  will  remember  that  when  we  wi»h  lo 
enooungc  tliat  natural  los.4  of  consciousness  which  wc  call  sht-p,  we 
do  all  we  can  to  deprive  our  sense-organs  and  areas  of  stimulation. 
Thus  we  keep  ourselves  st  a  constant  temperature,  wo  shut  off  the 
light,  and  abolish  all  noises  if  wo  can.  But  a  most  valuable  obserra- 
lion  was  made  a  few  years  ago  by  Dr.  RtrQmpcll,  of  L«'ip«ic,  who  had 
tinder  his  care  a  youth,  the  subject  of  a  disease  of  the  brain,  etc., 
which,  while  destroying  the  function  of  one  eye  and  ear,  besides  the 
eonubility  to  touch  over  the  whole  body,  still  left  him  when  awake 
quite  conscious  and  able  to  nndereland,  etc.,  using  his  remaining  eye 
and  ear  for  social  intercourse,  Now,  when  these  were  carefully  closed 
be  became  unconscious  immediately,  in  fact  slept,  and  slept  until  he 
was  aroosed  again,  or  awoke  natiirully,  a«  we  say,  after  sonic  bonra 
Hence  the  higher  functions  of  tbe  brain  exercised  when  that  organ  is 
energiaiig  the  reasoning  of  the  mind  are  absolutely  dependent  upon 
the  reception  of  energy  from  the  sense  perceptive  areas.  H 

Bnt  my  only  point  with  reference  to  this  part  of  the  brain  is  t4 
attempt  lo  delermino  how  far  ihey  arc  connected  with  the  motor  cen- 
ters in  the  perfonnance  of  a  voluntary  acL     With  the  mechanism 
choice  and  deliberate  action  I  have  nothing  to  do  ;  but  there  ean 
no  doubt  that  the  part  of  the  brain  concerned  in  that  process  of 
mind  is  directly  oonnected  with  the  motor  region,  ait  indicated  on  thit 
diagniD,  to  which  I  iroold  now  return.     From  what  I  have  here 


cen* 
1  otM 

'J 


TSS  MOTOR  CSHTSRS  AXB  THB  WILL. 


109 


V 


But 


tea  jroa  read,  smiDgcd  Bcbimiatioally,  tha  paycliical  prooeaaea,  wblrli, 
for  tho  Mkv  of  ATgumODt,  wo  maj  unumo  uv  cuthkI  00  by  the  i]itn<l 
la  thiiMi  poTtionii  of  the  oort«x. 

]  wiah  to  jwint  oat  tliAt  we  have  structumlljr  and  pbyiiioIo^oBlly 
dimonatrated  with  great  i>robabiliiy  the  paths  and  centers  of  tbtoo 
jNyehiral  actiona.  Ther«  i»  do  break :  the  mere  sight  of  an  ohjcvt 
caoan  a  stream  of  energy  to  travel  tlirongh  our  bodm  arena,  eipaud- 
bg  aa  it  goes  by  following  the  wid<.-ning  Hcnnory  patba  h«ra  rapre- 
MRtad,  and  at  lliv  name  (inic  wv  fi^el  our  intellect  leanu  that  new  idvaa 
tn  rialpg  np  and  finally  expand  into  the  process  of  deliberate  thongbt, 
etaevning  which  all  we  know  is  from  that  trea«heroua  lupport,  name- 
ly, blrospGctioa. 

Then  come  impulM-a  to  action,  and  tlicte  follow  a  converse  path  to 
Uie  rtcrptivc  one  ju»t  d««cril>cd  ;  the  nnra-energy  la  concentrated 
iBore  uid  more  until  it  culminated  in  the  dischai:ge  of  the  motor  cor- 
poaclca.  We  might  r^prceeDt  (he  whole  proceaa  of  the  voInnUry  aal 
by  two  fana  side  by  side,  and  the  illimitable  space  above  their  arot 
voold  aerre  rery  well  to  signify  the  darkneas  in  whicli  wo  att  con- 
KfittDg  the  procoaa  of  intvlloctnal  tliought. 

What  I  have  liMttly  Hlc«t<-hc<l  t«  the  outline  of  (be  proceaa  of  an 

.t»iiv»  or  voluntary  act.     I  nay  attentive  udvi^dly,  for  I  wish  now 

to  pot  forward  the  view  that  the  proper  criterion  of  the  voluntary 

natuni  of  an  act  is  not  the  mere  effort  that  is  required  to  )>crform  it, 

but  i*  the  degne  to  kAkA  (Ae  attention  U  involvtd.    IHic  popular  view 

of  the  volitional  character  of  an  net  being  decided  by  the  effort  to  keep 

^^Sha  action  suatained  is  aurc^ly  incon)|i!eto,  for  in  the  firet  place  we  are 

^Bst  a«eking  to  ozplain  onr  eonaelotianoaa  of  an  effort ;  we  endeavor  to 

^■tapver  tho  cauntion  of  tho  effort.     Our  Mnae  of  effort  only  oomea 

^^^Btt  the  will  has  acted,  and  that  same  aenae  is  no  doubt  largely  due 

fo  the  information  which  the  struggling  muscle  senda  to  the  brain,  and 

poadbly  ia  a  conaciona  appreciation  of  how  mnoh  energy  this  motor 

eofpaacle  is  giving  out.' 

■       Hovr,  to  give  you  an  example.     I  rc«  this  t.imbotir,  nnd  decide  to 

Haqueezc  it,  and  do  to.     Now,  thin  was  n  dirtinctly  voluntary  act ;  but 

^■ba  votitionary  part  of  it  waa  not  the  effort  made,  it  waa  the  deliber- 

^Bte  deoialon  to  catise  the  movement     I  may  now  point  out  that  in 

^Plltia  whole  proceee  we  any,  and  Niy  rightly,  that  onr  attention  la  in- 

BTolve<l  so  long  aa  wo  are  deliberating  over  the  object ;  tltat  aa  aoon  aa 

'another  object  ia  brought  to  ua  onr  attention  is  diatracted,  that  Is  to 

aay,  turned  addo^ 

All  writcra  are  agreed  (bat  the  attention  can  not  be  divided,  that 

we  really  only  attend  to  one  thing  at  once.     It  seems  to  me  that  this 

la  w  nbvloua  as  not  to  require  cxpcnmuntal  demonatraiion ;  but  I 

have  lad  up  In  lliis  }io[nt  becanac  I  now  wioh  to  refer  lo  the  third  part 

^    nf  my  aubjcot,  namely,  tho  tiaoatiou  m  to  whether  we  have  a  really 

^bknible  nervaaa  ayotem  or  not.     But,  by  way  of  preface,  let  me  Ttt- 


no 


TBS  POPULAR  SCISNOS  MONTHLY. 


,  poat  that,  altbougb  we  may  bavo  &  sab-consotoosDeM  of  obJMta  sm 

['  seu,  that  rab-ootUHdoos  ttato  is  tnio  automatUm,  and  tbat  Rucb  auto- 

I  matio  acts  aro  in  no  uniA  voIudIstj  anti]  the  attention  baa  bwo  eon- 
ocnirated  npoit  tbem.  For  Knmjtif,  again  I  prcw*  tliii  umboor,  b«- 
cause  I  dmirc  t»  raise  tlie  flag,  aiid  I  kvep  tlial  laised  while  I  attend 
to  what  I  am  eayiog  to  yon.  My  aotioD  of  keeping  the  Rag  raised  is 
only  present  to  my  conscigosDCsa  in  a  alight  or  Babordinate  degree) 
tad  doc*  not  require  my  attention,  deliberate  thought,  or  chok«,  and 
therefore,  I  repeat,  in  not  a  voluntary  action  ;  in  fact,  it  oonld  be  ouried 
on  perfectly  well  by  tbia  lower  senaori-inotor  center,  which  only  now 
and  then  sends  up  a  loeesage  to  say  it  is  doing  its  duty,  in  the  same 
way  as  a  sentry  calls  oat  "  All  is  well  **  at  intervaU. 

But  to  return.  In  consequence  of  the  obvious  fact  that  we  bare 
two  ncrvc-orgwia,  each  more  or  leM  complete,  aome  writers  bavo  im- 
agined tlint  we  bare  two  minda ;  and  to  the  Kev.  31r.  Barlow,  a 
forDier  secretary  of  this  Institution,  is  due  the  credit  of  reoognlain^ 
the  circunistauces  which  seem  to  favor  that  view.  It  was  keenly 
tttken  Dp,  and  the  furore  culminated  in  a  German   writer  (whose 

r  name,  1  am  ashamed  to  say,  bos  escaped  rac)  postulating  that  wo  poa* 

L  MM  two  sou  la. 

I  Now,  the  evidence  upon  whidi  this  notion  rests,  that  the  two  hnlvei 
of  the  brain  might  occiurionally  work  indciiendrntly  of  one  another  ai 
tlw  txiD^  moment,  was  of  two  kinds.     In  the  fintt  place  it  was  asserted 

\  tluit  we  could  do  two  different  things  at  onoe,  and  in  tbe  Hcond  place 
evidence  was  produced  of  people  acting  and  thinking  as  if  they  had 
two  minds. 

Now,  while  of  oounte  a^lmitting  that  habitually  one  motor  center 
asoally  acts  at  one  moment  by  itself,  I  am  prepared  to  deny  jfi  toto 
that  two  voluntary  actA  can  be  performed  at  the  same  time,  and  I  have 

[llroady  shown  what  is  necessary  for  the  fulfillment  of  all  the  condi- 
tions of  volition,  and  that  these  conditions  are  summed  up  in  the  word 
attention. 

Further,  I  have  already  shown  tJtaf,  when  an  Mm  comes  into  the 
mind  owing  to  some  object  catching  the  eye,  both  acnsory  areaa  are 

I  engaged  in  oondderlng  It.  It  seems  to  me  I  might  stop  here,  and 
say  that  here  was  an  a  priori  reason  why  two  simnttAueons  voluntary 
acts  are  impouiblc  ;  but  as  my  statements  have  met  with  some  oppo- 
sition, I  prefer  to  demonstrate  the  fact  by  somo  experimental. 

The  problem,  stated  in  physiological  terma,  is  as  follows  :  Can  this 
right  motor  region  act  in  the  process  of  volition,  while  at  the  same 
time  this  other  motor  area  is  also  engaged  In  a  different  act  of  voli- 
tion ;  Some  say  this  is  poenble ;  but  in  all  casee  4]uot«d  I  bare  found 
that  sub-conscious  or  automatic  actions  are  confused  with  truly  volnn- 
tary  acts.     I  mean  that  such  automatic  acts  as  playing  bass  and  ircbls 

\  are  not  instances  of  pure  volition,  as  the  attention  is  not  engaged  on 
both  aottts  at  once. 


i 


i 
I 


TBB  MOTOR  CENTERS  AJfD  THS  WILL. 


Ill 


Cotwidcr  for  a  moment  the  pasnage  of  the  nerve  iin)taIiM  timngh 
tba  bnio  that  woald  bare  lo  occur.  At  the  ontsel  we  find  thst  (ba 
•MIWT7  perceptive  oenlcra  would  Iuta  to  bo  eogng^d  with  two  differ- 
tUL  I4eM  at  oacc ;  but  Lewon  tiliowed  long  ago  thjit  totrospectton  tella 
w  this  IB  impoesiblc,  tliut  "  tonsL-ionsneM  Is  a  &eriut«d  change  of  frel- 
bjs"  :  be  might  aqaally  well  have  aaid  ideaa.  And,  again,  we  know 
that  vbaa  two  stmtaifl  of  energy  of  like  character  meet,  thcjr  iniitaii]l]r 
UTWt  caob  otluti^  progroa  by  reason  of  interfering  witli  the  vibration- 


\ 


I  will  Bbow  direotly  that  this  is  aetaally  the  caae  in  the  action  of 
Iba  oortex  when  the  above-mentioned  dilemma  is  presented  to  it.  The 
nperhneDt  I  have  dcvi«<d  for  this  purpoao  is  extremclj-  aimple.  A 
ptnoa  wbo  ia  more  or  less  ambidextrous,  and  wlio  has  t>e«n  accua- 
tomed  for  a  long  time  to  draw  with  both  bandti,  attempts  to  describe 
00  a  flat  utrface  a  triangle  and  circle  at  tho  same  moment.  I  chose 
thceo  fignreet,  after  numeroos  trials,  as  being  tho  most  ojiposite,  seelDg 
that  in  a  triaD^le  there  am  only  three  ctiangcs  of  movement,  while  in 
a  circle  tho  movement  is  changing  direction  every  moment.  To  ioanre 
the  attempt  to  draw  theae  figures  simnltaneoiisly  succeeding,  it  is  ab- 
lolately  necessary  that  the  experimenter  should  be  started  by  a  slgoa]. 

When  the  effort  is  made,  there  is  a  very  dcftnile  sensation  in  the 
mind  of  the  conflict  that  is  going  on  in  tho  cortex  of  the  brain.  The 
idea  of  the  circle  alternates  with  that  of  the  triangle,  and  the  result 
of  this  confusion  in  the  intoltectual  and  sensorial  portions  of  tho  brain 
is  that  both  motor  area*,  though  remembering,  as  it  wore,  thi;  dctermi- 
natioD  of  tho  experimenter  to  draw  distinct  figures,  produce  a  like 
eoafnaed  effect,  namely,  a  oircnLar  triangle  and  a  triangular  circle.  If 
the  drawing  is  commenced  immediately  at  the  sonnd  of  tbemgul,  it 
will  be  found  (hat  the  triangle  prc<lominatcfl  ;  thus,  if  I  determine  to 
draw  a  triangle  with  my  left  hand  and  a  eirc.to  with  my  right,  the  tii- 
angle  (thongh  with  all  ita  angles  rounded  off)  wilt  be  fairly  drawn, 
while  the  circle  will  be  relatively  more  altered,  of  course  made  trian- 
golar.  On  the  other  hand,  if  the  two  figures  are  not  commcnce^I 
■inaltaneotLely,  it  will  bo  found  that  asuaUy  the  one  begun  hut  will 
appear  mo«t  distlDot  in  tho  fused  result,  in  fact,  will  very  markedly 
predotninate. 

Now,  the  course  of  events  in  such  an  ezperimnii  appears  to  be 
clear.  The  idea  of  a  triangle  and  circle  having  been  presented  to  tho 
intellect  by  tlie  soneory  centers,  the  voluntary  effort  to  reproduce  thcso 
is  determined  upon.  Xow,  if  we  had  a  dual  mind,  and  if  each  hcmi- 
ephore  was  capable  of  acting  ptr  te,  then  we  should  have  each  totd- 
leetnal  am  sntding  a  moaange  to  its  own  motor  area,  with  the  rcanlC 
tlial  the  two  fignres  would  be  distinct  and  eorrtet,  not  fused. 

The  other  evidence  that  I  referred  to  above,  which  is  adduced  in 
■vtjf  of  tlio  lynebroiionBly  independent  action  of  the  two  hemispheres 
from  ibc  acoonnt  of  eoch  cases  as  the  following  :  Professor  B&U,  ot 


Ilz 


THE  POPULAR  SCISIfCS  MOHTSLY. 


Psrii,  rcoor^ls  the  Instanco  of  a  jonng  man  vbo  <me  nomlng  b' 
bitiiMlf  atldreMcd  by  uaiuc,  hdiI  •jkX  lio  oonld  not  «ee  bia  interlocutor. 
He  replied,  however,  and  a  conrcnation  followed,  tn  the  coarse  of 
which  his  gboetl;  Tisitant  inforined  hlu  that  his  name  wm  H.  Gab? 


ator.V 

f 

\ 


After  this  occurrcnco  h«  freqaentlj  beard  M.  Gabbage  speaking  tol 
liim.  tin  fort  uuiiu-l}',  M.  Gabbaga  waa  alwaya  recommeodiiig  bim  to 
]>orfomi  v«y  outrageous  acta,  such  as  to  giv«  an  ovcrdoee  of  obloro- 
dyne  to  a  friend's  child,  and  to  jump  out  of  a  oecond-fliior  window. 
This  led  to  the  patient  being  kept  under  obaerration,  and  it  was  found 
that  he  waa  soffcring  from  a  oue-eided  hallucination,  ijimilar  caoea 
hare  been  recorded  in  which  diaeaae  of  one  aenaory  perceptive  area  baa 
produced  unilateral  liallucinatioo. 

1  can  not  see  that  theie  caseH  in  any  way  support  the  notion  of  the 
duality  of  the  mlDd.  On  the  contrary,  they  go  to  show  that  whtlo  aa 
a  rule  the  sensory  perceptive  areaa  are  amaltaoeoualy  engaged  opon 
one  object,  it  is  still  possible  for  one  only  to  be  btininlated,  and  for  the 
mind  to  conclude  that  the  information  it  rvci'ivt'H  iu  lliis  onusaa]  way 
mnst  be  aupematural,  and  at  any  rate  prococdtug  from  one  aide  of  the 
body. 

To  conclude,  I  have  endeavored  to  show  that  as  a  mlo  both  cere* 
bra]  bcmixphvm  are  engaged  at  oooe  in  the  receiving  and  oonttideriDg 
one  idea ;  that  under  no  oircumstances  can  two  ideas  either  be  coo-^ 
Kidorod  or  acted  upon  attentively  at  tJie  same  moment ;  that  thereof 
fore  the  brain  is  a  single  instrument.  " 

It  now  appears  to  mo  that  one  is  joatilied  In  fuggcstiug  that  oar 
idea  of  onr  living  nngle  indivtduala  is  due  entirely  to  this  single  action 
of  the  brain. 

Layoock  showed  that  the  Ego  was  the  sum  of  onr  cxpcrieiice,  and 
every  writer  since  oonfirms  bim.     Hut  our  experience  moans  (1)  our 
porocption  of  ideas  transmitted  and  elaborated  by  the  aoDSorj  patlia  of^^ 
the  brain  ;  and  (3)  our  consciousness  of  tbe  acta  we  perfonn.     If,  oow,fl 
these  things  are  alwaya  aingle,  the  idea  of  the  Ego  surely  must  also  b«^ 
stn^e. — Mature. 


HOME-LIFE  OF  THE  TinBETAJfS.* 

Br  CDAHLBS  H.  LEPPEB. 

THIBET  I  bow  little  doee  the  name  of  that  nnoxplored  and  Jeal- 
ously exclusive  country  convey  to  the  average  European  !    To 
the  scientifio  It  »  known  us  the  most  extensive  and  higbvel  table-lan< 
in  the  world,  the  water-parting  from  whence  tbo  majority  of  tbi 
largest  and  longest  rirers  in  tite  world  derive  their  aoorow.    It  ta  also 
•  >VPD  u  Mikb  on  TblbM  la  tW  "  KlnMetnlli  Ootlw;." 


■* 


HOMS-LIFS  OF  THE  THIBETANS. 


'ij 


Iitne  of  tfau  BuddhUil  religion  of  Lhe  pn»eut  day,  tuid  npou  Utv 
teii  "  LRina"  prieslliood  is  I>estov«d  ibe  nndeeef-ved  rfpautlvn 
nf  much  U-Aniin){  and  th«  possesion  of  the  MOiets  of  wicieot  myHticsl 
ud  ooeulL  wiWDoe.     While  temptL-d  u>  conrider  the  lliibtlMU  from  a 
GuopMUi  tUnd-point  as,  if  not  vfTotc,  at  a))  ovvnU  a  wmi-barboroiu 
ptoplf^  it  onlj  requires  a  inoBiflDt't  coniiid«nitiuii  of  tb«  Mriking  fact 
^^bat,  ootwitlMtanding  lU  iliouMnda  of  miles  of  froutior,  oo  Baropwn 
^Ba  now  erad«  their  frODticr-goarda  at  an;  poiot  aloog  UiOM  Uiousaoda 
^M  milta,  for  it  t«  become  apparent  that  a  couolry  witli  a  Koveninieiii 
VnIUch  cvo  organise  and  coaiiitaiii  such  a  marreloiu  and  efficii^iit  system 
cia  lianllf  io  reasoD  be  called  effete.    EfiFete  it  ccrlaitily  is  not ;  and 
flit,  airaoge  to  say,  notwitbRtandlng  tltia  apparent  evidunou  of  iu 
powvr,  tbiirfi  is  probably  no  country  in  the  world  of  equal  bIxo  whtcli 
contains  within  itaolf  lUich  fmI  wcaki>c«M  from  n  political  point  of  riow, 
■ad  wbteb  ooald  ba  to  €a«ily  made  a  prey  of  by  a  Hctiigning  nt- ighlwr. 
To  arrivD  at  IbM  oonoluiiioD  it  ia  neceMtary  to  tlioroughly  understand 
the  btemal  eeonomy  of  that  strange  country,  and  ao  little  in  known 
M,     concerning  its  people  tlint  no  apology  is  neoessarj*  for  t^ntcring  into 
j^huch  minute  detail*  as  «paco  will  admit  of  in  (his  glance  M  ite  peopit 
^^ud  tbvir  habiu,  coalomfl,  goTftminf^nt,  and  religious  nyvtcm. 

To  begin,  and  in  order  to  famitiaruK  tbe  reader  witii  th<!  oarround- 
bgi  and  ooDditions  of  life  of  the  people  tinder  description,  let  us  pict- 
^ow  ft  typioU  Thibetan  house. 

^H  Th«  ouuide  walls  are  generally  of  (rtone,  wt  in  a  very  inferior  kind 
^Bf  miirt.\r,  but  ofteuer  in  a  bedding  of  puddled  mud.  When  olay  u 
^■vailabltf  Uiu  builduro  much  prvfur  to  have  only  the  foundations  of 
^MoM  and  tlio  walls  abovo-groimd  of  well-prcpSKd  clay,  which  Utter 
'nvy  build  up  botw«en  plank  molds.  These  are  romowd  as  each  layer 
»  finiabed,  and  then  raised  to  act  as  molds  for  the  next  layer. 

The  houses  have  two  stories,  and  frequently  there  in  a  bhed  along 

one  aide  of  tite  roof,  in  which  the  inhabitants  work  when  the  sun  is 

oppressive,    A  great  part  of  their  work  is  don«  on  the  flat  roof,  sncli 

as  tbrasbing  grain,  etc    The  grouod'floor  U  devoted  lo  tlio  cattle — 

borvos  and  pigti  etc    The  fowls  usually  rooxl  with  the  family  on  the 

tint  floor.    The  construction  of  the  floor  of  tbe  upper  story  is  auQI- 

cieotly  curious.    Its  main  supports  are  cross-beams ;  on  these  smaller 

beams  are  placed  at  right  angles,  on  which  are  laid  slabe  of  wood ;  on 

ibeM  again  are  laid  small  twigs  like  broom,  nnd  then  a  coating  of  mud 

j^filasicr  b  spread,  on  which  the  planks  arc  finally  placed.     A  i>oIu  is 

^■pfl  in  this  flour  for  their  primitive  ladder  (a  piece  of  wood  with 

^■|||he«  cut  in  it),  up  thrtmgb  which  hole  aM«nd  all  tbe  efflnvia  from 

^^^^nimals  bnlow  I 

lliere  is  only  one  door  for  the  whole  houae.  In  front  of  this  door 
lk«r«  is  fpnipraJly  a  ooart-yard  surrounded  by  walU.  All  the  manure 
attd  refuse  is  allowed  to  remain  in  txiu  under  the  boaso,  and  in  the 
OQVt,  all  tbe  year  through,  till  shortly  before  tbe  wsson  for  mattur'lDg 

^  TOi.  UtttlU.— 9 


114 


THE  POPULAR  SCtSNCS  MONTHLY. 


over      I 

Thefl 

here  H 

I 


the  fields,  vbeD  it  ta  alt  oollcot«d  into  a  big  heap  and  left  to  ferment 

'  there  from  a  fortnight  t«  tliree  weeks,  after  which  it  \a  spread  over 
the  land. 

Tbo  larji^r  booKoa  have  one  or  moro  wings  and  ft  veraoOa. 
floor  forming  the  roof  in  rondo  in  tho  «aro«  way  a«  tbe  other,  unljr  there 

•  ia  an  addition  of  oov-dung  la  the  mnd  ioatead  of  pUnka,  and  Um  plM> 
t«r  tbua  made  is  beaten  for  days  wltlt  atioka  to  make  it  amaJgamato,  aa 
in  India.  All  oravks,  aa  tbe  plaster  dries,  are  carefnlly  filled  up  with 
fre«h  plaster  till  tlie  whole  L«  a  good  solid  roof  and  floor  oombinod,  and 
very  well  adapted  for  tbraabinj^. 

The  common-room  ia  tbe  kitchen  on  the  first  floor  in  which  they 
all  sleep,  wilb  ibeir  heads  toward  tbe  fireplace,  never  with  their  feet 
toward  tho  fire,  as  that  is  considered  an  insult  or  affront  in  their  eti- 
(jnetto.     In  nummur  they  sleep  on  Ute  roof. 

'Itio  Tbilwtanii  who  live  in  the  valleys  an  not  as  a  rule  fine  men 
physically,  but  tbe  bigblandera,  or  faill-men,  Bn«h  as  the  sbepfaerds, 
etc.,  np  in  the  high  Tbibetao  monntains,  are  massive  btaiae  Aommet, 

'  having  somewhat  the  uppcaraocc  of  having  hixa  livwed  out  of  solid 
blocks, 

'l*he  people  of  the  TaUeys  are  more  or  leas  idle  gosnps,  disliking 
work  intensely.  Tbo  men  do  no  work  in  tbo  fields  except  plowing, 
and  few  who  can  aSord  to  pay  another  to  do  it  for  them  will  do  even 
that  macb.  When  not  in  repose — i.  e.,  when  not  absolutely  doing 
ootbing — tbe  men  occupy  tbemaclvee  by  aewing,  spinning,  lookiug 
after  the  males,  horses,  and  cattle,  but  above  all  in  attending  to  tbo 
potty  business  of  the  family.  The  women  tcv,  irrigate,  wev<l,  cut  tho 
faarveat,  tbnwb,  winnow,  carry  tbe  grain  to  tlM  gmnary,  and  do  all  the 
housework  as  well.  If  there  arc  loads  to  be  carried,  tbe  women  carry 
them.  If  a  man  bo  asked  to  ckrry  a  big  case  or  heavy  load,  be  is  oer^ 
t«n,  on  Keing  it,  to  eay  at  once,  "That  I  thatV  a  woman*a  load,"  and 
of  lb«  baggage  bo  will  select  tbe  smallest  paroel  be  can  find  as  bis 
burden.  In  tbe  pasturages,  the  wonien  milk,  make  the  butter,  and  look 
after  tbe  floeka  when  thcae  are  graaiog  near  tbe  tents  or  cnoampment. 

'  Tbe  men  herd  the  flocks  when  grazing  at  a  distance.  The  women  ride 
as  well  as  tbe  men,  and  in  the  same  fashion,  From  constantly  throw- 
ing Moncfl  at  tbe  cattle  tbe  women  arc  adepts  at  this,  and  can  and  do 

I  make  it  very  unpleasant  for  any  person  who  may  have  irritated  them 
into  putting  their  scicneo  into  pnotioc,  Pirt  is  tbe  ruling  featnre 
ovorywhere  in  lliibetan  bouseboMs,  It  per^-adcs  their  house*  and 
tboir  persons,  prevails  in  their  customs,  and  gives  a  tone  to  and  bears 
fruit  in  their  speech. 

A  European,  an  English  official  in  India,  onoe  desiring  to  see 
real  color  of  the  Thibetan  skin,  paid  tho  paronta  of  a  child  to  have 
VMbed  in  hoi  water,  several  waters,  and  with  an  anlimitcd  supply 

\  wap.    Every  effort  was  made  in  vain,  the  side  conld  not  be  reached 
tbroagb  tach  sji  jtrmor-plating  of  dirt.    It  b  said  with  every  ahow  of 


4 


4 


nOMS-lIFK  OF  TBS  TBIBBTAN8. 


"5 


tniUt  that  it  would  he  tjtiile  inipoasiblo  to  wash  an  adult  TIub«tu 
ilown  (u  Ibe  skiu.  I'lie  beanly  of  a  womiui  io  Tliibet  coouats  in  bar 
heing  stout,  broad,  thick-set,  and  heavily  memWred,  and  th«  acoocn* 
pluUm«uta  to  be  dMired  we  that  abe  Bhtmld  be  above  all  tbiuga  auda- 
cions,  a  good  baud  at  a  bargain  and  at  rcparlvo  ;  in  fa«t,  a  typical  Bil- 
liigigate  viimgo,  if  uuusivv  uuougfa,  would  pan  aa  a  V«diu  in  Tbibet. 
TbQ  ordinary  food  of  the  ooantry  ia  barky  tluit,  bavbg  boon 
parcbed,  i*  afterward  ground  and  called  Tiampit,  or  T*iutg  jta.  Tliia 
bmI  tboy  moiatea  nnth  tea  made  in  the  Thibetan  manner — i.  o.,  of 
boiled  "  brick-t«a  "  buttered  and  salted— or  «be,  if  too  poor  to  uao  t«a, 
aioiatened  with  Mup,  by  mixing  it  in  a  cup  and  working  the  paitto 
roDcd  with  the  fingers  agaioiit  tl>c  «ido  of  tho  cup.  Thoy  eat  this  paste 
toft  and  moixt.  Tea  made  of  tLo  filthy  "  brick-t4»,"  boiled  with  but- 
ter, salt  being  added  to  taste,  and  the  mixtttre  wdl  ohum^d,  is  tlio 
ordinary  drink  of  tlie  country,  soap  taking  its  place  among  the  poorer 
olaaaes.  There  arc,  of  course,  other  kinds  of  food,  but  tho  above  is 
the  staple.  Tlicy  hare  a  kind  of  cAupatti,  or  scone,  a  common  food. 
They  e»t  fli-sh,  trhivfiy  of  pigx,  and  fowls,  but  all  dcpt-Dds  upon  their 
locality  and  nioana.  Tliey  bare  no  e»tabliah«d  rutea,  onatoma,  or  fixed 
hoars  for  eating,  tlie  nearest  approach  to  a  rale  being  to  take  what  they 
can  get  on  the  spot  when  hungry.  Tea,  as  stated  abore,  is  tho  chief 
drink,  ao  much  so  that  it  baa  bwomo  tho  custom  to  ask  people  to  come 
and  "  drink  tea,"  when  to  oome  and  eat  dinner  ia  really  intended,  and 
thia  even  in  oasea  where  tlw  family  ia  too  |ioor  to  provido  too,  and  no 
tea  in  sneb  cases  is  expected.  After  tea,  u  favorite  beverage,  cornea 
a  kind  uf  bnrley-hc^rr  oalle<l  Khiong  in  the  oast,  Tchong  in  tlte  west, 
and  then  a  kind  of  distilled  barley-whisky  called  Ara.  In  the  past- 
tingw  bnttermilk  is  the  ordinary  drink,  and  curds  and  whey,  called 
Ta  fo,  are  in  favor.  On  the  days  on  which  they  boil  their  meat  they 
riijiare  no  tea,  but  use  the  broth  aa  a  drink  instead,  on  ei'onomioal 
nds ;  and  on  broth-days  they  mix  the  Txtm  j)a  will)  broth  instead 
teft. 


Coming  to  tbo  Thibetan  costume,     llie  men  wear  the  7'Mru  ha,  a 

ig  am)  thick  woolen  robe,  abeepakin  in  winter,  dcsoending  down  till 
would  drag  considerably  on  the  ground  if  let  loose.    It  ia  doubled 

II  acroaa  the  ohest  and  front  till  the  ends  or  edges  nlmoat  meet  the 

■boolders,  where  one  edge  is  fastened  Hn<lcr  the  right  arm  with  a  tape 

r  string  bow.     In  dressing,  tbe  man,  having  on  his  Ti^hrtt  ba  banging 

e  about  him,  holds  his  sash  or  belt  about  on  a  tev^l  with  the  knees, 
or  a  little  a1>ov«  tliem,  and  this  ho  draws  in  to  make  a  gather,  and  then 
ihf  belt,  with  all  of  the  robe  above  it,  is  drnwi  up  and  the  belt  fastened 
round  the  watit.  Tliia  leaves  a  large  pouch  of  course,  falling  over  tbe 
bolt  all  round,  and  loaves  the  foot  of  the  robe  about  half-way  between 
the  knee  and  Iho  calf.  Into  the  pouch  so  fonncd  rXvty  pni  anything 
tbey  bar«  to  caiT}',  auefa  as  their  T»am  pa  cup,  and  even  little  dogs, 
and  nnelimqa  litUo  pigs. 


anoi: 

■ersi 

^■loow 


Ilfi 


THS  POPULAR  8CIBNCS  MONTHLY. 


At  niglit,  before  lying  down  lo  rc«t,  tlicy  tnko  off  ilieir  boots  i 
belt,  and  with  these  make  it  pillow,  llii'j  llivn  judge  tbeir  diatanca 
from  Ibe  "  pillow,"  and  kick  that  pnrt  of  their  robe  (uow  trailing  on 
the  ground  after  rerooring  thn  bolt)  which  they  Intend  to  Mf-  on  ton-urd 
the  "pillow"  ;  thus  by  a  kick  converting  one  idde  of  their  Trhnt  ha 
into  a  nuttreas,  and  by  this  arrangement  leaving  themselTCH  still  the 
.  oUier  side  of  the  robe  to  act  as  a  complete  bed-oorering  on  lying  down  ; 
I  and  all  without  nndittasiDg.  Only  tb«  rich  indnlgo  in  acarpit  totleepl 
on,  and  rich  pixtplo  Mmotiinea  tiM  a  OfaiiMM  earpeL  The  above  ays* 
tiu)  of  bed-making  n  almoM  nntventally  practiood  tbrcmgboat  Tliibctty 
or  at  all  eventa  tJtroBghonl  EaHtom  Thibet. 

Women  often  wear  the  above  costDme,  but  It  ts  not  their  proper' 
drcM,  which  ts  as  followH :  a  kilted  petticoat  of  woolen  BtnfF,  some- 
tiniM  considerably  decorated  in  colors  with  Bowers,  is  so  worn  as  to 
fall  to  about  the  ankles.     In  pntting  it  on  they  commeuco  on  tbu  left 
hip,  pMs  it  itKind  the  body  once,  and  again  acrou  the  front,  tlitu  hav- 
ing a  double  tJiii-kneiw  in  front ;  they  fuateo  it  on  the  right  hip.    This 
petticoat  in  made  up  of  many  narrow  ittrEpa  each  »  few  inches  wide, 
I  these  being  sewed  together  and  kilted  in  Buoh  a  manner  as  to  have  the 
I  pleata  only  down  the  sidea,  being  quite  plain  both  front  and  back. 
}  For  a  wai«t-biit)(l  it  baa  a  strong  strip  of  long-clotb  scwvtl  to  ita  inner 
side.     Attached  to  this  waist-band  is  a  sleevdeM  bodice,  generally  of  i 
.   cotton  olotb,  wbiob  is  supported  by  bai>ds  over  the  ithouldcra,  and  this  | 
I  garment  oairiea  the  weight  of  the  pettieoat.    The  bodioe  is  doubled 
b  MToas  the  chest  and  tic<l  on  the  right  Kide  at  the  neck,  under  the  right 
r  arm  and  again  lower  down.     Tlioy  aliio  wear  a  aaab  or  nimmcrband 
some  nx  inches  in  width  and  about  ten  feet  long,  with  the  ends  falling 
looce  from  nnder  the  belt  on  the  right  side.     This  is  the  ordinary  fc- 
I  male  attire,  hut,  when  they  wish  to  drees  better,  they  we^  a  *l«eved 
I  ohemUa  nnder  the  bodice  ;  thi«,  however,  is  very  rarely  worn  at  hataa 
'   in  their  bouses  or  at  work.     On  Hate  occasionH  they  wear  a  Jaoket 
with  longer  sleeves  and  longer  body  than  the  Cbine«e  ma  ^uot,  orfMW 
L  $/i«n  tzf,  but  sotnethinK  tike  it.     Thia  jacket  is  of  silk  or  cotton  or 
woolen  cloth,  etc.,  and  falls  to  abont  half-way  down  the  tliiglis.     The 
sleeves  desrend  some  seven  inches  lower  than  the  ti]>i  of  the  ffngara, 
and  are  ver)-  full,  though  not  so  much  so  as  the  ma  guoi.    From  the 
wrist  to  the  ends  of  the  sleeves  the  color  is  always  different  and  of  a 
I  more  vivid  and  striking  nature  (sometime*  red,  green,  etc.)  than  the 
*  stuff  or  material  of  the  main  portion.    The  collar  is  nearly  always  of 
red  broadcloth,  and  is  fastened  by  a  targe  silver  and  coral  broodi  on 
the  chc^t.    The  jacket  is  closed  down  the  right  side  with  gnlloona  or 
braids  of  mixed  and  prononnoed  colors.    They  wcnr  boot^  like  tltosa 
of  the  men,  the  tops  being  of  woolen  or  oolored  cotton  materia],  ud 
the  soles  of  leather.     Tliey  very  iKiIdom  wear  any  kind  of  bat.    The 
eoiffnre  varies  mnch.    Their  omamcnw  are  generally  of  silver  (veiy 
nuvJ^  of  gold)  and  precious  stones,  bat  chiefly  of  coroL    The  stones 


■ittdi 


SKSTCa  OF  SIR  LYON  PLAYFAIR.  tj? 

nwd  Ar«  turtjuoise,  UpU-liuali,  agaco,  aqua-marina,  ao<l  aubor,  if  Um 
Utter  may  be  cUtssed  iricL  ibe  stooca.  Tliey  aUo  wear  <M-oamenu 
made  of  a  cuIotlsI  porc«latD,  etc.  The  very  great  people,  sncb  as  gov- 
WBort,  havu  Inrgo  omameat«  in  gold.  Most  of  tbcir  precious  Btonea 
MO*  from  \X\y>  neotral  groond,  or  Siogpbo  country,  nurtti  of  Upper 
iamub,  b«tweua  the  British  provinc«  of  Aaeaiii  and  China,  also  from 
ia  via  Cashincre.  When  a  Roman  prvparov  for  sleep  she  simply 
-imp«  a  man's  7^/ii-u  ha  round  her  head,  and  leta  tliu  akiru  full  about 
ber,  riilting  herself  up  in  tJiese,  aud,  with  her  boota  and  bell  for  a  pil- 
m,  shu  mqaires  lo  seek  no  oouch. 
On  tJio  subject  of  trade  \^tj  little  can  be  said.  Mol  that  the  trade 
iflcant  by  any  means,  hut  tbe  system  can  bo  eammed  ap  in  tbe 
ord  *'  peddling."  Every  family  inuli-s ;  the  T^amassoriM  tnde ; 
oflloials  trade  ;  bat  it  ia  in  orory  com  oonductvtl  oa  tbo  p«d<ller 
m.  Stembera  of  a  family  attend  to  the  trade  of  the  family,  and 
ivol  imrnvDM  distanocH  with  tlieir  ladun  mulii  and  yiikis  exchanging 
gcKids  at  different  place*  i«  tbey  go  along.  Shops  are  alnost  un- 
loiro  on  any  scale. 


SKETCH  OF  SIR  LYON  PLAYFAm. 

N  Bir  Lyon  Plaj^air  the  British  Asaociation  has  for  ita  president 
this  year  a  geotiemaa  who,  to  a  thorough  ecienti&c  training  and 
wide  fanie  as  a  Buieotidc  man,  unites  a  venatilu  adaptability  to  pubtio 
'airs,  awl  who  has  done  many  uD<[utHtionablfi  services  to  the  state 
the  Itnca  of  adminiRtration  and  of  the  ndTaiiceinent  of  j^at  public 
lUHtluna.  "  lie  ia  eminent,"  says  tbe  writer  of  a  sketeh  of  him  in 
an  Engliab  paper,  "as  a  scientific  and  practical  chemist,  a  sanitary 
nformer,  an  educational  rafonner,  a  man  of  public  btuiness,  an  ex- 
abilster,  and  Iat«  cluunnan  of  the  Committ«o  of  Waya  and  Uoana  in 
e  UowK  of  CommoD!<." 
Dr.  Flatfaib  is  a  son  of  Ur.  Qeorge  Playfair,  Chief  Inspector 
of  Uoapitals  of  Bengal,  and  was  bora  at  Meerat»  Bengal, 
y  SI,  IH19.  Ue  was  taught  at  St.  Andr<^wH  and  nftcnvonl  at  Glafl- 
w,  wfaon  bw  ftodied  obomiatTy  under  Sir  Thomiut  Graham,  till  16V7, 
ho  went  to  India  for  his  lieolth.  Upon  his  return  to  England, 
b  rcatortd  vigor,  he  rejoined  Professor  (jraham,  vbo  waa  then  in 
London  University,  but  soon  after  went  to  Gieseen,  where  bo  oon- 
\\?L  cbemioal  studies,  in  the  "organic"  branch  of  tbe  Mienoe, 
Uebig,  and  translated  some  of  tliat  aathor's  worka  into  Eng- 
Ulh.  Upon  bis  return  to  Sootlaikl  he  became  manager  of  tbe  Meaen. 
Thompaon'a  Calico-Printing  Works  at  Clitheroe.  In  1M3  he  was  ap< 
pobitad  ProfeaNor  of  CbcmiMtry,  succeeding  Dalton,  in  the  Royal  In- 
fltitiitioin  at  JUancbeater.     In  the  next  year  bo  waa  appointed,  apou  tbe 


tn 


TffS  POPULAR  SCIENCE  MONTHLY. 


k  TOOonimcndtiUon  of  Sir  Robert  Peel,  on  the  oommi»lon  to  •lomliM 
'  into  till)  aauitary  oonditiou  of  large  town:*  snd  popalou*  distjlcta,  on 
vliiob  Bobject  ho  made  reports  which  are  dceerib«d  as  ofaaraotcrUed 
i  by  great  abilitjr.     Thia  work  done,  be  waa  appointed  ebemtcal  pro* 
T  itmor  in  the  Museam  of  Practical  Geology  in  Londoo.    lie  waa  g^ren 
an  imi)Ortant  part  in  tbo  preparations  for  the  Great  Exhibition  of  1851 
in  visiting  tlw  nnuinftcturing  ditdricta,  in  the  performance  of  which 
doty  he  drew  op  a  ctaMiGcation  of  the  object*  of  induHtr;-,  and  en- 
tered into  personal  oommunication  with  the  manufarturen*,  wht-rcby 
,   bo  exerciaed  an  important  and  beneficial  inflnence,  and  oontributed 
r  tDBch  to  the  oomplelenow  of  the  Exhibition.    He  wax  appointed,  in 
I  connection  with  tlitu  uniirrtakin^,  8[i(^cinl  Comiaiadoner  in  cibatgo  of 
r  the  Department  of  the  Jurien,  ottd  at  \l»  close  was  made  a  Companion 
of  the  Bath  and  appointed  to  a  position  in  the  honsehold  of  the  PrinM 
Consort.     Ho  was  again  given  the  Departznent  of  Juries  in  connection 
witli  the  Exhibition  of  1H63,  and  had  the  ap|>otntnient  of  tlic  Aix  hun- 
dred jumrN  ;  .tiid  in  167^  ho  was  nppnintc-il  dmirmnn  of  the  Ftsaoce 
Committee  of  the  Engliah  Committnton  in  the  French  Exhibition,  an- 
der  the  preaideney  of  the  oommissioo  of  the  Prince  of  Wales.    When 
the  Department  of  Science  and  Art  was  eslabliBhed  in  1853,  be  waa 
appointed  joint  lecretary  with  Mr,  Henry  Cole.     Mr.  Cole  became 
secretary  in  1856,  and  l>r.  Playfair  was  made  Inspcetor-Gcnnml  of 
OoTomment  Mascnms  and  Schools  of  Science.    In  1S67  bo  was  elect- 
Mi  President  of  the  Clicmieal  Society  of  I^ndon,  and  in  1858  wu 
L  appointed  Profcmor  of  ChcmiMry  in  the  Univerxity  of  fMinburgh, 
r  where  the  Prince  of  Wnlca  and  Prince  Alfred  (now  Dnke  of  Kdiu- 
borgh)  enjoyed  the  privilege  of  bis  iBStmctiona. 

He  has  served  his  country  under  official  commissions,  both  in  mat- 
ters of  scientific  inqniry  and  in  matters  directly  connected  with  politi- 
I  oal  administration  and  legislation.    Of  the  former  elame«  of  scrricc 
may  be  mentioned  his  work  in  examining,  in  conjunction  with  Sir 
Heniy  de  la  Becbe,  into  the  suitableneea  of  the  coals  of  the  United 
L  Kingdom  for  the  purpoitea  of  the  navy,  bis  investigatJon<i  into  the 
r  CMims  of  accidents  in  mines,  and  his  services  in  the  Royal  Commis- 
aiona  on  the  Cattle  Plague  and  on  the  F^sheric*  of  the  Soottbh  Const*. 
The  final  nnlcnmc  of  the  work  of  the  laHt-named  oommisfiion  waa  lh« 
withdmwal  of  legislative  restrietions  on  sea-flaheriee.    More  intimately 
connected  with  politics,  bnt  still  positions  in  which  science  has  a  part 
to  perform,  are  or  have  been  his  positions  as  a  member  of  Parliament, 
to  which  he  was  elected  as  a  Liberal,  in  1868,  to  represent  the  Univer- 
sities of  Edinburgh  and  St.  Andrews  ;  sa  Poctmaxtcr-General,  to 
which  he  was  appointed  by  Mr.  GUdsIone  in  1873,  and  into  which 
deparlment  "Nature"  at  the  time  expressed  the  hope  that  he  would 
I  "endeavor  to  introduce  something  like  scientific  method  '*;  as  PriTj- 
}  Councilor ;  and  as  chairman  of  tho  Committee  of  Ways  and  Maaaa 
aad  Deputy  Spc*ker  of  the  House  of  Commons.    Of  a  character  portly 


i 


4 

I 
i 


SKETCM  OF  SIR  LYON  PLATFAIR. 


119 


\ 


I 
I 


alBed  to  ociiMitifio  or,  at  leiut,  eOucational  work  (ui<l  partlj*  witti  poll- 
tiea,  uul  pro-i-iuiDciitlj-  tributary  to  tlie  public  good  and  to  eciemific 
m«tbod>  of  adminbtntion  mu  hU  vork  «s  Presidt-nt  of  tbu  Civil- 
SanriM  Inquiry  CommiMion  of  l!^4,  which  resulted  in  tb«  prodnotioa 
of  lh«  eUborote  ftcbvmu  for  the  rvorguniution  of  tlie  civil  nervloo^ 
under  the  operation  of  which  the  Rritinb  departmental  admiuistratiou 
haa  attained  ita  prCHont  oonditiou  of  high  integrity  and  viGoifocj. 

Pertinently  to  Sir  Lyon  PUyfair**  work  iu  the«i  lined.  Lord  R»y-  \ 
latgb,  ox-pmiident,  said,  in  preaenting  him  as  ila  prosidiui;  oiKoiT  to  ' 
Um  Aasociation  at  Aberdeen  :  "  jVb  a  general  nde,  I  iibotild  think  that 
the  desertion  of  active  soionltfio  work  for  politic*  wm  a  «tcp  in  the 
wnrng  direction  ;  but,  when  one  eoD«idcn  the  viluabte  work  done  by  . 
Sir  Lyon  Playfiur,  the  Iticld  manner  in  which  he  teachea  our  rather 
tinbiMructive  legislators,  the  great  influence  he  oommanda,  and  the 
valuable  aerviceH  he  haa  rendered  on  many  occauons,  I  feel  that  there 
are  exceptions  to  the  mle," 

Professor  P)a3rfair'H  efforts  have  bt-cn  unceasingly  din)ct«d  to  pro- 
moting the  improTcmcnt  of  the  stamlnnlH  of  education,  and  tlto  iidop> 
tion  of  more  thorough  and  practical  methods  and  objects  in  the  teach- 
ing of  the  elementary  and  higher  sohoola.  Presiding  at  a  tueetiug  of 
%  scbooUteaeher**  association  iu  187&,  be  referred  to  the  subject  of 
compulaory  education,  which  was  grndoally  becoming  univeraal  in  the 
cottntry,  but  which,  ho  said,  would  b«  pure  tyranny  unleas  the  edaca- 
tion  in  the  sobools  was  increased  and  its  quality  raised.  Quantity  was 
all  vary  good,  but,  unlew  quality  acoompanied  it,  \\wk  wn»  not  much 
gained.  "  If  It  was  to  be  aaid  ibac  children  of  thirteen  or  fourteen 
•ftiu%  of  age  were  merely  to  receive  the  same  ednoation  as  children 
of  eight  years  of  age,  compnlaory  education  would  bo  but  tyranny. 
Therefore^  compnlaory  education  involved  higher  education." 

Of  ibo  direction  toward  which  that  iuoroasedand  higher  educa- 
tioD  sbould  be  pointed  be  made  a  clear  and  forcible  statement  in  his 
addroaa  before  the  Educatioual  Section  of  the  Social  Science  Congress 
at  Newcastle  in  18T0,  when,  having  remarked  that,  "under our  prcscot 
system  of  elementary  teaching,  no  knowlnlgo  whatever  bearing  on  the 
lifo-work  of  the  people  reaehoa  them  by  our  system  of  state  educa- 
tion." and  that  "  the  mere  tools  of  education  ore  put  into  the  handa 
of  cbiblren  during  their  school-time  without  any  effort  being  made  (o ' 
teach  them  to  use  the  tools  for  any  profitable  purpose  wbatevcr,  so 
tbey  get  rusty  or  are  thrown  away  altogether,"  bo  unfolded  his  own 
views  of  the  melbods  that  should  bo  pursued.  "Books,"  ho  said, 
"oDght  only  to  bo  aocaaaories,  not  prinotpala.  The  pupil  mu«t  bo 
brought  in  face  of  the  facts  through  experiment  and  demonstration. 
H«  aiboold  pull  the  plant  to  pieces  Mid  see  bow  it  is  cooatrocted.  IIo 
miMt  vex  the  electric  cylinder  till  tt  yields  him  ita  sparks,  lie  must 
apply  with  bis  own  band  the  magnet  to  the  noodle.  lie  must  aea ' 
watgr  broken  op  into  its  constituent  parts,  and  witness  the  violence 


IH 


THE  POPULAR  SCIENCE  MOXTHLY. 


■  with  which  lu  elenwnta  unite.  UnloM  he  \*  bro&ght  into  fteCnikl  con- 
laot  with  the  facets,  and  taught  to  ub«erve  anil  hring  theoi  into  reUtion 
with  the  adenoe  evolved  from  them,  it  ver«  better  th&t  instruotiOD  in 
acicDOO  shoold  bo  left  aloniv  for  one  of  the  first  lewona  bo  mast  learn 
from  «ci(>iico  in  not  to  trust  in  autlioritjr,  but  to  demand  proof  fur  each 
I  UMverAtJon.  .  .  .  Soeh  •dtwatiou."  ho  addod,  "  cannot  bo  begun  too 
evty.  The  whole  yearainga  of  a  child  are  for  the  natural  phonomma 
around,  untjl  they  are  emothcred  by  the  ignorance  of  the  parent, 
lie  is  a  young  Linninni^  roaming  over  the  fields  in  sohrch  of  IJowen. 
Hv  ii  a  young  concbologi«t or  mineralogiHt,  gathering  sholUor  jK-hblca 
on  ibc  Bua-shofxL  He  'a  an  ornithologict>  and  goes  btrd-nesling ;  an 
icbthyologlft,  and  oatchea  £sh.  Gloriouii  education  in  nature  all  thii, 
if  the  teacher  knew  how  to  direct  and  utilize  it.  .  .  .  I>o  not  euppoae 
that  I  wish  the  primary  eohool  to  be  a  lecture-theatre  for  all  or  any  of 
the  '  ologies.'  All  the  science  which  would  be  necessary  to  give  a 
boy  a  taste  of  the  principles  involved  in  his  calling,  and  an  inoit«aienB' 
to  pOTsue  them  in  his  future  life,  might  be  given  in  illustration  of 
other  subjecttt.  ...  I  deny  thai  tlie  utilitarian  view  of  primary  edo- 
cation  is  ignoble.  The  present  system  iji  truly  ignoble,  for  it  acodi 
tbo  vorLing-man  into  the  world  in  gro«  ignorance  of  everything  ho 
ia  bo  do  in  iL  The  utilitarian  system  is  noble,  in  so  far  as  it  treata 
him  aa  an  inteUigent  being,  who  ought  to  understand  the  nature  of  his 
oooupation  and  the  principles  involved  in  it.  Tbe  great  advantage  of 
directing  education  toward  the  pursuita  and  occupations  of  the  people, 
iuHlcnd  of  wasting  it  on  disiunl  verbalism,  is  that,  wliilo  it  elcTates 
t)ie  individual,  it  at  tlio  onnie  lirou  gives  socurlty  for  the  futoro  pros- 
perity of  the  nation." 

In  anotlier  address,  delivered  a  few  days  afterward,  be  spoke  of  the 
"  Inosculation  of  the  Arts  and  Sciences,"  or  how  they  mutually  grow 
out  of  and  build  up  one  another,  and  of  the  intimate  union  bi-twcvn 
science  and  labor.    "  It  is  not  science,"  he  said,  "  which  cre«tv«  labor 
or  the  indnstncfl  flowing  from  iL     On  Um  oostrary,  scienee  ia  tJio 
,  progeny  of  the  Indnatrial  arts  on  the  one  side,  and  on  the  other  of 
^  the  ezpcrfenoes  and  perceptions  which  gradually  attach  themselves  to 
these  arts,  so  tlut  the  evolution  of  science  from  the  aria  is  tbe  first 
etrcametance  of  human  progress,  which,  however,  quickly  receives  de- 
velopment and  impulse  from  the  science  thus  evolvoi).     Industrial 
Lsbor,  then,  is  one  of  the  parcntjt,  and  Soienee  the  child  ;  but,  as  ofUw 
happens  in  the  world,  the  son  becomes  richer  than  the  father,  and 
raises  his  poution.  .  .  .  Soionoo  does  not  depend  upon  facte  alone,  but 
.  itpon  the  increase  of  mental  oonooptlons  whi<!h  can  be  brought  to  bear 
[  Bpon  them  ;  these  ooooeptions  inorease  as  slowly  as  the  common  knowl- 
I  odgo  derived  from  experience— they  both  descend  by  inheritance  from 
one  generation  to  another,  until  science  In  its  progress  becomes  a  pre- 
vision of  now  knowledge  by  Light  roDocted  from  the  aocomulatcd  com- 
tDoo  knowledge  of  tlio  past.     In  the  progress  of  time  common  knowl- 


4 


\ 


SKBTCn  OF  SIR  LYON  PLATFAIR.  ui 

aigt  puses  into  scientific  knowledge."  An  indicsttoo  or  one  of  the 
nyi  in  wtucb  he  would  hare  tbia  sywem  put  into  t^wntion  tx  giwn 
■  1  letter  be  wrot«  to  the  officers  of  a  London  »chool  eoggeMin^  tiic 
dnotioo  of  a  certain  property  to  the  formation  of  chemical  and  sci- 
Htifie  miueanw  in  relation  to  commerce.  No  hoy  enjoying  llie  ad\'an- 
lipB  of  inch  a  maseani  "  occd  leave  the  upper  daases  of  the  »diool 
eitfcoot  being  able  lo  examine  t)ic  rarious  Idnds  of  merobandise  which 
k  will  meet  willi  in  faU  cccupatiun-'s  bo  far,  at  1ea«t,  aa  would  enable 
Utn  to  tMt  chemically  tbeir  neUtive  exoellvucos,  or  detect  their  adulter- 
MioaL  Xo  boy  no«d  then  leave  the  ecliool  without  having  had  bis 
jhjrical  and  jwltlical  geography  copiously  illustrated  by  objvetM  of 
utmal  h)«tary,  in  tbcir  relation  to  the  imjwrta  and  exports,  upon 
vhitli  tl»e  prosperity  of  the  country  so  lately  dependB." 

Profeosor  Plajrfair  ia  a  member  of  nuroerona  ecieotifio  and  other 
aocietica,  Britieb  and  fon-ign,  and  of  eeveral  forci;^  orders.  Of  his 
liltcary  work,  txird  Rayleigli  rvmarkcil  in  introducing  litta  to  tbo 
Bfiitth  Association  :  "Tho  other  day,  engaged  id  koioo  work  of  my 
tnt,  I  happened  to  look  up  the  catalogue  of  scionoo  popcn  iwuicd  by 
Ibi  Royal  .SocicTty,  and  1  came  aoroM  the  li«t  of  Sir  I.yon  Playfiur's 
ariy  oontribntiona  to  science,  most  of  ibem  made  before  I  wa«  bom 
*r  thoaght  of.  One  was  on  the  new  fatty  acid  in  the  bolter  of  nut- 
ncg.  Another  was  '  Lectures  on  the  Application  of  Physiology  to 
At  Scaring  and  Feeding  of  Cattle.'  A  third  was  on  nitro-pni^da, 
a  HV  dass  of  salt«  ;  and  a  fourth  on  '  The  Study  of  Abstract  Sdenee 
rwiiliiil  to  tbc  Progrem  of  Industry.' "  Ho  edited,  conjointly  with  W. 
fixgory.  Baron  TJebig's  "  Chemistry  in  its  Applications  to  Agriculture 
Md  Physiology ."  Besides  numeroiis  scientitic  memoirs,  bo  ba«  pub- 
^UtA,  OD  general  subjects, "  Science  in  its  Relations  to  Labor."  a  speeoh 
UiT«nd  on  the  anniversary  of  the  People's  College  at  Sheffield,  in 
l«U;  "The  Food  of  Man  in  Relation  to  his  TJseful  Work,"  a  lecture, 
KM;  "On  Primary  and  Technical  Education,"  two  Iwture*,  1870; 
*0b  Teacbiug  UniverKities  and  Eiaraiuiog  Boards,"  an  address  to  tbo 
fVlwophical  Institution  of  Kdinbnrgb,  18T3 ;  "  UoiverBities  in  their 
Ultioo  (o  Profewfiooal  Education,"  an  address  to  the  St.  Andrews 
GidMtsa*  A^ociAtion,  1673 ;  and  "  The  Progross  of  Sanitary  Re- 
(■^"an  address  delivered  at  the  annual  mooting  of  the  Social  Soi- 

lAwodation  at  Glasgow,  1871. 


I» 


THE  POPULAR  SCTSyCE  MONTHLY, 


EDITOR'S   TABL.E. 


Ktimt  paoeaxss  akd  cuitvbe. 
\\I  2  hiT«  fraquoDlly  ainintiuacd  in 
VV  thtM  oolumns  that  a  neir  t7p« 
of  culture  it  arimng  ia  modorn  tinxw, 
vhlch  Is  not  only  alroDgl;  coatrwt«d 
wiUi  ilie  old  ideal,  but  ii,  ia  «MMitid 
rwpeota,  nperior  to  it.  Thia  tnperi- 
orit;  it  aa  tii«vttAtil«  result  of  tbg  gen- 
cnJ  UwH  of  mental  devulopiDeDt  bj 
vUcb  Buooeaslra  agta  become  fiUDtUftr 
wicfa  iww  oidere  of  tdou.  Tli*  prott- 
r«M  of  Kl«n<»  ia  nndoubtedlr  too  mnoh 
loolud  npon  a»  hannit  to  do  vrith  Ibe 
phj^cal  world  only,  ua  affecting  nocAil 
art*,  invaotions,  tndattiial  procMtea, 
and  the  Moumalatioo  of  vr«altli,  bat  u 
iMTing  all  the  biglior  and  nobler  intdT- 
ests  of  muakind  untoiichad.  ThU  b  a 
aamiff  uiil  erroneona  vleir— the  view 
of  those  wbo  reBlljr  do  not  know  wliat 
•caeBM  U  OMonipllablfli;,  aor  bow  far- 
rMohlng  and  all-perrasira  iU  nxalU 
on  do«tlaed  to  be.  For  It  la  one  of 
the  traiucendeot  naorin  of  soicoce  to 
bnve  iliown  that  the  onivene  Is  bouud 
togetber  In  all  it*  part*  by  the  raoit 
'ritol  oonaeotloos  and  a  BDpreroe  vx&tj, 
wbieti  moke  It  tmpoiriblo  that  tfaure 
afaonld  be  any  great  revelation  ^tepec^ 
ing  itn  fandnineotol  ordtf  Ibat  doM  not 
throw  light  UiTOUgb  all  ttit  d«partiuenta. 
It  may  Ken  to  oertaln  minds  a  matter 
of  no  great  moment  tbnt  the  pliyrical 
and  mMerial  adenceii  liavo  come  into 
flxiotenoei  aa  tboy  art>  assomed  bjr  su«h 
rabid*  to  belong  to  a  lower  tpbero  or 
l^nile  of  being;  "the  mere  nuuerlal," 
and  to  leave  Doaffectod  the  loftier 
vpliore  of  butnao  nature,  repfeoented 
by  tlio  opiritnnl  Ufew  But  thb  partial 
and  partiaao  riew  moat  diaappeor  wlim 
it  i*  thorongbly  roaliied  that  eoleoce 
Itaelt  betonga  to  tU*  liigfaer  qfibero,  end 
that  nan  is  emlted  by  It  through  the 
aeqaioUlon  of  new  truth  and  of  graoder 
t&ofl  Im  liad  before  Mlenoe  ^>- 


peared.    The  iiroErees  of  (cknoe  it 
progrms  of  tbonglit.  and  the  new  and 
greater  idea*  tba«  aoi|aired  are  eerloin 
to  become  the  new  tnatruinairta  of  t 
DOW  culttirc. 

Tills  view  noa  pointedly  pr«Mat«d 
by  rrofeeaor  Coid^e,  of  Uorran]  Col- 
lege, in  hb  recent  book  on  "^Uo- 
tifio  Culture,"  In  tlw  following  word*: 
"  Wliat  b  it  that  ennoble*  literary 
euliorc  bat  the  grvot  mimU  wliieh, 
through  tlii*  onttnie,  have  hotMred  the 
notiona  to  whlcli  they  beloagt  Tla 
outlore  wo  tmro  eifaoacn  ia  capable  ot 
*vMi  greater  things:  not  heconae  aol- 
cooe  ia  nobler  thnn  art,  for  both  ore 
•qoiJty  noUe— it  ta  the  thou^t,  tbo 
eonooption,  vhMi  ennobleo,  and  I  core 
not  whether  It  be  attained  through  one 
kind  of  exercite  or  anotbet^-tmt  ve  are 
copntile  of  grander  and  noblor  tbonglila 
than  Plato,  Cicero,  Shak«pear«,  or 
Hewton,  beoonae  we  live  in  a  tater 
period  of  the  world'*  history,  whan 
through  science  the  world  haa  beoonw 
richer  in  great  >d<w>.  It  to,  I  repeat, 
the  great  thought  whldi  onuobka,  and 
it  ennoblaebacanse  it  miiee  to  a  hitter 
plane  Hut  which  b  inmortal  ia  onr 
manhood." 

It  ia  no  longer  poadble  todeoy  that 
■cienee  a*  the  Utoit  i*  oleo  the  hlghed 
and  ino«t  perfoei  produM  of  the  mind 
of  man.  We  ean  bo  more  Ignore  or  dis- 
credit the  mental  growth  of  the  rant 
than  tbe  mental  growth  of  the  Individ, 
nol,  and  la  neither  case  can  ehildhoed 
or  yonth  yMd  the  result*  of  maturity. 
The  literary  tdeel  of  cnltare,  which  sm- 
liodicH  itMlf  chiefly  in  the  vorions  nrta 
of  eipreaiion,  was  reaUted  early  and 
in  tbo  immetarity  of  Iranian  tboogbt. 
Bade  oolenee.  of  coarse,  also  began 
early,  bnt  it  did  not  become  a  melli- 
od  of  cultirallng  the  mind  nntil  thon- 
oondt  of  year*  bad  pamod.    The  work 


4 
I 


WITOR'S  TABLE. 


»»J 


tf  eetoBM,  u  wa  nov  know  it,  ii  fur 
(00  dltSooll  and  too  grand  to  liav« 
becB  ftooomplldbed  ta  tbo  Mrly  or  luid- 
A>  •tagM  of  binnui  doreloptiMDL  It 
»nr  tBprMwte  profiHudor  lUd  j,  more 
JHcnae  intellaatiial  exartioii,Hid  *  high- 
m  dtadpUtw  of  Ui«  menial  facnltlee 
ifan  WH  poaaiblo  antJI  muklnd  bad 
lid  ■  long  and  paliifDl  axperleoM  in 
tbadUBoaii  ta»k  of  explainbg  tbo  mT»- 
brtM  of  Nunra.  Vij  lli«  □««Miiti«* 
of  tbo  law  of  nnfotdlag.  tbor«fi>r«,  tbo 
Mj[b«r  «xpIoit«  of  modom  Uionght  pro 
BOl  10  b»  limited  and  neosored  \j  ■&• 
4mtk  ■tandarda.  Tbe  Idoal  of  Wlmaj 
edm*  beloogw  to  an  older  and,  con> 
•cquottj,  to  a  lower  olage  of  progrea, 
■Ml  it  can  Bot  MMitinno  to  liold  In  tbla 
t/gt  tho  anrirolvd  ai«tideiM7  wbtoh  ba* 
been  aocordod  to  it  Id  tb*  paaL  Soittico 
ngmaatM  an  indepeadunt  moranmit  of 
tba  bnnan  mind,  and  cnataa  aundard* 
af  lla  own.  It  can  not  be  Jodged,  and 
h  not  to  be  raiik«<l,  b;  tboee  wbo  hare 
been  colUvaiod  in  a  totally  different 
onler  of  ideaa.  To  tli«  lin^iata,  aa 
•■eb,  atMl  to  the  oultiratora  of  Ut«r- 
aiwe,  aa  aacb,  the  midaniaadlng  of  tbo 
iXMraaof  NatarcianotiiinK.  Tbnyoodd 
go  on  torerer  witb  their  elegaot  arts 
In  atter  ignorance  of  it,  anil  witlxwt 
miaaing  IL  The  atodj  of  Kalure,  iu  a 
mctbodlral  way,  «a«  a  now  mental  dla- 
p«(uatioa.  The  qii<et  of  troth  by  the 
metboda  that  yield  tbo  truth,  and  b«- 
BBoaa  of  tbe  Talae  of  troth,  woa  a  new 
Uaal,  and  ibe  preparation  for  it  a  new 
•daeallun.  Under  the  old  idoal  of  cnlt- 
iira  mtlt  waa,  In  fitet,  dlaarowed  aa  a 
mprcme  intellectaal  lita.  Tbo  pblloao- 
pliert  lowed  to  eeek  It,  bat  proclaimed 
that  they  did  not  oar«  to  find  It ;  and 
than  aru  aUIl  an  crapliBoaa,  a  hollow- 
neaa,  and  a  oonraBHooalUy  In  tbe  Ideal 
of  UleraiT  and  aebolailk  oultoro,  wbleli 
^Wray  Ito  otediaival  origin.  With  tb« 
Jng  of  laienoo  aa  a  m«hod  of 
ther*  ttmt  a  profoundor  ■»■ 
'riovmaM  tn  the  pnrpaaee  of  atndy, 
wbleh  coatd  Deter  bare  been  o^ 
Bated  la  tbe  parvly  literary  apbere. 


Willi  the  comlntc  of  iduoce,  tbe  think, 
er  WM  foroed  to  take  a  now  relation  to 
the  world  In  wlilob  h«  lived.  lie  bo- 
eamo  a  dorotee  of  tnilb  In  a  Moaa 
not  before  known,  and  Mbjoctcd  hiin- 
aelf  to  a  moral  na  woll  a«  to  an  Intel- 
teetiul  dladpUne,  of  which  lilile  cualtl 
bo  imdorotood  in  the  oarllor  ati^ce  of 
laCBtal  eattlTBtion. 

The  literary  ideal  of  onlbne  Is  atlll 
practically  aupremei.  It  b  Ualorle,  H 
is  fortified  by  iiiBtitntioBi,  it  reigtia  In 
edacuioo.  It  la  a  sodal  paasport.  It  te 
Railed  for  display,  nnd  mnkc*  ■  mini- 
mom  reqiUaitiott  of  inttilectital  eSgrt. 
For  tbeee  reaaoos  it  Is  popnlar,  and  we 
need  not  wonder  at  tbe  arrogaooe  and 
exduaivooeaa  of  ha  preteofdona.  But  It 
beloDga  to  tbe  past,  la  loeinK  Ita  hold 
opoo  the  preaont;  and,  while  It  nay 
wttt  be  aopeneded.  It  is  yet  boond  to 
bo  aabordinated  in  future  to  that  idoal 
of  mental  onltare  wbleb  Is  the  bi^ieat 
blelleotaal  attalnawnt  of  tli«  latott  time, 
nod  wbiob  la  to  be  perfected  tliroo^  the 
H^t  of  that  acientifio  knowledge  Into 
which  tbo  human  mind  haa  emerged  In 
thi*  wonderfnl  period.  The  trinrnphs 
of  inlellect  In  tbe  eomineiit  of  Nntnre 
and  tbe  a«qQlsitlon  ot  great  idea*  In  th« 
oaderatanding  of  tho  nnlTerse  are  not 
to  bo  wIthoDt  powerfii]  luflneoee  la  de< 
termining  tbo  cnltlraUoa  of  tbe  odd* 
eated  claatetL  The  emandpation  from 
narrow  and  groreling  traditions  may 
take  place  alowly,  bnt  tli«  obange  la 
going  on,  and  mufit  ^o  on,  by  tbe  law 
of  progrcat,  nntil  tbe  newer  and  nobler 
knowledgea  beoome  tbe  M^iest  iaitm- 
mcnta  of  mental  callivntion. 


4  CATIIOUO  OS  QATBOUC  ULUSbtai 

Mn.  St.  Qkobos  "iirfxn,  tho  emi- 
nent naturalirt,  wbo  in  weil  known  aa 
an  tamest  member  of  tbe  Roman  Oatho> 
lioChurob,  ilikciuucaina  reooot  number 
of  the  "  Kluctwinlh  Centnry  "  Ibe  qn««- 
tioo  aa  to  the  deftrm  of  liberty  wliicb 
modem  Catholic*  may  olaim  in  the 
troatniMit  of  sdeoilfio  aobjects.     Ilis 


TSB  POPULAR  SCIBXCS  MONTHLY. 


OOOcIihIob  b  Unit  lliclr  llbortj-  lii  (Le 
muUr  in  pMOtioill]'  anUiumlnl.  Tlie 
r«MOB  Im  gine  wlP  m«cd  to  Mme  a 
UtUe  (iimabr,  and  mof  poatiUj  cbom 
mwe  or  l««8  wlndog  In  MtUId  qiur- 
Mrai  but  Mr.  Uiwt  orgM  it  with 
great  oonfideoM  and  appAr<HiU]r  with 
gmat  iiaMrity.  BrioBf  Hiat«d,  il  l« 
Ibis:  tbat  tlift  lilglitNl  nntlioriiiu  of 
(lie  Chimh  w«r«  co  (gr«gl<m^,  bo  oft- 
UntAtioiulf ,  and  m  Bratattoiul7  wrong 
tn  the  muwc  of  OalU«o  and  tbo  ««rth'» 
motion  ronad  tbo  aun,  tbat  no  abtK>> 
IdM  autboritf  cut  «v«r  attach  to  aloii- 
lar  dMiouciatioot  of  (clentlflc  dootrinca 
in  fbturo.  Mr.  Uirart  bnufaee  atddo 
tho  icasoulDgx  b;  wklcb  it  baa  boon 
Bttempt«d  to  ahov  tliat  SaUl«o'B  oon- 
dtmantiou  vtx  not  formal.  Ilo  in- 
Bista  Ibat  It  was  as  rorinnl  oDd  ton- 
phatlo  as  It  waa  in  tlio  power  of  th* 
apiritnal  antboritlM  of  that  da;  to  mak* 
It  \  and  jot,  for  aU  that,  tbo  penocntod 
■Ban  of  adoBoe  waa  la  tbo  ri^  and  bis 
ecolwlMtictl  Jadge*  vere  in  the  wruni;. 
Be  aa^f  that  it  waa  a  moat  fortuunto 
blnador  tbat  tb«jr  eotainittod,  aoeing 
tbflt  it  Hia  OathoUea  frt*  Ibr  eT«nDor« 
ti>  think  for  tbomMlToa  npon  all  aden- 
tiflc  matt«n^  without  usccptloa  or  r»- 
MTVO  of  an;  Irtad.  As  we  remarked 
aboro,  Kimo  m*;  not  qnito  like  Uio 
naaBcr  in  whidi  Ur.  Mivart  leu  about 
phxrin;  faU  th««la ;  bat  bb  orgumont 
woald  be  a  difficult  ooe  to  oontroTvrt. 
AnthorttlM  who  haro  once  blondorcd 
about  na  b^dlf  a*  it  lina  ever  b<«n  given 
tohuDian  Iwlnp  to  b1tind«r,  can  hardl; 
eomo  forward  attain  a*  (uprcmo  aibit«ra 
la  n  qnotttoQ  of  act«n<ie;  and,  thould 
thojr  »o  come  forward,  ov«n  loval  sons 
of  the  Obnroh  miftbl  deotine  to  aabmit 
to  th^r  decuiooi^ 

Ur.  Jf  Ivart  refere  to  an  artlde  con- 
tributed bjr  nn  eminent  OaUielk  tlieo< 
logtaa,  Dr.  Itarr/,  nboot  a  year  affo, 
to  tbe  "  Dublin  Roriew."  On  tam- 
ing (o  tt,  we  And  tbe  rererend  doctor, 
to  our  great  tallsrnotloD,  rtcognldnft  in 
tbo  amjileat  maniMr  tha  pre-onincnt 
pamtiaa    oooiiptod   b;  acionea  in  tho 


indr  qU 
Chri^ 

hai  wff 


tnodeni  world,  and  datelng  tli« 
degroo  of  liberty  br  tbe  edeatiSo  i 
tigator.  ■* Fact«,"  b«  ubtenca, " i 
miataallflble  la  tbolr  war  as  fint 
oipl«*;  nor  oan  the  «xigendoa  of  re- 
alii;  be  aet  addc^  nUeea  we  woold  gite 
tbo  men  of  pfar^oal  edeDoe  loire  l» 
diiowntheDeocoitieaof  tfaonghtt"  Ue 
qnotea"*  meiaplijidolan  of  high  an- 
tborilj  at  Home,  Father  Paluilerl,"  aa 
rwiarkbg  that  "one  of  tlio  grcateet 
caUmWce  o(  tl»e  laat  thrte  oratorke 
hiM  been  the  nogleot  of  tlie  Mndy 
phytloal  Bcienoe  by  orthodox 
tiana."  It  U  aorikaa  to  aaj  thai 
find  flurwdvea  iMarlllj  ta  aooord  with 
tli«  reverend  fallier  lo  tbia  dodaratloiL 
Uad  tbore  be«n  moro  vtod;  of  pbjaieal 
adoDce  among  nrthodoi  OhriatUou 
daring  tlM  laat  three  ocatnrioa,  tbe 
cholera  would  nut  ban  carried  oB 
elghtj  tliooaend  pontcaa  In  6p«ni  thla 
year,  nor  woold  Ike  eoaiparatirely  aoiall 
city  of  UoQtreal  ta  Oaoiida  bare  bad  to 
bury  emall-pox  vtotloa  thb  anmmer  at 
the  roto  of  two  bnadred  a  week.  Tbe 
rtrveread  father  hoMa  tbat  tlie  Clinrdi 
ia  now  rMping  tbu  reward  of  Ita  dla> 
diiin  of  eoicnce,  in  Its  loas  of  iaflMaoe 
0T«r  largo  doasea  that  <iDRe  were  vm- 
brnccd  In  Ita  ob«41ei>oo.  All  fiM, 
Barry  caye,  moat  be  renxKlieil. 
cnee  to  the  common  gronad  "  on  vhleb' 
the  Ohnreb  can  meet  Ita  adreraarlM,  and 
thent  it  ninirt  meet  tbero.  "  U  Li  onr 
doty  to  proclaim  tha*  we  ara  not  afraid 
of  any  arKoraent  or  any  aawmhbeP  o' 
facta;  but  that  we  tnritton  girlag 
weight  to  erery  part  of  tbo  erideace.^ 
Of  oonnM,  the  Icanxd  doctor,  liko 
nlisnt  flgihtcr  that  h*  aoeoia  to 
hopea  to  ovoreome  hia  advotnarieik 
With  that  we  are  not  ooaoemed :  wbat 
we  ttoU  with  plewore  i*,  that  aaab 
BtroRg  groaad  ahoold  b*  taken  dp  hf 
coiintnt  tlieotoglBaB  of  tlie  moal  eoa- 
MfTatlve  ooounonion  in  Christeadi 
in  favor  of  a  bold  and  thoronxh  ezjdi 
r«Uon  of  tha  aolmtifio  6old.  lu  bo 
aa  tliey  approaob  aiodem  arloBtl! 
theortee  lu  a  oritlool  apirit,  llioy  will 


I  of 

I 

iefc^ 

bat 

aab 

iv 

Kdl- 

ion^ 

;3 


LITSRART  NOTICSS. 


•»S 


'  Umt  eotae 

ott,  da  « 

|A&  did  of  gooa.  Vcithw  8etMiM 
'  phUtMupltx  hu  ;M  KpokeD  its  laat 
tnd  all  tine  ni«a  of  »ol«OM  will 
.  lUw&kftil  for  uy  livlp  the/  tnaf  get 
livvd  throwing  Mido  tbelr  emin  awl 
rUag  to  fuller  aiul  olMtW  paiooptiou 
*(tfa*  truth. 


sA  />£j  r/'jm  OS  STATS  icifyc*. 

Wm  print  tbs  dm  portion  of  Sir 

[.r«o  P)*r^'''"  r«c«it  lungnnil  oildrtn 

M  rr««hl«il  oftbo  llritUh  AwMdatfoii- 

li  l«  KBoMMcloaablj  hiDg.  bo  that  we 

ma  povtpotM  to  neit  montb  kit  ooo- 

dodkm  weiioti*  on  "  Sdeooe  and  In- 

dBti7,"  and  "Abslraa  StiaDM  tko 

OotNlUtoti  of  Progreu."    Sir  Lyon  ful- 

^^«*  th«  preudtnU  ot  his  prodoom- 

^■on  U)  diMrnwiiig  what  li«  know*  mMt 

^Hwut,I>>rlM;toprotuilil;tlioiBMlpnNDl- 

Hwat  tad  cijMrienced  wlMitlflo  offloo- 

Itoliler  ud  MipnMr  of  ilnXA  mubm  g«<Q- 

VBllr  Uua  ta  to  bo  fooad  la  tho  BritUi 

Cmtnlnt.    U«  wM  wrif  tokon  into  ili« 

ror«l  bmlljr,  and  hu  ever  aincA  b««ci 

on  intiinaM  rclailona  wUb  thow  t>pp«r 

iiliim  wbloli  {>oa>dtat«  tbo  goTonung 

pdwar  of  Ea^ood,  aod  this  fiwft  ts  Dot 

vritboat  Ita  boariag  on  bin  diMurion  of 

••BeUac*  tad  Seooadnrr  EdwiatkiB." 

or  eottne,  Iw  1*  drir«n  upon  the 
qnwtloB  of  mImim  and  the  dsHno*,  aod 
BiMt  recvgnlse,  ae  doM  all  tli«  world, 
tiiat  aeiMiM  b  aoandaloualy  neglected  in 
leading  Brltiih  tcboola,  wbUe  exMatUe 
■ttentioo  I*  gtTea  to  daMlcal  rtadiea. 
TI>U  adur-atkiiMl  b«uo  la  £iii;t>nd  u  in> 
IrieatalrlnruJved  Willi  thvEaglbbeooial 
miaiii  daaiioe  and  adeaoe  la  a  qn*a- 
tfoaofnlawii;  aateDoa  iafor  tbe  lower 
ela«Mt  daariea  tor  iba  Ugber  ehiMoa. 
A  MKMMMhMi  nf  parliamenury  eoinaiie- 
tbtOM  baa  deplored  lbs  aagjaet  of  act- 
vaoe  In  the  great  mdowod  aoboola,  but 
will)  rorr  Hula  ednKt.  The  Ihike  of 
D«rnn*lilro  waa  MmiMOad  to  repoM, 
In  Iftra,  *■  eoeaidirlag  lbs  Ineraaaliig 
Imporlanoa  of  adaaoa  to  the  nale- 
rtal  bitanrta  of  tba  eoimirr,  we  oan 


BMbolregard  Ita  aliaoat total  exolnrfon 
from  Iba  training  of  tbe  upper  and  rntd- 
dk  olaawa  aa  Bule  leta  than  a  natioaal 
nlafortaae."  Bat  wbj  iboald  the  isld- 
dle-olan  acboola  be  bere  ranked  with 
the  upper-daai  adiodii?  Uecauae  they 
Imitate  th««u.  Dr.  Plnyfair  ujk,  "  Vo- 
(prtanatelj-,  tb*  Mlier  gnuniaar-acfaoob 
which  eduMte  tbo  middle  claMoa  look 
to  the  higher  pubtle  acboola  aa  a  Ijrpo 
to  whldi  Ibuj  abomkl  confonn."  Bat 
the  u|>|)eCH]law  acboola  ore  plaeea  when 
aoienoe  ia  doqtiaed  and  tbe  otaadoa  wor- 
shiped. Sir  Lyon  Piayfalr,  aJtbougb 
profeaatdly  repreaMiltag  tcicnoe,  ia  not 
the  man  to  ciMideam  a  aeUled  oppcr* 
elaai  Ea^lali  polk?.  Re  rlrlually  glv«a 
Dp  ibo  oontoflt  la  sajring,  "Tbo  great 
peblSo  adioota  of  England  wlU  oontlnaa 
to  be  the  gymnoala  for  the  upper  dasa- 
CO,  and  nboiild  dorote  rouob  of  their 
lime  to  i>laaaiM]  and  litetarj  ooltare.'* 
What  la  Ihia  bnt  yielding  evarrtUaft 
and  rednciog  the  whole  aiorement  for 
a  higher  soieamSo  edaeatlon  to  a  farce  T 
U  cJiaaslos  are  the  aoperbr  nMntal  paba- 
lata  of  aristocrota  and  gaatlvaea,  Bad 
scieooe  only  suited  for  ]>Iebeiaaa,  tbea 
is  the  Engliab  redatasee  to  aottntiflo 
odocatioQ  fight,  aa  It  would  bo  a  dte^a- 
datloD  and  a  step  backward  toward  bar- 
hariani.  Tbe  aHiUntions  of  olaadca  and 
ariitocraey  are  old  and  InMinate,  and 
atill  profoundly  ohttiahed  in  cuuiitriia 
likeGnglaDd  and  Oertnuny;  but  when 
eminent  adenlMa  like  IIofTiaaa  and 
Playfnir  amil  tbcmaelres  of  great  ooca- 
sloaa  to  indorse  them  to  tbo  damage  of 
sdonoo,  we  soy,  deliver  na  froBi  our 
nominal  Gtleoda. 

LITERARY  NOTICES. 

UoDOut  ScucKx  ivD  Uonia^  Tnocont.  Rj 
8.  LiDMi,  Eaq.,  H.  P.  London:  <1iiiti- 
nan  Ji  Hall;  PbQ&delphia:  Uppinooit. 
Pp.S2a    PriocK 

Bon  the  plea  ol  thi*  book  and  the  man- 
ner  of  Ua  execnilon  «iU  ^>e  it  a  Mieag 
claim  tipen  ma^  rcadera.  The  Snt  «li 
ehapleri^  eenyrtaing  mwe  than  half  ibe  rot- 
vne,  an  dareted  to  aanuntngnp  tbe  large 


ia6  TMS  fOPCLMt  SatJCM  MOSTSLT, 


IITSRART  IfOTICSS. 


1*7 


I  and  IwqwM-ltMiU  of  bone  Knd 
In,  fracmnU  ot  nsu,  ud  coruln  pM- 
I  dlaln,  *bl«li  mmj  Iiitb  tcrrtd 
If  Bm  or  nM  alnkcn.  HlulWr  ImiilaiacaU 
bxtaan  (o«uhI  M  Mto  pUoo  b  Euiope^ 
IMthwt»  ol  bnMM  •Uo  tuTO  beta  [tniikd 
« lb  tiM  of  Uw  kke-TUUEM.  Dr.  Ru 
(bM  BgtrM  of  kbwRt  Iklit;  bnmie  book*. 
TWrrarx  nMli  bi  loiro  Mid  ibo;  •  paH 
wlr  uv  barbell,  but  iwwIt  all  im  brsi 
0T«r  at  tbe  uip  lo  lorm  au  ajo  for  tbe  a^ 
iMfantat  of  ilut  liop. 

TW  Meand  pan  of  dw  meaioir  uvau  oT 
*■"*"■■  abori^nil  AtMne,  and  I*  baaed 
«•  Um  DMUrlalt  aonuioad  In  ilw  arditMk- 
k«M  dMnM  «r  t>M  Kalkoal  HwMn,  of 
«UA  dfrWoa  Dr.  Sau  bat  dM(g(L  SoDW 
((  lb*  book*  of  atMricinal  muiuteMBK  an 
(Uhr  in  ifeMval  (i)r«  <o  oidlsMj  nod«m 
»■'■-*-'*■.  but  onlj  OM  rtfjslar^  barbol 
rpadiaw  b  known  to  ibo  anU»r.  It  na 
(mod  b  XadHM  Oomi]r.  K«w  Tork,  ami 
b  tbnagbt  to  baro  boM  mado  tinoe  1*00, 
ad  In  lialuikai  of  th«  book*  brought  to 
lUi  ooMrj  b;  KurDptana.  Tb«  book*  of 
koM  a^  didi  bMid  b  CalifotBla  ar«  po- 
nlliT.  n*  oamd  p«iiu  tppraadbM  ao 
dsarij  to  <l>c  abank  tbai  aome  pcnona  b«vo 
doobtad  tJiclr  crcr  bditf  mod  aa  fl*hfrr  Im^ 
|iiitriHi  It  iroutd  probably  babopoMlblo 
10  faod  bb  «iib  hooka  o(  thia  ihapt,  faiil 
JoM  Mcti  book*  bire  been  branght  Uvax 
Ftddo  Wandi  b;  tnrtltn.  who  report  thit 
ibo  BStlrM  arc  rorjr  aacoeorfgl  oilh  then 
ti  Bkbf  aah  ibu  bolt  Ibo  book  Inatead  o( 
AUfai«alll.  Nobaitia«Nd,Mtbebook 
lUaU  loot*  •MoeoUat  tike  ■  womi.  Tvcntjr. 
tllM  ilait  btilt  of  banc  Btii]  bom  an  here 
Ifnod,  Moat  of  which  ibo  aUbor  bellora 
won  ■maumo  for  fliUng  Implanoiti. 
Taoujr  of  them  hare  barbtt  on  one  ride 
wij,  •bUo  the  otbon  art  biibed  on  both 
■lda»  SavMal  dait-b«ad«  of  oofiper,  each 
o(  wkUb  hM  n  rbielo  bub,  ve  in  the  cdU 
loctloa  «f  tfao  aiato  HiHottoal  BocIm;  of 
WWoctJo.  X  tuxo  awnbtr  of  groorod, 
Midhpl,  or  pcrroraud  oteara  bare  bron 
Ivmi,  vhkb  moat  baro  boca  uad  u  tl^ 
wi  for  Ooh^lnai  and  mUl  flUlar  Moor* 
an  umI  a»  *lak«ra  hj  b«(b  lodlaa  and 
»Um  Bilwnnon  KMlny .  Two  qtedaxau  of 
eofpar  ilukan  haTO  eoma  wlibla  ibe  kno«l> 
tip  of  the  aoUuir.  Seqna  eanlngi  and 
^tmmj  npcvMilne  bbn  har«  alto  bora 


loBDd  in  Ihli  taiuUj.  The  erideoM  that 
tho  ABciknn  abMi^aai  naad  tolbMko  m 
food  it  abundant;  freot  hetpt  of  Oftkv, 
olaro,  inuiod^  and  other  ihuUi  an  iaimd 
ahiog  o«r  leaooaott  and  rmr-banka.  In- 
tennl^lod  with  Ibwt  iliella  m»  bnnaa  of 
Tarlow  aniiDth,  Imfilonwaia,  fitgmontt  of 
patu>7,  ind  rmtlgM  «l  fatplaon.  Dr.  Ban 
appcndu  lo  Ihia  mrmAt  Bft;.oigbt  p^o* 
o(  utncu  fiom  nrioat  wrilhiga  «t  tho 
hM  (onr  otnturit*,  In  whldi  rofoioMO  li 
made  lo  aborighial  dahbag  fat  Kortb  Antaii- 
n,  and  todM  DolkM  of  fitUng  hnflanniU 
and  Stb  rtfiroMntalkni*  dUoovmd  tenth  ot 
lluioix  Tho  loit  h  Uhutcatcd  b;  four  bu» 
drcd  and  tro  Bgnta. 

Town  Gm^oor :  Thk  L«8m«  or  nt  TniLx- 
nnntii  R-iciu.  Stwllei  of  Naiuirt 
■lenR  the  Uigbwap  utd  amoDg  tho 
Bfwaja  ot  a  ]l«tropotlian  To«il  Ily 
AvodiO  HRiLram,  Profovor  of  Inru^ 
tebr«te  nilecntohiB  at,  and  CutUorJi^ 
charn  ot,  tfae  ActdixciT  of  Kainral  U- 
onoM  of  lUladelpUa.  PbUtdclphla! 
Pobttthod  by  lbs  Audior.  Acadoiuj  of 
Natural  Sdonoit^  18M.  Pp^  Iftt,  with 
StTFo  Flaiua. 

'Stft  only  from  the  iinpte  to  the  oom- 
plei.  Bud  from  the  nrnonce  to  ibo  aboUMt, 
but  fioni  the  inunodiBte  to  the  rMooto,  Ua 
tho  me  dir«eli«ii*  o(  oieoul  morement  In 
the  growth  ot  koowlodec  and  lo  ntlonal 
•tuilj.  To  begin  irhero  (hero  la  mticb  fa- 
miharit;,  tome  knowledge,  and  boto  at  Iota 
cnrlotltj'  and  lolertrt.  tod  paai  en  lo  that 
which  U  romotcr  and  deeper,  b  the  Iru  meth- 
od. Put,  (trango  to  t*;,  the  revwt*  method 
it  that  utoallj  pntmid.  laouad  of  aiait- 
tag  with  the  known  and  boUdlnit  upon  H, 
tho  cottosa  It  to  begin  wilh  tho  dlrtant  and 
nnhaown,  and  often,  bdord.  May  there  to 
long  tbnl  the  knowltdge  ncctnlrtd  In  many 
oaato  ncTcr  brcnmoi  a  reaUly  at  all.    Oocd- 

Ofjr,  patticnlarlj.  \a  tinblo  W  b*  purwotd  In 
tlui  *ny,  genenU  ideu  being  aocuoitiUled 
bom  tho  booki^  with  tittle  application  lo 
facta  within  the  tindl  of  oommun  eiperitnoo. 
The  preamC  rolume  li  an  admiiable  •>- 
rmpllfleatloo  of  tho  true  nclhod  of  grolo^ 
leal  ttudr.  Tho  author  lakce  up  Ibe  faoU 
with  which  all  PbilAdclpkUni  ar«  familiar, 
and  la  which  they  may  be  therefore  ajtumod 
lo  ban  a  ontahk  degtoe  o(  inintol,  and 
onnneda  tbrm  bi  t  rery  elHple  and  hiatroo- 
tire  way  iritb  Ibt  grMt  body  ot  gKtoQtctl 


138 


THE  POPULAR  SCIENCE  MOKTHLT, 


InAt  in  which  thc«o  faoU  find  ihcir  «s- 
plaaaUos.  TL«  totk  ejaWow  In  lb«  PUIb- 
■letphia  nalglibortiood  Me  dMoiited,  tegrttMr 
with  ibe  CliMg^  irUoh  ban  lad  to  ihu  lit**- 
•U  oumltUon  of  lUngi,  and  iha  aocom^vi]'. 
lag  incwarion  of  lUa  •*  diwloied  bj  (omU 
nHm.  •■Whl(».H>TM«  Stops  and  Windov- 
fadn^"*  "  ISravTi-*tons  IVoauaiid  JcrMy 
Hod,"  "Fhiliulolpljia  Briok  mad  Cobble- 
dona,"  ar«  the  funiliar  WxU  umiI  bj  the 
author  to  Interpret  the  wonderful  woi^tbg* 
of  Katarc  In  the  Imiocumiibla  put,  uid 
whleli,  tkraugh  long  chalm  of  caiuo*  and 
elT««U.  bate  glvon  riw  lo  ibo  prownt  aidar 
□f  thliif!*.  lio  nnrk  U  adinltablj  done, 
and  Ibc  nodloiui  citlwm*  of  tli«  Qiulinr 
metrqMlIi  ovo  iboir  bo«t  think*  to  the 
fMing  gtolo^M  who  hu  ptrfonniid  tb« 
talk.  It  would  be  a  cn»d  thing  If  we  could 
hate  ■omcthlng  of  the  kind  In  Mew  Tortc. 

fMcnniHui  iU<D  TnuiucnoMH  or  tdk 
RoriLSoncrT  flrC*HuiA,  18M.  Mont- 
itnl:  Uiiwuin  Hrvthon^ 

niisictcRid  totunie,  baaed  b;  the  Doc- 
al  Bodctf  of  CaaiulK,  octnea  to  ub  with  iu 
mdWd  depamnenti  of  literature  and  Kience, 
la  Frrocb  or  Enf^liih,  as  the  Iingusgr  of  Uic 
eontributnr  may  be.  Of  ibo  ■dcnlillc  niGin- 
olra  only  occd  «c  bcra  (peak;  thor  are  va- 
ried uid  eiceUmt  Dr.  George  LawHo, 
Protcaor  of  Botati]^  at  Dilboume  College, 
nalifni,  Nora  ikxilia,  girea  a  rcvldon  of 
the  Cuuuliui  Itamtnetdatvt,  [a  conQriOBtion 
and  ciWniion  of  a  tnonoEmph  published  hi 
1S70.  Uiiiini;  tAXtea  yrjira  bn  hoi  ^iien 
lUitMion  (o  tlie  obicrrailoii  of  ihl*  Import- 
ant onjar  by  bottmliita  afield  tlirougboat  the 
wide  praTlDGOaand  l<>rrlloiloa  of  IbeDoinln- 
hin.  Direction  of  ibU  bind  ^tM  ralua  to 
much  of  whxt  migljt  ollienrlm  b«  bnt  dl»- 
O(mnc('tc<dob«(>n'altnn.  Dr.  Lawion'f  mem- 
dr,  tiiough  eitoiRiTfi,  i«  Encomplnh^  In  cer- 
tain group*  to  which  he  direct*  thaatUiution 
o[  Canadian  boUnisliL 

Dr.  T,  Slcrrjr  Hunt,  of  Uonlmil.  |)rMi- 
deEt  of  the  loelcty,  preaonti  a  raritw  of  the 
inaeb  controTorted  Toeoolo  queition  in  grol- 
ogy,  and  ihow*  jtronnd  for  bcllpving  thai 
Aa  newert  mDmber  of  the  great  Hcrira  of 
pro-Camhrlnn,  eryitalUne.  etmiified  rui'li* 
la  what  ii  ealleil  Lower  Toeonio,  or  Tncnn- 
lan,  and  ii  wtdMy  dr«lribult4  orcr  Korlb 
and  South  Atn«rin,  EuropCi  and  jIMo.    Dr. 


y  Eont  hB«  orriTed  at  U«  wmehufana  fraa 
piotcaeUd  atiulj  la  JUDetfcftand  Ba«p4. 

Fron  the  ««iDe  mbeiit  goolccln  «« 
hnie  a  paper  on  the  "  Ori^  of  Cr^aDSlN 
RoelUi."  lie  appruactiea  the  ffvx  pmUm 
of  the  origin  of  «nch  rock*  a*  |[nuilta  and 
gneiia,  and  aftor  a  di>eua*lon  cf  llie  Kept*- 
clan,  igneous,  and  the  nictaniorphic  Klia«liv 
rtjecl*  then  oil  ai  nntenablo,  In  faror  it 
what  be  call*  the  crenltic  liTpotfarait,  and 
claicn*  It  B*  a  legtiimate  dCTclopmoDt  «f  Ilia 
Ncptuulun  of  Wctacr.  Tbii  h.n>0<h«(il 
auppona  thocxhttonceota  primary  PMnfc 
atnium,  the  outct  Utct  of  the  orff  laal  a^M- 
oua  globe,  whlcb,  more  or  1m«  mndlBad  kf 
the  *ubsequeni  penetralioa  of  >attt,  haa 

been  Ihu  direct  nouree  of  ctvptln  ndca  Ok* 
boMll  and  doleriie,  and  at  tiM  oonM  Una 
biU  fumiEliod  indirectty  and  b]r  aqneoB 
tolutloQ  the  olemenu  of  all  gmdlk  and 
gneinio  rockn.  Tbio  ntdi^ul  and  far.T(adi- 
(ng  by|>otliv«ia  will  duubil ens  commaiM]  the 
atlenliun  of  cbcuiieia  and  gcolo^cta  llia| 
world  of«r. 

Ollxir  paprrra  ufinieroet,  on  lo^dca  ebon- 
leal,  toi>lo0oal,  aud  pbysteal,  radenoe  (ba.J 
agtlvlly  of  original  rvMartli  among  men  i 
Roienco  In  Canada. 

Tmt  CofTtn-mtinma  Jtoca  or  Lan  8pr»l 
KioR.  By  R<iun>  Udu  laTDii).  Wi*b>| 
ingtOD  :  QoteramBnt  PHoiing-Oflaa  [ 
Pp.  iCI,  with  Twenty-nine  Flalca. 

Tnti  la  a  paper  prvparod  In  oonnaeliw  | 
with  the  Tnlled  Smi«i  Oeologkal  Sirnr 
under  Ur.  Clanmoc  King,    It  aim*  ol  a  pa- 
eral  eipoiltlon  of  the  nature^  atmctata,  aid 
extent  cf  the  ■eric*  of  rvrkik  in  which  ocean  , 
iha  nndiR  coppn  of  Laht  Superior  i  awDifc  i 
which  has  never  bron  attuR>[i[ed  bcfoNSM*^ 
it  1*  oueileil,  could  It  ha«e  been  aMOi 
plUlied  •ooner.      Much  had  !>••&  WtllHil 
dilTerenl  purls  of  the  Ii.ah«  Supfriotl 
bul  )n>p*  still  eilslcd  In  tlie  enrra^  riJl 
mitdi  remained  la  be  ioaniad  ooncenlBfl 
till'  nature  of  the  cr^nloJIino  rticJis.    TfalW  | 
obataoloa  havr  b«cD  removed  by  tfaa  I*>Kj 
nmyt,  and  the  ripa  that  null 
haT*  been  fliled  by  the  perwnal  obM*] 
lion*  of  Mr.  Irring  and  his  aida.    AS  1 
information  at  commajid  boa  bwn  eianAidl 
and  drawn  upon  and  la  need,  and  the  rten  | 
of  dlilercnt  authon,  ofh-n  conUictlD^  < 
diMUUcd  In  the  presenl  worlL 


LITEBABT  NOTICSa, 


»*9 


19  TiR  Rnoitumi  w  m 
OLouHnaMKFiauorVujaixu.  B7 
Vrxmm  Hokui  F«arTAUiK.  Wubiag- 
ton:  GoTcRiatenl  PriMing-Oaer.    Vp. 

144,  with  nnr-MTOD  r>au«. 

T«t  UooMlc  bob  of  Vlr^lk  an  kit 
«■  □(  ibc  Bloc  Rldsp,  Bad  mon 
!  [ounil  *ilhia  the  icmin  of  the 
r  AjoIo  n>ck*.  Tbe  bccU  tre  dt 
•  two  riww,  which  apptw  W  fa»rc 
I  la  MtiinioQ  >iih  one  »Doiher.  The 
KcMMle  bcdi,  'hicii  furaisbcd  the 
I  d««n1bci)  in  ihlt  bbbk.  arc  ot  rmh- 
'  or  brackUb-Koicr  dqxiiit,  ■□!!  «tlcii 
Mia.  TIm  jOEOgcr  fonoMicitu  klm 
'  wuda  p(aDtt>  bM  ot  •  tciall^  dilfertat 
AuacMT  ftooi  iliu  «f  tba  pUnti  of  ihc 
«U<r  HtMBile.  Tile  most  impoTtanl  o(  «JI 
Ik  b«da  pMMi  about  ten  miW  octt  of 
BlduMAd,  and  )■  about  thin/  mile*  long 
nl  rii  brc*d.  It  coWafatf  oearlj  all  the 
ntl  ud  jrMda  ncoilj  all  the  pbiiia  htind 
hlhtlof— rton.  BcudM  the  planti  found 
ia  dMM  bcdf,  aoil  (or  tin  boJcc  of  compiri- 
■■  rtb  thaw,  plutea  uid  dc»criptiiiai  kk 
lim  bom  Enunotu'i  work  of  pliau  from 
Ac  dder  MMoade  Mnta  o(  North  Chio- 
lln,  inoct  of  winch,  bowcTcr,  oonlng  trom 
lUitt  «bOT«  the  ox',  are  «ippow4l  to  bo 
A  \  wrwhot  laUr  age  Ihaa  tbe  Tirpnla 
l^aEti. 

I  bift  P.  Innu  roa  1SS4.    Fourth  annual 
law    Bangor:  Q.  P.  bdet.    Pp.  fri. 

b  lUi  bMe^  wbieh  ronm  Net  IT  of  the 

Q.^M({a^  tbe  aomben  for  1884  of  fiftjr 

I  rdnBiali.  anil  ot  Iba  DaiUd  StalM  con- 

'  npon*  aad  ntacatlon  dreulan,  are 

\  kfa^    Tbe  lirt  iucladM  all  tba  impor- 

J  M  Aawtkaa  liinsrr  ■igailaw  awl  ro- 

4i^  dmM  of  ih«  Bridtfa  Ulatarf  maga. 

taaUeb  baie  a  otrcolation  in  thll  oonn- 

i^ial  iboM  a  dosoD  Gvrnua  ptrinilicalA. 

^'Reta*  lie  Belpque"  i«  JBclmlol,  but 

*lfti-B«raed»Deai)I<<ndca."    Sioco 

fcUU  RTlewa  wcra  ladtud  in  Ko.  It, 

I  ^  <B  aol  appear  in  tbia  iisae.     'Vnicn 

that  about  Mtentj-fiTc  IhoO' 

■a  taJeied  In  iheae  fiftj^wrtti 

l^mt  bMom*  eriikal  (hat  Ur.  QriiwoU 

|l>>hM^  tba  art  o(  abbtciiatiog  to  a 

Mala  of  Uitiwty.    Ho  b  aUo 

tatomw  wbo  ha*  iha  ooarage 

i(lfe«nTbtlMi«,forh«atlM  "(oitin,'- 


■'  wdih,"  -tarif,"  "primiiiT,-  -fouv^y- 

"iiand,"  eta. 

Ooicinsci4L  Oaoinc  Autnr*.  Br  A&- 
KD  U.  AU.NI.  P.  I.  C,  K  C.  &  Sm. 
flod  edition.  rerlKd  and  cnlantiL  T^ 
I.  Philadelphia:  P.  UlukUtuo,  Son  k 
Co.    P^476.    PMBe.J4.60. 

Tna  odition  ot  tbi*  hotIi  now  pubUab- 
ing  u  to  appear  in  thtvc  lolumca  intkad  of 
IHO,  ait  in  the  Hnt  edition.  A  new  ama(a> 
ment  of  the  •ubjeci -mailer  hiu  been  adopt- 
(d,  (o  tbu  oacb  Tolttme  ma;  treat  not* 
CBpcciall/  of  kindred  piwluou.    Tht  rol- 

umc  DOW  pictentri]  11  dcvolcd  1^06;  to  (bo 
caesidcr^ion  ct  bodies  ot  the  tiilf  letlea 
and  of  vegetable  origin,  and  tocludea  chap- 
ten  00  die  alcohoU,  rtliert^  aad  otbor  neu- 
tral deriratirto  ot  tlie  all.'oboIl^  augai^ 
»ULf«b  and  it«  isomer*,  and  T«ge(>ble  aolda. 
In  roridog  tliia  roluiDe,  Ibo  ■iilhur  hu 
made  oonndeiubto  changts  and  additiooa 
in  onlor  to  bring  tbe  Infonnallon  coniAined 
up  to  the  iah-iil  poulble  dale,  ta  that  Tcr^ 
few  pigea  remain  aa  Ibu;  itoud  in  the  fint 
edition.  He  pnanisee  aa  tborvugh  treot- 
menl  ot  the  rott  of  (he  work. 

IxaoHsu;  ami  mniR  DiMRitERs  or  RlCV, 
Br  llcnT  U.  I.tmin,  M.  D.  Chioago: 
W.  T.  Keunor.    Pp.  S89.    Price,  #1.00. 

Ta»  bcM>k  ilincuMM  in  a  clear  uid  read- 
able (If  Ic  atif.  ot  (be  ■crereBl  sfilictlons  t« 
which  mim  in  lintilo.  In  ihe  diKiuiloQ  tba 
anlhar  oorfr*  an  evpn  wider  gronnd  than  ii 
ladltaiod  in  hit  title,  and  eoniidors  all  (ha 
phanomeoa  at  *W'p,  both  normiil  snd  Irau- 
blcd.  Ho  bogina  with  a  full  chapter  on 
"The  Naturv  and  Cacira  of  Slct-j!."  «hich  ta 
foltonoil  b;  the  coiuJderation  of  Ihe  imme- 
diole  tulijeot  of  the  Ircntiio — insotnnia,  or 
wakufiibiciiK,  the  remcdie*  for  il  and  tbe 
treatment  ot  It  in  partiouhr  dieeaAc*;  and 
after  thil  ar«  giren  chapli-rB  on  "  Dtrania," 
"  SoiDtumbiiliim,"  and  "  Artificial  SomtiMn- 
buliam,  ur  BvpooUsm." 

hist  or  Tma  (Ksinnm).  Itr  Um*  V. 
WtLpM.  New  York:  P.  W.  Oedtord. 
Pp.  88.    Price.  Si. 

Tnc  nine  hiimlnnl  ami  lltlj-thrte  Uata 
are  deioribed  brirll;  undvr  ibo  niLRioa  ot 
Ibe  origiaalo^^  wliicli  are  nrranKinl  alpha- 
botiealljr.  and  a  Rubjcft-liidoi  is  added.  Tbe 
rar;  cammon  (rtu  ure  not  Includod. 


IJO 


THU  POPULAR  SCISXCS  itOSTHLY. 


bidMtrial  UmUiIj  H«eMiiia:  L.  P. 
BaooUTT,  KtlitoT.  Pp.  33.  Ftlor,  $»  a 
JW;  BO  omu  ■  anmlMc. 

E4Ca  number  of  ihin  publiatlm  b  dfr 
mud  w  •  parUcnkr  euo.  Tbo  Dumber 
bcfsra  ua,  «Uch  b  maAid  Vol.  I,  Ko.  a, 
b  ^*ai  l«  OcCTgla.  h  iaoludM  «  fioe  dM{i 
Of  llie  Sut«,  *  lUl  of  dtiu,  loHiii,  rlU^w, 
and  Matiooa,  aa  editorial  arlid*  m  intern*- 
tioDal  axbibitioiu,  and  chapUr*  dcMriUng 
Mm  Sum  to  gen«nU  am)  r«lal!og  to  oMton 
■od  rio«  nliurc,  latub,  populalimi,  Inual- 
paUm,  alocation.  (be  r(fKMnUt)T«  moD, 
Iha  ralipoM  condiiloii,  Borcmment,  flnanoM, 
d«bt,  and  lawtoa  and  bUlacj  oT  Uw  Slaie, 
«ltb  a  lUtiMical  ubU  el  oouMka,  Sncral 
of  UiPM'  urtjclei  arc  funUbed  bf  ntn  dill 
dnenlfbad  or  rcpnicnutlTo  In  the  aptda- 
Balds  Id  (rbiob  Ibe  papon  rt«f>tcliv(J;  rvUic 

Ta«  NovTuro'fl  Socuea  Sntm.  If«« 
York:  D.  Van  yoMnai.  Price,  CD 
raiU  eaob. 

No.  7S,  Sthmuc  AuMBA :  or.  The  Al- 
gebra of  Alpcbrale  Niunbcn.  Bjt  Frotauot 
WiLLiaia  C*ix  Pp.  )S1.  Tlie  objwi  tit 
tbls  CMajr  la  lh«  ditieuMlon  of  ocgatlr* 
quantitica  al  algebra,  irilli  ibc  purpoM  of 
Cndias  a  lORlcall;  dtTelop«d  tjnem  ihst 
(hall  iDcInde  wich  ijuaMiu'ca  u  fpcotnl 
CUM.  Tbo  Tolamoalto  includca  acMMcrlti- 
eal  noCM  on  Hit  netboda  of  r««Molag  am- 
plc^ed  In  BoenaKy. 

Ko.  "!*.  Tint Ko-U  4011  iimi:  Tbdr  Hb- 
t*»j,Ccai»«rucllon,t»idU«e.  By  AtminV. 
AnoTT.  Pp.  IM  Hr.  Abboit  ba*  b««o 
angietd  lorMveml  jean  to  dcreloping  and 
Vftftug  mathodii  «f  UKiag  ifaa  Mrenetb  of 
Tni*arlali.  and  lo  Ibi*  book  atplaini  mvh  of 
Ul  BNM  RlMeMf  ul  uMbodl  aa  Mcm  libcl;^ 

to  lie  gtnerallr  uatfid  and  in«eresUng. 
No.  79.  Rancn  Pnooaaaa  tii  Kh^mo- 

Ei.«(T«»i;  H^cmicn.     Bj  ProfrAtor  Silti- 

ura  P.  Tpoirt»w.  Pp.118.  Tbii  ia  a  to- 
,  pdniat  iMtarca  dcUreivd  be(or«  lb*  KnR- 
■  ll(*  8oi*t«y  ol  Ana  «a  U>e  anbj«rt  indkal«d 

h  Ow  tiOfc  wblah  wtra  HppkneaUir  lo  a 
..|ir*«1mu  atrie*  of  laMiiras  on  Uie  Qtemj  of 
.  Iba  djraano  and  ha  flinetlana  aa  a  mecfanl- 

■a]  motor. 

Xo.  TJ.  &r<M4-SDBTiiTtiia.    0;  Anotra 

Wdmm)w.     Pp.  HS.    Till*  band-book  oon- 

iaiaa  a  eompltle  eipoaltioM  at  Ibe  Ibeorj 
'«/' Madia  aieamNMMU,  *lik  «>ac(kaa  for 


tia  appyoaltoa  In  iba  ftatd.  T^Im 
ralucika  «l  obaervattau  are  aiUcd 
tto  authar  ha*  oetd  to  lb«  Oeolo^cal  Sai^ 
ver  of  PkwiaflnitiB,  and  •rith  dicin  tW 
ulgononieuioal  foDr^laco  labhs. 

Kol  T8,  Tn  Sraut-EiuiiiiB  Uumutdl 
Br  WIIJ.11N  DARitT  La  ViK.  Pp.  iw. 
la  LbU  boob  tbc  ind'oitot  and  Ha  elyoa  are 
daaoribed)  lu  cmtnakn  aai  aetkn  an 
anplatoed;  and  iW  Baibtd  ot  oalookitins 
Uw  lMta».po*ar  of  aaidnot  b  Wurtnlad. 
An  aodeaToc  ha*  alM  baaa  made  lo  eiplalo 
Ibe  tnoM  lafiortoiit  paru  «X  xhr  ibeorj  and 
aoUon  of  (team,  and  to  tboa  Uia  model «! 
woHitog  ene^e*  that  bava  bacn  tomat  to 
ba  moat  adtani^eoaa. 

Ho.  19.  TM  Piovna  or  nn  Zxkiw. 
TtuMK  C.  Ueaan,  C.  B.  Pp.  U.  In  tUi 
book  tb*  batoriot]  dala  Is  oooaiMtioa  aith 
Iba  Bgare  «f  the  Mnb  are  praowied,  aad 
lb*  impottant  matbematloal  pelnclpltn  tor 
tb*  deduolk«  «f  It  upon  llw  eplinoldal  Uj. 
pothadt  ai«  amaged  to  a  eomfiMt  lann. 

No,  80.  Iluj-iar  ForaoinoM  roa 
ilODcaK.  Br  Oluis  Bauw>.  PfLlts.  TbU 
l>  a  repHnt  of  a  aeikl  paper  pablMiod  In 
Ibo  "  SanitatT  EneinBw  "  dnrli«  ]  084,  *Ilb 
G(i;  one  IMnalfatkaa  frnn  drastogi  made 
(or  the  ankin  bj  the  authot. 


UjkPB  or  TBR  DoHUioa  or  Caxaiu.  TpIp- 
BBiifa  aad  eSoial  8en<cc  .'^ir  tlKi-n-a 
L,  LMOanir,  lUntal«ror  Public-  Woiki. 
Inaliceu. 

Tbri  DBipa  are  totMdc4  ta  b»  fall,  and 
at*  iw;  handaomdj  excoMcd,  Tha  pmip 
new  under  nolke  oonialnatso  *h««la  •(  the 
Eanoni  aection,  t>D  at  tbo  Wcai-CnMnl 
toctlou,  two  of  (be  Wcitni)  or  PadHo  aool 
•ection,  with  a  Ucrouor  chart  of  leWgnidda 
liaea  Bsd  etocttk-oablecoHKOIiona  tbraugh- 
out  tba  woiUi  and  a  aup  on  a  apberital 
projwflon  ahoiring  tbe  iNtld'a  lubmariaa 
c&blo«  and  ptindpal  tdcgiaph  Itoaa. 

Nona  raoH  mt  PnTNOLOoK^i.  LAMMTsn 
o«  ma  CjuraaaiTi  w  1'vinieTtTaini. 
Ediinl  b;  N.  A.  lUMtoua  and  Htmu. 
O.DtxooL    miadelphk.    Pp.  ML 

A  wiLWnon  of  "brief  rorerd*  of  tart* 
of  faitertn  bra^^ht  to  llicbi  hi  tha  ttmnr  itt 
phr^oloeioal  itudf."  Tbe  cdmuuu  ais  of 
Ibe  wrlten  hai  bcra  to  pr«Mat  tliaae  fMia 
with  the  peatcsl  «oaei*enaM  «0Mpatlbl*  I 
wltb  •dentttr  aemtMy. 


! 


I 


UTERART  NOTICES. 


Ill 


f.  W  Ann  t  Sef*'t  ANmcu  Nsmpim 
jlBtcii.,    ISHS.     PkiUddpUa:   N.   W. 

Arv  k  &«.   Pp.  160.  rriot,  la. 

Tm  pablUfaor*  Imt*  ukta  gtcM  palis 
Flo  Mkka  lUi  ««Hc  oomiileM  lad  cofNct  ii|i 
1 1B  iba  d*f  of  iroteg  u>  prcM.  It  oaauiM 
a  faUf  dsKriiitlTa  lut  of  iwRi^puia  md 
poritxteli  b  lb*  L'nitnl  SutM  aad  OumiK 
iii«1,wl  br  Sum*  In  )t*ognpbkal  mcUmu, 
Mid  hj  www  tn  *lph«WWI  order ;  uotbe* 
Un,  itMTiliirlTi  M  (0  dlMlnettrc  AaturM 
4ad  (toonkifcii>,  of  M<i>«p*{M«  bwcrtlns  ad- 
(•niaoMoti,  umtid  in  SUto*  b;  cooa- 
ilw)  •  Ihlri  Ibi,  of  d*M  ud  imfsMtoMl 
faUiiMtlMHv  and  ^btlcaUoM  (n  fenip 
hBfaapM  I'Tom  Uwaa  Ibta  dm;  aba  b« 
ntmlnail  odnr  infovmailoM  about  nm- 
f>p«n;  Bad  bi  Miuwetioa  *ith  Umb  than 
la  yim  a  dtacHpcloo,  BtUi  nailaitaal  laAw- 
■latk*,  aooQ«nu  of  inwwtacMrief  anur. 
iniaia,  nA  poUtlcal  ooua.  napaMlBf  aadt 
aMMj.  VfaiaU;.  Uia  book  ooMUbw  an  aU 
fbakMSad  Oal  of  dUn,  ls*na,  and  rlt^ta 
la  Aa  CalUd  Buiat  hBTbc  a  populallM  of 
tMlhooaand  and  up«anL 

llmr  TO  pMiiH  t  ilocm :  I^adtcal  Infortna- 
Iku  far  BouadwUen.  Bjr  atoaoa  R. 
WuJWi.Jr,lLlnH.  CE.  Xcrork: 
Bmw7  UoU  a  Co.  Pp.  SSI,  *tth  Tvenljr 
IBnatntfkna.    Priea,  |1.SS. 

Coa0*>i.  Wiuxa  baa  bI**"  long  *o^  **' 
tiwilia  nudj  Ui  Ibe  matur  o(  bwue-drahi' 
age,  and  aa  a  nnll  he  ha*  Tivn  of  bU 
•«ti  opon  iho  lobitct  which  will  b«  found 
ilwlail  In  Iba  fmacM  rolam*.  Not  bjr  *xy 
Mvaa  Ibaa  the  boob  haa  been  wriiUn  nwKl  J 
la  pnj«ml|iiri  Mi  nrra  Miltmni  •  U  baa  beta 
imwiait  bataat,  hi  Ibe  anUiar'a  opinion, 
H  will  p««TB  tba  baat  and  aaftM  gslda  in  a 
itUuf  pi«e>l<aa(<H(al  Lmportoace,  and  «UI1 
tar  fnKn  aculad  Intu  meihoiU.  Tb«  an- 
ttar  baUt  (bat  there  baa  been  uaqoeadona^ 
biy  •  aMdjr  IsprorMnant  In  rMtnt  jMan  la 
dnBttg  wlUi  Iha  diftrah  probirm*  of  the 
dk^awl  of  boDMboM  waate ;  ta«b  «ut>.  ho«- 
aaarlBfivfoet  In  Itaalt,  beinit  batter  ihitD  tba 
annJilaaof  Ihlagiwhtehfwiewlwili.  Sm^, 
bara  boca  tba  pra|[i«M  mail*  and 
iienMa  adikrod  m  gi«ailr  to  Htenf^tD 


Hftaaifi 


ft*  opaeialhw  Ibat  aa  fdeallr  pcrtMt  it*- 
tia  af  baaai  afajnaga  majr  aooa  bteome  an 
■ae— pMibad  «nd  awtptad  h«t.  IhaBiinie 
baipiaiwwt  t«  alnng  i«riaui  8n«a  at  (rial, 
wiib  a  eartaln  tavrltable  riialalitp  of  linr* 


uddevkaik  Cblaail  Waring  doaa  not.  bo». 
erer,  tn  the  prwcni  *«luaM  atUHpt  (o  (;)•«  { 
aa  aeoonni  of  the  lartooa  idaa*  and  oonariv-  ' 
anoea,  bowever  ucolleni  ihej  may  b«,  (hat 
bar*  K»  oame  Into  aao;  but  baiiiiK  aind. 
iad  them  all,  and  had  Urge  cxpnkaa  of 
tbc  aabjuct,  he  bai  Bitd  w|i«n  hb  «<rn  »M)b 
Dda,  akd  d«T«ua  Ut  mtk  (9  an  eipMltloa 
nf  ibtin. 

W«  ban  rMd  (br  book  caMfallr  (bivngh, 
and  baT«  fouod  1(  nnuanullj  IntanaHng  and 
InHnwtlrth  Tba  pPoUaalnar]'  ranMula  on 
boua*4mb*(a  and  btaltb  ara  Impnarit* 
and  dedrire,  and  iho  aiplanatlon  o(  priiw 
dplcn  a»d  tba  dwrrlptlon  of  plan*  aaid  ««n- 
atncdoB  ara  full,  olaar,  «Bd  pcrfcciW  laleb 
Bglbin  nabookabamndainaennwa-Maaa 
aantallani^  and  b  octlaln  to  proro  raluablo 
(n  all  liouaa  wnniruclow  and  bou*eb««peia 
who  a»  aetUng  oorrvct  IntainatioB  Upaa 
the  aubicct. 

lUu^ooxTKo :  A  Coimai  Scircn  or  n«  llia- 
T«aT  x*i>  fHiKnrLu.  Ilj  (1.  Hat,  Kcw 
Totk  :  U.  Van  .Noatrud.  Pp.  ue,  nttb 
One  Plkic. 

Tai  aulLor  belic*N  U»l,  though  praMi. 
0*1  aerial  ait-ifatiao  baa  to  far  btan  found 
unattainable,  (he  pursuit  u(  U  baa  raanllad 
in  aometbbie,  (bough  It  be  liulc,  (o  faeJU- 
tate  art  and  acientiSo  progreia.  Is  (hli 
work,  iMaidea  retiewinG  the  bialorr  of  baL 
looning,  be  ateka  to  aaccrtoln  and  dedne  tbo 
obataclM  which  interfere  with  lu  aeti*e 
pnf^aa*,  (ha  mcehanical  mcanJ  neonoary 
U  (uiwioont  tlicni,  and  the  tutural  powar 
ttf  which  tlioao  meaaa  ara  to  be  put  in  o^ 
orallon;  and  to  pdnt  onl  ecriain  r«gnlatiolia 
and  rMlrletiona  by  whldi  (hey  nuK  b«  goi^ 
amad  in  (balr  application. 

Tbc  \jKX-3iM  «r  Ii>rt«i8(7K«ii>w  ffmt- 
mlitm\  Iia  Bltlory,  Cauto.  PrcT«i>. 
lion,  and  Oiir«i  By  J.  P.  IlAartCAft, 
M.  D.  Kew  York :  Bormlnsbam  k  C«l 
Pp.  1S8. 

Tm  dlantf*  in  qnentlon  U  itien  fnial 
during  ih.-  fin(  month  of  infaniile  RTO'th. 
but  dcKtun  hnre  not  been  abla  to  naccruln 
or  ai^rtn  upon  lu  o*ua«.  The  aolbw  main- 
lain*  a  thaoiy  wbleb  waa  advaootd  by  Dr. 
J.  KattoM  Sum  aanae  lUrty  year*  ago^  but 
BTTcr  rmlrrd  attcniIoD — iliat  It  b  OMa. 
■loned  by  miwhaaleal  pm>iur»  uf  the  ocdp- 
llal  vt  parietal  bone*  on  (be  btdtx. 


1J« 


Tin 


7LAR   SCIENCE  MONTHLY. 


Looilon:    Kacmlllu  A   Ui.     )>.  '(31, 

PrtMvH 

Ho  wKhor  U  mot*  Ulkcd  aboat,  «bcn 
qucMlMU  of  pofilica)  coMtoiajt  or  aMJa)  mI- 
CDceare  under  ooniUnntion,  Ihu  Ukltbtist 
no  ilogma  Ihtn  trhal  t)  called  the  Uallliu- 
mm  thfsiTj,  Bui,  ■G«ordiiig  to  Ibo  viaw  of 
lh«  kulbor  of  iliU  book,  tot;  fo>  of  tliMe 
who  haT«  BO  mudi  to  tty  abast  tlie  mm 
•ad  bit  dcvuinM  know  «hal  ibcjr  ratllj 
M*.  *■  llaltbui,"  lift  Mji,  "  »u  tbo  bM( 
■boMd  RMttof  die  •9t"i  M»d  lb*  toopar 
•ad  abuDduaa  «f  the  atow  Uikl  >>•■  b«en 
ItMKlieil  •);■''"'>  ^'*  "  nnoiuil  to  a  dtosoo- 
Rnrtloo"  lliat  bl*  oiiponenU  ai«  In  (ha 
«t«nf;  or  that  lil*  lu;;lc  li  loo  aouni)  fur 
than.  The  iwlnu  ai  Imuo  wtn  fully 
MHiugh  dbcnwod  In  lila  ftm  Una  batwMO 
HaiUiu*  and  bt>  adTVrmHn,  "and  noonowho 
falrl;  oouMtt*  tho  aiicnt  of  Iho  diMtiwiion, 
and  tbo  abllUr  of  lb«  dlipolanu,  can  fall  to 
bdI«T«  tint  w«  ten^  bi  the  reranl*  of  thia 
conlrornvy,  ample  inalcrtali  for  forming  ottr 
own  }ud((niii!n(  on  Ihc  whole  qnnitlnn.  .  .  . 
liudi  a  priTllip  U  MldoRi  vied.  The  world 
hat  no  lima  to  <«nRii1l  aiiilioritiM,  thounti 
U  like*  (b«n)  to  b«  wttlila  rMcti  of  comuIia- 
tlea.  ITlien  an  author  tiatOBM  an  authorl- 
Q,  b«  too  ottffn  cvaiN*  to  be  road,  and  hU 
tetrlBM,  like  current  e^n,  are  voni  by  um 
till  lb(iy  to«e  the  dear  \mtifp  and  nupcrtcrlp^ 
ll«a  «if  the  iMuer.  In  thli  way  an  authot'a 
name  mty  come  to  (oogcil,  not  hU  own 
book,  but  Ibn  current  rcnloin  of  hli  doc- 
trinn,"  and  tbU  \*  atldom  •  wbollir  fair 
one.  Bach,  Mr.  Rooar  acem*  to  think,  hai 
been  thi!  ca*c  wilb  Ualtbiu ;  and  the  pur- 
poM  of  the  praaent  T«tiiiiie  b  to  flTs  as  c>- 
•ct  •oeooiH  of  Ua  life,  bis  leadsfngn,  anil 
the  oblect  aad  cbaraottr  of  bia  book. 

AvKviL  RBoatornn  Bo*Riior  RmtKM 
or  TBI  SHn^mniii  Iwriturin"  nin 
188S.  VTathmffton;  OoTDTtimeat  Print- 
ing4lfficc.     Pp.  m. 

Tnri  r^wrt  oonUln*  murh  ratoable  in- 
fonsatlnn  ronoorninit  Otlmiillc  work  aii'l 
pragtw*  lit  (ariODi  departUMBta  U  lhl«  and 
oihtr  eouDtriea.  Odo  of  lU  •seellmi  frai- 
nrM  U  Ua  rmnfaf  nuanarloa  of  lb«  ^s^. 
nm  at  toitMlcatlont  tarried  oa  by  tbo 
ntabtra  of  Oorvmmcnt  rumjr*  and  cipo- 
dUisai^  aaA  by  pKrain  pctMD*  In  tttn*- 
ate  wltb  tht  loalfluttoa.  wbM  oorer 


a  «<do  pmnul.  A  fall  aocooni  I*  ([Iron 
the  liiauf^uTalko  of  the  atatoe  of  IVofMaor ' 
Henry,  wlib  the  mcraorU  addroM  of  CbUrt- 
Juallce  Wail«^  the  oratioa  of  IVtnldeni 
Noib  Porter,  and  a  repmoniaihin  of  Iha 
ilaltw.  AtOMig  (be  (peidal  papen  are  dia 
accounta  of  progicaa  daring  the  year  l*i  the 
•eicrsl  dopartmenu  of  xicnoc,  and  n  lutn- 
ber  oT  accounia  of  explonllMa  of  nooidf 
and  other  anthropotogM  *orlL 

Ciiouna:  m  Oniaix,  IIinoiT,  Ciruv 
Snntoia,    lanioe*,   rxn-Kiciioai,  AVm\ 
TaRAtVECT.     By  Amn>  Stiu-t,  U. 
Pblladelpliia:  Lm  BtolbttaACo.    Pn 
KM. 

Tni  author  hta  onjoyod  tbe  adnnti 
of  «tudylnf(  cholcn  In  two  tpidemki^  an 
haa  prepared  tliU  lotumo  In  tIcv  of  tbt 
general  uoly  aaikcord  bittrcitao  IhtMlt^ 
Jrct  and  the  Ri^tatloo  of  Dr.  Koefa>  g«tm 
iboory.  U'hilo  declining  to  accept  the  ilo» 
■rino  of  Dr.  Kodi  and  Ua  aupportcm  aa 
dcmonilTatcd,  be  »<k«  "  to  cxblM  (be  ip» 
clfio  Dalare  ol  (diolcn  by  crldnie*  drawn 
from  lu  ori^n  and  mode  ef  propasBtles; 
to  dUaboa*  the  tnedieBl  p<rofe«clan  of  tha 
otTonooDa  notion  that  the  dUiat)  vrer  orig^ 
uaui  4t  now ;  to  malntiiln  the  Mvvatliy  of 
quaraBline,  net  in  th«  lilaral  but  in  (bo  oO- 
da]  acnto  of  (hat  word ;  to  point  e«t  ilie_ 
rbannel*  throuRb  which  cholera  n>ay  lie  dit ' 
fiiM4;  and  to  dcacrlbc  the  fnca«ure«  whidt!! 
tiiperienco  baa  >anct!oiicd  to  preemt  IM 
dlnemtnalioD  and  cure  tboto  who  ara  ak , 
laekod  by  k" 


SiLvan-Ixtn  Dito«:tii  or  EDxrat,  NitAM. 
t);  JcBiru  SmnT  CcKn&  Wuhln{!ian: 
GoicmiDRii  PrintbeJJScn.    Pp.  IWO. 

>'miii  the  year  1B«»  (o  ISM.  Ciiraka 
<S«ttiei  pioduced  about  SM.OOO^iXKP  of  pM 
asd  aboat  SIS.OOO  tnn>  of  lead.  Oatng  to 
ibo  fact  th*l  th«  dppoeU*  of  tUt  diMrkI 
htfe  been  mora  ceanilaMf  deteloped  than 
any  other  of  a  iJiaflar  efaaratier  on  tbo  F»- 
clfie  ilope,  they  offer  nay  fdl  opportanllka 
foi  the  identillo  laTMtlgallon  of  fonnalkot 
of  ibla  claw.  The  lafonnatJoa  eo  wUcb 
tUe  K'part  La  bated  waa  (slhcMd  'Hriag 
field-work  by  iho  auihoe  In  IMl  and  \tK%, 
a«d  frora  the  taporta  of  Nr.  George  V.  Badc- 
er'a  preSmlBary  oianlaUkio  of  lb*  laina 
impenaM  nUnca,  attd  cd  Ur.  Arnold  Rmna'a 
■amyof  tlwgMkgyaf  thedlMrtnb  tMa 


lit^ 

idti^ 


LITERARY  NOTICES. 


135 


I 


b  Uw  |n«nM  Mport,  Mr.  Osnlt  gbet « 
Md  ■yfUmMlcKllji  onlaral  dMeitfiUoa 
it  ilM  tfrtrtot,  IH  goologr,  ud  tfce  HTiiml 
irfafaig  tocKiton*.  >lUi  ihclr  cfeuMMriiUo 
batBR*.  AniMtg  (Im  Ufika  ponkukrlf 
OMutdcrcd  are  Uw  Mrfaoe  gMtogr,  (ha  MnO- 
ow,  •nJ  Uie  oral  o(  lV<np«ct  Houotala  ud 
Itnbj  mit,  Ibe  OK  lUpaslu,  lh«  mutm  ukI 
iwiiiwii  of  dqMidli<iD  of  tlia  omi,  Ihi  mow- 
ranee  of  wslcr  in  Uio  miM^  lb*  taohiMta  of 
nUag  *mA  ttetwriag,  wd  of  woridns  iti« 
ana,  n  woowiiot  AiImh  Bill,  lad  "tb* 
htHK  of  Uw  RotcbK  diMtVt."  Wo  Me 
PImmJ  to  obMrra  ih>t  Hr.  Oartbl  woit  In 
tUl  BtU  liu  elicitnl  awm  eemuModMlOM 
Mri  high  testiiM«!>I«  U  lu  nlin  frwn  f«r- 
rf^  aiimta :  [[wrr  V.  Or«diI*ck,  Dlracwr  □( 
Die  aiMtlMl  SAool  «I  HiMa,  Aoalrik,  btr- 
lag  Mvdied  tb«  Mpon  '»Ufa  lb*  graUMt 
totenai,"  Xmm  nprwied  hii  appNitellon  of 
"As  iBBtracUoa  ami  luggMtiona  nnttinad 
iBV<w<ladd«:  "ItUalirva-oadtrfullr 
fliartnc  M  mo  lo  *ee  wfib  what  istenaicjr 
•ad  «lib  wliu  rtiA  mulM  jvar  cooMij 
l—iiiaa  ibe  Mudj  of  «>«  dBpodta."  Hgn 
F.  Poa^pny,  lnq>oeU>r  oT  Utiw*  for  Auitila, 
•fco  bM  vbltod  Eureka,  uid  bu  dnan 
aona  bcara«Ilag  oGoipaiiaoiu  bc(vM«  ha 
ImMtm  and  ihMa  of  mow  of  ibe  Uungi' 
tun  ntno,  dNmeicrina  Ud*  iroric  aa  cno 
•Ucli  "ia  ile«h»cd  lo  pI*T  la  Imporlut 
pan  In  iba  t«clinjal  Ikcntnrc  of  ote  do- 
porfU.  Wli«ti  I  itluioo  ortr  vhat  I  know 
IVnat  aeiuid  inipectlOQ,  tuA  what  I  know 
ilitoosl'  >!■■  IlioMBM  of  ibe  on  depoaiu  <A 
TOur  cuiinlry,  lanMoraaMdmoreooaviiMed 
iliat  Norik  AMCtka  will  be  tbo  ooniag 
•dbool  for  Uic  ■(udf  of  on  dcpMJt*.'*  Hen 
PowptiT  arldi  dial  he  u  mocb  liil<rHI«d  io 
Iho  rraulii  of  Ur.  Cvniit'<  eiaminalioa  of 
tetmUj  rodt  for  mtniiM  qoaiultiea  of  mtu 
ail,  H  ibc  a«bje«l  ha*  baca  taken  up  in  hit 
mi*  CMniti7  from  a  practical  Mand-poisL 


or  raa  Sinoxu.  Acinorr  or  Soi- 
Vol.    It,   IBSS.     WwhioRian: 
Oovarnoaat  Prlailtif  0«r«.    Pp.  SA3. 

nn  pfaaani  rotaina  «aatalM  tour  dhb- 
«f  abkll  llt(>  iDoM  (ahmtlBaua  U  Uu 
ton  atai  m  of  th*  edlpae  of  ihs  am,  of 
■ar,  INS,  asd  of  Um>  UoUod  SUIaa  Bipa. 
dlChm  Id  CaruUno  I'land,  In  Ibe  Soatli  Vt.- 
rila  Oan%  to  tI^w  U.  InelDded  in  thii 
4i«  Mf«ra]  apnkl  papov  of  omi' 


,,  —     Mnwiia  or  Ttt 

^       MOH,     V« 

^H     qeeamman 
^V      nnpcaavB 
■Ulta,«f>bbli 
ton  atai  MH  « 


■Uotabto  grnenl  lalefeet,  anwag  wUeh  are  { 
tbo  oamiir*  of  Ibe  *e]r^e  to  OuoIIm 
Uaad  aad  tetura,  Ibe  kUUcr  and  saoeral 
deactitrtloa  of  lb«  Wand,  varieoa  tdmMn 
•Md  utbBkal  iwioranili  nafkeethig  11,  )U 
bounjr,  M&loEJ,  and  ballcHHee  t  and  par^ 
UoiUf  r«poru  of  eclipae  obacmtioM  hf 
dorao  aaaodtta*  of  tho  Mpnlltian.  The 
wbelo  to  aunoUvd;  l[]aiir«i«il  with  naji* 
•■d  vUwt  of  Uw  bluBl  aad  it*  poMliar 
•oanenr,  and  repreaauaiiooa  of  Tailoaa 
haturae  of  (be  edlpw;  The  a*oa«d  nwin> 
etr  la  ProfoiMr  8.  P.  Uiaslof '«  pi|Me  m 
Ibe  ■■  Eipcrlmimtal  DoUt^naUen  of  War^ 
Iw^hi  la  the  laiialble  PrlMnaUe  Epeo 
Innn  " ;  Uw  third  b  b;  rpotdHr  WlUlant 
II.  Brewer, "  Oa  Ibe  gnbeldwwe  of  Pknklaa 
In  IJi)ekU  " :  and  tbo  fouilh  I*  Uw  paper 
of  AUuBdCT  riishwa  IMI  "  tipon  the  For- 
■nfttlOD  of  a  Duf  Vtiidj  of  tbc  Iliimaii 
Raoc,"  of  whkfa  wc  bare  tXnaAj  ^rea  a 
brief  abittait. 

OwocBuTi.  f CniUd  Slatoi  Ovolocloa)  9ar> 
rejr,  Vol.  X.)  By  (hmiiEL  ti.  lUaui,  In 
ebame  of  tne  Dlilsiaa  ol  P«1coiit«lo£]r. 
WaaUngtoo. 

Tkm  iM»iO)p«ph  conlaina  the  foil  reooM 
of  an  catlnet  otdte  of  maannali,  d1  ahlcli  the 
author  hu  made  ipedal  Mudln.  Tlie  onlj 
loc«liif  where  ranabw  of  Ibe  Dlnacniata 
huTc  bcra  ftnind  hi  an  Botcno  Ukcbuin  la 
Wfomln^,  and  Ibete  Ma  Bnt  dlecoreriea 
werv  mAt  hj  PrafoMor  Uanli  In  1870. 
The  ■pedmon*  mllMinl  in  thl*  and  luo- 
nerire  cipodition*  arn  now  in  the  miMeual 
At  Yale  Collt^.  and  rt^rtacnt  more  tban 
two  bimdred  bii^tiiliialt  of  the  Dtnootrata, 
befidM  tfae  fUBaina  of  man;  other  T«r«e- 
brala  bltliorto  uknowa,  SpveDij-ftTO  of 
tbeao  bare  porilone  of  the  *kull  ptoMmd, 
and  in  more  this  twtolj  it  in  tn  good  («» 
iliiion.  Throe  i^er«  have  beeo  eeiabllsbod 
la  thin  order:  fH/tanran,  Man-h ;  TTaoen-af, 
Harih :  ud  I/Je^afJIn-fdiii,  I.cl(tir.  Tbetknll 
of  Dmeemu  mbvUk  U  loog  and  narrow ; 
li  (upporta  on  the  lop  ibrce  pdra  of  bosj 
eloeaUona  or  bom-eorci,  wUch  torn  Ri 
meat  eontplcooD*  fntarc,  and  •nsse*u4 
the  name  of  the  gtttat  (tiivJi,  ftrritti,  anil 
Wpae,  a  Aoni)L  Thcivaroeo  oppcr  bcison; 
(bo  caalnee  In  (ho  mklc  ire  enornioiul}'  de- 
Tjloftcd,  bnnhi)t  iihaip,  tranthuii,  'Irciined 
tiwk*.    The  bralo  of  the  DlnoocratA  la  M>  1 


»)4 


run  POPULAR  SOISSCE  MOSTHLT. 


■  pMUUf  Tfo&tlMUa  tat  (U  dfaalMllT*  ili*. 

Vvna  ta  «st«nilad  owopifbwi «( lb*  bMln- 

•*UiM  of    TrrtUrr  tnimmili,    i'mfowor 

HhiA  ha«  (ound  thftt  ilinc*  nu  *  ftMliul 

'  InerMM  ia  Um  hlgbtr  portion  of  ibo  brala 

'  dwring  Ukb  period.  Mil  Um*  Uw  Inis  ot  a 
DMiMUl  fitMd  (or  •  tc«(  iimtr*!  wu  pro- 
portionattlr  UrROi  U>m  tkt  iTeragfi,  Tbo 
?«id*1m  tA  TtnMxrw  wa  fDoiul  In  ik*  mbm 
t'*-!  *"■*-.  bill  *i  ■  Uchor  lo*d,  ud  tb« 
•tU«om  It  (bar  that  It  «w  k  Utcr  and 

I  DOra  •ptolatlwd  (orm,  TKnoemM  jnynu, 
U  b«  Mood  Id  tbo  floth,  wu  about  ui  and 
1  hklf  fcwt  In  holghi  Id  tbo  top  ai  ihe  back, 

»Md  about  l«»ln  feet  long.  Hln  irdf^l 
■•  prababJf  at  ImmC  lii  thou.^aud  poundi. 
iKtOMTM  t^r^lAi'  «BJ  about  one  fifth 
aiiMtlor.  In  an  appoadii  Vrolwot  Uarvb 
gItM  ■  iftiapdi  of  Dinoccrat^,  ia  nhich  alt 
|lwkMlinil|)*cloioF  thconlcr,aboi.i[  ihirtjr, 
tn  tteogidud,  and  i  bibllop^ph;  [olloimi 
iIm  (TDOpidf.  WItb  the  aim  of  tnaking  Ibe 
lllultnllona  tell  tbo  main  Blorr  to  anato- 
nlMf,  Ae  aulbor  hai  lamtpoiaicd  in  lbs 
T^ama  trtjr-tix  fine,  largo  llihograpbls 
platm,  and  ncatl;  mo  bundred  origiiiil 
woodcula,  ivprcKiitlnf;  all  tlic  mors  iiri' 
portattt  apcdiMDl  of  Iho  DlDOCfrata  dow 
knoini,  aod  Lnchidiog  at  Icait  one  llgun  of 
«t«t7  tpOQoa. 

PaixocraooT  or  ni  Euuxt  Di»t«ic?. 
Bj  Cnaatn  DoowTLK  WiLUOTT.  Wub- 
li^noQiOoTemmonirrintloR-Oiflcc.  Pp. 
IM,  with  Twcntj-tour  Plnir*. 

Ix  tUi  npott  ar«  prrwnlod  tbc  molts 
*i  a  cartful  oiifTtj  of  a  dlntrict  with  n  ricli 
fauna,  thtou)^  tblrtj  Ibouund  tc«t  of  PbIov 
eoolo  Btrata,  rapttaf  tlan;  the  Chmbrian,  SI- 
luiian,  DeTonlan,  and  OubonltorotH  rocka. 
It  la  regarded  b?  Mr.  Anold  HaKot,  |^1o- 
glM  Ib  obat^  «f  Ibo  dlHriot  anrre;,  oa  "  llio 
moM  iBportaat  oontribntioo  y«t  mad*  to  tka 
InTvntbtaupalMmMlogratthebulDraii^M, 
md  of  iraat  tiIm  In  la  btariag*  npoo  (be 
gMlc«T  «f  <^  CoMinona." 

Tn  HtKTAt  Of  PnoxooaAniT.  Bj  BDrx 
rmaM  and  JaaMO  B.  IloiTtno.  Cin- 
ctenaii :  PbonogrBfthio  InMltuicL    Fp 

144. 

Tnn  I*  a  ntUcJ  cdlikn ollbe " Han- 
mI  "  br  B™*  PtuoHi,  tbo  flnt  cdUko  of 
«Ueb  appfartd  la  l»U-  VUlo  a  rnmbtt 
«f  no*  foatwM  appear  In  lU  pagN  wblob 


wen  ml  in  It*  predotMtor.ltN  pin  of 
•cndng  th«  vvun  U  MiinikHr  rtw 
Suob  thaopa  and  tddUloaa  lo  ih*  qmcai. 
and  aneh  onty,  aa  an  of  roal  liqioiUM 
baro  been  adCTitnL 

CmocAi.  FMai.nra.    By  Dr.  KaaL 
■to.    TranalaUd  b*  W.  S.  Hum 
Pblladolphia :    P.  Ulakiilon,  Sen  It  On. 
Pp  111,      Price  TScOUiL 

A  vat  of  qnoallona  on  the  preportita 
at  tbe  clcmcnli,  ebemkal  phenoB«wt,  aad 
manipuUilon,  to  be  anivettd  bj  tbo  da- 
drat  thnragb  oiperimcM  or  by  talculalion 
tram  wbat  ho  knowi.  Tlie  arniten  tfV 
glicn  In  tbc  lallet  part  o(  Ite  book. 

Tni  ^mnwt  UixiriL  or  Kxnciytii  nw 
TtuMLjnxo  imo  UeuiiN.  Bj  A.  I<aM> 
■UK.  KewYotk:  U.  P.  Pntuam'iiSaoii 
Pp.  h7.     Prioe^  SO  ocBla. 

Tux  eietdMO  in  tUl  ntume  bar*  been 
ptvpatod  with  tke  twofold  paipoto  of  fnf 
nbhlng  to  the  aludml  maierial  for  tnM- 
Inllng  bto  Cctraan,  and  ot  awhllnn  htas  1B 
the  analyiU  and  traMlatlon  e<  tho  tnon 
difficult  [Ilustration*  is  Utandt'i  "Oermaa 
Oramniar."  lo  wblch  b«  ii  oonunMly  t» 
forml.  A  full  TowfaulaiT,  notar.  rvfrr- 
encu,  and  genera]  ■iif:gMUonii  aio  p««TM«d. 


I 


PURUCATIOm  BBCBITVD. 

llrincMi  IVoiU*-    By  iruiua  B.  Ckibk' 
11.  t>,    IndlmpelU.  tnd.    Pp.  1). 

Tb*  tTalunonatRmlBllMi.  BrJuiwt  Mmy 
Vlilioo.  rh  t).  Mr*  Totfc  1  O.  P.  l^Ma«n'•  Maa 
Pl^U.    WooU. 

Kw«*UaH  Bul  I!m1Ii«>-  ^«  Tfrk :  J.  ft. 
OrlT«*Oa.    Pp-IM.    IO«MM.  J 

TsMlaMwn.    •rU>l  ».»«  EWk.U.  D.I 
Dq«<9.  OMo.  T>  a  ' 

Ol*  Ronnnnsni.  ByCbartM  UMuvtUa.  Ola- 
daNNLOU).    IV  IS. 

CUBb  ant  Kallmadi:  (ai|i-''<nU<  aid  Ml|^ 
Ratlmnt.  Tt  l»,  Tli»  ioli™M«it  rnil*<«.  •»* 
ttiBMsilMeMiitM  Pp.  M^  wttt  ate  FIMM.  Itjr 
KlOMT  I.  ONIhtiL 

TW  KMMBil  TVrtpMUn  at  PolMMarr  Cm- 
•amrUM).  ItTTlunatJ.  U>irt,y.  U.  flAriil- 
pbtt.    O.  II 

|)tTtWpnnnt  nt  ft  /■!■■  Wtha  1  aat  'iiihpta 
IM  Wwbo*  UliWMt.  Rt  Araslrt  llnfM  wf  i>- 
Mh  H.  r.  Udiac*.  4)MUB|ia:  QoxHaaimt 
MMIivAWm.    Pp.  U. 

A  Onot  Tnp-DIU  KWa  »«H)inMHm  Itea- 
■jlnMa.    B;  iC  Gvn)  U-lt.    IV**, '•■U>M>4>^ 

n*paKni«oC  fttK>oa«wMr,tiM.     «a4MCMai 
OnaEmMI  PrfMltrOa**.    P^  IA 

MiMMtavMU  SUM  AfTkaHanI  taptgwiat 
MMloa,  aniMak    AomtHlMte.  1h:>    P>  is. 

TW  BMNt  wd  IIIIIIPMW  •/ l^wMtj.  a* 
BHl  ■rbMoAatolbKdMaHlKxpvU  tat- 
U>)ca|>vto,II»4«*(XiL    r».tS>.    MMUa 


POPULAR  MISCELLANY. 


»SJ 


I 


RmMOm*.    Vt  Koten  »«-««,  ll.  U.    l-p. 
Ift. 

«<aa-*  K*Aal  CtltK.  of  Ik*  IT**  T«*k  Ib> 
li— I.  amtwtb  AuiBl  OdiMcH  iM  An- 
MMMnwM.    Xtw  Tsfk  :  0.  r.  rKan^  »«Ba. 

Voffb  Awrtna  KpNM  *«  Kwakrta.  I>p.  I». 
CnniBW  •#  Manli  AWfMi.  h  M  Rf  J  II. 
EIM  u4  f  rj--'-  M.  £twlHrt,  lluUUu,  Km- 


TVi^rii  FumI  ar  rOM*.    Br  '-  T.  Banffl. 
r^Mk,ra.;  J.  W.rrukASMi.    rcll*- 
KwlHlka  M  lb*  T<«tUM*  IUac«MD.    %j  L*» 

tw  r.  ««d.  p^  t*. 

OWt^iB  of  Sik*4  eUa-Twu  •TOHnwrn 
nilMiilMi     V*  Ur.K.  W.MaMU.    ri>.l.oilb 

1VM*WI»9nML    BrJatoUtViMr.Int*- 

nk^H  or  Pwm  AolMbL  kw^Mumk  OA- 
t«>alinMil«n     l>4. 

•4«n*l  mt  O*  kwrtm  tluMmt.-  Alu- 
■dwWlUn',  niMr.  MmtUr.  »«*wt.  X  J. 
t>  U.    fl  »)r— . 

Km  Tak  CUBB  HmMM.    rbM  AUMl  B*- 

Mau*  od  lb*  BtoMkiwlv  tf  CUIMIk  Br 
q—»ir.»*rt^  WaUPtMcUnmiBHatPRBl- 
IW<ntM     riiM. 

CT»*i>*«Hr  »f  P»Bi»j>'ii*i;  PtpuMitM  or  Bl- 
air. CM^I«1W  ■•d  AaBHHMfBI.     Py.  >, 

BMlbM  *f  lb*  S-I*lt>  rHo.)  Milanl  BIMvt 
»Mli^'    r.  A.lHipMii,Oon<*p«illB(Mw*IMr. 


■rr. 


A.B«fBa.SaM«.Ua    Pp-IC 

■FM.    I^  <;tMrtM  r.  WllUantoa.  M.  D.    Km- 
barTu**^  r^>l. 

AwicW  dwOnUaH.  Br  Bonn  Datli. 
■iliMm :  ir.  HarRr-    iV-10    Mmu. 

Ovtta  I—Wtihh  (T  lb>  Rrr  M  Oolo«ar> 
U-DMMorMomtlaik    B*  Unrll.  Hkbidi, 

fkiirVbL*. 

n*Ttaab«^CMiMii*IT*liu.    ^w. 

T^mUw  a*  a  BOMW  to  U**.  BrU  W.Bar- 
«am     »rnaM>.H.  T.:  C  W.D«4h>.    Pv- to. 

TW  BslUbn  a(  Aiaiul  KIBC*  (f  RuffW  ••  AcL 
Br  D.  P.  pMbaUox.    I>  la. 

InifewtrrtcaKiulPMltlnc.  Fh  K  TlitKa- 
hllMH  ir  Um  HUoil  B«IU  of  U*  l-Mlfl.'  ^lopa  ta 
MtfUtiM  OHnfalt.  Tft.  ytrti««i*V.  B*(kM. 
WMMl«Ma.D  C 

MNONIa  vT  ibaMlBHMU  Am«Hr  of  XMant 
••kMW.  m»-l'«l.  CW.  HH.HiiTil«T.  MM- 
■■prito.    Pp-Mi 

Dm  »MiU*r-KDMI  KDMito  RaOnr  CMDnnr. 
U  BMail«v.  ^f* '■A     WMPlaU*. 

UawomiMkt  oTIbi  Ponw  or  i)i«ii>r  a>d  Mm- 

'  OHIaMt  at  UnawnnJnu  Bt  A.  TuuCi- 
TWK->ap*a:  TaUaTl^ilni.    Pr-M. 

OaaMod  UaWbM  •(  lb*  Pnctau  Mflal  !>•- 
■MllaadiMWaaMOI'MMd  tUlMfM  th  «  >'. 
KmaaM  aid  O.  r  Iimaw.  WaibiacK*:  Oo" 
wmm.\  PrMiMTO**.    Pp-IM 

ItoMMM  lb*  PtuJudM.  TMtartMT.  »J  Tan* 

•r  MiMi—  Mai  iH  r>iiiM    irlC  p.  ivk- 

bMB.     IfMaitii :   OovaniiaMl  fMMlnc-OHW*- 


■        » 


p^tu. 

Dn    Tm4!    CbartM 
P^&MaMlM.    M> 

_  J  -nawUvM*  <TsAm4ii««mI  ItMte- 

,  wri  tabibDMBUk     lir  Amu*  Pmu  d* !««. 

^PMtrL    ll«kl  in  Tappx.     I>  M-    WMala. 

lamtwn*H  4  ■•■  KMI-Mlaw  Biiwmuiia  rfa- 
rtMdflMtaUalMMillteJMbMlw).   BrH-Vbariaa 
"      1.  tluH.    !>  M. 


H*lHHlaaB(llt«*erialr*D.)   P^  ■.  DMI 
dH  Kuluutlrfte  (IkB  umr*  af  tk«  HafWBaukkl 
)t>a    Br  IYBlMM*KKti*r.*(i)HU>»mM«ar 
Vhao*.  Vtana:  PablMad  br  iba  *uib«r. 

Dor  l>  YanaMBU  Am  AMaaol  «a  Bmoiw  (0* 

lb*  TdtMiiir  or  MmiB't  B*M*<    Pp  K  imb 

Pkia.   CI  I  mwiwla  siaarrM  tui  )•*  AuMaoi  4t  i 
SalaraaiCbaaMabHrTadaiiaUirB'iltlwaV    i'p. 
«     rhiValMiolarMoiA    IV  4.   Br  kX  Tm- 
t(M,  ObwrrMsrr  t'  dnlii^  rnwa. 

A  Toit-BMk  «(  IKdMI  CbMBUBT,  Br  BM* 
U.BMI>r.M-U^  PbllaMpUai  P.  8UMa*,8«i 
AC*    PikStd.    NlM. 

Ratlaail  OBmaaha.  Th  TmiM  aM  Ibt  Pa 
lar*  BfpaMk  of  Martb  AnirM.  Hr  a  CaMMMb 
>(•••  York  I  Tb*  Snial  Mchb<*  PuUMM  Umc 
p«>r.    Pp.«t.    tl-M 

PovsM**   Uamal  af  CtHlaln.     Pros   tbi ! 
miftb  KOflUb  •dlUoa.  ambalTlu  Wtuin  -  PkH- 
tMludliMraaBlcCbMDitln."    FbUadahUa :  LM 
BMbm  *  C«.    I>  W& 

A  TnMla*  «a  XpUaml*  l^boto*  akd  iUM  Dl»- 
•Mn.  Hr  A.  B.  Nrntf .  U  D  Ata  AMcr.UIA  : 
-l(*CM*r'Pu)>I*t>lairMu<u>.     Pp.  tM    tl. 

ATat-B(ak«rXunlD<  CotniiiM  br  «■•  B 
WHfc*.    Nr«  York:  1).  Api^lMoa  AOft    Pp.»4 

AulTtli   or   AUmxplllir   HiudMIBn   IB  lb* 
troUai  HUlca.     Ur  ITbuM  l>>wl*OB,  U.  D.    CM-  ' 
two;  Basil,  >UIl4Ur«  CO.    Pp.  M. Mlb  FtMM, 
•1- 

PrMlal  and  KviyVt  CbmlMtT-  Br  BMirr 
TMnUih  Pblkd«lpH>:  P.  BUiMbb,  Sob  *  U. 
Pp.  M.    fUO. 

T«*T**f*latb«JM«l»  BrVUtaT.  Ilw. 
■dH.  H**  I«rk ;  l.'bacM*  SaAnat^  Shu.  tf. 
aia,  artib  Hip*.    H. 

A«b**)<>rnm  BrArlaBv**.  K«wT«)tl 
Owta  Hnllino'*  Aeni.    Pp  teS.    |1. 

OolOF  AludlM  llj  ^bona  A.  JuiTkr,  X*« 
Tbi*  :  Cbarln  Annincr'i  MsiH.     Pp.  197.    It. 

Unlrra  MoaldlBii  and  FiiUara-MMInc.  Bjf  J*- 
•»I>b  r.  MulUs.  H.  K  Nn  Tot«;  D.  T*a>l» 
UMil.     I'p.  Ml. 

TlKll'Bt.aadliOTtci  tab*  Can  of  II.  BT  M- 
vIdM  1)ilt.lt.  D.  CtlE^cn  Kw  Yort :  A.  t> 
CbaiMHas  PnblUblai  OsBpanr    f  p  M. 

WiurldataM  Bv R*** K. BnwH.  N*«TMti: 
D.  T*B  XoMrud     Vp  W.    Wcanu. 

Yli*  Pn**r<v^iti  of  TlinNfr  |jt  Ih*  T'«*  M  A»ll- 
••pUia.  Mr  ^amaii  ilifUfr  lis.ilinti  HtwYw*: 
U.  V*a  Noalnnd.    Pp  US,    U  Hula. 


POPULAR   MISCELLANY. 

Tb*  HlW  SUr.— Aatmnmni-ni  bar*  b««D 
tmrpriMd  b;  tlie  fnct,  whloli  dm  llr*l  u>- 
•loaactd  hjr  Dr.  HArlwijc  on  the  SOlh  of 
Aii);<iul,  Ihni  a  ulAr  af  ftbmit  Ihc  clghtb 
cna^icude  had  (iiJdvnlT  appMnd  In  ike 
niijill*  o(  Hie  RToat  Dcdiula  of  Aiulr«iMdL 
Thli  Il(^bula,  Ihn  miMt  coMplOBada  of  lU 
Um  plimoincna  of  llio  kind,  baji  Inn|[  bMn 
nffirdoil  w  B  n«lUr  nebula,  «lnc*  Mi.  Hog- 
|^Q«  iiho'«I  ibbt  lu  apMlnni  poucaNd 
tbft  chanclcrinlca  of  fldlkr  upcclra,  but  It 
ha*  noTcr  b«ca  rmolTad.  1%«  appcanuMS 
of  ihc  on*  *ur  ahhln  11.  If  H  balang  to  il. 
wUoli  It  aot  jM  MeorUined,  tnAjr  nark 
HNBC  ImportADt  mowoient  goins  on  «hhia 
U.    Hir  (tar  wu  n«d,  within  a  !*«  da;*  ot 


.J6 


Tffg  POJPUIAA  SCIBNCS  MOSTBLT. 


I  Dr.  Qanal^  obM-rvkUoD,  b;  mmmI  Olliw 

•  •tilorTon,  uhI  bu  DOW  btaomo  ua  ab}«et 

\  el  talMMt  knd  uusboa  M  evcrf  otM  nkci 

MM  ■  Icluoopo.   Tho  &nt  obatrntlM 

ftt  Ii  kppMn  t»  baio  been  bjr  Mr.  Uue  W. 

Wud,  of  Dmodu,  on  Anguei  IMIi.   It  wu 

r  Mrt  TUblo  Bt  BniMtb  U  (be  bcgliiiiliig  of 

Ai^oM;  Mill  Um  Be*.  S.  IL  Buby,  cu«- 

fdl;  obMrriog  tbe  Mbuk  on  tho  Ctb,  Btb, 

ud  lOUi  of  the  nanUi  tt  D«tm  rWtx,  ■*■ 

j  M  rign  of  a  «(dlw  mtdciu.    Tbo  tclcMopc 

tt  Ouneoht  «n  the  ftlfa  of  Sepwmbec  riiovod 

it  u  >  aUr  of  tbe  7^  nagnJiuilc,  wlib  ■ 

Ittnlinuoiui  Bpvctrum.     Al  Iho  UtvKankb 

ObturvaUicj'.  un  ili>>  lib  of  Scpumbcr,  iu 

•5>Mlruiii  wui  iiiiottii  W  lit  of  piTciadf  (he 

ne  o)i»raal«r  as  Ibal  of  tlw  nebula,  or  p«r- 

'  feell;  oouUiiuuiu,  Kiih  DO  Ituo^  cither  bri)[bt 

t  «r  dark,  iblbls.  nod  tlie  rsd  end  wuici^. 

1 1(  thorefon!  |)re*eiiu  no  evidcnoo  of  ui  out- 

'  bunlot)i(>atcdgu,iuiihu*u(Jiiceu«ialili 

Uio  "  (Maponiy"  atari  T.  Corona  la  leSt 

aod  "K«ia"  Cjgnl  In  187a.    The  appdar^ 

aaea  of  ocir  or  (innporary  *lan>,  tbon|;h  an 

muLX  Uial  (DUU  alaaja  eidto  itnark,  l»  not 

r  mall;  unuiunL    One  ipp«ar»d  In  Ua;,  tStO, 

In  die  nebula  or  eliuier  8D  UenUr,  sod 

\  •base  bIUi  a  magnitude  dinUabing  from 

I  fha  7th  till  (he  imh  ol  June,  o-ben  il  Taik 

,  bbed,  and  faae  nerer  btva  teen  ainoA.    k 

aimilar  atar  »ae  dltcorend  In  a  nebula  In 

Uia  UniooT*  ia  1861,  and  li  oo«  ranked  aa 

a  Tatiable  alar,  IL  Uonocctotl*.    Tbo  atar 

Bta  Arsna,  \m  lb*  "kejJiale  o*bula"  in 

Argo,  U  alao  a  tariabU  aur,  >boi«  •Ffw■^ 

fwiee  at  ha  briKhttf  atapa  aUfiht  enggft 

M  nperteial  abMrratien  the  Idea  of  a  new 

or  UMfMnwr  Mar.     It  remaina  to  be  aaoer. 

.  tainod  whether  tba  ptaaeot  atar  realljr  bc- 

[  longa  to  the  nebula  or  ii  aa  outaidar  pass- 

I  Ing  urer  the  line  of  Tbioa  bctwton  ua  and 

it.    Spcctroaoopio  and  ptaaknnelriD  obiena> 

Ilea*,  to  far  aa  itiej  bnTc  gone,  indicate  a 

eonsliluiion  Identloil  with  that  of  the  neb- 

t«lB,  but  (h«;  ar«  not  completo.     It  h  doM 

'  Ixilonit  (o  the  nebula,  a  fact  mentioned  bj 

Ur.  R.  A.  I'TQCIM  becaniM  rorj  Important. 

Ur.  Spanorr  liai  pointed  out  that  no  ncbn- 

la  which  (ould  be  rewind  lolo  man  cooM 

pcwUlj  lie  oulMde  tbe  llmltji  of  the  ^alaxf 

or  of  the  sreM  ejiiica  of  which  oar  solar 

.  ■jrattKi  ta  a  nenbar ;  for  tho  outer  cdgM  of 

t  ernkn  ate  ao  Iki  IneaolraUe^    It  waa 

"fwanna/fr  i^fircd  Iha^  if  aqj  nebula  1*7  oau 


tide  ef  tba  ^aiem,  h  wa»  lUa  M>e  In 
mada.    Now,  If  a  Mar  1*  diailnipilahed 
thia  bodf.  It  b  citar  also  Ibal  U  l««  mui 
Ik  whhin  ouf  ajsicm. 


Shall  we  ralM  SUk  at  a  iMal— In 
tbe  dtaouMkninf  a  paper  bjr  Dr.  SII17,  In  th« 
AncfloaBAaaodailoa,adTaeMfaigiarUt"c». 
eoutagenteii "  of  illk-CBlture  In  tbo  Ignited 
SlaUe,  Ur.  EJ<rard  Atkliuon  remarked  Iba 
tbe  project  U  not  dniirablc.  Tlwra  b  no 
lack  of  cmploymmt  fee  labor  In  lb*  l/nhed 
Slate*,  aa  the  high  rate  of  wa([G8  ahowa; 
and  tbo  fact  that  the  making  of  radod  dih 
h*«  been  «nptofitable  diowa  thM  eaplial 
can  be  better  cmplojred:  SUk-oalion  b  a 
hanilicraft  aimplji,  «ad  baa  beea  Mttlad  e* 
b;  tbe  poootM  and  nwH  laatfcleM  peepke^ 
wbot  M  Ifae;  riae  la  the  mmIc^  abandOB  It, 
as  ia  now  coming  to  br  the  CMC  In  l^oiMbtra 
Fnocc  The  atsunoDi  tliat  we  »Jiall  aave 
tbe  ttO^OOOiOOO  wUefa  we  now  paj  tut 
faopoited  lift  b  Ulaciow.  When  wo  ei> 
ehange  artloha  prodscrd  bj  labor  ecMInjt 
one  dollar  per  day,  for  the  ollk  of  CUna  or 
Japan  raiiod  b;  bber  coating  fire  or  ten 
eanta  a  daf  »•  grin  end  not  loae.  We  <«a 
not  afford  to  do  for  onraelTe*  what  panpar 
laborvra  will  do  for  m  cheaper. 

CIwmIiUt  U  Ibe  AMcritu  i«Mlatl«. 
—The  Cbccnleal  Section  of  (be  *— itll'rt 
waa  «t>ciicd  whb  an  addieea  b]t  PrafcaMT  W, 
]t  Viehola,  of  (he  Uaaiatbaaclta  InMltuw 
of  TecixnotogT,  on  "  Oitniatij  la  tbe  Serr- 
keof  FublloBMllb."  n*  nittber  ahomd 
that  chembtij  baa  an  ednoatieaal  oMea  t« 
fill  In  tba  aerrio*  of  aanl(ai7  adWM^  In 
tcDchJD^  the  pnblie  what  Ua  CKpabOltba 
anJ  linul&tiea*  are,  and  oorrectbig  Ibe  cr- 
roMoue  idena  that  aro  cnicriainod  m  l«  (be 
nature  of  oettajn  proocaMa  in  prepariaK 
food^aubataacee,  and  the  eScet  la  Iheia  of 
tho  appUcatioB  of  parlkubr  r«agenia.  Re- 
•peeUuK  two  «ub)Kta  now  »ncb  talkad  of 
la  aaaitary  eirtlM,  FrofoMr  Xkbob  aaid : 
"  IficTCbM  tnaj  w«U  be  left  l«  tba  bMo. 
glata,  and  poatf htf  aew<v>fai  a*  w^,  alnna 
ohcmiita  have  failed  to  diccoter  aaf  aub. 
aianeea  Is  tba  ga«  wbWt  contd  prodaoe  tba 
well-known  HI  eSeeta.  .  .  .  It  iaaaaertadbj 
tome  that  the  daj  of  cbemlral  •laalaaUcM 
b  paadng  away,  and  that  Uu  wlioUaoiaanMi 
of  water  *tll  b»  detettniscd  \>y  tha  talolegbt. 


A 


I 


POPULAR  MISCELLAffV. 


IJ7 


■I  bf  Ur  divriM.  WltbMl  iltirMtkii 
(km  Ika  ynacnl  vmlite  of  lilolofickl  uMb- 
•k,  «t  an  not  bcUow  Uui  the;  on  ra- 
|lM«thaBl«»t  awmiBiiUftn  lor  •  tong  tin* 
yt\  HHUM)b«tbe«<niMnrUiBlliMalllb« 
nS  AA  of  iBipan  mtut  *n  do*  U  lb* 
«p>lNM  no*  M  taBflT  ModM.  When 
iha  hioktlotl  aunliMUaa  of  >iiior  bfti 
hMH  IdMBd  OB  ■  flfB)  ba<t^  h  ■111  tlm  b* 

MOHMiy  to  CMT7  Om  Ibc   >0>k   bCfUB  b^ 

PNtaMT  llmllM.  of  dUconHBi  ibacbaiiU- 
Mt  (fauMtorlMki  whUk  Mouk  Io  wiun 
■IM  k  Uolea|la*l  eualiutloa  oondaniiix, 
ioJ  cf  Baklas  the  diuaeUrialla  the  buk 
if  fiiliiii  iliiiiiilfil  ■mljili  In  (be  maitcr 
4(lb*pe1laal(Mar«U«WD«b7i«<iige.  tlwro 
taMKb«ti«inlt>l«ari[l«bodonc."  Clwin- 
lM>r  vi/  bB  iMilr  at  MniM  to  pubtlo 
iNdtb  tqr  la*«Mlgkiing  the  mImI  h»i«  o( 
■iMB(«Tlla;  littiiggtnltngp»e<l«d  rane- 
4hi  Ifir  tbBiD ;  ud  Is  Qio  cwnlattioit  of 
bidi  lad  drink*.  Tbe  edaoMloo  of  Uia*e 
to  fcUaw  thew  tiDM  o(  voik 
•  ihonMRgb  knowlcdga  o(  goKn) 
■ri  MkljtlMl  eliCDii«tf7.  ud  of  phfaioa. 
*ncni  b  toMi  h  Ihc  oonmonUj  (or  • 
•h*  of  pfUMt  knaving  »  Uuk  tagloecr- 
l«  ■  Hitla  ebcBiIiirr,  ■  UiiIe  bialogr,  ud 
«  Gult  of  otber  lUagi,  u  oceufMiilat  legltl- 
MM  «ad  honofmbl*,  bni  om  «UA  dots  mM 
jMiiy  nor  mlliMit  •  pmmm  m  poswd  »  hhU 
l«7  ■nliifi*r  or  ebembL" 

PiiA— nr  Pmmm)  p<«  tlie  ntalt*  of 
itperiin«MI*  In  ft*ln|t  tb«  IMu  of  rtcarwy 
c(  mrula  polaens  «b«n  aiiod  with  organic 


t^vfaMor  F.  r.  DonalnctM  dewilbnl  > 
BMbod  of  SilnK  cn^MMktiring*,  b^  lU- 
>raia(  ihBM  *llk  m  p«(*islion  oinipoNd 
rf  ■*■  put  of  DnaHT  nnUi  and  txMtj'. 
Iff  pwu  vf  (inpontiMk  The  draolnB*  >ire 
Mit  Ml  mrfieil  malh  p>p«r.  When  drio) 
(ttw  B—tlwi  lit,  tbej  an  rmlj  for  UM, 

fwtnMT  Mabnj,  ud  ibe  MeMitL 
CaaW,  at  Cl«rtlMd,  (Iblo,  preMttltd  ■ 
f«ptf  OB  B  naw  ttanrte  fMniue  isd  iba 
wl— 1»  tit  •ImAwn  tad  oihar  mMnk 
rM*  In  tte  wiaSia  «au,  ud  iIm  (ormtlon 
•(  •  MiBiliv  o(  nnr  OMtiil  illort  bjr  tU 
■iiL  tmwtaMln  ««M  oumIo  In  Iho  Inqi«lr7 
lor  lh«  ba«  wiMin  of  obUkdi^  «  coolln- 
BM  blnli  hnpvMnr*  on  ui  ailcniire 
mim,  b  m  fosod  lUi  br  inindiiolng 
n<m(r  pilnrtMl  swfeon,  nlMd  with  tbo 


•sMt  to  be  redocod,  and  •pplrtaR  the  <!•»■ 
Me  ovrant,  ndncdoa  vm  tJr««Md  and  iho 
MCDp«reiur«  •••  nUicd  lo  aecb  sa  o(t«l 
Uiu  (ht  vIioId  interior  of  tfa«  rMon  fuard 
oonpleuJf.  In  oUm  eipcrimiaiu  1iuti|i«  of 
ll«v.  Mad.  anil  tonmdiun  »oto  f  iMod,  ntUi 
todlcMtoi  of  a  ndiulion  of  the  oencapond- 
Ing  m«ui\  on  coultiig,  tha  SnM  loniwd 
Urge,  ir«tl-4«fa«d  orptala^  and  Uu  ooruii- 
don  b«anUt«l  f«d,  ffiwn,  and  b)oa  ooiab*- 
dra)  gr^fUlii.  Following  up  Ibaaa  npari- 
b«bU^  ProroMor  lUb«*]r  fomd  iW  Iba  hi' 
Man  beat  ibna  pradi*««d  eouSd  ba  WlUnd 
(or  (ba  nduoUon  «f  oiUm  In  krg«  qnnn- 
liiiui :  and  It  ha«  aJrHuijr  barn  found  Ua* 
aloalwap,  fIBoM,  boron,  aaipiMlnn,  hu- 
ganean,  aetfiua,  owl  poUMlUB^  «u  bo  <b- 
tdned  ban  ibdr  oiMaa  wtih  caa*;  Oood 
moiMftial  roaulia  ban  b«en  dartrod  tiwn 
Uia  appHcailoti  of  th«  procaM^  In  lb*  ^u- 
ufacMT*  of  alatolnan-bronM  of  TarioM 
gnidM,  md  poaawjlog  iiap«rloc  qiullil«a  of 
ona  kind  «*  aaolbor  aomnUnH  to  the  gradr ; 
of  fBtcon-brooM,  «tii^  proiutM*  U>  afford 
tha  baat  matortal  for  flotrlc  wlroi ;  ami  of 
boton^broiur,  Is  which  boron  apptara  to 
bar*  alinoat  tho  ium  offaol  whon  addad  to 
ODppar  aa  cattum  trtiaa  addad  to  Iron  la 
Iba  nanofaclara  of  ilorl. 

The  quenlui,  "  What  I*  ib«  beat  koItU 
aiai7  work  for  ■ludenta  ■nioring  npoD  labo- 
raior;  piMlioo  t "  wadbcaand.  IVoftanm' 
II.  W,  Wilor  lnrfit«d  on  tha  fanperiaiiM  of 
t>»iDtn|t  Uia  norltlaiM  In  baUia  of  teeattef 
— (bat  tha;  ahosld  undontaDd  at  onoo  that 
ebrmleal  aeilaea  lanopitaa'Work.but  a  ad- 
RiPO  of  daSnlta  proportions.  Protaaor  R. 
B.  Warder  tbon|;ht  It  wa*  botWr  w  bogln 
wiih  nieUl«  llian  triib  gaata,  and  l>ro(tanar 
v.  P.  Dimoin|[tan  vdssiviMA  a  coniM  of 
ntaiaJliBgjr  aod  a»Mjijat[.  Mr.  Tliomna  An* 
daall  Nnarbed  thai  muvh  dvjicndcd  an  (ho 
objrot  of  Inatmctlon — wbetbcr  l(  was  givm 
on))>aaa  pari  of  a  llbml oduealion, ortriib 
the  riew  of  miklnf;  chcmlilrr  a  ptofcMion. 
ProitMMiT  Pracolt  thought  that  aludanU 
abonbl,  In  analTiloiI  work,  practieo  Bt«l  on 
known  bodlaa  before  bngbnin);  en  an- 
knonin ;  aiid  that  loo  mnch  rrllanw  should 
col  be  placed  on  Uborwor;  work  alottc^ 
•hicb  ■houbl  ba  aaMdaifd  with  riald  ebMa- 
woric  Ym  tha  lecMra  and  r«eilatlaa  rooHM. 
Profaaaor  lUberj  would  lian  jva^  P*«1i>* 
begla  wiib  oamiBM  pbenonionii,  asMtcr  tbo 


138 


TSH  POPULAR  SCieyCS  MONTHLY. 


ptiMiplM  of  RUitWaniMr;,  tut)  •rwk,  M  fu 
Ba  fOMlblc^  qointiuilTolj. 

npln  St  tb«  iwrtna  liwrUtln^ 
In  tlw  StOlkn  o(  n^ika,  Prot«Mor  ft  P. 
Luigl«7  rod  •  pip*'  ^  t^  MUMM  «t  In- 
iblblt  nuU^ikmi  uiJ  ou  tW  m«0ftidoa  of 
Utheno  annwaiurod  oira  •  lciij;tlM.  Tb« 
object  it  the  mt«n:b«  )w  ducribtd  wua 
to  Motftals  •bctbor  (li«rt  «»)  ollirr  «»tC' 
kaRihttbaa  ilioM  found  In  ifao  lun**  bc«t, 
M  lh«t  ««  nuf  pcrhain  ciploin  h«w  it  b 
thai  tb«  turTico  ht«t  of  our  pl«ii>-t  ia  msin- 
Ubttd  In  (|dte  «[  tbo  nadjr  mdiatitm  of  vi- 
ueiDO  tolar  bcM  UinM^  the  UMeopbei*. 
We  h«K  hi  the  Infn-Kd  portion  of  the  to- 
lir  cpcctnim  Ibc  greater  part  ifT  llio  liuil 
whkh  mi I«Idi  orguile  HIb  on  tUi  pluwt, 
and  Ibc  qiMMloM  Mba,  Doe*  the  pluiot  tm- 
dinte  kMt  of  th«  wiK-lensihi  tbtl  ll  re- 
•diw  from  the  *unT  and  |]i>«  U  lin  tom- 
poMUiM  Mklntdnod,  probably  M<r*nl  ban- 
dred  dBgrMM  ibove  the  tompcntut*  of  ipaotv 
wb«a  our  obtemtloiu  ihon  thu  tU*dlr*oi 
ndlntloti*  of  bc*i  frooi  the  sua  can  aa\j 
iri*a  It  nbout  flh*  drfiracs  iborc  the  nur- 
rounifing  lea>i>erktiir«  J  EipcilmcnM  >l  Al- 
Icgbenjr  diow  (hat  llie  dirll  loitx  Seat  b 
iTaauiitled  bj  oar  aimonphem  ntlb  lent 
difficuhy  Ihaa  the  light;  uid,  it  the  TiA\a- 
iSaa*  of  ilie  aoit  ai«  of  ihla  «>re-leiietli,  our 
pluiM  *hou1d  BOluallj  b«  raoler  <m  acooimt 
of  it*  umoBphen)  tliin  if  il  bid  Done.  l*ra- 
Uuet  LaDglvf  bai  tor  t»o  jr%,n  put  made 
■DMturemenu  of  the  ndintiaoi  from  bodiia 
of  Ibc  (anponlnro  of  llx-  rorlb.  u'iiig  tor 
Ui  cxp«rinwDU  prinsa  and  len*M  of  rock- 
nlL  from  Ibe  rtaulti  of  tbcM  ftawniliei^ 
be  iBfa  Ibal  we  ban  ererj  reaMn  l«  bolicTo 
thai  heal  radiated  bj  the  atrfl  bos  a  i>av»- 
Inftb  Urcnl;  titnts  that  of  the  lowtat  riit 
ble  tine  of  the  anlar  spectrum.  Db  oiperl- 
BUDtB  Ihw  tenil  to  ahow  that  IbJa  beat  u  of 
■  lotaDr  dlScrent  qnalii;  from  that  rteeired 
frotn  the  wuk  Antong  the  other  w*rt  ntA 
la  tbia  M«ilon  were  thoae  of  Frofeanr  H. 
BL  Oirharl  on  (urfaico  UMMmiaaioB  of  aleo- 
IiIcbI  ifitcbaf^oa.  la  i«?iilan  of  «orb  bjp  IW 
f«Met  Bunrj;  of  FrafoBor  K.  L  Nidiola, 
<m  tbf  ttiemical  behaTior  ol  OMgnellc  Iron; 
ftt  Major  U.  E,  AlroTd,oB  IbertoulUoftdfr 
■(Ul«  obMTTalion  at  Ho«shton  Parn ;  anJ 
ol  OsMmandsr  nKodon  F.  Jewell,  oa  Uw 
•plwnM  nabtaoi  el  a  body  of  air  to  ■ 


change  of  diape.  In  iba  etpcrfanoti 
Ihb  iubjcct,  a  diftk  of  e<»««taB  <nt  e» 
plodcd  <M  a  melal  jdaUi.  Eaeh  of  Ibo  fiakl 
ted  tb*  letlen  "  U.  8.  K  "  and  the  year  «l 
■umfftoWrc  trtaBip«4  upon  it.  Mur  tx- 
flntlen  nrnn  the  irea,  liBnar  Indeataiiooa 
won  found  upon  Ibe  plate,  w  It  the  air  In 
the  iDdcDted  lelter*  bad  been  dKren  tnto  ll. 
ProffMor  E.  L.Nii^ob  Hated  lh«t  from 
«ODipariicM  h(  had  made  of  tlw  qieeuvm 
of  the  unelouded  Ay  wllb  that  of  lb*  no- 
lleht  rrfttclrd  \>j  magneetam  OMbonele,  be 
hud  deduced  the  cc4ul«*lan  tb«t  Ibe  •pee- 
inini  of  ibe  th;  1*  of  Ibc  mum  chanoier  as 
tbat  of  while  Uglit.  The  blue  mtor  et  Ibe 
ilt^  and  of  cifaer  opaleMeM  media  li^  eo- 
rordltig  10  tlinw  and  olbcv  eontliltra  cx> 
perinoou.  nut  due  lo  an  nan  of  the  tome 
rptt«n^ble  np  '■■  *)>*  "phi  nficetcd  b^tbtM^ 
but  f*  of  a  mt^tlTD  charaoter.  Tbcae  re- 
aiilu  diMCree  with  iboM  obialntd  bj  Fto- 
fower  Ijaneipe  In  hla  aipcrimenta-  Hr  IL 
lli-lw  Olar*on<  o*  *»"  Afbor,  ptcaented  erl. 
dntr*  faTorbw  iKa  wppoeklaii  ib«  them 
ate  tt  ilmot  alow  profreMhre  ■ewtniaef 
barotnetrio  tbuise,  asd  of  teiaficralHre  fmn 
w«M  lo  eait,  aad  aliempted  M  ibo*  that 
the  araibei  cd  tlio  United  Statu  during  ilie 
last  jn^t  had  bna  marked  bjr  oertaln  peri--, 
odioity  of  cbaratler. 


n  tbeT 


Plant*  growlig  it  Stttan  Oricbi 
U«nj  anomallci  baTO  bc«M  obaerrcd  tn 
dtwrlbulion  ot  plAsM  b;  altitude,  «Ueh  H. 
V.  Ktumb  ha*  end««<rot«d  le  atoonnl  for,  ia 
Knclet'a  "  Anniulrc  bolaaiqae,"  b*  luppoi- 
ln)E  ttuagea  lo  baee  taken  pUee  during  the 
recoal  period  la  Ibe  bdghi  of  the  moiuit- 
ala«  on  wbldi  tbe  rrgcikiloD  b  feund. 
Tbni,  In  aerctal  TaQeji  ot  tbo  Alps,  «aki 
ue  geewtng  at  nwaiual  alliMdH^  imI  live 
mder  ollneile  oondUleai  thai  Mcn  l«  ex- 
olude  thm  tltewbiM.  They  de  Mt,  bew- 
erer,  *ppMr  to  be  repmdndag  Ihomaelwe, 
and  are  prabeblj  dtallned  to  be  onwded 
out  \ij  the  beccbee.  (In  the  Unnbet^, 
Rmiihon  nyita,  at  a  helgbl  of  Uiwmb  TM 
and  1.SB0  feet,  are  (osnd  RnxibV  !■ 
midii  ol  ••on  a»d  awoeUwd  with 
en  pUnia  nwreee  of  pmij  Alpwalae  fm^ 
dea  1  and  ia  tbe  tnonaula-nYilDn  norlb 
CilU.  Uie  h(Kh(«t  altltede  of  wbM>  b  tiaa 
than  S,OO0  fnl.  are  not  kw  than  Sfljr^no 
Ipotitl  Ihat  MCer  tarmUj  fai  Uia  i^m  nf 


POPULAR  MtSOBLlANT. 


■J9 


>  bom  Um  MarvM  JUplM  tnainlt,  y^ 
llN  itaou  kppnpriata  (a  PMb  a  itMMlan 
««  KfMMIuJ.  Ml  bjr  IdiUtUmIi,  bM  b; 
•  krga  BAH  of  plMto  thai  Vf^mx  )0  b« 

fmd  by  the  f*oi  Uiai  In  a  nid|literiag 
■  I  Miala  dwttkt  of  csoiUknlile  bii^btv 
■Idtol*,  ahidi  bordon  on  a  nelly  Alptav 
f«E'>*i  M>]r  •  mhU  nimibor  of  Alpioa  pknu 
m  (ouhL  Siodhf  uoomSm  ba*«  bMn 
in  dw  FjTCMOi.  Maiijr  AI|dM 
I  era  w«d  ArabUtoi  do  live  aad  UiriT* 
la  Ibmot  dtnMlima  tban  iMr  haUiual  onn, 
ani  (Mr  pnoil  abataw  froni  luch  plMca 
bpnAably  rathwdM  to  tMrbcJogcrewd- 
ad  oat,  and  (h«  ^vaA  p««MBac4  b;  lb* 
^Hka  mnn  pmniUvIr  BlOd  lo  Uw  tcKalHy 
Uiaa  Ml  aajr  paaMre  viBlacai  «l  (Mr  own. 
B«  K  t  woiirtiln  h  buiUcbI;  nlotd  up 
w  lipmaiJ,  tb«  flntif*  TcftUdm  gtowlnx 
«fn  h  ■•  uawfWted  to  a  sn  nfjun.  Ii 
MB  ib«n  vMm  *  leaig  atul  tlwdy  tMl«l«n>.-« 
u  lb>  rini  «pM>(a  (bat  »•;  comm  In  M  di»- 
m*  *ltb  It  Ah  oooopaMT  t  ■*>'  <^'*  mi*l' 
•M)  ma;  1b  tlir  ikA  laal  loa|[  tnoiiKb  (er 
Ibt  ipadaa  to  boMOC  acc4iiB>l«(l  lu  tt»  or* 
■•illilliMii.  alNa  U117  will  t«fi>«doM  thmn- 
MttB^  aad  lb*  pheawnima  nndtr  ccuUai^ 
.  wM  be  ■anitowd. 


■tUI-wwkUK  Irt  Is  Qubam.— Heir 
Cbri  «tin  CJtalty,  «lio  ha*  bMS  et|>tMlnii 
h  <hc  vrttarn  HinulafM.  uacHf  IbU  (ho 
OHbaMraaM  inat  be  ngartel  u  tb«  bo- 
UaMoT  tb*  MlunenL  "A(t«M(,"he 
ai}«,  ■*  h  mM  tw  MlalKcU  (hat  B  ponple 
Aal  ptvpcrei  tU  food  b  hanilsaaw  hM(ln 
it  bMMH  Bid  mirmA  «opp«r,  adorned  «lili 
MMfnJ  eagwrhigi,  drinli*  (I*  Mt  and  ooffto 
ftwriipiiilj  •hapodpou.aMd  ofMtbowtljr 
4iBM>lml  plubcn  and  enpa,  mhI  boaKa  iwl 
aMoaW  dUtei,  TtMt,  pipM^  candlMlM*. 
laHp«,  taa>«««Ml*,  and  platM,  lad  <«i^TDd 
Hdrif  ■,  oihM  bar*  a  pcvutlir  anliiic  gifi. 
Wbai  la  moni  nrntkaUc  b  (hat  obj<ctii  of 
awh  ohanMar  aM  bi  dallf  ow,  no(  onljr  bi 
tlv  — wilimi  »f  (ha  ridh,  bat  alw  !■  ih* 
IhmmiIb'  buu ;  a«d  aaf  ona  «be  lakan  lUt 
ba  talB  •OMldcmiM  nwl  aajr  (hal  «* 
hafs  la  4a  wlib  a  paiHsBlaf);  «ndev«d  ntor 
af  AfTm,  vho,  too  Bntall  In  tnnnbna  and 
loo  wMk  to  BonivMl  with  (b«  barbariu«v 
I  aulifBcUaa  bi  dxoUnf  thcn- 


mIvm  to  irt.  WbM  wo  ndcct,"  adda  Ibrr  ' 
T«m  l'ihl>T,  "thai  all  the  liooMbold  Man* 
■Ua  Id  mill  14a,  Pwvia,  and  India,  aad  ih» 
tnwmwhh  Mol*  fai  ttw  lattw  oonnUy  an 
(■wto  of  bcaim  or  cmi  n^M  no  nw;  b« 
ab)«  to  (4m  u  a|>pnalinal«  Idea  tA  iho 
IvImmUbm  and  oitmvloe  of  lU«  indoalTj 
la  all  thoH  oouMika."  Ccfipor  I*  the  baais 
of  (b«M  Indoftria*,  tUbtr  pur>,  tu  bau- 
moivd,  b«au«,  and  Gamd  fonM,  or  alkrjtd 
or  let  off  with  ipild,  ailnr,  ttetl,  iln.  lead, 
or  iinc  In  Tiuklalan  a  inflow.  !■  KaAgar 
•  red.  In  CiMbiiiew  an  wnaaKiiled  red  atotal 
I*  voriwl.  follow  metal  b  hero  of  corjr  ■«■ 
<tenl  origin.  The  metal  bidiutrjbiDOMei- 
tcuWeljr  dcTcloiitd  and  muM  floiuiiUng  In 
Cubacre :  and  thcra  nn  dilTtrMic*  b  tWQ^ 
sbwd  bt(wrun  art  -  ■ork  and  awtfcanlcd 
■«k,  ud  it  1*  lhrr«tof«  not  Mraa^  thai 
■e  ihould  BO  tr«<ia«nllf  nirM  aUh  rad  BiaB- 
(<t)-iMF<  of  art 

BIlDd  ]I«a'f  DrriBh — Dawdo  the  blind 
droam  T  Is  discuMtd  by  Ur.  B.  U.  Jonea,  in 
llM(Kasli>h)"XaiionBl  Roriew."  In  nwr. 
I7  all  onSnaiT  dreana  we  imagtne  we  bm 
Bomethhig— peraoni  or  Ihitiga,  or  both. 
TliLi  tan  not  happen  with  the  blind,  who 
hate  no  coootplion  of  tbing*  that  are  B*en; 
or,  U  the;  wer«  not  horn  blind,  of  lUnp 
ih*t  they  bad  not  icta  bcfoni  the]*  teal 
ilivir  (fghc  The  blind  nBn  maj  rrmll  n 
pcnon  or  a  place,  bat  hu  rMolkcUon  cnn 
only  be  oonntoMtuie  with  what  be  ha*  ob- 
tained by  ibf  (MMB  of  undi,  hearing  or 
BmctL  A  blind  bay  drgamed  el  fai*  brMber 
who  WM  dead.  He  hneir  him  bj  hli  idoe^ 
and  br  alio  kn«w  ho  wu  in  the  Sclda  with 
Mm,  foe  ho  fell  blmMlf  tnadlnR  opon  Iho 
gnua  and  Bmelllns  the  fraah  air,  HI*  Idea 
of  a  Bi>ld  oi'ilJ  not  poufbif  roaeh  nark  be- 
jond  (bit.  Another  pvroon  dteamtil  I14  wbb 
In  hi*  work*liop;  lie  knew  ihli  b?  idttlag 
OB  a  box,  and  b;  iho  tool'  wliidh  wore  In  li- 
A  blind  tramp  (aid  when  he  drramcd  It  wa> 
Jual  the  name  a«  wbon  lie  waa  awake — ho 
dmnwd  of  boaring  and  Unship.  A  blind 
ie*a  I*  meniiocied  who  dreamed  of  a  ghott, 
and  Hib  I*  Ibe  wBf  he  told  hi*  Morr :  "  I 
b««rd  a  veiee  at  the  door,  and  I  aald. '  BIm* 
Dw.  If  ibat  ain't  Johnl'  and  I  took  fain  b? 
U>r  i<lort«;  H  «a*  hi*  Airt-Aleere  I  felt; 
and  I  •■«  hair-albared  of  hbn,  and  lur- 
prtstd  lio  wu  owl  w*<hB  boEore  i 


140 


TUS  FOFULAR  SCIENCE  MONTHLY. 


niM  (la  mj  dxMD)  t  dfMM  ihu  b*  tried 
to  MkIhm  b»^  ud  writ*  bilW**  faa  bu  • 
ghMt,  by  piufalag  n»  dom  Mvwaj*,  Mt; 
After  Uat  I  nkcd  aad  h«ud  m  inare." 
We  fuwj  ghost*  H  liDpal|Mbl«  bvlap, 
dMbcd  ia  wbiie.  lilitul  mm  ob  budi; 
hiiii  M  iliahiil  111  biini,laiiliiii  iif  ibelr  ap- 
paanmotL 

knavfadG*  Mf  be  ilhtnniliiMtil  b/  iomu 
«I  loca)  leetnrM  to  wMUng-am  b  iUu»- 
tnioJ  Id  •  tKcy  uU  bj  Ur.  Boborti,  of 
DuubtldKa.  Tee  nlMn,  ai  Itudootth, 
EaglanJ,  walked  four  or  Ato  bUm  and  back 
in  tbe  «vmiiig,  alter  «(irfc,  lo  attend  tbc 
OMiw  at  CrainUaglon.  Ftndlsg  olliota  Is 
tbcdr  *IU^^  wealing  m  kaow  ranielbiag  of 
fbcnriittT,  bat  net  ablo  to  altcnd  ihe  tnimw^ 
lliejr  took  to  rqwUfai];  t«  a  daM  of  Mrim 
en  tbe  nut  i*mlag  tba  leeiiiMe  tlur  hnd 
beard,  anit,  bailss  aopplied  themaclTcs  with 
thcmicsli,  repeated  tba  eiperiiaciita.  Ur. 
Bobwt*  BUcndcd  tnu  «f  th«  iDMiiii£>  o( 
(hu  dai*  at  tbo  cad  of  lb«  tenn.  ciunioed 
Ihe  nuanbera,  and  (o^itid  (hat  tbej  bad  ac- 
quired a  nand  nMugb  knowledge  of  tba 
•nbjoec  to  puu  llio  TtguUr  uDkcnltf  c%. 
■mbiatloau  Tba  dui  were  lUU  ■ummct  to 
tfT7  en  bl  the  lamc  mnancr  a  n>uru  in 
'  fliyiMoKjr.  in  aid  of  which  ihcj  were  m- 
dtaTorioj;  to  procure  a  aueroacopo. 

■Mkultal  Stirart  at  tbc  inerltan 
llTlttflTT  ""■■■  TiiT-prcdiJpulial  addniu 
of  ftohfof  i.  BurkHi  Webb,  in  tba  Scc- 
tioB  of  UKhaoical  SciooM^  «ai  on  ''  Tlia 
Sacond  I^w  of  Tlienii»4f«atniat,"  but  *iu 
too  tKboital  fof  abttr«ot  In  llwia  ft^i*. 
Hr.  \,.  li.  lUadolph  gar*  an  aooounl  ot  bia 
caperlmant*  ia  aecUnit  tor  aa  cMplRaallMi 
of  the  peculiar  loanaer  Id  ablcb  Ibn  luj- 
boit*  bMwtan  tbe  ftre4Kii  and  ibc  boikcf- 
aboil  of  Moam-beliaia  bad  booi  found  i« 
\  bradL  lie  lodicattd  a  drawing  and  bending 
ef  tba  bolia  oMMtosed  b;  tbo  ahlfibig  of  tba 
plates  under  uhaogoa  ot  lanpoUUfa  a*  tbe 
cauM,  aldod  hf  tba  ownniTe  action  of  tbe 
waMr  that  ml|^  reach  tbe  bolia.  Ur.  Stc- 
fihon  B.  Ilalghl  ptawnted  a  paper  on  tba 
wo  and  talu*  of  aentnla  atasdard*  for  wr- 
TCjot*^  rheiea  Qa  axblbliol  a  (pedum 
rhiiln  tS  lallcncd  *t««l  wire,  with  thornuma- 
M»r«lUebedt«reainltnnp«tMiu«,««prIop- 


aepiriS^I 
\  UpewhMi  .f 


b>luioeMlw«ighlbeMniei»,aad  a 
«L  Fraftaaor  Darii  ubiUced  a 
be  had  foand  aceonM  enough  for  goictal 
<Me  in  a  large  mag*  «f  worit  is  MkUgio. 
ProfeaMr  J.  B,  Webb  Ned  ■  paper  on  lb« 
lathe  as  aa  bntnuwnl  of  pndaioa.  in  wliiah 
ba  called  aUcntlon  to  tba  dcMmhUltj  of 
greater  aa.'urBCf  In  loatiwmonteei  iliii  d*N, 
and  dceotbod  MB*  tiBtpie  BMbodf  for  eek* 
ing  toMa  ol  Ibe  dtgr««  ot  crrar  in  any  par- 
ileolar  Inatwact.  PioftMor  Cooley  «x- 
plitoed  a  new  aaiolio4nmlng  derle*;  A 
coaanlltee  rrport  sa*  pitscelnl  and  a  dla- 
ooirios  bad  oo  Ifae  bat  oiclbada  of  tcaib- 
bg  mrftenlnal  cnglneeefaig.  Tbe  oii)tci  ot 
the  bHtmelioa  bdng  admldcd  \t  bo  tber- 
oogb  pieparatien  Id  thmiy  aotJ  prindpliv 
ProfeenoT  Thanlen  aud  that  tlie  tralolog 
abould  be  adapud  to  tbe  work  to  \>t  dene, 
and  that  he  tbcrtfora  favored  ciawiScalkn 
Into  masual  tralning-Mboob,  *ehoola  of  me- 
i;lianio  aria,  and  acbiMli  ed  eagineoring.  It 
was  aMeiied  b^  otbar  ipediac*  b  (be  oonrw 
of  tin  diaaiaalon  that  tbero  are  nn  ittm"ni 
IraJnlng-achooi*  wbrre  a  boy  can  knn  a 
Irodc  before  entering  Ibe  blgber  Hhilkii 
and  that  tbe  St  Lo>d*  aod  CbltnEO  niraual 
iraiiilnK-KliooU  wlU  not  make  workman,  and 
[irvbublj  not  fire  pn  cent  of  tbiir  atmhnti 
Hill  BTer  beooMO  wotknca. 


\ 


litlMM  In  ttmmm  BiiMlfc  Tba 
mlttcoof  ibeAnericaBAMeclntionoMnkelb- 
od*  of  Klenoc-4cMUaE  In  1>e  Mboott  iMIod 
(hii  macfa  bad  ban  aoewnpEtbcd  in  tbo 
iDToKtjgation,  in  which  nan;  aaaoolaiiani, 
(ohoeli,  and  penOM  hail  tiilenaud  llicin- 
KlTea.  n>e  oenmiilM  of  o»fereno(  wiib 
foreign  aaaodatieaa  In  rrlereiMe  lo  aa  In- 
lemational  oottrtwUM  fA  icimot  awed*  tlonn 
bad  oondueud  anMlondre  oorTa*paodenc« 
and  the  anbjeel  waa  to  be  branghl  lieTore 
(he  BHUth  Aaaodatlew  at  Abefdem.  An 
endowmrai  fund  ol  iwmir-llTe  ilmwwd 
dolUra  had  bem  gtm  to  Uie  eeheaH  by 
Un.  £liabc<hTbanipeon,ot6lnniford,  CM- 
neotiouL  TheeDonditcc  wu  continued  aa 
die  "OxnmttlMon  IncnmBtiooal  Selentllbi 
OoogreM."  nw  ee«nmil(ee  en  Ibc  ennwf- 
agemeat  vA  retcartbfn  npon  Ihe  benlth  wd 
dboMte  of  plMla  t«port«d  tbat  U  )U  oag. 
go«tbM  the  Camoriirianer  of  Awicnltn* 
had  appointed  Mr.  1.  L.  Scrlbncr,  of  Qbwd 
Colkg^  FMIadalphia,  to  taha  ebarga  o(  n 


\ 


I 


*OPULAn  UISCSLLANT. 


14> 


'  Medea  III  hi*  dcpanB«nl,  daroud  l«  »ork 
tof  ihM  «tMnoi«r. 

TIM  Brtlbh  iwMUUft^Tb*  BridA 

Mib«r  Ml,  uil  au  op«Md  b;  th*  praal- 
4mI  flit  (ha  jMr,  ^  L7M  PUjblr,  with 
in  iddnM  aliiili  *b  pvblbli  lo  tb«  pnarM 
wimbtr  *f  tlM  Moailiif.  Aoionf  ili«  iikc* 
MUvonby  |Mp«n  prMmud  ww*  Ui*  *lo»- 
pwMawlBl  aiUraMa*  of  fnltmm  II.  B. 
traMtrMHb  en  moM  ilriwil  nMlMd*  «f 
MoUng  (AwnlstT; ;  of  PnUmm  Jadd,  In 
Ik*  OwlngkBl  Setting  va  no*  wuotrcd 
pnebUMi  of  ntefakad  gMlogr ;  ot  Ur.  D. 
Ikktf,  of  Iba  IlMihank«l  Eeeiloa,  nUIng 
MMMkn  U  dcArttadM  la  bxtdp  cooMfve- 
dm ;  of  Mr.  niHoo,  In  Ihc  Anlhropalofflal 
KafUoK,  OB  "  Tjpca  »n>l  their  IbhciiUnco" ; 
Md  «I  Prafcwor  eUKokli,  of  lb*  Stctko 
•I  Keaoonlcal  Bdenoe  ud  .Suiliiloi.  In 
lh»  lul  Mctiaii  Prafouor  Leone  Levi  ro»d 
U  cbborato  pap«*  en  "TW  AUtgod  Do. 
pnwlon  of  Tnd«;  U*  Owi*e«  uitl  Remo- 
mm.' 

■•«   rrokkai  Lb  ChmMrr^la  Mi 

■ddroM  •*  VicD-PrMl-ltQl  of  the  Cliamk*! 

SnUoo   et   tho  Brliuh  AiwicUUao,  Pro- 

(•Moc  II,  B.  ArmMroa;  criticUod  llw  waj 

ia  vhkli  the  Mkooa  11  UagM  In  thi  Bdiool), 

ui  IllilUd  npM  the  iBportaan  of  gf  ring 

wan  pnniMBM  lo  roMu«h  tj  Ou  tin- 

4Mi|  nd  of  mMlTfttlng  Ik  thon  tbo  (rJiii 

of  ori^oaJ  larMtti^iion.    Tbtj  nuM  not 

— dy  b«  tou^l  tlie  priaciplca  mul  awlii 

■^^gii  lk«  KiaM^  b«  Bwl  bo  «lio«ii 

^^^^pa  fcatmlNlin  «f  tkOM  Iketa  ud  prtn- 

^P^deii  hM  bata  i^iwd,  nd  moat  be  m 

^PlrlDed  w  t«  hiTo  ocwploto  ewnmond  of 

Ibdr  laKmledgo.    Ohonlaiij  «m  ud  longer 

^^^Hb  aanifaaDib  owl  Hoiid«lcjeir«  gcncr- 

^P^Hba  bii  fmdoMd  a  aomplele  nvolv. 

^Rloa.    Tk*  faillM  in  Ott  pnuot  ijMcm  of 

^lauUnf  ««r«  prvdari*  ihoae  vblpli  had 

riunetarUad    tbe    Waohing  of  fceognpb; 

and  klatorr,  and  vhirh  vera  now  btcaaung 

BO    pnandtf  rMo^nd  aod   roadnnncd. 

Both  la  laatklng  and  eaamising  t*o  tin- 

fmrtani  (kugtoi  a^;ht  to  ka  mado.    TIh 

MalwU  Mghi  «t  the  Tvrr  beglming  of 

Mr  tanar  to  beoonN  fan«ar  trtth  Uie 

iMof  Ik*  batiMe)  aail  iha  haaeiurj  d}»- 


tfnolin  betiTMa  ao-aallod  l»o((aiile  and  tt*-< 
pole  oompottBda  thmld  baaltogMliarabaa. 
donod.    Toucbiagon  the  progiaaa  ibal  had 
baon  fnade  la  obeniioal  iliaorf,  ProffNor 
Annlraag  n«Ml«Md   tho  ehaKsn  wliloh 
ha4  takw  plaoa  la  tiam  oeMerning  divmi- 
<al  actka.     Hltbarto  U  appcarod  lo  hato 
bats  cnninaeMi;  aatamed  and  almoM  anlvoN 
■alt;  Ibom^i  bj  efaonlaU  lk>t  acthm  look 
plaoa  dlrectlj  btlwaan  A  and  U,  prodwing 
AB,  or  between  AB  and  CD,  prvdod^  , 
A  C  and  B  D.    In  Hudrlng  iha  ebaniatry  of 
eariton  compoand*,  thor  becama  acqwajawd 
wjib  a  tatgn  anmbM  of  {lutancca  la  whMi  a 
moae  or  Isaa  mlnalc  quaalUjof  a«Bhalaa«a 
waa  capabia  of  tndudng  (3bang«  ot  chanKM 
la  tha  bod;  or  bodica  wltb  wblob  li  wu  u- 
•odaUd  arttbODl  appanmiljr  Ittcif  bcfaig  al- 
tered;  bat  ao  Uttic  had  been  done  lo  M«er- 
tain  the  loHuccco  of  the  eantan-anbaiaao*^ 
or  calaljrtt,  a*  bo  would  term  tt,  that  Ita  bo- 
portanea  aai  not  dtilf  appreciated.    Rocool 
iBMiOTaiba,  boweTcr,   muxt   bare  girea  a 
rada  ibook,  from  wblch  it  coulJ  nerrr  ro- 
eoeea,  to  Uio  belief  la  the  wiiiiiuetl  timpllat 
17  of  ehao^eal  ohaoge.    Tbeo,  after  emidtt 
ariag  brioll/  aoroe  queatiouB  of  the  iriation* 
of  obamleal  and  eleetrjoal  actioii,  Prafoaaor 
AnnatKing  went   on  ;   ComplaioU  are  not 
unfrr^uenilj  made  thai  a  Urge  proporiton 
«t  publUhod  work  is  of  lltlie  valoe,  and 
that  cbonlala  are  deiotlng  tbenieelTC*  loo 
eiduilvdr  to  the  etiuljr  ot  carbon  eom- 
pounda,  and  mptiiMj  of  ajntheUa  chemta- 
tr; ;  lliat  InToalig^lOD  li  ruiuilng  too  muoh 
la  a  few  UTooToa,  and  thni  we  sre  greaa 
woniblpan  of  formulDc.     But  the  Bttenlion 
paid  to  the  atndf  of  oaibon  iwinpouDdi  may 
be  nHHV  than  JnstiRed,  both  bjr  reforeoea 
(a  tba  mulia  ot>l«ned  and  lo  the  nature  of 
dM  ««Tk  bafWe  tBf.    "  Tbe  inorgania  king* 
dorm  refUHea  any  longar  10  jvM  op  bar  •» 
ercu— new  elenwnta    atwept  aflar  earera 
mtnpuklon.     Tlie  orj^Blo  Un|plon,  both 
animal  anil  regclable,  etanda  ever  read/  h^- 
(ore  n>.     Little  wonder,  then,  If  probbrma 
dlrcelly  bearing  upon  life  prove  the  mofo 
attraeiiie  lo  the  liring.    Tha  pbyalolei^M 
eomplaba  that  probabtj  Rlnety-Sea  per  eenl 
of  the  aeUd  mattcea  ot  llrliifc  alruotiua*  ara 
pure  nnknowna  to  ua,  oiul  (but  the  fsnda- 
mental  diemlnl  ehangea  wbteh  occur  dar- 
ing lite  an;  entirely  enahronded  tn  myalaty. 
It  ii  ia  order  that  tbia  may  no  longer  be  tbe 


TS£  POPULAR  SOISlfCS  MOifTltlY. 


«M«  tlut  th«  Kwljr  of  mriMU  Mfflpmndi 
b  being  to  Tigomuly  prooMiited.  .  .  .  Ai 
10  ihc  laluo  of  IIm  work,  I  btCan  ibU  nr- 
«(7  (ael  bcMBllr  rcconM  l«  of  vtlM."  No 
anpfaJadUcd  Nader  mb  but  b«  nnick  «Ufc 
IW  Impmnmmt  iu  qiwlity  wUch  b  nuinl. 
IM  In  the  nuiariij  «t  tha  hfM^tloiw 
BOB  pubUabcd.  Tb«  great  odUoim  «[  ihs 
Mton  of  (Mben  sbctDitt*  hu  bcwi  Ibo  •»■ 
tabllifaineiil  of  Uie  dottrin*  of  Uie  Mniduro. 
nn  dootriae  W  roc«)*ed  (ha  moot  i>o«cr' 
ful  wiMxi'*  '""■)  the  inTMilgnUoo  of  |>hvii- 
«t1  prapMtlw,  ani)  It  nwj  alnio*!,  wlUioul 
•x*gg*rKUaa,li«  uli)  lo  bira  been  rciutorpJ 
litlblo  in  AbndT  ami  FoUng^  tofra-rcU 
Nptclrwn  photogiaph*. 

UatU  of  Str«M  «  Im  BfUtM.— Ad- 
drcwlng  ibc  Mctlianicai  KdonM  StcUou  of 
On  OriiUh  iMotialioD,  Ur.  B.  Baker  ipoke 
«f  tbe  ««jM  of  wodenlanJing  amonft  m^- 
ii«r«  rcgardlag  tbo  dlinbolWo  iutnoitj  e( 
■Um  00  iim  aiut  aicol  b«*ds«a,  eoDocnriag 
■hioh  "at  tho  prcoeat  limp  aliiolote dMoo 
prorailk.  Tho  larianc*  In  (li#  nrvogtti  of 
eiiatine  liridgM  k  Mch  M  lo  bo  tpparoat  (o 
Uie  cdocatrd  «jo  vitbout  »aj  aatoulMlon. 
...  It  it  an  o|i«i  •cent  ll»l  notrly  atl  ibo 
htffi  nilwa;  companiM  •»  •tmi|;tlipnlns 
iMf  tiridgM,  and  BMMMril.v  to,  (ur  I  ooold 
dee  «aK*  •bfre  lh«  aorklng  iltvat  on  Ihe 
iron  W  nn«dc(l  b;  too  hondrrd  anil  A(n 
per  etnt  thai  ooniUorMl  adoilMilblc  bj  Itad- 
Ing  Americaii  and  Oonua  buitdora  la  ilml- 
larcUM.  .  .  .  In  Iba  pftetni  daj anglncvn 
•f  aD  mwMtIm  ara  In  aMOrd  a*  to  tiM  prin- 
«{filca  of  ofdnallniE  tha  magsltDdft  of  Ibn 
atnaaa*  «a  Ifca  dISkrant  roambcm  of  a 
atraeUK^  bat  not  w  In  pn^nlonlbB  the 
mMtber*  to  laalu  iIkmb  abcaaca.  Tlw  pt%t- 
deal  nnlt  It,  QmI  a  bddgt  wUcli  wmdd  br 
pMMdbjIbeBmlUh  Doatdof  IVadaaronM 
n<|Blra  l«  Ixi  aUmiclhcnod  (tn  per  not  In 
lome  (larta  anil  Stly  prr  orni  In  otliora  ba- 
bw  It  wonld  bf  aocoiiwd  bj  tha  Oannan 
floToninwnt,  or  bf  aiij  of  tho  trading  nll- 
■aT  ooiiit«Ble>  in  America."  ThU  undc- 
alnblit  itaie  of  affair*  arbita  from  the  faat 
■bat  "  man;  englaMia  fiin  penlaienilj'  Ig- 
MOM  the  tact  llwt  a  bar  of  bon  majr  be 
broken  ha  t>o  vaya— namrljr,  hj  Uie  kin^ 
a^UeMko  of  a  btatj  nnmi,  or  bf  the  ra- 
pcMcd  applloatloM  of  a  ooafianilrolr  light 
Ab  uliletA  nnactea  haTo  often 


bMH  llk«M<l  to  •  bar  of  Irm,  bui,  If 
lIltB**  bo  iu  qundan,  ttw  liinik  U  rary 
■tdo  of  iliR  tniih.  Intcnultiral  action — tho 
altcrtiutiro  |iull  and  thnut  o(  ilio  ro*er,  or 
of  Uic  laborer  umilnG  a  wlncb— b  what  llio 
mui>da  iUcta  and  tlie  bar  of  Iran  abhora, 
From  t<BU  made  aaroral  jrian  ago  hj  tfal 
oomnilitfoDOn,  die  dcdonloa  «*■  made  tfaai 
"  Iron  bar*  aearorlr  bear  Ilio  (dtamed  ap> 
plkaiioa  «f  on«  iMrd  tha  brtaklag  P%hi 
aliboot  iafBtjr,  baneo  tlia  ptndenoe  of  at. 
••;t  ittaklnf  bnma  Mpablo  of  bearing  tU 
UniM  th«  ptaiett  wtnghi  iliat  oould  bo  Ud 
npon  tliem."  UoadRdi  of  eilMlag  raihraj. 
briJgFB  H  biib  can7  twttrtj  Inint  a  daj' vltk 
p«rfeM  ufelj  would  Uaak  do«ii  ((Mkiiljr 
under  Iwenlj  traioi  aa  hour.  Althei|^ 
maoj  moT«  eipcrioMBla  are  nquired  bcdon 
unireraally  aratptaUo  rulM  oan  be  laU 
dDnv,  "  I  have  thoraoghlj  ooBvlDccd  npeU 
thai,  Khun  MrttMe  of  tarjfng  intMlUr  o». 
<iir,lt«MtoBa»doomp«aaJon  members  ibooU 
b«  uaaied  m  n  cWirttjr  dISemit  barfa." 

ftenr  i*pefU  of  B(r«4lt|.— Ur.  I'randa 
nation  ipokr.  In  tlio  Anikropologlcal  Soctloa 
of  the  Utttlih  Aatoclatlon,  from  hia  ro- 
PTBTchoa  Ib  fainltj'  hiiiork*  aad  recordi^  nn 
l^pca  and  tbctr  Inbtrluntv.  Ite  dl«cu«m|^^ 
llie  eondltloaa  of  the  lUiblUiT  and  fauiaa^f 
bllllj  of  l*pta-  and  utRed  Uie  otlileiwc  of  K^^ 
■impie  and  tamadriag  la*  go*ec«lng  Iba 
herrditaiy  tranaaiMion.  From  oiptiliiMnia 
he  bad  omit  aetei*!  froia  before  on  Ika 
produoe  of  tecda  «<  dtfcwM  bIk  b«t  4ha 
Mme  apetiaa^  H  appeared  Ifcal  tho  oAiprfi^ 
did  not  lend  to  twemble  Ibtir  parent  awd 
in  liie,  bM  <»  bo  ahra^  moio  noHottm 
thin  tbey — to  be  amalter  tban  ib«  parantt 
If  tha  parmu  «or«  taiiK^  to  bt  hiftr  tbu 
Die  parcnia  If  the  parenta  were  Tory  amall, 
tlie  apeeUl  aoblrct  of  thU  paper  <no  harod- 
liaiy  atalVMi.  where  a  darilar  law  aonMil  to 
prevail.  HI*  data  eonillMd  of  ibn  brigliia 
of  nine  huadrad  and  ibirty  ailah  eliHdraa 
*Dd  their  paienlagf^  two  hundred  and  ire 
In  namber.  The  diiU  (nbarUa  parUy  from 
hliparcaMipanlyfreMbUaDaaeiry.  Qpeak 
in;;  ^nerally,  the  furthn  111*  iniKaleKy  go« 
bock,  tbe  mora  nmnrrooi  and  tariad  «lll  Ua 
ancMtry  btooma,  nnUl  Ibt?  tn»ti  l«  difar 
f R«n  tnj  equally  namerovt  nmple  lakea 
liap4iaian)  from  tberws  al  tatite.  Thtdi 
DiMB  atalarr  «IU  iban  bo  tbe  anna  u  Ihal 


jforss. 


HS 


,  or  ncdlMnk  Th«  tnngn  n^t*- 
iIm  otttpriat  to  ■  oonaUD*  frMHtea 
'•I  dwlr  ald-pum*!  derklta^ *hliili  wm 
IM  obMmd  on  iIm  diaaxtan  o(  cMik, 
Md  llMi  vmirmtd  \tj  iib»w*Mi«M  ra  ba. 
■H  Waum,  la  po«  ilMwti  w  be  a  ]fvUttij 
iiMaiiiMi  la«,  «hleb  miglil  b>*e  bean  ila- 
taUval;  foraaaen.  Thic  !■>  laUi  haa*!!; 
i^kM  iJm  (all  beraUiw;  irauniMlaa  eit 
tar  nv<  ■'t'  raluabk  B^  aa  oaly  a  f«w  «< 
MBj  <UUmi  muld  NaMbIa  iMr  ni.1- 
(MUagk  TW  Marc  e»ot»tk*>l  ibe  gUt, 
ilM  Mora  oeoptknul  irill  be  lb«  feod  far- 
(Ha  of  iba  pannl  who  haa  a  aon  nbo 
igMl>,  aad  Mill  mora  1/  bo  baa  a  •«■  who 
a>«yw«a«  hIm.  Thiit  k«  ia  awa-handtd  i 
U  la«la*  ibe  Msa  %tmTf  pcaaeailoa-iai  on 
*a  ii  »iiaiii*iiliiii  af  badMM  m  ««U  aa  of  | 
[iiniliiiii  If  >l  diaeootagM  lb*  asUsTa- 
pM  «ipaot*Iian*  o(  KlAtd  paraat*  ibat 
iWt  aUUien  win  Inbcrit  al)  thtir  iKCuan, 
k  aa  l«a  Jwouatanate*  axtr«T»(;aat  [Mra 
Um  ibey  «BI  iakarit  all  tbair  wwhnawci 
•Ml  Jiiarrtt  The  Dvtnbar  of  iadtThluali 
la  a  popatlattM  >ba  dUlar  Ultla  fras  ina> 
Aoorflj  b  to  pnfendotmtit  tbtl  It  la  bmi« 
haqiMiMlj  ik*  Maa  Uut  aa  aiotfticnwl  maa 
k  tke  aowawbat  (iMpttaoal  aaa  otf  ralbcr 
— JliOT  panoiu  tbui  tfaa  aMtaga  aen  of 
Tti;  aufptlooal  pvtntk 


Utfarl;  aad  peaWtoly.  cnbcaoa*.  h  a 
plaaa  uaanarar,  of  ooune,  lo  Ibe  asia  o( 
tlM  laaeet  a  bodj,  an  are  o(  Martf  mm  baa. 
drad  aad  aighi;  dtfiacs. 


I. 


TWaa  af  (be  HaatT-Bae.— AaeonUns  (o 
Bar.  J.  U  ZAbrUkio'a  obMrrailona,  the 
lnBi7>b«a  aaaa  aa  Ikrwieib  tbc  owxla.  Th« 
aerfU  ara  iltaakd  en  ibe  top  of  tb«  baad, 
arraa|Bd  aa  fat  an  «)|«llatefal  Itiai^le,  k> 
Ibal  o<M  b  dhacMd  M  ib«  froai,  ooa  W  tba 
i%hl,  Btitl  ano  to  thv  left  "  Loac  bmwb- 
b^  halM  an  iba  ot«*B  of  the  bead  aland 
tUck,  Ilfce  a  adaiaiai*  forwl,  as  ibat  an 
•hII«  la  aaarerty  daataniUe  »im^i  from 
■  patllmilir  polM  o(  ria*  " ;  and  ilwo  tbe 
obaarrar  renUifca  aa  opanloK  thiw^  tha 
halia  a  daarwl  |Mtb«a)P,  t  M  w«««,  io 
(Mfc  a  Innat  aad  ndM  thai  ihc  ■«f11>m, 
leaUoB  Ubo  a  cliturtnfi:  i^ioba  half  Im- 
ntanail  In  ilic  nibalasca  of  Ibe  Wad,  IWn  at 
Ik*  iBMr  eibl  r4  Uio  patb.  Tbe  efiMiInK 
uaanictr  1  attb  iho  front  ocvIIm  rtpanda 
ftraanl  fram  ll  Ilka  a  fuattH  «llb  aa  anglo 
of  abaai  Uxim  Jrpiai.  TIm  tUc  oeallt 
t«rB  paiba  More  aamw,  boi  epantng  mora 
WtloaDTi  *o  that  tbo  two  lejj^tthar  oow- 
AoM  «W«b,  ihoufb  b«d|::<4  In  an- 


MOTES. 

Ob.  a  KxLUB,  ol  ZOikh,  elalmt  tbat  fpl> 
dera  parfortt  aa  ImpattaMpart  bi  tbapraa- 
crratlMi  ot  (ocaito  bj  dotedbw  tfaa  uaaa 
afixbMi  ibc  depfcdallana  a<  apUdia  and  la- 
accXa.  He  ba*  emniaed  a  graat  inanr  tpl- 
d«n,  both  bi  tbair  tttocrs  aad  \>y  facding 
ibam  ia  oaptliii;,  and  baa  fouad  lata  le  ba 
iraradou*  dMItajron  of  Umw  pa«U ;  aad  ha 
bdlorca  thai  tbe  tpMora  ta  a  panicular  for- 
eM  do  aum  effettlTa  work  of  ibU  kind  thaa 
■II  Die  liueeMaliiig  binia  ibal  bibaUt  IL 
II«  ha4  ToriOad  hia  liowa  hj  obMrraitsM 
Ml  conlttroua  lr«a<t  a  few  broad-ltaiad  uaol, 
aad  appta-tite*.  An  bsporuu  faaMre  of 
tha  •puan'  otwrnlen*  I*  that  ibajr  prrfer 
daric  a|iM«,and  Ibeivfore  wotkmiwt  Intba 
pIuM  wUd)  T«tnJB  noal  IntiMt,  but  wblab 
an  lilMfr  W  ba  paMod  bj  o(b«r  dtatroftng 
afeoia. 

m  Kcw  England  )Ioi<anilog<ea1  eoci> 
Hy  hat  bcaa  DMUng  a  apcdal  aindf  «t 
^undarktonn*.  A  atrlaa  of  tir«ulan  waa 
ptvpared  and  aaat  out,  aipUnlng  the  detaiU 
of  tha  VDtfc.  Sintnl  elaMM  of  obtonra- 
Unoa  wore  canicmplatcil.  On  the  0th  u( 
Jane  mora  than  two  buudrtil  uul  Qfij  ob- 
acrren  bad  ollarad  Ibctr  aarrlcoa. 

A  Woman'*  ABthropolo^Ml  t^odatj  rai 
oiB*niied  in  Waahington.  June  Mh.  wlib 
Un.  Colonel  JamteSuvcnroD  a>  Pnaldoni, 
lln.Romejrali'tcboockBcvardbwSeareur?, 
a«d  Hi**  S.  A.  Scall  Oomaiiondla):  Knrrc- 
la>T.  tIb«CloT«iimiiraaraquaatcdl«naato 
(be  «Bde>r,  and  did  aa. 

Tat  "BtillWin"  r^  the  Prench  On>- 
mplutal  Sodcly  gi'S"  eoTi*  cmlou*  dolnll* 
•bout  (he  nynem  of  ninnomtinti  ot  the  lo- 
diaiw  of  Ouiwia.  It  ia  bn-H  np<n\  tlin  Ut* 
tn^n  of  Ihu  lutm).  Thv  Indlsni  liaro 
namea  for  enlf  funr  numlwra,  correepanil 
bg  with  tbe  four  BtiRi.T" ;  ibcn,  when  llicj 
oomo  to  fln,  Ihrj  lay.  not  fl*«  finger*.  b<it 
"a  hand."  Si  1*  "a  liand  aad  Itm  An- 
ger "  1  term.  "  ■  hand  and  Homd  tngir  " ; 
Icn,  "  tw'i  hunilt "  :  AtlMO,  "  tline  banda  " ; 
tomtit,  iiol~  four  haoda,"  but  a  man.  Fram 
^  lbi>  ilicj  proctvd  br  iba  (retcinaf  twimtifli. 
I'orty  U  "  two  men " ;  furtjr-ali,  "  two  men, 
a  band,  and  acMod  finger." 

Tac  hnnuDing  of  tolefcrapli  and  tele- 
pboM  wire*,  IO  often  htard.  I*  i:PDera1l]r 
(«n*td«r*d  to  be  oauard  bjr  tb«  wind.  Ur. 
it.  W  McRrlda,  o(  Walerioo,  Indiana,  abo 
■perial);  awAed  iba  maitar  for  aeveral 
ftm  on  bia  prirala  mint,  «Ucfa  ba&  a 


«4* 


TBB  POPULAR  8CJENCS  MONTHLY. 


Mraee  ^tK  at  liumming,  y  Mtlifled  UmI 
Um  >bu(  U  not  th«  IKMI,  f«>  be  fmwd  Uw 
touad  mora  Ifkalf  u  btr  Wan)  o*i  ft  dtjr, 
eloar,  cool,  knd  talm  eieidi^;  thaa  ftl  ujr 
other  time.  Ue  is  kIh>  cDoiinued  that  ttie 
•oand  li  not  prodocrd  by  cicctriellyi  for  he 
oould  dauci  DO  (Igiu  of  th«l  ageat  abca 
thu  bunimiiiit  mx  Roing  do,  alilla  it  iIkk* 
irhaii  tlic  wiru  «•'  avlijaiill;  eh«r)[*d  thtr* 
nt<  iio  raund.    The  hiMDiuifl);  *m  momb- 

Cuticd  bj  k  nptd  Tibraiion  o(  the  nire. 
Ir.  Ucltrido  cooaidcn  tb«  q^wolio'l  ■  'ub- 
]oet  «f  laTOtilRatloa  which  tsa;  Itad  to  Lu- 
porbuit  dlto»t«ri««. 

I>B.  Cuii.  11.  Toa  Klkiv,  of  Dijton, 
Ohio,  vUiiiM  to  hin  dlH-urfivU  a  praesaa 
for  oavTertiDj  gaiba^  «nd  MwaM  matipr 
into  an  oAtniou  and  clean  fad.  lla  ttrtlii 
nAu^  to  diiletect  aod  deodortu  It,  viih 
aalt,  afactM  lime,  and  ■  little  nilrio  odd  to 
aUrt  Iho  (uinra;  tlira.  after elshl  dnyt,  with 
Ml-aoda.  The  ociin|io(1tioa  wit]  loUdifj  la 
K  few  dan,  i>b«n  il  b  p[««Md  Into  briuk* 
and  dried  (ill  It  ii  in  Bt  oondiUcm  W  be  usvd. 
It  pt«duoc*  a  bettor  Bane,  Ibe  faiTentar  mih, 
and  f«CaU»  mora  heat,  than  Alleriianjr  ociu, 
•ad  oMU  but  little  moi*  ihaa  half  w  much 
aa  the  tbeapeai  other  fuel  in  tb*  market. 

LuDnM  AJfT-CoLOXii.  Pu  Trill  obwrrvd, 
in  tha  UcOKraphlatl  Scciloa  of  the  IlHtlib 
AMociiiiiun.  iliAt  hUeiperlvncolaTunln  had 
pravnl  ia  thi;  mmt  fordble  muuier  thi>  Km- 
IKirtaucc  of  prcierrSns  forest*.  In  RoEoeiD 
time*  llic  ptuTlticc  of  AlVlna  and  the  tctrl- 
tiiijr  ol  i'aFtlia)t«  ««t«  th«  (|nnBi7  of  En- 
ntpo.  Ill  Khst  vaa  now  praetlokUya  dawrt, 
the  rnnaiiu  of  ma^flooil  Raman  farm* 
were 0Tci7i'1ierc found.  The tmallblU^ndw 
were  nmr  nothing  but  aaiid*.  Thia  wiu  en- 
tiNlf  dua  i«  the  deairuetlon  ol  the  fomn 
«tilh  which  the;  u**d  lo  b«  oorcrad  ;  for  the 
vi^tabU  anil  had  bora  vaahod  awajr  into 
the  rallqv,  and  there  It  wa»  now  to  b«  round 
boriod  beneath  WKDe  feel  of  Mnd  and  walAr. 
worn  pebblea. 

A  wmxa  la  on  foot  to  ealablbh  a  bolan- 
lo  |;ard«n  Is  HonlrraL  A  tract  n(  ■ctcniy- 
fi>«  aen*  of  Unci  near  the  boaa  of  tbo 
mounUin  i*  pmiuMd  h;  Um  dty,  and  anb- 
•eriptlon  are  wlldted  for  neaoa  19  fit  it 
np  and  lupply  oelleotioiu. 

Tbr  Ptvneh  Aaaodailoo  at  GtMoblewaa 
well  attended,  and  oxrited  much  btarmi 
among  the  people  of  the  dtj.  Tie  euUeU 
of  tlte  Inattgaral  addraN  of  PitMeot  V«t> 
ncril  wMMugtirta  IBM,  ■adlha  ndteM 
I*  aald  to  ha*e  ben  mneb  uon  ktleMrth^ 
llian  the  «ubi«i.t  prombod. 


OBITIJABT  NOTES. 

Pumnm  J.  J.  A.  Woa**^^  llie  eral- 
nent  Danaih  aKta»olaglM,diBd  luMwIy  An- 
gm  ISib.    Ub  wai  bora  la  IS3I.    Rb  wm 


tauyeeWr  otct  aothtnariaB  moniuowti 
l>  Dnuaarii  what  |wc«ii]N4i|[ht  yean  " 
llaTlag  labend  for  rnaoy  ^«n  with  1 
fcaaor  nooucn,  *ba  lirsl  (tdabliBbrd  the 
dlilikta  «d  the  rlone.  irun,  and  bronze  ngrr. 
In  anan^ng  Ibe  UiueuM  of  MoftWni  A%- 
lh|iiltlMk  be  ootMfaued  Ibe  woth  atler  Ua 
deatli  In  ladfi,  a«d  bM«c|hl  Iha  Biuteum  m 
it*  proMoi  tut*  at  perfcctka  and  rtibntw 
in  iieaiure.  He  wu  llbiial«rof  Wortblp 
sod  Pnblic  Ittitnictka  ia  IB74-'Tn.  He 
wDi  tbo  author  of  aciicral  worki  on  the  an- 
liqulika  aikd  call;  hlaloKj  of  Dcnniatit,  a*d 
on  Ibe  wnqoitata  acblev«d  by  On  Xorib- 
tnra. 

Uk.  ^(luak  Jorn  TnoMi^  fonotHy 
tdtUir  «t  'Kotw  and  Ijucriw,"  dtol  Awfun 
lath,  in  U(  aiglily-ftniDd  year,  flia  worfc 
<•  u  partly  lltnarr,  boi  teaisl;  in  the  tia*  t4 
acitli|iiahaD  rm-nrsh.  Aa  cdilur  o(  "  NotM 
anii  ;jiirilo>  "  he  bad  often  to  deal  willi  »ci- 
cntific  tnait^ra;  and  be  «w  a  tjgorau*  kmi- 
tcaluil  of  tlio  cUma  of  all  pcnooa  «b» 
auuiDcd  to  be  NMonaiiana,  InidllliK  that 
no  onn  bad  em  fivtd  to  ht  Ben  ^a  a 
buodrad  yean  old. 

CoHKimaiTT    Umt   BntnT.    of    the 

Fteneh  marine,  who  died  at  AtfMiMll  «• 
the  UTtli  of  AvgiiK,  was  a  meteuroleelBl,  and 
author  of  a  lerie*  of  meteorologlati  chatty 
fur  which  be  rc«clT(d  gold  inodftla  at  the 
>UpD(iluni  of  1 8TA  and  Irtmi  lb*  0«ognpU> 
nl  CongreM  ol  Dumn  He  oeaitribMed  **!■ 
unble  paptn  on  hii  farortte  acitnee  to  It* 
hm  t«D  yaan'  rctumo  of  the  Joanal  "  ),• 
Nature"  and  to  Ihe  "  Rente  SdMtHiqaek" 
and  wna  aulher  of  a  soinber  of  moncgitfta 
on  aDbJoeta  of  iaitlMco(a|T. 

Pnup  La>roLD  Hums,  Uildmnlil 
and  maNolt^M*,  died  hi  Stuttgart,  Hanb 
?tb,  aged  aerenty  yaara.  Ho  waa  ib«  nuibor 
of  ui  lUntimtcd  "Katonl  Hltton  nf  Ani- 
mal","  wbleh  waa  publUbtd  in  Iiei[«io  fai 
less-'M ;  and  of  a  work  on  tbe  prub  of 
natural  hittory,  relatlaK  lo  tasidensy,  der- 
moplaftlco,  and  moMMOgy,  U  this*  vet- 
umi*. 

Da.  JoH>«xM  Arotm  Ctmimkii  ROivn, 
ProfoHor  of  Botany  U  Rottocfc,  dM 
Jiufb  iTth,  aged  clghty-foiir  yean, 
wiu  author  of  paper*  and  woika  tm  Ihi 
aputget  of  Gennany  and  PMrnonl^  the 
BUM  at  plaMa,  the  Boi<«n  and  •fflailil«ef 
ilw  JfaUmdNM*,  Uie  gnMM.  aad  tb*  fcm 
of  Mrakleoburc,  and  Ibe  Darwlntan  1b*aiT, 
and  ttvMlaiad  Ue  Otadolle'*  ~PtaQi.]1tjal- 
otogy." 

Db.  Kaw.  Juoa  Zormn,  Profeaaorer 
OMCnpby  In  the  Dnlrefidly  el  KIMp- 
bm,  <&ed  a  few  nueiht  afo.  He  m*  bvn 
hi  less.  Bit  priMtpal  werii  la  g«as»| 
wat  iho  redutdoB  ol  ih«  bofcmtAiH  < 
todMMamreaienU  of  irankca. 


H 

nm^ 


:OR 


ifcyt 


THE 

POPULAR    SCIENCE 
MONTHLY. 


SSCEHBSB,  1885. 


THE  SCIENTIFIC  STUDY  OF  REUGIONS. 

Bi  TKi  Coim  GOBLET  S'ALTIELLA, 
noraBOK  a»  m>  hibtost  or  Bxuoion  n  ini  innviaaTT  or  aaniua. 

r!E  general  history  of  religiooa  is  tattght,  if  I  am  not  raistafeei), 
only  in  Lt^yden,  \'a.m,  Tobingpn,  nnd  Gviii'va.  In  giving  a  place 
t>  lUa  Dew  br&Dcb,  the  TTni^'rrvitr  of  BruwiclK  lias  again  sfaown  tta 
UAy  to  the  liberal  vpirit  tliat  actuated  itn  foimden.  Imporfoctly 
^oSfed  as  I  am  to  give  direction  to  studins  on  this  subject,  I  am  «n- 
Wjinol  to  nndnrtake  it  by  the  thonght  that  to  t«Ach  the  history  of 
Tifitiiaii,  it  w  unt  neoeaaary  to  be  acquainted  with  all  the  langaagos  of 
iQ  lb*  p«OfiI«a  who  have  professed  llicm.  1  am  far  from  depreciating 
1  IcDinrlcdge,  and  rcsdily  rvcogDixv  iltat  thv  fonndcrs  of  the  sciimce 
[fifi||^aB4  have  nearly  all  been  trained  in  sjwcial  staclics  of  this  very 
Bat  all  thu  branchea  of  the  ancient  liivraiiires,  tbrongh  the  dis- 
^■•^■ries  of  tbosc  who  have  so  laboriously  delvc-d  in  tlicni,  now  offer 
rc*alta  sufficiently  certain  and  well  devolopfd  to  enable  oi^ 
Bt  doing  over  the  work  of  the  specialists,  to  attempt  the  syntbe- 
t «( thnr  conclustooa,  and  relate  the  historj-  of  religions  as  we  do  the 
'  of  art^  aclcncea,  Ungtiages,  or  peoples. 
Dwoefonh  the  sdenoe  of  rcligimis  will  be  chiefly  a  (]ae8tion  of 
and  aaatroilation.  As  ProfeitMr  Tielo  statvd  in  1877,  for  the 
^hm^iki  Daliylonian  religion :  "The  hintoriaa,  the  ethnologist,  and  the 
Kkalar,  who  devote  tbemselTes  to  the  science  of  comparative  roltgions, 
brt  mdti  their  several  taska.  The  domain  they  occupy  can  no  more 
bsdiipQled  aa  against  them  than  tboy  can  encroach  upon  that  of  the 
^fgra|ifcHt  and  the  philologiRt" 

It  mi^t  be  asked  why,  if  it  is  so  ca^  to  get  potitivo  information 
IB  the  natorc  of  the  different  religiona,  it  is  not  more  widely  diffused. 


i 


1+6 


TBS  POPULAR  SCIEXCS  MOXTBLY. 


It  tfl  principally  because,  uide  from  a  few  fugitive  notiona,  often  fiaUn 
obsolete,  on  tlie  mythology  uf  Greek  an<l  Latin  antiquity,  the  history 
of  religious  is  wholly  unprovicted  for  in  oor  oourseti  of  instmcUon ; 
wsAy  Hccoii<I)y,  b«cAURe  tliero  provatts  a  idms  of  prujudiccs  tending  to 
rttMtrict  the  application  of  wieiitifio  motbods  to  tbis  Mady. 

Among  these  prejur]iec«  tliere  are  some  wbicb  are  always  found, 
although  in  a  lees  degree,  in  all  the  anbdivisions  of  biatorical  anicBCO, 
while  others  are  peoiitiar  to  tbis  particular  branch.  Sonfl  of  tbeia' 
tend  to  binder  even  the  exi^tem-e  of  hierograplty,  while  othen  eiuiply 
falsify  its  applleutioDK  or  vitiate  it«  conclasioDS.  My  objert  is  to  point 
out  the  most  formidable  of  tlieiie  pr«po«MMionR  by  exhibiting,  throngh 
a  few  examples,  the  misLakea  Into  which  they  may  cauM  eren  tbo  bott- 
intenlioued  persons  to  fall. 

AVc  will  begin  with  examining  eome  prejudices  that  arc  connected 
with  tlie  very  object  of  our  trtudy— the  religious  and  the  anti-religiouj 
prejudice.  It  sbould  b«  understood  tlint  when  1  uite  the  word  prcja- 
dice  in  tbis  oonneotion,  1  employ  it  in  its  etymological  sense  of  a  judg- 
ment fixed  in  advanoe,  and  not  in  the  ordinary  aenee  of  something 
offensive.     Our  purpose  is  to  study  religions,  not  to  insolt  tlicm. 

Max  Muller  has  written  that  there  bare  existed  two  oyiitenis  broad 
enongb  to  tolerate  a  biittory  of  religions — primitive  Buddhlnn  and 
Cltristianity.  He  doubtleHs  meant  rhri^lianity  as  he  professes  it,  amt' 
as  be  saw  it  professed  around  liint — the  Clirixtianity  of  Stanley  and  Co- 
lenso,  of  Maurice  and  Marlincau,  of  Kuenen  and  llele,  of  Reville  and 
LonormanL  He  does  not  hesitate  to  recognize  with  what  facility  one 
may  b«  ted  away  from  tbo  historical  method  by  belief  in  the  poowt- 
sion  of  a  Aupomatural  revelation,  wlien  this  revelation  in  formulated  by 
the  agency  of  a  man  of  reputed  infallibility,  of  a  church  ancmbled  in 
council,  or  of  a  book  finished  and  closed  forever :  when  it  pretends  to 
trace  around  its  affirmations  a  circle  impenetrable  to  free  cxaniinntion 
it  b  wanting  in  the  most  essential  conditions  for  passing  wriouB  cri 
oism.  When  the  believer's  right  to  Interpret  the  sacred  booka  ts 
knowledged,  a  place  is  left  open  for  exegesis,  but  that  exegesis  sllll 
remains  the  slave  of  particular  texts  or  dogmas  that  limit  and  coa- 
•cqnently  trammel  it.  | 

Let  as  take  a  single  story  from  tlic  Bible— that  of  Jonah,  and  citJ 
amine  the  different  acceptations  it  lia«  received.  We  eould  bardly  fiod 
a  rit-her  stock  of  interprcttations  vitiated  by  what  I  call  tbo  •■■" 
prejudice.  According  to  the  rationalist  mode  of  int«rpretaii 
flourielied  in  Oemany  at  the  beginning  of  this  ccntnry,  Jonah  was  aa 
envoy  from  Israel  to  Kinevch,  who  wa*  ptcke<l  np  after  having  been 
ebipwrccked,  three  days  from  the  nhore,  by  a  ship  carrj'ing  Ihe  imago 
of  a  whale  aa  lu  (ignre-hoad.  Another  interpretation  Is  that  of  Grimm, 
that  the  whole  hlMorj-  passed  off  in  a  dream.  This  is  to  aavc  tlio  leltcr,i 
but  at  the  expense  of  the  spirit.  The  important  matter  tn  the  erittnal, 
stndy  of  a  text  is  to  Bnd  what  its  authors  intended  to  pat  tn  it,  iwl' 


I 


.on.a| 


TUE  SCISA'TIF/C  STUDY   OF  RELIQIONS.        \^^ 


\ 


not  wlut  U  ought  to  CM>nlain  in  oHvr  to  conform  to  our  iMeiu  of  troth 
orof  Juxtice^  "There  have  been  ami  mill  arp,"  said  l>tAXx  Stanley, 
tel&tive  to  these  poiote,  in  hU  fnncrsl  adilrvM  on  Sir  Charles  Lycl) 
It  Westminster  Abbey,  "  two  methtxlB  of  interpretation  which  have 
wholly  and  justly  failed  :  the  ono  that  attempts  to  diKtort  the  real 
Hose  of  the  wonla  of  tJii^  Bible,  to  mnko  them  &peak  the  language  of 
idnice ;  and  lb«  one  which  tr{«  to  falsify  science,  in  order  to  satisfy 
ite  mippoMd  exigencies  of  the  Bible."  * 

We  pus  next  to  the  fiymbolio  Jnterpretalion.  Tlicnt  is  nothing  to 
prerent  our  aeelDg  in  Jonah  the  symbol  of  the  soul,  and  in  the  whale 
that  of  death  or  the  tomb,  k>  that  we  might  reduce  it  all  to  an  alle- 
gorical representation  of  man's  immortality,  such  as  we  see  among  the 
noanmenta  of  the  Catacombs^  Or,  we  might  imagine,  with  Professor 
Bttmaii  ron  der  Uardt,  that  the  veuel  in  the  storm  is  a  figure  of  the 
J««isb  state,  its  captain  of  the  bigh-priest  Zadok,  and  Jonah  of  King 
Uaaaaseh,  taken  prisoner  by  Uic  Babylonians,  f  I  am  far  from  despis- 
ing the  ralae  of  this  method  of  rceonciliog  faith  with  reason,  and  I 
hn  not  the  courage  to  blame  those  who  seek  thus  to  savo  tliu  inivg- 
otT  of  their  beliefs.  But  if  symbolism  permits  tlie  accommodation  of 
nHgjooa  tradition  with  the  progress  that  has  been  made  in  most  of  the 
loeiieM,  one  branch  of  knowledge  most  be  excepted  from  the  mle, 
ml  that  is  history,  whoso  million  is  to  asoortain,  not  if  the  old  bottlce 
*i3  bold  now  wine,  but  what  was  put  into  them  in  the  first  ptacek 

Horo  is,  however,  one  means  of  reconeiling  independence  in  oritj- 
an  with  belief  in  the  divinely  inspired  character  of  a  storj-.  It  oon- 
Ati  in  limiting  the  inspiration  to  the  philoMphtcal  and  moral  truths 
beMed  in  the  text,  and  letting  the  rest  go.  Tims,  what  in  the  book 
of  Joi^  may  be  of  divine  origin  arc  the  exalted  IcKSons  to  U;  drawn 
from  It  rratfiecting  the  prophetic  mission  of  Israel,  on  the  efficacy  of  re* 
yaHMMv  for  the  forgiveness  of  sins,  and  on  the  equality  of  Jews  and 
OcDtilea  before  God.  And  there  is  nothing  to  prevent  our  seeing  in 
tilt  iikcident  of  the  whale  and  the  other  fabnlous  details  of  a  narrative 
which  M.  Edonard  Reuas  calls  a  moral  story,  a  simple  invention  to 
give  more  force  and  color  to  the  religious  and  moral  tcMons,  or  per- 
hapa  s  reminiscence  of  the  mythical  adventure  attributed  by  the  ctind- 
fon  texU  to  Bel  Slerodach^  and  which  is  found  besides  in  tlio  solar 
ByUwIogiea  of  the  Greeks,  the  Polynesians,  the  Algonqnins,  and  the 
Caffm,  and  in  the  oldest  version  of  "  Little  Red  Riding  Hood.'*  In- 
stead of  losing  by  this,  the  book  of  Jonah  becomes,  as  M.  Enenen 

*ne  ill  filii  I  of  lbs  BAIs  biN  aM  bwn  the  oolj  odv*  to  vcDtur*  Is  ihiii  waf. 
V.  Jul*  So«rT,  In  his  dirira  to  n>»k<>  tl]»  <7ltiidr.'ra  tqau«  will)  th*  iluclrtnc 
S<  nvhtiiga,  oao*  ssssrud  ike  eatirs  oettforeilcy  ot  tbp  Clialdcan  onslton  BTth*  vflh 
Dv^in's  ikeeries  cf  ifc«  ori^  and  tn&iformsttoD  of  tpeoie*.  ("  r«  Temp*,"  isili  sad 
t3d  Kwnnfaar.  ISn.) 

I  8e*  Ifce  "Bask  «f  lbs  Tvelie  Itioor  Ftoplwis,"  bjr  E.  II«i»lerMin,  London,  IMS, 

\  PwJfOf  Sijw,  "Clsldtan  Gcnesb,"  *o1.  in. 


148 


TUB  POPULAR  SCIENCE  MONTHLY. 


Jew-^ 


^cnulT1(^  Oie  book  of  tbo  Old  Teetament  farthest  removed  from 
isli  particnlurism,  and  muet  ncurlf  approachiitjf  to  diruliui  Catho* 
Ucity ;  aint  tli'iH  iihouli]  b«  amplo  oompcDBation  for  the  ttocrilioit  of  its 
nuracalouH  and  »iipi^rttntunl  port.  M.  Francis  Lcnormaot  lias  applied 
the  aamo  mothod  in  hU  studiva  on  t]>u  "  Origins  of  Iliatorj  according 
to  tho  Blblo  and  the  Traditions  of  the  Oriental  PoopU'H."  "  I  do  ti<.i 
nKogniw,"  be  irnt«a,  "  a  Chriilian  scicnoo  and  a  free ihinl: lag  tto[fiii>'  \ 
I  admit  only  one  Bcienl^e,  the  one  that  has  do  nc«d  of  any  other  e]>ithc-t, 
which  lays  aside  theological  qaestiomi  as  foreign  to  its  domain,  and  of 
which  all  Beckers  In  good  faith  are  the  serv'itom,  wlutt«TCir  may  bo  tlicir 
religious  eonvictiooa.  Tliat  in  the  scien^-e  to  which  I  have  couHecnml 
my  life ;  and  I  bolievo  it  would  be  a  riolalion  of  a  holy  duty  of  coo- 
•denco  if,  influenced  by  ft  prcoecupation  of  motlier  kind,  howcTur 
worthy  of  respect,  I  sliould  hesitate  to  speak  einoerely  and  without 
ambiguity  the  truth  as  I  discern  it." 

It  is  Devertbeleas  tme  that  hitherto  orthtHloxios  have  hardly  shown 
thonwtves  disposed  to  understand  thv  righia  of  scivooc  in  tlits  way. 

If  religions  prejudice  opposed  itMilf  to  the  seienlifio  study  of  one'* 
own  religion,  can  it  also  interpose  an  obstacle  to  tlie  knowledge  of 
strange  religions?  At  Brat  thought  we  might  be  tempted  lo  snswer 
in  the  negative.  IIow  can  any  opinions,  eron  thoso  which  we  hold  m 
absolute  tniUi,  prevent  ns  from  observing,  olassifying,  and  dmcrililaM 
the  belief)),  or,  If  you  prefer,  tbc  errorrt  uf  another?  fl 

It  18  ft  fact  ttiftl,  if  wo  smmge  nil  religious  opinions  in  two  cmtM 
gorioi — that  of  our  own,  which  we  Iwlleve  came  down  ready-ma^l 
from  heaveti,  and  that  of  the  religious  of  othen,  which  we  declwM 
indiscrimiaately  to  b«  the  results  of  perrersions — wo  becoimi  umo^M 
of  grutpLng  tbo  real  natnro  of  the  nligiotts  Bentimcnt,  and  c9H 
qncDtly  of  its  different  niantfc«tation8.  With  lfa«  Inniona,  who  pofl 
sonify  tlietr  supreme  being  in  the  great  Abura,  tlio  tliwiu  i  '  "fl 
the  agents  of  the  bad  principles.     To  the  Bmfamuui,  who  aii  ^  J 

devas,  tbo  oMrat  were  tbo  adveraaries  of  goda  and  men.  To  tbn 
btslorian  of  religions,  asuraa  and  deras  are  analogous  conceptionu 
which  a  priori  Ito  connects  with  the  nonnal  development  of  ihd 
buman  mind,  and  a  jpoeteriort  shows  to  hiive  brvn  di-rivi-*!  fnnd 
the  same  religious  center,  anterior  to  the  separation  of  the  IVrKlaaH 
and  the  Indians,  and  to  the  orgauiication  of  dualism  in  the  Aiyod 
theologies.  I 

How  shall  wo  prcccn-e  tlio  oven  mind  and  the  freedom  of  approJ 
elation  CM^ential  to  all  impartiiil  nnalysis  of  fon'ign  idtiu  and  vuaioiad 
if  we  imagine,  like  some  of  the  fatlient,  thai  they  arc  the  work  of  thfl 
OTil-one?  The  Christiana  of  the  first  centuries  bad  no  doubt  of  ihM 
real  exiitoncc  of  the  pagan  divinities,  but  thoy  regarded  th^rn  as  uHH 
apirits  who  tind  turned  the  worship  of  men  from  llto  only  God  hy  M 
caricature  of  tlie  true  religion.  Such  i*  likuwiae  the  recent  eKpIanafl 
ti<M)  given  by  Father  Ituo  of  the  curious  rcaemblancos  wbloli  he  dtM 


OF  RELtt 


»49 


\ 


etsm^  bctvpcn  the  rites  of  Bni)dlii«t  wontbip  ftnd  Momc  of  tlie  prao- 
OMS  of  Rommn  Cftlholiowm. 

It  vool'l  b«  onjiut  to  award  to  Christendom  tlie  monopoly  of 
JBtoleTaaoct.  Tbe  Kmir  Ilakem  bad  colIe<-tt?<l  at  Cordova  a  isjeat  uuin- 
bar  of  books  wMch  bad  been  found  m  the  Eu»t  among  tho  ruins  of 
IH^iiiiiiiii  The  nsarpcr  A]<Maiuour  bod  tfavro  torn  up  and  borncd. 
line  which  escaped  tbU  reaction  of  TilasBalnun  fanaticisin  perished, 
tbt«  cvnturiM  laU:r,  with  eighty  tboouuid  nuutascripU  that  Rooiao 
Citbolifi  fanaticUm  caused  to  be  thrown  into  the  flBmoa  of  Orauada, 
after  th«  expoluon  of  the  Moors.*  Even  thu  Protestant*  aro  not  free 
inn  reproach  in  this  matter.  Sir  George  Uaekenme  relates,  in  hi* 
'IVaTds  in  Iceland,"  thit  the  Lutheran  elergy  used  all  ita  power  to 
prtTcnt  the  firrt  publicatiou  of  the  "  Kddaa^"  tbe  ancient  epioa  of 
SemiinaTtan  mythtdogy. 

Greeks  and  Trojans  were  not  more  bitter  in  tbeir  disputes  over  tbe 
be^  of  Patroclns  than  Protestants  and  ('atholics  in  wresting  honestly 
the  texts  of  tbo  fathers  and  the  monnmeDlH  of  the  Catacombs  to 
dtdwe  from  them  the  jmiificntioa  of  ihc-ir  rmpcctivo  ricws  on  the 
fMittona  io  controversy  between  them.  AVhat  should  we  expect, 
then,  wben  the  ijueetion  U  one  of  giving  to  a  rival  enit  the  place 
itieb  legitimately  belongs  to  it  in  the  development  of  man  ?  Bishop 
Bart  woald  fiod  bat  few  imitators  in  this  ago  of  his  efforts  to  d>»- 
oerer  Moses  in  the  pcntons  of  Zoroaster,  Orpheus,  Apollo,  Vulcan, 
Fmdos,  Thoth,  Adonix,  and  Taa)muz.t  But  even  thu  best-informed 
■d  most  sinoero  apologists  allow  themselves  to  caaggersto  the  an- 
tifthy  of  the  Hebrew  traditions  while  looking  for  the  source  or  the 
iffiations  of  tbe  biblical  stories. 

Thus,  we  bad  long  known,  from  fragments  of  ancient  authors,  that 
■be Babylonians  had  acyclcof  legends  presenting  some  analogies  witli 
tbe  traditions  of  Oennis.  Tliey  wens  generally  believed  to  lie  an 
■Stration  or  a  vagne  echo  of  the  ^losaie  account.  But  in  1873  JUr. 
Qe«rg«  Smith  deciphered  from  a  Kinevite  tablet  an  account  of  the 
Mige,  which  was  singnlarly  like  the  Ilebrew  version  in  the  details  of 
tbe  composition,  the  conm)  of  tbe  narration,  and  the  Htylo.  The  |>ri- 
ority  of  this  documeDl  to  tJic  finit  book  of  the  Bible  sci-tnH  establisbcd 
ia  tTidcDcc.  Lcnormant  declares  that  it  uiutit  have  Tteen  composed 
Kml  cenliiriea  before  Moses.  The  Itabj'lonian  version  illustrates 
ibeoriginal  aigntfication  of  the  tradition,  by  showing  it  to  bo  a  mytb 
af  a  great  storm  or  of  the  rainy  season  ;  while,  in  the  Mosaio  TeraoD* 
the  nstnraltsUc  character  almost  disappear:*  under  the  more  elevated 
■ottrpretalion,  conceived  from  the  moral  and  monotheistic  |K>int  of 
new.  We,  therefore,  seem  anthorized  to  conclude  that,  if  the  story  in 
QeDCfliji  is  tMt  derived  directly  from  the  Chaldean  tradition,  the  latter 

*bwst  Bnm,  "ATiriTOit  tl  rATCrroliDn,"  pp.  4,  SO. 

\  Bu  «e  haT«  rMMilj  stsi^-pw^ably  bt  inj  ot  ropriut— U.  JsaoUiot  flniUiig  in 
Ibci^M  «cl]  M  la  H«w  sad  Hlnos,  iLc  Uaua  ot  Imfit. 


ISO 


TBE  POPVIAB  SClBNCe  MOXTHLY. 


0 ; 


UAverllielcBa  represtroU  a  vcmioo  much  nosrer  to  tho  oommon  »oaroe. 
Yel  the  oontnuy  Qi>iatoD  prcvaik  smoDg  the  majority  of  orlliodox 
studonta,  Iwcauso  tlicy  tak«  lu  tlifir  point  of  depulure  Ui«  OMoaaary 
Uifallibility  an<l  priority  of  Gcncoiii. 

Somotimtia  llio  pri'judicv  i»  Tnuikly  arowi-d.     In  January,  IS90, 
tbu  Abbu  dt>  UrogLie  l>cg»n  at  tlio  Catltolio  Iiulitutc  of  Taris  a  cottrsv 
un  tliu  history  of  non-Cliristiaii  reltgioos,  luid  tlio  "I'olybiblion"  of 
the  next  montli  gavo  the  foUowiug  Hmntoary  of  hit  opraiog  IcCtore  : 
"  H«  propOMM  to  slww  from  thv  bintory  of  tin-  mo«it  widely  i)pr«a< 
fftlM  calu  that  tboy  aro  not  to  bu  c-omparvJ  willi  CbrtHtiaiiity,  an 
coniiug  <lovrn  from  guneraltticH  to  a  moru  upeoiiil  Mudy,  bo  trill  muk 
a  brilUaiit  demooatration  of  the  superiority  of  our  ri-Iigion."    lliis 
is  not  history,  but  apologetics.* 

\Vq  v^ry  frequently  meet  nHtU  su  invcne  kind  of  apologotie* 
among  tlie  advcraaricti  of  religious  ideas,  tii  fact,  the  anli-rciligioin 
pngudicr,  which  n;Kl«,liko  tlic religious  prvjudice,  on  6ii  exo-lwiive  viow 
of  ibiuga,  is  a  direct  nuault  of  dugiiiatlo  intolcranoe.  If  one  \*  in  the 
babli  of  regarding  the  ideas  of  others  aa  a  heap  of  enperstitiona  and 
unposturea,  it  is  eaay  to  conceive  that,  when  he  loses  faith  in  the  sa- 
pvmstaral  origin  of  beliefs,  he  will  confonod  all  Um  rvligions  of  tbo 
CRTib  aud  the  religious  sentiment  itself  id  a  contempt  that  will  hence- 
forth rcoognUo  do  exueptioa. 

Some  tliink  lliat  to  oouupy  thomsdvi'H  with  rvligiocx  >«  to  wut«^ 
time ;  aa  if  religious  qneRtioos  did  Dot  figuro  among  tbo  vital  quoslioD^^ 
of  oar  epoch.     "When  I  published  the  trjuislation  of  the  'Life  of    'i 
Jems,*  by  Strauss,"  writes  Liilrfi,)  "  the  objection  was  made,  from  the  ^ 
]>oint  of  view  of  the  frectbinkor  itnd  revijutionist,  that  I  woh  nndi-i 
taking  a  wholly  u>cl«s  work,  aad  one  that  w:ut  out  of  date,  and  tli: 
the  eighteenth  century  bad  pcrfonoed,  bultvr  titan  all  the  Sirausses 
the  world,  all  the  work  of  demolition  that  was  needed.     Yes,  the  neg- 
ative work,  bat  not  the  positive  work.     And  this  is  no  subtile  dia- 
tinction  that  stops  short  of  going  to  the  bottom  of  things.     L«t  us 
ooDsidor  the  aborrations  that  haunted  the  mind  of  thti  vighloi-ntb 
OMitury  OD  tlio  subject  of  religiooa.    It  was  irapostiblc  for  it  to  cnm^ 
prebend  anytliing  of  tlii-ir  origin,  of  the  part  they  pluyod,  or  of  tbt^i: 
life.    They  wero,  according  to  acme,  invi^ntionit  of  crafty  men  whc 
worked  upon  popular  credulity  and  thereby  gained  power  and  wmltb. 
Aooordtng  to  others,  nothing  could  be  seen  in  ibem  but  pcriuda  of 
]giion»u»  aod  Mperstitiao  which  it  was  impoaaiblo  sufficiently  to  dv^y 

*TbeabMMcnu  tA  han  ncoKiibsd  tUt  UmMtT,  for  si  Ibebe^iailnccf  his  Uibj^ 
;«ar(t8ei-'83)<nithc«Ul<U>i7oraio  RoUgknu  •>(  ImIIk,"  ho  ebuigod  ibc  Ikk  at  Ilk 
tMtarte  to  "  OnufM  of  Ctubtlan  Apologeiloc"  Wb*l,  now,  bMomw  o(  Uin  eoapOiiMM 
addf wea  t7  tht  "Pslyblbllon"  lo  ibcCWboUo&iilltuteof  Fmm  forliairuBg  luu^vslol 
•  OMtfMoa''OMDfarMlNlt«B(laii''btdo(«Uuf(M«,  wtlli  Uio  nwaniM  of  (Iw  tiadgM  M 
lu  a«pw>1,  ori^lwd  OM  ■!  Ifc«  ColUfft  do  Prum  t  ^ 

tSeeihoNtkv'*UFtilla*ei>1deI\Mltln,"rta.uU,p.tM.  ^^H 


the  J 

liafl 
liitf 

«■ 
ia- 
ns 

h^ 


■  TBE  SCIKXTIFW  STUDY  OF  REUGSOXS.        iji 

p  ifJM  or  lamfitit.  According  to  oUicn,  again,  somfl  favor  might  b« 
gitnUul  La  Jnplter  and  Olymjms,  for  wl>om  mignilicent  (emples  and 
Ifuauliful  sintuea  had  be«n  onvtivl ;  but  tliu  flood  of  liiHlorical  indigoa- 
tiun  miut  l>«  turned  upon  tlit*  alianiG  of  xhamea,  of  CfariKtioDity  and  ' 

I  the  middle  agM.  Such  al>cmltofia,  with  ail  tUcir  variati»Dii,  fonn  a 
TWt  outwork  of  pr«jadic«s  which  is  not  f«t  broken  up  and  which  still 

thoMs  bound  in  ita  toils  the  whole  radical  parly  of  Praooo." 
Somv  tnlnda,  fltruok  1>y  ttiu  ilU  which  ri'ligiorui  liavo  ongoDdered,  . 
no  willing  to  admit  the  utility  aiid  even  tfao  ncceseity  of  hicrograpb; ; 
but  they  do  not  pn-tend  to  look  for  anything  in  tho  «oienoe  bat  argu- 
neata,  or  weapon*,  with  wbieb  to  oontest  tho  Tarioua  forms  of  belief 
around  tbem. 
la  tberti  any  n^ixl  of  explaining  that  ench  can  not  bo  tbo  purpoae  of 
tbii  ouanm?    In  paying  that  I  will  try  to  treat  rellgion«  by  the  pro- 
oeMM  of  oeirooc,  I  am  by  implication  engagvd  to  make  neither  aa  anti- 
rdlg^ooa  polemic  nor  a  rvligiona  propaganda.    Paniea  and  sects  art- 
tX  Hberty  to  draw  all  tho  oonola^ons  they  please  from  tcivncc ;  but 
adenee  ^oald  norn  Moop  to  be  their  instmtnent  or  sign. 

\Vl)eti,  in  1870,  the  French  Senate  digcnssed  tbo  scbemo  for  Intro- 

daolng  the  history  of  religions  into  tho  CulKigo  do  PratM^c,  Edouard 

ll«  Lalionlaye  became  the  spokesman  of  a  projndint  (hat  diapaies  even 

the  poaeibility  of  ninng  hlatorlcal  methods  in  the  atndy  of  any  relig- 

kn,  saying  :  *'  When  you  believe  it  b  true,  everything  n41l  seem  natural 

Hto  yuo.     When  you  believe  It  is  falac,  everything  will  seem  absurd. 

H  How  aro  yoa  going  to  find  a  way  of  teiaching  impartially  ?  " 

H       Hunry  Martin  replied  :  "  I  do  not  say  that  the  comparative  history 

^f>f  religions  will  be  to  the  profit  of  intolerant  religions  ideas  that  pn>- 

n     Mribe  one  another  as  thoy  proacrilw  irroIigioiM  ideas  ;  bnt  It  will  mrety 

Hl>e  to  the  profit  of  the  idva  of  that  iiniTcrsa]  religion  which  lies  at  the 

^^^Mtom  of  all  religions,  and  is  iheir  eajwnce:." 

^Hn  wilt  go  further,  uid  say  that  the  historian  of  religions  need  not 
^^o»  ■*  the  trunble  of  asking  whether  the  object  of  the  r<'ligioH9i  scnti- 
HMnt  ia  real  or  not,  or,  tn  other  wo^Il^  whether  the  Iwlicf  iu  the  exist' 
floc«  of  the  Deity  is  well-foandcd  or  illnvory. 

I  would  alto  atld  that,  to  write  the  hiiitory  of  religions,  it  wocud  be 
naoeesary  to  put  one's  self  at  the  postiivist  point  of  view,  provided  this 
pfaraao  ia  not  taken  to  signify  a  foriDal  adhesion  to  tl>o  philosophical  sys- 
t«Bi  of  Augoate  Comto,  who  also  has  come  to  hierography  with  a  pre- 
ooneeived  theory.  Here,  again,  I  entit  n\wa  a  new  order  of  prejudice,  tlie 
phOofOphietil  prirfurUa;  or  that  which  involves  finding  in  the  facta  tli« 
ooflflrmation  of  a  doctrine  delermined  njKin  in  advance.  Orthodox  pom-  - 
H  tivism  omiia  from  its  Bcicnli6c  cloesification,  experimental  psychology, 
the  study  of  which  is  indicpi-usablo,  aa  Herbert  Spencer  declares,  for 
obtaining  the  key  to  the  rcligioos  sentiment  and  Its  evolutions.  When 
the  posilivUtM  nffinn  that  man  mast  paw,  in  his  individnni  and  no- 
^  rial  developmcol,  Ibroagh  the  tbcolo^oal,  metaphysical,  and  poeitive 


is» 


THS  POPULAJi  SCrsyCS  MOiVTHir. 


1 


■tagoi,  thoy  misuko  for  BQCcc«aYe  stages  three  different  aepecta  of  tlia 
bomaa  niiti<I.  And,  wbon  thoy  Jccltni  that  »U  religions  mxtsl  Intro 
traversed  nicMMiveisf  tbo  tkrov  pliSMS  of  fetiohiini,  poly  tlieiatn,  and 
monotheism,  tltey  agaiD  ssoriScc  tbo  fa«t«  to  th«  Kjtirit  of  syMtrm.  By 
ffltichisiu,  Comte  understands  the  worstiip  of  niAteria)  otiji-ctn,  tn-cit, 
iitODC«,  sbciDii,  rivors,  monDtains,  celestial  bodies,  etc.,  whicli  tb«  iinagi 
nation  of  the  primitive  maa  arbitrarily  invested  with  supeniatuntl. 
povers,  vitbout}  howoTor,  Mcing  in  them  the  work  or  rc-eidcnoe  of  a 
spirit.  Bat  tlie  namcroiu  obserrations  cnodo  id  our  days  on  non-civ- 
ilised peoples  tend  to  cstablisli,  m  Max  MoIUt,  Herbert  Spencer,  Albert 
Iteville,  and  many  others  have  superabundantly  demoustratpd,  that 
fe^hism  as  thoa  understood  is  nowhere  a  primitive  religion  ;  that  it 
alwaya  acoompanios  and  presupposes  belief  in  spirit*  lodf^ed  in  things 
or  waoderlng  Id  i^aca ;  that  it  ia  unknown  among  people  wbo  are 
placed  at  tbo  bottom  of  the  rcllgioua  acalc,  and  rcaobca  it«  maxiatwn 
amonf;  nations  that  are  relatively  advanced. 

If  by  fotichism  we  understand,  witli  SI.  Girard  de  la  Rialle,  "the 
tendenoy  to  regard  all  phcnomtma,  all  boingM,  and  all  the  bodi^  of  na- 
ture as  endowed  with  will*  and  fe^^lings  like  tho*«  of  wan,  with  only  a . 
few  differences  in  liitcnHity  and  aeti\ity  "  * — which  contititutes  the  re 
ligious  stata  defined  as  Naturism  by  M.  Albert  lieville — I  am  ready  to, 
admit  thai  sometbing  of  tlie  kind  may  have  been  tliv  first  form  of 
ligioiu  practice.     But  tho  definitJOT)  goes  no  farther  tlian  that  of  tlie 
orthodox  poeitJvists,  for  it  implies  a  prcriona  distinction  of  body  an 
mind,  and  worship  is  in  reality  oxolmtivdy  addreased  to  the  1att«r.    Mr. 
Frederic  Harrison  maintains  that  tbo  official  religion  of  Cliina  had 
preserved  the  typo  of  primitive  fctiobism,  because  in  it  the  sky,  tlio 
earth,  and  the  heavenly  bodies  were  adored,  considered  objectively, 
and  not  as  the  reotdences  of  immaterial  bein^    N'ow,  all  those  w 
have  closely  studied  the  ancient  religion  of  the  Chino«o  Empire  t«U 
that  veneration  is  addressed,  not  to  the  material  appcanncea  of  th« 
phenomena  of  nature,  bat  to  the  Invisible  spirita  of  which  the  sky,  th« 
earth,  and  tbo  consteUations  appear  ri.-»peotivGly  as  the  inseparable  en 
velope,  tbo  sensible  manifeatatiou,  the  vestment,  or  the  body.     As  to 
adoration  of  material  objects  frankly  regarded  ns  such,  fvticbism 
a  aeeondary  derivative,  and  not  the  lim  form  of  tlio  religions  senti- 
ment 

Another  pbtioeophical  projudicc,  of  a  contrary  bearing,  ia  the  one 
that  represents  tbo  historical  religions  as  the  feeble  echo  of  a  primitive 
monotheism,  qitaUfied  by  natural  religion.  It  seemed  tu  reoetvo  a 
striking  confimiation  in  the  first  half  of  this  century,  when  the  most 
ancient  monuments  of  Kastem  tbong^t  put  off  Lln-ir  veiU  lN>fora  oar 
dazzled  oycs.  All  that  wc  li.id  known  till  then  of  the  religions  pro- 
fessed among  the  Hindoos,  Persians,  and  Egyptians,  with  their  mon- 
■trotu  idols,  tbeir  barbarous  practices,  and  their  tncobwent  and  ooaiMj 
•  -  UjlkcJogle  Cbnpirtc,'*  Futo,  187S,  p.  H  ^ 


n 


4 


fe^H*  sciByriFW  studv  of  sslioioa's.  153 
i,Mem*d  eitber  &D  tgnonuitclUtorlion,  ornwillfaHufiCtitso  of  the 
HWl  firotomid  doctriiu'«  laugltt  ia  tlio  earliest  agvs  of  Uto  world. 
■  rora  ti«rni&Dy,  wlierc  Ui«  sy mboHcal  Kcboo)  of  Creuzcr  liml  pr«- 
vaitA  to  find  in  Uie  aacieot  tMea  iiLI«gorin  veiling  the  treaBoreii 
«f  primiliTfl  niligion,  tbiii  illusion  passed  lo  Pnutco  and  to  Eaglaud, 
vhera  K  fttJU  bu  mmny  adepts. 

A  toon  complcto  and  otoro  minute  Mud  j-  of  tbe  dooumoita  in  irbich 
k  ma  lM>rM!VVil  Uio  eoboos  of  primitive  humanity  could  be  found,  lioa 
dUcoTcrfd  that  they  contain  much  cliaS  mixed  with  the  good  grain  ; 
lljat  tb«y  depict,  not  a  moiiothci«ni  in  its  decline,  but  a  monothoiem  in 
eotDCM  of  formation  ;  and  that  thoy  aro  tlie  product  of  a  long  sacvrdotal 
•UMmtion,  not  tho  primary  expression  of  tbe  religiooa  feeling  in  ita 
ooBtact  with  Ksture.* 

Koirhere  has  tbe  oontradiotion  In'tu-ero  tbe  tbeoty  of  original  per- 
(eetioQ  in  religion,  and  the  accuraulatvd  conclusions  of  arohieolog>', 
■Umogrspby,  experimental  psychology,  general  history,  and  religious 
loicBee  appeared  to  me  more  marked  than  in  the  recent  work  of  M.  do 
EVeaHiwd  on  tho  "  Origin*,"  precisely  because  the  writer  in  it  impar> 
tfllljr  ozpoonded  all  tho  facta  acquired  or  logi<iiiiat<.'Iy  prasnmod  by 
MUmpoiwy  Kienee.  He  •bova  that  the  religious  ncntiment  Iiu  b«on 
eulUng  and  purifying  itjtelf  siiico  prebistorio  timesu  Does  not  the 
}«|ioal  ooDoloaion  from  tbia  seem  to  be  that  that  sentiment  b^gan  with 
nM  imperfect  and  gross  manifestations?  But  M.  de  Preesenn^,  geo- 
mSmof:  from  the  fact  that  a  confused  Wlief  in  a  supreme  divinity  is 
mt  among  soma  savages  addicted  to  the  practices  of  fetichism,  con* 
tloiliM  tliat  iDODOtboism  was  tbe  primitive  faith  of  man.  "Bccauno 
am  in  his  extmraa  d^cndatton,"  h«  says,  "tried  to  find  the  divine 
Uaa  and  attui'b  bhoaeif  to  it,  be  mnst  neocssarily  have  i)0t>NeMvd  it 
fcimitively  in  its  gtandenr."  fM.de  Pressena^  approaches  tbe  prob- 
[(■  of  our  moral  and  religions  ori^na  with  the  preconceived  notion  of 
I  sfail.  of  a  degndation  suffered  by  mankind  for  having  riolated  the 
nenU  law,  daring  a  first  trial  of  liberty.  Ho  doc«  not  see  tJint  tliis 
Etplanatton  explains  nothing,  and  that  it  loavos  intact  tlio  question, 
^v  mankind  could  at  first  have  realised  the  divine  idea  in  Ita  picni- 
lad*— cxoept  by  cattsing  to  intervene  at  the  beginning,  as  M.  dc 
Praasernsii  smhub  inclinad  to  do,  a  Bupcrnattiral  revelation,  or  by  hold- 
ing with  tbe  poot — 

E"  L'hwnme  Mt  nn  diuu  loraM  qnt  te  •OUTiont  dea  doDX  " 
(Uan  fs  a  fallon  gml,  who  has  memorios  of  tho  iky). 
Hr,  Hsi  XBDcv  bss  daa«  dio  iIw  lionor  to  qunl«  ■  p»Mffr  from  mj  Inctnrwi  on 
m  >lileh  I  brought  ual  th*  MMnat  «t  (h«  wrltol  BdhmaBlc  phUoMphy  atib  tht 
17.  kliMtt  UtltUia,  with  irblch  tb*  Mnafnt^  err*  >rc  nmtk  cm  hU  snlTiJ  Id 
B«  b^  (his,  I  b  DO  ty  bitmiM  to  buIduIb  lliit  tho  tu^u  pnetioM  of 
tn>  a  ilt^TwUtlm  ot  (be  Veilk  Ibsolojcy,  uU  Iom  iliM  tbsi  ropraMuied  Ibe 
tmt  onaplsu  conillUan  nf  Ibo  IIIviloo  NDotfllnDK 
in  PMMMi,  "  U»  OftflMS,"  Psrls,  1BS8.  p.  <91. 


«l|0Ml 


»s* 


TOS  POPULAR  SCIEXCB  M0NTBL7. 


The  mind  proceeds  from  Uw  knovn  to  llie  onknoim.  Tfaii  b  lb*  | 
bighwiiy  that  leads  to  Bcience,  bat  on  ooodiUon  th&t  the  tnTcler  do*  I 
DoC  wmndvr  from  tt  to  latincb  himself  into  hasty  oonditnoiML  IVJ 
[iliUotophcn  of  tbo  but  ccntnrv,  seeking  to  expl^n  ho<r  primitlrej 
iii«u  fell  under  tlic  yoko  of  positive  religions,  maintAiDed  tJiat  ibrj  [ 
were  iBveoted  by  Uw  prieMa  ;  tonM  added,  and  by  kings.  It  is  inr 
that  prieela  and  fcOTennuDtJi  Itare  navd  religiona  too  mnob  f<»{»r 
eonal  or  political  interesta.  But  that  is  no  reason  for  bettering  tlu(  j 
tlivy  invcnt<!<d  ti>enL 

Qood  scoM  teaches  that  the  existence  of  the  priest  is  postuior  t«  1 
the  birth  of  the  rtligious  scDtimiuit.     Betides  this,  nothing  ti  noit 
contrary  to  the  teodCDciM  of  eoDtcnporary  »cimoe  than  to  regnd  ■ 
as  a  lump  of  dough  indeSoltdy  [dasuc  in  (be  hands  of  Itgiibua  | 
and  mynagogucs.    Not  only  is  it  heocefonh  averred  that  all  knom 
peoples  have  reli^ooa  faiths,  in  the  sense  that  they  admit  the  en* 
«»M  of  sapcriiuman  poirers  iateiTeniog  in  the  destiny  of  til*  Indfr ' 
Tidual,  but  I  »tinll  also  luivo  occasion  to  show  ttiat  they  all  posstsf— ft ' 
least  in  a  rndiuK-iitary  state — tlw  essential  dcmenKt  of  wonhip,  prsfd 
norifiec,  and  symbolii ;  and  that  ihcso  elements  are  clad  with  snalo- 
gouB  forms  among  t]>e  most  direrse  races,  and  that,  wbererer  ws  (•»  I 
trace  the  conroe  of  religions  evolution,  we  see  faiths  passing  throng  I 
phascg,  if  not  identical,  coming  onder  gooftial  laws.     Religions  ni»l">| 
thcmnetTcs,  and  are  not  invented. 

From  the  foot  tliat  wmo  kings  and  heroes  hare  been  deified,  a  f«*1 
philoaophen  bavo  concliidt-d  lliatall  the  gods  were  deified  mm.  Ik] 
this  way,  according  to  E>Y-m^rc,  among  tlie  andents,  the  first  cbiof*! 
or  the  first  sages,  having  obtained  domination  by  means  of  their  pb;**! 
oaloriotellectual  superiority,  have  bad  a  supprnntural  power  attributed 
to  them,  and  have  coniioqiicntly  rrcviTi.-<l  divine  honors.  If  we  W 
asked  this  philosopher  whence  the  first  bclicrer  derived  the  idea  of  Ibe 
SBpenuUnral  and  divine  to  ap]>ly  it  to  kings  and  priests,  he  would  hive  J 
bottn  greatly  flmbaTTassed  to  answer  us.  Kv£m^re*s  school,  rvstini^l 
apon  a  tradition  th»t  Zeus  oDce  nij^ned  in  Crtjte,  and  on  the  fact  tUt 
bis  tomb  in  sliuv-n  there,  maintained  that  the  master  of  Olympos  wu^ 
an  ancteot  Cretan  sovereign,  deified  by  his  labjeets.  We  know  iMnfl 
that  Z«i-f  Tor^  is  found  among  the  Romans,  the  Hindoos,  and  thfl 
Germans,  nndcr  tbo  names  roqtectiTely  of  Jnpiter,  Dyaua-I'itar,  Ziofl 
or  Tyr,  and  witJi  the  general  character  of  UcaTen-fatber,  the  first  fonu 
of  "  father  who  is  iu  lieaven."  *  ■ 

Another  school  obt^ed  a  better  oonecption  of  tbo  re*]  cltaracten 
of  tli«  gods,  when  it  associated  them  with  Nature  deified  tn  its  phoM 
nomena.  As  early  as  the  sixth  century  before  our  era,  Theogenu  ofl 
Kbegium  declared  that  Apollo,  Helios,  and  Ilepbmtoa  were  Sill 
onder  diSercnt  a«p«cta — Hera  the  air,  Poseidon  water,  Artemis  tbfl 

"  U.J.  Pi  mtrimsr  Mmllflw  tilm  siifi  irith  Ihn  Wmm  Usnlsof  tbtPtnlaai  ndjl^| 
Brsrapi  tit  Ibe  SIsti.  ^^^| 


TSE  SCIENTIFIC  STVDT  OF  BSLIOIOXS.        ijs 

aooo,  sod  tbe  rest  Iik«wbe.  Tbl*  vaa  a  cturent  opinJoo  ntnoDg  the 
tUaoL,  deeru  makes  sotne  pliUoaophcn,  in  hi«  tivatise  "  Oe  Msttin 
DMmm,**  say  Uiat  the  goda  recruiU'd  vitbcr  from  amoDg  tbu  pfac- 
amaaa*  that  strike  the  imagiDatioD,  or  from  amoog  the  natural  vb- 
}ectt  tb«t  reoder  serricM  to  man.* 

Tbe«e  views  bare  bti«D  confinncil  in  our  ivf*,  not  otAy  for  the 
Gmk  and  Roman  PUiLbeoti,  hat  al»o  for  the  gods  of  all  knovo 
pHrplet.  Onlj  h«r«  again  ve  must  tak«  aocoant  of  other  tbeogooic 
betoiiL  Among  the  gods  there  are  6ome  vlio  are  certainly  men  or 
"""**■  deified.  Others  are  derived  exclusively  from  motal  abatrac- 
IMM^  «ieh  as  Virtne,  Good  Faith,  Prudence,  Fortnne,  etc.,  or  from 
Mt^ibrnc^al  sprculatioos,  liko  the  flapreme  lirahm  of  the  Uindooa.  It 
ibeald  also  be  remembered  that  the  gods  of  Nature  tend,  among  some 
|Mifl>«,  %o  become  tranaformcd  into  gods  Mapcrior  to  Nature,  so  that 
Adr  primitiTe  significance  is  at  laal  obacurvd  and  lost,  as  Assur  among 
the  Aiiyrians,  Abora  Mazda  among  ibe  Pcniamt,  and  Jaliv^ti  among 
A*  Israelites.  It  was  through  the  failnre  lo  grasp  tbesc  sbades  titat 
Dojittis,  at  the  end  of  tlic  last  century,  vaslcd  bio  time  and  learning 
la  uaitttaioing  the  a-stroDoraica]  signiGoaaoo  of  all  ancient  and  motlvra 
^nds  and  fMilts.t 

^r  W»  can  easily  explain  bow  the  personification  of  the  cvleslial  bodioa 
^B^of  natnral  phenomena  has  led  to  the  ropre««ntatiou  of  their  mort^ 
BwBta  and  relations  as  adreotures  of  heroes  or  of  goda.  Antiquity 
M  abeadr  penctratciJ  the  sense  of  its  most  transparent  myths,  lint 
tW  orterprvtatiou  of  mythology  has  found  its  methods  only  in  our 
mdaya. 

OttrieJ  Mailer  regarded  mytba  as  local  legends  that  tratialatcd  into 
afora  of  iiersonality  sone  particnlar  featuria  of  geography  or  circom- 
■aoca  of  history. 

Oikcn  with  Mr.  3Iax  Mdllor  have  intisted  on  the  solar  signifioa- 

Ihs  «f  niytlis ;  they  have-  Men  in  them  a  icflection  of  the  impression 

on  the  imagination  of  infantile  people  by  the  periodical  suc- 

I  of  light  and  darkness,  of  day  and  night,  of  summer  and  winter. 

the  labors  of  Hercules  are  simply  the  works  of  the  son  during 

i*e  month*  of  tlie  rear,     CKdipus  personifies  tlie  d.iy-iitar;  son 

I>awn,  be  kills  his  father  every  moniing ;  eon  of  the  Night,  he 

bis  mother  everj'  evening. 

(Hboe  still,  among  them  Adalbert  Kuhn,  have  set  forth  that  the 

■f  pritnitive  men  was  most  manifetitlj  aScctcd  by  the  irregular 

of  Nature  and  snddon  changes  of  the  atmosphere  ;  by  this 

Awty  the  principal  mytlts  dramatir^d  the  n[i]>ar«-nt  struggles  of  the 

^  ad  the  storm,  of  the  sun  and  the  cloud,  of  the  fire  ami  the  dark. 

Dvedaffaig  thia  view,  AI.  DarrocJiteter  hsa  shown  bow  among  the  Uin- 


^*Ds  Katsrs  DMnm,~  I.  4S;  II.  !3. 

4*  MM  Im  nitea,  ou  nllttuD  imiTcruIIc,"  b;  Dupol*,  "  OufcD  Fnii9«i>, 
,*iT«rIIL" 


.56 


THE  POPULAS  SCIBA'CS  3iONTHt.y 


dooc,  Persians,  6rc«ka,  LatioR,  aod  Garmaos,  lb*  rtory  of  ilw  cnukm 
conwpondR  with  the  pictnra  afforded  bj  iho  apparent  nowlnrlbot 
tlw  worid  titer  eacU  fitonn.* 

There  arc  tbo««  who  have  wen  in  mytba  8inii>l«  m«Uphon  ooa-  i 
ceivpd  \>y  poeu  uid  tmkvn  Mrioasly  by  thoir  bmr«n(.  I'bns,  wIm  I 
Hndar  mpri-jwtila  Exouho  uit  tb«  dntiglitcr  of  RvfiraUoa,  wbcn  Prodiew  I 
■peaVn  of  Hcrculea  aa  the  butt  of  tvo  wuin«o  irbo  ]>c»oiiifj  PlMpml 
and  \'irttic,  they  give  those  imagmt  lh«  sense  that  wo  OBtselTW  iroaU  I 
attach  to(h«m;  but  the  figures  an  taken  iu  earnest  by  the  tDa8see,»l] 
somytbariMM  from  metaphoT  and  parable.  With  etill  morepreba-^ 
bilily  ba«  aome  confunion  of  this  kind  reaulted  from  changM  of 
giiagf,  wbm  thv  app«llutiniM  of  objects  ptnuanified  (n  thb  way  hml 
lost  ttwir  primitive  Aigiiification,  and  no  longvr  iiaggest  anything  bM  j 
proper  name*. 

florae  ]>ostulate  besides  thia  auricular  mythology  aa  ocular  on^j 
holding  tbat  the  origin  of  myths  should  be  sought  in  uncompreba 
or  badly  interprotud  drawings.  Coins,  cnpa,  and  primitiTO  objooUt 
att  in  which  cmbtcma,  ponooagM,  and  rvnl  or  fancied  tcaoM  arc  : 
rescDtod,  Itare  tot  tbo  imaglnatkio  at  work  of  strangers  who  aoqnb 
tbein,  and  they  liave  tried  to  explain  tlie  figures  by  extemporit 
legends.  Acoordiog  to  M.  Clemont-GanneaD,  tbe  Chimi^ra  anil  iti 
legvnd  originated  in  a  composition  qnito  common  on  the  I^j-cian  mona^ 
mciittt,  in  which  a  lion  apptarml  to  bo  dcronring  a  dcor.  Tlic  tvd 
animals,  if  wo  aboald  suppoao  tliem  combined  by  an  ini-xact  or  Igno- 
raot  copyiat,  miglit  in  fact  gire  tbe  idea  of  a  monster  formed  by  aa 
amalgamation  of  tbe  lion  and  the  deer  or  goat.  So  the  triple  Qerytm, 
•lain  by  Ilcrrulrs,  is  found  among  the  Egyptian  montmieuts  noder  I 
form  of  throe  mvn  kneeling  before  a  Tictorioas  horo.f 

According  to  Mr.  Ilcrbori  Si)enccT,  tJio  adrenttircs  attributed  Vi\ 
the  celestial  bodies  and  pi-rsoiiiGed  phenomena,  to  tbe  sim,  moon,  slcy, 
twilight,  etc,  originally  related  to  human  beings  bearing  the  names ofj 
thoee  bodies  or  phenomena  as  their  heroes.  Thus,  a  peiwn  who  left : 
living  memory  among  following  generations  was  called  Aarora,  ht 
osttso  be  waa  bom  at  dawn,  or  for  some  otlier  reason.  Oradnnlly  bd 
boonme  ronfounded  with  the  dawn,  and  bis  advcnturea  wen-  inter 
preti'd  in  tlM>  way  that  the  pbenonena  of  the  nascent  day  made  most 
plausible.  Then,  as  tbe  same  name  may  hare  belonged  to  several  por^ 
sons  of  different  tribes  and  times,  each  a  Juxtaposition  of  contradictory 
Btorifil  u  wo  find  in  most  mythologies  wonid  incriubly  have  beoii 
brought  about.! 

My  ooDCliision  ia  Uial  tlwre  is  troth  in  each  of  tbew  thcorira,  and 
ihat  they  do  not  all  exhaust  t&e  matter.  The  law  of  intellectual  dei 
volopment  b  odo,  but  its  combinations  are  infinity  and  to  seelE  U 

*  J.  DwiDtai«i«T, "  Lm  OMOMeMtM  ili7«iiBM,  Busls  odnitMx,"  Pari*,  isn. 
t  Ch.  Ownwiiit.flMiaMU,  "  Mydiologto  lcCBOgt»(>lt><|iie,"  PsrU.  18TS,  pfi.  ft-ll 
}  Qorbtrt  Spencer,  "  SMfolccr,"  rol.  U,  (tup.  itir.  ^^ 


w^ 


THE  SCmXTlFIC  STUDY  OF  REUQI0N8.        157 

bri^  an  the  niTtlu  under  a  single  process  of  formatioD  is  to  pret^ad 
to  open  mil  doois  vitb  tbc  same  k«f.     lliere  is  do  pus-key  in  my- 

tboiogj. 

We  bsTo  rtiU  Mrongcr  roiuoos  for  being  00  our  gnard  agsiost  tee- 
ing mytba  in  OTCrjtliiRg.  Our  cvnlury  ba«  vitncH^  numeroaa  at- 
tempU  to  nAxxca,  not  ouly  the  great  reljgiotu  initiatoni,  Moms,  Jqsbs^ 
wA  Baddhft,  lo  myths,  but  all  ibo  perfcons  wbo  bavu  played  a  coosid* 
nable  put  in  tb«  traditions  of  liistory,  from  Lycurgns  to  Chai)e> 
aagne.  A  sportive  essay  ba*  even  beon  raiwle  to  sbow  that  Napoleon 
I  was  a  solar  hero,  and  sastatned  by  aignments  tbo  forcw  of  which  is 
luudly  exceolcd  by  their  wiL* 

Etco  tbc  koowledge  that  some  stadenta  have  of  a  particutar  reltg- 
ios  may  become  a  cause  of  errors.  Kvery  ooe  has  not  the  sure  glance 
aiitl  the  fullness  of  information  that  hare  permitted  Max  Moller  to 
itndy  the  origin  of  religions  "  in  the  light  of  the  religions  of  India." 
Read  the  captivating  work  on  "  The  Science  of  Religions,"  by  a  writer 
to  whom  the  Samkrit  antiijuitiea  were  a  kind  of  family  heritage,  &L 
fionle  Bnmouf.  The  author  seta  out  to  show  that  "  ibo  center  from 
vlttrh  have  radiat«d  all  the  great  religions  of  the  eartb,  is  the  theory  of 
A^i,  uf  which  Jesus  Christ  is  the  most  complete  ineaniatiOD."  f  This 
tiwary,  as  it  is  laid  down  in  the  Vedas,  is  nothing  else  than  the  sciea- 
ttfc doctrine  of  tl>c  identity  of  the  principle  of  firo  and  motion,  of  life 
vd  tbought.  How  doni  llio  auUior  till  tbc  gap  betiveen  the  \'edic 
igM  and  that  of  the  composition  of  the  gos|>el  of  St.  John  ?  lie  sap- 
paws  that  tbia  theory,  formulated  previously  to  the  dispersion  of  the 
Indo-Innians,  was  transmitted  by  the  Persians  to  the  Jews  in  cap> 
lirily  at  Babylon,  and  that  Jesus,  having  received  it  from  the  latest 
frof^tets,  cotnmonicatcd  it  to  his  digcipies,  to  be  divulged  only  after 
the  formation  of  the  Church.  Is  it  neccesary  to  stop  to  show  that  this 
ii  amply  m  bierographie  romance  ? 

To  still  another  category  of  preconceived  ideas,  calculated  to  falsify 
the  raaha  of  religions  criticism,  belong  the  preferences  arisin;;  from 
the  isolated  stady  of  a  dagle  soienee.  Such  preferences  give  ri«o  to  a 
oatanl  predilection  for  the  field  of  inTestigatiotis  wo  have  ebosen,  and 

Ra  tendency  to  refer  to  it  all  the  problems  we  are  called  upon  to  re- 
hret.  "^vyr,  when  a  student  applies  the  processes  of  one  science  to 
SMtbcr,  be  runs  a  strong  risk  of  erring  on  the  one  side  by  approach* 
with  an  insufficient  method,  and  on  the  other  by  perceiving 
phase  corrMponding  to  his  order  of  habitual  preoccupations. 
I  will  draw  my  example  from  the  two  sciences  which  have  perhaps 
lendercd  the  most  service  to  the  history  of  religions—linguistics  and 
anthropology. 

Jl  *  TU*  >)k«  ha*  bMB  Nntvml  br  Mmo  nuiltnu  of  Oifonl,  who  hare  ilcmonMnitol,  m 
^fa|lh  wA  «m>d>M«lj,  tbM  Mu  UuUw  n«Tcr  exiMod.    (See  Uh  uagsrins  "  UuIusIdo," 

t  -  U  Stfanec  dM  BsUctat,"  Psnai.  ISTA,  p,  UO. 


IS8 


TUB  POPULAR  SCfSyCS  MONTBIK 


Botb  swunu)  to  nuke  tuerogriplty  n  tiinpl*  province  of  thdr 
epectJTo  empirw.  SoinMimw  liiigtiUu  wlali  to  iiiicrdiot  aiithropol' 
gttls  from  ill  nut  rating  bj  oompxrisoii  nijtha  tliat  do  uot  belong  co  (bi' 
■sme  groop  of  langniiges  ;  sometimes  ethnographiste  and  HttiilvtiU  '.if 
f(^-loTe  accuse  tingtmlics  of  Uartiig  reduoed  mytbotogy  to  «  mlra^, 
and,  under  tiw  pretext  that  philologist*  do  not  agree  in  cheir  etjmolo- 
giea,  deny  tbat  tbojr  bavo  contributed  to  the  knowlc«]gc-  nf  niytba,  L-vai 
witliin  tbo  oircls  of  tbo  lndo-Euru]M-an  langnagea.*  Lot  iia  ozamlBt 
tli«  foroo  of  thoM  conflicting  prctensionii : 

The  oomporative  grammar  of  the  Indo-Enropcao  langnagos  b  in- 
oonti^slably  not  euffioieni  to  interpret  the  mytbs  of  pcoplra  Iwlonging 
to  otlier  ctbniu  grvHpti,  or  to  explain  all  the  mythology  of  the  Arytn 
peoplcit.  Wbcru  mytlu  occur  under  a  form  nearly  identical  among  dif' 
fervni  raoca,  beginning  with  tbo  ancivilizcd  people  of  our  own  cpoeb,. 
ire  bare  a  gononil  fact,  tbo  source  of  wbicb  eliotild  be  foughl  elw- 
where  than  in  tbo  langungo  or  tbo  Uolated  litxiory  of  a  {>anioular  ne€. 
Every  one  ba«  bearxl  of  werv-wolves.  An  cxplauatjon  of  the  origin  of 
lycantbropy  baa  been  sought  iu  a  Ha]>posed  Greek  pan,  reeling  npoB 
the  assonance  of  Anrnt,  fco^f,  and  Jvaioot,  vfiile.  Tradition  rony  haro 
spoken  of  personages  dreesed  in  white  ;  wheueo  a  popiilnr  Irgcnd  tbat 
thvy  were  transformed  into  wolrc*.  Rut  anthropology  dUpoMS  of 
this  tlieory  by  telling  ox  i]uit  among  nncivibsu-d  peoples  very  dl*tanl 
one  from  atioLtuT,  in  Asia,  Afriea,  and  America,  the  power  ia  attrib- 
uted to  some  mon  of  tianafonnJng  tbcRiselvcs  into  wild  or  dangcrons 
animals,  and  explains  ibat  ouch  a  belief  flows  naturally  from  tfao  idea 
tbat  the  savage  forms  of  tbe  mutnal  relations  of  man  and  the  nninal 
■world,  t 

It  is  nevertbeless  tme  that  philology  atone  can  dbeogttgo  the  ot^gi- 
nal  sense  of  some  names  and  somo  myths  front  tlie  confusion  of  grad- 
nal  changes  and  parasitical  Rnrcbarges,  How  could  we  have  beoa  al4e 
to  pcnctrato  the  myth  of  Prometheus,  or  write  the  real  history  of 
Jnpitor,  without  tbe  Undy  of  Sanskrit  f}  Sir  John  Lubbock  attempts 
to  Gxptnin  the  origin  and  attributes  of  Mercury,  or  ITermc*,  by  llio 
usage,  widely  extendwl  among  non-ci»illred  peoples,  of  paying  wonkip 
to  erect  stones.  Tliese  Rtonc8,  we  ob«or>'o,  mark  tbe  »^«}K'clivc  Uniiu 
of  the  tribes,  arc  sot  up  in  pastures,  point  out  road^,  dexignalo 
location  of  markets  and  intertribal  meeting-places,  bear  insoriptl 
and  cover  tombs.  ITenoe,  Mercury  canto  to  be  regarded  as  the  patrol 
of  shepherds,  travelers,  merchants,  and,  sarcastically,  of  tliieres,  the 

•  Sis\  to  pstticoUr,  Is  the  "  Athenmim  "  of  AiijiaH  M.  ISSI. 

f  "To  ihuM  mho  tiro  in  counulet  where  widkfd  peofile  and  wit(k«s  ar«  nqipMri 
eowtanitr  lo  s«siime  iho  rorm  of  wlU  bcMU,'*  m^i  fiir  A.  C.  LjrI,  vrilfaie  of  ladta, 
"  the  npUmUloB  ot  t^ouubrnpf  b;  a  canfiudon  bttwwn  kAoat  ud  AimVt  sppOHS  UM- 
t;  Ula" 

t  K*«a  Ur  Anittn  luie,  «1ia  boUi  to  ilift  peMlUlii;  of  scooviitlng  for  mjlltf  wHb- 
em  tb*  sill  of  phlloJogT,  bad  la  htm  nconrw  Ki  ii  *tira  be  nme  l«  tli«  Indu  KoiSfWa 
bjUm,    (8te,lallie**bc7i;lop»lt*DriisDsi)(B,"toLsTll,  p.  IBS.)  ^m 


i 


TH£  SCrENTTFIC  STtTDT   OF  RELIGIONS.         ij^ 


I 


I 


of  gtne*  «ti<l  Idtten,  and  tlio  condnctor  of  sonls.  "  lie  was  th«J 
isMWiiger  of  the  gods,"  Sir  Join  I.ubbaclc  add»,  "l>vcau»c  ombaaaapl 
ilors  met  at  the  froDticrs ;  and  of  elo^jnencc,  for  the  itamfi  rvtuaa."  * 

Unfortnnataly  for  this  explanation,  Kubn  baa  traced  the  oonncetion 
between  ITrriDva  or  Herniiiu  and  the  two  >oa«  of  Sarami,  the  meaeen- 
gcr  of  Indra,  wbo  brought  back  cavn  iitolen  hy  tlic  demon  of  tba  J 
Mono.     They,   tb«   Saramdyau,   rcprraenU-d  the  myUiieal  doga  that' 
guarded  th«  road  to  the  other  world  and  lod  souls  to  Yama,  the  aub- 
t«mutcan  ixm,  and  king  of  the  infernal  re^ons.    Goiof;  with  the  j 
Greeks  to  tlto  Wcit,  oiie  of  tkeM-  fM-rnotiages,  named  ^^rrura,  becaina^ 
Ccrbcma  ;  the  other  was  promoted  to  bv  Ilennea — [ivnonifying  the 
wiad  or  the  twilight ;  and  w«  find  in  Max  UllUcr  that  that  iduulilics-  . 
liM  "it  one  of  the  gniding  thr«ada  that  have  pointed  oat  to  acienoel 
the  right  road  in  tho  labjrinth  of  the  aneient  Arvan  mnholof^y." 

Tbos  wo  SCO  how,  bjr  this  cxchaoge  of  gwxt  offices  belwiKn  Un- 
goiMics  and  anthropologj-,  the  Mionce*  check  and  coTrcct>  and  con- 
H^aoDtly  romplement  one  another,  each  bringing  its  contingent  to 
Ike  constanll y  ioercasing  treasore  of  our  hUtoritial  kiiowlc'clge.  The 
wume  of  this  treasure  ia,  "No  excIusiveDcsa,  no  prejudice." 

I  hare  now  paaeed  in  review  the  principal  forms  that  hare  serrcd 
It  (h«  vehicle  of  the  aspirations  of  tltc  hiimnn  mind  toward  the  in- 
rimUe  and  beyond — frora  vague  adoration  of  luminotii  nod  nonrishing 
(nree  to  tl>e  highul  conception  of  a  God  at  ouce  Hpirit,  Icivc,  and  truth 
— from  l)ie  worship  concerned  with  ghosta  and  fetiches  to  the  idcntiS- 
Mtion  of  religion  with  faith  in  the  moral  order  of  the  world.  What 
|iietiire  conld  be  prewntCKl  mor«  varied,  more  inHtruetive,  more  capable 
of  attracting  those  who  are  occupic<l  at  the  same  time  with  the  modern 
discoveries  of  science  and  the  great  problems  of  hamanitjr  ? 

If  any  are  animated  with  the  desire  of  contending  against  aopcr- 
Milioiis  (nsing  the  word  in  its  etymological  sofuc),  they  can  find  no 
rtimgCT  tool  than  this  study  with  which  to  sap  the  foot  of  day  of  all 
idata. 

To  tboM  who  hold  to  the  retigtons  traditions  of  their  cbiIdhoo<l,  I 
Wiere  I  have  said  enough,  however  much  our  views  may  diverge,  to 
reaasnro  their  conscience,  provided  it  does  not  reiii«t  the  impartial 
scan-b  for  tmth.  At  all  events,  they  ahonld  meditate  on  that  pbmse 
of  Chateaubriand's :  "liVo  mnst  not  say  that  Christianity  is  good  be- 
cause it  comee  from  Ctod,  bnt  tbnt  it  conies  from  God  because  it  is  J 
good."  *rhi»  theJit*  implies  fcill  liberty  of  examination,  CMoparison,  \ 
tad  mtieiam. 

I  inaiflt  on  the  imporunce,  were  it  only  from  motives  of  patriotism, 
«f  propagating  the  more  exact  knowledge  of  n!tigiuns  facts.    The  con* 
ctmioaa  of  hiMory  are  not  alone  lessons  of  tnitli ;  they  arc  al>o  lessons  J 
tt  talerafice^     Tbe  historical  study  of  reli^ons,  I  repeat,  is  not  being  ' 

•  -  On  the  Ori^  of  atlUnUoo  tad  Primhlre  Condition  of  Mm."    Sow  York ;  D. 
JHiwaa  *  Obl    IS7L   P.106. 


i6o 


THE  POPULAR  SCIENCE  MONTSJ.r. 


aaxioQi  to  Ictrn  wbctbcr  Uii«  or  that  cnU  U  tro«  or  falM,  or  i 
wbotbcr  the  religious  flentinieiit  reals  u|iob  a  leal  or  on  illasuiy 
There,  botreTer,  ia  a  point  of  view  tbat  iroaderfully  faci)ilAt««  tb« 
knowledge  of  religionB,  wbilc  it  also  eeema  to  comprise  the  Nujireioe 
coQclaaioD  of  tfaetr  domparalire  bistory.  It  is  the  thought  thai,  among 
tlw  "iDnumtmble  inniiifi-Nt:>tiuii«  of  tba  raligionti  feeling  of  tnui,  iie 
one  po68enci  ihc  alisohiU'  u-uil^  but  each  oii«  inoludcn  n  n-Utivc  tnilb ; 
•tJtat  all  represent,  as  the  later  sages  of  pagan  antiqaity  had  already 
diflcorned,  imperfect  efforts  to  realize  a  perfect  ideal"  Here  [«  a 
ground  oa  which  tlio  vntightoncd  partisans  of  different  religions  oaa 
■bake  handii,  not  only  with  oii«  another,  but  also  with  the  papib 
seieaee  and  the  friends  of  progress. 


POSTAL  SAVINGS-BANKS. 

Br  rwnuoB  1).  B.  EINO. 

r'  is  generally  agreed  that  a  syirtcm  of  savings  bsttttitioDS  tkll 
would  bv  eaHily  nccessiblv  to  the  people  tliroaghout  tbo  cuaatryJ 
glTe  tbum  abeolute  security  for  their  sDtall  saTJngs,  and  T'  '<iu 

M  short  notice,  would,  even  if  the  nt«  of  interest  were  vt  i>»i 

groat  oonvenience  to  many  people  in  every  community,  and  a  grcMJ 
etiooaragemeiit  to  economy  and  thrift  among  working-men  and  pccflf ' 
of  Boall  incomee.    Tbenj  are  many  who  think  that  postal  mf^iap' 
banks  similar  to  lho«o  which  have  l>L-en  in  successful  operation  in  K*- 
rope  and  in  ttio  British  colonics  for  a  number  of  yean  would  famiti 
just  the  sort  of  facilities  for  saving  that  aro  needed  in  this  ooiusti;. 
Many  Americans  know  something  of  the  working  of  the  postal  stf- 
ingt-bauks  in  England,  where  they  have  been  in  opention  hMi 
1801. 

There  are  now  upward  of  7,800  of  the  post-oflic««  in  thuUBiHll 
ICingdom  open,  oommonly  from  nine  in  the  inorning  until  hIk,  and  mJ 
Saturday  until  nine,  in  the  evening,  for  tbo  receipt  and  repaying 
deposits.    One  shilling  is  the  smallest  sum  that  can  he  deposited. 
Oovemmrnl  has,  however,  recently  issued  blank  forms  with 
for  twelve  penny  postage-stamps,  and  will  receive  on«  of  the 
with  twelve  stamps  affixed  as  a  deposit.    Iliis  plan  was  sogy 
the  deairo  to  encourage  habits  of  saving  among  children,  ai-  '■ 
SBOOMS  of  penny  hanks  i»  connection  wttb  Hoboohi  aiul  mccluiiM. .  - 
fltltutoa.    I'o  one  con  deposit  more  than  £30  in  ooo  year,  ur  hantl 
bis  credit  more  than  £130,  exclusive  of  interest.     When  ; 
interest  together  amount  to  X200,  interest  ceases  until  tlic  _ 
been  reduced  below  i^OO.    Intoroil  at  two  and  a  half  per  ern^ 
begiaaing  thv  first  of  the  month  following  the  dq>oait  and  nwf 


POSTAL  8AVINQS-BAJ!fK8. 


i6l 


iUA  of  the  moDtb  preceding  the  wJUidntwal,  Iml  no  interest  is  paid 
I  my  mm  llial  is  less  than  a  poand  or  not  a  multiplu  of  a  |M>uod. 
Hie  iatercet  is  vlded  to  the  principal  on  cbe  Slst  of  Dvovmlwr  of  vaoh 
yew. 

Tbfl  notboda  tUHKl  for  tlio  rocoipt  mud  repayiaeiit  of  deposits  ar« 
■inple  and  t«kv  but  litUe  of  llii-  di-pOHitor'ti  limo.  One  is  uol  liiniUs), 
m  nukitig  depusitA  or  witbdrawals,  u>  the  otBce  in  the  towu  iu  wliicii 
Iw  lives.  If  at  any  time  be  de«ir«a  to  do  so,  b«  may  make  deposits  in 
uUier  officee,  provided  he  do«»  not  go  beyond  the  total  som  allowed  a 
ti&gio  depositor ;  his  accounts  will  all  be  kept  togiHlifr  lit  Louduii,  and 
hooui  withdraw  bis  money  on  short  notice  at  auy  office.  Tbeae  pro- 
rtilotig  for  deposit  and  withdrawal  are  someljincs  a  great  ooDveoienoe 
to  Iravolere  and  laborers  who  mako  frequent  romoTaU.  Tho  alwulalo 
Hcreoy  which  is  "  enforced  upon  all  officers  coDnvoted  witli  the  boulu  " 
llfeds  muiy  working-meo  to  deposit  their  savings  with  the  GovemmeDt, 
vho  could  not  he  induced  to  dcpowt  tlieir  money  with  private  or  ordi- 
ury  urings- banks  where  their  employers  might  Gnd  out  that  they 
ynn  laying  liy  monry. 

Good  maults  almost  always  follow  the  opening  of  one  of  these  MV- 
tugs-bank  offices.  }{ umbers  of  men  and  women,  boys  and  girls,  are 
pwlsally  induced  to  bucomc  depositors ;  money  that  would  othorwisu 
Uqwat  in  neeillcns  imlulgenco  is  left  at  inten'^l  with  tho  Govemravnt, 
Mil  kabiisof  thrift  and  economy  ore  former].  From  December  SI, 
llSil,  to  Oeocmber  SI,  18&4,  the  number  of  depositors  increased  from 
n«8,13.1  to  8,833,675,  and  the  depodu  from  £33.157,409  to  £-14,773,773. 
ITtnM  fands  and  the  funds  of  charitable  and  friendly  societies,  for 
1  «ttlcli  iipMial  pru\-ieion  ik  made,  arc  dcpo»U'd  in  ooDsiderahle  amonnfj^ 
I"  that  a  large  number  gf  pcnous  are  interested  iu  the  banks  in  this 
jny. 

Saoe  the  em  of  the  great  frauds  wbicb  led  to  the  eetablishment  of 

Ilk  {Mai  savings-banks,  the  onlinary  traaiee  savinga-banks  have  been 

I  Xtt  carefully  manage]  and  guarded.     ^Vhile  their  number  has  de- 

I  VMsd  from  <WUI  in  ld61  to  41 1  a  year  ago,  thetr  dcpoMloni  bare  not 

'miSKi,  numWring  more  than  a  million  and  a  half,  nor  have  the 

^nnta  falluo  off.    The  slightly  higher  rate  of  interest  which  they 

(9  Md  th«  prominent  and  influential  persona  who  are  aometimee 

I  ^Mtted  with  thuir  masagODHHit  have  made  them  quite  popular  in 

|.tcaBiaDltias.    The  funds  are  invested  in  Government  aecaritiea 

I  ebaacea  for  fraud  are  slight.     The  limit  to  the  amount  which 

.  may  dc|M«it  in  the  postal  savinga-bauka  has  prevented  their 

ing  Btrrionsly  with  private  bankiag  enterprises.     The  propoai- 

I  «xi«nd  this  limit  has  been  strongly  and,  thus  far,  sucocssfuUy 

1,  the  (ipiKwition  coming  chiefly  from  private  bankeni.     It  is 

[|y  conceded  tliat,  without  interfering  with  established  inHtitu- 

to  any  conaidcrahle  extent,  the  postal  aavings-baoks  in  Great 

itab  and  Ireland  liavs  furuiahcd  the  vurkii^  olassca  with  exc<iV 

Tsu  unu.— U 


\6» 


THE  POPULAit   SCIJSXCS  MOyTffCr. 


1 


l«ot  fseililtes  for  MTiDg,  and  bavp  exerted  a  moA  benoBctal  inflacneo 
in  promoting  h«l>i(«  of  voodohijt  and  tlirift 

Tb«  Bngliitl)  colonic*,  s<'<.-ing  the  good  results  of  ibc  e]:§ti'tn  ttiKt 
Uu  Iwen  described,  liave  cxublt^bcd  postml  nvinfrt-banks  of  u  t'iniiliir 
character.  A  higher  rate  of  interest  is  paid— commonly  foar  prr  era' 
— and  larger  Buma  are  taken  from  «ugle  deposilont.  The  Caoid 
Ryvt«m,  whicb  went  into  operation  iu  1808,  did  not  make  rapid  progren 
for  a  limo,  on  neoouut  of  tlie  goo<l  inslitations  already  in  existetiee  atxl 
the  umall  nunibvr  of  offieoa  of  dopoxtL  Grcalor  progrew  has  b«eB, 
made  recently.    The  depomis  in 

Jnne^  1880,  araonnteil  to    ^04<}^000  ; 
«      1881,         «  "       6,906^000; 

■  "      1888,  "       0.474,000; 

■  "      18(*3,  «     ll,a7K,0l)0f 
|l                            "      1884,         *'  "     l».!i4.%(K>0. 

In  Jaly,  \QH,  there  were  .148  mTingH-bank  iiflic««  mid  00, 
positors.     Uf  ilie  dcponlaRi,  1,400,  IiaTing  t'l,i32,0IXi  on  drpoiit, 
enppoeod  to  bo  farmers  ;  7,8nO,  having  11,422,000,  mcchanion ;  4 
having  9724,000,  laborors  ;  13,000,  with  ti2,S.V).000  (lepo«it8,  n. 
women ;  and  10,600,  with  depoeitc  amounting  to  91.''!i>'>,000, 
womeit.     Tbo  accounts  are  all  kept  at  the  head  office  in  OtiAwa, 
whioli  each  poiitmiut(T  inakco  daily  reporta,  and  from  whfob  rcceij 
arc  Bent  to  every  dc]>o«itor  for  every  deposit  that  he  makes.    Altlioag 
tbo  amounts  rcecivcd   bare  in   the  aggregate  been  large,  the  1< 
through  frauds  liave  been  very  small. 

Influenced  by  the  moceaa  of  the  EnjtlLsb  system  of  postal  mvings- 
hanks,  the  governments  on  the  Continent  of  Europe  Imve  now  nearly 
nil  madv  »iniilar  provisions  for  the  iwvostment  «>f  tlin  «ior]iIui«  eaminga 
of  the  people.  The  Italian  system  of  pottal  MivlngN-l>anka  went  Eoto 
operation  February  20,  1870.  A  year  ago  all  the  i*0Bl-offlce«,  except 
ten,  were  open  aa  savings-banks.  I'be  iiil«re«t  psid  is  three  an<I  bal 
per  cent.  In  1883  there  were  1,30.\743  deposits  made,  amounting  to 
l(S,&8S,79Il.r>.'>  lim.  Tlicso  Hnvingii-bank  fmida  are  loaiird  to  prov 
incea,  oomniunitles,  parisltes,  and  their  dlvialons,  or  are  Invcslvd  in 
fundable  bonds  or  other  acouritiMk.  In  France  the  pro|iOAa)  to  eittali 
Ksb  postal  savingA-banks  wax  fr(>quently  discrueed,  but  not  niloptei 
until  March,  1881,  although  the  ordinary  sarings-bimk*  Lad  for  m'vc 
years  been  allowed  to  nee  the  post-office«  bb  placet  for  the  reoe4pt  an< 
repayment  of  deposits.  On  December  SI,  IftSS,  thvre  weri'  77,430,i 
franca  on  drpo«it  in  the  Fr«neh  ]>oxt*l  Mvings-batika  to  the  rnvlil  o: 
874,970  depoaitors.  The  well  known  ■uecm  of  ttchool  savings-ban 
which  are  now  or  will  shortly  be  established  in  all  the  schoota 
Francs,  and  the  ecoaomical  and  thrifty  habiu  of  the  Frcncb  pnasaDtry, 
would  aecm  to  indicate  a  demand  for  good  and  generally  acooMible 
facilities  for  the  seenre  keepini?  of  saTtngs.  The  Aumriiin  [Hwtal  sav- 
ings-banks were  first  o)>eued  January  12,  18S3.     Up  tu  Uvocmber  '<il. 


ilar     I 

di 

w1 


n       I  ' 


POSTAX,  SAViyoS-BAX^KS. 


i6j 


HpR,  they  had  reeetred  in  all  3,31 1.^38  depoaiu,  amonnting  to  &!,- 
HNS,a50  florioi.  Tbvy  arc  «-rll  comlucud,  »ti<l  likely  to  prove  wry 
•aocenftil,  Tb«  Ihjlgbn  aptetn  hu  been  in  »ttocnwful  oporation  for 
nora  than  fifUwi)  yean ;  tliat  of  the  Ketberlanda  was  utablLihed  Mine 
tfatVB  yean  ago ;  wbilo  Swnlen  baa  just  followed  her  ndghboni.  Den* 
''     siark  aiwl  N»rvay,  in  mulilinhtn^  nimilar  inotiltitions. 

In  1H71  HoatnualiT'Gviicral  ('niiWfll  recomniLiiilvi]  Uie  estahltah- 
ment  of   piMtal  aavinga  depoottoriea  in  eoDmrction  with  Uio  United 
Htatee  potf-oAocB,  and  two  yean  later  be  discoeaed  the  Bobjeot  Tery 
tuWy  in  hb  unoal  report.     !>cvenl  of  bis  sncoeuors  have  renewed  hia 
reoominendaUon  with  great  eaneBtoeM.     lion,  "Vhttmaa  \t.  Jama,  after 
referring  to  and  highly  approving  of  these  recommendations,  said : 
"It  in  my  earnest  conviction  that  a  eystem  of  this  dcscnptioD,  if 
adopt«<l,  wonld  inure,  more  than  almoi't  any  other  nMMare  of  public 
^^nportance,  to  tlic  bcnf6t  of  the  working  people  of  the  Utiitod  8tate»." 
^Bn  \tfVA  Hon.  Horace  Mayuard  brought  before  Congress  a  bill  to  eetab- 
Hhib  ■  national  aavings  depoutory,  but  no  action  was  taken.    Siooe  then 
Ha  nomber  of  efforts  have  been  made  to  indnce  Congress  to  enact  the 
[     MoeMUry  legialation.    The  latest  of  tbe«e  effort*  was  made  in  1883, 
andar  the  leadenhip  of  Mr.  Laooy,  whoso  rvport  from  the  Committee 
00  Poit-Oflicea  and  PoNt-Rnada  eontaina  valuable  infomtalion  and  «ag- 
iitna  OD  tbo  aobject.    Tho  bill  which  Mr.  I^cey  introduced,  and 
i>ii  has  recently  been  strongly  indonwd  by  the  State  Charities  Aid 
liation  of  New  York,  and  other  adTocates  of  postal  avinga- 
Imlu,  provided  that  none  hui  mon«y-or<Ier  oSicea  tlionld  receire  de- 
lta; that  no  tiingle  deposit  should  be  lees  tlian  ten  centa  or  more  than 
«  hnndred  dollani ;  that  no  one  penon  shoold  deposit  more  than  one 
ndrod  doUaia  within  thirty  day*,  or  hare  at  any  lime  more  than  five 
ndred  dollan  to  hi*  cnilit ;  and  that  interest  at  two  per  cent  Hhould 
paid  on  all  *um«  over  three  dollani  and  mnltiples  of  one  dollar,  be- 
Itoning  the  lint  of  the  month  following  the  dcpooit,  and  stopping  the 
of  the  in4>nth  preceding  tbo  withdrawaL 

Would  sach  portal  naTings-tNuiksbemoreronveoienland  aocesmUe 

lo  the  maMM  of  the  peofde  than  exiating  in^tilntiona  and  organiu- 

ions   which  umJurtako  tu  safely  keep  the  suqilns  earning*  of  the 

iple?    Would  they  furnish  better  se-cnrity  for  dq)oaita  and  greater 

iragemeni  to  tliritl?    Could  the  Government,  without  interfering 

-  iniilitntion*  and  without  Iom  to  ttaolf,  cany  on  this  sav- 

'  tjinc**?     Would   the  bcnclitf   rcsallbg  from   properly 

ducted  poatal  aavlnga-banka  bo  onflictent  to  jastify  the  neoesaary 

of  Ihc  fanciiona  of  our  Government  and  the  increase  in  the 

of  oar  civil  terrants?    These  are  the  chief  ^ncctiona  to  be 

insldeted  in  deciding  whether  or  not  it  would  be  wi«i  for  the  Gov- 

raent  to  undenake  to  keep  sccarcly  the  umall  xaviogs  of  the  people. 

There  an  in  tJiU  ronntry  a  number  of  inotiiti lions  and  organiica- 

lEotu  which  andcnako  to  penuaile  poor  people  to  form  bablta  of  thrift, 


i6+ 


TUB  POPULAR  SCIUNCS  MO.VT//I.r. 


■od  to  eo  invest  ]>ortions  of  ibeir  earoiogs  m  to  make  M>tn«  proTiai 
for  the  future.     Mnlaal  b«De6t  sooiotiee  aro  among  the  oldnt  of  Uli 
MgaaizataODS,  uul  trv  vt-ry  niinK-muii.    Somv  of  tbnn  ovnfloa  Uielr 
i^feraUoDS  m^&ly  to  giviiif;  ti-iniionry  ix-lit-f  in  tim«  of  licknoM 
mi«forttino,  or  od  llie  d«alli  of  ihea  memben ;  otkon  bftvc  Inkqidi 
proctii^illy  co-oiM>ratiTe  life-inNranoe  companioB.    The  sums  aimtisll 
paid  into  these  orgaiibationa  are  in  the  aggregmle  astonttflutigly  large. 
Kon«  of  these  eocietiee,  bowover,  enable  tbcir  members  to  acoamulal 
capital,  and  ouioy  of  tbcjn  arv  tit)'  aiulablc  and  unrvliablu.    Tl: 
better  clan  of  them  in  not  aocciMiltltt  (o  tbc  naMca  of  tbe  people 

Co-Dperalive  docietit'e  for  production  and  diHtiibnlion  arc  not  n 
merouR  in  this  country.     Many   co-operative  enterpriaea  have  beei 
started,  but  moet  of  iiwm  bare  failed,    llic  intereflt  in  each  entv 
prises  wems  to  be  increaiiing.  but  at  present  they  fumisli  but  few 
our  working-ucn  with  opportunitii-s  for  Uie  invectnieiit  of  Uicir  RurjJua 
earatngH. 

Building  and  loan  SMomtiona  bare  done  exc«llent  service  in  some 
parts  of  the  country  by  encouraging  persons  of  small  income*  to  sava 
moooy  and  to  invest  it  in  hooees  for  their  families.  In  some  porta  of 
Pmnsytvaiiia  thMtc  aasoeiations  have  brvn  piir(i<<a)arly  bencflolaL 
Large  seotiona  of  Philadelphia,  and  of  M>me  of  the  Nmaller  cities  of  tb 
State,  bare  been  built  op  by  them,  and  thousands  of  worldng-nien  havi 
be«n  led  to  save  portions  of  their  wages,  and  enabled  to  own  ih' 
homes  through  their  ageoey.  In  nome  parta  of  the  country,  bowerori 
tbey  have  not  been  so  well  managed,  and  poor  people  have  someUmM 
suffered  loss  and  hardship  in  n>nseqnence.  lliese  hardships  and  1 
baro  created  great  dirtnisl  of  the*e  fl«sorifll!onf  in  some  CT>mmn 
Excellent  as  i»  the  siTview  which  ihcy  do,  they  do  not  ftiroijth  fa. 
for  saving  which  are  arailablo  for  all  olassea  of  the  jH^opIe,  nor,  wit 
their  liability  to  carclna  or  dtitbonpn  management,  do  they  fuminl 
aiiytbJitg  lik^  an  absolute  Kccurily  for  money.  Tbo  necettsity  of  mak* 
ing  regnlnr  payments  to  them  and  to  the  mutual  beneSt  and  i<0-np<-ra> 
tive  ininrancc  societies  is  aomclimes  an  additional  inrantiro  to  ccun^ 
omy,  but  in  otJier  inttanoM  it  la  productive  of  inccnvenienoe  snl 
bardflhip.  j 

Tbo  ordinary  savings-banks  have  fornishAd  all  olaaaos  of  tbt  poopl^ 
In  some  parts  of  tbo  country  with  good  faoillti**  for  saving  amall  mBU^ 
and  liave  especially  eoeouragcd  linhits  of  tbrift  among  the  poorea 
eUosesi  In  188S  there  were  in  the  entire  country  067  eavingi-hanku 
the  average  depofiits  of  which  am oqu ted  to  11,003,737,087.  At  Uuti 
time  tlio  Now  England  Slates  and  New  York  togtHhor  had  nbonl 
eighty-one  per  cent  of  the  savinga-banlts,  nnd  oigbly-tbrrc  per  cent  oi 
the  SAvlngft-bank  do|M«lts  of  the  entire  ooantry.  J 

llie  New  England  StatcM  arc,  on  the  whole,  fairly  veil  suppltMl 
with  savin(nr<baokB,  having,  on  the  average,  one  for  orvry  t4'n  ibou 
Mod  of  the  population.    In  some  of  thcM  States  the  bankji  aro  so  diaj 


POSTAL  SAVIA'OS-BAyKS. 


.6s 


^^HtaldililA  ba  «uttr aoowribiD  to  moHt  of  th«  pvopk' ;  in  otb<Tt 

^HBriM'~fil&|^iBan]ilB^M  irliii-fa  arv  incooroniimily  rcinote  from 

^Ko7  MviDg»  tnatitation.    Outeide  of  Kew  Knglaott,  none  of  tbn  Sutw 

^nn  well  KU|ipUed,     Even  K«w  York,  with  tu  on«  hoiKlred  aod  twenty* 

^P'MTtD  iMnkii,  contains  Urgo  ecction»  of  |>o|iulot»  cotintrf  id  wliiuh 

tbors  Li  Dot  »  tingle  uviugt>-bank.     Tliv  oiliir  StatM  are  Htill  worte 

off.    In  1S83  tbere  were  in  the  Soutbero  Stat«s  only  nine,  and  in  tbo 

W«Kt«m  SUito!),  auuide  of  Obio,  Indians,  and  California,  onlv  iwmtjr* 

one  nTin^'banks.     Pennsylvania,  with  its  groat  nuoufaoturiDg  and 

^^  mining;   indnstrips,   employing  regularly  BOTcnl   haodred  thoiuand 

^hiboroni,  is  ^7-  badly  eii{>plio<l.     A  f«w  years  ago  tbf  re  wcrv  a  nam* 

^mhm  at  Mfinga-btnkii  doing  a  large  buniwM  in  Tarion*  parts  of  th« 

Bttata.     Many  of  iheMe  were  luoitely  or  diaboneMly  managed,  and  ihtAr 

olTsIn  were  wound  n|>,  sometimes  with  lo«a  to  depositors  or  aiookbold- 

en^  or  both.    There  Btill  exUt  a  few  old  and  perfectly  sound  savings 

batitotlona,  and  there  are,  besides,  many  private  banking  coocerns 

wblchrt-    '  .'<-surosof  Torking>men's  eamingtsbut, on  ibo  wbolc, 

the  lack  '  .   I  icN  for  the  seourv  iaveslment  of  »raall  «avingit  it  do 

ploimbltt. 

Where  the  population  is  dense  and  oonvealenOy  gronpod  about  a 
I  number  of  centers,  as  is  the  case  in  aome  parta  of  New  England,  the 
^hnlinar;  savings-banka  may  be  made  to  furnish  adequate  facilities  for 
^Blui  small  savings  of  the  people.  Mo«t  sectiona  of  this  coantry  are, 
^uaWOTr!r,  rather  s]>arsely  papalate<l,  and  it  would  not  bo  possible  to 
maintain  a  good  isvingS'bank  in  oTery  xniall  town.  Some  of  the  sav- 
^ingA-banks  hnvc  been  ko  well  managed  and  are  eo  strong  that  it  would 
^B»  hard  tu  6nd  better  sccarity  than  that  which  they  offer.  In  genera), 
^■ba  UTinga-benks  of  New  England  bavo  Wen  well  managed.  Occa- 
BWonally  there  has  been  bad  management,  and  general  financial  doprcs- 
don  baa  brought  disaster  n]>on  some  of  tbcm.  Three  out  of  every 
dght  of  the  savings-banks  of  Maine  suspended  between  \BTi  and  1879. 
PV'hile  the  losMS  to  depositors  were  probably  lef<a,  as  a  rule,  than  those 
oed  by  men  who  liad  iuveated  tboir  money  in  land  or  other  seeu- 
itbe  value  of  which  shrank  greatly  during  thot^^  years,  still  these 
Biupi>nsiuBB  greatly  impaired  the  confidence  of  the  people  in  the 
ability  of  snvings-banka.  New  York  has  eomo  very  aoiid  savings 
itsti  tut  ions.  I'he  losses,  however,  to  depositors  from  the  failures 
twi'iity-two  savings-banks  in  that  State  between  1H72  and  I8"0 
luonted  to  $4,475,001.  Tliese  losses  liaro  led  many  people  todia- 
perfeotJy  sound  injilitutions.  In  some  parts  of  New  York,  New 
and  Pennsvlvariia  great  hardship  and  snffenng  bare  been 
by  savings-bank  failnies,  and  great  distrust  and  dtscourage- 
nt  have  followed. 

None  of  these  organixations  or  iiwtitutlons,  excellent  as  they  may 

be,  fumhih  th«  musea  of  the  people  tbronghout  the  country  with  oon- 

bttflient  faoiliUoa  for  dfl[K>^t4ng  their  aavings,  nor  do  they,  u  ft  rule. 


166 


THE  POPULAR   SCIENCE  MOXTHLT. 


give  Mi;p'tl'<i>g  lilco  *<■  alwolitto  secitrity  for  tbo  food*  intrusted  to 
them.  There  are,  nioreoTcr,  M>ino  large  Hi»ctwiH  of  tlw  coontiy  to 
which  there  are  no  faojlities  whatercr  for  the  ftaft^-keeping  of  Burplna 

Postal  snT in gs- banks  could  esfily  be  made  accessible  to  all  tlic  peo* 
pic.  There  ifl  iii  every  town  a  post-oSicc,  gcoerallj-  coDVomently  situ- 
ated, open  all  day,  and  Turit«d  hy  nutny  of  the  people.  All  claues  are 
aocQAtomed  to  intrust  their  letlc-rs,  and  perliajts  thtnr  money  or  prop- 
erty, to  it.  A  depository  for  savings  in  this  ofiice  uoulil  certainly  be 
wxeaaible  to  the  whole  commnDity.  A  Govenimeat  guarantee  for  tba 
money  dqiositcd  wonld  furnish  the  absolute  i«curity  that  is  needed  to 
rncoaragc  the  people  to  intrust  llwir  surplus  earnings  to  such  savings 
depo«itoric«L 

Whether  the  Goreniment  could  conduct  such  institutioiu  without 
loss  to  itself,  or  injary  to  private  enterprise,  or  the  unsafe  enlarge- 
ment of  its  fuoctioos,  is  a  question  In  reg&rd  to  which  there  is  eoine 
difference  of  opinion.     Perhaps  tlie  greatest  difficulty  would  be  tliat     > 
of  finding  some  safe,  permanent,  aod  profitable  use  for  the  money  diyfl 
posited.     Many  hold  that,  if  the  Government  nhould  only  guarantee     i 
the  repaj-ment  of  depo«it«  witlioul  iulcrest,  large  nuntbera  of  tJic  peo- 
ple would  gladly  place  their  nurplus  eantings  with  it  for  safe  keeping. 
However  tbia  may  be,  a  low  rate  of  interest  would  add  much  to  the 
popularity  and  altractiveoees  of  the  orraDgemCDL    Two  per  cent  has 
twen  Bnggeet«d  as  a  rate  tliat  would  bo  nttfrnotivc  tx>  depositors  wiih- 
out  int«fferiDg  roach  with  private  banking  enterpri«c8,  provided  the 
sumit  taken  from  individual  depositors  were  not  too  large.     It  is  csti- 
mated  that  tlie  cost  of  management  might,  for  the  first  few  ytan^ 
reach  three  fourths  of  one  per  cent     It  would  bo  much  more  likely  to 
fall  considerably  below  than  go  sbovo  tliis  limit.    The  problem  before 
the  Government,  then,  would  bo  to  safely  idtcM  t^o  depoiita  at  two^ 
asd  three  fourths  per  cent.  ■ 

The  Eoropean  nation*  which  have  postal  saving-bank*,  with  tva 
or  three  exceptions,  havt-  large  uational  debts,  which  are  not  likely  to 
he  paid  off  for  centuries  to  come.  The  investment  of  small  sums  bv 
large  numhcrs  of  the  people  in  Government  «ccurit>v«  greatly  increaw* 
the  loyalty  of  the  masses  and  their  interest  in  governmental  alTairK 
The  Government  thus  borrows  at  a  low  rate,  and  an  iucidciital  rewU  J 
of  its  so  doing  is  to  rentier  ita  citizens  more  thrifty,  independent,  self-  I 
respeotiog,  and  loyal.  It  is  certainly  an  open  question  whether  the 
policy  of  rapidly  paying  off  our  national  debt,  when  it  could  be  r& 
funded  at  so  low  a  rate,  is  wise.  Aj>art  from  (he  necct>Kilies  of  the 
national  banking  system,  there  is  a  great  deal  to  be  said  in  favor  of 
allowing  the  principal  to  remain  for  an  indefinite  period  when  the 
maaaea  of  our  laboring-men  and  poorer  classes  would  gladly  take  the 
greater  part  of  the  loan  at  two  and  three  fourths  per  cent,  ot  pertuq* 
even  at  a  lower  rate,  and  be  greatly  benefited  by  so  doing.   The  aduQti^^ 


I 


POSTAL  SAVUfaS-SANKS. 


167 


of  MWb  ft  policy  would  not  iMoeoMrity  involve  Uie  abaodonment  of  iIm 
policy  of  j>rolBctton.  Tito  removal  of  b  |>onioii  of  the  iDt«niKl  rcvtnuu 
uualiOD  vooM  ncoomplicb  lUo  ni>oesaary  rcdaoUoD  of  tbu  incotoe  of  tbe 
OiiverufflenL  Of  th«  tS4^C  10,8(9.92  rccdipu  of  tbo  GoviTninvnt  for 
Um  yL'&r,  1 105,067. 469.16  were  from  oiuUmu,  tl21,fi86,UU0  froio  in- 
trrtinl  rrvKRuo,  and  tbe  remainder  from  other  sooroeft.  I'Tominvnt 
mill  of  b«th  parlies  are  now  vigorously  advocating  a  redaction  of  tbe 
banlftoa  of  twition,  and,  iiolwitbstnDdiag  lliu  battlo  botween  the  freo- 
IraderB  an<)  tlio  protoctiooijUti,  the  guK-ml  dcmguMl  for  relivf  will  no 
d^iiabl  lead  to  the  adoption  of  Bomo  m«a«tira  that  wilt  out  oS  the  uu> 
lULiiwiij'  rvvenuo.  It  is  evident  that  the  adoption  of  eucb  a  measure 
DU  not  Iw  (ietajed  many  yeara. 

Bnidefl  national  sccnritiea,  StaU',  eonoty,  and  mnnicipsl  WndD  would 
Iw  available  for  invc-itrnvnl  by  tb«  Government.  Many  doubt  tbe  wio- 
'  dam  of  invi-.'ting  in  tbt-He,  became  sack  avounliM  have  in  eo  many  tn- 
■tancfw  proved  uuttafe.  The  bonds,  however,  of  a  number  of  tbe  States 
tod  citiiM  ore  uuw  considered,  by  tbose  who  are  accantomed  to  invest 
largfl  minia  of  trust  funds,  very  nearly  as  good  as  Government  bonds, 
[f  thi>  tlovemincat  tbould  offer  to  loon  iho  dcponiu  at  two  and  three 
fourtlu  per  ooot,  nambera  of  St«to«,  ooaiitirs,  and  cities  which  now  pay 
a  muob  highu*  rate  would  be  glad  to  rvfuiHl  portioon  of  tbdr  debts, 
and,  in  consideratiou  of  the  very  low  rate  of  Intert-fll,  would  doubtlws 
\»  wiUing  to  BO  draw  the  bonds  that  in  case  of  default  the  Govern- 
ment would  Iwvo  no  diSicnIty  in  enforcing  payment.  U  would  of 
eonnw  bo  neoessary  that  tho  investments  bo  mode  with  the  greatest 
florOi  and  that  those  who  luivo  the  making  of  tbem  should  ptunese  tbe 
cocxfidenco  of  tiM  people  In  a  high  degreei  Tbe  good  roaalla  that  come 
[rom  the  FrMidman'a  Bonk  when  it  was  wisely  administered,  and  the 
de[itorabla  dfecu  of  the  loose  management  of  tta  affoin  In  tbe  later 
yearn  of  its  esistence,  would  serve  as  valuable  leesons  for  tbe  conduct 
of  Govemment  savings-banka. 

IFor  many  years  our  post-office  management  baa  been  rapidly  grow- 
Eng  more  and  more  vflloieut.  Perbapa  at  the  prownt  time  no  great  bugl- 
ueas  is  managed  more  efficiently  and  ecooomiooUy.  Tliero  Is  every  reason 
to  tteliovK  thai  still  furtht^r  improvements  will  be  nude.  Kvery  one  is  so 
dirvetiy  interested  in  cheap  pustage,  and  in  the  sure  and  quick  delivery 
of  the  luoil,  that  incEBciency  or  dishonesty  in  the  Post-Ofltra  altrocta  at- 
IWttloQ  mora  quickly  tlian  in  any  otber  department  of  tbo  Government. 
Onr  tat«B  of  poetagt  ara  now  as  low  as  those  of  Great  Britain,  although 
we  atv  coniiR'IM  to  maintain  sovcral  time*  aaraany  olEoca  and  miles  of 
mail-rontM  in  proportion  to  the  quantity  of  mail-maltcr  as  tbe  latter 
country.  It  is  Noarcely  eonoeivable  that,  with  so  strong  a  public  sentt- 
rarot  in  favor  of  bom-st  and  f  lllcient  civil  •■crvice,  any  Adminiotratioii 
^  for  poiiUan  raaaoni  would  dare  to  substitute  to  any  couaideraUe  ex* 
■lent  dishooeat  and  inefficient  uiod  for  lliooe  whose  ability  and  integrity 
have  been  tried  and  proved.     It  would  bosnioidal  In  any  i>arty  to  pur- 


|68 


THE  POPULAR  8CISNCE  M0NT3ir. 


ao*  KOch  k  eonrse  in  a  depanmoRt  of  th«  GoToninMWt  vhicb  rracbM 
and  isUiratUi  to  much  all  vlaucx  of  tbo  (x-oplo.    Tho  popatu-  inUtr- 

'  0st  in  itfl  being  irdl  managed  would  be  gtvatly  increued  if  lar^'o 
numbers  of  tbc  people  were  in  the  haliit  of  intrusting  tbeir  small  hst- 
ioga  to  it  for  sftfe-kceping.  llie  n«w  dati«fl  and  responaibilitieB  wovld 
make  tho  demand  for  th«  appointmeDt  of  ho&«et  and  capable  ofHcisIti 
ovi.li  greater  than  it  i«  at  prcocnt,  and  would,  tiK-rcforo,  prxunote  (hf 
o&QM  of  oivil-a«rvioe  reform.  The  odditionH  to  our  oiviI-H«rvico  lint 
required  bj  reason  of  Bvdi  an  addition  to  tbe  fnnoliona  of  th«  Uovcm* 
ment  wonld  bo  comparatively  few.  Tho  Poet-Offloe  Departncot,  by 
moan*  of  oioaflyHwders  and  poetal-notte,  now  trannnita  large  amonnta 
of  money  from  offlM  to  olBoc.  Po«tmast«rs  and  clcrkx  are,  tlicreforo, 
in  tbe  babtt  of  receiving  and  pcying  out  many  amall  auoM  of  money, 
of  keeping  detailed  ac«ounta,  and  of  making  frefjtient  report*.  Ko 
very  grL**!  modification  of  tbe  machinery  now  in  use  would  be  needed 
for  ooDdaotlog  a  ayauini  of  eavinf^s  dciiositories  in  connection  with  tbe 
money-order  offloes.  Ooeasioaally  a  little  more  ofSoc-room,  and  another 
cleric  or  two,  would  be  needed,  but  the  additioiut  would  be  comp«ra> 
tively  tnsignilicant.  Tho  new  buslnwa  would  rt-r|uirc  ihe  auno  aortof 
talent  and  skill  aa  thai  needed  for  the  Isaoe  and  payment  of  money 
ordt-ra  and  postal-notea.  We  might  afford  to  nin  the  risk  of  wbat«T«rr 
danger  may  come  from  such  an  entargemiynt  of  the  functions  and  pa- 
tronage of  the  Oovcmmcnl  if  potttal  8aviiig»-1>aiiks  would  really  prove 
a  great  boon  to  tho  diom^r  of  our  pooplo. 

Post-offiec  savinga-banka  would  probably  not  aerloiiHly  interfere 
with  priTato  banking  inBtitutioDS  unlcea  a  very  bigh  rate  of  int<rre«t 
were  paid  and  large  Bums  were  tnkcn  from  ninple  depositors  While 
oeoaaionally  depooita  would  be  wilbdrawn  from  (he  ordinary  banka  and 
left  with  the  Government,  it  would  probably  hai>pon  more  frequently 
that  poor  people  who  now  have  no  bank  accounts  would  ho  induood 
to  aave  some  of  llietr  earnings,  and  would  in  time  become  capitaliMa 
and  patrons  of  national  or  private  banka.  In  18"^  Mr.  Cmnvell 
strongly  nrge^l  tlint  a  cystem  of  postal  savings  depoeitorios  would  not 
only  Rtrcngthen  our  national  fliianecB,  by  bringing  large  sums  into 
circulation,  but  would  indirectly  afford  our  monetary  and  banking  in* 
BtitDtions  "tie  very  relief"  of  "which  they  atood  in  Deed." 

It  goes  without  raying  that  mnny  American  working-men  ai»  frugal 
and  aave  considerable  portion*  of  thc-ir  eamings.  Kridences  of  ihifir 
eoottoroy  and  tbtift  are  Men  in  tbe  large  uumbere  of  capitalists  who 
began  life  as  laborers,  and  in  the  thousands  of  comfortable  working- 

'  mcn'a  homes  which  tbe  ownoni  have  built  or  bought  mth  tlielr  HavingH. 
It  ta  evident,  however,  that  great  numbers  who  might  live  comfortably, 
and  at  tbe  aamotimcaaveenoiich  to  make  tliem  independent  in  tiirk- 

'  nem  or  old  age,  and  to  give  their  children  a  fair  start  in  life,  spend  all 
their  eaminj^  and  are  never  far  from  wanu  TIm  avango  American 
laborer  is  apt  to  bo  too  generous  and  open-banded,  spending  kia  hard- 


TMS  REFSACTIXO  TELESCOPE. 


t69 


^^^HflbgM  reeUeaaly  for  tlio  grolifioation  of  hts  ntomenLary  denirM 
j^lKtcjet.  8och  «  man  ia  liable  lo  bo  largt-ly  at  the  merry  of  his  em* 
plajren.  Altlioagfa  vugos  may  be  at  Biarvntion-point,  lui  ctta  oot  tak« 
bia  liibor  to  «  Iwttur  tnvkct  elsewhere.  'When  limes  are  bard,  he  nod 
hia  fjunily  nro  likely  to  xulTor.  If  tba  great  majority  of  oar  working- 
mon  coaM  bo  pomivlcd  lo  utb  comcthin]^,  Iiou-cvcr  uniall  tho  eiuu, 
twh  week,  the  liabiu  of  eoonomy  and  thrift  thus  ac<|uiro<l  would  be  a 
grost  gain  to  Ibe  nation  :  paopertna  and  crime  would  decreaM  ;  tbo 
comfort,  eelf-reapcoL,  and  independence  of  tbe  p«opla  would  increoM ; 
and  tbere  woold  be  fewer  iniermptionti  to  tfa«  baaU>c»a  and  industriea 
of  tba  country  f!Towin|;  out  of  iroablca  between  laborcra  and  oroploy- 
tra,  for  t\w.  labontn  would  becomo  more  steady,  Iruatwortfay,  and  is> 
dapradnnt,  leas  liable  to  rMih  recklcnly  into  sthkea,  and  would  be  leaa 
at  tbo  meroy  of  an  unfair  employer. 

Wore  a  syMem  of  postal  eavings-hanka  establiHhed  and  well  ooo< 
<laot«d,  tliDTo  is  no  doubt  tJiat  Urr^e  numbers  of  our  laboring  daseea 
woold  aoon  become  dc]>o«itors  of  nnall  sum*.  Ulany  workin|v-men  now 
hare  great  difficulty  in  ker^ping  sccnroly  money  which  tJiey  whb  to 
nve  ;  otheri  often  spend  all  their  MiniingM  for  drink  or  tliegraltSont  ion 
of  tbcir  whima  or  fanoiea,  when  ibcy  would  not  do  so  if  ihey  had 
•omo  [wrfectly  safe  and  convenient  place  to  deposit  the  money  where 
it  WDutd  bring  them  a  little  interctt,  and  the  fact  of  their  having  it  be 
krpt  ft  Morct.  The  masses  of  the  people  have  the  greatest  confidence 
in  tbo  OoTemment,  and  would  gladly  intrast  tbeir  small  savings  to  ita 
kcepinf;,  provided  snch  a  system  of  savings  depositories  were  deriAed, 
wttbflucb  men  in  chargo  of  it  SH  would  command  (heir  confidence. 
It  is  a  <jocstion  whether  at  tlie  present  time  our  Ccngrcwmfin  could  do 
po  mneb  for  tbe  working-man  in  any  other  way  as  by  providing  him 
with  tliia  meiwa  of  helping  himself. 


THE  REFRACTI^fG  TELESCOPE. 

Bt  COaBLES  p.  &01VAKD, 

TUOSK  who  hare  looked  through  a  largo  telescope  nndcr  faror- 
ali1<<  Btmoeplierio  conditions,  at  one  of  those  immense  e}-elooc« 
wliich  ocejuiionally  break  out  on  the  surface  of  the  sun,  have  derived 
what  ihoy  aaw  a  very  good  idea  of  tbo  origin  of  sunlight.    They 
ra  Men  that  the  brighUMt  portion  of  the  surface  of  the  sun  consists 
of  wtnniDa  of  intensely  hot  motalllo  vapora,  averaging  about  three 
boadrod  miles  in  diameter,  rising  from  its  interior  and  glowing  with 
tltrtm«  brilliancy,  from  the  presence  of  clouds  formed,  probably,  of 
liioing  parTiottM  of  earbon  prveipitattrd  from  ita  vapor  as  tbe  tops  o{ 
eolumaa  reach  tbe  turfaco  and  Iom  heat  by  expansion  and  rwlia* 


^wUiol 
H^ron 
^T«»a 


170 


THE  POPULAR  SCJEyCS  MOXTULY. 


1 

eaV 


i 


tion.  (A  good  »lca  of  sucli  a  precipitation  ia  bad  \>y  oboervJng  tb< 
pATtioke  of  water  eoDdeneeJ  from  Uaofparent  vapor,  in  nntiBUalty  \x\g\ 
thandei^hosds,  vrhorc  the  action  U  in  eonio  rL')!]>rcU  nmUar.)  UetfreeB^ 
tfacM  ucx'ndirig  vnlumnii  art-  tici-ii  diiioi'iiiling  miuMH  of  cooler  vapors, 
randvrod  <)ark  and  Hmoky  hy  rctaiivety  oool  and  opaque  particltM  of 
oarboii,  all  or  most  of  llie  otb«r  elenieuts  being  Btill  inaintaiiMid  hj 
tbe  exceraivel}'  high  temperature  in  tbe  condition  of  tnneparent  va- 
por. In  tile  immediate  region,  however,  where  ttiv  cyrli>nc  is  niging,J 
tbcM)  bright  anoeuding  columna  ani  drawn  out  liuriKontalljr  by  the  in-' 
rvabing  m«tal)io  winds  (whidi  often  reodi  a  volooit;  of  a  Uioiuaod 
miles  per  Iwur)  into  long  rilanient»,  ]>ointing  in  g«nvral  toward  tbe 
oeuter  of  tJto  dlMurbanci',  which  iw  nlwa^  occupied  \ty  a  hugo  black 
cloud  of  smoke  (frequent!/  twenty  thousand  miles  in  diameter)  t%\>- 
idly  settling  back  into  tbe  interior  of  tbo  son.  Over  and  across  this 
groat  cwntral  black  eloud  arc  oft«n  driven  longannsof  the  shiniop 
oarboD-clondii,  whicb,  when  tlie  cyclonio  action  ia  very  etrong,  bend 
round  into  nlowly  eliungiog  tipiial  forms,  very  suggcwlivo  of  intetiM 
action.  A  striking  illunton,  invariably  connected  with  this  sigbt,  U 
that  llie  observer  eceins  to  be  viewing  it  from  a  position  quite  near 
the  scene  of  the  disturbance,  wbose  minute  and  comp licslc^  details 
an  seen  witJi  ezquisiU)  distinetncse.  fl 

After  witD<-s«ing  snob  a  spectacle,  tiio  observer  mnM  Havo  feItT 
great  admiration  for  the  men  who  have  devised  and  euoceasfully  con- 
Btncted  an  instrument  ca)>al)le  of  ahowing  iu  action  such  enormouily 
energetic  forces,  tbe  very  existence  of  which  wonid  otherwise  liardly, 
hare  been  conceived. 

But,  although  (he  refracting  teloscopo  has  now  been  broagbt  to* 
snch  exquiniie  porfectioii,  the  first  ones  wen  exceedingly  cmd^  am) 
it  is  interestbg  to  trace  the  gradnal  development  of  the  telescope 
from  a  simple  pair  of  fi]>ectacIe-glasseB,  suitably  placed  one  beliind  the 
other,  into  tbo  great  refractors  of  Washington,  Vienna,  and  Pulkowa, 
wbiob  arc  monuroenta  of  ojitind  and  mcchanioal  ingenuity. 

Spectacles  wen)  invente<)  about  the  year  1300,  but  it  was  not  nnlit 
1806  that  a  Dutch  spcotaole-maker,  as  a  pretty  experiment,  combined 
two  such  lenses  in  a  way  that  made  distant  objects  look  nearer.     Ac 
rumor  of  tliis  invention  rcAcbed  Galileo,  at  Venice,  iu  1000,  and  intcr-l 
estc<)  him  no  much  that,  before  he  had  won  seen  one  of  tbem,  bo  rea-^^ 
aoucd  the  piublem  out  for  himself,  and  in  a  few  days  produced  a  tele*] 
acope  which  made  distant  objects  appear  to  be  only  one  third  a»  fa 
away  as  tboy  actually  were,  by  cementing  a  suitable  spectaclo-glass 
Mob  end  of  a  load  organ-pipe.     ^^'itIl  this  inGtrumcnt  tbo  MKtDi 
aenatots  of  Venice  derived  great  amuAcment  in  spying  oat  shipa  ati 
from  the  top  of  the  great  bell-tower. 

So  industriously  did  (iaiiteo  follow  up  his  first  achierement,  that 
aoon  lie  bad  coostnictcd  more  tlian  one  hnndred  telescopes  of  TarioBlj 
■iMi^  one  of  which  made  objoots  look  oigbl  times  nearer  ;  and,  flnallyJ 


TiTS  REFRACTINQ   TSLESCOPS. 


171 


ekt  exertion  and  exjwnsw.  complvtvJ  000  nugoirylng  tliiny  di- 
,  wliii--h  we  now  know  to  be  Uio  ^reatwl  power  jMMublu  wiUi 

UiA  fonn  of  lenww  that  h«  Qscd,  tIe.,  a  doiible-oonvex  lew  fur  tbv  ob- 
Jtcl-gUu  and  a  donbla'OOnvavo  Ions  for  llie  oyo-piece^ 

Witb  iiaob  erode  iMlnimonU  m  thvnc^  Galilou  mado  hU  wcU- 
Iniowa  ditoovorim,  wbieh,  coming  Jiutt  wben  tkcy  did,  provi-d  uf  great 
imiwrtsnce  in  glrtng  an  additiouul  impuloo  co  the  tbcn  mpidly  awak- 
ening intellect  of  Enrope. 

8ovn  after  tb«  dentli  of  Galileo  tlie  t«tc«cope  was  fartbcr  pcKected 

bjr  HufgraSt  who,  in  tin*  tirst  [ilaci-,  invented  the  form  of  tiyv-{iic«e 

wbicb  Mil]  b«ara  hia  nanio,  and  givw  a  lajgr,  flat  field  wltb  very  uliar]) 

definition.    Many  variationa  of  fonn,  bnt  ito  iinprovenuait  in  Uit'  m»- 

II      ing  quality  of  tclcMojii^  cye-|MeiCM,  have  fAntx  been  made,  so  tbat  from 

H  iliis  time  all  improvenwata  in  Hm  telescope  have  been  tKcessartly  con- 

^  lined  to  tlie  object-gla«a. 

Uuygeos  next  enlarged  the  eingli'-lena  object-glaea  to  it«  greatwt 

powiblu  fiowcr.      His  largo<;t  tcIci<co|io  h:id  an  objwtt-glau  Oto  ioobm 

in  diameter,  and  a  fooal  length  of  ono  bundrt'd  and  twenty  feet ;  tlila 

•nonnonB  focal  Iragtb  Iwing  absolutely  neoAamy  to  reduce  the  blnr- 

riftg  olTftct  of  the  prismatically  colored  fringes,  as  well  as  spherical 

aberration,  to  aacb  moderate  Umita  that  a  magnifying  power  of  M\f 

ward  of  two  hnndrM  dtanietera  oould  be  employed. 

^      To  liBTf  watched  I[uyg<'ns  at  work  with  tliU  telescope  most  bare 

^Blwen  an  arauftiog  sight.     Its  gn?at  length  pr«cludcd  the  asc  of  a  tube, 

Vand  therefore  an  asitistant  was  ol>1i£^d  to  slide  the  object-glass  up  and 

V  down  a  vertical  polv,  out-  huiidn-d  feet  high,  by  a  cord,  while  Uuygena 

pointed  the  vyc-pieoe  at  th«  objecI^glaM  by  sigliting  along  a  string 

eonnecttng  Uio  two,   mmnwhilc  Rtvadytng  himself   by   ri.-»tt»g  his 

elbows  on  a  two-legged  wooden  horse.    A  more  ditHcuh  and  uusalis- 

factory  contrivance  to  nse  can  hardly  be  imagined,  yet,  with  this 

telnoope,  in  \\\Tm,  he  discovervd  the  riiigs  of  Satum,  and  ono  of  its 

•ateltite*. 

Kewton,  aliout  this  time,  b.ixtily  concluded,  from  crpcrimenta  ot 
hia  awn,  thai  refrooiion  without  pri*malio  color  wil^  out  of  the  <)t]ea- 
tlon,  and  that  the  refracting  telescope  wan  incapable  of  further  tm- 
rnneoi ;  hu  thcrefoTe  abandoned  the  study  of  the  refracting  tele- 
,  and  turned  his  attention  to  the  construction  of  reflectors,  and 
thus  narrowly  Mcajtod  making  that  most  important  discovery — ^the 
rhromatiu  oltject-glaas— which,  only  two  years  after  his  death,  act- 
[ually  was  madu  by  Dollond,  who,  in  1757,  con*trucled  one  two  and  a 
'  inebM  in  diameter,  cwrected  both  for  prismatic  color  and  upherioal 
Bfimtton. 

From  that  day  the  power  of  the  refracting  telescope  rapidly  in- 

1,  and  up  to  the  present  moment  has  only  been  limited  by  the 

ty  of  the  ){laaa-mak4m  to  funiUli  large  pieces  of  optically  perfect 


174  ^OE  POPVLAH  SCIEXCB  UOifTBlT. 


Ciagram  I, 


t)i»iu>  I. 


T&B  SSFSACTJyo  TEISSCOFS. 


'75 


Had  vtth  wme  snbetance  hftTing,  u  w«  btvo  aXratAy  seen,  tb«  prop- 
.  o(  K  Nolid.  Nov.  nltliougli  it  i»  iumIot  to  concoivu  liini  iUl  sftaoo 
H  filled  with  tiitav  kind  of  tmbstaiice  than  to  convoiro  it  tu  bu  empty, 
ia  ordt^  to  acounot  for  universal  gravitatjan,  il  iji  nt  li-iut  uiivxpiKti.'d 
tlut  tJitit  tnbaLanire  ahonM  turu  oat  to  t)«  »  solid,  y«t  the  imUrisnlJon 
d'.  llfrhi  'hours  that  a  solid  rabMaooo  il  inu»l  bo,  ittttwithsiandiDg  ib« 
{act  tbni  tlio  plan«tii  nuh  through  it  witlMDt  tbo  enmilcst  apparent 
redAaiHM. 

But  eren  tlib  anomalj*  is  not  utterly  inoonocivablc,  for  many  fa- 
miliar •niMtaiMiM  have  at  one  and  the  oame  time  ibe  prti|*«rtlcs  both  of 
a  solid  am)  a  li'iuid— for  example.  pit4-b,  rosin,  and  (ar.     Wu  would  all 
^|imbnl(ly  conNider  pitch  as  quite  a  brittlo  solid,  yet  it  is  at  the  same  time 
^L  pi-rforl  liquid,  as  an  incidont  tlutt  happened  to  Alvan  Clark  will  illos- 
^b^^^lv  onee  openod  a  new  barrel  of  pitch,  using  a  hat«btii  lo  crack 
^BHUH  for  OM  in  polUliing  lenso* ;  aftiT  breaking  off  ouoogh  for 
bb  purjMMO,  ho  Ltid  the  batcbot  down  on  the  piteb  wliirh  nearly  filled 
lli«  barrel,  and  lliougbt  no  more  a)>ont  it  unlil  Home  few  weeks  after- 
ward, wh<<n  ibe  hnt4-het  could  not  be  found,  ahbouj^h  he  distinctly 
roRwmbcrvd  havin;;  loft  it  lying  on  the  opened  barrel,     lie  thoui^bt  it 
itokn  until  about  two  ywira  afterward,  when  the  missing  batcbct  was 
diioovered  at  the  bottom  of  iho  pitch,  liariog  vunk  into  it,  clear  to  tlio 
Uittois,  leaving  no  hole  behind,  Jt»t  na  a  Hod«  would  sink  in  wator, 
unly  of  conrao  mncb  more  slowly. 

All  wlw  havi>  worked  with  pitch  know  that  it  has  ibc  proporty  of 
■  being  a  slowly  moving  liquid  ;  and  it  is  evident  that  thi*  particnlar 
Jkiwl  nf  aubilance  at  least  is  a  solid  to  one  kind  of  motion,  such  as  the 
K'<(viok  blow  of  a  hatchet,  but  is  a  liquid  to  another  kind  of  motion, 
Dch  as  the  steady  pressuro  of  a  hatchet  slowly  descending  tbrongh  iL 
at  is,  give  it  plenty  of  tinto  to  flow,  and  pitch  is  a  pvrfect  liquid ; 
'but  hurry  it,  and  it  is  a  very  brittle  M>lid. 

Now,  tbU  ulratige  siibslanc^  which  fills  all  Bp.teo  seems  to  possosA 

Ilia  peetdiar  double  property  in  a  vastly  greater  d<!gn-c  than  does 

1  pitch,  for  we  find  that  to  aiicb  a  quirk  motion  as  a  vibrating 

il  acts  as  a  nio«cl  ri-pd  solid,  but  to  Ilio  comparatively  slow 

[atOAfly  uiDlii>n  of  aplani;t  it  acts  as  an  inconceivably  thin  liquid, 

Bg  the  planet  to  pass  through  with  no  apparent  rcsistnnce. 

Thia  muarkablo  snbsunco,  wbinh  fills  both  intcrmoleeular  and  in- 

>*  spooe,  is  called  the  univenal  elher.     Ttn  properties  aro  only 

ij  to  he  Irnnu'd,  and  will  not  probably  be  well  understood 

Balil  snob  phenomena  as  gravitation,  electricity,  magnetbnn,  and  the 

'ttiesseenin  tlio  tails  of  cometi>,  arc  satisfactorily  expluned.    A 

:  r ,  however,  of  a  few  of  lis  obMrrvcjl  properties  ts  a  necessary 

prvlude  i  '  ^  <    rvjilrte  understanding  of  the  leliiu^ope. 

The  niuki.ul'^^  of  ponderable  matter  are  supposed  to  l>e  inclosed  in 
Kie  elhnr,  jiisl  f*  n  wo^en  ball  conld  be  inoased  in  tbc  center  of  a 
Utrga  block  of  Jvtif .    Tbe  waves  of  light  are  supposed  to  be  oHgtnatod 


.76 


TlIS  I'OPUIAR  8CIENCE  itONTHLY. 


hj  Uie  TibratioD  of  tlio  molociili'A,  In  tomcirlnt  tba  tuimu  waj  u 
j«lly  might  lie  agitntvd :  1>)'  riWating  tlie  wiKrdcii  Lall  iu  iu  oonter, 
OAcli  mukculo  ad  it  Hwingi  ftcitda  ta\  impulM!  or  ribratiou  ilirnngti  tbt 
other,  wbich,  trareliiig  wiUi  eqaal  Telocity  in  all  (lirectiona,  Cornu  u  a 
wliole  an  espandiug   epberio^  ware-front,  in   slwpo   tike  a  qniold 
blown  soflp-bubblo,  having  the  vibrating  molecula  at  its  center. 

Tbfl  moWulos  of  a  hot  body  .iru  in  a  t>t»lo  of  tnlenw  vibration,  ui 
«aoh  boing  «uii|>«nde(l  in  tliv  itub«tauc«  of  thi>  olLer,  originato  in  it 
««A<ly  suci-VKsion  of  tliose  8pb«ri«al  n'avc-fronta,  whiob,  by  one  uf 
fundamental  (irinciptiM  of  wavo-uotion  in  on  duUo  medium,  do  m 
interfere  witb  each  other  in  the  loart,  btit  each  ttet  of  wnvn  gi 
atraigbt  on,  as  if  every  one  of  ibe  oiIht  seta  vmrt  not  in  cxi«teaoe. 

Wlien  ligbt  passes  tbrougb  a  transparent  aubatanoe,  eiidi  aa  gjk. 
or  wM«r,  it  is  )>Topagat«d,  not  by  the  vibration  of  lhi>  uk'  ' 

ntbctancc,  but  by  ibu  vibration  of  the  ethvr  in  which  n 
anj  a«  it  went  nnbrocrgod.    Tbis  ia  provod  by  tbo  cuonnnna  vflootl; 
with  which  the  vibration!*  are  propagated  within  the  suWtwiGV,  whin 
ia  immoasonbly  greater  than  the  elostioity  of  tbo  eubaUUtM  can  «o*| 
count  for,    Tbero  are  at»o  other  pbenontena  vbicb  \eaA  to  Iho 
conclnsion,  but  whleli  it  in  not  nomsaary  to  allad«  to  hefv. 

It  baa  bc«n  fouiu)  by  dirttd  iu«aaur«n«il  tlint  thu  rolouity  of  t 
llgbt-warca  ia  leaa  through  trannparont  UxUm  than  tbt 
For  some  reaaon,  the  ether  acts  as  if  tt  were  heavier  yc'v- '.  IhmJ 

tbao  OQteide  of  it,  being  apparently  oondenMid  by  the  presence  of  tb< 
ni<^AculcH  ;  and  tJie  velocity  of  the  waves  is  lessened  by  their  pasaag« 
bctwcAD  Uio  moloculofl  of  the  transparent  body,  so  aa  to  produuo  an 
effect  siinilAr  to  that  produced  on  the  velocity  of  wuvm  on  the  nurfaw 
of  water  by  tlie  neamcM  of  the  bottom,  wb««  thitir  vt'lucity  dimiiK 
ishes  rapidly  aa  the  water  grown  ahallowcr. 

Upon  thia  eimplu  fact>  that  the  light-waves  progrvai  with  laM 
velocity  through  transparent  aolid  bodiua  than  tbrough  epaoe  or  air, 
depends  the  complete  explanation  of  the  telescope. 

But,  before  considering  the  effect  of  this  retardntioa  of  tli«  Hgbt- 
wBTce  by  ihetr  passage  tbrough  transparent  bodice.  It  la  well  to  got 
dofinito  idea  of  a  wave-motion  by  observing  ono  thai  is  vUiblo  to  tli« 
oye.  Tbti  Mtn  be  beautifully  doue  by  tho  elliplicjii  tank  of  mercury 
roughly  shown  in  Diagram  d — the  v«iooity  of  waves  on  ths  surface  tvT 
meronry  being  slow  enough  to  bo  earily  followed  by  the  oyo. 

The  rim  of  the  di»h  is  elliptical ;  tlto  little  ball  to  originate  lb* 
waves  is  oonstruned  to  vibrate  at  one  focua  of  the  4'ltii>se,  and  it  will 
be  obaorved  that  each  time  the  hall  makes  a  vibration  a  cir«ular  wav» 
front,  pon^'ox  toward  the  direction  of  its  motion,  spreads  out  on  the  snr^ 
faee  of  the  mercury  frfim  (he ball  as  a  oenicr,  until,  meeting  thnOliirfi- 
oal  wall  of  the  dinh,  ft  is  ehangrd  by  rvfleciion  to  a  circular  coocavi* 
wave-front,  which  coovergca  to  Ita  center,  where  llie  agitalion  of  tba 
aarfaoe  U  muoh  greater  tban  snywbere  elae  ;  and,  indeed,  if  tbe  ne^ 


I 


THB  REFRACTING   TSLESCOPB. 


i77 


tmj  vw«  porfooUy  vlutk,  m  is  tbe  ether,  the  ■glution  At  tint  ooqIw 
of  the  completely  ciroal&r  concave  w&Tfi-frootR  would  tw  M  gtmX  w 
Itbuorigio  of  tbodisturbancc. 
Wn  »Uo  ttee,  from  this  exponiti«iit,  lliat  circular  wsrc-fronU  tnjtl 
■II  ilirDctJon  at  right  angles  to  tbo  directioo  of  tbeir  fronu,  so  that,  if 


Diumui  & 


KTUB  any  cause  a  wsTe-Eront  bocomoe  circular  and  coDc*Te  tovard  the 
irection  in  which  it  ia  moving,  it  vrill  nin  to  a  perfect  center  or 
foeiis,  anil  at  that  particular  plaoc  create  a  comparatively  fcn*i  dia- 
inbaaov.  By  locating  tin-  vUirallng  Wll  at  random  on  the  Bnrfncc  of 
Um  aHirouf7,  it  will  also  l>e  seen  that,  unlcM  the  concave  wavi-fronU 
art  traly  ctrcalar,  ihey  wUt  not  run  to  a  singlo  point  of  great  agita- 
tioti,  but  only  a  confusion  of  crocs-waves  will  result. 

Tb«  aama  phenomena  of  wave-motion  made  apparent  to  tho  eyo  on 
tlu  furfaoe  of  the  mercnrj  are  alao  tnic  of  light-waveft :  if  from  any 
«siiee  the  wav^fronte  hecome  spherical,  and  at  the  same  time  oonoave, 
toward  the  direction  in  which  tliey  are  rooving,  they  will  also  ran  to  a 
Motor,  and  cause  intense  agitation  at  that  particular  point,  but  no- 
vberv  »Im. 

Diagram  3  reprfitents  the  effect  produco<l  upon  tlio  light-waves 
diverging  with  uniform  velocity  and  spherical  fronts,  from  a  vibratinft 
raolocule,  liy  passing  tlirongh  a  transparent  body,  whose  faces  are  snr- 
fsGM  of  revolution  elliptical  in  section,  called  a  lens.  As  already  Btat«d, 
[ht-wsTes  ara  retarded  during  their  paeeage  throngh  the  body,  and 


THJi  POPULAR  SC/SlfCS  itOyTBL),'. 

it )«  pUin  (IiAl  Uh)  oentnl  \Kinwn  of  l^ach  oruvi 

morelbaD  tkein&rgina)  part,li&vingagn.-atiTUt>< 

BO  that  ibe  central  part  will  lag  back  ;  simI,  wlini  ibo  wave-fronl  vmofKit 

)U  form  will  have  become  concave,  inetcail  of  oAnves  ;  and  a«^  ivttb  It 


uuBUJi  a 


particular  form  of  Ictia  that  we  bav«  luuumod  ubci],  Iih  form  irill 
Bplierical,  eacb  wave  will  mo  to  a  center  or  focnSi  and  cn-nto  tliorr 
gr«aC  agitation. 

Vow,  tho  Bamc  thing  ciauti]'  will  happen  if  the  vibruting  mobeuli 
is  removed  to  an  indefinitely  groat  ductance,  u  for  iuRlauce  lo  one  i 
tJ>e  Man :  in  thin  imnc  iliv  wavc-frontii  will  br  M-ni>ibIy  plane,  on  a<-(M)Uiil 
of  tbe  dUbatioi!  of  the  i-etner  of  cunaturtt,  jh».1  hk  the  ffurfaoft  of  nan 
standing  in  a  pail  ih  itcnsiblir  plane,  although  tJic  center  of  its  curvatoro 
\n  only  fcKir  tbonsand  milca  distant. 

It  is  found  experimenully,  or  it  can  be  demonstrated  natheroati- 
catly,  that  the  vibrating  molecule,  the  center  of  the  Icnf,  nod  Ihc  ftiriy 
of  tbe  emerging  ooncave  wave-front^  lie  in  a  Btraighl  lino  ;  with  thii 
fact  distinctly  in  mind,  it  ia  clear  that  a  wcond  vibrating  molecule,  saj 
situated  in  another  Mar,  in  nearly  the  lame  direetiuu  from  tito  nutb  : 
iho  first,  will  also  form  a  second  ccntwof  agitation  or  fociu,  exaetly  i 
hind  the  center  of  the  U'D»,  w  viewed  from  (hat  star  ;  and  eo  on  frot 
any  number  of  vibrating  molecules',  each  and  every  one  prodaeiog  s^ 
different  center  of  agitation,  exactly  behind  the  renter  of  the  lenii  ah 
viewed  from  them,  of  course  within  reasonable  limitt*  on  each  *id«  oflrij 
tbe  direction  of  tho  axiti  of  the  lens.  ^f 

We  are  now  in  n  position  to  imdcrstand  clearly  tbe  reatwa  wby  w« 
are  ablo  to  see  distinctly  the  formM  of  distant  olijeets. 

Diagram  4  rvprcM>nt«  the  lens  of  tJte  eye,  with  plane  'WfiTe-froni* 
of  light,  from  two  different  vibrating  molcciiles,  i>i(uBt<>d  in  differr 
stars,  entering  it,  and  running  to  a  focus  or  center  of  IntrnrM!  vihr 
tion  behind  it.    The  short  lines  at  llie  hack  of  tb«  pyc  repn'smt  tli 
so-called  rods  of  the  rctio*  ;  when  one  only  of  these  ro<ls  rmelvri 


t  ibocki  the  Aensalion  of  a  point  of  light  is  produced.  Aa,  shown  in 
lk«  diagram,  Jitnt  uue  rod  is  ngiutcd  by  each  set  of  waves,  so  that  the 
atM  in  tli'vH  case  two  di«linc't  point*  of  light,  tko  brilliancy  of 
I  (Irpcixliog  upon  the  intensity  of  the  ngitaiion.  A  tJiird  vibrating 
u)v  in  Kuotticr  iiUr  u-ould  he  Hocii  by  the  uye  in  thv  gamo  way, 
1  BQ  oti  indvtinitcly. 

An  the  cobir  of  U^Ut  dopcnds  merely  on  the  wave-length,  wo  can 
MW  nn4lurNt:iud  bow  the  eye  sees  the  constellationa  in  their  true  con- 
ftgvratkfM  and  colors ;  and.  na  reflected  light  has  the  same  effect  on 
th»  aye  aa  that  eotuing  diraclly  from  Mlf-himinoas  points,  it  is  plain 
Unt  tbo  «ya  muat  aee  the  form  and  eolor  of  all  lumiooaa  objects,  each 
Hpvldiial  |>oitiL  of  each  object  forminj;  iu  own  focua  on  one  of  these 
^■ailtve  rods  of  ihe  retina. 

^P  Can  any  mechanism  he  more  simplo  and  b«-aatiful  than  tliat  of  vta- 
Ttn?  The  more  it  is  i^iudicd  the  mon^admimble  it  Moomt,  and  wc  angina 

(U  licUer  position  to  appreciate  the  elegance  of  the  meobanism  which 
ihloa  thci  lens  of  the  cyv  to  form  a  perfect  image  of  distant  objects 
on  tbtf  Hnaitivc  mlinii,  whon  wo  take  into  consideration  Ihe  fact 
Uut,  wcro  the  waves  of  light  not  to  exocastvcly  minute,  di»tiuct  vision 

iiild  be  utterly  impossible. 
It  is  only  becausu  the  light-waves  are  bo  much  smaller  than  tho 
ftur«  of  any  lens,  sueh  oa  tlie  lens  of  the  eye,  that  thoy  ma  to  a 
al  point,  instntd  of  spruading  out  in  all  directions,  an  do  the  waves 
Buntid  which  «nablo  <a»  to  \iw  round  a  conii-r.     The  effect  of  d»- 
orcaaing  tho  npcrtDrv  of  tlM  lens  of  tiio  eye  to  a  gix«  comparable  with 
M'wavo*  (which  would  in  effect  be  the  a&me  as  increaa- 
><f  tix^  light-waves  to  a  sixe  comparaUo  wiUi  that  of  the 
b)  oao  Mkity  Iw  ahown 


l8o 


THK  POFVIAR  SCIEXCK  MOHTIILY. 


I  •B»^' 


TIk)  fint  dUgnm  «xlubiu  the  oompanUm  wax  of  a  hol«  one  mt 
catf-Bfth  of  ui  iooh  in  dintnoUtr,  Kod  the  loogul  ligbt-witVM,  If  wv 
limit  the  aperture  of  llii'  uye  to  tliiit  RiK<>,  by  hnlding  nsbootof  writing- 
|>ap«r  before  il>  wiiti  such  a  ueedle-bote  pricked  in  it,  and  look  tlirongb 
tbci  fade  St  a  Intntnous  point,  Baeh  as  a  dintast  eleolrio  %bt,  tnrtead  of 
sMing  it  an  a  point  of  light  too  BRudl  (o  have  a  visible  surface,  u 
abould  tix]>eot,  we  will  bm  inMead  quite  a  largv  disk  of  light  iu 
rounded  by  mm  or  two  briglil  ringa  aa  illaNtniU-d  in  Dtaj^nm  6. 


I  of 

1 


liuvBua  t. 


'lliis  peculiar  appearance  is  caused  by  die  spreading  of  the  light-, 
waves,  after  paasing  throngh  tbe  n(>odlo<bol«,  *a  that,  ailliougli  tb 
wave-frontu  aro  Mpherioal  as  (hey  emerge  from  tl>c  ten*  of  the  eyv, ; 
at  (be  distance  of  the  retina  ihej  have  spread  out  sidewise  m  mtKl 
Ibat,  inst«ad  of  ninning  to  n  point,  tltc}-  cover  a  surface  lai^go  enoogij 
to  be  diatinotif  perceived  a«  a  luminouA  disk.  It  can  be  proved  matt 
matically  by  the  theory  of  undnlations,  that  the  diameter  of  this  lumb 
noiiB  disk,  measiired  in  seconds  of  arc  as  viewed  from  tbc  center  of  anj 
Ions,  for  light<waTt«,  having  a  length  of  about  t^vt  **f  <">  'ocb  (tbd 
l>right«st  and  ocntiml  part  of  tho  normal  speotram),  will  (Kjitai  four  and 
a  half  divided  by  tli«  number  of  inches  in  the  elear  aperture  of 
lens,  its  sixe,  howorer,  iooroasitig  or  diminiahiog  a  very  little, 
tog  as  the  light-waves  are  longer  or  shorter. 

Objects  viewed  throngh  snob  a  small  bole  appear  very  indiaiiaet, 
from  the  im^e  of  each  point  overlapping  those  of  its  ni-lglibon.  TIm 
aamc  dofectiro  viuon  would  have  rofcultcd  bad  the  light-wavea  been 
oroatod  lew  minute  than  they  arc,  or  of  a  sixe  comparable  to  the  illane^ 
ter  of  the  pupil  of  the  eye. 

It  is  also  on  account  of  the  extreme  minuteness  of  these  warn 
that  light  appears  to  travel  in  rays,  and  tliat  opiaqae  bodies  tlirovj 
sharply  dirflnetl  shadows. 

Itelurniiig  to  a  simple  lent  of  considerable  diameter,  as  shown 
Diagram  6,  and  atill  assuming  it  to  have  spheroidal  surfaces  m>  that 
omerging  wave-fronta  shall  be  spherical,  and  Gonsidering  the  light* 
waves  to  be  originated  by  a  single  ribrating  molecnle  sitaat<'d  at  an 
infinit«  distance,  we  come  to  a  peculiar  phenomenon,  abn  a  nault  < 
the  exocAsivc  ninuteneH  of  the  light-wavo,  and  the  conae^jnent 


TBS  RKFRAQTWQ  TSLEBCOPB. 


iSl 


of  light  to  mova  ia  itrtigbt  raya.  After  ihe  eniorging  wavvs 
ruD  to  a  foctu,  lh«y  diverge  a^n  from  this  focua  as  a  new  c«n- 
r,  vitb  Bpberical  frontti,  and  in  oxacUy  tlio  opposite  direction  to 
.  from  which  tbey  arrived,  jast  as  if  the  light  emerging  from  nit 
of  the  leua  was  propagated  tbrongb  and  beyond  tbo  focttti  in 
ttraigiit  lines ;  henco  tbe  uiargioal  portion  of  the  converging  and 
liitwgiiig  «-ave-front«  on  itacb  u'tu  of  the  foctu  will  form  two  oonc«, 
lamed  in  illaniclrically  oppoaito  dirvctiona,  tlicir  common  apox  being 
I  oommoa  ovowr  of  the  spberioal  waTe-froDt«,  vie.,  the  foctu  of  the 

It  la  omv  ovidenlly  a  limple  matter  to  place  a  aeeond  Icna  nt  lucb 
iiiiitanee  bobind  the  focoa  of  the  Brat  lens  that  Jt  will  transform  the 
plieritral  wave-fronts  diverging  from  thia  focus  into  plane  wave-fronl«, 
tllol  to  tboae  «Bt«ring  the  tirst  Ions ;  and,  beuaoae  thetio  wavea 
(ing  from  tbo  tooond  lenn  have  plane  fronts,  tlicy  miuit,  if  they 
jvcd  to  enter  the  eye,  oomo  to  a  focus  on  Ihe  retina,  and  cause 
^yo  to  we  a  point  of  light,  for  pret-iBely  tbe  same  reason  that  it 
nald  ace  tliat  point  if  the  (wo  lenees  were  removed,  and  the  direct 
ght  from  tbe  vibrating  molecule  were  allowed  to  cnt«r  it, 
Thia  ia  tbe  prineipiv  of  tlw  refracting  telescope ;  the  6nt  lens  rep- 
nta  tbe  object-glatw,  and  the  second  l«na  tbe  eye-pieoe. 
The  Diagram  0  r<-pn-Honta  the  objcet-glass,  tbe  eye-piece,  and  the 
eye,  m  their  proper  relaliro  pocition*  ;  alJlO  tbe  light-wavc«  from  an  iii- 


>itely  dialant  vibrating  molecule  entering  the  object-glass,  emerging 
it  with  spherical  wave-fronti<,  which   eonverge  to  a  point  of 
igHaUon  or  focaN,  whence  they  diverge  with  uphiTieal  fronts, 
by  paaaing  through  the  eye-piece,  tbcy  arc  conviTt(!d  into  plane 
wave-fronts  ;  ibence,  entering  the  eye,  tliey  come  to  a  focus  on  tbe 
Dtina. 

Tbe  diameter  of  the  pnpil  of  the  eye  being  one  6fth  of  an  inch,  tlio 

e-pieee  must  bo  of  eucb  a  focal  length  that  it  can  be  placed  so  near 

be  foctia  of  the  objcot-glasa  that  the  diamcK-r  of  the  emer^ng  oylin- 

nr  of  piano  wave-frnnis  shall  not  exceed  one  fifth  of  an  inch,  else  the 

fititdrr  of  light  entoriiig  tlto  objoct-glass  will  not  be  reduced  in 


^tit 


riiS  POPULAR  SCIBA'CE  JfO.YTJiLl'. 


diameter  by  iu  paiuugt  through  tbo  obj«-t-ghlH  and  «fv-|)if<rc  t«  i 
cylinder  of  UgLt  Hmall  enwigb  ontircly  lo  enter  tlw  vye. 

Wbep,  however,  ibiii  c-omlition  ia  fulfilled,  It  it>  c-lvar  tUuu  <n\Ktt  i!>' 
eyo  reoetves  tbo  li^'bt  from  a  lumtuoue  |H>int  ibrou^li  surh  b  trli-Mv^, 
tliat  point  mutt  appetr  an  much  brijtbtcr  tbau  it  trotild  if  vit-vnl 
directly,  with  th«  t«]«wo]te  out  nf  tbu  way,  m  ihv  nrcji  iif  tJic  iiti)Kt- 
gluM  escvcdii  tbv  uta  of  thr  pupil  of  tb«  eye. 

Bearing  in  mind  the  pro|)erUflS  of  timiUr  triangt(1^  it  U  oImi  |>Uia 
from  Diagram  0  lltat  ihfl  diameter  <if  ttio  rylindvr  ul  ttKhi-nam 
eroerging  from  tJio  «ye-piece  Is  as  mitfh  less  than  tho  diaiaoter  of  iho 
cylinder  of  ligbt-wavca  cnt«ring  Iho  obji-ci-^taKs  as  Ihn  focal  lcii{;tb 
of  the  i-y(.-pi<«*.-  ia  U-nh  than  tbo  fociU  Imgih  of  llio  object -glOMi.    A* 
the  focal  lengths  of  obit>ct-glaMi:«  ncTcr  vary  niucb  from  iblriei-n 
tiroes  their  diameter,  the  focal  length  of  the  cycpiiiM  ninat  lx>  thir- 
teen times  the  diameter  of  the  emerging  cylinder  of   lighl-warta, 
which,  as  joM  stated,  obould   never  exceed   ill  diameter   tbat  of  tli« 
pupil  of   the  eye.     lience  the  focal  length  of  the  eye  piece  sbonhl 
never  exceed  thirteen  tiroes  one  fifth  of  an  incb.  or  almul  two  anJ 
half  incbrit.     Ilnit  u  Hits  ^TvMv»t  focal  length  which  an  fyi'-picoe  caa 
have  to  utiliiu!  iho  whole  aperture  uf  Hucb  an  ohji-i;t-gla<ui ;  to  tuc 
eye-piece  of  greater  focal  U-ngtJi  adniita  to  the  eye  light  only  from  tin 
(Antral  pari  of  the  object-glass,  and  stars  appear  fainter  through  ii 
tluin  tliey  do  through  an  cye-ptcce  irfaow  focal  length  is  equal  (o,  ei 
less  than,  two  and  a  half  inches. 

As  already  elated,  tbe  vibrating  molecale,  the  center  of  the  \vm, 
and  the  focus  of  Uie  converging  spborical  vave-fronts  emerging  from 
It,  lie  in  a  Mnlgbl  li»i\ 

Diagram  7  represents,  with  c«nler  linen  only,  to  avoid  confurion, 


riiiuiu 


the  light  from  an  infinitely  distant  vibrating  molecule,  altiialed  at  an 
angnlar  distance  a  from  the  direction  of  the  axis  of  the  irlvacopr^ 
pMsing  through  tho  ohject-glaaa  and  eye-piece.  On  emerging  fr 
the  eye-piece  the  light  will  be  trareling  in  a  direction  wbuse  iurJina^ 
tion  to  the  axis  nf  Ibe  telescope  is  r<]iiiil  to  the  angle  ff. 

Tbc  actual  angular  distance  of  tliu  luminous  point  from  tho  axia  i 


THE  REFRACTING   TBLSSCOPS. 


»8j 


icopt!  b  a,  bat  it  will  appear  to  an  t'/o  t<>o)ciiig  into  tbo  ey«- 
riD  li«  ax  ao  angular  dUtaiMW  /S  from  the  axis.     The  iu3giiir}'tnj; 
Citrcr  of  the  t«loioop«  ia  tlicrefore  cqnsl  to  tlio  angle  J3  divided  by  tho 
jUglo  a. 

Thi>  distance  A  o(  tb«  focaa  of  tlio  converging  wave*  from  the 
Imu  is  very  siual),  aud  will  equal  x<ero  when  Oie  luuiinoua  point  in  on 
'  axis,  when  >'will  eqnal  the  focal  length  of  the  object-glam  atxl  _/* 
'  the  eye-piece.     Extrvmdy  sniall  angjos  being  proportional  to  tlieir 
Dgentti,  tliv  diagram  aIiowi  tlio  following  cxpreiwion  to  bo  lni«  : 

A 

Magnlf)'ing  power  of  tolescopo  =  ~  =  - — '-^  =  ^=:  -~,    prortng 


that  (he  tna^ifytng  power  of  a  telcMCOpe  oqiialtt  the  focal  longtb  of 
^^t«  objoct-glAiui  divided  by  tliv  fcxral  length  of  itn  cye-pieco. 
^H     W«  liave  juflt  seen,  by  siniiiar  trianglea  in  Piagram  0,  that  tho 
^Bboal  lengths  of  the  objcRt-glasa  and  ey«-piee«  arc  )ir[i[>ortioiial  to  th« 
Hviaineten  of  tho  ryltmlora  of  plane  wave-fronts  entering  the  objcct- 

glan  and  omcrging  from  the  cyv-piccv  ;  it  followH,  therefore,  tliat  the 
Dagnifying  power  of  a  tcleMopo  equals  the  diameter  of  tho  entering 

bylinder  of  light  divided  by  the  dtamoter  of  the  emerging  cylinder  of 

Ight, 

Tb«  e«»ie«  way  to  measure  the  magnifying  power  of  a  telcscopo  ia 

I  divide  the  diameter  of  the  clear  aperture  of  the  objert-glam  by  the 

Bter  of  the  little  circle  of  light  seen  in  ihe  center  of  the  eye-pieco 

the  tt^lesoopo  is  ])ointed  at  tho  bright  tiky,  it  being  aHtumod  that 

.  ia  in  focus  for  an  infinitely  distant  object.    This  small  oirelo  of  light 

en  in  the  center  of  the  cyc-picce  is  really  an  image  of  tho  objet^t* 

fortnvtl  by  the  eye-[iie<;c  ;  Iml,  whin  the  light-waves  emerge  with 

front*,  t)ie  jiir.e  of  thin  image  in  exactly  ec|iiitl  to  tho  eino  of  tlio 

cylinder  of  plane  wavc-fronts,  so  that  this  mctliod  of  find- 

jnifying  power  is  strictly  accurate. 

:    that,  with  an  eye-piece  not  exceeding  two  and  a  half 

<.;^(h,  luminoiiH  points  appear  through  the  telescope  aa 

brighU'r  than  they  do  to  tho  naked  eyo  as  the  area  of  tJte 

exiNted»  the  area  of  the  pupil  of  tlie  eye ;  and  it  also  fol- 

Dtly  from  what  has  been  alreaily  utaii^l  that,  with  thij  cyc- 

appnrent  angular  distance  l>etwecn  two  luminous  points  is 

tlotiftl  to  tho  focal  length  of  the  objcct-gliiw  uneil.    A  curiona 

lilng  following  from  tltia  is,  that  snrface*  having  senrihlo  areas  appear 

"no  brighter  throngh  large  telcscopw  than  they  do  to  the  naked  eye  ; 

_knd  it  i-.aii  be  stated  geuoralty  that,  using  a  two-and-a-half -inch  eye- 

^i":t',whli^b  gives  the  brightest  image  of  an  object  with  any  sized  ol»- 

[lavs,  (be  surface  will  appear  equally  bright,  whether  seen  by  the 

eye  or  tbroagh  a  toleflcope  of  any  sixe.    The  npimrent  dimen- 

Bn»  of  ll»o  anrfaeo,  however,  will  increnM  directly  with  the  dimen- 


»«4 


TUB  POPULAR  SCIKNCJS  JIOSTBLY. 


■Ion  of  lb«  objMt-glAM.    Thia  fxplaEoii  «hy  Urgo  Aod  fjdnltjr  In 

none  rarfooM,  like  eintwU'  UiU  anil  ilii-  kurora  bomBi^  can  bi  aeon  : 
b«tlcr.  If  M  w«ll,  tfarougb  n  tcJeaoopo  ib&n  by  tliv  luikwl  syo. 

We  hftvo  iMu  why  with  any  o1>Ject-glnM  a  lower  power  than 
dtto  to  a  twi>-«iMl-»-hatf-iiioh  uyo-piL-oo  nu  not  he  oaed  witlmat  h>w  i 
M){lit,  anil  a  oorrvM|x>iiHini;  dMriMuin  !ii  (tiv  appan-nt  bri;>hti)e«»  of  Inn 
nuua  poirila  mavn  itiroiigh  it.    Wv  will  nvxl  ooiisi'ler  ttiu  rcauiu  wbi 
prtiTcmt,  wltli  a  given  objort-ghwi,  on  indcfinito  bercaMi  nf  ma|^'tfyii! 
powrr,  aD<l,  in  fact,  contlnn  it  to  within  <|uito  modvnto  limits.     \V 
havu  nil  Hiitu  tx-imtifa)  irnttravinga  showing  as  well  ait  it  in  puMihIn 
bwt  Tinwa  vv<T  ubtaiRMl  of  obj«cta  like  Saturn,  Man,  tho  mirracu 
tii«  Moon,  ant)  aolar  cyvluiMW  m  thoy  app«ar  (brougb  some  of  Iho  , 
telm-opca,  and  It  miut  niiturally  ocvnr  to  many  lo  auk  why  «  MJII  Mg 
or  ma(iniryinK  powor  than  tlwM  UMd  oan  not  ho  nnployed  to 
■dch  i)l>Ji'<ita  api^-ar  titill  targvr  snd  nortf  dii>tiii«t,  for  it  la  ce 
«iury  enough  to  make  oyo^ecM  of  abortcr  focal  Iragth  than  thoM  u* 
In  miking  th«  ongravinga  Jiiit  roforrcd  to,  which,  wilh  a  given  obJ« 
glaM,  la  the  only  tiling  upon  which  the  magnifying  power  ilvprn*!*. 

When  tbn  focal  Icnglh  of  the  eyc-picce  bocotneB  n^uc^d  to  no 
■ixth  of  on  inah,  tlw  diaiuolvr  of  tlio  cylinder  of  light-wavcM  »iivriii 
Ibo  oyo  can  only  1>o  about  on«  Ihirtc^ntli  of  tJitx,  or  Ivm  than  onn 
t^nty-Hfth  of  an  inch,  na  En  obriou*  from  Diagram  0,  ai>'1 
tN<n>mfm  wniiiblo  of  the  aamo  blurring  cffcL-l  tliat  wu  '■■■  ■ 
In  htoking  through  tlio  noeillo-holo ;  ant),  if  «  brilliant  obJe«t  too  tmi 
to  haw  ri«hl<i  diraensiona  ia  otiwrved  through  the  lelescopo  wli 
an  cyo-pieoc,  it  will  appi'ar  ju  a  di&k  of  conuderable  size  sv 
by  ono  or  two  briglit  rings. 

ThoHc  nro  tho  diffraction  disk  and  ring*,  alwaya  Mwn  In  viewing  t 
•Ur  through  a  good  telt«co|>«  wilh  a  high  magnifying  powor.    Tie 
diHk  \*  liriKht4<st  At  i1m«  oontiT,  diminishing  soniewbnt  in  intt'nsity  to- 
ward llu<  cdRce,  for  which  reason  the  diffraction  di&ks  of  faint  star* 
appear  slightly  smaller  Uuui  do  those  of  bright  atare. 

'I'heir  appcanuiCR  is  tvot  simply  due  to  tbo  amallnnui  of  tbt  cylind* 
of  light  entering  the  eye  tlirough  the  cye-piceo,  hut  it  moat  b<i  ruMB- 
band  that  it  in  the  diffraction  dink  and  ringa  at  the  focus  of  tb*  gbJtM- 
glMi  which  an  viowrd  thr^tugh  the  cyo-pieoc,  and  not  an  ab«obrt«  pofM 
of  light  Tbo  «(r«ct  of  tbiti,  however,  can  not  ordinarily  bo  diatia- 
guiahod  in  tbo  wgi^mnaot  of  a  star,  w  that  in  practioe  it  ia  fooad  thai 
tbo  appamtt  diain«(«r  of  tb«  diffraction  diik  of  a  itar,  exprawd  b_ 
nconda  of  arc,  oqoala  abont  four  and  a  half  dirided  hy  tbe  asmfe 
ImbM  in  tho  dhtraolcr  of  tba  dear  apertoro  of  the  obJect-gbH. 

The  dUfnwtlon  disk  beoomn  very  tnportaot  in  obMrrinc 
dovblr  atars^    It  i«  obviow  that,  waXmm  tho  two  AUtn^nm 
tbt  component  Rtan  ean  b«  deariy  aepusttd.  the  aUr  can  boK  W  i 
to  bo  doublo ;  to  aocompltsh  which  tbo  diatanoe  betwiws  iIm 
of  tlw  Ptva  mnat  at  InM  cqnal  tbo  dJamalar  of  the  diffiHlbai 


THE  RSFRACTINQ   TBLBSCOPS. 


>8s 


lo  oUwr  vords,  tbe  oloftost  doable  stir  whicb  a  telescope  will  wpant«^ 
npraaed  ia  seconds  of  &rc,  eqaals  four  and  a  bolf  divided  by  the 
diinwCer  of  die  aperture  of  ibc  objcct-glasa  in  iocboi. 

A  4|-tticb  objoct-glftMi  will  aoparale  ibe  componoDM  of  n  double 
tUt  wbMi  tboy  arc  wittiiu  on«  Moond  of  each  other  ;  a  d-iocb  objc«t- 
i;laM  when  withiii  biilf  a  accond  of  each  other,  and  a  30-inch  object- 
ICliMi  irben  within  about  one  sereath  of  a  Bccond  of  vacb  vtbi-r, 

DiaHTam  8  Hhowii  the  advsnta^  of  incrvMbg  the  aperture  of  tho 


I 


ill^^UAM  K 


uliJMl-i^lasa ;  it  representa  tlio  triplp  \  ndromwlic  an  seen  thronj^h 

a 4}- inch, 9-i neb,  and  30-inoh  obji-ii  i.  all  i^:i*^.-i  with  !i  oni-sixtb- 

iif-an-iDoh  eyo-pieov,  vhich  makes  tbe  diffraction  dJAkti  plainly  visible, 
And  in  every  case  of  the  same  apparent  eiie  but  of  a  brillian<-y  propor* 
Lionate  to  the  area  of  the  corrpspon<Iing  object-gla^a.  Tbrouifb  the 
^l-tnnh  (ho  ap[>cr  star  can  not  bo  separated  into  two,  tbroui;h  tbe  0- 
ioofa.  howovcr,  tK)th  components  arc  distinctly  vUiblc,  nbilo  tlirotigh 
tbe  30-inoh  they  appear  widely  wparated. 

If  the  onc-sixtb-of-aD>incb  vyc-pieoo  were  replaced  by  another  whoae 
focal  length  was  only  one-  twelfth  of  an  inch,  the  B|jpari.-i)i  distance 
hetweoo  tbe  centers  of  the  Mars  would  of  cour«o  be  twice  aa  great,  but 
the  diameter  of  the  diffraction  disks  would  aliu>  be  twice  aa  l«r;:es  *Ad 
therefore  have  but  one  fourth  their  fonncr  bri^btncw,  and  tbe  close 
double  star,  instead  of  being  seen  to  better  advantage,  would  merely 
appear  aa  two  larger  and  much  fainter  diake  than  before,  and  oonld 
net  be  divided  wci  welL 

,  TffTT  good  tray  to  k«  the  effect  of  using  a  power  lugh  enoi 


iS6 


TIt£  POPULAR  SCISNCE  itONTBLY. 


to  inakd  the  diffraction  dUks  o1ilni§ively  lar|;o  U  to  point  the  tele 
at  a  rough  stone  building  in  very  strong  MinlighU  Tlie  •mull  crystal- 
line Htirfnccs  in  the  stone  reHe^rt  the  sun  in  littlv  shining  pointo  of  Ugfal, 
whtrh,  observed  through  thr  tclcMojw,  ronke  tho  building  iip[ir«r  ut  M 
Htuck  Ml  ovirr  with  Mirer  dollani,  while  an  unnatural  glaaiiy  blurring 
of  the  whole  image  in  Terjr  ap|>aivnL  If  the  iDtuniuAtion  will  War  it, 
this  appearance  L-an  be  greatly  exaggerated  by  covering  the  ul)}eot< 
glaea  with  a  pnoteboard  diaphragm  in  suob  a  BUumer  as  to  considerably 
lodticc  it«  clejir  upi'iturc. 

For  exactly  ilie  Mitoe  reuon,  a  eimilar  blurred  app«arane«  is  db- 
agreeably  noticeable  when  object«  like  the  Moon  or  Jupiter  are  ob^ 
Bcrrcd  with  an  extremely  high  power. 

FruTu  wliut  hsH  jut>t  been  ouitl,  it  \»  obvious  tliot  «  power  lilgber 
thui  that  due  to  a  oDc-«ixth-of-an-iach  i^yi^-piccc  \*  of  very  little  um 
in  connection  witJi  ati  objoct-glaH*  vhow)  foeal  length  tit  about  tbirlrcn 
times  its  clear  aperture ;  but,  bad  tJw  waves  of  light  been  created  more 
minute  than  Ihey  are,  it  would  have  been  possible  to  emploj^  vrith 
advnnlage  a  ^lill  higher  gwwcr. 

It  ia  thus  »e«n  that  the  Tocal  lengths  of  telescopic  eyi'-pien-s,  no 
matter  what  the  sice  of  ibc  object-glHM  may  be,  sliould  all  tie  iM-twri-n 
the  very  narrow  limit*  of  two  kimI  a  half  incbes  for  the  lowect  power 
and  one  sixtb  of  an  inch  for  the  highest  power ;  §tx  or  aeren  of  tbc 
give  a  snfGcient  nng«  of  magnifying  power  to  fully  utilixti  the  a\>\fc\ 
glass  of  any  t«le8C0p«% 

A  co«*i-nirnt  way  of  expressing  Ibe  limiting  m"   i"-'<.  •   ■.    wc 

of  a  teleocope  in  l4-nns  of  ibc  sine  of  it*  objtcl-glasH.  \  o\ 

Its  ratio  of  apentiri>  to  focAl  Iragtb,  Is  easily  deducctl  Iroin  the  abore 
by  a  simple  pro)H>rtian,  and  is  as  follow* :  a  telvacopo  will  not  War 
with  advantage  a  lower  magnifying  power  than  five  nur  a  higher 
magJiifying  power  tliau  seTeuty-five  for  every  indi  of  clear  a|>«rtar« 
of  iu  objert -glass. 

In  all  that  has  gone  lieforc,  we  1iaT«  eonflned  ounwlTM  lo  tb«  €nn 
LWAvraliun  of  Ibc-  ninglc  kcI  of  lighl-waves  iiriginatc<l  byaninglnvi 
'tatting  m<iltTiite,  and  (o  singh-eonvcx  lenM-S,  having  auffacm  of  thn 
proper  ourvalore,  to  convert  tbe  convex  uplterical  or  pl.-inc  wavv-fnmtii 
into  concave  sjiheneal  wave-fronts  ;  but  bow  is  It  in  reality  f 

We  have  roen  ibat  the  Hght  of  tl»e  sun  originaiea  in  clouds  of  pi 
eipitnieil  cari-m  from  the  great  upwani  currenli  of  mftallic  raponi 
rising  fn>m  il»  inli>rior.  It  can  W  drmonitratol  that  tbe  ni'iterulre  of 
water  are  so  small  that,  wer«  one  drop  «nlarg«d  to  th«  all*  of  tli< 
earth,  ib«'  individual  molertde  would  only  r«nie  up  to  tin  aiw  of 
cbeirtnui*.  I'herc  is  no  rrnw>n  In  think  tlval  carbotMBoleoilIcB  A 
grwlly  from  tbrti  in  sine.  Therefore  we  reorive  from  ibe  sun  the  cm 
meui  number  of  lightwaves  originat«l  by  each  vibrating  molenila, 
a»*pended  Ihrougb  a  depllt  of  many  mita  in  tbe  tran'pamit  vapcini  st 
Um  surface  of  a  gtobe  ti8&,000  milea  in  diametm-,     Thiiw  ligbi-warM 


I 


THE  RSFSACrma  TSLSaCOPK. 


\*Ti 


of  every  powiblo  liMi^Ui  Wlw*-!*!!  the  Itmiu  atrvady  rpfe 
Yibrutiiig  in  4-vcry  [nxwiUk-  ]>lano,  »<>  Hint,  <>vcti   iT  uur 
mmke  the  wsve-fronta  emerge  Bpberical,  it  would  \k  foutnl  lliai 
tlw  long;  red  waves  would  come  to  a  foriu  considerably  farther  ouL 
than  would  the  ebort  violet  wavos,  and  confui<.ion  of  tbo  image  and 
mlored  fnDf>es  would  result.     It  i«  alfio  found  im|iowiilile  to  cooaLniot 
teusoH  witb  eurfacvs  of  any  otbi>r  Nliapo  tlian  uplterioal ;  ooDBeqaontljr 
tli«  optirtan  has  quttv  a  com|>lioat«d  problem  to  solve  before  be  ean , 
conmrtiL-t  an  objoot-glaas  which  will  not  only  malco  tbo  wave-frouts  \ 
vmcrgc  mrlctly  opbcrieal,  bnt  which  will  als>o  tnakv  ihv  red.  gnion,  and ' 
riolet  wares  unite  at  the  same  focu«,  and  thud  cauav  all  the  wktm 
from  each  luminonx  point  like  a  star,  which  tit  a  gtiin,  like  oure,  too  din- 
tant  to  bnvtf  viiiibtc  diinem^on*,  to  agitate  but  a  siDgle  rod  of  tbe 
ratina. 

In  pmctioe,  this  ia  almost  perfectly  aocomplishod  by  combining  ■ ' 
fonrex  lens  of  crown-glass  (the  optical  nnmi-  for  plai^laas)  with  a 
(oncaTe  tuna  nf  flint-gbu*  (tbe  kind  uttcd  for  the  llnc.<<t  cut-glass  for 
tabl»<VBn),  pliic4'd  doM  together ;  but,  to  arrive  at  this  re«Dlt  when 
UielttDMitf  ara  of  large  a|kerture,  requires  an  amounUof  skill  and  pa* 
tlence  attained  by  few. 

Diagram  0  shows  the  two  most  approved  forms  of  objvel-glaanea. 


tflAUkta  9. 

is  that  oiwd  by  Alvan  Clark,  in  tbe  largest  and  most  perfect 
vvor  constracted.      It  conaisW  of  a  diiubk-conveK  lens  of 
crowii-fjlMs,  combined  with  »  plano-concave  lens  of   llint-g!aiw,  th«j 
miiro-gUw  lens  Ixiinff  placed  in  front.     Both  snrfftces  of  the  crown-| 
plus  IniH  and  the  fimt  mirfacc  of  the  flintglafw  k-na  bavo  ihei 
rarralurw.    Tbv  focal  Iwglh  of  this  obji-ct-glaM  in  nearly  e^ual  to] 


iM 


TftE  POPULAR   SCIENCE  MONTULr. 


fonr  times  tli«  cocamoa  radius  of  curvaUira  of  th«  three  surfocea  _ 
tneDtioDod. 

Tito  itecoiii]  is  tltnt  (IcriTod  by  Dr.  Cbtrlw  8.  Hutings  from  aa 
cUbont«  mitbfitnaiicn]  invoMigntion  of  every  poulble  fonn  of  te]e- 
MOpio  obl«et-glMa.  In  this  fonn,  on  th«  ooDtrory,  Xhu  oonctvo  fltnt- 
gbuifl  lena  is  placed  in  front  of  tlio  oonvcx  erown-glaaa  leas,  and  d 
to  it.  Tbo  two  inner  eurfaces  have  nearly  tbe  Game  oarvalura  ; 
tTO  out«r  tiirfncw,  tbough  not  qnito  alike,  bavo  a  cnrvatare  wboee 
mdins  differs  but  litllv  from  threv  and  a  bolf  time*  that  of  tbe  inner 
aurfacea.  Thn  fcicnl  Itingib  of  ibia  objcnt-glaaa  in  about  four  times  tbe 
radius  of  curvamro  i>f  lUe  inner  surfaces.  'Hiia  form  of  objcct-gbss 
gives  tbe  eliarpesi  definition  attainable  with  tbe  nse  of  only  two  kiodt 
of  gla«a  whose  eorfioee  are  of  reuonably  small  curx-aturo. 


tnt-l 

los«fl 
Ibe^ 


-*** 


THOMASVILLE  AS  A  WINTER  RESORT. 

Bt  £.  I.  YOUUAMS. 

AS  tb»  Winter  seMon * approAobt*  in  the  Nonhoni  Stat«a  and  in] 
Canada,  with  ita  dangers  to  many  and  Us  discomforU  to  all, 
the  question  will  be  oft«n  asked,  "  Wbrrc  shftll  wc  go  to  accon  tbu  j 
beat  advantages  of  a  milder  cliraatef "    Tbe  obTioos,  and  with  maDv 
th«  snllicicnt,  answer  will  be,  "Go  South,  where  it  is  warmer.*'    This 
nay  be  latisfactory  for  tbo  namerons  and  increasing  class  of  well-to- 
do,  IctMiu«ly,  aod  bcaltby  pooplo  who  seek  a  change  of  climato  porely  i 
aa  a  matt«r  of  perwnal  enjoyment    Thoy  aru  dimply  in  <]U«st  of ' 
pleaanrablo  sensation,  and  their  inetiDcts  may  bo  tnistod  to  End  th« 
bIooM  plaecs   with   luxurious  acoommodatioiw,   ampin  amuaementa. 
social  gay«ty,  and  whaK'Tcr  can  mako  tJi«  time  p«a  ploawuilly  ;  and 
when  they  gel  tired  ofono  place  tbey  can  find  another  witJi  f npak  i 
novelties  and  attractions.     Hut,  wbererer  they  go,  tbew  people  are 
eztremely  uscfuL    Tbey  constitute  tbe  great  man  of  tbo  patrons  of 
,  Southern  winter  resorta.    Their  nurobcn  ea«b  year  are  rapidly  aog*  i 
menting,  and  tbe  money  tbey  spend  eontributva  materially  to  pTxnnoto  | 
tbcM  increasing  facilities  of  travel,  hotel-aooommodatdom,  and  town- 
Improvements  of  whioh  all  sbaro  tbo  odvaatAge, 

But  there  ane  a  good  many  otbeni  to  whom  tbo  question,  wlierv  to 
go  to  eKa|x!  the  incleinencios  of  a  Nonhem  winter,  ts  loss  simple  awl 
more  serious.  Tbe«o  are  invalids  laboring  chiefly  under  various  forms 
of  pnlmonary  trouble.  When  SQob  are  advised  by  tbe  pbysiolaa  to 
■eek  a  more  congenial  climate,  tbo  quc«tion  wbeT«  to  go  becomes 
nrgont  and  oflrn  perplexing.  Happy  the  patient  advised  to  change 
his  climate  when  the  physician  knows  enough  to  give  him  Intvlligvnt 
mstmctionB  as  to  wbitber  be  shall  procvwd.     Does  be  nevd  a  mild  or  a 


THOMASVILLB  AS  A    WINTER   RESORT. 


l»9 


^u^  t(>mp«nture  ?  a  damp  and  nrlaxing,  or  %  dry  and  braoiofi  airf 
xw  inland  liicAtioD,  or  the  >ea-iidv  f  a  valloy  or  a  mounUun  ?  IJhould 
he  try  Uertaiida,  or  AJkvn,  or  Niu*&u,  or  8l  Augnitlinv,  or  Antittvilto, 
or  any  of  tba  acore  of  mtorU  reoommended  for  pnlmoniiry  invalidHT 
If  the  doctor  Httlea  the  point,  it  ia  well ;  if  not,  the  patient  rauat  tako 
bia  ohaneoa  and  do  the  b«9t  be  can  to  settle  il  for  himaelf. 

I  found  inyBolf  last  year  among  tbo«o  who  are  riabarrMaed  by  thia 
qMStioQ.    With  langs  twdly  oiit  of  order,  cTcrybody  aaid  1  mint  CMapc 
tha  aeveritiea  of  a  New  York  wint«r  by  goisg  Booawbere.     I  advtaed  M 
with  aeveral  eminent  puimuuiry  experts,  who  agreed  that  it  might  ba  I 
a  good  thing  to  get  away,  but  did  not  eeem  to  think  it  roadci  muob  ■ 
differwDOe  where  I  went.    I  tberefor«>  coniultod  tbo  Imokit  on  American  ^ 
vintar  unitary  resorts,  in  order,  in  oonneotion  with  what  I  had  heard, 
lo  dodde  what  conr&o  to  tako.     Tbo  dtmat*)  of  Southern  California 
haa  Ua  undoubted  claimn  wbicli  are  well  appreciated,  but  it  U  far 
•way.     Colorado  ban  ita   adTantagea,  but  is   liable  to  endden  and 
•ztnfDO  chaagea.     San  Antonio,  in  Sonthwestern  Tcxflii,  is  Dnqnee-   ■ 
tionably  an  exo^ent  plaoe,  with  its  pore,  invigorating  air,  iw  mild  \ 
tonpcratnrc,  and  abaenoe  of  extr«me  oold,  although  fierci:!  and  frigid 
"Dorther?"  are  liable  to  swoop  down  upon  it  with  but  little  warning, 
and  it  ia  also  a  long  way  off— two  thouitand  inilea  by  rail.     Florida  is 
popnlar  and  has  manr  attraotions,  but  it  in  chiefly  low,  and  is  generally 
dainp  and  malarial.     No  pUoe  i>  without  ita  drawbacks  ;  but,  in  look- 
ing over  their  rarioua  elainu  with  reference  to  my  own  condition,  I 
eonolnded  at  last  that  Thomasrille,  Georgia,  promised  to  be  as  eligible 
IS  any,  and  thither  1  went. 

tl  found  the  place  eminently  Katiofactonr',  and,  although  vithovt 
experienM  of  other  and  rival  localities,  I  am  «ure  that  Thomasrille 
baa  advantages  as  a  Sonthem  reaidenoe  in  winter  and  spring  which,, 
mnst  give  it  increviing  and  decided  prominence  as  it  booomee  better    - 
known.     Of  coume,  the  transition  from  "\orth"  to  "South"  in 
February— from  bleak,  atormy,  ice-bound  winter  to  the  soft  and  sunny 
aUuMphere  and  remal  aspects  of  flowery  spring — is  full  of  delightful 
•toaation  whcrcrer  cx)>crieni?i'd  ;  white  the  <!bat)ge  of  environment  in 
paaring  from  a  Northern  to  a  Southern  community  for  the  first  time,  J 
iiit«satfies  the  pleaaurablo  effect.     But,  bcHidcA  thin,  I  was  much  giati-  ■ 
Bed  by  the  apoelal  attractivcneM  of  the  place,  and  the  promise  it 
oSerwI  aa  »  healthy  rctidence. 

ThoBuuvUle,  the  capital  of  Thomas  County,  Georgia,  is  located 
two  hundred  miles  from  the  Atlantic  coast,  firty-6vc  miles  from  the 
Gulf,  wltliin  twelve  mUe«  of  the  Florida  Iwnler,  and  on  the  Savan- 
nah, Horida,  and  Western  Railroad.  It  sianda  upon  a  ridge  or  pla- 
1MB  covered  by  extensive  pine  forests,  and  at  a  height  of  about  three 
bnndred  and  fifty  feet  above  tide-water.  It  is  an  old  town,  with  . 
nptrard  of  four  tbouaand  inhabitants,  pleasantly  laid  out  witJi  wide  I 
■tnwta,  and  oontsining  many  noble  and  stately  trees— one  superb  oak  'I 


IQO 


Tilt:  POPULAR  SCtSKCS  MOXTHLr. 


j-beiiig  worUi  goiag  every  dajr  to  Me.    Tbe  air  U  pure,  dry,  and  balmy, 

■roio  the  all-encompuiiing  ptoe  wooda,  throngti  wUicli  rodtaie  ininy 

nrnlko  iui<l  <livcrei6ud  drircw  in  all  din-dioos.     1'ki*r«  am  half  a  duxrn 

FdilTi-rt:(it   kiiida  of  eburclwtt,  aiid    evvftrul    con»idoniblt>    hot«ls,     'llic 

>■  Fiiiey  Woods  Hotel  "  and  t)i«  "  Mitcbcll  liooae  "  nni  largr,  new,  and 

firet-rlass.    'I'bo  former  iiaa  a  frontage  of  over  four  liuiidn-d  feet,  is 

tbrro  Btories  high,  »nj  with  broad  piazKas  front  and  rrar.     \i  will  bc- 

oommodate  tbrirf  btiiidrvd  guesta,  has  all  Uio  modem  ncoommodaiioRi 

and  iroproTcmcuU,  exi^'pt  an  olovstor,  an<l  ia  m  tboroiigbly  well  kcfil 

as  to  kiad  to  tbc  reiuarfc,  which  I    branl  fre<iiiem)y  matle,  that  tht> 

"  Ptiioy  WooiIh  in  th«'  beat  boU'l  Sontli."    There  arc  tteser  hotels  and 

niinicTouit  buiirdiiig-liouMa,  of  the  merit*  of  wliick  I  know  nothing, 

tmt  board  lbi>in  very  well  Hpoken  of.     TIio  weather  in  TbomaoTillo  I 

rloand  mild  and  agreeable.     It  rains  there  often,  and  ttomctimni  hard, 

pbut  tbo  tiaii'ly  ground  (jnickly  driis.     llio  average  wiuter  lemperatura 

U  given  at  M'SA'  Pahr.,  but  it  is  not  to  be  inferred  that  ibey  have  no 

cold  weatber  there.     Thoy  have  at  times  heavy  frostfi  and  ice,  and 

report  a  fall  of  snow  ou«e  in  the  last  fifteen  ycont.     But  tlw  "  r^tld 

•pella"  ar«  abort,  and  tbe  pn.-vailing  wann  and  sunny  weather  invilM 

to  oot-of-dour  life,  which  is  the  main  thing,  for,  as  l>r.  Felix  Uswalil 

aaya,  consumption  is  »  "  hou»e  diacasQ," 

r  I  do  not  sappo«4]  tbero  are  any  magical  healing  powers  for  pnl* 
|hM»ary  invalids  in  the  Tbomuville  at«Doapbcre,  bnl  1  abonld  besiuto 
to  Niy  that  it  may  not  be  wry  favombic  to  them.  An  old  physician 
of  the  place,  Dr.  T.  S.  Hopkins,  after  twenty  yean'  medical  experience 
in  the  pine  foresta  of  Soatbem  Georgia,  speaks  as  fallowa  npoB  tJiis 
point  iu  tbe  "Atlantic  Medical  Register"  :  "  Having  for  many  yoan, 
in  my  travels  through  this  section  of  coantry,  uolired  tbe  altdost  en- 
tire absence  of  consumption  among  tbe  people,  I  addressed  letters  to  ft 
large  number  of  physicians  practicing  in  the  distrid,  asking  tbem  to 
TXipoTt  to  mv  the  number  of  cKM*  of  conaiimplion  coming  u>  their 
knowledge  during  th«^  previous  years.  I  received  replies  from  Iwunty 
engaged  in  actire  practice,  and  representing  a  population  of  fifty 
thousand  eight  hundred  and  eighly-sevej].  Tbe  total  number  of  caac* 
reported  was  thret,  I  have  no  re:t«on  to  doubt  tlio  honesty  of  this 
report.  A  climato  in  wliicli  the  dii'ein'c  ao  rarely  occurx  is  certainly 
vvrtby  of  a  trial  by  tlioao  who  havo  it."  A«  for  myMcIf,  I  can  by  no 
means  report  "curcil  "  at  Tbomasvilk- ;  bni  my  caw  waa  undoubtedly 
improved  tbrrc.  And,  as  !  might  bare  ilied  in  New  York,  jiutt 
ai^cording  to  the  danger  of  this  contingency,  Tbomasville  must  be 
entitled  to  tbe  oreilit  of  saving  my  life.  At  any  rate,  tlie  trial 
waa  a  good  tiling,  and  I  eatecmcd  uj'self  fortunatv  in  the  plaeu 
iu<tect(>d. 

In  tliD  matti'r  of  riMrcatioaa,  which  la  of  canxiderablo  bygioote 
importaiKO  in  u  sanitary  ruaort,  llwmaarille  la  <)uito  unduvrlopod. 
There  are  several  well-equipped  livery  eetablialuucntN,  and  there  is  a 


4 

i 


THOMASVILLB  AS  A    WINTER  RBSOBT.  191 


I 


of  botwbftolc-riding  aod  carrtBge-driviDg  on  the  (^xcelloiit 
faix-M  or  tlic  town  and  tbo  ploaaMit  roadii  tJirough  tbo  woods 
and  th«  farmtiig  country.  But,  though  tho  prkvji  nru  ri.-a)tomiblt),  this 
MunsemeDl  U  only  for  thoa«  who  can  pay  for  iL  Tlicro  wiut  do 
bowling-«1lry  bst  year,  though  one  waa  promwed  for  the  ensuing 
M^wn.  But  what  is  moat  n«edcd  of  all  in  such  a  placo  is  a  gyuinu- 
iiimn,  wbure  octivv  »id  rogulor  oxt^rcUu  may  tx;  lukcn  to  couriienu.-t 
ihn  besetting  evila  of  idlcuviw,  und  M  an  iiidinix-oHabU!  means  of  im- 
proTtng  the  h«altb.  Our  ootiAlUulioua  iuv  made  for  activity.  Mid  only 
tiiose  who  cultivutu  their  bodily  powera  by  Bystematic  exL-n-iKisi  roally 
know  what  enjoyment  thero  U  in  wcll-carocd  appetite  and  invigorated 
lite.  The  facilities  for  simple  but  adequato  gyinoastic  exeroises  do 
BOi  coat  mncli,  and,  while  tlio  lat^e  majority  of  viaiton  would  probably 
Dotpatroniae  them,  th«y  would  yet  ix?  invaluablo  lo  many.  In  the  ab- 
•onCAof  A  regular  gynmasium,  however,  I  fell  back  on  Wood'd  fiTC-dollar 
Pkrtor  Gympaatics,"  which  cjiu  bo  carried  in  a  satcliel  and  nscU  any- 
where, and  which  really  oiuwers  a  moot  excellent  ptirpoitc.  Tlicy  liitvi* 
■  Librmry  Amociation  at  Tboroanvilln,  and  •  very  pk-a«ant  rvadiiig- 
room,  bat  A  larger  atoek  of  books  ia  much  nvfrfled. 

There  was,  however,  one  never-failing  fMurce  alike  of  interest, 
annaancnt,  and  instruction,  which,  though  not  confined  to  Thomaa* 
villa,  very  mocb  alleviatod  the  monotony  of  my  stay;  t  mean  tho 
"eolorvd  brother."  Aa  an  abetTaL'tion  from  ma<rb  reiading  I  had  long 
known  him ;  but  it  weu»  difFurent  to  como  upon  the  oegroea  in  concrete 
Buus,  in  tfaair  habUtA,  so  as  to  observe  t)ie  attributes  of  the  actual 
object  in  a  oompodte  state  of  society,  Tliia  wua  all  now  to  me,  and, 
with  my  old  abolition  education  of  strong  convictions  and  little  real 
koowlvdlpe,  I  found  extreme  interest  in  studying  the  negro  direct,  as  a 
•ocial  obJMt-leBMiL  He  is  playing  ha  new  part  as  citiwo.  voter,  polK 
tiehut,  laborer,  loamar,  litigant,  and  Christian,  with  ourioos  and  in- 
ftroetive  results;  and  in  obM^rving  his  treatment  in  the  courta,  in 
getting  the  views  of  individnals,  in  looking  into  the  colored  achools, 
bat,  roost  of  all,  in  attending  the  iH>'<.'alto<l  religious  services  in  the 
ookxwl  churchea,  a  good  deal  of  timu  was  pU-anantly  and  ii»efnlly 
oci-upied,  and  I  esinc  to  the  conclusion  that  tbo  more  KurtJii-ni  |H-oplo 
go  t^uth  and  tee  for  themselves  tlw  more  they  will  know  of  tlioso 
facta  which  it  ia  very  important  they  should  better  anderstand. 


i9t 


THIS  I'OPULAR  SCJ£JVC£  MONTHLY. 


THE  SPIRIT  AND  METHOD  OF  SCIENTIFIC  STUDY.* 


M^. 


Bt  raonsMK  ».  r.  LESUEV. 

FRIEKDS  :  T  bavc  Ihe  bonor  U>  Bd<lrc(ui  you  tbU  evening  i 
an  awoeiation  of  rt>prceontatiTe>  of  Amorioan  sdence  Ja  all  il 
braoobes^as  atudenla  of  tb«  sky  and  all  ita  elemental  forces,  of  Ibe 
«arth  and  all  its  miuenl  constitumits,  of  tbe  animal  and  vvgctaU* 
kingdoms  in  tbcir  paat  and  prvMDt  agiii,  of  U»  bitftorj  and  courtiu* 
tion  of  ibe  btiman  race — and  I  tnn^  be  easily  (wrdoned  foraome  tn|»- 
■dation  in  ticw  of  tbe  drafte  you  may  Iiave  drawn  in  sdvanM  OB 
my  alvndrr  excbM)aer.  I  hare  Iain  awake  o'  nij;lita,  like  my  pndsM*- 
fiore,  reflt^tingliow  I  should  mc«t  my  liabilities.  And  like  tben,  no 
doubt,  1  find  nivK^lf  poorer  tlian  wht-n,  a  year  ago,  1  contracted  tliem. 
You  wonld  scorn  to  roocive  in  |)iaymmt  my  pnimiMory  notee  or  mort- 
gages on  my  caatlea  in  Spain.  You  will  accept  notbinR  but  gold  VDik 
■UrcT,  in  bnllion  or  in  coin  ;  and  that  is  wbat  trouble*  inc. 

Tbcre  were  once  balcyon  days  for  oraton  :  tbo  worid  of  knowledga 
limited,  and  canopied  with  rosy  clouds  of  curiouii  speoulatioti ;  tbe 
birds  of  fanoy  ringing  in  every  bnab  ;  tlie  dew  of  novelty  glittering 
on  the  fields,  Seieoce  waa  tben  nn  early  morning  stroll  with  sympa- 
tlielio  friends,  uncritteal  and  incx|>erl,  to  wbom  suggostioni  woro  ai 
good  as  gospel  truths.  TlK'n,  such  a  reunion  as  tbis  to-niglit  waa  a 
Bort  of  picnic-party,  at  some  piotureaque  placo  on  tbe  abon  of  tlie 
unknown,  hilariona  and  convivial. 

All  that  has  passwl  away.  The  suu  of  •otenoe  now  ndos  btgfa  In 
heaven,  and  floods  tlie  earth  with  hot  and  duaty  light.  Wbal  waa 
once  ]>Lay  baa  turned  to  serious  toil  Shadows  are  abort.  Objaeti 
present  tbemselvefl  in  well-defined  and  sepanted  abapes  for  oritieal 
examination.  Tbo  few  and  early  risen  have  beomso  a  maltitade. 
The  tumult  of  occupations  distract*  the  Bindioos  obocrver.  No  one 
lends  ear  to  chit-chat  All  are  hurried.  Critica  abound.  "Say  what 
yoQ  want,  and  go  ;  or  tell  u»  something  aboolutely  tme  and  naeful,"  la 
the  introduction  to  every  oonTemlion.  Morning,  noon,  and  night, 
men  demand,  not  tbe  agreeable,  but  tbo  necemary.  The  ago  of  ro- 
manoe  in  aoienoe  is  part  of  the  forgotten  past-  The  new  world  bai 
grown  gray-haired  in  fifty  yean,  intotorwt  of  the  im^wodbility.  the 
oporttveneas,  tbe  poetry,  Ihe  mnaie.  the  floperstitiooe,  tbe  nflections,  of 


points  ;  formulating  rigid  laws ;  aooffiog  at  the  onaeeo  and  nnknowa 


*  AiUrcM  lo  die  Aawfiem  JtHocfatioa  ter  lh>  A^tmcw"* 


o(  Mmat  u  A* 


Aibof.  A^M  IS,  tssa^  I7  the  raUri^  rnMoni  ef  Um  iuagtfcHwi    B»prtfflrf  ««• 


-Sehotv: 


'H£  SPTRIT  AJfD  MBTHOD  OF  SCISlfTIFIC  STfTDT.  19] 


and  tmutontiog  ibe  fear  of  God  xaA  the  hopes  of  hnren  into 
I  seal  for  Uie  aiact  delenuinktioii  of  1)10  naiu  of  forcot  and  a  ooofidfiat 
expectatioa  that  railrwuls  will  evod  traveree  all  ibo  tinoceupiod  rogions 
L^if  the  eartb,  and  mallrable  Btocl  replace  vood  in  Uie  mccb&iiiu  arta. 
^B     Yoa  repnMDt  thin  new  world,  growD so  Boddenly  old,  learued,  utiU- 
^rariaa,  and  rritical.     Your  orators  bavo  a  bard  timv  of  it. 
V       Am  1  to  be  tb«  moatb-pi«ce  of  (bo  outaido  world,  actting  forth  in 
order  wbai  it  has  eipeoted  of  yon — ita  pralae,  ila  blame  ?    Nay,  what 
can  yoa  for  praise  from  aniaepired  lips  ?    Or  what  car«  yoa  for  blamo 
from  tbe  rnlgar  herd  who  oomprvbond  noithcr  your  purpoaei  nor  your 
iMthoda? 

Am  1  to  be  your  mouth-pieoo  io  inform  this  ouuido  world  of  what 
tbe  community  of  BCieDoe  which  yon  partly  repreaent  baa  bc«n  about 
tbe  last  twelve  months,  ;^ving  it  such  a  catalogue  of  facta  diaooverad, 
aad  theories  esublisbed  or  improved,  that  it  sball  stand  amaaed,  and 
bleaa  ita  stars  and  worship  ?  Tben  tbia  addreas  would  simply  be  a 
grandiloquent  stogo-aside  in  tho  drama  of  this  meeting,  and  no  addrsM 
tu  yon. 

Host  I,  then,  apeak  to  you  as  a  fellow-worker  in  science,  contribut- 
ing some  fresh  gifti  to  our  common  stock  of  tnilbs  ?  But  that  would 
be  hotter  done,  if  done  at  all,  by  reading  a  paper  on  the  subject  in  ihc 
wction  to  which  I  properly  iHilong. 

I  did,  indeed,  hesitate  a  while  before  I  rejected  a  temptation  to 

diMOss  before  you  this  evening  one  or  two  subjects  on  which  I  have 

nA«ct«d  for  many  ye«n — for  instaaoo,  tba  important  r&te  which  the 

ebomkal  solution  of  the  limestone  fomatloDS  hna  phiyod  in  tbe  grand 

drama  of  tbe  topography  of  tbe  globe ;  the  absolute  inooDStaiwy  of  tbe 

n-level ;  the  fuucttoa  of  variable  deposition  in  closed  basins  in  ele- 

uing  tbe  plane  at  which  coal-vogotatton  repeated  itself;  tbe  influ- 

^oe  which  anticiinaU  and  synclinals  «n  iehdon  have  exerciH(v!  in  origt- 

Jly  diroottng,  and  afterward  pcrpelaally  shifting,  the  syMcma  of 

Bvnr^rKiaagp,  as  the  general  surface  became  lower  and  lower  throngb 

an  i  tbe  extraordinary  differences  in  tbe  amount  and  rate  of  ero> 

te  different  parta  of  the  same  reprion,  due  to  tbe  rarious  hcighta 

tod  shapes  of  the  plications — but  a  deep  cense  of  iDfiutHciency  for 

^^roporly  handling   such    great  subjecta   deterred  mo  from  the  at- 

^Kmpt.     Tboy  demand  the  largMt  tn-niment,  ihc  fullest  illastration, 

^ftitl  the  lung  coKTperation  of  many  minds.     All  tbe  great  transc«nd- 

^ftital  ([arstionff  of  science  remain  open  to  rosonrch  ;  not  one  of  tbem 

Hu  as  yet  hewn  answered  satisfactorily  ;  all  answers  have  been  prelum 

irv,  and  most  of  what  has  been  published  for  such  aeeaia  to  me  poer- 

yet  the  disposition  to  deal  in  transcendental  scimoo  aeems  to  grow 

4aily  stronger.     There  are  no  laws,  however,  against  initiation  into 

^^Ipino  clubs.     If  men  choose  to  run  fatal  risks  for  notoriety,  let  them 

^fc  so,  h)  tho  name  of  all  that  is  chilly  and  unprofitable ;  but  let  them 

^%ot  pr*tend  that,  when  they  reach  the  summit  of  some  Jnngfrau  ot 

TCU.    LttllL — II 


»M 


TBS  POPULAR  SCIENCB  MOKTItLY. 


1 


Matt«riiorn,  tbelr  demon  of  adveotnra  shows  tbom  all  U)«  kingdonu 
of  tlw  world  of  science,  and  Ihe  g'ory  of  it ;  for  io  fact,  tbo  inueevi- 
b)e  sky  BOROUixJa  th«n)  still,  and  o1oud«  obitroot  tlioir  Tision  in 
direction.    1  bjivo  no  fine;  for  fuoh  moaaUia-cUmbiDg,  Bud 
lighlly  of  exploita  po  barren  of  rMolta. 

I  seiie  tbe  ocwaaion,  ntllier,  to  awAke  to  rour  remembranoe 
tlioagbta  of  ooBimoiD  interest,  which  the  multiplying  ftrulnncbca 
fsots  and  llieorica  tbroateo  to  bury  out  of  sight,  bm  llio  pnra  ini  of  tlia 
glacier  guts  ix>von-d  otct  with  a  itordtd  ithcct  of  dUn-U,  pcrjietuaUyj 
tumbling  from  tbo  oliffii  betwwn  which  it  flow*. 

Consider,  then,  first,  that  tbe  final  cause  of  a  );lacier  is  not  to  cany 
moraines,  lateral  or  medial ;  that  these  are  mere  accidents  of  its  exist-, 
enee  ;  and  that,  were  it  endowed  with  intelligence,  it  would  feel 
interest  and  leM  prido  id  tbo  hoterogeneous,  variable,  and  for  iho  : 
part  vmIms,  burden,  which  it  oaa  not  eaeape,  and  throws  away  at ' 
dose  of  its  career.    Such  are  tbe  toads  of  science  which  wc  arc  com- 
pellcd  (0  carry  forward  tbrcmgh  life,  in  the  fonna  of  fact  and  theory  ; 
missbajwD,  accidental  droppings  upon  us  from  our  local  surroBiidiaga ; 
fragmentary  specimens  of  knowledge,  of  which  we  oonstmct  oar  coo* 
foaed  and  ahapcless  heaps  of  teaming,  most  of  which  is  of  little  use,, 
^thw  to  ounclves  or  to  tlio  world.    The  life  of  the  ^acdor  ia  an  clab 
oration  of  the  universal  moisture  into  snow,  nevi,  and  pure  loo,  by 
slow  process  of  intenia]  ooDstitution ;  and  such  is  the  happy  dcMinj 
of  the  tmo  man  of  science,  worked  oat  in  wisdom  of  charaotar, : 
from  all  accidental  aocumulations  of  learning,  and  mainly  imspectivi 
of  tbem. 

Let  us  avoid  the  saerifico  of  character  to  ecicncv.    As  the  sayinj 
of  JesiiB  of  Naiarclh,  that  tlie  sabbath  was  made  for  man,  not  man  fo 
the  sabbath,  has  rung  through  the  centuries,  a  toc«n  of  alarm  to  roas«] 
mankind  to  resist  6CGlosiaittici«ni,  so  let  the  warning  cry  &II  the  air  of 
our  ossouiatioD,  from  meeting  to  meeting,  that  sotcautt  In  our  means, 
and  ni>t  our  end.    Self>ouIture  ia  the  only  real  and  noblo  aim  f>f  lifo. 
And  as  xho  magnifioence,  beauty,  and  utility  of  n  glacier,  aa  a  pofpci-- 
nal  reservoir  of  solid  moisture,  are  not  gauged  by  tbe  aire,  omnganntu 
or  ooDStitntional  features  of  its  morainoe,  neither  are  tbe  greatniMs  tmS* 
nsefulness  of  the  philosopher  measured  by  his  amount  of  tbe  knowl-j 
odgc  of  tbo  pbysioal  faoL^nd- theory  aoience  of  tbo  times.  J 

Of  all  kinds  of  intellectual  greatneu,  tbo  greatest  is  acbiKved  bM 
the  philosopher  who  stands  before  the  tbinking  world  ae  a  raodti]  ofl 
scientific  virtue;  deaf  to  Battery;  inMnsibIc  to  paltry,  tinftili>  criii*^ 
<dsm  ;  patient  of  opposition  ;  dead  to  tlie  temptations  nf  si'lf-tuterest  u 
cahaly  superior  to  the  miajndgments  of  the  sltort^igbtcd  ;  whom  notli'J 
ing  diverts  from  tbe  endeavor  to  live  nobly,  and  to  whom  noble  mHOftl 
are  aa  indispensable  as  noble  ends  ;  in  whom  tbo  meU  brilliant  see-J 
I  foster  neither  vanity  nor  arrogance  (  to  whom  fame  ia  uuimpor*! 


tant,  and  poverty  a  trivial  oircnmsUiwe ;  wIiom  Joya,  Uke  h 


TBK  SPiaiT  Ayi>  METHOD  OF  SCISXTIFW  STUDY.  19; 

brotiMs  from  an  encircling  landiic^M),  oomo  from  the  surrouiiding 
frii^n Jiiliip  of  the  geDcral  world,  to  Those  1>CRt  intensUi  ihe  oobk  heart 
(«  forever  lof  al. 

Another  Aubjcvt  for  e«rioua  refleclioo  \t  the  over'aceniDaUttoa  of 
•eleoiifio   infonnatioD.     To  brooeb  it  before  sDcb  tn  aaaemhl]'  maj 
teem  to  require  wamv  Rpology.     Ccrtainl;-  tlio  foclingprevails  tbat  tfaa 
wurld  oaa  not  lure  too  much  Bciencc.     But  the  vcienco  of  learning  and 
tbo  soionoc  of  knowledge  are  not  <|uitc  identical ;  and  learning  bu  (00 
pftou,  in  ilie  case  of  individuals,  OTcrwhelmod  and  aawthered  to  death 
knowledge.    The  average  human  mind,  when  oventocked  with  infor- 
»Uoo,  acta  like  a  general  pnt  in  commnnd  of  an  army  too  large  for 
im  to  handle     Mnnjr  a  vanlling  M'iontilin  Ambition  hnts  been  thus  dis- 
rd.     Nor  ic  tbii<  th<i  only  danger  tbai  we  run  ;  for  (be  occaroiita- 
tioo  of  faet«  in  the  treasury  of  the  human  brain  has  a  natural  tcndenej 
<  breed  an  intellei-tual  avariee,  a  pa««ion  for  the  piling-up  of  massct 
^  ef  faou,  old  and  new,  regardless  of  their  ums.     In  the  great  game  of 
our  spiritual  existence,  facts  are  mcro  counters  with  which  to  plajr  (h« 
game,     A  million  of  them  are  worth  nothing,  udIuls  the  pUycr  knows 
bow  to  play  won  the  game  ;  and,  when  the  gnmo  la  over,  the  worthless 
coiint«n  are  swept  boek  into  the  drawer.     And  the  danger  pursue*  na 
1^(0  higher  and  higher  planes  of  science.     Not  only  the  avariee  of  facta, 
Hbut  of  tbeir  explaoalioDs  also,  may  end  in  a  wealthy  poverty  of  inld- 
^Pnot,  for  wbieb  there  is  no  core.     Evea  the  eacrcd  fires  of  reeettroh  may 
P^  allowed  to  hum  too  long,  tmtil,  in  fact,  they  turn  the  investigator 
into  a  mere  niisi-r  of  ideas.     As  for  those  who  are  not  lb einselvea origi- 
nal invratigatorn,  but  busy  themselves  inccwantly  in  appropriating  the 
Mcretiona  of  re«earch  at  second  band,  how  often  it  happens  that  (he 
richosi  additions  of  r«liahto  theories  to  the  stock  of  their  ideas,  evea  to 
a  point  where  thuy  suppose  themBelves,  and  are  sapposed  by  others,  to 
know  alt  the  coiwluaiona  arrived  at  by  past  and  present  in(|niren,  leave 
th«m  «a  (hinkent  Just  what  they  wore  at  fint — incompetenta ;  more  ill- 
bwig  piclure-galleried;  disartaiigcd  museums;  complicated  inventions 
which  will  not  work  ;  costly  expeditions  for  discovery, frozen  fast  and 
^^haDdoneil  in  the  polar  ice  ! 

^H  A  oartain  umpcrance  in  seienee  is  obligatory  front  another  point 
^Bf  Tttw.  Aa  mero  wealth  of  possessions  can  not  guarantee  happiness, 
^^Mltber  can  a  superfluity  of  learning  insure  wisdom.  When  the  body 
from  overfeeding  grows  plethoric,  iw  vital  energiea  subside  and  its 
Ufa  la  endangered.  Tlio  intellect  may  he  mischievoualy  crammed  with 
•deooo.  How  mnch  wo  know  is  not  the  best  question,  but  bow  we 
got  what  we  know,  and  what  we  can  do  with  it ;  and,  above  all,  what 
it  hoa  mado  of  us.  The  tendency  of  training  now  is  to  eubordinato 
tlu  ooul  to  tJiat  which  should  be  merely  its  endowment  and  adorn- 
nmt ;  to  tnm  llie  thinker  into  a  mere  walking  encyclopedia,  text- 
book, or  <!lrolo  of  the  meclinnic  arte  ;  not  to  produce  the  tdghost ' 
of  man.     Wliat  ndiouloua  and  pitiable  oroatlons  are  thes«  I— aa  1 


196 


TBB  POPULAR  SCI£2fCS  MOA'TMir. 


ity  in  pbytios  vlio  eta  not  tpcAk  Iho  tniUi  ?  a  loader  la  natonl  bist< 
wbo  it  gireo  om  to  th«  tonacnti  of  cnvjr  f  a  god  in  chemical  rotowdit 
itok  of  Aome  fiilu!  quotation  ?  a  youthful  prodigy  of  usthcnuilloa]  kI- 
ODce  tolterJDg  with  uoelastic  steps  and  outstretched  anns  to  gnap  iut- 
future  fame?  Yet  no  one  will  deny  that  the  intemperate  purmitt 
any  branch  of  Miunco  baa  a  t«ndcDcy  to  produce  such  cbaraeten.  by 
vloTuting  U>  unduu  imporlanoo  thv  individual  accuninlaUon  of  sdeir- 
tide  facta  and  aoiontifio  tfaeorica,  to  tbc  neglect  and  dcpreobUoD  of 
that  spirit  of  troth  wMch  alone  can  inspire  and  justify  an  eament  study 
of  the  material  univerBe.  I  t>cg  you  to  reflect  that  it  is  as  truiii  of  iCi- 
«Doe  as  of  religion,  that  the  mere  lett«r  of  its  code  threatens  its  de*o- 
tM  with  intclloctual  death,  and  that  only  by  breathing  its  purest  spirit 
oan  the  man  of  acionce  keep  his  bettor  character  altre^-that  indefin- 
able spirit  which,  ill  ita  intimate  and  ctaential  nature,  baa  liltJe  to  do 
with  the  number  of  facta  disoorered  or  tbeorios  aoMpted  ;  »  aj^rit 
which  merely  eierdses  itself  in  research,  and  accepts  disooverin  at 
doUgbtful  accidents  ;  a  spirit  whtcb  walks  the  paths  of  sdetice^  not  aa 
if  tbey  wora  turnpikes  converging  upon  some  smoky  and  tqualid  focus 
of  toil>w«aricd  popalation,  but  as  if  Lbey  had  boon  graveled  and  flower- 
bordered  for  it  through  some  princely  park ;  a  spirit  of  natural  and 
cultivated  nobleneM,  sweetened  by  boundless  friendship  for  the  world 
and  all  that  lives  therein  ;  juiit  and  true  to  all  men  worthy  or  un- 
worthy, proud  without  vanity,  industrious  without  baste,  stating  it* 
own  griefs  as  lightly  as  an  angel  migbti  and  generously  bringing  Iwlp 
to  tbc  discoaragod  and  forlorn.  In  every  one  of  as  there  is  this  genius, 
if  we  did  but  know  it ;  tmd,  as  Emormn  well  aayi^  the  moral  ta  tlte 
DMMarc  of  its  health. 

I  have  been  saying,  then,  that  we  abould  pursue  science,  like  any 
utlicr  busincM  of  this  life,  with  a  distinct  and  unwavering  intention  to 
ennoble  our  own  ohanot«ra.  It  were  a  trite  addition  to  propose  that 
the  pursuit  be  made  ancillary  to  the  public  good.  "The  love  of  act- 
enee  "  is  a  phrase  which  has  been  greatly  glorified  in  popular  diseoniM  ; 
•od  if  the  phrase  be  confined  to  its  trne  meaning— a  zealous  admira- 
Uon  for  all  that  is  beautifully  true  and  useful  in  Kature — it  can  not 
barm  us  io  Uic  pnu^tice  of  our  profession.  I!ut  when  the  inagioatton 
has  exhausted  itself  in  transcendental  ecstasies  over  an  ethereal  eenti- 
mcnt  so  named,  but  undeaoribed  exeept  in  poetry,  what  wiser  or  better 
thing  can  we  say  of  any  branch  of  physical  or  natural  science,  oultivated 
by  oar  association,  than  that  its  votaries  are  knowingly  or  unknowingly 
bettering  the  condition  and  vhaxaoler  of  mankind  ?  Every  advane** 
nsot  in  ecimee  is,  of  its  own  nature,  an  improvement  of  the  common- 
wealth. Every  ■noceaaful  study  of  the  laws  of  the  world  we  tnlialiit 
inevitably  brings  about  a  mora  intelligent  and  victorioas  oooflict  with 
the  material  evils  of  life,  encuumging  thoughtfnInMS,  discmiragisg 
saporalition,  exposing  the  folly  of  vice,  and  patting  the  mnltitndM  of 
bnmaa  society  on  a  fairer  and  friendlier  footing  with  one  nnotber. 


ot- 

'1 


I 

4 


THM  SPIRIT  AXD  itBTSOD  OF  SCISNTiriC  STUDY.  197 


W. 


r 


Thn  Ml*  of  pVilanlhropy  ate,  Ut«reforo,  ae  direct  an  oatoome  of  acieooe 
an  thu  lighting  of  tbc  palilic  «ti«eta  or  the  wanntng  of  oar  homes.  Oru- 
<ilty  and  shain*  arc  produou  of  tbe  nigbL  Tho  dayllghl  ia  a  fri«nd  to 
riendlinctu.    The  progresa  of  oiTilization  and  Ibe  progreai  of  aotenoe 

alik«  typified  by  the  prograssively  brilliaDt  and  general  iUtuntDa- 
tioo  of  cities.  So,  io  old  limM,  bumaD  eacrificea  and  piracy  ooased 
■whcTCTCT  the  worship  of  tb«  l^riaa  Hvlcarth  yielded  plaoc  to  tbo 
philoMphy,  MI««-IWrM,  and  fine  arta  of  tbe  genial  and  beautiful  Del- 
pbio  Apollo,  the  oirUiur,  the  faivshiner,  the  sun  of  Grecian  rigbt«ous- 
BMB,  whose  initialed  b«o«me  tbe  educatore  of  tbe  modem  world. 

And  yet  thaao  two  magio  words,  "  initiation,'*  "  education,"  hare 
neaninga  directly  tbe  revctse  of  one  another — the  one  a  going  in  to 
laam  the  aMreta  of  eeoteric  doctrine,  unsafe  for  pnblication  bccauM 
immature  :  the  oibcr  a  Mnff  ied  <nU  from  ignorance  to  knowledge, 
from  helpletuncM  to  the  «etiv«  parformancea  of  life.  The  idea  of  uni- 
eraal  education  Is  wholly  modem — in  fact,  a  product  of  tbe  century  tn 
wltioh  wo  live.  It  it  democracy  in  tbe  world  of  intellect ;  it  i»  tbo 
doctrine  nf  equal  human  rights  applied  to  the  po«sce«iona  of  the  human 
I«rain  ;  it  ia  the  apotbeoRia  of  common  sense ;  it  dcniandH  the  diBtribo- 
tloa  of  knowledge  in  adequate  quantity  and  quality  to  all  who  live  and 
aO  who  are  to  live  upon  the  earth.  How  ihin  I*  to  be  aceomplished  ia 
tbe  greatest  of  tbe  queationA  of  the  day,  and  it  especially  concerns  as 
M  nemben  of  in  anoctation  for  tbe  adraDcement  of  science 

I  do  not  intend  to  diacnas  the  subject,  to  define  the  quantity  and 
quality  of  knowledge  adequate  for  tJie  varioua  claates  of  human  Hod* 
flty,  or  to  propoao  any  plana  for  it«  difitribution.  All  I  winh  to  say 
aboat  it  is,  that  it  soemii  to  me  Xatum  Hmitti  both  tho  respunsibiliiiea 
of  tcacbcra  and  the  rigbbi  of  learners  more  narrowly  than  is  commonly 
■Dppoaed.  The  parable  of  the  sower  is  a  good  referenoe  for  explana- 
tion. Moflt  of  the  surface  of  the  globe  is  good  for  little  else  than  eat- 
tle-iatKbee  or  sheep-farms,  and  the  l.irgo  majority  of  manldiKl  mnst  tn 
all  sgM  be  satisfied  with  the  mcr«  rudiments  of  teaming.  What  they 
want  is  umtcholattie  wisdom  with  which  to  light  tbe  fight  of  life,  and 
they  must  win  it  for  themaelvo*.  Only  a  limiu-d  number  of  persons 
in  any  commanity  can  acquire  wealth  of  knowledge,  and  the  only 
thought  on  which  I  wiiih  U>  insist  is  this :  tbcae  few  must  also  gel  it 
for  ibemaeWes,  and,  moreover,  must  work  bard  for  it. 

It  ia  a  hackneyed  aphorism  that  there  is  no  royal  road  to  knowl- 
edge, although  an  incredible  amount  of  paina  has  beeji  taken  to  make 
om.  Kaliiro  tn  this  a^ir,  as  usoal,  haa  boon  a  good,  wise  mother  to 
u  all ;  for  it  Is  not  dcoireble  to  make  tho  acquisition  of  knowledge 
oaay,  for  tbo  main  point  in  scientifio  education  is  to  secnre  tho  highest 
activity  of  the  human  mind  in  the  pursuit  of  trath — an  activity  tried 
and  dtsciplined  by  hardship  and  nourished  on  hardy  fare.  The  qnao- 
tity  of  food  la  of  lem  importance ;  overything  depends  on  establish- 
h>g  t  good  constitutional  digestion.     Tlio  harder  tbe  dinner  is  to 


198 


THE  POPULAR  SCIENCE  JtfOJfTffir. 


1 
I 


:• 


oilow,  th«  BtroDgor  prowl  tho  cater.  Canoed  aincnoe  ba  a  steady  diat 
is  AM  uDwholfcome  for  tUo  growing  mind  M  caoDud  rruiu  anil  Ti'gcta- 
bli.-H  for  the  growing  bodf.  'ni«  wuo  tcac-licr  imtial(^!<  tbc  mvtbud  of] 
Nature,  wbo  hu  but  ooe  uiawer  for  kU  qucatJoua :  "  Find  it  out  for 
yourself,  and  you  wilt  then  Icnow  it  better  than  if  I  were  to  toll  yoa 
befoniband." 

Bat  who  cno  bo  »  wi««  t«aclicr  wbo  hta  oot  bMn  wiaely  laagbtT 
Th«  ■{nrit  of  ihii  aoieDlific  ago  favors  a  uuiv«r!iiil  luanufaottirv  of  cod> 
dcDsed  milk  to  ease  and  oheapen  the  toil  of  briugiiig  up  lU  iafuit*.  It 
finds  tbe  bottle  of  litenUar«  mor«  oooTenienl  tban  tbe  breul  of  Nature,  i 
It  prefers  a  large  funiily  of  pnny  cbUdr«n  to  a  few  yoang  beroea.  Tbe 
Htalwurl  ancivntH  t-xpuacd  tbeir  unfit  offapriog  to  tliu  wolve* ;  we  mod- 
atna  azhauat  tli«  roeouroca  of  art  to  pnaarro  their  wortblcea  and  pain- 
ful Uvea. 

This  ia  tbe  spirit  wliiolt  invcnia  a  thotiaand  futile  piano  for  oon* 
pstcting  t)ia  univcrve  to  a  size  eo  smsU,  and  a  shape  so  BimjiU',  tlial  it  i 
can  be  grasped  without  much  eSort  by  the  tinieat  and  feeblest  butds. . 
Will  it  be  an  unpardonable  crime  for  me  to  eay  that  I  reoognixo  ibil 
Msac  spirit  in  the  present  popular  rage  for  an  over-clncsification,  unifi- 
cation,  and  nimplificalion  of  ici«DCO|  for  ultra-Kyninu-trical  f<innuIiD 
and  excesMvo  uniformity  in  nomenclature  ;  with  an  avowed  rofmrncQ 
to  ease  of  loanilng  and  conveaienco  of  teaching,  the  saving  of  titnc  in  ^£ 
the  acquisition  of  facta,  and  tbe  diminution  of  brain-naste  in  collating  ^M 
them  for  use ;  in  one  word,  to  the  making  of  science  easy,  despite  ^ 
the  inexorable  decree  of  Nature,  that  it  always  shall  bo  and  always 
ought  to  Iw  diflicult?  For  tbo  genius  of  tbe  creation  is  visibly  bo«tilo 
to  thai  uniformity,  aymmetry,  and  orderly  aimplirity  which  the  text- 
book «ndearora  to  astablish.  No  logical  consistency  for  her  I  No 
stiffening  of  tbe  faot-produoing  energies  into  fact  formularies  will  sbo 
endare.  Hardly  has  a  roaunal  issued  from  the  press,  but  it  is  mutilated 
by  her  Puckish  fingers.  No  sooner  has  some  achool  of  thvoricta  rrcct««l 
a  stately  6lnic4ttro  in  simple  grundiur,  than  it  is  eluttterod  by  tlir  light- 
Ding  of  a  new  revelation.  Tbcro  is  no  rest,  no  peace,  in  our  tx^ticving. 
Our  librarica  contain  Uttle  eI»o  than  snoh  spoiled  palimpsests,  Th« 
broad  fields  of  science  arc  covered  with  such  ruins ;  ami  ihou)  who 
hare  grown  old  in  traveling  far  and  wide  across  tbcm  woald  find  little 
cause  for  singing  psans  to  tbe  exploits  of  acience  were  it  not  for  the 
fact  that  the  function  of  science  is  not  to  organtu  Nature,  but  by  the 
laborious  study  of  Nature  to  organise  tbe  human  mind  and  inform  it 
with  tbe  very  genius  of  Xalurs,  original,  unsymuietrioal,  indefinable, 
noeUssiSable,  changing  its  aititudust  and  opentiooa  avery  instant,  and 
escaping  costly  from  all  tlio  toils  of  scholastic  unification  which  wo 
fprmd  for  it.  Tbe  work  of  the  atndent  can  not  be  simplified,  can  not 
b*  nade  easy,  if  it  ia  not  to  fail  in  its  grrat  pur7MRt4^  tbe  production  of 
a  genuine  man  of  ecionce.  The  foolish  nuTM  thinks  it  her  duty  to 
oarr}'  the  diild  always  in  her  arms ;  bat  tlu)  test  uf  a  good  oducatiim 


I 
1 


K 


TffS  SPIRIT  AND  METHOD  OF  SCIElfTIFlC  STUDY.  199 


put 


^: 


In  the  mbitity  of  \\w  child  to  carry  its  uursi>,  and  tbb  It  oui  only  Ulun 
lo  tfarougli  ihi'  diavi|>liBe  of  toil — loil  which  at  first  coocttalit  iUvIf  ud- 
the  grmctoos  gtuse  of  iportA,  gyroaastics,  and  adventurco,  and  aftw 
an)  ukea  the  shape  of  «xporijiu>nul  failurm  aod  tueksi  coDHtntotioM^ 
hut  all  u  free,  untutoraJ,  and  original  at  the  laogfaEng,  vaat«fti],  and 
OBgovenablo  prankn  of  Natarc.  But  1  hare  followed  long  onongb, 
perhaps  yon  vill  thibh  too  long,  this  train  of  thought.  Let  me  sag- 
gott  another. 

It  ii  a  familiar  fact  that  great  di^coreriot  come  at  long  tnterralA, 
broDght  by  spei-ially  commiuioncd  and  highly  endowed  raeawngorB, 
while  a  perpetual  processioo  of  humbler  servaote  of  Katurc  arrive  witb 
gifta  of  lomcr  moment,  but  equally  genuine,  curious,  and  interestiiig 
oowltiM.  The  excilcment  of  the  pageant  iQ<:apacitate8  us  for  reaaon- 
g  rightly  on  its  meaning.  From  what  nnknowti  land  doea  all  this 
wealth  of  information  oomo  ?  Who  are  thoso  bearora  of  it  ?  and  who 
inirasted  each  witb  bis  particular  burden,  which  bo  carries  aloft  aa  if 
it  deterred  cxolaatTC  a^lrairation  f  Why  do  tbose  who  bring  the  bctt 
thing*  walk  so  nerionsly  ami  modestly  along,  aa  if  they  were  in  tlw 
perfonnanoe  of  a  sacred  duty  for  which  they  scarcely  esteem  tbora- 
selret  worthy  ;  while  those  who  have  little  to  show,  or  things  of  infe- 
rior or  doubtful  value,  Etmt  and  grimace  magnificently,  as  if  they  felt 
tbentselvee  the  especial  favoritca  of  Nature,  pQi>h  to  the  front,  speak 
loudly  to  the  multitude,  and  evidoatly  dcom  themselves  entitled  to 
uncommon  honors? 

Is  this  prooetttOD  of  tcience,  in  thia  interminable  show  of  discov- 
ery, two  fneu  arrest  attention :  firat,  the  oager  gaze  of  expectatioa 
whiob  the  crowd  of  lookers-on  direct  toward  the  quartor  from  which 
^the  proocasion  comet,  aod  their  nnaccountable  indifference  to  what  baa 
JreaUy  paned ;  and,  secondly,  the  wonderful  disappearance,  the  more 
or  laea  sadden  vaoishiDg  oat  of  the  very  hands  of  the  carriers,  of  a 
largv  majority  of  the  facts  and  theories  of  which  they  make  so  pomp- 
ofia  an  exposure ;  few  of  them,  bowerer,  teeming  to  be  aware  that 
thereby  tbey  have  lost  their  right  to  participate  in  the  pageant,  and 
•boiild  retire  from  it  into  the  throng  of  spectators,  at  least  until  good 
fortune  sboald  take  pity  on  them,  and  drop  some  now  trifle  at  their 

Ifvet  U)  soothe  their  wounded  vanity. 
Ton  will  not  anspect  mc  of  depreciating  the  value  of  any  real  dia- 
c*niry,  l>e  it  merely  the  finding  of  a  Califomian  bird  on  the  shore  of 
MaMBohnietu  Bay,  or  detecting  with  the  naked  eyo  the  blaiing  of  a 
variable  star  before  any  telescope  had  noticed  it,  or  fbdlng  soma 
Iladrosaanis  bones  in  a  New  Jersey  marUpit,  or  a  Paradoxidee  at  the 
Quincy  quarries  ?  Such  acoidenta  have  all  the  importance  of  trumpet- 
nates  sounding  to  booU  and  addle.  But,  afier  all,  the  trumpeter  is 
only  a  trumpeter,  although  ho  may  imagins  himself  the  colonel  of  thu 
ngimeni  or  a  grnnral  In  the  army  ;  and,  indeed,  it  has  happened  tltai 
to  sueh  aooidcnu  Science  has  owed  some  of  her  best  physicists  and 


^th< 


soo 


TBE  POPULAR  SCIEXCK  MOXTULY. 


lUUirfcliite.  Bat  it  was  not  tbeee,  tli«ir  first  and  tbercfore  moet  en)ot 
abl«  dbcovorics,  thai  made  them  what  thej*  afterword  bcc»in«,  nor  bad 
lti«y  at  tlio  outMt  CTan  tli«  right  to  im  opiniun  on  ibo  value  of  tlicir 
finds.  Yeara  of  slranuoua  and  tinrooovned  exM'tion  had  to  follow,  in 
wbioli  tli«jr  publiali«d  tittle  or  notbing  oew,  but  gatbcred  up  tbo  old, 
and  rMliioOTwedt  by  experiment  and  obaervation,  wiiat  tbe  reeorda  of 
tbe  put  prtMrvfld. 

"Whul  I  (l(-{>rec«t«  ia  tlio  oUum  to  cpecial  attention  mada  by  invx* 
perieucvd  Btumblera  on  forgotten  or  onnoticcd  facbt,  nTmarkablo  or 
•tbenriae,  on  tbe  »ole  ground  of  tbe  difwoveiy.  I  deprvcate  tbo  folly 
of  ibe  youtb  who,  bocauae  he  has  found  a  epear,  leaps  into  the  empty 
chariot  of  Achilles,  and,  calling  on  the  tireeian  host  to  follow  hiu), 
laslica  tbe  horses  for  an  inunediato  attacJt  on  Troy  ;  nor  findi  it  oat 
until  he  id  balf-way  acrom  the  plaij],  that  he  ride*  alouc.  and  to  de- 
struction. 1  feel  no  admiration,  no  reipocti  for  tbe  audacity  with 
which  oar  young  recruita  of  science  rvsb  unpauoplied  into  the  tbivk 
of  a  discussion  ioTolTing  tbe  greatest  thinking  of  tbe  ago.  Tbej  act 
like  animala  at  a  confiagration.  I  hear  on  all  sides  a  noisy  tumult  of 
nntrainrd  intcUocta.  Shall  »iich  tbemes  aa  the  ocbuUr  hypolbwHai 
llu)  probable  aoUdity  or  fluidity  of  our  placet,  the  inetamorpltaaia  of 
roeka,  tbo  origin  of  oerpentine  or  petroleum,  the  eaosa  of  foliation, 
the  stable  or  unstable  geographical  retationahipa  of  continent  to  ocean, 
the  probable  rate  of  geological  time,  tbo  condilioiu  of  climate  in  tbe 
ages  of  maximum  ice,  the  probahle  centers  of  lifc-disponion,  tbe  unity 
or  multiplicity  of  the  human  race,  tbo  ovolutioti  of  apccica,  be  babbled 
over  by  men,  tlio  amount  of  whoM  efficient  work  in  any  branoh  of 
adenoe  ia  meaaurable  with  a  foot-rule  ;  while  thorn  whose  entire  Itrca 
have  been  but  one  exbaasting  struggle  with  tbe  shapes  which  people 
the  darknecs  of  sctenoo  speak  with  bated  brraih  and  downcast  eyas 
of  these  great  raysteriei  ? 

Thoi«  is  a  sliiblwlcth  by  wlucb  tyros  In  science  can  always  bo  da- 
tectcd — their  haliitual  employment  of  tbe  words  "doobtlees^"  "o*r- 
taiuly,"  and  "  demonstrated."  To  tlieir  inexperience  of  tbe  univer- 
sanity  of  error,  erery  new  atAtemcnt  in  print  over  a  name  noted  in 
science  reads  like  a  revelation  of  the  absolute  ;  and  every  conelnafoo 
at  which  they  ihcmnvtrM  orrivi-,  after  a  mora  or  leas  Bui>er6cial  stndy 
of  the  limit«d  number  of  facta  which  acoideal  has  given  ibein  the 
opportunity  to  obwcrve,  t>ccms  a  conclusion  loo  real  to  Iw  impugnnl. 
I  ioTO  tbo  remembrance  of  ray  youth,  but  I  regret  iu  dogmatia  im- 
perttBeoces.  Young  votariss  of  acionoo  draw  their  intpinition  from 
tlM  maxim  whieJi  beet  suiu  them — "l^tbe  value  of  old  tnithn  by 
new  discovcrica."  The  Tet«raui  of  science  reverse  tbe  rule,  aad  tMt 
all  new  diNcovcnt-s  by  a  world  of  balf-forgott«n  facts  and  vell-Mtab- 
lidked  pnueiples.  The  adranocment  of  scionM  Is  acoomplinltcd  by  the 
push  and  putl  of  these  two  ruling  motirea.  No  scicnoo  were  poad- 
ble  if  tbe  aged  could  suppress  the  youlliful,  or  the  youthful  oould  ax- 


a 


1 


SPtniT  AND  ifSTSOD  OF  SOIMSTIfXO  STUDY,  tax 

the  aR«<L    But  m  rani;  m  Uio  agnostlolam  of  igA  ]■  n  witnan 
wciuitivsa  iif  fruiilRM  apooolaiioD,  lo  nral;  Um  confidonca  of 
lib  that  •vory  morecHat  mv»l  of  nooMsity  be  forward  is  a  proof 
tiMafficltDey. 

Let  the  militarf  an  ioBtmot  as.  The  raw  recruit  m  eatiafied  if 
old  BlOcher  wavQii  bia  sword,  shoutiog,  "  VorwKrts  I  '*  But  the  sobered 
TOtaraD  \»  prvparad  to  aee  in  flank-movctncnttt,  in  retr«ala,  iu  balu 
and  IntranobmcDbi,  stcpe  of  the  campMgn  as  neMssary  as  any  cbarije 
at  doablc^niok  on  hoatile  tines,  or  a  steady  narcb  in  column  into  tbe 
•neiny'a  country.  Let  ns  suppose  that  in  tbo  last  twclvumontli  not 
oa«  snrpming  dieoorery  in  any  region  of  tbc  globe  baa  b^n  madi) ; 
that  a  huodred  provionsly  rq)ort«d  facta  bavc  been  cxaroioed  and  pro- 
Honopd  nntmo ;  a  hundred  printed  tnemolrs,  widely  read  and  eriU- 
ciaed,  brt-n  prored  mialaken  or  absurd  ;  a  hundred  long-arcepted  g«- 
narie  or  speciflo  names,  (oaail  or  recent,  have  been  expiingod  Trom  Ui« 
Usu  ]  and  tbat  others,  like  Batytitta  catmtUata  or  ^ir(r'f  di^ncta, 
have  lost  their  characteristio  values ;  suppooc  any  amount  of  doubt 
lohavo  been  tiirown  upon  any  nnmbcr  of  pcpitlitrly  accx-pti.'^  theotlM, 
by  failures  in  applying  them  to  practice,  like  the  theory  of  theanti* 
elinal  location  of  gas>wells  ;  in  a  word,  suppose  any  amount  of  smaah- 
ing  in  any  department  of  tbe  in^at  crockery-shop  of  tranacendental 
or  applied  science — what  d<x-9  it  imply  hot  the  tendency  of  nil  Inqniry, 
obaerration,  investigation,  and  expurimeot  toward  the  bcKerment, 
which  is  tbe  only  true  advancement,  of  science  f  As,  in  the  animal 
kingdom,  the  peaceful  kinds  are  offset  and  held  in  check  by  analogotu 
eunif ores,  for  fear  of  o?er-populatioit,  ao,  in  tbe  world  of  thought, 
iba  oonatrttctive  tbeoriata  are  perpetnally  preyed  upon  by  a  corre- 
fpooding  class  of  natural  enemios,  the  destructive  critics,  nhich  keeps 
the  field  open  and  the  air  sweet.  The  deatmction  of  effete  knowl* 
edge  ia  tho  perennial  birth  of  tliat  science  which  can  not  hv  destroyed. 
But,  in  rveognieing  the  fact,  we  should  remember  that  there  is  a  aci- 
enoe  of  items  and  a  science  of  fundamentals,  which  bear  a  relation  to 
•Mih  other,  like  that  which  subsists  between  the  individuals  of  a  spo- 
uea  tad  apecies  jMT  se  /  and  that  an  indefinite  multiplication  of  indi- 
ndnaUmay  go  on  withunt  any  visibto  nodtftention  of  their  specific 
diaraoter.  The  population  of  Europe  haa  grown  in  the  last  oentury 
from  a  hundred  and  fifty  to  three  hundred  and  twenty  milliona  of 
tsnnU  ;  but  they  are  tbe  same  Teutons,  Celts,  and  Hlavs  as  ever.  On 
Flbe  other  hand,  tlM  cnrre  of  population  for  Franco  ix  almost  a  hori- 
aontal  straiffht  line  ;  but  their  national  advancement  has  boon  pha- 
^HBomenal.  What  I  wiali  to  illuaLtratc  ts  this  evident  truth,  that  not  by 
^Hbo  mer*  Incn'ment  of  number  of  fade  learned,  not  by  the  mere  mul- 
^^nplieatlon  of  divorerem,  teachers,  and  students  of  those  facts,  but  by 
l^^be  elevation  of  our  aims,  by  the  enlargement  of  onr  views,  by  the 
refitMtment  of  our  methotls,  by  the  ennoblement  of  onr  personalities, 
and  by  tJiewr  alune,  can  we  rightly  diaoov^r  whotlier  or  not  our  awo- 


I 


sot 


TSB  POPULAR  SCIENCE  MONTULT. 


oUtion  is  fiilfilling  its  destinjr  by  advancing  science  in  AnerioL 
tintiappily,  our  invi-trngx  xboalc)  rathtrr  tend  to  ciiltiTato  a  luve  for  brii 
it-brac  iu  HL-ic-noo,  if  Uio  ilimulattun  aud  gratifiostion  of  a  ;M<U(<anlmst 
ourioiiity  for  (wieniifio  novelties  be  fostered,  if  our  dbcuatioDi  sbonld 
b«ooaie  hot-beds  of  a  more  Ytgorons  vegetation  of  [wnonal  vanity, 
inteUectiutl  j^ugnaoity,  lust  for  notoriety,  literary  jealooaiea,  conceit^ 
nKlaination«,  petty  anibilinn»,  or  pecuniary  twhoiofli),  bow  ar«  o«r  day 
ud  gonoraiion  to  be  b«n«fited  or  improved  ?  If  our  attpntioo  beoomo 
rmtrictrd  to  tbo  d«t(u1s  of  tbft  creation,  and  to  th«  smaller  manoMivm 
of  tbfl  forces  of  Nature  ;  or  if,  on  tlie  other  hand,  wo  beeomo  babltii* 
at«d  in  the  indnlgeooe  of  vagti«  generaliutioDi,  snggeUiona  of  poa- 
eihlo  Ihooriea,  and  balf -completed  or  merely  eketched  and  oatKoed 
hyiwtheom — liow  ars  ire  otmcives,  aa  irorkera  of  acirnoe,  to  Moapa 
dvtcrioration  ? 

I  can  not  ahalce  off  a  suspidoo  that  ve  talk  and  writ«  too  raneli ; 
that  the  wbo]e  world  talks  too  much  ;  and  that  the  golden  time  for 
■ileiMW  ta  precisely  tbeo  irh«n  we  oome  together  to  talk.  Were  each 
of  oa  to  utt«r  only  what  be  absolutely  knows,  what  bo  is  quite  sure  of, 
wkatbohaH  unimiK-nehable  facta  in  suRicicnt  number  to  confirm — 
what  asntlileu  illumination  would  ovcnprcad  onr  mi-ctingti,  glorifying 
our  sdenoe,  and  rdnspiring  us  all  I  Bnt  I  turn  from  the  Utopian 
fancy,  and  invite  your  attention  to  a  very  different  tbeme^ 

Th^rc  is  a  topic  which  I  think  should  be  frequently  conaidered  by 
all  who  engage  in  ^icutifio  pursuits  ;  and  by  oo<m)  so  earnestly  as  by 
tlioM  who  arc  ambitious  to  reach  tbo  higher  points  of  view,  from 
whicfa  to  survey  and  dcNeribo  those  syatematio  combinations  of  phe- 
nomena which  arc  more  or  leas  panoramic :  I  allude  of  eotirae  to  g«n- 
eraliaen  or  discoverers  of  natural  laws,  and  the  profeisional  t«acb«n 
of  such  laws ;  while  those  who  deal  in  it«iiuicd  seicoce,  the  mere  ob- 
servers of  isolated  facts,  discriminating  specimens  and  naming  gonen 
and  spcciwio  the  animal,  rcgptablc^  or  mineral  worlds,  and  especially 
such  as  occupy  themn-lvc*  with  geographical  and  geolo;;iral  studim 
in  detail,  stand  in  loss  need  of  baring  it  pressed  opon  their  atteation, 
because  in  their  ease  it  insists  npon  its  own  necssnty. 

I  allude  to  what  is  technically  known  among  cxperia  aa  "  dead- 
work." 

This  topic  lias  to  bo  treated  in  the  moat  prosaic  style.  To  deecribe 
dead-work  is  to  narrate  all  those  portions  of  onr  work  which  consume 
the  most  time,  give  the  most  trouble,  require  the  greatest  patience  and 
ondorance,  and  seem  to  produce  the  most  insignificant  rosnita.  It 
oomprisoe  the  collection,  collation,  com{>arison,  and  sdjostment,  the 
elimination,  correction,  and  re^scleotion,  the  calcalation  and  repreaeo' 
tion — in  a  word,  the  entire  firdt,  second,  and  tbird  handling  of 
data  in  any  branch  of  bumno  le.iriiin;; — wholly  perfonctory,  prrpara 
tofy,  and  nifchaniwil,  wholly  tentative,  pxporiracntnl,  and  dofeaaiv 
without  which  it  ia  dangoroas  to  proceed  a  single  stage  into  ntaaonfaig 


4 


Kii£  SPIRIT  AKD  METHOD  OF  SCIENTIFIC  STUDY,  aoj 
1  th*  nnlnewn,  ukI  futile  to  inugine  th&t  we  can  ndvunco  in  ioi«Bfle 
melvot,  or  anut  to  its  advaaromeut  in  tlic  world.    Il  18  tlua  tedioun, 
WMtly,  uid  fatliifuiiig  process  of  [aying  a  good  foandation  wbioh  no 
•j«  is  crer  to  Be«,  for  a  booM  to  bo  built  thvrcon  for  ufety  and  en> 
Jof  meot,  for  public  nies  or  for  inDnufn(.-nta]  bi-antj'.     It  i»  tbo  labor  of 
a  week  to  bu  paid  for  on  Saturday  nigbu     II  is  Uir  hIow  rvorulting, 
^^amting,  drilling,  victualing,  and   traiuportiog  of  an  entire  army  to 
^^•eura  Ttclory  in  on«  tbort  battle.     It  is  tbo  bardeo  of  dead-weight 
^*Wch  tvcry  great  discoverer  has  had  to  carry  for  yean  and  ycare, 
anhDOtrn  to  the  world  at  largo,  boforo  tho  world  wax  el«otxi(l«d  by  liis 
appearance  as  ita  genltu.     \mI  us  examine  it  more  closely  :  it  will  re- 
yty  oar  scrutiny.    Those  of  you  who  have  been  more  or  lees  suoceM- 
fnlly  at  woHc  all  your  lives  may  get  »ome  satisfaction  from  the  retro- 
•pMt,  and  those  who  have  oonovoood  careen  should  bear  what  dead* 
^woflt  tneaos,  what  its  ttsea  are,  how  indispensable  it  is,  how  hooorabls 
Hft  i«,  and  wbat  storoa  of  health  and  tUvngth  and  bappineas  it  reserree 
^for  them. 

Hy  propo«itions,  tlien,  are  these :  I.  That)  witliout  a  largo  amount 
of  this  dvad-wurk,  there  can  be  no  diaeovery  of  what  is  rightly  called 
a  sciootiSc  irutli.  2.  Thst,  without  a  Urge  amount  of  dead-work  on 
ibo  part  of  a  teacher  of  science,  ho  will  fail  in  liia  efforta  to  impart  trao 
KiencD  to  his  scboliua,  3,  Tliat,  without  a  large  amount  of  dead- 
vork,  no  professional  ex|>crt  can  properly  acrvc,  much  \tm  inform  and 
oomroand,  hi*  clients  or  employers.  4.  That  nothing  but  an  liabitual 
performance  of  dcad>work  can  keep  tho  scientific  judgment  in  a  safe 
and  Mrand  condition  to  meet  emergeucies,  or  prevent  it  from  falling 
more  or  lees  rapidly  into  decrcpitudo ;  and,  A.  That  in  tbo  case  of 
highly  arganiud  thinkers,  disposed  or  obliged  to  exercise  babitnally 
the  oreativo  powers  of  the  imagination,  or  to  exhaust  tho  will-powor  lo 
fr»(|uently  rr<-nrring  decisions  of  difficult  and  doubtful  questions,  dead- 
work  and  pivnty  of  it  b  tbeir  only  salvation ;  nay,  the  most  delicious 
and  rvfrvuhing  recreation  ;  a  panacea  for  disgust,  discouregoment, and 
oarw ;  an  elixir  vite ;  a  fountain  of  perpetual  youth. 

In  expanding  these  propositions,  I  would  illustrate  them  in  some 
neb  homely  ways  as  should  make  them  teem  near  and  familiar  prin- 
^^elptea  of  conduct ;  and  of  courae  I  can  only  do  tbia  out  of  tbo  cxpe* 
^fcenoo  of  my  own  life,  and  from  observation  of  what  has  happened  in 
^VUm  limited  sphere  of  one  department  of  scientitto  inquiry  ;  bnt  that 
^Fthould  suffice,  seeing  that  work  is  work,  and  sctouoe  icieuce,  however 
Torioos  may  l>c  mind«  and  their  pursuits. 

First,  tlien,  is  it  so  that  scienlifio  truths  can  not  be  disoDvercd  with- 

Dot  a  largu  amount  of  preliminary  dead-work?    Surely  no  one  in  this 

aa«mtity  doubta  it  who  has  estabttsUed  even  one  original  theory  for 

L^hiiwelf,  or  won  for  it  the  suffrages  of  judge*  capable  of  weighing 

^Mvideno«.     Now,  the  immeoso  disproportion  in  nuul>cre  bctwocD  tbeo- 

Hrisa  broached  and  theories  accepted  la  the  best  proof  wo  flould  have. 


104 


THE  POPULAR  SCI£JfC£  MOSTBLY. 


\ 


not  only  of  th«  viUuc  and  Q«c«wlt3r  of  dttd-work,  but  of  tl>P  •rAml; 
of  UioM)  who  depend  upon  it  u  a  pmiwntorjp  «t«g4i  uf  tlicoriring. 
And,  moreoTcr,  not  tlieories  only,  but  oiiople  >tatomeittJi  of  fact  bt^ 
Jlered  and  dUbcIiov^,  that  is,  finally  accepted  or  finally  rejected,  ex- 
hibit the  Uko  nainerteal  dtRproportton,  aixl  betray  a  general  careleas- 
Dcaa  or  luineM  of  obaervem  ;  at  all  0T0nt«>  th«tr  manifest  lack  of  ap- 
prooiation  of  tbe  Taln«  and  ncooaalty  of  tbo  dead-work  part  of  obier- 
TAtlnn,  wbiob  imperatiTcly  must  precede  any  clear  mental  pcreoptica 
of  tbe  aiinpleat  phenomenon,  before  tbe  attempt  ia  nude  to  oftabliih 
ild  natoral  relationships,  and  present  it  for  acceptance  as  a  part  of 
aeience. 

A  geologist  travela  far  to  collect  foBsila  at  a  particolarly  good 
locality,  stops  tboro  a  day  or  two,  Blls  his  valine,  and  return*  to  |>ub- 
litth  a  [laper  on  it  What  in  bin  paper  worth  ?  Were  he  firitt  to  «pond 
a  wi'vk  it)  making  bimaelf  aoqDaint«d  with  tbe  whole  vicinity,  a  accond 
week  ia  making  measured  Bectiona  of  all  tbe  cognate  outoropa  in  the 
neighborhood,  a  third  week  in  oarefnily  differentiating  the  ipecifloM 
horiions,  and  a  fonrth  week  in  verifying  their  reliability,  and  in  cor-fl 
rocting  his  first  miMakeo,  thwi,  iuroly,  wlinlcvcr  latter  he  nhouUI  after- 
ward oipi-nd  upon  his  collection  of  lifc-form»  would  have  it*  full  value, 
and  any  paper  he  might  write  would  be  an  iinporLant  contribution  to 
hia  branch  of  science. 

I  have  known  men  settle  to  their  own  sattsfactioD  some  of  tbe 
greatest  proMetna  in  geology  by  a  flying  reconnaissance  ;  triampbanily 
OTertuming  a  naas  of  accumnlated  science  slowly  brought  to  demon- 
itration  by  many  yeara  of  conscientioiia  dwd-work,  which  they  did  net 
Mcra  to  tbink  it  worth  their  while  to  verify.  I  have  known  man  re- 
olaaaify  tbe  clemenla  of  a  grolcgieal  sytitcm  by  a  few  eeettona,  not  % 
single  one  of  which  was  properly  measured  by  them,  or  ooald  be  prop- 
erly put  on  paper  in  a  graphio  form  for  precise  compariaon.  I  have 
known  men  make  what  tbey  called  a  geological  map,  withont  baTing 
nto  a  angle  instmmenlat  line  themselves  ;  with  every  outcrop  inaccu- 
rately placed  ;  with  only  here  and  there  an  occidental  note  of  strike 
and  dip,  and  even  tlits  not  oriented  with  a  clow  approximation  to  pre- 
cisicQ  ;  covering  a  region  requiring  the  study  of  many  months  with  a 
few  weeks  of  what  they  fondly  called  field-work,  and  baaing  on  soch  a  i 
map  generalizations  of  the  first  rank,  for  which  they  expected  the  wort<lfl 
of  scieooo  to  give  them  credit — which  in  the  long  run  it  certainly  wtll,^ 
but  not  the  kind  of  credit  they  anticipate. 

Xow,  the  cxpi^encv  of  a  long  and  active  life  of  aeience  has  trained 
me  to  regard  all  snob  work  as  caretMs  work,  lazy  work.  Not  ihat^ 
sach  workers  are  laty  men  in  tbe  common  meaning  of  the  word ;  onfl 
the  contrary,  they  are  busy,  bustling,  active,  energetjo,  indcfatigibUB 
men  ;  in  fact,  too  much  so.  In  ecicnco  tbero  in  a  Uzine<w  of  quit«  an-fl 
other  definition— namely,  a  chronic  dtnlike,  a  deep-sealed  di*ahnicytfl 
for  the  dead-work  wbiob   first   disciplines  to  aootiracy,  then  makolH 


TBE  SPIRIT  AND  METHOD  OF  SCISNTIFIO  STUDY,  aoj 


patient  kod  oaalioDs,  uid  Gtially  beatowi  the  oImtmI  Iiit«lli^a«e  aod 
lirgMtl  comprebension  of  [>beuomenB.  And  tbW  ffttftl  luinMS  La  foa- 
Unn]  by  a  strange  roUanderHtaadiDf);,  a  fancy,  aomctimM  a  downright 
eoBf  iotioo,  that  the  daad-woric  of  science  can  be  done  for  uh  by  aonia 
OM  •!■«(  >o  aa  to  mvs  out  time  and  Btr«ngib  for  apcoulation,  for 
tbnmglit,  for  fine  writing — can  be  done  by  menials,  employ^^  aastat- 
u)tA,  c«llesgacB,  cpooial  eipcru,  by  any  one  rather  than  by  oaraelvea. 
Can  ve  not,  in  fact,  oftvn  fmil  it  already  done  for  ni,  and  even  better 
dona  than  we  coold  do  it  ?  Then,  why  not  let  iuferior  minda  oooupy 
ihetttMlrea  with  thia  laborious  and  time-conauoiiDg  address  of  R|>eoial 
ikill  7  Can  we  not,  for  lostanm,  hire  tnumt-met>  to  lay  oat  and  meias- 
ore  our  aecUons,  and  artiiita  to  draw  thooi  ?  Why  aliould  a  paleontolo- 
gi*l  talte  the  pencil  between  hii  own  fiogera  in  atudjriog  species,  when 
lia  has  trained  ptiotogmplicn  and  litbograpfaon  at  his  command  ?  Why 
vaate  precious  weck^  and  montJw  in  tramping  and  climbing,  in  mcae* 
uriog  and  plotting,  while  glory  calla  ua  and  (he  aoieutifio  world  ia  iia> 
patiently  waiting  for  our  concluaioDs  ?  Tbus  posscascd  by  the  demon 
uf  adtnlJflo  haate,  we  continually  spoil  onr  own  perfonnancos  and  dia- 
appoint  the  expectant  but  not  at  all  impatient  world.  Could  our  van- 
ity permit  oa  to  know  the  fact,  the  impatience  ia  entirely  our  own,  and, 
if  indulged,  is  anre  to  be  ronndly  punished. 

Ko,  dead-work  can  nut  be  delegated.  The  man  who  can  not  btm- 
wtf  aurrey  and  map  hia  field,  measure  and  draw  hia  aocliona  properly, 
and  perfectly  reprcaent  with  his  own  pencil  the  chaimoteristic  varia- 
tions of  his  foaail  forma,  baa  no  juat  right  to  call  liinuclf  an  expert 
geologiat.  Theae  are  the  badges  of  initiation,  and  tbe  only  guaranteea 
which  one  can  offer  to  the  world  of  science  that  one  ia  a  competent 
obMTver  and  a  trnstworlhy  generalixer.  Nor  has  one  become  a  true 
I  of  science  until  he  hu  already  done  a  vast  amount  of  this  dead- 


work  ;  nor  docs  one  continue  in  hia  prime,  as  a  man  of  aetence,  after 


ai 

r 


be  haa  ecasvd  to  bring  to  this  teat  of  his  own  ability  to  ace,  to  judge, 
and  to  tItBorixQ  the  working  and  thinking  of  other  men.    But  enough 
iftbis. 

Uy  seeond  proposition  was,  that  no  teacher  of  science  can  bo  sue* 
OonfiJ  who  does  not  bimsolf  eaoonnter  wme  of  tho  dead-work  of  tbe 
•iplorer  and  discoverer  ;  who  does  not  diaoipHnc  his  own  faeultics  of 
ptroepUon,  reflection,  and  g«nerali(ation  by  fittd-work  and  office-work, 
ladependsntly  of  all  text-book  assistance  ;  who  does  not  himself  make 
at  lost  Bone  of  tbe  diag^ama,  tables,  and  pictures  for  hia  claas-rooro,  in 
M  original  a  spint,  and  with  as  much  precision  of  detail,  ■<  If  none 
aaoh  had  ever  be«n  made  before,  and  tliene  were  to  remain  sole  monn- 
mmU  of  the  genius  of  investigaUon.  Wbat  the  trae  teacher  has  to 
do  first  and  forvmoat  is  to  wake  up  in  youthful  minds  this  spirit  of  in> 
mtigUion  ab  initio.  The  emisade  against  scholastic  cramming  prom- 
isa«  to  be  nioeesRful ;  but  tbe  cniaade  against  pedagogic  cramming  has 
bardly  yet  beon  organixcd.     How  is  tbe  scholar  to  tie  made  an  artist 


io6 


THE  POPULAR  SCIENCE  MONTHLY. 


If  the  l«a«ti«r  can  not  draw  ?    The  instinct  of  tmitation  in  man  U 
eisiible.     Slorcnly  dran-iiig  on  tbe  bhekl>o«rd — suflldent  nvidoocv 
th«  t«ubcr's  inipiTfoct  mformatioD  and  inacnirate  ooiic«ptioii  of  fm 
llio  naltirc  of  wbich  he  otiljr  thinks  ho  nndorstand»— «ad  do  little  tn 
than  ruU«  s  culd  fog  of  AU«picion  in  the  clniw-rooro,  by  which  tbe  t«a' 
dersprouta  of  teanitog  must  Ik;  citbvr  dnirfe*)  or  kJII«l.     Butffvoo 
slovenly  diagrams  are  prc-ferable  to   purobatcd  ooch,  for  wbat^vi 
diminifiliea  ibc  dead-vork  of  a  teacher  enervaUB  bis  inrcstigating  an< 
tfaweby  bit  domonttrating  powers,  utd  lowers  him  toward  tbe  level  di 
bUscholan. 

Want  I  a  dictator,  I  sbottld  drive  all  teaclicn  of  science  out  into 
the  groAt  field  of  dead-work,  fomc  tbcm  to  go  through  »ll  llio  gymiias- 
tica  of  original  research  and  its  de^^rijilion,  and  not  permit  tbt-m  to 
return  to  tbcir  libraries  until  tbeir  Dote-books  were  full  of  lh«ir  ottn 
ncasuremcHla  and  calculattons,  sketcb-maps  and  form-drawings,  sc- 
VATvlj  accurate  and  logically  classified,  lo  bo  tbon  compared  with  those 
recorded  in  ibe  books.  What  toacbcra  fail  to  keep  in  mind  is  (his 
tbal  learning  is  not  knowledge ;  but,  as  Lessing  aays :  "  Ix'arniug  i: 
only  our  knowledge  of  tlie  experience  of  otben ;  knowledge  is  oor 
own."  Ko  man  really  comprehendB  wh«t  be  himself  has  not  created. 
TbcrefofQ  wo  know  nothing  of  tbo  univerM  until  we  take  it  to  pieces 
for  inspection  and  rebuild  it  for  our  onclvrstanding.  Nor  cnn  ono  man 
do  (his  for  anothci^-cach  mnst  do  it  for  himscir— and  all  that  one  oan 
do  to  help  another  is  to  show  bim  how  be  himKcU  has  morsellaled  and 
reoompowd  hia  small  particular  iiharo  of  concrete  nature,  nnd  inspiro 
bim  witb  those  vague  but  hopeful  suggestions  of  ideas  wLii:b  ne  oall 
luming,  but  which  are  not  science. 

My  third  proposition  was,  that  an  expert  in  practical  science 
command  the  respect  and  confidence  of  his  professional  fellows^  taAf 
through  (heir  free  sufTragcs,  build  np  bis  own  reputation  in  the  learned 
and  business  worlds,  only  in  exact  proportion  to  tbe  amount  of 
dead-work  to  which  bo  voluntarily  subjects  himself.     For,  allboug: 
the  most  of  it  is  necessarily  done  in  secrecy  and  silence,  enough  of  it 
leaks  out  to  testify  to  his  honest  and  diligent  self  .cultivation,  ami 
enough  of  it  mnst  show  in  the  shape  of  scientific  wisdom  to  make  self- 
evident  the  fact  that  he  is  aoither  a  tyro  nor  a  charlatan.    More  tb: 
onoo  I  have  heard  the  merry  Jest  of  the  Australasian  judge  qtrotcA., 
with  sinister  application  to  experts  in  soieooe.     When  n  young  coi 
league,  jnst  arrived  from  Kngland,  asked  him  for  advice,  he  anawcred, 
"  lSt>nounc«  your  decisions,  bat  beware  of  stating  your  reaftona  f ai 
tbcm."    Many  an  epbemeral  reputation  for  science  has  been  begot  b; 
this  shrewd  policy  ;  but  the  Ix-nt  policy  to  wear  well  is  hoovsty,  wd 
hoiiealy  in  trade  means  selling  what  i*  genuine,  well  mode,  and  dura- 
ble, and  honesty  in  scienoc  means,  fir»t,  facts  well  proved,  and  thriv 
conclusions  slowly  and  p«infiilly  deduced  from  facts  well  proved,  in 
Nuffioient  number  and  order  of  arrangumenl  Lu  itxhauia  allka  tbe  snbJ 


4 


oall     I 

oaiiH 

med 
good^ 
boagM 
1  of  It^ 


TBS  SPIRIT  AXD  UET^UOD  OF  SCIENTIFIC  STUDY,  aej 


JKt  and  tba  observer.  Reap  your  field  bo  thoroughly  Uinl  gleaiten 
rooft  despair.  Fortify  your  pcwiliun,  that  your  moat  upvrii;ni-«d  rival' 
can  find  no  point  of  attack.  Lay  yoar  plans  with  Buch  a  Kpcrfluily  of 
pitient  carefolnem  tbai  F»l«  it*elf  can  invent  no  scrioaa  emorgcnoy. 
Deraonatnte  your  ibiwry  ao  utterly  and  evidently  that  it  shall  require 
no  defender  but  ItMlf.  Die  for  vuur  work,  that  your  work  may  live 
ftfrover.  Forgwt  yourBolf,  and  your  work  will  make  yon  fomoua,  Kn- 
lUve  yonnH'lf  to  it,  and  it  will  plant  your  foot  upon  the  neck*  of  kings, 
and  your  mere  Vc«  or  No  will  become  a  law  to  multitudes.  Tliis  l« 
what  the  dead-work  of  Gciencv,  wlivn  well  done,  doea  for  the  expert  in 
K.«noe. 

My  fourth  ptx»po«tion— that  only  the  habitual  porformaDco  of  dead- 
work  can  prawrvc  the  acicntifio  latvlloct  in  priKtino  vigor,  and  prevent 
il  from  becoming  Htiffened  with  prejudicoi,  inapt  to  receive  freib  truth, 
and  forgetful  of  knowleilge  already  won — hardly  needs  discuwon. 
llntnaa  rotuclea  become  atrophied  by  disuse.  Men's  fortunes  shrink 
and  evaporate  by  mere  invoatmonl.  I  pray  you  to  imngine  what  I 
wiali  to  say,  for  il  all  amounts  to  this — that  the  grn»i>  will  ntirvty  grow 
over  a  dcscrtod  foot-path.  Let  mc  hurry  to  the  close  of  this  addraai, 
which  I  have  found  too  serious  a  daly  for  my  liking,  and  perhaps  you 
ilso  have  found  it  too  pcn-onal  a  preachment  for  yours.  Ono  morv 
luggcstion,  then,  and  I  have  done. 

My  fifth  propoxitiim  was,  that  the  wearied  and  exhausted  intellect 
will  wisely  seek  refreshment  in  dead-work. 

Tito  jibysioiogy  of  the  brain  is  now  sufliciently  well  understood  to 
permit  phyKicians  to  prescribe  with  some  osstirance  for  its  many  )ll% 
iod  ia  regulate  its  restoration  to  a  nonnal  stato  of  hoalth.  Its  tissiwi 
repriiduco  thcmsolve*  throughout  life  if  no  extraordinary  overbalance 
of  dscay  Utkvs  place,  if  there  be  no  excessive  and  loo  long-oontinued 
■rasto.  For  tlic  majority  of  mankind,  Nature  provides  for  the  adjust- 
nrnt  between  cODsnmption  and  n'produclion  of  brsin-matter  by  the 
Itltcniatiuns  of  day  and  nigbti  noise  and  Hilenoe,  society  and  solitude, 
id  also  by  the  »uh«titution  of  (he  [)1ay  of  fimcy  in  dr«'ams  for  the 
'k  of  the  judgment  and  the  will  in  wakiug  hours.  We  follow  the 
of  Nature  when  we  seek  amusement  as  a  remedy  for  care.  Wo 
ring  Into  activity  a  rested  portion  of  the  brain,  to  permit  the  weariml 
parts  of  it  to  restore  themselves  unhtnden^d. 

Thb  is  the  rationaU  of  the  pat tio logical  treatment  of  the  brain. 
iTeti  an  overworked  president  of  a  railway  rompany,  who  falls  asleep 
the  dIr«cton'  meeting,  that  he  mu«t  rtat,  or  die  of  softening  of  the 
I,  and  he  will  smile  a  sad  reply  th.it  lie  can  nc4  rat.  lie  is  riglit, 
as  far :  he  can  not  rest  bis  whole  brain,  but  he  can  rest  the  cerebet- 
Inm — the  seat  of  the  will-power — by  bringing  Into  higher  activity  and 
re  fre4|aenl  exercise  the  upper  and  froutal  lobes.  I^t  him  *top 
nking  of  leaning  rival  lines,  and  read  novels  and  play  billiards.  Let 
:e  eotnu  youthful  hobby,  rerive  hia  practice  on  the 


»o8 


TBS  POPULAR   SCISXCS  MONTHLT. 


« 


vaUi  flowi-n,  VvKf  s  alud  snd  ktfnn«l,  bary  himself  in  Greek  and  Latii^ 
Ut«ratai«,  collect  ptdurcfi,  mincnis,  do  unytbing  which  irtU  rrallj  iiw 
t«rest  him  aoci  keep  biro  out  of  the  icAy  of  railroad  men  and  railroad- 
ing, and  do  it  with  his  might,  with  eothusiaun,  even  to  fatigue,  and 
do  it  for  at  least  four  fean,  and  by  that  lime  bis  cerebellam  will  be 
bU  right  again. 

Vow,  what  tbo  unint^nnttting  recponsibllities  of  the  railroad  offi- 
tiial  do  for  the  dcUruction  of  the  conrtitulion  of  his  cerebellum,  jiut 
tJiat  the  overstrained  exerciss  of  the  creative  imagination  doca  for  the 
demoralization  of  the  brain  of  the  man  of  Eciettce,  especially  if  it  he 
ui  it  commonly  is,  accompanied  by  business  aniiety.  And  bis  only 
way  of  escape  from  a  predestined  break-down  is  through  the  monoto- 
noDs  but  interesting  occupation  of  bis  perceptive  facuttien  in  the  6eld 
and  nt  bia  oflSco-table.  In  both  be  will  enjoy  that  solitudt;  which  re- 
semblca  sleep  in  being  a  tncdieine  for  the  weary  brain.  Bui  it  u  a 
■olitad«  peopled  with  onexceptifliiable  frionds— in  which  Care  sleepi 
and  Ptnuore  wakes — a  solitude  in  vhich  the  ecu)  multiplies  itself  by 
alliance  with  all  the  possibilitiea  of  number  and  all  the  actualttiet  of 
form  ;  a  colitudo  from  whicli  a  man  retuma  t<>  the  society  of  his  fel 
low-men  sainted  by  the  bletwing  of  Nature  and  equal  to  the  duty  of 
•xiatenoc. 

In  conclusioD,  I  must  express  the  wish  that  this  meeting  of  our 
■ociation  may  be  as  delightful  and  as  useful  as  any  that  it  has  evi 
held.  Tliose  who  remember  how  hard  we  used  to  work  at  them,  wfatt' 
a  barrest  of  mutual  coufidrnocs  wc  used  to  gather  at  them,  and  wblt 
*  glow  of  fre^  enthusiasm  wo  carried  away  with  us  from  Ihi^m,  will 
know  what  such  a  wish  implies.  Those  who  come  fresh  to  this  meet- 
ing will  find  tbomselvcs  made  at  borne  in  half  a  doxcn  worlds  of  kI- 
enee  at  onoe.  That  is  the  particular  character  and  special  charm  of 
thia  association,  wliercin  it  diffen  from  all  local  •ocielies,  and  from  all 
conrentions  of  workers  in  special  branches  of  sdeace  and  mrt.  Aad. 
aa  each  meeting  furnishes  a  panoramic  view  of  the  present  state  of 
human  knowledge  as  a  whole,  so,  at  each  meetiD;^.  the  old  and  (he 
young  in  science  are  mingled  in  such  friendly  and  cocBdential  intcr- 
eoaree  that  the  prospect  extends  both  backward  to  tbo  beginnings  of 
inquiry  and  forward  to  its  possible  achievcmcnta.  All  good  Iraditioa 
is  precious  ;  and  so  is  well-trained  current  inquiry,  and  so  is  sound 
prophetic  calculation.  At  such  a  meeting  as  thia,  we  enjoy  the  rare 
privilego  of  assisting  at  all  three ;  and,  when  we  scatt«r  to  onr  bomci^ 
we  can  hanlly  fail  to  take  will)  a#  something  effectual  for  Ugbt«i^g 
and  swoeteniug  another  year  of  worL 


of 

4 


TB£  SOCIAL  LIES  OP  ARCTIC  BIRDS. 


tog 


THE  SOCIAL  LIFE  OF  ARCTIC  BIKDS. 

Br  Da.  ALFBED  E.  BBEIUL 

'-  \\r  HKN  ihiS  great  arebitwt  of  ibc  uiiivcn^o  had  fluiahed  hb  (■• 

1  V  vorite  star,  tbe  earth,  Satao  asptnHl  tu  (k-nlray  it.  From  the 
•erenlb  h««reii  be  slung  down  a  ^^al  stone  toiranl  the  bloomioj^ 
«inti ;  bat  an  ucban^el,  vritnessing  the  wicked  act,  flew  down  Tutor 
than  the  falliniK  rock,  and  turnol  it  acidc.  Tbo  ntooo  fell  awaj-  up  Jo 
the  Northern  Sea,  and  was  brokim  up.  TIio  frngmtiiU  scattered  on 
ereiy  side  aod  formed  cliffs,  some  of  wbicb  sunk  in  tbe  doeps,  while 
olbcra  rose  black  out  of  tbe  vatcn.  God  in  bis  iiifinil«  tncrvy  pitied 
tk«  bare  derirH  rock  and  madu  it  fruitful."  Thus  runs  an  aadent 
Lap  Jegvnd.  The  rock  U  ScaiidJuaria ;  tlio  fragim'tits  are  tbo  innu- 
iserable  latands  that  surround  it ;  and  tbe  fiords  are  tbe  clefts  between 
Ihs  larger  stone  and  tbe  fragiQenls.  One  should  have  seen  tbe  oonn- 
trf,  rowed  tbrough  the  fiords,  and  gone  down  tbe  icy  mountains  to  the 
likes  and  bays,  to  appreciate  the  appropriateQess  of  the  Saga. 

Scandinavia  is  an  Alpioo  country,  and  has,  like  Switicrland  and 
tbo  Tyrol,  niajeitio  glaeien,  musical,  dancing  mounuiii'brookn,  and 
Maag  rivsra  rtishing  over  the  blue  xl<>|H^it  wbicb  are  rcA«otvd  in  the 
biMparent  dark  lakes,  lligb  up  among  these  Ho  the  prettily  poised 
dwdlings  of  tbe  men,  like  eagles'  nests  stuck  to  tbe  rockj^  To  make 
tiba  itmilarity  with  the  Swiss  Alps  complete,  tbe  green  meadows  arc 
dw  not  wanting  in  Scandinavia  ;  and,  while  the  northern  mountains 
^Mtmoand  with  tbo  exultant  jodcl,  joyous,  fresh,  melodious  songs 
luy  (w  beard  in  tbo  Tallcys  and  on  the  heights.  The  diSerenco  be- 
itteen  SwitzvrlaiMl  and  Scandinavia  ia  acvcrtbclcsa  great,  even  if  ve 
Mlyeootider  how  (he  deep  sea  cuts  into  the  land  and  formw  largo 
bsfs  which  reoeive,  from  the  shadows  thrown  upon  them  by  the  dark 
iVTotuiding  rocks,  a  mysterious  yet  not  fearful  aspeoL 

Tbe  fiords  of  Norway  are  remarkable,  but  ibey  are  not  the  most 
teesliar  featore  of  tbe  country ;  thin  is  found  in  tbe  innumerable 
Ua&  wfaieh  ris«  more  than  a  thousand  metres  above  the  sea,  ot, 
fbttli^  tfacSr  roots  in  tbe  boundless  deep,  are  visible  only  at  low 
*al<r.  TheM  islands  are  charming  in  the  highest  degree,  and  their 
psnlisr  beauty  approves  itself  wfacm  tho  sun  is  n-sting  In-low  the  hori* 
■m  U  nudnlgbt,  and  only  a  breath  of  twilight  sweeps  over  tbe  masse* 
erMftnred  by  liie  water.  One  might  then  well  believe  himself  Id  a 
sesM  of  eocbaiitnient. 

The  farther  the  traveler  advances  beyond  the  polar  circle  toward 
the  north,  the  larger  and  more  comfortable  are  the  houses,  while  to 
the  soDtb,  where  tbo  population  is  denser,  they  arc  of  slighter  con- 
■netioo.  Y«i  no  furrow  is  turned,  no  scythe  is  swung  there  ;  the 
Hi  ia  the  BeM  from  wluch  man  derives  bis  living.     At  tho  parting  of 

•SL  SXTUL— u 


310 


TBB  POPULAR  SCIS2fCS  MOJfTMl,r. 


day  ftnd  niglit,  when  the  nan  go«  tw&y  for  monUtu,  Uio  dipd  nil  no! 
IvMly  in  Uioir  boatA  aud  canoes  to  th«tr  ancLuniigi'plaoes  far  up  In  thi 
Donli,  s)i<]  their  spacioas  bouse*  an;  (jnioklj  filled  nitb  gneeta.  Obr 
Ing  tlie  resutlesa  drift>  oom«  hoeta  of  fishoa  onl  of  the  deepest  dev 
of  the  aea,  ao  tbat  the  net  cast  for  them  moeka  the  etren^h  of  tbi 
Ilercalean  men,  or  in  torn  under  tbo  bonlen.  The  throng  of  Ibo  fool- 
iiili  &»h  in  t»i  dcntio  tbnt  an  oar  pui^hcd  p<-q>endiniil;Lrl}-  through  it  ri.~ 
maina  nprigbt.  MitlionM  arc  caught,  and  milllonR  go  on,  ao  that  there 
in  no  Higu  of  a  decrease  in  tlie  number.  This  migration  of  tbe  fiabea 
reaches  ita  extreme  point  at  about  Cliristinafl-time.  No  pencil  could 
reprodace  the  picture  which  the  polar  wa  oxbibita  at  tbia  aooaon.  Hun- 
dreds of  craft,  manned  with  aialvart  fishers,  are  being  inc<.-HHantIjr  filled 
with  speckled  prey ;  as  far  as  the  eye  can  reach,  nothing  but  fish, 
vhicb  Giowd  and  press  npon  one  another  to  get  to  tliu  bn>c<ling-pliiM ; 
the  mawtire  glaciera  and  roek-buili  sborca  in  the  bai^k ground,  and,  M 
illuminants  to  the  scone,  the  gbostly  moou  and  the  crackling  north 
lights.  All  this  time  there  is  also  twilight  on  the  southern  boriaont'' 
and  toward  February  a  narrow  strip  of  the  run  shows  iiself  again, 
grailuallj  to  rise  Iiiglior.  With  thr  fintt  appearance  of  day  tlie  fishes 
begin  to  aink  slowly  in  the  fiiUiomlewi  depths.  Aa  the  aky  liceomiis 
brighter,  llic  sea  and  it.i  bays  iMicomo  more  <]aiot.  The  boat*  ctuo 
to  glide  over  the  surface  of  the  waters,  tlio  flsbermeu  go  boms  wHh 
their  iipoil,  and  tlie  nortbern  world  lies  tdlent,  basking  in  tb«  bvitM 
of  the  returning  eun.  But  this  i^uiet  only  lasts  for  a  few  wveka, 
when  new  noisy,  swarming  hosts  come  to  tlie  islands.  Tlicy  on  tbi 
birds,  which  como  np  from  tbo  soa  to  the  land.  It  is  a  deeply  poetl 
trail  in  the  lives  of  these  creatures  that  only  two  causes  dctertnina 
tbem  to  seek  terra  finna — the  power  of  loro  and  (be  approach 
death.  Tbo  sea-bird,  weather-proof,  live*  On  tlvo  sea.  lie  hunta  b 
food  by  diving,  swinging  over  tlie  billows,  and  sleeps  and  dreamii  with 
hia  bend  bidiUtn  under  his  winga.  But  there  oomee  a  lime  when  the 
earlier  aunbeams  kiss  the  northern  islands  ;  then  lie  is  nilghlily  raovi 
in  hia  aoul,  and  hastens  to  the  coast  to  celebrate  tlierti  biit  annual  wmI 
ding.  And,  when  be  feels  tbat  drath  is  near,  be  awims  with  bis  foeU 
limbs  back  to  tbo  place  of  his  birth,  there  to  dose  bis  life.  It  is  the 
same  feeling  that  Inspires  in  aged  men  tbat  ardent  desire  to  retnm  la 
their  old  home  to  die  and  bo  buried  there.  'J'o  the  natnralist  who  gmd 
to  the  nonh  to  study  tbe  ways  of  the  birds  this  trait  in  tbrir  obaraeia 
is  of  peculiar  interest.  Of  one  of  the  tribes  of  tlicmi  eolonista  of  thi 
northern  bird-monntain  I  must  make  particular  mcniioiL  It  in  iheeiderl 
duck,  the  producer  of  down.  It  belong*  to  llio  family  of  the  ducku 
and  form*,  »o  f ar  a«  bodily  Mature  la  coneemed,  one  of  the  brges^ 
specie*  of  the  gronp.  Tlie  plumagti  of  Uic  male  is  handsome  and  brill* 
ianL  In  it  blattk,  red,  aahon-giay,  ice-green,  white,  brown,  and  yeIh>W 
arc  mingled  with  splendid  effect.  Dis  head  aud  iMck  ara  anoW'WhiKJ 
bis  neck  is  rose-red,  and  the  lower  part  of  bis  body  is  deep  blaek.    Tbd 


1 


Tin:  SOCIAL  UFE  OF  ARCTIC  BIRDS. 


II 1 


^ 


!t  U  Iwa  richly  colored,  in  »  mudcHi  garownc  vloraod  with  gray 
blkok  BpoU  and  siHp«s,  'Ilie  viJiT-duck  is  a  real  sea-bird,  nn<l  is 
celled  by  none  of  itti  followm  in  diriDg,  vbile  no  other  bird  is  moro 
ftwkward  in  flying  and  holpttw  in  walking.  On  Ui«  ground  it  movva 
with  »  loil«oiuv  wu'ldlc,  sttiniblv*  and  rail*  tiat ;  and  it  greatly  prefcn 
lliL>  fluid  elKoinit  to  the  solid  bnd.  Tlw  birds  genendly  live  during 
tlio  winter  in  large  flocbs  on  the  open  sea,  and  feed  themselves  with 
•hell-Bsk  which  they  bring  up  from  the  bottom.  But,  aa  aooti  as  ibe 
fnofi  BQD  begin*  to  BliitK-  oTcr  tbo  waves,  the  drake  feels  newly  awak- 
ne<l  till'  old  love  in  kin  hi-jrt  for  his  mate,  and  bo  rcDOWS  bia  wooing. 
Onn  pair  after  another  leave  the  host  and  swim  steadily  toward  the 
land.  This  wedding- journey  toward  the  breeding- place  offers  a  pretty 
phrtare  of  conjugal  life.     From  the  moment  when  the  pair  have  found 

■one  another  again  thcro  niloe  only  one  will,  that  of  the  duck,  to  which 
,  the  mnlo  yields  fnlly  and  without  any  waroring.  Quite  noticeable  oro 
his  courteous  attention  and  tcndemuss  towanl  bis  spouse,  whioh  Madame 
Duck  takes,  as  luslti-ra  of  course,  in  calm  dignitr.  t^ho  steadily  makes 
toward  the  shore,  and  finally  lands,  hardly  heeding  the  cautions  of  her 
mate,  whose  inetinct,  sharpened  by  the  experiences  of  former  jonmcji 
ho  may  havo  made,  prompts  him  to  bcwaro  of  the  devices  of  men. 
Loyally  bo  waddlos  into  the  country,  and  followx  hor  in  hor  interminn- 
bte  tours  wlitlo  she  is  looking  for  a  suitable  ncsting-place.  Madame 
ikowH  on  exceedingly  dainty  taste  during  her  explorations,  carefully  ei- 
aininiDg  every  bush,  shrub,  stone,  and  protected  sjiot,  venturing  wilb- 
Mt  fear  into  the  dwclling-bottses,  even  into  tbo  kitchens  and  chaiDben, 
where,  if  hIiu  finds  a  H|>ot  to  ber  taste,  ahe  does  not  beeitat«  to  takepos* 
•ossion  of  iu  Oceadionully  she  will  fix  bor  nest  in  the  oven,  IcAving  it 
to  Ibe  worthy  matron  of  the  eftabli-^imcnt  to  find  another  place  to 
bak«  her  brea<L    The  thrift  of  the  woman  generally  get^  the  better 

ber  vexation,  and  she  lets  the  fowl  alone  so  as  not  to  lose  its  down. 
DBSt  is  quickly  built,    'llie  foundation  is  laid  with  dry  gmss  and 

sw,  after  which  the  duck  strips  herself  of  down  and  forms  witb  it  ft 

cUy  soft-cufhionvd  bowl.     Tlie  drako  follows  every  step  of  bis 

during  these  cxcuRiionH  and  prepamtioni^  and  looks  out  for 

safi-ty,  without,  however,  "  lending  a  hand  "  in  any  of  her  labors. 

|Afl  loon  as  the  eggs  are  laid  be  deserts  nest  and  mate  and  flies  off  to 

Jie  sea  to  join  the  other  males  again.    Great  throngs  of  tbcM  gn»* 

widowoTs  may  tlicn  be  seen  sailing  among  the  islands,  wholly  uneon- 

ocnied  about  witat  ts  going  on  on  the  nuunland.     But  wc  sliall  see  how 

•oon  they  arc  drivi'n  from  this  carclees  life. 

The  duck  lays  from  four  to  eight,  sometimes  indeed  ten  grayish- 
gTMii  eggs,  and  then  begins  to  fril  upon  ihera.  Tlie  Northmen  bare 
be<-n  only  wailing  for  thia  time  to  gather  their  spoil.  Thirty  ducks' 
UMts  furnish  a  ponnd  of  down,  which  ran  be  sold  on  tlio  sjiot  for 
thirty  marks  tierman  or  tT.50  Amcriean  monoy.  The  eggs  are  alao 
Torth  money,  and  are  gcni.-rally  eent  to  Kngland.    A  dnck-oolony  of 


lit 


THE  POPtTlAR  SCIENCE  ifOyTffir. 


ihiA  kind  is  s  capital,  the  income  from  wblrh  is  all  eluar  g»\a,  f<ir 
l>ir<l  frada  iUplf  and  costs  Dothing.  As  lOon  on  tliu  egg*  ftro  taul 
Nonlinun  ap[M'im  witli  u  grvAt  boikct,  into  wliich  ho  pata  BMt  uk) 
tgg».  'llie  duck  ia  deopljr  diatrcMtcd  over  this  unrlglileoua  Btrlmm  of 
ber  propertj*,  and  in  her  inexpressible  agony  flies  out  to  sea  to  seek 
ooufort  with  her  inat«.  Whether  he  receiTcs  her  with  lender  ex- 
pm^ona  of  sympathjr  or  with  acoMings  for  hvr  iiegluct  of  his  warn- 
ing* ia  ktill  an  unfolvod  problem ;  hut  it  ia  oerlmu  that  bo  bcooma 
tender  again  toward  her,  and  after  a  few  weeka  waddlea  back  behind 
her  to  tbe  itam«  baj  where  abe  bad  been  bo  badly  treated.  She 
again  gathers  straw  and  graaa  for  the  new  uest ;  bnt  how  about  !■■ 
warm  lining?  The  new  down  has  not  grown  npon  her  in  so  ahort  a 
limo ;  what  shall  sho  do  ?  Tlivre  is  no  mother,  not  otoo  b  dock, 
thai  eaii  not  tind  her  way  out  of  a  difTiciitty  when  the  qoeation  oot»- 
oems  her  oBsiiring.  Her  breaxt  iit  indiMid  hare,  hut  ber  mat*  stUl. 
baa  bis  full  coaling  of  down,  and  is  now  oblige<l  to  saerifioc  il  on  t1 
altar  of  affection.  He  oheerfullf  idapU  himself  to  the  nnavoidabl 
and  begins  to  strip  himself.  The  process  doee  not  go  on  fast  enongb 
for  the  impatient  duck,  and  she  helps  in  tho  work,  and  I>or]i  poTMrero 
in  it  till  the  drake  stands  out  entiroly  bald.  Then  he  flio«  awaj,  and 
troubtett  himself  no  moro  about  wife  and  neat,  an  indiffercnoe  for  which 
we  uevd  not  blanie  him  in  view  of  hia  own  forlorn  conditioiL  The  daek 
herself  also  thinks  of  only  ono  thing — ^ber  brood.  She  leares  the  HHt, 
only  once  a  day  for  a  little  while  in  the  morning,  to  take  ber  bath 
tbe  Ma,  plume  henelf,  and  get  some  food ;  but  wfaile  altcnding 
thaw  detalli  she  doea  not  forget  to  cover  tbe  egg*  carefully  with 
down,  so  as  to  keep  them  wnrm.  Danger  no  ]ong«r  thn-ntena  th< 
brood  fram  man,  who  generally  takes  good  care  of  ibis  hatching 
precerve  the  species ;  but  it  is  likely  to  come  from  birds  of  prey.  Under 
these  circumstances  tbe  practical  value  of  the  duck's  8ini)ile  duskily 
speckled  cost  Is  fully  demonstrated.  Tlie  color  of  its  pluii)ii);;e  agrves 
»0  well  with  that  of  tbe  ground  tliat  it  Is  T«ry  hard  to  distinguish  the 
bird  from  its  surround  in  gi*.  It  has  bappenod  to  me  more  than  twenty- 
times  to  be  standing  directly  over  a  nest  and  not  remark  it  til)  I  felt 
gentle  pecking  at  tbe  feet,  which  the  bird  gave  me  by  way  nf  warning 
tlint  I  was  approaching  too  near ;  for  the  duck  hardly  wvr  thinks  ol 
flying  from  man  during  the  time  of  its  brooding.  I  havo  freqnentl, 
boHt  down  over  a  nc«t,  stroked  tbe  bihl,  and  felt  tlm  »'gg»  withoa 
its  rbing.  The  moxl  it  would  do  was  to  snap,  a*  if  in  pUy,  at  m 
Sogers. 

A  charactcristio  trait  of  tbe  eider-duck  is  to  have  as  many  ^g* 
potable,  whether  they  be  its  own  or  strange  ont-s  ;  it  l»  a  traH  ttoC  it 
not  found  to  exist  to  so  great  an  extent  in  any  otlior  being.     Tbe  tit 
ting  birds  steal  one  from  another  whenever  they  have  an  opportuuKy. 
It  is  no  ancommon  occurrence,  when  one  of  them  is  away  from  her 
for  a  little  while,  for  her  neighbor  to  ptirioin  three  or  four  egg<r  "x^J 


till    I 


TBS  SOCIAL  LIFE  OF  ARCTIC  BIRDS. 


>ij 


EtMr  oMt,  and  batob  tbem  out  w-iih  lin-  own,  Tbe  robbn)  dack 
I  Um  tbvfc  Immedtately  od  fa«r  return,  but  giv««  do  ngn  of  coti- 
rem  koont  it,  MonitBg  to  say,  "  Wo  will  wait  tUl  you  go  awd)-,  and 
ibin  I  ih»ll  ulce  tny  revongo."  Her  time  cornea  at  last  \  and  thus  no 
diiok  knows  vltetbcr  it  is  «itting  on  ita  own  eggs  or  aootber'a. 

lite  yoiiDf;  come  out  from  tho  «gga  al  tho  end  of  tbirty-six  daya, 

^bat  do  not  stay  in  tlio  notl  any  longer  tban  till  they  bare  booomo  coni- 

^blet«t]r  dry.  when  tb«  motber  takes  them  to  tbe  eea,  which  «h«  docs 

Hwt  lffiiv«  till  tho  young  have  become  tir«d  iu  tLi§  their  flntt  awiiiituing- 

W  Immo,  and  can  no  longer  rids  on  the  bncks  of  the  strong  waves.     It  ia 

uauallj  A  considerable  distanoo  from  the  ncet  to  tho  ebore,  and  the 

chirks  are  exposed  to  many  eo«miv«  in  the  »ha|W  of  luiwks,  rnvons,  and 

^ulla,  which  ke«p  an  vagvr  lookout  for  tbeni.    Xuw  the  Xortlimon 

itepa  in  with  hia  prot«cting  band  and  comes  along  with  a  pair  of  larg« 

bi^et^  into  oat  of  which  he  pulA  the  young  birds  and  into  tho  other 

tba  procioaa  down,  while  he  goes  from  nest  to  nest,  cxamintog  them  to 

SM  in  what  ones  tbe  brood  is  rmdy  to  be  removed.     Ilcnco  he  tnkc« 

tbe  young  onea  to  the  soa,  vihWv  the  mother  waddles  along  behind,  wi-U 

kaowing  where  ho  ia  leading  her.     At  tbe  alioro  lie  tuma  tbo  baaket 

orer  and  goes  away,  learing  il  to  tbe  old  birds  to  find  their  own.    They 

)ilungo  into  tbe  flock,  and  each  si>eedily  gota  as  many  of  tho  chicks  aa 

aba  tua.    After  a  few  hours  the  family  bonda  are  closely  seated  af;ain, 

lad  oMh  mother  has  gathered  ber  litUo  oon  arotind  ber,  which  ebe 

trtata  witli  the  moat  tender  care,  while  tbcy  in  return  abow  the  most 

^r«ful  affection  for  hor.    They  go  with  the  old  ones  into  the  water, 

crawl  around  on  their  buck*,  and  rcmve  inxtruction  in  nwimmiiig  and 

diving  for  moitaHa,  the  mother  in  the  last  cserciflo  going  down  with  a 

ohiok  under  each  win);.    In  the  oonrae  of  eight  weeks  the  young  Iw 

oomt  folly  instructed,  and  are  ready  to  begin  the  straggle  for  estst- 

nee  on  their  own  account.     Now  appcara  the  Uerr  PaiMt  again  upon 

tbo  aeene,  when  there  is  nothing  more  to  bo  done,  and  prxmdly  con- 

^Uuets  tbe  whole  company  over  tho  open  »ca  to  tlivir  winter  hom^ 

H^uob  is  tbe  history  of  Uio  l>est-kiiown  and  moat  interesting  of  the 

Hbirds  that  people  tbe  monntuus  of  the  North.     I  have  thought  it 

B|TO|ier  to  giro  in  brief  a  clear  picture  of  ita  habits,  because  it  forms  in 

»ton>e  rcspecia  tliD  central  point  of  the  motley,  busy  company.     AVo 

will  now  sketch  in  broad  outline  a  general  picture  of  one  of  theao  bird* 

OKMintains. 

Tbe  atorm-golla  are  inseponble  from  tho  eider-duck.    If  tbero  are 
Hbn  Ihooaand  pairs  of  ducka  on  a  monntiun,  then  tbe  number  of  gnlla 
^pestiog  there  will  W  at  l«ut  fifty  ihoiiHaDd.    Thoy  come  niKbing  up 
V^  gnerful,  rapid  tllu^ht,  prcAcntiug  a  pleasant  aapect  with  their  miow- 
whitn  and  ilnrk-<N)Ion-<i  feathers.     Iliey  are  tbe  real  but  innocent  be- 
trayers of  the  uidcr-coloniea.  for  where  gidls  circle  in  great  numbers 
around  the  isUvnd  one  is  aure  to  find  nests  of  down.    Ilic  host  is  fnr- 
ibf-r  iaor«'aaod  by  large  flocks  of  a  kind  of  anipo  which  aro  ilistin> 


314 


THE  POPULAR   SCIENCE  ItONTHLY, 


gttlsbod  by  tlieir  olesr  voioes.  Thoy  are  tbe  polico  of  ib«  monnuii: 
tbe  gaardisM  of  Uiv  safotf  of  lli«  bird-republic;  for  as  soon  as  thoj 
perceire  atiftbiiig  tbat  botoktoa  danger,  mj  mi  approaching  bofttt  tbey^ 
cry  out  ill  oboma  aiul  giro  an  alann  iSaX  insUuitlj-  acu  the  vbolc 
population  ill  nolion.  Tbo  gutlii  iinmediatvly  amid  fortli  icotiu  urbicli 
go  toward  ifait  boat>  aoaringi  toreecliing  around  it,  B«'nn]>ing  dowvl) 
upon  it  vritb  tb«  speed  of  an  arrow,  and  oft«ii  tonctiing  tbi'  boatman  ' 
witb  the  tips  of  tlieir  piiiions.  The  maas  of  tbo  army  follow*  tbo 
soouta.  They  come  by  thousands  and  tbontainda,  in  no  (bick  ma«sea  aa 
to  obscure  tbe  ann.  The  citploror  is  forced  to  cone  to  tbo  tUtore  Teiled 
in  ibis  living,  fluttering,  Kcreocliing,  rushing  oloud.  The  ducka,  if  tfaey 
ar«  not  aotnallj  aitting,  fly,  tbe  anipea  baaiily  aock  tbo  h«>«,  ai>d  tlia 
wagtoila  follow  in  noisy  flight,  but  tbe  boat  of  galls  stands  firm,acrAaaa 
and  buMlus  and  wbtrla  and  planf^s,  as  if  it  could  prevent  tbe  adrance 
by  noise  and  sham  fighting.  Ono  may  walk  tJie  aboro  and  see  noth- 
ing but  birds  and  nest*,  nnd  bnur  nothing  but  tbe  diaoordant  din  of 
voice*,  accompanied  by  tbe  thunderous  rui>hing  of  tbonsandii  of  wings 
lashing  the  air, 

A  more  quiet  picture  is  afforded  by  the  hill  where  the  aiikn  brood. 
They  re!«mblc  the  cider-duck  in  shjipc,  except  that  their  hilts  are  sliarp 
and  not  flat,  like  thoav  of  tbe  latter.    Tlicre  are  three  npeciee  of  tbem, 
which  are  distinguished  from  one  onotber  by  the  lengUi  of  tbe  bill  «ad 
its  curvature.    All  three  species  live  and  brood  tn  the  aamc  placta,    I 
waa  told  of  a  mountain  whore  a  million  of  them  bad  built  thi-ir  nests. 
I  am  sure  of  one  thing — that  no  man  has  ever  seen  a  million  binl»,OTi)a 
thongb  be  has  traveled  over  half  the  earth.    Doubting  the  aeoouota,| 
I  vi»iiMl  the  d<r»cribcd  mountain.     On  a  briglii  aummer  day  my  com-] 
panion  luid  myKi'lf  t'>ok  a  boat  and  ron-<M]  toward  it,  over  tbe  Binooih,  \ 
innsparent  wnt<-r,  between  beautiful  islands,  followed  by  the  acreeeb* 
iiig  of  tbo  startled  gulls,     High  above  ua  on  a  towering  ridge  w«' 
saw  tbe  watehful  oepreys  ;  by  our  side,  on  right  and  left,  along  tbe 
shore-cliffs,  the  sitting  eider-ducks.     Finally  wo  came  to  the  popalous 
part  of  the  mountain,  which  is  from  three  hnndrcd  and  twenty  to  Uireo 
hundred  and  thirty  feet  high,  and  saw  really  immcnso  numht^n  uf  hirdaj 
sitting  on  tbe  ridge*.     'Ilie  higher  parts  of  (he  cone  were  covered  wilb ' 
a  brown  spoonwort,  and  as  we  approached  the  shore  the  birds  dr«w , 
back  thttber,  and  suddenly  disappeared  from  view  as  if  by  ooncertnl  | 
sgrecmont.     When  wo  had  reaclied  tbo  nboro  and  Inttded,  and  wrm 
wondering  what  had  become  of  the  hosts  of  birds,  we  found  the  ground 
burrowed  all  over  with  holes  that  looked  like  connion  rubbit- holes. 
We  soon  learned  that  they  were  the  entrances  to  l)ie  neat-ehainbeia  of 
the  anks.    Tbo  holes  are  largo  enough  to  permit  the  birds  to  (lasa 
through,  and  then  widen  on  the  iticide  so  as  to  pive  room  for  tbo  ntM 
and  the  two  bir>ls.    A*  wo  otimWd  toward  tbo  height,  the  teniuits  flnt 
carefully  and  anxiously  peered  at  us,  then  slipped  out  and  threw  them- ' 
selves  screaming  into  the  sea,  whirh  was  soon  covered,  »a  far  as  tbs 


THE  SOCIAL  LIFE  OF  ARCTIC  BIRDS. 


3t( 


rn  conld  reach,  vith  birds  whose  cry  r<.itcinbIod  tbe  ooiae  of  a  frif^uilu) 
«arf  or  of  a  raging  Mtonn.  At  liiHt  wv  rvaolntl  tbo  top  of  tbo  mouot- 
(iu,  wb«ro  two  fal<-oni>  ilmt  bad  been  noaring  over  uur  tii-ft<Iit  Mwuopvd 
lioim  tike  arrowa  iuio  tbe  awimming  mass  ;  each  seised  an  auk  in  iu 
claiTB,  and  then  nMe  slowly  toward  tbe  ctoada.  liut  the  wa  ext«iided 
iia  wide,  ilark  Woo,  bare  surface  before  the  eye,  for  Iho  white  swarm 
I'f  birds  hud  disappeared,  having  divod  down  beneath  tlie  protecting 
wavo*.  After  one  or  two  minutes  oa«  aroM,  then  a  Mcoiid,  and  a 
tbtrd,  and  so  on  in  quick  Mucc«Mion,  and,  as  they  thus  gradually  ap- 
pvarwl  on  the  surface,  they  looked  like  flecks  of  white  foam.  With 
niarv«Ioua  rapidity  the  little  dots  inereiised,  till  sooa  it  waa  only  here 
and  there  that  a  strip  of  water  could  \>v  t&:a.  Tbe  •creoobing  began 
anew,  and  tlio  birds  aroso  again  from  the  wut«r  and  moved  toward  ibo 
beigbta.  We  bad  aai  down  ;  tbe  nulling,  like  that  of  the  surf,  and 
tba  monotonous  ory  of  the  birds,  had  lulled  us  gradually  luto  a  deep 
■jeepu  When  we  awoke  and  opened  our  eyes  we  conld  hare  betiovod 
that  we  were  transported  into  a  fairy  land.  In  numbers  like  tbo  sand 
OB  the  sca-sborc.  the  auks  were  squatting  at  onr  fcot  and  down  to  tbe 
edge  of  tbe  water,  and  oarioiisly  looking  at  ut.  Wo  were  tbe  gianta 
of  tbe  fairy  atory ;  they  were  tbo  dwarfs,  who  dwelt  in  the  secret 
cavea  of  the  mountain,  Tbe  millions  were  there,  if  one  could  judge 
by  lb<>  oye  alone,  but  it  ia  probable  that,  on  an  exact  count,  they  would 
be  many  thousands  short. 

Tbe  aiik  lives  a  life  of  strict  monogamy.  It  is  to  his  beloved  old  wife, 
Uie  fl&me  of  his  youth,  that  he  gives  his  attentions  on  every  returning 
spring.  Tile  old  auk  is  a  constant,  loving  MpouM,  n  pattern  of  a  huft* 
band,  and  it  is  really  a  pity  that  the  numerical  relation  of  the  sexes  ia 
neb  tbat  not  every  young  male  <-an  mate  himself,  and  many  are  com- 
pollcd  to  wander  through  life  in  compulsory  baobelorhood.  Partica- 
larly  painftil  is  tbe  condition  of  tbe  solitary  one  wbeo  tbe  pairs  go  to 
the  moantoin  in  tbe  spring.  What  sltnll  he  do?  Sludl  bo  alono  or 
with  other  mon>M)  companions  we.ir  out  his  life  on  tbo  high  sea?  Ko, 
that  wouhl  he  suictdo.  He  follows  tlio  bridal  Ltains  to  the  mainland 
and  has  at  least  a  luppy  company  orouut)  litn),  and  may  always  hope 
that  one  of  the  males  may  perish,  and  he  then  in  some  possible  way 
find  favor  in  the  tyi-s  of  tbe  widow,  Tbe  auks  return  every  year  to 
tbnr  old  nests,  which  they  readily  distinguish,  and  the  yonng,  newly 
nutted  pairs  build  tbr-miielves  new  ne«ts,  or  take  possession  of  old  ones 
wbou  ownrnt  have  gone  the  way  of  all  Hush.  The  male  keeps  wateh 
at  tbe  entranco,  whilv  the  female  nets  the  house  in  order  and  lays  her 
•ingle  egg,  which  is  net  upon  for  about  three  weeks  and  a  half.  Tbe 
female  sits  twenty^one  hours  a  day,  and  tbe  mate  ought  to  sit  three 
bourn,  bnl  be  never  doM  it,  at  least  not  in  the  beginning.  As  soon  oa 
tbe  female  go«s  away  bo  raabes  after  hur  in  a  spasm  of  jealousy,  for  tbo 
young  fellowfl  am  lurking  around  tn  all  the  conu'rw  and  at  all  points. 
But  tJila  neglect  of  duty  by  tbe  bouM-tjrant  brings  no  harm  to  tbe 


>l6 


THE  POPULAR   SCJSyCS  MONTHIT. 


1 

4 


cgS-  "^^  ncnrcat  young  fellow  nimbly  alipa  into  tbo  nest,  mkI  keep* 
the  egg  iuilably  warm  till  the  mother  ivttirna.  tjhall  lip  not  aleo  have 
R  little  saUsfaikion  vbcn  others  are  sippini*  the  jors  of  life  in  full 
draughts?  There  are  oo  orphans  among  ihu  auks.  If  a  pair  happen 
lo  die,  the  young  fcllovrs  will  hatch  tbo  egg  oat,  or,  If  tJie  chick  is 
already  batched,  they  will  take  care  of  iL  The  early  iMtmctioa  of 
the  chiek  is  a  matter  of  patieaoc,  timr,  and  trouble.  As  soon  as  it  is 
dry,  the  parents  take  it  to  a  eliff  by  the  oeiMhore  and  spring  down, 
while  Mm  young  one  remains  standing  aboTe  and  not  knowing  what 
(o  do  in  his  holpleffi  condition.  The  old  ones  call,  bat  ho  does  not 
follow,  for  b«  is  afraid  of  the  leap  and  of  tlw  strange  eleravnt.  Father 
and  mother  repeat  the  leap  again  and  again,  and  onconrago  thi»  tEmid 
one.  The  young  bird  follows  at  last,  not  venturing  npon  tiio  leap, 
bnt  in  a  kind  of  desperate  mood  letting  himself  fall.  As  soon  as  be 
has  tonched  tbo  swinging  wave  he  feelii  at  home,  and  begins  to  swim 
bravrly,  tlio  parents  keeping  by  him,  so  as  to  give  him  rest  on  their 
iNuiks  when  be  is  tired. 

A  quite  dilTerent  spectacle  b  presented  by  tbo«o  monntains  which 
arc  principally  inhabited  by  a  particnlar  spocios  of  guU.  To  observe 
one  of  them  I  made  a  special  excureion  into  Lsplsnd.  I  had  at  the  i 
time  a  design  of  writing  a  book  on  the  life  of  birds,  and  bad  read  t>i^| 
M>mo  work  about  thrre-towl  gulls  that  nest«d  In  tbu  bird -moon  tains  in  ^^ 
Buol)  iDultitiidc«  "lliat  they  darkened  the  aun  when  they  rote,  com- 
ptctcly  covered  the  moHolain  when  they  sat  donn  upon  it,  d«af«'tiiM 
the  ears  when  they  sereeched,  and  turned  tlio  vcrdurv-clad  rocks  white 
where  they  were  sitting."  There  are  only  three  suob  moanuina  known 
^-ono  in  Lapland,  one  in  Iceland,  and  one  in  Greenland.  The  one  in 
Lapland,  wbiefa  is  much  the  most  remarkable,  liea  out  of  tbo  course  of 
tJie  sloamcr,  and  we  wore  therefore  obliged  to  charter  a  special  boat  to 
reach  it.  A  storm  compelled  ua  to  go  into  a  harbor  of  refuge.  Wben 
tiio  tempest  had  absled,  abont  midnight,  we  ooatinucd  our  voyage^ 
The  wares  were  still  high,  and  single  galls  shot  before  and  aronod  ns 
like  daszling  white  fliubvs.  All  at  oao<s  at  Cape  Svaerholm,  not  far 
from  the  North  Strait,  tliere  rose  before  us  a  great  tdack  difl^  It 
lookctl  like  a  large  marble  table  covered  with  milHooH  of  little  wbita 
points  that  shone  like  stars.  Wo  fired  a  shot  at  ih<:m,  when,  aa  soon 
as  the  report  bad  ceased,  these  bconme  living  birds,  pure  whit«  gnlis, 
and  sank  in  a  few  minntea  hastily  down  to  the  aea  in  so  compact  a 
throng  tbat  I  might  have  thought  a  snow-storm  bad  broken  looas  asd 
was  pfiiiriiig  its  immense  flakes  dowo  from  the  sky.  For  n  fi>w  niinutea 
it  snowod  birds  as  far  a«  one  could  sco.  The  sorge  rolled  wild,  but  it 
was  the  euphonious  aecompaniment  of  the  rustling  of  the  wings  and  of 
the  shrieks  of  the  frightened  iwa'birds.  As  far  as  the  eye  conid  reaeb 
the  waves  were  covered  with  the  foam-bom  obildren  of  tlte  sea,  and  tho 
olilTand  tho  mountain  were  as  white-dotted  as  beforu.  Tet  these  war* 
only  tho  males,  which  hod  nubed  away  on  the  approach  of  danger. 


4 


n 


I 

I 


NSUTBR  ISSJSCTS. 


«I7 


NEUTER  rXSECTS. 

B*  CIIABLES  UOBHIK. 

ITS  Uie  liter  editiuns  of  Darwin's  "  Origin  of  Speolffl"  L«  hu  ita- 
Bvered  with  r(!iiiiirk.iblo  nbUity  nearly  all  of  the  several  weighty 
argtimeotd  brought  agiunut  hi*  theory.  Somo  seemingly  intitipcrable 
objeoUom  havo  been  met  with  an  array  of  fa<:l!t  bufore  vhicli  thpy 
qoiu  hnuSt  down.  Thus,  sevenJ  instanoeit  of  extrtordiuary  organs  \a 
wrtaio  ipecica  or  types  of  animals,  which  it  was  claimed  coutd  not 
pQMibly  lia?c  originated  through  natoral  aolMtion,  hi?  has  ithown  to  be 
connected  by  iDtermediate  Tariations  with  ordinary  organs,  u-liirh  va- 
risttons  are  nwfol  at  evwy  point  of  their  devuloptnent,  so  tliat  tk« 
itmnge  appondagea  might  ea^ly  have  arisen  tlirough  minute  grada- 
tiotM  of  ahsngo. 

Thorn  is  one  objection,  however,  which  he  ean  scarcely  bo  said  to 
b»ve  auawered  so  happily.  'l*his  ta  that  in  reference  to  neuter  insects 
— the  specially  derclopeil  woridDg-anta,  for  instance.  Aa  be  birosclf 
aoknowlMigos,  ihu  phenomenon  of  neuter  insects  appeared  to  him  at 
finit  insapcrable,  and  actually  fatal  to  the  whole  theory,  since  theso 
nmiteis  often  differ  widely  in  in^llnct  and  Ntructure  from  the  malca 
utd  females,  yet,  being  sterile,  tlicy  on>  iiicapablo  of  hereditarily  rcpro- 
duoing  their  ohanoterlslioa.  In  workiog-ants  the  difference  from  tlie 
•ezual  forms  is  often  very  great,  as  in  the  sliape  of  the  thorax,  the 
laek  of  wiuga  and  somelimes  of  eyes,  nnd  in  instinct.  The  diSereneo 
lu  instinct  is  still  greater  in  tbe  hive-hee.  Nor  in  this  tho  whole  of 
tlift  difficulty,  fn  some  species  of  ants  there  are  two  and  even  three 
dialinct  castes,  well  de6ncd,  and  each  with  specialities  of  structure. 

Tet,  as  it  is  <|uitO  impossible  that  these  sterile  females  could  tmns- 
mit  liK-ir  |M-culinriUc«  to  deacendanta,  and  ns  no  such  pconliarities  <;ziflt 
in  the  stnielure  of  the  males  and  developed  females,  hereditary  infln* 
enoe  would  seem  to  vigorously  oppose  their  reprodQciion,  and  it  aeemfl 
qaite  extraordinary  that  the  sciuat  forms  should  produce  ofbpring  so 
nisrki-dly  unlike  them.  The  oaae  ia  aa  remarkable  as  if  the  otibpriog 
uf  a  lion  and  lioness  should  be  a  cat  or  a  leopard,  or  if  a  sheep  should 
prudnce  an  antelope. 

Darwin  seeks  to  explain  this  difficulty  by  coonidoring  that  selection 

may  apply  to  ibu  family  as  well  as  to  the  indiridual,  snd  that  chance 

BuliariUea  of  structure,  which  proved  useful  to  the  conimnnity,  may 

lliavo  been  preserved  by  selection,  the  tribes  in  which  such  oseful  aber- 

LTani  forms  appMTod  surviving,  while  tribes  more  normal  in  reprodue- 

live  power  perished.     Illustnitive  facts  tL-ndin^  in  the  same  direction 

'tm  given,  and  there  Js  certainly  a  degree  of  force  in  this  argument, 

though  it  can  soarcely  be  accepted  as  wholly  aalisfactory. 

It  is  probable  that  I>arwin  did  not  give  to  thia  question  aa  full  a 


sia 


THE  POPULAR  SCIENCE  MONTBLY. 


oofUJderitlion  an  to  many  others,  or  bis  remarkable  power  of  aiial,^9 
oould  not  bsve  failed  to  perceive  otber  importaQt  I'cariogs  of  the  aubJ 
Jeot.    A  full  rovievr  of  tlie  phenomena  of  larval  dovelopmuot  certaiiiln 
seems  to  rrmovo  the  mytXvry  of  ibo  aeater  ant  and  hw  from  tb«>  poai-' 
tiuii  of  an  iinomaly  lo  (liat  of  an  ordiiuiy  method  of  Mructural  unfold* 
miiiit.     If  the  »|i)>varanoo  of  Hcxaa)  organ*  and  ]M>were  i»  the  lina]  Bt«f 
to  muturitj-,  tlifu  all  iieutera  are  larval  fonn»,  although  in  evtiy  otlio 
respect  their  development  may  be  complete ;  and  ihey  are  «alijc«t 
the  same  modifying  Inllnunccd  u  are  all  larveeu    It  is  one  of  llie  ntoN 
common  coiulitioos  of  invvrtebratu  life-development  for  the  tinfotdinf 
offspring  to  utop  at  oertala  stage*  of  growth,  and  devot«  itself  for  a 
whilo  to  Dutrition,  itre  n«uming  it«  oourec  of  Rtruduml  dcvcIopnient.j 
Such  "  reating-atagCM  "  arc  tbo«o  in  wbirh  tb«ro  exiM  ■pcdally  faror 
able  conditioiitt  of  nutrition,  or  of  adnplation  of  the  lar\'a]  form  to  tb«1 
conditions  of  the  food-supply.     The  mait  notable  iostaacea  aro  thoMfl 
seen  in  the  extraordinary  iarval  forms  of  some  of  the  Kobtitoderiuat 
and  the  lttU«  kss  remarkable  laryal  Btntcture  of  some  of  the  insirct 
and  crustaceans.     In  certain  cases  several  succ«Mivp  Inrral  forms,  eacl 
deviating  considerably  from  the  normal  typo  of  the  anim»l,  .ip|H'«r. 

Yet  theM  peculiariticit  of  stnidure  have  never  yd  Wun  advanced 
na  stumbling- bloclcH  !ti  the  iray  of  natural  selection.  The  caterpillar, 
for  inalattcc,  nhilc  resembling  the  moth  or  butterfly  in  its  more  deep- 
lying  povuIiaritieA,  displays  remarkable  external  doTiations,  and  as- 
sumes organs  and  instincts  still  more  anomalous  than  those  sliown  by 
neuter  antK.  The  larval  slar-Bsb  presents  an  instance  of  stilt  stranp^'raj 
anomaly.  Only  the  stomachal  region  and  its  iinmediale  surrouniliiigs^ 
pertain  to  the  t)-pe,  and  all  the  rMl  of  the  Ktructuro  is  aooMwry, 
When  the  development  of  the  star-fish  is  resumed  the  new  form  grows 
out  of  this  internal  region  of  the  body  of  the  bipinnaria,  or  larval 
form,  irliose  eiterual  parts  are  discarded  as  useless,  or  absorbed  as 
food  by  the  new  creature.  Iliis  is  the  most  abenant  instance  of  saeb, 
temporary  development  known.  Ko  trace  of  the  star-fish  ty|>o  can 
perceived  in  ii»  larva.  It  doubtless  eiistfi,  hat  is  quite  masked  by  sec 
ondary  fonnaliuna.  Or  it  may  be  that  this  lar^'a  represents  an  Anc«i- 
tral  form  of  the  stai^fish,  as  divergent  in  character  as  is  llic  cnutacean 
larva  of  the  barnacle  from  the  mature  form. 

Yet  this  explanation  of  atavism,  or  t«mpor.iry  check  to  dcreloiv 
mont  at  an  ancestral  form  etag«^,  only  partly  meets  the  difllrulricn  of 
the  case.    There  is  an  unquostionnbic  new  adaptation  lo  new  cin-ucn- 
stancee  to  be  explained.    Natoral  selection  acts  upon  all  forms  whii 
give  it  EufBeient  opportunity,  without  regard  to  whether  they  arc  lam 
or  mature.    Let  tis  take  for  an  iiLstance  the  case  of  tbe  butterfly.    U 
the  development  docs  not  proceed  conlinoonsly,  from  tbe  germ  lo  i 
malare  form,  as  in  some  insects,  but  i*  chci'kcd  for  a  roiuiidcnble 
riod  at  the  caterpillar  stage.    The  sntivo  nutrition  at  this  Mage  swms 
to  sot  OS  a  check  upon  developnicul,  so  that  the  caterpillar  is  a  form 


ad 


NEUTRR  IirSBCTS. 


319 


pb  nalural  «4-tc«tion  tiu  full  opportunity  to  pivxltico  iU  etttcia, 

it  lUA}-  luni-  simptv  n-ett-d  for  a  time  id  llie  direct  Wat  of  de- 

opatOQt,  on  a(yx>iint  of  finding  abiimlaut  food.     lint,  aa  food  coiuli- 

I  fihaaged,  new  enetnien  aUaL'kc<l  it,  or  old  foos  adoptDtj  neic  moiivs 

nit,  oD£  of  tiro  tlitDg«  was  aeeftaary  for  itM  Harvtvat,     It  must 

ritfaer  looe  tlits  resting-sta^  arid  develop  contintiouaty,  or  it  mutit  be- 

^BOtae  (wlspted  to  the  now  vonditiooft.    Tbis  rendered  neoeanry  ebuigM 

:  iastinct  and  in  iitractttro.     Wbors  tbe  n-«ling-«tage,  as  in  the  calei^ 

allu-,  oocapied  •  very  largo  pero«ntage  of  tb«  total  life-duration,  and 

ihoro  tb«  proooM  of  adaiitatlon  bad  millionfl  of  yean  for  iu  comple- 

kin,  it  ia  not  Hurpruiing  that  almotuml  features  often  vvry  divorgost 

Yroio  tbe  typical  fonn  were  aitaumed. 

Then  in  little  or  no  rea&on  to  doubt  tliat  all  tbe  peculiarities  of  lar- 
val form  aiv  duo  to  the  two  cauaea  bcre  specified  :  I.  A  temporary 
cbock  to  development  at  some  anceitral  stage  of  llie  animal's  unfold- 
nmL  2.  j\n  adaptive  modification  of  atnicture  and  liabil  to  mu«t 
(aniog  condition*  in  the  enTirunmeiit  of  tliia  gtoge  of  developtncnt. 

Vet  in  every  auob  caae  we  im^x.  n'ith  a  difficulty  of  tbe  aame  cliar- 
tcier  a9  tbat  existing  in  Die  case  of  neuter  ants,  lliese  secondary 
idiptation«  are  oat  of  tbe  direct  line  of  tbe  animal'a  development,  and 
it  ii  a  qneation  bow  tbey  ean  bo  hereditarily  transmitted.  'J1io  law  of 
t>bfl(>gcnetio  devdopnicnt  enables  us  to  iiniicn'land  the  appearance 
,  vf  oortain  embryonal  [>ociiliaritie8  of  elnictnre  which  do  not  exist  in  tbe 
ton  form.  If  development  ia  foiocd  to  follow  its  original  line,  eudi 
^'features  mu»t  iieeciwarily  ajipi-nr,  llioiigb  if  the  development 

^      jJtd  only  bints  of  ibcui  are  [itTwtpliblu  ;  or  iboy  may  liecoroo 

ilerfy  obliterated,  so  far  as  our  ])owers  of  observation  can  decide, 
fet  such  a  principle  can  not  apply  to  secondary  structural  featorea, 
inloctrti  in  larval  adaptation.  Tbo  latter  are  in  no  sense  iu  the  direct 
tral  line  of  diivclnpmunt,  and  it  is  somon-liat  remnrkablo  that  they 
■o  faithfully  reproduovd,  only  to  be  thrown  aside  again  as  th* 
Bimal  resumea  its  temporarily  checked  development. 
It  is  very  evident,  from  tbe  facts  here  cited,  that  tbe  phylogenetie 
I  ia  subject  to  disturbing  inflnenccs.  There  is  no  siiecial  reason,  in 
the  nalnro  of  thinga,  why  a  developing  animal  »liould  repeat  every 
*uge  of  iUanccsiraJ  growtk  If  never  disturbed  in  its  development 
it  would  naturally  do  so,  sbico  its  original  evolution  from  priinei'al 
matter  lay  in  that  line,  and  them  has  bocD  no  force  tunee  brought  to 
bear  upon  it  to  make  tt  deviate.  Bat  wbore  any  subsequent  force 
camm  deviation,  Uiat  deviation  must  become  persistent.  There  can 
ba  no  [KMMthlv  retam  to  the  exact  aneeetral  course.  Sfany  mch  dcvio- 
tlotu  bave  ocourred.  Home  of  tbcm  are  only  apparently  Huefa,  arining 
frum  rapidity  of  development,  and  the  slurring  over  of  lutemedlate 
atepa  in  tbe  line  of  growth.  But  many  of  them  arc  rcauUs  of  enbse- 
^oent  adaptation.  Such  is  the  case  with  many  of  tbe  pcoaliarities  seen 
^  (be  nufoldmont  of  tbe  mammalian  embryo.    It  has  deviated  from 


aio 


THE  POPUS.AS  SCIENCJS  StOSTHlT. 


tbe  ancestral  line  to  meet  ocrlau  special  reqnirameDU  of  the  iriti 
It  can  nPTt^r  rrtam  to  thM  liiM.    IIm)  men  fticl  Uiat  an  anc«Btor 
pxUtcd,  with  oeitain  chanoteruUci,  haa  iu  Itiwlf  no  oonuolling  force 
upon  ihe  development  of  tb«  embryo. 

'Ilie  seoondarf  sdaptationa  of  larval  forms  liara  t(i«  tamo  bwriag 
UpOD  development  an  hare  pecnljsr  ancestral  coDditioiUL  Tb«y  ]}•• 
come  characteristic  steps  in  tho  linouf  development  to  maturity.  Thti 
Mxnalljr  mature  animal  has  paaifod  tbroiigh  tbem  alt  in  its  growth 
from  the  germ,  ai]<]  eondition*  of  tho  nimo  character  are  implanted  in 
it4  oK-n  gcnni%  and  tnu*t  unfold  In  tbflr  dovvlopmvnt.  Thcr«  is  no 
longer  an  exact  phylogenctio  line.  Sfany  of  tliv  sncMitral  Msgcs  h«va 
become  groaUly  modified.  To  tbe  new  developing  auimala  thoae  modi' 
fled  stages  of  growth  are  ancestral  stages  so  far  as  it  individually  iji 
concerned.  Development  follows  ibis  new  line,  althoufjh  it  may  bare 
become  a  strangely  vrarpod  and  irregular  one,  and  though  at  oeilain 
stag««  of  growth  it  may  yield  ptKnIiar  organs  or  tiamn  which  are  dis- 
carded M  ilmImk,  or  coRKumed  as  nutriment,  at  later  stages.  The  true 
line  of  gmwtli  in  itnoh  ca»es  ia  reotrioted  to  the  more  dcep>lyiiig  and 
important  parts  of  the  organism,  and  though,  at  certain  stag**  of 
growth,  forceo  appear  which  produce  a  special  growth  of  eeoondary 
tissue,  this  ia  reabsorbed  or  discarded  when  the  development  is 
ffumcd.  Marked  instances  of  such  diwartled  tissue  are  seen  in  tlie 
pu|>al  derelopmcnt  of  ciTtnin  insecU,  and  in  tho  esse  of  tbe  Star-Aeh 
development  alrovo  referred  to. 

We  have  paid  some  little  attention  to  the  cliaracteristics  of  larval 
growth  for  two  reiwonii.  Their  true  biiaring  on  the  mystery  of  ovoln* 
tion  has  been  little  attended  to,  and  the  abovc^^^ven  hypolbeala  of 
explanation  has  not  heretofore  been  offered,  so  far  as  tbe  writer  is 
aware.  Tbe  second  reason  is  that  tbey  bear  a  mudi  closer  relation  to 
the  phenomenon  of  neuter  ineects  than  might  at  dm  tight  appear. 
The  neuter  innect  has  not  as  ypt  b«-n  looked  upon  as  a  resting-ttage 
iu  the  line  of  full  development,  and  as  aoalogoua  to  the  lower  stage* 
of  larval  growth.  It  has,  indeed,  a  peculiarity  of  its  own,  that  it  fails 
to  attain  full  development.  And  as  its  secondary  characlerislioa  tm 
not  participated  in  by  the  ecxunlty  mature  form,  but  havo  ariscD  by 
adaptation  wbieb  ia  still  operative,  the  fact  of  their  transmission  be* 
oomea  difficult  to  understand.  Yet  wo  think  it  may  be  abown  to  bo 
but  an  extension  of  tbe  principle  above  considered. 

It  is  a  significant  fact  that  a  neuter  worker  ctaas  is  found  only  in 
those  animal  tribes  in  which  the  social  principle  has  reached  its  high- 
est development,  such  as  the  boos,  ants,  and  teimitcs  among  inaocb^ 
and  the  hydroid  polyps  in  the  other  sub-kingdoms  of  life.  Iu  each  of 
these  communal  types  of  life  there  has  been  a  division  of  duties,  tli« 
work  of  reproduction  bHng  eoufiucd  to  one  or  a  few  members  of  th« 
oommunity,  at  least  »o  far  as  maternity  is  concerned,  while  lltu  other 
raemberB  bave  gained  special  adaptations  to  other  duties.    Id  boecora 


I 


I 


irSUTER  IJfSBCTa. 


Ml 


nil 

I" 


nranttiee  only  one  quc«ti  ia  pcrmlctcd  to  develop,  while  the  retntiin- 
mg  (oniikii  continuu  Mtfrilt!,  iind  be<!Ome  ada|ttcd  to  workii)^  dalius. 
Anong  tb«  wit«  numerous  <|uceus  develop,  but  each  surviving  qneeii 
Oiualty  becmnea  the  mother  of  a  separate  conim unity,  in  which  the  ster- 
ile fwules  are  adapted  to  two  or  mure  distinct  duties.  The  problem 
of  the  ttialea  is  a  singular  one.  Among  be«s  and  ania  they  aro  novar 
cheeked  at  tbo  worker  etagc,  but  develop  to  become  a  possible  burden 
on  the  community.  IUtu  among  the  bec«  a  second  remarkable  in- 
eUnee  of  intelligent  M:le<-ti»n  ts  displayed.  The  nude*  aro  suffered  to 
Live  OH  long  aa  food  \a  abuudant,  but  aro  mercilesaly  stung  to  death  oa 
MOD  M  there  is  danger  of  lack  of  food.  In  ant  communitica  natural 
aelactioo  dispoaea  of  the  fiurplos  males.  Tlielr  lifc<powcr  is  reduced 
lo  that  required  for  the  nuptial  flight,  and  they  die  as  soon  as  their 
oae  DMeaaary  duty  is  performed. 

Among  the  tcnniies,  or  white  imtn,  wo  find  an  IntenMJng  «x- 
tenaioD  of  this  principle.  Hero  r««tHclion  appliea  to  both  sexea,  tlu 
vorkan  and  aoldivrn  bi-ing  immature  males  and  foinalea.  Some  writ- 
Indocd,  bold  that  they  are  of  no  aez,  but  have  been  checked  ia 
iment  at  the  brval  stage,  before  eexosl  differentiation  began, 
a  mate  as  well  as  a  female  snrvives  to  aUrt  the  new  community, 
ih  nest  having  its  so-called  king  and  queen.  In  polyp  colonics  we 
find  the  aamc  thing  in  a  le«  deveIo|H^il  stage.  Each  sexual  individual 
is  hennaphrodito,  and  tha  king  and  qiiccn  powers  exist  in  a  single 
fonu.  Id  the  Sij>honoph<ira,  or  floating  hydroxoan  colonics,  tli«  partly 
dnaloped  forms  are  adapted  to  four  dUtincl  duties.  8om«  of  them 
baoomo  contracting  WIU,  and  serve  for  locoinotiou ;  otl>er«  become 
atomaehal  tabes,  and  digest  the  food  of  the  colony ;  otbera  ar«  ten- 
taeles,  or  food-eatchcra ;  and  others  an  simply  oorering  or  protective 
piecaa  ;  yet  in  all  of  them  lite  Mtduia  type  can  occasionally  be  reoog- 
nixed. 

It  may  be  well  to  point  out  here  that  a  similar  division  of  dntJca 
i5ts  in  all  the  higher  members  of  the  vegeuble  kingdom.  Each  tree 
a  colony,  the  product  of  buds  arising  in  a  common  stem,  and  is  thm 
'cloaely  analogoHa  to  a  polyp  colony.  Tlic  analogy  goes  f  urtJior — ihwe 
is  a  division  of  duties  among  the  members  of  the  tree  colony.  Some 
of  these  mcmbcni  attain  full  development  and  become  hermaphrodite 
aexttal  todividuaU.  The  others  are  restricted  in  development,  and  be- 
come adapted  to  scveraJ  distinct  dntica.  Thus,  two  distinct  nutritive 
forma  appear,  the  leaf-bearing  Individual  antl  the  root  Individual. 
Bui  greatly  restriotcd  proteotiro  forms  occasionally  appear,  such  u 
the  thorn,  whose  development  is  on  a  level  with  that  of  the  oovering- 
ploeo  lo  a  polyp  colony.  Other  illustrations  of  this  principle  of  restric- 
tion of  development  and  division  of  duties  might  bo  given,  but  we  must 
go  00  to  ooDsidor  its  significance. 

If  we  consider  any  of  the  lower  animal  fonns,  it  will  quickly  appear 
that  itnictural  development  ia  chocked  more  or  lau  coinplutoly  during 


Itl 


TBS  POPULAR  SCIBXC£  MOXTSLT. 


aetlve  life  and  abundant  nuiritioo.  Insect  Imtid,  for  instance,  alrapl 
grovr  during  their  lu-tive  fetding-sUge.  New  deyelopmeat  on\j 
gins  during  tho  ioactivo  papal  stage,  in  which  the  tisHtio  formed  dn 
ing  the  larval  aiago  in  modified  and  tranHfonnod.  After  the  inai 
buoomn  again  actlvo,  at  the  imago,  no  further  dvvviopinent  of  *\itc 
importance  ultca  place  ;  and  It  would  appear  tliat,  if  the  larval 
is  not  allowed  its  full  |>«riod  or  ila  complete  course  of  nutriUui 
pupal  development  is  checked  at  an  imperfect  stage,  and  tbe 
nmains  imnutturo. 

8ach  is  cvMcntly  the  case  in  bee  rommnnitie*.    The  division 
the  controunity  Into  nuiIiM>,  queen,  und  workers  Monu  Ins  an  0|icra(ini 
of  nattiral  scUctiun  Uian  of  intvlhgt^nt  kuIcciIod.     It  is  a  matter 
choice  among  the  workers  whether  any  female  larva  shall  derirlop  Into 
a  worker  or  a  qneen.     lly  giving  more  room  for  growth,  and  more  anil 
better  food,  they  can  produce  a  <|ue«)  from  any  female  larva  chuseii  ai 
will.    By  contracting  the  growlh-spBce  and  diminuihing  the  food, 
power  of  dcvelo|)ment  is  checkeil,  and  the  incvct,  in  it*  pupal  atagf^' 
becomes  iim|>ii1)te  of  devcldping  M.-xuitI  organs  and  powers. 

I'bus  in  every  femnio  liirva  it  seems  evident  that  innate  powers  to 
become  either  qneen  or  worker  exist.    'I'ho  queen  is  the  higher  phase 
of  development,  but  in  altaintog  this  stage  tho  worker  ctnge  mu«t 
b«  passed  tlirongh.    Why  docs  it  not  bei'ome  apparent  f    Tliis  is  noi 
dUBeult  1o  undervtand,  since  a  similar  phenomenon  is  of  very  Rumrn 
oecurrcncoi     It  is  simply  slurred  over  in  a  rapid  coufm  of  devflopmvo 
The  s«)iual  orf^.tns  K'^in  to  unfold,  and  in  so  doing  exhaust  tho  nulri 
ment  and  the  lifu-envrgy  which  wonld  he  needed  for  the  fall  unfold- 
ment  of  tbe  worker  organs.    T\m»  the  superior  force  cheeks  the  infi 
rior,  and  the  innate  tendency  to  develop  into  a  worker  is  ovureome  b; 
tlw  actiTity  of  a  more  energetic  innate  tendency,     Wliere  tlio  Utter 
remainf  aborted  the  worker  tissues  ftdly  develop,  and  with  them  lb* 
worker  inntinct*,  rinco  every  stage  of  stniclursl  devi'lopment 
accompanied  by  its  peculiar  intitinets,  as  if  tissue  dominated  insUDOt. 

In  tlw  case  of  the  ant  wo  have  closi>ly  simitar  phenomena, 
tl>cre  is  no  satisfactory  evidence  of  intelligent  selection,  though 
ohscrvcTs  believe  that  it  existit.  So  far  os  wc  know,  huwiTcr,  cliaaco 
dvc.iiles  whether  the  larva  shall  have  food  onougli  to  carry  it  lo  on*  ok 
other  of  the  worker  stages,  or  to  the  queen  staftv.  Thus  numeroia 
individuals  of  each  xtnge  n|'[)car.     But  the  two  or  more  worV.  s 

are  not  completely  Kc]>anitrd,  since  Inlemmliate  forms  exist.  - i. 

to  make  a  line  of  insensihlc  gradation  from  one  form  to  the  other  ea 
others.  Here,  then,  we  have  a  complete  line  of  development,  rvftcM 
ing  from  the  germ  to  the  queen,  hut  checked  at  various  stages,  id 
whidi  nutrition  becomes  active  and  eeoondary  ndiptaiioos  ap|>oaf| 
These  secondary  adaptive  features  have  undoubtedly  become  part  (J 
tbe  direct  line  of  structural  aiifoldroent.  But,  ns  soon  as  a  higbefl 
phase  of  Btructuro  begins  to  unfold,  ibeso  lower  oonditions  of  tiMod 


II  at^ 

I  to 
jise 
ust 
no^M 

'^ 

ter 
m  tbs 

ioct.  ^1 

ntaayf 


JfEUTSR  INSECTS. 


aaj 


Ol  bvokfln  down  or  nMlworlfecl,  Jtuit  m  in  tbe  bniniu)  embryo  tlie  ^ill- 
iiSbM  di«ppeir,  or  ore  truufonucd  into  orgsm  roquir<.'<l  in  tho  o«xt 
tiigltcr  8U|;e. 

If,  in  tbo  insect  papal  stage,  tbe  deTclopmenl  of  tbe  high«r  struct^ 
oral  stage  begins  rimultaneotuly  witfa,  or  immetliatelf  after,  tbat  of  a 
tower  Btag«i  the  latter  is  intvrfvrcd  with  bj  a  superior  energy.    It  can 

,poi  obtain  full  onfoldmmt,  and  niay  gain  bnt  a  ntdimentwy  forma- 
B,  wbioh  may  bo  immediately  reabdorlMd,  to  answer  tbo  demandi  of 

'the  au|>«rior  modifying  energy.  Two  uuliko  en€rgie§  seem  figbting 
for  ibe  uiitriment,  and  the  stronger  wtDs.  Instances  of  tbis  principle 
of  dovi'tnpiDcnt  nro  commoR  in  embryo  growth,  and  net  to  check  or  to 
oompleU-ly  abolisb  tbe  unfuldnioDt  of  unccntrnl  fciitiircH.  In  tbe  case 
of  tbo  ant  we  may  look  upon  it  as  tbe  eatidc  of  lliv  loek  of  appoaraooe 

kof  tbo  workiT  fli.inictcriMica  in  tbe  dcvttlnpinonl  of  the  queen,  and  of 
tfaetr  full  develupmviit  where  tlie  eonditiuna  are  Rueb  a.t  to  prevent  tlw 
inoato  powers  of  sexual  nnfoldment  from  coming  into  play,  and  to 
bnvstrict  development  at  a  lower  level.     It  need  scarcely  be  added  that 
^pn  tbe  ease  of  tb'ese  insecta  tbe  cbeok  to  development  is  final.    On 
Vieaving  tbe  papa-caac,  they  enter  npon  a  life  of  active  nutrition,  in 
'  which  tbe  powen  of  development  already  in  opciation  may  produce 
their  full  nwults,  hut  in  which  tbe  lat^-nt  higher  iwwers  arc  definitely 
tvatrained.     lu  all  co^es  of  iutteci  develojimcnt,  ait<l  doubtleea  to  a  eer- 
IaIb  extent  in  all  snimaiA,  a  Male  of  passivity  bi  requisite  to  aotivo 
tmnafomation  of  tiasoe,  while  simple  gron-th  is  the  prevailing  tend- 
eooy  in  states  of  aotivity  and  abundant  nutrition.     In  tbeoe  latter 
Btatoe  organic  development  may  proceed,  but  it  is  simply  tbe  com- 
pletion of  lines  of  dovolopmvnt  which  Wgan  in  tlie  passive  state.   New 
_Uncaof  dovelupmcnt  do  not  begin  during  nutritive  activity.    Of  tlua 
Kprinciple  many  illuntrationfl  might  be  given,  bad  we  tlko  space  here  to 
adduce  tbem. 

In  the  caae  already  cited,  of  the  bydroid  polyps,  this  principle  of 

lopmcnt  yii-lds  tome  remarkable  reenlla,     In  many  instancea  tbo 

il  IndividuaU  unfold  lulo  (he  full  nicdusoid  typo,  and  leave  tlw 

ny  to  enjoy  a  free  life.     In  olhe.ra   Ihi-y  remain  attached  to  tbo 

louy,  and  are  more  or  less  checked  in  their  full  development.    Thla 

^clieck  to  development  is  so  great,  in  certain  instances,  tbst  a  mere  bud 

appears,  to  bear  tbe  genttrative  prmlucts.    Thus  tbe  sexual,  instead  of 

btiag  the  typical  form,  remains  v»  a  fonnlow  pmtrasion  of  the  i>olyp 

•Uun,  or  tbe  gonna  may  originate  in  tbU  stoni  with  no  form  devclop- 

nntL 

Yet  this  seeming  anomaly  is  not  without  ita  explanation  under  tbo 
ibovo  principle.  Where  free  Sleilitsic  are  produwd,  the  sexual  organs 
knd  products  do  not  apjiear  until  after  full  developmi-nt  and  freedom 
■roDi  the  colony  arc  attained.  In  the  other  cases  mentioned  tbo  gen- 
pratiTc  prodnou  appear  earlier,  and  it  is  probably  their  appearance 
■hat  checks  further  form  development    The  innate  tendui^^  do- 


it4  THE  POPULAR  SCJSXCE  UOXTHLY. 


I 


Tclop  tlio  meciufa  form  is  b>ndnre<I  by  tb«  rarlj  unfoldtneDt  of  thu  ni}» 
rior  tendency  to  wxual  development,  wbioh  i^xhatuU  the  ritol  enor^ci 
and  absorbe  or  prevents  the  formalion  of  olber  tisMue  adajiUd  to  Uu) 
towor  lifc-pnrpOHM.  lliu  d<mkU  of  ihia  higb«et  lifo-|M}ver  tyraniiU* 
over  all  lowvr  powcn,  a»i3  as  »ood  ■«  it  appoan  all  oltivr  devnlopmeat 
caaaca.  In  moat  anloiala  it  iit  ibv  final  atcp,  aftor  all  lower  stagM 
an  completed.  Here  it  is  oocaitiiinaDy  the  iiiiii^  iiUip,  and  uzhamU 
the  developmental  powers  before  any  of  tbe  lower  slagos  bav«  aj^ 
)H-an>d. 

In  ptanu  tbc  samci  principle  holds  good.  Active  nntritioa  cbecks 
dcvvlopniont,  and  unfold  nivnt  onse«  At  the  hoi  or  the  root  stage.  Foi^H 
full  dcvelojniieiit,  nutritiun  intiM  be  checked  ;  whi-n  a  partial  re«tiag>S 
•ugo  Buococde,  higher  traniiformatJoii  sets  in,  and  tlw  iexaal  bud  or 
tbo  flower  iudividiial  nppenni.  In  many  caa«s  hints  of  the  loaf  staga 
of  dvvclopiniTiil  ore  dixpliivc-d.  Id  others  this  atago  is  conptotaly 
aborted.  Tbus  the  leaf-bearing  individual,  in  its  lack  of  power  to 
reprodnce  itself,  and  in  its  structural  and  funoUonal  differences  from 
the  flower  individual,  is  closely  analogous  to  the  case  of  neuter  insecta 
as  com)>ared  wiili  tbe  sexual  forms.  In  plants,  alac^  ve  have  instances 
of  tbe  aborted  development  of  the  sexual  fonos,  oloaoly  analogous  to 
tltose  Been  in  tbe  llydroatoa,  Thus,  in  those  remarknblv  pheooroena 
of  development  ibent  seoms  to  Imi  a  dose  roUtioa  between  tlio  t«iiaiit« 
of  tliu  two  gTx;at  kingdoms  of  lift. 


MASSON'S  DfTERPRETATION  OF  CARLYLE.* 

TUEKE  is  notliing  sadder  or  more  painful  in  the  history  of  litent* 
tnrc  llian  that  eclipse  of  tbe  repatattoo  of  Thomas  Carlyle  whic' ' 
resulted  from  the  pubUcatiou  after  his  death  of  virions  books,  bio*' 
graphic  and  autobiographic,  whkh  camo  ns  a  now  revolation  uf  tlie 
inner  life  and  personality  of  tbc  great  author.  Professor  Slasaon,  of 
the  Uuiversity  of  Edinburgh,  wa«  one  of  bis  old  and  intimate  frli>nds, 
and  one  of  his  motl  ardctil  admirers.  It  was  hut  natural,  therefo 
Uiat  when  tbe  great  reaotlon  came,  ek>  injurions  to  Carlyle's  reputation, 
hi»  friend  should  find  himself  called  npon  to  ^y  something  in  vindic: 
tion  of  that  apparently  mncfa-damaged  repalation.  Pri>fes*or  HaoMn'i 
two  leetunw,  diOirered  before  the  rbilosophic*]  Institution  of  Bdl»' 
bnrgh  in  February  of  the  precent  year,  giv«  an  extrt'tnety  intcrcvUn; 
view  of  Carlylc's  character,  opiniotu,  and  labors,  and  i-ertainly  go  far 
to  vindicate  him  from  much  of  the  reproach  that  fell  upon  bis  muiio 
through  tlio  publications  that  (juickly  followed  his  death.     We  IiaTc 

•"Carl^PcnnuIlf  ftiultaUiWrtiiBgi."   TmldbtHifiilileaMrMlir  RmU 


i 


MASSOJf'S  SifTSRP&lSTATIOIf  OF  CARLYLE.     215 

room  hon  to  stato  tlw  case  u  fnllj  u  It  la  pntcnted  In  tkrev  lect- 
■na.  Hr.  Froade  wu  tfaa  offioiftl  ciutodian  of  all  ttiv  Carlylian  doco- 
meiits,  and  held  the  great  euui'h  n-putatioo  in  the  hollow  of  hia  lurnd. 
Professor  Slassoo  U  justly  severe  ujwn  him  (ns  have  also  Wen  many 
others)  for  bU  lack  of  sympatbetio  tliiwiriniinution  in  dealing  with  tbe 
priTato  cxprcssioDs  of  his  deceaMd  frii-iiii,  and  giving  to  the  publto 
[  mnoh  to  which  it  had  uo  right,  which  waa  undoublodly  never  intended 
for  poblicatioD,  and  whioh  was  an  inexcusable  outrage  opon  tnaoceDt 
persooA.  )lr.  Proode  was  incompetent  for  his  oditortal  tuk  :  though 
an  intimate  and  life-long  friend  of  Carlylo,  lie  wan  oonxtitutiunally  in- 
(wmpetent  to  undontand  and  do  JnaUcc  to  bis  character.  Hiis  is  well 
Ulustrated  by  the  fulluwing  passage  from  I'rofcesor  Mauou's  fintt 
lectaM: 

••  Another  cause  which  has  contribnted  not  a  little  to  the  unhappy 
gSlMnl  effect  of  the  nino  volumes  is  tbo  provuiting  sombv-mcss  and 
iDgabriouBness  of  those  portions  of  tbooi  whioli  come  from  Hr, 
Froade'a  own  poo.  In  tbc  '  Reaiiniscenocs '  and  the  '  I.«tl«rs  and  Ma- 
aorials  of  Jane  Webh  Carlyle '  tbeae  consist,  of  course,  but  of  casual 
editorial  noua  and  explanations  ;  but,  in  the  four  vulnmes  of  the  '  Bi- 
ography,' tbey  fom  the  text  of  narrative  and  comment  in  which  the 
fngmenu  of  d4KUinentary  material  for  all  the  eighty-five  ycsn  of 
Oariyle's  life  axe  imbedded.  Now,  wherever  Sir.  Froudc  biniHcIf  thu 
beeonm  the  oarratcv  or  oommmtator,  bis  mood  is  too  uuifunnly  like 
Ibai  of  a  man  driving  a  bearse. 

"  The  contrast  in  this  rcxpoct  between  what  is  from  his  own  pen 
and  mnoh  of  tb*  docunieiituy  matvriiil  he  dign'tH  and  edits  is  very  re- 
markable^   There  is  gloora  enough,  seriousness  enough,  in  the  matter 
of  the  docnments ;   but  tbey  are  not  all  gloomy  or  serious.    They 
ahonnd  with  the  picturesque,  the  eomio,  the  slartlingly  grotesque,  or 
the  quaintly  pleasant ;   somi>  of  them  actually  swim  in  humor,  or 
^aperkle  witli  wit.    Ttii-se  Sir.  Prouilc  faithfully  prints,  and  perhaps 
^BtiUsltae  ;  but  tbey  do  not  seem  to  have  any  influence  on  his  own  gait 
Hot  oonntvnanee  in  hU  office  of  biographer.    Thisis  nnfortunnte.    No 
^bIikI  not  prariinudty  in  earnest  itself  couM  nnderstand  Carlylo,  or  rcp- 
r«M)ot  blm  properly  to  others  j  but,  if  ever  there  was  a  life  lliat  re- 
luiml  also  Nimc  considerable  amount  of  humor  in  the  brxUnder  f<ff 
approl»e«aion  and  iuterpreution  of  its  singnlaritic«,  it  waa  Car- 
lyle's.    TImi»i'  ahout  hlni  that  knew  him  h<ni,  alwnvK  fi-h  that  the  most 
t  relation  lu  mach  that  be  said  and  did  was  to  lake  it  humorous- 
or  suffuse  it  with  humor  ;  and  that  he  himself  bad  the  same  feeling 
id  authorir.etI  it  in  others  appeared  in  the  fre^juency,  almost  the 
ittual  constancy,  with  which  lie  would  check  his  conscious  exag- 
itjoas  at  the  last  point  with  some  ludicrous  tonofa  of  eclf-irony,  and 
'Would  dlssolva  his  fiercest  objurgations  and  tumnlta  of  wrath  in  some 
saddm  pbaatosy  of  the  sbearly  absurd  and  a  l>urst  of  uproarious  laugb* 
|tr.    Without  a  rcr^llection  of  this,  many  a  saying  of  his,  many  a 
\ fOL.  xintt.— 1* 


3l6 


THE  POPULAR  SCIENCE  MONTUIY. 


KB 

SbftV 


lilUo  iDoidAOt  of  liU  dailjr  life,  la  liable  even  now  to  nlaooutnctiu 
or  to  intcrprctatlun  out  of  ito  jnEl  proportions. 

"Take  for  oxunpl«  Mr.  Froudc't  story  of  Cnrl)lc>  bdiavior  in 
first  days  of  hu  wife's  Mverc  illnew  in  180-1,  from  tlie  effects  of  «  cat 
■ecid«nt  in  the  streeta  of  London.    '  Th«  oerrea  and  ninsclcs,'  saya  Ml 
Froudo,  *  w4>ro  completely  disabted  on  tbe  aide  on  whicli  she  bad  falli 
aiid  one  effect  was  that  tbe  nnder^iaw  had  dropped  aod  tbat  she  cwH} 
Dot  close  iL     Cariylu  always  disliked  an  open  moDtb  ;  he  thought  it  a 
dgn  of  fooliahness.     One  morning,  when  the  pain  was  at  its  wont, 
oanw  into  h«r  room,  and  alood  looking  at  l>er,  leaning  on  tbe  manld^ 
ploec.    '  Jans,*  ha  said  preaentlr,  ■  ye  bad  bett«r  abut  your  montb.'   Sba^ 
tri«d  (o  tell  bin  that  ghe  could  not.     <  Jane,'  be  began  again, '  ye'U  find 
yonraelf  in  a  more  compact  and  pious  frame  of  mind  if  yo  sbnt  yoar 
moath.'    'Iliis  story  Mr.  Fronde  reoeived,  be  tells  us.  from  Mrs.  Ca^ 
lyle  berself ;  and  there  is  no  doubt  as  to  its  authenticity.     Wbat  I  am 
sure  of  is  tbat  Mr.  Fronde  treats  it  too  gravely,  or  might  load  bis 
roadon  to  lr«at  it  too  gravely,  by  miasing  ibat  s«use  of  tbe  pure  fun 
of  tbe  thing  which  was  present  in  Mra.  Carlyle's  mind  when  she  re- 
merol>cT<cd  it  aflentrard,  however  provoking  it  may  have  boon  at  tbo 
moment. 

"  Insufficient  Appreciation  of  tbe  amonnt  of  consciously  buinorous, 
and  mutually  admiring,  g{T«>and-tHke  of  this  kind  In  tbe  married  lifo 
of  the  extraordinary  pair,  both  of  tbi^m  ao  aensilively  organltted,  baa 
luul  much  to  do,  it  ecenu  to  me,  with  that  elaborately  studied  rontr 
o(  tbcm  and  too  punful  picture  of  tbeir  relations  which  Mr.  Froudi 
baa  stioooeded  in  impreasiog  npon  the  public.    There  were,  it  is  truo^  \ 
paasagea  of  discord  betweon  tbom,  of  temporary  Jealousy  and  a  aense 
of  injury  on  ono  side  at  Icnst,  from  eaiuea  too  deep  to  be  reached  by^ 
this  ozpUnation  ;  but  it  rubs  away  many  a  snperfloial  ronghneei ; ; 
if  Mr.  Froudo  had  been  more  auaceptible  of  faamorous  bu| 
from  hla  subject,  lie  would  not,  I  believe,  have  found  this  married  llf»1 
of  Carlyle  and  Jane  Welith  »o  exceptionally  a  tragedy  tliroughout  in 
oompariaon  with  other  married  lives,  and  would  not  bnve  kept  up  suofa 
a  uniform  strain  of  dolefuloera  in  bis  own  performance  of  the  port  < 
iho  oboroB.    The  immonM  ecrionsncsa  of  CaHy!c*«  own  mind  ami  views 
of  things,  tbe  apparent  prevalence  of  tbo  dark  and  dismal  in  bin  uwnr 
action  and  monologue  through  the  drama,  even  nquirtd,  I  should  aay^^ 
an  unuKiinl  power  of  light»omene«8  in  the  chomo,  and  this  not  af^ 
mere  trick  for  litorary  relief,  but  actually  for  innight,  correction,  and 
oomponaation." 

The  lecture  from  which  this  passage  is  uken  is  fall  of  acnte  ioeigh( 
into  the  personality  of  Carlyle,  and  ia  extremely  interesting  lA  a  stadj' 
in  tbe  intrrprcUtion  of  character  ;  but  thu  scoood  lecture  on  "  * 
LiU^mry  T.ifc  and  his  Creed  "  will  have  sneh  a  special  iDten?"! 
readcra  of  the  "  Monllily  "  that  we  propose  to  make  copious  ijuotaUons 
from  it.  J 


,baa    , 

oud^l 
truo^f 


cm 


UASSOirS  INTERPBETATIOSr  OP  OARLTLS.     317 

Profemor  Mmsod  begtns  by  looking  into  lliu  csmics  of  tho  "belst- 
Hnpn**  of  Corlylc'a  liurary  life,  or  why  it  wm  to  late  bcfon)  tut 
icbwred  the  luoceiis  of  world-wldo  rocogiiition.  He  remindN  ur  that 
Ccau,  Shcllny,  and  Ilyron,  who  were  conl«ii>itorariea  of  Carlyle,  had 
biased  Inio  relubritr,  ffniiiiicd  tlicir  careers,  and  died,  while  <.'arlyl« 
wu  yol  an  unknown  niiin.  Macanlay,  who  was  by  five  ycon  a  younger 
hod  a  brilliant  national  faiao  before  Carlylc  wa«  rccogniwd. 
«ot  til!  18^7,  when  Carlylc  wa«  in  bin  forty-accond  year,  and  bad 
pitn  ibree  year*  rcflideat  in  Ix>ndon — or,  rather,  not  till  between  1837 
^aail  IIUO,  wlien  h«  was  advaocing  from  his  forty-MCond  yt^ar  to  hJa 
fortT-fifth— did  be  burst  fully  upon  the  pablie.  His  '  tliatorj'  of  tlto 
French  ReTolntion,'  publiitbe'd  in  1637,  began  liia  pojiularity,  not  only 
CToking  applatUM  for  itself,  but  lifting  up  the  unfortunate  '  Sartor 
Rewrtns'into  more  friendly  recognition."  The  "Miscellanies  "and 
"Chartism"  followed,  and  in  IMO  appeared  "Heroes  and  Hcro-Wop- 
•hip,"  at  which  time  we  may  aMiimo  that  Csrlyle  had  reached  hi«  full 
British  celebrity. 

P«)fe«8or  Masaon  speenlatea  very  euggestiroly  orer  this  pbenome- 
noo,  Milling  attention  to  a  profound  change  that  gradually  came  over 
b^Myle's  woric,  in  whleh  be  passes  from  tJie  snpcrftcbl  phase  of  fiV«ra- 
^^H<i^)i''  lilertttire  to  the  grarer  and  deeper  jiniblems  of  human  soci- 
HEty  and  human  action,  and  in  which  the  mere  littiraiatr  is  merged  in 
^Htbe  more  ecrions  philosopher. 

^f     "Tlie  caniiM  of  Uiis  'belatednets'  of  Carlyte's  literary  life,  to  cue 
"an  exprcmlon  of  Milton's,  wore  rarlous.     There  bod,  certainly,  been 
i>o  original  defect  or  »loggt«hrieM  of  genius.     Tlic  young  Carlyle  who 
liad  juat  completed  his  clauea  in  liidinbiirgh  Unirenity,  the  young 
^arlylo  dmdgtng  at  ncboolmaatering  in  Kirkcaldy,  the  young  Carlylc  of 
the  next  few  year*  again  walking  in  the  rtre^^ta  of  Edinburgh  and  liv- 
ing by  priTaie  tutorship  and  back-writing,  waa  essentially  the  same 
rlyl«  that  1>eeam6  famous  afterward — the  same  in  moodiness,  tlie 
pMnia  in  moral  magnanimity  and  integrity,  the  same  in  intellectual 
HrmptJi  of  grasp.     One  is  astonished  now  by  the  unirormity  of  thn 
^_  tasUmooiea  of  bis  intimatcH  of  thow  early  daya  to  his  literary  and 
^■vtber  powera,  the  boundlMsncas  of  the  terms  in  which  they  predicted 
^^lits  ruttire  dUtinetion.     His  own  early  letters  are  also  in  the  cTidcnoe, 
They  Bin  wonderful  letters  to  have  be«n  written  in  the  late  teens  and 
*<arfy  twenliea  of  a  Sootliah  student's  life,  and  paint  him  a*  even  then 
a  Iff mendous  kind  of  person.    As  respeoU  Carlylo's  '  belatednesa,'  then, 
may  nut  the  fact  that  liIs  clement  was  to  be  prote  and  not  v«tk  count 
for  mmelhing  f    It  would  accmaa  if  that  peenliar  kind  of  poetic  genius 

r  which  UmAi  to  venie  h  its  proper  form  of  expression  can  always  attain 
lo  nast4^  in  that  form  with  lem  of  delay  and  discipline  than  is  re- 
'  '  .  ry  In  proM  ;  and,  at  all  events,  the  traditions  of  liter- 

..  il  the  appearance  of  a  new  genius  in  verae  is  always 
man  qalrkly  tiailed  by  tita  public  than  anything  corresponding  In 


138 


THE  POPULAR  8C£ENCS  MONTBLY. 


tn  • 


prow.     "Sow,  much  u  Clriyle  straggled  after  the  taxv\lj  of  mMrii;: 
ezprewioD,  oaae  in  that  fAcolty  hod  evidently  IwiTn  drniftl  \iim  b 
Nature,  nnd  it  wM  in  prove  ur  notliing  tkkt  hit  WM  to  muilfMt  ki 
supcrioriij-.     Najr,  in  hb  earlieat  pnxM.- writings  for  tfa«  pnw)  ona  o' 
KrvM  something  of  tlio  same  ^tiSncw,  bard  eflurt,  and  want  of  tavtipj 
that  charaotertze  almost  all  his  ver»-st tempts.     Tbi«,  bowvvrr,  m 
have  been  in  great  part  accidental  ;  for  we  have  only  lo  go  to  itoine 
his  private  letten,  dasbod  off  in  bU  twentieth  year  or  tbereaboat, 
wo  that  be  bad  already  aoqtunid  bia  marvelonn  power  of  [MOlnreiqiii 
aud  eloquent  espteuloD,  and  yit»  matter  of  a  swift,  firm,  and  nttseat 
style.     But,  for  aneh  a  literary  career  as  lib  was  to  be,  mere  gift  of 
expreosion,  however  floent  and  eloquent,  was  not  enongb.     It  wu  not 
eoongh  that  he  fthoold  be  able  to  write  fluently  and  elo<|neiitJy  tn  a 
general  way,  by  the  exercise  of  more  natural  talent,  on  any  subjecl 
that  tnnicd  up.     He  had  to  provide  birnKclf  amply  vi\\h  tuatfer,  wii 
systematized  knowledge  of  all  Kor1«,  and  cKpvolally  with  syMADati 
hbtorical  knowledge.     Hence  the  depth  and  cxtoiit  of  hia  rnadiogs,' 
the  range  and  perseverance  of  hia  studies  in  French,  German,  Italian, 
and  Spaoidt,  io  addition  to  Latin  and  Knglisb.     For  writings  so  full- 
bodied  as  tbom  bo  was  to  give  to  the  world,  it  was  neoeesary  that  hi 
should  step  into  literature  as  already  bimtielf  a  polt/AiMor  or  aoi 
plished  univeraal  sebolar ;  and,  when  bo  did  step  coajpioiioasly  iDi 
literature,  it  was  in  fact  oi  already  suob  a  potyAulor. — In  cotutoctli 
with  which  it  ia  worth  whilu  to  note  how  completely  by  tbat  time  Ci 
lyle  had  emancipated  himself  from  the  oommoa  idea  of  Bo  many  of  lii. 
literary  contemporaries  that  liteTutore  ought  to  consist  in  writing  ahoil 
literature.    To  thu  day  what  are  the  chief  subjects  of  the  essays  and 
books  continually  set  forth  by  our  professed  autbont  ?    Why,  the  llrtM 
and  writings  of  previous  author*,  the  personages  and  phenontena  of  tho 
past  literary  history  of  the  world.     We  have  Homer,  Dante,  Sbakiv 
speare,  Hilton,  Goethe,  nnd  the  other  literary  dU  mtdontm  ffoUium, 
over  and  over  agiun,  with  descents  to  aa  many  of  the  literary  </ti  mini 
rvm  gentivtn  aa  may  be  necessary  for  variety  ;  and  Uie  publio  is  thu: 
deluged  with  an  eternal,  ever-flowing  litcmtura  merc'ly  aboot  W 
ature.    Now,  though  Carlyle  bej:an  in  tliU  way  too — as  witnvM  Uai 
e.ttays  <m  Jean  Paul  Riohtcr,  on  Uoetbe  and  Fu\at,  on  Bums,  on  Oer>^ 
man  Playwrights,  etc. — there  were  premonitions  even  then,  both  in  bti 
mode  of  handling  tbese  sabject*  and  in  the  fact  that  eneh  cMays  wi 
interspersed  with  others  of  a  more  general  and  ])bilo»ophic  kind,  that 
ho  would  not  dwell  long  in  the  element  of  mer«  literary  hintury  aD<~ 
Bathetic  criticism,  or  be  sati»fie<l  with  adding  his  own  eontributions, 
however  exeellontf  to  tbo  perpetual  oonvcniation  nboat '  Hhakeepeari 
and  the  musical  glasses,'    Accordingly,  befort!  he  had  fully  estabi 
himself,  be  had  taken  final  leave  of  the  mere  literature  about  lit«i 
and  liad  moved  on  into  a  Uteratnro  appertaining  to  human  society  ami 
boman  action  generally,  to  war  and  aUiesman^ip,  to  poveny  ami 


MASSOff'S  IXTSRPnSTATIO.V  OF  CARLYLE.      119 


^^rimc^  to  Uin  ytiequid  ayunt  Aomine*  in  all  lands  and  agei,  literatore 
•A  but  one  of  tbe  iuteresU.  As  the  capacity  for  this  bad  to  be  iooluded 
in  hk  pcdybistorio  preparation,  we  h«ve  here  also  perbapa  one  of  th« 
(laases  of  bis  CDtDpar&tive  '  belatodnoas.'  iJut  there  waa  another,  and 
tha  ehiof  ot  all.  It  lies  to  that  fandameDtal  charaoteriatid  of  Cariylo'a 
Utanrj  geoiiis  which  Go«lb«  ha>l  det«otod  an  early  aa  1827.  '  It  is  ad- 
tolnble  in  Cariyli-,*  uiid  Goothe  to  f^konnana  in  thu  July  of  that  year, 
'  that  ill  bis  jnilgments  of  oar  ti«naan  authors  be  baa  eapeoiaily  in  view 

taeatal  and  moral  core  as  that  which  is  really  iofltHiDtiiil.  Carlyle 
a  mora/  force  of  great  importanoo ;  tb«re  is  in  him  mueh  for  the 
Mn,  and  wo  can  not  forcsoe  what   he  will  prodace  and  offceL* 

ibo  ben  atraek  th«  lcey*note.     It  was  the  depth  and  strength  of 

moral  element  in  Carlylet  oonsdtution  that  was  to  impart  to  his 
inr^  eareer  its  extnordituuy  importance  and  its  special  character 
<)ri|i;liialitry.  Precisely  on  thia  account,  however — prpcisely  because 
be  waa  to  bo  no  ordinary  man  of  k-tton,  turning  out  book  after  book 
aa  an  artist  tnrns  out  picture  aft«r  piclar<i,  but  a  new  moral  foroe  in 
the  Britiah  eommnuity  aitd  the  whole  English-speaking  community  of 
tbo  world — he  had  to  bide  hin  time,  ile  had  to  a.<«ert3in  and  roMOD 
oat  bis  principles  ;  he  had  to  form  his  creed.  When  he  did  burst 
folly  Upon  the  poblio  it  was  to  be  not  only  aa  the  polyhistor,  not  only 
aa  the  humomt,  not  only  as  the  splendid  pixxe-arlist,  but  also — to  use 
a  eant  phrase  which  I  do  not  like,  though  Carlyle  himself  ratbcr  fa- 
Tored  it — as  the  Chelsea  I*rophet," 

"  But  if  Carlyle  was  slow  in  bis  own  individaat  dorolopment,  so  that 

the  wocen  was  long  postponed,  he  must  be  regarded  as  slower,  and 

•lill  more  'bclatnl,'  with  regard  to  tbe  great  progress  of  thought  in 

ibis  e«ntury.     He  belonged  to  a  former  age,  sod  lived  over  into  an  ago 

for  which  be  was  not  prepared,  and  which  be  could  not  onderstand.    Ue 

was  an  earnest  man — a  man,  indeed,  of  great  religions  seriausness,  and 

preaebed  loyalty  to  truth  as  the  supremo  duty — but  he  was  behind  the 

age  Ifl  knowing  what  truth  is  or  how  it  is  to  be  found.     Of  science  be 

knew  nothing,  and  could  neither  enter  into  its  spirit  nor  employ  ita 

mvlhoda,  nor  eren  accept  its  great  results.    He  had  positire  and  sys- 

trmatti--  views  which,  although  vague,  he  held  with  such  great  tenacity 

at  h«  was  disqualified  from  entering  into  those  larger  oonoeptions  of 

atnre  and  tbe  universe  which  pervade  modern  tbosgbt."    On  tbe 

and  philosophy  of  Carlyle  Professor  Masaon  expatiates  as  fol> 

Idwb: 

"No  need  at  this  lime  of  day  to  dilat*  on  the  literary  merits  of 
Car{yl«*s  works.  There  they  stand  on  our  iihelvc*,  as  extraordinary 
an  array  of  volumes  for  combined  solidity  and  splendor,  all  tbe  prod* 
^■pf  one  pan,  as  c.in  be  pointed  to  in  tbe  literatore  of  English  prose. 
^Birith  Uio  trted  running  through  the  volumes  that  we  are  now  coo* 
^^H,  that  system  of  idea*  by  virtue  of  which  Carlyto  became,  as 
VKbe  prediotod  be  would  become,  a  powerful  moral  force  In  his  gen* 


a3o 


TBB  POPULAR  SCIENCE  MONTHLY. 


LiwJv^ 


enUon,  and  oa  acoonnl  of  wbi<^biac«Dt«niponrt«BtjIed  liim  UUwly 
tbs  CbelK*  Propli«t. 

"The  first  name  affixed  to  Carlyle  to  aigDlfy  a  pemrption  of  the 
diffvriinca  of  his  irays  of  tbinking  from  thoce  of  other  pvo)il<<  niu* 
Jfyttic    Thia  wu  tfa«  natUB  given  to  him  lung  ago  iD  Utat  Kdinlitirglii 
oii«l«  round  Jeffrey  wbtcb  lie  firvt  Nttrrcd  by  hU  p«r«>R.il  pecuIUrilwil 
when  he  wa*  a  roudmt  in  Coiuclj-  Bank,  and  by  hii  nrliclva  on  Ger  J 
man  subjocts.     Kv  •vcmod  to  he  tUu  a[M>itle  of  an  unlnown  Kunrtbtng 
called  'UfTTuan  AlyMioiani,'  and  to  hv  trying  to  found  a  tcfaoo]  ot 
'English  UyBtics.*    He  d^led  with  the  term  himself  for  a  while 
■ocl  «vcn  took  it  with  him  to  London.     Intrinaically,  however,  iba 
ooold  have  been  no  more  absurd  designation.     By  th«  whole  cut  of 
bb  intcltvct  Carlylo  was  oven  tbo  ntroTM  of  a  mystic,  conitrainod  i* 
he  was  always  to  dcfiuitcuvss  of  intcllcottial  conception  nod  to  optical 
clearness  of  representation  ;  and,  though  he  had  a  kindly  eye  toward 
the  Mystics,  be  oould  make  nothing  of  tbem  eKcept  hy  unmystiriiing 
them — bis  easay  on  Novalis,  for  example,  being  an  unsatisfactory  at- 
tempt to  extract  gleams  out  of  the  opaque.     It  wu  tbo  novelty  of 
Carlylo's  principles  to  tlweo  among  whom  tlicy  were  fint  propounded,, 
the  Htraiigeneas  of  the  okjvctH  be  tried  to  bring  within  tbt-ir  ktn,  tlutt 
occasioned  the  resort  to  such  a  mttifiuiog  epithet.    A  far  litter  dooig- 
ouion  would  have  been  lyantcendentalist,    I^urdon  mo  if  I  delain] 
yon  A  little  with  this  word  from  the  schoListio  nomenclnture  and  it 
applicability  to  Carlyle.     It  is  easy  enough  to  understand,  and  we 
hare  really  no  otla-r  name  eo  suitable  (or  the  thing. 

"A  TVanMmdcntaiiiit  in  philosophy  is  the  very  opposite  of  what  we 
call  a  SecutarStt.  He  is  tlio  opjwnent  of  that  system  of  phitosojiby^J 
which  "  aipprebends  no  further  than  this  world  and  squares  one's  lifeiH 
■ocording,"  that  system  of  pbitosophy  which  regards  the  vtsibtu  uni- 
versu  of  time,  space,  and  human  expcrienco  a«  the  sum  total  of  all 
reality,  and  oxiatiiig  btinianity  in  the  midst  of  this  universe  aa  the 
topmost  tbing  now  in  {xitog.  Beyond,  and  arouud,  and  even  in  tliin 
Ttsible  universe,  the  TrauM-vudoitallst  holds — this  world  of  sun,  moon, 
and  stars,  and  of  the  earth  and  human  history  in  the  midst — tliere  is 
a  supernatural  world,  a  world  of  eternal  and  infinite  royeteryi  tnvisi-j 
ble  and  inoonceivablo,  yet  most  roal,  and  so  interoonnoded  with  the 
ongoings  of  the  visible  universe  that  constant  rcf<'Teiice  to  It  is  tba 
snprcme  necessity  of  the  bmnao  spirit,  tbo  highest  duty  of  nun,  and 
the  indispensable  condition  of  all  that  is  b««t  In  tlie  human  gooius,! 
In  this  senw  Carlyle  was  a  ti^uiscendentali«t  from  the  very  firsU  IT91 
believed  in  a  world  of  eternal  and  inBnite  realities  trangeendinff  out 
finite  world  of  lime,  apace,  sense,  experience,  and  conceivability. 

"  In  the  KhoUstie  nomenclature,  however,  there  may  be  rveog* 
ntKd  two  distinct  varieties  of  TranscrndenlAlism.    Tbvre  is,  fini,! 
what  may  bo  called  IdtalUtic  TratttetndentcUUm  or  TVimK^nlott-il 
Jdeaiitm.    By  this  ideallatio  theory  all  the  apparent  tmiversa  uf  VKova 


■  MASSOSrS  INTEIiPRETATION   OF  CARLYJ.E.      131 

^■Ktenta)  realities— enn,  moon,  starB,  rocks,  clouds,  Giirtli,  atiU  hutniui 

BniUivy  aod  tradition — is  rcHolvod  or  rctlacod  into  tncre  present  tbiiik- 

ipgi  of  your  miod  or  my  mind,  a  invre  complex  |>lmntunuigory  of  the 

ant  human  fpirit ;  and  t)i«rcfore  it  U  thraiigli  tiiia  prcMUt  Ituman 

drit  that  ono  lia^  to  ieck  tlie  aU-«xpUii)ing  bond  of  oonncotioo  be> 

Iweeo  th«  real  irorld  of  finite  oatnre  and  tbo  real  and  inrinile  aupor- 

Fttalonl  worid.     Kow,  though  Carlylo  waa  acquainted  wiib  this  ideaJ- 

iMIq  theory,  had  evident  likings  for  it^  and  now  and  tliiMi  favored  it 

wHh  a  pawing  glance  of  cxpoitition,  I  can  nut  find  that  be  bod  ever 

worited  ODt  the  tlicory  in  alt  its  bearings — an  enonnooaly  difficiUt  boa]- 

DtH— or  adopted  it  intimately  for  bia  own  behoof.    11«  r«fD«oed  to 

tiw  end  wltat  may  be  called  a  Jttaiistic  TVantcmdentalist  or  TVon- 

K€inlentat  Rtalit,    By  thia  ia  meant  that  be  was  aatisficd  to  think  of 

th«  world  of  afMCC  and  time,  and  of  all  physical  and  hiitodeal  r«ili- 

^tica,  aa  having  nbitaniially  existed,  in  its  essential  fabric  nt  kut,  very 

^ki>c4i  M  we  imagine  it  by  an  indepeodent  tenure  from  the  Infinite, 

^^iaiinirt  from  that  of  all  past  or  present  coiweiTing  mindi  inserted  into 

it  and  in  traffic  with  it. 

"Here,  however,  we  may  note  an  ititerc-sling  peculiarity  of  hia 
ipwUJ  form  of  Realistic  'Iransccndcntalism,  which  latterly  gave  him 
aoow  tronbte.  Tbongh  he  talka  of  *  rude  nations,'  'rndo  times,'  etc, 
■od  rMOgiiizMl  perhaps  a  certain  progreaa  in  human  coiiditiona  and 
even  in  the  human  oTguiisin,  bo  seem*  esiicntially  to  have  alwnya 
thonght  of  humanity  as  a  Klf-contained  entity,  fully  faf^bioncd  within 
itaelf  from  iJio  fintt,  and  cut  off  from  all  ita  material  surroundings  and 
trom  any  priority  of  material  beginnings.  Hence  his  oppugnaney  in 
f  laUttT  days  to  the  modem  scientific  doctrine  of  evolution  as  brought 
Qln  vogue  more  especially  by  the  rraaonings  of  Darwin.  For  a  Iraos- 
DndcnialJat  of  the  idealistic  sort  the  doctrine  of  erolntion  can  bavo 
I  tesTora.  If  the  world  «f  spaoo,  time,  and  hiatory  is  but  a  fabrica- 
af  our  presmt  thinkings,  a  pbantaamagor;  of  the  present  human 
iilrit,  what  does  it  matter  how  much  our  pn-Mont  thinkings  may  change, 
'  bow  many  Kons  of  so^atled  time  and  imagined  processee  and  marchca 
[cf  events  we  may  find  it  necessary  to  throw  into  oar  phantasmagory  ? 
Fnr  the  transcendent  a)  rcniist  the  difficulty  is  greater.  Tliough  he  haa 
th«  ultimate  rclit-f  of  helieviDg  that  the  entire  proocsston  or  evolution 
of  tliingM  pliynical  aa  modem  science  would  represent  it — from  the 
UniVKraal  Nebula  on  to  the  dispcned  starry  immenoity,  and  so  to  the 
•otar  tystem,  our  earth  as  a  pUnet  in  that  vysurm,  and  the  hiatory  of 
tboteepinte  earth  through  the  ages  of  its  exi^tenoe  since  it  became 
•eparate — ia  hat  one  vast  forth-putting  or  manifestation  of  the  incon- 
ecirahle  Abeolnte,  be  does  not  like  to  think  of  faimaelf,  the  paragon  of 
animala,  or  of  the  human  mind  and  soul,  as  in  any  way  really  di^rired 
from  this  antecedent  pbyxit-al  evolnlion,  and  more  especially  from 
those  neonv  porliona  of  it  which  concern  our  MrparatA  eJtrth  and  lead 
ttwa  proUipUenie  alimc,  throngb  differentiated  bestialiaro,  to  a  ape- 


»3» 


TBS  POPULAR  SCISNCE  MONTNLY. 


cul  uccatr;  En  tlio  tpo.    Some  traRM«D(lMiUl  roolisu  do  get  avsr 
difficulty  ;  but  Cariyle  ncTitr  could.    In  Junv,  1668,  b«  wroUi  in  bit 
jonmftl  M  follows : 

" '  Sorely  ibe  ^ated  triUi  wbiob  matters  are  going  on  in  thU  n- 
pTOtne  |>rovm«6  of  oar  nSaira  is  someiliing  notabl«  and  sadly  nndonJ- 

'Alt  doscvndcd  from  j^rillas,  8e«iiiinglyJ 


4 

L-^ 


able  in  lato  yoar«. 

"SuD  made  by  oollision  of  huge  manM  of  |>lat)rtti,  octcroids,  etc.,  i 
the  infinite  of  space."    Very  i««lbly,  say  I.    "Tbfln  whpre  ia  ibo 
plaoo  for  a  Creator  ?  "    The  foot  kaUi  said  in  bis  licarl  ttieie  is  no 
God.    From  tbo  beginning  it  has  been  so,  ta  now,  and  Ut  ibt'  end  wiU 
bo  HO.     Tlio  fool  bath  said  it — he  and  nobody  else  ;  and  with  dismal 
roHultA  in  our  days — as  in  all  days ;  vhich  often  makes  nie  aad  to 
think  of,  coming  nearer  myself  and  the  end  of  my  life  than  I  ever  ex- 
pected tboy  would  dot    Tliat  of  ihc  sun,  and  his  poNNibly  beiti^  mad 
in  tbaC  manner,  segraed  to  me  a  n-nl  triumph  of  suicnc-u,  inddiiutt^l 
widening  lb<!  liorizon  of  our  Iheoloffieal  ideiu  withal,  and  awakoiwd 
good  many  thoughts  in  me  when  I  first  beard  of  it,  and  gradoally  ^ 
oeivcd  that  there  was  actual  scientific  basis  for  it — I  suppose  the  fin 
ttrokfl  that  "  Scionco,"  poor  craaturv,  has  or  may  have  succeeded  in 
naaking  during  my  ttmo :  welcome  to  nic  if  il  b«  a  truth,  honorably 
welcome  I    But  what  has  it  to  do  wltb  the  exiatenoo  of  the  Eternal 
TTnnaroable?' 

"The  speculation  as  to  the  genesis  of  the  sun  and  the  probable  du 
ration  of  his  heat  here  adverted  to  by  Carlylo  with  such  recognition  nf 
iU  real  importance  came  before  him  first,  I  believe,  in  Ihs  fonn  of 
paper  by  Sir  William  Thomson,  of  Glasgow,  whiuh  I  luul  royself  tfal 
honor  of  itwcrting  in  ■  3tl&cmiUan*s  Uagaxine.*    Ho  was  moch  Mmc 
wilh  the  paper  at  the  time,  and  often  mentioned  it  to  roe  afterward. 
It  is  characteristic  that  be  sbould  bare  had  leas  objection  to  this  i 
lation,  assigning  a  definite  beginning  to  the  wbula  aolar  system, 
pointing  perhaps  to  its  nitimalc  collapse  nnd  the  ceswitlon  of  all  l«^ 
rvstrial  life,  humanity  included,  with  the  extinction  of  the  sun's  lunt, 
than  to  the  nearer  scientific  speenlation  as  to  the  evolution  of  spccle^^ 
on  the  earth  itself  and  man's  descent  from  tbe  gorilla.    It  ia  aa  if  b^f 
found  the  imagination  of  a  wholesale  crash,  whether  of  formation  oc^^ 
of  MiBifailation,  in  the  far-hack  vnst  of  physical  imnicn»ity,  or  the  far* 
future  vast  of  tbe  same,  more  cleanly,  antl  thercfare  mot«  endunblu 
than  any  imagination  of  a  materialistic  derivation  of  the  human  or;ganJ 
ism,  throngh  the  ape  and  what  not,  from  earthly  protoptasmio  slln 
On  the  whole,  one  may  say  that  he  lived  too  late  to  be  able  to  ac«c|i 
modem  soicntifio  doctrine  of  evolution  and  work  it  into  hi«  phtio 
and  remained  therefore  at  the  last  a  transcendental  rttdist  of  Uiu  oV 
school.     Or  perhaps,  with  the  foregoing  poMago  to  enlighti'n  us,  Il 
might  ho  furcr  to  say  that,  whatever  ooncx^tlona  of  a  cosmic 
lotion  M^ii<nce  might  bring  tn,  he  found  them  irrelevant  to  tbf<  matt 
natter,  and  did  not  care  a  nsh  about  them  in  oompaiison  wilh  tl»i 


^4 

srward.^ 
xipwi^ 
m,  an^^ 


ilASSOlT'S  lyTSRPRKTATIOy  OF  CARLYLK.      133 

mis  nutter — whirh  wns  ibnl  nco  shogld  Dontinuo  to  belio?e  thnt  ill 
thlngK  hiid  (tri{nni>t*x1  in  a  Rapronw  aod  infiiUtc  eternal,  tho  nmltty  of 
kU  realiUw,  vaA  ii1k)u1<1  w&lk  in  tlint  t>L'lK-f  u  tlicir  r«ltgioo. 

**  One  mny  1m  x  Truwcendcnlnlint  in  philooopby,  liowovcr,  wlietbvr 
nf  the  IdMltntie  or  of  ibe  Itealistio  imrt,  aod  yet  go  tlirough  tbe  world 
raJmly  and  <jorop<itf«dly.  Xot  so  wiih  Cariylc.  Jeffrey's  Innghmg 
Douipltiiit  iitMDt  bim  in  the  first  days  of  thoir  ncqnuntjitico  wm  that 
ho  WM  iUirayii  'so  dreadfully  la  oamevt* ;  aud  no  one  can  study  Uw 
records  of  Ids  early  life  wilho«t  Mcing  what  Jeffrey  meant.  Carlyle's 
vitality  from  bia  youth  D)rward  wiui  something  eDormous.  There  wis 
nothiu};  nln^gtah  or  slerpy  or  oool  in  hb  constitution,  and  no  capaoity 
for  b«ing  «luggi«b  or  iilvepy  or  coot  ile  was  always  rostlossly  awalio ; 
towhatevor  sabjeet  he  addroKied  bimsolf,  ho  grupvd  it,  or  ooilcd  him- 
■elf  rannd  It,  aa  with  ransctes  all  on  strain  nnd  nerves  all  a-lingling  ; 
and,  wlteo  he  had  formed  his  conchi«tons,  he  was  vehement  in  an- 
ncKiDCln{{  \\ven\  and  aggreiwtve  in  their  propagation.  Necessarily  this 
wan  tbtt  CAM  meal  of  all  with  hla  conelnmotia  on  aabjects  the  greateet 
ami  most  fnodamental.  '  Woe  to  them  that  are  at  eaw  in  Xion '  was 
a  text  quite  after  bia  own  boarl,  and  which  ho  was  fond  of  applying 
to  those  who  seemed  to  him  to  be  sufficieotly  right  in  the  main  in  their 
prirat«  ways  of  thinking  on  tbe  deepest  problents,  hut  not  to  bo  «u1B- 
cttBtljr  mrneat  in  fighting  for  their  oonelusloiu  and  rousing  and  agl- 
Htb^  aoekty  to  get  them  iicce]>led.  Plato  btmself,  the  Baprcme  traa- 
•omdMtalist  of  anlliiuity,  and  to  this  day  unnpproaehed  among  man- 
kind for  tho  magniHeent  sweep  of  eh'ar  intelleet  and  tbe  beauty  and 
gofgwniiDMa  of  poelto  expreadon  with  which  ho  cxponndol  Tran- 
forndentalum  oni^e  for  all  to  the  philoeophio  world,  was  in  tlua  rate- 
gory  with  Carlyle,  '  lie  was  a  gentleman  very  much  at  case  in  Zion ' 
was  Carlyle's  definition  of  him.  In  fact,  with  the  exception  of  Shake- 
«pear«  in  EltxaWthnn  England  and  of  Goethe  in  more  rcornt  times,  tho 
calm  and  etrmpoHcd  type  of  eharacter,  in  mnttcnt  of  Fiihlime  eooeoni, 
was  not  that  which  won  Carlyle'a  bighetit  regard. 

**  Dropping  now  all  terms  of  scholaatie  nomenclature,  we  may  say, 
mure  simply,  that  Carlyle  wont  through  the  world  as  a  fervid  Theiat. 
Oed,  llie  Almighty,  the  Maker  of  all— through  all  tho  cigbty-fivo 
yaan  of  t?arlyle'»  life,  all  the  eevenly  of  his  speech  and  writing,  thia 
wa»  his  eooatant  phnse  to  hts  fellow-mortals.  *  There  it  a  God,  there 
U  a  G(kI,  there  it  a  God ' — not  oven  did  the  Koran  of  Mohammed 
fulminate  this  message  note  inoossantly  in  the  ear«,  or  bum  it  more 
glowingly  into  the  beort^  of  the  previooaly  atheistic  Arabs  whom 
Um  inspired  eimel-driver  sought  to  rouse,  than  did  the  scries  of  Car- 
Ifla's  writing*  fulminate  it  and  try  to  make  it  blaxe  tn  a  region  and 
Kflmmtioa  where,  as  he  imagined,  despite  ail  tho  contrary  appear- 
UOn  of  organlxed  chiirrhes  and  myriads  of  clergy  and  of  pulpita,  the 
otBkeror  atheism  was  again  all  hut  imiTOrsal.  When  be  avoided  the 
linpltt  namft  >6od'  or  <thu  jUmighty,'  and  had  rocoumo  to  those 


aje 


THE  POPULAR  SCISA'C£  SfOXTHLT. 


RELATIONS  OF  SCIENCE  TO  THE  PUBLIC  WEAL.' 

Bt  Sn  L70N  PtATFAHf,  K.  C  B.,  H.  F.,  P.  K.  & 

PAST  SBOOKD. 

V  SCIENCE  AND  INTHTSTRT.  —  In  tbe  popular  mind 
•  valno  of  »o(eaic«  is  mcAHuro'l  liy  Un  nppItcjUioiu  to  tbu 
fal  puq>o*ea  of  life.  It  u  no  doubt  true  that  seicncv  vmn  k 
beauliful  aspect  when  she  coofera  practical  bencfita  apon  nan.  Bnt 
tnior  retatiotut  of  scirara  to  indtistry  are  implied  in  Greek  mj-tbolo- 
gy.  Vitloan,  tbe  god  of  induatjy,  wooed  ecienM,  in  the  form  nf 
Mincrra,  with  a  piMionale  Iotci,  bat  tbo  chastn  goddcu  oerer  msr- 
ricd,  klthmigli  Hh«  oonferrod  upon  mankind  noarlf  as  many  arts  ■■ 
PrnrocFtlKUt,  who,  like  oilier  inventors,  saw  eivilixation  progfroning 
by  their  iwe  while  he  lay  groaning  in  want  on  Mount  CaucMoa. 
Iho  rapid  derelopmeot  of  indoatry  in  modem  days  depend*  on  the 
applications  of  scientific  knowtpdgo,  while  its  slower  growth  in  for- 
mer times  was  dao  to  exporimciilH  hoing  made  by  trial  and  vrror 
in  order  to  gratify  tho  n«eds  of  man.  Thpn  an  ozperim<>ut  was 
less  a  (|ue!itioning  of  Nature  than  an  exercise  on  the  mind  of  tlic 
experimentalist.  For  a  true  questioning  of  Katore  only  arises  wbetiij 
intellectual  conceptioDH  of  the  caosea  of  phenomena  attach  ihrm* 
scIvcB  to  ascertained  facts  as  well  as  to  their  natural  enTironntent*. ' 
Much  real  Hcicnco  had  at  one  time  accumiilnind  in  Rgypl>  Greece, 
Rome,  and  Arabia,  tliough  it  ht-camo  ob*cnr«d  by  iliq  intelli>i4iia 
darkness  which  spread  over  Guropo  like  a  pall  for  many  crntD* 
riee.  The  mental  results  of  Greek  science,  6Uered  throngb  thr  Ro- 
mans and  Arabians,  gradually  fertilized  the  soil  of  Enropo;,  Eveu  hi 
ages  which  arc  deemed  to  be  dark  and  nnprolific,  subctantial  though 
alow  progress  waa  made.  By  the  end  of  the  fifleenlh  centary  the 
mathematics  of  tho  Alexaodrinn  school  had  become  tbe  posseMlni  of 
Western  Europe  ;  Arabic  numerals,  stgebra,  trigooometry,  decimal 
reckoning,  and  an  improved  calendar,  having  been  addMl  to  its  slock 
of  knowledge^  Tho  old  discoveries  of  Democritns  and  ArohlmixlM  fat] 
physics,  and  of  Ilipparehns  and  Ptolemy  in  astronomy,  wore  prodne* 
ing  their  nattirnl  developments,  though  with  great  slowness.  Mnnj 
manufactures,  growing  elii«'fly  by  experience,  and  oceaaonally  light 
ened  up  by  glimmerings  of  science  throughout  the  prevailing  darknc 
had  arisen  before  the  xixtccntb  century.  A  knowledge  of  tho  pr 
lie*  of  bodies,  though  scarcely  of  their  relations  to  i-acli  other,  camel 
through  tho  labors  of  the  alchemists,  who  had  a  mighty  Impulse  to 
work,  for  by  tbe  philosopher's  stone,  often  not  larger  than  half  a  rape- 

*  Insogunl  Mnm  «f  tbe  P^wUenl  ef  Um  Briil>t>  dModiiWo  for  Uia  Xirm 
ol  Sdeim,  st  tbe  Abcfdtea  meetins,  So]iunbor  t,  l&U. 


i 

e, 

ta^ 


RELATIONS    OP  SCISKCE  TO   THE  PUBLIC  WEAL.  2J7 


Mcd,  Lhcjr  hoped  to  attain  tbo  thieo  miuuou  co&dilJoiui  of  bumaD  ta- 

jojraiiiii,  gold,  beaitb,  and  immortaJily.    By  the  end  of  tlio  fiftcftitb 

century  many  iinportaDt  manufactures  vcro  founded  bjr  ct»|>irical  «x- 

p«riini-ut,  with  ooly  tb«  uooertatD  guidance  of  eoii-ucc.    Aniung  thuw 

were  the  compaM,   printing,  paper,  gunpowder,  i;ans,  walcbett,  fiirki^ 

knittin^-Deedle^  borMMibovs,  bella,  wood-cutting  and  copper-cn graving, 

win-ilniiriiig,  steol,  toblc-glaiui,  upcvtafiloA,  microHcopos  gUMii  mirrors 

backvd  by  amalgaiQH  of  tin  and   lead,  windinilU,  iTuxhing  ami  saw 

milla.     TbMMi  important  mannfaiTtiirm  aro«o  from  au  increased  knowl- 

til){v  of  faotis  aniund  whit^b  fcieniifio  conceptions  were  slowly  oonerwt' 

int{.    Ariatotle  defloct  (bin  as  iwicDoo  when  he  iays,  "  Art  begiiu  when, 

from  a  great  number  of  exporienoca,  one  generul  concoption  is  formed 

wbitth  will  Mnbhice  all  similar  caaeA."     Soob  conoeplious  arc  formed 

only  when  ctiluirc  develope  the  human  mind  and  compels  it  to  give  a 

ratloDal  account  of  Uie  world  in  which  man  liTe»,  and  of  the  objocta  in 

BQ(1  around  it^  a«  well  as  of  tbo  plicnomcna  which  govern  their  action 

■ad  ovolution.    Though  tlw  aocumulation  of  facta  ia  inditpcnuble  to 

■    the  growth  of  Mtcnoe,  a  thoaund  facta  are  of  loa  ralne  to  human 

H  ))KgreH  tlian  ia  a  single  one  when  it  ts  acienliSeally  corojtrchended, 

|r  (or  it  then  becomes  generalized  in  all  similar  caseo.     Isolated  facia 

mty  be  viewed  as  the  dust  of  science.     Tho  dust  which  floats  in  the 

■tmo^bera  is  to  the  common  ob«>cr\-cr  lucro  incoherent  matter  in  a 

L  wrong  place,  vhilu  to  the  man  of  science  it  is  all-important  when  tho 

■  nys  of  boat  and  light  act  upon  it«  floating  particles.     It  ia  by  them 

W  tliit  clunda  and  rain*  are  influi-nct-d  ;  it  is  by  their  wloctivc  iul!iictu)e 

on  iJia  Mular  waVM  that  the  blue  of  the  lieavona  and  tb&  beauteous  ool- 

'     on  of  tho  tiky  glorify  all  Xatoro.    So,  al«o,  aacertaiited  though  isolated 

beta,  forming  tbo  dust  of  science,  become  the  reflecting  media  of  the 

light  of  knowW^e,  and  cause  all  Nature  to  assume  a  new  aspect.    It 

I*  with  the  light  of  knowledge  that  we  are  enabled  to  question  Nature 

through  direct  experiment.     Tliv  hypothesia  or  theory  which  induces 

n  to  put  tliu  experimental  <|ueition  may  be  right  or  wrong ;  »ii\\,pr\f 

dciu  fiusMtio  dimuHum  soifitlift!  ttt — it  is  Iialf-war  lo  kiiowk-dgo  when 

cut  know  what  you  havo  to  inquire.     Davy  dcNcribed  hy|jothesia  as 

mere  aeaHFolding  of  science,  useful  to  build  up  true  knowledge,  but 

ipablu  of  being  put  up  or  taken  down  at  pleasure.     Undoubtedly  a 

■y  ia  only  temporary,  and  the  reason  is,  as  Ilacon  has  said,  that 

atu  of  soieiice  "  ioTcth  truth  more  than  bis  theory.''    The  rJiang- 

ig  tbcorios  wbtcli  tlio  world  despines  are  the  leaTCs  of  the  tri-e  of  sci- 

loa  ilrawiog  nutriment  to  Ow  parent  stems,  and  enabling  it  to  pat 

fonb  QflW  branches  and  to  produce  fruit ;  and,  though  the  leaves  fall 

and  dftcay,  tho  very  prodiii;ls  of  decay  nourlalt  the  root«  of  the  tree 

and  reappear  in  tlio  new  learea  or  thconi-s  which  snccMd. 

I      When  the  questioning  of  Nature  by  intvlligont  experiment  Itas 

BiM<d  a  syitom  of  aoioncv,  tltea  those  nen  who  deadre  to  apply  it  to 

InduatrlK]  Inventlooa  proceed   by  the  same  methods  to  make  rapid 


ajS 


TBS  POPULAR  SCtSNCE  MONTHLY. 


progrras  in  tbe  arts.    Thof  ^m  must  bav  e  meuia  to  compel  Kaiuid 
to  rvrnl  ber  Mcrots.    ^oeos  sacccMlod  in  hu  great  caterfirue  b^ 
plucking  m  gtildcn  bniDcb  from  tlie  tnie  of  mJcocc.     Armed  with  ihU 
«Ten  dread  Cburon  dwd  not  refuse  a  paongc  uckmm  the  Stjx  ;  and 
Ifae  gate  of  th«  Elyitiiin  field*  naa  unbarred  vben  h«  hung  the  brascb 
on  its  portaL    Tbeo  ucv  aupccta  of  Nature  were  revealed  : 

"  AnotlMr  fun  »n<i  itam  thrr  bnow 
Tliat  •hine  lik«  ours,  Lut  sbino  below.*' 

It  is  by  canyiog  sach  a  goldon  branch  from  tbo  tree  of  Mience 
inveDtont  arc  able  to  advance  the  arte.  Id  illustTalion  of  how  alowlj 
atfimt  aitd  how  rapidly  afterward  uience  and  its  applieationn  arite, 
I  will  take  only  tn-o  oat  of  thousands  of  examples  vhich  lie  r^ady  to 
my  hand.  One  of  the  most  familiar  isstaDCOB  is  air,  for  that  surely 
should  have  been  soon  ondontood  if  man's  unaided  Kvnscs  arc  sufficient 
for  knowledge  Air  has  been  under  tbo  notice  of  raankiixl  ercr  tincc 
the  fimt  man  drew  liia  first  breath.  It  meets  him  at  every  turn ;  tt 
fans  him  with  gentle  breezes,  and  it  buffets  him  witb  storms.  And 
yet  it  is  certain  that  this  familiar  object — air — is  very  imperfectly 
undcnitood  up  to  ibo  present  time  Wc  now  know  by  recent  reevarcbts 
that  air  can  be  liquefied  by  pre«ure  and  cold  ;  hut  as  a  child  alill  looks 
upou  air  as  nothing,  so  did  man  in  his  early  state.  A  veasd  filled 
with  air  was  deemed  to  be  empty.  Uut  man,  as  soon  as  be  began  to 
qwcnlate,  felt  the  importanoo  of  air,  and  deemed  it  to  be  a  aonl  of  tbe 
world  upon  which  tho  respiration  of  man  and  the  godlike  quality  of 
fire  dependud.  Yet  a  rttally  intelligent  conception  of  tlicMC  two  cssea- 
tial  oortditions  to  man's  existence,  respiration  and  corobastion,  was  not 
formed  till  about  a  century  ago  (1775).  \o  doubt  long  before  that 
time  there  had  been  abundant  speculations  regarding  air.  Anaximentt^ 
five  hundred  and  forty-eight  years  before  Christ,  and  PiogeiHS  of 
ApoUonia,  a  century  later,  studied  tho  properties  of  ur  so  far  as  thdr 
senses  would  allow  them  ;  so,  in  fact,  did  Aristotle.  Actual  scientific 
«xperiments  were  made  on  air  about  the  year  1100  by  a  remarkabls 
Saracen,  Albaxen,  who  ascertmned  important  truths  which  enabled 
Galileo,  Torriovlli,  Olio  do  Guericke,  and  others  at  a  later  period,  \fi 
discover  law*  leading  to  important  practical  applications.  Still  that 
was  no  intelligent  conception  as  to  the  composition  of  air  until  Pri«* 
l<-y  in  1774  rv-peatrd,  with  the  light  of  science,  an  empirical  obscrvatics 
which  Rck  de  Sulbach  had  mado  three  hundred  years  before  upon  tie 
anion  of  mercury  with  an  ingredient  of  air,  and  tbe  decomposition  o( 
this  compound  hy  heat.  Tin*  ciperiment  now  prored  that  the  actin 
element  in  air  is  oivgen.  From  that  date  our  knowledge,  derirtd 
from  an  intelligent  questioning  of  air  by  direct  experiments,  has  goM 
on  by  leaps  and  bounds.  Tbe  air,  which  mainly  roneists  of  nitrogt* 
and  oxygen,  is  now  known  to  contain  carbonic  acid,  ammonia,  nitric 
add,  OTOue,  besides  bosla  of  living  organisms  which  have  a  TBSt  iafivH 


^MS. 


'LATlOirS   OF  SCZBXCE  TO   TBS  PUBLIC  WEAL.  939 


for  good  or  evil  in  th«  economy  of  (ho  woricL  These  micm-or- 
gMiigifT,  tke  latest  conlribulioa  to  our  knowledge  of  ur,  )>crform  great 
analytical  f nnctiona  in  orgaoio  nature,  and  arc  tlic  means  of  conrerting 
macb  of  its  potential  enerfry  into  actual  energy.  Tfarougb  tbeir  action 
on  dead  matter  tbe  mntuai  dcpcndenoeof  plants  and  animals  is  wcurod, 
so  tliat  Uic  air  becomes  at  oaci>  the  grave  of  organic  death  and  the 
cradle  of  organic  life.  No  doubt  tlic  ancients  sunpocted  thia  witbont 
bong  able  to  prove  tbe  dependence.  £unj)i<lcM  si-cnix  to  bave  seen  it 
dsdnctirely  wbcn  he  doicribca  the  roaulla  of  decay  : 


I 


"  Tli«a)  that  vlikh  ipriage  froui  enrtli,  to  eartfa  retomi^ 
And  that  which  draws  its  belnit  frain  tho  »kj 
Rises  s^D  ii|i  to  lb«  skje;  hcighL" 


The  conscqnencea  of  the  progroMivc  di^iovmcs  Itare  added  largely 
to  our  knowledge  of  life,  and  bave  given  a  marvelous  development  to 
the  industrial  arta.  Combustion  and  respiration  goveni  a  wide  range 
of  processes.  Tbe  oooaiomical  u&e  of  fuel,  tba  growth  of  planta,  tho 
fosd  of  aBtmala,  the  processes  of  hnsbandry,  the  maintenance  of  pub- 
lic bcatlh,  tho  origin  and  euro  of  disease,  tbe  prodaction  of  alcoholic 
dtinlu,  tho  processes  of  making  vinegar  and  sultpctor — all  these  and 
■any  olber  kinds  of  knowledge  have  bwn  brought  under  the  domin- 
tna  of  law.  No  doubt  animals  retipired,  fuel  Luracd,  [ilants  grew, 
ngar  fermented,  before  we  knew  how  tiey  depended  upon  air.  But, 
u  tbo  knowledge  was  empirical,  it  could  not  be  intelligently  directed. 
^OT  all  these  procnsei  are  ranged  in  order  under  a  wise  economy  of 
Nature,  and  can  be  directed  to  the  utililii«  of  life :  for  it  is  true,  a« 
Sndeahorg  says,  that  human  "ends  always  asoend  as  Xalure  de- 
Mids."  There  is  scarcely  a  largo  industry  in  the  world  which  has 
101  recMved  a  mighty  impnUe  by  the  better  knowledge  of  air  acquired 
vidnn  a  hundred  years.  If  I  had  limo  I  could  show  still  more  strik* 
miyllie  industrial  advantages  which  have  followed  from  Caviiiiliiib's 
Cuuiery  of  tbe  composition  of  water.  I  wish  that  I  could  have  done 
becanoc  It  was  Addison  who  foolishly  raid,  and  Paley  who  as  on- 
pprovcd  tbe  remark,  that  "mankind  reijuircd  to  know  no  more 
water  than  tbe  temperature  at  which  it  frosc  and  boiled,  and 
ie  of  making  steam." 

Wboi  we  examine  the  order  of  prof^ss  in  the  arts,  even  before 
thiy  are  illumined  by  science,  their  improvements  seem  to  be  tbo  re* 
nlunu  of  three  conditions : 

L  Tho  substitntifln  of  natural  forces  for  brute  animal  power,  as 
*iea  Hercules  used  tlie  waters  of  tlit  Alphcus  to  cleanse  the  Au!>ean 
Oahlu ;  or  when  a  Kamchadal  of  Eastern  Asia,  who  has  been  three 
jnn  hollowing  out  a  canoe,  finds  that  be  can  do  it  in  a  few  honra  by 
*«■     ij 

3.  ii»e  economy  of  time,  as  when  a  calendering  machine  produoea 
Ae  ame  gloss  to  milea  of  calico  that  an  African  savage  gives  to  a 


m  rarviAS  scisjrcs  mostelt. 


.  f  :t  T><>m^ 


I  iirtJB 


I  paws  Mill  vfa«at  fntii 
i  M  »  (MUDf  par  doaoB ;  « 
t  fttto  per  Urn,  an  agw  W  ■oH  « 
cttilisiiig  wilt*  prodMt^  mat  m-  'i^  vitk 

Ukoniof  IncTMMd  Tslae  •■  iiiaass.  a*  v^at 
i  Mm  gklli  OD  the  tmk  an  eamned  iM*  nk :  or 
»Mlo  of  gao'vorks  it  liiiMfuwii  iH»  tagnat 
ijnt>t  ud  f«rtiliibg  nuBon ;  or 
I  or  olit  bones  is  cluuiged  into  l»die 
tmrnht  m  oflta  ooiMatdwhn%na^  ndmt 
,  ocMMMo}- of  tlmeaad  prodiKtHfi  btwiaUjfoOwMi 
ooWtitiiU  brute  uunul  forab    In  bdsAnn] 
•<  «b«  brav  b  Iwitoci  by  dw  eaoo&fl^mm  •<  iIm  bnifi. 
I  ii  lb«  old  Gresk  poK,  Aot^u*,*  wImb  wmma  an  » 
'Jw  ilndgW7  of  tvniag  the  grindtUuM  fur  t^  iaHj  mffij 
**  WoouB  I  you  who  have  bitholo  had  lo  gnad  aoo,  kt 
a  HHl  for  tbci  futurr.    It  in  no  kmgtr  for  yon  that  tW  Urii 
I  bjr  Uwtir  M>ng»  Uiv  dan  of  the  nonring.    Cenahaiofdtnd 
Ui  move  Ihe  heavy  milltfOBe*  and  perfom  jaa 
otMlupe  had  tiri*)Te  alaTM  to  gritid  ooni  for  her  naall  hnwr 
tlike  BNMt  proq»aroiu  tina  of  Axban  it  waa  <«lifiatri  M  i 
^■i«a»M«My«bTWtoaKlif(Meitii«B.  (Saras  are  mere  bikUm^  ' 
I  MUkar  inTUl  nor  dbcoTcr.    The  UittdDMn  of  the  Ja*^ 
>  il  Sfant,  the  captive  iilaTee  of  Rone,  the  nrf«  of  Euini^ 
laUmn  of  tlie  present  day  vho  ara  iba  alavai  of  \f» 
WthfJl  Tlhl'iji  tu  liHinan  pragron.     But,  a*  natural  foKA 
vi  btfiMMM  olii<it(>or  than  Rfana-labor,  lilx-rty  fullon  t^ 
MM'liiiiiM  require  edaflatedntpcriDtcadentab  Oh 
^'■v.^>   Ik  9M»M>  hy  tta  mat^iiaea  doM  the  work  of  thirty  thor 
"V-  -i^ir  (»  I'WU,  who  have  atill  to  go  throjgk  the  waig_ 
alaak*!  kbor.    The  eteaak-poirar  of  the  world  di 
v<Mn  hat  rlMD  fron  elrnm  and  a  half  tnUIioa^ 
.i^tt  hiM«e-power,  or  ooa  hnadred  and  fifty-ivo  f 


^S^ 


'Ui  ^4]h  «  ^bwb  example  of  bow  cwa  a  petty  msoaf 
*  k<f  Kiii-noe  affects  tW  comfurta  and  tub 
t.     >V  bvn  I  wag  a  boy  the  only  way  of  i 
■'«  linilnrbox  with  i\»  quadruple  ntsturiaK 

ihidnf,  and  a  sulphor-maleb.     If 
.  ..'^Id  \»  found  and  the  air  vaadry,ti 
>«w«l«a  1  but  Tory  often  the  tJno 
■■JH  vwnn  booame  a  great  trial  to  tlw 
.>i'w,VM«uf  Uikwaa,  tbataflr*  nrabuniiDglllif 
^  4V^    Old  Ovnud,  in  fain  "  norbal,"  hA 


RSLATIOyS   OF  SCIEXCS  TO   THE  PUBLIC  W£.lL.  141 

M  bow  certUB  fungi  vero  tuol  to  carry  fire  from  one  )>art  of  the  ooaa- 

iry  to  the  other.     Th«  tindtT-Lox  lung  bvid  iu  poeilion  as  a  groai  dis- 

corery  in  tho  mrt*.    The  pt/xidicula  it/niaria  of  the  KomanB  appvauv 

to  h&v«  been  uuoli  ibe  tamo  iropl^mt^iit,  Uioiigh  a  little  ruder  than  the 

Bint  and  eU-rl  which  Fbtlip  the  Uood  jiut  into  tbi-  cttW-xt  of  the  Golden 

Pl«ece  in  1429  w  a  repreeentation  of  high  knovk-dfre  in  thv  progreas 

o(  tbo  arbt.      It  continned  to  prurail  till  IKi3,  when  pUonptiorxw- 

naxAt*  w«re  Introduced,  though  I  bava  been  amoKd  to  fiud  that 

Ifcerc  are  a  few  Tcaerablc  ancionta  id  London  who  «till  stick  to  tbo 

ti»der-box,  and  for  whom  a  fcvr  shops  keep  a  small  tuji|ily.    Phoe- 

ibora  waa  no  new  discovery,  for  it  bad  been  obtained  \>y  au  Arabian 

eafltd  Bcebel  in  the  eighth  centnrr.     However,  it  waa  forgotten,  and 

vaa  redisoovered  b;  BrnDdl,  wbo  made  it  out  of  wry  stinking  mate- 

fiali  in  IMO.     Otbcr  dixcoTcricd  had,  howcrcr,  to  U;  nuulc  bvforo  it 

cMtld  be  vmA  for  lucifor-niatcbM.     The  science  of  (^onibuMtion  waa 

only  dcTcloftcd  on  tJi«  diacorery  of  oxygen  a  century  later.    Time  bad 

to  tUpw  before  chemical  analysis  showed  the  kind  of  bodiis  whiob  could 

W  added  to  phoephoras  so  as  to  make  it  ignite  readily.     !v>  it  was  not 

I  l2l  183S  that  matcbee  became  a  partial  snccess.     Intolerably  bad  they 

'  Ibn  iroe,  dangerously  inflammable,  horribly  poitonoo^  to  the  ninlcon^ 

,  and  iaj viovs  to  thv  lungs  of  the  conaumera.     It  re<|uircd  anotlter  dla* 

ontrj  by  SchrOttcr,  in  164ft,  to  change  poiAonoaa  waxy  into  inDocn- 

t  rtd-briok  phoMphorufl  in  order  that  these  defects  might  be  remedied 

>>d  to  ^ve  u»  the  safety-match  of  the  present  day.     Now,  what  have 

I  l^Moi»«ive  diseoreriea  in  science  done  for  the  nation,  in  this  sin- 

^  maanfactare,  by  an  economy  of  time  ?    If  before  1S33  we  had 

■ids  the  same  demands  for  light  that  we  now  do,  when  wtfdaily  con- 

"Oidgbt  matches  per  hrad  of  the  population,  ibc  tinder<box  could 

buia^pljed  tbtf  demand  uiidvr  the  most  farorable  conditions  by  an 

■if«i>£tur«  of  OM-  quarter  of  an  hour,     'llie  tucifcr- match  Huppliu  a 

^^  ia  fifte«o  seconds  on  each  occasion,  or  in  two  niinutcn  Cur  the 

vUc  day.    Putting  these  differences  into  a  year,  the  reucrahle  ancient 

*^>till  sticks  to  his  tinder-box  would  require  to  spend  ninety  houni 

I*ljiii  the  production  of  light,  while  the  user  of   hicifcr-matchw 

'P'ofa  twcJrc  hour*,  ao  that  the  latter  baa  an  economy  of  seventy- 

"VH  booia  yearly,  or  about  ten  working  days.     Atca^uri-d  by  cost  of 

pohttiOB  at  one  ahilling  and  sixpence  daily,  the  economy  of  timo 

'  tJiMuiied  in  money  lo  our  population  is  twenty-HX  roilliona  of 

|Mm1i  aoDnallr.     This  is  a  curious  instance  of  the  manner  in  which 

*°*K^  leads  to  economy  of  time  and  wealth  even  in  a  small  maonfact^ 

J  ■*    h  larger  indajtric*  the  economy  of  time  and  labor  produced 

*y  t&a  a|>pUcation  of  »cinitific  discoveries  is  In-yond  all  measurement. 

I  Hit  lh«  diacoTery  of  latent  beat  by  Black  led  to  the  inventions  of 

Van,  while  that  of  the  mechanicnl  rijuivnlcnt  of  heat  by  Jonio  has 

■  the  bans  of  the  progressive  improvcmi-nts  in  the  rtcam-cngine 

liicfc  maUea  power  to  be  obuined  by  a  consumption  of  fuel  lo« 


THE  POPULAR  SCIENCE  AtOS^THLY. 


than  one  fourth  the  amonnt  asod  twenty  yoan  «go.  It  may  be 
tlw  eogin<rs  of  Wad  and  •Stephenson  will  yield  iu  tlieir  turn  lo  . 
ooooomio*]  motors  ;  «lill,  tbey  have  already  expanded  tb«  wcultb.  n- 
Hvrce*,  and  oven  th«  tcrritori<»i  of  Engliind,  morv  than  all  ibf  l>attl<« 
foaght  by  ber  Huldierw  <>r  all  tb«  IrmtioH  negotiated  by  hot  dipli'tiiaiintA. 

The  coal  wliicli  liaa  bi(h<<rto  Wen  tlifi  ohivf  Murov  of  power  proba- 
bly reprencQtfl  the  product  of  five  or  bis  million  yeora  during  wbicb 
the  sun  abonc  upon  the  plants  of  the  oarboniferotui  poriod,  luid  stand 
np  ita  eneri^  in  this  ooDvcnient  fonn.  But  we  arv  miing  tliti  ODci- 
Mrvcd  for«a  wiu>tcifully  and  prodigiJIy,  for,  although  hunc-powv/  b 
M«iuii-«ng)iieH  hiM  ko  largely  incrcamd  Kinco  1884,  two  tQ«D  only  now 
produce  what  three  men  did  at  thai  dale.  It  ia  only  three  hundred 
years  eince  we  became  a  manufac-toHng  country.  According  to  I'ri>- 
feesor  Dcwar,  in  Iom  than  two  hundred  years  more  the  ooal  of  tha 
country  will  be  wholly  exhaiuted,  and  in  half  (hat  lime  mHU  b«  dilE- 
<!ti]t  to  procure.  Our  not  very  distant  descendants  will  bavo  to  face 
tba  problem.  What  will  be  the  condition  of  England  without  coalT 
The  answer  to  that  question  dept'nda  upon  the  intellootual  develop- 
ment of  the  nation  at  that  time,  llie  valuo  of  tlio  intellectual  faelor 
of  pro<luction  is  continually  iooieasiDg,  while  the  valui'e  uf  raw  mat*- 
rial  aiMl  fuel  are  te«i>cuing  fsoton.  It  may  be  that,  when  the  dmdfd 
time  of  exhausted  fuel  ba«  arrtvcl.  it^  importation  from  other  eoil- 
flolds,  «uch  aa  tlMWO  of  Mev  t^xitli  Wulcu,  will  bo  to  easy  and  dif 
tfaat  the  inereaaed  teohnioal  education  of  our  operatives  may  largelj 
overbalance  the  disadvantages  of  increaacd  eoat  iu  fuel ;  bat  this  fa|i 
poaes  that  future  govenunenta  in  England  will  have  more  enUgbti 
views  as  tofthe  value  of  science  than  past  govemments  have  ^ 

Indurtrial  applications  arc  bat  the  overflowings  of  science  irellii 
over  from  thu  fullnesa  of  its  meaaarti.    Pttw  would  ask  now,  as 
conctantly  done  a  few  years  ago,  "  What  is  the  use  of  an  abstraot  dit 
oovery  in  scieuce  ?  "    Faraday  once  answered  this  qneation  by  nnot 
*'  What  is  the  use  of  a  baby  ?  "    Yet  round  that  baby  center  i 
hopes  and  sentiment*  of  ita  parents,  and  oven  the  interests  of 
which  iutcrferc-s  in  it«  upbringing  to  as  to  inxare  it  being . 
eitjiwn.     The  proceaaes  of  mind  which  prodnoo  a  dbcowr}-  or  as 
Invention  are  rarely  associated  in  the  same  persou,  for,  whllo  the  db 
eoverer  seeks  to  explain  causes  and  the  relations  of  i>hcnoro<)i»| 
inventor  aims  at  prodacinjf  new  effects,  or  at  least  of  obtaining 
in  a  novel  and  efficient  way.     In  this  the  inventor  may  eomctimei  i 
eeed  without  much  knowledge  of  scjenoO)  though  his  lalrara  are  inl 
nitely  more  prodnctivo  when  he  undentonda  the  onasm  of  tbo  < 
which  he  desires  to  prodnn). 

A  nation  In  its  industrial  progrem,  when  rhe  competition  of  iba 
world  is  keen,  can  not  stand  still,  lliree  conditions  only  are  pocsibla 
for  it.  It  may  go  forward,  retrograde,  or  perish.  Iu  extinotioa  u  a 
great  nation  follows  it«  neglect  of  htghor  cduoation,  for,  sa  dwcHbed 


istraot  dit-  ' 
y  nnothm^ii 
irr  all  Uifl 

'  thoaUtA 
aeapabW^ 


RBtATIOyS   or  SCIBirCB  TO   THE  PUBLIC  IVJSAL.  143 


in  tin:  pnivtrb  of  Solomon,  "Tbey  Oial  fcite  instruclion  love  dcstK" 
In  •ooiulcigy,  iw  in  biology,  there  are  llirw  iitauiii.  Tbo  lint  gf  I1.1l- 
inw,  when  things  grow  neither  better  nor  wor»e ;  tho  Mcontl  thiit  of 
fblwntlion  or  evolution,  Ut  wo  flee  it  when  aoimsla  a.lapt  thmnM)h-<is 
U  tlirir  vnvtrriiiini-iitM  ;  and  third,  that  of  dcgeneratioa,  when  they 
npi^ly  loM  the  groond  they  hare  madi-.  For  a  nation,  a  state  of  h«l- 
uce  is  only  |)OMible  tn  tbe  early  stage  of  its  exisu-n«D,  but  it  is  impoa- 
■ible  when  its  environ  men  Is  are  constantly  changing. 

Tbe  possession  of  the  raw  materials  of  industry  and  the  cxiRtence 
«i  a  lurpliiB  population  are  important  factors  (or  the  growth  of  manu- 
fa<!turPH  in  the  eariy  histury  of  n  nation,  bnt  afterward  they  are  boaud 
tip  with  another  factor — tb«  appliralion  of  iotolleci  to  tiieir  develop- 
ment. England  oonid  not  be  called  a  manufacturing  nation  till  tho 
Kltxabetban  age.  Ho  doubt  eoaJ,  iron,  and  wood  were  in  abondance^ 
thiini^h,  in  the  reign  of  the  Ilantagenels,  they  produced  little  prosper- 
ity. Wool  waa  wnt  to  FlandorK  to  be  mannfactured,  for  Kngland 
eo  titood  to  irolland  it»  Anstralia  now  doc«  to  Yorkshire.  TI)g  politi- 
I  rrimc*  of  Spain,  from  tbe  reign  of  Ferdinand  and  Isabella  to  that 
Philip  III,  di'Mroyed  it  oa  1  great  manufavtoring  nation,  and  tndi- 
ly  U-d  to  Eu);land  taking  its  position.  S])ain,  ihroujjh  the  activity 
lid  science  of  the  Arabian  inlelk-ct,  had  acquired  many  important 
industrieo.  Tbe  KtoofB  and  tbe  Moriscoes,  who  bad  been  in  Spain  for 
s  puriod  as  long  as  from  the  Norman  conquest  of  this  country  to  th« 
ptretent  dat^  were  banished,  and  with  them  departed  the  intellect  of 
Spain,  llicn  the  invof^ion  of  tbe  Low  Countries  by  Philip  II  drove 
the  Flciniwb  manufa4:turer«  to  England,  wliilu  the  French  pcr»«ctilion 
of  the  Iltigueuots  added  new  manufacturing  experience,  and  with  tbcnt 
eane  tbe  industries  of  cotton,  wool,  and  vilk.  Cotton  mixed  with 
Horn  and  wool  became  freely  uwd,  hut  it  waa  only  from  IT^  to  tho 
tul  of  the  Denlury  that  the  inventions  of  Wyatt,  Arkwright,  Har> 
gnaves,  Comptoii,  and  Cartwri^hl  started  the  woitdorful  modem 
d«vetopmi-nt.  Tbe  raw  cotton  was  imported  from  India  or  America, 
but  that  fiu't  aa  n'gnrdx  cotrt  was  a  small  factor  in  comparison  with 
tho  inlelli-ot  required  to  conrert  it  into  a  utility.  Science  has  in  the 
lant  hundred  years  altered  altogether  the  old  conditions  of  indurtrial 
comi^tition.  She  baa  taught  the  rigid  metals  to  convey  and  re- 
con!  onr  thoughu  oven  to  tho  most  distant  lands,  and,  within  less 
limit*,  to  rejrtwliice  our  speech.  This  marvelous  applicalioa  of  elec- 
tricity has  diminished  tbe  cares  and  responftiblHtifs  of  governments, 
while  it  has  at  the  same  time  altered  the  whole  practice  of  com- 
itMrree.  To  Fngland  steam  and  electricity  have  been  of  incalculable 
•dvantign.  Tbe  ocean,  which  once  made  the  country  iMular  and  Iso- 
lated, b  now  tbe  very  life-blood  of  England  and  of  the  greater  Eng^ 
land  beyond  the  seas.  As  in  the  human  body  tbe  blood  baibe*  all  its 
parta,  and  through  its  travding  corpuscles  carries  force  to  all  Its  mem- 
bors,  so  In  tba  body  poUtio  of  England  and  its  pelaegio  exteoaioiw 


«H 


TJI£  FOPVLA&  SCISSCS  MONTStr. 


8t«ani  liu  beooiDfl  tb«  otrcalntoiy  and  ^Iceuieity  Uk  nemwi 
TTiv  colonics,  Iwing  y onng  couniricM,  valuv  llii-ir  ravr  matoriala 
chief  Konrrra  of  wealth.     Wlien  Ui«y  baooiue  oliitr  ihoy  will  dl* 
it  b  not  on  tbM«,  but  ua  the  culture  of  Holentific  iiitdk-ct,  tlmt  \\ 
fotUK  pro»p«riiy  d^peucU.    Older  naUons  reoofptbw  this  a&  thv  Uw 
progrtM  more  than  we  do  ;  or,  as  Jnles  Simon  tersely  puu  ll,  " 
uUoQ  vhich  most  educates  her  people  will  become  the  gre&tciBt  nati 
if  not  to-day,  certainly  to-iuorroir."    Higher  education  ii  the  can< 
lion  of  higlicr  procpcrily,  and  tho  natioti  which  noglccU  to  dovfji 
the  intellectual  factor  of  produetion  must  df^eoerale,  fur  it  can 
Stand  still.     If  wo  fell  compelled  to  adopt  the  lest  of  science  given 
Comt^-,  that  its  viiluo  must  bo  measured  by  fcciindily,  it  might  l>i>  p: 
dent  to  cluro  industrial  inventions  a«  tliu  immediate  fniit  of  the  t 
of  science,  though  only  fruit  which  tbo  prolific  trcv  has  ehed.    Bi 
the  test  is  nntrue  in  the  sense  indicated,  or  mtlier  tlio  fruit,  accordi 
to  tho  similo  of  Bacon,  is  like  the  golden  apples  which  Aphrodite  gsv* 
to  the  xnitor  of  Atalanta,  who  higgcd  in  his  conrse  by  stooping  to  pick 
tlicm  up,  and  so  loot  the  race.    Tlio  tnie  cultivators  of  the  ir<>e  o(  «ci- 
ence  mtiat  scclc  their  own  reward  by  seeing  it  flouTiih,  and  let  olhen 
devote  their  allcntion  to  the  po«sible  practical  adrantagus  which  may 
result  from  tbeir  labors. 

There  i«,  however,  one  intimate  connection  between  ncicnce  ani 
industry  which  I  hope  will  be  more  intimate  as  scientitio  t-ducali 
beeomes  wore  prevslent  in  owr  schools  and  universities.  AbMrarl 
■elenoe  depends  u[ion  the  support  of  men  of  leisure,  either  tbenuwIvM 
{MMBMaing  or  having  provided  for  thorn  tho  mcMia  of  living  nritbonl 
entering  into  (he  purHtiitM  of  active  industry.  The  piimuit  of  iici<ii>c« 
requires  a  euperiluity  of  wealth  in  a  community  beyond  the  tw<>ds  of 
ordinary  life.  Such  enperflnity  is  also  neceanry  for  art,  though  a  pict^ 
ore  or  a  slalae  is  a  salable  commodity,  while  an  abstract  discovery  ill 
science  has  no  immediate  or,  as  regards  the  diwDvcrer,  proximaM 
commercial  value.  In  Greece,  when  philosophical  and  scientifio  H|ir<cuJ 
lation  was  at  its  highest  point,  and  when  edacation  wan  conducted  id 
its  own  vcmacnlar  and  not  through  dosid  langimgiit.  Kcicnce,  iodDHtrya 
and  commerce  were  actively  prosperons.  Corinth  carried  im  tl»'  mannl 
facluresof  Birmingham  and  Sheffield,  while  Athens  combined  tfaooJ 
of  Leeds  Staffordshire,  and  London,  for  it  bad  woolen  mannfaclurwJ 
potlcrics,  gold  and  silver  work,  as  well  as  pthip-building.  Tlitir  phi-, 
lovophcrs  were  the  sons  of  bnrghers,  and  Kometimes  carried  on  the 
trades  of  their  fatben.  Thales  was  a  traveling  oil-mcrclmDl,  wh« 
bratight  hack  Bcicnce  ns  well  as  oil  from  Egypt.  Soloii  and  hi<i  pn-alj 
deiwendant,  PlalOy  as  well  as  'A^nn,  were  men  of  enmrnepne.  Hotrali* 
was  a  stone-mason  ;  TlincydidiH  a  t;olil-niiin'r  ;  Anslofle  kej.!  a  dniK'| 
gist's  shop  until  Alexander  eudowcd  him  vilh  tho  wealth  »f  Ania.  AIL 
bttt  Socrates  had  a  miwrfluity  of  wealth,  and  he  waa  «up{>oTl0d  bfl 
that  of  others.     Now,  if  our  nnivorritlM  and  scboolB  ereated  that  \wm 


len 
Btyj 

"J 


^RSLATlOifS   OF  SCI£NC1!  TO  TBS  PUBLIC  W£Al.  245 


Nf' 


pf  MisDca  whk-It  n  broiu!  i^Jui-atioii  would  Hurcl}'  inNpirt',  our  mun  of 
nobM  toil  leUufc  «'bo  advaiiL-f  liie  boundartca  uf  ^U-iitllio  kDOwtv<Igo 
eouUl  not  be  ooanted  oa  (he  tiDgen  aa  Uiey  aow  are,  when  we  tblnk 
of  Boj-li^,  CavendUb,  Xapk-r,  Ly«)),  Murchison,  and  Uarwiu,  |>ul 
Tould  lie  as  nanicTXKis  wi  oiir  KlaU-i>in«o  and  oruloni.  Stau-omcn, 
vilhaat  a  fallowing  uf  the  people  wbo  idiarv  Uu'ir  ricwn  *aA  bavk 
llieir  work,  would  b«  feeble  indeed.  Uut,  while  England  baa  necvr 
Ucki-d  Irnilvn  In  »oience,  they  bave  too  few  followers  to  ruk  a  rapid 
Biarcb.  ^Ve  might  create  an  anny  to  support  onr  generals  in  scicnoe, 
Ovnuiuijr  bas  done,  aod  aa  France  is  now  dotng,  if  educatiou  in 
:U  country  would  only  mold  iuelf  to  the  needs  of  a  soieiiiifio  age, 
I  b*  Willi  ihis  footing  tbat  Horaro  Mann  wrote ;  "The  action  of  the 
mind  is  like  the  nation  of  fire :  one  billet  of  wood  will  hardly  burn 
alone,  though  a*  dry  an  thv  sun  and  northwest  wind  can  make  it,  and 
thongb  placed  in  a  current  of  air ;  ten  such  biUuts  will  burn  well  to- 
gctbitr,  but  a  bandred  will  create  a  beat  fifty  times  ta  intense  as  ten 
—will  make  a  cnrront  of  air  to  fan  tbeir  own  Aamc,  and  eonsume 
avBD  grcvancM  itAvlf." 

VI.     AflffTEAOT    SCICXCK     TlIB    COKniTIOK     FOR    PitOORKSS. — ^ITlfl 

ibjeei  of  iny  address  biu  b«on  the  relations  of  science  to  tlie  public 
veaL    That  is  a  very  old  subject  to  Mtlcct  for  the  jexr  18B5.    1  began 
It  by  quutint;  the  words  of  an  illustrious  prince,  the  consort  of  our 
Qdmd,  wbo  addressed  OS  on  the  flame  tmbjeot  front  tbifl  platform  twenty- 
ax  yettra  ago.     But  be  was  not  the  Sr«t  prince  wbo  saw  bow  closely 
Ktenoe  is  boniHl  up  with  (ho  wclfaro  of  stalc«.     Ali,  (be  son-in-law  of 
Uolisnimed,  ibe  fourUi  vuccowor  to  tho  <.-alipbat«,  nrgcl  upon  hi<i  fuU 
lowsn  tbat  men  of  science  and  tliuir  disclplce  give  security  to  human 
jirogrws.     Ali  loved  (o  say,  "  Kininenoo  In  scicncv  in  (he  bigbcKt  of 
ioBora,"  and  "  lie  die*  not  who  gives  life  to  learniug,"     In  addrtwing 
friu  u[>on  texts  sucb  as  these,  my  purpose  was  to  ebow  how  uavrisc  it 
^4s  fur  EitgUuid  to  lag  in  tho  onward  march  of  science  whvn  most  otlior 
^Knropaan  ptiwiTS  ore  uung  t]»e  resources  of  their  rtates  to  promote 
^Biigbrr  Hiiration  and  to  advance  the  bonndarios  of  knowledge.    Kng- 
VlUi  GovemmeotA  alone  fail  to  grasp  tbe  faet  tbat  the  competition  of 
the  world  has  bvcomo  a  competition  in  intellect.    Much  of  this  indif- 
(•tVDce  is  duo  to  our  systoms  of  edncMioo.   I  bare  ill  fulfilled  iny  pur- 
poM  if.  in  elAiming  for  s<Tie»ce  a  largur  share  in  public  education,  I 
have  in  atiy  way  depreciated  literaturtt,  ait,  or  pliUoKopliy,  for  every 
valiject  wbicb  adds  to  culture  aids  in  human  development.    I  only  con- 
id  that  in  public  edacatioo  tbere  should  be  a  free  play  to  tlie  scien- 
iftc  faculty,  »o  that  the  youths  who  possess  it  should  learn  tliu  nob- 
'•■  of   ihi^ir  poMosMiun  during  the  cduoativc  procctw.     The  same 
scnltlm  which  make  a  roan  great  in  any  walk  of  life — strong  love  of 
truth,  high  imagination  t4-m]>ered  by  judgment,  a  vivid  memory  whioli 
can  ct>-<rrdinale  other  facts  with  thoe«  under  imniediitt«  coni>ider.Uioo 
-4II  tbew  ate  ijuulittes  which  tlio  poct>  tbe  |>lulo»ophcr,  tbe  man  of 


H6 


THE  POPULAR  SC/£XCE  MONTBLT 


lilcralurc,  and  (lie  man  of  Aoiencc  e^iually  rc-qutre,  and  HboulJ 
ihrough  all  parts  of  their  edui-ation  aa  well  as  iu  thi-ir  futut 
Mjr  eoRtcntion  is  that  evieocc  ebonld  not  )>«■  pnu-tically  sbnt  nut  fmta 
tbo  vipw  of  B  youtb  nhilf  bis  educ-Ation  U  in  pmgreeH,  for  thv  pabli 
woal  nc^tjnlrvfl  tbat  a  largo  number  of  Hcieatific  men  tJionId  Iwlung 
(he  oominunily.    Tbifl  is  necessary  because  scicui-«  luu  im]iri->iM>d  i' 
character  upon  the  age  in  which  we  lire,  and,  as  scicure  is  not  stst 
Ary  but  progressive,  meo  are  required  to  adrance  iU  boundaries,  actin; 
M  pionovnt  in  tbo  onward  march  of  ftatoi.    BuotaD  progress  u  m> 
idcRtitii-d  with  HL-imtific  thougbt,  both  in  it4  ooneoption  and  realixalini^ 
Uiat  it  Mema  aA  if  (hey  were  alternative  ivrma  In  tbo  history  of  viril 
cation.     Id  literature,  and  even  in  arl,  a  standard  of  ozccIIcdm 
been  attained  which  wo  are  content  lo  imitate  because  we  hare 
ttoable  to  surpaaa.    Itut  there  is  no  such  standard  in  science.    Fontivrly 
wfavn  the  dark  ctond  was  being  disMpMed  which  bad  obscnied  th 
learning  of  Greoce  and  Rome,  the  dtfiusion  of  literatup}  or  llio  dieoov' 
ery  of  lost  author*  bad  a  marked  influence  on  advancing  dTiliiEiUi 
Now,  a  Oliryaoloraa  might  teach  GrtH-k  in  tUc  Italian  uuirordticf  wll 
oat  baat«ning  sensibly  the  onward  march  of  Italy  ;  a  Poggio  might 
diseorer  copies  of  Lucretius  and  Quintilian  witlioul  exercising  a  tithe 
of  the  influence  on  modem  life  that  an  invention  by  Stephenson  or 
lYbcMatono  would  produce.    IfoTortbclow,  the  divorce  of  ctiltiin<  and 
■oienee,  which  the  pn«ent  stat«  of  education  in  (hi*  couutry  tcndi  to 
produce,  ia  deeply  to  bo  deplored,  becauM  a  oulluns)  intcUigcnoo 
greatly  to  the  development  of  the  scicuiifio  faculty.     My  argument  t 
that  no  amount  of  learning  without  scieiM-e  suffices  in  the  present  stati 
of  the  world  to  put  as  in  a  position  wbiob  will  enable  England  to  1(< 
ahead  of,  or  even  on  a  level  with  foreign  nations  as  regardu  knowled 
and  itii  appVicAtiona  to  tlio  utilities  of  Life.    Take  tbo  example  of  an; 
roan  of  learning,  and  sco  bow  80on  the  direct  consequeneee 
from  it  disap|>ear  in  the  life  of  a  nation,  while  the  diacoTeries  < 
of  science  remain  produotlvo  amid  all  the  shocks  of  empire.     As  I  am 
in  Aberdeen,  I  remember  that  the  learned  Piilchman  EraHnus  was  in 
troduced  to  England  by  the  encouragciiK'ut  which  he  received  fi 
Hector  BoMO,  the  Principal  of  King's  Cciltege  In  this  university,    Yei 
oven  in  the  oaae  of  Krasmus — who  taught  Greek  at  Cambridge,  and 
did  so  much  for  the  revival  of  classical  literature  as  well  as  in  the  pro- 
motion of  spiritual  freedom — bow  little  has  civilisation  to  ascribtt  lo 
him  in  cumpjirison  with  the  discoveries  of  two  olhe/  Cambridge  mcUf. 
Kowton  and  Cavendish  I   Tho  discoveries  of  Newton  will  influencp  t 
destinies  of  mankind  to  tlio  end  of  the  world.     \^nii'n  he  eatablisbcd 
the  laws  1>y  which  the  motions  of  tlw  great  ma!«es  of  matter  in  tho. 
uniTerse  are  govenictl,  bo  conferred  an  incalculable  b«nefit  ujwin  tbii 
iotelleclunl  development  of   the  human  race.      No  gmt  diarnvcry 
flashes  upon  the  worhl  at  once,  and  tboreforu  PopoV  Ilooe  on  Newton 
are  ooly  a  pootio  fancy  : 


» 


REIATIOKS    OF  SCIENCE  TO  TUB  PUBLIC  WJi^iL.  147 

"  NaUiro  mA  KUiin'd  laws  1*7  liU  In  tilglii ; 
Oodwlil,  "Ut  !fowl»nbo,'HixlBU  wotiflit.*' 

No  tloubt  the  rowl  upon  wliich  ho  irareled  lisd  been  lung  io  prepurft- 
tion  bf  othvr  invu.  Tti«  «xsot  ob»ervfltiona  of  Tyclio  Urab«,  cuu|>]ed 
viib  lliu  dtMOTerira  of  Copenucos,  i\e|)lcr,  wi<l  Ukliloo,  liod  aJruwly 
broken  down  tbc  milhoritjr  of  Antttutlc  and  wralcuMxl  tbU  of  tlw 
Cbarcli.  But,  tbotiRti  tbo  conccptioDS  of  ibu  uiiivrrae  were  Uina  brood- 
owd,  mankind  bud  not  jct  rid  ibcmaelveo  of  the  idea  that  the  jtoiron 
of  tbe  unirersv  wcro  «till  rogulat«d  by  e]>trit»  or  epeoial  providenoo*. 
Even  KvpU-r  movud  tbc  ptanetn  by  HpiritB,  and  it  took  some  tirae  to 
kaocJc  tJieM  nlontial  at«ersnien  on  tbo  beul.  DvHcartra,  who  really  did 
•0  tuncfa  by  his  writings  to  force  tbo  con«lu»iun  that  th«  pUuietary 
moreneatA  ehould  be  dralt  with  aa  an  ordinary  problem  in  mochanios, 
luaked  upon  ihi?  aniremo  a*  a  machine,  tho  whevtH  of  which  itere  kept 
in  motion  by  the  nnceasin^  cxorciAv  of  a  divine  powtT.  Vet  Buoh 
tbcorifs  were  only  an  attempt  to  regulate  tbe  uuiveno  by  celestial 
btoQigvncee  like  oor  oirn,  .ind  by  Maodards  within  otir  rcacb.  It  re- 
quired tlw  diacovery  of  an  all-pervading  law,  nniviTMil  ibronghout  all 
(pace,  to  enlarge  the  thonght«  of  men,  and  000  which,  while  it  widened 
the  eoQoeptiona  of  the  univorne,  rvduoed  tbe  earlh  and  solar  Bystem  to 
tme  dioenaioDii.  It  is  by  the  inTe»tigation  of  the  finite  on  all  sides 
Lbat  we  obtain  a  higher  conception  of  the  infinite : 

"  WlIlM  da  Ina  UnMidlicho  tohrtltoo, 
(i«h  nor  im  Endlkben  naoh  alien  Scilen." 

EMieaiaetical  niilhority  had  been  already  underniine<l  by  oamect  ia* 
ijiiin^rs  NUcb  on  WyolilTc  and  Hnss  Inrforu  Luther  nhook  tl>e  pillar*  of 
tlie  Vatican.  They  were  retnovexe  of  abuses,  but  wer«  confined  with- 
in the  rarcles  of  their  own  beliefs.  Newton's  discorery  cast  men's 
ausda  into  an  enttn-ly  new  mold,  and  Kivclcd  nmny  barrien  to  human 
imgnn.  Tltia  intellectual  reAult  wan  vastly  mure  important  than  the 
practical  odvantagea  of  the  diworery.  It  i»  true  that  navigation  and 
eommer(M>  miglitily  benefited)  by  our  better  knowledge  of  the  motions 
of  the  heavenly  bodies.  Still,  these  bencfita  to  humanity  are  iiicom- 
ponbly  IvM  in  ibe  history  of  pro^'rves  than  the  expansion  of  the  human 
intellect  nhicb  followed  the  withdrawal  of  tbe  cramps  that  confiocd  it. 
'Huth  was  now  able  to  discard  authority,  and  murclied  forward  with- 
out bindrancv.  Rofon<  Ihlx  |N)iiit  waa  rcAcbed,  Unino  had  been  burned, 
Galileo  ba<l  ai>Jur<.'d,  ami  1>»ib  Copereicus  and  Descartes  had  kept  back 
ihuir  writings  for  fear  of  offending  the  Cliurcb. 

Tbe  recent  acceptance  of  evolntion  in  biology  bas  had  a  like  effect 
In  pcodncing  a  far  profonndor  intellectual  change  in  human  thought 
Ikan  any  mere  impulae  of  induHtrial  development.  Already  itit  appli- 
oitinn  to  sociology  and  education  ia  reoogniwd,  bat  that  is  of  1<!M  im- 
(4rl  to  huntuD  progress  than  the  broadening  of  oor  views  of  Nature. 

AbMrnct  diaoovcry  la  science  ia  then  tbe  true  foundation  npoo 


Hi 


TBS  POPULAR  SC/SXCS  MOyTffLr. 


vbkh  the  sapentnictare  of  medera  ciTiliEatton  i»  bailt ;  anil  Uiv 
who  would  take  port  in  it  Mboatd  stmly  Bcienoe,  and,  if  bo  eon,  >d- 
Tsncc  it  for  iIk  own  «:ikin  nml  not  for  its  applications.  IgDonoco  may 
walk  in  till'  ])utli  lit^Utiil  hy  wivaucing  knowledge,  but  >ibe  i«  itnablv 
to  follow  whtrn  M-i«DCe  puMa  her,  for,  like  the  foolish  virgin,  Bh«  baa 
ao  oil  in  iter  lamp. 

An  eBtablt«bed  tmib  io  science  la  like  the  oonmitntion  of  an  atom 
in  matter— 8oniclhin<;  so  fixed  in  the  order  of  thingN  tlmi  it  has  be- 
come indepeadctrt  of  further  dangers  in  the  stru^glo  for  oautUne*. 
The  snm  of  such  trntha  fomts  the  int«llectna]  treasure  which  doiiooods 
to  each  generation  in  bttreditary  eaccessloR.  Tbongh  the  disM}verrr 
of  a  new  truth  is  a  beiwfwtor  lo  humanity,  he  can  ^ivo  little  to  fu- 
turity in  comparison  with  the  wealt]i  of  knowlodgo  whiefa  h«  inherited 
from  the  paat.  We,  in  our  generation,  abould  appreciate  and  dm 
gnM  poeseesions  : 

"For  me  yovr  tribotaiT'  sioret  eombinfk 
OmiloD's  heir;  the  world,  the  irorid  la  rahie,** 

[Co»tlifii*d.] 


THE  UNlFORMITr  OF  NATURE. 


bt  tue  bishop  of  cabuslb. 

THE  chU-f  interest  felt  by  readen  of  the  remintM'eDce  of  a  mmting 
of  the  Meiapliyniral  .Sooiety,  contained  in  the  AngHKt  nuinber  of 
this  review,  will  probably  he  found  in  the  striking  taH  really  remark- 
able record  of  the  disooMion  of  a  diflk-nlt  subject  by  euch  men  as  we 
there  find,  and  under  socb  eonditions  ae  ar«  there  described.  What- 
ever the  subject  of  discnssion,  inch  a  ayraposiuni  to  felioitoiuly  MVtd 
from  obttWon  rould  nut  fail  to  socare  nit^-niton  and  much  gntilodo 
to  the  ablo  chiol  who  took  notes  and  priutvd  iL  But  in  tralh  the 
•uhject  diacnased  is  as  inti.>reBtiog  as  the  company  who  diacvsMd  It  i 
wid  to  the  writer  of  the  present  papr  haa  »o  proved  itM'lf,  not  only 
on  general  gronnda,  but  also  because  the  view  whicli  soi-mt  to  him  to 
he  chieAy  worthy  of  consideration,  as  being  tin'  most  true  and  tli 
most  luminous,  does  not  appear  to  haro  procenled  ilscif  to  iho  mlD< 
of  any  one  of  the  tqM>akers,  or  at  all  events  not  to  have  be«n  exprtssed 
dwrly. 

Thf  discuwiion,  na  reported,  labors  under  tlie  great  defoet  that 
titera  waa  no  preliminary  attempt  to  define  the  meaning  of  th« 
which  formed  the  subject  of  the  argument.     Vet  the  "  unformity 
Nature  "  is  an  expresRion  which  does  not  carry  ujKm  its  front  onu  elei 
meaning,  and  one  clear  mC'nning  only,  and  tberofore  nwds  definition  1: 
th«  truth  of  any  propcsiUon  sappOMd  to  be  implied  by  it  ia  nithir 


TS£  UyiFOR^ITT  OF  IfATUBE. 


2+9 


hI  nr  to  Im  doniiMl.  In  soiha  aenaw  Nfttare  ia  obviotuly  not 
Takti  tUu  ca»t'  of  ilie  weather  :  what  can  have  1«b8  of  the 
flmracter  of  unifufiuily  P  Take  tbo  seaeoni  :  and  obMcrve  tlie  appar 
aoXj  absoluto  abeenc«  of  all  nile  a«  to  lh«  iHMiaoD<x'  of  fniUfut  aad 
■sfmltfol  joant.  l'alc«  alnuMt  niiy  biitAnc«  of  tiatoral  pliononena 
tKit  ;oo  pleuo :  and  tliv  vurioty,  the  eoe«ntricity,  tlie  lawlessncm, 
will  probabli^  be  quite  a«  utriking  aa  any  characteristic  which  can  b« 
JMorib<.>d  bf  tbi-  woni  uniformity.  Aoyhow,  in  commencing  a  dia- 
CDNrion,  w«  ought  to  Icrioir  precisely  what  the  phraiw  to  bo  diacusacd 
neaas,  or  at  K-ant  what  it  is  hold  to  mean  by  Uie  dixptitanta  cagagod 
in  tha  argtimcnU 

I  obM>rvc  that  one  of  the  interlocutors  of  th«  Meiapbyaical  Socl- 

«y,  Mr,  Waller  tia^^hol,  affirms  that  cxi>orience  cao  not  prove  the 

alfonnity  of  Nature,  bccauNO  it  in  impossible  to  say  what  the  ud!- 

fonnity  of  Nature  means.     If  this  ho  »o,  and  I  am  not  juat  now  eon- 

ttadicting  the  astcrtion,  all  aerioos  disounioQ  must  be  at  an  cud.    It 

ii  Tory  wull  to  any  that,  although  eiporionce  cjin  never  jirore  tbo  ab- 

■olua  naifonnity  of  Nature,  it  ought  to  "  train  us  to  hring  our  expeo- 

tationa  into  something  like  consistency  with  the  uoifonnity  of  Na- 

lara."  But  why  should  wc  expect  Nature  to  he  uniform,  unlesa  we  eao 

sin  tome  good  reaaon  for  believing  in  this  uniformity  ?    And  why 

ibould  we  trouble  ounelvea  with  a  principle  of  uniformity,  the  raoua- 

ii|et  which,  by  bypotheaia,  wo  are  vnablc  to  aasigo  ? 

On  the  other  hand,  Mr.  Ruikin  could  scarcely  hope  to  carry  many 
*(  tW  eempaay  with  hJm  whun  he  avowed  his  disbelief  in  uniformity 
■kcfMber,  and  affirmed  that  if  lold  that  the  sun  had  stood  still  ho 
mU  reply :  "  A  miracle  that  the  sun  stands  sllll  ?  Not  at  all— I  a1- 
nyi  expeeted  it  wonld."  This  view  of  the  matter  would  seem  to 
^)ly  that  then  ia  no  principle  in  Nature  which  can  in  any  way  be 
dlierihed  a*  taw  or  uniformity — a  conclnsioD  which  is  o[^>o«ed  to  all 
'm  Imowledgo. 

In  dofnult  of  a  clear  definition  of  the  tbesU  proposed  to  the  Meto* 
lAyiical  Society,  the  prorailtDg  thought  in  the  minds  of  the  dUpu- 
tanla  areros  to  me  to  have  been,  bow  far  the  belief  in  abnormal  phe- 
bomena,  commonly  apokeu  of  as  miraculous,  is  comtisti-nt  with  such  a 
Wief  concerning  the  tawH  of  Nature  as  acientine  men  And  themaelvea 
oonpelled  to  hold,    llie  discaKaion  had  clearly  ao  underlying  thootogi- 
ۥ]  chatnoter :  to  more  than  half  the  dixpuunts  (so  at  lejiist  it  fccmn 
10  me)  the  theological  consequences  of  an  alleged  unifoniiity  of  Na- 
knre  woro  the  uppermost  thought,  and  the  feature  of  motit  pressing 
■ntorafit  in  the  argument.     It  would  tw  well,  pnrliaps,  if  thU  theologi- 
cal Iirarini;  of  ihe   question   could  be  avoided  in   discussion.     Wo 
^^hfld  he  more  likely  tn  arrive  at  a  conclusion  as  to  what  the  unifonn- 
Wl^^  Nature  moans,  ami  to  what  extent  the  principle  is  true,  if  we 
noald  r«>g3nl  it  entirely  a^  a  natural  question,  and  one  to  be  answered 
Fvpoo  the  ordinary  grounclB  of  obeerTation  and  toduclion  :  and  1  ob- 


POFCLAH  SCISA'CS  MOXTSLr. 


iiip- 

■blofl 

l>iirfl 


IhufiiMUf  Ilialaf  Msma  to  rMogrDize  this  viev,  ur  i3ib<.<i 
I  tb«  prisfiipU  M  oiw  Uw  trutli  uf  «  bicb  is  nol  proved, : 
I  valoUe  ■■  ■  working  bypotbeai*,  asd  nil  tlio  luure  valtub 
I  it  hM  avrar  yet  failed  liim.  Th«  •qianliiin  uf  tbi-  jiriDoipb 
^  Ihaalngiml  eoosidenUioas  is^  bumvcr,  practicidly  iRi|iu«ul>le  ;  wa 
op  oar  niwb  to  nuuijr  a  fifftit  opon  tlie  frouiii-m  of  the 
I  llwmparsBtBRiL  Kot  a  (i»tr  ponoas  belfere  tlial  the  jkw- 
AOaj  «(  f«Bgii}<u  fiutli,  at  titis  apodi  of  history,  depends  miicli  upon 
kh»  BBBtiwioM  to  which  tbej  ooraa  ooBemiing  the  laws  ud  operation! 
of  Sttsn  ;  aod  I  will  not  vennn  to  Amy  that  IIm^jt  wbo  so  beliore 
k**<>  MOB  nwtiB  to  }pvi'  for  their  beli«f. 

it  M  is  aecordaiH.-«  with  tlie  fetat«inent  jiuct  now  sdranoed  witli 
M^arl  to  that  doMt  pnetlcal  raaoectMn  betweeo  tbe  )«inciple  of  th« 
•f  Nltan  sad  tbmlogy  tlut  we  fiod  the  Boid  principle 
«•  W  tW  front  in  th«  K^np  of  London's  recent  "  Umnp- 
loa  \jm*tmta^  cntilkd  "  The  R<-laliniw  l>vtw<^-n  Rrtigion  and  Scieuce."] 
yCltk  lb»  pMnl  argaawal  Mul  ruali*  of  tbew  nndonbtodly  «blii 
1mB0m  I  ibaB  tfA  ktn  be  eoaconwd,  but  it  will  be  much  to  my  pn 
poM  M  Bake  a  few  oteemtiooa  npon  what  is  said  in  the  first  of  the 
McW  MMM«raiaf  iba  Mtifomuty  of  Xatore. 

T^  eartiaa  oocirioB  npoo  which  tho  phrase  appears  is  to  be  found 
ia  the  foOpwiKs  swtvBos :  "  U  will  bo  adnitled  that  tbc  Supromt 
INMtalala,  vUhoM  wUdi  sctetttific  knowlodge  is  impossible,  is  lh» 
Caiforroity  of  XalBTe,"  *  M 

Now,  a  poatolato  b  a  proposition  whi«h  is  granted  aa  tbe  basis  of' 
an  atgoncni,  because  Ito  truth  is  eooccived  to  be  aelf-evident ;  or  at  all 
vrenu  it  b  tb«  simplest  propositioa  to  which  a  chain  of  rciutoning 
eaa  be  redacvd,  and,  if  tl  be  not  granted,  all  fartlier  »rgaroi-nt  is  iin- 
poaaiU&    Tbua,  Euclid's  fmX  postnlato  is,  that  from  dim  point  a 
tti^^t  Tini>  ca»  b«  drawn  to  any  other  poJnu    Bat  sorely  it  i-un  hcnrco- 
ly  be  said  of  the  uniformity  of  Mature  tbal  it  has  anytbiuK  of  ihb 
simple  a&d  e«'U-cvidcn<-tng  cbaractcr.     Tbe  qae^tion,  morcoTer,  is  not 
whether  iwientifio  knowledge  be  pos«ble  or  impossiblo  without  it ;  if ^ 
impoMiblc,  ao  much  tbe  worse  int  scientific  knowledge.     Tbo  qiius-^ 
tioB  Mill  reours,  Is  tbe  principle  true  ?     Moronrcr,  can  it  be  av<irrcd 
that  scientific  knowledge  i*  impoiMbli-  without  this  |)oetulate?    If  so,  ^ 
why  b  tl  that  the  principle  is  not  asserted  in  Newtati'8"FriDcipia,"ora 
Laplace's  "M^-eaniiiuc  C^luKle,"  or  tbe  rarious  Ireadses  on  ligtiL,  beal,^ 
electricity,  botany,  and  what  not?     Certainly  it  samns  (u  inv  ex- 
tfvniely  doubtful  whether  tbe  "Stipromo  PostutaU"  cither  is  admit* 
tod,  ur  ought  to  1m  admitted,  as  the  basin  of  scientific  knowledge.         ^ 

I  suspect,  howovor,  lliat  thn  biMliup  duos  not  intend  the  word  PoS'S 
tuliite  (o  \>e  taken  in  its  striut  scientific  sense  :  fur  he  i'  '  biiS 

(MMilion  by  reference  to  the  discovery  of  the  planet  Ncj'  !>ichH 

resultod  from  the  assumption  that  tlio  law  of  gravitation  holds  ani--fl 


THE  UNIFORMITY  OF  NATDRB. 


«S> 


Jy,  and  tliat  therefore  tbe  nnexptamed  errara  of  t'rauiia  went 
I  lIio  action  nf  an  eit«rior  planot.  Bat  this  OMiimptioQ  waa  aa 
Icrent  at,  pOMiblv  from  B  [KMtnUla  :  it  wm  only  applying  in  a  ii«v 
' «  law  which  had  alraady  been  verified  iu  oo  many  aiid  lurh  divone 
that  tlirrv  was  Kareuly  the  nbadow  of  a  doubt  in  thu  niind  of 
my  Mtronoiner  thai  it  wiu,  ui  \%a  ordinary  name  profeuvs  it  lo  bo, 
wu'oarwti  thnraghoot  tbu  ioat»ria]  ooamoa. 

I  am  (ronfiruiL->d  in  tliut  beliof  by  findiog  tbe  subwquent  Matcment 
that  "  Ibu  iiiiifomiiiy  nf  Nature  is  a  working  hypothesia,  and  it  never 
can  h»i  muru  "  ;  •  irltiiTh  agrees  very  much  wilh  the  view  projwunded 
by  PrafeMur  ITmcluy  at  the  mei^ting  of  the  Metaphysical  Society.  But 
I  am  not  qultv  sure  tbat  ibii  is  ooasistent  with  a  pruvioua  pusoga  ia 
tlie  lecture,  which  mns  thus  : 

m*,  than,  ii  tbe  aiuwor  to  th«  qoosUiMi.  Wh^  do  wo  licli«vo  in  tbe  antfona- 
br  of  Kalora  f  We  belierA  fn  it  beeawe  we  And  it  to.  Millions  and  milUoM  of 
«bMr««tioBi  ooDoor  in  exliibitinit  tliU  miiforiDltjr.  And,  tlwi  loader  oar  obMrra- 
taa  nf  Natare  goes  oo,  tbe  grealar  do  ve  find  the  exi«al  of  It.  Things  wlildi 
OMi  wemeil  ln«ito1ar  are  bow  baovm  to  b«  nffulor.  ThtagM  that  MMtncd  Inex- 
fHwlili)  oo  tliU  hjrpotheais  on  now  espluDod.  Every  dajr  w«in«  lo  add  nut 
Binlf  to  tJi«  loKtoaces,  but  to  (lie  wlde-raat^ng  dawes  of  pbeDonMua  Ibal  eooie 
ndvibe  Rite.t 


I  tralh  of  which  I  nm  not  concerned  to  dispnte  ;  bat  the  pars- 
;ivea  »  very  diffcr«Dt  complexion  to  tbe  principle  of  tbe  tini- 
ity  of  Katurc  from  tbat  wbirh  bi-Iongs  to  it,  when  regarded  as  a 
fonnlata  opon  which  all  i»cicnti6c  knowlvdgo  depends. 

Tba  tnith  TChirti  I  think  it  po8lnlat«d  in  tbo  cofc  of  Xniuro  i*  that 

thid)  la  involved  iu  tbe  idea  of  oauso  and  cifeet.    The  BiHlmp  of  Lon- 

I  rsfeni  to  Hume's  faiDoos  discussion  of  this  queation,  and  hia  con* 

I  tUat  there  is  nothing  more  in  cause  and  effect  than  the  notion 

able  Mciincncc.     This  conclasioo  has  often  been  controTCiied, 

Sid  ibe  Bishop  of  London  refers  to  the  arguments  of  IC.nnt  and  of  J, 

8.  Uilt :  it  Mcoma  to  a^lmit  of  a  very  aimple  and  irresistible  contradjo- 

tion  from  thu  following  consideration  :  It  is  easy  to  giro  instanoca  In 

whtdi  an  iurariable  seqnence  lake*)  place,  and  yet  tliv  two  events  which 

follow  each  other  arc  obvionAly  not  connected  aa  caase  and  eftecl. 

Takt  tbe  case  of  ligbiidng  and  thunder :  tbe  thunder  follows  tho  light- 

Haliit;  ^i^h  invariablo  siMinence,  whether  we  chance  to  hear  it  or  not, 

^HKit  tike  two  are  acparttc  offecta  of  the  «ima  cause  acting  ondcr  differ- 

^■at  imnilitiona  ;  and  no  Hghlly  inotnictrtl  pcnon  could  imagine  that 

^Bnn  wan  tha  offoct  of  tho  other.     Or  atipjMMe  that  yon  shout,  and  pro- 

^Bore  tffo  xcboea  from  two  rocka  at  different  diiitancea ;  those  echoca 

will  aaitsfy  the  eondition  of  invnriablc  seqnence,  and  yet  will  man!- 

f«Mtly  not  be  related  oa  cause  and  effect.     Or,  to  pat  tbe  case  more 

gnwmlly,  It  ia  qnlt«  |>o««ikIo  tbat  a  cause  may  prodaoe  more  than  on« 


'ragtsg. 


flligen. 


TSB  POPULAR  BClJSA'Oe  MONTRir. 

ttffcct;  M14I  thrMvffwU  beinf*  invariaUy  connocii-.!  irill.  by  i^nxmi 
people,  be  rrgardoJ  m  ouh  and  eSwi,  which  tlii-y  will  iiut  \k. 
fact,  tbe  Tvfnrenoc  of  one  pb«Doni«iion  to  ai>otbDr  as  iu  cauM,  ta  1 
sequence  of  tuvariable  sc^uenoc,  m»j  have  ibe  same  essential  errw ! 
volveJ  in  it  as  had  tlie  classical  example  of  Tvnterdeo  Steojile  uid  1 
Goodwin  Soods. 

What  U  oecessar;  in  order  tliat  one  thing  sball  be  ref^arJed  as  1 
effect  of  another,  which  may  be  callnl  the  catisc,  u  not  only  that  Uiei 
shall  be  an  iDvariable  setjoence,  but  alHo  tJwt  it  sball  bo  tKiwublo  lo  1 
sort  that  tbe  ooe  ootdd  twt  take  place  without  tb»  otbcr,  or  somothii: 
eqaivalent.    This  invisible,  Impalpable  chain  between  tbo  ona  thing 
and  the  other  must  be  po«tuIat(.'d  bf  the  buuiau  mind  :  tt  constitutogd 
tbe  idea  of  cnuso ;  every  child  knows  perfectly  well  what  it  is,  anqH 
the  profoundest  philosopher  does  Dot  go  far,  if  at  all,  beyond  the 
knowledge  of  tbo  child. 

Let  me  support  what  I  faavo  boeo  8a}-ing  by  a  quotation  from 
WIicweH'K  "  Pliilosophy  of  the  Inductive  Sciciicea" : 

Ve  >oe  to  tbu  world  uoand  ns  a  eonttant  sueecasloB  of  caows  sod  efftcts 
eoonoctod  with  each  otbcr.  Tbo  lavn  of  tl>is  coasMtivn  wo  Wra  In  a  gr«st 
HMMure  from  ezpariencB,  bjr  obMirvmlion  of  tli«  oceoiTMoee  wlikb  prwent  tli«o- 
•slvu  to  oar  notioe^  snceeedlng  one  another.  But  la  dolnf  thi*.  niiil  in  altcbdlag 
to  thb  ncccMion  of  appearancM,  of  whicli  wo  nro  swaro  by  mwns  of  our  tcasM, 
wa  Mpply  Brora  our  mind  the  iilcu  of  mdso.  Tlils  IdM,  m  we  have  alreiily 
•lioirn  will)  ro»]>ect  to  oihef  id«M,  Is  not  derived  frotn  ititHrneiioo,  hot  hw  Its 
origin  in  itio  miiKl  itsulf;  i«  iotiodooed  Into  oar  osperiencu  bj  tlie  active  not  I 
tbe  paiMr«  part  of  our  nature.* 

And  again  Dr.  Whewcll  writes : 

That  lb1>  M«a  of  catiK  b  not  d«rlv«d  fNim  ezperlsnee.  w«  prove  (■■  in  fortna 
etaim)  b;  llii*  nHiiridcratrao ;  that  wo  con  msko  asiertkia*,  involving  this  Mcai ' 
which  are  rigorously  ncoetaary  sad  universal;  whereas  knowledpt  itorked  tnm 
experivaco  can  onljr  be  traa  as  for  as  exparitace  goeiv  and  can  never  coouin  in 
itself  any  cviilcnre  wlislovrr  ofitvneccacity.  We  aMCrt  that  "enry  evunt  malt 
have  a  csbm";  and  thi»  propodllon  wo  know  lo  bo  troe.  not  only  probalilj 
and  itmornlly,  ond  a*  far  u  wo  can  *c« ;  but  wo  cnn  not  MppOM  it  to  be  fklss 
in  any  ainglo  iiutanc«.  Wo  are  as  c<rtatn  of  it  as  of  the  tntbs  of  ariUimctk  or 
Ceometry.t 

Here  is  a  tnc  postulate  ;  and  if  to  the  poetolato  that  every  even 
most  have  a  muse  we  add  these  postulates,  (1)  tliiit  caiix's  in  Natnr 
are  always  of  tbe  same  kind  nnd  always  a<-t  in  thi'  oitnie  way,  and  [^) 
that  no  new  canaos  come  into  exiotenrc,  we  slioald  go  a  long  ws; 
toward  making  tltP  nniformity  of  Natarc,  tf  not  uciomalic,  at  all  ovenw' 
capable  of  t<>l<-ni)ily  Mrople  and  »atiiifn<'tory  ilcmoniilration. 

Hut  those  laltcr  poxtiilnteit  will  perhaps  aoarcely  be  nnivcrwillyj 
granted.     I  understand   those  dispntanist  who  in  tbo   MotaplijiriralJ 
Society**  diacnssion  laid  aomncfa  stresi  upon  the  duty  of  examining 
•  ToL  1,  p.  IBS.  1  fsgv  inu. 


ETBE   UNIFORMITY  OF  NATURE.  jsj 

the  tnitb  of  alleged  plwauDiena  lying  appamnUy  ouluclo  tliu  oirclo 
rdiuory  rxpcricnrc,  U>  bftTO  vguod  that  tbcrv  niigtit  bi^  caiiMi*  of 
«tii«h  ofdtoiir)-  pli}-»ic(U  aok-nvo  Lokoii  do  aocotuii,  awl  tliat  yaa  can 
uut  Iri^ic-ally  ili-ny  tbo  occurninoe  of  what  nay  be  oallt-d  conrenkiitlf 
tha  "  8U|ionintunil,"  niil«a8  yon  asMH  that  ibo  caowe  wliich  are  incladcd 
in  what  we  call  Nature  exhuunt  all  |»M)bltt  iorm*  of  cauaation,  Bucb 
in  a««Ttion  wouM  probably  hv  nuh,  even  if  wv  took  into  account  only 
ibe  reaolla  which  may  b«  pnxluocd  by  the  action  of  tlie  kaman  will. 
Bat  so  far  an  thi'  [ihyninal  investigator,  the  Bcieotilto  discoverer,  the 
man  of  mivdoc  iti  the  ordinary  scneu  uf  tJw  phrase,  ia  concemrd,  he 
uyconvijitcntly  say  lliat  all  causation  of  a  H{>iritujd  or  supvniataral 
klad  ia  ontfiide  bta  domain,  lie  may  aay,  "  I  iivithtrr  afiiroi  nor  dviiy 
K\vt  poMibility  of  BTents  and  phenomena  wbicli  arv  not  according  to 

Ithf  ortiinary  course  of  Nature^  I  am  i»ntciit  to  take  what  Li  called  the 
natformity  of  Nature  aa  prescribing  Ibv  limit  of  my  inquiries"  ;  and 
be  may  be  able  to  add,  with  Profenor  Huxley,  that  he  haa  ncTer  yet 
foBnd  It  tn  fail  him.  If  it  vlioutd  fail  him,  the  result  mif;ht  pouibly 
\»  ibnilar  to  that  which  niaihi-niaticians  call  the  failure  of  Taylor'a 
tbtomn,  and  roichl  indicate,  not  that  the  theorem  was  faulty,  but  tluit 
tn  nntain  critical  cases  the  ordinary  law  of  tlic  theorem  would  not 

fpiy' 

He  discanion  which  prt«<H]r«  baa  been  loogor  tlian  I  ezpoctod, 
liil  I  raold  not  well  «bnncii  it.  Hitherto  1  bar*  b«CD  chiefly  engaged 
in  what  ha«  booD  offrrcd  by  other*  on  the  auhjoet  of  the  nnifonnity  of 
Vkoto  ;  I  now  proceed  to  suggcut  a  view  which,  if  it  faili  to  give  Uio 
tftAtft,  taxtiA  as  ranch  ntiafaotiou  aa  it  affords  my  own,  will  at  Icact, 
Itnut,  be  deemed  worthy  of  some  consideration. 

Striet  views  conceminft  the  nniformity  of  Nature  appear  u>  me 
to  ilate  from  the  pi-riod  when  Newton  first  showed  that  the  raotiona 
rf  tho  hvavcnly  bodit-H  could  bn  madv  the  Hobject  of  mathematical 
talciilationis  or  rather  of  dynamical,  for  1  am  not  speaking  of  those 
IrUch  are  merely  empirical.  Newton,  in  fact,  founded  what  wo  now 
tail  physical  astronomy.  If  we  look  a  little  back  from  thin  period, 
«o  find  the  opinion*  of  men  of  the  mo«t  educated  clo^  very  loose  on 
Hibj(>ct  of  Natiirv  and  KatnrvV  laws.  It  is  BufBoient  to  refer  to 
Thomas  Urowtie'M  l>e)!ef,  Ibal  intercourse  wan  puMibh;  between 
hoBian  creoturefl  and  evil  spirit8,f  and  Sir  Matthew  IIale*a  ofl«'n-(junt«d 
opiaioDS  and  oonncjunit  juillcial  ticti'in  in  tbo  case  of  witchcraft. 
^^  There  waa  much  in  popular  supcrntilion,  much  even  in  orthodox  rc- 
■  ligiou*  belief,  and  |>eHiaps  much  in  the  tendencies  of  the  human  inteh 
^H|^  to  anggiiHt  views  of  Nature  which  would  now  prc-i^'nl  iiMuper- 
^Bpi  obttaolm  to  minds  even  of  onlinar^-  powers  and  prcilicicncy,  but 
j       ^wUcfa  presented  no  such  olulaulett  in  what  may  be  called  the  pre^oi- 

■  TluTf  tn  »mi>  puM)^  In  pji.  2IT-SI0at  IhoBUIiopof  Loadoo^lMtnmto which 
t  nrnlil  l»*r  ntrrwil  b«d  ■pM*  pcrmlued. 


aS4 


THE  POPULAR  SCIENCE  UONTBLY. 


cntific  era  of  the  world's  hUtory.    Newton,  or  rather  J^evtoo  m 
vdoped  by  Laplace  aod  the  French  school  of  mathematicians,  entirelj 
changed  the  whole  aspect  of  things,     Laplaoe,  with  proprietT,  d4 
smhed  hU  great  work  by  the  title  of  'Celestial  Mechanics' :  the  po 
posoof  the  work,  which  it  effected  with  singatar  (kill,  was  tbo  rcdnctioo 
of  the  wholv  Kyrtcm  of  the  licnrcnN  to  the  mmdilion  of  an  ordinaiy 
iseehaiiical  prohlvm*^  problem,  loo,  having  ibe  advaiifagc  that  the 
bodien  cxinei-nied  are  all  moTtng  fn  vaewi,  and  that  tberefoire  there 
aw  none  of  the  difficolties  of  friction,  resistance  of  the  air,  and  the 
like,  which  interfere  with  the  easy  sotntjon  of  terrestrial  dynamical 
problems.    To  the  mathematician  the  solar  system  is  a  H?t  of  small 
bodiiis,  which  for  Komi;  pur|Kwe)t  may  be  even  regarded  a«  partida^ 
revolving  in  connection  with  one  much  larger  and  central  body,  under 
the  action  of  mutual  (jravitation  according  to  a  certain  simple  law; 
while  (he  earth,  regarded  by  itself  aiid  with  reference  to  the  phenoO' 
ens  of  Its  own  revolntion,  is  a  rigid,  slightly  oblat«  spheroid,  the  moiioa 
of  which  in  given  cirenmstuncos  constitutes  one  of  the  pretticsl  prob- 
lenu  of  rigid  dynamics.     It  is  difGciilt  }>erhnp8  for  any  oiii',  who  ha* 
not  gone  through  the  study  [tettonally  and  practically,  to  conceive  how 
completely  to  the  mind  of  a  mathematician  the  solar  system  reMdrM 
itself  into  a  problem  of  bodies  in  motion  tn  vaetto.     But,  as  soon  ai 
the  mind  apprehends  tbv  solar  system  thus,  it  has  found  an  instance 
of  the  nntformtly  of  Naturv  njion  a  v<Ty  Iargt^  scale.     The  matbcoa- 
tictan  who  in  capable  of  sclving  the  problem  of  the  planetary  motkw^ 
as  Laplace  and  I^grange  solved  it,  or  who  knows  anything  of  tbe 
motion  of  a  rigid  body  revolving  ajt  the  earth  revolvea,  6nds  himself 
simply  incapable  of  conceiving  of  anything  but  motion,  according  to 
fixed  Uw,  being  found  in  tlio  solar  system  ;  the  uniformity  of  Natiu« 
in  this  department  preiocfl  it«clf  upon  him  with  a  power  which  he  can 
notrerist.  ^ 

A  mathematician,  for  example,  would  find  himself  entirely  p«-  fl 
clndm)  from  sympathising,  in  the  most  distant  manner,  with  the  riev 
exprciiKed  by  Mr.  Rnvkin  at  the  meeting  of  the  Metaphysical  Society. 
The  Manding  tttill  of  the  sun,  of  which  Mr.  Ru^kin  speaks  so  picas- 
antly,  means  the  stopping  of  the  revolution  of  the  earth,  for  the  mo- 1 
lion  of  the  sun  ia  only  the  earth's  revolution  ;  coneeqnently,  whatia 
called  the  standing  still  of  the  sun  involves  tremendons  dynamini 
oonseqneoces,  an  utter  disruption  of  everything  upon  the  earfli'ii  nir- 
faee^  »  return  of  chaos,  or  I  know  not  what.     I  am  not  critici^uig  tba 
expression  as  to  the  son  standing  still,  need  in  the  book  of  Jotbos 
without  any  attempt  at  scientific  language.    What  the  acttial  fact  wai 
to  which  the  language  used  refent,  and  what  was  the  actual  phenom- 
enon, I  can  not  uadertake  to  say;  but  if  we  adopt  the  phrase iato 
the  language  of  the  nineteenth  century,  and  in  that  language  (pt*''^ 
of  the  news  of  the  ann  standing  still  as  a  thing  which  ne>e<l  not  •dP'^| 
priae  us,  but  which  wc  have  rather  expected  than  otherwiae,  then  T^ 


THE   UNIFORMtTT  OF  NATURE. 


*IS 


Et   to  tlic  tna thematic! an  the  Ungaage  involves  a  necnmrf 
I>h(s  Ktiil  that  if  tbo  etio  did  Stand  still,  ctcd  for  a  moineiit,  do 
one  wou1<1  be  left  to  tell  tlie  talc. 

U  \»  true  that  nil  nirii  ftro  not  mnt1i<Mnnticbm)i,  and  that  it  \%  im- 

poKiblo  fi>r  a  mind  wliicli  Itiu  not  Mtudii^d  |)by«ioal  scirnro  matfivmati- 

cally  fully  to  mtimato  tlic  Imprcasion  of  contradiction  and  impossiliili- 

ty  ]>ro()tiCTi-d  apoo  tbo  iniod  which  has  so  studied  by  au  allegation  of 

ui;  im*gulAriiy  in  the  clock  of  Nature.     Bo  it  obMnod  that  the  be- 

W  in  the  uniformity  of  siioh  a  {ihenomoooD  as  tbo  rising  of  th«  hid, 

or  of  tttu  effect  of  tbo  moon  on  th«  Udcfl,  or  of  ttucb  ob««rved  faot* 

H  pnceaaloo  and  nutation,  nnd  many  olh«ni,  \*  to  the  mathematical 

jiydcwt  aonitttbtng  difftrvnt  iu  kind  from  that  which  «r»e»  from 

iDtfs  csjierionoe.     If  you  say  that  the  sun  has  risen  millions  of  times 

■Itoftdy,  and  th«r«fore  will  probably,  or  almost  certainly,  rise  to-mor- 

;  you  ofTtr  a  ft<Md  prL'^umptive  argument ;  but  it  is  not  tbo  argu* 

nt  which  chiefly  weighs  with  the  man  who  knows  what  tho  rising 

it  tbo  sun  mean*,  and  what  would  W  lite  mechsnical  result  of  his  fail- 

■C  to  do  BO.     Sly  belief,  however,  is,  that  the  feeling  of  certainty  aa 

1o  naiDDiI  pb^Domena,  which  aueb  men  as  LB|)lace  felt  for  the  first 

time  iu  human  history,  has  percolated  (so  to  speak)  through  the  strata 

•(  kanian  tnielli);encc  until  it  has  become  the  common  property  of 

iloust  all.    llic  whole  aspect  of  Nature  bax  U-cn  changed  ;  and  many 

*tUa  r»uls  a  piirKusfion  of  llic  existence  of  Homctbing  which  may  btt 

<i«Kribcd  as  nniformity,  and  in  virtuo  of  which  he  questions  or  douhU 

*r  dtnioa  many  things  which  would  have  been  accepted  as  poetsible  or 

^bihla  in  the  seventeenth  centory,  without  knowing  or  being  able 

tonplaln  open  what  his  oonvietions  rest. 

Rpnc«-,  according  to  my  riew,  the  nniformityof  Naturr,  Instead  of 
■■tiii)^  capable  of  being  defended  as  a  posttdate,  is,  no  far  aa  it  is  true, 
•W  malt  of  very  liaid  iK-icntiftc  fighting.     In  the  region  of  celestial 
IwdiaDies  U  may  bo  uid  to  havo  (gained  absolute  sway,  because  the 
(MMJona  of  tbo  beareiw  reaolvo  tfacmsolroe  into  the  ordinary  laws  of 
(nwhanica,  HU)<plcmeiit«d  by  tlir  law  of  nniversal  gravitation ;  and 
Iram  tlila  region  there  is  a  very  inlcllt|^ble  tendency  to  extend  th« 
■waijoo  of  tbe  principle  to  other  departments  of  scientific  invoMi* 
ion.    Such  extension,  however,  must  be  mado  with  caution  ;  ctwi 
lh«  aiilor  system  itself,  the  moment  wo  go  beyond  m^hnnics,  all 
formtty  appears  to  vanish.      IVith  regard  to  siite,  arrangement, 
y,  In  fact  every  element  of  planetary  existence,  variety,  which 
deSoa  all  kind  of  cUMifloation,  not  uniformity,  is  tliv  undoubted  order 
^Natnre. 

^B     Tlwre  is  a  etrikins  pturagraph  on  this  subject  from  the  pen  of  no 

^Dms  a  man  than  Alexander  von  Ilnmboldt,  which  it  may  be  well  to 

^  fpnto  in  this  cxmni-cliou.    After  epcaking  of  the  absence  of  all  known 

lav  connecting    tho  vaiiotts    planotary  elenenta,  their  magnitudai^ 

dendtJaa,  oie,  be  prooe«ds  thus : 


»5» 


Ta£  POPVLA&  SCIB^fCB  UOXTBLV. 


in  ooDtnuliotion  to  |ihvi)ca]  tmUi,  tboy  lio  ratltor  in  another  plaiui 
Uwf  are  )ik«  two  Itnen  or  corres  in  apMe,  wliicli  do  not  meet,  and  tbn 
fore  ean  not  cut  each  otber.  Tbcn-  un  tnitttvrs  of  lli«  lii^theet  notDcni 
wfaiofa  maoifeetly  do  lie  outside  ib«  domain  of  pbyBical  scieoc* :  ttie 
potsibilil}-  of  tlio  oontinuancv  of  human  iMial«aco  in  s  epiritual  fonn 
aftur  tliv  termination  of  phyGical  lifo  iit,  b<>yond  vontradiotion,  oiie  of 
th«  grontUiFl  aixl  niMHl  nioniviitouti  of  |>o«*ibiIitit-«,  but  in  the  tiuturn  at 
thing*  it  li«it  outdidi>  phj-Kit.'K,  Yvt  there  ia  nothing  abeolntelj-  abeard, 
notliing  which  oontradictd  anj  human  instinct,  in  iha  enppoeitioD  <rf 
such  poesibilitjr ;  oonseqnently,  the  ntudcnt  of  phyaical  Mic>nc«,  «vpii 
if  lio  can  not  find  lime  or  inelinstion  to  look  into  ituch  niativn  hiniMlf, 
may  well  have  pat  ii-nce  with  those  who  can.  And  he  may  easily  nffonl 
to  bo  gneroits  ;  th«  field  of  phyricul  science  is  grand  enoujirli  for  any 
ambition,  and  there  is  room  enough  in  tlie  wide  world  both  for  phyBioal 
and  for  p^ycltiual  resoarch. 

In  truth,  a  wide-spread  rebellion  among  iome  of  lh«  most  tlioughl> 
ful  of  mankind  mufit  be  (be  result  of  any  att«m{tt  to  prrw  the  siippoicd 
principlv  of  uniformity  to  the  extent  of  denying  all  facta  and  pbe- 
nofluina  which  do  not  submit  themselves.  Religious  faith  is  necessarily 
conversant  uilh  tiuch  fnvt*  and  phenomena;  and  though  even  here  a 
familiarity  with  the  conclusions  of  science  may  bo  useful  in  stead 
tlH'  mind  and  fortifying  it  agninitt  superstition,  still  there  are  sn 
natural  truths  boond  np  with  the  Cliristian  creed,  toward  vhieJi 
bohooves  all  to  bow  with  rtKpcot,  and  which  can  not  be  refatod  hy 
appeal  to  the  uniformity  of  Nature. 

For  Nature  can  only  bo  uniform  when  the  same  cauMS  we  at  work ; 
and  to  declare  an  alleged  fact  to  be  incredible,  on  the  grotind  that  it 
does  not  conform  to  the  natural  onlcr  of  things,  can  only  bo  reasonable 
upon  the  hypothesis  that  no  new  Influence  has  be<^n  intnxluood  in  ad- 
dition to  tbo«o  which  the  natural  order  of  thu)t;rs  recognize*.  Bit 
fluch  an  inllncnoe  may  tic  found  in  the  action  of  will,  or  of  some  iplti^ 
ual  energy  which  does  not  eiist  in  the  ordinary  natural  order. 

For  example,  it  would  be  unwise  absolutely  to  dony  on  a  firtcH 
gronnda  the  history  of  the  stigmata  of  St.  Francis  of  Amisi.  Tliere> 
are  not  wanting  cxamplef  to  show  that  physical  rrsulla  of  a  remark- 
able  kind  can  bo  proiluced  by  abn4>rnuU  and  exocasive  aellon  of  thu 
afTeclions,  and  feelings,  and  imagination.  Recently  recordml  raitt 
seem  to  inrest  even  with  a  somewhat  high  probability  the  alleged  «a- 
pcrionce  of  St.  Francis.  \ 

I  am  not  of  coame  committing  myself  to  any  opinion  ai  to  lbc< 
spiritual  oorollarien  which  may  follow  from  an  nilmission  of  the  roality 
of  tito  stigmata ;  one  penmii  may  say  that  they  bare  great  retigfouff 
gi|{i)iticniice,  another  that  they  arc  a  curious  iostanc<e  of  the  phyainol 
cITect  of  the  imagination.  I  only  argue  that  they  mitst  not  he  at  oncd 
brushed  away  in  dofvrenco  to  some  suppo«ed  law  of  nniformity. 

Still  luM  ia  it  wise  to  deny  the  ]>ossibility  of  events,  recorded  b» 


ere  a 

iparj 
ehilfl 


\ 


THE  UNIFORMITY  OF  JfATURR 


159 


Kb*  lif«  of  one  gte&tor  ifaui  St  Fniicis.  od  the  likt  pronod.    I  am  not 

rgoing  into  ihc  argumi'iit  conn^rniiig  the  miracles  and  ri?suiTection  of 

tlM  Lord  ;  bat  I  wiab  U>  saggest  tbu  if  the  poUiaoy  of  a  dirinfi  will 

be  lulnutUH],  we  have  in  lh«  case  of  tbfiit«  crcnb  to  take  *ouount  of  a 

|iotrer  vhicb  docs  not  prc-£«nt  itself  in  th«  dtMtunoa  uf  aatim)  pbc- 

oomena.     We  mar  well  as  pbiloeopbers  admit,  in  consideration  of  tlio 

ipemi  circumstaocea  of  tlio  r»c,  the  possibility  of  these  supenutural 

factf^  while  prixing  tliu  prin4:t|>lu  of  uniformity  as  a  working  hypotho- 

ns,  or  u  morw  tlian  ihla.     For  in  truth  even  thu  action  of  the  onlinary 

boBsa  will  Introduces  strange  breaches  of  uniformity  into  Nuturv. 

Conceive  some  obeervcr  endowed  with  human  scientific  facntties  oon- 

teaplating  thia  «irth  of  ours  in  the  pre-human  period.    He  sees  the 

wnttBents  covered  with  forests,  bcsuts  of  all  kinds  disporting  them- 

•rbm  in  Ibo  tame,  a  great  vigor  of  veg(.>lnbIo  mid  animal  lifo  both  in 

I  and  on  tbe  dry  land.     But  all  is  alMotutely  wild,  not  a  sin^e 

>  anywhere  of  human  purpose  and  contrivance.    Sappoee  oar 

(cr  to  specniate  npon  tbe  futnre  of  this  scene  of  lifo  and  activity 

bytbe  help  of  the  working  hypothesis  of  the  uniformity  of  Katnrc^ 

ofwfaN-h  we  will  liberally  allow  him  tbe  nt>o  oat  of  the  scicntifio  rc)>cr- 

lory  of  oar  own  times.     Would  it  bo  pomiblo  that  this  working  fay< 

fsdun  could  prcient  to  bis  view,  as  a  po«iblo  future  of  tbe  globe, 

MttUng  eaaentially  different  from  what  he  oould  then  seep    The 

faitiof  land  and  water  might  have  been  observed  to  vary,  and  further 

isiatioii  night  be  anticipatM  ;  volcanic  action  would  have  been  seen 

lobe  very  active,  and  it  might  be-  eJ[pccto<l  thai  vokanoc*  would  still 

Capoten!  agent ;  nay,  I  will  cnii  suppiiiu.-  that  an  ribNi.-ri'cr  is  keen 

<Bngb  from  bia  obsc-rvalioos  to  deduce  the  theory  of  evolution,  and 

lezpcct  that  the  flora  and  fauna  which  he  witnessca  are  in  procesa 

BsformatioQ  into  sometbini;  higher ;  but  oonid  he  possibly,  in  his 

ngnment,  and  when  his  genius  was  highest,  crcr  linvo  coa 

nrndor  gneseed  tbi.'  chango  which  would  como  upon  tin;  globe  when 

*U  ippeared  a«  tbe  beiad  and  crown  of  tho  ervation  ?    It  is  not  that 

•n  would  bis  a  stronger,  or  more  active,  or  more  crafty  beast,  than 

M  ever  appeared  before,  but  that  he  would  be  a  new  creature  alto- 

IMber ;  a  creature  with  plans  and  purposes  of  his  own,  capable  of  say- 

■■r,  'I  intend  to  do  this  or  that,  and  1  will  do  it" ;  a  creattire,  in  fact, 

*Ui  a  will  «'hich.  Joined  to  an  iolelligcnoc  infinitely  higher  than  any> 

4iag  exhibited  before,  would  enable  him  to  treat  the  earth  as  his  own, 

tonbdwi  tbe  powers  of  Nature,  and  fashion  tho  earth's  surface  after 

bown  pleasore  ;  which  also  would  make  him  a  morn!  agent,  and  so 

I  mature  different  in  kind  from  all  those  which  bad  preceded  him. 

"Kt,  however,  is  not  tht^  point  upon  vhich  I  intend  to  dwell  now ; 

vfaat  I  wish  to  point  out  is,  that  tlw  apjieatance  of  man  upon  the  earth 

vodd  break  to  fragments  any  theory  which  an  obserrcr  might  have 

btmti  with  tbe  «d  of  the  working  hypothesis  of  Ihe  onifoTTOiiy  of 

Xatare.    Tbe  forests  disappear,  except  so  far  as  man  finds  them  con- 


t6o 


THE  POPVLAR  SCIBNCS  MOXTffLr. 


Ti^ienl ;  the  land  ia  Ulled ;  tlio  riv«n  ttt  Uavd ;  boaMN  ant  buili 
Blii)M  float  npOD  tlic  ms  ;  ovurytliiog  ia  rogartlecl  wltb  ruf<n«DC«  t 
batD&n  comfort,  aod  tko  will  of  man  baa  utttu-lf  tnttaformed  tbu  whole 
eurfoco  of  the  globe.  The  unifornuty  of  Kature,  as  Kature  had  Uwn 
known  or  inanifeHtcd  hith«no,  is  altogether  set  aaido  by  the  action  ot 
tbo  will  of  man. 

These  examples  may  be  etifficiont,  or  at  all  events  may  help,  tu 
abow  the  maoocr  which  tbu  hypothesifl  of  tlie  onlformity  of  N»lim 
nttutt  1h'  rogardvd  Id  onlcr  tluit  it  may  cxprpM  tlm  tnith.  For  ny 
ovn  i>vt,  1  have  no  deiire  to  apeak  lightly  of  it,  or  to  de>pUn  it  oa  a 
acieolifio  guide.  I  bare  no  sympathy  n-ith  that  opinion  of  Cardinal 
Newman,  quoted  by  I>r,  Ward  at  th«  meeting;  of  the  Motaphyalcal 
Socii-ty,  to  tbo  effvct  tlial  Eiit^land  would  be  in  a  far  more  hoiieful 
condition  if  it  wcr«  more  Hnpcntitiouo  and  more  bigoted.  When  bo 
adds  "  more  disponed  to  iiuail  bi;nG«th  the  stings  of  coiiwtonce,  and  lo 
do  penance  for  iu  Btnn  titan  it  i»,"  1  allow  that  the  words  may  admit 
of  a  wholesome  meaning ;  but  aaperatition,  if  I  nrideratand  what  h 
meant  by  the  word,  is  an  immeasurably  and  unutterably  evil  thing :  tt 
i»  the  Babstitution  for  truth  of  that  which  is  not  truth ;  it  is  iiotnethiof 
which,  from  its  possible  poetical  accompaniments,  may  be  tolerable  te 
man,  and  ncrcrthclcss  tntist,  as  I  conceive,  be  iofinitcly  intolerable  to 
tiod.  But  there  is  no  oceavion  to  tiigh  for  a  little  more  suptTstition,  ia 
ordor  to  counteract  the  evils  which  may  ariso  from  a  oue^Hidod  view  e( 
Nature  ;  nor  are  superstition  and  bigotry  tbo  best  guides  to  true  ytn- 
aoee  :  the  thing  really  to  W  desired  is  a  symmetrical  and  e([iial-handod 
dealing  with  human  and  divine  knowledge.  In  tbo  one  department, 
the  uniformity  of  Nature  may  be  aooeptcd  as  a  valuable  working  ky- 
potheits ;  in  the  other,  we  contemplate  God  without  any  bypothtrii 
at  all,  aa  tbo  Aothor  and  original  Cause  of  Nature,  of  whoM  viU  nnl- 
formity  and  variety  arc  etjually  and  co^rdiuately  the  ezpreaaloti  an«Z 
the  means  of  roanifeslalion  to  human  intelligence. 

To  sum  up  the  views  which  I  have  endeavored  to  express  in  tlii» 
pa)>er :  I  trace  the  belief  in  the  principle,  dr»crilicd  by  the  phrase  "tbv 
uniformity  of  Nuturo,"  to  the  direct  and  indirect  influences  of  tb 
RHOcessful  api>lieation  of  raathematicK  to  the  phyiical  theory  of  tbi 
solar  system.  The  principle  so  established  may  I>e  used  aa  a  wurkin 
hypolheeis  in  physical  investigations,  m  far  as  it  predisposes  us  to  *vi 
for  law  and  order  in  all  parts  of  creation.  But  it  mtiat  iu>t  hu  dL-alt 
with  as  an  absolutely  tmo  principle,  if  for  no  other  reason  at  least  for 
this,  that  it  has  not  hem  found  practicable  to  define  Ita  tneniiing  wi' 
precision.  And  especially  we  must  take  care  not  to  awiumo  it  rven  a* 
an  bypotheais,  except  in  cases  in  which  it  is  quite  clenr  that  uothtDif 
but  physical  causes  are  eoneemed.  Which  last  consith<nitioi)  abuuki 
bo  regarded  as  a  warning  that  tho  inlrodiKition  of  the  prinolfde  into 
theological  qoMlJona  may  very  poi^bly  load  to  moat  erroneous  con- 
elusions. — A'iiwt«enth  Century, 


I 

iT^ 


SKBTCn  OP  PROFESSOR  ALPHEUS  SYATT.     361 


SKETCH   OF  PROFESSOR  ALPHEUS  HYATT. 

Br  SALPII  6.  TARB. 

PROFtS-SOIt  HYArr  was  bom  April  5,1888,  in  W«whinpton, 
J).  C.  He  atu-ndv'J  varivni)  K'hooU,  among  them  the  Mar^-Laod 
iJfihurjr  Aeadnny,  th«a  ondcr  the  dirMtion  of  Captain  A1]«d,  an  ex- 
folEcvr  of  the  regnlar  army,  an  ol<l>faBhion4Kl  leacber,  and  loniQwhat 
1  »f  a  naturalisL  He  entered  the  claas  of  1800  in  Yale  CoUcgr,  but 
tr  Ihc  Freshman  year  be  left  the  iDBtitation  to  travel  for  a  y*9x 
Enropo.  Retnming,  ho  entered  tlie  J^wronce  Scieotifio  School 
Camltridgo  in  \^%  where  ho  took  tlie  b{gh««t  degree,  nnder 
fAgaMis,  in  1»02. 

Ilia  parenta  intended  tb.it  he  dboald  become  a  merohanl ;  bat  this 

WM  not  congenial  to  the  yonth's  natural  tastes,  and  it  was  conaideTed 

ibv  next  best  course  for  him  to  study  lanr.     Aft«r  paraaing  for  nearly 

two  yean  itadii-M  wbich  vrcrc  dixlasteful  to  hini,  ho  finally  broko  awray 

um  oollrgv  Olid  went  to  Europe.    TTpon  him  return  b«  detemiiDod 

I  l«am  engineering.     Thinking  that  a  counc  in  geology  would  be  an 

ellent  introduction  to  tliia  brsnch,  and  attracted  by  the  great  juine 

Fof  Agasaiz.  he  began  to  study  that  Bcientre  at  (bo  Lawrence  Scientific 

SefcooL     ^Vhile  at  Cambridge,  being  attracted  by  a  fine  collection 

tf  Anraonites,  be  aaked  permisaion  to  study  them,  and,  after  gradun- 

iIm,  (mblishcd  a  monograph  apon  them.     After  a  period  of  service 

M  obtain  in  tho  army  he  renewed  hi«  dndios  under  Agassis,  in  a 

dw  which  included  such  stndent*,  tiince  become  eminent  naturalists, 

.«<  A  E.  Verrill.  A.  8.  Packard,  N.  S.  Sbaler.  S.  II.  Scndder,  F.  W. 

iPBlnam.  E.  B.  Morw.  A.  Agasaiz,  Theodore  Lyman,  J.  A.  Allrn,  and 

rA  8t  Uickmore,     lie  afterward  went  to  Salem,  where  Putnam  waa 

■wator  in  the  Essei  Institute,  and  in  If*(i7  became  one  of  the  curators. 

and   Packard  afterwanl  cam«  in,  and  the  fonr  fonndod  and 

yean  c<!ite<l  tho  "  American  Xaturali«t,"  which  is  now  pub- 

in  Philatlelphia.    TbeM>  name  young  naturalists  were  aUo  in- 

niaental,  together  witli  officers  of  (he  Emcx  Tmlitute,  in  founding 

bv  Peabody  Academy  of  Scienoes  at  Salem.    They  formed  the  first 

Jentlflc  staff,  and  together  planned  the  mnaenm,  in  which  Professor 

lyait  woA  appointed  a  cnrator  in  l^AD.     In  the  year  1.S7I   Professor 

lyait  was  clcctol  Custodian  of  Uie  Boston  Society  of  Natural  Hintory, 

id  in  lt:i7S  be  went  to  Europe,  with  bin  family,  to  fininh  the  studieH 

Atmnonitea  which  he  had  begun  in  the  Museum  of  Comparative 

ilogy  in  1881.     In  1881  he  was  elected  Curator  of  the  Itoston  So- 

dety.     In  addition  to  this  he  is  unofheially  in  charge  of  the  fossil 

balopods  of  the  Klnseum  of  Comparative  Zofilogy  at  Cambridge. 

ltd  is  ProfesMtr  of  Zo6logy  and  Paleontology  in  lh«  UaasaoboMitu 

nstitnto  of  Teclinology.     He  also  bss  a  class  from  Boston  ITniverait} 


TBS  POPVLAR  SCIS.YCS  MOyTHLY. 


.  with  lb*  Bo>t«a  Soeiety  is  muuiger  of  iha  To 
Sc4aal  M  S^msa,  irUtA  «m  iwudnd  ia  IdTO-TI,  for  Ulo  (toipow  i 
girfas  Iwiw  tP  Vmthtn  a  Bo«t<m  uiil  vicinity. 

n*  Soetmj  of  Kitsnlbu  of  Essteni  I'niicd  SIrUIb,  founded 
1883^  rwUjr  aixm  fran  ao  ide*  of  PnfoMor  UjraU'a  that  tlierv  eliottli 
te  •  MMI7  uprtwtiatf  tfat  praetioal  t&Av  uf  oUural  hiiitonr.    Iti 
mmmmakMti  kit  idaw  to  Pnttmm  Clark,  of  WUItama  Colhgo.  «lu 
nafiaad  Um  ralae  of  tba  phw ;  sod  it  m»  inai&ly  through  tlir 
tire  abilhr  and  flDtfgj  of  Profcspor  Ctark  tbat  tbe  fint  n>i->rling' 
caUd  at  SpriogfcM.    Profeaaor  Unttl  van  ritctrd  lint  prvsiiiLiit  of] 
tba  aod«t7  for  »  term  of  two  ;««».     In  16410  bo  wm  i-k-(^'t(><l  Kdlcn 
of  lb*  Amcncaa  Acadnnjr  of  Arts  and  SdeDom,  and  in   Jhi.'i  liv 
c«a»  FeOoT  of  th«  National  Acadmiy, 

la  his  ftcimtifio  rtaMKhoi  Plufencor  llyatt  hiis  betn  vxoti-tliii!;!; 
aetiTc    II»  first  pnbUAcd  ao  »tid«  u)Mtii  "  Bc:ttn'oin,"  a  largo  niiil 
oarioaa  fosdl  firat  described  as  a  tre«,  aod  tbeo  taeoMeiTelf  placed 
diflannt  antbon  in  all  tl>e  seven)  cUesee  of  Invertobrata,  till  at  lul, 
hy  HMlber  pofwr  of  ProfeMor  Urait's,  it  has  b«cD  again  ahirtc^l  H 
tbe  Protoooa.    In  Ii^96  ^ipeared  bis  **  Obeervations  on  Polyzoa," 
article  of  itn|>or(an<-e  at  that  tuxt«,  upon  tlu)  etmctarv  of  tUiti  curio 
nad  beaotifal  group  of  ftwb-watw  anitnala.    Tbis  was  followed,  iai 
\it0T,  by  an  article  upon  "Parallelism  between  Different  Stages  oE 
Life  in  TcurabranelUata,"  and  in  1S7S  by  nn  iinpurtant  ps|>er  nji 
tbf> "  KcMiil  CepUalopoda  of  tbe  Uusettm  of  ConparatiTo  Zo^ilojcy." 
In  tbeso  and  otber  subaeqnent  pamphlets  upon  the  fomil  oeplialopodil 
he  baa  steadily  endeavored  to  elaborate  a  practical  dmnooatratioD  cE 
tbe  theory  of  erolntion,  and  to  UluEinte  the  bws  by  wLirh  iliii>  hi 
taken  place  among  the  ccphalopodE.     Ouo  of  his  best  worki*  is 
Tisioo  of  North  American  Porifonr,"  tbo  only  work  on  North  Amori-] 
can  commercial  qrangos,  and  one  which  in  rt<cngnir.v<l  tlironj^hout 
world  M  one  of  tbe  finest  monograpbn  of   Porifcrs  cvnr  pulrlisbe 
The  Arid  wa*  entirely  unexplored,  and  the  group  one  of  the  hardest 
in  the  animal  kingdom^^o  hard,  in  fact,  that  few  naturalisU  bare  ere 
toaebed  it.     In  his  "Effects  of  Gravity  upon  Fonns  of  tbe  Sbotls 
PUnorbie,"   I'rofessor   Hyatt   Khows  bow  importsnt  the  action 
gravity  has  been  in  modifying  the  shape  of  the  ebells  of  Atoraottlt 
and  other  animals,  pointing  oat  many  caxn  where  it  has  undoobiedl) 
fundamentally  nfTc«ted  the  forms  of  dhellti  and  tlie  growth  uf  the  par 
and  organs  of  the  animsli*,  and  produced  specific  and  gent- ric  mitdiflr 
tions.     Some  of  Professor  Hyatt's  most  important  theories  havti  bct-n 
set  forth  in  an  extensive  pai>er,  entitled  "  Genesis  of  Tertiary  S)wch!i- 
of  Planorbis  at  Steinheim."    It  covon  one  hundred  pages,  qnarto.  ae<fl 
has  nine  plates.    ProfcMor  Hyatt  wfnt  to  Stiinbr-im  with  the  '  '1 

of  making  additional  ol>s«rvations  and  proving  ililgiixlorf*  i.  ■  I 

the  evolution  of  Planorhis,  which  was  then  recogniied  by  paloonlologlsia 
ID  Europe  as  tbe  only  positive  demonstration  of  the  theory  of  uvotnthia,! 


SKSTCB  OF  PBOFESaoa  ALPBSUS  BYATT.     a6j 


^ 


obUlnftd  A  uacb  largvr  Hiiw  of  Pitnorbu  tliu  HJlgendorf  bid,  uid 
Mobliged  tu  prove  tfaat,  altfaongb  tbera  vusgrneral  gndatioD  from 
tb«  fiuhmed  apecies  to  tbe  «piral,  ttirougb  nuiiy  iDtorinodUto  forms,  it 
vu  not  true  that  tbe  tex\e»  of  species  succeeded  each  other  in  time,  w 
olaiined  by  Ililp;i>Ddor(.  All  tbo  spocies,  in  all  their  curious  modifioo- 
tiona,  were  fouad  togatbcr  in  thu  lower  stratum.  'IlieoretieaUy  t, 
gnded  M-rii-ii  wu  tr»oeablc  ;  luid  iiu  doubt  tbc  flattened  MpirsJ  fomu 
wnro  tbv  wiMMtoTB  of  tbfl  more  eonical  9\»nl  form*.  lie  aJso  pointed 
oat  tho  nurked  resemblance  between  diseased  and  wouudc-d  indi- 
vidtiiils  of  a  species,  and  tbo  degraded  form  asd  tlw  oorrclatioDs  of 
Ibese  wilb  tbe  iruisfoniiati<Mii  taking  place  in  tbi>  old  ago  of  otb«r  and 
hnlthicr  xiK-cicit  of  tiM  auoe  group.  He  uttribatcs  bta  nMult  to  the 
VM  of  inoobanieal  melhodi.  The  shells  were  gathered  io  bags,  caro- 
(ally  labeled,  from  each  stratum,  ia)iva  borne,  eifted  tbrougb  graded 
flerca  oonstntcted  for  tbe  purpooe,  and  ever;  specimco,  to  the  number 
of  wrvral  baodreds  io  each  bag,  was  thus  ueccMarily  pnnud  throogfa 
his  baads.  ProfcMor  Richard  Owen,  tbe  eiuincDt  anatomist,  Director 
of  the  Britiab  Museum,  bax  said  of  thii  memoir,  "  It  is  a  model  of  the 
RKuJe  in  which  sueh  reacan^iea  should  be  conducted."  l!e«idca  these, 
Profmsor  Hyatt  is  the  author  of  many  smaller  papers  upon  nearly  ail 
tobjcotJi  relating  to  natural  history,  and  h«  has  dcacribed  mauy  now 
gtgon  of  cephalopods, 

Profeasor  Hyatt  baa  discovered  that  evolutioDary  ch&ngea  in  gon* 
oil  were  much  more  rapid  in  earlier  agM  thin  now,  and  could  ho  com* 
pu»(]  clo«ely  with  tho  isolated  obmw  of  very  rapid  erolatJon  of  forms 
ianeh  limited  localilic*  occurring  in  later  times,  as  at  Steinlieim.  For 
faatancc,  in  tho  Siltman  |i«rii>d  tbere  was  a  continual  stnif^le  for 
iKtor  adaptation  to  tbe  enTironment.  In  otber  I'aleoEoic  ages,  alao, 
erolalioa  must  havo  been  rapid  to  have  accounted  for  the  observed 
dianges.  Il  munt  have  been  |>«nioularly  rapid  immodintely  after  the 
groapB  or  individuals  originated,  and  thus  should  Iw  n?}ireM<'nte<l  as 
•ipaiMling  aaddenly  from  their  point  of  origin,  like  the  s]>oke8  of  an 
sipaniled  fan.  lie  farther  believes  that  evolution  of  Cephalopoda  ba« 
tjkken  place  both  by  progression  and  retrogression,  in  four  branehes, 
FnalbeBtraighlorthoconitio  forms  all  fossil  and  modem  (V|<hiil»poda 
Imivv  de««end»d.  To  use  his  own  wonhi :  "  The  ^ortt  of  the  Ortho- 
oentile  to  adapt  itself  fully  to  ibe  rc<iuircm«nt8  of  a  mixod  habitat 
gtre  tho  world  tbe  Nautiloidea  ;  tbo  efforUai  the  same  type  to  bcoome 
CQUlpletely  a  littoral  crawler  developed  ibe  Ammonoidea.  Tbo  euc- 
teoaivr  forms  of  tbe  Belenmoidca  arose  in  tbc  same  way  ;  bnt  hero  tbo 
groan •  I  ■swimming  habitat  and  completo  fitncw,  for  that  was  the  ol>- 
ject,  wbereofl  iIm  Sepoidca  reprcaenl  thu  higlteat  aims,  ax  well  as  the 
bigbMl  atiainmentii,  of  tbe  Ortboceraiites,  in  their  surfaee-swimming 
and  rspacioQ*  forms."  No  better  groop  for  tho  study  of  evolution  is 
nud  in  foaailifcroua  beds,  for  ia  tbe  shells  every  at«p  of  growth  can 
he  traced,  and  it  eao  be  seen  that  the  coiled  forma  all  go  through  the 


366 


TBS  POPULAR  SCIENCE  MOXTSIY. 


A 


models  of  •impltdty,  aad  eonlain  a  gi-ncral  rovi«ir  of  tbe  sabjoot  Uoai 
lliey  uv  inUndet)  to  giw  juM  saoh  socoimu  u  aro  cftlcalaicd  to  t 
spire  ibe  teacher  wiUi  tbc  imtli.t  of  iiitiitn;,  wul  ai  tlie  ume  tine  to 
tea«h  her  the  simplest  ant!  bi-at  way  of  Juiprewing  tbe  foou  upon  tbe 
miods  of  young  pnpits,  la  tbe  introductioo  to  tbe  work  on  pebblra, 
tlie  antbor  utg  :  "  >VbeD  properly  conudered.  ibo  c«»y  in  n  wriec  of 
BU^gotions,  not  an  eznot,  cut  and  dried  process.  Hio  metnorisiug  of 
a  ninglo  part  will  spoil  tbo  ofFect  of  the  design.  If  tbe  older  scholar, 
whvu  tlie  lessons  are  finisliud,  c^an  not  go  thron}{fa  villi  tbe  whole  pn>- 
Desa  and  show  what  be  baa  li<H>n  taught  with  the  specimens,  tt  niay  be 
oonaiderod  t&  proof  that  it  haa  bven  dono  too  quickly  for  bim  to  folly 
oomprebeDd  eaob  of  the  various  steps  by  wlticli  a  pebble  is  formed." 
llie  same  plan  as  tbe  one  so  saoc«Kfiil  in  tbe  Teaobers'  Sobool  has 
beoo  suggested  for  the  public  schools — thai  eacb  papi)  be  supplivd  with 
a  gpednea  of  tbe  obji.'ot,  and  that  they  be  asked  in  turn  to  point  out 
its  feuturcn. 

During  tbe  first  few  years  after  tbo  United  States  Fish  Conuni*- 
sioa  was  founded,  Professor  Hyatt  spent  bis  summers  at  tbe  summer 
staitoti,  being  allowed  by  tbo  kindness  of  tbe  poninii5>iioDer  to  ooUcet 
B|>ecimeua  to  illustrate  bis  lectures.  Since  then,  with  but  one  or  two 
exceptions,  bis  sammers  have  been  spout  at  Annisquam,  near  tilonoos- 
ter,  MassarhnKctts,  where  be  I'nn  study  in  quiet  Mclosion.  Previ. 
COS  to  1870  be  hud  bten  in  tbe  liabit  of  allowing  a  few  eludunis 
from  tbe  Institute  of  Teobiwlogy  to  stady  with  bim  in  his  private 
laboratory  at  Annisquam.  Soon,  however,  tbe  number  of  appllcationa 
became  too  nnmerCKis,  ai>d  be  could  no  longer  accommodate  all,  so 
in  1879  steps  were  taken  toward  fonndiDg  a  general  laboratory  of 
unil  history  to  be  situated  at  Annisquam.  Eacb  summt-r  the  laboratory 
has  been  open  under  the  directorship  of  Prefcmor  Hyatt,  as8tHt«d  by 
Profeiisor  Van  Vleele.  who  has  immediate  charge  nf  all  tlie  work.  Tbe 
laboratory  was  fonndcd  and  is  nujijiorted  by  tbe  Woman's  Educational 
Society  of  Itoslon,  and  is  open  to  both  seies,  iDTeatigators  and 
teachers  being  given  tlie  preference.  Kach  year  tbe  tables  are  foil, 
aometimes  iborc  being  as  many  as  fifteen  in  the  labvnlory  at  a  time, 
including  some  original  investigators.  The  student  is  given  a  s|Koi- 
men,  and  is  told  to  study  it  carefully  and  see  as  much  as  bu  can  ;  tbrn 
to  verify  his  results  by  rcfi-rring  to  Mr.  Van  VIeek  at  first,  and  then 
to  books  chosen  by  liim.  Profewor  Hyatt  endears  himself  to  nil  who 
study  with  bim  by  bis  kindness  and  tbe  interest  which  ho  takes  in 
the  individoal  work  of  the  pupil. 

A  mnaenm  as  large  as  that  of  the  Bo«toa  Society  of  Nalnral  His- 
tory, nnder  the  charge  of  a  man  ho  full  of  original  ideas  and  having 
the  interest  of  sciciMe^eaebing  at  heart,  and,  at  tbe  same  titui',  having 
such  an  esqiorienoe  nt  home  and  abroad,  must  of  neocstity  undrrgx 
important  oluingea  and  become  unique  in  its  plan.  To  sliow  the  idess 
which  Professor  Hyatt  entertains,  wc  quote  from  bis  annual  report  as 


iona^ 
ihotfl 

torrV 


SKKTCU  OF  PROFSSSOR  ALPHSVS  HYATT.     167 

bUowi :  "  It  ui  qiiito  possible  to  m>  amiDgo  and  Rnbw^quontly  eondnot 
imnMam  that  it  will  be  u  tnucU  more  effectual  In  tbin  way  (tidan* 
Boiul)  than  any  Brt-gsllory  or  librarr,  as  Natore  benclf  u  greater  utl 
norvlnstrtigtivetbui  any  imperfect  imitations  of  berevirrect  infratnett 
or  between  the  coven  of  books."  In  hi«  report  for  1$!^  bu  fay%  that 
bera  have  been  many  rcqumts  for  rcfcn>uce  serioe  for  coDsultation, 
[)•]  he  Ha^g(«t«  tbat  luonoy  bu  raiMil  for  tlio  parpoHo  of  pincing  uries 
of  flpecimcnii  illustrating  diffcreut  natural  groups  •»  that  tb«y  may  bo 
hODdbid  by  those  barlDg  eulBoieiit  intcTvnt  in  the  subject,  lliia  is  an 
Important  saggeotion,  and,  if  it  can  be  carri^  out,  will  greatly  ntae 
tbe  educational  standard  of  the  Natural  IIiHtory  Muiwum.  lis  also 
^R,  -  ibat  descriptive  catalogues  of  tl>o  ninsvaia  be  issued  and  dis- 

Ht.  .;(  frequent  intcrruln. 

^B     In  urdor  to  ri-ndvr  tlie  muHeum  a  true  guide  to  the  study  of  nalarol 

^^istiiry,  to  makn  it,  in  foot,  ft  natural  system  in  itself,  and  to  illustrate 

•II  tbv  fonns  in  a  deHoile  and  natural  manner.  Professor  Hyatt  bas 

^^dnpted  a  superior  plan  of  amingement.    Let  us  take,  forvxampic, 

PBbe  mineral  ami  goulogioat  collection,  which  is  now  nearly  completely 

arranged.     Pimt  of  nil,  the  elements  are  abowii,  then  the  elements 

wbicb  enter  into  rocV  formations  in  an  elementary  form.    Then  there 

in  a  series  of  what  might  be  called  roc Ic-elem ems— tbat  is,  rocks  which 

an  coni)>osed  of  one  mineral,  siicb  as  mica  or  limestone.   We  are  then 

prepared  for  the  final  xiage  of  rock-mixtures — such  as  conglomerates, 

granites,  etc     Next  are  taken  up  the  rocks  as  they  are  formed,  citber 

wdiaeatarjr  or  igin-ou^  nnd  rio  on  through  the  whole  rock-world,  go- 

^iog  atep  by  stej)  in  a  m»«l  niiltiral  way  from  the  simplest  to  the  roost 

^■omplex,  from  tbe  elements  to  their  compounds.     Tbis  is  the  naturat 

^■fstmn,  and  is  being  adopted  in  other  departments  of  the  museum. 

^p     Sncb  is  IVof«ssor  Hyatt's  work.     Ue  is  a  »eii-iitittt  in  orerj  sense 

of  tbe  word,  and  holds  a  high  rank  among  naturalists.   Still,  be  b  able 

to  Snd  time  to  render  acieoco  popular — a  great  work,  which  scientists 

are  not  apt  to  appreciate  and  which  few  try  to  do.    It  is  an  important 

work,  and   ibe  only  way  firmly  to  establish  science  npon  tbe  world  ; 

and  tbat  Hmall  bo<ly  of  men  wbo  are  so  unselfishly  devoting  ibcir  time 

to  this  grand  work  are  deserving  of  far  more  credit  tban  those  wbo 

stdAthly  shut  themselves  from  the  rest  of  tbe  world,  and  laborionsly 

L^wwlt  away  at  abstrusa  problems,  which,  after  ibey  arc  discovered,  «ro 

^but  in  such  Irmis  as  to  bo  unintelligible  to  the  average  person.     We 

^Bi^-al  it,  that  those  who  ore  doing  their  best  to  render  soieoce  popular 

^Krv  doing  for  more  for  lni«  science  than  those  wbo  purposely  shtm 

Hnch  work,  and  conGae  Ui«m*clvct  to  unintercating  and  often  unim- 

^^baApDl  ] I n>l flouts. 


t68 


THE  POPULAR  SQIBNCS  MOyTHlV. 


COBEESPONDBNOB. 


W 


JfiHM  K-Utnn: 

■  U  KK  Pr(BW«iii  White  wrgle  m '•Ken 
Cbapten  i»  Uw  Warlkra  at  t>dMiM  " 
bt  touM  haTG  h«d  no  »di«  IfaU  the  auDc 
luue  of  jDOT  Bk^uino  wlikb  oonlaliMd  tin 
tnt  chBpu>a«'"nMDac«riiia«tOoBctt" 
would  alto  oMUin  ft  tiHlilaf  ll^wiraUgn  by 
MMlbot  wriUr  el  ■  timiUf  pli*>«  at  tb« 
•MM  eonftot  «Uab  be  bM  «o  gr^itikMllr  i 
portKjed. 

Aeootding  M  Ur.  Wlitir,  tlio  footitfa  no- 
iImu  Biid  htMoH  tupentllioM  «bMi  »■*■ 
nlled  for  IQ  taaag  otatwlM  hi  ncud  M 
ooauirta  >vre  due  to  Uif  Inesulutly  of  Ibdr 
eaomnMU  uid  tbo  indMctmlMiUMW  of 
tbcir  orbU.  Ai  aaen  m  utronoMMn  had 
celcuUioil  ilio  bfblt  o(  a  coosrt  and  foretold 
IbB  t\iLtt  linw  in  atikh  It  vould  aptxar, 
"  a  true  doctiine  of  comet*  "  beoute  poa- 
■ibie  and  wai  acMfrt^d,  at  Ivaf I,  bjr  th*  BiaM 
o(  IsUUi^Dt  puncn*. 

Peebepe  vtn  few  of  jttn  rcwten  «»■ 
necied  tbis  aitlde  on  oomctj  «l(h  the  one 
on  "The  Mtlapbplnil  Sofkty"  Is  yoiir 
October  oun)b«T.  Yet  the  MMigM  tbu  I 
■m  about  tfl  die  will,  I  Itdiut,  bear  me  oM 
In  bolJiug  (bat,  crea  asioag  the  noM  iMel- 
lloeu  men  of  the  prrasnt  tfane.  the  mmt 
kind  of  Ignonuice  o(  tbe  phmomens  undi* 
conatdentlon  lead*  to  (imilar  emncoua  con- 


Tbe  *«T7  l>tniMtla)t  dt»caM*M»  on  the 
"  CnltoniJl  J  of  Xeiiirp,"  br  web  repn^ent- 
atlrn  men  as  I>(.  Wan).  Father  Daleiim*, 
Mr.  ItqtUa,  axnl  tbe  Arehbi.bop  ol  Weal. 
nlDMeroM  lhe«ne*i>le.  and  TroJoMOt  Unv 
Ic7,  Ur.  Ba;^bot,  nod  Sr  JaioW  iilcphen 
an  ihe  oihiT,  at  lalt  rechM  "no  lem 
«dfbiyalhlDt(cr"llMtDr.  HattiMao,  Af- 
ter itailiiK  fnrelbtj  Ihe  pblloMphkal  it«- 
•ona  uliich  ni&Iie  a  bdlof  fai  (he  mdfanntl.e 
of  tiBiure  abtolwiel?  aeenuary,  "m  far  aa 
nature  ]»  pure);  dynamic  aiul  mi  far  aa  feece 
Is  meaiured  b<r  n^trn"  (p.  811),  he  jrH  dp- 
eltnc*  lo  (ic«pt  this  wben  man'a  saolal  na. 
|ilr«  I*  Donfomcd. 

"Doxbtlrw."  be  fajra."!!  will  be  ttplkd 
itiat.  aa  tn  tlie  arind  of  man  tbi*«  la  a  tree 
apring  of  totrt  whicb  Is  ad  jM  wdeUetnianl, 
irhich  ia  poi*>iiii)  end  not  aetoal  foeee.  aa 
(Iwrv  b  behind  nature  a  freeepringof  fe*«e 
vUeh  la  aa  j«t  u&dctemlned,  olileb  la  po- 
tential and  not  aetua)  nature— in  aheet,  a 
pom*  abone  naluiv  and  npablt  of  oMdl- 
iTinc  li:  hi  olher  ■on)>,  lufieenatnta),  and 
IDM  doctrine  I  ihoaM  heattttjr  acorpt.  T>ie 
Mnlfoenll^r  of  nttare  la  lb*  ttnlforadtf  of 
fee«e,  )»•(  aa  ibe  unlfonnltj  o(  rcaaooing  b 


tlie  tmifenak;  of  tboofibL  Bm  juit  w  t 
fndeiemdnatencM  of  ci«atl<*  flQ  nairtit 
bind  tb«  detenniaMMNM  of  the  otUl ' 
force,  ao  the  tndeten^natano**  of  cmi 
pwrMM  Mand*  bcMad  lb«  dcleemlMar 
of  Ibe  ofiit  of  (bouriit  or  inference:.  I 
that  maA  1»  not  whotlj  huuwwed  la  . 
(■•isi^iboiifibourpbridnloaiHiiladtt 
>u|i>tci  to  ibeak,oai  oiraul  conttltuiiMi  ^ 
kl<oie  tlien  Into  a  >cld  abtn  tm  i^ 
dat«emlaUkm  U  poMlbh>"(p.em  Up* 
we  ool bn«,  I  aA,  another  cMe  *»!«**■ 
reptUrltj  of  BoreaeM"  and  "tad**™*- 
iMtcneai  of  tbe  orbit "  l.are  produeed 
fton  of  tbonfibt  a»d  cauwd  thinkon  U 
g»rd  a)i"tin!"lhBlwhkh,KitUai.«»' 
anf  potttive  L&owlcd^  at  nIL  >«  tv 
be  detenniaed.  It  «e>i1d  wcA  be  dMMl 
•bow  dther  that  the  MipcnlMoM  k  npM 
to'-FtveWID"  baadoDt  «itn  boi*  law 
(ban  iba  belief  Ibal  tbe  apjwanMC  at  <•• 
eu  beutend  eilL 

iVfUMi  WblW''*  atlkle  tiusUxa 
•a  excellvnl  awiwee  loa  pith;  qoMek* 
br  Dr.  Ward  M*r  ibe  doaa  el  the  dri 
that  lauMMfartMoeianlladfMbwwv- 
"In it  not  b«IUr,''beaAa,**lobina'-J' 
gar  belief  in  (Hid  iban  to  have  a  Ei. 
MptibiKif  lo  (oitrnlille  inelliodaVl)- 

Durtttg  the  long  aeee  of  lenorMtt  tal 
•optrKlUan  to  wUcb  Hr.  WbllebaiedM 
aUentloQ  tbora  exiMed  what  bt.  ^i* 
wanta— **  a  Tvlgar  belief  te  Ood."  anl  i^>^ 
wan  bnt  a  rery  tJBf;bt  •"  •«u-,t,i;iMi;ti  w  rt- 
eiuWc  methods."    WNI.  "■  ' 

thai  even  now  (he  lendc"  •  <  ''' 

ler  ia  rtrj  Mrong;  or  llui  a  i  ul^u  >kM  U 
the  Dcily  baa  di»apprafed.  >et  I  lIMk  * 
«UI  be  B^ieallr  ailMllUd  ibat  iben  M* 
baon  eone  adraaee  (eward  a  meeiW«« 
the  mrriu  of  Ihe  tdnilld*  matbeil  and  M* 
altnatim  la  Ibv  bvtlcfa  aboni  Cod  i  UM  > 
leave  it  to  mj  competent  and  oindlil  |aMW 
to  la;  wbiiii'ef  tbme  Umea  hoe  bMB  A* 
•■bMter*"  for  bumanity, 

TottretrvlT,         B.  IL 


P0ltI\>UAT1OS8  AXli  THEtB  OirU)l» 

Da.  0»MAa»'s  »ell-tl»»d  papw  (•*• 
UMIlon  to  tbe  laA  of  dbwifon  «  * 
■nnpuhr  0*  (wrpoTatfctti  »4Mffn  «» 
tbrir  empleete  ifeeetvo*  a  wmre  J^-« 
«onaIderatiun  than  U  will  V  likely  h  » 
tden  froMllheni.  Ae  tme  dtmrtJr  l"***??" 
in  tlio  Ulwr  pn*.lrtr..  F  widi  to  lla»»  "j" 
for  (w»lMt  f-palar  atteiMlwi  lo  ■hjy 


4 


^Hum  tiUuloB,  and  (at  liU  oSoru  a*  S««- 
^KbtfT  of  the  BklUaMn  Mil  OUo  Eoifilor^ 
■Enet  AMoebtloo. 

tliwalilrn  fra«  a  ctMC  UMrUtiiM  with 
ffcj  ijui  uf  kliof  ba  Mtkj  l«  licot^t,  II  m 
mj  belief  tWi  tMtb  ll  ud  the  «plr[t  af 


EDITOR'S  TABLE. 


>69 


mwp«ipUfweiii»"t«MroJw«  •*!  •> 
lidWIa'-  >l[b  wslooining  ■  "  Wwllj  laur- 
B«,"  Mul  pwl»p«  •»«  »^  *«*««>•  ««^ 
Sam  of  Um  dMolMn  oi  Ui  AMocWka 
Imm  dMrMbriwd  It  m  "wopftUrMl, '  aad 
tbowrii  II  Imk  docie  nd  U  douie  p^U  P"*, 
•u  oalr  far  tbo  ItoUiaMin  Md  uhw  •«■ 


pbqr^a  but  ■■tBg«mptor4«  fcnenUtr,  m  u 
ouuupk  «t  >bat  cu  b*  acWBpSiMtl,  U  U 
■cU  lo  rcnuanlMr  Ottl  "eompalawj  pra- 
rMan  (gr  their  fulura  wdfarc  exdia  ufi- 
potaliun,  tad  doM  Ml  nluvMo  hU  "  «uU*  " 
u  Koold  ■  muiv  Irleudlr  Mp. 

Thi*  U  Indinted  li;  Ibo  I^iIltMB  Mpvl- 

lb>t  it  b  not  an>tii«wa  bjr  tbe  emflojrta,  4nd 
b  DM  ••  MMawsfnl  m  to  doMrro  imlution 
t>r  <mfda;^«rt.  Q.  C.  Qcwtn. 

Wamna.  Wen  Tnmnk        I 
Jfytiwwr  14,  IBM,  f 


EDITOR'S   TABLE. 


TIIOSEofoiirroiulerawhoMnlMd/ 
pat  bT  ih«  rooMt  diMOQTM  of  Pro- 
hmni  I  r«1iij  b«Ar«  tlie  AiimtUmi  Awo- 
(or  Ui«  AdTaacniMBt  of  Sdeacv 
ilbudt  roacUntt  ll  ■rill  miUe  ft  btd  mb- 
B.  Ttiar«bi)olaiDcbiUBg«vof  this, 
(or  tbe  aiklraw  ia  Mac4eall:r  pttracUv« 
aod  brilUut  Co  «l>ga^  iCPiMral  allcotioa. 
frofacoor  L«*l«7  mforoe*  many  whole- 
■ma  tmUia  npoD  llie  students  tai  dovo- 
of  ■FicDoe,  and  nafntalDi  «  Itigli 
i>t  tlui  great  porpoM  that  iliouU 
*deott9o  pnnalts.     On   Umm 
i»  wa  can  luvo  noibiait  lo  »d«L 
al  lb«a«ia  a  bearing  of  UiewboJe  d!s- 
on  oomrooa   odncalion   whkb 
iMt  be  oterlooked.    His  a(ldr><M, 
of  Ita  elilaf  aapMla,  U  a  ooun- 
iloat  B^'T)<*  ''(inim'*  in  tci«DC<>— 
tba  man  •ooaiuolatloB  of  m)od- 
iflfl  (acta — and  ll  In  a  riufiDg  demaiK] 
aon  pcTKateitl  nod  ooaMatntted 
ibor  In  amall  ami  inwbtniiiira  fiald*  ot 
biTMticatliin.      Ilin   plea  for  what  Is 
OiUod  "  (luad-worlE "  lo  »cl«ac«k  aa  eon- 
tnu«d  with  more  (how;  pwrfomuDixu, 
u  mfwAMf  "Tvctlve.    Bat  hb  obaer- 
TtttinB*  oo  "  tba  0Ter-a«miRQUtion  of 
•riuoUfte  ln(«nnMion  "  liave  aa  appU* 
«allua  ovtsldo  lli«  llinlta  of  mid  t»- 
aaanb.     "  Tbe  aHlencB  of  l««niiiiit  and 
■done*  ef  knoirWilKe,"   be  mja, 
"  am  tuA  r)iilti>  Mtntlool :  nuA  tearnlnir 
luw  too  oftan  ill  tlie  cmm  of  tniliriiliialii 
inanrboliaed  and  «notborcd  to  de«lli 


kpowlodee.  TIte  av«niK«  biniuB  mind, 
wliMi  OTomtocked  vltli  Informatioa, 
Mt«  like  a  g«aeriil  ptii  in  ooiBnaDd  of 
aa  artu;  too  Inrge  fvr  blai  U>  baodlob 
MaD7  a  vanlUng  aclMtiBo  mlMtioa  liw 
b««n  tbu  AasnoMl.  Nor  U  tUU  tbe 
obIj  danger  that  we  run ;  for  tlie  acou- 
mtiUlioD  ot  facts  In  tbo  trtMXirj  of  ibe 
biinuin  brain  boa  a  natural  tenduoor  to 
bivud  en  intuUeotoal  awtee,  s  poarion 
for  the  piling  ap  of  aiMaw  of  facta,  old 
ud  new,  TUgardlida  of  their  uite*." 
*'  Hot  mij  tbe  avsrloe  of  Cuta,  but  of 
their  uplanatioR*  aleo^  moj  end  in  n 
WMlihjr  porertj  of  laielleot  for  whidi 
therefaDooare."  "Itowtnacbwekoow 
U  not  the  beat  qn«ation,  but  bow  we 
got  what  we  kuotr."  ProCiMor  Lodar 
tonehee  opno  thu  nti^ect  ot  general 
(dncatioa  from  tbU  point  of  now  oa 
followi : 

I  lie  oM  liiuod  to  duoow  Um  ntject, 
to  deSu*  llM  qoantltr  and  i]uaUt7  cf  ksowt- 
•dga  ade^iuM  tar  tba  vartotu  elaHea  of  bn> 
man  ik>«kI.t,  or  to  propoM  an?  plane  Ibr  iti 
diKtributlon.  Atl  1  «lih  to  Mjr  aboat  it  t>, 
Uini  it  Mvio*  to  mc  Katnro  Umhi  both  tbe 
rmpmiiliiliiln  ot  iwobm  uu)  Ibo  rigbU  tt 
tc«tiii<r*  nion  nairowljr  Ulan  U  commoDly 
•a|ipci«d.  Tbep«t«bUoftlM«aw(ri*Bgood 
nirrrvaM  Ibt  upbottloo.  Uart  «^  tbo  •or- 
tu*  of  Ibe  iibibo  I*  goMl  br  lltde  die  than 
MtilP-niicbte  or  *b««|>-ftnDa,  md  lbs  Inie 
wtyrtitj  of  maokiod  nrart  In  all  igm  bo  «at- 
kBvd  «Uh  the  more  nidlnwntt  of  loaning. 
W  hoi  ihrj  w*Bt  t)  <aiiadiolMlio  wlitdaia  wtab 
vhioli  to  Ichi  tbo  Oi^tof  Ul^aBid  th«f  not 
wtntllbitbtraielrak    Oalj  »  Iknlud  uuu- 


a64 


THE  POPULAR  SClS.YCh'  MONTHLY. 


orUwcerotitio  or  Btmght  stage,  or  an  approxiniBte  /unn,  at  an  carl] 
finbryologio*]  period.  In  those  eh«1le,  too,  all  varieties,  hy  diseaae  i 
aco!<tcDt,  arc  olcarly  bIwwd,  and  lliis  hu  lod  to  tfao  wi-lt-«tippon«d 
theory  broagbt  forth  by  Profeiwor  Hyatt,  tbnt  tnaofa  of  the  ovolalion 
of  Cephalopodii  baa  been  dir«oUy  oaased  by  pathological  coDdition^— 
aoddeots  or  diseases  transmitted  to  HucoeasiTB  indi^uala,  uuUl  tlkey 
beootne  firmly  cstnblisbed  iuhcHtcd  Tariationa,  and  lead,  in  the  Cro- 
taccons  period,  to  iho  diath  of  one  of  the  four  orders  of  cepbalopodt, 
the  A  in  mono  idea. 

Among  the  aubjeota  upon  <irhi«h  Profeiwor  Hyntt  is  at  pnMont  at 
work  is  bia  <*  Theory  of  O'Dular  TijMiifii "  jturl  |>tilili«hi-<).  Tins  cod- 
tsins  bis  theory  of  the  origin  of  sex,  which  itt  ouc  of  (h<!  inoiit  impo^ 
tant  that  he  has  ever  published.  It  is  that  the  nnelei  of  cells  an 
both  male  and  feinala ;  tbai  gradually  in  »ome  cells  one  element,  per- 
haps Ihe  male,  might  predominate,  while  in  others  the  female  would  tio 
strongest.  Tbua  wo  would  have  tlte  metaun  stsj^  where  llie  Rials 
and  female  cells  arc  distinct  from  each  other,  but  still  mixed  in  tbt 
same  layer.  Tbia  specialisation  goes  on  until  in  tJie  owlenierates  wd 
find  special  layers  of  cells  esjwcislly  adapted  to  perform  the  fanotion  ol 
male  or  female  elements,  ami  later,  in  the  Tertolintti-*,  iu-[iaratc  animils 
represent  the  separate  elements.  This  theory  he  supports  by  many 
interesting  facta.  In  tlic  same  jMper  be  cndeavora  to  iihuw  that 
sponget  are  intemieilinte  hi-twcen  metaxoa  and  pnitoxoa.  U  is  ri-ry 
well  catabltHhed  tlist  the  body-eavity  which  immediately  surrounds 
the  stomach  of  all  vertebrates  is  homologous  to  the  sacs  which  spring 
out  from  the  body-cavity  of  ccelenterates,  and  IVofessor  Hyatt's  the- 
ory is  that  these  sacs  are  homologous  to  the  branching  cavities  snd 
sacs  which  spring  from  the  centra)  carity  in  sponges,  and  fiiriber  that 
these  funduniental  slractnril  motlifioations  originated  indcpendonlly 
in  sponges,  in  ccelenterates,  and  probably  Id  rc-rtebrates, from  aucoston^ 
which  never  possessed  any  such  ebaraci eristic. 

The  most  useful  work  which  Professor  Hyatt  hait  done,  and  that  i 
for  which  he  deserves  much  credit,  is  in  conn(!«tioD  with  popular  ad- 
cnce-tcaehing.    His  way  of  teaching  is  original,  and  inl<-ndod  to  In- 
spire the  student  with  a  love  for  iintiind  hlstor}',  by  teaching  him 
look  about  for  himself  and  observe  what  there  ia  to  see.     His  finAl 
interview  and  study  with  I^uis  Agassis  had  much  lo  do  with  sbspinn  i 
his  course,  and  formed  the  basis  of  his  system  of  teaching.    Since  tills 
Mudy  has  had  such  an  important  bearing;  upon  his  llfo,  wc  reproduce 
the  aoGonnt  of  it  in  Professor  Hyatt's  own  wonls.     Professor  Hyatt 
says :  "  Ho  gave  mo  n  Ponlaorinite,  or  stooedily,  a  ratlier  complca, 
fossil,  and  told  me  to  study  it.    This  I  thought  to  be  easy  work,  so  11 
took  a  stroll  in  the  aftcruoon  and  thought  litlle  of  it.     Next  morning' 
ho  came  np  to  my  table  and  asked  mo  what  I  h.td  found.    I  had  ncvur  < 
studied  from  X.iturv  before,  and  began  giving  a  very  general  di<Mcrip*j 
tion,  saying  that  it  wasafouil  petrifaction, »la,  ami  had  what  appoarrdj 


SKBTCn  OF  PROFESSOR  ALPSBVS  HYATT.     »6j 

t9  bo  the  beginning  of  %  *Wm.  Wh«D  I  got  to  lhi«  point,  )»*  «ni<I,  in  on 
imiatieat  tono  :  *i>lop  I  atop  !  yon  don't  know  luiylliing  about  it.  It 
ii  Just  what  I  npectod.  Yoa  bftven't  told  me  anyihiug  tJiat  yow 
Look  ti  It  B(;a!n  and  tell  me  aometJiing  ibat  yon  see  for  your- 
If  1 '  I  bad  f&int  book  rcmembratiNa,  and  bad  been  n-lyiiig  upon 
llMeei  I'akeo  all  aback  at  tbi«,  I  brgan  to  work.  1  tliought  about  it 
■U  day  and  divamcd  about  it  at  night.  Next  muniing  I  began  to  t«ll 
Ura  wbnt  I  had  found  out,  and  Ixtfore  I  wa»  one  «]iiart«r  throngb  be 
Kappcd  m«,  saying,  'That  \a  good;  but,'  he  added,  'yon  havo  not 
fet  told  rae  what  I  want.'  With  this  be  pointed  to  the  hi'Iu  of  iho 
room  where  star-fiahes,  ophiarians,  and  aea-archlnii  wen:  ke]>t,  and  told 
aw  to  tee  what  mora  ho  wantol.  In  thui  blind  way,  with  no  further 
kini,  1  worked  iin»n<:c*(wfully  for  »  long  time  ;  then  I  fonml  that  I  had 
omitt««I  the  tno^t  mniipioaotu  point,  tlio  alar-like  apptarance.  Xot 
knowing  whetbvr  thb  waa  of  importance  or  not,  I  timidly  reported  at 
the  Dtxt  interview  this  re9emblan<:e  to  the  etarfisbcs,  and  Profeittor 
Aginix  waa  satiBlicd.  This  burned  into  my  mind  ibo  moil  Important 
Uwin  of  my  lifo :  bow  to  get  real  knowledge  by  uWervation,  and  bow 
In  MO  it  by  compariion  and  inferenco."  Ilts  ac(|iiaintanoo  with  Dar- 
*B,  tboagh  oonfinod  to  »  few  letter*  and  a  >hort  pMnonal  visit  while 
in  England,  had  also  a  ntarkcti  influent-o  on  bia  life,  for  he  saw  here 
tU  greatest  of  natunilistA  living  in  a  Mmplo,  unostentatious  manner, 
IVfing  respectful  attention  to  the  studies  of  even  comparatively  nn- 
bown  yonng  natnrallsta,  not  aniions,  above  all  tbinss,  to  cUira  even 
tint  vhioh  wiu  dno  him,  hot  to  render  jiisticv  to  the  rcecarclie«  and 
I  i^Ma  of  others,  Thi*  was  so  contrary  to  the  usnal  pnvotlco  of  claim* 
^■Ing  all  possible  credit  for  intellectual  rc*ult«  that  it  pnxlueed  A  pr^ 
^Ffonnd  impression  upon  IVtfeaitor  Ilyalt,  aixl  it  liaa  influenced  bis  life 
i   M  it  baa  that  of  many  of  ibe  existing  generation. 

In  teacbinf;.  I'rofesaor  llj-alt  nses  books  as  little  aa  possible ;  hia 

Ibcturca,  and  those  which  he  unporintcndH  before  the  teaclicra  in  the 

Tvtohiira  School  of  Science,  are  dclivorcd  in  a  novel  manner.    Not«d 

^^^Htigat4in  are  clmsen  to  doliTcr  the  coiir«'s,  which  rover  all  brancbea 

^^Hfcv  objective  Boiencea,  as  Profeiwor  Hyatt  calU  ihem,  exce|)t  aa- 

^^rooomy.    Tbo  iilca  of  the  lectures  la  to  fit  teachers  for  teaching  ela- 

'nentsry  tcicnoos  in  the  public  schools.     In  all  cssm  except  physical 

gmgrapby  it  has  Ifovn  fonnd  possible  to  give  each  member  of  the 

Bodirnco  •pecim«na  of  the  thing  deecrilK-d.  so  that  they  may  follow  the 

EQr«r  with  tbo  objects  in  band,  mid  take  tbem  away  afterward. 
In  connection  with  this  branch  of  inaitmction,  the  Natural  Ilialoiy 
irty  baa  issued  a  series  of  "  Guides  for  Scienco-Teaohing."  of  which 
B  ban  already  appeared.    They  are  all  prepared  nnder  the  gnidnnoo 
of  Professor  Hyatt,  and  he  himself  is  the  author  of  five,  niuncly, 
^^ About  Pehblc«."  "Commercial  and  olhcr  Sponges,"  "Common  Ily- 
Hroids,"  "Coralii  and  &.'liino>lcrms,"  "Tbo  Oysur,  Clam,  and  other 
^Eommon  Mollusks,"  and  "  Worms  and  Cruitaceans."    They  aT«  all 


«74 


TH£  POPULAR  SCIENCE  MONTHLY. 


Mluir  poar  ii**lllUi  of  ihc  ItMOCMie-oili 
iiMd  Is  tkc  8mi«.  no  lOllght  GXpUiutloiu 
Iroai  llw  whnhwk  dcalcn  uhI  igiDM  «f 
tlio  oil  Mupaoi**,  bat  oould  vsk  get  Mib- 
tKlo«7  MiM ;  and  II  «m  not  UU  be  l*d  lie- 
KUBio  talu  tncMuro*  (or  enlordag  lb*  l4v« 
i^pdui  »«llliiB  adiiluwcci  or  iaftfkr  gMib, 
Ihu  )irop«r  kottn  WM  ukcn  of  hb  mno*- 
MMDMS.  TIhb  the  eenrt  of  Ike  Sundud 
(Ml  CaoDpany  tuado  %  oonteMhni  fwecntlig 
MlmoM  the  IdntitMd  etnemenl  made  by  n«- 
itmiot  pMkluun,  !■  tbe  Jne  nmnbcv  o(  Uw 
"  HoMU;,"  of  tbe  drteriotaled  chHwHr  o( 
dw  barniQe-cJI*  to  comBoi  um  and  lu 
OMNa  I  Wtd  xe  rvftr  our  itwlcn  to  Pro- 
fcnor  P«cbbam'ii  krlirle  Tot  uon  fpadlo 
fnf onnMion  va  ibe  mibjMC 

Ta>  JUmo  SraTKii  mi  m  FnoMJwa  Suft- 

IKTMION*.     Bj  J.  D.  WHtTHIT  eAd  U.  E. 

Winewens.  CMnbrlilgv,  tlwi. :  llu- 
*ard  UuiNuai  ol  CoB>p*nllr«  •hiUlog)'. 
Pp.  SAO. 

TiiK  auiboi*  nrlew  Ibe  whole  llMritora 
ol  ibeir  mibjcci,  bc)|(iniliig  olih  the  report* 
ol  tbc  ComJian  tod  «tbcr  BritUh-jliiicrl' 
D*n  aurtejrf,  iiul  [ol lowing  with  tkoicoT  tbe 
Now  EngUail  uid  Atliutk  soibiunl  Sulc*,  . 
IViu,  AikuLMO,  ilisMuri,  Uiohlgko,  and 
Wiacciiuia,  a&d  the  Gorenunciii  ifuiTe;t  In 
(b«  Weat,  tor  the  purpcnc  nl  uccitabdng 
the  c«odiiim  of  the  Ihooij  «f  tbe  AMfe  ■]«- 
(on.  The  Ttporta  eiunined  eanoem  tbc 
reaulia  of  fertj  jeai*  of  irork.  la  aNeend 
F«n  tbcf  pre  %  ''  ritnat  and  e'°eral  dU- 
BOHleo  "  tit  tbdr  review,  the  reault  of  which 
ia  to  lead  Ihca  t«  the  eooolu^oD  that  "the 
Beohi{7  of  a  lar^B  pevlleii  ot  tliia  ooaattj, 
aadetqiedallf  tbtiaJOattidkandKe"  Eog' 
hnd.  U  la  an  alnoat  faoprlen  alile  of  eon- 
fiuloa";  aud  "thai  ouf  tAiaDMi  of  haioiE 
at  aoine  fnitire  tiaie  a  cinr  undentaDcUiig 
of  the  Roologlml  ■iniMure  of  Xurthoaat. 
cm  Kortb  Amcrioa  would  bs  dKiiletllf  Im- 
prored  if  all  that  haa  been  writctc  a)>oui  ll 
were  Kruck  out  ol  «ualcDc<."  Thi*  ooo- 
^liiin  of  thin;:*  ^  l^iplr  aicribtJ  lo  the 
ciTOaMu*  obMnatiotu  and  iheorict  uf  ifac 
Oaoaala  «unev,  "  MbSob  to  a  larfc  extent 
bail  been  adapted  and  blind)}'  followfd  on 
tU»  tide  of  tho  I>amlakn  bountUr;."  11- 
naU;,  "  tlie  proest  dl/ecioc  of  tho  Canada 
warxvj  appMn  to  ba  tlnewW;  •ndewroring 
t«  baM  Ui  wotb  on  better  BMtboda  than 
lho«e  currtai  under  Legu*!  admUitratloo. 


All  nbo  ate  btenattd  in  tbe  boMIm  ot  I 
difBoall  pndilema  »f  ApTMlaoUn 
will  fjinpaifalM  wUb  Uu  bn  lum  i 
for  .  .  .  Ibtti  wbloh  b  doM  In  lAmadt  i 
ifwU  4am,  be  of  (nM  a««*ai«Bc»i  to  I 
wMklntoalboMNMbiUeof  tbnUowlite, 
Uos." 

TnCcndct  Sionnii:  S4U11  umAUd 
tiuHKi.    The  llfft  Anioticaa  Wa 
AA-nxUM  of  Abolliion  and  Woaw^' 
Rigbla.    S^CiTHAMintl.  BiMKT.   Bea- 
ton:  Lee  ft  SheptnL    fb,  lltt. 
»l.tS. 

TBI  iMerMtbg  d«iMiet«  v>  «Utfc 
voliww  b  devoted  at*  now  hbiorlA 
Orinki  tbien  liave  paiaed  aoar,  and  the 
raeocd  of  their  ruwtriabb  careen  will  hare 
•  dovbb  iattrou :  firai,  lor  Iboia  who  knew, 
Mbnlied,  and  lotwl  Ibto :  aad,  woeBd,  tm 
all  olben  who  take  IntatMl  la  iImm  sreM 
publle  ereola  leading  to  tbe  otcnhro*  et 
ilDTcrj  Ln  tbla  ooanltj,  wUb  abldi  thcM 
ladic*  were  oarif  wad  loaK  and  latlMWtelf  w^ 
•odoted.  AngdhM  and  Sanb  Grtankd 
gifted  aotBen  ol  eupetior  iMdloeiaal  at 
and  higb  moial  aipiraUom^  who  gate 
Urea  MlbeactlTS  pranratloa  atiiriow  ■» 
fonni  with  fcaib*Mi(a«,  IndciMMbnra,  aaf 
devoted  puipoM.  to  make  tb«  worM 
a«  far  ai  Uj  In  (heir  power.  TI117 
both  ol  a  dci-plf  r«ll(;Voo>  caai  of  lalnJ, 
catered  cwljr  into  church  relatloM  la 
Bativ«  dtgr  of  Ohtcleeton,  8o«tli  Ca] 
But  the  ptrtnelatj  tou»d  of  ordfaui} 
ll^ona  nxerdeta  ceald  not  Hihf) 
BcUglea  wat  ta  iheJr  Mood,  and  ibt 
fA  U  Wis  that  of  Italic  eameatneML 
were  dracaidcd  on  tbe  falbtv**  tide  turn 
Bosuenote,  and  on  that  of  tbo  niMhtf  IfM 
tbe  ohl  Fwrftpua,  wilb  wham  roligba  ««  • 
aieramlitr.  PoeatMlBghaaria 
ic  wllb  tho  cuSBriagi  o<  thrir  fi 
ttr««,  and  head*  eodawtd  lo  dlMJbi<»ib 
the  nwaa*  «t  relbf,  they  oould  net  nw* 
(mpatriva  in  Iholr  Chariwtea  eat  Ji  !—'■'■ 
The  But^eol  of  ilarer;.  wlib  aUcb  Ikj  W 
been,  of  oouiw.  lauti  and  pabtf ultj  Wi^- 
teoh  hold  of  them  ■*  a  malliTt  ef  nd(>** 
diiljF,  Thej  tell  the  EpInMpal  tl««*  *• 
(«uf«  ll  aeenied  sl<tti  orrr  to  wnrUiM^ 
ud  WM  uamliidful  of  lu  ClirUlUniUlp- 
Hon*  (o  Uw  tIaiD.  An,"  '  -  ■  -'  "' 
Preabjiertam,  lu  tlic  LhI" 
mon  alive  lo  ibeir  prsoioti  '• 


LITBBASY  NOTICES. 


"75 


Wt  Cbu-kiUn)  *nil  ««b1  w  FUUdclphla, 

•Iter  ]WH«  tt  Iriil  Ihvf  wHbdM*  iln  tram 
Ih*  Fiienda'  otgaflU*llan,  fa*  iha  Mote  !«•• 
•••  Am  ll  iSd  not  nwr  bnutilj  isio  tb» 
fMlHg  mavtowai  for  muadivtleei.  Bratlt- 
log  awa;  fraoi  >U  tt>«M  raitnUMmlMf  SUM 
ool  Dfwnly  M  Abc4itbatiui,  wd  daroud 
dKnalTM  iritk  xnat  ani  ud  cAdencjr  to 

•rata  HMch  ud  fordbl^r,  and  at  laagib  Wok 
tlw  Mi  M  tpMlKni  In  UunchuMic*  with 
nanarkaUiHttct.  Ttit^nraiabolliciiilncnlt; 
qnallfad  Cor  ihta  iptiera  ol  labor,  but  Aa- 
CAn,|Im  jVNDgir,  had  nUaixdlBafjr  ucoa. 
liMwiiWW  aa  w  oraWr,  and  bar  lectom 
•an  ilnwdud  br  crowdi  of  admiring  Ualce- 
fM,  *U!MaKli  tlia  apfMata»ca  of  women  tn 
<bi  yilUke  kcCif^Jleld  <na  at  tbat  titM  a 
^  JDwhj,  and  ■UtaiKMulr  twlaud  b;  all  ■»«■ 
rpeopk. 

>  b  now  fptm,  and  ■  ne*  genera- 
■  MMM  >poa  tbe  ■(•£»  'Udi  know* 
t  il«  bnentllj  ot  Ibe  itni^e  vlileb 
W  ta  III  vilinctlon,  and  ibo  furiow  and 
I  rcablanoe  taeoasMfed  by  It*  ■•- 
[  MdwM :  tat  la  tbo  tMonb  ot  tbat  cxpa- 
I  dan  BAnica  of  ibe  QrtmU  riMora  atll 
I  mr  ban  an  booorable  and  pennaaeat 
I  (!■•,  Of  Ulclr  TariOBS  effort*  In  otber  dl< 
■a  of  a«cW  Mftmn,  ikdr  peraonalltlea, 
[  nd  ihdr  laMMMlng  private  lltca,  oe  nn 
M  ban  qwab,  bat  mn»  rcfw  th«  rt*i]«r 
tt  Iht  BMnorlal  Nfamc,  wbkti  baa  b«ca 
nnMad  wlili  fliUltif  and  dltcriicinating 
tdtarBH  trj  a  loving  friend.  Ii  'ill  be  tio- 
■nlj  walootiwd  by  all  "ho  knc*  ibem,  and 
■U  fc*  foaad  full  of  la«lnicU<rc  intenM  bj 
•D  «ba  bav*  aa  apprMfatloB  o(  M(«ag,  fil»- 
nM,  and  harale  cbaraolcr. 


^ 


Ihtn  AOMOOLTTUL  ExrMtstNT  Staimk, 
Aoinwr,  Hw^  Seeuad  Awuial  Report. 
IW.    C.  A.  GoMOMtiiK.  Dlreolor.    Fp. 

Tn  varied  content*  ot  thi*  nfMrt,  «ad 
At  fallna**  ohli  wblrh  tha  *i|ierini«Dtx  are 
JMafb^l.  Mtlf;  ■«  a  jou  of  bii>j  aurk. 
i«M«g  tha  «nb)feu  of  the  ciperlniiaili 
*>ra  eoorinerfU  feniliun^  ilia  >(HcllVe 
>(tli«  of  (Hlhreal  fortni  of  potuM,  ilw 
*V«cd  iif  firrlfllMn  on  fndt-iriKa,  larlont 
I^PIbIboih  fortc«'planl»,  bi)ariixM  lucMa, 


BNiHiBS&-rf-Mi4iiH^tflMiv"^ 
r«MlI]ig  ■  Mp«rbntMa  «tili   mtlcb-oawa  and 
jilgs,  Me. 

Placu  UiKia  AXD  Muna  -  DimM.     Bjr 
JLLBCRT  WiujiMi,  Jr.    rp.  6(. 

Thii  nmingnpti  vaa  pivpared  u  fom 
a  port  u(  tb«  «emn  (tport  m  tb«  waiiw 
a»d  lecbnolofT  «f  ib»  pradmu  awtalik 
FlaOff  niinea,  according  lo  iba  auburn 
■latemcni,  bava  th*  adtantasM  of  b«dng 
usual];  mora  accawIbU  and  naarw  to  tblok. 
\j  oeuW  and  tfrienltural  dlatricla  Ibaa  Uw 
qsarti  miuiaf  dUtrtota,  and  of  not  rtqdr> 
\»%  ao  lar^  an  amount  of  malarial  fortlMir 
iraridni  a*  quani  mine*.  IV  taeaiyUrj 
naMra  of  tb*  gravel  dcporft*  In  uhlcb  ib«7 
occur  IwpHn  an  average  hnrcr  altitude  tban 
Ibat  of  ih«  qnartiTobui,  frogs  aUob  llie; 
ar*  derived  by  etodon.  It  li  a  toel  tbat 
tbc;  ooenr  at  *ll  aldtude*  up  to  10,000  (««t, 
tke  deration  of  Ilw  plaon  in  Ahna  lo>»- 
•hip,  Park  Owmr,  Otterado.  Tba  avatago 
hogbi  of  Uhmo  mMiIoDed  tn  tbla  rrport  it 
moro  tbcn  S,MO  fort  above  ibe  •cA.level, 
vhllo  tbe  average  holgbt  of  iboae  In  CalU 
fomk,  btaeb.Mnd*  eioeptod,  U  2,800  Itot. 
Tbe  total  DOBthial  capital  of  tblHj-*U  pUi. 
ccr  mine*  1*  tlS,US.oOO,  or  an  avoimgc  of 
|0ia,4t1  Mch,  vbllc  ilic  UTtiage  par  vduo 
of  Ibclr  Bharci  li  ibout  (11. SH.  Tbe  placer 
□ilbH  being  targcljr  irorlu'd  by  the  b]td(aulle 
melliod,  (be  quatlon  of  wiccr-suppl;  I*  an 
ImpOTtuit  ODD  wlib  ibem,  and  ctunalve 
dltcblng.vorlu  bare  bfen  eiotutol  lo  Hcure 
*«tor.  Mr.  Wllliania  tn*  rrporl*  nf  10.7B8 
mflcd  of  diteb-linni,  wbicli  hare  a  inuimum 
capadt;  of  7^*0,000  gilloni  per  meniy- 
four  bonr*,  vhlch  cut  for  pluil,  eiolud- 
ing  cost  of  vnter-riebia,  |ST,0Aa,9tS,  and 
ar«  Bointuoed  at  on  annual  expciuc  of 
|S8T,S80l 

Thi  litnoxsca  or  imi  PaoraiwoM  in 
rovKMNO  TIM  SttTK  or  Kaw  Jnuar. 
Bv  knri*  Scon.  BaltiuMiv:  N.  Mur- 
rar.    P^M. 

Tnn  I*  a  itudy  In  the  John*  Ilopltla* 
UBivcnlif  HiKorUal  Sorle*.  b;  lb*  ProfMMir 
of  nUiory  In  Itnlger*  Collfge,  of  Iha  teuraa 
of  (lie  dcTclopmeol  of  tba  fundamental  In- 
nltnlloiu  of  "Sen  Jcrfe/  from  tbe  rf^nx 
laid  down  b;  tbe  original  praprkton- 


>7« 


TSS  POPULAR  SCIBlfCB  ifOtfTHLY. 


tifivt^t.  Co4nsnuTioa  19  etinccd  n  0«- 

WiLUAM  Pum,  IL  [».,  b(d«n  iba  Brit. 
Ufa  Anorinkw  lor  i)w  Ad*iM«u(nl  of 
%Aatm  Bt  lu  )luDtr«Bl  MoetlMC.  8«p4aiib 
ber  t,  XtH.  Nt«  UlusQw,  Sola  8a>- 
Ua:  Ucoipi  ff.  Chlahola. 

It  It  «oclil  b«  Wo  inadi  to  Mjr  tlMl  Dr. 
Fn»«r.  in  tbb  pbito*Qpblcal  cNa;,  Iim 
•ohad  ibo  npnaM  ^wwIIm  of  the  Mture 
of  ih«t  KDTSniiag  power  b;  «Ucb  an  orolr- 
li^  urictfM  voria  out  lla  h%b«n  rewlU^U 
I*  Mt  too  PMob  to  oij  tWt  be  bat  Muk 
■  reaiOMbU  aad  ft  Taloabie  ooatribaUoo 
toirani  Badi  ft  ftoliitioa.  We  ou  not  Imm 
giro  bit  doMl;  bnii  Bipunent,  bat  aniM  b« 
eeaiMrt  vilh  tofaftlbg  Ibe  graand  Uken. 
Ho  hutnafc/rwaatltlig  ttof—Wcfiftd 
fbm  oooMiMIt  tbe  preseoi  adenUta  bath 
of  Ike  Bfttanl  miTcne ;  but  a*  iiBca«rdl- 
■■tod  enlteita  ibe;  inl^t  mnaii  foMrer 
laepeifttin.'*  Tbta  idcft  is  lo  iUoMntod  aad 
cnforoid  ai  to  bril^[  out  ll«  aemalij  of  at- 
ftnnlag  ■  prtabUng  dbvctlto  aaid  c&onlt 
Mllni  priMlpIo  •■  a  pan  ot  tbe  txim  and 
MMtilultMi  «f  Nature  moA  wllhont  wUoh 
denlefmeDI  b  ft  vbollj  InaipUcablc  pn- 
eeeih  Or.  Phwtr'*  elatonRit  of  lb*  caia  of 
•roMka  H  agaliiM  epodal  eroftllon,  and 
In  ibo  TarfMf  of  lu  praob,  It  Iboe  tdmlrv 
blyeuBnarbed: 

Tk*  flMiiT  vOb  vU*  HMWdlBt  W-t  <n 
IbtiMa  maihi  rbitt  anilrtnill  l»  awmnoii 
■Hw  qrf^  a)wc  *nb  wittfc  prcnniDt  •wU- 
■Mau  Ma  MppMil  MtHkclMl  lafHMOaoa,  hu 
brtlMaml  BuBjr  «Menl*l»  I*  aMtft  tb*  dMirW* 
oT  (^Htal  STHlko  H  aMUi&HHTMiiteDUUio  et 
(b*«i«rlB*rfpHta:  M  »iK*n  OM  Mcfe  dtoUBH 

bM  m  I ailhlitjl Innl  wlU  Iw  pK»M 

eM(iili«  *r  (ftvHltn  Biwglrle  urf  Imniiiutilt. 
MiUm  R  ta  a  fnpu^  M«IMa.wl  IuXbc  O* 
pwmpH  «f  hweWy  to  tManlr  ta^hatod  at  U 
pnool  lu  w>wi  fria  *fir  dMMIac  b*}«ad 
Ik*  ImIii  «f  HtawMftd  (pMlbt  dlTtnroK*. 

Vnn  MMlf  lit  lb*  ^aMhft  asjn  <Mbw  »ipf«t>, 
t«Dt  BlwrTMi  kmbMB  lafMtd  la  adotc  ta  tp- 
pttfM  dMT,  Md  tt  emMdi  Oat  tU  Mul  «>«nl- 
n*  nn  pMwMdtr  bAtnal  ImMlMr  ind  MMtr 
U  llwlr  "(Watl  cnaUoB  mA  INfttntm.  mt  k(M 
tiHB  ifctiBicmly  (talnd  Onaitb  Btnnlc*«M& 
«Ulwit«nr  MVfrHrtiiml  tiHrlmar*! 

Bwlmhinni  tb*  (TpwaM  pMncjr  •!  aitml 
mnai  ta*  «Mh»dt  u  yndtrnwa*  >*M  fhrrinl 
<batMilbt7fMMMUiln(4  larmrHMtttwM 
Mr  tdt^uM  t«  taMilii  lb*  ohtk  loa  Of  ton*- 

bw  MWtnj.  iKtodiMc  u«  i»oiwiMd  miufu 
■r  enHilMMai  dNOdw  It  awe*  (r*tM>  Ital  tt* 
Ubl  ifMni  cr  dawiipitiW.  bi  CMnoMi  MA  M 
Mtar  ailuW  etAMU  h4  w mK  (bMAl  km  aa 
•MMlUI  ■ad  Mndwwdtal  IMM  «f  lh«  PBH  *»■■ 
pnhnMrt  triniH  of  M  aUfe.  Um  Ihti  (Mb  dMIaM 


>p*(tiattataUb*iT«ll>t 


ilaiaUMnMaiMi 


Otiitf*«W.  aaatr  ttirTMc  wMcW  LiulMaMp 
tb*  ■■Mliuil  iMdaMUa  of  •*nBal  •ckB*>M|«l 
raaiarNB  (tMB  a  MBaoB  Met,  aat  Ik*  (arvMw- 
iIm  ar  uU  0*4  M  an  (mWciMnf  naftm  vTili 
•b*  ttoT— mat  itflHrtonw*  of  Uwlr  •«iauh>« 
ibiy  li*r  IM  vtoiM  wltuml  sd  btn  tawi 
tntualiMd  la  ■  IMkr  <nf ,  bat  arfl*d  Muitar 
ad  MaM<ft*d  awM  BMr.  *b*er  Mnwafa 
or  u*M  pamrMtarilM*«r*f  (f«Mfr  itoai 
0|9<K«aUlMi««M. 


-n*Ttl**  flad  IbN  li  Dm  tptdn  of  Ik*  I 
(cn*.  titiMiiar  i4hot>  ••>*  tab 
«•&  km  •>**•«  •trvManl  nWlaaablp*  ibaa  t 
of  Bor*  rMiw  wd  iiialatllr  IwlitBl  neloM,  ad 
OM  «i7  dUrnwN*  wUtb  axM  lalb*  iHBWaat 
w*  (opfiMik  M  If  tbi  Mtr  dlrnoBtM  hal  )»■ 
lradbel4|btl]tiAN*d  tbrfr  OiadaawilBl  tiM- 


fmlb  *1m  m*  fiawinr  iHwd  oian  iMflf  •!■ 
IM  la  lb*  kina  mA  Otn  «f  Ibdr  no  pwiMlv 
bntiory  ik*a  ta  tb«**  (ddl*ia*«  piwIacH :  u4  «• 
Ik*  IM*  dfpMtu  DM***  tbtn  la  ibMaof  aarftar 
tliaiK 

riHwdthttMt  MiattiMnalj  IbnrtN  hdi^) 
*  iiaJail  id*aa**  fhm  fwiwIHii  t*  iiM»t 
A(nak  b««  Ma  (trnHB  tarilMl  MraMwca  «p  I*  IM 
rthMn^r  <*ap>n  lipt*  vf  t^  I«***>d  ach 

Sabi74l<«laU  dntitvowol  tlm  tb»w*  *  »«' 
an)  pr*c™*  fevoilk*  l>ddMw  la  tk(  diiali* ;  *t 
fwcinlo  «nit  *t  lb«*f  witfta  tttetf  »TB»ly  dlnto- 
fsUUM*  frna  <M  iMlkiw;  Ik*  aHk*  OMil  N:«M 
Df  iMirr  dl>HHi  (Uhm  sT  Mlmik  Maf  Mnai 
punllEl :  ul  Uiibt  hkb"  *rdin,Ibtlr  tMtf  phaM 
brine  UKDdsl  b7  ■  (lalaillf  4ecTMri*(  imfcr 
of  nuDpuloia,  uB  ■•■.  Ik*  blrtaal  twtatmn  ■■ 
loncUi  kloB*  arqrin*  dMtMUn^  haraia  (MIHia 
BHidMk  ■DdH'Halk  Hfttia  dlfoanlH  af  M>b*\ 
vbloh  HaMUIoM  ipMlOt  mnpbtlaflHl  dMillKtlM^ 
tli«»  li  oPni*  fODdiniittuI  HHIr:  Ik*  aniMtt  t 
mu,  Iha  IUp|H>(or>  wU)t.lt»l«»ak|H*f»bimi 
inl  till  Ttnei  ft » titcl  talm  e winmal  *aM*» 
UJ1II7  Ilia  »*iDD  ffTDcnJ  pa1t*ni»  Ibcu^tt  t^^£ 
(TMUjr  In  iiwrlit  drutUi  u  tf  *  voaoMa  attiiw) 
avu  tod  bxniD*  dtttmit))!  aaWltl  te  lacfc  |i^ 
Ufultr  (u*.  t*  •ubBrdlntOvo  lo,  tad  la  tMtaaMr 
irlUi.  (VnMUd  MndW*ai 

ltaanMliri7  MnMUiN*  *A»o  *W«  Um  p*aa)T 
«<  htntftr  lo  |«**r<1*(  pani  Inif  a(Wr  Ihrf  tin 
«ia**ll*b*MeTM>b>t;  tad  •niHku^  iWr  >« 
(MMt  Ik*  tiaa^rta*  la  tam*  nun  aMapliW  Bi 
p II null  I  III  id  I  tilti  II II  III  *iniili  ■■  I  >i 

ta  temmtl,  (k*  latr*  IntwtiblB  Md  mUnlf 
(lole  alnMiart*  ••  dHha*d  mimic  "laHi  Iwp' 
VCT(a*l«lb*a«i«l>Mt*nnuHM  tadbatbif^ 

n*  •pMil  ntama.  irlM  pMMaa  W  A*  aW* 
nttibrMt  labUMdaw,  b<Na  tabrOIr  mmiI 
ipiilte  ihwwiiWiwiiWhIa  Ik*  ■»• 


M  lb>  dmnri  ipffabtH  ni4  onlf  1 
dlmrtv  >i  dISMM  ipiBn.  tal  aftv  < 
•UMWt  'Mil  IB  1 1  ena  la  nwabtra  of  ibt't 

T»I«T. 

Ab  IbM*  ttoiplra  ad  dlvMMlal  1  lull  •• 
(HvMand  MhaMt*  ar  «in«Mlp  (I  wtfM.  •«* 
■atoffwl  afcpB**  willfttl—. 

Ortelnlr   r*«n4«l«il  dHMMHw  priKM 


LITERARY  NOTICES. 


«77 


Ml  war  ««b0' imllMMM  or  MVMlMUm  KKb 
«  W  BillHaiMHI  wMr  of  vHipMUM,  tal  aw* 
•*M*br  IM  kc«,  H>  br  w  kn  jvl  Wm  pra>«l, 
rf  M  AntTtUM  of  en  olMfTtd  iBdlitdiuli  rMiq 
Mnartaa  -•— "—  panM  •tNka.ouUuiuan- 
— tihli  — nrniia  nflnf—ltliit  wlmmrrflu: 
ttm  «r  ■Tlima  h  fenr  tt  O*  doMilM  of  qv 


Mia*nkUM«f  ttli  pHMi*  ■•  kiiUiu  «r«l- 

-\\T  ■ :  — .  Ik*  fn*Mt  (ifMiM  witoaMm 
If  iiiuM ■■ III!  lilt  I  nwiitij  If  iiiiiii 


UMlBdWaac*!  IhM  *«a  tlm|iti  mid  IndiillaUt 

MU  NMlU  MOU  km  bHa  tkUOMd.  KlTCUt 
MUDDW  dM*  M4  wtint  1^  Ik*  iri(la  cf  ipMAe 
««Mn,  kot  annlT  KcplilM  km,  art  •(  atuDBf 
«wn»i  vntaoHu  nrliiMah  Mtk  ottjr  ten 
U  iHHrMd  U  » !■  M«dMt  hm«y  irttk  lk>4r 


kM.  *»•  dM«Ch«  IbiMmm  If  amdianu  la 
nil  hifly  n»uiHD*aul  ta  dMimliilat  irpnn 
■|HNMi,B  I*  la^aKUDl  be •■ntliih irtrt  U  Ik* 
MnnrfOskMm  HWM*fc  (ad  bn  U»r  oo- 
i*Mi  la  Ik*  **ikia«  nd  wtH  lliliirunt  (T  die 

Th*  miln  concrptlaoof  Dr.  FtMC(*i  Ui«- 


1W  (Mr*  mmOMIwi  «rd*nl«pmfnlil  liafMlM* 
I  ad  tiMpaiaul  Imimm  tad  natnlati  ttnM 
I  Mvaf  ilBiir  Ma*  la  u>r  <•'»■•  ff*ci«M**  f» 
l;  «Ui«  (rt4*t>*d  10  Ik*  dtMalaMkn  tf  MU 
tfrtKtptedfanlw.  IhMtlktntatortlr. 
,  arf  laaiwUMjr  almrwUi  b  ofstau 
id  nliIMM  Utitj  I*  UM  •ddlUcMl  M- 
I  |iiiliai.«lia  tl  ■  (iiiiitil*amUi7  pflMl- 

1,17  >iwli*ily  intiwlac  Ike  nwMaU 

I  (■  MMriMC*  wttk  kU  Mtdt  Md  HMM, 
"fcl^rtfut^rf  wafcMt  wiidfcMtiri,«olk» 


•djHilaMt    tf    •tUta    •fUTIUM,    lo 

n|i  n  II  la,  *kl  la  iiafctial^  *>n.  jiurM^ 
■mlaM  I^HtaMlaa  tot  mntriiaMil^  •toMIDitaa 
*  fitaHpta  ■(  a^trxt  M-dMWTiMi.    1*  iba 

mi  ■mw  lad  I  midiim  m  <f  apaMt  vftuM 

NHk*.  tkk  yHiMFd*  Mtaa  Ik*  two  dMIact 
Ibwk  ma^MManM  oAow  «r  ■  JtntUt*  aad  t 
HteiMf  ftia^Ma;  Ik*  Am*  dftaraUoM  aaiob 
uaHil  *i*r  la  Ik*  maaaik  tb«  iniar  dwMlBt 
MM  iMI  af  Miar  a«wini  win  b>  (wnnuanlly  a* 
■.^ta^adapM. 

la  *  liiiadiiil  »*«>rl*<t  *T*i*<n.  "Ilh  ilmiduil 
|■llll^lao^  anil  iimurUon.  11  mlitltl 
laiwr  gf  Udlttrfnw  what  nomrwr  wid 
IIBl  If  dinBi  wm*  prvtarrt,  u  ill  wnnld  aRk*  b» 
li^iiil,  Mifc  ptaa*  Ma*  •"•tipl-f  ■  mnlunl  of 
^  lalmruna  lup—a  lanitd  rffvrt*  ud  oaiward 
HIBilalfc  Mlkial  tkt  MlarTwB«n  of  lajF  toU*- 

iM  i^iWiiaM  pita**.    Il«*  Ik*  pHiMi^  If 


■dMaM 


'  pf<a«*i 
■old  la^  btn4)nrtl<**o*pa;  hid. 


la  a  <i—«Mrt»il  0M  Mlb  nnaiol  (Hfipnaa  and 
BKUftr  I*  lanah^  w  HMD  w  tka  nu  tf  pMdat- 


Haa  Mmda  tk«  ibmm  af  a^pafk  ■  h>iMm 
win  aaaaa*  ■  ailMMn  fdm  lakBlltllC  Ika  *wMt 
vaapfOUn  Ik*  lk(  dtfMtal  anaailbla  ■llHaMM*  to 
pnacnliad  ItMa,  aaaapOnf  aa)f  antb  m  tikaiu 
wttk  lb*  Mtalnd  aiiodaidik  tad  rfc«naalr  ti)ni- 
li«  •>  NWI«tl]r  moMMa  «rlBaia»«lait  aaaa, 

OfwfttfH  aiM*  W  bm  k*a  rkaaad  aal 
ondoNid  taaordnc  to  mm  bmI  awaod  aad  d*. 


mtnlit,  «*MUfBWi<9  m  Litmltmlatk  /aatf  t^ 

tranoBiHUt/*  Mtf  tftnaMd  MMVM^  ^brMap 

M*   firtmtpli  V  M^nftaafWn    aati'Wuat  p«- 

■PCMiMtanna  to«rinal*,M  ■*  ta  nadit  ***• 


f^.!-  ....  ^»— ■_  -J  .— .  p.,— f  I— — a.. 


PonxinoK  PT  Aon,  CiimD  Sriiu,  K«w 

You,    PBLUIELrHU,    Axn    UU-IUCOHK, 

B;  W,  &  LiNMBUo.     b^Umoce,  lid. 
rp.  »0.    Friw,  10  GCBU. 

Tat  aoifaor  bcUsTM  ibat  tlw  dltMbollca 
of  •  iNipuUtioa  wmnUng  to  Un  age*  of  Ibo 
iniliiidual*  li  nol  (onuUoiu,  but  1*  Uio  n- 
■ult  ot  tlie  laflddMdd  uhldi  all  ilw  dKoin- 
■UnoM  ol  ■  pcoplt**  Uf«  «Mn  npon  it*  cs- 
hMDce,  naWrallji  coadtUoDod  b;  birth*  tod 
(ImiIm.  In  lb*  llRtii  of  tliia  tfew  be  dba- 
ouMH  the  loMOBi  to  b«  diawo  tram  the  tU 
tal  Hd<iftli^  of  tha  United  Statoa  and  Ibc 
tbno  <Wm  auMd. 

Tax  Hiirmio  or  Goto  «)cr>  Piltiii.    By  Jkv- 
>nT  WuxiiMn,  Jr.    ly  Id. 

Tbu  [wpar  w*a  prepand  to  form  a  part 
of  tbo  orauiM  Mpoit.  Without  aiUtoptlng 
an  Hbau*tiTe  tr«atiu  on  iDod«ni  praotloo 
i«  minUng,  Ur.  WilUuni  rqioru  upon  llw 
praOMBM  <mploT«d  in  lh«  miiiCa  al  Canoo, 
KoTada,  and  San  Fnodaco^  CkUbnua. 

Tbr  UdoifKkrtot  or  Fumt«  st  OtiMHTi. 

By  A.  A.  i'aoiiin.    Ana  Arbor,  USch. 

rp^  SS.     Prioe,  15  MM*. 

Im  tbl*  pamphlet  tho  autlior  dlteotac*  a 
■object  oonocndng  which  our  pKMnt  Imowl- 
#dg«  i«  "  Mattered  and  uniudtf aotory,"  and 
OD  which  he  dcalrta  to  didt  mora  iafonna- 
tloo.  From  tho  heta  he  baa  been  able  to 
adduce  he  coneludo*  that  raough  liu  b>-ni 
obwrrcd  Vo  make  it  eridml  that  rarialion 
it  not  aoeidenlal  or  at  randofn,  but  i*,  at 
leaat  in  part,  to  definite  direodon*  aad  dne 
lo  dodnlio  esuaoiL  ''  It  aMina  to  b«  ««iab- 
ILihod  that  a*  plaotd  moro  from  the  locality  of 
tlipir  lar]i«M  davetopmeoi  lowaid  their  aorlh- 
oni  Italt  ot  (rowih  tbej  become  dwarfed  lo 
habit.  tM  rtndieed  iDora  fruitful,  kad  all 
pwta  becona  aure  hteblj  colored.    Their 


17» 


THE  POPULAR  SCIENCE  MONTULT. 


•ODfuilh*  leaf -forriM  b  «f Hn  bcrMatd, 
duir  ten  nKidiGnt,  Mil  iWr  coRipodiloa 
chiiped.  Their  pvrtod  of  gravlh  b  tlw 
•hoclMMd,  and  lh«f  •>•  aoablod  to  develop 
•t  ■  lawn-  ti*pei«ler«.  TliOM  Tariukuu, 
if  ■Mtnl,  nuf  be  Mcuuiulauil  b;  tclectioa 
and  bliFiiMBOt." 

Smiiis  Ayirnu.  RiMR  or  tn*  Bput  or 
^Airnid  or  \.i»sA  «*  ns  Srtn  or 
Ks«V<iu,KuinnTu«18»<.  Cuium 
r.l>KX,CB«iiiHli>iicr.  Albuj:Wc««l, 
rutaD«4Ci>.  P|'.  »:!l. 
TBI  iiUatloD  of  the  BsiMu  doling  tbc 
yew  iBcluded  lit  the  r«iwrt  wm  dir««i«l 
illiMj  Id  tlin  btTciUgKtlon  of  tW  prmlcncc 
or  diiU-UlMr  Id  ibe  muiiilMtarW  of  tbe 
£ulc.  Id  shlcb,  lo  ipltc  of  adiene  dmuk- 
•taiicm  f:rowliig  out  of  Uic  dcttcU  of  (be 
law  under  wbleb  the  loqulrict  ««re  too- 
ducud,  and  of  tbe  dilEcuIl;  of  getting  «m- 
ftlojen  10  gtre  tnfonnailm.  a  stnt  nuij 
raluabl*  (UUiiiei  and  nadi  imporiant  tn- 
tinisn;  hire  bcoi  collected.  Tbe  facu  re- 
Iftto  to  the  empiojnient  o[  childrca  ;  it*  in- 
flacnco  upon  their  pbTiiral  dcrclopment : 
Iha  oppurtunltj  afforded  in  coaneciiaa  tt-rro 
wtiti  for  luonl  Bud  educalioniU  iiabing; 
and  lu  relation  to  Itii?  aodal,  oommercial, 
•Dd  imliutrial  protpertlj  of  the  t^le.  A 
cooaidarBblo  poiilnn  of  ihe  report  b  devoted 
to  the  (abject  of  oecapuUur^  educstloa.  Ihc 
Imparlance  of  MCuHnR  the  entoreement  of 
Ibo  U>  prMOiitdog  it,  and  ifae  mraiui  of  ao- 


^ 


Book. 


FivT  Bool  u  PMxrtnc  Rciania. 
Booc    Tbikd   Booc     Fonra 
Fnm,  OB  Tkinrnos  Booc 
fmuL     Ne»  Tork.     Fowla 
Cu.     Tbe  Ml,  !4  cent*. 

An  anicle  io  Um  Sapunbar  mnbar  <4 
Die  "  llonihlr  "  batiim  eauMd  aMM  taqakj 
for  phooetio  psimen,  ■  miBiber  of  tkaa 
book!  ar«  bere  noilmd.     Tbe?   hira  tkt 
comiEon  obJMt  of  making  es*;  tbe  Gift  part 
of  Lbe  procaa*  of  iMmin];  lo  r««d  bj  r*- 
■norinig  lbe  dMcnhka  of  •ikol  letun^  mA 
letter*  irllb  iiiTtnl  power*,  to  a  Uiar  iiU(l 
Tbe  authun  make  the  claim,  and  (UFport  b 
bj  abuBdanl  orhlaBC*,  tbat  cbadrai  kan 
to  retid  hooka  bi  phooefle  apelllBf,  tad  iIm 
nuMcr  iIm  onBnary  print.  In  Icaa  Ham  (hao 
[•  eainnionlj  iptnt  oo  the  ordlnuT  fA 
alooet    U  U  tlalmod,  funber,  tba  tn  !(■■ 
tug  to  t«ad  bj  tb*  phon«Uc  mcibad  H 
rhild'i  TraMmlni    poweia   ara  alfiMbMr 
while  If  taught  bi  the  old  «aj  It  hwail 
tba  ontaet  a  babit  of  depcadi 
isaehur  whldi  Impadta  all  (Mara 
SetM  of  lti«w>  booka  rMOKotn  lUrtfA 
the  oUwn  Emit  or  fortf-OBab  illnpl*  nodi 
111  tlic  En|[ll>Ji  UaeuBKE,  baaldea  foot  oi  l>* 
dipbthooga ;  and,  ai  tb*  oonumM  alphitxl 
eontalaa  onl;  twentf-tbroc  «ffw(lTe  klto*. 
it  ii  vailoualj  cilead(<d  bj  sew  kticn  »< 
di|[npli«,    Lcm^e;  lur*  tetentwn  ar*  I* 
tan ;  Pttmni  thlrtMii,  with  dlgtsfli*  hr  dw 
dtphthongi;  Tiektof  ricittt,  aMd^A- 
^  ([rapha ;  wUlo  Hrs.  Burnt  dm*  bat  Iknt 
comphihing It.    Anaiilclcoii"H}srinieoI  I  jgp^j^l^^^oQhaiilurdigrtphl.  k 


Occnpatlna,"  bjr  Dr.  Roger  ».  Tricv.of  New 
fork,  ti  alw  Included  Id  the  reiwn.  Id  the 
appuudli  an>  ^Tt.n  a  report  on  Pullman, 
lUiaub  j  Hit  nicmomnda  of  a  etnnmiliM 
Tlait  lo  the  bouaa*  ot  oottonmill  opervtiTcs 
la  Fkll  RiTM,  UaiwachUMtu ;  the  tabor  la<rt 
of  Now  York  ;  and  citracu  from  the  labor 
UKblatioD  ot  olhoc  lii&tc*  and  of  Engbod. 

ABC  BwE.     Bjr  ra^KRH   A.   Mabcil 

Donan ;  Glna  It  Co.    10  cvaia. 
Fmanc  Fiwit  Rudkh.     Bjr  T.  B.  Tin- 

aoT.    Clnrlnnati :  Van  Antwcrii,  Bneg 

A  Co.    19  cent*. 
AxHLo  ■  AuKHiui  pKima.    Bj  Eusji   B. 

Boua.    Kew  Toik:  Burai  &  On.     16 

cnnti. 
PtmoDsenii   OtTBoaaiTBT.     B;    Bdudi 

AwntiriM  pBenmR  Panm.  Bf  T.\,\i* 
l/nuLiT.  Kc'Totk:  B.  N.  Jliaer.  SO 
cent*. 


Vlekrojr'a  reader  hai  on  tbe  titk-p^aW^ 
(Igned  bj  rroteaiur  Uarcb  u  pmaidM  <f 
tlie  SpelUog  Befwm  Aucdatiea,  ia  wM 
he  conHallj  wcwni— flaibe  book,  iilb 
nnnic's  booka  am  piib1iitbt4  in  ffaf^^ 
lbe  proQuaciation  which  thcj  i  niimM  tj- 
frrs  iliRhllj  from  UmiiUmi  vM^  TIi* 
the  rowel  wiuod  in  tn'r  It  MM  ffiinniiklri 
from  thai  In  tay*r  ;  htrn  if  nyimawJ  M 
rhjinlng  with  aHii,  etc  Pitman  and  Lo^ 
lejr  um  th«  «atln«Mal  roweUcak^  Hn 
Bunu  the  BofU*.  whfla  Uaidi  and  Thk- 
rvj  ihillfallr  aioid  conSlct  with  «(ib«.  Ha 
Burnt  rataloa  dophcalc  wajrr  of  KpiMHt 
\nf  Mieral  louBdi,  and  a  few  olbtt 
lariltM  of  the  old  ■P^IUOK,  datnfacMM^ 
pcnaation  that  her  ipelUng  dc^tti  kia  Nn 
tboeomnioii  mode  than  any  othn.andbMff 
itiat  a  pcrmii  wboM  fdneatioa  went  as  tta 
thcT  than  tbe  phunelio  atage  a»M  iftU 


/ 


UTBRARY  NOTICES. 


*?» 


I  ibuit  vDold  tMt  Ml  lo  be  noikF- 
bj  anf  o*>  who  vent  tbroogh  ilia 
'HllliU*--  ''  In  a*  oU-tubtono)  w«f .  Dr. 
U^^  ~  PnmmiikI^;  Onbognpb;"  rttuns 
1m  tamm»  Cora  «f  cnf7  iranl,  but  rflcat 
bum  u*  pdMtd  in  ktli-Usclfpe.tni)  tbe 
ajilfciiir  Ictun  are  m  modifitil  that  it  ia 
ila*)*  pUin  kIuu  mvbI  tlwr  *>u>d  for. 
T«  «'  a  doBn  priitMn  aod  rMJen  b^  ra- 
ina  Mifciri  bare  bcrn  paUbhaJ  la  Ldgh'a 
fNaeMdof  afitioaa.  t*<«tM*ar  Uanb  um* 
k  Ush**  tTpw  for  tia*  lUigte  Uuen 
^  h«  dlgraplu  In  his  "A  B  C  Book.' 
V«r4i  cooMfaili^  rilcM  leltfn  are  port- 
rtMd  lo  a  Ulcr  itage.  A  part  or  Lu  ccn- 
Bil  Btihiid  U  to  haie  the  pufriU  txgia  to 
•nw  with  lb«  tnt  leENin,  li'ii  thin  niijr  bo 
^ud  U  Ike  tMdier  prvrfrs.  Ttie  Iranti- 
dn  INb  aaf  til  the  piiini-n  nwiitJon>4 
Man  W  eoniMoa  priot  ii  nid  <o  be  (aay, 
tat,  B  k  teen*  deiirabt«  to  kr«p  tho  puplta 
haettoo  Ike  pbonMlc  prtnt,  aaooad  raadtra 
(ri4«r  n^toBcaiar;  natter  can  ba  ba4 
h  MM  «f  tbe  ajatoiDi  (oc  ibU  purpoaa. 

ItMaic  Wkvt  jur>  ZofisoHiiL  Bj  Br- 
LuaC  EuUL  KvwYork:  UcLoughlln 
BMbmL  loiCanl*.  Ftice,  |1. 
Ai  anampt  ia  miule  ia  tbaaa  <arda  10 
■iiatiaBMnteat,  a*  It  is  aonghi  Ln  phty- 
|*t*UM,*Ftib  Inatnwdaa  tn  Ike  pifadplea 
f  ''laiiarir  Tbe  oardi,  on  which  ttio  da^, 
td  aaiauia  i*  gTaphinatlj  rvprc- 
^an  amngtd  In  two  pack*  of  Sftj- 
aodt,  aaa  iacMinjt  the  Torta- 
I'lte  Mber  Ike  tarertafatato*.  Back 
I  AtUed  into  four  ealta,  ropr«*Mitli^ 
ud  lUtwan  oedtta.  Th«  ranli 
'•^ftiiiiiliia  being flud aoconttng to mnn- 
Wi  ftlued  on  ika  oardi.  tke  fiimo  U  plajad 
■  aUaliplajnl.  ThcEameof  aoGnonila 
k  ^/K/tt  «itk  all  the  cardi,  or  a  imallrT 
;  Md  b  In  effect  an  i>uirc]*r  on  the 
■  el  iW  wlute  "f  an1na1>  rrprr it  nti  rt 


InTnni&wTDVi;  ?>iP-niiL«iT.    6;  B. 

L  OinaLt,  a*U   Engineer.    Pp.  M, 

wttFtatw. 

Xmm  la  tka  ntHUaee  ot  an  aildrc*i  that 
•w  dttrand  before  tbe  Franklla  Innitala 
la  rwliei  laat,  in  wkkh  tke  plan  o(  tb« 
nBw^ai  pnlMMd  by  Captain  Kad*  is  «i> 
|Mm4,bmI  1m  f«aribiutf  a^  the  prcxpMv 
th<»4*Bala(Mlobedtri*«d  (ncB  carrying 
UoataiacoMUMed. 


Fanaa  or  i»  AUBUOtB  BDmawiL  JUao- 
CUTIOOL  Tolunc  I,  Kd.  I :  lUport  of 
OrgMilaatte*  and  I*rocanlin«.  Pp.  44. 
St.  3 :  StaJim  in  (^eMial  Hialorj  and 
tlio  Uiiiory  atOrilitalion.  BjAnsaw 
I>.  WBitt.  IV  U.  New  Yoik :  0.  P. 
Putnam'a  Son*.    Frioe,  90  oeata  each. 

Tni  Ararrtcatt  Ulilorioal  JUwidatloa  ■■• 
or^uiavd  at  SaisMza  la  Sffiietnbw;  I8M, 
with  Andrew  0.  White  m  pcviideol,  ami 
Herbert  B.  Adaia*,  ot  Coravil  LniTnaily,  aa 
•aeraiaiT,  (Or  the  promotion  of  UHotioal 
Kndie*,  aitd  ha*  tiq[iMcrod  alioadj,  (or  a 
todolj  M  new,  a  larp  Uat  of  mcmbcn.  It 
•rill  pabDih  original  oontributloiu  la  bIctot7 
In  the  (iirm  ol  iwrtal  moaogrmphi,  eeeh  eon- 
p1i>t«  in  ll«elt,  bearing  il*  ova  title,  pagina- 
tion, and  price;  but  IkciDonoginphii  wlllbo 
alao  numbcrod  in  the  order  of  their  publica- 
tion, and  paged  cflOllnuouBly  niib  Ihe  ae- 
rSca,  for  the  anniuil  volume.  They  are  acnt 
to  member*  o(  the  JUsodElion  *bo  pay  tbelr 
annaal  fen  of  three  dollars,  and  to  other 
pcmona  tor  (our  dolUri  a  tdIuidu.  The  *il- 
dre«  o(  Prnidcnt  While  !■  ■  fordblo  ptv- 
eentalion  of  the  nalae  of  hiatorinl  itDdiea, 
ftnd  ngigeiis  «ayi  in  wliiuh  lliey  may  be 
mode  moil  clQcieut. 

EiTtr^mcT  ANft  Doiunoii  nr  In^tsonwxjiT 
RLKtJTRic  I-iHm.  |{i-|»irt  of  Caminiltt-ci, 
Knuililin  luslilule  ut  FemuylianiiL  Pp. 
UT. 

k  WYXiti.  (.Ynnmittee  «u  nppobtod  bj 
tha  Board  of  Idanagera  o[  tbe  Franklin  In- 
elilute  in  Norcmber,  IS8(,  to  eouduct  ex- 
nnunaliou  and  mukc  teiti  of  the  efficienoy 
and  llfu-dunlioD  of  inmccteioent  lamp*.  It 
haling  prepared  a  code  of  oondilkiDa  to 
which  all  competltont  ttfi  ripvcM  to  eon- 
fom,  Waeton,  IWaon,  Woodhouee  and  Kaw- 
■et^Stankiy-Thompeoii,  aod  White  Unpa 
w«r«  «nier«d,  for  oomptititioii  nr  for  compact 
atlra  aiamEnaUon.  The  hittocy  of  the  leM- 
Inx,  Ita  Incident*,  and  IW  i«nilui,  are  tecord- 
od  In  dauU  In  tha  retort 

TaivMcnaaia  or  ^«^  ffitraLMii  axo  6it. 

tsrttxsrm  Akxual  JAcCTixnK  or  ma  Kia- 

■i*  ACJDKUT  or  Si'[MUK  (\%^%.  ISM). 

B-  A.  Pormpx,  Uanhailan,  Seoretarj. 

Pp.  145. 

Tbi  Kanu*  Aoiii^my  ia  nvidonlly  a 
working  body.  T1ji«  rolnmn  of  the  "Tnna- 
aetiont"  contains  notlcri  or  abirtnieu  of 
forty-nlM  paiien  and  reporU  read  at  tlic 
two  mMUnga,  all  of  ihcm  of  maoh  looal  and 


iSa 


THK  POPULAR   SCTSXCE  MOXTHLY. 


•MM  ti  esMUtfaUa  E*M"I  lauraU-  Wa 
fpwWIy  noUoe  A*  !<•«  ptMldattel  ad- 
drawia>  Tbo  Sm,  hj  rctltli^  PpmUcu 
Dr.  ^  D.  TItan>|j«iiii,  U  c««c«nil(ig  tlie 
'■Orlgbi  and  nbudj  ol  ibc  XtuAoBj,"  wd 
£lTM  k  npU  nrio  of  Uw  grovik  of  »A 
^UUo  mtk  U  Kaiuu,  and  of  Uie 
Urn*  of  Ibc  Afitcn  pmloNa  umi 
inp  at  die  •odetjr.  Tb*  other  addret*,  t? 
Dr.  B.  J.  BnKnk,UaAicDMiMaf  lbe4i«w- 
l>an,''b  •  OMttckal  Serrerof  (he  SUU 
a  Ktwedlj  t "  and  pwetnli  ™— "tt*  el 
Uw  boneflta  ibat  luva  aotncd  (»■  iMr 
turrcja  la  oUiet  StiOc*  la  wUcIi  wdt  woria 
la*a  ben  pnMaoHDd. 

TBI  Q«*n>  KiTcmAun.  Vol  I,  K<l  I, 
AugeM,  IMS.  A.  C.  JoxH  ud  B.  II. 
TkocnM,  B4itan  e^  PablUko*,  VaU 
paniec^Iiid.  (UonlU;.)  Pp.!!.  Prit^ 
EO  eenu  a  jcaf. 

TSi  editor*  eUn  (o  ban  la  Valpantw 
■  nte  wmUnatkn  of  hdlllka  lo  cnooaraf^ 
Ihe  pufalioMia*  of  ■  eelentlBo  }o«nial,  Id' 
etndtng  a  laip  aora*]  idool,  «lili  danca 
to  wMnff,  gtctegr,  aad  boCaaf ;  the  Uii- 
eaom  of  lb«  Antttiou  laMitutc,  oT  »hUb 
emofthMiiaeuitodiaa;  MdMrnFoadlng* 
cj  exorOcnl  mOcciiag-gramdi.  Such  toxft- 
priMa  a<  ilib  an  eriJnioe  of  a  Miig  lo>« 
f«r  icftBea,  ead  h*^  Ig  iiimukle  and  ei- 
lendU. 

AOB  jisp  Ucnioiiia  or  ne  hxeKixo  or 
Phtbch.      Uj  Profrwqr  Cbjilm    K. 
Wua.  Wuhinictaii-.OartnBDent  Print- 
■  ing'OfiM.    Pp.  lt$. 

TlH  anlliar  of  tU*  paper  »u  ecnamit- 
•loned  hj  ihe  CooBinbadMwr  ot  Bdvealioii 
U  Jnw  ap  a  «et  «f  InqwIrlM  Mapoedng  Ihe 
leetMng  of  phjeie^  eend  ikom  to  uocbera, 
aed  eolUte  aad  dianua  lb*  aannni  whlcb 
■bouU  be  fenlved.  Ae  qqaMkni  nfal«d 
lo  tariooi  potou  (MpeeUaK  Iba  «sp<db«(ir 
of  ihc  teeddog,  the  pmmbiKioe  aad  exinu 
Itiai  ikoald  be  kItoi  Io  It.  and  ihe  moibod 
io  vfaicb  h  ahoDld  b«  done.  A  ninrcr*  were 
rewind  ft«m  acrviitjr-tvo  ii-acher*  la  Me- 
nal  and  iccondarf  fcbealii  and  eollotM  and 
nl>«nitle%  and  otWr  pcnwn*  fopcritMad 
b  edoMilona]  woik,  and  arc  tieie  girea  aad 
rerlewed.  To  Uicae  f«  added  hifoiMttiea 
frenotbareouaiiiea.  TbtdafofloiredbjaB 
iHaafil  Id  diieonr  ibat  voMiMent  Khnae 
of  ph^alca  etadf  Hhich  Ii  farorod  li;  ibe 
Mjorilj  of  llio  oontiibuion. 


VbuMyBna.    tfi.J.Cmk. 
f>fc»iaf8T*tpa,    r>C 

tnvtndlat  0m  VOt  rUuit. 
IMkfdnMa.    t>.  I. -Ml  Mi^ 


«tlw  PHtiaan  11—^  ir  at  Oaiaiiai. 

•oMMaf  atiM  KManI  Om. 
Ttancoa.  Tnueim.    I>M 
rnaUU  taaiau,  ■vmiTflik 


baflb  at  Ik.  rul  tt,  *  1  Kffot  •*  CWtW*. 

epMirMali«7.».IA    AU  l«  0».  ttaiM  QM. 
"Ttnaim.Om. 


tot  ^ 


Auiiilan  BcmmmH  Awwiitt— 
Ma    tManI  T.  1^.  BfiMMT. 

VBUiM,  U.  D.    (>  ID 

Kra  T<«k  :  Bh«  A  Oa    PV  M 

Br  Hortia  FliaM.  It  V 


B»1 


n 

B.arvir'' ..  - 

|iti4lH  taai  a*  mi>:<«tiid  UUrttmj  id  J>l>» 

ll^^tM  rMmWjr.    IdlUuMn  1  K.  H«HU,    r|^ 
H.    hiM.M(MUaMBkw    |ia»ilaaif. 

iMiiT  r.  WiMd.    WHUi«>a*i 'VIM  A  IMWMb*. 

Ua  /mi     Aim.  MHa.    I>  ti. 

UnlM  IMMM  Wd  lift  ['■ta^BiBa.  Wwlk' 
It  f^U'KMa,  Xa.  I  aM  &  WMM0M  :  J.  tl. 
nMoa.     Pp.laMih. 

iUMmiMtCiarCiMth.  BaMMMa  of  !>■•■« 
mliWi*4  bf  tbr  tUHM  UMhM.  OttMd*4IH^ 
HfeMiOrNfaMBiMielirOSM.    i-p  M. 

Biiaiiitrthi  II  ilaliliiia  MWwa  (H  ■— fcthh 
btitt  rMataMBSii.  ^  •:  La  ataaM*  Mwrai  w 
t»«  (ft*  naaM  fvMiD  M  im\  pf  «i  OkHr<B 
na*  MMIw  Ja  io»|mi  m4w  uln 


*aBl  It  aaiM  (ObMiMlM  i4  ■  a  ma  (T 


intalWaft  atawnd  «B< 


■■uaM  da- 
'l^rtl 


lLW- 


•rUaSuBkiT H  Wan 


Hir*c*e*>     .   .  ._.._^ 

._      (ta^BrkMartbtflaaA 

an  41  Bw  h  MrwiBi*  IbiUm  da  nanttm  h> 
Un  (Oa  Ike  t*ll*BU  Cmmh*  or  Ite  »Mvte*» 
l(V*l.Pvai   Wkhrbua.  iU»tR  t.1>aaMM. 
Fart*. 
i)turttaiMa  ar  la*  iu«n*  Uiuna  «t  _ 

la  HdMla  lo  tilMMc    fly  D  C.  raatuOMr. 

Thi  PrtpuMOfT  e<*ixl>  ad  lAaHMlwe 
~     '  '     ilmlratfc.  ByOada  K. 


n*A  Baaliita:!  tir  ihi 

iSboAhcA  r^  w, 


^ 


t,itr\  II  n  «l  «U  (JmmI— eiiT  Pewnr  Io  ■»■ 
hMia  Ipikcrp  OoaM.   Waa.  Uw  i  TkwuM  f 

TiM  Uck  m*N«M«iT,  Wwal  UtMllMB.  DU 
rxTta.    Bf  DarM  f.  Tati    !>  14 

Kxuotfn*  >r  CiMMa  HiMnint  «f  CMbtd 
•r  Wiej  la  iM  UHBHtn  uf  M  tiUBMHiia*. 
Klt?3looi^Ji.    It- «. 

Mda  nmiM*  iaa  WMirMiitvIr  •.!  ( 
a«Mrt  rfCammW  ulQUaiia'  Bjtcntlaa,  J. 
AaiWtr.tMntnj.    1^.  K 

TW  KttaUBH  MwMa  Aa  TemoMqilun 
iltoa  Md  tbi  llmiWi  Miwfc,  n  I>1 
T«t«MU  a*«l«Hal  nd  MmlrtuWlliwi*, 
B.  D.  CDMrnmaWaUa 


Aln  uM  HMbad  W  lk>  KtaiWtU,w  «MMt 
AMaUi  AfwMMaat  J.PW-  TakH!  laaialii 
Mbiim-OMH.    Pk» 

Pnaaiu  wl  PWMiNt  Mm  b 

Owniviif,  t^  10:  TteUran*^. 
(I'nlM  Cum  <*•<■■*»  H>p4rta) 
OanmatM  Pilnilnc-Oan 


"CiJM 


POPULAR  UISCShLANY. 


iBi 


.tt. 

A  TiH't  ManlU  PpMra*  ta  Strrow  lad 
HiMil  niMMH.  !>/  U  A.  MMitain,  U.  U.  OiM- 
t^  Sib,    l-p  I. 

VMM  Ml  Mimiiimnl  of  iJbhiii— t  "nntar- 

m    l4t«W  tUfwu  Utpaninal  a>  AfrkulUMJ 

lii«u(  m  rmu.  ViBMUn,  ul  OrMmMil 

Trm  (hi  mn,^.     llTl-n    Bdl«r.J(„A(rtBilll- 

8Mdr  *■«  a'  n>i«l-il(un.  Il7l.ll.  nutO. 
lalif  wiliBW.  Isvi.    !>  •- 

t4«H«  M-t  ballBC  Sibuiil  fliOMk     Ir  I.  r. 

KMmMm  od  RtHetoa.  BkU  Swuhb*.  IIt 
Iwn  Watd  Bwtkat.    ][«■  Vwt:  FmiIi.  Hvw- 

Ob  tteT«nip4ntiir««<CM!^iirA«B<if  ITtoMficip. 
Bt  a.  t>   UiuVi.  r.  «,  TfiT,  Md  ».  C.  lutlu 

rp.  n.  aiu  rui*. 

AnWlaBlunJ  MuAm.  e<M«-l>«t«  toA  Inl*- 
tWr  UftilU.  >tdll«4  \j  t.  A.  Wryt.  \*w 
T*rt:  WWW  T.  V<m<i*,    T«*(«FtUM.   |1 

un  tMih^tiaA  iNkM  rMdiM   njr  AHbsr 

*0«.    1?.  Ill    11. 

A  (WM*  10  SmUhv  n^ui*  -  IntBHUno  Bj 
Oll^  r*nl  Oolwl,  t  K     Hm  Vurt :  Jaba 

•ViianlHWm,  IW  irwum  (Inhwn  Bomict, 
Kn  Tart  ^  Untrr  n(i«  A  0».    I>  lit. 

BteUtfli.  or  ilH  E«to  •!  SIbtrta-  Pnm  Ih* 
rMH*<>rHii»  (kitAtaCMlB.    H««TnkiWUI. 

kai». Ooiuiannr.   tytlk 

Tir«MTT>>r«*«b<M  Ibmh   BrOMlMm- 
DWvlii  Jvta  MjdrwtesA    PB.  in.    U 


>•  Dm  l>Mdpln  al  Hvum  t>nl'>M«^ 
-      riMML    JMCMi  I -lUkiw  *  IM. 


LuM  AnMlC  Ml  Ufa  nd  KmtttatAtitti*. 


aaiif4wnwi«Mk<WAfiHtt.  u>»*>n:ii»wh- 

IM.  HIB*  *  t'o     tinh.  t■^■W.    IL 

■naL-HtMnXlnr.    nr  HmMh  Uaiibnn.  Xrw 

T««!  UtartH«slEMr*»au.     P^.tm.    II. 
■■bMMM*  m  ■  XaMtal  Bum.    Bjr  E*nl> 

IBMWb  TMMnh.    Both*;  l.'«p|4M,  ITtbuo  * 

Ok    !>*«. 

KaMwVfWM.    nr 'ruik  1  MvkUra.    lb* 

TIM  0>nH«  V(ib '  DHL     Ih  Ailthih*  nnv- 
M«*  T*it.  1  IX  ArpMm  A  ti»    Pp.  m 


_      UwnU  «r  AhHHl  UK. 
I VdOK     N**  Y*rk :  01 


TIM  Ciifiiin— Iih  of  HhicU    rut  I,    Tbi 
Dtaain.    tir  ■'-  l'.  tlxdtnMi.  rnmniiMfcetr  al 

Br  c,  1: 


Br  Cfairha  Pndf  rick 

■  MbMC^IhHH. 


Pp 


C.  r.    UfniBK.    BwlxvU*. 
■V  MHwNk  l>ilo- 

I  Mw>4  Comotl :  A  I'lMln*  vim  i»<  Hi 
MM!  «  Bit  ■><■'»-    Br    It.   Cktt   Tmkkal 
n     X.K  Tttt  1  OMrtH  awHw/n  Sou.    Vf. 
W. 

Manrk  to  MVnHMlMl  AMUinr 
By  I  'l»rtw  no*  Winm^.  no* 

T*t  l\  •taUMUn:  <i*Hn- 

I  rHUUw<W'  ' 


y t«  Tarknd  tindta :  O.  P.  Palnun'i  !lMN.  fp, 

P««lb  Aamt  R«»at  W  th*  Taioo  »ulM 
a«lar>m  Mnrtw.  IWl  ifr«  ll*i  W.  IVnL 
HiTMicr.    WMUiflMi  QnnMin  rmflMrO^ 

a«fc  Pp.4n. 


POPULAR  MISCELLANY. 

Tie  ianttAB  FaMtU}  toaymt,    1fc> 

Attnban  l'omil/7  ConKrcH  beM  aa  !■• 
WrMtlng  Mulon  In  lloiUni  la  Sapiantbtr. 
About  A  bondrad  mtnibOTv  irtra  prtwoi. 
irbo,  bj  Ihdr  □««  Mitbiitkafii  And  b;  tlw 
raporu  ibc;  wen  abla  1«  nMko  of  ih« 
icnxrtb  of  intcrcat  Lo  thu  lubJMt,  tMllS«il 

10  ihn  btsl(b<r  fmptta  nUIcb  (be  «an«e  of 
th*  protcctioD  ancl  n«CTril  of  tbe  »oad«  U 
maklni;  In  ibli  CDunii?.  Arbw-daf  li  no* 
obxTTcd  u  a  frstivtl  In  fificcn  SitiM.  tn  ■ 
mabncr  vhicb  veil  tlioHt  thai  Ibo  publln 
iro  gndull])  coming  tele  ad  appr«<MUaii 
of  (be  Mnlfanent  >hidi  it  tTpiDet.  Foren 
tODiiiiiBliiner*  or  cominUtiiuiis  hare  been 
■ppotntod  br  B  DuinbCT  of  fiUilu.  Pro- 
fMtor  B.  0.  Nonbrnp  de«crib«d  the  «iperi> 
mmt  of  Sir.  U.  (>.  B<i>mU,  ot  But  Ursen- 
■kb,  Rbodo  IvUnd,  ia  cultii^liu);  conUcrooi 
■nd  docdduous  treoi  upon  a  tract  of  two 
biindnd  icnu  along  tbo  «bcrc*  of  Nam- 
^uucti  Bn/,  %\xvj  »rtt*  ot  wbtcb  «a«  n 
banvii  "wndhloif,"  where  (rorjr  ntia  mU 
no  two*  could  Iw  mulo  to  gro*.  lliii  in«li- 
«d  *»  t«  prouct  1I10  tr*«»  anil  fli  tli«  Mnd 
by  bnitli  onill  (bo  irriM  (cliivli  »oni  «el 
oul)  oc-a]<l  take  csra  of  Oi<imMlvi-t.  A  rQai- 
ilfiil  tut<<l  iliat  land  on  Capr  (Tod,  wlilob 
wiu  •  itrvn  BE  (veotyJIvo  or  dfty  oonla  an 
MTO  twenljiJIr*  f  ean  ago,  *a«  notr,  in  oon- 
tequeiuw  of  tb«  growth  of  ireM  uiton  it, 
worth  (went;  doHara  an  acn,  and  dcalrabia 
for  racldmom.  Ht.  Fomov,  mrrMpoiidhiK 
»ncf»l«ry,  T«ad  a  paper  on  "  lAimb«r-Wnl« 
u  a  Fortlllwir.'*  It  prtipofoil  a  plan  for 
(he  otlllntlon  of  the  hraah.  nio,,  tvt(  by  tlie 
lofCgnra,  atitch  1*  now  notlitn];  but  materia) 
for  MArdnK  forct(-9m,  by  rcndltij;  It  up 
Into  floe  ihrtda  or  abavln^i,  and  then  ualnx 

11  aa  bedding  for  horaoa  and  cotile,  aft«T 
which  It  will  bcmme  manuTc.  Kp,  romow 
pr«Mn(«d  focu  which  i«nd  to  ahow  that 
•iich  apptloatlona  maj  bo  niado  with  ptolit 
nil  around.  The  subject  ot  foreal-Oroa 
dime  uii>l«r  dWouuioa,  and  alAtementa  wma 
mada  ivKp^iliig  thdr  prevenlablllif  aad 
«bo«iog  that  (hey  do  not  Muae  no  gi««t  ■ 


a8> 


TIIK  POPULAR  SCISXCB  MONTHLr. 


IMVpenlon  of  Ibo  dama|t«  ■iiStral  \rf  ih* 
forrau  u  Uin  tmibcmiia  proUiul  lli*i  ih-y 
do.  Mr.  ColcQuii,  CommiMluiMr  ot  'A|it^' 
rcailtiin,  pntpocoil  iho  ■ppoliitnMnI  of  % 
rcotamlttoe  to  dt«ft  tululilc  (omtry  billi 
I  to  be  iDido  U»*  tn'  die  UoiiprBl  «n'l  VtiM 
I  lOTtnaDonU,  aiiil  la  tstwr  wlili  kgflUd** 
tiCMonrilUa  to  (Mura  ■tUntka  lo  tbom. 

Amang  ibc  Mb«r  tpcclal    laplc*  cod* 

[Uderad  la  the  papcra  «cro  "Fmou  la  t«- 

lo  tlM  Pti»cni  8tkM  of  AMCttOin 

frcRMr;:  Sialc of  Fomm  LtgtolMloM  in  Uw 

Vniled  SlatcV  N.  U.  CglMM;  "Whil 

liwe  Ihe  Dlflctciii  i^taUs  dona  tn  m^xi  to 

a»lr  PoRU**"  J.  S.  Qitk);  "What  ar« 

Iho  BoquMu*  of  an  BITcetlTO  Foitot-nrt 

ik^tlatkm*"  S.  W.  Fi«ire)l!  " LtunboHng 

l^ilaiwM-  itbdf  Dcpendtaeo  en  Sriumailo 

rMW(i7  *  J.  E.   flabbi  1  "  Tn»ii  a*  Ktlii- 

'caMra,"  Pnfeiaor  EdwanI  N'orih ;  "f^flu 

of  Fortn-CullnK,"  B.  P.  room ;  "  Nco)  of 

I  Kfttkmal   FortM  Pollcv,"  Hon.  Vantr 

ItiUor;   "Pralhii  oj  FonitXattiiro:   StaU 

ol  FoTMt  Legklatjon  In  die  SloM  of  Nov 

^Tork,"  Bon.  D.  IL  Low. 

Tbe   Dblorr  of  ■  Kaai^Ur.  J.  W. 

I  Cronblr  mid  «  p*p«t  before  iha  Brttlah 

'jliBocifilion  on  «hat  be   rifled  "A  Gainr 

•iih  a  iliitcitjt"  — ba|>.seotoh.     A«  ebU- 

drcn  Id  tlidi  plaj  gcnmllf  io4Uud  nme. 

Il»«r  bad  obMrr«d  («  bo  done  bj 

4r  eldon«  aol  •  E*>no  onoe  intndneod 

aa  hudad  down  from  itniorsUan  to  gen. 

oumj  tanooNiulookini;  ctlldMn'* 

Fpnifl*  taeMtXti  alnnge  r««o(da  of  kooieat 

)  and  pifu  tXmm,    The  pemi  of  bop- 

[pcotdi  wM  one  of  oonnldwkble  anti<islt)r, 

flMVlng  bem  knoirn  to  Co^and  for  men 

Ittian  lire  Rnluriea,  and  it  ww  plaj«d  aH 

«T«f  Bvrupe  nniltr  difffT«nt  ouue*.  SigM* 

Pltr^**  volar  explautioa  of  II*  ortKlii  ap- 

poaivd  tinpnibatik,  for  not  onlj  aa*  Uie 

[ertdonco  hi  It*  taror  pxircmclj  ink,  bat  It 

(wwiU  reqalr*  \'tic  original  number  ot  dl- 

I  Id  ibe  flgurc  to  bdrc  born  twelio  In- 

'  aiead  of  B«n?ii,  ib«  numbor  ladloai«d  lif  • 

OHnldatablo  bodjr  of   oridcnca^     ll  would 

^■Ma  (Dore  piobabh  that  the  game  at  cnic 

ne  tvprcaented  tba  progreaa  id  Ibo  aoul 

I  earth  to  h«aTtn  through  Taiiooa  laUf* 

diet*  aUtoa,  the  nam  ^ten  to  lb*  Uat 

1  b«liv  »o«t  titquonllj  paiariiie  «t  ■> 

Ippdnlciu,  mefa  aa  crowu  or  skrr,  aUle 


the  IMMM*  ol  the  Mbn  courtu  Mms|>noil«d 
Willi  Ihe  eadMUlofknl  idota  tmralmt  In 
die  eariy  dap  ot  Uhriaiknlt;.  Xob*  >uab 
);aiu«  exl4t<d  before  Cbrleiltnliy,  and  <b« 
author  vouaMered  It  bad  brvn  ilnfred  fnm 
wMral  andm  pniei.  ro*«lbl,i  ibc  atrao^ 
mj iba  of  tbe  LabjHntlN  Halnbl  hare  had 
aomMUng  lo  do  «ldi  hef -aeouft,  ainl  a  *a- 
rielj  of  (b*  game  plarod  In  En||Und,  andar 
tbe  oaiDe  of "  roend  hop.«oMah,"  **a  afanoal 
fdeUieal  iritb  a  game  daKrlbcd  hy  V\lnj  aa 
bdng  plajvd  hj  die  bojra  of  bll  dar.  The 
antbot  bclUred  that  die  eailj  (liHadaaa 
adopted  Ibc  general  Idc*  of  tha  andrat 
game,  but  tlwj  not  onl;  oonToricd  It  Into 
an  ollogaiy  of  bcareii,  irlib  ChHailaa  bt^■ 
Ueta  and  CbrlaUan  nanta,  ih«r  ChriaUaB- 
l««d  Ibe  figoce  alio.  Tbof  abandonod  ilio 
b«atb«n  labjrinlli  and  rvplaoed  U  by  Ibe 
form  of  tba  batilin.  tba  ml;  llimtlaii 
<ti«rcb,  dliMlag  It  inlu  a«Tm  parte,  aa 
the*  boUarM)  btavim  io  be  dirtdei),  aad 
placing  paradl*^  die  Uim(  aanoton  «( 
hearefi.  In  ibv  poalllon  of  Ibe  altar,  tba  In- 
ner Moclnni  ol  Ibe  early  abnrub, 

Tlw  lodlau  of  lenl  lanUu.— Mr. 
R.  F.  In  Tbum  rtad  aoMte  ncfaa,  Ii*  Uia 
Aalhropolo^oal  8««lk«  of  dw  Bridah  Aaao> 
eiadon,  on  ih«  rcd-mcn  abewl  Mewit  Boral- 
nM,tuBritlabO«IaBa.  nehndfanarfUnm 
aUII  In  die  Hone  aga^  bM  not  w  the  as. 
tremely  prloatdre  oonditien  b«  hail  aukt- 
paied.  TberewaaDoolberplaniBBrllltli 
Guiana  >bt>«  the  Muoe  ^lo  ailll  aabahotd. 
Tb*M  Indian*  Ut«  In  amall  <onl<al  bnU 
clualarad  Into  lUlafra,  and  Isthidlag  n 
ohurch,  vbcre  they  linltaled,  vilhoul  under- 
Mandlng,  die  lellgtaua  aertlc«a  ilicy  bad 
aotn  at  eomo  tariff  ■loka.  Th«y  »«r« 
generallr  ng)/,  aome  ercn  rrjiulalTp,  bnt 
hoifiltabla  and  bind,  and  ibe  raception  tba 
apeaker'a  party  Ind  'uM  with  ooakl  no*  ba 
anrpaaaad  to  ooottMy  In  tbe  tnoM  drUlaBd 
ooawnmhy.  niejr  Ma^  alene  Implanenia 
ot  a  tonarfcable  kind,  anch  aa  ailaea  and 
ain,  bat  ilonea  twa  Mora  uwally  faib- 
iened,  by  a  prooaaa  ot  rwbUng,  Into  Imiu. 
ilona  of  d«b  and  artklaa  «f  trfnumi. 
Their  gnmea  ir«r»  vary  tnteivailng,  aooia  of 
ihem  bdng  Imhatloa*  ot  aali^a,  and  otb- 
m  a  kM  of  rtiytbmte  aalngliig  to  a  alow 
tfcanL  The  bohiloa  of  irtlM^  and  arw 
thai  ot  Auairtar,  aaa  rBmarkahla.     ll 


\ 


d 


1 


« 


W  too  cmed  by  lliu  (act  tliki  nan  «i  iba 
tattM  WMted  to  hKT«  arriicd  frau  tho 
Vm(  faidtH  tolwili  will  U«  Orinoocv  Mtd 
to  hwa  foOowfd  out  aajibcr  lo  (b>  inUrior, 
wfcwt  neh  aibe  look  chwgt  ol  ■  tlTcr, 
wfaUa  alMoM  ImpMHnble  (onsu  Inur- 
nD«d  bMireen  ihair  muImmMi.  In  ■■■ 
■WW  M  a  qvBMiua,  Mr.  la  Thitnn  MMcd 
Uuu,  iboMgli  turn*  inphneott  «<r«  mado, 
ttaar  nn  not  Met  for  ■■;  pnttloal  pur. 
pe«V  aMd  (kit  llisrv  ■■•  no  tnos  ot  Ihcii 
l«iteg  bee*  lotil  !■  osf  reti^oot  MrTt(<e. 
TWy  were  sade  u  cvriixUief.    lie  foand 


POPULAR  MtSCSlhANT. 


>83 


ih«  maoaarfai  wbldi  ibof  NCOgiiiMJllHleJ 
MtadL    Nm  aolj  wouid  ibd  inia  La  mf\ 
oMi,  bovcvpr  larp,  diMinguUb  baivMatJ 
Adr  ttm  coniiMaicau  anil  mWv  anU 
hnglai  H>  Um  wtmm  «iiMto^  bd  lUa  hadj 
bten  «koan  to  hipfiM  qth  afur  aiapara'] 
lloa  of  BBOM  tbiiB  a  jrcar.     Mr.  UcCowk  had  , 
tboogbt  tlM  [aoAy  WM  diw  lo  ncrait,  bill  Sir 
Jobn  dcdoocO  rcaaooi  for  belkniii;  It  l«  b« 
vlbnauck    Ai  rrganlcd  the  lonRcrlijr  of 
inU,  be  had  two  wbkl)  be  iMd  kqit  mccJ 
■iM«  187*.    Tlie;  wot  Uin  Ml  grown, 
■ml  iDuvt  Ibcrefon  br  Iwilro  jcan  «ld. 


IM  Itaoc  aiBorng  tbe  rai-mm  of  aaj  ickauw).  ,  Tbej  were  bath  <tuetiiii  and  conliouod  lo  lay 


I 


edgmMl  el  a  Ughar  p«im. 

OrfcU  tt  It*  Wklb.—ProfMMir  Flower 
nourfcsd,  pottiwallf  to  a  dtecription  bj 
Dr.  StisUien  In  the  Biolo^iul  iSectiofi  af 
Um  BrttUh  AuociitiOD,  of  Ibe  Ta;  whale, 
ihal  tb«  whale  cinied  it*  pedigree  <m  tU 
iMrn  bodr  and  in  enrj  part  of  lu  •tractore. 
It  had  bees  (ha«^t  tlial  Bianuaali  mlgbl 
kn«  pHBed  IknNi^  an  aquatic  tad  marine 
Maga  before  the;  catna  (o  Ibe  taad.  Obi 
ubaiirattnni  of  Iha  aaMonr  of  Ibe  while 
■bmrcd  that  thl*  mvld  Del  bare  btcD  tbe 
oaao.  Tbrre  m«ld  be  no  qnealioa  whatcrM 
Umi  Ibe  «Me  had  beta  derlred  from  a 
Iwr-|ta4ed  animaL  It  wat  a  cbaraderiiiiD 
«t  a  mamnal  to  bare  a  bairj  coTprtng. 
Wbaka  were  at  aiM  Ume  iboogbl  lo  be  an 
'■liaflliiii.  bot  it  wat  ibowo,  in  almoat  er. 
tff  «ae  ibat  had  b<?on  examfaMd,  ibat  at 
MHM  period  «f  la  fife  it  Mwt  have  bad  a 
nMlkaanUrjr  ootmimi^  wUeh  wta  pncrallj 
faand  In  (be  Mighbubood  «r  iba  nppe* 
Dp;  ilial  MTtrtag  wat  fuaetionkM  and 
ntlea  laat  before  biftb.  Aaotbar  iiiaili 
ahia  featora  «a*  Ibe  toMb.  All  thete 
wbalea  «en  fumiahad  wtab  a  at*  of  tM4b, 
iiiliiiliimj  but  ompleta,  and  m(  charso- 
mMIo  of  Ibe  Itb,  bnt  of  a  mora  tamplet4>- 
\j  daralepad  la«d  mammal.  TbeM  leeib 
eMMy  euilttMd  a*  m  earf^  perlai^  aeau- 
tlm«  befam  bbib ;  aad  ib^  war*  cMIitdy 
tmadMkM. 

InaM  BaMlb-ar  John  Lnbbock  oon- 
Iftbatod  to  ibc  rcoeal  meeUng  of  the  BrM- 
h*  AModalkm  a  paper  on  mm  reoant  oU 
Mrvatb)(u  na  Ibe  baUla  of  aat*.  btM,  aad 
•■ipa.     Uiin  cf  the  ffluat  iDMmtlt^  poiala 

VOMeeted  w^ib   the  ocoooay  of  anu  waa 


egg^  aboaiiiy  no  •igoa  of  age.  oxcepdng, 
p«ellap^  ibat  tb«7  war*  a  Itutu  uiff  in  iIm 
joiots.  Hi*  oxptrbacnU  did  not  oeaflna 
tbc  idea  that  tliow  bMMU  had  aaj  mma  of 
dtncliiin,  e(e«pl  ptrbapa  Id  the  mom  aenia 
la  width  w«  ndfhl  bo  aald  to  bOTo  one.  la 
POAliuaalloa  of  prtvloua  eipertmoiU,  £lr 
Jobn  bad  takon  foitj  anl*.  fed  tbem  wlib 
boa^.aod  pntlbcandowDoiiB  gnrnl  palli 
nflj  }ard*  from  tbrir  noiL  Tbcjt  wandertd 
about  ia  all  dlrcctlani,  and  H  »m  obthnia 
that  tbej  had  do  Idoa  wUdi  wa*  tbo  rlghA 
■aj  bomo. 

PraloBctUM  af  Unl  InnthciU.— 
The  di«mTur7  baa  been  made  hj  Dr.  J. 
Loonftrd  I'-oraiag,  of  New  York,  (hat  local 
RDBBIhcKia  produocd  \rj  the  ■ubmitoiwoua  I 
injeollon  «f  lb*  hjdrocbloraie  of  cocaine 
may  b*  prohinged  hj  annulliag  the  local 
drcukitctt.  The  revnlu  of  throe  nperi> 
mnlt^  diwcribed  by  Dr.  Oondng  ta  iha  "  Now 
York  Medical  Joontal,"  were  to  th«w,  fltvl, 
that  f  Unple  anvai  of  itie  eireulailoa  In  Iba 
pact,  ahonly  after  Injeollon  nt  tho  anna. 
tbelhv  la  eufllcioni  lo  Inteniif  r  and  prolons 
thn  aoMlhaeU ;  aooond,  thai  It  llw  ieJivlieD 
I*  mad*  after  euangnlnallan  and  coinpret- 
■lon,  there  la  tlitlo  dlffiwion  of  ilie  an 
ilii-il<^  and  oonaequenilj  a  cnn)in«nnifaki 
dlmlnutloo  la  the  muboi  of  iwrv6flIamaUa 
Mpo*od  lo  the  lnlt««M«  of  <ba  •obutea; 
and.  lUrd.  that.  If  itte  InJmlM)  bi  made  a 
r«*  momenta  before  etatagninaiien  and  the 
applloaikm  of  lb*  tourniquet,  a  n(ScJ«c)t 
amount  of  Miurailon  of  liwu  U  obtained 
ID  oipoae  a  lars*  number  uf  nerv^AlaoHnU  ' 
lo  the  Influence  of  the  *a««theilo;  and  jet, 
it  Ibe  delay  I*  nol  too  lo«ig,tk«ra  b  ao 
danger  of  (Ulnting  «r  dlaalfaltng  Ibe  Mlo- 


TBS  POPULAR  SCrsycS  MOJfTULY. 


Minrrtbi  um- 

SMe  tf  lU*  M!*od  lb* 
brifal 


Dr.  agn«ai  >i  ly— '^m  ecnmii«  ta  M 

■BMi«MiM  itf  4lM  MMAflMaf  iha  hwuii 
it  M  B(MWtlB«  au  ll*  baaai  at  ib  k^;; 
•^  irf  ckUm  oT  iha  ytkJobM.  In  the 
h«  MM  itM  McoM  «H  hM  pertBd,  m 
MMM  rf  Uw  (TMHcr  hatl^  hMB  afalie«d 
■a  MM  t  wtwiuu  ot  tsinior  twogih,  bat 
«MMitrMWkei«7.  PrslMMr  J.  mmfc 
(M  Ml  Mhw  wmw—  of  «al«nra  ban 
■Im  b^  ib>  lawhoJ  «Ub  BOUiplHf  «o> 


jikanMbnoMtaB  af  lk«  urimab 
Iktf  iiUh  tbi  ficM  M*4cftfn  Tlwr 
t— tj  pi^yrJ  Tny  Uw|inniM  p«n«  ■mnin 
N  tna^  ■■d  ttdr  ranabu  ars 
toad  hi  pMl  HMMi  la  Ike  imfa  Dt  all  tb* 
aHflN-  fotMilkM.  IMf  tlaifM.  alnja 
gngdil,  ao«  wf  hlig  BHm^  m«  r^lni- 
InH^  •«»  «OMd«fnBy  Taried  dwtag  lb« 
fimagj  and  Mcendair  p«rlodKi  Tbo;  war* 
■lartf  alvaj*  Aicd  w  ibe  pvoBd,  while, 
fat  nod«B  aiaa,  ibc  c^tnodcnni  tooO,  \)Xk 
tbo^  (be  OnMtMte,  an  fm,  and  hare 
forma  naMabUag  nar-dah,  b«  liflueF  and 
Mon  cbffML  &aWtM  ««(«  n^ardod  m 
ollBct  UU  la  lb*  mUdk  at  the  d^itocMb 
MMMF7  a  natal  tUcrt  btwigbl  to  Elurept  a 
ifiinipi  obkb  bid  ben  ttlkti  »p  atiro. 
A  fo>  jsan  ahcrvani,  GvOianI  doMribed 
va  Ibr  }>eMb  Aoadcny  ol  Sd«MM  awHher 
iptdiaaa  ■bkh,  dried,  i*  ttUl  pitomoJ  ia 
Oo  eoUteikn  of  Ifat  Miwcm  «(  Natural 
n>alM:r:  and,M  a  laUr  dale,  Mm*  Mcti- 
nitM  (nan  tbe  AoiIUm  «tn  dimOiaud 
HBoag  dUtfctnt  nuaMMi  wd  coUwtloiw  ta 
BBmiu.  BW  Ibeaa  anloul*  wore  tvn  lU 
tbe  tfane  o(  the  Ametinn  4radKhis  oip*- 
dUoaa  OMdar  Unla  Anauh.  li  U  bo* 
Inemi  iluu  (•etitdMa,  nUIn  iImj  m  not  m 
abeadant  at  Uw;  w*n  \m  Um  apodi  nbMi 


lldMtM»bndi  ««(•  (bnaed  Ml  of  tbto,  < 
b7  ao  Ml  ana  tat*  la  tbe  d«o|i  mm; 
■ilttulm  Btv  bi  a  pcuiiiea  to  Idl  i 
abai  manarr  at  lif«  tlicy  llt«d,  uul  at 
*•■  iba  •metal*  of  tboac  at^aakiiw  «h 
ttMadaa  am  t«aad  eveiTwIiere,  lad  «bMe 
real  ihaiiiiiii  oaoe  apfxared  to  hatil  to 
iIJliuJull  Tbe  diacoteriea  ti  Sua,  la  the 
aanbeni  Ma*,  of  Pootulca  antl  Afeuodtr 
Agwrtt  in  tb*  AatUtoa,  anJ  o(  tbe  *t^tm^ 
ft^tttb  axiwMtu,  bat*  raiael  ibo  I 
el  kaova  epociia  o(  erineida  to  i 
wttdi  art  dlTUxl  aoMOg  foar  fatnflici  tad 


1 — U.1— M 

aa  opcali^ 
ciioa  tt  ibi^ 


BtOifT  It  Uc  lautiaa 
—  PkTmw  Ortoa  datlrand 
odibMi  bi  tbt  GeoloKlcal  SmUoo 
Atacttoan  Auoduloo,  oa  Troblcaa  b 
iba  Btuili  ol  OmJ;  witb  a  Bkrub  «l  Be 
ocal  rropan  ia  Oeolosr-"  The  noart 
auMMJH  ol  (he  ptenupidlBii  tfpo  el 
Mwt  hi  tbe  Onendiga  p^ap  ol  CesUil 
haatflTank,  and  of  aoUot  and  ^dnei  el 
{Ontlmt  CUttmh  in  tbe  Itoa  Mad- 
«(  the  HkMk  ClbtoD  ero«p  el  Ibe 
mm»  NRla^  giTa  to  Anniaan  focnitlaM 
■ba  aaitlait  eiamplo*  of  tettobtalc  IU«  j*l 
baoira.  A  Urine  •hart  haa  been  Idcallfal 
that  pNTta  to  b«  w  nearly  allied  to  ibe  OW 
ioiim  ol  catboaUenm*  thno  that  It  v«aM 
bo  dobig  but  lltlte  fMenoe  to  rafor  li  t> 
thai  gian*.  "niieo  (epataio  dlHorcfba*! 
DpfMV  BQufita  MMphMO  aad  a  UUAa  Sb' 
riaa  oocfcraacb  cany  the  Kle  ol  the  miM 
land  aaimat*  a  lint  aiepa  furtbcr  bMk  Ike* 
the  tMMd*  «r  tba  euau  had  hvloto  dto- 
thMod.  T*o*pM««aar  pubDonUcToot 
hnha  Iron  tbe  lower  part  of  Uwcwt 
croui  rock*  ol  Nevada  oonMllaiO  tbi 
haon  miiiaenntlw  ol  thai  eraii|»  la 
hMnie  time.  Strailgiaiihleal  ccotop 
paan  to  b«  altabitng  a  uiBMhal  JiiHte 
ogaitlan  Ibui  baa  hitherto  prtralM  t 
the  p*"*^)!  *"*  "^  "■'  inkroM»|w  la  i 
oej  i>  to  br  Doud  te  «ae  of  the  dbe 
la  ohkh  proipMa  ta  appntat  aad 
la  tbe  later  eUBce  and  Ugber  f«nnf  of ' 
Mini*  life,  "  Amerioan  eeologr  hulib 
•aaj  and  iiniM*pal«d  prr^miaMKn,  At 
tbe  MHMO  thifm  ol  tb«  Rockr  Mnunii 
thoto  ato  bcinf;  d»eiiloatbHt  tb«  n 
of  grriil  fi-nit  of  orMaNona  oul 
Ibaa  iliM  an  iiilM  wtlboul  |ianJM 


1'^ 

»llL  V 


POPULAR  MISCSILANT. 


38s 


Uaio«7  of  g«olap'.    WIill?  lh«M  fjuiaw  iro 

fsmBtkabl*  br  Uie  emt  nninbfr  tod  *>ri- 

«if  of  ibe  fjMdw  ■nd  tmlltiduab,  %nA  iIm 

(gr  Om  enocaoM  atta  o(   midc  of  lliair 

fbRM,  U  u  in  other  ilircclkvu  thai  UwU 

UgfaoM  tUonU  tioii.     Uj  llwir  ucamkloue 

Md   altogtUiar  uncipraicd  rbamtum,  by 

llidt  tMagr  oombinBtioa  4im1  dliMciatiaii 

of  pcoalUritica  of  tinicture,  Ibty  ikrav  ■ 

Bood  oJ  Bgbt  en  ;&•  qimtion  of  erohilioii, 

tad  gl>«  «>  »  kcjr  ID  ibe  dcTckpmeiil  of  the 

•dMkgCNUloB  ttiU,  before  UidrdlaTOTer7, 

h  wH  to*  anwh  to  Mptct  «•  ihoald  cter 

pMMK"    TbeiBoMimporttBrtMrTlnirro- 

Fmmt  Orton  fonhtr  remarked,  that  bu 

btio  nad«red  !■  the  Amcrinn  field,  u  tha 

•MMI  Skppitis  of  lbs  graal  iDorminc  from 

Da  Uutie  bottlir  to  Dakota.     On  ■*  the 

WllfcWd  pToUtoM  rdaliDg  to  the  ^rala^ 

MJAnBUtryof(aal,''PratMtorOrtOneou- 

MnMil  llM  four  piiaripd  ihiMriM  of  Iho 

bnuiiM  of  eoaUiodi,  bctinfaig  to   faror 

lW|icai>beg  lhwc7  «t   LtsquorBUi    and 

Biaplut.    In  ioeannllag  for  eMUBrid*— 

■HnMiM  of  oMl-bed*  MiMMUd  tj  tno- 

■W  fenna^ona  and  iaarganic  Mdimaua  of 

•ad  Iran-oK— we  hare  to  veok  an 

Jon  of  ilio  n-giilarilf  of  Ibe  inter. 

■!•  nfenod  to  Crofl'a  tbtcry  of 

mronoinittl  oaiiM.     Variiiu  uoMltlcil 

Satiuua  abo  appMr  on  the  tbomlcal  >idD ; 

*•!,  nMla  mucli  hu  been  iaae,  mucli  rt- 

'Vtalu  to  ba  dnoe  In  tlta  BcU  of  Ibt  micro- 

*toiita*l  BtraeluTc  of  coaL    Thaie  problem* 

^fU  probaUr  Kll  be  wiTrd.  bat  >brB  that 

la  Jbb^  "oM  of  tliDK  old  oaTboDlfcrwu 

••ainp*,  M*  niiMUoM^  ^**V*\  da«pe>  ihaa 

%af  wo  now  we,  «lil  peipetiiall;  ariM  to 

mlnnlate  lijr  ihclr  iliovrttj  and  lo  rcawd 

l>7  tiieir  •ototlon  thU  lore  of  koowiadge  for 

im  aake  «ldck  make*  v  men."     Cb(>- 

IL  U  Uartliail  prwfled  n  paper,  which 

Mad  at  a  gcwnl  neeting,  on  ibe  cco- 

•f  Ibe  twth'a  vwt  aad  mrpluMec 

la  tnoukialn^etniotaieb    Ne*  dUcwrerloa  of 

^Jeaalb  in  IIm  oUer  alnia  of  Tariaaa  tegion* 

^■rcn  OMnouooeiL    Profauor  Hcnt?  8.  WDI. 

^^iMi  pnaantad  a  papn  on  the  oomparatlra 

Mnllgi«pli]r  of  tha  Mxtbrni  cointiot  of  Xo« 

BTaric  nd  iba  adjoining  oowllei  of  F^na- 

HMranii,  a»d  Nonbern  Ohio  m  far  aa  Olerc- 

HSud.    ProfsMor  B.  W.  Clajpule  dlMuMtd 

H-flM  prabiaM  «t  Dm  origin  of  ilie  palvoiuio 

MlnmtaafrtniMjlTaM^   FrolMMrLewia 


B.  IGdu  dMcrifatd  Ibe  alrwton  and  nila- 
tioM  of  ib«  DakoU  group  In  Nclmaka.  Ur. 
0.  K.  itilberi  deaoribed  oa  old  tboro-ihMof 
Uke  Oniarfo,  «hM  b«  UA  tnand  baif-nj 
aiMut  iu  baala.  Pnfoaaar  A.  R.  Otaodan 
doaoribed  «am«  Mull  mbanto  dlkn  «Udi 
bare  raorailjr  been  diaroterod  in  Itiiiot  Oenn- 
tjiKentuekj.  PfolMuor  Drioa  deMiibod  ibo 
KU  and  ott  woite  of  Xoniioeaicrtt  Ohio,  la 
ib«  regfou  of  wideh  Vtiidlay  !a  tiio  omUr, 
a&d  whow  toureot  of  lupplj  *ra  in  fonaa, 
Ifcmi  lower  ibao  acjr  (rem  wbieli  gai  baa 
been  known  beCon  lo  have.  Tho  How  of 
ga«  taagM  ta  tba  Tnrfci«  wtlia  from  IOO^OCpO 
(0  1,9X^000  onblo  faai  pv  day.  Tbe  po. 
traleua  i«  not  ror;  abuailaiit,  and  la  black, 
■alpburout,  avd  of  a  ipaTll;  of  alioui  SO*. 
Tba  fonsalloa  wbeaea  ibo  itai  and  oil  lamra 
ia  a  poTon*  magMelaii  Hmoionc  Identlfal 
at  Trcnioa.  PrafcMor  A.  0.  Woetben  do- 
■cribod  tbe  i)iial«nkat7  dcpodta  ef  Oenlrnl 
an'l  Southorti  lliinol*  ai  oUerrod  is  culUnc 
ooal-miso  tbarti  ibrouKh  them.  Tha  bed- 
rock aurtaco  la  dtTeraUlodbvtBtlcjamucli  a* 
tbe  drift  lurCtM  aboTO,  but  whb  •  dIR«rcnt 
dmitufe  ajvlom.  At  tbe  boltoiu  la  s  Ktati> 
fied  otay,  bi  pert  EraTdty,  whioh  appton  lo 
be  derired  trma  the  waate  of  Ibe  bed-roek. 
Abore  thie  ia  a  fonwt-bed,  abiob,  tbou|^i 
not  a  UDlrcrwal  featun^  1*  ao  wtdcl;  apread 
M  to  moke  mtiob  of  the  well-water  udBi  for 
UfO.  Orcr  thld  liei  s  blue  uul  fellow  grav. 
ell]'  cla;r,  with  glaeliicd  bowlden  aomotimea 
aa  lar^  u  two  feel  in  lUanicter ;  and,  Bnallf. 
a  t«w  feet  of  loeao,  coTcrod  witb  «  ti^  bod 
uf  fioe  cla;r- 

EdttMllooal  nntean*.  —  Dr.  [Inrt  G. 
Wililor,  adiJrt-iiir  inn  iiin!.  i:i<-,l  .".•rLlon 
of  llio  AiuiTii'uii  A"-ij!iJiii.')i  >i"  "  KJiioa- 
tional  lliiacumsof  Vrrlebrale*,"  maintainod 
thai  ercrr  Inatitutian,  of  wbaieror  Rrado, 
•hould  hare  one.  In  irlKilnn  qiwUly  la 
nmre  Important  ibiui  quanlll;,  and  ar- 
ranRtmani  b  iiauallf  moro  needed  than 
ac<|uliitlon.  Aa  a  rule,  taeh  apedmen 
■hould  Maeh  bat  one  lUni;,  and  tbat  ihor- 
ons'ilj'-  The  aane  form  maf,  tberrforc, 
properlj'  recur  in  aewral  parte  of  the  mii- 
acnm,  to  llluBirai*  difforant  parta  or  Ideaa. 
True  Monomj  oonalau  ia  pajing  Ilbtenll; 
tor  what  U  wantod,  ralttfr  than  ia  taklag 
wbal  ia  not  waaKd  aa  a  gift.  "  In  addHion 
t<i,  or  ta  plaee  of,  the  th«t«  great  »wW 


s86 


THE  POPULAR   SCIENCE  MONTBLT. 


phxtfokiElcil.  luoKme^  and  geoersfJilval— 
■Ucfc ■i>rnniiiiiiiil| MMDpccd b  iniiwiiB*. 
bM  *Uah  b  I*  tuilt]  pMilhte  to  oanplMa, 
«|Wciiinii»  NprcMntlog  tat  «|«ftl  hdoom  «( 
lime  ar  manejr  voaM  h*Te  •  htsbw  «d«a^ 
liunal  tileaif  divtilcd  wnmigicmMtdanliU 
tt«Hb*r  of  ipKUl  Hric^  CMfe  ItluMnlliv 
•DIM  nraipbulDglnl  or  lalMtoglotl  pt^nci- 
pift  .  .  .  Iwmd  of  *Rla1]r  BtKnipunf  to 
flbciiB  aarf  nUbiiatl  ih«  qiooiM  o(  aII  ib« 
gnraipa,  hou  oduMikMl  nameatm  •ouU 
MMfai  BionutiifaMotT  iwmIu  bf  MiMtiig 
iho  »M«  liihmtfiaK  or  iMmocitv  f«nM 
fTM*  «II  t4M*M,  and  HHMng  Ibdr  «fbtu  u 
«omtilMc  gnufa  for  a  to,  qwn  wWdi,  M 
«iB  u  dpon  a  laigw  miNlNr,  ■■;  b*  Uiub 
tiMod  the  friodplM  of  elwdlhartaM  imI 
of  MlThhNl  uri  KDngnqihtaU  nilulix. 
AwnB  ipcdal  Hriea  «(lNr  lliaiiijihMlk, 
u«  ■aakgeat  tonm  and  atraulMU  >Ucli 
an  iiwutlwx  mlWfcWi  f«r  m  anolfcer, 
bm  aM  man  rarfllr  fcubiihwlil  aiKn 
braaghl  tapdwr.  .  .  .  n^iMugioU  wHm 
«mII  oNriatBdio  MbwaiiMB— bMh.tiw»» 
•Mdi  an  bfcd  or  ntarirao,  ni  NCfe  «a 
an  prorMrd  wilh  pc— t-glawli  or  tMfca, 
aai  all  pabwoiw  wwabfitea.  Jllocalfal- 
iMtai  ibaM  oibnM  >ailw  aalMkof 
Ika  Tklallj,  aad  Bfll  tawA  llw  nnlaU, 
bath  u  u  onraplt  hr  Ite  to  fallow  or  b» 
foon  optn,  aad  aa  annpUytaf  iba  b*« 
«l  fM«i«pMcal  dbOribaUea  ari  ib«  Uo- 
•M*  «I  MtiraanMl,    Tba  Iteri  rtOtt^/m 


balrimU«ririMibaih 
of  smnb-M  Mh  ol  U^  Mtadi.  aad 
few  <a  M  U  ln«MW»  alM  iha  cUMna, 
faitowu^Miw.  faHMri,aad«lb«nii. 
4H««f  tbi  ari^lbMlMed," 

h  a  l^ir  oa  iht  b^bcWMte  and 
ofptaaM^FnfMMrEt. 
,a(  tb>  Ka>  ta*  J^cfadtwil 
feaavdltetlBoar 

■  iim  II   mbj 


vwl  M>Thi.  ar  inrwiM  to  aa  aawrtcal 
h««,  iMlMr  llMa  M  aMiadtagatlbali*. 

«WmI  fv^****  •!  Iba  Ta«M  HaMn 

U  liiMn,  M^rflb»UMtt»^'*" 
M«ib.W.  Mr.  A.  W.  Italar  mMmbmI 
albwMlaawJw— ^  the  clM«a  at  W,... 

■•  •  MM*  at  «kfd«  iMtf  >•  Om  ri«i«*4 
>f  Ur«  br««bi  Kbaal  by  lb> 
>of<4ti 


of  lib  bi<'f>-il|;alk>iU(>t  pMr-bli|tkl,  tliaiMp 
Imni  an  Int'.-dcri  bM  wban  InooiUud  lata 
a  bcaltli;  tn«,  Ennriihl;  pradaeed  ibt  dl*> 
«aM  1  Uiit  whvn  onlturs*  to  iba  atxih  Eta- 
•ndga  fl(  ctsasliBM  *tn  bimIo  alili  all 
fncanllaa  to  prwrnit  armr,  aud  bcalllij 
in««  **n  InooalaMd  ultb  tbc  piua  aallnra 
uf  Oii*  tdiUi  (tnutnUon,  tlic  tree  W  auWwD 
with  taliiiibU  "hull  KMitcd  (rcto  iba  pdiu 
of  bKxuUlka  anl  |;nduallf  oitended  ovor 
tho  vboJo  jilaal;  and  tliai,  nbnvicT  Ibm 
na  a  blii^bi  aM  pcodocnl  bj  (rcdlnf,  buv 
toria  of  ihU  afHidM  vera  Inrarixlilr  pnwni. 
Profaaaor  Bonay  rwd  ■  ftptr  oa  Iba  britor 
nwwnm  of  dia  deddtr. 

Hw  SccUn  af  lbUl<Or  ud  lUcMwapy 
«ac  diaeoiulMwd,  u  llie  Kit<ac*t  a(  lu  BM»- 


m  Stllf*  THbis  af  Ikika^Ur.  W. 

n.  Dall'a  additM  lo  ilic  ABibropologlMl 
Seotkai  of  ikr  American  Ajaodatloo  «u 
oa  ""Aa  N'llirf  Triboa  of  Atalba  "     Pm^ 

1^  br  Iba  dMaiU  la  ii  aUdi  an  ttW- 
\f  of  bianai  to  tfiMtaBrti^  we  are  la- 
fonMd  that  ihe  tribal  IMU  of  ibe  mm- 
em  InaiUt,  (taocniphkaU^r  ooMMerel,  are 
•ntj  nuuUe,  aad  ooMtanilr  choaclnt  In 
aaMll  dctoOa.  TUa  arlaea  fnini  tlia  fMi 
dMiiha  fMpapbkal  poap  "bidi  <n  ban 
ealM  a  iriba  BBoag  Ifae  liwuii  U  not  a  po- 
nkal  oi^udwUaa  beaded  bj  a  diirf  or 
dMk,  b«i  •tefd;  a  geaenpAika)  rngpi^ 
Mm  of  pOTpla  wbo  ban  bj  pawewJua  oh 
libii  I  antala  i$  fada  rieUs  of  bondngi 
ftMi^  •<l^,  OTtr  a  entaht  am.  The  )»!■ 
a«gp  of  adtaaeH  giMfo  keepa  the  hnnglau^ 
bowdur-Oaa  p««t^  well  deSacd,  Uitoosb 
flwr  tf  reptbala  ifcewld  it  be  Tk>Ui«d.bal 
^te  the  Uanea  of  ihe  •MUB,  aHh  Uutr 
tradhi^foNi,  fb*  bonadarlea  an  betonla| 
*Wabla  vhh  bopwUr,  aad  anfalU^Ma 
Daaea  tba  pop>l>lifcBl  uwa 
iba  foupo  art  oaailBg  to 
baia  aair  iMtoat  ttgnMeaaea.  Tba  difrw 
•f 'tfiOlHtfoa  aUdb  Iba  Aleat*  ban  al< 
Maad  b  *«?  rranUaC.  Tba  paopla  an 
-J waniiid  aw*  ibo  a»«Mp«lafe  ouvplto 
-  hiila»|Mrta»  KetorUbaUDdinii  ib* 
mnal  dhrbdoa  bitopeM}ia,  thar  at*  piafr 
ttaaOraa  a*Mb  oae  peopb  a*  ibaa*  of  t«« 

B^lhb  oautim     •"--  "■'    Mr.. 

. 'v  aa  anoan*  af  ■  r*il 


JFOT£S. 


.87 


lyuLiy.  b  OiecoB,  ilw  (mpultUcm  of  which 
b  OMilft  up  of  B  OMUoIldalioa  of  nmni  than 
tw«Mt]r  UtiMM.  The  Indlun  am  aD  marc  or 
hw  dTOIstd,  Mdw  of  tlnan  Uklng  Mirtpo- 
pMi,  M«  VMjr  pollu  10  nnogcrf,  and  la 
—J  NipMta  rcKuiblo  lb>  Alnoa.  In  chvlr 
iMlfMg*,  the  rtrb  nrlrj  ailli  tha  pgsltlaii 
at  Ibv  ali^ML  Tliaj  oan  not  My  "tW 
nun,"  b«t  «MU  ••}  "  ihtl  naa  nlklog,"  or 
■lulnf.  «r  ttMMllni;,  tte.  TbcN  ««  Uinw 
MM  of  anltnal  nuutKT^  buoMi^  Inhnntui, 
Mil  ln«almat«.  ill  tbtlr  (itURM  h«T«  )oe*l 
namoi,  ••  **  thn  poopln  «(  Iho  ub-ircM," 
-  tb  pMpU  b;  the  hill,"  "  Ihc  proph  of  the 
nAcM,"  Me.  A  man  mual  many  k  liaiMi 
fran  anotber  riU^e^  anil  hU  eUlilna  bo- 
bai  ta  lb*  ttUage  of  UmIt  titbM.  The; 
•IB  Ml  nnukifi  the  mi»m  of  the  vfld-ai, 
ItMWMUe.  ud  M«e  other  uliaali,  befbco 
Ibdr  (biMrai,  le«  tbojr  bring  ricktHM  end 
telh  dpoa  them.  Five  li  the  myule  mm- 
bs  ■Bonic  (ban. 

MUa  A.  C.  F1et«(i«r  drMftbod  iW  nmd 
MMonl  o<  ibe  OmbIu*,  In  nhteh  the  mc*«(I 
ml  Hcial  objoit*  ue  ilond.  ThM*  object* 
■w  belli  b  gnMt  n)i«Miie«v  ud  M»  nndtr  • 
ipRU  hMper.  AnMMg  thoni  U  dio  «<rad 
•iuB,  H  )»tge  Unit,  vfaleh  b  toMabrd  In 
wrcnl  Icaihem  p«««he»,  one  wlihb  th« 
Mbcr,  andln  which  are  pUend  iiriiin  of  i)w 
Jowr  bark  of  tbc  cedar,  and  a  tcitj).  In 
Ibr)  Mtit  are  alao  iIk  mati  wolf-ckln.  ib-J 
'«  buadla  covered  with  uiiMtl  lUnn-  One 
■I  Ibe  bnndic*  conUlii*  hlnUkiai;  (hi>  olbor 
•Mtdna  nrtoui  deadJf  polfoiw.  Thrrf  Kr« 
Iwliii  a  irUIT of  eedar tad on« of  lraa><rood. 
>  SMall  pIpeMcm,  (wo  var-plpca,  tobacco, 
■bI  *  HalpL  The  aurvd  ihell  nuM  na*c7 
toMk  Ihu  i^oniul.  for,  If  It  «h«uM,  a  dcvour- 
bg  Bk  wdoU  oome  fiom  IL  II  uiy  oan 
bit  tho  kMfMT  toiwhM  any  of  tbe  objcom 
1«  will  beafUoied  »ilb  grle*oua  nra*,  but 
tb*  ovD  nar  >>*  onrted  b;r  geing  thnaiih 
emtb  riunl  abblkni.  AH  of  ihc«  ob- 
)Nhi  Ibn  boa  glv«,  Bhb  Ibe  (onwnt  of 
A>  oUtCi,  l«  Uw  FMody  Hwenm  of  if- 


«•  «<r]|(it»  tj  nrl■^Flsb^The 

Mal«  goM  on  as   lo  ohetbtr  Bfing-flih 

MtnOj  tf  or  onlj  apfxar  to  Bf,  wndcr  an 

'  hipiilM  wbicli  Uiii;  liiTs  TWKJTeJ  irUte  Mill 

lln  the  waKir.    One  of  ih*:  moM  uUratltailTe 

|«plalana  lint  hu  beta  eipuwNd  «m  the 


■ul>}ta  U  prehaMr  ibil  of  Prafomor  USbin^ 
ofKHoho  dMiarM  that  "ll;m-.iih  kfv 
lacapabb  of  Hj\>ig,  for  the  ibtple  rMMW 
that  tbe  muKlca  of  Ibctr  pnloral  flat  at« 
not  laije  enough  lo  bear  Ibe  irclshl  at  tbdr 
bojjr  aiott  tat  the  air."  Tbo  aiornKo  irright  I 
ol  the  biomIm  doing  tbii  work  tn  Urda  b 
OMO  rixth  that  of  Uio  whole  bodir,  end  ibai 
ol  ball  OM  thbUontb,  while  Ikt  «t  tjht^ 
fiibe*  U  obI;  one  Ihlrtj  etoood.  Tbe  Im-  j 
palae  to  tbe  propubion  «f  the  fiyiiig^fith  b  I 
ddirMwl  whiio  tht7  aro  elitl  in  tbc  water, 
by  the  puwertol  niawirn  of  mwclea  ou  botb 
•idea  of  Ihrir  bod^,  which  ai«  of  amdt 
greater  bitodtb  than  in  l)i«  <»»»  of  Ibo  her- 
ring  or  a»j  oiber  Sib  of  tlieir  own  ^k. 
The  risibte  dickering  of  tbo  flna  it  only  a 
TlbraUon  akio  le  tha  flapping  of  a  Mil, 


NOTES. 

Ah  ctitnslre  copper  rvgion  Is  known  la 
eilii  in  Toiki,  ranning  wcMwurd  of  Ked 
Rirer,  fKnn  the  Uneol  tbe  Indian  Tcrtilorr 
lbrau(|h  MTCnl  counllc*.  The  Grmnd  Belt 
mbi**,  tfty  mlloa  from  Harrold,  In  Wll- 
betj^  OwDty,  an)  operated  by  a  oompany 
wiMb  owns  ij&lni>  for  aUiy'liie  ni3ea  alonf; 
the  orchclt.  and  alODK  which  about  alxiy 
•fpetiliija  bar*  bun  tiiadc,  of  «n  arentfo 
ilpplli  ol  wvon  or  et;(ht  IvH.  The  or«  la 
found  priaupally  lo  »ballo«  potketi,  and 
■I  the  mab  point  nf  takina  onl  U  aaid  to 
■•crage  aboot  Atly-four  or  HftyJlTBperoeM 
of  melalllo  oopper. 

In  *eMlon  A  of  tbe  An>rri«an  Aiaeda- 
tion.  Profeaaor  Kewton  f«ad  a  Faper  on 
"Tbe  BITfiin  of  Small  Bodlea  paMloK  near  a 
riBDet  upon  the  PUnel>  Veloehy'*;  TrofE**' 
or)larkiWMt,of  lltr  U.S.NaralObiwrniory, 
<m  iho  fleiwrv  of  Innfli  bununent*;  Prt^ 
framr  IIoi)|;h.  of  the  Dcarbora  ObMmlaiji 
Chiugo,  pr««nt«d  adpscrtptlon  of  aome  m- 

iiPoTcmciiia  roconiU  Introdiioed  In  the  nrint- 
D(C  clironovnpli  dPtlted  bj  him.  ProfewoT 
J.  Ilorklit  wvbb  d«<ctibml  a  new  mvllioil  of 
ii<iiiKpoliiTeo.otilinal««:  Mi.C.  H.  Rockwrll. 
of  TarryMwB,  Htw  York,  pr«MDlcd  (Kime 
Kwalt*  of  bii  obtcTTBiioni  for  lime  and  iMl- 
tude,  with  a  new  InitruiDcnl  called  the  aFmw- 
eenter,  which  ppamlici  to  bo  a  rery  valuable 
adiKliDii  lo  KlonilBc  apparaiu*. 

U.  n  I1IM.EUIS  has  formed  a  nnmbcr  of  aU 
loTt  of  cotiilt  and  oopper.  Thoy  a>f  all  r«il, 
have  a  fin*  f  nu^ure,  uid  are  tniioli  moio  lo- 
aadon*  tham  copper— «t«q  aa  hl^  w  from 
flfly  U  one  bundtod  per  cent  more  to, »» 
Oeinllag  to  tho  preponlon  of  cobalt.  Hto 
per  cent  of  oobalt  Is  anouijib  to  glTo  an  alloy 
of  gnai  miManco. 


sSS 


THE  POPULAR  SCIENCE  MONTHLY. 


Ix  Ike  GmOo^c*!  Scctiaii  of  ibe  BriiUh 
JUfcdtUoD,  Ur.  □.  Jobiwicia  Luli  prr. 
Mated  Ibo  r«(ra*1  of  ibe  comndttcf  for  ilic 
IwaMlpltoB  at  Uiv  rol^nic  |-li«iinmcua  (rf 
VmuiI'U.  Im  vurk  li*d  Wd  iowrfvrvd 
villi  bjr  raiion*  dnimiMtancM  rroving  out 
of  lilt  prcirilniM  of  cbstHS  ulIiplM, bet 
»  orctDl  record  bod  been  fccM  of  ihUy  «b- 
torraUani  of  ibo  nritllotii  fai  Uir  anlflly 
«( tbc  Toteaao,  anil  jibotoiirapli*  hid  bom 
taken  «t  all  inpurtiiat  olitiigM  of  (be  cm- 
UT'plMW  uid  io  the  conu  of  eruptko. 

Ama  ■  Tcry  ialtrMlins  TiM-pruidm- 
iJkl  addron  on  tliv  pbtupbonaMnm  of  ■>•• 
t<Q«  aainklii,  Df.  W.  B.  Qirpnler  rcmiitkcd, 
In  tbo  BloU^fUal  SmxIod  oj  th«  Britbh  A*- 
»o<i»ileo,  Uiat  dlMliilw  of  avoloUm  vera 
■ttaiiuii|[  praau  to  m*k«  U  ipiisu  (hat  ibo 
liuninMnj  wu  of  parlkulu  aw  nnd  bdi 
|in)|Mnted  and  ioerautd  bj  naiunl  hIcc 
Hon,  llcttwugbtilmLiae'Mtpiif touraln 
IbM  Rr{^Hn«nl  loo  far.  Il  would  be  mtich 
boltar  to  KbMala  trgin  more  tbaa  nm«  timu- 
lUiDQiBraSkidia  tlieuMot  lUt  mn*rL>b)e 
<ado>MnM. 


FiiamHM  J.  G.  McKkurkx  dowrilxil 
ttl  Ab«nUrn  Mait  tiMtmonM  b«  ItttI  ia»d« 
In  lb«  oipoM(«  of  niterapbTiM  «antkiMd  ia 
■mnt  M  citrciiwly  low  b-muntturM     Tliu 
Mtolta  (bowed  Uiftt  wo  nilghl  Ule  organic 
Auida  kod  cspow  tbem  to  the  icmpcrmuti: 
of  rii>'  b«low  uro  F&htvnhvil  for  ■[  lonxt  n 
liuiidiv<l   tiDurt,  nijd  thnt  Ih?n,  ifMr  Ihc^ 
hiid  LiL-va  placed  In  ■  liigbtrr  tcinpcrBtorr,  I 
tctmvntalian  ncd  pumficlton  *duU  ko  nn 
In  t])f  onliiiBry  wiiy.    TheM  fa<4*  do>lniy<4  I 
•iij    liopv   of  a  tindltil  nmill   b4liq(  ob-  I 
taiiMd  fiDin  uarlutailoa  b;  oobL  ( 

Di.  B.  Ckounn  Bmowti  tciiotImI  En  tbc 
Oto^phliml  Stctton  of  Ihc  Bntiih  Amocjo- 
tioQ  ooamrnlni  bl*  i^lt  Co  ibc  Foreat  Scbool 
of  Spaio,  oDc  of  th«  obTtcis  of  which  achool 
wa«  l«  ioaurc  that  sot  a  drO|>  of  waMr  found  . 
Ill  war  la  (he  ica  wltliout  doinf:  IM  bcM  for 
llm  coiinliT.  S|>aU  na>  ddw  Movinctd  of 
lb*  hnponaiiMt  of  ivloniiac  foivlry,  and  of 
the  (imrtlon  of  forMt*  In  iftcMtiu;  tbo  dli- 
tribulion  and  quantity  of  Iha  nJiifiill,  aod 
wai  dcdug  lu  boil  to  oovwrre  and  repknuh 
tbrin. 

Trn  EnpcTOT  of  Runia  ba*  mnfomd 
tho  golden  boaorar;  medal  of  the  Enapiro 
upon  Mmr*.  AItmi  OInik  ft  ^lu,  of  Ckm- 
bi'iducv  M«»»acli«»fiu,  In  aclinowlnViMint 
«(  llu  fMoltonl  rmtormanra*  of  l)l>^  trnat 
pvbJMt^aM  fbrnubed  bjthem  tor  llitrob' 
fervniory  at  Pulkowo.  ThU  fi  tb«  momuJ 
award  m  the  modal  that  haa  bcon  nodt  by 
the  pnaani  (miiuor. 

OBrriTABY  NOTES. 

Tnt  death  bi  announced  of  M.  Rw.nn 
d«*  CbaBpi^  a  Frcncli  aialbemaiiciin  and 
Mlenilflc  writer,  who  »b>  boat  kaowo  fnm  i 


Ibc  F<irt  be  tnak.  a  ft*  ^mn  afl^  ID  t 

ring  (he  tmtm  of  ili«  hfuet  wnpA  \ 
bf  iilr  iMac  NewtoA  wbM  wai  mU  i 
U.  Chulc*. 

Tin  death  la  anaoonced  of  U  \ 
BoluiifT,  aa  eaalnoni  FrtnA  butanlat. 
oitMr  in  adrncK  began  te  IBST,  wban 
traiclcd  in  fiparhi,  n  pniianiion  for  I 
work  on  tb«  botaa^  of  IM  roatrj,  whld 
waa  publi«l>edfn«l»MlolS1B.  Uei' 
orwaril  botankallr  eipteirtd  rarloua  PmU 
of  SouibsBRoni  Itiuopa  aiNl  Aala  Waee. 
llt«  rr«U  work  *u  tbr  ■'  Mora  rMentalK" 
which  waa  pnbliibcd  from  \%*t1  to  IMI. 
Be  waa  cngacod  iif<oQ  ibr  wpf>1pmvtita  to 
ihli  boob  at  the  tfanoof  bit  d(«ih.  EIv  waa 
able  author  of  a  wmiber  of  aniBUer  work* 
and  nionnfmidia.  amae(  whkfc  wai  a  ank* 
on  tho  £ii)iAarMw. 

WiLTia  Witmw.  •  dlxlaftiiliihad  Knf- 
11<h  ehcfflitl,  died  StpUMbrr  SIki,  la  iba 
arif-lfalrd  vcar  of  hia  a^.  lie  waa  Ibe  !•■ 
•rutor  (if  the  "*  Wrldon  proc««a  "  for  Ibe  r»- 
pcnontlon  of  the  ■*i|i«m*r  pei«udg  lurd 
la  lb*  tninvralkm  «t  ehmlnr,  t>r  ibn  aU  of 
which  ihe  |i«od«ttloa  of  bkaclilii||'|'Ow<bnv 
haa  been  tmiIj  fsdlHaied,  aiUi  •  ptal 
Hvlag  of  eipoiae  in  DManfaototing  |n«- 
ivvw*.  For  ihl*  he  Tvcrfred  (b«  gMal 
TTdlnl  of  iho  F>«Ocb  fodtit  d'EnroBMR^ 
ifiMii.  ill  pHMOtln!;  which  ]Vaft««r  l>uniu 
rarif-miulattd  huu  on  'batlnK  chrapned 
<<t  err  tlifirl  of  paper  ind  Mer7  yard  «f  oaHao 
RiHilp  In  ibp  KO'lii."  He  wai  engaged  al 
Ihc  tliiir  uf  hi*  lltnm  In  MUiljliiS  lirmvMM 
Cor  produitn^  Ljdrochlorir  add  (nun  oal- 
(teoi  chloride. 

Mk.  Jooii  UnRRUD,  the  Inirator  of  iht-l 
Huirhiad  ca)no!«  billory,  whieli  h>«  arrred  f 
u  a  DKiclcl  for  aaoal  of  tlie  esbtin^L  ballinirs  I 
hMrcoeuilj&d,ai  thet^of  acTCutf-el^l 
;Fean. 

Dn.  TL  W.  RsiclUMlrT,  ProfMMr  of  Il«a- 1 
ny  in  llio  Valvonlty  of  ^Itfino.  ilWd  by  uii- 
ride  In  Auffotl  latt.  (n  the  llfiletb  yw  of ' 
liin  age.  He  rcatribatod  many  artlrlaa  aa 
botany  Io  the  «cirnti£o  Journttlt  of  bU  oeao- 
Irr,  ctilefly  to  the  "  Jonmal  of  the  TIrara 
AcwdMny  ctf  Sdcnco."  Bb  lau  mdenak. 
ins,  a  eaialonuc  «f  the  Imperial  Bo<anM 
Oabinot,  of  wbicli  he  «a*  keejior,  Nnaiaa 
UMSnUied. 

Da.  ALBBit  Fm,  «bo  baa  pahlltfcad 
■eme  nolcwortlij  roataiehn  In  trr^MM 
lioo,  died  at  iknuburg  un  tbr  I  llli  of  H«)r.^ 

Da.EAU.  Jnura  Awwiat,  Pmtfjaexifl 
Mlneialofiy  and  Palooniolim  la  tl.f  I'nlw- 
tJiy  of  nana,  died  Uiy  Sib.  in  bU  •!*(;- 
ninth  yvar. 

Lrnwiit  Pctiriu  ton  IToiaauCaL,  i 
ttrnidnr  Ton  Roten,  aa  Aiilrian   betaalxj 
■bo<o  utiKiali*  wu  ih*  irrjiptufiam, 
on  tho  tib  of  Juno,  giity-anvn  yuar*  < ' 


■ 

^^H 

^■^^^^■^M 

ImJHkv 

r^^" "'"" 

^^^^^^^^^^^K^^^^^9^^L        ^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^1 

^^H  1   .-. 

'  "^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^1 

PBAKCn  TRKVKLYAN  IIUCKUXD.                                  ^^^| 

THE 


POPULAR    SCIENCE 

MOISTTHLY. 


JASUAST,  1880. 


mOCULATIOJf  AGAINST   nYDROPHOBIA.* 
Br  M.  LOUU  I'ASTKUU. 

TnK  prevention  of  nbivM,  lU  I  hxvo  <l««cribp(l  It,  in  my  oirn  nim« 
and  tliP  n.-tmea  of  my  collaborators,  in  jirevioua  noti^a,  ci-rtairily 
oonMlilutiM  A  real  prognaa  in  ikc  aUtdj  of  thai  malady,  a  profcrcss  which 
Tan.  however,  itiorv  scientific  llian  ]>ra(<tic3l.  Itn  applioation  was  preco- 
rlout.  Of  twenty  dogs  that  I  had  then  trcat«d,  I  could  not  assert  that 
t  h%il  tiind'!  uioro  llian  liftoon  or  iiixtiH-ii  proof  »gaini>t  rabii-s. 

It  waa  ex]>odicnt,  or  the  olh<rr  band,  to  liuiati  iho  Irciatincnt  by  a 
Bxwedini^ly  vinilvnt  inocuUtion,  with  virus  of  control,  in  ord«r 
iQOnfirin  and  ><trfngllii;ii  ihi'  rufroftory  stale.  Finally,  (trudenoc  mado 
.  nooofMary  ic  Lci'p  tho  dog!)  utidor  ubsorvalion  for  s  lougcr  time  than 
fwriml  of  iaoiibation  of  tbe  diseaw  produced  by  th«  direct  inoen- 
ttJon  of  ihn  laxt  virun ;  and  it  thus  rcquirod  an  iDterrsI  not  leas,  per- 
^i[M,  (ban  threo  or  four  months  to  bo  a8Bur(?d  of  a  fully  refractory 
>.  Tlicite  Docemiticfl  considerably  limited  the  application  of 
.ihI.  'Ilie  method,  also,  did  not  acrammodato  it^-lf  rca4lily  to 
<icien,  wbiob  were  alwaya  immediate,  growing  out  of  th^  aocti- 
and  auddt^n  cbarodcr  of  the  bites  of  rabid  animals.  It  was 
fuRi  m-<^Mii.iry  lu  obtaiii,  if  possible,  a  more  rapid  method,  and 
I  mors  capablu  of  i^iving  n  accarity  which  might  be  eonsidoml  per- 
ct  over  dogs.  Besides,  how,  Imfor*}  rcacbing  that  atage  of  progrcas, 
luld  wu  venture  to  make  an  experiment  on  man? 
After  almost  innamerablo  experiments  I  obtained  a  preventive 
Hid,  prai^iii-al  tun)  prompt,  of  which  sufficiently  numcroas  and 
III  Maeceiuics  bavn  been  gnined  npon  dogs  to  gire  mc  confidence  in 
>  general  appHi'^bilily  to  all  auimnia,  and  to  roan  hlmfiL-lf. 

'  A  (MfMrr  nud  tn  iIm  Prencli  AauSumj  of  Stieocoi,  Oolobor  SS,  1B8S. 
TCO.  XXTItt— 10 


»9o 


TUS  POPULAR  SCJMNCJi  JtOifTMLi 


I 


TbU  meUiod  ia  based  psscntially  upon  the  followuiff  fsitfi : 

Inoctilalion  of  a  rabbil,  by  tn-patining,  uikUt  iho  ilitnx  mater,  irith 
thd  poisonous  mairow  of  a  moA  dop,  alvnyn  g\vv»  rabin  to  tbo  anlnuil 
afuir  a  mean  (icriod  of  incubation  of  about  fifUiui  day*.  If  tbo  vinie 
ts  paaaed  from  this  lintt  rabbit  to  a  second,  frciia  Ibis  odo  to  a  tbird, 
and  so  on,  by  ibo  same  ntetbod  of  ioocuUtion,  there  U  iiborlly  insnl- 
fest«d  a  more  and  inore  marked  t«ndenry  toward  a  Bhoncuing  of  iImi 
period  of  iDcubatioa  id  tlio  rabbits  eaccoBsiicly  inocoJated.  Af(«r 
from  twenty  to  twfitly-livu  passagos  from  rabbit  to  rabbit,  ne  arrivo 
at  a  period  of  incutuiliou  of  eigtil  days,  which  U  mainlaioi-il  during  a 
ODW  scries  of  from  iweoty  to  twenty-fivo  paaaag«L  Tbfin  wo  hare  a 
period  of  incubation  of  seren  days,  wkicb  ooonn  with  ntriktiig  rrgn- 
larity  daring  a  new  series  of  passages  rising  to  the  ainetietb.  At 
loSMt  that  is  tho  niimb<;r  I  havo  now  reacbed  vitbout  having  hardly 
ycl  observe]  u  iciiilvncy  to  a  slight  further  sbortcnitig  of  Utc  period. 

Tbo  oxpcrlmenta  of  this  trhaructcir,  whioti  1  began  iu  Kovotnber, 
18S2,  bave  already  been  continued  for  three  years  without  tbo  i«rics 
baving  been  interrupted,  or  without  my  having  used  any  otbor  vlrua 
than  that  from  rubbit«  wbicb  sacceeeively  died  rabid.  }tothiug,  Iberp- 
foix!,  is  more  easy  Utan  to  iiavo  at  one*s  disposition,  during  considerable 
intervals  of  time,  a  Tirua  of  perfect  purity,  always  identical,  or  Doariy 
Ml.    This  in  the  practical  point  of  the  method. 

The  roarrowa  of  these  rabbits  are  infected  with  rabic«  of  constant 
Tirnlence  in  tbeir  wbole  extent.  If  we  detacli  from  tbem  pieces  a  few 
oentirac1rt«  long,  taking  the  greatest  possible  preeautions  to  btSBTO 
their  purity,  and  suspend  them  in  dry  air,  the  virulence  of  tbo  rabies 
[a  them  will  sJowIy  pass  away,  till  it  is  quite  extingaislied.  Tbe  dura- 
tion of  tbe  process  varies  somewhat  with  Uiv  tliickneas  of  tlio  murow. 
but  depends  chiefly  on  tbe  exterior  temperature  :  tbe  lower  tbe  tem- 
perature the  longer  the  virulence  lasts.  These  results  coDStltute  tbe 
scientific  point  of  the  method.*' 

TboK  facta  being  subMantiated,  we  have  the  following  method  of  j 
making  a  dog,  wilhiit  a  reasonably  short  time,  proof  agaiost  rabiaa      I 

Iu  a  series  of  flaslcs,  tbe  air  of  which  is  kept  dry  by  pieces  of  poiaib  \ 
in  iho  bottom,  we  suspend  each  day  a  piece  of  frwbly  Infcotod  raaffO* 
from  a  rabbit  that  has  died  of  labics,  developed  after  seven  d«j»  «'  , 
inonbation.  Every  day,  at  the  same  time,  we  inoculate  under  tbe  tH^  I 
of  a  dog  a  Pravas  syringoful  of  steriliBed  broth,  in  which  has  b**"  1 
soaked  a  email  piece  of  one  of  the  marrows  we  arc  keeping  in  datki*'  I 
tion,  beginning  with  one  of  those  which  wo  have  prepare*!  sevend  'bj*  I 
before  our  operation  is  performed,  eo  as  to  be  suro  that  it  b  noKif  fs"  J 
strength.  On  that  sabjeol  we  hav©  informed  ourwltos  I»y  prtri*"*  1 
experimentA.     We  operate  In  the  samo  manner  on  tbe  following  di;'  I 

•  H  tbe  brectfJ  marrow  li  prelected  from  the  «ir,  md  i»  krt[t  mitn  In  Mtbestf  »^  I 
U  be  gnariod  ic^mI  Ibc  atu«k  of  tnlorabo)  trwa  witboM.  I 


mocuLATioy  against  utdrqpsobia. 


191 


w 

Vmli  more  r«c«nt  narrowa^  MpwaU-d  from  one  anoUicr  by,  eiiy,  two 

W  djija  of  ngi',  till  wd  oomti  kl  Uut  to  »  wry  rocoot  one,  which  liui  been 
in  tbe  daak  for  only  on«  or  two  d&yH.  Tho  dog  is  then  found  to  b« 
nndv  proof  agiiJnitt  rabies.     \Vi!  c-tu  inooubtu  bitn  under  tho  vkjii,  or 

'  ■voa.  by  tirpumiiDg,  uuder  thu  surfaco  of  the  brain,  without  tbu  di«iau« 
tbowing  itMlf. 

By  tho  a|tplication  of  tbLi  motbod  I  bad  succwded  in  gettini;  Bfty 
doga,  of  variouB  agm  and  races,  proof  iigainst  nbit-s  without  having 
had  a  Hia^^le  failnrc>,  whoii,  on  tho  titb  of  July  last,  tlirvc  pi'noiw  from 
,  Akaaeo.  unexpcctetlly  prc«ontcil  thviDselvea  at  my  laboratory :  llieodon 
tVone,  a  fcrooer  of  MoiuengotC,  near  Schchtadt,  who  had  bc«u  bitt«ii 
the  arm  on  thv  4th  of  July  by  his  own  dof(,  become  mad  ;  Joseph 
Br,  nino  years  of  age,  who  had  been  bitt«n  by  the  samo  dog  at 
light  o'clock  in  tho  morning  of  tho  Hamc  dny,  and  who,  thrown  to  tb« 
ground  by  the  dog,  bore  the  markit  of  numcronn  bitva  on  bin  hand,  logs, 
and  thighs,  somo  of  them  to  docp  as  to  make  walking  bard  for  bim. 
The  mar«  asriouH  woundu  had  I>ccn  cauterised  only  twelve  hours  after 

I     tho  accident,  or  at  eight  o'clock  in  the  evening  of  the  same  day,  with 

^nhenJc  acid,  by  Ur.  Weber,  of  Vill6 ;  the  third  person,  who  had  not 

^Kmd  bitten,  was  the  mother  of  Jospph  Mcistcr. 

^I^At  tliK  autopsy  of  tbo  doj^,  wbicb  bad  been  kilted  by  xU  master,  wo 
found  itH  stomach  filled  with  hay,  straw,  and  pieces  of  wood.  It  wu 
eeruunly  mad.  Jo«epb  itltiister  bad  been  picked  up  from  nnder  U 
eowrrd  with  froth  and  tilood.  M.  Vono  had  marked  bmises  on  his 
aims,  bat  he  aasnred  me  tbnt  the  dog>  teeth  hiul  not  gone  through  hia 
tliirt.  jVs  he  bad  nothing  to  fntr,  I  tuld  bim  hr  might  go  back  to  Al- 
sace the  aamo  day,  and  he  did  so ;  but  I  kept  littlu  Metster  and  his 
Bvotlier. 

Tlip  weekly  meeting  of  tbo  Academy  of  Sciences  took  place  on  tho 
Sih  of  Joly.  1  aawour  associnio,  l>r.  Vulpian,  there,  and  told  bim 
what  had  pasted.  Ho  aiu)  Dr.  Groncher,  professor  in  the  £colo  do 
MMmuio,  bad  tho  kindness  to  oome  and  see  llttJo  Joseph  Mcistor  at 
oooe,  and  aaeertatn  his  condition   and  the  nnnibrr  of  bin  wounds,  of 

»wb!ofa  there  were  no  less  than  fourteen.  The  opinion  of  thow!  two 
IthysieEans  was  that,  in  consequence  of  the  seTcrity  and  number  of  tbe 
litos  upon  him,  Joseph  Metst«r  was  almost  certain  to  bsvc  hydrophobia. 
I  then  informed  them  of  tbe  new  resnits  which  I  bad  obtained  in  tho 
stvdy  of  rabici  sjiice  Ihii  a'ldn^NH  I  had  <lclivcTcd  at  Copenhagen  a  year 
previously.  Tito  death  of  this  clitld  itecming  inevitable,  I  decided,  noi 
without  cooiilderable  and  deep  anxiety,  as  you  may  imagine,  to  try 
npoo  him  (he  method  with  which  I  had  had  constant  eoooeas  on  dogs. 

kit  is  (rue  (hat  my  fifty  dogs  bad  not  been  bitten  before  I  found 
em  to  have  beoo  sutdc  proof  against  rabies.  But  I  felt  that  I 
ight  dlxRiisn  all  aasioty  on  this  point,  because  I  hod  already  oh- 
tniovd  a  dimilar  oondition  on  a  large  number  of  dogs  aftor  they  bad 
b(«D  bilien.  1 


TJfS  POPULAR  SCIKNCB  UOXTIILY. 

Thuii,  on  U>«  6tl>  of  July,  at  tight  o'clock  in  Uia  orimtng,  aixty  It 
l^tcr  h«  bod  brvn  t)iu«n  on  iht-  4tli,  in  Uiu  pnmnoe  of  Dt%.  Val|>iai 
itnil  Gnnclicr,  we  inoculatod  under  a  creue  made  in  ibe  akin  of  itn> 
hj'poi'hoQdriuni  of  little  ^leister  s  balf-ayringe  IVaw  of  marrow  uf  a 
rabbit  that  bad  di«d  of  rabies  od  ibe  Slst  of  June,  wbich  bad  bnon 
ko]>t  siDC€  that  time,  or  for  fifteen  dafs,  in  a  fiaek  of  dry  air. 

New  iaociil;tUoii»  wvro  inado,  alwa^-s  in  the  bfpocbrandree,  under 
OODditioiu  of  wblvli  a  tabic  is  bcre  given  : 


A   tlALr-dyRtKOK   l-BAVAZ. 

JII17 

r 

»   A.  »., 

marrov 

of  Juno 

2.1. 

u 

da; 

a  old. 

M 

7, 

Q  r.  it., 

»■ 

25. 

13 

•* 

(1 

8, 

1)  A.  U., 

u 

97. 

11 

<• 

U 

^ 

0  r.  u., 

ti 

29. 

0 

ii 

fi. 

11   A.  M., 

July 

1. 

8 

*% 

10, 

11    A.   U., 

<« 

3, 

7 

41 

Il- 

11   A.  H., 

u 

5. 

0 

M 

ls. 

1 1    A.  M.. 

It 

7, 

5 

>l 

13. 

11   A.M., 

It 

0. 

4 

*i 

14. 

1 1    A.  M., 

•i 

11. 

3 

l< 

ir,. 

I  1   A.  U., 

t( 

la, 

a 

t< 

16, 

11   A.  U., 

<l 

IB. 

1 

da; 

old. 

1  tlioB  made  tbi'  number  of  inoculations  (hirlccn,  and  tbe  namber 
of  daye  of  treatment  ten.  I  would  Hay,  furtbcrmore,  that  n  atMillpr 
number  of  inoculations  would  have  be«n  BufBcienl.  fint  it  U  eady 
vonceivablo  that  in  tiits  first  trial  1  sliould  bavo  acted  tritb  particular 
vaulion. 

Wc  also  inoculated,  by  trr^panning,  two  mm  raWil«  with  laoli  of 
the  eevcral  marrowi  employed,  in  onU-r  to  ti'«t  tlieir  atatiit  of  Tiniiaocs. 
The  obmrralioiM  on  tbcM  ntbbitit  permit  mo  to  OMcn  that  thv  marrowa 
uHc*l  on  the  «th,  7ib,  8tb,  Oih,  and  lOlh  of  July  w«rc  not  Yiml.iii.  for 
thoy  did  nut  make  the  rabbita  mad.  ThoM  of  ihellili,  13th,  Ulb, 
Ifitli,  and  16tb  of  July  were  all  Ttmlcnt,  in  proportion  as  Iho  marrowj 
was  fre«ber.  Rabies  deelarod  itself  after  seven  dnys  of  inciibntion 
tbe  rabbits  of  the  15tb  and  10th  of  July  ;  after  eight  ditys  in  ibo 
of  the  12lh  and  14th;  nnd  after  rift«cn  dnya  in  tboM  of  tbe  11 
of  July. 

I  liad  tbua  in  the  last  days  iiioonlated  JoHcph  SJeister  with  ihc  laoil 
virulent  virns,  that  of  tbe  dog  strenjilhencd  by  several  pasKages  froai 
rabbits  to  rabbits  ;  it  was  a  vims  that  garc  rabies  after  acron  dajm 
of  incnliation  to  those  animals,  after  eight  or  tcm  days  to  Uoga.  1  vn* 
JQSti6«d  in  venturing  on  this  rxperiment  by  what  h»]  taken  place 
with  tlio  fifty  dogs  of  which  I  have  spoken.  ^Vlien  the  Htiiix  i<r  im- 
munity is  rooehed,  iva  can,  without  inconrenieooe,  inocuhiia  with  Unt 
roost  viratcnl  Tinu^  u>d  in  any  quantity  ;  and  it  has  Mt-mcd  to  mt 
that  ihis  bad  no  otbor  oflfvet  than  further  to  DooStiD  tbi  condition  of 
rofractorincss  against  nbios. 


iGAiyS'i 


lOPffOBIA. 


29  J 


mi' 

fa: 


J(w«pb  Meister,  ibea,  has  craped,  oot  only  the  mbies  wbiuh  hia 
Ih(«0  wottltl  baro  iluv<.'lopc<l,  but  a\*o  thatwitli  which  I  inoculauid  bioi 
h)  order  to  Mnfirm  tbu  immunity  Ncnircd  by  iho  treatment — u  inoru 
virali-nt  rabti-A  than  tbat  ot  iho  mad  dog.  Tbu  Rual  vxtramvly  viiti- 
IvDt  inocuUtJon  bad  abo  the  advantage  of  iiutling  a  (erm  to  thu  dum- 
tloD  of  ibe  a)iprrbeDsion8  we  migbt  eatertaiu  as  to  the  eoD.ic<|aca«M 
of  the  bitca.  If  ribica  was  to  break  out,  it  would  declare  ilxelf  lUDro 
•)>eedily  witb  a  more  virulent  virun  than  tliat  of  the  bites,  l-'rom  tbe 
middle  of  Aagnst  I  regarded  tho  futuru  of  tfai)  bvoltb  of  Juscpb  Mvia- 
ter  with  confideooc ;  and  now,  after  three  months  and  three  weelu 
.vo  paMi-d  tinoo  tbe  accident,  hiii  health  Icares  nothing  to  bo 
daiirrd. 

What  interpreution  Ehall  we  give  to  the  new  method  which  I 
faare  jast  described  for  preventing  rabim  after  being  bitt«n  t  I  do 
not  intend  to  eomider  thin  qucstiou  in  full  tchday ;  but  will  limit 
nywlf  to  a  few  preliminary  details,  Huoh  as  may  belp  to  compre- 
leod  ibe  Hignificancc  of  tbe  experiments  which  I  prosecuted  for  the 
lurpote  of  directing  attention  to  the  best  of  tbe  possible  inu-rpre- 
tAtions. 

Recurring  to  the  mcthmlfl  of  progreaeive  attenuation  of  mortal 
Tiruses.  and  the  prophylaxy  that  may  bo  deduced  from  it,  and  the  in- 
flaeocv  of  tlw  air  in  tbe  attenuation  l>cing  gircn  on  tlie  other  Hide,  the 
Irsl  tfaongbt  tltat  oocnnt  in  trying  to  acvoiint  for  tho  effects  is  that  tbe 
continued  pn-Hcnoe  of  rabio-infeeted  marrows  in  <>o[itiict  with  dry  air 
progreativoly  diminishes  the  intounity  of  their  viruIen<?o  till  it  la  ron* 
dered  nii.  We  are,  therefore,  led  to  believe  that  tbe  prophylaoUo 
■Mtbnd  under  oonaiderxlion  rests  upon  tbe  employment  at  firtt  of  viras 
without  appreciable  actiTity ;  then  of  weak  viruses,  and  then  of  tlioM 
of  greater  and  greater  Tirulenoe.  I  shall  ebow,  farther  on,  tbat  th« 
fanta  are  In  dEaaccortl  with  this  view.  I  Hhall  proro  that  the  inerease 
in  tho  length  of  tlw  periods  of  incubation  of  the  rabies,  communicated 
day  after  day  to  rabbits,  aa  I  have  juHt  taid,  to  u-mI  tbe  oondition  of 
vlruleooo  of  our  marrows,  dried  in  contact  with  the  air,  in  an  effect  of 
hniMVvrislinient  in  tbe  quantity  of  the  virus eoulaincd  in  tbe  marrows, 
and  not  aa  effect  of  its  impoverishment  in  virulenoo. 

We  may  auppoeu  that  inoculation  witb  a  vims  of  virulence  con- 
stantly iih'iitical  in  itaelf  may  lead  to  a  condition  proof  againp>t  rabica 
by  tbe  proci'BS  of  employing  very  tunall  but  daily  Increasing  qnanti* 
Thia  interpretation  of  tbe  facM  of  the  new  method  I  have  stnd- 

■•I  peri  men  tally.  .  .  . 

I  need  not  remark,  in  conclusion,  that  tbe  moat  aerioua  of  tbe  ques- 
llnoa  to  bo  Tesolved  now  is  perhaps  that  of  tbe  interval  that  abonld  be 
obamTad  between  tbe  time  when  tbe  patient  is  bitten  and  tbat  at 
whif^h  the  trtratment  should  bo  begun.  In  the  case  of  Joeepb  Mmlcr, 
Ihe  interval  was  two  dayi  and  a  balf.  But  there  is  reuon  to  suppoae  i 
that  It  may  HtneUBH  b«  much  longer.  j 


Sii 


«M 


THS  POPULAR  8CISNCE  MONTHLY. 


On  I'^iosda;  last,  tlio  20th  of  October,  vHlh  the  oblifilng  assiatflH 
of  lira.  Vulpian  nnd  timnchur,  I  bvgai)  lo  truat  a  jtoudi;  man  fiftmi' 
years  old,  who  bad  b«i>n  liillcn  ttlx  duys  boforo,  In  both  handa,  ud 
iriMse  coiidttioD  was  ^exceptionally  gravt.v 

The  Academy  will  pt-rfaaps  not  be  uninteriMtod  Ut  biuir  tlin  iitor7  of 
tilts  yoiiDg  nianV  courage  and  prceeaoo  of  raiud.  lie  in  n  ahcplHird. 
named  JvaD-Rapttstc  .lapille,  of  Vilton  Farlay  in  the  Jura,  who,  »r«- 
Ing  a  large  dog  of  vitupicioits  appoanncs  rush  at  a  group  of  six  of  liu 
coiorades,  all  younger  lUan  him.icif,  sprang,  whip  iw  hand,  in  front  of 
the  animal.  The  dog  seiiuid  Jupilt^  by  ilic  left  luini].  Jujiillo  then 
knocked  the  dog  down,  b«ld  it  under  biinself,  oponod  ita  jnw  with  XM 
right  lutnd  to  rullcve  his  left,  not  without  receiving  soverol  new  biit^ 
and  then,  wilb  th«  thoog  of  his  whip  tied  up  iu  mnEicIe,  and,  Inkiiig 
off  one  of  h\»  wowlcn  shoce,  dispatched  Iho  dog  with  it. 

1  Hball  promptly  make  known  to  tbo  Academy  tlio  outeome  of  tfab 
now  ex]>eriinont. 

[After  tbo  reiading  of  M.  Paiiti'iir'ii  pjipcr,  M.  Viilpian  remarked 
that  the  Academy  should  not  bo  surprised  to  sec  one  of  the  membon 
of  the  Section  of  Medicine  and  Surgery  take  tbe  floor  to  expreM  ibc 
feelings  of  admiration  which  the  oommunic»lion  bad  inspired  in  him. 
TbOMt  feelings,  ho  continued,  "  will  be  shared,  I  am  coovineed,  by  the 
whole  modical  profession.    A  remedy  has  at  last  been  found  for  rabits, 
that  torrihio  malady,  against  which  all  tlierapentio  roeasan-s  bad  mis- 
oarricd  till  now.     M.  Pasteur,  who  has  had  no  precursor  in  this  road, 
has  been  led,  by  a  series  of  reMarclMS  pursued  uninterruptedly  for 
years,  to  crrato  n  method  of  treatment  that  enables  him   nun'ly  u> 
prevent  tbe  development  of  hydrophobia  in  a  man  who  baa  been  bit 
ten  by  a  mad  dog :  I  say  surely,  because,  after  what  I  have  seen  in  VL 
Pasteur's  laboratory,  I  do  not  doubt  tbe  constant  success  of  this  tmtt- 
ment  wheoeTer  it  ia  put  in  practice  in  its  completeness  within  a  fo« 
days  after  the  rabid  bito  has  been  inflicted.     It  l>eeomcs  beoeofcrtli 
necMBuy  to  take  into  considemtloo  the  orgaiiiution  of  n  surrine  for 
the  tnwtniciit  of  bydropbobiit  by  M.  Pasteor's  method.     Every  peiwM 
bitten  by  a  mad  dog  muxt  bo  made  able  to  enjoy  the  benefit  of  Ihi* 
great  discovery,  which  affixes  tbe  seal  to  the  glory  of  our  illaEtriooi 
Msociato,  and  which  will  abed  an  incomparable  luster  upon  our  il**f 
eoantry."     On  motion  of  Barou  Larrey,  n  prize  was  proposed  I* 
young  .lapiUe.  in  recognition  of  his  brarery  and  devotion, 

Tlie  President  of  the  Academy,  M.  Bouley,  expressed  bin  full  I7>^ 
pathy  with  ihe  feelings  wliii-h  the  Academy  had  jkist  manifestvd  by  i** 
applaosa  Tbe  date  of  tbe  36tb  of  October,  1885,  he  eald,  woald  ^ 
marled  as  a  great  day  among  tbe  festivals  of  Franoh  blobigy  and  w^^- 
nine,  and  among  tbe  festivals  of  tbe  medicine  of  tlw  whole  world.  "' 
would  shV  AI.  Pasteur  whi'thnr,  if.  during  the  eonrse  of  tbo  prpvunli^ 
iDociilaliou!),  an  inoculated  dog  iihould  Mte  a  person  or  other  anisO' 
in  play,  it  would  oonununioate  rabies  to  them. 


IHOCOLATION  AOAJKST  HYDROPHOBIA. 


39J 


M.  Pa«t<^ur  rcptiixl  llial  no  experiment!!  bcariiig  on  tlint  |wint  bad 
fet  bvcu  made. 

On  the  SOtfa  of  October  four  otber  persons  came  from  Arcaebon  bo 

flue  theroselTes  under  M.  Putciir's  caro ;  so  that,  if  suocces  is  gatnvd 

b  tbose  cases  also,  six  demoDEtrntionii  will  liavo  been  obtained  from 

tmBui  BobjccU  of  the  ofiiciiof  of  tbo  inoculation  trciitini>nU     In  on 

blwvii'w  with  a  oorrmpondi^t  of  the  Loudon  "Times,"  M.  Fattt«ur 

(tpliinod  tint  philo<oph}r  of  bbi  treatment  by  stating  that  the  virus 

M«d  very  lilowly,  and,  while  be  vm  making  the  body  rofmctory  to  it 

by  n)p«at«d  inooolaliuns,  the  rims  deposit«d  by  the  bit«  localiicd  it- 

wlf  in  the  region  of  the  wound.     Whatever  this  region,  that  vints 

bceomes  digested  during  the  year  and  a  lialf  whiob  ho  hta  found  by 

tsparinHMit  the  inocnlalion  lasts,  and  will  no  longer  oxtst  in  the  body. 

Ai  the  propagation  of  the  viruti,  which  liaii  alwnyM  an  aaoending  tend' 

vncy  and  directit  itself  to  (hi!  brato,  lakes  place  ik>  slowly  that  the 

miaimnm  of  the  total  innculation  with  il  is  tbirly  days,  the  whole 

l|iiestioa  consists  iu  inoculating  the  patient  soon  enough  to  prevent  the 

ation  of  the  virus  through  the  wound  from  spreading.    In  the 

eaie  of  Jnpille,  after  the  lapse  of  six  days,  the  virus  through  the 

voonda  bad  not  yet  loft  tlio  handa.    Cooaoqnently,  it  had  not  yet  p«ne- 

m.  tiMod  into  any  of  (he  regions  wbero  ita  prosenco  oaoMS  an  outbreak 

Bf  nkbies.     It  will  remain  cooped  up,  till  after  aomo  months  it  will 

flIaTfi  l)e©n  digested  and  expelled. 

There  would  be  no  need  to  dwell  on  the  value  of  31.  Paitteur's  dia- 
cortty,  the  "  Tiroes "  suggcalively  remarks,  "  were  it  not  for  the 
stnoge  perversity  of  those  who  will  only  see  in  the  whole  story  a  freab 
gromd  for  attacking  physiological  experiment.  Such  people,  aa  we 
know  from  long  uxpiTicnoc,  will  lose  all  night  of  the  thougitnds  and  tf as 
of  tbouHaads  of  animaU  whom  M.  Pa-tteur  lilH-nU'v  from  ttu^  cnrMS  and 

Er  the  multitudes  of  human  beings  freed  from  torture  and  death,  when 
ley  think  of  the  twenty  or  fifty  rabbiu  in  bis  laboratory.    They  for- 
rt,  in  tho  contemplation  of  a  few  casca  of  immediate  suffering,  the 
innumerable  .-ininial^  frifn-Iu  of  man,  whom  the  disoovery  will  wt  frMi 

i^Vith  these  excellent  proptv  it  !><  im|HKiaihlc  to  argue  ;  but  mvn  wboM 
If  mpathiofl  are  wider  and  whoso  sight  is  truer  than  theirs  will  unit«  in 
Haying  boiDagu  to  the  man  who^  if  what  he  tells  us  is  confirmed,  has 
forked  BO  patiently  and  bo  wiaely  to  so  noble  and  beneficent  an  end.** 
-EurroK  of  "  The  Popular  Science  Monthly."] 


-Wl 


^  T^E      t'OPVLAR  SCISXCS  MOSTHLT. 


THE  OKIGDf  OF  PRIitrnVE  lIO>-EY. 

B«  aOBATK)  HAtX 

THE  Europeau  colonuU  wbo  fint  tMcame  M<^wiiiilMl  with  tli* 
dian  tribes  of  tbe  r^d  noir  compoaing  tlw  United  Statu  a 
C3aaad»  were  stnpriBed  and  Dot  a  little  interesu-d  when  tbey  foond 
that  tIi«M  bwbaroos  claas  had,  in  one  mpKt,  a  iDark«d  adrutta(» 
over  the  Rrcat  Ermi-civilizvd  comnatiitic*  of  Central  aad  Soutli  Amcr* 
ioa.  The  Ufixicaos  and  Pcmvtaiu  were  moch  addicted  to  UaSc ;  Inl, 
Uke  tli«  EgTptittoa  and  Aasjiiaos  of  t^ariy  ^es,  tlicy  carried  uu  iLetr 
oomineroe  without  the  use  of  money,  lite  wamjium  of  the  NortlMfs 
tribe*  waa  a  real  moa«y,  and  as  eucb  it  was  desuueil  to  play  an  im- 
portant part,  for  more  than  two  ceotariee,  in  the  iDtereoiirec  betmoo 
tbem  and  their  «hit«  nngfabors.  Lav>on,  tbe  faiatorian  of  Carolio^ 
writing  nearly  two  hundrml  yean  ago,  dcveribcd  in  quaint  but  vi- 
prvauTC  tcnDM,  and  with  a  utirio  touch  aimed  at  his  own  people,  the 
place  which  this  remarkable  invention  held  in  the  »ocial  policy  of  tlw 
r«d-mcn,  "  Thi«,"  bv  iiaya,  "  is  the  money  with  which  yon  may  buy 
siiinii,  furs,  aUvc«»  or  anythiiiK  the  Indians  have  ;  it  being  the  Uia- 
nioD  (a»  our  money  ia  to  ua)  that  entices  and  pcrEuadea  ibem  lo  tlo 
anyibioff,  and  part  with  CTerything  ttioy  ponese,  except,"  he  adds 
aignificaotJy,  *'  their  children  for  slave*.  .  .  .  With  this  tbey  buy  off 
morders ;  and  whatsoever  a  man  may  do  that  id  ill,  tbeir  vampvin 
will  quit  him  of,  ami  miikc  him,  in  their  opinion,  good  and  vinuaa% 
though  DGTcr  fto  black  bi-fore." 

So  common  and  wide-spread  was  tbc  omi  of  this  money  amosf;  tbe 
Indians,  (hat  the  white  colonists  were  fain  to  adopt  it  from  ibem.  and 
tbdr  laws  for  a  time  gavv  it  au  ediablisbed  value  and  circalaiion 
tbronghout  New  England  and  Kew  York,  in  MasMu-hnsetts,  M  Dr- 
Ashbel  Woodward  tells  us  in  his  valuable  monograph  on  "  Wampun," 
it  waa  made  by  statute,  aa  early  a^  1637,  a  le^al  tender  for  any  snin 
nndcr  twclvepence,  at  tbe  rate  of  six  beads  for  a  penny ;  and  »" 
Connedicat  it  actually  became  »  legal  tender  for  any  amouDl,  \x^ 
receivable  for  taxes  at  four  bca<ls  for  a  penny.  In  MassachusetU  the 
tne  valuation  was  adopted  in  1640,  four  white  beadn  or  two  bhK 

la  being  rated  at  a  penny.  In  Now  York,  for  nearly  half  a  cent" 
_  Jt  owing  to  the  aearcity  of  silver  money,  wampuro  waa  almost  tl* 
•oly  currency  id  use;  and,  tfaoagh  its  circulation  in  ordinary  usffi* 
gradually  ceased,  it  was  still  employed  in  the  Indian  trade  down  Da^ 
ly  to  tlip  tiiid,|ie  of  tbo  pr^'HCnt  wntury. 

riio  material  of  this  aboriginal  currency  may  b«  described  brieBj 

"sbell-beads."    U  must  not,  however,  be  confounded  witli  the 

'mw,  or  small  shells,  which  are  in  use  for  a  similar  purpose  in  »»•« 


THJS  OX/G/y   OF  PR/MITJVB  MOifJSr. 


*97 


V^  finsof  Indbt  and  uf  Africn.     It  differed  from  ihvai,  in  fact,  as  ooiaed 

■  aoney  diffoni  from  tmllJoD.    Wsnipuoi  via*  a  maimractiircd  article. 

■  ^  gnat  labor  Kquirod  to  produce  it  wait,  indwd,  tbe  main  cltincul 

■  it  Ih  value.  It  wa§  used  in  two  forms.  Tbe  least  common,  but  np- 
H  ptfmlljr  ii>e  earliest  (oriu,  wan  tbat  of  disks,  varying  in  size  from  lliat 
H  <(  tn  Biiglisb  Bispence,  or  ratbcr,  perhapN,  from  tltut  of  an  American 
^M  hiK-diine,  to  that  of  sn  Englisb  shilling,  but  Momcwbat  thir-kcr  tlian 
^P  iWw  oohis.  Ono  wntvr  compikix-H  tb<rni,  for  hiieo  and  tbicluiumt,  to  a 
W  ptpporaiint-loiimge.  Tht-Mu  di«lui  were  perforated  through  tht^  center, 
p    aod  commooiy  threaded  upon  a  string.     'Ilio  otlier  and  more  usual 

^<al  nam  of  cylindrical  tihape,  reaembliDfi;  the  Ecf^ment  of  a  clay  pipe- 

,       *t(tn,    Tbeae  enaJlor  beads  bad  a  dianictcr  of  about  tbo  eighth  of  an 

■Mb,  and  a  length  about  iwici-  or  ihrcu  timi-s  aa  great.     Like  the  otli- 

"'^1  th^y  wvro  pcrforalM),  and  tijwally  strung  upon  a  deer's  ainew  or  a 

^■Briag of  aome  description. 

^m     ^«M  diskii,  or  cylinders,  were  of  two  colon,  wbito  and  dnrk-pur- 

Wl"*,  the  latter  generally  styled  black.     They  were  made  from  sea- 

"•''clla  iif  several  descriptionB.     The  white  beads  were  aeually  derived 

from  farioufl  species  of  periwinkles  or  concha,    Tbo  purplu  Bort  were 

i^Ade  ciiivlly  from  tbv  largo  roaikl  clam,  common  on  tbo  Atlantic 

"'^at,  aiid  known  by  the  Indian  name  of  quuhnwj,  and  iu  aciencc  aa 

''ouit  mtrftnaria.    This  molluak  bos  near  tbe  anterior  end  of  \}t« 

"tborwiiiR  wliito  inside  of  each  valve  u  dci^p  purple  or  brown i»h-black 

*car,  indicating  the  point  of  muscular  attachment,  and  known  to  flsb- 

"^lOB  as  the  "  eye."    ITiis  dark  spot  was  broken  out  by  the  Indians 

^^'  farm  their  "  black  wampum,"  which,  from  its  greater  rarity,  was 

■*liiajN  rated  at  a  higher  value  than  the  white  beads.     Such,  in  brief, 

^ttrn  aocotiRt  given  by  Mr.  Eimest  Ingersoll,  in  hia  eitcellent  article  on 

"Wampum  and  ita  Iliotory,"  in  the  "American  Xaturaliitt"  for  May, 

I88S.    Tb4!  Indiana  who  liveil  along  the  eca-coast  were  tltc  principal 

mamfooturnm,  and  drove  a  brisk  trade  in  this  article  with  the  tril>ea 

of  tha  interior.     I^ng  laland,  in  particular,  was  a  noted  seat  of  this 

BisdnMry.     tl  was  the  I'otosi  or  California  of  the  Northern  Indians, 

^pnd  bon  among  them  the  name  of  Seawanfaake,  or  "  Land  of  ^\'am- 

^nn,"    In  traffic  tho  money  was  computed  somctimea  by  the  number 

H|f  beada,  and  lometimM  by  tb«  length  of  the  string. 

H     Tlia  word  wjmpum  ia  of  Algonkin  origin.    Its  application  to  this 

^■)Da«y  orig{Rat«d  tu  a  mbconceplion  of  tlie  early  colutiiDtH.     Properly 

^B  maaos  rimply  "  white."     Peage  or  pralv,  wo  are  told,  was  the  name 

^M  lh«  abell-beada,  at  leaflt  when  strong.    When  loose,  tbe  term  mwun 

■jor,  M  prononnced  by  the  Untoh  coloniats,  aeitand)  was  applied  to 

Hbi-m.     This  term  is  said  to  mean  eimply  "scattered,"  or  "looac." 

Ha  string  of  wlut«  bcadii,  the  mort  common  cnrrcncy,  was  called  by  tbe 

^■iidtann  f^nii'fi%it»-jniik,  nr  "  wbito  stmng' beads."    Tbtt  first  portion  of 

^Bm  oompuun<I  woni  was  caught  by  tbe  eettJers,  and  honci;  all  money- 

Mwida  beeainv  known  amoog  them  as  "  wampum." 


298  TSS  POPULAR  SCIBIfCS  MOA'TMir. 

To  break  from  the  shell  itte  fragrnenl  BUitftUe  for  ■  bead,  lonup  It 
on  X  EtoDo  to  till)  {>roi>or  rirciilur  or  cylindrical  ilMpo,  in  polish  ti  to  an 
ivory  Kinootbiic«»,  aiuj  th«D  co  |>)«roe  it  wtUi  a  drill-point  of  fliot,  wm 
»  t«diou8  labor.  It  waa  this  labor  irhicli,  in  f^reat  |MtTt,  garo  tbo  wUh 
pam  its  value.  This  alone,  however,  wuuld  not  have  bvitt  MiAcidol, 
if  the  artii'k'  had  not  held,  in  llir  iKirial  syHlciD  of  the  Indians,  a  pniii- 
lion  which  kept  it  always  in  ddtnund.  By  tbvir  t-iMlom,  luioiled  down 
from  timv  immcniorinl,  it  wm  cwcDtial  tbat  all  great  acilaof  Btito  policy 
ithtmid  btt  acoonifianiitd  by  tbv  t-xbibltion  of  warnpiim  in  mi     '  ni. 

The  lueBMDger  who  oummoiK-d  th«  chiefs  of  a  triW  to  n  yw  [■ 

ing  bore  a  etriDg  of  wani|>um  to  authenticate  hia  errand.  Tho  vRilian' 
eador,  in  proposing  a  treaty,  laid  down  a  striug  or  bell  of  irarapcioi  at 
the  oloee  of  every  clanui  of  bis  addrmii.  When  tite  treaty  vnu  otiit- 
vltidcd,  (mvcral  Iwlts  were  u^tially  cucliangi-*!,  by  way  of  i  -i. 

A  belt  of  bliu'k  w;inipum,  formaUy  delivered,  wiw  n  duotarati ...  ■  or. 
A  Airing  of  black  wikmpun),  borne  by  a  nintwr,  nnnoanccd  to  all  tbo 
rillagesof  an  Indian  nation  the  death  of  ahijuibelitcf ;  and,  at  bU  burial. 
bell^and  strings  of  wampum  were  deposited  in  hiii  grave.  Altbc  groat 
religions  festival  of  the  Iroquois,  the  "  Sacrifice  of  the  Wbito  Dog,*' 
the  dead  animal  was  enveloped  in  strings  of  wampum,  which  were 
bnmed  with  him.  The  hclt«  aixl  irtrings  which  aooompanicd  the  mak- 
ing of  troaties  and  tht?  framing  of  lawiwerc  kept  as  irilxal  rM»>n)B,aod 
were  brought  forth  on  great  ooeaMonfl  to  be  exhibited  and  vxplaintd 
to  th«  people.  The  belt^  which  ootnmemorated  the  ooocluaion  of  tli« 
famous  League  of  the  Iroquois,  framed  by  Hiawatha,  Alotorlio,  and 
th«tr  auo«ute  chiefs,  four  tmndred  years  ago,  are  still  prvsemK)  oo 
the  Onondaga  Reservation  in  the  State  of  New  York. 

The  belt«,  it  should  be  added,  were  composed  of  short  string*  ol  "^ 
wampum,  containing  from  six  to  Iwenty-four  beads  ««cb,  laid  side  bj-  "* 
Hide,  and  clonoly  knoticl  log'-thr-r.  T1i<>  length  of  iho  string  made  tbo^^ 
widtli  of  the  Ik'Ic,  which  varii.-tl  fntm  two  to  nine  nr  ten  inobu,  whUa^^* 
itA  length  varied  from  two  to  eight  feeL  The  wider  and  longer 
belt,  the  greater,  of  oourse,  was  its  valne,  and  the  higher  ita  iignifl- 
oaiKC  aa  a  pledge  or  memorial  Each  belt  usually  had  ita  Bpedal  de- 
vice, whose  meaning  was  well  nndcrstood.  This  devioo  was  wrouftlit 
sometimes  in  white  beads  on  a  dark  ground,  aomitimcs  in  purple  bead 
on  a  white  ground.  These  aymhols  were  genuine  hierogly|ihioa, : 
Bembling  the  ancient  pictorial  ligures  in  which  the  modem  Chin 
characters  had  their  origin.  In  tho  Chinese  script  a  parallolograoi  si| 
nifies  an  inclosare  ;  it  is  the  fence  of  a  field.  On  an  Iro«}aoia  belt 
parallelogram  denotes  a  town  ;  for  with  then,  in  ODeioDt  tinea,  lh<' 
towD  was  incloMd  In  a  rectangular  polisado.  A  lotEOBg«-ahap<<d  6gari 
rcprcecnts  a  eounoit  ;  it  is  the  Iitdian  bearlli,  around  which  tbe  ««»•  - 
oilors  assembled.  Oblique  uiarka  aoroas  a  belt  are  the  stamp  and  UAan* 
of  the  Iroquois  confederacy.  They  repreeent  the  raTlera  of  tbe^loaS' 
house,"  to  which  the  confedenoy  was  likened.     Otltern  of  tlteaa  syn- 


TUE  Om<H.\'    OF  I'R!MITtVS  MOUSY. 


399 


Mt  irv  n.-tn«fnborc<I,  )inl  a  far  f^r^atcr  number  Itavo  been  forgot(E<n. 
Odtuimany  bundrai]*,nnil  tiiii<MMl  llioaiiamle,of  bvlta  which  iiro  known 
lo  liifv  bwn  fanhionoil  diirin;;  tho  but  tiiree  cpDtaricn,  cJtoh  bouring  ita 
on  duTiiT,  lun  than  liftjr  wliuen  mcuning  can  l>o  cxpLiinLod  aro  now 
bmn  (o  viift. 


^■■)MpB«U.coaaMiionlliU(  Ihf  funs 

(olnlloa  « bo ktM  IM  oogartl-ani  nf  lbs EonManoir.  Tlie  nun  ItoliwaTM  rramNBl  lb« 
(ll«h»l»    /---.-• ~         - 


L 


iilDKitn  tiinnatluri  or  iho  Lm^o*  ef  Iba  "Flro  Hatloni "  tlnqaolai 

•aMMiton*.  Ikrt  Sohawlii  anil  uscUi*  «n  ihe  flehl  IptttiA,  inil  iba 
aalftelWI.   TbceMWMttne  llDM<]tDaMlb>"pMKe-p*th"  n| 
liTWi     Tb*  Ml  I*  >Imsi  cko  fed  tang  uul  Ian  Inelic*  wida. 


■  imUra  brarlti.  uidladleitn  Ihn  Onondkimi.  Mm  crs- 

Caraiaa 
aalftelWl.  TbaeMwwttne  llD«adtDaMlb>"pMKe-path"  npesadbatwaattba  nttlonlvtba 


■a  aiid  (li-tMMa 


ShalMxiidii  exactly  rcAombling  the  wampum  arc  fotin()  in  grmt 

ndanae  in  tho  grnvcA  of  the  mnnixl-buildon,  and  aomt!timo»,  along 

iriUi  tbem,  the  Ui^o  concb-sbells  from  trbiofa  sucb  beada  were  madfl. 

%am.  SqnW  ami  Havis,  in  lh«ir  wclt-known  work  on  tb«  "  Anoicnl 

Moanmenta  of  the  MiMtssippi  Vallpy,"  remark  that  "  the  number  of 

bra<Is  fonnd  in  th?  moiinda  is  trul}r  eurprising ;  thoy  may  be  c<ount«d 

b  tvino  inbtuDoc*  by  hundredn  and  thouiiaiidti."    Thvy  arc  described 

H  r«MunbliDg  "MctionH  oat  from  the  ends  of  rudit,  or  ttmall  cylindon, 

ud  ashMquffntly  more  or  Ioah  ronndeil  upon  the  edge.   Some  arc  ()uito 

flu,  sad  resemble  the  bone  bnttons  of  oommerce  ;  olbera  are  perfectly 

nnnd.    Their  diameter  Tarics  from  ono  fourth  to  three  fourths  of  an 

iaeh.     The  *mjo  of  the  perforation  is  also  variable)  nnially,  bowover, 

aboai  one  Irnlh  of  an  in<:li."    No  nno  donbto  that  tlie«e  bcadi  were 

■nod  for  the  same  porpofloa  among  tliia  vaniDbed  people  as  amonR  their 

•nocflSMon.    Dr.  Daniel  Wilaou,  in  bia  admirable  work  on  "Prebistorio 

n,"  aftor  referring  to  the  fact  that  in  the  great  Grave  Creek  Monnd, 

V  reared  over  the  tomb  of  some  notable  pcrnonage,  the  bltcll- 

iK"h  n»  fonjititute  the  wampum  of  Urn  fore«t  tribcft,  nmonntcd 

between  three  and  four  thousand,  finds  it  "  ningularly  continent 

ilh  the  partial  civilization  of  the  ancient  mound-buildeni  that  in  such 

Opodtn  we  havo  tbe  relics  of  sepnlchral  records,  whieb  constituted 

:hi-  acriitl  of  fame  of  the  illustrious  dead,  or  copies  of  tho  national 

rebivn*  ilepriit!tc<cl  with  the  great  sacbcm,  to  whose  wisdom  or  prowoaii 

IB  safety  of  bis  people  luwl  been  due." 

Indi-nd,  when  we  ciu.sider  that  the  tribes  among  whom  the  wam- 
nm  r'urrcncy  and  recurdx  were  afterward  used,  in  the  parlionlar  form 
t&iii  far  dcsitrib«d,  wore  those  which  at  first  surrounded  and  after- 


JOO 


TBS  POPULAR  SCIENCE  MOJFTirLr. 


Wftrd  eltber  ounqnered  or  absorbed  this  Bemi-<:ivili3:c(l  piwple,  we  mlpl 
be  Uropted  to  conclude  tliat  tbu  knovledge  of  tliiN  {it-ciilisr  iitveuti 
vaa  a  beqacst  to  tboso  modera  tribes  from  tbeir  inon;  advAncvd  pn 
eesaon — jnst  u  hoioc  of  tbo  nrW  of  Romia  cmlieatiua  wtia 
bcritcd  by  tbe  barbiuoaa  conijueroni  of  iliu  cniplrv.  It  In  doL  Im 
bl«,  nor  inde«d  very  improbable,  tbat  such  may  bavc  bc«ii  actually  i 
case  in  tbia  instsnco.  Uat  further  inquiry  shonii  thai  tbia  system  b 
A  wider  extent  and  probably  s  far  rvmotcr  origin  tluui  lltla  suggesti' 
would  expUun.* 

Crowing  tbo  Rocky  MountAinis  wg  find  th«  sbell>man«y  in  neti 
mc  among  the  tribes  of  tbe  Pacilia  cooat,  down  almost  to  ottr 
day.    Three  kinds  were  known.     In  Nortberu  Califoniia,  in  Orc^i 
and  etill  farther  north,  a  rare  8pc<;ie«  of  cylindrical   aoivalvc,  i 
J)tntaiium,  or  tuHk-rbcll,  known  in    Ihu   Chinook  "jargon "  a«  I 
Aiqua,  or  io^ua,  wm  Htmng  upon  a  utring,  and  um-^I  at  money,     l 
eitnuo  rarity  and  it«  aUrnctivencsit  as  an  ornament  made,  a« 
the  pearl,  ila  only  claim  to  value.     But  farther  eouth  the  gonnl 
wampum,  or  disk-moucy,  owing  ito  value  (o  the  labor  bestoved  n 
it,  and  to  it«  importance  in  the  eooial  policy  of  tbo  pe<^lo,  was  In  a 
Teraal  uoe.     Full  and  interesting  details  on  Uii*  Bubjivt  aro  given 
Ur,  .Stepbvn  Powont  In  his  lnMnic4iv«  work  on  tbo  "Tribe*  uf  Califi 
nia."    Antong  the  Ninliinamn  and,  aa  ho  bclievca,  among  all  th«  tri 
of  Central  and  Southvrn  California,  the  materials  chiefly  used  are  t 
apecies  of  Maxell,  foaud  upon  the  coast.    'I1)e  most  common  is 
thick   wbito  shell,  the   Pacfii/deama   era»»altUoidu,   from   which 
formed  the  money  known  as  fidteok.    This  consists,  he  writes, ' 
circular  disks  or  bnttons,  ranging  from  a  qoartcr>ioch  to  an  inch  is 
diameter,  and  varying  in  tbickneaa  with  the  abi'll.    Tbtwo  am  pieroed 
in  the  oent«r,  and  Kirung  on  strings  made  of  the  inner  baric  of  tk 
wild  cotton,  or  milkweed  {Aacltpiaa),  and  either  all  (he  pleoet  m  * 
Hiring,  or  all  in  one  section  of  it,  are  of  the  same  size."    The  valtM  sf 
this  money  varies  with  tbe  Bin>  of  the  dbka.     The  lai^er  p*eot*mi 
rated  at  about  twenty-five  cenla ;  the  half-inch  pieces  at  aboat  ta", 
that  valtio  ;  and  the  smallest  pieces  at  three  or  (our  cvtita,  boii^  ntt*' 
ally  rated  by  the  string.    "This,"  continues  Mr.  Powem, '* miy  1* 
called  their  silver,  and  U  the  gmt  medium  of  all  tnmsactions ;  "^ 
Vtia  money  answering  to  gold  is  made  from  varieties  of  the  tif-iw 
(JIatiotU)  and  is  called  %dlo.     lliey  cut  these  shells  wilb  IlinU  i*" 
oblong  strips  from  an  ineh  to  two  inches  in  ti-ngtli,  accordinff  w  v» 
curvatura  of  tho  shell,  and  abont  a  Ibird  as  broad  aa  thi^  arc  lo"tr< 
Two  holes  arr  drilled  near  the  narrow  end  of  each  pwoe,  and  tbrv  *• 
thitreby  faaltfutid  u>  a  tttring  of  tbe  material  above-named,  hwgitf 
edge  to  edge.    Ten  pieoca  generally  constitato  a  string,  and  tbe  InX'' 

*  Thow  who  dtsiro  to  ixtmw  Ihls  la^r^  "ill  dud  va^\e  nauit«l  In  iV  ntsA'* 
CMS^MOArtia  ShetfDrUiaAMlt«AMtltaB«."l?Ur.W.  ELUolnw*.!*  lAt  MA 
Anaual  Buport  o(  iba  Butcau  ot  EUimIosj.  ^| 


i 


TtlE   ORIGIN  OF  PniMITtVB  MONEY, 


JO  I 


1  rU«  U  ODfi  dollar  Rpieco — Ion  dollarM  a  string ;  the  mitllcr  in 
Lpraportloa,  or  low.  if  tlicy  are  not  |>i«tty.  Being  ttuttocplibli}  of  ai  high 
[Iwliib,  thin  moufjr  formH  a  beautiful  ornament,  and  is  worn  for  nook- 
lues  nn  ffala-dnys.  But  as  money  it  is  rachor  too  large  and  furab«r- 
•onie,  and  tbe  Indians  f;enerally  scol:  to  escbango  it  for  the  Il-ni  brill- 
iiuibiliDoro  nAcfiil  hdxtok.  Thv  u/Zc  ninjr  bv  connidmiil  rnt)iero4 
jetolrj-.  Tfac  pcvuliur  Rbitp«  givvn  to  ibtn  tiih,  or  "gold-money,"  ia 
^carving  of  notice,  aa  will  bo  itc-en  ben-after. 

Of  ilie  nbell-moni^y  in  gt'oeral  Ulr.  I'owcrs  remat^  that  "  iramonM 
qiuiities  of  it  were  fonnirly  in  circulation  amoag  tlM  Californiao  In- 
iiut,  and  tbo  manufacture  of  it  was  large  aud  ooDHtoat,  to  repiaoe  tbo 
tutioQal  vastage  wbich  wa«  caused  by  tliu  (uicriflco  of  tio  mncli  apoD 
>U  dralb  of  veaJtity  inrn,  and  by  tho  propitiatory  naorificni  ))«rformtid 
liyiiiiiiy  tribca,  ctpenally  thoee  of  cbc  Coan  Itauge."    'Ilii^  use  of 
'M-noney  In  aacrificea  and  in  funeral  ceremonies  is  precisely  tb« 
Naio  that  ia  made  of  tbe  £a9t«m  wampnm.     Liko  tbo  shape  of  th« 
tUoBg  vUo  money,  this  is  a  fact  which  will  bo  found  signiScaDt  o»  we 
Pneicd.     JUr,  I'owcm  continues :  "  From  my  own  obaarvatioiifli  wbich 
b»o  not  b«en  limilc<l,  and  from  tbo  ittat«i&cnts  of  pionvcre  and  tint 
Wdn«  th«mNi-lvc«,  I  htu<i(alo  little  to  exprcas  the  belief  (hat  every 
,  Isilian  tu  tho  8tate.  in  early  days,  posaeased  an  average  of  at  least  one 
drcd  dollars'  worth  ot  shell-money.    This,"  adds  the  author,  with 
BBimercial   preeijioD  which  is  both  commendable  and  amnsing, 
'vogld  represent  the  valne  of  about  two  women  (though  tbe  Nishi- 
;  never  actually  bought  tboir  wives),  or  two  griizly-bcar  akina,  or 
ty-livc  cinnamon -bear  Nkin^  or  about  tlmw  avonige  ponies.    This 
may  bo  conaiderei)  a  fair  slalemcnt  of  tfa«  dlffuaion  of  wc4Uth  among 

|4lirin  in  ibetr  primitive  condition." 
L     Tlius  it  will  bo  seen  that  shell-money  of  lhi«  jK-oiiliar  cbaroelcr  was 
b  oiMi  over  a  wide  spaoo  of  North  America,  Ht  rt'd'hiug  fnun  the  Atlan- 
lifl  eoasL  to  tbe  PkoiGc.     Tli«  lino  along  which  it  ia  found  in  the  great- 
ot  abunilanoe  extends  from  New  York  and  the  Ohio  Valley  to  South- 

»<•■         '  r.>mia  in  a  direction  somewhat  soDth  of  w»l.     If  wc  oontinuu 
I  in  the  same  direction  a  little  more  than  half-way  acnws  the 

I'acitic,  we  arrive  at  the  widely  extended  range  of  flmidl  Lilandsi,  or 
igeries  of  island-gruu|)«,  known  in  modern  geography  by  tbe  name 
f  Mioromwla.     It  fills  a  great  part  of  the  western  half  of  tbe  ooean 
I  bo  equator,  an<l  csMnpri«M  tho  R:id;ick  and  Raliok  ohaJn«,  tbt 
.  „      .  il  and  Marshall  groups,  the  Marian  (or  throne)  and  Carotlnt 
land*,  the  I'elews,  Paoape,  Kap,  and  many  smaller  olustcra  and  8in> 
[ '      '  ' .      The  well-known  Loo-Choo  island-i  form  the  i>t<'p|iing-atonefl, 
I V,  wbich  lead  from  this  va^t  archipelago  to  China  and  Ja|>a>i. 
tiis  nativefl  of  Mlrroniista  aro  in  about  the  sanio  social  stage  aa  that 
liii-b  had  bcpn  aliaini-d  by  the  Nortli  American  Indiana  when  they 
rif  first  known  to  the  whiles.     In  character,  usages,  and  language 
ihry  Rwmblo  to  n  oortaln  extent  tbe  natlvt^s  of  tbe  southern  and  out- 


joj  TUS  POPtrCAB  SCIUNCS  XONTULY. 

«ni  Pacific  groups.  wbicJi  are  i&cluded  in  tlie  dmfrnalton  of  I'olyuesl 
but  with  boDie  sinking  difTer^nc^s,  which  caroful  obxcrvt-ni  have  u- 
crilwd,  with  gTMit  protnbtlitj,  to  influiniooM  from  Korlhcuut«m  Kvuit. 
Thay  iir»  iiot«d  for  llicir  Hkill  in  navigation.  Tiwj  hav«  W4sll-rigfi:cd 
vcnwb  exoooding  Rixtjr  foot  iu  Ivti^Ii.  Tbry  Huil  by  tb«  Man,  and  an> 
tooutt<Mii«d  to  undertake  long  voy»g«8. 

ThiMtoalbenimoHt  group  of  MicioneeiBi  ooninitinly  known  at  tbo 
Kingsmill  Islands,  vas  visited  and  partly  aurveyed  by  tbr  vtaHb  of 
tbo  Wilkes  Ksploriui;  Expedition.     Duriii};  a  very  brief  iiiterer>urM       ^ 
with  the  natives  of  the  principal  island,  'I'apntcuca,  large  'lusntitiefl     ^ 
of  what  WM  at  first  KuppoMd  to  bv  an  (imiinicnt  wore  obtaine>d  fraoi    .^ 
the  nalivtm,  En  excluingc  for  other  -wnx^*  which  thoy  valued.    Tbi«  .^ 

peculiar  article  wa.i  thus  described,  before  ita  real  ehai^cter  woa  nnddr^ - 

stood  :  "  It  con$i6ls  of  a  string  of  alternate  wooden  and  sbell  bcadis  i^fcr 
tbie  teno  may  he  applied  to  them,  l^ie  '  beads '  are  in  the  ebape  of  ^^mk 
^penco  with  a  liole  through  it»  center,  or  more  nearly  like  tbo  '  bat-^^' 
ton-molda  *  of  our  drviw-mnkere.    They  oro  made  of  frngment*  of  <  ^• 

DUt-oboll  and  scn-shclU,  whieh  are  broken  or  cut  Dciirly  to  tho  r. .  -^ 

abapf,  and  tlieu  filed  down  together  till  they  are  amooUi,  even,  an^^nl 
exactly  of  equal  Bute.    Tboee  of  oea-sheU  are  white,  and  those  of  rom^iKsi- 
nut  black.     IHiey  are  strung  alternately  upon  a  small  cord,  and  appria^^r 
like  a  round  flexible  stick,  half  an  inch  in  diameter,  markrd    »tt 
alternate  white  and  black  rings."    'J'he  beads,  it  appears,  by  the  sjxi         ■ 
mciu  prec«rved  in  the  National  Museum  at  fVaiihington,  were  ont 
of  one  «!zo.    Besides  the  larger  sort,  rcsemhting  an  English  MSpenO' 
tliera  woii  a  smaller  description,  of  about  half  iliat  size,  and  bei 
vhen  ittrung  a  Nurjirifiing  resemblance  (o  a  stnng  of  small  wampni^^B^ 
beads,  the  only  difference  being  that  the  Kingtrralli  Inland  dijjt*  a:^** 
thinner  thsn  the  proper  wampum  cylinders  ;  but  both  in  sixe  and     S" 
tbickneew  tbey  resemble  oloseJy  tbc  smaller  shell-money  of  Ca)ifofB»  ^ 

Further  reeearches  disclosed  tho  true  nature  of  tliis  article,  wbl<»  t 
u  it  appeared,  bad  been  already  studied  and  descnhed  by  earlier  v<^  ^' 
agersat  other  islands  of  the  Microne^ian  rnnge.     Adulbcrt  von  (1^  *" 
mitso,  the  naturalist  who  iiccompauicd  Admiral  Kotzcbue  iu  his  vovs^B'' 
aroand  the  world,  wa«  tho  first  to  make  known  itH  character  nod 
In  speaking  of  tlio  nativM  of  the  Ladronc  Islands,  now  nn  p"-" 
pie,  he  remarks :  "We  have  discovered  among  thetr  anti'c 
thing  which  seems  to  show  a  great  advance  made  in  civi' 
yond  any  of  the  other  islanders  of  the  great  ocean.     We  bj  ■  __ 
invention  of  money.  .  .  .  Disks  of  tortoise-shell,  of  tliu  shape  of  b< 
ton-nioIdH,  but  tbin  as  paper,  and  mailc  ixtn-mi'ly  Hmi>oih  !■ 
are  si  rang  close  together  on  a  thick  cord  of  iwinK'doiMroanitt-:  —^ 

whole  forma  a  flexible  cylinder  of  the  ihickncM  of  n  linger,  and  mv 
length.     These  disks  were  in  ciri-tilalion  lu  a  medium  of 
cliange,  and  only  n  few  of  the  chiefs  bad  the  right  to  nialco  and  'm'^" 
Some  other  fact4  ore  mentioned,  which  acem  to  Indicate  iIk^ 


III 


TBB  ORIGIN  OF  PRIMITIVE  MONET.  303 


Cli^w  Copper  C&iU  unrttnl  tolM). 


© 


KUqinlll  btoml  abeU-IKmr  (Wbita  *diI  bUck)L 


O^^ 


CalUMnU  alull  U<jiw]r  (nrtou  ilsn). 


> 


;5^>5 


a&Oll-Miki  rMm  UUnoti  Uooadl  (udul). 


AtMint  Wunpam  (rem  Ucuai)*. 


HN>n-t)tiln  (Km  nunm  Onwt. 


© 


l4ip«  V*mpiim-R«<d  (mn 
OModw*  (NMni). 


MiBill  Wiaipim  UcUk.  white  ni4  pdryl*  ((i-teM). 


30+ 


THE  POPULAR  SCIBNCS  MOItTnLT^ 


\\iw  U)ri()i!>o-shetl  moDCf  had  an  Imjtoriatit  plac«  tn  tbtiooial  mugvtf 
tlio  pioplp. 

Tbid  ancl«nt  nnrrency  of  tho  LailronC'S  was  eTidcotly  llie  Kimewlii 
the  Happoeed  bead-umamentB  of  ibc  Kingsmill-btatKlctB,  except  lliM  ibi 
htt«r  use  other  bIwIIb  ititiciu)  of  that  of  the  lortobb  Uot,  wlm  tb< 
tiKtiira  of  the  oomRKxlity  )>cc*ru>  B)ipiiri-nt,  some  notoworlhy  infemiM 
ytVK  Anvra  from  it.  Ah  hu  boon  ulri'itdj-  obocrvrj,  «>me  of  thv  f»- 
tOfDB  and  much  of  tho  mythology  of  Ibe  Mkronmriui  IdanOm  wtn 
to  have  sprung  from  commanication  with  'Konlieutorn  A«ia.  lUi 
peciUiar  cinrency  taliM  ua  in  the  same  direction,  Tliu  moftt  coaim 
Cbine§e  coins,  their  copper  cash,  have  8  bole  through  the  CM-ntfr.ut 
Btrung  npoD  strings,  and  di^pont^l  of  by  Icngllis.  Tliis  moiM-jr  it  b 
use  in  tbe  Ix>o-Choo  Islands,  midway  bntrptm  MicroDcvin  and  i'Ma. 
In  Dcrccbey'H  voyage  to  the  Pacilie,  speaking  of  tlin  aMtcrlion  hMJlT 
made  by  Captain  Basil  llall,  that  tb«  people  of  I»o-Choo  liave  w 
money,  bo  sayB,  "  Our  meeting  with  this  peasauit,  boverer,  dieektnl 
tbo  truth,  as  lio  bad  a  Btrini;  of  faati  (unall  CbioeM  money)  siiEpandfd 
to  bis  girdle,  in  tbo  manner  adopted  by  tlio  Chinese."  In  a  tvA-tt^ 
he  addft,  "TbcM  ooUhs  bcing'of  ffnull  value,  are  Blrung  togetbvr  in 
buodredti,  and  karo  a  inot  at  each  end,  so  that  ll  in  not  noma—;  >^ 
cooDt  them." 

Bat  ovidonce  atill  more  remarkable  is  afforded  by  tbe  vrry  volul 
''Monograph  on  the  History  of  Sloney  in  China,"  wbitb  nn  fWW' 
Mr.  Alexander  I>el  War,  bto  of  the  United  Sut<8  Monetary  Cooiii>i»-] 
aion,  and  nnihor  of  "A  Iliftory  of  tbo  PreciouR  McCuIh,"  ant)  Dttf 
irorliA.  Ho  mentions  a  cnrious  fwrl  rvcordwl  in  iW  great  Chinovrt- 
cycIopa>dia  of  tbe  Kmperor  Knng-he,  who  nrignod  in  tlm  rarly  put "' 
tlie  but  century.  In  this  work  it  is  eUted  that  "  in  ancient  lituM  tlx 
money  of  China  was  of  torloise-shell."  llow  far  back  ww  miisl  Bo'* 
those  "ancient  times"  is  sufficiently  sbowo,  as  Mr.  l>el  Sim 
by  tbe  fact  iMt  Kang-be  biniR-lf  pOMOtucd  »  cabinet  of  met., 
dating  from  \\vi  reign  of  Yaou,  a  c.  9347 ;  and  ibo  CbiDeen  ntiiui»>* 
assert  that  metal  coins  wnro  known  in  llie  time  of  Fuh-he.  sit  hunilrol. 
years  before  llie  date  ju»lrocord4'd.  From  thia  it  might  seem  thai  m**^ 
five  thousand  years  have  elapsed  since  this  lortoiae-«ht!lI  money  m*  * 
common  use  in  China.  But,  from  what  wo  know  of  the  coii»i'niti"| 
tompertracnt  d  the  Chinese,  it  seems  highly  pfobable  ibut  many  <***" 
nries  mo)^  have  passed  before  tbe  clumsy  and  l>i  \<?^ 

coins  cotiipletcly  ■npcrseili-d  the  ligblcr  and  more  c  "*' 

shell  disks  and  slips.  Cowries  are  ».wd  to  this  day,  nlong  with  umuH" 
coins,  in  eom«  parrs  of  Ihe  Cast  Indies.  It  is  nut  nnlikety  Ihal  tbr  1*^ 
dinappeaianee  of  tho  shell-money  from  tbe  currency  ttf  Oilna  (i*"* 
from  the  period  when  papcr-monor  first  came  into  uxo  In  ibst  em)*""! 
wbicli  15  naid  to  have  been  in  the  reign  of  Wmi-tf,  nbntn  <>i«i  I.iiinlrf' 
and  forty  years  before  the  Oliristian  en. 

Some  VKtj  anvieut  Chinese  coin*  are  still  preserfeti  tu  the  uil>ic<*' 


i 


TBS  ORIGIN   OF  PRIStlTIVB  MOySV. 


3*5 


^iiiti<juariau!(.    Air.  DrI  3I:u-  giro  tu  picturo*  of  kcvotsI  of  tbeee,  Uia  • 

teeat  b«iBg  a  coin  of  Urn  Kmperor  Sun};,  datiii){  22.'i7  jvax*  before 

Christ.    Th««e  early  coins  are  of  various  sliapea,  sotuc  being  round 

witlt  m  square  or  rotmd  hole  in  tbo  center,  and  some  oblong  with  • 

bole  at  ono  end,  i;ridcnlly  for  irtriiifpng  tbcoi,     Tb««  oblong  coins  are 

i|)okeD  of  &;«  knife-aba|>ed  ur  b«U-abapcd,  tbougli  Ui«  rescmblanDus  tbua 

indicued  are  not  very  apparent.     Dr.  Tylor,  wboee  careful  research  no 

«videiic«  of  this  nature  escapes,  oboerves,  in  bis  standard  work  on  "  An- 

dmpology,"  that "  perhaps  tb«  earliest  money  may  have  been  the  CU- 

MK  Uttle  marked  cubes  of  gold,  and  tbc  pice«*  of  copper  in  the  shape 

of  diirU  and  kniveit,  aa  tbou^  inunded  to  represent  real  shirts  and 

knirts."    This  ia  certainly  an  acute  and  striking  snggestion  ;  but  we 

baiv  to  CDiiiidtir  that  Hu.:  circular  pieces,  the  most  comnwD  of  all,  coald 

hxity  have  been  intended  to  reprcd«Dt  any  impleniont  or  other  object ' 

^  tufic.    And  when  we  refer  to  Csiifomia,  wl>cro,  us  hiu  been  swsd, 

!  pieces  of  shell,  perforated  at  ono  end,  were  used  m  a  variety  of 

'fWeocy,  wo  arc  led  to  suppose  that  (he  early  copper  coins  of 

'Qhbawt  botit  oblung  and  round,  derived  their  idtapcs  from  imtto- 

'  of  the  still  earlier  disks  and  strips  of  tottoise-shcll  which  Uicy 

«PeiHeded. 


CUsMtCWss. 


Cllo.-Obloag  Mii^il-Uuoc;  .31  Cilifuruli. 


A  RDgnlar  ufage  still  prevailing  in  China  seems  to  point  back  to  a 
'*>*  vhen  the  oidinarj-  money  wits  tnadv  of  tome  combustiblo  matc- 
'^  "  Mock-miHK'v,"  a*  it  iit  called,  is  comj>o«od  of  ttn*foil  ami  paper, 
**d  tbii  i>  burned  iu  large  quautitie^  at  f uiKirals  and  in  sacrifices  to  the 
-'»k  In  California,  as  baa  been  seen,  the  Indiana  were  accustomed 
'  kifa  their  sboil.money  in  a  similar  manner.  The  Kastem  Indians 
^vird  v^mpum  with  their  dead,  and  burned  it  in  their  Eacrificcs. 

Thu  Rhell-moncy  of  thi»  peculiar  description,  compnM-d  »f  small 
'■cnUr  di»kM,  |>crfofated  and  strung  together,  and  used  both  as  cur- 
'Ocy  uhI  also  (so  far  as  onr  information  extends)  in  important  pnblic 
•nd  regions  ceremonies,  has  been  (raced  from  the  castem  coast  of 
Xonh  Amerii'^  westward  across  the  continent  to  California,  and  thence 
tiroigh  the  Micronesian  Archipelago  to  China.  In  no  othc^r  parts  of 
tlH>  wori'1,  rxoqft  tb<tM  situaln)  along  or  near  this  line  (aa  in  some 
1  i.-ti  of  MrlaneMa),  baa  the  nse  of  thi«  singular  currency  been  known. 
Ji  i*  poatrible,  of  eoune,  that  the  custom  may  have  originated  indc- 
rnt.  zxraL— ID 


}06 


TBS  POPULJUt  SCIEJfCS  MOSTOir, 


peDdently  in  esoli  of  tho  foar  i^rinripiil  rtgtow  Jn  wliUih  It  exM- 
that  is,  in  China,  Microiioin,  Cnlironiin,  uid  EaMern  N'ortb  AaH>a>j 
Few  punioiDk,  however,  will  bv  ini-litMid  ta  doubl  tliat  iiw  Mh-touo 
roocived  this  invention  from  Eaatera  Aula  ;  uid,  at  tbu  othn  vml  i 
the  Ud«,  tlie  tranamiasion  of  the  usage  from  one  si'Je  of  tbe  RxL)! 
UouotAitis  to  the  other  will  Mem  equally  prolnbliv  Tin 
will  bti  aa  to  its  pauage  acroea  tbo  Pacific,     Tlii^  fart  r<  i'j 

Wildon,  in  bis  work  already  qootw),  that  in  1833  a  JapaiuM  jmki 
WTOokod  on  the  ooaM  of  Orogon,  and  that  Rome  of  ber  arow  won  nil 


<ni>U>;  K,  WmpnaKii. 


at  pill)>k. 


loqaenlly  rescued  from  captivity  amonf;  the  tDdiim  of  tlial 
will  ehow  how  ea:dly  this  transmifsion  m)!;ht  haw  bMn  made.    % 
thin  the  only  intitnncv  known,    Sir.  dmrlrs  Wolootl  Broolu,  tl 
report  on  JapancM  vcawb  wTc«ked  in  the  North  Paeiflo  Ocean, 
before  the  (^fomia  Academy  of  Scieoeea  in  March,  IHTA,  Malut 
"  one  of  these  juokn  waa  mTecki-d  on  the  Qtteen  Charlotte  iHlandi  i* 
IKtl,  and  nnmorons  olhi-n  bare  been  wrvckoi]  on  ulltcr  part*  uf 
North  wwt  eoart." 

In  eeitain  rc«pcAla  the  history  of  money  bean  ■  notabla 
blance  to  the  hintory  of  the  alphabet,  or  rnlher  of  writlen 
Nations  have  attained  a  high  degree  of  cirihx,ition  witboot  a  kw«' 
edge  of  either  of  thcee  invention* ;  and  each  invention,  whrn 
known,  baa  iprcod  widely  and  rapidly  throagh  populationt  In  ver^  & 


PROGRESS  AV  TORNADO-PREDICTION. 


Tfn 


f^Rnt  Btag«3  of  eocJAl  progreeft.  Tbc  Bl{>habet,  from  a  rade  and  Tsgu« 
beginmng  in  Egypt,  passed  thence  ttrough  Plwwiici*  to  Greece,  where 
tt  vu  pcrfvetcd,  aiid  wbeocv,  in  a  few  centariM,  H  was  difTiued  to 
Toilia  on  tlw  on«  side  and  to  Scandioavia  and  Ilritain  on  the  other.  In 
tike  uuouer  coined  rooner,  vaguely  beginning,  as  some  suppose,  with 
liw  warahiei  of  Egypt,  waa  brought  to  perf<H:tion  in  Greece,  and  thence 
^  tptekd  tbrongh  many  civilized  nations  of  Aitia  and  among  tho  aemi- 
InharHia  conununitieH  of  Western  Enrope. 

Both  tbt  art  of  writing  and  tbc  vtfe  of  money  seem  to  have  bad  an 
iedigeooas  origin  in  China,  llic  Chioctr  wriitvn  character  baa  iipresd 
itroogkaluf^  part  of  Eastern  Asia.  Tbv  OiineKc  currency,  in  its 
WkM  form  of  ahell-nioney,  appears  to  have  had  a  still  wider  diffu* 
«■.  It  haa  spread,  apparently,  tlirough  the  islands  of  tJte  Xorth 
Vtoia,  and,  cither  tbcnco  or  directly  from  China  or  Japan,  bas  been 
omtd  acroM  ihc  ocean  to  California,  aud  »o  found  its  way  eastward 
tg  lb  Ohio  Valley  and  the  Atlantic  oooct. 

Ik  fact,  if  it  be  a  fact,  tliat  tho  Indians  of  Hw  west  voost  of 
AaMfics  received  their  monetary  system  from  Eastern  Asia  or  from 
ibeEVific  IalaD<ls,  could  not  in  itself  be  regarded  as  affording  evi- 
toeelhat  America  was  fimt  peopled  from  that  direction,  just  aa  the 
fid  that  the  coinage  of  Itactriii  was  derived  from  Greece  would  not 
iodicati-  tlist  tlu>  Baclrian  population  wm  of  Grecian  origin.  AU  Uiat 
vecoold  inft^  woald  be  some  early  interconrae,  such  aa  recent  expoii- 
•Mwarranta  na  in  supposing,  A  Chinese  junk,  or  a  largr  Itlicrono- 
•iii  fmo,  drifting  to  tbe  Califoraian  coast  some  tbree  or  four  ihoo- 
Wd year*  ago,  wonhl  sufficiently  explain  the  introduction  of  ,an  ait 
»ndy  learned  aa  that  of  making  and  luing  pcrfonit«d  shcll-diaka 
Avmouey. 


PKOGEESS  IN  TOKNAUO-FREDICTION. 

Bt  WnXULU  A.   EDDT. 

DTTKING  tbe  first  part  of  18^  the  United  States  Signal  Service 
began  to  pay  special  attention  to  the  qno«tion  of  toniadn-pre* 
diction.  "The  development  of  the  Ecienee  was  rapid  under  the  sotiTe 
nperricion  of  Lieutenaitt  John  P.  Finley,  having  charge  of  that  de- 
partment of  the  aervice.  It  was  foand  that  the  public  interest  in  the 
qaeation  wma  wide^read,  and  that,  with  tbe  aid  of  voluntary  reporters 
of  tornado- phenomena,  tbe  possibility  of  saving  life  and  pro]>orty  bad 
begun  to  crystallize  into  a  practical  scheme-  Tbe  power  to  verify 
ptediotiofM  coald  only  be  obtained  from  two  sources — from  the  prvss, 
and  from  tommdo-reporlcnt,  who  would  voluntarily  report  the  phenom- 
«with  tome  approach  to  scientific  accuney.  TIic  dielinetionsbe- 
twMQ  a  cyclone,  five  hundred  or  a  thoosand  milea  across  tbe  stonn* 


3« 


THS  POPULAR   SCIBXCE  MONTBLT, 


ido-    1 

rn 


cimter,  a  biirrieano  of  more  limitcil  ^stfnt,  and  a  tornado  witb  apitii 
only  one  tlioiiEand  feet  in  n-i(ith — all  tlit-ite  mast  be  properly  c-laMiflai 
before  any  «yet«m  for  tbe  pTtKdietioii  of  tomadow  pould  rvseb  era 
approsiinAtvIy  vmfii-i!  rc-xDltit.    The  niimWrof  tomftdmn  oci  i  if 

the  rvgion  t-ant  of  the  Rocky  Mounlaitis  wui  one  bundrcd  nail  - 

two  in  1684.  llie  areraf^o  in  more  than  a  hundred  yearly.  AVboaevq 
a  tornado  ovcum-d,  bUnka  epecifyiog  the  qaestioos  lo  l>o  ulcod  wiq 
thumi-tbcKl  of  invoKtigatton  to  bo  followed  vera  at  once  eenl  to  the 
postmaster  or  to  the  prittoipal  «ity  or  town  otBocrs  in  tlio  vicinity  o| 
th«  soono  of  destruction,  asking  for  faot»,  and  n^iaeKlitig  thai  tJic  oh 
Mirer  wontd  kindly  volnntcer  to  continue  a  seriee  of  eaay  metoorgl 
logics  ob»cn'ntions  for  tlio  Signal  Service,  involvinf*  no  more  outlay  ufl 
tjinc  tlinu  tho  reporter  couhl  eonrvnicntty  *,\>»xt-.  The  rf«u)t  of  thii 
clever  devlco  woa  that  the  Signal -<)f)li-«  now  haa  apoD  ita  iMwka  ibt 
addreteea  of  more  than  fifteen  hundred  reporters  In  all  parta  of  tfafr' 
oountiy  east  of  tbo  Rocky  Uonnlains,  and  cepocially  in  those  Staiea 
mo«t  freqiuiDtly  atrickeo  witb  d(«lnielivo  tomadocx.  Ilavini*  thni 
organiied  a  system  whereby  something  like  verification  of  tornado-, 
predictions  could  be  attained,  Lieutenant  Finley  then  divided  tbo 
ritory  eaat  of  tbo  Rocky  Mountains  into  eighteen  dtilricta.  Ud 
onco  began  making  prpdictionii  in  thette  diatrict«,  thuH  renching  a  eorina 
of  recorded  avcntgM  whereby  the  resnlta  became  more  dclinlti-  nn< 
local  until  the  cloite  of  1881  and  the  Kummorof  188S.  The  priMictio: 
In  the  latter  year  have  become  so  efTectivo  tliat  daring  lliii  numrner  t 
1886  it  iM  hoped  that,  by  means  of  eignals,  hundreds  of  lives  and  mitol 
valuable  property  will  be  saved. 

The  mo«t  striking  examplea  of  tbo  knowlmlgL-  attained  reganjinf 
tornadoes  ore  found  by  reference  to  the  following  (•tatJalioa;  Uurinf! 
1$S4,  3,SS8  predictions  iinfiivorable  to  tornado**  were  made,  and  of 
tlieae,  3,301  were  verified  by  rc]>orts  ecut  Id  by  tornado. reportcra,  ubi 
are  instructed  to  carefully  scan  the  Dewspapeni  as  well  as  nolo  (ho 
meteorological  phenomena  in  a  given  neighborhood.    ^Vben  tbv  dob- 
ditiona  are  unfavorable  for  the  development  of  toma^loM)  there  are  w> 
unnsnul  contribtta  of  tem)>entQre,  the  areaa  of  warm  and  cold  urvn 
neither  great  nor  well  defined  northward  and  southward,  the  windier  j 
variable  and  not  very  strong,  and  the  distribution  of  pressure  in  sMl  I 
normal.  I 

When  we  oonxider  that  moro  than  a  hundred  tornadoes  oemr*^  I 
nnally,  it  follows  that  tbe  auooeasful  prediction  of  safety  for  elglilM«  ' 
districts  is  a  vci;  satisfactoiy  indication  of  the  advanea  made  hy  ^ 
science.  Tbe  result  is  certainly  practical  and  valuable,  aa  witb  proptf  j 
aignaU  shown  at  telegraph -stations  tbe  inhabitants  of  Kantaf,  MiMM^^  \ 
and  other  States,  can  go  to  their  work  free  from  anxiety  and  noiwli- 
ject  to  false  alarms  on  tbo  appearance  of  every  harmlei^s  (hll^dc^•lalo■  , 
Tlic  predicliona  of  safety  are  therefore  particularly  valuaMe  in  SuW  I 
in  which  tomadoea  an  froqueot     When,  bowcrer,  we  examin*  ^  I 


PROGRESS  IN  TORXA0O-PRBDICTIOy. 


309 


•tatutios  rcganlui^  the  actual  oooDrreDOO  of  tornadoes,  we  find  Uie 
oertsioty  lecB«ti«d  by  tJic  fiu;t  that  the  prueoDt  limited  reeourcea  of  Iho 
^3igDAl  S(irvi>r«  rcHult  in  dijfcctivu  rv[>urt«  or  in  none  nt  ull  from  sparsL'ly 
ettlwl  rrgiuBti.  Lit'Ut«naiit  Fiiiley  fuand  that  of  thirty -eight  pre- 
llotiona  tliat  tornadoes  would  occur,  made  in  April  and  Juno,  18M, 
■iglili!«n  were  TeriHed,  aod  that  of  nineteen  predictions  made  in  June 
Inly,  1S8.'),  fifteen  wen  geoentlly  v«rifiud.  In  sU  caEee  ihcro  were 
tt  Btormo,  either  tomado««,  hnrrioanw,  or  baiL  Owing  to  the 
Bxlremoly  local  nature  of  tontadu<-H,  thoJr  track*  nt  timoH  Iwing  only  a 
liltf  or  two  in  Itmgth  and  a  few  hundred  feet  in  width,  it  is  obvioiu 
hat  many  predtclioos  must  apparently  fait,  owing  to  tlio  fact  that  the 
effeeta  ate  not  Been  until  long  afterward,  or  not  at  al)  whore  there  sre 
Vast  Btretche*  of  treclras  prairie  It  ia  doabticss  trite  that  tbiH  fuilara, 
due  la  the  vngiiiiteNM  aud  unaatbfactory  nature  of  the  reports,  induced 
ifoHor  T.  B.  Slaury  to  muutain,  aa  late  as  I8t>2,  that  the  predictloD 
'  a  toraado  was  a  triamph  not  yet  attained  by  the  science  of  meteor 
l^fff,  tbough  doubtloM  lie  believed  that  succetis  would  be  achieved  at 
'^10  very  distant  day.  In  order  that  the  reader  may  a«o  some  of  the 
resaoiu  for  expected  progn»A  in  this  tcJcnco,  let  as  ciamiue,  fint,  lb« 
methods  in  use  by  Ltc-ulcnant  Finlcy  for  tracing  tlie  movcmcut  of  air> 
nutSM*,  and  second,  the  morement  of  the  air-currenta  iu  the  tomado- 
cloQd,  aa  seen  by  bondreda  of  ohserrers. 
I  It  i*  well  known  that,  owing  to  fre<iaeQt  telegraphic  reports,  tbe 

I  pressure,  temperature,  cloud-formation,  extent,  and  movement  of  im- 
mense masMs  of  air  am  permanently  recorded.    The  conditions  favor- 

^^ble  to  tomadoM  arc  pomlive  and  noticeable.  Hw  areas  of  warm 
^■uuilicrly  and  cold  northerly  winds  are  well  detined,  uniform,  of  largo 
^RXtHnt,  and  reach  well  to  the  north  and  south.  High  contra.tt«  of 
Vliamidity.  abnomial  rariations  in  dew-point,  the  location  of  areas  of 
barometric  minima  and  maxima,  with  their  lines  of  actual  and  proba- 
bte  progrcMive  moreroefit,  and  Mpecially  the  velocity  and  direction  of 

II  the  wind,  muit  be  coasidored  and  mapped  out  on  #poi:ial  charlM.  Tito 
^■t<nnpcralurea  are  thrown  out  of  tlieir  u.<iual  equilibrium  and  normal  dift- 
^■rihuion  over  an  extent  at  ijmos  of  two  thousand  miles  of  territory. 
^^^H  enid  air  eacroacbea  far  into  the  Southern  States,  and  tbe  warm 

air  nf  the  .South  ut  such  timca  may  Htream  noribwar-l  during  a  week 

^^ft  tea  days.     Tlie  movement  in  rcadju*ling  tlic  cqttilibrium  in  like  two 

^fcendalums  tlirowQ  far  span  which  swing  toward  tbcir  common  center 

^Krith  a  r>iro('  proportioned  to  the  extent  of  their  displacement.     But 

Hthii  xitiiplc  iiiimle  only  fits  tbe  ease  ronghly,  because  tbe  queationa  of 

wind -dirocl ton,  the  location  of  tbe  moving  center  of  low  |H%sBure^  and 

esiMcially  the  inc^jnality  of  tbe  diMp1nC4.-ment  of  llio  air-maHsea  north 

and  K>i)th,  make  the  problem  very  complex.     Lieutenant  Ftnley  saya 

that  "  the  deiMtrturc  from  norma)  oonditions  at  temperature  in  ease  of 

^^omadu  develitpnicnt  is  from  15°  to  ftO",  but  witb  tbia  abnormal  con- 

^■ition  of  lemprtatoro  there  must  be  abnormal  conditions  of  humidity. 


7RESS  /y  TORJfADO-PREDICTIOy. 


Jll 


tlie  MSCDinulatious  of  groat  qiuuitiUva  of  evidvnco  coDoeroiiifr  t01^ 
JHtero  ravvnlvd  korm;  i»i«mtiiig  foou.  It  \»  suppoMid  tbiit  ^ta- 
^pUtlcs  in  ili«  Kaatcrn  Stales  arc  cntiirly  fnie  from  tantAttim, 
Urcxaminalion  of  Li<;ut«nant  Itoley'i)  record  fraio  1704  lo  1881 
'f  Umt  tiiey  at  times  spproMh  dangerously  near  tb«  xao»K  unox> 
)A  locAlitin.  Oa«  occnrrcd  in  Now  Vork  city,  July  IS,  1829,  and 
ftai  liu  twcn  further  vmpbMiicd  by  tho  upin-araoco  of  another  at 
twflod,  Now  JiTwcy,  October  *,  JSftS,  only  twciity-onc  tnilrenbovfl 
ity,  ami  not  fur  from  the  Hudson  River.  Of  tbe  nix  Iiundrwl 
idom  rcoordcd  from  1*94  to  l&^l,  eixty-two  oconrred  in  Kanaaa, 
■three  in  Illinoia,  forty-tbreo  in  Aliseonri,  thirty-five  in  K«w  York, 
^-tbrce  in  Georgia,  ihirty-two  in  lown,  tw«nty-Mght  \a  Ohio, 
ty-five  in  Indiana,  (wt'oty-two  in  Minuoaota,  eighteen  in  North 
l^M,  «igliti-cn  in  Pennaylvania,  eighteen  in  Texas,  eighteea  in 
lawn^  fourtt-en  in  South  Carolioa,  fifteeu  in  Michiffan,  fourteen 
llibama,  founecn  iu  Nebraska,  fourteen  in  Missiiuppi,  ten  in 
Hiaoa,  ten  in  Wigronsin,  nine  in  HaHOchusette,  nine  in  Dakota, 
In  Virginia,  eight  in  Arkansas,  eight  in  Marylan'l,  Iitc^  lh  Connect* 
'■Ix  in  Kentucky,  fire  in  Florida,  five  in  New  Hampshire,  six  in 
I  Jarwy,  three  In  Mitiiio,  two  in  Ariiona,  two  in  Vermont,  and  one 
iio  Colorado,  CaJifornia,  lodian  Territory,  Nex-ada,  New  Uexico, 
tana,  Ithode  lalaod.  West  Vii^^inia,  and  Wyoming  Territory. 
itrca  are  dt^fective,  owing  to  the  absence  of  records  In 
it  may  be  accepted  as  an  undoubted  fact,  soon  to  bo 
nstnled  by  the  more  careful  Ryittem  of  invosligation  to  be  carried 
f  an  anny  of  ton>iido-r«|)or1ent,  that  tbo  proportion  of  tomadoeH 
ansa*,  Mtatouri,  Iowa,  and  WlKonsin  i«  much  greater  than  shuwti. 
real  prrvolouce  in  theHe  States  a*  compared  with  others,  is  better 
ItenU'd  by  tbe  record  of  unusually  destructive  lomadofH.  Of  this 
iKstiau  leads  with  twenty-firo,  Illinoia  follows  with  fifteen,  then 
I  Iowa  and  MtMotiri  with  twetrv  each.  Tlio  Ra«tcrn  (states  dis- 
Itf  from  thu  lixt  with  the  exception  of  PvnnKylvania  three  and 
tr«ticut  one — the  wvll-known  dentruction  of  life  and  prop^^rtr  at 
liagfofd.  Of  tbe  Kix  hundreil  tomadties,  thrtw  hundn^d  and  four 
rf  from  southwest  to  nortbea^t,  and  the  remainder,  with  marrel* 
'  '-eptiuiia,  kept  Terr  close  to  that  direction.  So  compara- 
;  >i<  is  this  movcmriit  that  iJic  tornado-track  can  bo  escaped 

tnning  sonlbeut,  depending,  of  counw,  u|>on  llio  direction  from 
|i  tlift  norm  ti  Boun.  Northwest  is  not  so  safe  a  direoUon  to 
j  bcoaas*  •»  many  luoTe  northward,  veering  very  slightly  east- 
I.  The  leu ^Ih  of  tlie  track  varies  from  one  to  one  hundred  and 
^^l«is>  and  the  average  is  thirty  miles.  Tho  average  width  of 
^B-patb  is  one  tlmnsand  and  eighty-five  feet,  and  the  velocity 
^B<'  ibout  thirty  milis  an  )u>ur.    TIio  fonn  of  the  olond 

^W  <Uy  funnel-shaped,  varied  at  tiroes  with  that  of  tbe 

^^B,  oonc,  and  inverted  funnel,  modifications  caofied  by  diffet^ 


Ill 


THE  POPULAR  SCIBNCS  MONTHLY. 


ent  allitudce  and  TclocilicH  of  nir-carrcnu.  It  ih  cRUtDilr<I  thtt  ia 
oent«r  of  tbe  fuDn«l  tbo  air  noEuetimcs  attaiDs  the  enonnou*  »^diA  oT 
two  thotKSnd  DiilM  nn  hour.  Th«  wbirling  moTeni«ut  in  Blmort  m*' 
rinblj  in  an  oppouto  direction  from  that  Ukeo  Iiy  the  tiuilt  ot  • 
elodc, 

The  weiitlior-pnMlictloiii  of  tbe  Signnl  S<rTl(Te  ai*  distinct  Uota  tb» 
tornsdo-predicliouR,  wliich  involre  local  treatmont  lliai  wvitvI^  \vi\»  Ike 
science  of  roet«orologf .  It  is  true  tbe  tornado  re^on  folloHn  \.\if  wul 
itorm-centcr  along  p«nillel  Unee,  bnt  at  a  distantw  fif  Mcrrml  hiiMind 
vu\t*.  T)ie  tonkadow  develop  far  from  the  storm-cenlcr,  aixl  gcnmUT 
andcr  ooeditioiLs  of  partial  mnkhtno  and  cloadineiw  and  hiffli  humUiif 
or  exoeas  of  moistare.  Tlie  rctatiim  of  tomiKlo-iin-iUrtion  to  ' 
weatber-oerrioe  b  oolf  in  regard  to  detail*  of  trmgitTHtHrc,  v. : 
lion,  dew-point,  etc.,  aa  furaiehed  by  the  general  wcatlmr  n'porta.  'IV 
pn^iction  of  tltu  moTomDnt  of  the  usoal  storm-center  is  by  no  inmi*  ■" 
difBoult  aa  Iho  attempt  to  oren  spproximAtcly  locate  the  gcnorul  tid  ~. 
whcr^  a  nericA  of  toraadoct  will  oconr,  bccaum  of  the  ntuTow  i»  1 1 
which  tbe  deetruotJvc  power  \%  manifested.  The  oflireni  of  the  ^\gw 
Service  are  careful  to  make  no  rash  promiiic*.  "While  Icnowlndgeefilw 
phenomena  is  not  entirely  complete,  yet  the  advancement  of  the  adrtin 
is  90  marked  and  poiitiTo  that  tornadoes  can  be  predicted  for  eerliis 
parts  of  Sute«  willi  a  dogrco  of  nrorage  certainty  that  will,  if  oarrinl 
out  by  tiie  establishment  of  a  system  of  «gnals  id  1886,  prove  of 
great  value  to  the  people.  Alreiidy  insurance  companios  have 
enabled  to  take  millions  of  dollars  of  tornado  riBkx,  and  the  morr  enoi' 
plote  knowledge  of  tbe  average  danger  for  given  localities  will  nS  1^ 
qnueltons  of  premiums  and  rales  of  tDsoranee  upon  a  basis  tliat  tiO 
be  profitable  for  the  people  as  well  as  for  the  companies.  Tbe  dsni.-i7 
in  loc.ililios  will  be  established  by  averages,  and  the  amount  of  \^- 
cautiiiii  noccMHry  will  he  known,  and  may  bo  expreestHi  in  trtirlininhj 
percentages,  litis  will  economise  expenditure  both  for  imomnro  sail 
tomado-rotiaits  nndorgroiind.  Tlio  proteetion  to  life  will  he  a  t«7 
marked  feature  of  tbe  n-xultM  attained.  The  approach  of  the  tofniJ" 
along  its  almost  inevitable  path,  of  from  sonthwrct  to  northtoM,  RU 
be  acen  for  fully  an  honr  above  the  mirfoce  of  a  flat  prairie,  tliut 
enabling  people  to  get  far  beyond  the  reach  of  its  narrow  hot  I•»^ 
fully  di^truciivo  path.  With  ihi.t  we  close  the  question  of  tbi-  pn*!!** 
tion  of  tornadoes  for  certain  |>ar(»  of  States. 

Let  us  now  examine  the  closer  prediction  made  by  the  inJ*"! 
ohecrvcr  or  tornado-reporter,  as  he  acca  the  tomado-eluud  in  pf** 
of  formation.  Tbe  question  as  to  whether  the  furious  moviuwuil*' 
the  clouds  is  forming  the  fannd-shapo  somucb  dreoiled  ran  onlfli' 
decided  by  careful  stady  of  the  sights  and  sounds  described  by  W- 
drcds  of  obaervers.  A  very  important  obarneteristic  of  loraado*''" 
currents  is  that  the  disturbance  begins  in  the  upjier  nlr.  la  tb*  i 
"KoTth  Americaa  Review"  for  ii^ptember,  ISfS,  Profesaur  T.  Kj 


rirf    ' 


PROORBSS  IN  Ti 


"yiCTION. 


3'3 


Blaoty,  in  an  article  «atUlod  "  Tornadoes  and  iheir  Cansee,"  atlri1>u(» 

Ihe  peculiar  niOTViDCDt  of  our  tornarloM  to  an  upper  air-cDrreot,  wbioh 

at  times  bw  been  rmu  to  be  "  roovtug  from  do  soutliwt'st  at  tbe  mt« 

of  one  hoodrcd  miles  au  hoar."    In  addition  to  thiit,  I.U-uUtiiatit  Fin- 

\tf»  ilcMcriptiona  of  tbe  thirteen  tornadoes  that  occurred  iu  Kansat^ 

Hay  39  and  30,  18T9,  give  abundant  evidence  that  the  eouthwest  air- 

corrent  forces  the  eonle«t.     Tnnnnioritbic  deNcriplionM  «liow  that  the 

clood  in  the  northwcitt  la  heavy,  lilark,  and  com|>arativi'ly  itluw  In  its 

QOTeiDont,  nntil  «tniek  by  a  light,  rather  enioky,  and  more  rapidly 

Bumng  cload  from  tbe  southwest.    Then  the  clouds  nisb  to  a  com- 

noD  center,  and  there  la  a  violent  conflict  of  currents,  driving  clouds 

\»  tnrj  direction,  np  and  down,  round  and  round.     C1ou<In  liLc  grvAt 

■hcttiof  white  smoke  da»h  sWut  in  ii  frightful  matiiuT,  vrJth  such 

tumunral  velocity  that  tlie  observer  !a  often  panie-slrieken,  and  flees 

to  the  nearest  cellar  for  itafety.    Finally  a  black,  tlireal<.-ning  mass 

datceodi  slowly  toward  the  earth,  whirling  \-iolent)y,  but  ttill  mani- 

faKing  eoafitsion  in  form.    Thui  soon  gives  place  to  the  peculiar 

hucJ-like  shape,  with  definite  outline  so  well  known.     It  nppt-ars  in- 

tmAj  black,  like  eoal-smoko  [jsuing  from  a  locomotive,  and  its  truiik- 

liliefcnn  sometimes  bas  a  wrenching,  spiral  motion,  like  a  snake  bung 

up  by  tbe  bead  and  writhing  in  agony.    As  white  clonds  approach 

■dtrednwn  into  tbe  Tort«x,  the  runnel-shaped  trunk  sways  tike  an 

^ie  colnniD.     It  sometimes  rise*,  fallt*,  and  careens  from  side  to 

■i^  lik*  a  balloon.     BraiicbeH  and   trunks  of  trei.'*,  raiU,  tree-tops, 

nofi,  pteccK  of  bouses,  straw,  furniture,  stoves,  iron-work,  lumber, 

■id  otber  diiris  are  seen  flying  about  in  tbe  central  part  of  Utc  cloud, 

b«  sit  gradually  drawn  npward  and  thrown  out  near  tbe  top,  usually 

M  notil  the  storm  has  progressed  a  milo  or  two  faithcr  on  from  a 

PWa  point.     Dark  maesm  of  cloud  arc  seen  to  shoot  dowiiwanl  on 

Vbtr  ride  of  tho  funnel,  to  enter  it  just  ubove  the  ground,  and  to 

in*mitly  ru.ib  upward  through  tJio  center  and  out  at  the  top  in  a 

'(niSe  fnaniier.     Sometimes  the  funnel  pauses  and  whirls  with  appar- 

Wdf  iocreaaed  velocity,  reducing  everything  to  sptinlcr*,  and  leav- 

■■j  iciarcely  a  vc»ligc  of  a  houxe  or  dump  of  trccif,  all  being  ground 

•W^arativcly  fine  and  carried  away  sv*  clinff.     At  Weslwood,  New 

Aney,  October  4,  1885,  folly  three  quarters  of  a  sohool-honee  was 

ntned  away  from  tbe  foundation.     Its  fragm«?nts  were  scattered 

■Ing  tbe  storm's  track  for  about  half  a  mile,  and  tbe  rest  was  seen 

MnMre.    Tho  people  at  Wostwood  describe  tho  roar  of  the  tornado 

M  having  a  peculiar  hollow,  bumming  sound.     It  somewhat  resembled 

t&v  nmbliog  of  cars,  or  tbe  booming  of  tho  sea.     The  sound  is  in- 

describabte  and  unliko  any  other  in  Nature.    It  is  so  loud  Ibst  tho 

fifling  of  heavy  treea  against  the  side  of  m  house  and  the  orasb  of 

tailing  buildings  are  lost  in  the  general  roar.    These  facts  attest  tbe 

tmneDdous  npidily  of  tbe  air-currentn. 

I     [n  aildition  to  a  downward  movement  of  air,  there  is  also  a  violent 


3'4 


TUB  POPULAR  SCISyCS  MOyTHLr. 


Th0 


reactionary  iipwiml  niovimi-nt  throtigli  thii  <Nynur  of  tbe  fuDoe).   Thi 
opDt«r  in  ulitiosL  a  v:ti'iium  «urroand«d  hy  a  cjliti<lrical  tniua  ut  air  i 
gnat  density  and  rerrolvin^  force.     Profcseor  William  M.  t>nvui,i 
Harrard  Collene,  whose  work,  entitled  "  WhtrlwiiidA,  Cycloni-s,  an- 
Turoadoes,"  is  well  known  for  its  merit  and  origimility,  maintaiiia  (bn 
tlte  destnicCivd  power  of  n  tormuio  i«  duo  to  Ilie  rath  of  air  alon;;  th . 
cartliV  Hurfnco  lnwanl  tliv  vacuum  ccntvr  of  the  funnel.    Komv  bail« 
iiig*  hav«  u  ttriqlcen,  pinobed  appcaranoe  at  tlie  to[>,  aa  if  Uio  air  ba^-J 
nuhed  under  the  mI^o  of  a  ha^  cylinder,  and  bw«)ii  upward  with  trc9- 
mendous  power.     ^Vhile  it  is  true  that  the  downward  inoconn-ut  (ire- 
dotninat«e,  yet  the  upward  moTement  in  the  center  is  equally  nuu-lud. 
The  iron  grip  of  ihv  lomado-fannel  is  relieved  only  by  the  Mvape  itf  j 
currcntti  tu  tbv  upper  air  through  its  et-ntwr,  and  this  agnin  lit  doubt*] 
loM  due  to  tliu  dr^n>a>te  of  the  c90Rtrt»tH  of  Kiopcrature  brtwoi-n 
Opl>oaing  currents,  thua  gradnally  tcsacning  the  air^moYonient.     la 
Wetftwood  tornado,  when  the  funnel  bad  gone  about  a  nillo  oorthmtM 
of  the  village,  it  beeame  thiuner,  and  tho  distance  to  the  top  of  I 
revolving  column  did  not  t^xm  more  than  one  hundred  feet.     An 
force  Btill  further  weakened,  it  became  only  a  ehsllow,  whirling  clood 
of  dibru,  six  or  seven  feet  above  the  ground,  and  about  fifty  fMt  i&i 
widlli.    Tbow  facts  prMcnt  a  problem  of  the  rdatioti  of  aJr-pr 
in  which  wo  may  look  fur  destructive  action  in  proportion 
height  of  the  column  of  revolving  air. 

Ljeutenant  Finley's  interesting  studies  will  bood  be  of  great  i 
to  the  people.    The  advancement  of  the  eciooce  of  meteorology,  i 
well  as  of  other  seienees,  has  always  been  madv  through  those  who 
energy  in  the  examination  of  these  Mibjerti  hiu  bc4>n  nianifentpd  ■•  u 
intrinxie  liking,  reganllcss  of  {xtntonal  gain,  a  charaetcriNiic  |M)tiit»J 
out  long  ago  by  Jcnn  P-tuI  Richter,  and  reaffirmed  by  Knicnon  a*  Ibo 
tme  aim  of  the  scholar.    It  boa  been  thought  that  the  lime  will  vom»  \ 
when  greater  numbers  of  men  of  leisare  and  means  will  become  slwid; 
workers  along  p«tlt«  of  unprofitable  public  tuoftUncsa.    The  peofb 
look  for  MioDoo  to  come  to  their  rcM-ue  regarding  ecHain  cviU  [ii  |iiili- 
tied  or  in  omnmerDC,  in  orcr-lfgi-ilation,  in  phyxiial  and  mental  lif<> 
and  in  the  dcotrnction  of  life  and  property  by  the  elements..    It  iIm* 
not  follow  that  the  serviee  will  be  rewarded,  yet  the  coatro)  or  aotlrf- 
potion  of  any  form  of  dv«tnictivv  action  in  Mature  ia  it  bcncitt  llu' 
will  live  to  the  annals  of  tlio  race  for  many  a  century. 


THE  VjUtlETIES   OF  THE  HUMAN  SPECIES.      315 


THE  VARIETIES  OF  TttE  nUMAN  SPECIES.* 

^p  Bt  pMraHOB  WILUA^  n.  FLOWKU.  F.B.S. 

TtTE  moot  orilinar}-  obtiervution  im  stiflldont  to  demoniitrato  tli«  fict 
that  cvrtaiti  groups  of  men  arc  Htrong)^  maricod  from  otbon  bjr 
ilelinito  dtonu^ton  common  to  all  memb«n  of  tl>«  gro<ip,ai]il  tnuMimlt- 
ttil  rpgularly  to  their  doscoDduito  by  tfae  laws  of  inberitance.    Tko 
:ClittuuuAD  ani]  lliit  Rf;;ro,  tbo  Dalivci  of  PntagoDiii  anrl  the  Andnmaa- 
f  Uwder,  uro  lu  iliKtinct  fTX>in  eacb  other  Mraoturiilly  as  arc  nuuiy  of 
tht  ao-calloil  ii)>cclca  of  any  natural  groop  of  animaU,    Indeed,  it  may 
bo  ii^d  with  tmtli  ibat  tbeir  differences  are  greater  than  ihofc  which 
mark  ibe  groape  calivd  genrra  by  many  natiiralieW  of  tbo  present  day. 
f  If eTenb«leB0,  tbo  diflicuJty  of  pam-ling  out  .iU  tlio  individuals  rom- 
siog  tho  human  •pccin  into  certain  ddinitc  groi]|i»,  and  uf  saying 
each  man  that  lie  belongs  to  oii«  of  other  of  audi  groups  »  >i>im- 
Id.     \o  sucb  elaHHJflcatioo   ban  ever,  or  indeed,  can  ever,  be 
'obtainvd.     There  is  not  one  of  the  must  characteriuic,  mouit  cxtrcmo 
forma,  like  those  I  have  jast  named,  from  which  transittons  can  not  l>o 
traoed  by  almost  imporc«plible  gradations  to  any  of  the  other  e<|ually 
ohamctorititie,  eqnally  extreme,  forms.     Indeed,  a  liu-gc  proportion  of 
nankiiiil  is  mailc  up,  not  of  oxtrcmo  or  typical,  but  of  more  or  leas 
^gcneraliied  or  inU-rmodiatiii,  forms,  the  rvlutive  numbers  of  which  are 
^Kontinaally  increasing  oa  the  long^zuiting  isolation  of  nntiona  and  race* 
^ftn'ttkn  doiTH  under  the  ever- ex  ten  ding  intcrcommnnicntion  character* 
Biuiu  of  the  period  in  which  we  dwell 

Tlie  difficultieH  of  framing  a  nntnral  claseiHcalion  of  man,  or  ono 
L*bicb  rvAJiy  rejirwenta  the  rolat^onahip  of  tfae  various  minor  groups  to 
other,  arc  well  •lompliHed  by  a  attidy  of  tlic  numerous  attempt* 
havt  been  made  from  tbn  time  of  LlnuMU  mid  lliamenbach 
Even  in  the  fir»t  step  of  eMablisliing  oiniain  primary  groupa 
equivalent  rank  there  bas  been  no  aocord.    The  number  of  saoh 
atipa  has  been  most  variously  estimated  by  different  writers  from 
(wo  np  to  sixty,  or  more,  although  it  is  important  to  nolo  that  tlioro  bu 
Iways  hei-n  a  Kmdi-ncy  to  revert  t"  the  four  prtmitiTo  tj-pca  sketobod 
ttiC  by  Idnnnus — the  European,  Aiiiatie,  African,  and  American — el- 
ided into  Sve  by  Blumenbocb  by  the  addition  of  the  Malay,  and 
ccd  by  Oivier  to  three  by  the  snppression  of  the  lost  two.     After 
fcctly  in<!ependent  stntly  ef  the  subject,  extending  over  many 
fmn,  I  can  not  restst  the  oonolutiion,  ho  often  arrived  at  hy  vnrions 
Dthropologista,  and  so  often  abandoned  for  some  more  complex  eys- 
vm,  Ihitt  the  primitive  roan,  whatever  he  may  have  been,  has  in  the 
jnrso  of  age«  divaricated  into  tbree  extreme  types,  represented  by  thfl 
*  fnm  tho  rmUrai'*  Annlrrtmrr  AddMM  lotbc  Antliropokic;lcsl  lutltuto  of  Grot 


TSE  POPULAR  SCIENCE  MONTHLY. 


Caooasian  of  Europe,  lli«  Mongolian  of  Asia,  and  the  ElJiiopUn  «f 
AMca,  ind  Uiat  all  existin;;  iodividuaU  of  the  species  can  le  naged 
BTonnd  tboM  tfpoe,or  somcwlivra  or  other  botwit.-ii  ilirm.  Largo  nnn- 
ben  nrc  doubUcu  tbo  dMOoadonU  of  dircot  anwiw  tn  varying  ]iro|>or 
tiona  between  well-esMblislied  Gxiremc  furiut;  fw,  uotD'iUirtuiidtnj 
opposite  views  formerlj  held  by  «otae  authors  on  this  subject,  tliorv 
DOW  ftbaadant  evidence  of  the  wboleeale  prodaction  of  new  raec*  ial 
Ibis  vaj.  Others  ninjr  bu  the  deecendaats  of  the  phmittre  Btocli 
before  the  strongly  marked  i-xinting  distinctions  had  taken  place,  an^ 
therefore  present,  though  from  a  diifcrent  cnuHU  from  thv  laul,  Cfiiiall] 
geueralixed  cbamclers.  In  these  ca^vs  it  can  only  bo  by  uoNt  ciircfiill] 
exsniining  iind  balancing  all  characters  however  miniite,  and  Gndinj 
out  in  what  direction  the  prepoodeiaoco  lice,  that  a  place  nui  be  . 
signed  to  them.  It  can  not  bo  too  often  iasiated  on  that  the  twIoh 
groaps  of  mankind,  owing  to  their  probable  unity  of  origin,  ;i  Ll 

variability  of  individuals,  and  the  poasihility  of  all  degree«  u(  ii : 
nre  of  races  at  remote  or  recent  periods  of  the  history  of  the  sp<-cieH 
huTO  so  much  in  common  thai  it  is  extremely  difficult  to  find  dii.iincl< 
ive  oharoctcm  capable  of  stiict  definition  by  which  they  may  be  differ 
entiftted.     It  is  more  by  the  pnipoaderance  of  certain  cbaracUrs  in  «1 
largo  number  of  memben  of  n  gronp,  than  by  tlio  oxclusivo  or  ert'n  oon-j 
slant  possession  of  them  clinrauters  in  each  of  ita  members,  that  tbi 
group  as  a  whole  must  be  cbaractori/cil. 

Itearing  these  prinoiplca  in  mind,  we  may  endearor  lo  formulale,  i 
far  as  they  have  as  yet  been  worked  out,  the  distinctive  fcAtures  ol 
the  typical  roombers  of  each  of  the  three  gmt  divisions,  and  then  show'' 
into  what  sabordinate  groups  each  of  then  aecnu  to  K'  divided. 

To  bcghi  with  the  Ethiopian,  Negroid,  or  Alilnnian,  or  "btack" 
type.    It  b  cbaroetenitcd  by  a  dark,  often  nearly  black,  coDiplvllw  r 
black  hair,  of  the  kind  called  "  frisxly,"  or,  incorrectly,  "  wooUy,"  L  a, 
each  Itair  being  closely  rolled  op  upon  itself,  a  condition  always  aa^ 
elated  with  a  more  or  less  flattened  or  dliptJcAl  LranKVene  mt'itnii;  ■ 
moderate  or  scanty  dcvclopmont  of  brard  ;  aa  almost  invnriotity  doli- 
chocephalio  skull ;  Mnall  luid  moderately  retreating  malar  bones  (■•■   I 
Hopic  face  *)  ;  a  very  broad  and  flat  nose,  platyrhine  in  the  ek«Jot«at  I 
moderate  or  low  orbits ;  prominent  eyes ;  thick,  everted  lips ;  jw*- 
nitthoti*  jaws  ;  large  teeth  (macrodont) ;  a  narrow  jH'lvi^  (indvi  ii>  1^ 
male  00  to  100) ;  a  long  fore-ann  (hnmero-nidial  index  80),  and  «"■    j 
tain  other  proportions  of  the  body  and  limbs  which  are  being  grs'li'    I 
ally  worked  out  and  reduced  to  numerical  expression  as  niairrlalf^r    I 
ao  doing  accamalalee.  I 

Ho  most  characteristic  examples  of  tha  wcoikI  great  lyp*.  ^    ! 
Mongolian  or  Xanthous  or  "  yellow,"  have  a  yellow  or  hratrnbh  ciOi- 
plexion  ;  coarse,  straight  hair,  withont  any  tendency  to  curl,  and  on"!    j 

*  OliUcU  Tbanu,  la  •  paiwr  tnd  bdOra  tin  Airllinipolo^l  ImiUiHi',  Juukt  ^    j 
ISU, 


TBB   V AR r STIES   OF  TllK  HUi(Ay  SPECIEl 


)>7 


Hroonil  in  Moclioti,  on  all  oiIkt  parto  of  tlie  surface  except  the  scal|i, 

^ucanty  Mid  lau-  in  itppvaring  ;  %  Hkiill  of  variiblo  form,  mo«tIy  mc«o- 

Hc<<phjili«  (UioQgk  cxtremtsTwUi  of  duliclioccpbal;  and  brnvlij-n-pUnly 

Vare  fnund  in  certain  groups  of  ihts  tjp«)  ;  a  broad  nod  flat  face,  with 

ftpruniinunt  anttiriorly  projecting  malar  bones  (platyopic  faoe)  ;  nose 

■■inall,  meMrliine  or  )cptarbino ;  orbits  Ugli  and  ronnd,  with  veiy  little 

HdeTetopin«nt  of  gUboIla  or  supnciliary  ridges  ;  eyes  sunken,  and  with 

^ftho  aperturv  botween  the  lids  narrow  ;  In  tbo  moNt  typical  incmlx-nt  of 

th*  group  wlUi  a  verlioal  fuM  of  sltla  over  tbv  innor  cantliui*,  and  n-ith 

the  outer  anglo  vliglilly  etorated  ;  Jaws  mowgnathouH  ;  t<-i<th  of  mo<I- 

onto  kIzo  (mesodout) ;  tbe  proportions  of  tlte  limbs  and  form  of  tlio 

Bpdris  bave  yei  to  bo  worked  out,  tbe resu]t<i at  present  obtaiued  slwiv- 

Btng  great  diversity  among  different  individuals  of  what  appcv  to  be 

H  weD-markod  races  of  the  group,  but  this  is  perhaps  duo  to  tlte  inKulfi- 

nent  numhrr  of  indiriduils  as  yet  examined  with  ocouracy. 

Tbr  last  lyjw,  which,  for  want  of  a  Wtior  name,  I  Mill  call  by  that 

'  -m'liic-b  luu  tbe  prioriry,  Caucasian,  or  "  wliit«,"  bos  luually  a  liglit-«om- 

tjilvxionnd  skin  (although  in  some,  in  so  far  aberrant  cases,  it  is  as  dark 

in  the  negroes) ;  balr  fair  or  black,  soft,  straight,  or  wavy,  In  sec- 

'tion  inremediate  Wtwccn  thv  flattened  and  cylindrical  itma  ;  board 

fully  developed  ;  form  «f  cranium  vanous,  mo^ly  mcsocepfaalio ;  ma* 

I  lar  boiiM  reUtutlng  ;  faoo  narrow  and  projecting  in  tbe  middle  lino 

'  {pro-upic) ;  orbits  tnoderato  ;  noM^  narrow  and  prominent  (loptorhine); 

Jswfl  orthognathous ;  tticth  small  (niicfwlont)  ;  pelvic  hroud  ([iclvio 

hidex  of  male  60) ;  forc-amt  short,  relatively  to  kamems  (linmcro- 

adiol  index  74). 

In  endeavoring  further  to  divide  up  into  minor  groups  the  numer- 
DDi  and  variously  iiiodilied  individuals  which  c1iL'>ter  around  one  or 
ftlJior  of  thtse  great  types,  a  process  quite  necessary  for  many  practical 
or  dowripiivv  puq>o*OK,  the  diMtiuctioiu  atFordcd  by  the  stady  of  physi- 
nl  characters  are  often  so  slight  that  it  beuomcs  nvceuary  to  take 
othor  con »ideral  tons  into  account,  among  whleh  geograpfaioot  diatribtt- 

ron  and  Innguage  bold  an  important  place. 
I.  'rite  li^thiopian  or  Xegroid  races  may  be  primarily  divided  as 

follows : 
^1       A.  Afriran  or  typical  negroes — inliabitants  of  nil  tbe  central  por- 
Hll(m  of  tl>e  African  Contmuut,  from  tlio  Atlantic  on  the  west  to  tho 

Indian  Orean  on  tbe  east,  greatly  mixed  all  along  their  northern  front- 
^Aer  with  Ilnniitio  and  Semitic  Melanochroi,  a  mixture  which,  taking 
^^^aoo  in  varinns  proportions,  and  under  varied  conditions,  has  given 
^^^Bta  many  of  tho  niimerous  races  and  trihir^  Inhabiting  the  Soudan. 
^pOk  branch  of  the  African  negrocA  arc  the  Itanlu — distinguished 
Hohtody,  if  not  entirely,  by  the  structure  of  their  tangoage.  Physically 
f>  '  '  '  'nble  from  the  other  negroes  where  ihey  come  in  contact 
K  .  '  rial  region*  of  Africa,  the  Sontbem  Rantu,  or  Caflres,  as 

Hlbny  are  gimcrally  callctl,  show  a  marked  modiCmion  of  type,  bebg 


3'8 


THE  POPULAR  SCIBNCS  MOKTSJiT, 


ligliUr  in  wlor, having  ii  krgcr  craiiiul  ca[)«citf,  lc«i  miu' 
tliUiii,  ftud  amallt-r  teelti.    Some  of  tUcse  obuDgcs  uiaj  {» 
to  crosaiDK  into  tho  next  race. 

li.  The  IIottoiitoM  Mid  Basbmcn  form  a  very  disUuM  modil 
of  tlieno)^  racv.  Tlicf  formerly  iiihsliitod  k  moch  lu]ger 
tlutn  at  prt-tieiit ;  but,  L<Dcro«ch«d  U|kki  by  tbo  Raiitu  from  tlio  north. 
aim]  tbe  Dutcb  and  KngUsh  from  the  toutb,  tbey  aro  now  gri-ally  ili- 
minisbed,  and  indeed  threatened  wilb  exdnotion.  Tbe  lluttvutotv 
CBpecially  arc  mucb  miip<l  tritb  other  racca,  and,  iiader  thu  iiiHuonn 
of  It  civiliziitiou  which  ban  donv  liltlu  to  improve  tbiir  moral  coudi' 
tion,  they  b»ve  lo:it  mont  of  th«ir  dlnUnciive  |H>niliiiritiiii.  When  part- 
bred  they  are  of  moderate  alature,  have  a  yelloKixh-brown  L'uni|iloxiua, 
with  very  frizzly  hair,  wbicb,  beinj;  lees  abundant  than  thnt  uf  tk 
ordinary  nf'gro,  biM  tbi-  a|ipfarnni-e  of  groiriitg  in  Ecfarate  tufts.  The 
forehead  and  cbiii  arc  iinrrow,  and  th«  Gh(M.'k-Wnc«  wide,  fpving  a 
loKcngendiajie  to  the  nbolc  face  The  nosu  ia  vvry  flat,  an<l  the  Ii]i* 
prominent.  In  their  anatomical  jK-euIinrilicA,  and  almost  every tbiDjg 
vxflppt  titb,  the  Busbmen  agree  with  the  IloMeaitota ;  thvy  liava, 
liou'ttvcr,  aoroc  H)>ecial  characters,  for  irbile  they  at«  the  mott  pfak- 
tyrbine  of  ntoee,  tbe  prognathism  so  cbaravteristio  of  tbe  nr^tv 
type  ia  nearly  absent.  Tbis,  however,  may  1m  the  retention  of 
infanlUo  character  fw  often  fonnd  in  nn>s  of  diminaiiTe  utalnre,  as 
In  in  nil  tbe  smaller  sprcieo  of  a  natural  grvnp  of  animal*.  Thu  nraai 
Bin  of  a  Rusbman,  takvn  altogether,  is  one  of  the  bent  roarkrd  of  aay 
race,  and  oould  not  b«  tniuakt-n  for  that  of  any  other  net.  Tbnr 
relation  to  tbe  Hottentots,  bovevor,  appears  to  be  ibnt  of  a  ■luiittil 
and  outcast  branch,  living  the  lives  of  tbe  moet  degraded  of  savafi** 
among  the  rocky  oavm  and  moaiiiaina  of  the  land  of  which  the  ooin* 
|)aratiT0ly  civilized  and  ]>n»ioraI  Hottenlota  iiihahiled  thff  pUuna. 

Perbnpft  the  Nogrilloit  of  llamy,  certain  iliniiimlivi-,  rotu>d>fafa4'J 
people  of  C<.'ntral  and  Western  Equatorial  ^Vfiica,  may  rcprfaesl  i 
distinct  braiieb  of  the  negro  race,  but  their  anmbera  are  few,  and  tkiy 
are  very  much  mixed  with  the  Imo  negroes  in  the  dirtrlcts  in  vhich 
they  are  found.  Tlioy  form  the  <inly  exci-ptionii  to  tbe  grneni  <!o''' 
cboecphaly  of  ibo  Afriean  branch  of  the  negro  race. 

C.  Octanic  A'tffrott  or  Mrlanttiang.i^-'thcee  inclndc  tho  Vt^*"* 
of  "Scv  Guinea  and  tli«  majority  of  tbe  inhabitants  of  the  island*  ** 
tbe  Westeni  I'soific,  and  form  also  a  substratum  of  the  popubitlee. 
;;rcaily  mixed  with  other  races,  of  regions  extending  far  btyoi>4  ^bf 
prmeot  center  of  tbcar  area  of  diatribution. 

They  are  ropresontod,  in  wbai  may  be  cftllcd  a  hypcrtypical  f""* 
ty  the  extremely  dolicbowpbalie  ICai  Colos,  or  mountainrort  of  •■• 
interior  of  tlic  Fecjee  Islands,  aUbougb  the  coast  popnUtiin  t-f  tbe  M** 
group  have  lo«t  their  distinctive  characletv  by  crossing.  Id  m^T 
parts  of  New  Uuiuea  and  the  gnat  chain  of  tulHuda  extendini;  0*^' 
ward  and  Eontbward  ending  with  Kew  Oalodo&Ia,  tltoy  arw  found  >> 


I 


( 


TtTK  VABISTIES  OF  TUB  BUHAIf  SPECIES.     %\^ 


Htmott  or  UiM  pan  comlilion,  vKitcoinlljr  In  tba  iatvrior  utd  more  inaa> 
Hteaililu  i>orUoiu  of  ihv  utlaiiilti,  almont  eacb  of  wliidi  showa  special 
HnHdiSntiona  of  tke  trpa  recognizable  in  detMla  of  etrnciun^  TkIclii 
Hikogvtlitr  Uitir  chief  physical  difiinction  from  the  African  negnxM 
■lit)  ia  Ihtt  fiuit  thitt  tbv  glub«lla  and  snpra-orbiul  ritlgca  are  genOTallj 
Httfl  doreloped  in  the  roalns  wbcraas  in  Af  ricartH  lhi«  region  is  anually 
Fmotb  and  fliit.  Tho  noM>,  kIho,  «speciall}-  in  the  nortbcm  port  of 
I  tUr  geof^aphirjil  range.  New  tiuim-a,  and  the  n«igh1>oriDg  iMUDds, 
'  >•  urronvr  (orti.-n  nioc«>rUin«)  and  prominent,  llie  eraoiain  \s.  gcncr* 
I  %  litgher  and  narrower.  It  is,  howcrer,  possihle  to  find  African 
wl  Uehincaiaa  akalla  qnito  atiko  in  flBacntial  ofaaracterc 

Tlii>  now  exlinot  inhabitants  uf  Tasmania  are  probablj  pore  bat 

kUrrvit  mcinlirrs  of  tb«  UebuMalan  group,  wbiob  haira  undergone  % 

I     nodiSoation  from  iho  original  tjrpfi,  not  by  mixture  with  other  races, 

b  ^n  contMKincaoc  of  long  taolalion,  during  which  special  chaiACters 

B  Ure  gradually  dereloppd.     Lying  complotely  out  of  the  track  of  all 

Hdrllbatioa  and  oommero^  even  of  tbe  most  priinitivo  kind,  thry  wora 

H  fiUls  liable  to  be  subject  to  the  influence  of  any  other  race,  and  Ihuro 

K  in  fact  nothing  among  their  characters  which  oould  be  accounted  for 

iilUa  way,  as  tJiey  an>  inlonsely,  even  exaggeratedly,  Negroid  in  the 

fnm  of  nose,  proJNlion  of  montli,  and  siKc  of  teeth,  typically  a»  ia 

tianicter  of  luiir,  and  aberrant  ehiidly  in  width  of  ukull  in  tlio  parietal 

ngion.    A  cross  with  any  of  the  PoIyne«Jun  or  Ikfalay  race*  cufKciently 

Kroog  to  prwliice  this  would,  in  all  probability,  liavo  aliio  left  some 

dUM  on  other  partd  of  their  organization. 

Ob  the  otlu-r  liand,  in  many  parts  of  the  Melanesian  region  tliero 

diatinot  evidenoes  of  large  admixture  with  Negrito,  Malay,  and 

F'olyiMaian  elenipnl«  in  varying  proportionH,  pro<lncing  immerous  pbys- 

leal  tnodificatJona.     In  many  of  tliv  inhabitanl«  of  tbe  ;;reat  Inland  of 

•Vow  Guinea  itftclf  and  of  those  lying  around  it  thiK  mixture  can  be 

^aoed.     In  llio  people  of  Micronesia  in  the  nortli,  and  Now  Z<!a|]uid  Ed 

Bka  soaib,  though  tbe  Helancatan  elcmotit  vk  prMonl,  it  is  completely 

•>rrrlaiil  by  tbe  I*<ilyne*i3n,  but  there  are  probably  few,  if  any,  of  the 

■laud*  of  the  I'acilic  in  whicb  it  does  not  form  some  fact<v  in  tbe 

>n]po«ite  eharactvr  of  the  natives, 

The  iahabiuntii  of  tbe  continent  of  Australia  have  long  boca  • 

Je  to  ctJtnologLtta.    Of  Negroid  complexion,  featiims  and  mkeU-tal 

clrM,  yet  without  the  characteriiitio  friixly  hair,  their  position 

■M*M  botin  one  of  great  difficnlly  to  determine.     They  liave,  in  fact, 

t^^^en  a  stumbling-blovk  in  the  way  of  every  system  proposed.    Tite 

Elutinn,  supported  by  many  Pons  iile  rat  ions  too  lengthy  to  enter  into 
re,  ajipean  to  lid  in  the  Kup)xiitition  that  tbey  are  not  a  distinct  race 
'^t  all,  that  is,  not  a  hoaogQDcous  group  formed  by  ihu  gndnal  modi* 
^rmtiitu  of  one  of  the  primitiru  xtock^,  but  rather  a  crow  between  two 
^rvady  formed  branches  of  these  stocks.     According  to  lbi«  rlew, 
Anstialia  was  originjilly  ]>co])lcd  with  frizzly-haired  Melancaiana,  such 


]10 


TBB  POPULAR  SCIENCE  MONTHLY. 


1 


m 


M  tliovi'  wlik'Ii  Htlll  ilo,  or  did  till  tlie  recvtit  Kurofioan  inyasiMi, 
LD  tho  emallt^r  islamls  wluch  eurround  Ihe  nortb,  ei>«l,  aud  tH>m 
|Kirtioiii>  of  the  pontioeot,  bnt  that  a  strong  infufiioa  of  mbh}  odi-  -J 
race,  probably  s  low  form  of  Caucaaian  Kklanochrui,  eat-li  ae 
wliich  Ktill  itihabite  the  Interior  uf  the  Kiatlirrn  i>jirls  of  ludU, 
Kirn-nd  Uiroiigtioiit  thn  land  froni  t]to  DorlhwMt,  nnd  |>RKlaced  a  oi< 
lication  of  llii:  (diyiiicjd  eliaraetcm,  t«pecial1y  of  tUu  liulr.  llils  is! 
enoe  did  not  ext«D<l  aorosa  Bass's  Strait  into  TanuaDia,  uhvrp,  ■■  jik_ 
said,  tb«  MeUnmiaii  elonwnt  rcmaiucd  in  its  iittril;^-  I*  <"  maxi)  ctron^^j 
tnarkvd  in  tliu  nortltcni  and  ixolral  parte  of  AustrAliA  lli»i  on  m. 
portioiM  of  tlio  soutbera  and  W(wt«ni  oowts,  where  lb«  lovnooa  of  t 
and  n>[ir«  curly  bair,  8ometUn«H  rioscly  approachiDg  Id  frixily,  Uiotr] 
Mronger  retention  of  tic  Melao«Aian  i-KirmhiU  If  ibo  evidnico  nbou 
prove  euflicit'Dtly  strong  to  ottabliidi  ttiiH  view  of  the  origin  of 
AttsCralian  natives,  it  will  no  longer  be  correct  to  ajwak  of  a  primitiiTD 
AiutraliaD,  or  even  Anetraloid,  race  or  type,  or  look  for  unovs  of 
former  exist^nci-  of  fiucb  a  race  anywhere  out  of  ibeir  own  land.  I^ool 
of  the  origin  of  «ich  a  race  tt,  boweviT,  very  dilUcnlt  if  not  iiopct- 
Hible  to  obtain,  and  I  know  notJiing  to  cxelndo  thu  iMUnt^ty  of  ibt 
Aiutraliaiu  being  mainly  Uic  dir«et  de«oendaiil8  of  n  rnry  pHmitltt 
human  type,  from  which  the  friuly-baircd  oegnMS  may  he  an  ollfft 
This  oharacler  of  liair  must  be  a  spec ialiiat ion,  for  it  seems  n-ry  w)' 
likely  that  it  was  the  atlribuK!  of  tbo  common  ane>oetors  of  din  h 
raoe. 

D.  The  fourth  branch  of  the  Neeroul  race  consists  of  tho  di 
live,  round-headed  people  called  Negritos,  still  found  in  a  \ 
nnmixed  state  in  the  Andaman  iKlands,  and  forming  a  Kiibt^lrHlan  <^ 
the  population,  thongh  now  greatly  mixed  with  Invading  m<<c«,  wiw 
cially  Malays,  in  the  Philippinci^  and  many  of  the  UlaudH  of  tlto  Imlv 
Alalayan  Archipelago,  and  perhaps  of  some  parts  of  the  soutltem  pv 
tioii  of  the  mainland  of  ^Vsia.  They  also  probably  contribute  lo  lb( 
varied  population  of  the  great  Island  of  Papua  or  Xew  Guinea,  wbin 
they  appear  to  merge  into  the  taller,  longer-head<-d,  and  longiw-WM 
McIanesiatiB  proper.  They  show,  fn  n  very  roarki-d  manner,  iomo  "J 
Uic  most  striking  anatomi«il  poculiarities  of  the  negro  race,  the  filolj 
hair,  the  pn>p«rlion»  of  tho  limbs,  especially  tbe  humcro-radiul  ii"!'^ 
and  the  form  of  tlie  pelrts ;  but  they  differ  in  many  cranial  and  fx^ 
characters,  Ijoth  from  Ihe  African  nogroes  on  tbc  one  hand.  aiiJ  ^ 
typical  Oceanic  negroea,  or  Melancsiana,  on  the  oilier,  and  form  a  wij 
diatinct  and  welt-chAractertxed  group. 

n.  Tbe  principal  groups  that  can  ho  arranged  around  tlic  ^<** 
golian  typo  are — 

A.  The  Eskimo,  who  appear  to  l>e  a  branch  of  (he  t.jpinl  S** 
Asiatic  Mongols,  who  in  their  wanderings  northward  and  nttM'' 
acfOBS  the  American  Continent,  isolated  almost  aa  [terforily  a*  " 
island  population  would  be*  hemmed  in  on  one  aide  by  tlw  elKB^ 


IS  VARIETrEH   OF  THE  HVMAN  SPECIES.      311 


■dIkt  icc^  ui<)  on  tlto  olhcr  by  htwttlo  tnl>c«  of  Amciricati  Indians,  with 
■liich  they  rareSy  if  vwt  min^lvd,  have  gnuiiinllf  developed  cbarao- 
fm  tDocl  of  which  are  atroDgly  expressed  iDodificiitions  of  those  s«eB 
IB  (heir  allies  who  still  remain  on  the  western  side  of  Bdhriiig  Slrait. 
Kvcry  special  cbaracltrriHttc  which  diirtingiiiii]ies  a  JapaocM.'  from  the 
aTcrsgi?  of  mankind  U  noun  in  tho  Ksfcimo  tn  an  euggerated  degrot^ 
■0  iliat  there  cmn  bo  no  doubt  alwut  tboir  being  dr-rivcd  from  the  same 
•tock.    It  hu  abo  bevti  nliown  tiiat  lhe8«  N|>ecial  <^liunictvrii>tics  gradu- 
ally increau-  from  west  to  east,  and  are  seen  in  their  grcateat  gx-rf oc- 
tion  in  the  inhabitaois  of  Greenlaitd  ;  at  all  events,  in  tboee  whtire  do 
trwRDg  with  the  I>ani?s  haa  taken  place     tjticfa  scanty  remains  aa  bavu 
yd  Wo  discorcn-d  of  X\iv  early  inhabilanls  of  Europe  present  do 
SnMaial  attinititit  to  ibc  Kitkiino,  althongh  it  io  not  unlikely  that 
niir  exti^nial  coTidiliona  may  have  b^d  them  to  adopt  Kimilar  modea 
ft  life.    Ill  fact,  tbe  tlnkimo  are  such  an  intensely  stpeeiiilixnl  rac«. 
ptriikpe  the  moat  specialized  of  any  in  existence,  that  it  ia  probable 
1^  Ihey  are  of  comparatiTely  laio  origin,  and  were  uot  as  a  race  coo- 
tniporariM  with  tbc  men  whoso  nide  fliot  tools  found  in  our  drifts 
CMIe  80  moeli  intvrcwt  sikI  itpeoolation  a«  to  the  makers,  who  bare 
ko lOBfriimett,  though  with  Utile  eviiU-noc  to  Justify  oueb  tin  nj>i>timp- 
Dm,  T^ted  to  be  the  aneestois  of  the  present  iuhabitaiito  of  the 
Hitliorniiiasi  parts  of  America. 

IB.  Tbe  typttnl  Mongolian  rac«s  constitute  the  present  population 
rfSi^thcin  and  Central  Ar\a.  Tlicy  are  not  very  distinctly,  but  still 
*<*itiuaitly  for  dcM-Hprirc  puq>oHc<«,  divided  into  two  groups,  tbe 
SotlwrD  and  tJic  Southern. 
<■  The  former,  or  ?riongolo- Altaic  group,  aru  united  by  the  affini- 
■■rftbeir  lant-iiage.  The«e  people,  from  the  cmdlc  of  tboir  rare  in 
■*  gmt  central  plateau  of  ^\sia,  have  at  variouK  tiran  poured  out 
^  bonles  upon  the  lands  tying  to  tbe  west,  and  liavo  penetrated 
"■Mtt  to  the  bmrt  of  Europe.  Tho  Finns,  the  T^lagyars,  and  tbe 
'Oil,  an  eseb  the-  deacendantit  of  one  of  thcfte  wares  of  incursion, 
"B  ibey  have  for  so  many  getierationN  inu-rmtngled  with  th<!  peoples 
"^•Jili  whom  Ibey  have  pAssed  in  their  migrations,  or  liave  found  in 
*^e(mtrie«  in  which  they  hare  ultimately  settled,  that  their  orif^nal 
l^flu>l  charucters  have  been  completely  modified.  Even  the  Lappa, 
uutfinutintiTo  tribe  of  noin.td«  inhabiting  the  most  northern  parts  of 
^fopc^  Kiippo«ed  to  lie  of  Mongolian  descent,  show  so  little  of  tbo 
^eial  attributes  of  that  brnnclt,  that  it  is  diflicult  to  Uisign  them  a 
pUce  tn  it  in  a  ela*uficati(in  based  upon  pbyMcal  characters^  The 
J*ptacse  are  said  by  their  language  to  be  allied  rather  to  the  Nortb- 
*n  than  to  tbe  following  branch  of  the  Mongolian  stock. 

h'  Tbe  Sontlicm  Mongolian  group,  divided  from  thv  former  chiefly 
*J  langu^fe  and  bibild  of  life,  includes  the  greater  part  of  tl>e  popit- 

Kon  of  Ctdna,  TliiWt,  Rurmah,  and  Siam. 
C  Tbe  next  great  division  of  Mongoloid  peoplo  is  tbe  >Iabiy,  sub- 
_  TBI,  IltllL— 31 


BcamiFcx  MoxTSLr. 


tk  3W  'id|<nMi^M.  Mate  '  waa,  >! 

mnimaJI    raU^,  HOI  in  uri:  • 

lawnf  Uw  cbancteriBtk : 


::in.  thai  tt  vmild  matviu&yd 
kin   oi  SMT  ««JT  «ad  Iwfrti  wbirli  tuM  t«<a] 
Ml  A*  dNaboa  uf  Ui^  I'o)« 

I  pn-n,  for  li- 
W  Krv  laiteA.  «4nA  in  mD  Aifinabk'  Hunuttn  i 

^jpn,  tbaa  to  dlbef  i 
JaiiuJ.   Thiji  rMRmfa 
<d  liw  OucaaUa  dt 
lt*»Ttail»  IriMJ^  and  tulook  i 

■»•.     T^wigh  !>»"»>  way  |1—JMi  IWiaj  il  ivrta  > 

i*4M«  la  difl««M  Aiyww  »n  «■  li^  iiwnlii—  rrttMxa  to  uto  i 
mmmmwUm  m  iihiBi  bflB  mA  ^Omr  mi  imiiiil  to  mdi : 
WMdUtuM  M  tbe  IiililiWIi  ii  «br  F^dlr  I^»ii  wooU 

NIUIMINl   frir  ■]]  tht  IDOditMriaM  rt—  II  I  i  «MB«  iWllL 

Kitl')|«i«n  rwwjiHsi)  of  tJhv  gnal 

Iwlilt  Mill  iha  f[r«at  dlfJWMiw  of 
(lltlOHR,  ■  n-tnarifkble  alitilkrity  of 
•II.    <    '       t  iUmW. 

i.Hrnir-lion  nf  tfa«  aMneniQi 
M  many  ««  Im-pIvh  himilnx]  have  braa 
Hlllly  of  orliiin,  «*,  iIi/>uk)i  wideljr  diffenat  a 
All,  M  lli'«r)y  k||,  nriniiriicterl  on   tbe 
I'ljrlti     lliitt  vkWfl /•'tl;/»i/iitAt*ur — which  iliffMs  f: 
itiiHKM  «(  nny  ut  thi>  OliI  VVurl'l  natiuoiL    Tlw 
tir  nil  llm  Aittnrinn  (rilwi  Imvii  marlnhatn  hi 
tllffpri-hf  RiNtfiH)  »f  piiUti-  !l)<7  had 

*•""' (fir«i,  «  Kidi  of  t       .  1  Aslon^  aad  tb* 

liiK  uWurn  lit  OiitNonli  an<l  Kotiili,  nlilnbUaT«  b«»q«Dtf4  m 
•if  illtnmlllioKir  mnii.  worn  not  RTpatrr  than  ihow 
nAtion*  tit  K<ir(i|i«,  n»  Haul*  nml  (Jurmnnn  od  Uw 
■ni)  Rmiinna  on  lli«  othvr,  la  th«  lini«  uf  Jnliit* 


of  dM  eemti]r 

rttb  nn 


Tim    VA 


"FA-H    OF  TUK  HUMAN  SPBCIKS.      313 


^k  .\ryui8,  ui<l  in  treatin;;  tbe  Americans  oti  oua  nsv  U  '\»  not 
HrdJu(1  thai  tli«y  aru  more  cloeely  allied  llian  the  different  Aryun 
^kb;  (if  Earopu  and  Ahia.  Thu  btst  srgiiini^nt  tliat  cao  be  M»aA  Tor 
^B  unity  or  til 0  AmtTi coil  mot' — luing  the  word  in  a  broad  seoae — ia 
H  grext  difliuulty  iif  forming  any  nsiural  diiiisions  foonded  u|Km 
^kiiaU  i:liaraotvrii.  Tbo  iiQ]>orbuit  eharactw  of  the  hair  does  uoC 
^■tr  itiniiiglmiit  tlu*  wbok-  coii  tine  lit.  It  iH  alwnjB  straight  and  lank, 
^K  and  nlitindniit  011  ibu  BCJtIp,  but  i)|>ami  vtoowhiTfl.  Tlie  coliir  of 
^ftakiu  ii)  {iractically  uniform,  iintnithHtanding  the  ciiorRii}n:<  differ- 
Hdm  of  climate  ander  wbicb  many  ineinbMS  of  tbe  group  MtXrX.  In 
^■fcotttrce  an<l  cranium  ceTtain  spocia)  modifications  prevail  in  differ- 
HHktrlet«,  bnt  the  winie  fomu  appear  at  widely  separated  parts  of 
^BRbUiuini.  1  bavo  exaralnod  skullM  from  VancouTer'a Island,  from 
^■ni,  ukI  from  Patagonia,  whii'h  werv  almoMt  nn<ltstinguiabable  from 
^■uotber. 

BVstwaliats  who  Itavc  lulmittoil  but  fonr  primary  typon  of  the  bn- 
^■B  tpMi«B  have  always  found  a  diflicnity  with  the  Americaits  hesl- 
^Bbk  between  placing  tbem  with  the  ^lotigolian  or  so-called  "  yellow  " 
^wt,  or  elevating  tbem  to  tbe  rank  of  a  primary  group.  Cuvicr  docs 
^B  M.VR1  Id  have  bcco  able  to  settle  this  point  to  bis  own  satisfaction, 
H^  ksTiM  it  an  open  ({ui<KtioR.  Although  the  largu  majority  of  Ameri- 
^Ba  haTv  in  the  apeuial  form  of  the  nasal  bones,  leading  to  tbe  cbarac- 
^wltc  bigh  bridge  of  tbe  no<<e  of  the  living  face,  in  tbo  well -developed 
Horeiliary  ridge  and  retreating  fort-h<-iid,cliar*ctcn  wbieb  diMlnguixh 
^■B  from  tbe  typical  ^Vsiaiio  Mungfil,  in  so  many  otli(>r  rcapceU  ihey 
^bnble  tltem  so  much  that,  although  admitting  the  dilllculUes  of  tbe 
He,  I  am  inclined  to  include  tbem  as  aberrant  members  of  the  3Ion- 
Hbo  type.  It  is,  however,  <|uito  open  to  any  one  adopting  tbe  Xegro, 
Hogolbiii,  and  C'auca^an  as  primary  divisions,  also  placing  the  Amcri- 
Hi  aport  as  a  fonrth, 

HNow  that  the  high  anti'juily  of  man  in  Ammea,  perbaps  as  fajgli 
Bthal  bo  has  in  Euro)ie,  baa  lieen  discovered,  the  puEzling  problem^ 
Hdi  which  part  of  the  Old  World  the  people  of  America  bare  npning, 
^B  lost  iiH  significanoe.  It  is  quite  as  likely  that  tbe  people  of  Ania 
^CT  hate  bven  dvrivcd  from  America  as  the  reverse.  However  this 
Wn  W,  (In-  |)»|i(ilation  of  America  bad  bewi,  befori!  the  lime  of  Co- 
pKbtu,  prai'lically  Isolated  from  the  rent  of  the  world,  except  at  the 
txtrenu*  north.  Sacb  visila  aa  thotie  of  tbe  early  Norsemen  to  the 
"itutN  of  Ort^'enland,  Labrador,  and  Nova  Scotia,  or  the  possiblo  aoM* 
IbDtal  Htiunding  of  a  canoe  coDtaioing  survivors  of  a  voyage  across 
M  Paeifir  nr  the  Atlantic,  can  have  h;Ld  no  ap)>reciablu  elTcct  ii|>oa 
|b  cbaracteristics  of  the  people.  It  is  difficult,  therefore,  to  look  upon 
he  anomalous  and  special  characters  of  tho  American  peo[de  a*  the 
■r-  ks  was  suggested  in  tho  raito  of  tho  Australians,  a 

B     I  I    I  gircs  more  weight  to  the  viuw  of  treating  tfa«m 

^k  distinct  primary  division.  A 


lo  ay  tin*.  » 
^  Mw  and  luir.  Rfm 

of  ifc*  trgtin 
o(  btftkl 


TffHk  vilk  Zsr  btir,  *jy»%  ■mlna- 

A*  BRrt  |7na|S  tlwj 
TVir  mi  xtvi*  Willi 

•fclB  l>t 

'  Uw  giiat  Bujaritf 
I  Afiica,  and  SoatbwaM 
.oriBMnttMbiniliM.   IM 

I  AJDO*  of  Jl^NUI,    lb« 

kv  bsT»  ooatriboud 
trib»  of  Ittdo-Cluu  and  li< 
I  at  IcMtt  Ute  olun<wni( 
riMWrlelW«tb(va«lCi9«liUalteM*ofAMnlia.  US«d- 
■n  ladb  tWr  v»  pnkaUy  «n<d  vitk  »  Xc^rito  dcBMBl,  Bwl  'a 
JUim.  viMn' their  YmMut  \mimm  eeaterauMiai  witb  that  <if  »» 
illgiiiiai.  Miifiirrt  avmt»tm  Wn apnav np bstweea  them  all  ahuC 
tba  fnotiar  Bbc  Tha  aariwl  Kipjiht  wm  nearly  ]tar>'  ' 
chroi,  tlMngli  often  tbowtng  ta  thnr  faatvmi  tne«  nf  tbeit  ■■ 
iMainarTia^  «ritli  tlwir  EUtio^ao  neigbbora  lo  tlw  Mmib.  Tbv  Opu 
and  feDaht  of  moden  Effrpl  arc  their  lUtlivdiangMl  il«>HcrodiUita 

In  offeriog  tbu  siAeiue  of  riMuficatMs  nf  tba  human  »y*«fM ' 
bave  not  thoogbt  it  Dec  (Mary  to  eonpan  it  in  detail  iritli  0 
ooa  tjttKtai  miggtstad  hj  fmriooa  anthropolopsla.  'ThK*c  « ■^'-  — 
foand  ID  tbo  geocral  UeaUaea  on  tlie  eubjecl.  Aa  1  have  mwHw* 
bafor«,  in  ila  broad  oatUaM  H  scarpolf  diffan  fr^m  ttmt  (irxjxMd  1? 
CbvW  neariy  iixty  yeara  ago,  and  that  th«  nsstilt  "f  tW  ennnooi** 
craOM  of  oar  kDO«l«dgo  during  tlial  timo  luriiiit  caused  ■ui'h  ""ll 
ohangv  Ii  the  beet  tMlJmony  to  Its  Wmv  a  tnithfiil  rv]irMt!ntatbM>  M 
tba  fanta.  t>till,  how-arer,  it  rAo  only  l>e  looked  u[>on  as  an  appw^ 
tion.  Wlial<!v«r  oaro  be  l>e6lowed  apoii  tlir  arra»)j<'nii'fii  of 
juirrtl  detaiK  whalever  jiidsncnt  Iw  aIiuwii  iti  ilii'ir  duo  aal 
I  ooo  to  anntUer,  the  ocqiiiAitiun  of  avw  kuowlnlKO  may  at  mj  ^" 
'  tur  a  nontjilvtv  or  (lartuU  reamuigfnieDI  of  our  Byatvai. 


TOD  "XcmerTiiw.'ctJs''r««-''>ll)'  p«bltghed  in  "Thfl  Popa- 
ncc  MontUly,"*  Ibv  ai^nmcDt  on  certain  phases  of  auimiil 
bi-ro  presented  vaa  not  offered  88  a  comptete  one.  For  a 
on  of  the  development  of  ant  and  bvo  intellig^noe,  tliia  Bub- 
/o  he  (Considered  from  anotlier  point  of  vivw,  tuid  the  pres- 

I  intended  as,  in  a  piirtinl  tcniic,  i  wquel  to  tlw  one  al>o\-o 

II  lo  divide  animnlA,  in  reopect  lo  tlieir  IiabiU  of  natoola* 
0  oImmk,  tli«  Aolitnry  and  tlK>  Kocial.  'Vhv  M)litar]:  animttia 
Ibose  whidi  fonn  sexual  combinations  onlj,  and  the  clanti 
those  spocios  of  the  smaller  mammalB  and  birds  which  flock 
e\y  from  the  fact  that  they  are  very  numerune,  and  sc«k 
Kitmr  loealition,  not  from  aii}-  aHUOoiaiJon  for  matual  aid. 

atitmaU  form  true  communities,  lliey  are  baitded  to- 
ortaiu  common  interests,  and  poaaos  a  principle  of  asaooia- 
tbat  of  the  sexual.  'I'hej  present  the  germinal  condition 
.1  society.  Tliese  comprise  mo«t  of  the  largo  herbivon, 
igregate  for  purposes  of  common  defease,  in  some  cases  Bt»- 
entries  for  protection  while  feeding,  and  in  otbera  following 
ilLnowlvdgc<l  Ics«)(?n(.  Inittanccsof  any  nucb  association  are 
ng  eamivon,  tbu  wolves  being  ibe  moM  markH  example. 
1  the  social  animals,  aa  a  rulo,  the  common  intercsta  arc  few, 
inks  of  association  we&k.  Individuality  largely  jwraiat^,  tlicre 
t  of  eommoii  propeHy,  .ind  nearly  or  quite  the  only  intcreat 
in  is  that  of  attack  or  defense.  Separated  from  tbese  by  a 
si  aro  some  three  or  four  animal  tribes  whoso  socialiaa 
anocd  a  type  that  it  fairly  drscrvca  lo  be  indivated  by  » 
141,  Thc«o  tribtui  Gom]>riMi  the  anta,  bees,  and  t«rtnltca, 
and  the  beavers  among  mamraalK.     Tlicir  conditions 

(m  are  so  different  from  lho«>  prevailing  in  most  other 
it  seems  proper  to  consider  them  as  a  separate  class.     I 
Ui«m  tlio  title  of  eomnnmai  animab,  as  most  dtstiuctiro 
habitn. 
la  of  |>o«««aaiDg  a  few  linlu  of  combination,  tlieae  animal!>  have 
til  of  the  relations  of  life  in  common.    In  ant  and  bee  com- 
for  inxtance,  individualism  has  vanished.     All  property  is 
itnon,  all  labor  is  performed  for  the  community,  there  are  a 
me,  common  stores,  common  duties,  community  alike  in 
d«ft>nH>,  and  it  is  difficult  or  imposeiblo  to  detect  any  ant 

*  Deocntttcr,  IdSB. 


THS  POPULAR  SC/SXCS  UONTSLT. 


III.  Tito  CkOOMuu,  or  whilr  (tiriiiun,  .'K-conlinf;  lo  my  vica 
cIdiJ<-h  ihe  two  giDupe  calli'd  l>y  Proftwtnr  Ihixlcj-  XuDiliiwliini  tf) 
MclAnoobroi,  wbiob,  thongh  differing  jii  color  at  eyo*  and  luii,  ^m 
•D  doeely  id  all  oUicr  Anuomtcal  chanuitcnt  wi  far.  ai  nil  i-*tnU,M 
hu  St  preaeot  been  demoiutrated,  ibxt  it  Heenaa  pri'foraMo  in  toMs 
ibom  ttS  ntodifications  of  one  groat  t^pe  tbao  aa  firiuiarjr  (liri>Mi«l 
tbe  ep«civ8. 

Whatovor  their  origui,  \\vtj  are  now  iiaimitt«ly  blendtrd,  tboigh 
in  (liffvrvni  |>rop»rti(>n^  tbrouglwiit  tliu  wbolo  of  the  T«^\oa  ot 
eartli  ibcv  inbabil;  auil  a  is  u>  tbo  rajiid  cxt«nHiun  of  both 
of  tbi«  mx  tbat  tbe  ^irvat  cbangu  now  taking  [ibuM  in  tbe  ift]iao(d|f' 
of  tbe  world  are  mainly  dne. 

A.  'I'hv  .VaDtboobnii,  or  blonde  typo,  witb  fair  hair,  oyM.  and 
plexion,  chivtly  inliabit  Northern  Europe — Scandinavia,  Kctitlanil, 
Vortb  i^crntany — but,  much  mixed  with  the  neit  X'^oiS  Ibry  uxli 
H  far  a»  Nurtbcm  Africa  and  Afgbantstao.    Tbeir  mixture  wiili  )k» 
goloid  pvoplfi  in  North  Kitmim  bns  given  rav  Ut  tlio  Lapps  and  F<ti 

B.  Alelanocbrui,  uiih  blaok  Imirand  vyuM,  and  «kin  uf  a]ni»'. 
ahadea  from  white  to  black.  They  ounipriiw  tbo  great  majorttj  of  U* 
inbabitanie  of  Sooihern  Kuropc,  Nortbem  Africa,  ainl  SoiitbirMi  Art 
nnd  coiisi»l  iiiniiily  of  tlte  Aryan,  Semitic,  and  llamitiv  faR)iIit«.  Tb' 
Dravidiau!!  of  India,  and  probably  the  AIdos  of  Japan,  Ibr  BlaoalK 
of  C7bina,  also  beloDg  to  ibis  race,  which  may  havo  oouLributvJ  >mw- 
tbing  lo  tlie  roixod  ebaracter  of  some  tribes  of  Indo-Cliitia  and  i 
Polyneeian  hlande,  and,  as  beforo  said,  given  at  loael  tbe  rharaden 
tlic  hair  tn  the  otherwise  Negixud  inhabitants  of  Anstralia.  In  Sou 
cm  IndLi  Ihey  are  probably  mixed  with  a  Mt-grito  «1emeDt,  and  "> 
Africa,  where  tb«ir  habitat  boooniM  contorminoua  with  Uiat  of  Uv 
nrgrxws,  ntiini>rotu  oro«-ntooa  have  Rprung  np  bolwevn  them  all  oW 
tbo  frontier  line.  T1k>  ancient  Kgypiiana  were  nearly  purr  Mt-luit- 
ehroi,  titough  often  dbowing  in  their  features  traces  uf  their  fn<^aini 
intennarriago  with  tbcir  Ethiopian  neighbors  to  tJie  fioolh.  Tliv  (^tf** 
tuid  fvllah*  of  niodoni  I^ypt  are  tbeir  littlo-cbangr-d  A<.--.     < 

In  offering  this  scheuie  of  olassiliestiun  nf  iU«  bi.: 
have  not  thought  it  nocossary  to  compare  it  En  dotall  with  tlio  nvac^ 
ous  systems  suggested  by  previous  anthropolngista.    Tbeti-  will  sH  ^j 
found  in  tbe  general  trratiaiit  on  the  subJMt.    As  I  have  refttfW] 
beforf,  in  its  broa<J  outlinvo  it  aoorcoly  diffora  fmm  lliat  proiioasd  bTJ 
Cuvicr  nearly  tiixty  years  ago,  and  that  tlie  rmult  of  \Xm  uDormaia'>'| 
crease  of  oor  knowledge  during  that  time  having  causoil  Furillll!'] 
ebango  is  the  beet  testimony  to  ita  bsing  a  truthful  ropro*'^' 
tbo  factta.    BUll,  bowerer,  it  e^i  only  bo  looked  u|mii  os  kb  it| 
tioii.     ^^'^^atove^  earo  bo  bojttowcd  upon  the  arrnngcntent  ■ 
acquired  details,  whnUivcr  Jndgment  be  slinwn  in  their  due  *it{-<: 
lion  ono  to  Bi>otlier,  tbe  ac(|uiflition  of  now  knowledge  may  at  oaj  l'"" 
hill  for  a  complete  or  partial  reorrangemont  of  onr  aystirm. 


I 


TAL   SOVIBTISS. 


3*5 


OOXKITNAL  SOCIETIES. 


Br  C1USLB8  U0BK18. 


IN  the  paper  on  "  Neuier  losccts,"  recently  published  in  "  Tlic  Popu- 
lar Science  Monthly,"*  th«  argumeot  on  certain  phases  of  iLnin»l 
Kobtion  there  presented  was  not  offered  as  ii  complete  one.  For  & 
(«I1  exposition  of  the  dvvvlopincnt  of  itnt  und  Ik-c  intcUigfince,  this  Bub> 
'^l  mx^i  to  be  consiili-rcd  from  iiuotlicr  )Miit)L  of  vtuw,  iind  the  prea- 
eat  piper  ih  tulviidcd  an,  iu  a  partial  sense,  a  sequel  to  ibo  one  above 
umed. 

It  K  nsnal  to  divide  sntmals,  in  respoct  to  their  habits  of  a^Mxiin- 
lioD,  into  two  classes,  the  solitary  and  the  tM>ciaI.  "Vhv  solitary  aniniabi 
BiDi|iri]ic  all  those  which  form  sexual  conthiiiatioM  only,  and  the  class 
uabnwM  all  tlio«c  npt^iva  of  the  Hmnller  inaminali*  and  binlit  which  flock 
ttgcther  solely  from  the  fact  tliat  they  are  very  uuin<!rouit,  and  nock 
food  in  the  same  localities,  not  from  any  asaooiation  for  mutual  aid. 

TV  soda]  animals  form  tmc  communitim.  They  are  banded  to- 
iclbir  h;  certain  common  tiit«rrst«(,  and  possess  a  principlo  of  associa- 
t>M  beyond  that  of  the  sexual.  Tbcy  pn-sent  tho  germinul  condition 
of  S  ^itical  »ocit:ty.  Tbcuc  cotiipriiK'  tniist  of  tho  large  hcrbiyora, 
ttdch  ^[gregato  for  purpuoes  of  common  dcfenso,  in  some  caccs  sta- 
^■Uig  sentries  for  protection  while  feeding,  and  iu  others  following 
wt^  acknowledged  leaders.  Instances  of  any  fluch  association  are 
ore  among  camivora,  (he  wolves  bciog  the  most  marked  example. 

V«t  in  the  »o«;iat  animals,  as  a  rule,  the  common  interetttji  am  few, 

■tdlk  links  of  association  weak.     Individuality  largely  perBist.A,  there 

*  loiilca  of  common  properly,  and  nearly  or  quite  the  only  interest 

Bominon  is  that  of  attack  or  defenac.     !S<-pHrat4-d  from  these  by  a 

■nd  interval  are  some  three  or  four  animal  Irlbeii  whose  Moi-ialiHm 

•of  S)  advanced  a  type  that  it  fairly  deserves  to  be  indicated  by  a 

^wbl  name.      Tlicsc  tribes  compriso  the  ants,  bees,  and  termites^ 

Imaog  insects,  and  the  beavers  among  mamiuals.     Their  conditions 

of  uwciation  are  so  different  from  tlioM*  prevailing  in  most  other 

Qsn,  that  it  seems  proper  to  consider  tJiem  as  a  separate  class.    I 

propOM  for  tbem  the  title  of  communal  animaU,  as  most  distinctive 

«f  their  life- habits. 

Instead  of  possessing  a  few  links  of  combination,  these  animals  bare 
aosC  or  all  of  the  relations  of  life  in  common.  In  ant  and  lieo  com- 
ntnilies,  for  instance,  individualism  has  vanbhod.  All  property  ia 
Wd  in  eommoo,  all  labor  is  pt-Konned  for  tl>p  community,  thero  are  a 
tctunna  hone,  common  stores,  common  duties,  commuuily  alike  in 
insult  and  defense,  and  it  is  difficult  or  imposuble  to  detect  any  ant 


«  DMcaober,  ISSS. 


J«6 


TUE  POPULAR  SCIJSNCS  MOXTJfH'. 


or  bee  doing  anything  for  ittictf  nionc,  or  ]>«rforming  iiny  act  wbkh » 
not  intended  for  lite  good  of  ibe  coiamunity  u  a  wbule.  SelfiibuM 
80  fnr  lu  tbo  bomo  eommtinity  is  concuraed,  seems  to  fative  miitM> 
Mid  labor  nod  life  arc  freely  givftn  for  thv  good  of  thin  great  vlub. 
with  tH>  evident  dUplny  of  imy  tlwuglit  of  indiviJual  cotnfin  if 
Bggrandijiement.  I 

The  communitiefi  of  tennites  are  communal  in  on  <-qiuill)r  MB- 
plet«  sense,  and  seem  to  bave  utterly  loet  the  eelfisfa  Bcntinii'tii  wbhfc' 
is  lhi>  niling  ag«ncy  with  solitAry  animala.  With  the  boaren  rov- 
raunuliun  tiaaetoppod  somewliat  short  of  tlus  k-omplete  Etag«.  Dtj 
powcM  tlioir  tliims  and  canals  in  common,  and  tabor  together  ia  iD 
tbo  need«  of  out-dour  liftr.  Biil  they  bavo  not  advanrt'd  In  (lie  *tap 
of  a  common  bouie,  their  babllH  rendering  this  iinjioiviblc,  or  dmHj 
so ;  and,  though  they  seek  food  in  commoD,  each  lodgv  faiji  up  Ut 
own  private  storcfl.  Yet  their  interests  are  so  largely  in  commM  tlitl 
tliey  stand  tliirtinctly  separate  in  this  respect  froto  the  ordinary  fotii) 
Tcrtobrati-i,  and  fairly  belong  to  tJie  commnnal  class,  to  ooinpaoy  iriik 
tlnfir  Insect  analogues. 

Thero  is  one  fnrtbor  interesting  and  sagg«sUT«  ftatoiti  in  tWa 
communal  groups  of  aiiiniatii,  wboHe  xigniflcaDoe  viU  1h>  appan-nt  «tM 
ve  come  to  conaider  tli<-  condiiionn  of  human  commonitii-A.  'Hiiiil 
that  tbcy  are  family  aggregates.  The  indefinite  aasooiation  ot  tke 
social  animals  has  become  a  strictly  family  ossoetittion  in  the  oomcxnol 
animals.  This  is  not  very  clearly  displayed  in  tbc  bcavcnt.  \el  vftt 
tbcm  tUv  inmiiU-s  of  oacli  lodge  probably  belong  to  a  sin gU-  fimilft 
and  form  a  group  wilbin  the  Larger  group.  And  Uie  commnnilf  tf  ■ 
whole  may  Im  dcxcendi'd  from  a  ebgic  aiKCKtor,  likf  thu  metah^ot 
the  patriarelial  family  among  num. 

^N'itb  llic  ant^  becH,  and  leniiitvH  ibia  family  association  liis  go"* 
nncli  fnrther,  and  each  community  oonstitutcs  a  singlv  family.  ^'' 
vision  of  labor  has  proceeded  to  such  an  extent  ibal  tbe  cgg-btarinS 
function  is  oonfinod  to  one  or  a  few  members  of  the  commnniiy.  *^ 
all  the  sexual  individuals  beyond  th«so  pcrisli.  'Diis  prineiiilr  ^ 
gone  farthest  with  tin-  bcc»,  who  permit  but  owe  fcinalc  to  develop  f"' 
tbe  use  of  each  swann,  and  who  inorcilcasly  destroy  all  the  Bial(*i " 
soon  as  they  become  a  burden  on  llie  community. 

Tbtis  it  IB  evident  that  the  conditi<in»  of  (^nimnnal  life  nfflU"! 
animals  can  not  fairly  bo  claimed  as  merely  advanced  insUK>c<  * 
socialism.  They  differ  not  only  in  regard  to  ilogree  of  commnnilT* 
ihlcreHi^,  but  nljto  in  displaying  a  new  and  distinct  principle  of  ■*•" 
cialion.  The  Hoetal  group  is  a  vague  one,  tbo  Domniunal  a  sti^T 
dvfintid  one,  wltieU  bos  gnwlunlly  grown  np  in  the  midst  of  ilw  f*^ 
group  and  finally  replaced  it.  Alike  in  ants,  Iwcs,  aod  rodents,  tprt*** 
exist  in  vaHouh  stages  of  aswciatlon,  Wtwoen  lli'  '  *' 

commnnal,  and  could  we  (race  all  ilie  *ii.|ni  of  devi-       ■  ■  "'" 

undoubtedly  perceive  eolitary  animals  gndaally  adopting  social  nW 


COMMUNAL  SOCIETISS. 


3*7 


laioi 


fvau 


mi  lti«n  fanu'ly  Rroiips  dereloping  in  tlii'  mid^t  of  the  larger 

groope,  and  acqtiirtDf;  spedal  intcresu  wbirU  mtiilrr  Ui«iii  titollr 

tooUivr  family  groups.     There  can  be  but  littiu  qiuwtion  that 

|«niut««,  bvex,  and  VMps,  1uit«  paased  tbron^ch  tbenc  various 

'  aameiation,  and  tliat  the  old  Mdal  gronps  ^n^du&lly  broke 

raisor  family  gronps,  which  in  turn  haw  drrclopt^  into  ex- 

ifcnnre  groups,  combined  on  tbe  principle  of  blood  Klatioiufaip. 

Tbitgndaa]  erolotion  of  tbe  principle  of  aasociation,  beginning  in 

axnpktely  solitary  or  hcrm»pbroditc  lril>c!t,  and  reaching  its  ulti- 

■tag«  in  the  coloniiil  or  i-ompound  niiiniulit,  of  which  wo  have  a 

DKiUe  imtance  in  tlic  SipAonopAora,  or  family  oompoiind  of  nirioi- 

Bm^polypa,  in  which  the  loes  of  indiriduality  incomplete,  is  a  highly 

pbase  of  animal  development,  which  wc  can  not  undertake 

here  as  a  whole.     We  may  simply  saylhat  animals  might 

I,  from  this  point  of  view,  as  the  truly  oolitaiy,  the  HcxuaJ, 

At  K«lal,  th«  communal,  and  the  colonial  or  compound. 

Tie  news  above  expreoed  lc«d  directly  to  th*  consideration  of 

e  bufaan  ttoeicties,  irinoG  thcie  present  a  striking  resemblance 

of  the  lower  animals.     The  indications  are.  indc<^d,  that  the 

lOt  of  society  ererywfaere  follows  one   fixed    course,  and 

general  law,  and  that  human  society  has  in  no  nense  escaped 

W,  dcqritoall  the  itrcnimg  im-gnliirity  of  its  development. 

may  properly  be  raiikc-d  wiili  (be  anUt,  hoiis  and  t«nnitca,  as 

btr  instance  of  tJie  commanal  animal,  the  beaver  being  bis  only 

counterpart  in  thb  respect.     Communaltsm  probably  did 

with  primitive  man.     lie  seems  to  have  been  ori^nally  a 

limal,  like  the  qnadmmana.  from  whom  it  is  assnmed  that  be 

Tct  it  is  interesting  to  peroetvo  that,  at  the  opening  of 

'V  Unnrical  |)eriod,  the  anoewtors  of  all  the  present  eivilir.nl  raceii 

**nb  tbe  communal  stage  of  association,  and  amler  conditions  which 

P'm  a  iiriking  pantilcl  to  those  of  the  lower  iribcai  of  communal 
aiBil,. 

Hike  with  the  American  Indians,  the  Mongolians  and  SemitM  of 
™i>,aiid  tbe  primitivi-  Aryann,  history  opens  with  strongly  deelared 
of  the  communal  type  of  association.  'n>v  original  social 
V^tft,  with  few  tnlen-JilN  in  common,  had  been  r«tplaeed  by  well-de- 
wd  family  groups,  with  nearly  all  interests  in  oommon.  The  ancient 
Mouiion  vaniabed  aa  this  new  aMoctation  developed,  and  tbe  family 
tame  tbe  basis  of  all  social  organization.  We  might,  hud  we  space, 
OuUcr  at  0ome  length  the  erolntion  of  this  new  condition  of  human 
tlHfy.  It  doabtlo«s  had  its  Ittwis  in  that  slowly  growing  energy  of 
le  mrriagc  sentiment,  whose  dcrelopmeot  has  been  traced  by  ^veral 
eent  writer*.  Tbo  primitive  we;ik  sense  of  union  between  husband, 
ife,  >ih1  ehildren  gradually  grew  into  a  strong  bond  of  association, 
bow  Mreagtb  waa  added  to  by  the  possession  of  a  iwparale  family 
«f)crtj,  which  increased  in  value  with  tbo  development  of  society. 


3>8 


TUJS  POPULAR  SCISNCS  MONTSir. 


ThiH  ID  tha  iMiirt  of  tbo  old  vjigno  social  f^^Uft  lltore  gn'ir  up 
BUU«lf  aMOOUit«x]  fninil)-  gn>it|Ni  of  [oor»a«iiii;  •sua*  &d<1  iin]>uni»N. 
The  doul>l<^  link  nf  prujierty  uml  tilixxI-rvlotionNhip  n:n<Jorc<l  tlibuao- 
oiatton  a  strong  one,  and  we  seem  Lu  Mu  Lliv  old  •ociiil  group  Li»la' 
ally  breaking  up  into  iU  elemeiitat  vith  divcraitjr  »f  iuuirv»u  vA* 
degree  of  lioiitiltty  biilwi?cn  Itie  scpunite  family  fnxKipa^  Rixb  iif 
thoM',  ill  iu  tuni,  grew  largi-r  su>d  iiirj;«'r,  iinCit  it  Iwontuu  a  oomowulf 
in  ilMlf,  hdld  togellicr  by  a  Btroogly-fvlt  hcdho  of  biood-reUli<j>D^ 
and  quite  able  lu  hold  its  own  againat  otJtur  iiimilar  pronpa. 

The  most  archaic  of  these  commiinal  group*  u  tli<t  jMlriarchal,  tlal 
still  found  tliroaf^bout  aotnadio  Asia.     It  ih  dintim-ily  but-d  on  (inilly 
ruUtions,  rucognizcii  a  common  ancMtor,  is  ftovcnicxl  by  Uir  litiq; 
roproHintativc  of  thb  anoeMor,  and  strongly  holds  to  llw  fktlon  of 
bloo<l  rolniioiuhip,  won  in  itdcipttMl  motnbcnr  of  ilie  tribe.    Agaia.allJ 
ftroperiy  a  held  and  all  lalior  iM'rfcirm<.il  in  common,  And  for  the  fiwJ} 
of  tlto  communily,  while  theacnLimviilof  individtudiain  t*  Terygnfttlr] 
niduocd.     This  ia  not  now  so  stiictly  the  case  ai>  it  probittdy  wu  u( 
old,  y«t  tfau  principle  of  coramunalism  is  still  strongly  mtiittaim'd.         , 

Yot,  as  in  thu  bcavon,  ao  in  the  patriiirchal  horde,  them  are  nunoefl 
groapx  within  the  group,  tcnt'faniili<^«  like  tJiu  iotlge-family  oi  tlia^ 
beavers,  with  more  irauitidiatff  fiiniily  linkx  than  thoM  of  the  larftu 
group.    Among  the  prinutive  Aryuns  tliia  minor  divinion  bad  niad«J 
great  progreas.    The  mparation  of  the  patHnrrlud  coiumntiity  Uit 
minor  family  groups,  with  special  iuterest«  and  common  jiropcrty,  ha 
become  strongly  marked,  and  a  reverse  process  of  develnpmunt,  fr 
oommunaliflm  towiird  individnalism,  had  fairly  set  in.     The  Aryal 
village  eommunity  had  sUU  many  interests  in  common,  and  hild  ib^ 
fiction  of  a  common  aitocMor.     Yet  it  bad  taken  a  step  in  advance  i 
tho  stage  reaobcd  by  tfae  communal  animals,  toward  iho  higher  ud 
Sprciul  dorelopmDnt  of  modoni  human  society. 

Between   the   patriarchal  and  the  Aryan   systems  of  amoeUUD 
stands  that  of  the  Indian  clan,  which  possessed  features  of  hotli. 
general  family  group  was  broken  up  into  smaller  family  groups, 
V«ll  defini-d  SM  lh<;  Aryan,  yet  the  divinon  of  projHiny  ha<l  nut  ad' 
rnnced  ko  far.     And  not  only  property  w-ne  hold  to  a  i-onsiderahle 
tent  in  common,  but  common  habitation  existed  among  many  trit 
of  which  we  have  the  most  markiil  and  mriking  iiuiain'v  in  the 
common  habitations  of  the  PueWo  Indinns  of  l^nlay. 

In  ihc  later  stages  of  htinmn  developmonl  there  has  l>een  a  KLroogly 
deoliirixl  progreM  toward  individnidism,  at  lea^t  in  jTopt-rty  and  pnliljJ 
caI  retationit.  The  family  a«8ocintion  has  ranivhed,  and  hits  In^-o  rol 
plan-d  by  the  Irrritvriai,  whidi  is  the  link  of  coniioction  in  all  iuodi.-nJ 
oiviliKed  societies,  and  the  latcAl  outgrowth  of  the  |>rincipl<-  of  anlJ 
mal  association.  Vet  induatriatly  the  communal  priiicijilv  holds  goodj 
though  it  luM  assumvd  a  new  and  wider  pliaw  than  that  of  oltU 
Though  tb«  idea  of  ooDtmunity  in  projwrty  biu  lost  its  forre,  tlw  Raiw| 


M,  aW 

I  ad' 
>le  ^x^ 
triN^ 


COMMUKAl  SOCISTIES, 


1*9 


^m  tlMt  iba  lalwr  of  ttnoh  x»  U>t  the  good  of  all  U  strongor  tlian  vvvr. 
m'\»  nut  oic|H«ftily  fi>nnu)U»l,  I'Ui  it  exisU  arerfwbcrc  in  [irui;ti<x-. 
t«n  vork  Irse  and  lead  for  lb«ir  individual  interests,  and  Diore  and 

r  for  tb«  good  of  the  community.  The  woodtmaii  who  frlU  a  trco 
|a  Weotctn  forest  has  no  thought  of  asing  ita  wood  for  bimDdlf.    llo 

lier  knows  nor  cares  wbal  may  bccoroo  of  iu    But  he  knows  lUat 

ite  rejpon  a  fannor  i«  raisiofp  graii>t  and  in  anothor  an  arlifian  ia 
iving  «lutb,  and  that  Homo  of  \\kw-  will  numc  to  Lim  in  rxcbangu 

bl*  labor.  And  botwovn  woodnnaii,  farm»,  and  arltiuui,  ore  fifty 
iw  linndivd  o(h«r  iiKUviduala,  each  of  whom  takea  aomo  part  iu 
hia  exchange  of  produota.  NeitJter  of  these  portien  worka  directly 
or  Iiimself,  yet  «a<.-li  works  for  tiio  good  of  all  iu  a  far  hig^btT  and 
&ora  deTvli>)if.'d  tviu/is  than  in  tbv  analoguos  I'aKo  of  the  commUDal 


Wuy 


Xt  y  neceatary  now  to  return  to  anotlicr  phaae  of  tbo  mibject  hero 

considered,  that  relating  to  ibe  intellectual  develupmcnt  of  aiiimaU. 

It  hoa  oft^n  been  a  source  of  wonder  tbat  tile  aula  and  bees  bare  od- 

tllNwd  BO  far  in  inU-Ilcctual  acbiovcment  beyond  all  otbor  members 

lllo  inMOt  claas,  and  tbal  many  of  lliur  babtta  and  institutions  so 

ly  slmulato  tbost.'  o(  bnniiLn  Kooicty.     Tliis  latter,  inden-d,  u  but 

tb«r  evidenoe  of  tbe   law  above  coniudercd,  that  all  evolution, 

Mber  pbyaieal  or  meuta),  ts  controlled  by  oa«  general  principle, 

mual  follow  one  naturally  determined  conree.     Uut  tbe  auperior 

lUfecluality  of  these  low  forms  of  life  is  in  itself  a  phenomenon  that 

s  for  some  specixl  Atteution, 

A  glanco  at  tho  situation  at  onco  rereaU  that  thin  snperiority  of 
llevttial  progTCJH  most  in  somo  way  be  connected  with  tbo  com- 
lal  ataj^  of  aasodatlon,  since  it  is  niaiitfeiitcd  only  by  tbe  com* 
animals,  the  ants,  beea,  termites,  and  beaver^  and  in  not  vliown 
iny  of  the  solitary  species  of  tbew  zoological  groups.  Evidence 
iting  in  tbe  same  <lirc<:tion  may  bo  found  in  tbe  habits  of  llic  social 
nalai  which  aoem  to  liaTo  masoned  out  (he  expedient  of  stationing 
;rieB  Ut  gunrd  them  against  danger  wliilu  feeding.  And  it  w  inler- 
ig  iu  ihiit  connection  topercMw  tlint  tbe  elcphnntH,  tbv  moot  ad- 
oad  of  the  borbivora  in  social  comtiinatioD,  likewise  display  tbo 
intellectual  advancement. 

might  deduce  from  (hose  facta  cither  tbe  conclusion  that  intcl- 

:al  dcvtilopmcut  is  favored  by  close  aaaociation  and  communalism, 

■a  mverw)  concluaiou  that  an  origioHl  superior  intellectuality  waa 

louiting  eaose  of  commtiuni  uxtociation.    A  con»ider«lion  of  all  the 

of  tliff  case  seems  to  prove  that  the  former  eonolusioo  ia  the  oor> 

oni.     For  observation  indicates  that  individually  the  communal 

u  arc  not  saperior  in  intellect  to  tbo  solitary  apeciea.    Take  the 

bi^ond  the  range  of  bis  hereditary  inslincte,  and  ho  seems  a  duller 

turn  than  the  ipider.     Tlie  same  conclusion  applies  to  ibo  beaver, 

tb  ia  aaid  to  be  much  dttUnr,  so  for  as  individual  powers  of  iniellocb 


33* 


TBB  POPUIAR  SC/JSyCS  MOJfTffli'. 


r 

^^K  im-c"  iycitlii'i'Tprlebratcs.    In  farl,  in  Ibiiiuibui'** 

^^V  on  "  .\  - ,"  llii-  liij,'li<-fil  [i-iwcm  uf  iiitrlki-l  nn-  iiH.-n>c4^ 

W  to  tbf  caniit-nn,  wfai«ti  a»  a  gnaoml  rulo  arc  nolitar;  niilinoli    \' 

I  llii«  i*  a  nainral  rrxiilL  of  llio  fact  tlml  tlinjr  am  ubligwl  bi  A 

■  upon  tlioir  of>n  powon  in  all  tW  cxigviicies  nf  IKv,  and  can  kdI 
I  IQ  oUkts  to  ri'litvp  ihem  from  eonie  of  Uic  'Intioti  of  existcnct. 
I  Much  baa  b«^n  tiM  al>out  thv  hijjbly  nimarkkble  powen  ot 

■  uiiitit«  inaM  of  ncrvo-itnh>>Uii«v  in  an  ani'N  hood.    Yot  the  bnua 

■  ovrry  auimal  ba*  undovbtodly  a  i1»iibU>  <1aty  to  piTfotm.     It  ii 
^^^  <Icvoti.tl  to  the  control  of  tbc  inuNCiilar  orgatiisatioti,  |Mirtly  lo 
^^ft  actiricy.  And  to  thia  wo  mast  aacribe  tb*  inorMM  In  hizu  of 

^      gonerally  attf^ndn  iucreoac  in  iiizc  of  body  among  animala. 

tli«  brain  of  a  Largtt  aniinal  may  b«  modi  largtr  than  thai  of  a 
o»c  this  may  be  mainly  dne  to  the  increase  of  its  motor  dntin, 
Uicre  may  be  no  incrraM  in  ite  psychical  portion.     In  fact,  iu  cvi 
largo  vxtinct  aninulis  with  greatly  developed  poeUmor  struciart, 
sort  of  »4^«M)d  brain  socioa  to  have  ezitttcd  at  the  n'ar  extremity  at 
spinal  column,  as  if  th«  motor  portion  of  tbc  br»in  had  tnuvid  l 
ward  to  the  rvgioa  wlicre  it  was  moat  iit<eded.    Yet  it  Is  very  prolnUi 
that  in  any  of  tbc  higher  vertebratca  iho  portion  of  the  brain  denoli 
to  paycbioal  ftinctjons  is  considerahly  greater  in  votiimc  thAn  Llie  wl 
brain  of  tlw  itnt.     And,  if  the  degree  of  intftligonoc  bo  in  aiiy 
projwrtionni  to  the  ttiiM>  of  it«  orgoDt  those  higher  vertobraioc  kIioi 
be  sQperior  in  iutelleot  to  the  ant. 

Such  is  actually  the  case.    Tha  excunionti  of  the  ant-miud 
Iho  limit  of  ii«  instincts  8e«m  to  be  exceedingly  slight.    TbuM 
mammalian  mind  ara  BometimcE  extensive.  If  we  compare  the  infUll< 
of  individual  intellect  displayed  by  a  cat  and  an  ant,  for  instanw. 
can  not  avoid  tlio  conclusion  that  the  cat  i«  very  greatly  anpcrior  ■> 
L      powers  of  rcaiwning.     Yvt  no  cat  ttiWa  keep  oon-it.  Riarabal  amiM 
P      store  provisionw,  enolavu  capUvca,  or  pvrfona  any  of  th«  wondufft 
aeriea  of  intellectual  acts  which  nro  common  in  ant  commnnitim, 
which  form  part  of  the  powers  of  every  ant-brain.     How  shall  w* 
count  for  th'ii-  difference  in  reealtsp  It  aoems  evident  thai  iti»  iaa 
I      way  due  lo  difference  in  modes  of  association.     '11k  powers  of  tin* 
'       arc  instinctive — that  i".  they  have  been  pasted  down  by  hrrpll' 
Iransfnissiofi  through  numeron*  gcnorationa.    Tlivy  nrt>  tlio  outceV 
not  one  brain,  but  of  inniimera)>ie  hrains.     Tli<''ii.i;ii  the  hmiii  of  (<' 
am  liu  minute,  yet  the  brains  of  a  million  ant«  would  form  a  iviiuaa'' 
able  mawt.  and  vvory  act  of  ant  intellect  ia  pmliahly  the  |in)dtii* 
several  mitliona  of  ani-bndna,  e«eb  of  which  may  have  added  aonu'i 
nute  increment  lo  the  final  mult 

There  are.  in  fact,  two  diMinct  methods  by  trbich  ibe  ihiclli 
power*  of  ancestors  may  !»  transraitteal  lo  dcMtcndanta.     One  "t 
ia  Ibe  hiTediiary,  the  other  the  experimenlaL     Among  solitary  nttUv. 
the  special  intoUednal  a4:hiuvementa  of  each  auimal  ant  in  i^tmI  ihM 


COMMUNAL  SOCIETIES. 


3J> 


wot  loKl-  Tliey  ar«  unacen  by  others,  and  ttic  vxpvniMtcie  of  each  die« 
niUi  it  For,  as  wg  well  know,  it  is  only  the  general,  not  the  special 
Ipnrcn  of  the  mind  Uiat  are  traasniiltcil  liy  hcritlity.  Ko  child  b 
itiara  with  the  special  knowledge  of  its  parcnta,  tliough  it  may  |tnnnnnn 
■  ill  the  iotellectaal  tendencies  and  powers  of  iu  parents.  Only  wlun 
[wnw  Ktion  ia  repeated  generation  after  generation  doe*  h  prodnov  so 
ilTODg  an  imprcM  upon  the  int«IU'ei  ««  to  be  hm-ditaiily  traDsmiit«d. 
hi  Ibb  CUM  we  havo  the  inherituice  of  un  iD»tinct,  or  strong  special 
I  nmul  tcndenoy. 

L      hi* nident  that  among  social  animals  acLt  of  Niweial  xhrewdncM 

1  jHrforsed  by  any  indiTidual  are  likely  to  b«  seen  and  may  be  itni> 

taltd  by  others.     In  mch  eAses  an  educational  is  added  to  the  heredi- 

tay  ■elbod  of  intellectual  transmiiixion.     Any  Much  uclti,  if  of  special 

wlue  to  the  community,  may  be  very  frequently  i*[*atwl,  and  if  the 

tonmimily  hv  long  kept  together  it  may  make  important  nle^iH  of 

proffiess  in  thii  method  alone.     When,  again,  communities  |>aas  from 

ibi  (Kial  to  the  communal   phase  of  association  the  influeDce  above 

L  aoaieacxl  most  act  with  much  greater  rigor.     For  the  members  of 

I  *—■ -— 1  are  much  more  closely  associated  than  those  of  social  gronp«. 

I  Thrj  vork  more  together,  and  arc  brought  into  more  intimate  amocia* 

I  tim  in  oil  the  details  of  life.     It  in  i-liiimr<l  by  some  writers  that  tb« 

TMog  actailly  go  to  iichool  to  the  old,  and  arc  Hpeoially  taught  the 

I  of  the  hivo  and  the  ant-hilL*    In  addition  to  tliis  there  ia  much 

ilobeliere  tliat  the  communities  of  communal  animals  are  often 

I  ntiaaogfl  for  a  very  long  period  of  time.    The  ant  city  does  tiot  die 

I  M  aidk  one  generation,  but  may  continue  in  existence  through  an 

I  ■WtitcniunberoF  generations.     Tho  bee  family  sends  out  its  annaal 

I  ^imj,  hot  the  young  l«-fore  this  niigration  are  old  enough  to  hare 

I  WtsDghtall    the  dutic?)  of  bee-life.     Tliux  the  Kpceial  habiiK  of  a 

I  <Qglr  original  hive  may  be  trantimitted,  in  tlM^  edueaiional  method,  to 

I  ">  iodeAoiUi  iiomber  of  mncb  later  hires.     Parallel  conditions  are 

I  w<ra  to  exist  among  the  beavers.    The  condition  is  similar  to  that 

I  *f»nTCTcrowdcd  human  community,  whose  younger  members  migrate 

I  *  March  of  a  new  home,  but  not  until  they  have  learned  all  the  aits 

I  ''ika^arental  eommunity. 

I      ConmuDaltsni,  therefore,  has  it«  special  value  as  an  aid  to  llie  trati»- 
I  >Hmd  of  know1cdg«  and  uiteful  ha)>it.t  thn>ugb  leaeUiug  and  obserra- 

' Bt^uws  •!<*  that  the  "boaaobccs"  IPC  ibc  jounscr  bMS  Ml  It  homo,  fm  domes- 
ikMti,  ultli  otJ;  s  unall  pNpeadon  of  older  nnrf,  left  proliiljlr  (o  dirwot  ttin  faan^. 
IW  r«B^  aiU  ■*  b  ltd  sboot  the  wtat,  niu)  tmlncd  io  a  kiio<'l)nl|«<  of  dnmfMic  dutlw, 
L  "Md^  la  the  «••*  o*  lir*»,  l«CT  on  Ac  ytranK  noli  »re  Uii|;lit  to  dlitlniriilili  twtwMn 
I  Vmtt  and  (Oai.  Wbcs  bc  bcudmI  b  attacked  bj  torrisn  nut*  Ihff  jniing  anU  nnrar  Join 
[^  Ih*  l|}it,  bat  eoaflo*  iIwiiimItc*  (o  rMDoriag  the  pupe."  In  a  doI  inads  bj  Ford  erf 
|ia«c  sou  sad  pDp«  «(  diltwcnt  vpccioi;  no  kmtilit;  arusf.  Tho;  dvcU  toeKhcr  w  ■ 
WfT  ftinllj.  TUcT  had  not  b*ea  odunUd  into  bottiUlj  Ut  lonHspun.  talAtoA  *ajv, 
r&b  maarkalik  hoii  mach  t»fivldos1  aata  appear  to  diffor  troin  one  aitothor  In  disr- 
■Mr."    ThHC  b  iliui  a  nataial  tM«b  for  the  denlopmcnt  or  no*  haliita. 


?J* 


TBS  POPULAR  SCISSCB  MONTHLY. 


Inb 


I  the  tacefisaDt  reiteration  of  acta  that  hare 
y,  until  the  teodency  to  perform  tbew 
;  tkat  H  u  bercditarily  Uanaiiitled.     In  olfaer  «< 
In  fuel,  in  iho  oaso  of  aninuls  of  ii 
1  vigar.  like  tbe  uits  and  bm-K,  it  iki-iii«  probable  tlial 
,  ti  wfoaaX  valn«  to  a  community,  grow  np  only  by  minute  iii< 
,  aail  liuoagfa  lon^  periods  of  timt-.     Each  when  gained  bixwi 
throo^   innnniprable  gencrslions,  and  finally  becooea 
,  capabk  <if  beredilary  tnnsauadon.     In  this  way 
I  aiiglN  bttdlMttial  vigor,  by  tbo  edncational  transmiMion 
isdiridnal  acta,  may  have  gntdually  gainvd  the  divcni! 
1  ■uodUiona  of  iheoe  two  remarkablo  typ<«. 
la  aM  and  bee  coauntmitiea,  aa  at  prutcnt  constituUtl,  the 
u^  QBaHMlaMon  of  now  arta  seems  at  first  sight  impoiuiible. 

asu  performed  by  tho  workers  ronst  remain  unknown  to 
fiaali.  who  can  only  trannnit  the  ancient  instincts.  It 
laaif  ^development  of  cumin uiuUJtan  bad  reached  a 
.  i&taUeetuol  prugn^xs  muni  stop.  The  general  babitaof 
b««  went  probably  gained  during  their  alow  evolution  of  oommimalu 
fnMii  aociaiiBO).  and  ere  the  seinal  relations  had  aitained  their  proa 
— "»-"  mthction.  \^'itb  but  one  female,  who  takes  no  part  iii  ti 
'lllliir  of  boBM  or  field,  and  remains  ignorant  of  any  »hrcwd  act  th 
a,,,  v.,  ....^.^rnMd  by  a  worker,  it  seems  impossible  that  the  vxiklii 
';  -^il  rwceivc  any  addition. 

\v.  '.lu»  io  not  quite  imposHible,  even  in  the  present  coaditiaBt • 

ii.L  U.J  tv«  life.     Kji|<ertential  development  and  transmisuon  of  oe 

.v  wutinuc  indefinitely,  since  single  ooromuuities  may  co 

uM«oc*i  or  may  yield  direct  colonies,  for  indefinite  prrio 

And  tb«>  oci(.'asional  birth  of  males  from  workers  uifurds 

-uaUM  by  wfait'h  thcM?  bahils  may  Iw  hrn-diturlly  ttanMnitte 

'•ii^  ooncieivable  that  tbexc  male  children  of  workers  raiyh 

iit^  vf  new  eommunities.     In  bee  communities  the  OM 

.iwiniwriTn  of  a  woriier  into  a  queen  affords  a  direct  mefl 

tounuMun  of  worker  cbaraeteristics.    The  case  is  dost 

■I  of  the  transmi^on  of  knowledge  in  hnman  comMd 

11  Ute  latter  h<Tcdiiary  traueniiseioo  is  of  limited  i«f 

.  ta  Ibe  great  agi-iii  tn  the  coiiimuDivatiun  of  knovle^ 

LOttoB  bos  here  been  given  to  this  question,  as  it  if  ■> 

.  .1  luach  comment  and  debate,  and  the  thoughts  fc< 

.  be  without  their  interest  and  value.     I  would  b 

■  t«  iaid,  that  the  remarkable  institutions  of 

•  vol  indicate  any  iniellecluid  superiority  to 

•dlwn  of  these  commonities,  but  aimply  a  much 

'*-u«mission  of  tntcllcctnal  rosulltt.    And  to 

>.vDrtu]iioii  that  while  ant  and  bee  commi 
wi<*  Uut  must  tend  in  great  measure  to  chedi 


COMMUNAL  SOCIETIES. 


333 


Mrediury  traiiBiniMtoi)  of  new  habiut,  yet  tt  u  ponaiblfr  that  a  flow  im* 
^Dement  in  tbe  habits  of  the»e  communilin  ma^  BtJil  roaUiioe,  Itolb 
bf  edacstjon  or  ofaMrration  and  by  bereditjr. 

The  mental  relations  of  animal  commonltiM,  as  thoi  rorieiTMi,  afn 

{ijcioeely  to  tho  qncxtion  of  the  intcllcvtosi  development  of  mao. 

Among  the  qaadnimaiu  socialiun  in  oftvn  grvntly  dvvclupvd,  cdooi- 

lioQiI  Innsmtiwioii  is  Mjininon,  and  much  iiilvlle«tiial  slircwdutiM  ia 

manifMled.     But,  bctwevii  tku  intellectuality  of  these  communiliM 

ud  tbooe  of  tbe  anis  and  bees,  there  is  a  marked  difference.     We 

Ipakof  the  monkey  as  marked  by  incessant  (-nriosity.     That  is  to 

m,  W  make«  constant  mental  exoorstons  beyond  tbe  range  of  hie 

bnaUtary  babitif.     He  constantly  "  want*  to  know."    Hi.i  iutclleeliLal 

leiBM  u  far  Biuperior  to  thitt  of  tb>!  low  animal  tribes,  which  bavu 

■itaBCod  to  far  beyond  biu  in  habits.     Id  man  the  same  ^  want  to 

laov"  kae  ever  been  active,  aod  to  it  are  due  bia  rapid  gaining  of  new 

a))HieiK<«  and  increase  in  knowled^.    Yet,  so  far  a«  social  organiza- 

liM ii cotic«nied,  be  was  very  long  in  reaching  the  level  atlaiDod  by 

te  COmmBnal  animalx.     lie  probitbly  ritntinuird  for  agc«  in  the  social 

tfate,lIi(Mi^  it  is  uniwiMiiblv  to  nay  bow  early  tbe  p&lriarchal  state 

been  rcaebed.   Three  or  four  thousand  years  ago  we  lind  tbe 

of  the  present  civilized  nations  everywhere  organi«»d  under 

doaely  analogous  to  those  of  ant  and  Imm)  comnitinitics, 

in  thw  mental  acumen  and  variety  of  liabita  and  knowledge 

ftn  almost  infinitely  superior. 

With  OIK-  further  conNtdi-nilioR  we  may  close.     It  is  of  interest  to 

ire  that  in  human  eomuiuniticH  the  IransntUsion  of  iniellectual 

lU  is  mainly  and  almostt  entirely   a  cooMqnence  of  educstioOt 

(rdirect  or  indirect.     Instinct  is  almost  non-fxistent,  tm  far  as  tbs 

and  intellectual  habits  of  life  are  couifnicil.     Wc  migbt 

I  ani  city,  with  the  exception  of  a  single  male  and  female, 

Toold  gire  ri«c  to  a  new  city,  with  no  perceptible  difference 

■K^cf*  from  the  old.     Yet  were  wc  to  destroy  a  civilized  human 

■■mmty,  with  the  exception  of  a  few  infantH,  tbe«c.  oould  tbey  give 

N  lo  descendanlsi,  in  isolated  hxTsiities,  would  yield  a  community 

lilf  destitute  of  knowledge  and  of  the  power  of  dealing  with  Nature. 

•«J  would  have  to  begin  anew,  where  their  ancestors  began  ages 

rfwfc    Yet  they  would  possess  mental  [lowera  and  tendencies  that 

HU  enable  them  to  rapidly  gain  new  experience  and  babita,  and 

Idd  nndoabtedly  develop  into  a  new  civilization  with  exceedingly 

Wer  rapidity  than  wax  shown  >□  tbe  development  of  primeval  man. 

It  is  U>e  npidity  of  progrvM  in  human  liitbitN  and  knowledge  that 

trents  any  of  tlieae  habits  becoming  inHtinctiTe.    Uld  conditions  are 

iiij  thrown  aside  and  new  ones  gained,  and  no  method  of  action  is 

Btaad  lung  enoogb  for  it  to  grow  into  the  force  of  an  instinct.    I'hc 

^^^ly  of  hnman  progress  ii«  to  clicek  in^linet,  and  to  more  and  more 

EUBtly  employ  reason,  while  with  tbe  lower  animals  the  tendeiM^ 


334 


THE  POPULAR  SCIE!rCE  MOXTHLT. 


» to  tk»  denlopineiit  of  iDstiiu:t&     And  wc  mav  close  bj-  \ 
anU  and  b«e«  ta  uutancn  of  llic  txtreme  unf€>li]nicnt  of  tba  i 
powers,  man  as  an  inHtuccv  of  tho  greatest  chvckuig  of  ii 
developMvnt  of  tbo  rcaM>niug  faculttve. 


FlSn  OCT  OF  WATER. 


Bt  grant  ALLEN. 


SlIiOLLmG  one  day  m  wbat  is  enphvinutticsUT  tennti),  hi 
torUJ  Utitodes,  "the  cool  of  the  CTening,"  aloog  a  tangled 
cal  American  tiel(I-p3th,  lliroiigh  a  low  re^oo  uf  lai^oons  audi 
ooun>«H,  my  atU'nlion  happened  to  be  momentarily  attracted  fi 
monotonoaa  ponuiit  of  tho  uimble  mo6C|uito  by  a  Kmall  aoimal 
aloog  iiTpgularly  before  mc,  as  if  in  a  great  hurry  to  get  out 
vay  before  I  could   mm  bim  into  an  excellent  a|)i-ciincn.     A 
ntgbi  I  took  ihv  Itttio  hopiMT,  in  the  gray  dusk,  for  one  of  thl 
niun,  Mnall  grc«n  tlxards,  and  wasn't  much  di^^powd  to  par  it 
tinguinhcd  tdiaro  either  of  personal  or  HCJcntiBc  attention.    Ba 
walked  on  a  little  farther  throu|;b  tb«  densv  undiTbrush,  moi 
more  of  (heite  tifauftittig  and  M^nrrj'iug  littlo  creatures  kept  crtMii 
patb,  hxHtUy,  all  in  one  direction,  and  all,  as  it  were,  in  a  formed  b 
or  tnarcliing  phalanx.     Looking  cloter,  to  my  great  enrprise  I 
tbey  were  actually  fish  out  of  water,  going  on  a  walking-t 
change  of  air,  to  a  new  re*ideoc« — gennino  fisb,  a  conplc  of 
long  eaeb,  not  eel-ebaped  or  serpentine  in  outline,  but  cloorly 
bling  a  red  mullet  in  nnnialurc,  though  much  more  beauiifi 
delicately  colorci),  and  with  fins  and  tnilx  of  ibo  most  orthodox^ 
and  prickly  description.     They  were  traveling  acroM-cotintrt'  in  %^ 
line,  thousands  of  tliem  together,  not  at  all  like  the  bvlplcvs  fnh 
water  of  popular  imagination,  bat  aa  nnconcemcdly  and  uai 
if  they  biid  iK^on  accustomed  to  t)ie  OTerlaod  route  for  tbeir  vbi 
timesi,  and  were  walking  now  on  the  king's  highway  witboit 
hindrance'. 

I  took  one  np  in  my  hand  and  ciaminc<l  it  more  oan^tilly ; 
tbe  catching  it  wasn't  by  any  nivans  ta  easy  as  it  Ronndn  on 
tbwe  porambnlatory  lish  arc  thoroughly  inured  to  the  dan: 
dlffioulties  of  dry  land,  and  can  get  out  of  yonr  way  when  you  tf] 
eaplure  tltcin  with  a  rapidity  and  dexterity  which  are  truly  surprici 
The  little  creatures  are  very  pretty,  well-formed  cat-fish,  with  hri( 
intelligent  eyes,  and  a  body  armed  all  over,  like  the  annadillo's,  < 
a  continuous  coat  of  hard  and  homy  mail.  This  coat  is  not  foi 
•calee,  as  in  aott  Ash,  hut  of  toughened  skin,  as  in  crocodiles  a: 
gators,  arrai^  fo  ovcifappiug  rows  of  imbricated  abici 


FISH  OUT  OF  WATER. 


33S 


^Bftf  thi*  round  tilM  so  common  on  the  roofs  of  Kalian  cotugi<«. 
PHdi  wall^  or  nitber  sbanibles  along  Qngracefiilly',  by  the  shuffling 
bnneDi  of  a  pair  of  etiff  spin«a  placed  close  behitid  his  bead,  sided 
^tk*ste«riDg  action  of  hi«  tail,  and  a  cooetant  Enakc-like  vrijj^Iing 
Htiod  of  his  entire  bodjr.  Leg-tpines  of  «<Hnewhnt  \\tv  f^mv  sort  are 
bnJ  ta  the  common  tln^iali  gnnianl,  and,  in  tJiix  age  of  uqniriamx 
Dd  fisheries  exhibittoas,  mo«t  adult  pcrsoDS  above  (be  age  of  twenly- 
ne  jtam  muiit  bavc  obwrved  tlic  gurnatd*  themselvea  crawling  al«xng 
■fdoiouHly  by  their  aid  at  the  bottom  of  a  lank  at  the  Crystal  Palace 
r  the  poljonymoua  South  Keosington  building.  But,  while  the  Kura- 
cm  ^reard  only  uses  his  subfititntes  for  legs  on  the  bed  of  the  ocean, 
^Hinennt  tropical  angnain lance  (his  name,  I  regret  to  say,  is  Cal- 
kMja)  nM«  tbem  boldly  for  terrestrial  locomotion  across  the  dry 
^Bdb  of  bis  natiTc  country.  And,  while  thi'^  gurnard  lin«  no  lea* 
^nla  of  thtwe  pro-legx,  tbv  Anu-rican  laiid-fiHli  liaH  only  a  single 
■ir  with  which  to  acoontpltsb  bis  arduous  journeys.  If  this  be  con- 
Utnd  as  a  point  of  inferiority  in  the  armor-plated  Amerieau  specieiC, 
|*mut  remember  that  while  beetles  and  grasshoppers  have  as  many 
^■b  legs  apiece,  man,  tbe  head  and  crown  of  things,  is  oonutut  to 
Ruble  through  life  ungracefully  with  no  mon-  tlian  twoi. 
I  There  arc  a  great  many  tropical  Am<mcan  pond-tlsb  which  abare 
^HtfrentoroBS  gypsy  habits  of  tbe  prfttty  little  CaUiehthys.  Though 
R^elong  to  two  distinct  groups,  otherwise  unconnected,  the  circuni- 
hacw  of  the  country  they  inhabit  bavo  indnced  in  both  families  this 
^Uaahion  of  waddling  out  cotiragcouply  on  dry  land,  and  i^oing 
HfBges  of  exploration  in  search  of  fresh  ponds  and  shallows  new, 
bmewbcrc  in  tJte  neighborhood  of  their  late  rciudciice.  Onv  kind  in 
■JBlar,  iJii-  BraEiltan  Doras,  takes  land-journeys  of  such  .turpriKiug 
^f  Ihat  he  oflt^n  s[>ends  several  nights  on  the  way,  and  ihe  Indians 
no  meet  the  wandering  bands  during  their  migrations  fill  scverul 
kfa^  fall  of  the  prey  thus  dropped  upon  them,  as  it  were,  from  thv 
^B  clouds. 

^Hlli  DoRUi  and  CaUiehthys,  too,  are  well  providM  with  means  of 
HK»  against  (he  enemies  they  may  chance  (a  meet  during  iheir 
mtorial  excutsioua ;  for  in  both  kinds  there  are  the  same  bony 
■Hi  along  the  adea,  securing  the  little  travelers,  as  far  as  posf^ible, 
^^tUek  oo  tbe  part  of  hnnt^ry  piscivorous  animals,  Domn  further 
■hi  its  power*  of  living  out  of  water  by  going  ashore  to  fetch  dry 
^m^with  which  it  builds  itM^lf  a  regular  nest,  like  a  bird's,  at  the 
hpimiDg  of  the  rainy  season.  In  this  nest  tbe  affectionate  parents 
k|IIy  cover  np  their  eggs,  tbe  hope  of  the  race,  and  watch  over 
l^nlth  the  utmost  attention.  Many  other  tish  build  miits  in  the 
Uer,  of  materials  oatorally  found  at  the  bottom  ;  but  Doras,  I  bc- 
ke,  is  the  only  one  that  builds  them  oo  the  beach,  of  materials 
Ight  for  on  the  dry  land. 
Such  amphibious  babit«  on  tbe  port  of  certain  tropical  6ah  arc  easy 


3J6 


TBS  POPULAR   SCIENCE  MONTHLY. 


caongh  to  cxjilain  by  tb<-  fanhionablc  c1«w  of  "adaptation  to 
nent.'*  Fomlti  arc  alwaj's  very  likely  to  dry  up,  and  so  tite 
that  frequent  pond*  arc  UMially  capable  of  bearing  a  very  long  di 
riralion  of  water.  Indeed,  our  cvolulioniate  generally  bold  tbat  1 
fiuinials  have  in  every  case  sprang  from  poDd-aoimala  which  bai 
gxadnally  adapted  thcmHolTes  to  do  without  water  altogether, 
according  to  tbis  theory,  b«-gan  in  the  ocean,  sprvad  np  tbe  cetQ. 
into  the  grat«r  rivim,  thi-ncR  cxiendcsl  to  the  brooka  aiid  lake*, 
finally  migrattrd  to  the  ponda,  puddle^  awamps,  and  niarsbca, 
it  took  St  last,  hy  tentative  degrees,  to  the  solid  shore,  the  plaJ: 
tbe  mountains.  Certainly  the  tenacity  of  life  shown  by  pond-a] 
ia  very  remarkable.  Our  own  Knglish  carp  bury  themselrea  deeply 
the  mud  in  winter,  and  there  remain  in  a  dormant  condition  mm 
months  entirely  without  food.  During  thi»  long  hibernating  pcrii> 
they  can  Ik-  preserved  alive  for  a  connidi-rable  time  out  of  watci 
especially  If  their  gills  are,  from  lime  to  time,  slightly  tnoiBlcne^ 
They  may  tfaea  be  aeot  to  any  address  by  porcelfl-post,  packed  in  w 
ntoaa,  withovt  serions  damage  to  tb«r  constitation  ;  though,  aeoordh 
to  Dr.  GQnth«r,  these  dissipated  products  of  civilization  prefer  to  hR< 
a  piece  of  bread  steepe<I  in  brandy  put  into  their  mouths  to  nutaii 
tbetn  iK-forehand.  In  I  loDand,  where  the  carp  are  not  so  sophtsticaio 
they  an'  ofti-n  kept  the  whole  winter  through,  hung  up  in  a  net  t 
keep  them  from  freezing.  At  fiwt  they  require  to  be  lOightly  wettei 
from  lime  to  time,  just  to  acclimatize  them  gradually  to  so  dry 
•zictencc ;  but  after  a  while  they  adapt  themsetvot  cheerfully  to  thri 
altered  cireumittnnovit,  and  feed  on  an  oiwneional  frugal  meal  of  bnfld 
and  milk  with  ChriHtian  niiignation. 

Of  all  land-fre<[ucnting  finh,  however,  by  far  the  rao«t  fauMus  ■ 
Uw  so^alled  climbing-perch  of  India,  which  not  only  walks  bo^ 
out  of  the  water,  but  even  climbs  trees  by  means  of  special 
nrar  the  head  and  tail,  so  arranged  as  to  stick  into  tbe  bark  sihI 
it  to  wriggle  its  way  up  awkwardly,  nonicl  hing  after  tbe  aame  faduM 
aa  the  "looping"  of  catcrpiltars.  The  tree-climber  ia  a  mall,  K«l? 
fish,  seldom  inoro  than  M'vvn  incbeit  long  ;  but  it  has  dftvelopri  > 
special  breathing  apparatus  to  enable  it  to  keep  up  the  stock  of  Qzyg<' 
on  ita  terrestrial  excursions,  which  may  be  rcganlcd  as  to  some  cxtMl 
the  exact  converge  of  the  means  employed  by  dirpra  to  supply  ihco- 
•elves  with  air  under  water.  Jui^l  above  the  gilltt,  which  f ami  A 
eoorse  its  natural  her^ilitary  brc.'ilhing  apparatus,  ibe  elimbiB^r-pxA 
baa  invenled  a  new  and  wholly  original  water-chamber,  cont^nint 
within  it  a  frilled  bony  organ,  which  enables  it  to  extract  oxygen  £«• 
the  storcd-np  water  dnring  the  course  of  its  aerial  peregrioitit*- 
"While  (»  shore  it  picks  up  small  insects,  worm*,  and  grabs ;  ho*  ■• 
»le»  has  vegetarian  tastes  of  its  own,  and  doe*  not  despise  fnits  m' 
bMTiea.  The  Indian  jugglers  tame  the  climbing<percJ)M  and  «nf 
abotrt  with  them  as  part  of  their  etock  in  trade  ;  their  abilttr  t» 


-^'■-  - 


FISH  OUT   OF  WATER. 


337 


A  lotig  t!me  out  nf  vraler  makes  Uiem  iiM'ful  coofislcrites  in  many 

Uicka  wUich  wem  very  wondeHul  to  |ieo|>l<!  aoctutomcJ  to  bc- 
tbat  tish  ilio  almost  at  once  when  taken  out  of  llicir  niiiivc  demcDt. 
"ho  lo'liiui  snak<itK-iid  is  a  cIo»et;r  all<«d  s[>eciefl,  common  in  the 

<ir  }k)q>Ih  mil]  fn-sh-waivr  tanks  of  Inrlin,  wliero  boiy  Brabmans 
aixl  drink  iin<l  die  an<I  are  bnritKl,  ani]  mo«t  of  which  dry  up 

\j  (luring  ibo  drj-  Heaooii.    Tho  Huakclivad,  tltcrcforv,  liaa  Eimi- 

Ricoommodated  binuelf  to  this  annual  peculiarity  In  hb  local 
■Wkn  by  aotiuiring  a  special  chamber  for  ret.-iii)iii)»  water  to 
l«n  bi»  jtills  throtigboat  bu  long  dcprivatioD  of  that  prime  n«- 
ly.     IIu  lirw  oompoaedly  in  uinii-fluii]  mud,  or  lies  torpid  in  tJ>e 

bakvd  day  at  tbo  bottom  of  tliv  dry  tank  from  wliicb  all  ibo 
w  lut  utterly  evaporated  tii  the  drought  of  nummcr.  A»  long  m 
Bad  remains  toft  enough  to  alloir  tbe  fiHh  to  rise  slowly  through 
come  to  the  surface  every  now  and  then  to  take  in  a  good  hearty 

of  air,  exactly  aa  gold-fieb  do  in  England  when  confined  with 
tliM  or  ignorant  cruelty  in  a  glass  globo  too  small  to  provide 
t  oxygen  for  Uieir  ri-njiiraiiDn.    But  whon  tbo  mud  faardons 

\y  tl»cy  hibernate,  or  rather  a^Htivate,  in  a  donnanl  condition 

the  bursting  of  the  monsoon  filU  the  ponds  once  more  with  the 
water.  Eren  in  the  perfectly  dry  state,  however,  they  proh- 
go  to  get  a  little  air  every  now  and  again  tfarougfa  the 
chinks  and  fissurea  in  the  mii-baked  mud.  Our  Aryan 
ler  then  goes  a-fiiihing  playfully  with  a  Kpado  and  bucket,  and 
tlu>  <nakcbr»1  in  this  mean  faebion  out  of  liis  comfortable  lair 
la  ultiwato  view  to  the  manufacture  of  pillau.  In  Iturmah,  in- 
,  while  the  mud  is  still  soft  the  ingenioua  BnrcDcae  catcb  tlie  bclp- 
ervatures  by  a  slill  meaner  and  more  unsportsmanlike  dcvioo. 

ipread  a  liu'gu  chith  over  the  slimy  oom  where  tJie  snakeheads 
mried,  and  so  cut  off  cntin-ty  for  the  imiment  their  *tipply  of 
en.     Tbe  )>oor  fixh,  half-asphyxiutcd  by  tbin  unkind  treatment, 

Dp  gaiplng  to  tbe  snrfsoe  under  the  ololh  in  search  of  fresh  air, 
are  then  ea^y  caught  with  tbe  hand  and  tossed  into  baskets  by 
ii^eiicralu  Hinlilhtsta. 
'Id  Anglo-IjdianR  even  say  that  eome  of  those  miid-tiantiling  Ori- 

fish  will  survive  for  many  years  in  a  *Ia(e  of  siiiipended  anima- 
and  that,  when  ]>ond.i  or  Jhilt  which  are  known  to  liavc  been  dry 
icvcrnl  nurxessive  seasons  axe  suddenly  filled  by  heavy  rains,  tbey 
i>und  to  be  swarming  at  once  with  full-grown  snakebeadH,  released 
moment  from  what  I  may  rcntnro  to  call  their  living  lomb  tn  the 
n»ud  bottom.  AVhetlier  such  ulaiemcnts  arc  ab«oIntcly  true  or 
hm  prcM'nt  deponent  would  be  loath  to  decide  dogmatically  ;  but, 

were  implicitly  to  swallow  everything  that  tbe  old  Anglo-Indian 

simplicity  aaanrep  as  he  has  seen— well,  tbe  clergy  would  have 
irtbor  cans*  any  longer  to  deplore  the  growing  skepticism  and  un- 
it uf  tboac  latter  onfalthful  ageo. 

TOL  IXTIII.— 33 


J)8 


TITS  POPULAR  scmyos  MONrniY. 


Tlila  baliit  of  lyiiig  in  the  mud  and  tbero  bocomlug  torpid  nufl 
looked  upou  an  a  natural  allemative  to  tbo  babU  ot  migmlbie  aen»  | 
country,  when  your  pond  driea  upf  in  K-arvb  of  larger  oimI  mtun  jwni* 
nent  sboeU  of  wattT.    Somu  Bub  Bolve  th«  problem  bow  tii  grt  tlim^ 
Ulu  dry  Boasoa  in  oiio  of  ibcdo  two  alienuitivc  fssbioDS,  aod  somt  a  | 
tbo  otbor.     Id  flat  countries  wb«ro  Nmall  poods  and  tanks  alono  oiMi 
tbe  burying  pbii  in  almost  universal ;  in  plaina  tran-rbod  lif  lup! 
rivers  or  coniaiiiing  coosiderable  scattcrod  lakv8,tlio  mignttorj  tfUM  | 
finds  greater  favor  «-ith  the  pist-ino  population. 

Ono  tropical  i^)cciv«  wlitcli  adopts  tbo  tactics  of  biding  itM-lf  Id  it* j 
hard  clay,  the  African  roud-Bsli,  ia  apooially  interesting  to  on  bu 
boingfl  on  two  accounta :  fimt,  beeaiue,  nnliko  almoet  all  other 
of  fi^,  it  poesessea  lungs  aa  well  as  gills  ;  and,  set-oodly,  becaaw  itj 
forma  an  intemediate  link  between  the  tme  liKb  and  tbe  frogfi 
amphibians,  and  tberofore  stands  in  all  probability  iu  tlto  dirvd  I 
of  bumaii  descent,  Wing  tbo  living  t«pre*entatiTe  of  tmu  among  ee 
own  remote  and  early  »iic<>storK.  Scientific  intero*l  ami  filial  pittfl 
onght  alike  to  B«curo  our  attention  for  tbe  iUrican  mud-fiali.  U  lif 
ita  ampbibioiiB  life  among  tlie  rice-fields  on  the  Kile,  tbe  Zambeei,  nd 
the  Gnnibia,  :iud  is  bo  greatly  given  to  a  terrestrial  existence  tlial ill] 
awim-b! udder  lias  become  porous  and  cdlular,  »o  as  to  be  modified  inU^ 
M&jfrof  true  and  ten-iovabic  lungs.  In  fact,  the  lungn  themwhcxin 
^iirtb'o  bigber  mnimala  arc  mcrrly  tb«  eicim-bladdcrs  of  fisb,  ^iglitljr 
altered  «o  aa  to  perform  a  new  but  closely  allied  office.  Tbe  mad  QiA 
is  common  enough  In  all  tbe  larger  Engltsb  aquariums,  otring  tot 
ooDvenient  babit  in  vbieh  it  indulges,  and  wbicb  pcnuita  it  (a  b 
readily  conveyed  to  all  parts  of  tbe  globe  on  the  same  princii>Ic  M  tlw 
Tana  for  furniture.  When  tbe  dry  season  comes  on  and  tbe  rioe-fidl* 
are  rodnood  to  bitnks  of  baking  mud,  tbe  roud-ti«li  retiro  to  tbo  bottm 
of  tbeir  pools,  where  they  form  for  tbenuolves  a  ttort  of  ooctHiD  <if 
hardened  clay,  lined  with  mucuR,  and  with  a  bole  at  eaoh  end  to  mIkiII 
the  air ;  and  in  this  snug  retreat  tbey  remain  torpid  till  the  return  of 
vet  wcntbcr.  As  tbe  fish  nsaatly  reach  ■  length  of  tbrec  or  four  (*t\. 
the  cocoons  are  of  oonrsc  by  no  means  May  to  transport  entire.  Kvrir- 
tbelea*,  the  nativca  manage  to  dig  tbem  np  whole,  fish  and  all ;  voA,^ 
the  oapsales  are  not  broken,  the  unconscloiu  Inmatee  can  be  nataeTCX 
by  steamer  to  Europe  witb  peKect  safety.  Their  aBtoDllbmtnt  wba 
tbe;  finally  wake  up  after  their  long  slnrabor,  and  find  tbemsehtt  ■<' 
apecting  the  British  public,  as  introduced  to  them  by  Mr.  FuiA 
tbrongti  a  sheet  of  plate-glass,  must  bo  profound  and  interesting. 

In  England  itself,  on  the  other  hand,  we  have  at  least  one  )&vA'A 
fish  which  exemplifies  Ibe  opposite  or  migratory  eolation  of  theibT' 
pond  problem,  and  that  is  our  familiar  friend  the  common  eeL  'H' 
ways  of  eels  are  indeed  myaterions,  for  nobody  has  ever  yel  santpdt' 
in  discovering  where,  when,  or  how  tbey  manage  to  apaa-n;  Dob»ll 
baa  ever  yet  seen  an  eera  egg,  or  caugbt  a  female  eel  in  the  apawsial 


FISH  OUT  OF  WATSR. 


339 


■rodilioii,  or  ev«ti  obMnred  a  really  adtilt  male  or  female  Hpccimcn  of 

Htrftct  devclapocDt.     All  the  oi'lii  over  found  Id  fresh  water  are  imma- 

Bm  and  undeveloped  creatures.     But  cvla  do  certainly  epawtt  Home- 

Bbete  or  o(li«r  in  the  deep  sea,  and  every  year,  in  the  countv  of  the 

ftmaer,  floolm  of  young  ones,  knoim  aa  elvers,  ascend  the  riverv  in 

^^bms  quantities,  Uko  a  vast  army  ander  namberleaH  leaden.    At 

HnibotsiY  or  ofitunntT  be  it  river,  brook,  stream,  or  diteh,  a  propor- 

JbbMi)  detachment  of  tbc  main  Inxly  itt  given  off  to  explore  the  vari- 

ni  bnooheis  while  the  central  force  wrigglea  Jla  way  up  the  chinf 

diaaBel,  regardless  of  obstacles,  with  uudiniinisbed  vigor.     When  the 

jooag  elvera  come  to  a  weir,  a  wall,  a  flood-;^e,  or  a  lasher,  they 

nnplycqairm  their  way  up  the  perpendicalar  harrier  with  indc»«rib- 

*^  vrigglings,  oa  if  thvy  were  wholly  iiDOcquaiii !<■<),  pby»i(;ally  as 

wtjl  a*  mentally,  with  Nowton'a  magnificent  discovery  of  gravitation. 

Ktthing  stops  thcni  ;  they  go  wherever  water  ia  to  be  found  ;  ai»d, 

ttoDgh  millions  periiib  hopelessly  in  the  attempt,  millions  more  survive 

I  tbe  eud  to  attain  their  goal  in  the  upper  reaches.    They  even  seem 

I  K«nt  ponds  or  lakes  mystcrioosly,  at  a  distance,  and  will  strike 

(Ily  straight  across-conntTy,  to  sheots  of  water  wholly  cut  off  from 

mnanication  with  (he  river  whieh  formK  their  chief  highway. 

T%c  full-grown  eeU  are  also  given  to  journeying  acr(KUt-(N>untTy  in 

|ioore  sober,  s«dat«,  and  dignified  manner,  a*  beeoincs  fl:(h  wliieh  liave 

arrived  at  years,  or  rather  months,  of  discretion.     Whon  tl»o 

nit  in  which  they  live  dry  up  in  summer,  they  make  in  a  bee-line 

'  tlic  nearest  sheet  of  fresh  water,  whose  direction  and  distance  they 

to  know  intuitively,  through  aomc  strange  ioBtinctive  geo- 

facnlty.     On  their  way  across-country  they  do  not  despiso 

imocDlent  rat,  whom  they  swallow  whole,  when  eaught,  with  grcjit 

To  keep  their  gills  wet  daring  these  excursions,  eels  have  the 

'  of  distending  the  skin  on  caefa  etdo  of  the  neck,  just  hclow  the 

,  so  sa  to  form  a  big  pouch  or  swelling.    This  poach  they  till  with 

T,  to  earry  a  good  supply  along  with  them  imtil  they  reach  the 

I  for  which  they  are  making.     It  is  the  pouch  alone  that  enables 

ttehve  so  long  out  of  water  imder  all  circnms lances,  and  so  inci* 

Uy  exposes  them  to  the  disagreeable  experience  of  getting  skinned 

,  which,  it  is  to  be  fearer),  still  forms  the  fate  of  most  of  those 

IfaQ  into  the  clutches  of  the  human  xjiccies. 

A  far  more  singular  walking  fish  than  any  of  these  is  the  odd 

thai  rejoices  (nnforlnuately)  in  the  very  classical  sumarao  of 

Itrinphihalmis,  which  is,  being  interpreted.  Stare-about.     (If  be  had 

'^nugoiaed  English  name  of  his  own,  T  would  gladly  give  it ;  but,  as 

^ttm't,  and  as  it  Is  clearly  neet^ssnry  to  call  b!m  something,  I  fear 

■■  must  stick  to  the  somewhat  alarming  seientifio  nomenclature.) 

Hvioplithalmns,  (hen,  is  an  odd  fish  of  the  tropical  Pacific  shores,  with 

Bjpor  of  very  distinct  fore-legs  (theoretically  described  as  modified 

■ncnl  fios),  and  with  two  goggle-eyes,  which  he  can  protrude  at 


TEE  POPULAR  SCTBNCB  MOSTBtY. 


pleasure  right  oot<itIp  thp  socltcts,  bo  jm  to  Inol:  in  wfiatpvcr  dirpctron 
be  cboosc*,  without  cTttn  Ixking  ifae  trouble  to  turn  lit*  hcni]  tu  kfi  'W 
right,  hiuikward  or  forvard.  At  ebb-tide  this  Btogalar  [>eri|»t«tte 
goby  lit«rally  walks  atnight  ont  of  tbe  water,  and  promenades  tlw 
bare  beacli  erect  on  two  logs  in  search  of  Mmall  crabs  and  other  stray 
mannc  animal*  left  behind  by  the  receding  walcrs.  If  yoo  try  to 
catch  him,  he  bops  away  briskly  maoh  like  a  frog,  and  ftarcn  bade  at 
ycm  grimly  over  bis  left  shoulder  with  his  squioting  opiicsL  So  com- 
pletely adapted  is  be  for  this  amphibious  'IwigalKire  exiBteace  that  bit 
big  eyeSf  unlike  thoito  of  roost  other  fiKb,  are  fonned  for  seeing  in  Iks 
va  M  well  aa  In  the  water.  Nothing  can  bv  more  Indicrous  than  M 
watch  him  snddenly  thrusting  these  very  movable  orb«  right  ont  *A 
tltdr  aockets  like  a  pair  of  telescopes,  and  twistiog  thetn  round  in  all 
directions  so  as  to  sec  in  front,  behind,  on  top,  and  below,  is  oiiefl 
dolightful  circular  sweep.  ™ 

Tbcro  is  aIm  a  certain  curious  trc^ical  American  carp,  whicli* 
thoDgh  it  hardly  de3er\'C8  to  be  considered  iu  the  strictest  tmsr  m 
ft  fish  out  of  water,  yet  manages  to  fall  nearly  half-way  under  iMt  ■ 
peculiar  category,  for  it  always  swims  with  its  head  partly  aboro  fl 
the  surface  and  partly  below.  Bnt  the  funniest  thing  in  this  qanr  H 
amngement  is  the  fact  that  one  half  of  each  eye  iit  ont  in  tbe  atraail  ^| 
the  other  half  is  beni-ath  in  the  water.  Accordingly,  the  eye  \%  ifi-  ^| 
vided  faorisontally  by  a  dark  strip  into  two  distinct  and  unlike  jKirt»n%  ^| 
the  upper  one  of  which  has  a  pupil  adapted  to  virion  iu  the  air  tlow^  H 
while  the  lower  is  ndapled  to  seeing  in  tbe  water  only,  lie  &b,ia  ^| 
fact,  alway*  Mwimii  with  its  eye  half  out  of  the  water,  and  it  can  MC  ^| 
as  well  on  dry  land  as  in  its  native  ocean.  Itn  name  is  Anabli-[«,  bsli  H 
in  all  pmbability,  it  docs  not  wish  the  fact  to  be  generally  knuwa.        ^| 

Tbe  fiying-fieth  are  fish  out  of  water  in  a  somewhat  difTrrcDt  and  ^| 
more  transitory  sense.  Their  atrial  eicureions  arc  brief  aodr^i^i  T 
they  can  only  fly  a  very  little  way,  and  have  soon  to  take  ooca  more  J 
for  safety  to  their  own  more  natural  and  permanent  element.  Uo^^  ^| 
than  forty  kinds  of  the  family  are  known,  in  appearance  reiy  math  ^H 
like  English  herrings,  but  with  the  front  fins  expanded  and  inodifed  ^H 
Into  veritable  wing*.  It  is  faxhiouahle  niiwndays  among  natunhit*  W' 
to  assert  that  the  flying-f!«li  dnn't  fly;  that  they  merely  Jnr>p  h^^^B 
zontally  out  of  the  water  with  *  powerful  impnlse,  and  falligai^^^H 
soon  fiA  the  force  of  the  first  impctni;  is  entirely  spenL  Wlitn  ^^^H 
endeavor  to  pei^made  yon  to  such  f«lly,  believe  them  not.  F(CJ^^^| 
own  part,  I  have  seen  the  flying-llAh  fly^-delilicrately  fiy,  and  A*"^^^! 
ind  rixe  again,  and  change  the  dtrei<tion  of  their  flight  in  midrsilf^^^H 
Bctly  after  the  fashion  of  a  big  dragon-fly.  If  the  other  p(0p1*'*V^H 
have  watched  them  haven't  succeeded  in  seeing  them  fly,  that  il  ib**^B 
own  fanit,  or,  at  least,  their  own  misfortune ;  perhaps  their  vf^  ^| 
weren't  ijniok  enough  to  catch  the  rapid,  though  to  me  perfectly  rcw?  ^| 
nixable,  hovering  and  flattering  of  the  gauze-like  wings ;  bat  I  bn  ^| 


FISH   OUT  OF  WATER. 


341 


■m  th«m  lOjMlf,  ftnd  I  maintain  tbat  on  such  a  <ia<.^lion  one  pieue  of 
poiittvc  ovMJvtKe  is  a  great  deal  belter  thso  a  liundied  [ii.-j^iive.  T)io 
lotinxMiy  of  all  the  witnesses  who  didn't  see  the  murUer  conunittcd  is 
I  u  Dotbing  compared  willi  tbo  singlv  tcstimonv  of  the  one  man  who 
I  nail;  did  se«  it.  And  in  ikiM  ciut-  I  buvc  tni,-t  with  nuiny  oihcr  quick 
I  <WTers  who  full;  agreed  with  ma  against  the  weight  of  ccivnUfio 
I  a|^oD(  that  tlicj-  have  seen  the  Hy ing-tisb  really  Ay  with  their  own 
I  ejM^  ud  00  mintake  about  it.  The  tienuao  profeeson,  indeed,  all 
I  tUnk  othenriite ;  hut  then  tb«  Gcmiun  proft-Ksors  all  wear  green 
I  ^cctacte*,  which  aiv  the  ontward  and  vi^ililc  nign  of  "  blinded  eye- 
I  ^ght  poring  over  mtscrablo  books."  The  uusopbisiicated  vision  of  tbo 
I  DoUa  Britbh  seaman  \*  unanimooaly  with  me  on  the  matter  of  the 
I  fttlH;  of  the  fisbe-t'  tligbl. 

I  Aaoiher  group  of  very  intereetiug  tisb  out  of  water  arc  the  flying 
I  gmudi,  common  enough  in  the  Mediterranean  and  the  tropical  At- 
I  ha&a,  Tbey  are  much  heavier  and  bigger  creatures  than  tbo  true 
I  Ifiag-Sdi  of  the  herring  type,  being  often  a  foot  and  a  hutf  long,  and 
I  ibcirviDgaBrflmach  larger  in  proportion,  though  not,  I  tbuik,  really 
I  M  povcrful  as  those  of  Ibiiir  pretty  little  silvery  rivals.  AQ  flying- 
I  iih  fly  only  of  neccsaity,  not  from  choice.  Tbey  leave  the  water 
I  lAn  psrsned  by  tbelr  enemies,  or  when  frightened  by  the  rapid 
I  i|>iin)acb  of  a  big  steanter.  So  swiftly  do  tbey  dy,  however,  that  they 
I  en  fir  outstrip  a  ship  going  at  the  rata  of  t<-n  knots  an  hour ;  and  I 
I  bm  often  watched  one  keep  ahead  of  a  great  Pacific  liner  under  full 
I  Mua  for  many  minutes  together  in  quick,  succTiuivc  flights  of  three 
I  <lrfMr  hundred  foet  eai-h.  Oddly  enough,  they  can  fly  farther  against 
I  Ibewind  than  before  it — a  fact  acknowledged  even  by  the  speclai-led 
I  Censnu  theuselveB,  and  very  hard  indeed  to  reconcile  with  the  orth<v 
I  ^belief  that  they  arc  not  Hyiog  at  all,  bat  only  jumping.  1  don't 
I  nvt  whether  the  Dying  guniarda  are  good  eating  or  not ;  but  the 
I  lOnty  flying-tish  an-  eaugJit  for  market  (md  desecration  of  the  poetry 
I  *f  N'ktaro !)  in  the  Windward  Islands,  and,  when  nicely  fried  in  cj^ 
L  ^  biead-cramb,  are  really  quite  aa  good,  for  practical  [nirpoaes,  as 
I  ndu  or  wbitJng,  or  any  other  prosaic  European  substitute. 
I  Om  the  whole,  it  will  he  clear,  I  think,  to  the  impartial  reader, 
I  Rm  this  rapid  Kurvcy,  that  the  helplessness  and  awkwardness  of  a 
I  44  out  of  water  have  been  much  exaggerated  by  the  thoughtless  gcn- 
I  Vtliuijon  of  UDSi'leutifio  humanily.  Granting,  for  argument's  take, 
\  4>t  most  fiih  prefer  the  wat^r,  at  a  matter  of  ahi«tract  predilection, 
*•  ihe  dry  land,  it  must  be  admitted  per  contra  tbat  many  fish  oat  a 
liich  better  figure  on  ttrra  ^rma  than  moat  of  their  critics  tbem- 
*tlTM  would  cut  in  mid-ocean.  There  are  fish  th.it  wriggle  acroes- 
I  Ooaulry  intrepidly  with  the  deJttcrity  and  agility  of  the  mont  accoro- 
■(tislicd  snakes;  there  are  &>b  that  walk  alMut  on  open  sand-l>ank«, 
XBti-errct  on  two  lega,  as  easily  as  lixards ;  there  are  fish  that  hop  and 
ttl^  on  tail  and  fins  in  a  manner  tbat  the  celebrated  jumping-frog 


542  TBS  POPULAR  SCJSyCS  MOXTHLT. 

himHPir  migbt  hare  ohaePTPJ  with  eiiTy  \  and  llicn,--  an  (bb  lli 
Uiroujfh  iho  air  of  liiAvi-n  n-iUi  a  grac«  and  awiriiiiiui  tti4l  winld) 
to  dbamo  inHDincnblii  RprciM  among  tboir  fintliityil  cmnpMlMi ' 
'Nay,  tbvrl^  aro  oTon  fisli,  llko  Home  kinda  of  odd  unl  tln>  Afiieu 
mnd-flA  that  acarcvly  live  in  lh«  vaier  at  all,  bat  tncnlv  rn>yicti  I 
wet  and  marsby  plac«8,  wber«  thpy  lie  eou({)y  in  tliv  toft  oon  vA  \ 
damp  i;snb  that  line  tbe  bouom.  If  I  bav«  only  aucceeded,  ikn-l 
fore,  in  ToUnving  tba  tnind  of  ono  MiisitJTO  and  retiring  fisb  ftua  Ite  | 
absurd  obloquy  c««t  tipon  ita  appearanoo  when  it  ventstvaany  h*] 
a  while  frotu  il«  prop^T  vlcmont,  tb«u.  in  tbf  |iatlictio  uid  proiiftit  ] 
worda  borrowed  from  a  tliousand  uncut  pri'facvn,  tlila  work  will  ai)l|[| 
tr^st,  have  boon  written  in  vain. —  CornMU  Jlfagaane, 


THE  FLOWER  OR  THE  LEAP. 

Bt  Da.  MAKT  nTTNAM-JACOBI. 

'*Qiiod  abe  agon, '  Bat  to  whom  do  ye  owo 
Yo<ir  Mrvloa  I  and  which  «roll«  y»  hoooar, 
Tdmo  I  fnj,  this  yero,  the  Leaf  or  the  Flowart'" 

CoAvon^  "  Tho  fhnttr  uul  ili«  tnf.^ 

THE  commmu  made  by  MiM  Youmans,*  opon  a  single  mnaifciii 
my  ailtcle  on  "  Primary  Edacation,"  abow  how  much  can  b«  nn-j 
folded  OQt  of  an  apparently  limited  Hubjeot,  when  all  tt«  bearing* 
tborouglily  diflcnsaed.    Already  tbia  dtactuuion  tretichea  upon  Mr 
pUloitophical  principled  whioh  involve  much  more  than  the  ap])aratl; 
trivial  qneetion  whether  children  slionld  begin  ibe  study  o{  iMaay  1 
(he  flower  or  the  leaf.     An  inquiry  Into  these  principlea  may  tltercto 
be  not  iininterestini;, 

Miss  Tonnuins  lays  down  ccruin  proponttona,  with  aonie  of  i 
I  do  in  reality  a^roc,  wbitu  with  others  I  am  in  docidi-d  diujj 
for  rciaaona  I  will  talie  the  liberty  of  here  setting  fortli.     11>ua : 

1.  Children  shoald  study  the  external  obaracters  of  plants  Mis*| 
attempting;  to  study  their  lifv-prooesses  or  i>bydology. 

9l  Children  can  not  bo  aiiiuhly  im]>r<.-wK'd  with  ttidi  "trvuitfl^o"] 
tdeaa  aa  eralulion,"  and  ihereforo  it  it  atielcoa  to  signalixo  these  tn  thw-  f 

8.  Children  abonld  not  be  detained  to  draw  tbe  Imvob  or  oltHf-l 
natural  objects  they  etndy,  because  of  "  the  delay  "  thus  enUtlodi  *"•( 
bcKcause  "tbey  could  not  draw  one  in  a  bundre<l  of  the  specimirni  9^\ 
vhioh  it  is  iwccsvary  that  th«y  liecome  familiar." 

4.  I1i(>  niiidom  syatems  of  botanical  cla»<tfIcntIon  an  baaod  «  l'"! 
enm  total  of  the  characters  of  the  pUtit>  and  not  on  iho  oomllik   B' 
t)i«rcfoT«  unpbilo90phtc«l  to  study  tbe  flower  oontaining  llio  oatull*| 
•  -  PbfmUr  Sdewe  UMiUilr."  OcMb«r,  1 SM. 


TEB  FIOWBR   OH   THE  LEAF. 


34r 


■nttinertl;  twcsiuc  it  ■«  morv  rhowj:.  Tlid  eensuoue  plpa^nro  derived 
Mm  tU  oontemplatioD  is  supc-rlicial  m  compaiM  with  llie  deeper  in- 
lelUetual  pleasure  of  trftciDg  the  Kteiitific  relationa  of  tbo  leaf. 

5.  Fiaallf,  it  is  an  axiom  that  can  not  he  disputed,  thai  montal 
iffoit  thoold  advoDcu  from  tbe  simple  eabject  to  the  more  coraplox. 
n»  leaf  is  mach  simplvr  tlmn  the  Howcr,  and  is  ifaorcfoiv  much  b«tler 
uiltd  for  bcginuing  the  study  of  bouny. 

To  eoiMider  tli«se  propo»tioDS  in  order :  1  and  3.  In  regard  to  th« 

pntlaBtabatantially  in  entire  at^ement  vith  Uias  Voumans,  as  io' 

Bttlitlfaowu  by  the  examples  {{ivcn  in  the  "  Experiment."   So  attempt 

m  made  to  really  slady  thv  physiology  of  plants  ;  while  tho  oxt«mal 

ud  ottTioiM  character?  of  lliu  moal  coiupicuoudi  portiotm,  th«  part«, 

umely.of  Uiu  flower,  vcre  atudied,  or  rather  subraitt«d  to  a  prolonged 

nntemplatjon.    Only,  upon  lint  crossing  the  threshold  of  this  new 

ti>rM,tbenio^characl«ristic  facta  which  distinguished  it  were  pointed 

ni  io  a  manner  designed  to  make  as  profound  an  imprnwion  as  poegible 

KHiD  At  imagination.   These  arc  the  fact^of  life  and  growth  and  douth, 

Ihe  gembation  of  tho  seed,  the-  iiifluuice  of  cnrrounding  nit^lia,  ilm 

■ramnanoe  that  the  plant  offera  a  constant  fuccasaioa  of  changing 

haHHDna,  and  thus  was  an  entirely  different  object  from  a  stone,  or 

nttbfmatical  figure,  or  a  rainbow.     Now.  while  it  is  perfectly  true 

U  tke  tenn  '-  erolution  "  and  the  vast  senes  of  idcAs  and  masses  of 

lA  Rggctted  by  it  can  not  be  rc4)dercd  comprchrnKible  to  a  child, 

idlfart  it  would  be  the  growcut  pcilantry  to  ctch  mention  it  to  him. 

It  tbe  great  fact  of  growth  and  incessant  change  in  living  organiama 

pvfectly  appreciable  through  impreasiona  made  on  hi*  «cqs«#,  and  ia 

Nl  fitted  to  arouse  in  him  a  lively  int«r««t  and  cariosity.    The  fact 

■  fif*— Ui«  essential  nature  of  life  as  a  scrica  of  incessant  changea— ia 

Miipl  the  most  ftindumeuta]  fact  with  which  tho  mind  will  ever  b&- 

!»•  aeqnaintcd.     It  is  also  among  tli«  mo«l  primitive  and  earliest 

FMiutcred ;  tbe  mode  of  impraaion  it  makes  upon  the  mind  per-, 

P*MBtly  stamp*  all  the  thoughts  and  ayatems  of  thought  the  minlfl 

pw  (niMtains.     For,  whence  spring  all  rvligions,  and  cosmogotue%| 

Mtren  ethical  systems,  hnt  from  tbe  primitive  thoughts  held  apoaJ 

Petsd death?    How  many  immoralities  depend  upon  false  cttimattn 

pSfp,  of  ita  natnre,  its  values!     How  many  erroneous  theories  of* 

Pt  might  be  corrected  by  the  early  habit  of  direct,  unbiased  observa- 

pa  of  living  iJiings  1     In  the  building  of  a  brain,  the  earliest  ideas 

piys  rcouiin  tbe  most  powerful,  beeatiso  upon  them  the  nitire  men- 

Ritnicture  ia  destined  to  repose ;  or,  «Dce  the  mind  is  a  living  organ- 

ki  it  were  better  to  compare  its  primitive  ideas,  not  to  the  founda- 

pMtooes  of  a  honi<c,  but  to  the  central  medullary  rings  of  a  tree. 

mt  B  on  tbe  surface  while  the  plant  ia  young  soon  hecomea  central 

I  the  snocessivA  superposition  of  new  impressions,  the  new  circles 

■ng  eonslantly  intersected  by  rays  prolonged  from  the  central  pith. 

le  aelectjoo  of  the  earUcal  ideas  and  impresaiona  is  tbeiofore  of  tV 


fCfCLAM  SCaSCS  JlOXTSir. 


'■;  Hay  ihwl I  be  »«  oaly  aogatiTcly  good,  thtl i^ 

ttauim  all  Uir  :  ^  o  of  Uip 

Anal  iwrapdon  of  itun*  matt 

aj  bo  dnvu  fnin  ibat^' 
Im  biyiwmt  Mia|w«s>  tli«  ImagtutioB  Dtih 
Im^  WTfiK  UiBw  ran  b« 
Tbia  is  in;  tragtli^  r< 
:  of  ftodfing  lb*  gnwtb  uf  Iwmiu  on  i 

doignvd  not  lo  tMwb  PhniolofTi  bU 
lof  H*. 
,  bowvMT,  b  worth  Doting  a  wpcdai  tvMtimbt- 
:  th  ••w  la  tbt  Imf  for  «u1r  <tntir.    It  h  tgnti  (bt  ih 
>  flf  Kviap  «ipMiit  ar*  too  diAralt  for  buoIi  studT  ;  hW 
,  It  ii  JwirabW  W  <■*■!■  fnwtiow  wbtm  pcntble, 
fael  •(  faaclM  ta  ooa  wriw<lydiMnw<wteip  of  livinj>  ihinct. 
tha  hMfltio*  of  tbc  i*«f  u  nvpinUoo,  wbirb  can  not  p(M*il>ly  lie  nuAi 
irtriBjpMa  to  lb«  dU.    It  nrolrw  rbcnucal  rebuloon,  vbi. ' 
■SB  sot  be  exhibited  exevpt  I7  iii<  . 
>  far  vUeh  tba  jomg  nUld  u  qnitv  imjirvfatMl.    'I^  *1^ 
■aarv  of  thv  riwbh  pbeaancoa  of  aauoal  raspinuioo,  morooTtf ,  tU 
ii  of  tbe  »»*~i*f**»  of  Uw  bffMlh  aad  DMrnDentx  of  tlio  tltorix,  read* 
as  atl<»|»  to  limtdtj  tba  fnaetloa  la  pbuu  and  uiiinals  ooafnilf 
Ma  wffumOj  woMdlrtofy. 

On  tbv  etW  band,  the  fanctWD  of  tho  flonr — rv^niJiirtioa— <tf 
b*  rtndcrvd  perfectly  isteHigtble  Co  tbe  child,  wbim  bo  U  tutil  lint  lb* 
lioOca  fwda  tbe  onlM,  mhiA  tbvn  risibljr  grow  into  wvd#,  irhitf  tbt 
onrj  tiftat  to  fntH,  Tbi*  lUtenmt  acem*  tn  the  child  in  urarf 
aaea  with  bla  own  moK  argmt  [wraooiJ  iMjecaxitit*,  and  in  ibvoM- 
tBon  facta  of  frediog  and  growth  he  floda  himself  Linked  with  otW 
orgininna  In  Xatan}.  It  b  quite  cooi^aiol  to  tbe  normal  fciii^hinn  et 
a  yomg  cbiM^  mind  to  retard  plants  as  animalB ;  and  lii;^-tidi  ti 
drjads  are  na  oatarsl  to  him  as  lo  the  infancy  of  the  htimaii  net. 

Bnt  tbe  assimilation  of  snimala  to  iihwU  tlirongh  the  inuloeiibr 
proeai— a  of  nntrition  cotnraan  tn  both  (tlMngh  pvrhnpa  nneooMloM- 
ly  foreafaadowed  in  tbe  »lor^-  of  Karrissna)  v:is  not  for  nuuikind  ^ 
linctly  fonnahited  until  the  lime  of  Bichnl ;  aod.  for  the  indiritel 
intell^oooe^  iu  compreheneioD  mnst  be  dofetTod  tioitl  nearly  [i>  adidv 
conce, 

8.  I  most  plead  piilty  to  an  inaceonuiy  when,  qgolinjr  f"* 
memory,  I  said  I  lint  Mis«  Yoomam  recfimmpnilwl  her  imjiila  i"  i''*' 
the  IcaTTt  ilint  they  itnilitHl,  But  I  fell  into  the  i>rror  all  tli«  n>^ 
teadiiy,  bccaiiM<  riich  a  dirpction  entirely  eomrorndcd  itself  (■>  my  v*" 
jndgneol.  Nor  oan  I  ajcraa  at  all  with  (he  rctnaonK  which  Mi«i  V"' 
miliB  now  adrancea  in  oppoaEtion  m  this  method.  If  the  aim  >>  I*" 
time  be  not  to  lean  botany,  bat  "  to  cultivate  tlto  obaoTtii>s  p"**" 


THK  FLOWER   OR   THE  lEAF.  345 


ren,"  what  djingvr  br  iIhto  in  ft  "  <iH«y  "  wliicb  permits  tbo 
beoome  nioru  decplv  grsTen  on  tho  cbild'H  miinj  ?  Wby  b 
"oensaary  to  become  familiar  with  hundreds  of  flpecitnetw  **  in  a 
giTto  time?  Why  not  ralber  with  a  few,  a  very  few  titrikiog  luii] 
tf|«a)  formis  aronnd  which  niibM-'ituiit  knowk-dgv  can  group  iisolf? 
"ncfompanson  of  a  multitude  of  ohjvn*  in  order  to  uWract  tJirir 
MBBoa  duumetcm,  aod  thus  ohtain  the  generic  or  claw  oonoeptioa, 
Bniud  to  the  scientilic  but  not  to  the  pre-acieatific  etapfe  of  progreM. 
ttdMtnot,  therefore,  belong  to  tbo  fniitful  moment  of  first  attraction 
touobject,  which,  for  the  adult  mind,  prpccilcn  ncivnlific  difco\-ery, 
uJOHttains  tho  hidden  fonx-ii  which  Icud  to  tbi^.  Slttl  Ickk  dopH  it 
hthai;  to  the  6nt  mentjd  (-fforta  of  childhood.  Early  childhood  \»  a 
p«u>d  fur  the  differealialioD  of  the  deUils  of  a  nnivcne,  which,  to  the 
MrHM  perceptions,  appears  to  consist  entirely  of  homogcnooiu  msatos 
tf  Kgfat and  sJiade.  In  tho  fint  efforts  of  the  mind  these  tnawes  aro 
tniio  np  and  separated  from  Q\m  another,  and  portioos  reintegrated 
iMoieiaa]  individoaN.  Thus  the  niooa  is  tieparaled  from  the  vindov- 
{W^  ibe  child'it  limb-i  are  integrated  into  a  body,  which  at  last  la 
fniltnly  known  to  bo  different  from  other  moving  forms,  etc.  It  U 
■  weordance  with  this  spontaDcouji  and,  indoe^l,  incvilablv  mode  of 
imltfnnenl  of  perception  that  the  first  educated  cfTorln  of  perception 
ibitM  lie  iltrected  toward  the  more  intense  individualJxatiun  of  ob- 
JKH,  ind  not  to  their  elasniilcation ;  toirard  the  thorough  appreciation 
^■^fio  difTerrnceA  rather  than  to  that  of  generic  retemblanccd, 
BnK,a*econd  reason  for  beginning  tho  etndy  of  botany — say,  rather, 
tWtAMfnation  of  life — with  the  flower,  although  mor«  complex,  and 
M  vU  the  sunplcT  leaf.  It  i«  bccanso  the  individual  differences  of 
•t^fcirer  are  so  much  moro  Htriking,  and — as  the  poets  show  us — tho 
'**Tri(  60  much  more  readily  individuali7.i-d  and  pcmonificd.* 

Tbo  period  of  dttrelopment  with  which  my  "cxpcriiuent "  wa« 
''■Mnii.il  may  bo  called  the  pre-ecientiBo  stage  of  nieutal  eiixteuce. 
">•  that  during  which  the  mind  may  be  busily  occupied  in  collecting 
iWdua  (or  aeienee,  bat  can  not  iteelf  wield  ecientific  methods.  Its 
''oit  iliould  be  directed  in  accorrlance  with  ecicoliflc  principles  of 
fl^alogy,  and  the  knowledge  awjuirt'd  arrBOgcd  in  iruch  ordcHy  W' 
^■an  that,  when  the  mind  \»  ripe  for  them,  tcicutifio  relations  will 
*>nailily  pcrceiveil  a»il  nnderstood.  Hut  discDssion  of  snch  relations 
^<wio  ma  entirely  prematare  for  the  age  here  considered,  aod,  in- 
■'wd,  for  a  mueh  later  fieriod. 

Scientific  observation  is  ob#or\-atioa  of  the  rclalioDM  between  tilings. 
^  before  any  attempt  be  made  to  Mndy  tlH<90  relations,  the  things 
tbauelves  should  be  firmly  and  clearly  apprehended,  llie  difleniDt 
degree  of  grasp  pooessed  by  different  minds  depends  largely  n|ion 

>Ti««i,  boxtrrr.  M«>n  10  bare  ««ia<i(nullT  ttuicd  llie  poelk  indiiiiluaUialkin. 
I  It  Cmervon'*  *  flM-Tm,"  ■niI"TK*  Pine  and  tb«I'kl»'*af  H«iif,  dM  to  ipcak 
'n>n>-Tm"af  tbii*  AoderMn ;  udwboecniU  fofget  "TboTalkinf  0>k"T 


i 


546  THE  POPULAR  SdS.VCS  MOSTHir. 

lUffctvDMi  In  the  dcgre«  of  TirMDM*  anil  fervor  iritL  wbi 
hn)«eMod  bjr  iDdiTtdaol  objecla,  vbiob  leave  im  muij'  fv\ 
moat  Unp  iDdiffcreoce,  wUtln  exmling  in  olbcn  an  alisurbi: 
ftmioanilc  tnumu  "Wtuia  tbe  indiridual  inipre«sioDB  ore 
tiaot,  cfaanctcrbtie,  and  InlvrartiRg  as  to  b«  <]a>t«  anfoipii 
•ooo  fifcft  upon  tb«  uind,  aftn*  prolongrd  ooatvmplaU< 
■at!giMtioi»  of  tbeir  multiple  rcIattoDS,  aud  tlie  ktiowMf;* 
at  finrt  Moipl}*  pictQrcequD  becomes,  ttoouer  or  later,  kIci 
OHnilA]  power  which  sxtivm  at  thin  is  largely  iiinalv,  aad  1 
cspadtf  of  any  iitarniinn  to  bcatow.  Riit  if  any  4>tluratio 
eaa  incroue  and  devi-l"])  it,  it  in  tluit  wbiHi  muxl  nvarly  i, 
■poatatwoiia  habits  of  f<:'rltle  niiJ  oHgitia]  uiiDdii,  ainut  ft 
tcmaU«  iat«atloo. 

Thr««  cbaracten  are  cun^picaoas  in  the  ob««n'ali(in  e 
tki*  clan  of  miiub  :  it  La  single,  it  is  imagioative,  and  it  is  t 
proloiigod.  It  in  aioglo— that  is  to  sajr,  th«  miiM]  which  is 
attnct(<d  lo  auv  object — and  nonc^  ever  dbcoron  an>-tbing 
ject  to  which  it  is  not  powerfully  atlTmotcd,  is  in  no  b 
taob  itAelf  and  pass  on  lo  anythiug  now  ;  on  the  con 
and  hates  lo  go,  and  delap,  and  returns  again  and  ag 
■aolher  gUmpse  of  wliat  lias  been  so  deligfatfoL  To  wy 
Jeet  is  suggestive  is  to  §a}-  thai  it  ooustaotly  opens  up  aa 
tbosght,  and,  «o  long  as  thU  is  the  i-asc,  the  mind  can 
abandon  it.  It  is  on  this  account  that  the  contemplation  is 
prolooged,  and  irregularly  so,  according  to  no  fixed  nile 
DMoastty,  not  if\vn  Uiut  of  toasU-ring  a  ccrlain  iinotum  of  i 
Imt  varies  in  accordance  wilb  the  iiirmili-ty  varied  acrid 
mental  intercourw.  Finally,  lo  b«  fruitful,  this  intercom 
Imaginatit'e:.  First,  in  the  lowest  and  most  literal  seiwo  u 
sbov  the  mind  can  not  directly  faandlv  iW  eense-pcrrccptioo 
jcct,  but  only  the  mental  imago  of  the  object,  revived 
bcn-d.  Bat,  in  addition,  to  detect  all  its  hidden  nn-anings, 
mm)  pofsible  aspects,  many  functions  of  the  Iniagiiiattoi 
brought  into  play,  and  none  an;  useles*.  Fertility  of  fancy, 
oialion  of  ideas,  are  as  important  in  collecting  the  premi»c< 
tiflci  argument  as  is  the  argument  itself  in  the  dijcoverj*  of 

During  the  pre-»cientiflo  period,  therefore,  eilhor  in  thu 
the  race,  the  development  of  the  todividnal,  ot  iho  evolut 
singli>  idea  in  an  inquiring  roind,  the  eanlinal  necessity  is 
ing  the  mind  with  an  ahnitdanco  of  dialiuil  concepU  and  vi 
of  real  ooiicrote  existences.  Any  prolonged  attempt  (o  coin 
vralixe,  or  rMwon  about  thcw  should  1h'  deferred,  nnder 
snbstimiinga  rocrovcrlxJ  imitation  of  reasoning  for  a  real  o 
mind.     A  o«'rtain  amount  uf  reasoning  and  comparison  will, 

•  U  iWw  mpMU  Uio  malaj  kiMMjr  «f  iW eel(bi*l«<)  fmivanni 
UffMlag  hcu  sad  tlliuusLloiM. 


TBB  FLOWBR   OR   THE  LEAF.  j+7 

ientallr,  Iioi  it  munt  be  kept  BubordiDAt«  to  tbe  maio  porpose. 
oil  tuDxt  \>e  eiirictivt)  before  it  is  plowL^l.    lilt-as  iDiisl  b«  olasUred 

Icnse  BixJ  ricb  grou]w,  iodiriiliialiUM  mAgnifivd  ftnd  intvnaifivd,  aa, 

■p  to  our  mibJMt,  tl)i*  flowi-re  vbich  arv  olawlGvd  by  ifao  botanutt 
^indiviJoivlly  itiagDitiud  into  ftlino«t  conscioua  bcingn  by  tbe  [toct.* 

^B        *  "  A  nidi  <fenwf«  of  lowly  pan, 

^H  Or  (prisbdf  milJen,  ot  LoiVa  ecmt, 

^H  In  ihf  rimpGdir  iW  tpon 

^H  Of  *Dl«npuiiMi«i 

^H  A  qnem  !■  erovn  ot  nitdcn  4ft«. 

^H  A  fumllng  In  •  twMj  T««t, 

^H  Ak  all,  u  Hcon*  to  lUU  llio«  UM, 

^B  Xb!j  ■pplkitoH."— Woannroant,  "To  ■  Dalff." 

^H  **  1Vlill«  Ibi  pntitni  prtonu  riu 

^H  Uw  ■  brQjw  In  111*  «old."— WanMwonnL 

^H  *  BtRM««WKt-pew,  on  dptoe  for  n  Bight 
^H  With  wtngi  of  Bentle  Bnah  oVt  deUmto  *biu^ 

^H  And  tqwr  flngcn  oildilng  at  all  tiling 

^H  To  liM  i1m»  an  about  with  on;  rin^"— Kiatvl 

^H  ^BIooDif  s^P^i  laogUog  frcm  grtcn  >I11t«.'' — IbiJ. 

^H  'AmI  th«  nwo  l>k«  a  cimpb  to  (lie  balb  addrcil — 
^^H  Aad  tbe  hjatlnib'*  ptiqila  and  nlilM  aiiil  Miio. 

^H  WUdb  flans  ('^^  '■■  b«lbi  a  f«««l  i«al  uio« 

^H  Of  mude,  w  doUcato,  toll,  and  i&tcnao, 

^H  It  Ttts  f«li  llk«  an  odor  ntiUn  tbe  MitM."— Sbellr. 

^H  dafTodUi. 

^H  Thai  VOBM  before  tho  ivalknr  d^rci,  and  Uk« 

^H  The  vlnili  of  Uartji  wlib  bcauij ;  vial«u  dim, 

^H  But  aveeWr  ihoa  the  lids  of  Judo'*  tj«* 

^H  Or  CjthcMk'i  bnath."— "  Wlntcr'i  Talc" 

^H  "CbuhMBM  ai  1^  «ian  ibnt  ihine 

^H  '  And  t»I*[hla  In  the  milkjr  nair ;  .  .  , 

^H  T(B  thouawd  Raw  I  at  a  glance 

^H  T«wing  (ball  bsada  tn  a|>righil<F  daooD." 

^M  — Wouwwonv.  "  Tli«  DaffoiHIa.'' 

^H  "DnUea,  thon*  pcailed  arMuri  of  ibo  earth, 

^H  The  coniidlutj  flower  thai  never  iaU."--SnuxiT. 

^H  "Tlw  ^td-e^til  kingcup*  ino. 

^H  Tb«  frail  btno-Ull  peotclh  oror 

^H  I(at«  braUcr;  of  iho  purple  cloTnr." — Ivn^lwoat. 

^H  "OpM  afKab  Tonr  round  of  tiarr;  fold*, 
^H  To  ardant  nvi^ds  I "— Kun. 

^H  *Dcalh  In  llio  wood— 

^H  In  Ibe  il«alb-p«l«  llp«  apart, 

^H  DeaOi,  In  a  vfcUmeaa  that  cvrdlca  the  blood, 

^H  Haw  black  to  (be  refj  bcoii. 

^H  To  ahon  llial  tir«  bj  Urn  ■plilt  oomet, 

^^^^        She  pT«  w  a  Multvu  dovtr." 

^^^H  — Euin  GoooicK,  "  Tlio  Indian  PIpa."       ^^^^ 


M9 


TflS  POPULAR  SCISNCS  MONTULY. 


llcace  tko  KuitablftaiMi  of  flowcn  for  nuiklnr  '  — _-  -  '  — ^■'   ^-'-J- 
biff  imfirwnoae  on  tha  imii(;;inatioa  and  tliu  ti< 
th«  mind  at  tho  uutHt  with  lb«  tpoat  rivtd  and  bvauiilul  u 
uf  Nslnn). 

Tbo  loaf  offvra,  Indved,  %  r&rioty  of  buauLiful  fomu  ud 
wliicb  am  tiut,  ktiwfviT,(>ith«riK>  niimrri)iu  or  H()conit|Mou(nu  w 
ilUittsyi^)  Ity  ibo  varimia  itr^aiit  i>r  Uic  flowor.     Lfavca  cvnlnMln 
fin  If  witli  line  aitotlter  ;  tUcir  eeiuiblv  'UfftWDOei  Mo  BiA 

l«ii.  .•: ^.  iind  Ibc  i-j-e  nf  lUi*  diild  w  ngt  eufficicutly  tninr!  ■■  -*■ 

qnalcly  ii|i|)rvciiito  the  Nubtilv  difftTL-ncv-i  uf  eiAor  wblvfa  iv.:i 
To  bim  K-arva  con  9carcv\j  tail  to  jiri'iuinl  Ihu  va«t  monolo&ii 
wbicb  Ilio  priniitive  vc|;«tation  of  |.hi<  CArtb  u  sab]  to  Ituri- 1  ,. 
bef orv  rnrivgatiHl  ouroUu  appcareal    It  bi  cvrtatiily  dtiiirablo  to  np«I 
for  lliu  ttidividiuU  uind  tb«  sxpcrieoce  of  tbe  raoa :  but  U  U  niM- 
aoT)-  for  Lbm  to  go  b«tik  lo  tltb  ages  wbiob  anledated  evi-n  the  pnUh' 
loric  man  ? 

In  a  word,  tbp  iliffrrcnna  of  flovron  rcitemlJei  tb«  "  li-geml  wiilb 
lari^e  iMtvra"  wMnAi  Plato  advixcd  should  bo  fint  atudicd  ;  lhi.>  lU9r^ 
vooiM  of  loavc»  tiuik«  Ibo  nnui  tt-gciid  re[>caie<l  in  llie  *'  anudi  I«tuiii* 
and  therefore  more  dUEoBlt  to  dc4.-i[>ber.* 

4.  31ta»  Voomans't  nMMon  derived  from  botanical  syrienu  uf  cb^ 
siflontlun  I  M-iirci'lv  un<len>tand.  It  U  vory  trao  that  cIoMiliratiM 
by  ihv  ruMlla  t»  abiindoneil,  anil  indeed  nevvr  could  bavc  bcvn  onM 
very  far.  But  the  nniunO  KyNti-m,  which  nums  up  the  tolal  chanrtat 
of  the  phinl,  oertoinly  dmrea  a  muob  larger  nnmU'r  of  iu  data  fna 
the  flower  than  from  any  other  part  of  the  plant.  Tho  grvat  fnactka 
of  the  plant  ia  nproduction,  and  around  the  orj^ns  of  reprtKlitctica 
oontatt>«d  in  the  Dower  center  all  its  p«euliiiritii'«.  I'lio  niuinol  n-l*- 
ikms  of  atantcas  and  piBtiU  have  been  foand  hui<k-i)»ali-  for  K\a*Moi 
tion  ;  but  th«  extension  of  the  claw  lmv»  b.i»  ^lill  Uen  chiefly  to  Uip 
direction  of  other  parts  of  lh«  flower,  (.niHTially  the  fruit,  ovlll^^  an4 
embryo. 

Toward  the  flower  conrcTge  all  the  forces  of  the  plant ;  it  ii  (h 
onlmination,  the  perfection  of  the  entire  \-ege(iiiile  oreaniun.  I> 
aboald  therbforc  l»e  eoiilimi ■luteal  first,  bwiiuiii',  a»  it  m^  ll  l» 

«mb*Blly  dorirahh'  tliat  tlo  child  siioutd,  wbt-m'Tii  .  ■ ,  »«  l*" 

principal  thing  t\nx  \  aiiice  whatever  conin  Gnt.  ia  always  liable  !»>*■ 
toain  fur  him  tbo  moat  ituporlaDL  The  faaltit  of  ranking  thing*  bi  (A* 
orJer  of  their  real  relative  importance  U  certainly  a  mwit  valwl* 
habit  to  cultivate,  bolli  morally  and  inlollectunlly.  Aa  lui»  iltwil/ 
been  pointed  out,  the  mind  in  iU  pn>wth  clowly  rci«'nihl(«  iliat  of ' 
trw ;  for  it,  primary  facta  conatantly  tend  to  become  ocnlnil  f*'** 
and  due  organio  proportions  are  only  v  '  *  !  Wtwi-co  '"••' 
when  tho  principal,  by  being  plartid  fir-  !>Ini   i"   ''<*^ 

radly  central,  a  ntaliwd  center  of  Ally  organixed  knowWp".    "* 
•  ■■  ntpnbae,"  book  II,  MS  (Jmraul  tnivlilkn). 


TBE  STODT  OP  THE  RELATIONS   OF  TBINOS.  353 
THE  STUDY  OF  THE  RELATIONS  OF  THINGS. 

Bt  E1I£A  a.  TODlUlfe. 

j>\'£RV  rradvr  of  tfa«  preceding  uttele  will  rcoogniEe  lliat  it  is 
one  whioh  I  can  not  let  paaa  tm  a  final  Matemeat  of  ibe  subjn'i. 
Jacohi'ii  very  fint  Mat«noe  U  M  misleading  as  to  put  me  in  a 
ig  rdaiioD  u>  this  discaMioB.  She  nya,  "Tbcoommcnts  made  by 
Yooman's  upon  a  tingle  remark  in  mj  Utide  on  piimory  edaca- 
im,''  et«. ;  the  implic-aiion  of  wbieli  ia  that  1  bad  a  very  alender  baala 
K  getting  ap  a  cantrovc-ny.  Hut  ber  "aingte  remark  "  waa  ia  point 
f  (Kt  a  complete  paragraph  of  neariy  a  page  in  length  oontaining  a 
■da  e(  affinnatioitf,  coDdi-mntug  tbc  priocipka  adopted  aa  faixianient- 
^■piy  First  Book  of  Botany.  Her  criticitttmi,  b«-«i(lr)>,  soinincd  tpe- 
Bwoe  trtaa  the  circumslances  in  which  th<-y  were  ma<lK.  Mn. 
taeobi  ii  a  trained  KieotiGc  acfaolar,  an  independent  inquirer  unUan- 
■dtd  by  tiaditionM,  and  che  had  taken  up  the  critical  stndy  of  pti- 
Bay  adacation  m  eouoection  with  llie  practical  maoag^'mcnt  of  fapr 
Hnchild,  and  pabliahed  two  articles  on  her  method  and  iu  reralta. 
llUiB  ^ve  such  strength  to  the  case,  ibat  ber  incidental  comment 
^■■ly  method,  if  allowed  to  pass  without  notice,  would  liare  been 
Keiajorioua  than  woald  have  been  a  sepanitc  and  format  attack. 
nu  I  did  not  mistake  the  Import  of  her  fint  critical  puNutge  !*  now 
Uoeatly  apparent,  aa  bnr  preaent  dattorato  ariiitio  in  but  an  amplifi- 
Mlim  aud  a  juMifloation  of  positious  taken  at  the  ontML 

As  will  have  been  seen  by  the  reader,  Mrs.  JaeoU  sums  up  my 
Win  m  five  propositions  upon  whicli  she  pommcnla  in  their  order. 
With  the  first  propo«tiion  idra  agrees,  and  witb  tbe  aceond  tihe  is  in 
fotial  agrrcmenL  Bui,  while  adnitting  that  ideas  of  evolutioa  aie 
l*MuUhk  to  childhood,  aha  inaists  that  the  idea  of  life  and  it«  changes 
B|nip0  for  their  very  early  contemplation.  T  have  only  to  ny,  aa  I 
■ii  ia  my  former  article,  that  I  have  gone  a«  far  as  ttlie  has  done  in 
lb&t«tion  of  objective  study,  having  provided  a  series  of  experi- 
^IB  in  tke  sprouting  and  growth  of  vatioas  aecds  in  my  "First 
"tt"  Bat  while  I  should  be  content  to  fnmiab  the  child  witb 
^tabls  for  t>im]>le  obwervatioo,  and  leave  him  very  much  to  himMulf 
^Kd  ont  what  h\s  exprriments  di)u<!osc,  tin.  Jacob!  would  use 
^■oanon  lo  make  "as  profound  an  impn-HNion  as  possible  apon  the 
i^anion  "  of  the  child  in  regard  to  "  the  facts  of  life  and  growth 
■M  death."  With  all  she  says  of  the  importance  of  tbeeo  conceptiona, 
l/iA"  iramcnao  part  they  hare  p)ay<<d  in  the  history  of  mankind, 
^iMy  ^rec  ;  but  I  Klionid  be  very  cuutious  about  undertaking  to 
wadnce  them  into  the  mind  of  a  child,  while,  with  its  lack  of  eiperi- 
Ixe,  it  is  stdl  so  dominated  by  imagination  as  not  to  know  the  dif- 
ifvnoe  between  the  true  and  the  falae  among  ideas.  Mrs.  Jacobi 
IjK,  "The  great  fact  of  growth  and  inceasant  change  in  living  orgaii- 
TOL.  zinu.— 23 


TBM  POPULAR  BOtMKCB  MOlfTBLY. 


■I*  fir  liniptar  nabJMiU,  and  fv  leia  io^'  nibUine 

Una  KTtt  taatlimnjiUca.     All  subjeebi  wer^'  I ,  or  «t  leut 

btnl  opon,  in  no  otbrx  cmlor  Unit  tint  of  Xhvir  sp|>arvnt  lUttnMvf 
bunHi  tnt«rc»U  aail  ibu  vf  tbe  obviousnc**  i>r  their  |ilH!tioiBaiia.* 

Eoittlf  tb«  taunp  U  tne  for  vvcrj'  iDiliviilual  mind,  wliow] 
tiuoa  Wf  tiot  n^galirly  itiin^cMivr,  tint  nimuluncuits,  and  uvu 
to  be  umclird  tutranl  infiuilrly  L'oai|>li-x  »bj(».-U  as  towvd  llii*i 
|>Wrt  <1«(^U.    It  U  trap,  u  hu  b»im  pointfd  nut  in  tbe  "  Exjirriiufal^*] 
tlwt  ■  cbild'a  (im  p«rc«ptJODi  sn  noocsMrily  of  fnmi  and  K>la 
tbo  id«H  uf  form  belong  to  matbenutica.     Hue  i^ilor  i*  ■  ^j 
property  of  bodivs,  and  therefore  th«  subject  of  a  aoirooo  wlikh  I 
according  to  tfao  ComtiM  moaanni  of  sitnpllcily,  two  di^grrtM 
from  DMlb«iDattc«.    On   th«  oth«r  hind,  thu   property  of  va 
•llbough  like  forma,  matbematical,  ia  not  gnuiMiI  till  much  afton 
and  many  other  pbyatcai  propertiea  bare  been  n|>prcoiiit«d. 

Othvr  pfopertim  of  bodies  become  known  tn  A\rwt  propnrtioo  Uj 
tfarir  iitirininiiiHi,  and  to  their  accidental  impact  on  tbr  Ktotea,) 
tbdr  aaaoolation  with  tbe  i>cnioR4d  oxiKTifnce  of  iLi-  child. 
Im  mathematical,  pbygical,  biological,  or  nrvn  ftociaL    The  mini  i 
tba  dittd,  like  ifaat  of  the  race,  lowka  over  tbe  aurf acu  of  all  tlibgi  it  1 
naoot  il8  progrtwa  is  not  tVom  tbe  aimpio  toward  tbo  cooii'lut,  M 
from  tbe  snperflcial  and  obrioiis  toward  tbe  profotind  and  biiUia>| 
The  mntoal  aid  rendered  by  soieoces,  when,  to  nae  lIvTbcrt  Spennf^  j 
exprcaaioD,  tbcy  become  arU  to  one  another,  ts  only  rcquinnl  aflerdi 
obMrvation  and   n-jri^tration  of  accessible  facts  are  eomiilcUtl,  wJ 
Wlm  analyaia  b  re4)uirc<l  to  bring  to  light  i>ow  facta  or  to  Fi|>liii , 
dtbera.    But  the  child'a  mind  does  not  roach  ibis  atago,  and  it  ii  eUWr  j 
lUoanry  or  fatal  to  attempt  to  force  it  promatnrely. 

It  ia  very  intcrvstiiig  to  notice,  by  study  of  tbe  actual  oTolutioa  i 
knowledge,  what  a  large  amount  of  knonli.-<l»c  vw  obtoioed  rinol- 
taaeooaly  in  each  department  by  iodependcnt  obNcrvation,  and  bdon 
tbe  necessity  for  motoal  help,  other  than  tliat  derived  from  doiMCi' 
ary  mathematicB. ha<l  been  perceivt-d,    During  this  pcritHl  tbo  aJrwc* 
was  made  ia  each  Hci<^nce,  not  by  dedwflltns  from  some  simiilrracicnc. 
bnt  by  ohserrationa  and  methods  pccnlior  to  itself,     Tbnti,  aa  nlrndf  j 
sUted,  the  germs  of  mathcmatica,  physics,  biology,  and  soci«V<0ij 
are  all  found  coexiMing  at  what  »c«m  to  us  llie  oix-niwg  perWitfl 
Greek  thonghl :  nor  waa  th«>ir  dvgrto  of  development  at  all  pM*"l 
tioneJ  to  their  degree  of  simplicity.     U  some  initli*  of  gcooMtry  «»"  I 
arithmetic  were  really  wtablinhed,  so,  in  apite  of  tbo  obscoriir  v^  I 
roDodinj;  biological  Iftwa.  were  many  phenomena  of  living  lieinsiW 
oh*cncd.     TIic  polae  wna  known,  if  thi-  cireuUlion  was  not,  »"'''* 
merona  an  the  clinical  observations  of  Hippocratca  which  rtilJ  n*'  I 

■  '■  Tlw  bf«ad  dlntaeUM  IiMwmii  Uw  wo  oiian  of  kaowWip  [  ilin  "rAXvrjy^  \ 
■etMUac]  ta  BM  b  ibar  nature,  Init  b  tMf  KUuiHaMa  Iroa  pcR<iHkM.''-3»<* 


THE  FLOWER   OR   THE  LEAF. 


3S" 


1  in  the  Mienlific  (ipliere  of  progno*!)! ;  toA  vbo  ooald  deny  the 
It  value  of  many  of  tbe  etiiical,  polUic&l,  wtil  bixtorit^al  spcca- 
iatioiM  of  the  ages  of  Plato,  Tbacydides,  xaA  ArUtotlc,  own  though, 
Kcording  to  tbe  Comtist  doctrine,  sociological  speculations  abould 
liave  been  rattietMS  at  this  timi^,  because  eotir^ly  premature?* 

The  epoch  of  acquisition  of  facts,  wliich  mitsl  pnM-cde  tbo  discov- 
ny  of  their  lawti,  often  stretches  orer  long  period*  of  time— periods 
which  intcrent  u«,  hetiaoso  corresponding  lo  the  moment  of  education 
nilh  %'liich  this  discusaion  is  concerned.  Thfl  labors  of  the  alehemixts 
tc^amQlated  immense  material  on  the  composition  of  bodies  and  on 
(heir  more  recondite  properties  long  before  th«  scientific  relations  of 
tbmttry  could  bo  e«(al)li>lic(]  through  tlielavr  of  deltmtv  proporliona. 
Fhtnotogy,  tlie  most  complex  of  tlie  physical  selcoocs,  lias  been  most 
lieicrogeiieous  lu  the  methods  by  irliich  it  has  e«tabliahed  its  fuudu- 
nmtal  facts.  The  nature  of  respiration  was,  indeed,  established  by  a 
ektmiat,  from  chemical  data  and  from  chemical  experiments.  But  the 
I  aitsK  lyf  the  circnlalion  was  partly  inf ^rrt?d  from  anatomical  facta — 
As  presence  of  valvc-s  in  reins — partly  demonstrated  by  vivisection,  a 
oethod  of  investigation  which  could  not  possibly  be  Euggfst«d  b;  any 
(Abirteienoo  than  physiology.  Knowledge  of  physics  has  materially 
Mute^  (Ik  inlerprolation  of  blood-presanre,  of  the  exp«&sioii  r>f  the 
'*lg^alld  many  other  phenomena,  first  known  by  direct  observation  of 
■km.  But  the  demonstration  of  the  functions  of  the  nervous  system 
hubuQ  made  exclusively  by  means  of  physiological  experiment  and 
diidcal  observatioD.  "  Science,"  oh»<-n't«  Ronan. "  in  order  to  forrau- 
itf«  her  laws,  is  obliged  to  make  almtniotiona  an^l  to  create  simple 
^(■miulaBccs,  fuch  as  Nature  never  pres«nt«."t  This  is  done  usually 
■itbtheaid  of  a  sunpter  science,  or  one  of  wider  generality,  whose 
*Waiy  thus  becomes  indispensable  to  further  progi-es*.  But,  until  the 
^'"KutaX  for  analysis  and  e:(pcrinien(  lias  arrived,  observation  of  the 
^WBplei  object  is  not  more,  butTather  lets  difficult  than  that  of  tho 
"■pie  one,  because  in  it  *o  many  varieties  of  details  offer  themselves 
^ntueeuxly  to  tbe  attention  that  the  mind  i.i  at  once  fully  occupied 
IB  KIM  as  it  bfgiris  to  carefully  o)>ser^-c  ;  wticreas  pure  observatiou 
**Meiliatistii  tbe  details  of  animplc  object  or  phcnomi-non,  and  no  fur- 
^  ffugieaa  can  be  made  until  after  a  profound  aualytiU  has  plunged 
Wwthc  surface.  Let  any  one  compare  the  rate  of  progress  in  tbe 
"'••WWfjr  of  new  knowledge  in  mathematics,  astronomy,  and  evea 


**Wk*t  hs*  ofua  Ird  liogdn*  torcf;«nl  lh«  rlrincntarjr  nnnoiTlUbiiiin  of  IbeClil- 
■  wib«  frinld**  eondlikio  of  all  UnftOAici'*  (•  itit^  trnilciief  ■thioh  Icide  us  to  con. 
'^  wi|iUdf7  u  bidkatiiiE  a  aaxc  d  itdumj,  nr,  >t  Iniuit,  si  the  »i\!a  «f  a  !ii^  anti- 
Qi?.  BdI  IMi  la  ail  error.  Tbe  Chinese  lan^tutWi  tliouRh  mDnoayllabic,  hut  scrrod  a 
NUf  d*ndop«d  (friEwlon;  on  tli(i  nihcr  liaail,  tb«  langw^tts  ai  Ihn  lavn)^  ot  Aincrt- 
*^  «f  Ofitnl  and  Soaihnn  Africa,  oIt«r  ■  furpruiog  riobnest  of  srammiitlcil  torunk." 
-bai*.  *■  De  rOrifiat  du  Ltiig*g<<^"  {i.  I>  of 
t  Xoc  nt,  p.  39. 


TUE  POPULAR   SCIENCE  MOSfTnLY. 


:llirtt, 


Tlie  «xt«rDal  world  ia  made  up  of  objecu  io  nlBtuniB  vltk 
otbor.     NoUiing  exiiits  by  itecif,  or  oul  of  reUtiun  wilb  o4ber 
Tbo  vorjr  UtrilitilGH  wliuih  vonttitulo  u  iJiiDg  oru  iui  nUUdDa.  IV 
perceiving  mind,  ou  the  oLhcr  liuod,  ia  oonittitiiuid  to  msognbii  nk- 
tiona.     By  tfaew  it  identifies  eat^ti  thing.    All  i>lij«oU  atv  rba«d  lij 
their  re  tat  iuDM  of  lik('iic«)t  and  unlikeiiew,  and  all  kooMloal^o  L*  orpn- 
ixMl  OR  thiv  bjuiM.     To  invcetigato  a  thJDg  tfi  bill  lo  duUnuinc  \\*  nU' 
tlono.     KnowlDilgc,  in  Kburt,  is  ri?laliv(>,  and  oar  tJiinking  is  all  i-nniil 
oD  in  Icrnu  of  relalioD.    The  infiiiiU'ly  vstofMlod  ftnd  Lhv  infinhri; 
tninate  oonlextare  of  relatiuud  wbivb  coiiiililatM  Ui»  order  uf  natan 
has  for  it«  ooantcrpiul  a  Diarveious  nervouH  mi'obanism  roniitnicMd  le 
r«|>n>duoo  thcso  n-lationa.    The  out«r  world,  bj-  its  foroot,  acta  upon 
tlM  SODMM)  producing  myriads  of  eensatioiu,  divcntr  in  quality  and  !<■- 
t«Dsily,  which  aro  (^nivi-ycd  U)  tbt-  great  cfntnil  organ  of  miiid,  tk« 
brain.    'I'bis  consists  of  tbu  «iniplfe»t  ctcmpiits,  cclb  and  filMini,  but 
are  hamlreda  of  mUlionii  of  lb4:i>e,  clowly  knit  and  bound  togi;lber 
oommissnree,  80  aa  to  produce  acoiopac-tly  unified  organism,  capableol 
duplicating  ip  tboogbt  the  inaltitadiDons  rcUiiong  of  tbe  otirrounili: 
univarse.   Added  to  iXA^  we  have  to  view  the  brain  as  a  creation  of  I* 
lore  through  proceaseo  which  hare  been  going  forward  incessantly  and 
ooolinuonsly  during  vast  periods  of  time.  It  hius  Iwen  itliiwly  ovolvrd  I17 
long  intercourw  wilb  tb«  environing  world.     It  utti^  to  Iw  llioagbt 
that  the  mind  begins  with  the  new-born  orcalurc,  and  it  was  UkcMid  19 
a  ahcvt  of  whi(a  paper,  upon  wbiob  anything  can  be  scribbled.    Bat 
now  held  that  the  contnd  nervoui  organinm  at  birth  embodies  a 
nascent  activities, latent  capacittes, and  instlnotivc  inipnisos  wbieh 
btien  inherited  from  aneeetral  generations  through  ihr  pxjwrieocc  of  Ik* 
race,  and  in  which  the  coirespondcoou  between  tbo  telalioua  of  exumiJ 
phenciincna  and  llic  int<-mal  relations  of  the  miud  haa  bma  progTcw 
ively  increasing  in  extent  and  complexity.     If,  now,  we  glance  a*  lln 
early  prooeeses  of  the  unfolding  mind,  we  shall  sec  thai  thu  matttfo' 
relations  and  their  elaasing  is  very  deep  in  the  mental  oonKiUtiiA' 
Slind  is  made  up  of  three  distinct  dements,  tbe  power  lo  feet,  U* 
power  to  act,  and  the  power  to  know,  or  emotion,  will,  and  iniellKl- 
Of  these,  fM>ting  is  primordial,  and  leads  to  action  and  to  koovitll- 
At  flnt  there  is  only  feeling ;  but  changes  of  feeling  arise  at  v*^ 
as  external  foroes  begin  to  act  upon  tbe  sosceptiblo  tnfant  uigiw*" 
Tb«w)  changes  of  feeling  are  the  raw  material  which  (a  to  be  wroty'i' 
into  distinct  conscionsaess.     A  change  of  fci'liog  sap|)U«a  twu  IM* 
and  a  n-lation,  nnd  tbo  discrimination  of  these  is  tbe  earlieit  art  "' 
Icnowing.     The  baby  cries  when  in  pain,  and  iileepa  awectly  wbw  •* 
goes  well  with  it.     llius  at  the  very  dawn  of  psyebioal  bfr  thvrrr" 
eetabliiihed  relations  of  likenen  and  nnlikcncss  among  fcoltsK*  1*7 
which  tbey  are  organically  classed  as  feelings  of  comfort  and  Jlsrt*" 
fort,  plonsarea  and  paSos.     Diacrimination  of  relations  is  thus  the  nO 
germ  of  intelligence.     Through  its  appantus  of  sensibility,  known  * 


LIIODgDt 
PIM<dl»  J 

Snthiafl 
nuaioM 
Dhfcar^ 


THS  STUDY  OF  THE  RBLATfOyS   OF  TffiyOS.  357 


i 


^tpeaiaJ  seiMwa,  extttmal  inip&lflM  ara  conveyed  u>  \he  Iintin,  tight 
thrDttgli  the  optical  ofaannel,  souodfl  ihnMigh  tbe  aoditurj-  nur^ «.     Hal 
M  Gret  visible  tbings  are  not  «e«n  nor  Boaoda  heard.     It  ia  only  by 
■aMb«rli.<w*  ropvlition*  of  like  seusatloiM  ih^  xn  imprenion  is  st  length 
PwIioimI.     Like  totMitaoiM  kre  graduully  intcgnt^d  uniil  porcoptions 
iHm.     An  wp  traoo  onward  tho  procoM  by  wbidi  NcntHatiuii*  becoma  < 
ptrceptioDs  and  purocptions  grow  to  conceptions,  ir«  find  tbat  all  or* 
4m  of  idew  ore  built  op  oat  of  the  stat«B  of  conteioiunow  pradoced 
in  M  by  tilings  and  tbeir  roUtioDs.     As  I  wrote,  Rftuen  yean  sgo  : 
We  know  things  bvcaasOf  when  wc  kv^  hoar,  Umch,  or  tactc  tlwra,  iho 
pnsent  iinprenloo  apootaneously  bU-nds  with  like  iinpn'twion«  before 
experienced.     We  know  or  rocogniui  an  «xt<>mal  objuct,  not  by  the 
nngle  Impreesion  it  produce*,  but  becauae  that  impression  reiivee  a 
wbolo  tnin  or  grou))  of  previous  diMritniiiatJoas  that  are  libo  or  re- 
lated (o  it.     If  something  is  seen,  beard,  felti  or  lAtted,  which  links 
itseif  to  no  kindred  idea,  wu  itayf  "  We  do  Dot  know  it " ;  if  it  partially 
agivMwith  an  idea,  or  revives  a  few  di*«^riniinatioaB,  ««  know  some- 
Uiitig  aboot  it|  and  tbe  compleu^r  the  agrrctnmt  the  more  perfect  the 
knowledK<^-     Aa  Ut  know  a  thing  im  to  perceive  itM  difference*  from 
otlter  things  and  its  likeness  to  other  thiogs,  it  is  GtricUy  an  act  of 
eiiUMiiig.    This  is  involved  in  every  act  of  thooght,  for  to  reoognticc 
a  thing  is  to  cIoim  it«  impression  or  idea  with  prcvionH  xtatiri  of  fcol* 
Ing.     ClassiScaUoQ  in  all  it«  aspoRts  and  applicatioiM  tit  hut  the  patting 
together  of  things  that  are  alike— the  grouping  of  objects  by  their 
rvwimblances ;  and  as  to  knuw  a  thing  in  to  know  that  it  is  like  thU 
or  that,  to  know  what  it  is  like  sihI  nkal  it  ia  unlike  we  begin  to 
elassify  as  soon  as  we  begin  to  think. 

In  early  infancy,  when  the  mind  ia  first  making  the  acqnnintanoo  of 

eittword  things,  mental  growth  consists  essentially  in  the  production  of 

IHW  idta»  by  mMUa  of  rcpi-litions  of  sense-impressions,  .ind  in  this  pro- 

«OiH  the  pre-established  n^Iution*  among  the  trelts  and  fibers  of   the 

limii>  are  of  the  greatest  possible  moment.    The  organixiid  and  semi* 

organized  groups  of  rclatjoaa  among  the  cerebral  elcntents  can  glva 

bo  kmiwledgc  nntil  the  special  groops  of  relations  to  which  tlicy  con 

n-apoiid  have  hvta    jtrcNcntcd  to  the  eonsdouanfoa  by  means  of  the 

child'a  daily  and  hourly  c!X[HTicm:e  of  objeota  and  adtvilies.    The  st- 

ibutes  of  size,  color,  weight,  transparency,  roaghneBs,  hardness,  flnid- 

iiy,  warmth,  (oste,  and  rarioiui  other  properties  of  solid  and  liquid 

:ub«tAnoQ»,  and  the  aspects  of  people  and  domevitie  antmolH,  are  noted. 

doas  of  all  tlio  common  objects  of  the  bouse,  the  gronnda,  the  walks, 

i«  drives,  are  soon  formed  and  associated  with  words  that  denote  them. 

irougli  its  spnntanwuH  uitivity  it  has  hit  upon  those  special  eo-ordi- 

iJoDH  of  niovcnif'nt  required  in  rrf-epiop,  walkinf^,  holding  thini^,  and 

he  liki>,  whicl)  have  greatly  aidetl  in  enlarging  its  knowlcdg<-,  no  tliai, 

t  the  end  of  a  few  inonCha.  it  has  a  More  of  complex  conceptions,  and 

lisa  fto<|uirod  nnmBrons  aptitudes  and  doxteriti«s.     Hence  it«  early 


35« 


TJtJl  J*OPaLAB  SCIJSNCJe  MOlfTMlY. 


ideu  nor«r  uim  dsgly,  bat  imp  llnkftd  togetliar  is  Lbair  origin ; 
of  idcM  am  iutfigrmtod  bio  traios  of  thought,  ud  ward«  iniv  eoi 
ingtrainaof  wnlmoeH  toexproMtlH'ui.  Wheo  n  stock  of  idouliulMi 
formed  in  this  mann«r,  the  mental  growth  is  nvaiuly  carrii-d  fom>d 
by  the  (-Btkbluhment  of  new  oombinations  among  tbem.  The  DUBjiir 
ideas  pertuniog  to  the  objects  Md  itctious  of  iho  child's  etivlniiiartl 
bshig  oncv  loquirt-d,  Liu-  (li-voloptn«ot  of  inleliijjrnou  conKista  lu][)l; 
in  aMocialjng  tliom  in  d(>w  n-tatioM  and  groapR  of  rvlaliooii.  Tbti  yn- 
oeption  nf  likvnuM  wid  dilftinatce  is  ihu  viiMiiii«l  work  lint  in  goiig 
ou  all  lh«  time,  but  tbeoompftrisons  sod  diBcriininationa  ara  ootisUMlf 
beoomini;  mon^  v)it«DMv«,  more  complex,  more  minat«,  and  mtm  ant- 
nit«.  I'hus  t'teioeotarjr  ideas  beoom«  fused  into  one  roniplex  idea ;  tf 
a  still  funliijr  rvougnilion  of  likeooas  and  differenoe,  this  b  aMonau^ 
with  a  DOW  group,  aod  this  again  with  still  larger  doeters  of  aaweiilfJ 
ideas. 

"That  which  occurs  at  this  oarlieat  stage  of  ucntal  growth  b  i>- 
actly  what  tak<4  place  in  the  whole  coorw)  of  unfolding  JDlrlliictDak 
Simple  as  those  operations  may  seem,  and  begun  by  the  inroul  m 
as  it  if  born,  in  their  growing  complexitif«  they  constitole  the  xM» 
fabric  of  the  intellect.  WhAt  wc  call  the  "mental  faoultiiMt"  arvoa^ 
different  modes  of  the  mental  activity ;  and  na  one  Uw  of  grotl 
evolves  all  the  various  organs  and  tissues  of  the  bodily  etructurr,  M 
one  law  of  growth  evolves  all  the  dJTcru&od'' faculties  "of  the 
Btruclnre.  Under  paychologioal  analysis,  the  operations  of 
judgment,  imagination,  calculation,  and  tbo  aoquintione  of  iba 
advanced  minds  yield  ut  liutl  the  same  simpU  elements— the 
tions  of  likeiiesscM  and  difrcri-nci.i>  among  things  thought  nhout ; 
memory  is  simply  the  power  of  reviving  these  distiuclious  in  too* 
K-ionsnGSfl,  Whatever  tbe  object  of  thought,  to  know  in  what  n- 
epeots  it  differs  from  all  other  thio^^  and  in  witat  respects  it  reM«- 
blea  tbem,  is  to  know  all  about  it — is  to  vzhaost  the  action  s' 
the  intellect  upon  iu  The  way  ibo  child  getji  its  early  knowbJp 
ts  the  way  all  real  knowledge  is  obtained.  When  it  discovet*  lb» 
Ilkenesa  bctwM-n  sugar,  cakr,  and  t^rtaiu  frvite,  that  is,  when  it  gi^f* 
them  in  thoH(;ht  as  nettt,  it  is  making  just  such  an  indurtiM 
ae  Newton  made  in  disoovering  the  lav  of  gravitation,  which  vaihtt 
to  discover  the  likeness  among  oelcfitial  and  terrestrial  motlonft.  An 
as  with  physical  objects,  ro  also  with  hnmsn  actions.  The  rhild  "9 
run  around  the  houiw  and  play  with  its  toy*,  but  (l  miurf  not  brrt* 
tilings  or  play  with  fire.  Here,  again,  are  rrUuions  of  likeneMaii'l'"'" 
likeness,  forming  a  basis  of  moral  elaiwificalion.  The  judge  ub  v* 
bench  ia  conatiintly  doing  the  same  thing ;  tltat  is,  tracing  nut  tko  bl'' 
DCHses  of  given  actions,  and  elassing  ihem  as  ri^ht  and  wrong."  * 

Wc  hmice  see  that  by  oeoc^sily  and  by  the  very  iiatuio  of  Inl""' 
gence  tlie  movements  of  n>ental  growth  are  from  the  relatively  sisil* 

*IEM7<m''1WCuhlntlmoftb»0t«w*lnsra*«nnfOliildmt."    (11141 


m 


TU£  STUDY   OF  THE  RSLATIONS   OF  THINGS.  359 


tlomi 


I  to  Um)  relalivdy  complex.  Tho  wbols  procoBs  is  one  of  building 
4riiD)iltrr  elcmeata  into  more  ct)mpliaBt«d  relations,  aocl  il  go«K  oa  just 
Iba  Mino  in  tfao  mindB  of  children  aa  of  adaJta.  Tbe  incrcaso  of 
ItDDwIwlgc,  Lbe  incrnue  of  faculty,  tbo  incrcaM  of  meotal  powor,  all 
ntolvc  tbiymMilvca  into  a  finer  tlixcrtininalion,  a  greater  cleameac  of  J 
fttoeplioii,  and  a  wider  gnap  of  lbe  relations  among  objocta  of 
tkoaghu  I'lto  mind  can  not  b«  worked  baokiran]  buoauae  iu  pro- 
<wm  are  organicall j  determined  ;  and  every  Mep  of  ineraaaing  intel- 
ii|«ni«  b  a  step  of  iucreaaing  com  plication.  Tfaeee  cocuderatioos  ara , 
'dttUroaa  to  tbo  main  issue  of  Uic  present  cootroreny. 

Hts.  Jacobi  r<-i>cat<-illy  ullinns  a  "  prc-scientific  stage  "  of  mental 
flInjHBCiit :  and  b<T  wbolo  oaao  depemla  upon  tbe  Taltdity  of  tbifl 
pwitMi),  anil  u-bat  »be  mcaaa  by  ic  Sbe  iudioatea  her  idea  of  wbabi 
I  by  saying  :  "  Scientific  observation  is  observation  of  (be  rflationa  ^ 
RWocn  tbingit ;  but  before  aoy  attempt  be  mado  to  etady  those  rela* 
I  tbe  tilings  tbcmticlveit  xliould  be  (irmly  and  clearly  approbendccL" 
fiai  It  haa  been  .shown  that  this  i.i  not  poaaiblc.  Nvilber  ebildren  nor 
*Bybody  elsQ  can  apprehend  things  apart  froni  Ibeir  relationa ;  tbej 
•BOW  tbem  eitlicr  rajfuely  or  clearly,  partially  or  fally,  only  by  per- 
tviving  thoir  ri-lationii.  Mrs.  Jaoobi's  distinguisbing  mark  of  the  "  pre- 
•eientifio  stage"  tbon  diKappear*,  and  all  tbe  reasoning  by  wbioh  she 
kooJd  put  off  tbe  study  of  plants  in  ibeir  relation)),  or  with  a  view  to 
tliM^fivaUon  to  a  late  period  of  stady,  falls  to  the  ground,  ^bu  nays, 
I '"Tbe  comparison  of  a  multitude  of  objects  in  order  to  abstract  tbeir 
jmmon  character,  and  tbua  obtain  the  generic  or  dass  coneeption,  is 
Riilted  to  tbe  scientific  bnt  not  to  lbe  prc-scicotific  stage  of  projjresa." 
The  only  meaning  that  can  be  given  to  this  «tatemctit  is  that  there  are 
iata^[c»  of  clasMifieatiun  too  complex  for  children  at  tlie  outset  of  Mudy ; 
>Qt  it  is  a  ^rave  error  to  suppose  tbat  the  properly  guided  pupil  is  to 
10  suddenly  upon  tbe  formidable  work  of  classiBoatton  sa  ■  new 
kk.  1'bo  child  lias  been  clanfting  things  from  its  l»rtb,  and  in  its  ea^ 
licat  obscrvatiuna  upon  tl>v  simjilest  parts  of  planta  it  enters  upon  an 
«iui]r  aUge  of  elaasification,  and  it  is  through  tlicse  exorcises  that  tbe 
,1  higher  work  is  gradually  reached.  The  prae^^ss  in  eontinuout.  Tbo 
Htovhlld  from  tbe  Grat  has  b«on  comparing  objecta  and  abiitracling  their 
^Bcoiiiniort  ebanict«r*.  It  tnntlcrs  notbing  that  at  first  this  action  is  au- 
^^^i>inalie ;  it  leads  to  comwious  cbueiDg  and  is  of  tbe  same  nature  with  it. 
^^^rognaw  In  the  formation  of  «uch  g<-ii<-ral  idcae  as  chair,  cat,  dog,  may 
\tm  d<srly  seen  by  tbe  intetligt^nl  observer  to  eoneist  in  tbo  comparison 
tho  members  of  all  anch  groape  of  objects  and  an  abctrnction  of  their 
amnion  chararters.  Of  coarse,  tbi«  woric  is  imperfect  at  fint.  Tbe 
railiires  of  children  in  forming  correct  general  notions  of  some  com- 
tiiiity  was  Wftl  ilIuRlnitc<l  by  a  little  boy  under  three  years  of  age, 
rhen  bin  syinpalbies  n-ero  appealed  to  in  bcbalf  of  tbe  cat  he  was 
aing  by  tb'i  statement  that  he  too  was  an  animal.  This  be  indig- 
iwnHj  rvpcIlM],  and,  springing  to  bis  feet,  bo  oaugbt  tbe  skirt  of  bis 


ine 
■but! 
Vouk. 


Jfa 


TB£  POPULAR  SCISlfCS  MONTHLY. 


draB  uid  erttiDdinf;  it  toward  me  eiolainwd,  "Sec  tbere,  I'&i  Mf' 
anitOHl  I  "    AtwvBoo  of  clotbiog  wh  tboa  •  oomintMi  clutracUr  vikfc 
bo  bxl  grnenliu'i)  into  th«  ooncoption  of  ui  nainuL 

But  if  the  etM^ntJal  mental  proceosea  ar«  eiactJy  tl>e  utni*  hi  ealv* 
from  first  to  iaat,  in  wliat  tlwn  doM  eci«fl«o  coiuitrt>  and  wkrM  i*  il  I* 
begin?    Tbero  is  a  current  notion  tlmt  Hci<-noa  in  «'  '  '-nA 

from  common  knowledge — iiomeltiii>gi«]K-ciklly  diHii  _  <<t4 

Ut«  in  euitfww  of  ntudjr ;  nm)  Mm.  Jonobi  M«ni(  to  conntcnMiflt  tUt 
jjcw.     But  we  have  itevn  that  tht  prooew  of  thought  ii  tlta  nme  ia 
Pnnimon  knowledg^e  as  in  Boien«e.    I^e  difTcrenco  between  tbca  iil 
■implj  this,  tlial  iI>p  pcifpptjons  of  relatione  in  ordinarr  knuwMj^e  vn 
loow,  vagtnt,  and  iiiaocuritic,  wUilu  it  ii  tho  offioD  of  Mionce  to  make 
them  mora  earefnl,  dear,  and  exacL    It  1*  dmitl;  n  qoMtion  of  degrw, 
and  wo  must  assume  that  scieDce  begins  at  the  |M)i»t  wIht*-  i1i«  teocb- 
er  iiKprvenca  to  gaido  the  mental  pnoceeGes  of  tlio  <:hilil,  and  niako  thn 
more  acearatu  ami  truthful.    Thi«  work  HhouM  be  commenced  eoonur 
than  h&H  been  generally  Kujipflwd  ;  and  thv  viow  that  the  nidiments 
all  Bcienocare  contained  in  tiw  oommon  knowlfdgi>  pofwn««rl  bf 
child  nece«Mtat«0  a  moeb  earlier  ciiltiratii>n  of  ibe  obourving  pii)r< 
of  children  than  i»  currently  practiL<^d.    I'o  prevent  tbu  bn-ak  wliii 
Rommonly  oocnrs  when  children  «nt«r  upon  the  study  of  l>ooki  and 
bt^gin  to  itubttilnto  words  for  things,  and  to  continue  tlie  procMw* 
wbidi  Nature  lta»  initialod,  I  songht  for  tfa«  Kiniplect  objeclH  by  wliicli 
connected  oliMervations  can  be  punned,  and  the  work  of  comparing, 
tis^g  out  relations,  and  otassifyiDg  can  be  continued,  and  for  ibis 
parpoM  tbo  ampler  parts  of  pUnta  are  wall  adapted.     Uttlo  cbildmi 
faaTe  already  a  largo  atook  of  ideas  of  tbe  relations  of  concrete  thin^ 
They  know  loavM,  and  «t4Hn«,  and  flower*,  tboiigb  in  a  loo«e  and  in- 
definite way.    Tbe  first  effect  of  careful  oboen-ation  la  to  make  ibm 
ideas  more  deAutte  and  precise.     Vat  instance,  in  place  of  the  new 
DOtioo  of  leavce  fomed  from  cwaal  ac<)iiaintanoe  with  them,  ihs  U' 
■mtnation  of  a  variety  of  lear-fomK  rcvmis  distinctly  different  kitnb 
of  Icavvn  aocordingly  a*  tbey  ar«  made  up  of  bindii,  stom,  and  irt>pBi»; 
of  blade  and  Mem  ;  or  of  bUda  only.     And  each  of  tbcae  three  dcdnitr  j 
elassee  reeetwa  a  name  with  an  equally  deflntte  meaniim;.    I>n  (urfUf  J 
obaerration,  tbe  blade  litnia  out  to  be  made  np  of  different  puU  I 
which  are  to  be  further  studied  ;  tbe  proccm  of  disravery  antl  of  p<**  I 
dso  naming  goes  on  till  learca  of  all  sort*  fall  inlu  a  few  dirt'a'i  | 
grou|Hi,  baned  upon  definite  cbanotera  And  tbo  Mtm|>le  T«r<i^illun  *"  I 
tbeae  groups  tuffieen  for  the  bc;:ineiiig  of  olaanllmiion.     In  the  ^^  I 
way,  from  obaen-ation  of  stenu,  ihece  fall  into  groups  as  nmnd,  «|a»rft  I 
meet,  trailing,  creeping,  otc.     Closer  observation  reveals  still  nito^^  I 
eharaotet*,  and  tho  nnmnroiiN  individuals  to  be  vxamincd  and  duKrll"*" 
imure  tbe  reiwtiiinn  m^dful  to  depth  and  retentioo  of  iiBjiro*''"' 
In  tile  objective  Mudy  of  planU  tbe  inl«nv«tual  opofflii'Hm  ninp«  f*"  I 
the  HiDipIcst  recogmtioo  of  obvioos  likeouas  and  differoiMw  avV  I 


RUT 

I 


Im  U  to  rcttdi  Uio  loircM  gnuln  that  ejta  begin  tb«  work  of  Bjm- 
!  uid  moenrale  observatiou  ;  and  if,  n*  cbo  rwult  of  experi<-noft 
[iresenl  casi?,  it  has  l>e«u  found  that  there  ia  a  stage  of  child-lif« 
U>e  kttcntion  may  bo  Buccessfully  (pvcn  to  the  study  of  leaf- 
«!«,  and  can  not  be  so  beld  to  th«  xtudy  of  Ihu  flow«r,  it  wotild 
BMonnblv  lliat  th«  lonf  shonld  comt^  firxt  in  the  ordw  of  xtudy. 
i«  might  not  n4'(-<I  to  follow  tbo  samu  order  with  a  child  t«n 
hi  lu  wllli  a  child  of  six,  b«0Mrae  tlie  former  bu  greater  oapoc- 

E«aii  do  what  the  latter  eao  not.  An  arer^e  child  of  ten 
gbt  ]ht)i»p«  be^in  observation  anvwhcrv,  eo  far  as  hb  nbility 
tied,  whik  with  an  average  child  of  five  or  six  tbb  could  not 
.-.  As  Mated  in  my  [irevious  article,  it  was  neoeaaary  to  begin 
bere,  and  the  book  k  tbereforo  apparently  rigid  in  method ;  bat 
repeatedly  recommended  in  it  that  teacberi  exercise  jndgmont, 
about  and  dioose  what  ia  moat  timely  and  Appropriute  to  the 
ami  varying  capacity  of  their  pupils.  Of  courac,  for 
h«n  wbo  think  it  a  duty  in  all  caseN  to  begin  at  the  begin- 
go  straight  to  the  end,  there  is  no  help. 
in  (he  present  eases  tha  dominant  Idea  be  that  of  eolf-ediica- 
thc  pupil  is  lo  do  bis  own  thinking  and  discovering  with  I  ho  least 
guidanee,  it  will  bo  abundantly  found  that  a  yoang  chiM  will 
ilessiirnbly  and  profitably  with  leaves  before  be  can  do  it  witli 
for,  In  the  coac  of  the  leaf,  the  mind  passes  more  gradually 
looaeoess  of  common  obm-rvntion  and  language  to  (he  care- 
ami  a<;onra<;y  required  in  tbo  Initiation  of  scicntifio  Htndy, 
to  W  at  fint  noted  are  more  diffcron  tinted  and  r^wcr,  anil  the 
of  new  prociHo  terms  to  mark  them  i«  umalli-r,  and  th<>se  n)aj- 


iCi 


THE  POPULAR  SCIENCE  MONTHLY, 


AGATIZED  AND  JASPER1/.KI)   WOOD  OF  ARIZONA. 
Br  UEOIUB  F.  KDH£.  I 

UNDOUBTEDLY  one  of  the  i^rcalest  of  Aoiericati  von<lc»  ii  ilu  I 
ailivificd  fvrcM  in  Arizona,  Udovd  aa  Cbalc«dony  Pnrk— aiatt  I 
only  in  naina,  however,  for  the  giant  tnw«  whicb  oooe  grew  ibm  | 
bave  long  ainc«  fallen  and  lilioifiocl  into  ogata  and  jasper  It  ii  ilt«- 1 
Btcd  eight  milee  aoulli  uf  Currixa,  a  alatiou  on  the  Allanltr  xA  IV I 
cific  Railroad,  in  A|iacbo  County,  Arinona,  iwvntj^four  milM  Mttli- 1 
«Mt  of  llulbrook.  Tbifl  marvelous  deponit  of  probably  a  tnilllan  toi  I 
of  HiliciUed  tri^ea  covers  a  tbousaod  ucrcA,  Tlie  wood  ia  (^cnllTJ 
found  projecting  frpm  tbe  Tolcaoio  ash  atiil  lava,  wbicb  ii  nTtml| 
with  sanditonu  to  the  diptli  of  from  twenty  to  thirty  feet,  and  \\v»  a-X 
potod  ia  llw  gtilotuia  and  ba»iiu  wb«re  tlte  water  baa  worn  awijr  tWl 
■andstoiwy  I 

Tbe  «ilicifl«nlion  probably  took  place  in  tli«  following  tnuiMrcl 
Tbe  tren  were  overthrown  and  i-ovcT«d  with  volcani"  uhIim  and  U'^l 
tbe  heated  silicilted  wat«rs,  either  gushing  from  fi|)riiig8  or  forced  Dpi 
bf  tlie  viok-nt  vokanic  action  which  felled  llio  trees,  pcn)oiil«'| 
through  thv  aitheK,  oook-d  on  rtucbing  tho  truslovvl,  and  thus  prodtwcd] 
oonditioua  favorable  to  ailiciGcatioD.  I 

The  moisture  iu  tho  tufa  may  have  effected  a  partial  altctatim,  w  I 
also  any  waters  that  may  hare  filtrated  through  it  from  laiH  *\ 
springs  oithor  hot  or  cold.  Under  these  ci  re  u  oik  I  an  oca  deoomponliM  I 
would  be  owii^tcd  and  much  silica  be  set  free.  Ilio  wat^n  would  W- 1 
come  charged  with  ihie,  the  silica  being  beld  ptuily  in  solution  nmiiltf] 
to  that  in  liquid  (lUss,  the  Hilioato  of  (toda  of  commeroe.  The  Nliw*! 
water  then  slowly  poiieiratod  tlie  wood  buriMl  in  iho  tufa  ami  **l 
alowly  deposited  in  the  ooU*  of  the  wood.  In  thix  manner  tbe  U"! 
of  the  wood  were  replaced  by  the  silica.  The  prooon  waa  pvidflitlf  j 
a  alow  ooe,  and  the  tr(*B,  from  idl  ap]>earanoe8,  weiw  |iartly  Ata/f^  I 
and  water-logged  when  tla-  BiHfiification  took  plaev.  'lin  j»1**  I 
and  agat«  generally  replaced  tbe  cfU-walU  and  lilN-ns  and  tlie  tno**  j 
parent  quartz  fdled  the  cells  and  inter^ticev,  t-HiK-cially  wbtr*  ^  J 
structure  waa  broken  down  by  decay.  Thi«o  i-«ll>«tnt4««>  and  e»tj*l 
ties  produced  tbe  oonditiona  favorable  not  only  for  the  dppo«tka<'1 
the  silica  aa  qnartx,  but  also  for  the  formation  of  the  ilrusy,  erywal""*  I 
oavitioH  of  quartx  and  ampthyst  that  enhance  tbe  branly  of  tin  *"*'  | 
lerial  (Ml  much.  It  !»  evident,  from  the  rich  variety  of  i-olow,  tliM  "'•  j 
waten  held  oxidM  of  iron  and  {wrhapa  man^aneoe,  aa  well  M  x**!  I 
tbe  red  color  being  oautied  by  lipmntlte,  the  yellowa  and  brown*  "T  I 
liroonile.  and  the  l)lack  by  oxides  of  mungaDcmi.  I 

It  is  possible  also  that  the  ash  was  dcpoeilod  partly  in  waU*  ■"*  I 
tfaita  heated  it.    There  ia  every  indieatlon  tliat  tlM<  dojiowt  It  of  "^  I 


^--..  --  — —  0.^....^ 


j64  r^i'  POPULAR  SCIBJfCS  MONTBLr, 

s\^cnh\v  <\v\i\\i.     Ovur  th«  '  '-^  the  tnm  lie  wstUrH  ii 

coti<-i-iv:ibli.-  iMMitioDH  nod  in  i  <  ^  <  i  m  of  all  aim;*,  iiomotliim 
bibg  n  ))i]o  of  citn-«'h<>els.  A  tn-e  on«  ImiKlnKl  and  fift;  ffd  Ii 
Ivn^h  in  ofieii  fuuii<)  broken  up  iulo  m  many  wrijoiw  of  aimoft  n^ 
form  Icn^b,  presenting  tbc  Bplwanuic]  of  baviii^  lieeu  aswed  aiUDlrr 
for  ebinglc-blocka  by  kmiiv  pn^bUrio  fonster. 

Again,  wc  find  n  giant  traa  tirofcon  into  coiintltwi  fngntiinh,  mfr 
ing  in  »we  from  a  iimall  pebble  to  »  fiUr-iiwd  Imwldur.  Ptfrf(<et-«bptJ 
cubcw,  read}'  to  be  polished  Bud  used  for  pjtpor-wfigtita,  nrv  aUo  (uoti 
TheM  roultiplied  fractures  are  Ibe  renult  uf  atli'maui  boat  and  «>U 
acting  on  tbt  wator  colltvled  in  the  fiemtm  of  Ibe  tree. 

The  higbcct  point  in  tlm  p«rii  is  Aorno  two  hundred  feel  aborf  tb* 
Borroandltig  li-vcl.  and  it  tH  hero  that  litv  l>uricd  ircM  can  be  •hd  M 
tlM  beat  ndvaiiU^c,  Sttmi,*  of  ibcm  are  one  bumtnd  and  fifijfM 
loDg  and  ten  fe^-t  in  diameter,  and  lie  cxpoaod  in  all  conceirnlili;  pBit* 
tiooa.  One  secttan  of  a  ttee,  whiob  has  been  broken  op,  meiiiiR* 
eight  foei  in  diameter,  ten  fuct  in  lengUi,  and  weighs  Mvetal  UU' 
The  lre«  was  originnllv  about  two  bundr«d  fi-«t  long.  Some  pixcea 
tlictninluuf  thoM  tnwtt,  vbiHi  vnn  broaghl  to  New  York, 
from  eight  incbea  to  three  feet  in  diameter,  and  from  twent;-6T> 
one  thooaand  pounds  in  Tetf<bt.  Tbe  perfect  preservation  of  tbi 
tmnlu  vt  renuukablc.  The  nn^s  ar«  to  distinctly  viuble  as  to 
riaoe  ereii  the  noet  tn«redalouj  of  their  organic  ori(*iD. 

Tbe  most  iiit«n<sttng  pointo  in  the  park  haTo  been  niggeatinl; 
named,  The  Agate  or  Naloiml  Brtdgf,  AgUo  Gukh,  Ametbyat 
Fori  Jacper,  «lc 

The  most  remarkable  foatoro  of  tbe  park,  and  a  pben(im< 
haps  unparalleled,  is  the  Natural  Bridge,  of  af^atized  wood,  fi 
by  a  tree,  spanning  a  cai5on  forty-five  fret  in  ileptti  and  fifly-Aiii 
widlti.  In  addition  to  the  ttpan,  fully  fifty  foct  of  the  trv«  mrta  on  < 
•idt'.  making  iImj  tree  vitriblt!  for  a  length  of  over  ono  hundred  feA 
Both  radt  of  tbe  tivA  are  imbedded  in  the  satidBtoneu  It  avOf* 
three  and  a  half  feet  in  diameter,  four  feet  at  the  thick^ 
three  at  the  amallest.  Where  the  bark  doit  not  ndlion',  the  ci 
iado  oolon  of  Jw^mt  :ind  ugiito  are  to  bo  aeen. 

Although  ailiFificd  wood  \»  fonnd  in  many  localitiea  throngboal  I'" 
world,  no1l*llen^  L*  it  w  beautifully  eolored  aa  at  this  plaee.  I)«v 
have  evi-rv  iiniif(inable  shade  of  red,  yellow,  brown,  and  grt-en.  N*^ 
times  tbe  eolora  appear  io  distinct  spota,  forming  a  mottled  *pf^ 
anee  ;  then,  af{ain,  all  blend  so  impereeptibly  M  tn  maku  a  mncb  n'** 
pleading  ami  harmonious  effect  than  ibe  dwided  tumllng  of  ibe  Jd*"' 
where  tbelEnnof  di-markaliuM  Imlwwn  ttm  i-olors  ar*  «■  illsiioKl  a*** 
bi'cnmn  obtrusive.     The  «olont  alxne  mentione<I  at'  ^  ■ 

white,  black,  and  gray,  and  by  iranapamnl  np^-- ■  '■'"' 

cryHUln,  or— a»  aometimea  oaean — of  amolJiyn^ 

Broken  aeotJoM  of  the  hollow  tmnka  am  often  luiiia  wab  iirai-it>;^ 


•tZSD  ASD  JASPKBIZJiD  WOOD  OF  ARIZONA,  jfij 
M»d  oaloit«,  wbicb  add  ibeir  brilliancy  to  the  endletiH  variety  of 

ntifol  M  llu)  wood  Is  lo  lb«  nskvd  oje,  a  microscope  is  needed 
d  iu  truo  bmaty.  Ncl.  only  dix'x  tlir  glam  odIuuh'v  the  colors, 
leu  mndtn  Tisible  tli*^  Btruotufi>,  wliloli  has  been  perfectly  pre* 
OVM  lo  ibv  forma  of  tlie  minute  oell§,  and  is  mora  l>cautifal 
in  baforo  tlta  traiufonnation. 

P.  H.  OniJIvy,  of  New  York,  micnMOoplcalljr  cxaiDined  somo 
I  of  ihiN  wood,  and  finda  that  part  of  it  at  lout  b«Ioop  to  tbu 
irauearia.  flo  aaya  tlial  the  Arauearia  txctUa,  the  Norfolk 
>in«  of  ibe  Soutb  I'aciflc  Ooeao,  grows  to  a  height  of  from  uno 
I  and  fifiy  to  two  hoodred  feet.  In  radical  lon^tadioal  aedion, 
ii-iilnr  atarkingn  on  the  wmhI-ocIIs  near  Meb  end  are  in  double 
id  ooatiguooa,  tito  markings  of  one  row  alternating  witli  thow 

^er,  gtving  tho  appearance  of  tlw  bcMiUful  hexagonal  mark* 
I  genus.    In  central  portiooa  of  the  eeUa  MKnetimes  only  one 
la  Sam,  and  eome  oellii  show  only  one  row.    JUedul- 
TindiatiBcL 

w  portiona  reacmbUxl  our  red  cedar  (JunipcruA  ^^rffiniantu) 
^wn  in  tha  eztraine  Soutk.  Tbc  cxill-trtructum  of  Hutn«  indt- 
growth  In  a  mild  and  onifonn  olinato,  thu  annular  rings  Wing 

only  by  one,  two,  tliree,  or  more,  slightly  smaller  hexagonal 
^d  celts,  not  tabolar,  aa  is  usually  the  case.  Tlio  c«Il-wallH 
^y  uniform  in  ibiekmss.  All  tbo  epecimens  examined  showed 
e  wood  origlBatly  was  undergmng  dt«ay  before  being  filled 
lO  Turious  media  which  afterward  solidified.  On  »ome  of  the 
rns  traces  of  fungi  (tnyw/iwn},  causing  decay,  were  dioRovcrcd. 
Mity  of  the  wood  is  largely  due  to  the  destructive  influence 

% 

M-«att4(^  baa  btcn  carried  on  as  an  industry  for  over  three 
I  years  in  the  Ober»tetn  distriol>  in  Oermany,  but  little  attco- 
I  been  paid  benloforv  to  the  cutting  of  tiirgR  masaoa,  because 
LtM  are  foniid  over  a  foot  in  diatucu-r,  and  the  banding  is  not 
I  to  offer  much  inducement.  Uut  in  Ihe  future  this  material 
nibtlees  bo  In  gnat  demand  for  interior  honsc-decoralion, 
t  onn  be  advantageously  used  as  inlays  in  wooti  or  stone ;  for 
g  and  wainscoting  walls ;  for  tiling ;  ami,  if  desired,  for  en- 
irs.  Wliole  table-tope  could  be  made  of  the  largeet  size  from  a 
wotioii  of  Olio  of  these  giant  trees,  and  the  design  would  bo 
s  own  incomparable  handiwork.  F<h-  mosaic-work  it  would 
I  a  n-ady  UM,  Minoo  tbo  infioiti-  diversity  of  color  wonid  afford 
Ia  field  for  the  imagination  of  the  skillful  artisans  employed  at 
luMtry. 

rich,  warm,  blending  colors,  and  the  remarkable  polish  that 
u-rinl  is  sDsceptibte  of,  are  ibe  main  features  that  will  always 
»  high  place  among  minerals  of  its  class.     In  fact,  it  is  a  ques* 


TUB  POPULAR  aCIKNVS  MOIfTBL\ 


IfONOONFORlilTr. 


3«7 


ptber  any  of  Uts  ornamental  stones,  inoh  as  ja^e,  j&aper.  agate, 
iUh  mwblei,  have  tbe  two  rfcsirtil  qualitii^  to  iruch  a  de^rra. 
Ai  before  stated,  th«  (li>]>osit  has  buon  Mtiniatad  at  a  million  loos, 
\y  sot  morii  than  n  tliouRand  tons  would  bo  duitablo  for  tho 
I  of  art,  wliito  for  flnrr  work  only  a  amall  part  of  tliis  would 
)  ivnllablo.  Oni)  inatanc«  aliould  be  noted  lo  show  the  \i\fc\\  estjma- 
.  IB  whiob  tbU  wood  ia  held  bj-  foroigti«r8.  A  Rutuiao  dealer  re- 
etntly  fiatil  6re  hundred  dollara  for  a  pieco  twftnty-t^igbt  IncbM  in 
<£amct«r  and  thirty  incfacti  in  length,  to  be  cut  into  ubie-topi.  A 
brgo  li)t  wa«  nTivuilyMtit  abroad  for  cutting,  and  ve  shall  soon  have  a 
Dew  ilpcmiivo  itono  which  will  poasen  what  very  few  now  m  use  do 

Flb«  propor  hardntwa. 
A  pivte  of  ibis  material  was  Ml«ct«d  by  Mr.  Joseph  PulttKn*,  to 
^Dmi  the  base  for  the  beautiful  Kilvcr  vent  or- piece,  which  ix  being  mado 
^)  .Ucosrs  Tiffany  in  C,  to  be  givvn  aa  a  UAtimonial  to  the  iwiincnt 
iidptor,  F.  A.  Bartholdi.  Thia  baae  is  a  low  tranoat«d  pyramid, 
<i*na  inchoa  aqnarv  at  the  base,  nine  inches  at  tlie  top,  and  seven  and 
Ittif  ia^n  high,  and  is  made  of  a  single  section  of  a  troe.  It  waA 
(iiowa  on  aceounl  of  ita  superior  burdness  and  tbe  warmth  and  pinui- 
in;  rntnbination  of  ita  coloni.  Ih-sidcti,  aa  tho  designer  remarked,  it  is 
'niiiti-nUy  tilting  tJiatlbe  tcattmonijd  should  rtat  "onasolid  American 

Tliia  ia  lb«  largest  piece  of  such  bard  material  tint  liaa  ever  boon 
:  iaio  a  deHnile  shape  in  the  United  States. 

Oaa  of  the  recent  freaks  of  fashion  has  been  the  revival  of  tbc  old 

eh  jewelry.  The  leading  objection  to  iLis  is  the  stiftuiuM  uf  the 
hdna.    Tbeee  have  in  many  instances,  however,  been  Amerieanisod 

I  Empmved  upon  ;  the  tame,  aninleresting  bloodstoDpa  and  agates 
ring  pUce  to  our  own   richer  and   brighter  stonea  and   silicified 


^K  NONCONFORMITY* 

^^^  Br  UEEBEST  SPESCEB. 

NOTHING  like  that  which  wo  now  call  Nonconformity  can  be 
traced  in  sooielie«  of  simple  type*.   Devoid  of  the  knowledge  and 
^■mttl  tendencies  which  lead  toeritioisin  and  scoplieiitin,  t)iu  cavage 
ivaly  ftcoepts  whatever  his  seniors  assert.    Cusloro  in  the  form  of 
Hlilishfid  belief,  as  well  as  in  the  form  of  established  usage,  is  sacred 
kl>  him  :  dioscnt  from  it  is  unheart)  of.    And  throughout  long  eariy 
iiiffucial  nvolnlion  there  continue*,  among  resnlts  of  tbtit  trait> 
iaa  to  iiibcrited  religioni^     ft  is  true  that  during  tbmie  sUgei 
baa  cults  co-exist  sidf  by  side  ;  but,  prodBCta  aa  tliese  are  of  ibe 
MilinK  aocestor-worabip,  the  resulting  polytheism  does  not  show 
*ywiiii"gmfaihilk>lInillUMka»,"latUpt»isof  D.lppkton  tCa 


SM 


rnK  POPULAR  SCISNCS  MONTHLY. 


IniKA 


exwid] 


(H  wlint  w(i  nuvr  undenuni]  as  NoDooBforrDitjr ;  sIood  Um  dmtwvl 
tbo  various  Mhrines  oBUh«r  iHcay  »at*  iipullinr'i  gmle,  nor  call  te  fM> 
tioQ  in  jminnttucctl  ways  Ll)i-  fum-nt  idea*  conoemiay  Uwn.    ODljil| 
ewM  like  tliat  of  S><:rat««,  wbu  rDUDciaUn)  a  DOoovptioD  nf  «■ 
nl  agcdU  divergiDg  wiilnlv  from  tba  popular  ooocfiitiDn  iif  Umb,!)  I 
W0  ac«  in  oorly  aooMrtaea  NDneoDformity  properly  ao^tod. 

Wbal  webava  bcre  to  deal  wilb  nnjor  thia  nama  oeoanilirf]lb| 
pecktii-a  whiob  are  aubetantially,  if  not  liUirally,  tBonoUteislw ;  ulb 
Srbiob  tbere  exisia  Doraiually,  If  not  rt-ally,  a  tt>I«rably  mulonBcnri] 
atbninutored  by  a  eouolidaird  hKrarcby. 

Kvm  aa  tbui  nvirirtvd,  Nonconforxnity  t<t>in)mbNida 
widt^ty  unlike  in  \hv\t  nalure«  ;  and  tbai  we  may  uuderalaiid  it. ' 
cxelnde  roach  that  is  aUied  with  it  only  by  outwatxl  form  and  > 
stance.  Tboagb  in  must  cases  a  wparatiog  aoot  osponaes  eoinai 
tboriied  vereion  of  tbo  aooaptcd  onxsd  ;  aad  ibfiugfa  tbo  tulm  i 
iiipamml  viiKioB  ia  oocaaioQaDy  not  wttliout  iis  aigniBcancv ;  yrt  i 
tbing  specially  to  bo  nolod  la  tbv  attitude  oasinucd  totrard  ecHiiiMtialj 
goTerninent.  Tboagb  tbere  b  always  eomn  oentisc  of  imliiiW  < 
jadginent ;  yet  in  early  stages  this  ia  shown  moraly  id  ibaolwNillj 
oiM  authority  a«  superior  to  anotfacr.  Only  In  late  aUgas  does 
oonie  an  oxormse  of  individual  jodgmcnt  which  goes  to  tbo  i 
denying  eodeoastical  authority  in  general. 

Tbe  growth  of  this  later  attitude  we  shall  aee  on  compariox 
of  tbe  BDoceaaive  stages. 

Ancient  forms  of  dneent  habiiually  stand  for  the  authority  of  I 
put  over  the  prewnl ;  aod  since  tradition  naoaUy  brings  ftura 
barfaarooa  agea  aooMiata  of  more  barbarous  modM  of  pntp 
loount  fonna  of  dlatMit  are  habitoally  twintU  of  pnuiicn  monl 
oetie  than  those  of  the  eutrent  religion.    It  was  shown  in  f)  030, 1 
the  primitive  roonaehifim  originated  in  this  way  ;  aod  as  ClirisUtaHji 
with  the  higher  moral  prec«pta  on  which  it  insisted,  joined  ron 
tion  of  ordinary  life  and  its  aims  (said  U>  be  derived  frora  tbe  KawsMJf 
there  tmdml  to  be  ihnvafler  a  oontinnal  ro-gene^  of  dinantiagi 
charaoleriicd  in  oominon  b;  aoateritiea. 

Kinds  of  dissent  differing  from  Ibeaoand  (iifTf^ring  from  ma 

kinds  of  dissent,  aroe«  during  those  tinea  in  whii'h  tln>  early  vliu** 

vaa  spreading  and  beroming  orgnni74-d.   For  he  foro  eecldsiMaliail  f" 

^mment  bad  establiNhed  itnelf  and  ao<iuir«<d  Mtm'dni'aa,  rMiMtaDse" 

|Mch  new  encroach m«n I  made  by  It,  nntumlly  )rd  to  dlvUiona   ^ 

two<n  the  time  wb<ni  the  authority  dvdt  in  tbo  Ctirit  ■■' 

tions  thcmsi'lres,  aad  tbe  time  when  tbe  autborily  waai.. -  ''' 

pope,  there  noesaasrily  went  saerassire  usurpations  of  authority,  s"* 
of  whirh  Rave  oocafinn  for  protest.     Ileooi),  sach  aeots,  '■  '•* 

third  (?rniiiry  and  onwanl  to  the  avvdnlb  century,  as  i  ■>"'■ 

NovatiauH.  Melertians,  Acrlaiti^  Doootitits,  Joannltos,  Maautwiafcl^j 
motfaenufl,  and  AtbingaiiL  J 


troNCoyyoRAriTT. 


J69 


^^unng  orer  tliiit  period  during  whicli  fcclc«iMtica1  poiror  tfaroiiRh- 
Mt  Europe  wu  n»ing  lu  iu  climax,  we  cont«,  in  tbc  twelfth  century, 
to  diKscntvn  of  more  advanced  types ;  who,  with  or  without  diffcn-ucc* 
«f  doctrine^  rebelled  almost  tbe  thcn-ciistinf;  charcb  gOTernucDt. 
Sacfa  secU  w  tbe  Amoldist«  in  Italy,  the  PelrobnisinDS,  Cspatiuti  and 
Waldeowfl  in  France,  and  aftcrwvYl  tliv  Stedingent  in  GcTnuny  and 
the  ApoRtolicals  in  luly,  arc  exawplM;  vcwrally  cbaractcrizvd  by 
atttiiion  of  individual  freedom,  alike  in  Jadgmi-iii  aiid  action.   Ordiiiu- 
rily  holding  doctrines  called  heretical,  tbe  promulgation  of  wbicb  waa 
iUtlf  a  tacit  denial  of  ecclesia/^tical  authority  (though  a  denial  habitu- 
ally bawd  on  stibmistioii  to  an  alleged  higher  authority),  Hct«  of  this 
kinil  went  on  increasing  in  the  fourteenth  and  fifteenth  cenlurtcfi- 
Tbere  wen;  the  Lullardi  in  England ;  the  FraticelH  in  Italy  ;  the  Tabor- 
ilM,  Bokemian  Brethren,  JHoravians  and  Hussitee,  in  Uohemia :  all 
MMtDg  themwives  aj^inst  churcIi-dLGcipliDe.     And  then  the  rebclliona 
■enoaent  of  the  reformation,  as  carried  forward  by  tbo  Luthvrnns  in 
Gtnnaay,  tbe  Zvinglians  and  Calvinist^  in  Switzerland,  th«  Hugno 
Ml  ia  France,  tbv  Anabaptiata  and  ■'ri-iby terians  in  England,  cshib- 
&(d,  along  with  repudiation  of  various  establiibed  doctrines,  oeremo- 
■B^asd  QSagee,  a  more  pronounced  anti-saccrdotaliEin.   Characterise 
bfOfflmon  by  oppoaition  to  Rpixcopacy,  protestant  or  catholic,  wo  seo 
fat  of  all  in  tbo  government  by  pre)'>>ytor8,  adopted  by  Hundry  of 
Hmh  diaenting  bodies,  a  Htcp  toward  f  m-dom  of  judgment  and  prao* 
lioe  ii  religiona  matters,  aoctnnpanied  by  denial  of  priestJy  inspiration, 
Aid  theo  in  tbe  Hubse<|uent  rise  of  tbe  Independent^  taking  for  their 
ftlitlire  principle  the  right  of  each  congregation  to  govern  itself, 
vttee  a  further  advanco  in  that  anti-oocerdotal  tnovetnent  which 
McM  ita  extreme  in  the  next  century  with  the  Qoakers  ;  who,  going 
Jiwflly  to  tbe  fountain  head  of  tbo  creed,  and  carrying  out  more  con- 
Wfoily  tliso  usual  tbe  professed  right  of  private  judgment,  repndi- 
*M  the  entiro  paraphernalia  of  ccclotiualtci^im. 

It  ii  tree  that  the  histories  of  these  vanous  non-eonfonning  bodies, 
w  odndiag  even  tlie  Society  of  Friends,  show  ua  the  re-growth  of 
■MnuTerule,  allied  to  tliat  agiiiost  which  there  had  been  rebcllioD. 
vf  nSgioufi  revoliitiona,  a«  of  political  revolutions,  it  is  true  that  in 
'btriwcnce  of  ililfemiees  of  obaraelfr  and  ciiltun;  greater  than  can  be 
QpMed  in  the  same  society  at  the  same  time,  tlicy  are  followed  by 
fndaaUy  eilablished  forms  of  rule  only  in  some  degree  better  than 
(^diverged  from.  In  his  af^nmption  of  infallibility,  and  hiit  mess- 
"w  for  enforcing  conformity,  Calvin  w^n*  a  pop«  comparable  with  any 
^  ttsved  bulla  from  ll>e  Vatican.  The  discipline  of  the  Scottish 
IVnliyteriana  waa  as  despotic,  as  rigorous,  and  as  relentless  aa  any 
rtWi  Catboliciam  bad  enforced.  The  Puritans  of  New  England  were 
■i  poaiiivc  in  their  dogmas,  and  as  severe  in  ihetr  perfccutions,  as  were 
,  Ik  eccluiaatics  of  tbo  cburcli  they  left  behind.  Some  of  thc«o  dis> 
kmiog  bodies,  indeed,  as  the  Wesleyaiis,  barft  developed  organiations 
^1  vou  xxrnt.— tt 


«n  Kngland  is  rrproaded,  but  wliicli,  pliUofiopluc*]!^  conttd 
ono  of  bw  superior  tr^ta.  For  ttc  rUo  of  every  new  sect,  ti 
a  T«*tCMt1toD  of  lh«  right  of  private  judgment,  is  a  coIiaUm 
of  the  nature  vbich  makca  fr«e  institutionfl  possible^  fl 

Slill  more  BigDtficaot  do  vo  wc  this  nmllipltcation  oF  mR 
if  we  consider  tli«  auigncd  cauees  of  division.  Take,  for  insta 
ca«e  of  tho  We*li'j-nn*.  In  1797  the  Methodist  New  Connc) 
gsiiinnt  itM-lf  on  tliv  principle  of  lay  participation  in  chnrcli 
menu  In  1810  llic  Primitive  lUctboiliiU  left  the  original  bot 
cause  being  a  desire  to  liave  "  lay  reprtxentativcs  to  the  Coofi 
Again,  in  ltW4,  prompted  by  opposition  to  priently  power,  tl 
I«yan  Metliodlfit  Association  was  formed  :  it«  m«mbc'rs  claimii 
Inllucneo  for  tbo  laity,  and  resisting  central  interference  wii 
goTf^mment.  And  tlicn  in  1$40,  there  was  yet  another  eecesmt 
Ihe^etbodijit  body,  similarly  cbaractcriuid  by  rcsiUanco  to  mil 
authority. 

Of  course,  in  sects  less  cocrclvely  goveroed,  there  have  bee 
occasions  for  rebellions  against  priestly  control ;  but  tbere 
wanting  illustrations,  some  of  tbom  supplied  even  by  the  m 
free  bodii-s  of  the  Unitarians,  of  llii.*  tendeney  to  divide  in  pu 
of  the  right  of  private  judgment.  Mor(}over,  in  the  absence  c 
ndenc«  sutBcicnily  great  to  produce  secession,  there  is  evcfy 
large  amount  of  express  dissgreement  on  minor  points  amonj 
holding  what  is  supposed  to  be  the  snmo  body  of  beliefs.  I 
the  most  curious  instance  of  this  is  furniKlicd  by  the  established  < 
I  do  not  refer  simply  to  its  diviMons  into  high,  and  low,  and 
all  implying  more  or  leics  of  the  noDoonformiug  spirit  witbh 
refer  more  especially  to  the  strange  anomaly  that  ibe  ritaall 
men  who,  while  asserting  priestly  authority,  are  thoroselgi 


'a  IFSW  FtSLti  OF  AMERICAX  BISTORT.        571 

ty  of  thought,  long  awortcd  mm)  Dioro  and  more  displayed,  ia 
^about  to  be  carried  to  thti  extunt  lliat  no  uiaa  shall  b«  coustraiuod  to 
sapport  aootber  man's  creed. 

KviJentlr  the  arrival  at  this  slate  compli^tcs  [hat  lUKial  difTorcntia- 
tion  which  began  when  the  primitive  chief  first  deputed  hit  privally 
fonctioD. 

Aa  inpticd  in  the  U»t  Mnlcnoe,  the  chaiigos  ahorc  Hkctch«I  oat  ora 

onoooulanld  of  the  chuigM  nietcliod  out  iii  tb«  lujit  chapter.    Tlio 

rprolanged  conflict  botweeo  Church  and  State  acoompuiyiiig  their  dif< 

fcniitiatioi),  and  eDdiog  in  the  subordination  of  the  Church,  has  been 

I  accoopanied  bj  thc«e  coUateraJ  minor  confiicts  betweea  the  Church 

I  ud  TC««]citraDt  portions  of  its  members,  ending  in  separation  of  them. 

Therv  b  a  farther  implication.     In  common  with  tbe  snbjectioD  of 

(h(  Chorch  to  thu  Stat«,  the  spread  of  NoncoDformity  is  an  indirect 

ranll  of  growing  industrialism.     Tlie  moral  [latorc  pr()[icr  to  a  soaal 

o^niuiiofi  baaed  on  contract  insl<uul  of  Matua — the  moral  nature-  fus- 

icttd  bj  a  social  life  CArric<l  on  under  rolontary  cooperation  injttcad 

of  Mmpubory  co-operation,  in  one  which  works  out  religious  independ- 

twe  u  it  works  out  political  freedom.     And  this  conclusion,  manifest 

a  pHori,  is  verified  a  poftrriori  in  sundry  ways.     We  sco  that  Noa- 

Anfonnilr,  iuemaiiug  im  ind  tut  rial  ism  has  developed,  dow  cbararler- 

in  in  the  greatest  degree  iIiohc  nationn  which  are  most  characterixed 

^development  of  the  industrial  type — America  and  England.     And 

*>tI*o  see  that  in   England  itself,  the  contrast  betw<H;n  urban  and 

nnl  populations  as  well  as  the  contrast  between  populations  in  dif- 

^nu  parta  of  the  kingdom,  nbow  that  when  the  industrial  type  of 

lile  md  organuation  predotuinalca,  Nonconformity  is  the  most  pro- 

\tmtei. 


A  KEW  FIKLD  OF  AMERICAN  HISTORY. 

¥E  have  hitherto  been  accustomed  to  treat  the  hi8tor7  of  the 
United  States  aa  coosisting  primarily  of  the  history  of  the 
^tltttie  portion.  When  it  has  become  necenisary  in  the  progress  of  the 
''rinrto  adrert  to  the  history  of  other  partH  of  (he  continent,  the 
■■bjeet  has  been  considered  aa  related  to  the  history  of  the  Eastern 
^Uti,  and  sabordinatcd  to  it.  This  may  have  been  proper  so  long  as 
^  btitorical  nation  lay  east  of  the  Mississippi  River,  but  when  Lou- 
"^uwaa  bought  we  took  in  a  region  with  an  independent  history 
^iUovQ ;  when  the  que«tion  of  the  title  to  Oregon  was  agitated,  aa 
Wmoal  inquiry  in  a  new  direction  became  of  great  unpoitaDoe  to 

E.*>;  aod  when  California  was  acquired  we  came  into  possession  of 
^  aootber  history,  antedating  tltat  of  our  original  State*  by  a  hun- 
*(nl  jtan,  and  uncxcdlod  in  it«  fullness  of  romance  and  advootnrc. 


S7» 


TBE  POPULAR  SCIEiYCe  MOyTIllY. 


SU1I|  tlio  tDkking  of  our  tcxt-bool:s  &nil  nt'tr  hidorios  btw  bf^  S'^^l 
on  w-lib  the  Atlanlio  States  mxrking  tlie  beginnings  anj  tbv  Ivl^| 
ilomaiD  introdaced  aa  a  product  of  tbe  present  century,  irith  intml 
nference  to  its  thr«e  hnndnod  y«Kr8  of  mnutnttc  )»»!.     For.'i'  | 

of  thai  wo  muxt  go  to  bookd  about  Alexico,  to  find  very  li  I 

there.  Some  of  ibe  earliest  and  moat  iiitcresting  di'voloiimenlBiiltMl 
blMory  of  the  country  aa  ire  now  ttnovr  it  were  worked  out  on  the  IVl 
«iflo  cout ;  bat  tfaeir  story  was  faidden  in  masses  of  doctimvnU  ull 
loose  records  that  wero  inacccMiblo  to  ordinary  luKtorinnii  till  Mr.l 
Ilatwrt  n.  Bancroft  unearthed  them  for  prcsentiiiion  in  Milid  funniol 
hb  "  History  of  the  I*aci6e  States  of  Nonh  America."  | 

This  history,  when  completed,  will  fill  thirty-nine  toIudm  off 
which  eighteen  bavo  now  been  publisbci}.  It  consists  of  two  miibU 
of  which  the  first  Mncsi,  pablishM  ten  yean  ago  in  Gv«  voJunt*,  giHl 
all  ibal  was  known  at  that  time  of  the  native  race*.  Aji  tlNT*  tm 
been  some  disoaasion,  and  it  is  growing  more  livdy,  about  the  ilieonM'l 
of  these  raocA,  and  tbe  auibor'«  po<>ition  in  the  matter  has  beeu  hnrngMI 
into  qaMtion,  it  is  proper  to  say  here  that  be  disavowe  having;  aiiylluDp 
to  do  with  theories  or  tbe  solution  of  disputed  questions.  Ilis  pnqKM 
has  simply  bo«n  to  eolloct  all  tho  material  that  is  wurlhy  ■'  -.  .  i 
and  put  it  where  it  will  be  aooeasiUe,  making  only  such  cr.  -J 

Mrvaliona  as  augijest  thenuelves  In  course,  leaving  closer  pj*cciii1  idv 
TGstigattoflj  to  future  students.  Tbe  richness  of  the  material  b>  bafl 
provided  and  put  here,  in  the  hands  of  such  investigalors,  can  not  fail 
to  be  of  great  help  to  them.  Without  it  they  miRht  have  to  wnrk  fdfl 
yemra  to  aocure  a  position  of  knowledge  araiUble  for  comptrattTU 
nscareh,  where  they  now  find  themselres  at  tho  start.  I 

The  finit  two  of  llio  volnmcn  on  tho  native  race*  are  dovoted  la  lM 
ethnographi<^  doacripUon  of  tlio  tribes ;  the  third  to  (heir  myitis  <um| 
language  ;  the  fonrtli  to  their  antiquities ;  and  tbe  fifth  to  their  )irinl~l 
live  history.  The  tribes  are  classified,  for  convonit^ncv  of  trealntMlJ 
rather  than  to  conform  to  a  scientifically  accnrnte  stnndni-d,  intogwl 
graphical  gronps,  as  Ilyporboreana,  tlwso  natives  whtne  tiTrilory  lit*  I 
north  of  the  fifty-fifth  paiallel;  Cotamblans,  between  the  fifty-Si^  1 
and  forty-second  parallels,  and  mainly  in  the  valley  of  theC-olninbiil 
and  its  iributarioa ;  Califomians  and  the  inhabitant*  of  tl)4<  Hm'  I 
Basin,  New  Merioaos,  Wild  Tribes  of  Mexico,  Wild  Tribe*  of  Cu>>»'  I 
America,  and  Civilixed  \a tiros  of  Mexico  and  Central  AmBrif».l^l 
toM  baring  a  volume  to  tbcmsclvos.  In  these  dcsoriplinna  tlir  utKd  ■ 
alms  to  portray  sneh  catrtoms  and  cboraeteristics  as  were  pcvwlitf  i"  I 
each  people  at  the  time  of  it*  first  iutercourso  with  Kiiropoan  •trtoc^  I 
Iniring  scientiGc  inquirers  to  make  their  own  deductions.  S(ikI"'I 
the  ground  oovered  by  the  accounls  bos  I>cen  gono  orttr  In  bier  je*'*  I 
by  tlie  new  school  of  American  ethnologists,  whose  obnrr  -■:  ■-  ''■"'  ' 
been  fully  published  by  the  Govcjnmenl  bureaus  and  v  . 
logical  aocieties,  and  have  added  considerably  lo  what  JUr.  Uoat'n'H  J 


NEW  FIELD   OF  AMERICAN  BISTOHT.         373 

tell  wbeu  he  wrot«,  or  have  modified  \\»  bi^rini;.  In  ciuva 
tbey  seem  to  contradict  hia  authorities,  t^e  (lut^ttiun  in  iu  |iUc>o 
vbther  it  is  »  rule  tbat  obBorrittioiu  o»  Indians,  *fl«r  tbey  bsv«  bcea 
(or  two  or  tbrco  Imiidrod  yciir»  in  contact  witb  white  men,  are  more 
ttraraM  as  to  wliat  they  wure  priuiurll}-  than  the  accijunbi  of  tho«o 
vtio  nw  tbom  uucoiitaiQiuat«d,  even  though  thi-ir  method*  nay  oot 
Mve  been  ho  cloMcly  trimmed  to  the  ecientilic  nile.  In  reading  iIm 
npid  ifeetcb«4  of  the  charactcri«ticfl  of  these  people,  we  are  struck  by 
auiy  ra^e^tire  points.  Some  furcv  tlm  ihouglit  tliat  (here  is  in  the 
lotreiit  of  them  something  thai  U.-iiiIa  to  lift  them  above  their  niusl 
Iml ;  soiDe  remind  us  how  much  alike  are  men,  even  in  the  most 
direne  conditioni^  and  places  and  agea ;  and  some  tJiat  the  doctrine  of 
lEToIiition  U  not  wholly  a  conception  of  ciTilized  philosophy  or  the 
of  the  thought  of  agcdL  Uov  different  from  their  usual  life 
feding  that  prompts  the  Central  Califomian  Indians,  who  ap- 
jwar  to  be  the  old  "  diggers,'*  and  who  live  in  bestial  lazincH«,  to  such 
for  the  woodpecker  that  tlicy  will  not  touch  ils  projicriy  of 
aconu  till  tliey  arc  driven  to  il  hy  the  extreme  of  hunger ! 
\  teniarkable  contrast  is  affunlvd  by  two  tribes  living  close  to  one 
in  New  Mexico :  the  Apachea^  who  have  a  regular  system  of 
ion,  with  a  name  for  every  number  up  to  ten  thousand  ;  and 
icbc^  who  can  not  couut  further  than  their  lingers  or  some 
nsiblc  objects  will  carry  them,  and  can  not  calculate  at  all. 
The  Indians  of  Zacatecas  have  a  ceremouy  correspoitding  with  tbat 
^  Ifce  "  Wood -covenant,"  which  is  cbaracteristio  of  the  aoutli  Slavic 
kttiou  in  Europe,  and  is  found  among  many  Eastern  aiul  African 
(Miplts. 

In  ibe  legend  of  the  Indians  of  Mount  Shasta,  which  describes  the 
^Mcent  of  man  from  a  family  of  grixxly  bears,  who  were  somewhat 
Cereal  tiieii  from  what  ihey  are  at  present,  walking  on  their  hind* 
k^  like  men,  talking,  and  carrying  clubs  in  iht^ir  fore-limb^ ;  in  the 
^  myth,  whiob  traces  roan's  descent  from  the  essences  or  embryoe 
Kodii^  in  theoi  which  the  animals  left  behind  when  they  fled  from 
^ri^t  of  two  beings  in  the  shape  of  men  ;  and  in  other  stories  of 
srigin*,  vo  have  glimpses  of  a  kind  of  primitive  doctrine  of  evolution. 
IWa  are  al»o  storicii  teaching  an  invente  evolution,  or  the  doctrine 
>f  d^Cenetacy,  in  the  descent  of  beaats,  fishes,  and  even  edible  root* 
^  human  originaU.  MoHt  curious  ia  the  Mexican  doclriuc  of  the 
Bturs  state  and  the  wanderings  of  the  spirit,  which,  except  that  the 
iwney  is  briefer  and  the  perils  are  correspondingly  leas  numerous, 
I«igbt  hare  bct^n  extracted  from  the  Kgypliaii  "  Book  of  the  Dead," 
On  tills  subject,  and  respecting  the  languages  of  these  people,  after 
presented  and  oomparad  them,  the  author  says:  "lie  who 
tOr  examines  the  myths  aud  languages  of  the  aboriginal  natioDS 
tbe  Pacific  States  can  not  fail  to  he  impressed  with  th«  similarity 
ween  them  and  the  beliefs  and  tongues  of  mankind  etscwfaere.    Here 


374 


TSB  POPULAR  SCIBirCS  MONTStr. 


is  tliF  lamft  lontiau  thirM  to  know  l\w  atiknowiible,  hora  ore  Um 
KUdnrious  itunipts  to  tear  uuikUt  tUt^  wil,  the  iitUD«  fubloBlng  vA 
peopling  of  worldii,  lairitig  out  and  circumHi^nbing  of  oalnUAl  n^iM< 
Kiid  maoafaotariii^,  aod   setting  up,  epiritoalljr   and   nutvriallj,  irf 
ctvtAon,  man,  and  nnimal-niakera  and  mten,  ev«rjrwb«ni  maulfi'A 
II(To  id  apparcDl  nlint  would  seom  to  be  th«  muio  inberent  nereviij 
for  wonhip,  for  propiltatioD,  for  parlfioation,  or  a  cleansing  finaan 
for  Atonemvnt  and  ucriGcc,  with  all  tbu  Rymhotti  and  parapbernalit  f' 
'naturul  and  artificial  rvHgion.     Tn  tlirir  tpvcdi  ibv  »wn«  gnuBBUitil 
const ru<!tionti  arc  itevn  with  tliu  imuiil  variatioDii  in  form  and  Hrapvii* 
poverty  and  riobUMs,  which  arc  found  in  nations,  rude  ur  onltiTilA 
everywhere.     Little  as  we  know  of  tbe  beginning  and  end  of  ibios*, 
we  can  bat  fool,  as  fresb  fact«  are  bronght  (o  light  and  new  comton- 
tons  made  between  the  races  and  ages  of  the  eartb,  lliitt  linniaoilf,  d 
wbatooevcr  origin  it  ntuy  bo  or  bowaoever  circomaluicod,  ii  fnmtd 
on  one  model,  and  unfolds  under  tbe  infloenee  of  an  inapiration." 
The  sc«ond  serivti,  beginning  with  Volume  TI,  counting  the  W' 
work,  will  comprise  tbo  history-  of  tlio  wvtral   Stnin   umler  wbi 
dominion.    Three  robimu*.  wben  completed,  will  bo  deroted  tn  CfO- 
tral  America  \  nix  to  HEosioo ;  two  to  tbo  yoiili   Mexican  SlitM 
and  Texas;   one  to  Arieona  and  New  Mexico  ;  Bcven  to  Cftlifurniii 
one   to  Nevada,  Wyoming,  and  Colorado ;  one  ro  t" tab  ;   two  «ub 
to  tbe  Northwcfll  Coaat  and   Oregon  ;  one  to  Wasbingtun,  IdaK 
and   Montana  ;    one  each   to  British   Columbia  and  Alaska ; 
to   "Cnlifomia   I'astoral,"   or  its  life   and  HOoi«ty  before  ll>e  dt 
eovery  of  gold  ;  and  one  to  "California  Interpocula,"  or  during  \U 
gokl-mioing  epoch;  two  to  "Popular  Tribunals,"  or  lyncb-Iaw  wl 
Yigibuice  oommittccM  ;  and  two  will  be  of  a  miBccltaneotui  eharaolK. 
The  lateet  published  volume,  tbe  twentieth  in  the  order  of  noinbrriuj;, 
which  follows  the  geographical  arrangemeot.  or  the  eigbte«nth  in  llio 
order  of  publication,  which  is  aovording  to  tlto  chronology,  rn  tl« 
third  of  tlw  bistory  of  Califoniia,  and  relates  tbo  atorj  of  that  ivjri*" 
as  a  "Territory  under  the  Mexican  Republic,"  from  \»3&  to  W^ 
Tbe  facts,  mostly  political,  niiliury,  and  financtal  in  tlieir  bearing,  f 
presented  in  a  clear  and  satisfactory  manner,  lo  as  to  give  ibow  ■** 
are  interested  in  those  lines  of  development  «  countvlcd  view  of  thtir 
course,  both  in  tbe  territory  as  a  whole,  and  in  Its  several  dislrlcU 
The  secnlarintion  of  tbo  cburcb  miuiona,  vbioh  was  largely  smob- 
plbbed  during  this  period,  and  its  immediate  reavlts,  present  ioienstiit 
phases  of  social  development  wortby  of  tbe  atU'olion  of  tbe  stnilsal  *< 
thsl  subject,   llie  incursions  of  foreignon,  wbicb  haro  rrTi-DluaUr  i«^ 
lutionizod  tbe  aspect  and  tbe  fate  of  tbe  wbolo  rogion,  nn<  tnc*d  Ix^ 
to  their  beginnings  in  individual  visits  from  ahmad  which  were  n*"" 
accidentid,  generally  Iranstrnt,  and  neariy  always  procarionii ;  (V  "* 
powcTH  that  niled  In  thoM  dn,va  were  disposed  to  regard  stmngun  mncii 
aa  tbey  would  wild  beasts.    For  forty  years,  California  had  bran  fi^ 


^ 


( 


■^1    *V£\y  FIEID   OF  AMERICAN  BSSTOSY.         375 

mb  iocreiuinj;  frequeoc)-  by  forvigoen,  or  jK'noiiA  wIicmv  Mood 
i«itli«r  Indiiiti  nur  Spaiiiab.  England,  ttio  Cnit«il  i^sute^,  Uuttaia,  aud 
ce  wtTu  thu  naiioDMcbioflfrvpresciitcd.  "All  liadoomG  from  Ui« 
li,  or  Wv»t,  or  \onb,  by  the  bnnd  hlgliway  of  tb«  Paoifio  Ooean, 
ding  tb«  (rrritory  on  Uio  west,  and  leading  to  within  a  few  miles 
•  modt  Inluid  Spanish  Bettlcments."    Tb«  inland  boundary— aa  arc 

t stoat  put  of  tierrat  7teini<ias  so  far  as  could  be  t<c«n,  with  a  xoofl 
tt  beyond  Btill  unknown — bad  ncvvr  yd  boea  crowed  by  nian 
miga  race,  nor  trod,  if  wo  except  th«  Houlhcm  oegmcnt  cat  by  a 
From  Ann  t^iabrit-l  to  Mujavo,  by  other  than  aboriginal  feeU  'I'he 
ad  a«lvanc«  moviincut"  of  fur-buoting  pioneon  b«gan  ia  1836, 
en  Uic  inland  barrier  of  mountain  and  dvscrl  van  firM  paMod,  and 
that  date  the  influx  of  foreigners  by  overland  routes  b«coinci  ft 
of  evergrowing  importance. "  But  no  record  of  even  tolerable 
llet^DMH  exiats  or  conid  be  expected  to  exist  concemiDg  It.  Tbe 
imcnt  WM  generally  directed  farther  north,  but  some  of  the  trap- 
found  their  way  into  California.  Tliow  foreignera  who  camo  to 
wemed  to  enjoy  an  appreciation  of  their  worth,  and  to  have  bc«o 
by  ibe  people,  with  leaa  prejndioe  against  ihom,  porhapc^  than 
Felt  af^ainet  Mexiejins.  CitJsensbip,  wivw,  and  lauda  were  caiuly 
nt>d  by  tbonv  w)i<me  conduct  waa  regular,  "  New-comers  had  to 
1I7  with  certain  fonnalitivN,  and  tbcy  wvro  occMsioDaliy  remiiidcd 
tlwy  were  nnder  ■nrveillanoc,  but  no  c4uh«  of  oppTtosion  were  ro- 
kL"  The  first  recorded  trip  overland  woa  uiade  iti  1826,  by 
Slftli  8.  Smith,  who  went  from  tliu  Qroat  Salt  I^e  by  the  Virgin 
Colorado  Hivcra.  Ketuming,  he  was  the  fin>t  to  cross  the  ^crra 
iiu,  in  Hay  and  June,  1837.  Science  ia  interested  in  two  of  tliu 
lent  vixiiors  of  whom  rvcord  is  made  in  this  period.  Tlie  firwl 
David  Douglas,  tlw  farooas  Scotch  botanitit,  who,  after  having 
i  Bto  or  »ii  year*  iu  boUnicul  researches  in  the  North,  camo  down 
I  Ae  Columbia  to  inve*tigat«  tbe  flora  of  California,  arriving  at 
[•rey  in  December,  1830.  He  lin<l  letters  and  influence,  by  the 
(  which  bfl  obtained  permission  to  proi^ocutc  his  reseuvhM  tot 
looth*,  and,  in  fact,  remained  for  twenty  montlis.  To  retxim  to 
«h  Columbia,  he  liad  to  take  a  routidiiWiit  voyage  by  way  of 
)ItilB.  Tln-rr  was  a  current  rumor  in  later  years  that  he  had 
i  on  tlio  routA  of  his  California  plants  ;^ld  enongli  to  make  a 
b-seal  I  lie  perinhvd  in  1834  by  falling  into  a  pit,  whoro  he  waa 
pled  to  death  by  a  « ild  bull  that  had  fallen  in  bcforv  him.  Ttio 
Itcal  results  of  bis  trip  were  pobliahcd  by  Sir  William  Hooker  in 
,  Tbe  other  scientific  visitor  was  Dr.  Thomas  Coulter,  who  in 
eommunicated  to  the  l^ondon  Oeognphieal  Society  tbe  results  of 
)  from  Monterey  via  San  Gabriel  to  Ibe  Rio  C<Joiado  and  back. 
I  in  163S.  Hi>  puhliHhed  a  map,  which  included  tbo  oonntry  aa 
kOrtti  aa  Vbo  Lfay  of  Sati  FranoiMo  and  as  far  eui  u  the  Tola 


TBS  POPULAR  SCIENCE  MONTBLT. 


1 


liave  reason  to  aattcii>ale  a  fullneos  of  information,  nboUynif 
ticDlilo  world,  wben  the  Tolam«  deTOted  to  I'tah  is  resArA 
For  not  only  lia»  Hr.  Bancroft  all  the  documcatx  and  all  the  taaicfUl 
for  the  history  of  the  MonDons  which  ta  aoc«uibIo  tu  tmj  one  elMtbU 
ho  ix  the  L'xctiuivo  powoMor  of  that  which  i»  moro  ralnable  Ihastll 
this,  and  which  has  uever  aeen  the  lighu  Tho  ruling  men  or  ibo  )la^ 
non  Church  have  ^vcn  him  th«  privilege  of  ezaniiniog  their  xrchiiMi 
oontaining  docnmonu  going  hack  to  the  beginning  of  their  moTentrt. 
We  liarv  the  Gi<nlLle  story  in  VQiKiTduitT  and  in  nnpleasant  fatiet; ; 
Ur.  Bancroft  purpottcs  to  giro  ua  the  lilorroon  widv  in  addition  dd- 
oolorod,  and  told  aa  a  part  of  the  rw  getta,  and  that  ia  what  the  verU 
wants  to  know. 

I'lio  ta«k  which  Mr.  Bancroft  onderlook  in  the  preparation  o(  m 
comiir<.-lii-nsiTo  a  work  aa  this  was  one  of  nnnanal  magniltidtv  «A 
might  well  have  dioeouraged  a  lees  earnest  man.  It  certainly  rcquiMi 
tmatiual  powers  of  application  and  pain«taLing  Inlxn-  to  give  unity  aol 
harmony  to  m  Inr^  a  plan  ;  to  reduce  each  a  chaoa  of  material  a*  tbt 
bbtory  haii  to  be  built  upout  of  to  manageable  shape,  and  to  ar^tBitt 
the  work  ao  that  all  aboold  be  done  intelligently,  coRsisteiitly,  and  ill*- 
eriioinatingly.  But  the  plan  is  substantially  executed,  and  one  half  <f 
the  work  it  demanded  is  done  and  in  the  poMCMion  of  the  pallli^ 
while  the  rest  of  it  is,  we  are  told,  in  bo  advanced  a  atagv  of  f«rwai^ 
neea  that  its  completion  no  longer  depends  on  the  protongation  of  lk< 
life  of  the  author. 

The  scheme  contemplated  the  presentation  ia  a  ayittcnmiijiiil,  toJ- 
able,  and  plainly  intcltigihtc  form,  both  in  general  view  and  in  all  ilt 
dotaiU  and  wltli  all  ita  vlutnges  of  scene,  of  the  history,  lo  far  as  K  if 
known  or  hns  been  reported,  of  the  tribcaand  states  of  the  PaciSesiopa 
of  the  Korth  AmiTicnn  Continent  from  the  Isthmus  of  !)aHen  to  Udi^ 
itig  Strait.  When  we  consider  what  tlieeo  states  arc  ;  what  el 
havo  ont«rc<l  into  their  composition  ;  what  viciadtadc*  and  rcvol 
tb«y  have  gone  through  during  tlio  four  hundred  yeomt  they  have  bxa 
knonit  to  white  men  ;  and  how  all  the  material  ia  colored  in  all  dit- 
eordant  hues  by  ignorance,  partban  prejndtce,  or  political  ualtoe  pc- 
pense — it  wonld  seem  almost  a  hopeless  task  to  obtain  comprrlinsiM 
OTcn  of  a  small  part  of  the  confused  whole.  Add  to  ihi«.  that  ho"- 
dreds  of  native  tril>e3,  having  a  vast  geogmphiral  nu>g«  and  living  1» 
the  most  various  conditions  of  pursuit,  wealth,  and  civilization,  had  ** 
be  dealt  with,  and  that  whAt  w-is  to  ho  teamed  about  tbem  bad  to  be 
ftathered  and  sifted  from  a  great  necnmulation  of  printed  and  mm** 
script  accounts,  true  and  faUc,  gnesacd,  imaginary,  tuiA  real,  and  fn" 
myth*  and  tnditiona  going  back  to  an  unknown  BnMi|nity,  hen  ^ 
■cure,  and  there  inextricably  entangled  in  and  modifying  ohewiflll"'' 
and  we  conceive  a  task  calling  for  no  slight  powcn  of  mental  nfiP"'' 
zation.  Forty-two  thousand  is  the  number  of  books  and  numnicnf* 
Mr,  Bancroft  has  levied  upon  for  hli  great  undertaking  I    ft  inok  ^ 


SATURAZ.  HEIRSHIP:    OR,  ALL  THE  WORLD  ^ffAJV.  377 

mnitca  rears  saitabljr  to  catologne  ind  index  thirtv-fivo  tliousancl  of 
Ikeni  so  tbut  tbcy  could  be  available  fur  ii««,  wbitc  tbo  otUcni  bavv 
been  gndualljr  added.  Mr.  Bancroft  baa  Rpent  twentj-fire  of  bu  best 
jem  in  Uu  work,  and  is  speudiDg  and  expects  to  spend  other  years 
,  Dpoa  it ;  vhile  tbe  pecuniary  cost  to  bim  is  iiitd«n>ftltmat«d  at  a  millioa 
dullars. 

TbeauUkor  baa  not  pn)du(:c<l,  oor  ha«bv  aimed  to  produce,  a criUcal 
bislory  nor  a  pbiloeopbioal  bistory,  but  Himply  to  coUevt  and  prmervo 
That  exitted,  but  was  in  danger  of  being  lost.  For  doing  that  he  de- 
KTTet  ibe  thanks  of  bis  countrymen. 


I: 


UTUKAL  nEIESHIP:  OR,  ALL  THE  WORLD  AKIN. 

Rt  Bit.  HENRT  KENDALL. 

rlE  namber  of  a  man'*  anc«Htora  doabk-i  in  every  generation  as 
\a»  descent  is  tntced  apward.  In  the  first  generation  be  reckons 
ml?  tvo  anoestora,  bis  father  and  mother.  In  the  seeond  generation 
Ilietvo  are  converted  into  four,  sioco  he  had  two  grandfathers  and 
1*0 grandmothers.  Dut  each  of  tboee  four  had  two  parents,  and  thus 
n  tbc  third  generation  there  are  found  to  be  eight  ancrcctorB — that  is, 
*<gl>t  great-grand  parents.  In  the  fourth  generation  llie  number  of 
■Miton  is  Mixteeu  ;  in  the  fifth,  thirty-two ;  iii  the  nixth,  nixty-four ; 
>>th*  seventh,  1^.  In  the  tenth  it  has  riaen  to  1,0^  ;  in  the  twen- 
tinh  it  becomes  1,048,576 ;  in  the  thirtieth  no  fewer  than  1,07»,741,- 
SM.  To  accend  no  higher  than  tbo  twenty-fourth  generation  we 
tBcti  the  sum  of  16,777,210^  which  is  a  groat  dc^l  more  than  all  tho 
i^bitants  of  Groit  Britain  when  that  generation  was  in  existence. 
•«,  if  we  reckon  a  generation  at  thirty-three  year«,  twenty-four  of 
•"ti  will  carry  us  back  7B8  years,  or  to  a,  d,  1093,  when  William  the 
^^*iiqaeror  bad  been  sleeping  in  his  grave  at  Caen  only  six  yeatr,  and 
•••on  William  H,  nunumicd  Rufus,  was  reigning  over  tho  land.  At 
'^liaetbe  total  number  of  the  inhabitants  of  England  could  have 
^  filllc  more  than  two  millions,  the  amount  at  wbicb  it  is  estimated 
^lillgtbe  reign  of  the  Conqueror.  It  was  only  one  eighth  of  a  nine* 
|*mtl)-centnry  man's  ancestors  if  the  normal  ratio  of  progu'ssion,  as 
Miliown  by  a  dimple  process  of  nrilhmctic,  bad  receired  no  cheek, 
*'>'  if  it  had  not  been  bounded  by  the  limits  of  the  population  of 
^  oonatrj-.  Sinc«  iba  result  of  the  law  of  progrciu?ion,  had  there 
^<(Bn)0m  for  its  expansion,  would  have  been  eight  timi-ti  the  actual 
^fttlation,  by  so  much  tbo  more  ts  it  ccrtun  that  the  lines  of  every 
wgbfbman't  ancestry  run  up  to  crt-ry  man  and  every  woman  in  the 
ifiga  of  William  I  from  the  king  and  <]uucn  downward,  who  left  de- 
Kndanls  in  tbe  island,  and  vbosc  progeny  bas  not  died  out  there. 


37«  TilS  POPULAR  SCISNCS  MONTBLr. 

It  ta  a  (loliuion  to  tuppoM  tbkt  otw  man  IW-ing  w\fa  nr  eiglitbia- 
dred  ye&n  ago  wu  ono'K  anceMor  to  tlio  cxcluiiion  or  all  tbe  rartol 
tlia  peopl«  living  at  that  time  in  tbe  country,  and  etill  barinf:  (IttiMtd- 
uAi  in  it.  \\v  bave  eprnng  from  tbe  wbole  mass  ;  tbey  vm  all  m 
dire<!t  aucestora ;  we  are  Tiinll}'  related  to  tbem  all,  directly  (IumvbM 
from  llit'tii  all.  Heraldry  follows  uuly  one  line  of  Huccetxiion,  tlic  Uu 
of  tbtt  cldMl  Nurriving  son,  tbo  lino  ibat  carriuH  name  aod  tillturl 
tandod  pro]Mrt}r.  It  u  oommoaly  imaglne<l  that  one  Htaoding  in  lUi 
tine  of  miooowioi)  ia  more  tnUy  a  dMccmlnnt  tbnn  otbcr  dMoinulMlfc 
It  i«  Rupposcd  tJiat  tbe  eldeist  sona  all  tlie  way  are  more  truly  ikwcoi- 
aata  than  tbe  progeny  of  yonoger  sods,  or  tbe  posterity  of  daagbun 
wbo  haw  lost  tlio  TOry  name  Rut  each  Wnn  of  dcacvnt,  wbotlittl? 
younger  aona  or  by  dsugbtent,  in  JuHt  a*  real  and  aa  elo«v  as  tbcW 
termed  linea!  agnatic.  Kvery  ani^Mtor  living  700  yeara  ago  liun^ 
tributed  as  truly  to  the  Tiulity  of  a  present  represenlatire  aa  iba  (M* 
wlwee  name  bo  bears,  and  whose  peculiarly  direct  deMeodanl  he  k 
con>.idcrcd  to  be. 

It  ia  morally  certain,  tlton,  tlint  nil  Englisbmcn  of  tlit*  geawalttB 
■re  deacendauta  of  William  tb«  Conqueror  and  of  Alfn-d  tbt  Gteil< 
and  all  tbe  nobles  of  tbeir  times  wboHo  posterity  bave  not  died  ML 
When  we  read  in  history  of  «  brave  deed  done  by  an  Eiiglitbaii 
seven  centuries  since  or  more,  vre  may  say  with  confidence  it  n 
by  one  of  oiir  {o^^-cIdcrB,  And,  when  we  read  of  one  at  tbat 
period  who  was  a  diiflKmor  to  his  country,  we  may  say  with  crrtainl; 
bt  also  was  one  of  our  aiieeMont,  All  tbe  lordK,  priim-s,  and  lov«^ 
eigna,  all  the  wlac  and  good,  tbo  moral  and  inielleut  ual  orbloencf, 
were  our  forefathers,  and  we  are  their  children  by  direct  deKenL 
Equally  all  tbe  toiling  myriads,  without  distinction  of  any  kind,  all  (t* 
beggars  and  vagabonds,  all  tlic  villains  and  sooundn-ls,  were  oar  foi** 
fathers,  wtxH-ver  we  may  bout  ourselves  to  bo,  if,  indccil,  ihey  bun 
left  descx'ndants  in  the  land.  ^Ve  are  of  tlwm,  and  clirir  Mood  rirta' 
lates  in  our  veins. 

If  the  fact  of  otir  equl  descent  from  so  many  ancestors  be  dovbtA 
let  the  matter  be  tested  arithmetically  within  the  circle  of  two  t>r  Ui'** 
generations.  The  grnndmotbor  on  the  mother's  side  was  equally  nf 
ancestor  with  the  gramlfatbcr  on  the  father's  side.  She  was  cue  (^ 
fotur  ancestors  that  I  bad  in  tbe  second  gcnuniii'm,  and  ownt  s  fail 
quarterof  me.    The  preat-grandinother  on  ihe  mother's  *  ''If 

an  ancestor  with  the  great -grnudfalher  on  the  father's  v.^.  " 

one  of  eight  ancestors  tbat  I  bad  in  tbe  third  generation,  and  eUin*  ■ 
fall  eighth  of  me.  Similnrly  all  standing  on  tbo  siictrcMivv  Mrp*** 
genealogical  dcaceni,  and  nhose  number  is  seen  t»  bo  doubled  al ctMT 
step  as  we  rise  from  the  lowest  upward,  stoiti]  on  tbi<  same  lei*l<  ■*" 
hare  equal  claim  to  ownership  in  those  coming  nflcr  ihetn. 

Some  doduction  has  doubtless  to  be  made  from  tbo  nbovo  nlX" 
aooount  of  the  recurrence,  to  B  octtain  extent,  of  tbo  same  Itoe*  of  ^ 


Ttainlf 


I 


ITATVRAL  SSISSHIP :    OR,  ALL  TRB  WORLD  AKIIf.  379 

M(M.  Tbiui,  if  the  fatbin-  and  inotlxn-  ant  coasinx,  tbcir  chiUlrim  hAre  ^ 
odI^  Aj.  great-grandparenU  uut«ail  of  eight.  If  tlip  gnui<lfatber  on 
tbc  fallicr'a  ride,  and  tbe  graodfatber  on  tlio  mother'n  side,  wvru  broth- 
•n,  their  Itoea  niu  up  into  oti«  hous^,  and  not  two  wparat«  ItoOHM, 
Wrarding  to  tlio  common  rule.  Many  lines  miut  thus  bletid  in  tli« 
eiHine  of  ages,  and  the  multiplication  of  distinct  BDcestors  be  thug 
MBtvhat  retarded.  But,  notwitbatandiug  iliiit  deduction,  it  would 
nfdn  a  miracle  to  pre* «nt  the  Uit«rfaMon  of  tho  blood  of  a  orhola  I 
■u^  vitJiin  a  brief  period, 

Wlum  iro  have  gono  battle  far  enough  for  all  tbe  inUabttanta  of  our 
WaatijtohaTfi  become  related  to  us  as  fore^lders,  they  will  be  found, 
ttveitill  travel  baekwanl,  to  go  on  for  the  most  part  intermarrying 
*tlUa  the  lines  of  consanguinity  as  drawn  backward  from  as.  'I1w 
ptat  najority  of  the  marriagoH  will  lie,  of  courae,  Uawoen  men  and 
*nnen  of  the  «ame  country  and  the  aaine  race,  who,  by  tlie  opi'ratioo 
*f  the  law  now  expounded,  have  all  be«u  ascertaiiMd  to  be  our  aareit- 
Ivn  Tbe  boundaries  of  3  country,  especially  in  an  island  like  uun,  ' 
iMtable  the  ehoree  of  a  lake  from  which  there  is  no  outlet,  and  whero 
the  correnta  must  eirviilale  round  and  round  tho  eame  baclu. 

Yet,  a«  the  uttlf^contaioed  lake  doea  aoBwliow  manage  to  oominnni- 
oaie  with  the  great  world  of  waien  mrtnde,  ait,  for  intttanoe,  by  rain 
and  by  evaporaiiou,  so  the  multiplication  of  distinct  aiiccRtors,  while 
retard(4  by  nationality,  ia  not  arrested.  Genealogy  has  canons  means 
of  planting  new  centers  in  other  lands,  and  commencing  there  orrr 
again  tbe  same  rapid  ratio  of  mnllipticaiion,  till  tmcocauve  Daiiotinliiii,-s 
are  brought  into  intimate  relationship.  Let  an  anceator  be  brutight 
into  the  English  Mucoeaston  from  another  country,  and,  siiM-e  he  can  be 
•hown  to  be  in  the  ooonie  of  a  few  generations  related  to  all  the  people 
of  that  eotmtry,  forthwith  by  his  marriage  here  tbe  whole  nation  to 
whirh  he  belongs  is  brought  into  our  tiicceesJon,  One  Frenchman 
embodies  in  himself,  in  miniature,  all  the  French  people  of  pa«t  limes ; 
ooe  D«gro  repreeonta  all  the  race  from  which  he  hiut  spmng.  Ancestral 
germs  have  thus  been  coni-eyed  ai^ross  the  sea  by  emifrmtion  from 
France,  fr«)ro  Germany,  from  India,  am]  from  tbe  remotest  rcgicns  to 
thoM  sliores,  and  by  these  means  all  the  people  of  iho  earth  will  be 
found  at  no  very  distant  period  to  have  been  brrmght  into  cIono  kiniihig> 
with  tm.  The  Nonnan  ronqnest  brought  in  all  at  once  a  large  foreign 
element,  expoiliting  immen»ely  onr  union  with  the  people  of  whom 
they  were  part.  Tho  Panieh  invasions  did  the  same  at  an  earlier  age ; 
tbo  expatriation  of  tlie  Htig»icnot«  the  same  mnch  later.  All  the  world 
are  found  akiti,  not  by  going  to  far  back  as  Adam,  or  even  Koali,  but 
within  hiatorical  limes. 

It  is  oft<'n  said,  respecting  a  dislnnl  W'lative, "  be  !a  a  thirty-aecond 
oooiin."  Tho  tnith  In,  p^'^Jlllp^  that  he  is  a  second  or  ihinl  roti«in. 
As  to  thirty-tfccond  couniiiHhip.  it  is  startling  to  find  that  the  whole 
bomnn  race  comes  within  this  line  of  conFanguinily.     By  the  ordinar 


380 


THB  POPULAR  SCISXCE  itONTULY. 


unimpeded  ratio  at  wliicli  aooeators  mulliiily,  they  woqM  amoai 
tbfl  ibirty-second  generation  to  4,Sfi+,7C( ,21MJ ;  unii,  mckoniiig  fur 
the  cbecke  to  this  ntto  through  iImi  blumling  of  liaoi  of  UKnirf,  ibi 
mntt  be  rcutmably  twtJnjUtMl  %K  ihi*  viitire  impalotion  of  tbe  glol 
M  high,  in  foot,  aa  they  out  poMihly  ^a.  Tbo  Caffiv  w)<1  tho  Ilc4 
tot,  the  Japanese  and  tbeChiDeN^aretlouhtleisaaUof  tl)i<nt  the  reade: 
tiiirty-BMond  ootuine,  or  nearer. 

Therv  it  a  tendencf  from  many  cau«o«  for  oncwtry  to  divcTgo  awf 
■prc«d  Eta«l(  q^kt  an  ever-widening  aro* ;  there  ui  a  struggle  of  tlw 
Unn  to  port  until  uuircr«aliiy  has  been  readied,  and  every  boMP 
being  has  eome  into  the  sucocMioa.  Eivn  where  a  tribal  or  reli^pool 
euftlom  mostly  confintn  tho  naniagea  of  the  men  la  a  communitf  10 
tlio  women  of  the  tuunc  commnnity,  there  are  Huro  to  bo  many  cioif^ 
tiOM.  Jews  Komelimes  marry  Gentiles,  and  iwt  tliu  harrii-r  llm 
interpoaed  betirecn  tlicm  at  dcfiaiivc  Boaz  niurrii-d  Ruth,  ami  )U 
brought  into  Judali  blood  mingled  of  all  Moab,  When  the  QiuJtM* 
made  it  a  rigorous  rule  that  membcra  of  the  aoeiety  abould  ninT 
only  with  mombora,  g«tc«  were  linng  in  tb«  hvdgc,  and  th*  feon 
Itself  iras  often  broken  through.  Proselyte*  woo  brought  in  (ns 
the  ontside ;  niembera  marrii^  non-members  at  the  coat  of  exoott' 
municaiion.    The  law  itself  had  eventoally  to  be  abrogated. 

The  tendency  to  avoid  kinship  in  marriage  has  helped  to  incrM<a 
thfi  divergenoa  of  ancestral  lines.  While  a  large  proportion  of  iV> 
marriages  oonsummaied  are  between  perBons  living  in  the  nn* 
diatriot,  the  population  of  the  district  itself  is  continually  undergMtg 
modifieatJott— one  stream  flowing  in,  another  flowing  out.  No  MB 
bas  been  made  in  this  argument  of  the  existence  of  illefjiiimaey,  aid 
the  boundless  license  of  many  periods  of  our  national  history.  Ytt 
dovbtlees  moral  transgnoMion  has  grt-ally  widened  llio  area  a\  nli- 
tionship,  and  mingled  in  un  indistingui«hable  mass  the  o(T«pring  of  Ik 
rieb  and  poor. 

Hitherto  wc  have  been  looking  backward  at  the  ItUtoricel  ninlli- 
pliotUion  of  tlie  aiicestoni  of  person*  now  living.  If  wc*  ivvorM  tl* 
prooeat,  and  apply  the  law  of  n]ultij>licatiou  to  the  future,  tike  wnll 
it  equally  startling.  The  average  number  of  children  may  b«  r«4' 
onod  on  a  moderate  computation  at  two  for  every  bouMhoM  A^ 
cording  to  this  average,  a  man  who  leaves  permanent  pocterit;b^ 
hind  him  hnn  the  number  of  his  descendants  doubled  every  gentnliiii- 
Tlio  two  chihlrcn  arc  fuUowed  by  four  grandchildren  ;  the  foargrti"" 
ohildren  by  eight  grcat-gTand children.  At  the  twenty-alxth  gsw* 
tlon  Uie  number  ban  swelled  to  67,006,084.    A  few  motv  — "* 

would  n-nder  them  equal  to  the  total  number  of  the  ■■-■  **' 

the  globe.  So  that,  if  one  could  riso  from  the  grave  at  a  pont^  1" 
furtlier  removed  from  uii  In  the  hiture  than  the  Conquest  in  ibr  p*^ 
every  person  ho  net  In  the  land,  man,  woman,  or  child,  If  not  ■  to"* 
visitor  or  recent  immigrant,  would  be  one  of  bis  dcMeudAnia.    Ei<4 


P  one 


ITATURAL  HEIRSHIP:   OR,  ALL  THE  WORLD  AKIN.  381 


onr  of  tlicm  would  inherit  sometbing  of  bia  nature.  All  woold  be  hi*  j 
posterity,  one  aa  direct  as  another.  The  honorable  and  the  baae^ 
the  noli  u>d  tbe  poor,  the  talented  and  the  imbecile<,  would  alike 
belong  to  bU  family,  now  awcllod  to  gigantic  proportiona  through 
th«  multiplying  [lower  of  time.  Bro«(lly  tpcaking,  nil  Ihit  inhabtt- 
>oii  of  tbis  country  about  eight  hundred  jean  ago  were  our  fathers 
>iid  motbera  ;  all  th«  ialiabitants  of  this  ooontrj  about  eight  hundred 
yean  hence  will  be  our  children. 

Th«  low  rate  of  mulliplication  just  given  ia  oft«o  aecn  to  ba 
pratlj  exceeded.  The  number  of  gianilcliildrcn  aud  of  great  grand- 
children which  some  individnala  leave  iH-liind  them  at  rieatb  makes 
it  easy  to  believe  that  in  a  few  centuriea  an  entire  nation  will  be 
tbor  veritable  eons  and  daughter*.  While  I  have  been  writing  this 
paper  an  old  woman  ban  did  rery  near  to  my  residence  at  the  ago  of 
ninety'ninc,  who  had  thirteen  ehildrcii  and  one  hundred  and  two  grand- 

■  diildrcn  and  great-grandchildren,  tb«  1atl«r,  lo  far  as  known,  all  liv- 
^^bg.    During  the  same  time  that  tbe  paper  has  been  in  progreM,  a 
jHq^ifib  gentleman  who  went  out  many  years  ago  to  America  baa  re- 
turned to  his  own  country,  bringing  back  with  him  no  fewer  than  odo 

I  hundred  and  ninety-seven  actual  defccnilants. 
A  Kingle  plant,  if  nnrc!tist«d  by  rival  plants  and  nn<.-hcckc<d  by 
Mch  thing*  aa  climate  and  situation,  would  Mpce<lt]y  cover  tbe  whole 
earth.  Man  baa  really  no  rival,  be  is  lord  of  all ;  ho  can  Uvo  too  in 
every  clime,  and  obtain  a  livelihood  amid  tropical  forests  and  amid 
eternal  snows.  The  rafiidity  with  which  the  muitipticntion  of  dc- 
eoendants  muitt  go  forward,  even  according  to  the  ordinary  rate  of 
progrcuion,  will  in  the  course  of  not  many  generations  make  lb« 
whole  world  our  children,  much  more  if  it  be  expedited.  Succesnre 
countnM  will  be  captured  by  variona  avenues  and  held  in  perpetual 
poaMsaion  by  our  post^^rity.  The  whole  caldron  of  hntnanily,  seething 
evennore  with  new  creations,  will  acknowledge  the  presence  of  crcry 
B  iodividaal  progenitor  of  this  period. 

■  The  nico  is  incalculably  more  than  tbe  individual.     Tbe  pceal- 
I  iarittes  of  the  individual  are  soon  mclti-d  away  in  the  general  stream 

of  homanity.  Aa  if  his  brief  away  in  the  little  circle  ho  has  6l)ed 
were  viewed  with  envy  or  dissatisfaction,  the  hand  of  Time  Iwgina 
immediately  to  pare  down  what  remains  of  him  in  tbe  earth  to  ever 
smaller  dimcnMona  until  it  is  infiDiteaimal.  He  can  insure  only  half 
of  himself  in  any  individual  of  the  next  generation,  only  a  quarter  in 
tha  gencTslion  after  that,  and  no  on.  Ilis  part  in  the  bnilding  np  of 
SDjr  human  fabric  rapidly  becomes  insignificant.  Something  seems 
bent  on  working  him  out.  As  it  does  with  his  name  and  memorials, 
filling  up  the  lettering  on  his  tombstone  with  moss,  destroying  tlie 
writing  he  has  left  behind,  wiping  out  all  traces  of  him  from  the 
earth,  so  it  does  with  himself  and  all  thai  vitally  represents  bis 
perwmslity  in  the  persons  of  his  cle«ccndante.    The  individual  is  ever. 


]8a 


TBS  POPULAR  SCIENCE  MONTBLT. 


lofliog ;  l)i«  rM«  u  rvcr  gaining.     A  mao'ii  great-gr«at-gre>i-] 
child,  living  s<Mra«l]'  t^^-o  buDilred  yeare  aft«r  liim,  will  beonljr 
ibirty-secoud  put  of  bnnsclf,  nod  the  otbvr  tliirty-one  parU  wUI 
doe  to  otber*,  tbat  ui,  to  tbo  raco  viewed  aa  soniBtliiiig  o|i]>otcd  to  Itii 
uidividiiAlily. 

The  gniii  ill  tho  wa^  of  ncK-nKion  compcnaatM  for  th«  low  of  iMo- 
tioB.  While  a  man's  port  in  the  individuaU  detci-ndiog  from  biin  r^ 
Idljr  be«oroi«  inGniteeimBl,  tbe  DUinber  of  individtuUH  in  wbnni  hf  faw 
[«rt  rapidly  iticrciues  tintil  it  incladee,  aa  wo  have  ncea,  all  tlie  nttioi 
and  \hea  all  tbe  vorld.  This  videniiig  ottl  of  hui  ptrsooality  Donr 
epoods  \jQ  the  broadening  of  intellij^enoe  from  men  interut  id  IomI 
neiTH  to  that  which  ia  taken  in  iicicDlificgro«riLliKatJoiis,and  totbutcid- 
tiacy  of  tooral  dovelopniciit  which  is  to  expand  tbe  love  of  family  bH 
patriotimti,  aod  tbeu  to  convert  patriotlMm  into  philanthropy,  into  i 
i^gard  for  man  aa  man,  brcwpcctiYo  of  langunge  or  nationality.  Hot. 
the  brook  eeeka  the  river,  tho  river  tbe  bm,  tbe  hc*  the  vast  ocean, 

Kach  man'v  personality,  it  has  to  be  remembered,  ia  borrowed  fnfl 
those  behind  him.    The  further  back  in  time  a  man's  place  may  bc^lb> 
fewer  anovKlon  he  baa  In-hind  him  ;  the  greater,  too,  his  own  part  Is 
tlto  race,  viewed  na  »  whole  exiatent  tlirougli  tlw  ages,  tbe  oft«urtte 
inflnitCHtniul  Kftowing  of  him  tiiliea  place,  and  lite  greater  beoonet  IM 
oettainty  that  every  separate  Inhabitant  of  the  earth  in  one  of  hw  it- 
aoendants.     Furtbermoro,  when  ibere  aro  fewer  people,  the  lines  of 
ancestry  blend  oftener,  ao  that  In  tbe  same  individual  it  ia  more  prah^ 
ble  that  an  ancestor  will  be  represented  many  timfN   by 
different  chaaneU  of  decoent  meetbg  in  him  nft«r  procenling  fi 
eam«  eooioe.    Posterity,  not  very  remote,  will  have  descended  from 
common   ancestor   tlirougfa  aevenil  of   hla  childrai .     A  proj 
part  who  lived    Ihree   tboosaud    years   ago  ia   very    mnch 
titan  that  of  one  who  lived  only  one  handred  or  three  hundred 
ago.     Ilo  has  had    move  to  do  in  the  shapiog  and   molding  « 
whole,  jti«t  as  the  stem  has  more  to  do  in  llio  formation  of  the  tree  Uua 
any  partienlar  branch  praccoding  from  it.    Tlic  root  or  the  nwd  bu* 
atUI  greater  part>  and,  if  it  bo  conceded  that  the  liiiman  nee  bsspo- 
oeedcd  from  one  rommon  pair,  it  follows  that  of  the  nature  of  sll  ik* 
individnala  now  living  half  ia  of  tho  proto-fatlver  and  half  of  iW  ta^ 
mother.     To  ns  existing  at  this  lato  date,  it  ta  Inlereiriing  to  note  bo* 
tho  channeU  of  vitality,  proceeding  from  the  original  pair  to  sm,  W 
dtvergo  atilil  they  roaeh  their  numerical  cUmaic,  and  are  colocidimtftf 
a  ooniiidernhio  period  with  all  tlie  tnhabitanu  of  tbe  world  ;  thaadW 
verge  until  tbi^y  ore  found  reduced  to  two  again  in  the  Itonaebold  ti<* 
which  we  immediately  sprang. 

As  the  people  at  no  very  distant  date  in  the  put  wen<  all  cor  (*' 
tJH'niandrooth<Ts,  and  the  pMple  who  will  be  living  not  very  far'li*"' 
in  the  future  will  hoall  our  ion*  and  daughtont,  ao  the  pooplf  lr»iojt«ll** 
present  time  aro  all  onr  Dear  rrlMions.    We  may  mil  them,  with  ^ 


.S'ATUBAL  HEIRSHIP :   OR,  ALL   THE  WORLD  AKIX.  38J 

)itUa  exaggention,  broiliere  siid  auters.  If  we  could  bo  told,  iis  we 
Bwe;  (be  jiSMen  id  iLe  streeu,  bow  utir  tJtvir  relittiiinsbip  to  iw  is,  we 
Bboujdget*8ucc«ssioi)  of  sarpriaea.  Weshouldceaae  toUiinkof  \hexa 
uiirugera  and  aliens,  and  come  U>  feel  that  ihey  were  our  own  kith 
ud  kin.  Kreiy  perron  would  have  sn  interest  for  as  as  3  relatiTe  not  far 
lemovod,  and  the  charm  of  aooia]  life  would  bo  wonderfully  increased, 
lie  fact  of  our  cXosa  kinship,  as  a  nation,  and  abK>  a«  a  race,  is  raJ- 
n>Iat«>i  to  stimulate  philanthropy  very  powerfully.  It  ia  acknowledged 
that  llw  nearer  the  n-'lationship  the  greater  is  the  claim  for  help,  tf  help 
t4  DMded.  Kven  self-love  comes  to  tho  aid  of  generosity  ;  it  ia  felt 
that  what  a  man  does  for  his  own  rclationit  is  in  a  nii-anurv  done  for 
binudf ;  the  disgrace  of  neglecting  them  acta  as  a  useful  »\>m  to  libet^ 
>lity.  Advocates  of  slavery  have  vindicated  their  obnoxious  system 
bf  msiulainiug  the  absolute  inferiority  of  the  enslaved.  Cast«  in  India , 
bat  been  fortified  by  notions  of  a  vast  and  essential  difference  between 
<^  vuious  orders.  Oneness  in  natnro  appeals  for  rc»pect  and  uMoci- 
itioD.  The  oneness  whicli  is  proved  and  vm]>hasi£ed  by  near  relation- 
■bip  makes  the  strongest  appeal  to  the  inteniKt  of  the  nitnd  aud  the 
fjafothy  of  the  heart.  Crcaturea  of  the  same  kind  draw  together. 
Tla  further  a  people  are  from  us,  geographically  or  relatively,  the  less 
odiDarily  is  our  regard  for  their  welfare,  our  oonccra  over  their  calam- 
itici,  Tho  improved  facilities  for  intercourse  arc  destroying  the  effect 
of  gvographicul  distance ;  the  rvalitation  of  tbo  fact  tliat  all  the  world 
ot  near  akin  will  liel])  Immensely  to  lessen  the  Kocial  distance. 

Tbo  clone  kinship  of  mankind  especially  in  the  same  nation  has  an 
npovtant  bearing  on  one  or  two  points  of  theology.  Since  montal  and 
phjseal  tendencies  are  transmissible  by  hereditary  descent,  this  kin* 
■Uip  gives  to  the  doctrine  of  natnral  depravity  an  awful  significance, 
and  shows  the  causes  of  taint  to  our  blood  to  be  near  na  in  time  inatesd  of 
bang  moOTcd  altogetlu-r  away  to  tho  beginning  of  the  world.  If  all 
tb»  moral  weaklings  of  the  land  who  lived  seven  hundred  yean*  ago.  all 
the  vile  wid  vicious,  all  the  wild  beast*  in  human  shape,  and  an  unknown 
nwnberof  aneh  in  the  ages  iiitcrvoning,  were  our  direct  ancestors,  it 
is  BOt  to  b«  wondered  at  that  unhappy  propenaitiea  atir,  and  atrive,  and 
Kroggle  for  mastery  in  every  man's  breast.  It  is  singular  that  orthodox 
theologians  should  overlook  this  recent  prritsinj;  nourec  of  depravity  to 
dwell  on  the  influence  upon  us  of  an  original  pair  living  before  histori- 
cal times.  It  IS  eigually  strange  that  unorthodox  ones  should  deny  the 
existence  of  depravity  communicated  from  that  remote  period  on  the 
gTomid  of  its  saipposed  injustiee^  wlien  it  is  undeniable  that  we  are 
reached  by  ten  thonaand  impure  channels  so  near  at  hand.  Tbo  que«* 
tion  arises,  How  is  it  that  the  depravity  fed  from  so  many  sources  has 
not  resulted  before  now  in  tlie  complete  corTnpti.>n  and  disintegration 
of  the  race  ?  We  are  able  to  encourage  ourselves  by  remembering  tbo 
vast  amount  of  excellency  in  recent  timea  with  which  we  are  in  direct 
eomaiinicalion  ;  the  heroes,  Esints,  and  martyrs,  to  say  nothing  of  the 


S8+ 


THE  POPULAR  SCISNCE  MO/rrffzr. 


hosts  of  good,  plain,  praotical  people  of  all  eoru  who  Uaro  Wt  w  i 
ooDSlitiitioDal  Iioritngc.  >\'e  liaro  further  encourug^-tncnt  id  U»  in 
by  whidi  eucccuiro  g«iK'ration«  teod  to  rorort  to  a  normal !;;«: 
pociilbriltcH  are  got  rid  of,  dcfectn  aro  supplcmmtcvl,  oxeoiMiinn- 
straioei]  ;  a  c«rtuu  unoiuit  of  t«f um  u  vrroaght  out  and  co«t  unAt  >p 
after  age.  Tho  btiud  man  has  children  nith  cj'ea.  On  tiiv  whole,** 
can  not  marvel  lliat  with  «iicli  a  mongrvl  ancMlry  of  Bsitits  and  nnoRt 
wfi  manifcMt  nnc-h  contnwltctory  tCDdoncie*,  and  aro  snoh  an  euignau 
oanelvL-it,  as  if  not  tvro  ni«D  hut  a  thousand  were  eontmdiog  irithln  n 
for  the  dominion  in  (he  changing  moods  that  pou  over  n»,  and  in  tl« 
wild,  irregular  tbonghts  that  ehoot  through  tb«  mind,  and  ir;  to  fsl 
Ihcir  way  to  tho  Hnrfaci>  to  gain  their  own  appropriate  exjiroaica 
Tliat  bleuing  and  curving  »hoald  prooi-vd  from  the  Bame  lipa,Uist  iM* 
should  como  away  from  praycn  at  cliun-Ii  and  get  into  very  nnloic^ 
tempers  at  home,  in  douhtleiu  very  sad,  hut  it  i*  juit  what  might  hat  . 
been  ex))«cted  from  those  who  reckon  among  their  progMiilon  tb*  I 
ftvil  and  the  good,  the  best  and  tho  worst,  of  a  whole-  country. 

Tiiia  doctrine  of  the  close  kinship  of  mankind  triumphantly  mU^ 
Usbes,  apart  from  genealogical  tables,  tho  fact  that  Jestia  Chrut  1*1 
desoend.tnts  from  King  David,  but  impairs  the  value  of  the  fact  whtail 
is  estahliiOiod.  I>avid,tJ)c  King  of  Urtwl,  flourixhed  above  a  UioDsaa'  ' 
ycani  berurt!  Cbrist,and  left  behind  him  many  cbiMn-n.  The  efaaiiiM(> 
of  succvflsion  being  so  numerous,  and  lutving  their  fountain-head  M  (K 
back,  ha>l  time  before  the  birth  of  Christ  to  branch  out  in  every  din^ 
tion,  and  could  not  have  missed  any  genuine  Jew  in  the  land,  cspenin 
ly  if  he  wan  of  the  tribe  of  Jndah.  Jesns  Christ,  being  of  ibt»  tHl<B 
was  undonbtcdiy  in  tho  sueccsMon,  and  had  in  him  tlio  blood  of  (bt 
Hoo  of  Jmm.  But  then  wa«  there  a  man  of  the  tribe  of  Jndafa  at  U«l 
who  bad  not  f  Is  there  a  man  living  now  who  has  not?  Of  eww 
the  conventional  value  of  (lirist's  dcneent  by  what  is  termi-d  Mnral  mt- 
cession  from  David,  and  its  value  as  a  fulfillment  of  prophecy  oa  iMi 
ground,  arc  independent  of  the  generalizing  proofs  which  would  auk 
out  all  to  be  David'*  children. 

The  evidence  secma  conclusive  that  Mary,  tho  mother  of  Jnas,hwl 
wveral  children  after  the  birth  of  her  illustrious  Fimt-bom.  lie  !*• 
brethren  and  sisters,  and  if  some  of  thcue  left  posterity  in  ibo««tfc- 
as  we  may  reasonably  Biippose  they  did,  it  is  certain  that  we  a«  I** 
<!Mcendant^  tho  children,  of  Mary,  and  have  a  kinship  with  CW* 
much  closer  physically  than  wc  liave  dared  to  believe. 

In  hiscase  the  phrase  "Son  of  man  "had  aunirjne  sjgnifictlfa'*' 
the  doctrine  which  hait  been  exjionnded  in  tliis  paper  shows  ilial  It  ^ 
a  real  and  aolemn  xignificanee  to  whomsoever  applied,  l-^eh  »(  t*" 
"  son  of  man  "  in  the  tremendous  sense  that  he  U  descended  ittut «' 
tho  people  who  have  postenty  remaining,  who  lived  on  earth  a  few  cf'*  J 
hHm  agOk  Every  individual  living  before  Chriitt  whu  has  dvwiflid"'*  ■ 
at  all  has  tfavm  in  us.    Wo  aro  tho  offi>pring<tf  the  wholaof  bnnitiMffl 


URAL  HBIBSHtP :    OR,  ALL   TUS  WORLD  dKllf.  j8s 

titii«.  Every  hIuvc  nnd  ovary  loni  in  tbe  clayMof  JuIIdh  Ctctiar 
ibnlrd  III  our  Wiiix,  an<l,  looking  tiAok  totho«vtiiiic<t,raoli  onn 
J  nwiAer  bimself  not  tUe  child  of  a  Uiin,  ibrvad-iikv  Vane  ut  j>nr()iit- 
f,  bnt  irkild  of  ilio  nice,  bod  of  all  tnankiDil. 

Thi(iivi''i<^'^' '"^  ill] I'll rl an  1  bviiringii  in  tbo  |>olitical  realm.  It  in- 
Idntm  llii'  liiiNiii  of  hiin-ditary  inoniircliy,  and  Hbowx  that  it  rMfM  iipun 
VM-alugical  lirtioii.  It  in  a  dopravi-d  cuuvi'iitiuDulUni,  AOUKtoin  born 
filiebDod  and  of  wrong  to  »injfle  out  tbe  eldest  cliild  or  any  otbiv 
Id  u  the  bearer  of  th«  honors  and  entolnaKats  of  the  family  to  tbo 
ehudon  of  tlic  n-«i.  All  tho  children  are  equally  putsiltors  of  tbe 
nntal  naturo.  In  tlio  couiw  of  1cm  than  a  thoiuood  yean  the  dc- 
adanta  of  an  itluatriaat  aovercign  got  atrangHy  diipcrti'd,  and  litH 
knI  Iwcntnes  mingled  with  Ibc  oommon  reaervoJr  uf  niitJonal  life, 
fry  marriage  outside  his  family  runs  oS  with  half  of  what  romsined 
him  in  tbe  saooeMion.  After  beiug  halved  ho  oftou,  tbe  wearer  of 
Duoe  and  title,  tbe  posseasor  of  his  power,  tweds  much  faith  or 
loll  ignonuicc  to  boliwv  that  ho  is  in  any  real  sense  ihv  peculiar  do- 
■daai  baring  a  claim  in  nnliir<;  beyond  million*  more.  If  ilui  nuv- 
%B  b  the  deAoendanl  of  Winiam  tbt!  CVHiquoror  or  of  Alfred  tbo 
eat,  M  are  tbe  eubjccta.  On  U>e  grouud  of  hereditary  succeeuon 
try  man  may  claim  to  be  tung,  and  every  woman  to  Im>  queen. 
Uoraditary  aristocratic  titles  have  no  foundation  in  nature.  Tbty 
boHd  upon  deception  and  bjustice,  and  at  best  are  purely  arbitary. 
v  eldaat  aon  who  takm  tbe  titl«  is  no  more  the  child  than  tbe  rest  of 
phildri-n.  If  any  titl«  ix  tn)ii:T7te'|  it  ought  to  bo  common  to  tbem 
and,  if  tl)c  tilular  iiihcritanof  eontiniied,  it  would  bo  common  to 
tfat'  ]ti>|iHlatioii  of  tbe  land  in  the  courxe  of  a  few  ngcs.  It  is  ro- 
tcd  to  one  chsunel  of  descent  under  the  deludlon  that  tliii  ia  more 
ict  and  in  fomehow  closer  tu  the  founder  of  the  family  than  other 

L     The  r«*triptinn  taki>i«  pliwc  by  means  of  a  wrong  done  to 

jHI  in  flxclodiug  tliL-m  from  tliut  which  \s  as  much  thvir«  by  right 
natnra  aa  his  who  actually  enjoya  it.  There  oonid  bcnobereditary 
Rocraey  save  by  the  ignorance  and  weakni'ss  of  the  oommunity  at 
n,  who  tolerate  the  presence  of  a  few  among  tbem  flaunting  in 
^kcN  and  Jingling  on  their  ears  the  tokens  of  the  general  dopriva- 
^f  a  natural  due. 

The  doclriite  of  the  time  kinfihip  of  tlie  nation  practically  carried 
;  would  lead  to  a  nniversal  distrihuliou  of  proiierty.  The  verdict 
iitririy  is  that  a  man  who  has  property  should  leaveit  tohiscbildrun 
tr  making  dun  provision  for  his  wife  for  tbo  remainder  of  hcrdaya. 
U*the  general  mlo  which  the  common  judgment  of  mankind  pre- 
^K  loarlng  only  a  small  margin  for  Wiiui-ata  outride  the  family 
An.  Kiitail  in  its  present  form  and  primogeniture  are  doomed  to  go, 
I  only  wail  the  hour  and  the  roan.  Law  has  already  nlaxcd  tliv 
lap  of  the  uldcataoit  on  ^raoflo/ estate,  and  provides  for  ita  distribu- 
h.  In  I''Twire  It  coopebi  an  etpial  distribution  of  nai  oatate  ainoog 

lUb.    IITIIl.— 91  ^ 


fi6  TilS  POPULAR  8CIESCS  MOlfTBLr. 

•II  tbe  ehildrwu    Ttkin^,  thvn,  tlio  broa>l  ralo  for  grnntoi]  tliar 
ttMtoiw  of  ibe  pwmtN  muit  {him  id  oquftl  poriioriH  u>  thv 
Ifaere  ia  »oon  to  be  waotMl  vorw  ctrict  guvd  on  what  ■  man 
BO  tbst  it  aball  not  be  sqouidared  by  bis  beirs.     Wc  can  >i«tt 
out  tbo  reaoll  in  ngftrd  to  poMoseion  in  land.    EduU  lUiould  be  pi 
on  ■  nataral  baaia  and  oarriM  out  on  s  bro«der  aoalo^  and  it  woald 
ODDW  a  migbty  inatnunent  (or  good  and  for  r^ajng  tbe  ganural 
tioD  of  tJie  people  witfaoat  taking  away  tbe  atimnlua  to  labor. 

Tlioni  in  provision  in  nature  for  the  aationalization  nf 
At  toon  an  all  tli<;  direct  tlcac«iidaot(i  are  treatml  a»  lifire,  tbe  fi 
th«ae  rapidly  multiply  till  lb«y  arv  coGxtvndvo  wilb  th«  nation 
tbat,  if  llie  jiroperly  left  at  <lcat)i  by  tbe  preaont  poMman  b«  %\ 
larly  extended,  all  the  land  of  tbe  country  nov  in  ao  few  bandii  m 
eventually  como  into  th«  poBteasion  of  th«  wb<4e  nation,  and 
by  any  aot  of  oonfi>cation,  bat  by  simply  acknowledging  fi 
doing  justice.     It  would  not  answer,  bowovcr,  to  go  on  aubdiv' 
property  eitdlewly  down  to  yard«  and  incbeii.    A  limit  would  bavo 
bo  Kct  to  subdivuion  and  to  inhehtauce  by  means  of  it,  and  afltf, 
certain  generation,  where  tbe  descendants  bad  already  bncone 
or  bundred«.  or  after  a  certain  degree  of  tenuity  in  the  property 
been  reached,  bo  thai  the  forfeiturv  of  bis  iihaie  would  lio  no 
lar  low  to  the  iDdiridiinl  heir,  it  would  bi;  ncfioaary  to  anti«x 
whole  to  tbe  national  estate*,  swiftly  ncwumulating  by  aimilor  pi 
If  thiH  rule  were  nnivemally  acted  upon,  thongh  a  nian'M  dcacwdi 
would  ccuc,  sar,  in  tbe  fonrtb  or  fifth  generation  to  l>e  bi* 
particnlar,  tlic  little  amount  they  forfeited  in  this  way  would 
than  made  op  to  them  by  the  many  other  inheritanora  of  whi«l 
would  become  beira  in  common  witJi  iho  nation.     The  railwaya 
be  passed  tbrough  tbo  aamc  prooeaa  by  the  gradual  diittrihutlM 
■hares.     As  far  as  prac^tirable  other  property  should  l>«  dt^lt  with 
the  same  principk*.     Tills  would  bring  about  a  ffineral  diffiuiita 
wealth  now  eonge«ted  in  »  few  hands,  and  bring  i)  about)  loo^  _ 
nally  and  safely  by  the  operation  of  tbo  great  nstunl  law  of  b«inhi| 
through  saocefstre  generation*. 

Already  wo  have  ortensivo  properties  tbat  are  owned  by  the  ««''i 
at  large,  such  a«  the  roadn  and  canab,  the  po«t-oflic«s  and  teUgnq^ 
tlio  board-Mhoolfl  and  the  Established  Churehos,  tbe  parka,  frte  ld«*- 
rioB,  and  Government  buildings.  Tlie  principle  i*  in  n)K'ra(ioa,  tvlr " 
It  Ind  the  wider  sphere  that  heirship  demands,  thern  would  be  sn  i** 
nienso  li(;htening  of  tbe  burdens  which  are  pri>»si»g  upon  thr  pu<^ 
Bach  individual  would  commence  lifv  at  an  aflvaiilagd,  a  few  ilfff 
tbo  ladder  instead  of  being  down  ijoite  in  the  ditch,  as  are  tha  nisjtfiV 
— [Kior  and  penniless,  dependent  for  ererytliiiiR  mi  llin  rxfrtws*'"^ 
llm  present  hour.  The  rent  of  the  national  |jrop<irty  riiit-ln,  n  ** 
been  racently  advocated,  go  to  the  payment  of  tJ>P  lax'  '  "" 

local     It  might  ancwcr  for  thu  sooMsary  woilt  of  goverritntit',  i"' (^ 


'ATVRAl  SSTRSHIP .    OB,  ALL   THB  WORLD  AKIH.  jS; 


fof  nrniy  aixl  iinry,  for  (lie  paymvnt  of  mtorMl  od  tlio  ns- 
bt  and  lU  gnxluftl  Ii<|uidat40ti,  for  tlio  dcmcntarjr  education 
of  iho  cliiMnni,  itid  for  tbe  intint«nanoe  of  (be  a^d.  Thougb  1  bave 
not  reul  Mr.  Ueorge's  book,  I  undcntand  that  this  ia  somelbing  like 
l>i>  propoetl.  If  th?  yearly  rctuni  of  th«  luitioiul  t«tal«ivere  «v«r 
foiiibl  to  for  rxn-cil  tbo  abovr  ri.-<ii]irempDU,  it  could  l>o  rciwlily  mnd 
^^al^-  di*pu<K'd  of  b)'  n  j'tTarly  dividend,  which  would  revtirM  Uic  old 
MjnDffoting  ord«Tr,  and  iniike  tiie  |>eople  the  rooeivera  instead  of  payen 
of  taxes.  It  ia  Ii&dI  to  oee  how  ibiH  moderate  diffusion  of  property 
coulil  W  injurious  to  tbeui.  If  (he  Hmallcr  equal  infacritanco  would 
dviindit  thvni,  the  prvHOUt  boldcn  of  larg«  wtatw  must  bo  in  a  rery 

lliat  wliich  a  man  ban  accumulated  by  his  own  exertiona  he  baa 

*  'irt  of  right  to  disperse  and  to  eqnandcr  if  be  ohooao ;  btil  that 

which  (he  dead  have  left  behind  ihcm  aliould,  on  far  a*  powible,  bavo 

V^nDADpneo  stamped  upon  it,  and  be  guarded  by  the  state,  so  that  it 

^t;lM)  enjoyol  by  all  tbe  hcini  in  their  turn.    Tbe  aavinge  of  the 

pn«i-ni  generation  sboDid  enable  the  whole  community  in  tl>»  next 

■e«U)  Mart  from  a  higher  IotcI  of  power  and  oonfort.     The  law  of 

•siw  ran  nev«r  bo  abrogated,  though  itsi  incidence  might  bo  rery 

^Kty  i-ittindcd.    The  inequality  bctwoiMi  the  posaessioofi  of  men  can 

^tr-  bo  lolally  dcatroyed,  but  with  immense  advantage  to  the  nation 

h  might  bo  decidedly  leaaened.     The  progress  that  baa  thuH  far  taken 

/iliee  bi  the  condition  of  tbe  people  has  been  tbo  laying  of  tucoouive 

*trata  of  comforts  and  reaourcM  botweon  tfaem  and  the  utt«r  porerty 

in  which  tlii-ir  forefathers  dwelL    Tbe  ineroaso  of  wage*,  the  leoaen- 

lag  nf  thi-  hoars  of  UI>or,  the  manifold  fruitit  of  modem  inventions, 

Um  a<-0Dinulated  treasores  of  knowledge  which  all  may  take  witliout 

dbnini*hinf{  (ho  stora— such  instances  as  ibeu  show  a  gradual  enriob- 

ttont  of  the  people  to  tlio  general  ndvaD(age.     '\V1io  ohall  tiay  that  the 

|)«aoe«8  has  gotto  aa  far  a«  it  ought  to  go  ?    What  harm  could  ennio 

If  the  present  hardens  of  taxation  were  done  away,  and  if  ercm  every 

UBn  wore  the  recipient  of  a  yearly  income  of  a  few  pounds  which  no 

«ot  of  hill  could  ever  alienate? 

The  landlcM  pcopU-  «>f  the  present  genention  are  undoubtedly  prtK 
portionale  beir«  to  all  (ho  landowners  of  the  country  living  not  many 
«i:«8  ago,  if  heir«bip  be  founded  In  nature  That  all  should  have  goao 
aWn  Ml  few  haodH,  and  the  vast  majorily  of  the  heirs  have  deen  do- 
t^riveil,  is  a  grttnt  and  grievous  wrong.  llioAO  who  wish  to  continue 
t  bo  pmarnt  arrangements,  and  woald  bitterly  oppose  tbeir  modification 
Ibv  way  here  propawd  as  an  injustice  to  the  few  who  in  fiituro 
rnuld  otherwise  come  into  poaaesslon,  are  willing  to  inflict  injustice 
■pail  (hr  many  of  the  futare  who  ought  to  come  into  possession. 
Tbo  great  posscssiona  now  enjoyed  by  particular  individuals,  and 
have  como  down  from  distant  times,  arc  due  to  aooaraalatcd 
Dft».    One  betr  in  tlw  auccccaion  has  been  advantaged  to  the  ox- 


]S8 


TUB  POPULAR  SCIEXCE  MONTHLY. 


fliuiioii  of  senreo,  and  t^vciilitnlly  of  thouaaitdA  and  millioiM.  1^ 
wlitL'li  in  nature  was  as  iniicli  ilii-ira  as  hiN  u  now  bu  aloDR.  1^ 
which  ehoiild  havfi  lluvrod  in  nuiiiy  chaunels,  slialloir,  hut  «uffii!iMtU 
fi'ililixo,  bw  Imwd  currifd  in  a  Hinglf  Htrviio],  deep  aiid  full,  lint  fM» 
inrnlivL'lj  uiicleM — nitmlly  vriMtod.  Muoh  «f  tlic  Wiuiv  in  swo  nli«l]r 
and  painfully  taiougb  in  tbtt  pniftiM  and  ozmvagunt  xtylr 

whcTD  one   conaumce  what   waoM    decently  raaltiUln  a   u 

WIh-ii  tho  propitrtiw  of  the  couolr;  ar«  tlios  piled  up  <m  a  foaoiltlls 
of  gigantic  wrong,  it  would  b«  uiireasoiutbIi>  lo  expect  a  full  nanuoff 
of  national  health  and  proe(>«ritj,  or  liut  it  ■hould  be  rvalljr  well  ml 
the  peopls. — Hin^tenth  Cenhtrjf. 


SCIENCE  IN  ITS  CSEFUl  APPU0ATI0N8. 

Bt  Dh.   WtU.]AU  ODLtKO,  r.  R.S. 

PUEBIDENTIAT.  ADDBE88  BEFORE  THE  INaTITCTE  OP  CHEIt- 

I8TRV.- 

BY  the  attainment  of  oar  iiMOiporMion  bjr  njtl  durtcr,  in  Ii«a  ^ 
the  anides  of  aMooiation  by  wbiob  wo  bave,  antil  nnw,  Uco 
banded  together,  we  become  for  the  first  lime  an  oOivially  n>v»fwioI 
profeBsiooal  body,  known  officially  to  Uovemmenl,  and  both  I"  »** 
nicipal  and  to  other  profoMsiooal  bodies.     Further  than  thiit,  we  In 
had  formal  aeknuwk-dgruent  mndo  of  our  fitnne  to  be  charged  ^ 
certain  public  duticit  and  rcoponsibiliticii,  and  h.ivv  cstabliihvd 
ttlaim  to  be  inlrnsted  with  correlative  rights  and  pHvili-gM.    Our  pn 
feaNOD,  tbe  public  utility  and  importance  of  which  bavt^,  in  ltii»  ">J< 
receirod  at  length  so  formal  a  recognition,  is  one  that  wo  ntay  nil  at 
us  feel  a  just  pride  in  bolonguig  ta    It  is  not,  indeed,  with  hu^ 
breath  that  we  need  uprak  of  oursolrwi  as  profcaaiooal  dicn"^ 
Chemistry,  indeed,  a«  a  branch  of  knowledge,  pcftainM  not  alone  lo  lb' 
stttdcnlf  but  ozi«t8  also  for  the  practitioner,  and  still  more  for  ihn  J"^ 
lie.     Of  exccplionnl  interest  an  a  subject  of  study,  it  is  of  Koicdj 
less  intereHt  front  its  manifold  practical  applications,  and  as  a  oanii** 
titor  to  the  daily  wants  and  enjoyments  of  the  cummnnity,  a  rtraW^ 
nity  in  which  all  are  boutid  up  witJi  anothor,  and  ore  under  nMi){iD* 
to  rcndnr  aervicc*  to  one  another.     Nowadayx,  the  evcr^izlciidins  v^ 
inoreaaingly  complex  want«  of  (he  oomtnnnity  create  a  grontor**' 
greater  demand  for  wtiat  are  known  aa  profeaBtonal  aenricet,  and  " 

'TtMorigiul  ImdliiMot  Cliamislrjr  >u  orpniMd  bi  ESs'*'^  'l  IBTT,'^ 

g/ubed  In  isaa,  and  bi(MnMiral«d  aadw  IW  UUo  tit  tbo  "  tiwiiWU'  ut  <  "* 

Briulo  and  Irolud."    The  pnMAl  pimUcia  b  Di  O'tUnR,  «1ii>  ..c'^^ 

iInm  bcfon  ihe  n««  oqianLMikai  Kotsnbor  Sdi,  «iul*hl<b  U  t<<  -nloai^ 
of  the  pniOmiMTj  p<ut,  wbloli  ta  uliioll;  of  local  Eii|lbli  iMuvn. 


SCIENCE  /y  ITS    USEFUL  APPLICATIONS.       389 


nal  wrvicea  of  a  kinil  atnl  extent  that  can  not  bo  rendered  by 
fanoa,  or  the  dootAr,  or  the  l:iu-f  cr  ;  or  yvX.  I>y  tJiv  smateur  onjp- 
',  or  ibe  amatear  electriciui,  or  the  aniai«ur  ebenii^t.  It  is  ttie 
ipet«BC  swrices  of  profeaaional  men,  specially  trained  in  Uwir  kot- 
4ep«itiiionti>,  that  hfo  bJoiw  adc>qit3t<-,  and  aiv  alono  accordingly  in 
ML  To  (fav  (ruined  pn>fi'»i(ton:tl  I'liitniuil,  a.i  to  oilK>r  profeBsiooal 
ioteresta  of  occaaioiially  enormous  Taluo  arc  <-oniinit(cd  ;  and 
■DIM  notion  of  the  consideration  id  which  hin  work  ia  held  may  be 
fubfTcd  from  Ihe  ext«nsive  resort  had  evorywherc  to  bia  acrvioeSi 
•tn  by  the  groat  dopartmcnte  of  stale  and  by  (he  mofit  reaowaed  and 
biportant  of  inunicijMl  and  other  cirporatiooH. 

Among  Govvniment  Di'parinifntN,  the  War  Oflicc,  tbc  Home 
Offict,  the  Board  of  Trade,  ihe  IxM;a1  Gov(-mni(-nL  Etoartl,  and  ibo 
Boaid  of  Inland  l{«venue,  have  each  their  respectiTO  [lerotancnlly  at- 
JHaehfid  staffs  of  professional  chemiala,  with  whom  from  time  to  lime, 
in  rtlaiion  to  special  subjects  of  inq airy,  other  chemists  of  diatinction 
■n  HBoeiatcd.  Amon;;  corporatiooa  and  public  institutions  of  all 
MHl(  the  City  of  I^ndon,  thv  Mptropolitan  Board  of  Works,  most  of 
Ihgnat  provineial  Corjiorationfl  and  I>ocn]  B<jan!K,  (bn  Royal  Mint, 
tt«  Boons  of  Parliament,  the  Elder  Brethren  of  the  Trinity  House, 
•^  Tbsmni  Conwrvancy,  the  Royat  Ai^ricultnral  Society,  the  great 
™  and  Water  Companie*,  the  different  Metropolitan  Veetriea  and 
u>cal  Roard*,  and  many  more  such  bodies,  have  roconrse  alikv  to  the 
iBSvlir  «erTic«e  of  their  permanently  attadinl  professional  chemist*, 
Ml  to  tbo  rapplementary  services  of  various  oihent  among  ns  whom 
Ibtf  find  it  nocessary  to  csll  into  consultation  from  time  (o  time. 
™  of  yet  greater  ext^-nt  a*  a  whole  is  the  habitual  resort  that  is  had 
|<> Ik servicni  of  th«  profcasional  chemists  by  mervantilo  and  manu- 
firma  and  aMOciationt,  engaged  in  almost  every  variety  of 
,  manufacture,  and  industrial  enterprise.  Alike,  then,  by 
I"*  peal  departments  of  stale,  and  by  commercial  firms  of  world* 
renown,  and  by  traders  and  prodacers  oc^opjring  a  loss  distjn- 
position,  the  multifarious  services  of  the  chemist  are  ever  in 
And  in  respect  to  ounelvcc,  by  whom  these  services  are 
from  those  of  us  occupying  the  leading  povitioiia  in  tbo 
aoD,  to  the  most  bumhlt!  individuals  practicing  in  our  ranks, 
■n  all  associated  in  a  common  work,  and  have  all  a  common  credit 
il  tttu'titain,  and  are  all  under  mulual  obligation  to  co-operate  with 
•J  Kdiance  the  interots  of  one  another. 

h  Would  "ecm,  however,  from  observations  not  nnfrcquently  has- 
hed by  some  very  superior  persona,  whom  happy  mission  it  ia  to  put 
rwt  of  the  world  to  righto,  that  th«ro  \*  something  derogatory  to 
Ban  of  science  in  making  his  science  subservient  in  any  way  to  the 
fnirementa  of  bis  fellows,  and  thereby  contributory  to  his  own  OMans 
'tba  support  of  hinutelf  and  of  those  depending  npon  him.  Now, 
tins  not  uncommon  cant  of  the  day,  a  liulo  plain  speaking  would 


J90 


THS  POPUhAR  SCIENOB  MOHTULY, 


Mon  to  be  very  mtiob  wsnud.  While  lite  invtutigntlnn  of  hm'I'-i'  i"<  J 
the  inUrpfotatton  of  oUural  law  are  admittedly  ainou^  the  hi|;b«*l,  M  I 
tbey  ftiT  unong  the  moot  deligbtfol  of  Iididm)  m-ytipatiuiia,  tlin  irgb  I 
itpplkalion  of  natural  law  to  elTccl  di;iiiraljl«  obji-cU  ta  in  iuill  )  I 
Msroely  leaa  worthy  octnipatioo ;  many  of  Umm  objiwu  bving«(  |<n»  I 
inoant  importanoe,  asd  sttaiRablr*  only  by  the  oxurotM  o(  high  ■!»  I 
tific  tukgiu^tty  unci  akill,  aided  bj'  »  ferltlilj?  uf  naoarce  and  a  pondiMt  I 
alasUcity  of  Hpirit,  ready  erer  to  cope  with  tbe  aucecsaive  aoTd  W  I 
ealtlea  found  to  be  cootinoally  opposing  tbemftehrea.  I 

Id  tbts  matter,  a«  in  so  many  others,  tbe  eeow  of  proportioo  b  tNl  I 
too  often  lo«t  sight  of.  Bocaacn  the  iovoetigationa  of  a  Newtca,  *  I 
Darwin,  a  Daltoii,  a  Joule,  and  a  Faraday  have  an  tmportanM  •!  I 
whiflb  few  among  ua  can  adequately  conecire  eren  the  ineuMiWBCall  I 
bevauMi  among  tbe  ectentifio  men  now  or  bnt  lately  livuig  in  oar  nU*  I 
are  to  b«  found  IhoM  who«e  inrMtigattODS  in  pure  octenoe  hire  Ml  I 
only  WOO  for  thom  a  high  rcoowD,  but  have  caniiKl  for  tbem  the  pilt- 1 
tadc,  and  aJiould  hare  obtained  for  ihem  tbe  aubatantJal  acknoiried;- 1 
meats  of  their  country  and  tbe  world  ;  aud  becanM  oveu  tlte  nuoC  | 
inTeetigatioDS  asd  dixcovencs  that  are  ever  being  made  in  pare  Ml*  I 
enoo  bare  all  of  them  their  merit  and  their  value,  it  doee  not  folio*  J 
that  tbe  mere  acoompliihmeDt,  it  may  be  in  an  abundant  leiann^rfj 
two  or  tbrcc  minor  inveiitlgatiou!!,  however  credital>ly  conducted,  MM 
to  lift  their  autbora  into  a  aoientilio  position,  allugetber  above  thai  0^] 
men  whoM  laborious  Urea  have  been  spent  in  rendering  tliuir  giotl 
Boientifio  attainments  dirootly  Berriceablo  to  the  needs  of  tlie  ttata  iniU 
of  tbe  commtinity.  The  accorapliiihmont  of  such  like  inveatigatkan 
dora  not  entitle  their  nuthon  toolaiio  exemption  from  the  dulfoll 
eaming  their  own  livelihood*,  or  give  tbum  a  eUim  to  be  cndtiwnl  M 
the  oontributiona  of  others  with  the  meana  to  jog  Icinurelj'  aluoK>] 
wltbont  reaponnibililieii  and  without  anxietica,  tbe  far  from  ihonjl 
paths  of  their  own  predilection.  However  belefodot  it  may  be  thoi||kll 
by  some,  the  best  of  all  endowmenu  for  research  u  anqaoalioutilrl 
that  with  whiclt  tho  searcher,  rclyiDg  on  his  own  energiee,  aoeoeodl  b  I 
esdowing  hlmadf.  Tbe  work  to  which  onr  natures  are  ivpogniA  I 
not  leas  than  the  work  which  entrannea  ti<i  and  hardly  roakos  Jtadf  f*ll  I 
aa  a  woric  at  all,  has  to  bo  done.  In  some  degree  or  other,  w*  hf*  I 
most  of  OS  to  obtain  oar  own  livelihood  ;  and  Iianli  u  may  wen  tlii  I 
requirement,  it  will,  1  BoppoKO^  be  oonoodod  tliat  the  oeceseity  put  q<*  I 
the  masH  of  mankind,  of  having  to  earn  th<rir  daily  bread,  is  an  v  I 
rangcment  of  Pravidencc  which  has, on  the  whole,  worked  fairi;  v*"'  I 
and  further,  that  the  vanons  arraogements  hitherto  tried  Tor  eioBf^  I 
iag  certain  classes  of  men  fram  tbe  necessity  of  harinit  to  nam  IV'  I 
daily  bread,  in  order  that  tbey  might  give  tbem»elv'  '   f  I 

spiritual  or  intellectnal  life,  bave  iv4ircely,  to  say  i  ""'  I 

wojfced  quite  so  satisfactorily  n«  thoy  were  intended  to.  All  el  ii*  I 
an,  without  doubt,  qualified  for  higher  things  than  tbe  moro  mi^  I 


~^m 


sciJsycB  ly  its  useful  applications.     391 


tof  oar  dsilj  breid  ;  but  the  dix'tpliiH)  of  liaving  to  rarn  our  r]aily 
hmd  if,  in  tnore  ways  tlian  one,  \  very  whulMome  duKiptiau  for  the 
mui  of  lu,  aiul  cviui  for  tJie  best  of  tu.  It  m^y  here  aad  there  praM 
budiy  OD  [larticalar  Datares,  bot  it  is  rarely  an  impediment  to  the 
idiienmeDt  of  the  highest  things  by  thoso  having  the  moral  qualitiea, 
ibjidgnieDt,  tho  ilrttrnnriation,  und  the  M-lf-dviii&l  nuocMUry  aboTO 
tTTTTthmg  ebc  fur  ihi-ir  aebievefnenl.  Not  a  few  of  us  may  coiuiiiler 
«iin(jTc«  Gll«d  for  higher  work  than  the  gods  provide  for  as,  and 
(oodly  im^ine  what  gr^at  things  we  shoald  effect  if  we  coald  only 
ktTe  our  daily  bread  supplied  to  ns  by  the  exertions  and  endowments 
of  other  less  gifted  mortaU.     But  experience  i>  not  on  the  whuKi  fa- 

ITOiiblo  to  the  view  that,  the  oonditioiiH  being  provided,  the  cxpecla- 
tioa  vonld  be  realized.  Experience,  indeed,  rather  favors  the  ootioo 
tint  k  b  primarily  the  necessity  for  work,  and  aseocintioD  with  those 
mte  a  neoessity  to  work — tltose  in  whom  a  profcMtionsl  npirit  lia* 
btSB  smiaed,  and  by  whom  work  is  hold  in  honor — that  creates  and 
k(^  *p  the  taste  and  the  habit  of  work,  whereby  the  vague  ambition 
tleieliiere  is  tamed  to  some  prodnclive  account.  Take,  say,  a  thoa- 
audof  the  most  eminent  men  the  worl<i  has  produced,  and,  making  do 
allawiaoe  for  the  large  inHucnco  of  descent  or  training,  or  of  asKocia- 
tira  with  those  to  whom  work  U  a  neeusaity,  or,  liurtng  been  a  neceiai' 
tj.hai  b«como  a  habit,  consider  what  proportion  of  thc«e  men  have,  by 
Ihrir  mean*  and  position  in  early  life,  been  free  from  any  stimulus  or 
oUgsiiaa  to  exert  and  caltivate  their  powers  ;  and  consider,  on  the 
nber  hand,  what  proportion  of  them  have  been  stimulated  to  exertion 
Md  SDoesss  by  the  stem  neec«uty  of  having  ettbcr  to  achieve  their 
■in  carters,  or  to  drop  into  insignificance,  if  not  indeed  into  actual 
<ff  Mnpaiative  degradation  and  poverty.  We  ought,  indeed,  all  of  us 
(•Uitadents,  and  to  be  above  all  things  students ;  bnt  the  most  of 
■)  ca  Mt  be,  nor  is  it  <le«rablv,  save  in  thi;  rase  of  a  special  few,  that 
ndadd  be  only  studentdL  We  have  all  our  duties  to  fullill  in  llits 
*ttU,>i>d  it  ia  not  the  least  of  these  duties  to  render  ourselves  inde- 
f*ainit  of  support  from  others,  and  able  otuselvce  to  afford  support 
'Atbon  depending  upon  ua.  Fortnnato  are  we  in  being  able  to  find 
^vr  Means  of  support  in  the  demand  that  exist*  for  the  applicalioti:^  of 
*titnee  which  liaa  for  its  eultivalora  so  great  a  charm.  To  judge, 
^urtr,  DoC  indeed  by  their  coyness  when  exposed  to  the  occasional 
'^pladoB  of  professional  work,  bot  rather  by  their  observations  oa 
tWtneer  of  others,  the  most  sought  aftor  and  highest  in  professional 
'<pUc^  the  pursnit  of  professioDal  ohemistry  U,  in  the  opinion  of  eome 
*lMBg  Bsi,  a  Toeatioii  open  to  tbe  gravest  of  censure.  It  is  praiso- 
*«th]r,  indreil,  for  the  man  of  ecienc«  to  eootriboto  to  hia  means  of 
EtlGhood  by  the  dreary  work  of  oondacting  ezamtnationa  in  element- 
■y  scienee  for  all  sorts  of  examining-hoanis,  and  by  teaching  ele- 
•atary  science  at  schools  and  ooUeges,  and  by  giving  popular  ex- 
pasLiuiM  of  scicuGe  at  public  institutions,  and  by  exehanging  a  minor 


59" 


TUB  POPULAR   SCIENOK  UOXTUir. 


profeMHtrial  nppatnUnt^nt,  tflording  ftbnndant  ofiportunilks  rorotigbul 
work,  in  favor  of  a  moro  liicratiTQ  md  «XAcling  .iiiptitnliiivnt  bfoinig 
dntica  which,  if  righUy  fulttltril,  iniurt  Mriooaly  ourtuil  thaw  wtattf- 
porttinitii-K.  It  is  praiii«vt)rili)-  of  him  to  add  m  \n»  tnwiu  byMn- 
piling  muntutH  of  dfimeiitAiy  Hpienoe,  ud  bj  wHtiDg  attnnltn  ««H» 
on  Mjienoe  for  the  delectation  of  geoet^  Naders ;  bat  it  is  furMXlb 
derogatory  to  hiiu,  if  not  indeed  »  downright  pro«tilDt>tin  of  hi*  «i- 
eooe,  thai  In-  «ltauld  contnliuto  to  hi«  nic-iuiN  of  livelihood  l>y  nuibaf 
hi«  knowlitilgv  iiaWrvivtit  tu  tlio  irants  of  dcpartrnvni*,  cotjionliNKi 
and  individiuds  alike  of  great  and  small  dUtinction,  etuDdin^f  arrinntif 
in  ih-ihI  of  the  special  sotentifio  senrioee  that  be  is  able  to  ntAe 
them. 

A  glanoo  baok  tuffioot  to  tkow  bow  foreign  to  the  idru  of  it*  I 
gTMt  inen  who  procodcd  tu  it,  this  modern  notion  of  any  roprch(«i'  | 
bllily  altaobing  l<>  applit-d  or  profeBaional  soictioe.    In  hts  oarlii-r  ibrv  I 
Profc'Mor  Faraday  was  larj^'Iy  employed  iu  connection  witb  bH  tKni 
of  practical  questions.  And  until  almost  the  close  of  hi«lLfeoootioiwdli>l 
set  ax  ecientifie  wlviftcr  to  tlio  Trinity  HotiM.    No  man  wiu  man  to*  I 
Htnntly  occupied  in  advLHing  with  regvd  to  manufacturing  anil  mrttl*  • 
liirgin  and  tlwal  questions  than  Professor  Orabaro,  who  ended  lili  dtjl  j 
holding  the  trlBoial  position  of  Slaster  of  the  Blint ;  a  position  in  vbi^j 
be  Buoceeded  another  eminent  man  of  scienoc,  leas  known,  liowerer.  i 
a  chemist  than  as  an  astronomer,  Sir  ilohn  Ilenohel.     Aa  in  lb 
typieat  instUKies,  so  also  in  very  many  others ;  and,  if  1  may  l>c  alio* 
to  draw  at  all  on  my  own  penonal  experiencoE,  1  would  say  thai  i 
of  tbo  most  ploMant  rcmonbraitce*  of  my  put  life  rL-latc  to  tbo  i 
■ions  on  which  I  had  the  good  fortnne,  early  la  my  career,  to 
brought  into  association,  as  a  juninr  professional  aollragnc,  with  . 
among  the  then  most  eminent  of  aoientifie  men.    It  did  not  iiidfol ' 
happen  to  mo  to  be  DMociated  in  this  partictUsr  manner  with  Fanilitt 
or  Graham,  or  Daniol.  or  yet  with  their  freqnent  eollesgiip,  Kiolii'J 
Pliillip,  one  of  the  early  I'residi-ms  of  the  Chemical  Society,  for  inwf 
years  the  able  and  omniscient  editor  of  the  "  Philosophical  Uagaanr,*' 
and  tbo  leading  profcffiional  chemist  of  hts  day.     But  among  li>*'*| 
who  have  passed  away  from  us  allogi4h«r,  or  bavo  for  some  cmh'J 
another  qnitted  Aur  ranks,  my  rscolleotJon  gotw  back  to  pnifea^Dttlj 
association  with  a  host  of  disiineutshed  men  of  *cienc<*,  whoso  mtnf 
bersbip  would,  of  itself,  mifBce  to  insore  an  honorable  estimntion  f^ ' 
any  profession  to  whtch  they  Iwhingfed.     On  different  nccaAiim*  it  U* ' 
been  my  lot  to  W  cnjjnjifil  in  ndming  on  Tarioni  qaiistiimx  in"*] 
janeUon  witli  Arthur  Aikin,  a  ))enK>nnl  frii>nd  of  Pricitllay.  wriUf  ■■'* I 
still  ralaable  dictionary  of  chirmistry,  tlw  Brat  Treaiinnir  of  tbtr  (.'I") 
cal  Society,  and  for  many  years  the  leading  aatliority  In  rvKint*"! 
chciuinul  metallurgy  ;  with   Dr.  Thomas  Anderson,  of  (lln*jnnr,  sPi 
assiduous  and  saccessfnl  worker  in  the  tbcn  unfamiliar  ll 
chemistry,  and  for  many  years  oonsulling  oheuuBi   '•' 


SCIXITCK  m  ITS    USSFUL  APPLICATIONS.       399 

■^ff ;  witb  ProfeKtor  Brniidi;,  ihv  pupit  And  snocenor  of  Davy,  at 
^Boral  iDStitalioQ,  long  tiiD«  one  of  tliv  Sucrutaricti  of  the  Itoyal 
^^,  an  early  IVcsidetit  of  the  Chemical  Society,  and,  in  his  pro- 
Hnia]  capacity.  Director  of  tho  Die  Dopartmenl  at  the  Royal  Mint ; 
iilh  Sir  Robert  Chrirtinon,  of  Ktlinhiirgh,  one  of  llip  most  scientific  of 
Britiib  toxicologtHU  aotl  pharroacologiitljt,  an  original  irorLcr  in  many 
kldi  of  inquiry,  Freaident  of  the  Royal  Society  uf  E<liHburgli,  uid  a 
Iriccted,  iboDgb  not  an  actual,  Preeidetit  of  tlie  Urilisb  As«ociation  ; 
IttAr.  Warren  dc  la  Rue,  tbc  friend  of  db  all,  more  than  once  Pres>- 
^Bf  the  Chemical  Society,  and  a  Vieoi'recidoni,  Mot.ilixt,  and 
^KkD  Lecturer  of  tbe  Royal  Society  ;  with  Dr.  Ilofiuann,  tbo  first 
^Rnor  at  tbe  College  of  Chemistry,  and  Assaycr  for  many  yeani  to 
Vu  Mint,  one  who  can  claim  eo  many  of  us  as  his  pupils,  and  who,  aa 
kfrn^Mrianat  chcmiHt,  no  Ichs  tlian  lut  an  investigator  and  teacher,  ever 
Rt  ai  ezamplv  of  ener^*  and  vivaeity  to  all  hi.f  ]u>>iocint<!K,  working 
M  toe  occasion  tbe  long  night  throngh  in  order  (o  extract  from  [untf- 
h||&  a  t|iecimen  of  benzene,  ready  for  exhibition  in  court  on  the  fol- 
^^^  morning,  an  instance  of  profe«sional  devotion  which,  as  tbe 
pwnw  of  my  immediate  pn^ilecexNor,  Sir  Frctlcritk  Abel,  romlnda 
Misnot  wholly  without  a  paralleL  Proceeding  in  my  enumeration,  I 
■>f  wation  Sir  Robert  Kane,  then  of  Cork,  a  Icooher  and  woHicr  of 
pijja^ity  and  wide  erudition,  to  whom  cbemisla  are  indebted  for 
nor  nor  familiar  conce{i(Ton  of  amidogen  ;  also  I>r.  Allcu  Miller, 
^■Borat  King's  College,  Lowlon,  and  A«eay«r  to  tbe  Mint,  a  Pre«i- 
^^pf  tbe  Cliemieal  Society,  and  for  many  years  Treasurer  of  tbe 
PBSocaety;  also  Sir  Lyon  I'layfair,  then  Profeworof  Chemistry 
Blfce  TTnivereity  of  Edinburgh,  now  a  member  of  her  Majesty's  Privy 
WUDcil  and  Prcnidcnt  of  the  Briiiidi  AiwociatioD,  one  to  whom  wc  ur« 
'''fcbtdl  for  but  hearty  sympathy  with  tfae  oltjccta  of  the  Inatitule, 
■■^  the  DDsparing  exercise  of  his  efTorl!!  and  influence  on  our 
^K^'t  also  my  relative  by  marriage,  Alfred  Smee,  a  piunitt-r  in  eleO' 
-'"'■KtaDiirgy,  and  inventor  of  tbe  galvanic  battery  by  which  for  t)i« 
jb^  a  century  tbe  greater  part  of  tho  galvano-plastic  work  of  tbia 
^^CThas  b«in  effected  \  and  lastly,  Robert  WiiringtoD,  chemist  for 
^Hfetr*  to  tfae  Society  of  Apotbecaries,  tbe  founder  and  lint  Svcro- 
BVf  the  Chemical  Society,  and  a  frequent  contributor  thereto  of 
Wchiaeteristically  ingenioiu  obMr\-attons.  And  not  only  with  the 
■tenaincd  eminent  men  of  science',  bat  with  many  otber»  also,  has 
^^■By  fortune  to  be  professional  I  y  a»M>eiai«d,  im-tuding,  I  regret- 
^H^T«  to  add  among  those  who  have  passed  away  from  ua,  soinv 
^Knoat  distinguished  original  members  and  warmest  friendit  of 
^  InMitnte,  aa  Dr.  Stenhouw,  Sir  William  Siemens^  l*iofe*«or  Way, 
W.  Angus  Smith,  Dr.  Voelckcr,  and  Mr.  W:dtcr  Weldon.  Jloreorer, 
pong  the  leading  men  of  science  of  tbe  pri-wnt  day.  Sir  Frederick 
!l«4Mr.  Crookes,  Profe«sor  l>ewar,  l^feesor  Fraiikland,  Mr.  Vernon 
peonrt.  Dr.  Tyndall,  and  £>r.  WUIiunson,  are  either  the  faolden  of 


J  94 


TH£  POPULAR  SCISNOS  XONTHIY. 


(■00^9 


dflflnite  profcasioDBl  «ppoi&t4D«DU  or  are  oUierwbo  more  or  Itwf  i 
«ngiged  In  ibu  work  of  tlw  pnfMwoiial  oli«uiist.  A  profeeiiMni  fliir^»l. 
aUudi  (n  Deed  of  no  apology  wbioh  inoladcfl  ood  baa  inoladed  ta  5c 
raulu,  wilbio  snob  a  limited  period,  racb  a  hoit  of  dtsUogalabed  i 
ben. 

8o  far,  tuorooTor,  from  b»  proFwHiooiil  cmlneoee  and  tiwfalii« 
being  miulo  a  inattvr  of  ntproach  to  tbe  »d«titi<lc  man,  it  Bhoald  eoa- 
DtituUi  rigbtly  a  clum  to  his  bigber  oonaideraLion  ;  and,  far  from  boUv 
accounted  a  diapangemeDt,  §hould  be  beJd  aa  an  addition  to  bis  ttieo- 
tifio  atanding.     In  tlie  prufcBsioiiB  most  allied  to  our  own  on  tbe  m* 
Bide  and  on  tbe  oib«r,  tbia  is  well  re«ognind.    Tlic  physician  and  tbf 
mginMr  are  not  mcnly  aludeots  of  palliologf  and  of  niecbaoiot,  b«t- 
OTor  impiHlant  may  bavo  been  their  oontribatioue  to  patbologjiol 
meobamoa  respectivflly,  but  tii«jr  am  the  distlD^uiBhed  crafUm«a  la 
tb^r  roapeotivv  att«.     And,  vbotber  or  not  they  mny  have  made  ia- 
portODt  GonUibutionit  to  pore  ecienoc,  tbetr  rank  as  cmioont  wieDtifit 
man  U  ererjwhere  and  rigbtly  oonoeded  to  tlK^m.     A  luoky  diance 
bai^mibig  to  any  profeaatonal  man  may  indeed  bring  liim  to  thv  front, 
bnt  no  ancDcaaioD  of  laoky  obanoee  can  ever  bapp«n  tbat  will  of  Umo- 
selvee  prove  adeqaat«  to  keeping  bim  tbere.     Oreat  qualities  are  vm 
oeoeeaary  to  sastain  great  profc»ional  posiUons ;  and  to  be  for  yean 
one  of  tbe  foremost  in  a  ftciditiflo  [irofeaaion  iti  of  itaelf  at  least  aa  nb- 
Htantial  an  evideiifio  of  acientifio  attainment  a«  is  tbe  pnbUoatton  of  a 
memoir  on  some  nunute  point,  say  of  anatomy,  or  obemistry,  or  hydio- 
dynamioH,  for  example:.    And  it  a  bo  reoognixed,  and  very  propcrlj 
re«ognix^,  evt^n  in  quartets  where  pure  aoienco  admittedly  reiciw 
anprome.     Leading  cngiaeers  and  leading  phyaidani  and  aurgeone  V* 
eviKry  year  admitu-d  into  tbo  Royal  Society,  not  on  aocount  of  Uw 
imporlanoo  attaching  to  any  spc«ial  con tribu lions  lliey  may  have  aui* 
to  ni<«lianical  or  palbologieal  adcuoe,  bat  mainly  booanse  of  tltL'ir  oai- 
nence  in  ihcir  several  professiona,  in  whteb  to  be  eminent  is  of  iurif 
an  evideoce  of  seientifio  ehaneter  and  of  extendre  scientific  knovf- 
«dg«.     It  may  indeed  be  taken  as  beyond  question  ibat,  to  obtain  t>^ 
retain  a  leadiiif;  position  id  a  seientific  profession  need^.  nmoD};  otkT 
tilings,  tbe  poMossion  of  bigb  wicntifio  attainments.    I  say  amoog  t^i" 
tbingtf,  for  without  moral  qualities  in  n  notable  de^^ree^  sympalby.*^ 
durance,  courage,  jadgment,  and  good  faitb,  no  aucb  profMBtoasI  M^ 
oees  IB  conceit'able.    I'rofessional  eminence  is  the  exjtreaaion  oeotNUfiv 
of  aeicntilic  ability,  but  not  of  scientific  ability  alone;.    Tbs  tolf^** 
grossing  Hoienco  of  the  atndcnt  liaa  to  bo  humanised  by  its  assodsll'* 
with  tbe  oarcM  and  wnnu,  and  tlte  dtaappmntmoDts  and  mcceasn  ^ 
an  outside  world. —  ChemietU  Netea. 


TUE  fUTSIQLOQY   OF  TIIM  J-'SHT. 


595 


THE  PHYSIOLOGY  OF  THE  FEET. 


^^■^  Bt  T.  8.  ELUS,  H.  B.  as. 

I     T^ISREGARDTNO  tlio  action  of  tbooe  paita  not  affecting  tbe  feet, 

I     -^  thn  act  of  walking  may,  u  I  think,  bo  thiu  dMcribod  ;  Tlie  foot 

I     1*1  forward  alioutd  re^ch  the  ground  wbeu  n«)krl)-  (Ut ;  tlio  to«a,  tlw 

L  '>tpas  of  feeling,  should  bo  the  first  to  reach  it,  not  ike  b«el,  whi«b 

B  ««ild  not  be  vitbout  «omo  coootution,  howoTor  slight.    The  heads  of 

H  Ito  fflttMsnul  bonfin  and  die  toe*  are  then  prt'siiol  firmly  against  tbe 

BnrfoM.    The  great-toe,  having  only  two  pbalangc!!,  in  held  down  in 

fti  whole  length,  the  flexor  tendon  being  attached  to  llie  final  pha- 

Iiax  clooe  to  the  joint  betare«n  ihem.    The  little  toea  touch  at  their 

tfpe  only  ;  their  flexor  tendons  being  atxo  attached  to  tbe  final  phalanx 

of  each,  traction  on  thvni  eauite*  n  rijiing  al  the  joint  between  tbo  two 

proiitnal  pbalangea  as  the  tips  of  the  toon  are  drawn  backward.    By 

this  amngement,  in  the  one  caae  a  firm,  solid  baae  is  formed  from 

whleb  llu' body  can  bo  propelled  onward;  in  the  other  an  additional 

bold  on  the  Eurfacc,  by  a  nidimcntary  action  or  grn^ping,  ia  afforded. 

As  the  body  is  moved  onward,  tbe  extensor*  of  the  great  and  of  the 

Uttio  toes,  without  lifting  them  from  the  ground,  where  tbey  are  held 

by  tbe  flezora,  draw  the  leg  forward,  while  the  anterior  tibial,  in  aflai«l< 

Bhg  tbis  movement,  serves  another  purpose.    It  U  attached  to  the  orown 

^m  tbe  arch,  and  in  action  tends  to  prevent  any  sinking  there  aa  the 

^■etght  of  tbe  body  cornea  upon  that  atractore.    This  purpose  is  maoh 

^loro  effectually  tervod  in  another  way  :  Uio  moRolos  of  the  calf  allow 

tbe  bovl  with  firmneM  and  precision,  but  wtthal  gently,  to  touch  the 

ground,  and  ibe  step  is  completed 

Tbe  heel  is  then  raised,  bat  the  weight  of  the  body  is  not  borne,  aa 
comtnnnty  stated,  by  the  muitcleH  acting  on  the  heel  and  by  thorn  only  : 
tbe  deeper  muscle*,  the  poNterior  tibial  with  the  long  flexors  and  the 
ODg  peroneal,  aeting  round  tbe  inner  and  outer  side  of  the  ankle 
ti*cly,  tdl  of  them  aaetst  in  raising  the  body  and  at  the  same 
hare  a  most  importnni  influence  in  maintaining  the  arch.  The 
bfaUia  posticus,  attached  hy  its  expanded  tendon  to  the  tnrstia  on  the 
bder  surfaoc  beyond  tbe  astragalus,  the  bone  on  which  the  weight  of 
body  re«la,  materially  assists  in  supporting  the  arch  from  below, 
^lo  long  flexors  paseing  beneath  tbe  aroh  from  one  abutment  to  tbe 

Rhrr  are,  in  relation  to  it,  aa  bowstringn  to  a  bow,  or  rather,  as  the 
n>  tendons  croas  each  Other,  tbey  may  better  be  compared  to  the  tie- 
^odii  of  a  roof. 

H  Tliis  arrangnnent  of  tbe  two  tendons  croesing  each  other  is  very 
Blrinai :  Uiat  going  to  the  great-toe  is  lowest  in  paanng  round  th« 
Kikle,  in  order  to  be,  as  nearly  as  pouible,  at  tbe  oxtremity  of  tl>e 
^L-^^  ■ — -■-^- 


396 


THE  POPULAR  SCIENCE  MONTHLY. 


■roll  or  bow  at  t1i4t  end,  as  ll  b  at  the  oppoeito  one  ;  if,  bowtirdn 
passed  ilirvctly  acrcMs  tho  solo  from  end  to  vw\  thi-ru  Kotitd  be  litta 
if  Any  ir*'<i  itpAOC  bEiiKitli,  bal,  U'iiig  ituhhmI  by  tk'  flt'Xtir  tungiia  dig 
torum,  wbtcb  cckdm  roand  tbc  uiiklf  at  n  liigbiT  luvvl.  it  is  so  tlrawn  w^ 
that  a  hollow  beneath  the  arch  is  formed  ;  the  ftexor  acccesorim,  V 
drawtog  back  tbe  tendon  of  tbe  flt-ior  loRgiupnU'  '  i^iirln  tl    i 

eroM  tho  orhiT  nearer  to  tbo  h«vl,  atid  ao  inorviuto*  <  u    Tl:^ 

the  fli'xoT  longiiK  pollioiii,  regarded  oi  tbe  chord  of  tbe  arc,  becona 
Ilmlf  an  are. 

The  tviidencj-  lo  juveraion  wbicb  all  these  iniisolcs,  acting  from  ^ 
inner  eitio  of  the  ankle,  might  ocL-asiou  is  corrected  hy  tlii'  long  \<*t% 
nva)  on  tbe  oa(cr  Miile  ;  it  aUo,  acting  on  tho  I>uh-  of  thu  lirtt  niPt* 
tar»al  bonn,  a  imiiit  eonaidvrably  beyowl  \Xm  center  of  grariljr.  has  J 
braoiog  action  on  tho  arch,  an  ihi-  vrHght  of  tho  body  falls  npOB  U 
In  tbtB,  too,  DO  doubt  the  small  muHcl<rfl  of  ibe  sole  assist  thoM  of  tAsI 
calf,  but  I  can  not  accept  the  convene  statement  iluit  It  is  iho  "om-J 
cles  of  Uio  Bol«  aMiBted  b^  the  tibial  mnsolcs"  which  "aro  the  actiT*^ 
agents."  The  deep  muttelee  of  tbe  calf  haw  inu«li  the  tnore  ptMl  I 
inflaence.  Tliun  it  i*  Itint  by  tlie  action  of  mutnOi'ii  ttii<  wb'il"  nf  lU  I 
stnua  which  the  weight  of  the  body  in  walking  uuuld  oiherwito  tliro*  i 
on  the  liganjeotfi  binding  the  arob  together  ts  removed,  and  any  Ittd-J 
coey  lo  flattcDing  of  it  prevented.  I 

This,  whirh  has  been  called  my  "howilring  theory,'*  is  ihevief  ll 
put  forward  io  a  little  moaograpfa,  "  On  the  Arch  of  tlie  Fool,'*  writtfn  I 
and  printed  in  IH77.  For  Tx^4t»»»n  iborotn  given  I  could  not  aooepl  the  I 
riow  tliat  the  arch  is  roaiDlaioed  by  ligaments,  or  believe  io  iho  wl 
riagc-irpring  movement  of  those  ligametitw,  yielding  10  the  weight  «i 
tfa«  body,  as  the  explanation  of  a  epringy  guil.  It  is  really  duv  (o  >h  j 
heel  being  gently  lowered  and  finoly  fKiaed,  Upon  ibis  the  gran  of  I 
walking  depends.  On  the  «anio  grounds  I  hold  th.tt  in  proper  walli^;  I 
tho  foot  does  not  lengthen.  Camper,  whoso  m-atise  is  regnrded  is  I 
classical,  but  which,  as  I  think,  contains  many  importnnt  i?rrurso(  fvt  I 
and  of  induclion,  said  that  his  knowledge  of  niiiitomy  taught  bim  dal  I 
it  did  so.  On  tbe  e«nirary,  i  believe  that  as  the  ligbtemng  of  a  b""^  I 
Mring  approximate!*  ihe  ends  nf  the  bow,  so  lli«  bowstring  -ct)<ao'  1 
ibc  fleior  mu.Hcli-n  <ni  the  arch  of  the  foot  tends  to  shorten  it.  If  '*'^  I 
ing  were  a  saeces.iion  of  standings,  Uat-footcl  alti-niately  on  n^  I 
foot,  no  doubl  there  would  be  lengthening,  as  the  ligaiucuu  <^  t''  1 
arch  yielded.  Such  a  mode  of  progrrssion  i«,wp  know,  pnsidliU;  «**  I 
Indeed,  wo  somctimw  soo  snnietliiiig  like  ii,  banlly,  hiiwev' 
oallcd  walking.  1  wonld  ask  those  wbo  believe  that  (bo  fooi 
ing  lengtliens  *'  one  tenth  of  its  length,  or  about  m  Ineh  "  (a  > '  I 

on  high  suthoritv  made  during  the  past  y<'ar).  !■  '  r  thi"     '^''—"  | 

then,  would  b«  the  condittoD  of  tbe  sole,  after  :i  ik,  fnin  f'"'  J 

tion  oausnl  by  tbe  nvoossnr}'  Miding  with  the  ii'4'i},'lii  of  a  man  l*^^! 
apon  iit    As  in  every  mih)  of  thu  onlinary  march  of  lOldkn^^H 


TME  PBTSlOLOOr  OF  THE  FEET. 


I  Ikao  ■  Uionsancl  slepa  are  taken  on  each  foot,  the  ronult  would  not  be 
I  phmot  ev«a  to  imagine. 

I  The  podition  of  tlie  foot  i«  iraportaaL  To  turn  out  tbe  loee  seems 
I  Id  nil!  to  bo  not  only  untrtif  to  nuiuiv,  bni  tbjcctionsblo  m  well  aa 
I  iMltgitit.  Camper  regarded  it  as  inoonieetably  ibe  proper  position. 
I  Forihefollowiiig  reasons  I  believe  tbat  the  toea  ahoold  be  directed 
I  fonrard,  the  inner  maiKins  of  the  feel  parallel :  It  la  desirable  tbat  the 
I  fn^iiilMoa  of  the  body  onward  from,  and  cunsoquent  thrust  backward 
1 40,  tba  foot,  and  •-cpvcially  on  tlie  great-toe,  abonid  bo  in  the  dtrfction 
I  o{  ib  kogtli  ntlia-r  tlian  obliqaely  acroaa  it,  not  only  aa  giving  a  Grmor 
I  karing  from  which  to  propel  the  body  onward,  but  as  diminishing  the 
\  friction  on  the  sole  and  consequent  tendency  to  foot-sore.  Iliis  applies 
I  lito  to  the  smaller  toc«  in  a  less  dcgrc«.  Tl>o  long  axes  of  all  the  tO€f 
I  PWlJMwl  backward  ROCm  to  nonverge  on  the  heel.  By  Htaiidiiig  with 
I  the  bare  foot  and  apringiug  forward  it  can  readily  be  aeeo  bow  mnch 
[  Bm  ttsdeocy  there  is  to  slide  on  tbe  aole  when  tbe  foot  to  turned  out 
I  tkn  when  it  is  directed  forward.  In  the  latter  ptwitioo,  too,  tba  arcb 
Ibmnch  more  firmly  braced  up — a  fuel  recognized  by  surgeons  who 
aJrise,  in  C3«*<)<  of  flat-foot,  tliat  the  too  xhoiild  bo  directed  invranl 
i  nthir  than  ontward.  In  standing,  the  everted  position  is  not  nior« 
itibk  When  a  body  stands  on  four  points  I  know  of  do  FeaiwD  why 
It  iboatd  stand  more  firmly  if  those  pointM  he  ime<jually  dixpiiwd.  The 
1  tndmej  to  fall  forward  would  seem  to  be  even  increased  by  widening 
I  Aa  dauaca  between  tbo  points  in  front,  and  it  is  in  this  direction  that 
I  faHi  awst  commonly  occur. 

I      Tbcae  who  kwk  on  tJie  human  foot  aa  fully  partaking  of  the  beauty 

I  of  vhich  artiata  in  every  age  have  regarded  tbe  human  body  to  be  the 

I  ^bat  expression,  ought  not  readily  to  admit  (hat  the  boot  which 

^  coofonus  to  its  outline,  reveals  its  features,  and  exprenea  ita  Icad- 

■I  cbttact«niilic»,  will  re<|uirc  an  apology  for  want  of  elegance.     I, 

I  *  lay  rate,  can  not  admit  anything  of  the  kind.    Tlii>  human  foot  iiy 

I  '■■nonr,  an  object  of  far  more  than  the  ordinary  interest  belongingf 

I  la  «wy  part  of  the  human  strucinre.     In  the  monograph  already 

f  *M)CQed  I  ventured  to  suggest  that,  anatomically,  there  ia  no  more 

^*AiA  distinction  between  man  and  the  lower  animals  than  is  to  be 

'*U4  in  tbe  special  development  of  the  foot. 

However  mnc^h  wc  may  regard  it  a.i  in  itself  calling  for  admiration 
"^icogont  of  ils  Illness  for  the  purposea  it  has  to  fnlfill  and  for  others 
"  laiy  (m  occasion  serve,  the  human  foot  is  far  more  remarkable  as  ao 
*^piatioD  of  the  mammalian  ty^,  modi&ed  to  aiiit  a  puqMHO  kindred 
^  ^  Wt  differing  from  that  which  the  corresponding  member  supplies  in 
>r  animalx.  The  heel  has  its  «p(><:t:d  form  and  significance  in  that 
only  haa  one  adapted  for  crushing  an  offensive  object  beneath  it. 
>  large  aite  and  important  function  of  tbe  great-loo  is  also  a  spo- 
ban;an  feature  In  the  mammalian  typical  limbs  tbeboooaof 
I  hiail  and  foot  (or  ratber,  lo  avoid  confasion,  in  four-banded  or  four- 


398 


THE  POPVLAR  3CIEXCE  .VOA'TUli'. 


footed  animalfl,  manu*  and  jmm)  kto  omiiRvd  oa  a  nnUorni  pba:  U 
Mch  fivtt  digits,  tbc  Dm  having  ivo  phxlftogM  and  lliu  otlrni  ihM 
The  fini  dij^it  U  geoenUj  Attnnufttvd,  oft«n  npprcaiei],  bgt  vlMunr 
H  c]ci»ts  it  liaa  two  phalanges  only. 

This  canons  diffcT«noo  is  nowbere,  «o  far  aa  I  know,  nplaimd.  1 
OAD  not  dtMcovcr  tfaat  any  animal  (b<-low  man),  roccot  or  (ceiAl,  etiM 
or  ha«  cMKted  from  the  timw  of  llio  Triaa  fornutUont  till  now  In  wtuA 
this  arrsngement  lias  appearod  to  be  esaeutial.     It  may  bo  o(  hnm 
advantage  in  tbe  quadnunana,  and  doubtless  the  Itnman  baod  ii  Ita 
bettor  Rtted  for  its  fanotions,  bat  it  seems  to  ue  to  be  mnch  monxlifr 
oatt  to  inugioo  it  possible  for  any  other  arrAngcnipnt  to  exist  to  tfa> 
foot  nnlcsii  the  whole  srbvmoof  it,  so  to  r^pLik,  wcro  changed.    Ill* 
essential  that  the  only  Joint  in  the  grcat-toe  should  Iw  drawn  tatitt 
ground  by  the  strong  flexor  tendon  attached  to  the  Una]  phalanx  cImS'' 
to  Jt ;  if  another  joint  existed  it  mast  rise  up,  as  occiin  in  ili»  olW 
toea,  and  the  solid  bearing  would  be  lost.     Apart  from  this,  it  nmt 
be  adniiltod  that  it  ii)  mainly  due  to  tlw  special  dereloproent  of  tbs 
great'toe  in  a  line  with  the  long  axia  of  the  foot  that  man  is 
to  exerciso  the  attribute,  in  all  ages  regarded  as  a  noble  one,  of 
Ing  erect.     Yet  this  special  feature  is  the  one  which  the  oonvi 
boot  does  most  to  concra),  and  in  direct  proportion  as  it  is  snooeMfuIly 
eonmaled  the  wearer  is  supposed  to  bu  drvsMfd  in  good  taste.    It  wodd 
aeem  to  be  re^rded  as  necessary  to  rednoe  tba  foot  to  oven-aided  ipa- 
metfy  ;  but  there  is  no  law  of  beauty  which  rotjuirca  thbL    Mr,  Bn*- 
tin  assuredly  would  not  say  that  it  is  in  any  of  "  the  etenial  canoas  ut 
lovelineBs  "  decreed  that  an  object  to  be  beautiful  mtiet  be  nymncui- 
«bL    An  arobitect  roi^iiirod  to  provide  mors  space  on  one  than  on 
other  side  of  a  building  would  not  seek  to  eonceal  or  flv«a  to  mini: 
the  difference  ;  he  would  seek  ratber  to  a<:oeiituate  it.  and  gin 
two  sides  of  the  structure  distinctive  features.    To  me  It  appears  tldi 
it  is  on  this  principle  only  that  a  boot,  to  be  at  once  useful,  graerful 
•od  appropriate,  can  be  de^ip^ned. 

Moreover,  the  tense  of  symmetry,  natural  and  reasonable  obf" 
the  tame  function  has  to  be  prrfonnod,  bt,  or  onghl  to  be,  sstil6sd  bf 
the  exact  cormrpondence  of  the  two  feet,  which,  taken  Jointly,  nisj  1* 
described  as  the  two  halves  of  an  uneqnslly  expanded  dumc,  imir>' 
larly  extondod  at  the  base,  the  greatest  extension  l>eing  in  iho  iiiic  'f 
the  greatest  expansion  of  iho  dome,  through  which  line  the  din*'* 
nms.  The  divtdingdlnc  thus  makes  the  margin  of  tJM  two  feet  (vn^ 
lei  to  each  other.  It  may  be  tliat  the  inner  margin  of  the  grol-t*^ 
if  produced  backward,  would  fall  a  little  distance  from  the  inner  i^ 
of  the  hcoL  A  perfect  adult  foot,  in  which  the  great-toe  b  not  ••* 
never  has  boon  diverted  outward,  and  in  which  there  has  been  so  <^ 
•eqnent  thickening  of  the  largo  joint,  ts  not  easy  ui  lind.  In  chlUi* 
the  inner  line  is  often  visibly  oonc«vc.  It  may  bo  ivmarked  ih*t  _ 
rest  the  groat-toe  is  everted  as  veil  aa  drawn  upward,  in  which  f*' 


i 


TJiH  PHYSIOLOGY  OF  THE  FJiET, 


399 


Uie  toes  are  usnally  jnoked  in  a  Ughl,  mediDrn>poIii(«d  boot ;  it  in 
tborefore  in  aciiou  u  the  toe«  we  pressed  ftgainsc  the  ground  tliat 
full  eztvnt  of  thp  approximation  to  a  straighl  inner  line  is  seen. 
In  tbo  boot  il  tx  of  fir«t  importnnoo  tbu  tho  >olc  (tcchnicaliyt  the 
In  front  of  tbe  Itolluiv  or  "  waiht ")  alioald  allow  tliu  grLtt-loo  to 
iD|iy  its  natural  position  ;  it  must,  therefore,  b«  straigbt,  or  nearly 
DO  the  inner  margin ;  bnt  it  is  of  little  use  to  provide  tbe  room 
hu  given  onle«s  it  bo  oconpied  ;  tlie  foot  mast  be  invitvd  to  occupy 
b;  ^ving  ptoRty  of  room  in  thi.'  upp«^r  Icailier  on  rliia  Bido.  Il  is 
iiu  that  wlicrv  a  llcxiblu  material  is  fixixl  on  both  sides  and  left 
>WMB,  it  oan  bo  dmwn  farthvAt  from  tlio  surface  to  wbich  it 
ibod,  in  a  line  midwity  between  tbe  fixed  parts.  For  this 
tli«  higbest  part  of  the  foot,  wbich  is  on  tbe  inner  side,  will,  in 
have  some  tendency  to  go  to  the  middle  line  of  the  boot 
noat  room  c«n  be  made ;  this  tendency  is  largely  and  novd- 
•^ravatvd  by  the  high  ridge  of  thi;  last  being  along  th«  mid- 
^0  iaitca*!  of  bving  on  tba  lancr  margin.  But  not  only  ought 
>iMm  tbrro  given  to  be  mnofa  more  according  aa  the  foot  projects 
upward ;  it  ought  to  be  proporltonally  more.  I  have  in- 
that  tbe  foot  doea  not  lengthen  in  walking,  bat  rather  sborlcns. 
ibortening,  due  to  tlu>  powerful  action  of  the  long  flexors,  causca 
!  toot  to  riM*  across  tbc  middle,  tfao  rii<ing  being  almoat  entirely  on 
iaiier  side,  llerc,  tberoforr,  oror  (not  by  the  side  of)  thu  ball  of 
gmt-toe  is  special  room  required.  Tfie  lateral  thrust,  too,  already 
of  as  eonse<|aenl  on  turning  out  tbe  toes,  tends  much  to  dia- 
llie  foot  and  to  throw  it  against  the  outside  of  tbe  boot.  Toe- 
also  are  objectionable,  as  giving  the  most  room  in  the  middle  line 
I  inviting  tbe  greaMoo  to  occupy  \haX  position. 
No  uM-ful  or  omimcnlid  purpose  is  served  by  leaving  spaco  unoc- 
lied  round  tbe  outer  margin  of  the  mIc  opi)o«ite  the  little  toes,  as  if 
rere  necessary  to  make  the  two  sides  of  the  boot  to  match,  Xo 
le  existing  in  nature,  none  should  be  represented ;  tbe  outline  of 
wlo  of  thr  boot  should  conform  to  that  of  the  foot. 
If  it  bo  trne,  as  already  sUtM),  Dial  grace  in  vralking,  as  well  as 
prapulaion  of  tbe  body  onward,  and  maintcnanc«  of  the  arch  ia 
Ing,  are  all  due  to  tbc  free  action  of  the  flexor  mnscles,  letting 
beel  down  with  gentleness  and  precision,  and  raising  it  with  firm- 
End  vigor,  it  follows  that  none  of  these  can  be  if  t)ie  boot  pKVCDt 
JmoI  from  going  down,  a  ncccHsury  aotocedeiit  to  springing  op.  A 
tberefore,  if  any,  is  imperative.  The  perfect  boot  should 
Nor  can  tbe  free  action  of  th«  flexor  mu»clea  have  full 
to  draw  the  toes  to  tbe  ground,  if  the  sole  be  tamed  up  at 
tOIW,  Hperaally  if  il  be  a  stiff  one.  Some  turning  up  will  eomo 
valking,  however  good,  bnl  there  is  no  reason  why  it  should  bo 
iTstod  by  having  the  boot-but  so.  lu  il  the  solo  shonld  be  flat 
and. 


TBM  POFVtAB  SCTM^tCM  MOSTffir. 


'  ifcM  b(»o«i  vitl 
'  gJTV  1^  fwl  »  pi|r>oe-tocd 

71m  »  Mt  •hupMbrr  do*  to  ihti  ejo  Imdj;  aon 

ylWCfc     It  ia.  I  or.  uiainljr  dur  i^  i 

Aayi— pii»i«»  tine,  U  brn  or  a 

ainjt  canM  Ctdm  tb»  Ttvat  of  tbc  fcf;  to  n  nnitnl  piial 
-  ^ffv^  tt  ik>  fooL    The  cTe,  fallitig  cm  thb  linn,  in 
It,  l&d  to  (lif  tiJM  lb«  CroDi  part  i 
pMlioa^  tba  largtr  on  ilip 
if  A>  Em  <rf  iImi  Imm  or  mmid  be  kvjti  i 
»•  tb>  &tt  af  iW  long  mXHamit  t«ulo« — in  oltin-  wordu,  ab 
c<  iW  tidgiv  tk>«*  wiriri^  oat  a  diMtiiotiTo  fm 
•AMbranond. 
la  propv  wsttia^  wUcb  mb  not  be  doM-  in  ad  hnivoper  j 
1 «( ika  feat  oa  lb*  •ol«  sad  of  the  Iui4tf  on  tb«  gmund ' 
I  to  •  wiaimam,  lfa«  nle  being  prwfd  iLgnitwt,  not  ni1>lM<d  i 
tft*  nftea.     Tbift  k  Anva  br  tlie  titv  liltli;  wraring  of  tlir  1 
:  it  doM  l^ie  traVi  it  ebnuM  bi-  at  an  oval  »\hh  a  Ut 
,  tba  Burgn  of  tbt  aokt  aodrr  thr  midilli!  Joint  or  tliv . 
*w.     TIm  ■•  lb*  hat  poiai  lu  letvt  tbv  grunnd  in  wulkr  :: 
I  tk«  gnMeat  icDdoMT' lo  sImIo  oq  the  Mirfavc  . 


lb*  ynat  Ijm,  is  asy  bol  tbe  moat  perkrt  feet  now  to  }m  f<) 
b  w  MaSr  dhotod  notvard  tlut  bocIu  and  etoc)iJn)*8  with  »  (tnl^ 
laacr  Kaa  an  vary  ilninbla  ;  lodnid,  do  utbcn  can  be  curl  to  i 
lb*  SmL    Wban  ai^  cooddcnUa  dbtorttoD  exiMa,  a  wfiania  i 
<h»  gwaj  tot  ia  aawty. 

F«t  tba  t— auna  fiv«n,  a  hot  sboaU  bare  t)»e  inni>r  maipti 
a  »  ia*  "wilb  Iba  imMr  eUc  of  tbe  beel,  and  joining  in  front  I'f  < 
vmbAi4  *■■'*  *  lc*iff  CSIT0  on  Hm  oBltr  margin,  whrrv  no 
aboaM  b*  alwvaw    Hw  aolo  aboold  hv  (Ut,  U)ucliing  tbv  b«Bc-1ia>  I 
ftiaL    TW  lUdnat  pan  (higbrel  verdeall}-)  should   lliroti;;ha«l 
tm  tfca  i—ar  win^a.  aapecAally  alwve  the  liull  or  t' 
biwta abooM  bav«  bw beab— to  b«  periMrt,  oono.     i         i  <<< 

af  «b;  f«w|aeaaaaaMiB  down  the  front  ehntild  Ix-  in  n  liiip  oormp 
^  Witb  iba  iSBcr  nnrf^in  of  thi'  Toot  along  thu  highimt  piirL 

,  if  poaribla^  be  laft  on  ihv  liut  for  a  cuDoidi-ralilp  tlv&l 
tbt  Mndracy  of  tbe   )t-ftt)ii-r  it>  recoil  uTlcr  tl 
■irrtcbton  IB  «blcli  it  baa  been  aabjected^  and  «o  lo  6x  it  bi 


SKETCH  OF  FRANK  BUCKLAXD,  401 


8EETCH  OF  FEANK  BUOKLAND. 

CIS  TREVELYAN  BXTCKI^XD,  who  wan  almost  miiror- 
[ftlly  known  aa  Frank  Buckland,  was  iht  eldest  son  of  Canon  Will- 
Itucklao'l,  of  ChriBt  Chnrch  Cnthcdr.1l,  Oxforil.  afterward  I>ean 
c»tmin»ter,  and  author  of  tlkC  "  Buckland  Bridg««-at«r  TvcatiM," 
bom  in  Oxford,  Decemlx-r  17,  18S0.     He  attonded  sohool  at 
ntock,  in  Norlhamplonsliiiv,  and  H)>rnt  t«ro  jreare  with  his  nnele, 
lev.  Jehu  Buckland,  at  Lalefaam  School,  near  Ckertecy  ;  attended 
ibcet«r  College,  where  Dr.  7llob«rIey,  afterward  Biiihop  of  Salia- 
was  heail-maatcr,  from  I'^SQ  to  1644  ;  and  in  tb«  latli^  yi'ar  ro- 
Chrirt  Church  College,  Oxfctrd,  where  be  took  bin  baobclor'H 
te  in  IH48.     He  then  entcrix)  upon  the  studj^  of  surgery  at  "&%, 
gt'it  lloiipital ;  passed  the  Collef^  of  Surgeons  in  1861 ;  and  h»- 
hoaM-surgeon  at  that  institution  in  May,  1S5i.    In  18M  h«  waa 
Red  aauMtant-lurgiion  to  tho  Second  Lifv-Guard*.     In  1^00  he  np- 
for  promolioD  to  «  full  «urgeon«y ;  but  a  rulo  was  adopted,  dif- 
I  from  the  old  tradition  of  the  Guards,  tliat  medical  officers  ebotild 
tomoted  OM  vacancies  <>courrc<l  in  the  Mme  rej^iment,  by  which  pro- 
was  maile  to  go  hy  seniority  in  the  brigade  or  at  tlic  diitcT«tion 
10  c«tonel ;  and  the  preference  wa«  given  to  an  aefiittanl-fiurgcaii  of 
■landing  from  another  regiment.     Disappointed  hy  linn  action, 
fbcountged  by  the  growing  metvm  of  hts  literary  uid  Hciontific 
r,  BackliM]  n'oignivl  ImcommiMJon  in  1863,  and  devolcx!  himvctf 
■rdor  to  what  wan  to  be  hia  life-work  in  natural  hiatory  and  litera- 
"Fisb-cullnTG  was  henoeforwanl  his  chief  pursuit,  and  his  life 
ne  one  of  incessant  activity,  bodily  and  mental ";  but  every  fact 
ifeti-<I  with  nature  wan  interenliug  to  bim,  and  wax  held  worthy  to 
Mmnnicatnl  to  other*,     lie  had  hogun  to  write  in  1853,  for  peri- 
iboae  articles  which  were  afterward  published  collectively  in  bis 
iriosities  of  Natural  Hiatory."    In  18RC  a  third  series  of  this  work 
pahlUhMl,  and  Buckland,  nmociatcd  with  some  fricndii,  otartcd  the 
■hUcal  "  T^tid  and  Water,"  of  which  bo  waji  the  itixi>iring  genius 
^Kinie  of  his  death.     In  1^7  be  was  appointed  one  of  the  [wo 
PHon  of  Fisheries  for  England  and  Wales,  succeeding  Afr.  Freder- 
!dfin,  one  of  the  inspectors  originally  appointed  under  the  Salroon- 
)riea  Act  of  Isfll.     Thi»  position  he  bcM  and  worked  in  for  the 
bclor  of  hi*  life      He  shunned  no  expofiire  in  the  execution  of 
ivorito  jianuiits,  but  rather  courted  It,  and  professed  to  enjoy  get- 
wet,  whether  by  l>eing  rained  open,  or  by  wading  uj>  to  hiH  neck 
Iter  while  searching  for  eggs.    Too  many  of  the«e  exposures,  and 
Kuness  in  imliilgiiig  in  them,  bronght  on  the  illneKS  which  proved 
to  him.     Tie  died,  of  dis^'Oao  which  had  Wgun  with  an  inflamma- 
of  the  lungs  nearly  two  years  before,  on  iho  I9lh  of  December, 


401 


TOS  POPULAR  SCSSNCS  MOXTHLY. 


Suoh  ii  «  ikfllctfltt  chronology  nt  a  Mtr  tbiin  wbicli  noet  SAfl 
nctivo,  vuivil,  oiid  lutcfnl,  U  rMorUvd  iu  Nciuiilific  lilograpby.  V<^H 
not/  of  tbt}  livw  uf  inmiii'  miii  uf  scieuoo  m  have  to  tw  uuitM^H 
«  ftkeltttoD  almott  m  nwagiT  as  this  ;  but  b«ppUy  tbu  ia  not  >U^H 
vritli  Pruik  BucklaitiL  Ue  bu,  in  Ibe  pB|><in  ccnntitiitiiig  lib  ^H 
rioiltict),"  and  in  "  Land  oiti  Wator,"  no  n>vcalmt  him»df  In  t>'*f^| 
life,  with  Ilia  Uioagbu,  fvcliug*,  suJ  |)Hrpo«4>t^  and  bia  fricodi  ■■^^1 
brolbn-to-law  wlio  luu  propajvd  bis  biograpliy  liave  gi«vo  ncb^H 
deacriptiODM  of  Itim  aa  tlujy  mv  bim,  tbai  Uio  man  U  nuule  lo  iflf 
out  U-fur«  OS  almoat  aa  in  bb  very  lif«  and  petBOoality.  J 

From  tbc««  eoiirces  ve  IcAm  that,  vhcn  wciglicd  ihoTtly  attdH 
birth,  tlie  infant  l-'nuk  was  funnil  tu  bu  bcavior  than  llto  \vg  of  n>^H 
pnvtiU'<d  for  tliD  family  dinnvr  of  tbat  day  ;  and  llial  a  biTcli-tfM  isl 
planted  in  bonor  of  bi«  an-iTal,  tbo  taslo  of  tbe  twigs  of  «liii|iH 
Imranl  lo  know  well.  HU  rarly  yean,  aa  deocribed  In  hia  nidi^^ 
journal,  reflated  in  minixnre  bis  character  Iu  matuivr  life.  For  bnl 
cspvcially  of  natural  biatory,  be  bad  from  obildbood  a  moil  unatiMU 
memory.  At  four  yean  of  age  he  began  collecting  ii|K)ciutciis,  sod  M 
tOT«n  he  ooounenocd  a  journal.  Earlier  than  tbis,  iii  two  awl  ijU| 
yean  of  ag;e,  *'  be  would  have  gone  through  all  ibe  natural  hnH 
books  in  the  Radcliffe  Library  without  making  an  error  in  nuMallS 
a  parrot,  a  duck,  a  kingfisher,  aa  owl,  or  a  vuldiro."  ItVbtD  kMH 
four  yean  old  a  clergyman  brought  to  Dr.  liucklatid,  fn>m  a  M^| 
arable  distance,  some  "very  corioas  foasila."  Tbi-y  were  sbom  ti 
tlw  child,  who,  not  yet  able  to  spi-ak  plainly,  said. "  Tbcy  a»  iheTtflM 
bra  of  an  ichtbyoMtmia."  At  Uiree  years  of  aga  hia  molbrr  ooua 
get  him  to  leani  nothing  by  rote.  Ilia  ntinti  was  alwnya  at  vol^H 
what  be  aaw,  and  be  was  very  impatient  of  doing  that  which  «^H 
manifest  to  hia  sensea,  yet  he  was  not  eonsldered  pretnaiure.  Ba  M 
celled  in  ajiparently  strong  reasoning  powers^  and  a  most  taasoM 
nentory  as  lo  factK  lie  was  always  asking  qugstiotia,  and  nnver  M 
got  till)  answers  ho  rMeived,  if  tbey  were  snob  as  ho  could  caia|M 
bend.  And  ho  was  always  wanting  to  toe  everything  donst  or  Hi 
know  how  it  was  done  ;  and  was  never  bappy  nnle«a  he  could  we  tM 
relation  between  cbunp  and  cffecL  I 

It  waa  not  fiuq)rijiing,  aa  Buckland'a  biographer  remarks,  Ibsl  li>l| 
loTO  of  nature  should  grow  with  bia  growtJi,  tor  it  was  inherittd  \tmi 
both  parents,  and  waa  encouraged  by  every  oasociatiun  <>f  bis  T^^X 
"In  bis  early  borne  at  C'hritit  Clinrch,  beetdes  the  stuffed  crattu**! 
wbicb  shared  the  ball  with  the  rocking-horae^  tbero  were  cacei  Wtfl 
anakcs,  and  of  green  frogs,  in  iJie  dining-room,  whcra  the  sidebtMH 
groaned  under  Hucoossive  layers  of  fossils,  and  the  caudles  ttuolfj 
tchtbya!>auri'a  yertelirn".     tluinen-pigs  weni  fi'  ■-'  '■'I 

tabic.     In  the  stable-yard  and  large  wood-houM  ..ifll'ij 

Guinea-piga,  and  ferrets,  hawks,  and  owls,  tbo  mag]iie,  and  iIm  f"-'! 
daw,  bcbidca  dogs,  caia,  and  poultry,  and  in  the  garden  were  lbs  loct<i'4 


SKETCH  OF  FSAXK  BUCKLANB.  403 

vbiMe  back  tho  cbildrea  woaM  stand  to  try  itit  itlrongtli),  and  toads 

in  Tartous  [wtK,  to  (c^t  tbe  Initli  of  their  8uppo«ed  life  in 

ThcD  tJiere  were  tiic  Ti«ita  to  tho  moBeum,  and  the  aftvr- 

ivo,  with  which  the  huat  for  fiomo  natural  object  waa  UEoally 

MClAtMl. 

At  Winchester,  be  waa  koown  aa  "a  boy  utterly  iodifTorcnt  to  per- 
DDil  sppcarauce,  but  good-tempered  and  eccentric,  with  a  small  mu- 
cum  ID  his  eleere  or  cupboard,*'  an  raport  hand  in  aJdnning  badf^ra, 
U)S  etc..  "and  aJiiO  Kctting  winM  at  Blue  Gate,  for  cats."  A  echool- 
illov  who  dept  in  tbe  next  bed  to  him  naed  to  oluervc  htm  *'  to  gel  up 
tbe  middle  of  the  night,  and  designedly  in  half-darkness  carefully 
bd  two  fagot  Bticks  together,  for  the  purpose,  as  he  sud,  of  aocus- 
Dmisg  fainieelf  to  be  called  up  as  a  ourgeon,  half  asleep,  to  do  some 
rttnooal  duty  under  adverse  circumMtoncos."  So  we  nuy  follow 
I  loriog  bis  four  years  at  this  achoul,  exmictiiig  tbe  poi»oD-fangs 
nnn  iddcrs,  dissecting  cata,  and  even  sQcoesafolIy  attempting  the  eye 
t&c  warden's  dc»d  mastijEf.  With  his  good-humor  and  spirits  and 
nnifonn  amiability  and  obliginguviw,  be  became  the  most  popular 
•f  ID  the  school.  "  Food  of  schooUwork  bo  was  not,  but  Iw  did  M\i 
>ty  faiilr,  got  through  his  'oonMrucs'  somohow,  und  ground  iho 
tgihtioo  grist  of  dreary  Greek  and  Latin  vem.  Neither  did  be  care 
'{amea."  Toward  the  end  of  bis  scbool-dars  his  anatomical  eiud- 
jplarged  their  ecope,  and  ho  undertook  fragment*  of  humauity, 
^■be  obtained  secretly  from  lh«  hospital  and  secretly  diasected. 
^B^  life  at  Oxford,  Dr.  Liddoii  obxon'c*  that  there  hung  an  odor 
^0|ical  science  about  his  rooms,  "  which  incroasod  as  you  got 
Ivcr.  If  you  passed  through  the  onler  room  into  the  study,  j'ou 
Mad  the  occupant  surrounded  by  friends  and  playmates,  irrational 
khmsau,  and  deep  in  svicntifio  investigation  after  his  own  fashion, 
Aiehibe  it  obserrctl,  was  s«  industrious  as  it  was  irregular.*'  His 
tUon  did  not  ibcn  a|>preciato  tbe  reality  or  value  of  the  work  he  was 
Dgifed  in,  "  or  that  he  was  in  fact  educating  himself  much  better 
jIBaost  of  na  were  doing."  Ilere  we  &nd  a  friend  visiting  him  at 
H|)ns  having  to  tuck  tip  bis  legs  on  the  sofa  to  k«>p  tbe  jackal, 
Rm  is  prowling  about  the  room,  from  biting  them,  while  the  jackal 
kuts  himself  upon  the  Gulnco-pigs  under  the  sofa ;  and  we  are  inti«- 
Bced  to  Tiglath>pile3«r,  or  Tig,  the  pel  bear,  who  attracted  tbe  notice 
Itht  Britisb  Association  in  1S4G  as  a  guest  in  cap  and  gown  at  tbe 
Irden* party,  where  be  was  introduced  to  Sir  Charles  Lycll,  Princo 
hgiao,  Slilne-Edwardf^  and  Sir  T.  Adand,  and  w»>  mounvrizcd  by 
1(4  llovg^ton. 

I  BneUaad's  lint  article  was  pablisbe<l  in  18>52,  after  tbe  author  had 
Impted  an  unaneeeasful  paper  on  the  muxclee  of  tbe  arm.  Mr. 
Bate  Cooper,  the  Queen's  oculist,  called  at  the  deanery,  and  was  in- 
^Bown-staira  to  see  the  pet  ratSL,  Frank  took  them  out  of  tlic  cago 
^Brnoe,  aad  dtwcribud  in  a  most  interesting  way  tbe  babita  and 


leiogy. 


wetmiOmmaaf  tht 
tW  fnid  cxnnaoa 


Owtm  m 
^  Uj-  maid  t^r  «p"  for  the 
fiaea  m  le  be  of 

olgnhpai  warned' 

Tht  jtar  1809  wm  St&tgaSa^ri  torSoAhoi  br  ibe  teutli  vUeh 
he  pKiHnt«d  ia  pcnoB  for  fovrtM*  dsji,  is  tbe  v«dU  of  8l  XvliBV 
ia-tbe-I'^dili^  fortbebodf  of  JobBHtiaier,tbefotha-af  nodcnipbjB-^ 
ologf .  vfaicb  be  foaod  st  hM  on  the  @d  of  Pebnoy.  He  took  I 
frieode  down  to  eee  it,  ladBdiBfc  Prafeesor  Oren,  «be  expnetcd  I 
Mif  atadi  picaaed.  "I  wuAI  eonld  bm  ande  a  abeccb  of  bim," U^ 
writ««,  "  with  his  band  on  the  coffin,  looking  tbonc;hlfalty  at  it ;  i> 
would  hare  mado  an  pxccUpnt  sutijcct.''  The  cofia  wss  afterward  re- 
intcTTed  in  WontmiiisttT  Abbey.  In  the  same  year,  tbe  idea,  etiricd 
oot  aonipwhat  later,  of  fonoing  the  Ac«limatization  SociMy,  wia  •og- 
gfst«d  to  liim  aft«r  eating;  a  dinner  of  eland  or  Afn<ran  antrlofM^ 

Immediately  nfttr  IfSTtng  the  Iife>Gnards  bo  threv  all  bis  energy 
to  lh«  promotion  of  fi>b-calhir« ;  and  b>*  diary  is  full  of  the  ncotds 


OF  FRANK  BUC ELAND. 


V>\ 


Eui  «xperimeats  in  batcliing,  of  coo^ultatioD,  and  of  ibc  giving  of 
instniCtiODa  to  others  who  had  become  interested  in  tfae  enter]iriiii>. 
He  sboired  h»  appanlas  nnd  cxplatn«l  it  *t  tfa«  exhibtttoos.  lie  lect- 
ured at  the  Rojnl  Intttitution  on  the  subject,  nnd  gave  tbe  grave  mem- 
bers of  lh.1t  iMd)-  the  noTct  fX|H-rieiii-u  of  laughing  at  tlio  riK'y  humor 
Irfth  whic^h  tbv  iMiw  sdence  wm  explained,  "  while  the  eariiectJiew 
^rith  which  the  national  importance  of  tbe  iubject  was  cnf<Hc«d  waa 
nane  the  leaa  impresaive."  The  snbstanc*  of  this  lecture  was  after- 
ward  expanded  into  a  book  on  "Ficb-hatcliing."  He  wiw  invited  np 
into  Ireland  to  it-v  what  wiu>  tbe  matter  with  Mime  ulmofi-fiHlieriM  in 
Gslway.  Seeing  a  very  tine  salmon-ladder,  he  climbed  down  into  it 
and  imagined  himself  a  salmon,  congratulating  himself  on  nairow  ee- 
ca])ea  from  the  nets  and  CTOvic«s  below,  and  thinking  bovr  very  dostr^ 
sUe  it  votild  1k!  U>  get  up  to  bio  autumti  i^uartnu  in  Louglt  Currib, 
To  prawrve  and  make  popularly  vLiible  the  results  of  bis  inve^tiga- 
(tons  Into  ftdh-breediDg,  be  made  tbe  series  of  casta  of  the  roe  of  fish 
and  of  the  forms  of  fish  at  different  stages  of  growth,  which  is  exhib- 
ited at  tbe  South  Kvn»inglo»  Musctim.  Ho  next  studied  oy.iler-cullure, 
md  gave  lecture*,  Hcioniirie  and  popular,  on  tliat.  These  occupations 
fM«parc<l  llie  way  for  bis  appointment  as  Fish  Commissioner,  and  ren- 
dered it  tbe  moist  appropriate  one  that  tbe  Qovernraeot  could  make. 

lo  sindpng  the  problem  of  iieh-passcs  for  salmon,  to  n-hicb  he  gave 
a  great  deal  of  attention,  ho  made  it  a  principle  to  enter,  so  far  as  was 
posuble  to  man,  into  the  feeling*  of  a  nimon,  as  be  did  at  the  Galway 
bdder ;  and  «o  tboroughly  did  he  carry  out  the  principle  that  be  be- 
Mne  "m  an  inspector  almost  ampbibtous,  wading  the  pnoN  below  (ho 
■^rs,  and  feeling  tbe  force  and  direction  of  the  current.  .  .  .  No 
TOtider,  then,  when  it  was  publicly  stated  that,  in  bis  evidence  before 
tbe  House  of  Commons,  be  bad  leaned  rather  to  tbe  interest  of  tlto 
aiOen  than  of  the  «alnion'fiiilKTtet,  lie  prote«ted  that,  hJM  Htut<-menta 
had  eitberbeen  niiHoonstrned  or  not  understood.  'Having  placed  my- 
self aa  a  shield  over  tbe  salmon  interests,  I  have,  as  is  tbe  fate  of 
■birlds,  rec«ived  most  of  tbe  arrows.' "  ^tth  regard  to  tbe  cultivation 
of  tbe  English  rivers,  lie  saw  that  tlic  conllicting  interests  oould  bo 
reconciled  without  injury  lo  atiy  ;  and  be  strove  nncesiongly,  and  with 
no  little  success,  (o  propagate  the  belief  among  all  classes  that  tbey 
were  each  and  all  interested  in  the  preservation  of  salmon.  He  cod- 
ttnnally  lifted  up  his  voice  against  tbe  pollution  of  rivers,  and  told  the 
people  of  Gloucester  that  the  Chinese,  who  use  everything  in  the  way 
of  inaanre,  call  tbe  English  barbarians  becnu!«e  tlicy  pour  tbeir  sewage 
into  the  rivers.  The  beginning  of  the  illnc«s  from  which  Hr.  Buckland 
died  dat«s  from  January,  1879,  when  be  was  attacked  with  inflamma- 
tion of  the  lungs  after  baving  I>e>^n  engaged  in  packing  eggs  from 
Anstnlia  in  tbe  ice-house  of  the  steamship  Durham,  Ho  was  again 
attacked  in  November  of  the  same  year,  after  exposure  in  a  violent 
kov->torm  following  the  last  inquiry  it  was  bis  privilege  to  bold,u 


tP6 


TffS  POPULAR  SCISNCS  ifONTStY, 


nmon^  ihe  flshormcti  ftt  Croimr.    Hit  Iwt  flihory  raport  wu  | 

in  March,  Itil:*)).     It  iru  a  dDcumpnt  wliioli  bo  oiid(»von>d  t«i 

for  u  )>Of>ribIo  nil  outline  and  ^uiite  to  tUoee  vrhu  visit  in  ii])«s  op  al 

litiprovo  aalinon-fiflberics,  in  whati-viT  part  of  tli«  world  tb«j  nuib 

•ttaaiml.     l(o  wrnl  for  tlio  Inut  time  to  th(i  fldtifry-olBoe  U  Aif^. 

1HH>,  and  li-fl  hiH  liaowi  forth*  bit  time,  itti  tbc>  2lat  of  thai 

moiilb,  to  tUii  a  nvwly  arrivvd  orang-ouinDji;.     Me  contiuui'd  i"  > 

bowcTtr,  for  "  Land  and  Water,"  and  complete  a  nrw  isltli 

"  Katnral  Uistory  of  Uritisb  Fishes,"  and  a  rei  ■     '     " 

"  Kamml  IIi«lory  of  8dbomfi  "  in  tJ>e  last  mon 

airangMl  and  reviird  »  lerieii  of  articlcst  which  was  iiublUbed  ilwj 

b)«  dmth,  M  *'  Kotoa  and  Jotltngx  from  Animal  L]f«." 

UnckUud'H  JnaroaU  occasionally  Hhow  gUmit*oa  of  llio«o  tboagbHl 
and  fei-tinf^  tlint  men  do  not  utinally  talli  loueb  about  to  oUkt*  ;  lb] 
paiisagv«  nlriktngly  exhibit  bis  simple-hearted  earnvstnvM.    Tlioi,  i 
1865,  b«  iiaya  :  "  I  can  not  help  thinking  that  lh«  Almiehtjr  God  I 
givrn  m«  great  powom,  both  of  tbonghl  and  of  vty  '!<a 

ihongbta.     Thanlij  to  liim,  hot  I  mnit  ctiliivato  my  iiii:i  . 
etudy,  oareful  reflection  in  private,  and  <ioirk  apiirrhciwioo  of  faetl 
oat>of-doora,  combined  with  quick  appreciation  of  idetui  of  oth<n[ 
fact,  strive  to  become  a  ma«(«r-mind,  and  thus  able  to  iii11ucne«  < 
of  wcalierminds,  who«c*liorlcomingalniu«t  fdrgivc  ,  .  .  >VI 
I  not  imitate  the  example  of  that  grc«t  and  itluetrioua  man  t-. 
owe  »o  mnch  of  my  education  {William  of  Wykeban),  foundvr  of  i 
Winchester  School),  and  mdeavor  to  do  ai  much  good  a«  poi^bb) 
my  bumble  way  ?    I  will  therefore  begin  n<<xt  week,  and  pvt  ti|i ' 
etorm  barometer  for  the  use  of  tlie  fisbennen  at  Ileruo  Itay."    KnU 
December  IG,  IS66,  "Thanks  be  to  God,  I  have  prescT\-ed  a  •traisfalj 
conne  to  tliv  tiest  of  my  abilitieti,  and,  tbongli  I  ant  otlivrn  taking  i 
imtM,  I  think  bonewl  dealing  and  tnie  in  the  ufeiil  ballairt  to  k< 
■hip  In  trim,  tbroagh  th«  Kva  of  diflicultiMi  and  dangfm."    .Tdm  i 
Ills  foity-third  birthday,  he  wrote,  *'  I  do  not  aspiro  to  do  more  tlisa 
my  duty  in  that  station  to  wbicb  it  has  pleased  God  to  call  rat,  hot  I 
wont  to  do  it  nobly  and  well." 

There  waa  another,  a  curiosity  side  to  Fratik  TtucklamV*  charartfT. 
Nothing  wna  witlioat  interest  to  biui ;  and  be  waa  hardly  Itut  foniluf  i 
etudriiig  the  curionities  of  the  Itamnra  Miiflenms  than  tJia  ob)(cUlf  I 

natorat  faretory  with  which  he  spcnl  moat  of  hi ;<  life.     II '^  i 

i-njoycil  the  bearded  womAH,  of  whom  he  WToti' "iiiitc  Ml.  "H  i 

oo  good  Roeiftl  terms  with  Captain  Batcn  the  giant,  and  Mioa  Svia  1^*  I 
glwitcaa,  and  Mademoiwitc  JUitlif-Christine.the  "two  bt^ailcd  nigkW'' 
gale"  ;  know  nearly  nil  iho  fnl  women  and  the  other  pi.'inis,  and  fO   | 
fond  of  making  np  partius  for  tltese  people,  with  tbo  Chiiutmcn,  M'^   : 
Ksqnimaux,  Zooloos,  Siamese  twins,  taUoood    Kow-Zcahwi'I"'"-  ""' 
wbatern- queer  specimens  of  mankind  happenvd  lo  b«  out: 
ftt  the  time,  as  fcllowgucsta.  i 


consBSPOsrifSNCs. 


♦07 


COBBESFONSENOE. 


■irOBVlTT  OF  KATDBB    ASkVS. 

^^     t  Ihc  fifti  few  ptf  en  of  the  Biah- 

7  at  CirtUle'i  «anj  Ml  ike  "  UnUMv 
Niiiiri-."  la  ih«  U«l  Munbcr  of  tUf 
nilpKiofV    irilh  ■   IItdIj   njMCIMtM)  IbM 

Mm  of  the  fog  ■"^  enotmimj  IWt  baiiR- 
ta|t  arounil  the  qimthm  ^  the  dtbatort  of 
Ow'tlKUpbTtlaiUSwdMr^TrMiobealeHMl 
gpk  Utit  til  nieb  aptcutlott  ended  !>»• 
hn  I  bwl  Qniihfd  the  uticle.  niefoguid 
uwuulat;  li«e«ine  nwra  bowlUntojt  (hu 
gis  tut,  it  wtVD»  t»  me  dw  «onhj 
1  the  HaA  entirely.  U«  Ml 
I  ■<  what  VB*  vMnt  b7  the  oni- 
/  of  Xtnrt:,  (Bd  Mttrvd  at  the  «<»• 
^ba  iliat,  aulalde  of  otfeMl&l  lootbaalia, 
I  (■eMiaMWU  lUsplj  UDcbongiableiuHa 
I  «BathCT,  imifonnilT  in  the  dlrettioo 
,  in*a>ubleniai  l>  the  form  and 
tbwlH>,ctc.,  And  ««a  Ihenfore  a 
|'o(  o>lf  a  <roi7  llisl(«il  applkailon. 
^kb«<v<l.lBl^  Bnl  F>U(v,  10  mbndc 
^__,  J  flol  ^^  Ni)«»«n  And  (aiiIim  of 
fynibienia  of  iWc  Ian  and  motion*  of  the 
KVMljr  bodie*,  for  tbe  ori)^  «t  the  prac- 
'  >  nBlTenal  btMef  In  ilw  Balfonnlnr  of 
1 1  Yoo  mlgkt  M  wtll  ^  back  la  uiom 
I  ori^  «I  ovr  pnftini  bdieT  In  dm- 
,1  IP^'ltf,  fnertia,  or  ia  the  Bii«tmM  of 
i  «U  Baid  mooM  tbmnelrca.  The  whole 
our  Brca  I*  predteawd  upon  oar 
\tb»  tndforaihj  of  NniUT«,  upon  the 
I  flm  buTBi,  ihai  vAi  tnmc,  thai 
J  U  alwa.T*  opi.-raiivv;  VTould  k  nan 
^Jiiii  n-ol  in  Ibe  Krannd  U  ho  did  not 
\\nt  which  garern  iM  gi«wth 
itni  OTMeonManif  Baiethe 
(bo  iiKtifr  bow  Ij^rant  ire  arc  of 
■likh  K"*''''''  *'<*<ii>  which  RQvnni 
and  wUd*  and  pttv*,  which  kot- 
I  and  ocpaMion  and  Moiieo- 
'  bees  knowB  lo  fail  I  The  mo- 
'  aneaRaiBlf  i*  diMorered    bcrv, 

'pUoMphjr  of  mccluLDiM   la  la 

Fiilm.  'BecaOM  the  weather  bi  chani^blc, 
Ien*  Iha  Mibep  iherefve  think  ihitt  the 
kwt  wkich  gDi<trn  iha  tonnatien  of  clnndt, 
>Ucb  detenubM  the  doom  of  the  Binds 
,h1  the  p*edp(tatlon  of  moiitinre  in  the 
)>a|M  of  nin  uid  •now.  arc  not  unlfonn ; 
gtrm  till-  tarn*  eoodlllniiii.  thn  name 
■ItJi  will  niK  fullowT  Would  hit  pmT 
:  rain,  «•  (i>r  ilie  rain  l<i  cwi> ;  tVoiild 
Bta}  few  the  poaijioneDWl  «f  as  eclipae  f 
rvoald  lie  m;  th*t,  bceanw  roan  haa 
i  tlie  taeo  of  the  earth,  be  ht*  no* 
fcnador  tlirt  ri)^  opontloQ  of  natnnil 
■It  lia  tiM  MToned  the  law  of  Rrar. 
Etto  Uw>  of  liooi  aaj  wid,  of  woi  and 


dry,  of  the  tidca  and  llie  acasoni  F  b  it 
not  true,  rattior,  that  ho  has  done  it  b; 
nrinly  foUowlfig  and  obcjinc  thna  Uw>  f 
A  betlat  In  die  anlfiintiltr  of  Nttui*  doea 
not  tmsan  a  bolief  in  tliv  iiiilCtiriuiiy  of  au> 
peataiicM  or  of  phcDOmtiui.  Tliu  Uw  la 
not  dliprovtd  boeuaM  Mme  of  the  wotlda 
an  large  and  •oma  unall,  tome  hot  and  wne 
cold,  MiDO  dcoM  and  •omelUn:  orbcotnae 
•oaw  admah  bavo  two  legi  ttnd  tana  tour 
or  idi,  *oma  f<aih«f«  and  aoiM  hair,  er  boi 
eaiue  aomo  erawa  at*  white  and  aoue  awaa< 
blaok,  or  heeauM  saine  Iruii  ha*  Ibe  eeed 
opoi  the  oataUe  and  wma  m  lbs  IuMsl 
Int  ihow  ua  a  caaBtr7  where  tbe  trto*  ai« 
walking  abooi,  and  the  men  arc  rooted  to  tho 
■round,  and  our  belief  la  the  uiulormitj  of 
Nature  win  at  IfaM  recriire  a  Mterc  nhoek, 
U'oiitd  not  the  tame  ocnditioB*  Ihat  ptoduca 
a  wbite  cr«w  or  a  while  nfgro  WMC  alwa^ 
ModoK  a  white  eraw  or  •  while  M(raT 
TUt.(lwa,  l«  what  wenMnnaBdimut  nwBn 
bj  the  nniformilT  «f  Xalaro,  thai,  gi<*M  tftt 
mtiiUoia,  at  tamtt  rmJIu  <tOt  •hMja 


fithu.  If  thLj  tnilh  doM  not  hold  ceoil  at 
all  tlmea  and  ta  bH  phints  theo,  inwed,  \a 
"  tho  flllirtd  flnuamrat  baiwd  upon  tott«n- 
n««s."  A  brcftch  ia  tho  unlfoniiitj  of  Na- 
ture mMM  a  breach  of  t1ii«  law.  If  Im 
•bould  fail  W  melt  in  the  flrr,  or  if  water 
■bould  ftow  uthbUI,  or  lead  *wlm  wh«te  a 
ttather  would  ilnk,  thra  wonlil  thi<  nnl- 
fonnlt;  of  Nmuiw  b«  dlnprovrd.  J(  llie 
Biabop  o(  Oarllrtc,  or  atif  ulhcr  prrtoo,  will 
make  an  aie-hcad  «wim  apoa  water,  ai  EU- 
ihadiil,  and  under  the  tome  (anditioof  that 
would  aead  the  Inm  to  the  bottom  at  all 
otlior  IlioM,  Ibm  moEt  we  either  f^n  up 
the  bolEcf  la  tho  nnUbmlly  of  Xatuio,  or 
•hw  bvlieve  In  ilie  oilK«iu!a  of  a  aot  of  law* 
whiob  taaj  be  brouKhl  to  hear  upon  mate- 
rial boiUw  hf  lb*  hiiiTWn  Bill,  (o  an  to  ro- 
T«r«e  or  annul  the  li"i'  by  whioh  Ihey  are 
onJinnriljr  gorerned.  And  the  cilncacv  of 
(uch  Uwi  aikd  of  toah  poirn  uf  ihc  hinnan 
will  U  aa  aanumpiion  which  po  aauo  nun 
can  wept. 

If  tho  nun  phoidd  fan  lo  riM  lo-moirow. 
it  would  bo  DO  brtaoh  of  the  uaifonuiiit  of 
Nuurc.  U  ilio  lun  failed  to  riar,  oouU  It  bo 
from  oilier  than  phrilatl  or  tultirat  eaoae  | 
(rnm  lh«  opornlion  of  law*  which  are  unl- 
iumi  in  llioir  wotUngaT  If  wa  Br«  to  bo- 
lieio  whdl  aftronoiDM*  tell  ttf  aixMit  the 
dliiappeanisce  of  cortoln  atara,  then  the  aun 
«i  aome  worhl  or  woiUa  ha*  filled  lo  rise 
on  Ibe  morTo*.  nave  flren  the  aame  eon- 
ditloaa,  and  wniiU  not  our  ■an  illtopptar 
aUnr  Ko;  facia  of  ibli  Und  can  doI  bo 
Nllod  apon  to  taralidaw  ib*  principle  of 


4o8 


THE  POPULAR  SCIENCE  MONTHLY. 


iIm  uaifamrilf  of  Xuuro^  But  U  Uio  ««ii 
•taod  Kin  (ur  a  monwRt,  taA  do  in-rwolu 
btf«U  tb«  ortli  at  U*  iahaUUaU,  Ibal 
woi^  inilotd  inralulite  tbc  |>riudt>!ii. 

Pittautv  auil  celd  will  liuucCy  ilr,  per- 
htp*  nttdUjt  li,  U  «iiougb  couid  be  bccwght 
w  bcur,  bat  MtUlfltd  alt  woaid  not  M  ■ 
idIimIk  lutdaa  ftrfanati  iritAvut  pSf/deat 
auam,  Ska  lb*  «aur  auil  wlno  minda  In 
Uie  Nev  T«Maa«U ;  bal  It  Iho  air  thaaJd 
(ail  (o  npiwrt  oomtiuHiMi  la  an^  ^tea 
wiMv  lutdt^Moiiitlaiu  l«  «bfcb  it  onliwjtlj 
IBjiporU  'a,  tbM  iroDliI  l)«  a  ndratb,  and 
woBlddtiprftroiliounironuliyotKalurt.  It 
la  u«i  that  «m  bdlct  In  tbe  mlfonadlj  of 
Natum  doaa  aal  hm  upc«  tha  noaa  baai*  a« 
WW  iMlM  la  Ibc  prfectiilaa  o(  tnatlianiatiM ; 
(off  fnatancct  ibot  two  panlUl  lisea  can 
■MTcr  me*!  if  liaVinlttly  utcndcd,  or  tliat 
th«  Ihrae  angli*  of  a  trlaa^  ar«  njMl  to 
t*g  riKliI  Bnglca,  txit  for  dm  owd  fin  n; 
bdjft  la  00*  l«  }aat  ••  UMMkatit*  a*  uj 
btUeT  in  tli«  otiMr.  I  ik  not  knaw,  trnui 
Gipcrienw,  that  no  paiiicie  of  Natiat  on 
be  dMtK>;«d,  aad  jct  I  bcliore  It  abaaliMcljr. 
QTa  do  Do(,  all}'  of  u«,  luiaa  from  aiperl- 
Boo*  tliat  Nsy  calaniitj  would  bBfall  the 
eafth  if  i>i«  tun  «*r«  lo  Maail  Mtll  (w  ball 
an  boiw,  let  doea  anjtodjr  dmlit  it  t 

I  iiouos  that  all  tlie  dhinoa  «bo  hare 
■pefcM  or  «rii(««  upon  ihti  «ub}M(  vHb- 
bold  tlieii  belief  in  Iha  principU  of  uat 
tonuiif,  in  onlt^r  to  mi-c  iLat  utiwr  clio. 
iabc4  ba1i(f-lb«  belief  in  the  Bibllnl  mlra- 
4<ML  ll  t*  bn«dil>lc  <irh«t  duddng  awl 
dodging  thejr  win  be  gvlltj  of,  wliat  owta- 
pbjiiloiJ  foit*  llio;  will  Mn}arv  up,  and  what 
•nonnout  aMunptioM  Ihuy  irill  «ira]lo«,  ba 
onlar  to  kcvp  Ibeir  ohUdiab  fabtee  frea  b»- 
Isg  diicraillltd.  Tlw  Utahop  of  Carllalo 
tap  (be  icicDilflc  nan  "can  well  aftord  i» 
ba  KCDunxui'*  lad  lean  lti»  thaologlaM  la 
nnaMurbtil  pOHCMlon  of  their  vwtnble 
old  BMOTcrowa;  Inii  tviawe  knoira  no  nn> 
orosiljr  bat  the  generoidiy  of  trotb.  A  nW 
cle  i>  tlia  aofipcaalon  or  onnulmnit  of  dbIu- 
ral  laT,an(t  ibtra  If  not  tbc  »ll|;lit«*t  proof, 
pbjalMl  ornotaphyeiea),  that  a  oauual  law 
cnr  ha*  be«n,  w  ctot  ean  ba,  tuapendod  or 
MUrallcd  eioevi  l>r  aODO  otber  wwl-knowB 
natontl  law,  wudi  thoa  centa  Into  plor  and 
keep*  np  tho  MniinDltr  o(  Naian ;  and  tba 
bollot  or  aaiumption  that  ibcra  lia*  been  at 
can  b«  Is  tb«  wont  kisd  of  Ittftdollty — 1»- 
lldclit*  l«ininl  Ibe  voriu  uf  One  in  nhoiB 
tbm  I*  BO  Tariiblcneai  or  Bbodaw  ut  tun)- 

tag.  JOOIH  BCMMCOMM. 

Tan  FitK.  Na*  T<u,  JtbWHtar  ».  )M. 


BClEXnriO  rBEEIXML 

rmn.sti4tn: 

I  Norm,  In  jra«r  l*Me  for  Korombor 
hat,  an  *dltiir<al  eonoMM  upoM  lb*  ouIUtde 
Hbkh  Hr.  fit.  \iwBB  IDrarl  fau  MMscd, 
In  Ida  raooot  irtMe  la  lh«  "  Nliw1«vub 


Centnrr,"  on  "  Hodrm  Catliolla  urfl 
tlAe  rrtodoffl."    I^»ullt  nc  lo 
aevnia  to  nia  an  amaeoua  inferoM* 
nirt  in  rrnnl  to  IhU  uiatur.  U> 
Mr.  Uhart'a  opinkn  is  CsiboUn    . 
So  far  from  tUl  btin»  Uiv  miir.CiM* 
Of4nloa  hold:*  Ibtf  Ur.  Ulran,  in  lb  O- 

Crttalaa  of  eadi  vie«*  a«  be  fou  ftnll  l> 
la  lata  anieic,  la  tnadiDj;  npoo  taih  ut 

hispaptTilor  '-^  Cuto- 

liua  caa  not  -'  <  iiilo  ibii- 

li«nie*to»hicti  Iil:  E-t.-,  nut  is  it  tubt^ 

rwd  tl»I  Ur.  Uiian-n  iwti'Matl  (ftfM 
tiiher  aa  aaUianUe  or  autlNtittB'*  O- 
piMifaa  of  t^tbolta  tIcw  w  wgwUa  (Wg 
or  CTolaUon,  althouftb  It  «"«  be  idaiM 
(bat  the  oittranom  vt  a  giriuUBiu  t(  It 
lU*art'«  justly  i-anwd  (KtPDiific  and  rU*- 
aophkal  niputatlon  mrril  tltc  ntnn  ntfi* 
ful  atiantioo  baI  caivful  cniiJdtfw*- 
While  il  cu  not  b«  eaid  tliat  Ut. 
(>apCT  fOnlalu  aaj  formal  burt*;, 
I*  ocfUlalT  donUfil  and  inconri* 
Ibe  «plrit  of  ib«  Chutch.  Do  baxa  tl  I 
•  pittMnwd  mkuko  on  tbe  pan  •!  i" 
aut«b  In  tho  ao«iiM  pncaliiaiilw  <■ 
Oalllea  Ur.  Uivart  <a]B>ly  lakw  Uibv 
■•tter  «f  oomae,  aB4  dooa  Mt  pirdcal 
■dranoe  ■  dnslo  aifuininit  in  (awe «( ' 
pedilon  an  can-  wav,  faufecd.  of  "On 
Infi  aild*"  Iba  objceliona  ef  all  oiipuaM 
In  Ibo  ajm  of  Oaibolltt  aad  all  iMinW 
*ltaoMe«,  (be  Cbtirch  bu  neior  nadi  W 
web  mlalabc  u  Ur.  Uliatl  nnuigi^  Ml 
»tnij,  without  due  confMoratta  a  M 
(acu  of  the  <*Mv  (npuw  to  hm. 

In  tb«  bit  piaot,  a  toadcnmctlMMtai 
(frjUrmaaloaBenralinfralnnn  tWI^f) 
bfanMlf,  and  be  prownleued  in  brief  « tiil 
at  Mail.    SeaMilj,  tbe  candcmnaika  at  •* 
aui|EM>Uan  alono  b  Undlng  Jtjtft . 
ttdrtty.  Ilwre  WM  DM  aren  Hocb  «Mitl 
Hun  «r  Iba  balloetatrte  «yfl«n  \tj  (be 
ptgatiM  of  Iba  Index.    FM*  an; 
and  the  dl^ahod  aownpttow  that  a 
*ucb  and  audi  tan  not  pati  i 
aiqMdaUtr  wban  an  aiynnrni  or  I 
Itawd  ofwn  a  alwapmcmatlon.     ^^^ 
gn^Uooal  ■— — t— "'t*--  tiHinina  B  J^^ 
moua  TDt«  br  tbe  HMtnben  of  iba  <\Bf>^  I 
Hon,  and  In  the  nw  of  ObIUw  Mir***] 
out  of  tM  cardinali  ilglKd  tb*  pafcrv^l 
dccBD^  bb  doctrhNL     FHtbtnami* 
helbMtntrk  fmam  wm  not  a  pt^"*'''* 
In  Oalileo'e  time,  bttt  neiwly  a  *di^  \ 
probabllltr  ■Ub  trfautndaaa  wtkhl  < 
tallHc  auAorUf  ^InM  It,  aad,  In  lb 
i¥itd«  ooodlikn  of  phfricnl  lmu«l> 
artisa  of  the  MNnntillnBia  In  taBw^^j 
the  iww  llieor;  oan  be  raadil;  dtM** 
npon  groamb  of  pnuiencc. 

In  cmdulov,  I  woald  Uka  to  njlif* 
atlendoa  le  n  Oagnnl  faUae;  In  11'  V'" 
l»p«r-fl  Uaador.  In4e«l,  -hich  li  "^ 
•ttmnge  that  a  oaa  of  U*  lotMil  m«^ 


I 

4 


CORRESPOyDEyCE. 


409 


v :  la  nt««ifa(  •  raariUt  ob- 
lulj,  Uiu  tb«  ipwlkm  Ui  bMd 
in  Ite  pMfiniM  «I  lb«  tapKOM 
iJ  MilMrity'd  doflatais  ira«cr— 
UUMe  Uio  Apomlim  lbU"—b« 
■t  bor  U  not  olUiiB  liiv  titfitttm 

pravinoa  to  ik«i}«  must  be 
h»t  WHkontlr.  An  InfnlUbtr  an- 
il hapi*  the  llmiu  a(  lu  revealed 
If  katluwii;  mi  aMk«  •  mlHalic 
^Og  h*  ova  timiU.  Il  in*7  mnkt 
«■  matw  of  fallb."  Now,  tlw 
■*t  Imll  or  Ht.  Ulrftrfs  pBpur 
Wtf  the  vitadol  RMUinpiJaD 
Mhal  utlMrilr  dill  noke  a  nit- 
uiHlnb^  lu  own  Umlte  tn  iho 
|lw.  ThanfoN  It  mwt  kgicallpr 
M<llag  t*  Ur.  MivHt'a  ptupou- 
mpccinp  »)  frxfariMtieil  »«thority  1 
a  mUuke  In  a  malttr  ol  tuith.  . 
i)r«:  "Men  of  »clanoe  nia;r  bara 
loplinn  ot  «li>t  Soriptiirc  m<ul 
lot  It  i*  biplralj  10  tcacb  itiui 
uifj  t«  MdHiiMitctI  amhorl. 
I  •■  O'kI  haa  langbt »  (In  thf  Id- 
falllM)  Uiai  it  b  an  to  vculwiiM- 
dfUkn*,  In*  (o  men  o(  Mionw, 
■  oooKnltlol  the  cluddaUon  of 
imlk«i>.  wtiMhar  Meh  ii<M*tiaiu 
sol  inawil  ot  hj  flntj  Scripture, 
.  **  It  nuM  bo  idniiitt*!  tliat  nxHi 
M  anomMM,  anJ  tliai  «<.vl«>ii«> 
tHr  to  blloil,  In  laicrprMlne  tti« 
Kdicd  UMnbH  of  Ood'a  wrtllfn 

fa  lb*  iIiM;  or  mM  of  Ki«iK!«, 
lo  iKdnl  oM  tiK  limit*  ut  Inlsl- 
Mtt;^.  [a  Mr.  Ulvan'i  asMrlton. 
Ilk  H  a  enntiadlcibin  to  hU  for. 
itioM,  tliat "  aa  iBlilUblaaulliority 
t  the  Snita  o(  lu  t«*e^od  nioi- 
IKonr.bi  (ba  oomtodlnn  portioa 
(K  Mr.  Ulnrt  oooll;  ktl*  lu  up 
nlM  wcloilaMlotl  amborltv  intu- 
it, and  w4lj[lM  It  In  itia  balanoe 
intilio  proboMIU;  ailh  an  loi- 
BDoe  in  (»or  oT  lb*  Ultvr,  Mr. 
«r  hantd  iracb  higio  (Ton  CUtbo- 
.  Ho  poMi  la  the  esact  attitude 
iMor  ho  M  eogentlr  anntmd  Id 
nbitt.  Tbtnfora  ief*  tiU  o*n 
lUM  upon  hlDMclf — an  hifnllibta 
MH  DOlaisI;  downainn  It*  own 

rtaptcilog  Hr,  IflTart'^  attain- 
Iko  «ltnual,  OMhoUc*  ou  uot  do 
M*  to  ihoir  faith  bbI  tbtir  t«o«OD 
tw  hbn  npott  tbt  ratli  ptoand 
p  doobt,  uow  bsilf  and  ioeon* 
Otlrw  haji  hunkd  Mm. 
Yo«r*  pc«p«««fttllj. 

OoKot  IL  Pxuxx. 
1, 0t(i>t«rIT.  IMl 


rne  oEitEsra  or  a  torvado. 

At  Oraiuu  lldghti,  \»  Cbntral  Florida, 
on  Snndar,  uoobtr  1  lib,  a  ttifl  bro«w  waa 
bloirlng  troat  tfao  Bomb,  a»  It  bad  blowa  lor 
w>nv  l-At!-^iAt  boan  prarloualy.  lla»M 
ol  I'louds  vita  fblch  tb«  airwulBdaa,B«ra 
M>uddini;  bf  Klio  Mfn  unilvr  full  tail  Sm- 
crol  liaocB  doring  the  da^  I  bad  nMed  Ibal 
on  npper  eurtvnt  «u  bconng  (he  hisber 
tlooib  In  an  cianlf  onpoalle  diioouoft. 
Dnrini  tho  ■(lornoan  tlio  upper  oBrraat 
jcradually  aattlad  doim,  mtUl  h  eitQMfl; 
oppoaod  lu  adreiMiy,  praMoting  lita  alb. 
ptiu  apMt*di-  <i[  Ivo  cloud'lailvn  oinMU 
of  lir  tusbiog  rapidlf  together  from  op- 
po>tlc  dlrKtioua.  Uj  point  of  obMmltoa 
XioSng  on  an  omliionor,  oomnundlag  on  u- 
taaaiTo  viaw  of  tlia  aonoundinx  oeunuy, 
I  bad  ■  Bnu  opportuallT  to  watch  iha  p*o^ 
MM  of  evtata.  For  p«rha|i«  bait  aa  hour 
IbcM  tiro  ait-currrala  flouted  bwjttlj^  to. 
pitliur  wtlUout  nppomit  r»ult  1  liut  pcta- 
i-Tiilr  ihure  >i'>|>nuttd  la  llie  •»(,  tcartcl;  a 
luilu  di.>lant,  nud  Juit  rbero  iho  two  cax. 
leuMcaiDo  Hgolher,  ■  Umiv  man  of  douda. 
whidi  toMCantl;  ineniaMil  in  denalty  aod 
btoclinaN.  TIm  aoulh  wind  gioi  conaianl- 
\y  loare  ptnil«l«al,  and  although  lu  tntag- 
ouiit  idiaoeO  no  tigai  at  wtahcnli^.  It  wai 
srailDall;  crowdisl  out  of  Ita  wunr  lotranl 
tbo  WM1,  and  for  a  quartor  ol  ■&  liour  the 
direction  ot  Iho  l*o  uiiTrmu  waa  aquaivl; 
at  rij^t  angtni.  Then  the  grMt  oloud-ns- 
doiia,  irldi:h  had  m  far  ttnalned  iiotian- 
ary,  bqgaa  alowlv  to  rotaic,  (bo  mm  tiind 
paana  acmu  ttio  north  iild<v  *nd  tbcnco 
arouna  lovnrd  Iha  Wdlli :  (ha  wuth  wind 
puuins  up  the  eool  tide,  imd  ihenoa  around 
lonraia  tbo  weat. 

A»  toen  aa  Iho  roIar7  tnolloa  was  «ital>- 
ilabcd,  a  profrnMEie  inotion  bcRaa.  In  a 
few  minuiM  tfao  whole  rmm  liad  morcd  ont 
of  tight  in  a  norUifrlf  dlraotlon,  and  tho 
•oulb  wtad  bad  full  mmy.  Winn  it  waa 
reponod  nut  day  llia,t  buJIiliiipi  aad  their 
ooeupanU  bad  bcon  Icjurcd  by  >  "  oiclunv." 
a  ffew  mllw  t»  the  northw&rd,  I  wan  p«- 
hopl  (be  onlf  peraon  lo  whom  tlio  newa 
waa  not  UMnwcted.  Forlinial«ty,(b»a«ilal 
nuHuntcr  ntada  lu  flnt  dcMwiit  tn  tlio  plna- 
■DOd*  baforo  atialnhie  Rn«E  TOlociiy,  and 
waa  torn  and  dlMtpalol  by  tho  fwMt  he- 
ton  It  oooid  rtbnund. 

It  aeema  ustortnnala  Hut  the  tonna 
"  tornado  "  nnd  "  ctdIodo,"  whoio  primary 
nuanlna  afford  no  clco  bj  ■hidi  (lioy  may 
ba  dh>unKUi<hod,  arc  popularly  UMd  in  tt- 
aotiy  (hg  oppoallo  (nnw  tram  that  in  ohitA 
tbo  yi^il  Sfrrini  and  acteMlllc  writer*  UM 
tb«m.  Cu«Ln  B.  PAtxKn. 

Oawraa  BawMi,  Fua»a.  OtMtr  U,  IM, 


tio 


TMS  POPULAB  SCISNOS  MOXTSLT, 


EDITOR'S   TABLE. 


7HX  Dtcumi  or  jbk  obmt. 

A  LONDON  «OTr««panileDt  of  (be 
"  Bortoa  QoroU  "  attkM  tbo  flf- 
oilieuU  awl,  from  oar  pdnt  of  xttw, 
•ooonnKlag  atatoiiMBl  (hat,  in  all  tlw 
Qiriatiau  «iuiiial»— oad  lUIr  natno  ia 
1«|[>UB— pnbUtlicd  UiU  Muoa,  Uiorv  ia 
hanllf  to  1n)  foimd  a  single  ghot*-4lorf. 
Fomorlj  (hoat-ftoric*  w«f o  of  iB  tb« 
mou  attra«Ui'e ;  ukI  Mnobuw  Uioj 
wora  thooRlit  to  bo  iwrtfanilarlj  >oll«d 
taChrlslmaft-tiiiMi  Nownditjvtlieglioai 
b  t«lt  oat  la  (li«  cold.  In  ilib  futiTA 
HMuti  no  ono  tavilM  lilni  ia  to  lo  mu«li 
oa  "  warm  Lla  looa,"  to  qootc  tbo  ox* 
proHloa  of  a  prgmlneut  I>einocimtio 
pulUioUai.  Vlijr  ia  lliial  WliM  Laa 
made  tbe  cltao^  ( 

Tbo  ebaage  la  dtte  to  ««variil  canMS. 
If  adtod  to  natno  tbo  moat  noDoral  of 
tbeie,  w«  dioiild  aaj  tkt  ffmrinf  lutol- 
ItKOBco  of  tbo  nffo.  If  poople  doat  can 
to  talk  or  Tvuil  about  gbucta  aa  tli«7 
ODOO  did,  it  ia  bccaiiM  tiiej  no  loogtr 
lidioro  or  eron  bolf  bdiovo  ia  thmn. 
Tbu  irorl*l  of  tbc  liring  ii  encroacfatug 
nore  and  mor*  upon  tlie  world  of  tba 
dMuL  la  Ttr;  pritnHiro  limoi  in«n  not 
anij  bellored  In  gboata  wStli  all  ilicir 
boart  and  aoal*  but  tlio.v  nitribatod  to 
tfaem  Iho  aoiDO  raaga  of  actiritiet  for 
good  end  ovil  aa  tbej  altribntcd  to  Br- 
ing nwn.  Th«  povora  of  living  nwR 
ia  tlioee  dafs  wora  »o  United  tli&t  ft 
waa  not  pajing  tho  glioeta  a  vor^  Inor- 
dlaate  ooinplUnoiil  to  auppoae  that  tltcy 
Mold  do  M  iDodL  But  Miadil;,  aa  Ui« 
powers  of  living  man  inor«a««d,  aa  he 
aoqnLrvd  a  mora  azttoded  oootf  e]  OT«r 
Nature,  tbe  pre*t1ga  of  tbo  glioat,  wbo 
bocaino  mora  aad  raore  oonplenoiuly 
naable  to  linitAie  him,  dt&iti^*h«d.  To- 
dor  va  leave  tlie  gboal  OM  of  oitr  rook- 
onlng*  CQiin.-l]r ;  we  iwltbcr  atk  bis  aid 
nor  iilrivo  lo  avuri  h\»  malice.  Whua 
a  maa  la  once  da\f  cortiAed  a*  dead,  we 


do  aot  look  for  oar  «otitiiuuao»  tf  V» 
perwoal  octiritj^,  hutrevtr  gnal  ibtV 
flaenoa  of  bis  Gliaraoler  aiay  tfiS  bti> 
tbe  workl. 

Tbe  ^toat,  we  ftror,  has  dIm  mSint 
ia  pojidUr  ottuooi  tliroagli  Ulnt  'if 
TMti^at«d.    iluderu  pliUo»o|ibtn  lif* 
00*  boon  afraid  of  lb«  iavMlitaUaii 
tbe/  bare  pushed  the  gboat  liatd  ftta 
»([«  to   age,  ttoiu  race  to  racc^  (rM 
rouDtiy  to  eounlrj ;  aiwl  thair  vvM 
Is  that,  wliCle  tbe  ghoatldtM  h«  l«** 
verj  giotoDt  to  tbe  worid  in  p^it  tlxA 
and  Btlll  doarlsliM  bi  tbe  ilark  rfaNM 
of  lli««anli,  the  gbnat  himwirbwa) 
estate  or  cSeota  tlial  It  would  be  «(ntl 
ftnjrhoi)>'N  wliila  to  ir?  to  Iev7  op« 
Tbo  rrtura  to  tlii?  warriiiit  j>  tlio  dU|> 
]ioiniiDf[on«,  M«/ifl  ^mr.    Tli»i;bc«<,l> 
alt  lib  allL-gtd  tnwla  tliri'ilfth  Ilia  MA- 
nrlea,  baa  left  bo  oionumctit.    Thn*  U 
aot  one  aolid  jileoe  of  irork  oaywlwfc 
MUut  that  can  be  credited  toaglwUr 
oif^n.    If  be  ovM-  >•  lanteriaHnd,"  k 
waa  oar«fkil  to  ■*deiiiat«riBfife"  a^ 
before  any  oac  conid  (iiH  a  ki*^'  '     '  "' 
beautiful  work.   Bal,  altlioof 
bbiuelf  does  not  etaiid  out  i^  i  tm 
eatuv  of  an/ihio;;,  Iha  Iirf!i*f  In  rhi*" 
bn*  afTtctvd  in  tlic  moit  i(ii|:-  < 
ner  tbe  whcia  ooarto  of  >-. 
Thi*  fact  Um  phfloaopbera  bavo  hTfOflin 
TMf  promlneatlj  Torwitnl,  and  In  dali4 
ao  tli«7  bare  iwoMOtad  for  auiulDBllM 
ntfh  an  Inilnllo  aiul  gratew)n«  vifMf 
of  gbo«t■lMJl«f^  aud  of  naacva  and 
muDita  conncftol  tltarv*  illi,  lliat 
vcTj  naiBO  of  iiboat,  lii*t<.n<]  iif  awiki 
ing,  at  fonnnrl^,  n  bon  of  •qporvlkiot' 
terron,  h,  to-dar,  far  ninre  aongtllln 
of  MiDu  moUiodkal  and  imt  uTcr-utdl- 
iog  treatlae  on  prtailllve  man.    In  Att, 
th*  gbott  novmlajv  te  more  a|>t 
make  a*  yawa  iJiaa  (o  maha  na 
'ler.    Wliat  woudar,  (bail,  Ibat  h« 
iMger  FDl«a  aa  iif  Toro  bi  Ohi 


BDITOB'S  TABLE. 


+»> 


■t  lib  gaaenl  oMfsl* 
I  of  wnntittii  ii  titoaX 

perhsp«,  be  ooefranl«<I 
eat  vije-eproftd  bell«r  to 
I*  not  tlio  glioat  active, 
viktA,  lo  aplrliDulisllo  dnhttf 
raalUtti  itMlf  liM,  io  uor  opio- 
in  vfgmej  R>r  dlwrvdUing  tlie 
at  leaxt,  for  nnrruwiog  oad 
I hi> heretofore  wllUul  acii>i- 
^^^W4ie  gliou,  ID  ft  word, 
P^V%7  Um  Dwilluiu.  lie 
toe*gllilini;or  *fcul  ting  about 
Iwriiyioff  uocUiranl  <7mide; 
Btrarjr,  lie  cmim*  mock];  at 
liH  niurter  or  mirireM^  and, 
Iktiu  being  laroratilo,  nttera 
>-leg  Mich  hiumlrM 
moat  (uited  to  tlie 
ngcBoo  of  Um  aailiwc*. 
nproreiBeBt  upon  tbe 
to  which  OTcrr 
la  ■olltnde  at  the 
lour,  and,  with  hU  Mood  in 
MD(  ooogniatioB,  was 
>  to  eome  dire  predio- 
[doDiD.  AH  our  ntotbod* 
^wre  or  1«m  (cientific, 
bit  eAuMi  may  bo 
btoefieenl  tlgbtulag- 
■nnnjr  (loiiitii  for  >lralBiiig 
rwbe  (UugeroiM  dectrical 
'  Uio  atmotfibero.  la- 
the gboM  alone,  and 
til*  full  weight  of  hi* 
terrors,  we  meet  him  in 
Bj,  wbore  lii*  force  \»  u> 
,  no  one  gets  more  tlian  a 
nderatr,  nod  enjojrablo  ifaaro. 
no  tliiits  cli«  glto«l  thut  oomea 
,t  tba  Rwdiam'a  call,  and  talka 
'  and  itiildlv  thrwQKli  ilie  ta< 
,  f  Hi  ffhiMt,  the  equal  of 
Ddeat  oail  I«m  ea)ci»- 
Tlie  ghosl  boa  de- 
I  be  Di»qaeelioa  about  It. 
^w«  hlr.uil  al  tbe  outtel, 
tho  gliiHi  vititout  rdac- 
good  CliriMUMe-ato- 
iiten  willioul  drawiagoa 
balf-tJiiKted  terrora  for 


lOf  1 


their  Isteroit.  We  tliliilc  that  literature 
Itt  general  will  be  Dm  b«4Uir  for  •boli- 
ing  Itaetf  ftoa  froin  tbo  booakaa  dels- 
■iona  of  bj-^one  tlniM  of  ignoraaco  and 
•a*igor]r.  The  ghoit  has  done  nothing 
In  tlie  world  that  give*  lilin  on;  claim 
opoQ  onr  r«ep«M  or  rMuwulirBaco.  He 
wan  DoouMrjr  in  ]u«  dajr,  iu  tbo  oeoao 
that  men  had  no  choice  bat  to  bcliere 
ia  him ;  but,  now  that  we  bare  riatn  to 
a  point  of  rlew  that  render*  hho  total- 
1/  nnaocoetory  dthor  for  theoretical  or 
for  praotieal  porpoaea,  we  ahall  do  well 
to  lay  him  flaolly  to  roet.  Wc  waot  to 
eoBoeutrate  our  emer^w  on  ihi>  wutUl, 
to  devatop  all  that  ia  bmt  in  hunua 
life,  to  methodiie  our  knowledge',  to 
Ntrengtbea  our  hold  upon  ntl  aound 
moral  priociplta.  For  tJiew  purpowa, 
cJoae  study  of  facts  la  reqalred.  We 
need  to  OM  thiapt  a«  they  are,  and  to 
r«far  tbem  to  human  wdbre,  taken  Ln 
lla  broodoit  and  bigbeit  aenae,  aa  a  eeo* 
tral  polat.  As  long  ai  tbo  ghost  sur- 
vived, he  could  (jrcrrid?,  and  too  often 
did  orerridv,  our  practical  jndgnivnta; 
and  moo  norer  felt  sure  m  to  how  far 
tliey  could  troat  tho  plain  dietatos  of 
coinmoa  tenet.  But,  with  tbe  ileeay 
and  ditappaaraiKe  of  the  ghost,  com- 
uioD  senae,  purified  by  ilie  srieDtillo 
method,  aiaoiuas  full  control  of  hamon 
life  and  r«4pna  withoat  a  rival  n«nco- 
fcnh  we  boonme  froo  nnd  roiponHible 
men— free  to  follow  ihedkitates  of  reei- 
wo,  and  rQ*pnni4blo  for  doing  so.  We 
can  now  give  to  the  rining  generation 
an. integral  cdncAtloo  founded  on  r«*- 
aon.  and  can  brinf;  horoe  to  tbelr  ninda 
as  never  before  (he  mlntary  oonvUtion 
thM  the  rejgn  of  taw  b  nuivenal  and 
nnbrokon— ttiat  not  ev«a  a  ghost  can 
vlohxte  it~lB  short,  that  ghosts  and  all 
things  of  which  IndepMidenoe  of  natu- 
rnl  law  i«  predicnted  nrg  mcro  flgmenta 
of  tho  untrdned  Imagination.  Tliis, 
we  tay,  i*  henceforth  possSblo.  It  re- 
mains to  make  the  poMfbJc  actaiil,  and 
Ia  impress  opon  edacntion  once  for  all 
thai  cbnmcier  wb>b  no  lennble  maa 
Mil  ddbt  It  <*  dcMinod  lo  take  In  Uie 
not  distant  fulnro. 


TUB  POPULAR  SCISSCS  MOSTHLT, 


LITERARY  NOTICES. 

EonnuMKAt  bwinwouM.    IMnc  Put 

SBvnSmcK.  f^in.  FHc«,$1.23. 

Tm  pcM  lUt-woA  o(  Ilctbcrt  Sfataet, 
ilw  "  Philcwopfer  of  BvatndoD,''  id*noM 
Mnrd  oo^lcUoa,  bat  li  bv  noTcd  rfo«l<r 
«tliil«.  pi(niM(mflUK>IUiu)dMrii{iat>cn 
■ttk  «(hw  nbjMti^  «itd  ««htr  putt  of  th* 
^pwm  ibu  ihu  Innedfaul;  te  hwd,  b«t« 
iiMitilii  itlilj  Mifed  die  ipponam  <f  cto 
pfCMnt  tcIubc 

Otlh»BHKnl  IBMrecf  Sp«M>r'a''&Ti>. 
HwHe  Pbaoaophy "  lUtb  need*  lint*  to  Im 
mU.  Ow  rMdct*  %t%  awiuQ  tku  II 1*  ■ 
wjtWmatin  lUnnpl  to  npl^  tbt  eouiM  ot 
■tfsn;  Ike  pttigtM*  of  firm  Ikf  or^  of 
Mttf  Vid  tilt  flfr"^^******  of  fanunui  wdctt, 
bj  «M  nlTcnal.  Uw  of  nifrflillf  laovB 
«■  cnlnitoii.  Wliil*  In  «no  u|>Mt  ihfe  tj»- 
MB  ti  tlBqilr  ■  ttew  —y"*— **"  ot  l»>wl- 
•dga  bued  npoa  ths  |ira(ran  of  irifw, 
tfid  Mdt9  ootttmhoorfn  lad  aificd  tluot 

«Djtbta(  pKtlouilr  onHiwd,  10  MOthir  M- 
peetitUanevbodr  of  doctiiac  «tu(di  ifii> 
CRdiU  aod  icpla(«t  tfaa  mott  wU«^i«»d 
uul  4Mp)j  ctKTlifanl  iniBiigul  bcfitb  of 
■""*'"■*  In  Ite  Tolimt  aov  tM(or«  w 
Hr.  Spcnicr  hu  rtacbcd  tbti  lUge  In  ibe 
dtTclopMUit  of  hti  ijnUin  In  sUeh  htt 
onnM  into  ih«  ibwiwrt  colSrioa  with  all. 

Xo  rtlicuuinn  of  t!ii>  rrolnlkiD  of  kiman 
fKuiniv  \'  pDMilk^  Kliich  dor*  not  mako 
the  uuil;  of  prinlilTv  jwdol  randman*  aod 
Ueafl  praminml  and  fuBdaaxmlal.  If  tho 
Ll(;hcr  loclol  fonn*  vcrc  patcnllaUj  Is- 
rolTcd  la  ibc  lover,  and  htA  ginire  onl  of 
tliem  bf  Iho  working  of  natural  Un,  then 
iLo  &m  aiid  taoat  unportanE  iicp  of  the  w- 
rertigatlon  niuit  be  into  ibc  lutare,  enpad- 
(ieo,  and  UmitaUona  of  llic  primilirc  nan, 
and  Ilic  chanieiec  of  (be  primitive  clcncnta 
of  aooietT  vbkb  pre"  out  of,  and  mere  do- 
UMtnini'd  b^,  the  ailhbutn  of  the  prtmiliTC 
maa.  AiNMnlln^ly.  tlii^  Unt  part  of  Ihc 
Drat  Tobuoc  of  ihc  "  IMndpW  td  Sociolo- 
gf'—"  The  DalB  of  Pmiology  "— i*  dcroud 
lo  primili(«  niBn  niul  ibai  vnli-r  of  primary 
WDCppiiooH  which  was  embodied  ia  the  cor- 
liMt  and  nid«i>t  audal  initliliilioas.  Tlieu 
buihiitjanaare  now  «o  hicblj  dvT«1oped  that 
t  hsTc  got  in  a  wb;  of  vppaiaiiag  oundrei 
'the  baatbta"  bj  a  gmt  golf,  which 


d  eeMtorfqr  ^  nMw  Mna 
th>10»aiiaDj|fc»liiittwtllatnAlc  BH, 
If  rrelMlcB  b*tt«e,tk*  fal^aAbdeiml 
Iwtfcotowet  by  wfcrafcw  chain*  ilg»- 
atka,  and  ibeni*  twoUwr  poMUtiqrf 
^ifpi^lning  and  wdootftBdfas  fiiuMfi***- 
tntkH  Ibn  br  tiadng  iWr  iirinrtaatnA 
t#  |iilvlU*Q  penninal  ffjjJiflWL  IVi  <^ 
•t  H17  nU.  the  0^7  «mr  ffoi  >•  "<(" 
whklt  b  aa  MtMaitkn  of  the  Want  «te; 
Mi  aooiolegr  onl;  baco— >  a  b«  Mioa 
H  h  >•  panucd  b7  lb«  uMho]  adiftd  If 
■r.  Sptncor  of  working  oat  Ihf  bn  atdct 
wU(k  Mdal  prryti  bw  tafcrn  pUeb  IV* 
data  cf  aodokip  b  tbo  prfanitira  csottM 
■blob  iaitioud  Iba  lowMl  dadal  cut*  «w- 
■iUM,  ifcmfMa^  tW  CMiBiial  boria  of  iW 
tdMce,  and  detnnfaie  llw  wbok  cmik  tl 
(■btMimnl  docidailoa. 

k  Flan  n  Ur.  Epmotr  work*  on  'Ike 
laduorict  «l  Sodoloer,"  or  tba  natm; 
rtractuv,  and  foicikriu  of  tb«  ofgafanxt 
wte^j;  aod  in  Part  Ut,  "The  DcMHk 
Bitetku,'  h«  tnM* of  tb«  nafatanMarf 
ipcdca,  ilw  reUtku  oC  (he  mko  ■  piU- 
tin  todtty,  ukd  Um  der«1of«nt  of  tla 
lanjlj. 

VoluOM  II  of  ih*  ■■  Prindp'a  of  Bed- 
ekif7"  UKioa  wiih  Pan  ir,  ob  "CtntM). 
Idal  IwUtntlMia,"  tha  aiolotim  ot  •  hicb  h 
BMcdfrcMcAriftoadTajwedaocictit*.  Put 
V  takM  up  "Polhloal  IruUtvticM,'  md 
ibrM  with  tbdr  deTolo[«D*iti  hj  tbe  ibb* 
MTtbod.  "Eec1c*ia«tivaI1n»iitutiaa>'(PaR 
TIX  now  psbHifaed,  a*  ih«  UUe  iMfOW^ 
tnaK  of  tbo  onJulkin  of  fiiattng  ivli^M* 
organintiqns  fmn  Ibeir  lower  foma  in 
priokittTc  »odcly.  Ita  ncoMMry  tn;-Iiali«B, 
cf  coiirw,  U,  that  the  rdlKkiuii,  like  aH  oite 
Roclal  imtitiuioiu^  bivo  a  natural  giSMi^ 
and  tan  ai|lT  b«  explained  aa  dartialloM 
ft«rni  pie-eaiaiing  fonw  whbft  eanj  M  lack 
ward  and  doimaaid  to  tbo  nll^ooa  MIkM 
ritM,  and  obMnsnoM  of  ibe  catUm  mta. 
The  noiun  of  lh»  ivliglav*  Idea  U  iM  i» 
CoUcd,  and  it  la  Oown  how  raUgbn  »» 
moniea  w«re  ai  fint  anliad  aitb  othtrn,  m 
that  intiUdn»4naii,  nilor,  aad  prteai,  van 
<aaibiiiMl  iu  the  nmc  Indhidaal.  The  ma 
ot  a  acnaratc  primbood  and  of  itUgiaw 
hierwcbiaa  b  Ibn  traetd  onl,  aad  Ibr  ai^o. 
ment  b  pwtued  till  wc  n««b  ibt  modon 
tonn«  ot  ewletiuiitml  InnliMlOBn.  *  Cb>tb 
and  etal*,"  'XeoronforaiUT,'- nd  'n* 
Hotal    UuenflM  ot    Piiofthoodi.'     TW 


UTERARY  XOTICSS. 


4>5 


lo  be  wHim  tat  Uw 
n  el  iW  (eecnd  votiaM  ot  "Tha 

I  •!  SmMoKT."  Vl'.  "  I'RlltMbXMl 

m"  Mid  **  blnittiNl  Iiiriiiiitlixw  " ; 
to  I M lull  10  MfMOt  UiM  ih«M  >llt 
eMd  «Uk  Wm  ibUf  Una  hu  oo- 
nil  fart  VI.  We  Oaid  >  noclrr  of 
M  loliiiM  in  t!»  "  1^11  UiU  (ta- 
Itafc  to  N  uocUciit  ilwt  w«  mako 
t  Cram  It: 

hMM  IMIMIeM"  tar»'-«b*  ibtil 
imd  w  ■liwMiwI  *f  tU  iftMi-ibWT 
k  «f  fdkua  dMdjr  IM  4nrii  la  «bi 

•  dUM  a«Mat]r-  It  k  tatmiMif  lo 
maA  ■•■  ■■liiinlKj  (tIiIkih  lui 
It  «Mi«i>l<M  datlit  tbt  lnl«Twi«n( 
d  Ml.  aymm  Itonftra  ««Mt]r  fbowi 

■  ftVh  iMtMH  bf  irkM  bt  (IRIVlh- 

M  tnm  mrti  raU*lM4  tinn  tl»  ■{■- 
rMiwl^>*l'UM  tioMtfibnatn 
lU  IbT.Dtf  HwdwaU't  -  AMcMU.' 
I  rfUHM  MntlMl  villi  Hr  M|M«n'i 
WUtfr  I'M!  ail**!  M  It  ■  anMk  kU- 
|Mk««t<r  AMm.ti  ••(wnltMillr 

Ml  toiiT *<""■'■''  "ii*""  •  rMMiw 

•  iMr  alMtw  lin|4lwil.<».    FMa  ID* 

ka  nUriBW  idM  IMIC  tM«  WHKMd  M 

ta  *  (Mfc  •»>  0«»n»wl  iwaMM^imr- 
Ij  MWW  !!■<■»»  PMM  «>  unto  WPla- 

ImImUwI  i«  UmnbiM)  (rttoBi-  Bn- 
Ik  dM  m4Mdmua  •■  (bt  |f«pllliMr 
of  hMlU*  Rb«U,  ua  U>  tctHt  pnptrljr 

■  (bi  |«  I  pi'**"  •■'  MI'iMlm  of  fMsDdly 
ttaMrinl*  "  rntpw  t»  fnoHdi  u 
m4M)  dnvktnau  tf  (U  mvuIbOm 
Ha  iWfc  lawiwIM  olww  IVwn  Du  lu> 

■!•  l*e  k*l  frtlili  :  IDi  nun  itpwliDj 

■  lilH,  U  kiwt  vlfntrr  i^  roMUoEi  uf 
>hiaia(«M<ifBwt(«liilkri«lt)''  Bet 
Btft  Jm'ibImi  li  tulkala— Ib  ibitt, 
t  ft*  hmnj  liili  to  tiacMtwIa  ■pno 
)Wtb1*«tyal  lh»  [»W«ttBa«.  M«B- 
«  (blWp^  ■■>  ■*><r  mnmutWw  ■«  it- 

at.  1^  tinr.  •■  Omit  Nitw  wfwwBU- 

><  rasUiM  or  prlMI  ■)«■.  la  pro- 
>«  A^vuaDr  telb  )»•  prttNIr 
■I.  lit^  tthrn  dmlMiUd  then  ht  dtM- 
I  M<«ba*l  Ui>r  w*  pMftraiHl  bffrtaj. 
DkM  ImMH  Aa  atWa  <^  •  dIMlMI 
^iltbiiil  Tbt  lit  *f  mib  prfdikMiln 
in  ■•  tb»  cH>  (f  lU  FImdmu,  UMIIoM 
>  mliM  Ilia  Uw  •lartnc  t1>  MapowT 
A*  at  ||bH>  cnMlf  drtttof*  IcM  (b* 
MUM  firlHlMnili  nr  U>  ttnactd  irp* 
1  >U*  b)i  Mi  vtib  Um  inlrbw  RlW«n. 
I  Ui*  ruMmm  kw  !>•  tHiltHMaUi*- 
Motant  um  lt0i«fn*lMs ;  tb»  irvb  If 
iabi4  «Am  >•**  iknr  |iiH*Hrt«U]tlB 
fiHtm  ■lib  U«  fnU  nr  Uh  Ttalvn,  l-W 
i»c^<«slD<n*ln>l.  EHMMllrlh* 
«|M  (T  to*  cnM  rrf  to  •  iMilitoa  of 
pfbiMIT  la  V-  l'uilb««  mtif  0n  rtw  to 
Ihmni wiMUMtnn  TM>.MU»H>II- 
I  «f  UK  ac*  U  Smmm,  tM>  bat  M- 


lii««l  ««TlT«a»Hh«t  Hal  rf  aiytj  awaal^w 
(•4>  wUab  lift!  Uu  "  Ultaur  «f  (■!•  iDl  aHO  ~  lata 
ac  tn*  noutbdntlc  p«litia,  Ua  Mbrr  Mdia  al 
lb*  aunr  t<Di«  (liiUnK  to  Iba  nO-mHaM  r>*Ma  k 
(wiarwr'llobwnnlv.  Ur,  ttpana  Man  fata 
ta  to  MIW  th*  tkliw  at  a*  nil  tiinnHral— 
u  *  hkM  Nmd.  uixelalljr  la  Mrir  lUa^  tta  Bdll> 
Mj  tof  •••II  hKOoBa  «r  pttMU,  lad  Iba  qiuMka 
•fUMnMtanMmaoCtmnfaaalMaw.  A  («nr 
•iMMrtn  ek4«*  OB  XMMaloninr  It  npM* 
vltb  M  aatbx^i  liicralaal  MttMxlMW  urf  iBdh 
•Uullv  of  t^mcMr :  ftr  Ur.  «rtMW  b  BMbliS 
IfnMladltUiHlMlnllbar.  n*  Imk  «>l*  <al»  m 
MdiMriMl  aof  llUA  a  itOftoa*  rtUopwl  lad 
Iiw|ii1  *bn<  anld  «Tn«t«  auj  Bui  bbA  •• 
KHiila  aad  w  n*«nn  Urn  Mi.  9p«c«c  d*«a 
Ht  an  U  lb*  IbnaMoHl  OaoK-  vt  Ikm  u;  AhI 
nwMca  >t«  to  nllftoaa  <ininbl|>  In  lu  |mv«t  ta- 
HUM;  II*  •alldiMia  tbit  tb(t«  imi  ahn)*  ra- 
intfaaaiiimliyWqiMb^lntU"  WBifMiiaai 
OHWUMnDrfdalljilUibrnllglMt  <ilM*T«Ma*i 
OMatfhanvia  allll  «I<1  AaUiaH  nbamaUa 
tt  laip>«a  Ibfir  btsnM  olU)  a  <Da  hilm  gf  Iba 
uijrtiij  irUtb  (oibiDUili  Uia  unlinw:  inil  Ibal 
aoMol  n^iMtiiii  to  lb*  MailDmil  agHiiti;aa7la( 
Ibk  wan  irtTI  aM  ob)r  aonlf*  bai  vA  udMn 
Inrttx  dtiahiannb  flatlly  1»  tuHJudn  ■«* 
lb*  ittMnUOB  o(  lb*  Um  abwl;  to  lulljr  uiliM 
bjubIb  Iba-ttat  Pili)(l|ilca~:-Untlntb  matt 
(tit  r<>"  dtana^-lb*  inib  Uul  Ibm  tt  aa 
iHiraUUi  trttlHica  •ncr'bM*  nHDlTntat,  U 
■bldi  (iDu)  caa  atttbtr  &MI  ii-«  ODfrfn  tllbar 
laClnalBi  or  and.  AmU  lb*  npUMia  wbkb 
btgOB*  lb*  m«ra  nptidmii  Ux  nuir*  Ibf?  a)« 
IbMfU  gbHl,  Ibtr*  will  ninWa  IIm  vm  ibattDW 
MrUlDly,  Uul  ba  It  anr  l«  |>r»iu«  nt  tn  laflalM 

isTEEHATiosit,  8crE)rnno  tEniES, 
so,  u. 

Pormcii.  ExpuaROK:  Iv  Modo  md  Prin- 
ciplra.  nt  FUNcm  WxnnB,  U.  D., 
Lcmd.,  F.  R  C.  K  N«»  Yorlt :  D.  Ap- 
ploun  4  Co.    Pp.  8T3.    PtIm,  tl.1*>. 

Tun  to  an  old  lubJ^M  mack  ilaaattA 
bjr  ulilt*,  anatontoM;  allrnlil*,  bad  fbjti- 
o^mitoia,  (mm  Laamnlo  da  Vlnd  eawanL 
It  taa  a  ooplou*  UUtvtur*,  and,  In  Ihc  iemg 
liM  of  nortia  gim  bj  Dr.  Wvmt  In  Ui 
blbllograpbr.  tboae  of  Sir  CUrlaa  Dell,  m 
tks'AiMlciDijr  anrl  t'hjriulojtj  of  Exprw- 
•Ion,*'  and  ol  Cbarliw  [)»f"tn,  on  Iba  "  E»- 
|m*noD  of  Emotion  in  Unn  and  the  Loa^r 
Anlicak."  bra  promiiwnl.  But  to  iclcrMt> 
Ing  a  i»bj«ot  ai  tliat  of  tha  phfilologleal 
■Igni  of  iDHanl  HUM  (uuM  not  fail  to  at- 
traM  RiulthadMot  ohaartri  whwhaM  ocm- 
irOiuud  lo  it  bt  uuij  acpccU.  t'aiiiiT  and 
^ptontoHoii,  hawvnt,  bare  onblripfwd  avi- 
eoo*  with  It*  •ipUnttione  tit  Ibe  double 
m«(-ha<>l*<n  InTotrrd.  There  hu  b(«n  prmt 
ncut  Mlmiac  b  out  knewtodge  ut  ibe 


+'4 


TSS  POPULAR  SCISNOE  MO^TUIF. 


■tniclvro  and  fnnMlcci  vt  tlie  wa^ooM  tju 
utu,  wnd  in  ili«  ilcvilopawiit  of  p^ihefag, 
(ivM  itM  pbytioloi^al  (Ida;  «Ule  itnlu 
(rqn  bolfa  uo  of  sratt  niao  In  utiitiog  M 
Uie  prlodploB  iBvolvBd  la  mpwdon.  Dt. 
Warorr  lake*  np  the  labiMl  broadlj  Mid 
»ltu*  to  mot  it  In  Lte  Ugbt  of  all  ihM  hu 
boM  plnod  in  iLo  luicna  UoM  of  rtMarab 
UMiUarnpOMH.  FromtalDg  thai  tl»  ««rrk 
b  written  «1tb  ctMnuaa  and  JudgBMU,  uid 
1*  (Ulr  IDuMniftl,  ih«  teadar  >ill  s>>>i  Di« 
boat  Um  oC  Ha  moMiU  br  a  uai«i&Mt  u( 
the  lopiea  <«uM«i«l  Tbe  ftcM  tn  Atf- 
t«n  are  d«rated  to  as  BMlralt  of  ih*  nature 
aod  ilie  inudM  of  (^raNlon.  Chapter  VI 
btHta  of  IM  iibffdolojijr ;  Oiapwr  VU  of  In 
iwlbnlogj ;  t^aplv  Till  of  pcMsno  (  Chap- 
ter IX  of  CTproailon  In  ilio  hand ;  Chapter 
X,  eipNtulao  In  tfao  bead ;  Chapter  XI,  ct- 
pretaioo  In  th«  bnouui  (ao«i  diaplar  Xli. 
vipmaion  bi  tbe  rfa;  QupUit  XIV,  the 
tntant  and  anlulti  Chapter  XVII,  art  nfti- 
cbni  sod  Cluptrr  XIX,  new  apparatai  for 
dwcnrlng  and  rxwdlng  opmifafc 

Rnn  i^Hutiojiii  Rocixttni.    Br  Itiraiiu) 
T.tui.  Ilaltlmon:  K-MnmV,    Pp.t'l. 

Tns  aiiihor  pa«M  tha  htnorr  of  the 
«trij  •oclallMlo  moTmiifihi  In  the  Cnhod 
8ia<>F*  wtth  a  rapid  tkM<'h-raTte»,  and  glTca 
fcl*  atWntimi  pttedpdlr  to  Um  oomilderatkin 
of  iocialiani  aa  h  hi*  manlfeitcd  llaetf  Osrnt 
Ibe  poblkition  of  Mr.  Ctorgje'*  "Frogrta* 
«bd  Porert;."  Hi*  objuct  U  to  praMnt  tlM 
dinnol«r  td  the  moTsmania,  not  to  paw 
JudpiMBlira  tbem ;  and  li  U  no  ramfdlMcnt 
10  tb*  IntclligeiLoe  of  >rtng«  rmdei*  that 
be  baa  frit  It  Ineumbcnt  to  oxenaa  bbnaelf 
for  not  obtnuUnH  bla  ovn  liowa  of  Ihdr 
meriuand  dtnotu !  aa  If,  la  rctonUni;  that 
Mme  of  the  organlwlona  adrocated  d^sa- 
ntltiog,  bo  Aould  tbink  It  necaawiy  to  aa; 
expUdtl;  that  he  thought  that  Tcrjr  bad.  In 
fala  pnaontollea,  the  nuihor  haawdcatertd 
to  let  tbe  periito  oeMBnMd  epMk  for  tbeo- 
wlT«e  aa  far  u  peodbl^  Iherebj  ttwtimg 
fnrlbar  aecufBej  ud  bnpoitialltj,  Beclw- 
Mm  IbekdranoedSMbbUoftbepraaaot 
iaj  iMo  tlio  two  eroopa  uf  Ibe  lolarttattofr 
allal*— a  \mHj  of  naleIU>^  b«Ut*ia||  la  the 
DM  of  dfaamiie  and  like  mapona  el  warfare 
••  a  mmu  of  *4talahig  Ibetr  purpoao— and 
Uie  Sodallaile  LUier  pari;,  wlio  rnniliMi 
tbeae  taoiki^  and  eotee  of  wbcon  liaro  not 


rcnooaeed  all  hope  of  a  peaoeabW  moli 
tka  of  •odctir :  and  call*  ationiien  to 
■npetfar  il«r*eier  ol  the  men  of  the 
partfae  eonpared  wltbibote  of  Ibe 
Beildee  tbeae  at«  llM  Wwr  Dnkeu^  art 
•allj  and  atowedl;  aodeHitlo,  bM  Uafalt  ~- 
lendtndee  fai  ihei  direstlon  and  olefanad  • 
el  Itaet  pmepectifa  nUa*  b;  tbe 
ne  dangor  from  ihaee  moTemraia  It 
though  tbe  extitfoe  ptrd  me^  not  beli 
diaie;  end  "of  oeutat  we  all  hope  fee 
ben,  bat  bt  the  mtut  tine  It  mar  be 
to  (tar  what  la  worar,  ind  it  can  ilo  no 
to  be  watAfilL"     A*  for  a  reitwijr,  "ihi 
bt  BO  iiinple^  cullj  appUcd  forwnia  ■ 
tllll  MK  aedal  ciiti,  and  aa;  OM  It 
i|naiA  «be  prelendi  to  b*T«  Iann4  eaa 
pcearfw  bgleletkn,  in  llie  abeeaw  ef 
aeta,  bat  talM  to  ifpitoa  the  sroatli  '* 

the  eodallMle  antbeonl,  nad  U  Uketj  ■* 
falL  The  eoi«  It  to  bt  toaght  la  Ibn  opf^^ 
•Ite  dlreetioa.  of  fiwfing  oat  what  axe 
real,  rcuoaeble  grienooce  of  Ibe 
wbom^ihU  ecMinrart  !■  oaltlTaicd,  eat  ^^* 
TUng  and  tppl^big  mcaeuree  to  aneUonto^  " 
them.  T1>rB,>jib  lUi  patpeae  kept  hv^**' 
oatl;  hi  tWw,  "  la  the  hannonieu*  aellM  ^^ 
■tatc,  cburcb,  and  Indlrldual,  MOiiaf  bi 
Ufibt  of  tnie  Bcienoe,  will  be  teund  an 
tnm  pretcnl  and  fntnre  totU 
Herein  le  pefaled  out  Ibe  palb  of  iaEe 
r««a  1  olbtt  (here  le  none," 


m  OfUBBATKW  or  Ah>q«-D*t.  Wl 
fngton  I  Ootemau  FHnilag^Sloc  F|^^ 

TBaUaJnuf  t»tlieDedbyU>eBiii^  "* 
ofEdaealka  Ibrtbepnrpgae  iiif  iiillliillwii  "' 
laterMt  in  the  pluiiac  of  trece  ettd  of  UWCS^^. 
i^  Btlentian  In  lite  dlnotkn  la  whkb 
work  may  be  oiott  pnSttUjr  doM.  It ' 
uine  "  treeon*  (ram  hietory  ■* 
ttiout,  (0  ehoir  Ibe  latportenre  af 
the  feretti ;  atlectfaM  from  lltorenua 
peeny,  to  be  need  la  ■nhleft  «p  iba 
penaee  foe  tha  oaerdait  of  Athafdtifi 
n  piacilal  ttfj  on  "PlaMUni  Tr 
RaheoMJmnrit.'*  In  ihlepeper  v«  » 
Ihe  fi^gpilton  thai. tat«le«ll»n[ tbe  hlmUi 
trece  lobeplaaled  latehaolfreaiMb 
ebmild  bo  bt4  to  Ibd*  liaUIUy  to  la 
from  Boddeni,  Ibttrlandeninr  (o  epteat  w 
BOl  waaud,  ibe  ^lotablo  or  dlMfmablr 
odors  that  tbej  bmj  fmli,  the  eraaDimal 


LITERARY  NOTICES. 


41s 


•  of  tbrir  Bomrs  or  f rnt,  lltcir  loa- 

r,  nU  of  ET'O'il'i  uul  other  cn«ii»- 

MuliDg  u  malw  tLon  more  or  taat 

■geqitabte  In  tbo  ptoCM  vban  ibaf  ue  to 

((■■ia,    Tb*  ABofaan  (fan  aad  the  •oft 

■iplM  ■nMBT  to  be  unem  ilio  mo*  boii 

■hpud  u  tU«  parpoK 

Omoa  or  BttcKictrr  tn  Tn  Etna,  jip. 
4S ;  avd  Osiaiii  or  8rwin,  p(l  70.  11; 
a.  B,  rHUiUKnK.  N««  Tock:  "Prob- 
I  of  ilttute,"  ai  Fufc  Bow. 


Tntn  tiro  pimpUeU^  >Ud  togedwr 

UMtnpt  k  Do<r  Manwlog;  nid  •  theoiT  of 

Jtwloptomi  inif  odcd  to  lake  the  pUoe  ol 

IIm  ■—'"-■""   kiicmpt"  of   Damln,  far- 

■Ml  an  onunplo  o[  tbc  tunucoM  wbicb  a  j 

tiaH  of  t{iiaiiai7  tbcotiiU  bnagW  (bejr  am 

|M«  all  for  tcicDM.    Tlie  bosif  of  Ur.  Phil- 

taaiit'i  fjnaa  U  llut  the  uniccnc  and  all 

ba  parts  awl  coalntu  are  niuiifcMatloiu  of 

idaacMLXj,     When  lie  tamca  to  lU-iailii,  he 

la  •HTtUng  »•  well   ai  amauug.     Thiu: 

"Tho  annoqibclr  U  onljr  a  ooBtioualioa  ot 

Ikr  coadcnaatioN  ot  thv  eleclridlT  of  the 

aafaa  ^Mem,  and  each  atom  of  gaa  of  this 

abondaU  ckuwat  in  but  a  tlif^litlj  oon- 

glofaa   of  tnica."     (told  "ia  pro- 

I  ftepty  bf  a  pvat  praaiura  of  pan]- 

dH  «I  Blca.    Sihw  la  eODairucied  b;  th« 

fttMBta  of  cbalk ;  earoar  by  iho  prnali^ 

•I  Ac  Bin  pwilf  itecoiDpoaed,  and  the  mb- 

MMCtia  bat  liltlnltiraraBtffCTOijuU.    Iran 

ii  irtJaaui  b;  prandaK  ^joafU  anil  tha  aa- 

*aMniuua<  Bika  In  U."    Coal  la  fomwd  bj 

Aanpeam*  of  oornl  (o  grru  hui,  and  ri- 

lU  abnarcr  ihcrc  arc  maualajiu :  In  tbo 

taaga  Uovnlalaa  of  New  Jer««y,  anil  In 
iMHtbiuMtt,  "aufloieul  coal  for  a  whole 
■Hba^"  and  If  borad  (ar  dD«<p  oooui^,  will 

Ilhfani  tbera.     !<«*«  boat  ihaa  I*  rvquind 
Ptntcrl  eoral  into  cool  pioduoM  trap. 
PMiai  Piai    Ii.triraiTED.     Eillml   bt 
4lica  Hvjreiiia    Buwk.      Sow  York': 
Si^ra  PnbliablDg  OooiFaa;.    Pp.  Ill 
hiea,SOoanu. 

Xn  author  nivea  ua  a  reaton  fcrhaTing 
iHpaiad  Ihia  bnoli.  "  a  ikaira  la  cwniaanio. 
■■ttliefnvdnniof  Kiaicarafroni  lailitldiMl 
ta*M(on.  and  bMocnln«  ia  a  tnannw  the 
fnpwif  of  the  wotld.  fcrely,  if  tabbing 
4kr*w  a  prinlMl  fonoal  rrcognilim,  U  jg 
■h  mMM'Bl  of  )tul  ^Tvat  buUgntlj  Aam  U, 

■tm**  naj«oi>ie<«  la  Uw  pan."     u„ 


llioagbawa*  ^happyonei  and  btr  oiccatlon 
ia  woTtb;  of  h— and  a*  nrail;  worlhf  oa  a 
nedeM  bamaii  oltet  oaa  praiuaa  10  ba,  of 
tbawbiaci.  AbMMrgnidallioTiiiMriMed 
act  aitk  fcr,  aad  a  aiera  a|p«aabtacc«nipaii' 
km  la  a  ipdda  ha  1*  not  Uba!;  M  gH.  Tb9 
dlrMloi7  of  polstK  ef  Intcrou  ea  tba  A^W- 
lean  and  Omadlaa  dd«a  foma  a  bal  nla- 
thaly  mall  part  ot  the  book,  but  It  la  thn 
piaetlcal  put,  and  ia  ample  for  ila  purpoab 
The  nan  of  iho  book  it  node  np  of  di^ce 
article*  from  tra<re1cn  and  pocia,  isosl  of 
them  elaiuai  in  Engludi  and  American  lit- 
eratorv:,  doKribin;  tbo  falln  or  reSectiog 
the  emoiioni  which  the;  hnre  awakened ; 
la  ifaorl,  h  u  a  componiliuni  uf  that  whtidi 
U  bcBl  in  the  literature  aad  nmiaooa  of  tha 
fall*.  Thrae  artiolu*  are  aeoooipaoiod  by 
Dnmmtnii  aiceUwi  UlusirailoiiR. 

DvronT  4x0  VjMxotntm  or  L^m  Gaun 
ana  Ehocatmn  in  tur  Momttwicn  Tn> 
aiTOBT.  Rt  Gboboc  W.  Kxionr.  New 
Ynrk:  0.  V.  Putman'*  Son*.  Pp.  IT). 
Price,  00  cenla. 

Tuii  work  i*  uiimbor  Ihine  la  the  mrtr* 
of  pi^MM«  of  the  Aiuurlcan  Blatorical  la«o- 
eialioo.  It  rerfawn  the  bbtory  of  all  tha 
grtaiia  of  land  that  havo  been  idoJc  bj 
Oongreat  in  aid  of  education  la  the  Nortli- 
weal  Tcnitory  and  the  Stats  of  Ohio,  In- 
diana, nUnuia.  Uleliinn.  and  Wisconidii ; 
the  ditpositioni  ihnt  were  made  of  thent  In 
the  veieral  Stale* ;  themanoerin  oMi^h  ibo 
fiwil*  aeiwing  (rum  Ihun  huvo  b<ieii  ninn. 
aged  1  and  tb«  iwt  raaulu  la  bencSt  to  edu- 
cation tkit  have  batn  derivnl  from  them. 
The  gttanli  were  Torimuly  nado  to  (he  Ten- 
riloty  u  a  wbule,  and  10  lh«  Stale*  la  aor- 
craliy:  the;  luctaJcd  the  "tcliool.iocllan'' 
in  cicry  loirniihip  ut  ibirty'iU  •cetioius; 
aallaa  landa,  ■wamp-laoili',  Knnd  (or  icmU 
narlaa  er  nidT«T*ltie*,  Rranti  (or  nmoulti^ 
r»l  mllegMi.  and  ipecial  ijnmt*.  The  grant* 
hare  in  no  cato  been  a*  wtU  manaced  aa 
they  nigbt  hava  bean,  and  hara  been  in 
Mmc  ifiatanoea  badly  managed,  with  nudi 
waitc;  but,  with  all  ihli,  tbtj  bare  bean 
"inatramontal,  la  a  dct^rce  that  an  not  be 
Mlimalod  In  mere  dolkn  and  oeiita.  in  pro- 
moting tha  uute  of  education.  It  b  donbt- 
fal  if  wllh  the  wucsl  manapmeot  ibe 
■chool-land  nm)d  hate  been  nvle  to  tntln- 
tala  u^tMiited  the  work  (or  whieh  it  wna 
aot  Bilde.     PerhapalbepaaHM  benefit  ra»- 


+.6 


THE  POPULAR  SCIEUCS  MOSTStF. 


iknd  hj  Ilia  fuMi*  Iim  \ma  In  f«M«tnf 
MMSg  Ihc  p«a|il»  K  d(*in)  ter  p>a4  Kbcida. 
Wflfaoiu  Die  U»d  RTwU,  tb«  liuntcn  of 
■MlnUiDfaiU  frM  wboolt  muUl  liaTO  Mcmod 
ofipraMirc  tn  ilw  new  i^UU,  bnl,  aided  by 
Um  tBOMBC  of  ilic  funil*,  thir  pcoptc  Imtc 
ip«*ni  IMo  a  lubU  of  Milr^  llicnuoltca 
bcaT^jr  tor  Ihc  i  Ufipon  of  oducatkm.  Tlraa 
Ilk*  fuadi  Imtd  mado  imolksbto  a  ayflon 
of  sdneation  «klcb  wlihoul  ihm  It  aouM 
ban  b«0D  ImpoMilUa  i«  Mublbb.* 

Cm  SoMot  Sitmn  ni  rait  Cnrm  Statbl 
Bj  iomi  U.  FiRtUKTC.  WMlilBfCtoa, 
I>.  C, :  tivienuncut  Friatiiu;-MDcv-  Vv. 
»T. 

Tail  *otfc  li  N'ot  I  of  l)i«  "  Orcolais  «t 
InfoffnallM"  a(  ifaa  Butrnu  of  Eduouint 
to  16S9.  \m  anllinr  is  tme  of  (ha  BNM 
eipcrtMiwd  t>[  AtnerWon  Atj  Khool  aBpcr- 
faitmrtiiDi',  aoil  0110  abo  bu  wriiun  w  aaid 
a  ipvat  difll  on  cilncaticinal  aubjwu;  asd 
la  It  lie  ho*  prndiUd  on  ciUsiUr*  r«Tt«w 
o4  tho  prindjilo*  uid  coodltlon*  of  tho  odo- 
eatkoial  otCBiiintionii,  i^nprallT.  of  all  tho 
tovni  In  our  counlir  hatiog  populntiona  of 
more  ilwn  tigbt  ifaouMtad  <r  iborcabout, 
and  paniouUrlf  of  tho  bitftr  oitiM  *blt)i 
bavc  Ibc  man  chart;  dtfini<d  afiiUiM.  Tho 
polaM  to  uhloh  attooUon  it  tblcDj  dlnctod 
oonr  the  admlnUtration  and  oiKaniuUon  of 
Ibo  aohooli;  Iho  ckMcn  and  kind*  of  ocboDb; 
tha  tindlea,  auportMon,  pTognmraot,  and 
•spplemcnla:;  tcadinB  prarldcd  for ;  tndiia- 
IrU  cdoeatlui ;  phftlMl  M»d  <HbtT  drill ;  fcrv 
tnltoiw  Ituirucdon;  ttretultoii*  tcit.tiook* 
(ho  Unnto  of  olDcr  of  icachcn ;  tho  tra  of 
l«a«boni ;  cxamlnallem*,  promoUooa,  and  ««• 
lilUtloo*;  ih?  quHtloQ  of  "f*ot«a  and  no 
rMOMv"  tOBMrnlD;;  vfal^h  be  ipoaka  with 
forae  BsduM  llic  abodltlon  of  receu ;  aehool 
agea;  tuffldenexodaoeonimodatlon;  aehool- 
honscB,  innMama,  decorallona  and  an :  p«d- 
Bgogloil  Ubntk* ;  and  toordTc  aiiondanceL 

Tu  OoY*>  tKO  Gnu'  PtiXT.    Rdllod.  wUh 

an  iMredooiloa,  br  Jmm  S.  Wnm,  LL. 

n.    Kfw  Yo»k :  (J,  P.  Poniain'*  Son*. 

ff.  32«,  «ilh  UluattmiioMi.     Tikf,  ^ 

Iv  IU«  adoplatlo*.  wUeh  I*  Ibe  lUtd 

and  laM  e(  a  brief  aerie*  ot  dutkal  •«• 

tboH— naiarch,  Ikndoiaa,  and  PMny— 

whirli  tb«  editor  haa  pnfued  for  the  N«d- 

hi)t  of  Wiy*  and  eirli,  tb«  aelocthM  b  naie 

m  tho  noit  IntCfeniing  paiti  of  Ptinj'a 


"Kaiund  mtHarj."  A*  U>r  anUior'ai 
bvootrr  jdoanant  muling  ll  Bujbv— anfl 
that  najiocl  h  b  noteMvllei^auoU  i 
pwd  Minnoc  in  ibe  preMui  daf ,  It  ca&i  h> 
frtqaent  oottMtioa  i  tfal*  U  gtnm  In  •■«■* 
wbora  Plla;^  nawmdnu  ^tc  beoi  fimi 
orronMWv  «WEfii  wbtr*  tbcj  tn  mM 
donth  pT«p«Mcroiu  ••  to  ncnl  unomMtL 
For  hii  foot4Wl««,  tbe  «dllM  bw  U  w 
tourao  to  CuTl«r,  UcMoeh.  and  ijuNK* 
Totnt  amdonui  ot  FUsj,  bo  taja.  "  *b« 
muk  OB  Tanl7  bo  ImpttiTod  npon."  biW 
iMrodocthid  an  (tvan  ibe  tlfo  of  fUtf  ^^ 
hit  nopbavV  noeouM  ot  bla  death  lv>)<, 
oruptloBOf  VtMirlUk 

Tmof  •rtTK  Tutu  wrm  nil  Inuni. 
DuiiB,  rnxAM.    IMioti:  John  ll<^| 
hrttn&    rp.  is7,   Priiw^  Tft  cm* 

Tnmithoruf  thb  bookmti  fortoi^'J 
ftr*  jcon  Cbof lain  of  tin  Hkhlfm  Aqh 
for  the  InfMWt  at  Kabmaras  aarf  b  i 
foHh  btre  lb*  raniM  of  Ua  oipMWsc  »' 
ob«(rratloa»ln  that  npodiy,  After  M^v 
(oriml  rorlew  of  Ilic  dvriJapmsl  ot  ^ 
modern  nwthoda  of  uking  are  of  d*  1^ 
•an*,  he  onuiiCH  ibaar  pMiirf  nir  (a  «f 
laana,  their  InMacM  oMwde  o(  u]4^ 
dopifla  tho  ofrinku  and  feoUngi  of  | 

and  diMvMco  lb*  RbUoH  of  odioebv '^  J 
ion,  oloobet,  loboeeo,  and  other  i 
lobMhcd  twiMdBi,  «nd  eriOK,  aUh  i 
ijr     Ho  bcUevM  that  ujInHO  ai 
tor  tbe  laMne  ban  done  much  for  Iho  • 
«ti  coo  ot  ilio  meol  piiUblo  fonn*  ot  bn 
auifnlng.  and  ibai  It  I*  poatUilc  fia  I 
W  do  nntr  ainl  lioikr  b  tbn  f utar*. 


Tin  Co.or»»*Tiri  r«»i«">ii".rrB 
OrtLiun.     II J    I.i" 
Iteoieai  Lm  ft  »\\t\  ■ 
aiarioa  T.  DUfingUm.   ft-  f.i. 

Tra  booh  prvMnla  to  Uw  reader,  h  < 
OOBVIM,  ki)il«*l>  *>' ntdabUfom,  tbtr'* 
dpal  pm^don*  of  meOtm  aodillwni  [<^ 
ihopotaiorvioaofaaodolM.  Itba»b«" 
vrtilen.  ncoDfllnB  to  iba  jirafoaabM  «l^ 
Mlbor,  tbal  it  ma;  be  Mm  tliai  tht  «^ 
Md  pollikal  |kb«nomena  In  all  ynp^^ 
eoiwIrtM,  wd  partJcvlarl)' ID  aMiin«^ 
b7  and  Qmii  Hriialn,  ara,  In  a  pofi*"' 
natural  iwiii.  mdilnic  a  dh*  miW  0^ 
a  opcial-dtiecialta  nnUr,  to  a  kVh  iV  i"^ 
ot  Um  "O^opcntltt  ConiMwatal Ji '  " 


LITERAST  NOTICES. 


,  or,  fltft  todalUm  U  so  importalion, 
•  hMDE  product,  •h«r«T«r  fouBil;  lo 
fooJ  rMMtw  for  eipcetiiig  that  lie 
rtcdtJ  onlM-  •Ul  t>t  •  "bapprlMw" 
'litrvtj'  oac,  knil  to  liutirj  Itit  <«UTtetloa 
Au  lh«  fitnalloM  tmit  oonM  M  tbEa  oe*r 
irtn  dIiUd  m  oompwMlT*!;  ibon  pc«f«4, 
V  to  ti*rbui4».  Tka  •albor  bu  ahw  • 
Mnnttmf  jivrpoH  ifcaa  tba  om  of  Ri«f« 
UboMlM,  wlilcb  tt  la  ptnpaiv  ihs  public 
kitir  tuch  IB  ■lUtndcu  toDukc  dwrer. 
thtfoi^  uliicb  he  farHM*  ta  *  ontuntf ,  a 
HiMdInw  siul  daaprlcM  on*,  nMlOog  in 
4eciBbli*bn«B(  of  a  vbolcaome  ««onit;. 

fttt  SLooo-Oomixr.  Dt  H.  Clit  Tncic- 
■ru,  D.  D.  NcT  ToA :  (liail**  iicrlb- 
Mi-a  Sou.    IV  SMI.    Plica,  fs. 

hi  UoMt-coTenaM  I*  a  rttc  b7«falcb 

t«i)  piff"^-  abiOEb  cofh  tLc  olhcr*!  blood, 
*kbt(  bf  diinkuis  <"  b;  tmufuaion  lo  ibc 
*ttii^  vbcrcb;  the;  lw«oms  bouwl  to  one 
itNfacr  in  CTcn  ■  dowr  connMiioo  than 
fcl  af  brcilwihaad.  It  pntuls  in  manf 
■Maliiea— aara^  b&tbaivii*,  and  tnoi- 
baibiraii*— AOil  Dii;  b«  uactd  back  lo  u- 
>n«a  tstiqnit J.  Dr.  TnmbnQ  dbmien  it 
■minf^ria;  tlMO  Had*  namerauH  MCOiinU 
■4  U  ta  i1m  Jaornal*  of  African  traidtin 
■■d  d  adnntar«M  among  Ibc  Korth  Amer- 
■na  IndkM ;  iktccti  It  In  the  Nonn  ludt 
nC  E<iR)iM>  and  la  India,  and  M  around  Ait 
*«dd.  He  rol^lalw  luTctoand  It  acJur- 
■ataifllc  oulotn  ainocg  the  Aibanlani  tad 
M«e  «{  til*  (Mtb  SlaTa.  Gaiag  Uck  inio 
UAor;  he  Bnda  U  alUI  near  prertlcnl  ja 
ttt  (Un  dm**,  aa^  acduDS  to  ctucoTcr  !i 
bhi<)tigb«,bedele(U  It  in  iliu  rluaand 
Hiilimof  ^aaclcnt  Egrpf"'*!  ^^^  ^- 
^■tna  vpon  aUuifaau  i«  It  ki  An  book*  of 
4ilMc  B^dM<faHrlptkBaadUMoi7, 
*h*  pipoae  (4  U*  bMfc  b  to  lnTC«]gBt« 
*^  Mtniaig  and  iTaboliun  «f  the  tile 
B*biit*M  ilutila  origin,  louac  one  of  Ibo 
**r«bMnNnta  be  makta  rMpminc  tt.  b 
!■*  Ibe  MhnaaItT  demioaliag  prfatJil(« 
"^■iuiWM  Itel  tk  bfood  b  tbo  Bfc;  that 
*h  hae^  M  tbe  blood-fMnu!^  ti  the  ttrj 
^la(«t«(7  p«naa>titr;  thu  btMil-lTN» 
f^biMl^muftct  thatblMd4harine.hu- 
Mb  •  dhli»hnBaa,  Moona  aa  initnanian 
Mmhim  ;  and  (hat  •  mba  of  the  human 
«i(h  the  dnine  U  tW  b1gh«M  alti- 
I  Mtrinnrat  rm^td  o«  after  b;  the 
TW.  XXtlB.—Vt 


moM  primhirc  i*  irtD  e>  b*  (bf  own  ftt. 
ligbtciicd  Estnd  ol  imnanSuj.'  With  mr. 
tge  and  barbareiw  peoplae  tbe  rite  Hat  m 
Ibo  foundaiieo  of  ouidbalm ;  It  b  the  mo- 
Ure  of  McriGcca,  in  «Ueh  d»e  ankBal  b  oT- 
fte«d  to  the  god  aa  a  vubsttlute  for  the  ha- 
man  blood-  lnonefo>B  tbe<trofe<itbkio4 
wen  pat  In  atn*  or  other  draugbn  and 
dninken:  tbm  tbe  wine  «■•  dnmkea  wMwnt 
the  aetoal  prawnoe  ol  th*  Mood ;  wheate  »e 
have  Ihc  nM  of  wiac  Is  pM^c*  of  frlend- 
:  (htp  and  In  mairtaitc.  Among  the  Jove  il 
u  (fTobotind  lo  dtvumcUon ;  and,  laanj, 
it  found  lt>  CDltnlfiiilon  In  the  oCering  of 
the  blood  of  Chriit.  which  ChriMuna  of  all 
denoiHnadon*  again  obeotre  e^mboUcanri 
Vt\a  tiieir  llMter^  own  ioMliutioo,  la  the 
WW  ot  wine  al  the  sacrament.  ThmoTJeo*, 
trVxA  Dr.Trwuhutl  wte  forth  with  mncb 
forre  and  eo^noiu  illuMntlon*  bj  ttfcetoMg 
and  qootationti  are  not  a  tbeorr  wUcb  be 
*et  out  lo  prore,  but  are  thonglbU  ibU  tnea 
Ijrotra  upon  hEm  aa  he  baa  adnaeed  ta  Ut 
wotk,  and  hare  been  tagfftuA  bj  Ut  r^ 
Kfarchce;  and  the  fact  thai  QiVj  hare  bean 
Uthrrto  OTrrtoiikAl  (iimiiht«,  to  liln  mind, 
anotluii  llluainitiiin  of  tiie  *'  innrilatilf 
oaM^ng  Inflotsco  ol  a  prtcooodTed  llud 
IhcMy— to  which  all  the  aacarlalnnl  facia 
moH  be  oonf  omed-^n  any  attempt  ai  i1ior> 
on^  and  Imparlkl  edtaUfio  hmitlEatloiL*' 

Itnm-Ccu  ox  i  Uimtiii.  hum.  By 
84CAB  EuiAutTH  TiicuuB.  BoMlon: 
Oippiea,rphamACo.  Ncwrorlt;  Brca- 
tano  Brolherik.    Pp.  iM. 

Thx  author  of  Ihi*  vork  liatbg  acquired 
■he  itiL'tliod  of  euriag  diiciM  whidi  b  ptac<> 
Ueed  bj  tb«  niiiul-cn(«t»,  eaiue  to  the  coo- 
diudon  tlial  the  SDCOW*  attaodlas  that  meth- 
od b  duo  lo  conotntiatlon  of  iboosht,  and 
not  to  the  thonlni^  nndeHjing  the  foethod- 
She  rcgudi  it  ni  a  veU^ttceted  foct  that 
diataae,  crca  inorguJe,  can  becund  as  wrll 
ae  eaoeed  hj  (bo  Bund  or  the  imi^natfoa. 
Beridto  eepednllj  elaborating  thie  th«at7 
fben'iewe  "Tbe  Th«oUi(v  of  llie Chrietian 
8dentbt«";di8euM>eii"'n>p8inx1<>J)iitMla]m 
Tbeoty,"  or  Halerliliiim,  and  ibe  n>anitial» 
timt*  o(  "  Kind  In  Animal*  and  In  the  Lover 
BaoM  of  Mta";  attninpui  lo  tno*  "The 
Ortfln  el  Uie  Doctrine  of  ilie  Immorlal 
fioul " ;  and  aaarehca  fur  "  Ribl«  Prooti  of 
Ihc  SoglaSabitancv  Thforj." 


%.8 


THE  POPULAR  SCTSXCS  MOSTHLY. 


Aii*To«T  ASP  EwmTotoor.  BjCajjoun 
On*  Wruiiax.  BotfoH  i  8.  B.  Ckuijn 
Jk  CcL    IV  SAO.    Prtw,  IS. 

Tk  kIm  of  ihii  VDtk  U  to  Mppij  id  • 
iDcunn  t  notd  wliWi  bw  bMB  tnwl«d  bf 
tbe  nipU  derelofoMM  ot  ibt  ■««boil*  «( 
nkroMOFlciil  anauniT  ud  «aifarjalo{T  vUb- 
in  ilic  lui  If  yvix*.  Tb*  mpIcoU  ol  Uw 
voluiM  iMia  b««n  knsniad  In  i>o  putt 
Hm  &nl  tmbradni  iM«h«4>  af  ■  mora  gia- 
tnl  nUim,  iDtfa  m  pcouimtire  tv&A*, 
i^»,  B««tmlii||  Buldji,  OuIIt*)!,  tDouatlDg 
nadh,  tiM  mlcTOtomo  irith  It*  >p|ntrlc- 
otoioc*,  melbodii  o(  Ittbcddhig^  el«. ;  ami 
IJm  tOMiul  Inclndiiig  (pMkl  appUcoUoiu 
tA  ambrfCiloKkal,  Mwtonlml,  and  tiiito- 
logiml  nuthiMU  Hsdor  tbc  Iwiul  of  "  cm- 
brjvloeicol  ncibudt"  txts  Eimi,  biMid«> 
Mcounu  of  objMU  of  Hia&y,  Dotoa  on  *u«h 
[tdDU  u  tke  tImM,  plMO,  ud  bm  tLttli- 
oibi  oi  a»llKiin^  brcodli^JMbiis,  rood,  knd 
ether  iitunt  of  in^onntliod  (hat  maj  kid  llie 
Mndent  to  tnabiag  a  tbolei)  of  mtWntl  tnd 
MmlrolSng  tt«  Mjipl;.  The  ptn  oa  i^iMial 
aothMh  b  dMigMd  to  moot  Um  wanti  of 
Ui«  boglnnt«  M  «rU  M  e<  the  nora  nd- 
nBoedaw<d«M. 

AanuR  otr  Foaasm  (Dcpartmont  o(  A^- 
oulntn).  Pivptrcd  bt  KATiuxia  II. 
EoumiN.  Vol.  ly.  ISM.  ffuUne- 
Mb  ;  GoToniiwuit  Frintlng-Offlcv.    Pp. 

Tnu  ropott  It  MmpHod  from  tbo  rvplle* 
lo  llio  clrcaUn  of  Inqulrf  «b1ch  bavi  bran 
MM  out  to  luloni  port*  of  the  coiinii?, 
Mldng  for  bttomiitlon  reap«cting  diBcfeol 
pdnl*  In  tbo  Modiiion  of  tbe  fbrtsia  Mkd 
Hie  orafmnpitoEt  ot  oood.  IW  fMto  iImi 
pihcrvd  ore  ftmngrd  la  Ibe  tfcipe  ol  «p«- 
rial  rqwrt*  bj  ignit*  of  Ibe  department,  M 
on  the  (oUfclIoa,  prMerralJou,  ud  plaiilkng 
of  ncdi  or  7«Rine  trt«t  io  thu  prairie  StaMl 
the  Mnditlon  of  torMU,  liTobpr-ouIluro,  M&, 
In  Ibe  Southern  and  W«lcrD  Slotot ;  on  the 
kind*  a«d  iinantiif  of  limber  oMd  for  rail- 
nad'tlce  (from  fact*  fumiibed  bf  l*a  bun- 
dred  and  dgblf-lhroe  ndlt«a4oonip«nie*)t 
00  tbedtonoMi  elwoeilliadi  iaOhlot  oo 
the  (oreet  «ondlll«a  and  Insrim  and  iraed 
trade  of  entalo  Suum  ;  oo  the  giwrth,  eCo, 
oTime;  oa  tb« fortne of  Waihlnctoti Ttr- 
rtlorj  1  and  nn  Ibe  preiloctioo  of  aaiilMo- 
far  In  tho  Calwd  Biatea  aad  Ouada. 


Tiut  GiBKuc  Tbb-Dwu.  Bf  aiw* 
DnKTmuHo.  Kcw  York :  Dl  Xf^mm 
t  Co.    Pp.  116. 

PacmcMtm  Dnannuiia  b  ib«  aelUt  <t 
tbe  "  Oonulallt*  Method  "  of  l«MU«  Gv 
nwn,  rtdcb  be  iUu>lr«tci  br  the  Mi 
AfjNMN*  mobr  Ariterwn— -  Rpodlk*  IW 
mother  ol  (WAca.**  Iha  pni|n*e  d  M 
■orit  1*  lo  prcMot  tbe  tawhanlm  el  At 
coUeqoial  and  TiitUa  Unsnai^  la  ■  a*l* 
of  excitbca  oo  ih«  ra^tt,  tiwtjft  llttif  trf 
ruicdL  jet  iubjctt  lo  a  «t[t-otd«ml  tjHi^ 
The  tiuibar  wlecta  Ihl*  part  nt  tpmk  •* 
the  ccDitsl  ob)t«l  of  Ibe  cMnittt,  WM" 
be  believes  iW  the  oOeo  of  none  tCa  ^ 
mow  complei,  more  bapurtanl,  «nJ  ■■«• 
aittul  in  mikitU^ng  to  the  povre  *at  l0> 
ColUgiUUiT  of  eipneiiua.  It  b  *!■  O" 
port  of  ipewh  iihidi  in  Otrmin  ai  ta<" 
Uago^e*  gooa  Ihrangh  nof*  MMriw* 
and  rabca  man  dtOmUlo*  in  eeMUKiWi 
thaa  aajr  ether  [  m  ib^l  abocTrr  m*"* 
the  rerb  ha*  Bute  dininhy  ■lib  inflUM 
elM.  Tbe  vteli-diill  inkra  tbt  fwa  d  * 
tJTf  t;  ooarenwllu)  brtwfvn  the  touhfi  m' 
the  elaftn,  in  «hkh  n  tin^i^e  nth  Mq  •* 
kctcd  for  thit  dar"*  l«f*e«,  U  U  f^ 
along  bk  )u  laStcUon*  and  «Hh  tu  <m^ 
natiooa.  Tbe  plan  appnn  lo  w,  Iccfct 
at  tl  from  wUhwi,  adaptcl  to  faiillUM  da 
auOj  of  bufiuajci  and  Bake  ll  mor*  b««- 
Mllii|[.  «hlto  tt  b  ako  (unAuncatal  **1 
Ihotougli. 

Ucmm  <«  TKi  Panxtn-ta  «e  Ri-^ 
DnAininic.    U;  J.  Picuwiia  PnMl 
Atcfalwvl.    lEo'ioa!  IVkiuir  &  >*''    rr 
198.     A  OriM  10  fAiiTiiJ 
iv«<Tm)>.    Hr  Wiiiiia  I"j. ! 
C  E.    Xea  York  i  J«l>o  WUj  A  .>»  , 
Pp.  141.    rriae,9l.U3. 

Tax  ■■  LoetnrD*  "  of  ihv  fomtrnli^l 
vera  dtSTcced  at  Ibe  Maji-athw  WW  b^  [ 
iBle  of  T«haot«V,  btforo  ih«  SeMk  Pb- 1 
triA  Medloal  Bo^y  ■"•I  »■>  »«•>«"  B"** 
ef  ANhUerDt.    Tbob  ecsfe  t*  tbMt  **  ' 
preawMatloa of  Ibe  idadple*  iw*U** 
dralnafo  appUaaeca  of  bonie*  thneU  la^ 
towted  and  arrangod,  «tih  eriikk^  " 
etbilnn  apfllanota  nod  atraagowiiii   ^ 
author  bu  blmadtf  deHted  inm  *"  **'' 
OMM,  Ibe  qnalltka  et  «Udt  b>  d«rt«A 
bnl  stvaye  with  en  lieaeal  nnii™  i«  * 
nadertliatbr  Ixalklne  abooi  hbr>ni*'^ 
A  farol^ and  Indnwndaai  JndfMU^"' ! 


UTSRAST  JfOTXCSS. 


4"9 


rUia  bctora  U  |0na  fa  k  rcqaul 

I  moda  bj  Ihs  editor  ot  Uw  "  SiuiU 

'  Laadaii,  foe  pclmlMloa  to  K- 

^frtDdjal  timol  Ur.  Gcttaml-*  book 
Del  iba  houMbddcT  McpccUiig 
,  111  III—  o(  a  aniuxj  bonae-ia- 
^  pHllonlulT  to  Ihe  nutter  of  tcoivb- 
tfaeti  in  Ibe  unngriucats.     I*im 
tbe  infpeelion  of  ciiy  huuse* 
r  Mrraaadiogi  tod  ■oil.  thu  wllsr, 
1  detail*,  •e««rnsc  ■I'l  plumU 
tijr,  method  of  eiibitgv  dU- 
DM  (or  wamiing.  ga*-llslit- 
,  for  exdouon  of  bod  odorv, 
of  Ami,  and  for  tafct;  tgklut 
;  (St,  »re  vtideaoi  »p«rtineni-bau*w 
t-houtM^  on  couatiy.houM^ 
'  dty-lioiues,  are  (leaicd  In  At- 
I  ea  naaner  twiirding>luHuei  mi 


hDnmlfuuWB.  XovYork:  Charlie 
taten'*  SacM.  Pp.  MO,  wiib  FUiu*. 
FA..  It 

Tki  aim  of  UiLt  ttiritiag  toIubc  la  lo 
I  jeulh  in  Btlnnl  faixor;  by  point- 
|«t  ibe  atinKiira  ride  and  *a  )>r(i»tfitiii^ 
[  faaLura*  lliat  Ihev  viU  go  out 
ilaiTcalt|ptanfortfacniMlr««L  It 
r  In  maitne  life.  Han;  of  tlw 
I  chnaidcd  l»  It,  (he  aatbar  aajv, 
tnadeduring  a  long  rc^mcc  ufion 
^Mil  nef  er  aioU,  Mme  while  ivimiuiug 
r«tltr  aloog  Iba  btbtUng  oora)  bank* 
t  laiMd  ■  ehanolctbtlo  tntun  of  cor 
,  and  others  are  the  nemoilM 
rfndJoal  rnHNting  touts  in  vart- 
Tha  auihor  di«p1a^  much 
piWtMfcig  iha  brighter  ladM  of 


.  Oauidit.  Py  Fii«a  R.  i»TOcrrwi. 
^ttt.  PKor.(l.34.  TriUaSIett- 
Ml  B;  BaUDca  Hanuiia.  Pp.  M& 
Sm  Toifc:  Charlea  Smbnet'i  Son*. 
"keODBGatsUK"  U  ac  ainuiingalteich 
>  tn  hog*ckMTaD|;,  n^ihtr  f so- 
na],  *o  judge,  nhicfa  we  han 
I  inacfa  pkaaorOi  and  caa  eoRimen  J 
|<d  bnlibTaftd  (ooJ  tor  a  hiniiio  no- 
■n>*  t«n  Meeting"  baa  a  mota 
tta  pba  aad  grvatar  ni>Hy  of  ind- 
I  apftan  W  dial  with  aadUar  wanM, 


Tin  Oognio«irKii.m  a*  Gaeaou :  Tnt 
CocxTRT,  TO*  f  «aru,  i*o  jhi.  Pnonuiv 
Tiovt.  EVepartd  uodvr  thu  dirortiua  uf 
J.  T.  DixuiwMx,  CommiMioiKTr  of  -lj;rl- 
Oiltiirp.  Atlanta :  J.  P.  Uarritoa  &  i'o, 
]'p.S;i).  With FIf wen Uap*.   Prioc.tl. 

la  Ihia  wDrk,  •bioh  I*  publiahvd  und^r 
the  aulborily  of  the  Suic,  ai  a  hand-boul:, 
the  attempt  It  maJo  lo  doplia,  bj  a  »uriui 
of  mafi*,  \a  an  InicU!|^b1«  and  aoorptablo 
nj,  the  ):nol<^,  agriculture,  tcmpcmtupc 
anil  raJnlall,  ■aw^t-povcn,  fonauy,  mtn- 
onbi,  and  clcraliona  of  Georgia.  In  tha 
Ictlcrprrai  arc  ^Tvn,  with  eonalderable  de- 
tail, dcaerlftlcn*  o(  ifae  popnladen,  pubUo 
Inatinitloiw,  gowsment,  wharttonal  eatab- 
UahmeDta,  neii«pap«ni,  aad  of  the  fruit, 
grata,  garden,  and  Guld  preducu. 


PDUJCATIOXS  RBCRFTED. 

Kalanl  Cm:  Ita  AdnnlMtt*.  Ch,  and  Ceaao- 
TDlca,  BTaMnrtll.  THuntua.  I(p&  PItUbuiv: 
A.  A.  aoatnou  *  Boo.  iTIaun.    Pp.  SI. 

Flflb  Sittirt  of  tho  Hlj»l>  iA  OomnilMiDWFi  of 
tliAMaUDfiVnuiMitoat  la  tha  Oaonal  Awnnbly, 
.liouuT,  Ivi'L  tteO,  JAddlVtOWn  1  rtltoa  *  King. 
PrlDUn.    PfLlM. 

bport  of  Ibt  PiwHdlne*  of  ih*  lUtaoUi  ftuu 
BMid  of  Hnltli.  QBuurty  MmUbc.  SDitoEOsM, 
OcUt>K«.«a.  IMt.  ^  -^     ' 

<.*omp|Hcal  Form  of  7al«anle  Com*  ■»■]  iho 
RluUc  l.tinll  or  litn.    Wf  <l(ai«B  P.  Bvdnr     Ru- 

prtet(ifltD(Ii*~Anis<ouiJaaRul  of  BeMisn.''    1^, 

A  CMMbaltoB  to  Iba  Vmtt*nt»  T'deonrnhicy 
af  BiailLuil  BnV(i4  ('nDtlnliiHiio  or  Rrfwuvbt* 
•OKHialli*  BKlnohiii  nr  :h#  r-Hl'MnHiirour'-'hui. 
B]i  K.  I).  CopL    11^    PhilidsltiM' :  A.  C.  FoiIA 

On  1*DlYijDthPvli  ui4t  TncA^HFvtioQ  ■!  Chtrt^ 
t*tiit1n  or  Anurlcaa  l4rii;iLVM.  Sv  Dvtltl  O. 
nriTii.>a,  U  D.  MIA.  rblliiddnU* :  UolWIa  * 
fiUtulr.    Pp.  41. 

Tt>aPbnlali«kaluid  PtUintnclnl  Cftnunrib* 
Fh  af  TnhKnL  llT  llnhiri  AimrT  )lan>.  U.  II. 
l>*Ck  PblMtlpUlc:  P.  llliklnaii.eaD*C().  Pp. 
M.    UlaUiaM. 

Iiilts  la  lb*  Utnutni*  if  ITnnlaai,  1T^»-ISS9l 
Bt  B.  CUTlDrlon  BolUin,  Ph.  n.  mii.  WMblag. 
loD :  Gomoiujl  Pr1iitlD|i.^>llbv.    Pp,  ti, 

Rfnartn  en  a  ftunrmjinl  Poaall  Fnoinw  thun 

.(•«!"  -^ •■   - 

Pp.  10. 


■ 


t; 


(ho  (-Al-tfMurra.    Ky  Prv(«or  Jowph  F.  jKng*. 


^ansoea  WTnttr  nil  FoinmflF '.  Aa  E^lom*  of 
tn*  Rwlr  niiuvr-  lt.>ni*ii«.  I^wtuiili.  and  Ciiamv 
urblln  or  IHi>  i>»<u~I  vt  Aminrwi  Rourt*.  By 
Pmtta  iDCnbao.  Krw  Ynck,  !•>&  r^  IIS. 
UuiUaMd. 

Pond  Pruarmllon  IB  <*arraiU,  BjA.T.nren- 
moiri,    UoBitid.  iwe,    Pp  T. 

Iiitnwjioet!™  loMnlty.  Itf  AIlui  Ui^Uar  Ttcn- 
IlLan.  .M-  U.    RtforlDl  ftwD  tbB-Anivrlraii  JviirDal 

□r  in«  Mrduai  MtiKH.'*   luA   1^,  s. 

I'm  nUM  In  Uu>  MMeD*  hrnt  Ry  L.  B. 
Elmiin.  Pli.  D.    llamU  Inn,  Ohio.    Pp  U 

livtiffiD^  Kt*n-i«f4  prthA  IlonrT  thair  tlqhDol 
of  BoUDy.  WmMhrIoo  Dalnnlly.  e*.  Lank.  Ho. 
liU.    Pt>.M. 

Bopoti  at  lb*  OnmnliiH  m  MuIm  Cbomlnl 
Utnlsn^    By  H.  Cirrtii«taD  BoOidb.    Pp.  &. 

Canata*  AuwHswu.    A  Fo**U  Uom*  •!  Klk 


TBS  POPULAR  SCIENCE  MONTOLT. 


MML    P[>-U.    IDiulnM. 

Cb<mM(Tlolk«S<ritM«rraUlt  RmU.  Dgr 
««Uiii  BtoW  MMtok.  ISaO.  IMa  ■■!«•■  I  M- 
Ml.  tUM.    1>1N. 

Tb«  m^  Uh  Df  AibOHolMl  Tbonr.  Br 
Amuu  TiHbMr.    iwtk    Li^m:  «taaU*  r«k. 

Fsft^'Hond  Aonul  Uffwt  *(  Ui*  Nm>  Ymk 

to  tfat  V«r  IS^    !«•*  r<tk.  Uex 

Tb>  XcMHilT  IW  aww  BatatiHU  MwHi  Ito 
Annvaaliba  Au|il*,Md  Ub  Hart  IMbnl  u  K- 
maalkft  tU  ICaM<L    Ujr  d^uaa  Qirf  y.  Brtn^ 

Mn  LW  ar  r>IibBwl>«>(.f  tb<  emllhHUtn  U- 

fniMM  Priaitaf«ia».    I'll.  11. 

Ttird  AnniBl  Xpiit  (f  lb*  BhpI  «r  CoMmI  of 
Ibi  Xrw  t«1i  Agiwuiunl  KxtiKtiMM  HuOmi  IN 
Uh  Vau   1>»L    AIMa^:    W<^  FknM*  A  Ot, 

WjT  y*^. '■'"!"*■!■  ■*««  "(il»  brt^ 
BMNl    ISA   B«l-i>a*i»:BK>«4rni. 

JUmacMlal  rum  praftnri  to  Uh  Vm  af 
n>  AiDMtw  KrAfUHH*  Hd  KmUcMI  AIbmm: 

ViA  It.  rww  itfHd  IV :  rdMtroruiihi  irait, 

•M  KfftwUv  M«4lA  IMl  WatalwMO  :  Ow- 
tnwni  ntaili«-Oa». 

■ni  PhnKkaTa  VMUnc  tin  to  imt.  rMt>- 
««I|*H:  rC  BMMO.  •«■  *  (V    TwtHH  UM. 

M  rfWM  ftwD  ti  u  W 

_  TfMlklk*  or  BnUlM.  Bt  W.  R  Brtlw. 
Ik^mx  «a«  mIhtM  (i^aiMt  L  OmbWat  t;.  K. 
Iti*  r«t  I  D.  Vaa  HMUUd.  Kn,  MI.  IVtBhW 
ecaia. 

CftMBlnl  AlMlnM  to  fbtiwila  atd  S<«>Ma 
Maa.  BrA.R.BvHWUtr,  Xa*  Vuki  8<nb- 
•cr  4k  WilM.    it-  tK 

"n*  tdn  «f  dol  u  a»MM:  If  Mnltni  EdpwI- 
■d«fi  Br  Jabi  ruf^  ll»ua  laa  »n  Turk  : 
llMcMaMIUln  A  <-«    I'p.  m    l^1n^|l. 

rmi  Launa  In  nUMMbr.  Br  U.  F.  Iluit- 
l*)r.    XoTaitiSanatri  WallHiL    IV-W. 

BM.VM*.  Br  onva  TVma  Millar.  llHtaa 
■MlNavyaAr  HawbU^MUHnACft   Pp.tn. 

Han,  Vtmtn.  utt  Uidi.  will  aiNw  Irnitnt, 
n?  IMn  R.  nu4a»>T,  Sm  T.rt  ■  TIia-TWIk- 
&_)ih"  OiDraar,     IV  1M     rrMa.  •!. 

KallnM  THMfatUUm  ^  tU  nittoT  •>■  X* 
Uo»  lit  ArtkB  T.  Iliilkr  .V>«  Yarl :  fl.  V. 
rtUHM-t^tm.    Pp.t».    Pitn^llM. 

Atonaaa  B«n  Of  Ji«*  C.  R.  Dorr,  S*w 
Tort  !  ChartN  Boftaw't  ewa.    IfL  M.    I>Ih. 

Ckmlid  KuilWitiiii  Iba  Hxnllar  Oa  DliWia 
ha.  t>   I.IRIM     Xaw  TdAi 


Ita.a(lto«» 


llaraliiUa  hi*  MIw  tman.  tltJtta  tlifea. 
Bn  •Jiaaa^  m<ii<  w4  aVknat.  ^MSl  BaUaa 
aiJilair  Vflft  illa«bUai,MIM(*0(.    Prtt<i,|t 

rbirw*  DwwiB.  B«  QnM  ABm.  Un.  Srm 
TM  :  D.  AivMbb  *  &.    (y  WA    n«MM. 

rkriMI  RapmlM  ^  lu  HadH  iW  riMfto. 
Br  pwHM  watM*.  M  D,  ImA.  r.  «■  CL  rnn. 

Na«  T«fk  I  D.  AMMiB  *  Oa,  P|l  •!«  t>M(a, 
»I.Hk 

A  raWMI  (Mva.  Br  A-  U.  OflaM.  Xav 
Tart  I  WMmb  B.  WaHrtamr,     !>.*•*- 

Bh<N«l»  af  trwrawt  Wlwaiy  Br  <*>«(■■  H. 
CjMUMVW.     BaatM:   OMriaa   B.   riMi«,     r^ 

_  »aHt  WmUi     Hi  J  K.  twalU     Ka«  Tok 
Tta-'TmihUaaliar'f'mipMi.   I>  (M,   m».(l 


TliarMlltMaftNaHaa. 


KB,  r.ft.1.  » 
IIA 


ifnuHaa.  Br-taM 
Ia>  larAi  VlaaB 


llaWi- 


1 


ktt>ml    IMmnt      II. 

IBL 

ft  Ml.      Dr  JaiLlB    Wlllaln. 
BtVliMla  r  Lanr     *>  "^ 

[UIUb  Papato  Tain     Br  Tftanai  Fk 
<;)aa>.    llo>laB«bd)«<a   Tuik:  UuKUm, 

-na  nkM  Boolk.  Br  Oavta  «.  C.a»l>.  W 
Tort:  CLmIm  BoOmA  ton.  I'u  IM.  I** 
•I. 

AUai^ilAaDulkT,  BYn>>vWfad.tn«« 
B<Mn  ml  .V**  Y«k  1  Uoa^UM.  IMH  A  <» 
lyWT.    rn«,|l.l«i. 

Knm  ulUtaOMMnilflSfarolUtinf 
lar  tiJU.  Waablwlaa:  «iiriii»«l  IIMir'*' 
IM.     Pp.  Tl*.  awb  Oauta. 

Uianri  «r  Um  B-Ai^t  »'  «"  B««i  «w*^ 
Bwla»    Br  Jdkn  M  CMlUt,  I'll.  II.   lUalitk 
IvbM  Btitama.  Ttr>H  A  0«    tV«M 

PinkMrr-  Br  IlMadtN  UrrMM,  « 
Tliuilinl  V  C  "•■''*  "  "  ^'"  ^'■*'*k 
niMai'**«a 

TW  rrrtWr 
Br  Or.  II«»T  wi..— .•...    ;... 
Pdltaar'a   »«•«.     !>   Mt  ■>« 
■nvUgriaM,Mip,iBir*Bi.    nM>,«M 


< 


POPULAR   MISCELLAHV. 

PwMrtwk  Bnwu  ICMaliii  ta  ] 
— MailMM  d*  U  BArcsu  iaailm  b  < 
"  A»«rl«iin  NuhtaUm"  pcm*  fanta 
imatM  dut  liAT*  tm*  fooBd  l>  <W  tf> 
IMUb  <k  Im  Iklla*,  near  ika  dlf  al  Mu^ 
(A  linbedJ«4  III  >  hknl  rock  of  flUMa 
otlaireou*  Rita.  Tlio  cTiitlinB,«hbiW< 
p«r  Kiul  loim  iDAillIn  mod  (n^mMi' ' 
(b«  clofla^(MBt,  Ttftctra,  liba,  mU  i 
(ram  til*  Ofipcr  ind  kmr  Unli^  M*  i 
powd.  and  pmcat  a  foltorUi 
and  tb*  oIiaraelvriMto  vifttU  ot  lo 
Uon.  No  uUior  f«MUa  ««ur  In  ita  >4| 
and  IIm  ana  c4  Um  fomwUM  «u  wi?  ' 
MUmaUd.  TIw  bfid  luu  ■rlibnUf  i 
•phoaral  tlaM  Uw  boiiM  afra  iljii*!^'* 
tl,  and  llMtr  dlaonlinid  eondlllM  k  * 
contad  for  b^r  (Ui  (art.  Tw  tw*  < 
at  e«(B  1«  ilw*  U«i,  Fre«  avjijiadiq  * ' 
b*  or  lb*  pcMcnl  ag*,  U  mnt  be  «<  < 
N(li(dtj.  Hmf  •!«,  Uw  (Jeraitoa  ^  <  _ 
Sraoiid  abora  Ilia  ac«w)  l«r*l  al  Uk*^ 
Mf*,  BDd  lb*  mMihalib  hvium  *  <" 
rodi,  sUcti  b  aflFniii  (ton  ibti  i/  <" 
olbar  (aUiraoH  rMlta  itu  I  maun  <^'' 
of  eer*»)cB  or  ntu  oJ  pUnu  •'*•''' l^ 
gT&  Tfaa  MiaflKT«i>tilcal  aD<l  WM^ 
diaraouriMk*  at  lli*  i;niund  htdloM'  1^ 

muj,  m  M  kaM  to  iba  bw«  at  tbr  pi^J 


POPULAR  MISCELLAKT. 


4«» 


Ito  PwUi  BdKB.— Aomd- 
iipwt.  ifa«  foiMU  of  ibe 
iMc  N|faa  9««  lUr  daiutij  ud  (io«Uiiio 
•«  AtiMttr  «t  th«  ralnCAil,  wliich  U 
■ria  W  Ite  Dortlwni  part  a(  llul  oaaM 
uj«b«r«  «to*  to  the  L'uilct!  Suta ; 
il  iWit  Kutnl  dtaMbatkn  ud  deiuitf 
iDh  ibt  dlnftudM  and  >mnuDi  ot  (be 
dioddliUt^  M  «e  go  touibmud 
nUirdlmUM.  The  forctu  of  tU»  n- 
<BtR:  Ibc  Xgrtiiera  fatot,  from  the 
t*  the  fiflj-«g^lli  dt^TM  of  kii- 
idiiampcMd  prindpalljcJ  >lilM  (pnim 
VMCi  ■niod  to  but  Dot  idurtknl  vilh 
fwhiich  a«d  boIdkiD-Cr  oT  th«  Al> 
at;  the  Cout  torul,  eiuiiding  in 
Miif  from  ihu  liitiMk  Ig  Itiv  Gftb- 
■k  poIM,  «al  (benw  ^oag  tbo  tuiuimi 
'  fcSetn  Vcftdft,  «l»Mi  lo  il)«  UotiMn 
Kwipwdof  ■  bf  Moifaniiu  t^mUm, 
Aid  H*  tbo  AlMfc«c«dir,  tiM  lld»- 
.  Ilw  hMnloek,  u>d  the  red  dr. 
k  liftMBI  tmxm  b  thn  ntl-woml  br.lL, 
knikM  gn'ith  i*  found  nonh  of  Iho 
llf  tf  8u  fnttduMi,  and  vbldt  conuliu 
*Ood  Oan  tav  mImt  forcit  of  ilmllu 
Ibt  fortat  of  ilio  irMlcni  itope  of 
SnaJiend^  (luiutlng  ftogn  iha  bi** 
"fawShuu  (u  Uio  tUriT^flflh  patallcl, 
b  dnAj,  U  f tMD  four  tbouMnd  to 
f^  IhwiMid  f«ct  abore  the  n«,  kod  ii 
tnauiiol  \ij  the  BTMt  mgitvpitic.  Tlie 
■Hit  Ibc  Ttllcra  ii  (ompaMd  of  icaU 
**  •li;  Md  the  latwior  fonsl,  from 
"  Mm  10  tW  Rocky  Uouotaim,  ti  of  io^ 

>*•  mil  li  Ulakd,— AMOtiCof-  to  itx 
U'^^Kk  JouimI,"  Bilk  1«  M»l  Dabl« 
^Wtbf  AeibMrptiMof  odunwhen 
'  ^  Md«*  Ihu  Ibe  Mnwndiaf  4lr.  Far 
^  U  li  tnrmnr,  lb«  afa-,  «uned  ]>j  the 
■tt  it,  eijtuidd,  •tfb  an  Ineitiiacd 
^"4  for  »Iiwrtuag  gaiM  and  moiittm, 
'  'n^  mtwjbi^  aack  odon  u  it  mnf 
>  HUtMed  alons  with  it,  Thiu,  ooM 
;ihn|k  il  b«  Ht  nhollf  pore,  doa  bM 
nOk,  hot  tciuU  10  puriff  it. 
>m  aat  btcoma  ODstuunaud,  vrm  in 
•a  tang  a«  [l  U  vamtr  tins  Ibe 
^a.  Tha  qoatUaa  how  Mafak- 
■M  h«o  mOli  la  aammd  bj  tlie 
ihat  ib«T  are  ae^nd  from  the 
Uh  of  Ih*  isnr.    Tha  aBiual  eaa  not 


aKifd  laltlng  in  IhaM  «doiii  ntl  ^aa  ««- 
utriug  lb*  fanp  (he;  are  fofool  at  cnot  Into 
Ihf  i-ireuiotion.  Tb«  blood  bnxnua  chargod 
irltb  thaI■^  and  lint  milk,  nhioh  wrrca  at  a 
tncans  of  unloading  ttu>  blood  of  lu  hapuii- 
tk*  a*  well  u  of  \u  nutrEnical,  alto  beeomCB 
loaded  irlth  ihcm  Inteiulficd. 

ladlrtdaal  I^lrrpriw  In  StltnUa*  Se- 
Mlrthi — While  rjilfcniat  gDrcrmaeiUa  Iuto 
equipped  larp^c  cipudilionri  and  aptst  «0B- 
■idcrable  auioi  of  niuooy  lu  aailtl  dc«p«ia 
df*d|[in|[  cipcilillanii,  a  idmllar  work  haa 
Umu  Roini;  on  Id  tjailacrland,  vblcli  bu  tra 
macina  and  not  a  ret;  plclhoiio  IrMtijiy, 
bf  Indlrldual  cffon.  In  the  iiudf  of  life  la 
th«  dcpilii  of  the  Inkoti  The  brunt  of  the 
labor  baa  been  pcrfottDod  by  Dr.  F.  A.  Foral^ 
of  Uoiituet,  PtoImmt  of  Companiiva  Aaav 
am;  )□  Ibc  Acatlcmjr  of  Lausuioc,  nho  b  al 
Inmc  In  ncorty  all  th«  tdenns,  a  man  la  tba 
vigor  q(  bin  agp,  isrj  aciiie  and  my  iMor- 
prliing,  unil  uiguiuutnl  with  Lake  Ifinan 
to  its  mtj  bottom  uid  in  all  ita  moodi.  Ha 
has  published  ■  coiiuduraUe  numticv  of 
metaain  rMpccting  his  eiplonuloiu,  and  Ihc 
huwiu  in  triologj  and  the  tlu>ary  of  dc- 
idopment  *liich  tlio;  tuss^t,  of  nliich  he 
takes  lha  browlnil  tie**,  tjid  to  vhlob  ho 
hM  giTcn  thorough  cxamlnatioiL  Bis  prltt* 
cipal  oollabunttor  in  tha  tniilofijcal  licM  la 
Or.  Du  Pleaais,  rrofcuor  ot  ZuOIn^  In  lb« 
Academy,  ubo  ha*  been  for  Inrlvo  jrat* 
en^iged  in  the  di-tcniiSuallua  of  gctum 
and  Bpwic*,  and  baa  prepared  a  critical 
latile  cA  the  apodot  omtliiutlng  the  deep- 
tone  fauna.  Dr.  Forel  hai  pcnenallrniada 
MuodingB  ted  emialuntloiii,  bctldea  Laka 
LemoD.  in  the  Lakci  of  Aiuier}>,  Uoiat, 
Keu/ehltcl,  Zurich,  lad  Cuiutimct?,  Proteoa- 
or  Paviii,  of  the  L'Direnity  ut  Paiia,haa 
explored  the  itkn  ol  tlie  oaulon  of  Tttain 
and  KoKheru  Italr.  Dr.  A*per,  ot  tb«  Uni- 
i^rtfly  ot  Zurich,  bia  dredgvd  in  ths  lake* 
ot  Ziiridi,  \VaUaaMadl,  BgCTi,  2a|,  th« 
Iiiike  of  th«  Four  Ckntan%  IdUganQ,  Como, 
Elonthal,  Sllae,  and  SUiaplana.  Some  at 
Utese  hk<a  are  situated  high  apun  the  Alpi^ 
and  are  C1^IH^qlxenIly  ot  intrrMt  in  tha 
■tudy  <rf  the  rettioal  dlatributJoo  of  tpcdM. 
Dr.  tmbut,  of  Zfirkli,  bat  alui  tiamhied 
•onral  lakct,  and  eonustpUtn  cutvding 
hit  tludict  oier  b  coiii»l<Icr»b!e  iifo^nphioO 
an,«.      Aogiuit  Weiuouui^  of  Friboui^jo- 


TBS  POPULAR  SCTSNCE  UONTniT. 


Qrifgui,  h*>  ilio  puUbbtd  fOMe  wotka  on 
Ihe  Inbabliuia  of  Dm  Lake  «t  OoMUnoe. 

ffaall)  -  StbaoU  >r  UvoMkKplns. — X 
vritvr  lb  the  *'  PtII  UaU  GtuMte  "  vbo  fau 
bnMlt  bMD  tniocd  la  thM  wif  [irapatM,  w 
a  nieuit  of  puUiBg  ui  tnd  to  ibc  IriuUm 
■boot  pocc  MrT«&M  *bJ  bad  bouxlMopinf, 
tbu  ihs  6«niian  ]il*a  )>«  «4oj>l«)  of  mdiI- 
bg  i«v(7  fouivi  girl  ilttf  iiho  bM  AnUb«4 
Iwr  (ilioal  t(lucMkia,iu»l  boforr  ab«  b  "  oM," 
to  laarn  baii»kc*itlii£.  Tliln  ovff^  gjlrl  Is 
Gtmaaj  doe*,  be  ibc  Ihc  ilnuRbier  at  oft- 
Mem,  vdBoer,  or  mall  offldaL    Sho  b°** 


tnl«}vaiig  1adiei(*lKiBcul<l  alM  bti 
paalont  to  ih*  (t«ugbi«rit)T     Thr?  iniglit 
IMf  fconliltif  ler  tfa»  iaitRction,  bpJ  ■■> 
pM  iomciliiBi;  laio  tbc  icadim'  poAvt, 
«U)*  th(7  voald  alao  awk  fur  lin,  «mI  i 
Ibo  Mm*  ibM  reap  totnnaatkni,  wlktch  Ili« 
muM  i^Ja  lafiail,  asd  m  ttvin  ^ond  i 
anu,  whoaNilprrMiiliohanJiopt.    UU 
li**Ma  ate  analik  In  Uanh,  nem  biiln 
beta  lau|;tit  ikmMtroi    Tliu*  Ui(7  am  i 
pnidml  tm  terrMiti;  fnr  alien   tlirf  fln 
(Hiilt  the*  arf  iidbIjK  olther  in  Koklaf 
otbtr  RMitna,  to  paint  out  tliD  nilnakt 


dinol  from  NhMl  Into  a  faMf I;  mnttnWDd- 1  ■>>')*■'■'>  n>'T«<^**r-  Sr*v«nta.kMwiact 


lag  with  her  (UUdd  in  lifA  Tbosottho  u« 
rich  go  akere  Ibt;  are  paid  bight;,  and  arc 
ia  "ipoi  familj,"  »  that  ihcj  ai«  enabled 
to  tiro  "ClI  and  bare  p^  wakutg  and  grott 
Tarioi;.  Ko  one  b  taken  into  one  of  tlMae 
WlabUiknicnU  for  leu  Ihao  n  joar,  m  Ibal 
VtlTj  moMb  a  nav  bnnrli  l>  Irained— on* 
■Dontb  the  pttatning  of  fniit  in  ttavm,  the 
next  lafing-{n  of  applM  and  Ttgrtalilea  fwr 
wfaiter  uae,  preatriing  cf  teg*  and  bvltcr, 
cte.  ThtBC  ^k  ore  tanght  ererjtblnc,  from 
watUng  np  duhoa,  (arecping  and  poBtUnn 

llie  Boon,  dtai-ataroUnB  '»■'  iMnlnib  ^'*^ 
ing  and  deanlag  oniaa»eali^  oooktiif,  Uf- 
ing  the  laMc,  nHIag,  poBthtaig  the  iIlTar 
aad  ^u)  0(1,  to  deiviiaiii^  tbc  tabt*  vtib 
iowen  and  (mlt.  Gttst  ii  ibc  ambdilon  of 
tlw  inipll  to  hoar  that  bcr  lame  and  nua- 
agemmlaretbebeu.  Conitaned  wlib  thun 
dnlie*  are  ihoae  of  ketfdng  the  bontohold 
Bnen  in  iifidr  aad  leMidBg  plah  acwing. 
Xhva  tbt  Twing  giri  geta  experience  in  boaae 
linl-l  alTainL  TiNnigh  the  pu^U  hare  lo 
Inara  erecTthins,  acrrairtB  are  kept  In  tbcM 
aMablltJnneaia,  and  la  thdr  tun  ara  taogbt 
liy  ih«  adtaM«4  pupil*,  vha  have  batMd 
fram  Dm  motber  of  the  familj.  Thla  a*^ 
eouUB  for  the  exM^Mit  honatfcwpfae  in 
Ocnnao;,  whare  oomfott  Ii  camblncd  <rlib 
MonoiDj  and  iLe  pltaiuit  of  hariag  ererf . 
thtni;  pretUe  and  chaa.  Vha  Uben  of  the 
da;  are  o*er  ai  mUdt<r,  that  bdnp  the  din- 
neMfanci  when  crei^bodT  b  at  Kbert;  for 
•tnd}!,  Medtetrorfc,  or  amuatiBtnt  till  linio 
for  pnparine  (or  nipper.  Thcrv  arc  laaar 
fhtadlM  la  Bnglaoid  ■!»  caa  Ml  afford  to 
kofp  acfi-uia  enough  to  do  <rfll  all  that  hai 
to  be  doM;  In  lliMe  tamlllot  th«7  have  lo 
trabi  MTvaaU,  oM  bdn(  M»  \»  afloid  lo 


fMt,ntebukpendcnl  aad  rale  ttie  booRr,  i 
Iba  "miitrtaMa''  onrt  anbiaiU.  TWOtr* 
man  btiU*  of  IMng  «Ui  •  fOMlIj  and  l<ani- 
ing  bjr  tiperiom;  bow  \a  maBagc  a  boote 
b  tar  better  Uian  either  cooklng-acbMb  ar 
keumon  Die  nli}(ei,  a*  a  ertaiiT>*iVir 
of  Ifalng*  ate  Irara^d,  and  tbvj  ah-  ibnw  In 
a  mora  redatd  and  mooo^mI  an;. 


% 


"  ftagm  "  la  fMj*rf.—Ji  pan  of  iha 
rrfaldrntlal  addrcu  of  U.  VnnruU  ai  tin 
recent  aedlif  c4  iK«  Fraorli  Aa^ncUdaa 
conriMed  in  a  ttililt^d  and  Kinirirhu  ur- 
(oslle  pTQtoM  i^nM  tlir  prcralncv  of  Ctfk- 
lono,  or  "  ragts,"  aa  ibojr  an  colIoqBUqf 
ucmcd.  In  mrgnj.    Wbts  kc  htftan  U* 
carotr,  lenntninr  ira«  the  r«se,  umI  undcai^ 
llf^iBrsta,  nad  ■niioln*  mtv  dlrhbd  mAn- 
taMOUaIr  In  all  ptft«  of  the  hod^    Jt  lttll> 
laur  "  meDomanh"  llotuUM^  npediAl 
tn  Ormiaiij  and  KaKhind,  ao  that  tniM  *<■** 
Ctona  rtckooad  Uielr  rMeclkof  Yij  th«  ti*** 
drtd.     Konadafi,  •)>t«  a  apMbilkt  tn*^ 
dum  na  bppTitka  all  ^leclallitt  foDnw  *•*" 
but  with  a  nrlibon  In  ill*  ■ba[«a(  tk*     ^^ 
tnMtWiMM,  >o  ilNt,  "  U  a  innaRM  <<  tf*^^^ 
tvc  inedliino  •ere  binuM,  Inuaa** 
•nmU  be  ■tctwary  la  aakdbii  alt  Ihr 
tomot,  tii«lhral«w«a,t7it«nlc«Ma,and 
'  tone*,'  oonptwInK  nnall  wnniaml 
ment*,  tateniM,  I  belwre,  lo  dItU* 
mm  of  lk«  aaxal  dael — ttrktiii*>  * 
bo  il  taJd  fiUioiit   MllnttNB,  batiU; 
cil't,  or  aiv  In  plare*  where  tbc?  l 
neoi  of  brtng  JiiMcd  wlim  "-  -'■ 
OjBicolegy  aadopbtbalni':' 
■    '  thta  d«Tor1innii,  rmj    u--  /'* 

I  ■  ra  lo  Ilia  tnmrr. '"',  aparl  f ' 
cnuuTiuiioe>,«cci,  q(  ib««anli,1i  kM/'" 


POPULAR  MISOJillAyr. 


4»J 


u 


W  itM  to  u  Kman't  ofwautMt,  B*tU}'* 
or  Hep''*  opontliM,  an  JUajcMuUr'a  «|i«»> 
tian,  etc  Tlio  nrtlewi  and  )ountab  ipMill 
or  llMTO  Kill)  pnkltc  lliciu,  CO  llal  ■  P7iu»- 
Mlogittaha  iMi  IM  "nwa'ta  pioduo*  l« 
imio  ihnuglM  oL  In  Uie  Hiuc  cUaln  H. 
rTiinimil  MllliiMid  «1b(r  lueumrM  rwratl/ 
In  vo;{<w,  ftnil  hiuted  tbct  next  o(  Ibeta 
woulil  in  pTDOMs  o(  tin*  bcDoatow  di*i«- 
iprdcd  M  Um  oom  prvwli(f  UMma  ot  ta 

duu.  Uuoh  Iwl  bocn  mdc  pf  kto  jon^ 
IiP  «dil,  or  vititpulow  of  the  liiTM,  of  Ibo 
phatTAX,  d(  tlie  iloniMtt,  cf  tfan  oUtm,  «1 
Uu  kMiMT*, «!«.,  u»l  Iw  uk«d,  "  Uov  laur 

iiurti  Iht«  bmi  cund  tlurt<bf  r    How 

bare  ilorii'nl  an;  bcnelit   ■haloT« 

Umm  lonU(l«  uBd«ft«Uiie«T    Sarelj 

par  cMt.  for  Umm  I  adaiil  tbai  ibe 
baa  bcm  of  fonleti  tet  for  tlie 
»kMQ«th«*«guiuabaaolM<i*nl«dr  Glr- 
•■  a  faombcd  mM*  of  dUMM,"  bs  addol, "  a> 
■  CEfUb  p<rt3d  OM  lialf  an  op«i«i«il  a{K«i  1 
t«tBif  roar*  laUv  net  mofv  thsa  caa  (outtb 
an  labuittoil  U  cti«nli«>a.  II  ttm  itnitt 
«(  Dm  two  •fttca  «o  (•tnaltr  nontatul,  1 
cunalaiie  Dial,  of  llfijr  of  Uio  c(i«ratlo&a  la 
IL«  im  MriM,  (T4alj-ilTe  at  Icaat  wtm  ub 


Mtilxal  EatHth  U*«— AmIUcUod  at 

MCmil*  of  KoglUfa  oriminal  ta*«a  of  4.  n, 

Uuu  ha*  rveemlr  been  pabUahed,  In  iMch 

naf  W  fouaJ  miMciwia  UlaalratloM  of  ilie 

<li»iUit™  anil  peeoUadtla*  of  ilw  la«  of  lb« 

parkiil.  laaoaaohoto  tbopenoutbaigtd 

wUL  a  ulple  miurder  hid  fltd  aed  oouU  aM 

bo  bcU,  U  «aa  iveanlcd  that  "KngUtbt; 

vaa  Mt  firatMl,  thcivlora  there  are  IIikc 

aaaa."    Iki*  rvror*  u>  a  nil«  tnnde  br  th« 

CoaijMro',  r<jr  ibe  protniioa  «r  bi«  totlow- 

«l  Um  haniUad  or  lixmihip  i&  wliicli 

'  BM  ilaln  ibould  be  fiiitd  i(  lb« 

I  not  (inxluead.    On  the  •tm^tb 

Jiu,  Uu  Uajtfr*  luTcntnl  >  tivilliloa  (hot 

'  HOB  alioiiU  bo  oonilikml  ■  (orolKDor 

t  tfouU  Ix  pnivod  (Lit  lie  uu  an  Eoj^iiii- 

aiiil  ilioj  tooh  wm  ilut  Uii>  •b«<iU 

.  bo  ail  r>>]>  Uiint;  lo  prort.    Ib  Glowan- 

.  nhctr  tbcK  IrUlt  took  |ituc^  ihrw 

a«a  ka-4  lo  be  pTodaeni,  Ito  on  llio 

[*«  aod  ouu  oa  th*  niolhei'*  Me.    Xo 

I'a  UMlman;^  irai  adnitteiL    Ccaao- 

'  <]naDtlr,  Eu  ■  paai  aamj  cuto,  abete  prab- 


Mj  Ihcn  ma  tut  roaaoa  10  belbeo  Ilia 
vktbM  u  have  bom  a  forelgMr, "  KngUihrr 
■a*  not  imiod,"  anil  lb*  dtaib-Hno  vta 
viaeted.  PriMiucr*  not  caoslit  lu  ib«  tarn- 
mislon  of  Um  oCOdm  anm  to  bm«  had 
ibe  piiTilcgo  of  dcsliainK  I9  be  triod,  ahca 
UiBf  njojod  the  pwiUdlUj  of  tMaplag 
puaiduntaL  Doe  John  ila  la  Uar«i  «t>o 
hail  UUtd  ■  uiilln  with  a  ttooi^  ntiuod  to 
bo  trii-d  bf  ■  )arT,  Mjlni;  bo  bail  bcrai  la 
the  ou  nilb  King  Julia,  a&d  had  done 
bam  lu  nuBf  p«>pl&  il«  "a*  not  pndnecd 
vben  be  was  ranl«d,  iBd  hi«  tWUiMea  vera 
Ba«l  ball  a  mark  afdMM.  A  falh«r  and 
■OD,  aatpMWd  of  naodaring  a  p#taoa  alio 
had  bam  tbetr  gam,  danlad  tb«  oharg^ 
ud  ntaHd  to  pM  ibeauelvaa  «a  ihtir 
COUBI17.  The  jfoy,  e«Tr«ipoDdia(  to  oar 
grand  jmy,  liuaavar,  doduvd  thai  tbo  aen 
■dJ  bbi  uottrar  bad  oetmaltted  llw  ontrdar, 
and  d(«id«d  that  the  father  aboobl  b«  rfr 
b^UKd  on  biil,  ahilt  the  «4hen  ahouhl  bo 
ki^it  in  (iclMn.  Thv  rtmrda  of  (he  tIaU 
olTrr  Hvaral  iutanor*  of  llw  obi  euiUn  of 
leijiDg  deedud*.  Rebm  Spronsheae  loll 
troin  hi*  bone  and  iTM  df«a&ed,  Ttwral- 
««  of  the  bMMv  two  nmrlct,  *w  atwwoJ 
a»  doodaMl.  One  ORbert  fell  f  rani  lui  liorw 
and  »**  drovnod  hi  tbe  Stiem ;  t)u  hotva 
had  00  Tahn  and  no  doodud  «ouU  be  aa- 
*w»>cd.  -Willian  Hha  ftO  dan  dead  aa 
b«  drara  Ibe  plough  of  IHthud  Sarg,  hi* 
maMor,  isd  Etwhard  Wllcpnrie,  who  ■** 
vlth  lilia  ami  licld  tbo  plough,  fled  Id  a 
(rlg^l  I  b«i  be  It  oot  auipcetod  bj  (ii4lt« 
Jwor*,  Hbft  drclaro  m  th«ir  oath  that  Ihi* 
bappcood  br  niabidrentatn.  and  that  the 
tnu  bad  lbs  fa1lii>«.«kkn««i."  Ttic  JiMtloe* 
dccrrcd:  "If  Rivbsid  (Munii, bo  li  to  be 
Ic^i  lu  peao).  Thi>  mniner  ha*  forty  penca 
of  the  aald  Rkharil'*  chaltcli.  Thimt  are 
a  doodand,  and  ai*  to  go  to  the  houto  of 
Lbnt«n)r."  The  power  of  Icrylnx  doodandi 
BBTe  opportuoilln  for  aboae,  whlob,  «tlb 
other  e^ipoKunlilM  of  a  rimllar  uadtmef, 
tli«  thetiff*  irore  not  »la*  of  improvliig  to 
lh«ir  orrn  ptoflt. 

Salt  Ukf*  of  the  ■af«hab  Tallcj^ 
In  the  Hurghab  Vallrj,  Afghanlitan.  are 
two  bikf«  of  *olid  Mil,  irhicli  Oiprtain  Talo 
baa  rlddon  oxr  and  dtMribnL  Ont,  frc« 
whicb  the  Tokke-Twrkonuna  of  Jterr  get 
tbdr  uppltn  of  fait.  1*  la  a  rallof  about 


4>4 


TH£  POPULAR  SCISNOS  MO.VTBir. 


lis  inUc«  iqnara,  whkb  it  mrrmndtd  h;  » 
■M^t,aliiiaMptedpUaa*dw(ani,hnpaiMble 
tor  b*ggag»«iiiiiwl«  aiwpt  b]r  m  dngk  rotd. 
The  bad  of  the  itkt,  aUdi  b  ■bout  faor- 
tem  hwdrcd  wJ  ifainjr  fMi  abon  tbo  Ma, 
b  one  Mlid  om*  of  bvl  ult,  pvrtteaj  kvol, 
and  Oom«d  b;  onlr  an  fawh  «r  two  of  iralar. 
To  rida  orti'  U  wu  Uko  iMIdb  oicc  to*  or 
enMttL  Tb«  boUom  irM  eoroMd  «llli  a 
sUgkit  wdlmcnt,  but,  when  tliat  wu  acnfcd 
away,  ib»  pura  «fal(«  m1i  riicaw  cut  be1««. 
No  ana  baa  «T«r  got  to  tlw  batl««  of  Ika 
dCfioatt.  Tlic  woond  lake  ia  Iba  ooo  fiom 
■hhb  the  Sarjks  of  I'eiiicl<!h  lake  IbcLr  mH, 
nd  It  about  ^^l  huadrcd  faal  abo*e  tha 
iM.  Tha  Hh  b)  tbu  lake  i*  not  to  moMli 
M  Id  the  othor  one,  and  doM  aa*  look  (o 
pun.  It  ia  dug  out  in  dakaa  w  ttrala, 
(nBBalljr  of  aoma  foot  iaolm  bi  tfaickacaa, 
■nd  It  loaded  faito  ba^  and  tantad  oC  foe- 
talc  irMNiit  taOttt  pnptnika. 

FrodatllM  af  B(«-Si£«r  to  Gctoiu]!. 
— Tit*  oconikr  rcpom  t»  our  DcffaitMwt 
of  6uw  uliow  Uiat  ibc  baM-«mu  tatduMir 
In  Gcrmniiy  baa  mado  HTCal  ptogWM  darioK 
Ibo  laal  tvplve  j«ai&  Tbo  expoRatloa  of 
tUi  i«ctT  oiilj  bfgaa  tn  ISM,  but  ll  bat 
been  foiMrad  hf  ilia  GortfimMnl  dmngh 
Hie  gnuU  of  drnvbacki  that  natlj  «Diiant- 
td  to  bouDtIc*  tl!I  It  bat  UDdorpnw  a 
naiaricable  dr*elopiD«ii(.  In  PomcnuilB, 
wUle  in  lSTl-'72,  3S,<KKI  tootM  bccUnrt 
mmutaObati  Into  3,000  lent  of  aasir,  io 
IBSt-'SS,  7,700  lODiol  tvgu  •rtva  obttiatd 
tram  Bt.OOO  lona  of  bi«tt.  It  it  aatianled 
Ibai  then  are  now  »U,000  anvt  «f  bnd 
andor  bett-euUIntlait  In  Gemuinjr ;  tad  it 
appean  thai  (bare  warn,  durini;  tha  yett 
I80S-'83,8SS  ra<toriet  UtopttniIoc>,ktoMa' 
p««d  <rith  M3  in  tba  pMTiow  J«ar,  aad 
that  the;  iinxluoed  e3\tM  loo*  of  nw 
Mpr,a^Iiui»».T!t!UMln  ISSl'-SL  Tba 
luat  paid  by  tha  lodaatry  aaKnmwd  to 
9aS,00Ot0O0  •«  oompmd  wHb  t!B.0«S,O00i 
It  It  «it>M(«d  dial  for  l*a»-W  tbtra  irfU 
be  found  an  incraaa  at  u  UaM  Bftcao  M« 
faotottaaoTor  IbnwlnopcnMkmto  1882-13. 
AaMRnpaml  with  Iho  jcar  mi-Tlib  thai 
jcar  1,101,000  tana  of  b«ott  aara  mod  Io 
pradooa  IM,4(9  looa  of  mgar,  whUn  la 
lftn-'S8,  8,147,000  lona  of  boMt  •«« 
used,  ptndadag  SU,16I  toM  of  tnfff. 
Tba  quautUf  at  bcM-ract  utad  M  ptoduoa  a 


pcttnd  of  nifiar  haa  dlmlniibadi  tada  ^ 
cnBMd  ahnitaillioiDaoafactuMkbwittti 
tmlVD  poonda  to  a  fncdoM  ore*  !«■  pN>k 

Tb*  Haianr  tf  Calark— IL  Chin<4 
the  obccilit,  althousb  bi  Ui  hundttdlh  jw. 
b  not  too  oM  to  diacnH  Uia  iwUnertlmW 
tionof  bouMttaNdDOIIlim;.   JLhUbk 
att,  he  aaja,  *itb  nhtle,  pfaik,  er  iid  haik 
en  or  to/itn,  mil*  a  fair  con>pl«tl«  A 
dead  ayiie  bat  b  oulr  oritabl*  r«r  Mt 
oamplcxlona,  wbelbtr  Uoudco  or  bnuMlUt' 
Qaiiac  orapt  or  tulle  booKeia  >ult  al «» 
plnkoit.    A  whiM  iMunal  for  a  Uiid> 
ihouU  tare  >hit«  or  piiok  flo*m;  Ike  la 
Hill  bctur.    BfuMltea  iboiilil  tKiU  hK 
and  Tallt«r  thooM  red,  pink,  or  imap. 
Ligbl  bhia  boaaMa  an  otptdal);  ntUUt 
for  fair  pttacM.    Tbrf  omj  h>  titawll 
with  •bilaSoir«i.we*«aiyelkwar 
but  not  pink  orrloleL    far  dark 
who  Tontuta  to  ««ar  a  bloa  bonwl,  ftdka 
•r  orange  b  hidbpaniaUa,    X  fftmi  bo» 
net  lau  off  a  pale  or  aligbU;  lalond  mm- 
ploxion.    A  pink  bonnal  ibMuld  not  bt  Ho 
nnv  tbo  faoa,  bu  tbaald  be  aiqianhrf  Vj 
the  hair,  or  bj  a  «hUe  at  gnan  buUt  tHs- 
nbg,  the  biter  oolor  CBpotkll/.     WhlH 
Bavert,  vilb  an  abomhace  of  bitra^  po> 
4aM  a  good  cftoi  en  pisk.    A  datfc'nd 
bonooi  it  sol;  anUable  for  pKrvtmt  «tih  a 
U^l;  oalotcd  caupfeskNL     Avoid  ;yb« 
or  oranee  bonneia.    Vtolct  b  bM  tu  he 
omiMDdcd  unlMB  (epanuod  fre«i  th<i 
oM  0DI7  b;  the  bair  b«i  hj  jallow 
aorieaaboi 


^ 


Exllutllif  the  in  of  Tnet,— Vr. 
Jofan  T.  Cauipboll,  of  BockfUla,  Uboa, 
recDfib  In  ifae  '*  Araarion  Katuialbl "  a^ 
of  Ibc  ratnlia  of  bb  obatmtloM  m  iba 
■«e  of  fof«aMn>«t  aa  dnnwlued  hf  ihalr 
rtoci  of  growtb.  U»  nguib  the  rlap  •• 
(apabte,  «bm  otrMtOf  iMmjnvMI,  ut , 
Ing  tha  trao  biMotr  iT  ibr  ure,  1 
Ins  Iba  duca  of  pmtpeni;  and  ad* 
lu  camr.  Tbt  amouM  of  grovth  1 
ibe  rtap  b  not  dotenilned  bf  dm  > 
of  (bo  puiknlar  ataton  In  wblAaaahjaar^ 
|To«tfa  b  laadc^a*  bsmenll;  hdbved,  bM 
bj  olbtr  oandltiona,  anidt  aa  tbi>  pnnblai 

of  lop  atri  braartwt  and  t) >f*iiu«  m 

•btenoe  of  rf  rat  tnai  can- :  i:  tn 

air,  ligbt,  and  Mebtuc      1 : 


RM  a<  lb«  MM  ipn-lai,  Oie  mbw  rtie, 

^iUb  tmni;  (att  at  «Mb  ollwr,  «a  lh« 
tanw  kaid  of  ««il,  oul  dam  Ik*  *mm  r***. 
ttal,  to  r4«' m»  !m  OMtd  >ii«p,  aOilMl  M  lb« 
MUM  oanilhkni*  lliraa|hMU,  "  una  abovfng 
■  krgB  tiaf  wlwn  lu  mtghlwr  vmM  Ao* 
a«]f  u  tnn$»  ««•■  uul  la  «mds  low  caac* 
UMj  tlwrod  ibe  opptaUft"  WUIa  bo  «n 
Bsl  Mwanl  for  tin  >pMmoiUc  pndMtbm 
of  tiagta  rbti  of  lucr  or  mull  gromb, 
laMnpcrMd  kira  sod  tkcm  (OMiig  IImm  dI 
w— gg  ilwi  h«  hw  bt«a  alile  M  trace  mo- 
II I  limn  of  kfcc  or  mctlU  rinp  to  omm 
pbudila  «■».  In  tWig  oone  vnrrtjt, 
ho  bail  hid  occuion  to  nrfor  to  two  ti«M 
•kieb  had  born  narked  la  ih«  Oor«moi«i( 
mrmff  of  ittj  rrani  b<>foT<\  u  *'vitnOM- 
I  troM^"  to  aU  la  UMitjian  oornm.  Dotl) 
«tra  dca«fRio4  la  tba  llabl>i»utt«  o(  ikOM  lur- 
fep  M  aih  twja*  ibra*  Incbc*  la  dlaiaoUr. 
Omt  bail  ptnin  u>  ti«  sIslMura  IntbM  Is 
ithwtrr  1  ■L)Uili«iitborliodadded<alja 
hiU  l»db  lo  ibai  <lliiw>n4«iii,  bo*  tho  r^- 
qriiod  rtag*u(|roii1liv»uM  b«  iilalaljr  Mm 
Mdtr  Um  (lata.  Tb«  lonnor  Irra  lin<l  bid 
«  gvud  mfl  on  Irral  gnumi,  vhUc  all  of  tu 
ftlnit  riral*  h*il  li>>^  blorn  do«a  I17  a 
(iMmJo  iiliioli  liail  ;dMnd  oT«r  tbt  lipot. 
n*  laucr  tn*  "  Mnnd  lii  dlnolrrd  wuil- 
•IcMr  Im  mIL  on  Um  lop  of  a  lunvw  rid^ 
batvonn  ibtw  btfocalta,  nblcli  robbed  It 
a(  (Uftllgbt  Mid  rala.  and  naattr  all  lb«  Mil 
BOuriabnMit.  It  bad  bM  Sr«  or  ili  nDall 
Imnolie*  for  a  lof^  aad  bat  fair  Imvm  lo  a 
braacb ;  udcr  Meh  eondillaiu  h  dd  wd] 
at«B  to  uiM."  Mr.  Oampbrll  tW  tho 
faMory  (if  im  oaka  ai  li  wui  nc«aIod  to 
Usi  1^  tbt  riap  and  tbe  ocnBgwatkoi  of 
Iho  pwnd.  Om  •pranlcd  fnm  tbr  Mod 
la  llOSitbootkrr.lwrsljfrotdlalanlfnnD 
,  it,  tn  1*»<,  or  nlnclr-lwo  ycam  allanranl. 
^K"In  IT'iI  a  toraodo  fnaD  Ibe  iwinbir«>( 
^IMrw  dnwn  a  rlUl  older  oak,  which  bi  iu 
fall  alriKAi  agUnn  and  gmllr  damaEod 
Ibr  lop  nt  tbe  oiut  buna  to  HAS."  Tlw 
two  fon^H'  IrcM  bad  bten  [nvhly  cut 
dairn  «b«B  llie  author  maoiincrf  them. 
"  Tbib  wuiaiie  "era  abaoi  four  tee*  xroai, 
^^•adthiin)  ■■•  not  over  as  hicb  difltrenoo 
^■Miren  Umlr  dlanicl«is,  Ihea^  nbi«(]r4'«« 
^■jaandlffenriMvin  ilielragoa  Jbtjvmgv 
M  a  Itnie,  lutUiv  lof^  an  brokai  or  deut 
Ombi^  ami  1 1  bad  pat  oa  rlBRS  ol  ipoalb 


POPULAR  MISCELLAyr. 


4«S 


fKn  tbe  boefiiaiog  of  aure  than  artnge 
wba.  Tba  older  ooa  had  born  mjnrod  .tn 
Ha  btaacbM  bj  Iba  till  <it  iIm  adll  older 
tree  baforo  ■enilontd  On  \1*\),  and  tOr 
illv-MTcn  jrtari  liad  i>ut  ea  ytrj  mmII 
rili|;«  ai  poolh,  .  .  .  when  a  now  «M  of 
bmnidin  d«veh)pod  to  lake  tbe  plane  of  ibo 
dtaaaged  iM«*,aud  tbe  rtiie>  bt^a  to  tn- 
snaae  h*  rite  and  pwduallr  aUalaed  to  iba 
antafto.  I  anntood  Ibtir  lofM,  wbMi  ea- 
IncMid  with  vlial  bai  gone  befocei  neni 
«Dt«  Ibo  (Konlhr  hnou  In  th«  lep  of  tbe 
older  eao  where  drad  Unbs  bwl  roUod  off 
attd  ««r*  bralod  orer.  Daring  IbU  dtlij 
tlio  TOtutRTT  onh  OMigbt  «p  oiih  tbe  oldor 
one  ill  »]mi.  Tlic  lUc  of  a  ttce  ia  a  m}r 
unc'rUiii  iadicolloa  of  ita  age."  Mr.  Cuii|>- 
bpll  cianiiMdono  Ino  tbMwM  ti(  biualitd 
jxan  old,  BOd  Icarocd  fratn  it  Ihal  "  at  tbe 
age  of  »bout  loo  fanndred  jtait  h  had 
fame  ill  tortaao  wUdi  OMMed  U  to  (ana 
about  OM  buodred  101011  rtngib  It  lb«  i»- 
gainod  \U  baaltb  and  fennad  nocaal  ilnp 
(or  about  one  bondndaad  faelr  1«»n,  wbta 
anoilm  etuih-ip  oaiuad  ■aaU  riagi  till  with- 
in ibc  Um  ttij  jfM,  wtM  It  w*«  palling 
on  fair  ^>tba  a^ua." 

tM*  tBd  Xalsre  If  nploltRlMl  Ks- 
perianl^Dr.  H.Krw«l|.]lartlalwi«pBnl 

I«  an  aecoutlon  oiade  asainK  bim  b  Iho 
London  "  ZoSidilfiit,"  of  pnctinDG  onioliy 
la  hi*  pbplologicat  tapcrimtiita  on  Kvlng 
anlHoli.  Flm,  be  rMpooda  10  the  diar^ 
that  the  riptrbnonii  aiv  uericM,  wylogi 
"  Brerr  one  li  awan  Ibac  In  nrj  laaaf 
oax*  UTcro  foTO*  raauU  ta  doalh.  It  la 
«tU  known  lo  auMt  mrdlcal  men  that  moat 
•acb  death*  arc  duo  to  fallnre  of  Ibo  heart. 
Tbli  (allure  I*  lauiKd  bj  too  rapid  bnit,  tbo 
ot|^  DO*  geulag  rot  cnau|{b  bolwncn  It* 
■trofcaa  fee  aoarMnntU  and  rofiatr.  Till** 
tpiAtt  beat  adght  be  due  to  au;  of  four  or 
firepoailblecauio*.  .  ,  ,  To  ancvlalD  which 
of  them  waa  mainly  r««qpouiblo  for  It,  and 
thna  ibtow  Hght  npon  tlw  proper  oMana  to 
be  adopted  to  aaro  life,  wt*  Ifae  object  of 
iny  tweank;  an  Object  which,  I  an  proud 
lo  My,  I  In  taig*  rocaanro  aiialnod."  In  re- 
gard l«  the  amoont  of  pola  hiflkud  In  the 
oipciinMnt*,  hi*  Bi«t  coidcarar  waa  "to  put 
out  of  action,  I0  till,  all  paru  of  the  body 
bat  tbe  bcatt  and  lung*.  Thoee  do  not  poa- 
MM  oeoMeownew,  and  iM  Incapable  o(  ant- 


416 


TBB  POPULAR  SCIENCB  UOKTHLr. 


(fflng  pais  abcN  the  bnUs  li  dead."  In 
dtdng  IbU  "  no  pais  whoMitr  wm  IkflicUd, 
ntopi.  In  MKDO,  tbe  dl^t  Muartlog  itnc  lo 
bjpwktnde  injwlioaof  tMtpbliia  Thoci- 
perfmonU  w«ra  prrtonned  under  cumm^  ■ 
drvB  Ibe  povci  «f  «Ui&  Co  doUor  MHudoiw- 
nan  U  •lill  in  ilwibL  .  .  .  The  maoo  for 
OMklae  thoM!  ■OS  that  (htcrofonn,  cUicr, 
■ad  iDoipUiui,  111  iliuniwlTH  on  Uui  bean ; 
gad,  flull;,  l»  dincli  ilio  (jumiion  u  U  the 
InlhOTina  of  ImI  blood  a«  tfaal  organ,  11  wu 
MsctMrf  lo  t(p(Hnw«l  oa  •  licari  aUtk 
bad  Dol  litvn  cxp(i«c4  to  pofslbla  olitntioa 
ttj  Ihr  »rtloa  at  acijr  ooo  of  tlifio.  In  Uiwe 
MMit  pals  wa*  Kupfifil  m  MM  ai  peadUe 
(>7  Ijlag  ilio  corotlilt,  auil  ilib  look  Uinw 
or  four  mloMe*.  .  .  .  If,"  rn>f«Mor  Martin 
odik,  "  ilio  prodM  tiMk  ocMrralog  vrtrj 
ptirtEolegkal  MpetHntot  undo  In  ilils  ooan- 
Ci;  be  braoght  iMforo  lb«  public  lniB» 
dklvljr  after  It*  MircprwcvUltaa  la  tn^ 
aUt-TirtaecUan  Joomal,  our  wtt*c«  li  wle. 
Tnrifa  oan  not  bort  It.  PttblkltT  aill  vmIX 
the  raaka  o(  iu  (tadonu.  Lt^laiion  in- 
pedin;;  onr  work  iic«d  ootbvfoaroiL  Da. 
■nan  and  aiiin»I  distuo  and  <>i9eri«g  *lil 
be  dbniniibed,  life  pitdaogetl,  and  Die  >vtM 
made  better  ai  •rnll  u  hapiiiar,  tfaroogb  our 
reacarclioi.  If  we  fall  lo  mo  arcfTcAon 
lo  proi«et  and  promeu  iboa*  wnMihw, 
are  we  not  gulliy  loiratd  wu  Mlwriaai 
and  Ibe  lower  aDlnnlt  d*pcnd«n(  mnaf 

ma  (ban  In  Ibe  DjUBtllent— In  an 
attkle  on  "  bjnuslitng  and  K»r«-Tetril<»> 
tit]  Crime,"  Ur.  Piancl*  Wbarttm,  LL  D., 
lua  afaoed  to  tbow  ilial  Ibe  praMcolioM  of 
p«non«  M*di&g  djuunlM  abraad  tor«rind> 
nal  puipMoi  WloT^  lo  the  Main  (hm  wboae 
Miltbedjnoinflebaent.  AuUMtflkaontbe 
law  of  naKon*  agrM  in  niaiaiaining  ibM 
■■ben,  in  one  aoreieigntr,  orcn  acU  Br« 
tak«n  lo«anl  Uio  ocanrnMaa  o(  a  ohoe  in 
ft  foniga  Uml,  iuriMDetioM  eiiiu  botb  In  Uia 
plaot  of  prepontion  and  in  llin  place  of  axa> 
cudon.  A  rballar  iIocttiM  1m»  t«ira  tvpoat- 
odly  held  In  Eitgtbnd,  s*  i^vng  oM  o(  Um 
OMmnon  taa  ;  and  DritUh  own*  bate  «»• 
farced  ilie  »l>liK>iiaa  lo  pUBlrli  ponona, 
whether  Brliltb  ntb)M*  Vt  foralgnota  •»■ 
Jouretng  la  the  country,  wbo  prepare  la 
Ibe  Cnitcd  KlogdMs  attatka  lo  bo  mAt  la 
oUier  oonnttic*.  The  aatno  prfndplo  taa 
bam  obatrred  In  the  Cnlied  8UMl    Tbe 


parttoalMr  >|snlion  Mr.  VThtttM  < 
I*,  whnOirr,  In  (uiHi  ctlnini  aa  djMallH, 
Ibo  Jurtidklluu  abould  Ue  U  da  Mnt 
cctulaor  In  tbowof  lii'DvM-tatlkatta.  tt* 
foielea  countrj  aoc^ 
within  Ibo  nalko,  i 
vnr  the  mpandbfllijr ;  Vlw  tknaillkB 
em«M«t  hu  almtd;  lalwa  egpiiawK' 
oCenroa  of  Uiis  ola«  wheta  )iiunl(il  n 
oenormcd,  a*  It  nielil  irtti  d«^  by  tlnt<' 
lia  fnnatkm)  la  audnUlalng  dlpb]^i'^ 
hnouiae  with  Uidr  oowrti;  Bui  iel<M  i 
the  aame  attltndu  «Ub  rcipcci  lo 
Crimea  BgNlait  cwnmon  perKMi,«(  ibf*- 
or>l  poblir,  woold  be  to  %n^am  ip«  W 
dntlM  and  )it«i«e>llT«  of  iba  Smiml  k 
vooM,  noreofo,  lead  to  elre  ihoM  «A)W 
nd  ifaoacaawm  lakaa  ogatnti  tlwnaC 
Uilol  aiytci,  aal  lo  call  In  all  Uie  vti^ 
Miion*  of  pi^Uleal  (etUnSi  aad  pntallM 
Tho  qoMtlan  ibonU  b*  nada  lo  appMio 
a  muur  of  aodal  or<kr,  alTaalaf  ibr  hv* 
oad  Urea  of  iba  aboie  ccanDwnll]  from  aU^ 
IheJuiytodcfMoupaBUIrdraaB.  Toaih 
it  a  naitcr  «f  natiooal  eosMtn  woaU  M*** 
dlrido  Ibe  ]iir;  aroordiif  to  ibdr  buImI 
i^iBpathlc*.  "Il  woaldbeotbtmlK.li'' 
cr«r,  whim  the  i|BMUDa  In,  «l<tli«r  ll»  b* 
petmtta  dpianilli^,  or  whellier  tl  ml  MF 
dynauUlnE  at  the  placa  wiMve  k  !•  "^ 
(d,  wbldi  la  Ibe  ooljt  plooo  when  li  taa  t* 
■loppod." 

BIsdos  C««aae«nT  >Bd  nplt^-'n* 
B«T.   Bmuinpla.   ehUf-pritn   al  AJm'' 
Peak,  in  Ceylon,  baa  raomilr  puhUnd  ■ 
aecouM  of  tha  optatmi  of  IDadw  arinr^ 
■Dtn  ca  Ibe  fam  ani  atitncttia  rrf  A* 
eanh.     Bbaabra,  who  flouritbril  In  At 
IwtUlb  «aiinr7,  tlinnilit  that  ib«  twrnvld 
globo,  MMpOMid  ot  Iaa4,  aJr,  water,  apv*^ 
a»d  tt«t  had  a  ti^dierical  form,  aad^  m^ 
rended  hj  iha  pAnM*  and  Um  airiiiu  ot 
the  Mam,  aataialnod  lia»lf  la  rpaea  bj  Ih 
om  power.     Tlila,  b«  Mj*.  U  la  tad  d«i» 
OoaDalad.    lAiiiltk  monuXti*,  (lanlowk  **' 
Mior  the  earth  at  ponm  oovwi  iha 
of  Kadaniba,  and  arrTn  «a  iha  I 
of  RM«.  liBliu,4ai,  Ikrra*,  and  X»mttL 
rejerled  tlir  Idea  that  ih*  '-""<> 
anjililag  rUr,  for  the  i,bi 
If  aoMher  »up;>''"  -.—■•■ 
ha  no  end  to  i 
Tbrnfnra  wa  luii  ii'i"-  >'>  >u:i 


•>«dil 


FQPVLAH  MZSCSLLAifY. 


4«? 


Inn  M— wtwn  I  wfc^  not  oceqit  It 
*1  ««« f     "  la  UX  (lie  nilb  am  of  tin 

ihv  «n  wul  fitv,  coM  tn  Ihe  noon,  flnMliy 

,  uul  hsnlMna  la  Uxi  Moa«,  w  no- 

ilitlhotir.    e*i!r7  olijtoi  kw  In 

,  Md  Um  pra|>«nks  impluit- 

I  obJfeU  an  veadrrfut,"    ftm 

Miarol  ibat  (li«  evtk,  piMMHlnE  m 

TutiMiltc  fenvv,  dtm  to  iUalf  ntijlUng 

hwTf  tn  iha  olaofphm  tanwiwline  ft, 

wtuDM  Ihsw  boaiM  r«U  M  It.    "  Biit,"  Iw 

Ml<"ka«  eooU  tbo  a«nli  fall  iMo  (hu 

nwl  ipoor,  iIbcii  tbM  tpocn  U  tqvil  u 

•VMnc  Tl""  tf  imk  Riplontlaa. 

— iJalnl  Dadfonl  Tin,  lu  a  rwcnt  Wmra 

w'ArHle  Eiplomtlan,''  Nfatol  a  omnk 

■dM  U  lad  luil  >lili  SetKUrjr  o(  War 

Ubh^  t*  the  nilSir  of  tbe  pcttlou*  ad- 

*MiR»  unJertflkm  for  thai  p«rpoM.    Tlio 

SMHv;  Mkcd  lilm,  "  n'hki  ia  tbe  good  oT 

%]Mn0^  to  thoM  regiotu,  aixl  lia*  mn 

)«  4cfb*l  (he   ftarfal   1o<*  of  11/c,  un- 

MmwDj,  w  I  tbiak,  iLrown   B<niL7?" 

tbuWia),  in  ivpir,  noailed  the  blUlMt 

"■and  (o  rvpkiuth  tbe  earth  and  nib- 

^  K  md  kilud:  "  Viam  ean  ve  pwat 

"t6»thM  If  «a  ue  M«  ettn  actjuatntfil 

*U  <n  UnJ  and  mier?    And  (ben,  vkh 

>^M  in  Ibe  lo«  of  life,  more  mtm  bate 

l*Mihugtrtered  is  me  ikirmiah  Iban  hare 

wi  InB  la  tbe  polar  ciitfdiiiaiu  for  four 

Wfol  Team ;  la  p<ant  of  fact,  tbe  p(r> 

nii^  ri  loM  of  lit*  tn  the  imlar  reglona 

b  baa  iban  ia  aa;  other  Ha  anipkTiMat. 

1Va,**ni<i  of  iliebeM  eMopteaafMUM^ 

KA  oMimllj  *n>l  tihftleallj-,  ba«c  bom  nttn 

trUnnI  tn  ill  the  hairiahip*  aad  daagen 

thi  dWtultiw  «f  Ibo  poUr  fegioM.    I  can 

NfMdTa  «r  no  better  Mbool.  . . .  Th»  aplrit 

•(  f(itavil*e  I*  iironiilj  anooBngrj  17  thetc 

Ami,  dti>««d   upon  it,  if  wo 

•iich  amiM  oo«anl«,  andno  forget* 

d<ii7,  B>  10  abuidan  mendt  «•■ 

ly'a  Ibfi  ia  pluitftl  on  Ihe  nevib 

the  ladln  •in  <hi  h."    UmUauit 

Da^adwiwer  nfipoiM   fnithor  attinnpta  to 

Ktlii  llin  [Kitar  am  fiM  the  jimtant. 
■Mblttg  iiiwfal  i>  to  bo  ailnbed  then* 
a-..  .-.(  -f.-.n>|'li|ral  dlKxirer;,  It  to 
(inratlla  ImponiUMe 
r.,.t>-  <>-  .<•   I'Uii  bnacb  Ib  aibar 


pan*  of  (ho  trortJ.  Rriil«)i  Anwta  hw 
(K>i  bcm  full;  nplotrwl,  ih"ii|tb  H  pM*M*M 
as  ana  nan  lluiii  dgbt  ttawa  thiu  of  (he 
eMrtnl  polar  re|[io&  Huoh  vevfc  keod*  (0 
be  iloM  In  C««m1  AftiM,  tbe  nioOajM, 
Now  QolMa,  aad  other  fwta  of  the  wotU. 
Kor  b]4iti]{nipMc  i«*e*ivh,  It  I*  bm  ■•o*o> 
mrfio  Ko  i«  Uma  raelon*,  bn  llio  bm 
■tMforaiKnUtatMllc*  Uknr  tbe  cIgblMi 
fNnllol.  As  for  tbe  tnterwu  of  mettoc^ 
ofcig)',  "  ibera  b  no  tpectal  naMM  for  b*, 
lirTln)t  (bat  tbe  nxtfotvloKlMl  phrnciMnna 
of  (he  cvolral  pot*<  regiooa  dWer  oMen. 
tlally  from  IbiMOCilirerTvd  BMf  thr  bordet^ 
and  tbe  jKMtililo  advuitai^  i«  b«  gained 
atnld  Bet  alone  jnuKj  [itnbtv  nplnrailon.'* 
N'dtbti  la  txty  frtex  ailvaMa^  to  lie  fluiiMd 
(or  magnolio  and  aiir«ra)  «toi««ali»<M.  Um 
nagMtie  potM  aiv  hnowB,  and  nro  tn  or 
aenr  almdr  «tjilarc4  ngJOM,  a«rf  tbe  moN 
farilUaat  aDroral  pheiioweoa  an  DbMrred 
a«ar  tbcia.  In  #bott,  «•  haoir  no«riy  a* 
■swb  un  all  ibMa  «iitijo<t*,  vt  ran  fiodjr 
iliem  M  veil  b  the  ro^liinan  hare  atrtedj 
Dpenod,  aa  wo  omiM  Icaru  bjr  gotiig  lo  iba 
poki  Dot  "Ibe  lime  IM7  comn  tn  ibe 
pMgreM  of  <lTfllnth»  and  advuind  knnwt- 
edfe  wh*n  Ilia  «iidorsilon  of  all  ibo  |ire«- 
cat  sniuwwn  futa  of  tho  larriil  and  ton- 
petnte  tonea  ahall  bafa  been  compleioil, 
and  ll  wlU  then  be  tba  oeeaiion  to  eiplen 
the  toe-loehcd  irvi'Vi*  uf  ihe  oorlb  polo"; 
and,  **  after  bovioit  acrfrd  «ilh  oii«  Arctte 
eipodltion,  and  haTtof!  dtnotod  torott  7«ars 
to  ibr  Uuclj  of  tbe  tubJevL.  ...  I  unbnt. 
talinglj  recird  mjvM  aaoppowd  to  flltthir 
expteratiM  of  ibe  otntral  pobir  bwla,  «l(b 
our  pott  rwaureo*.  Tbe  gmdual  exiai. 
Am  «t  ebaerrato*;  Aatiotu  in  ihe  InunM 
of  meteorologjr,  magneilau.  aad  olbtv  a«ieil> 
tUe  bnncbta.  nhould  he  mndc.  but  national 
aqiport  thoaU  not  be  ^i«n  lo  uiuihei  jmiar 
«ip«dUl«a." 

■rteantoCT  *^  '^  hut*,— Vr.  A.  Ton 

Dantfctbnann,  a  flertnan  tntteoroIo^iM,  haa 
b«rn  BMUnK  ohMrratteu  al  Vitl,  1»  the 
ceonlryof  tbe  Cei»go,aail  report*  aomecBri- 
011*  Tomit*.  Purtn^  ahoui  a  ]war  tb»(  be 
■la^  there  llie  b<iTaDtifi,-al  Mlumn  did 
not  Tarj  more  ibu  ten  alDlinotria;  rrea 
tbe  puMgeot  lotaadoa  (ccmtd  to  produce 
no  greater  cffeet  upea  it.  Tbo  jrcar  i*  di- 
thWd  iato  ralnr  and  drj  eeoMoa.    During 


4>8 


THE  POPULAS  BCrSNCK  JtOlfTHLY. 


iha  Utwr,  fr«ai  Uif  tu  0(4obcr,  no  nla 
IaUs,  IiiU  Uic  can!i  b  Mvuiuuollr  moitleood 
by  Um  il«po«ilk>iu  f na  Ice*-  ViouiKotcm- 
b«r  u  April  be**;  *bow«n  of  tbort  donikn 
pranO,  iMi  tlut  w«U(  (»U«,  ta  foitkM, 
wmeUinM  u  bigk  w  OM  hndrad  «im1  two 
minioNttM  —  kboui  four  IboIm*— ia  1*0 
hoUH.  Long;  fiiw  rkina  w»  ualcDOini.  IIm 
Maalry  is  Tldud  br  t^clonoi,  bill,  whib 
■unM  paving  to  tbt  nonh  of  Iba  tutlon 
turacd  ill*  rutc  lu  a  eeMnrjr  dlroctloB  to 
ihu  ot  Um  ha«d*  of  ■  «Utli,  tiKM  pMidng 
U  M  lU  MulU  Uwneil  ll  In  •  <Urt«U«n  wr- 
KapniiUag  vUb  iMra.  Tlu  nuina  bniu 
Uw  tail  jmifk-^Ma  in  Uw  dtj  hmom^ 
tutlng  dm  ilMt  Imi  for  ■  long  tine^  uid 
praioca  «mutd«r>bUi  aMMrakckal  caecta. 
7h*  nlr  I*  eoMUally  Imtdcd  with  iwlrri. 
wblk  cinnuln*  dead*  «ra  bnnod  otct  Ibe 
Aim  ud  cmll  Ugbuliif  atlb  tkunder.  One 
o(  die  (M«t  ranaifctUo  BNOOMJciginl  plio- 
Mmflftof  dtSMSIs*  I)  Uw  (oiaeMa  ol  ■ 
pwrtfaattt  wtod,  arhk^  btglml^  ai  nMel, 
blow*  an  Mgbt  tUI  (UBtiM  wllh  ludi  forst 
M  lo  nbc  Ivso  uid  ducwow  watM  on 
tb«  rliw. 

IB  UMtoute  ■MtcNSpUcr.— no 

wtib  a  daik'btowa  itripc  along  tbdr  bade, 
•bkfa  build  ibcii  nesli  MDODg  gtovlng  oatt, 
fmmtly  udng  Iod  or  thr««  MaSt*.  H-  Era- 
CM  Kcaanlt,  a  French  naiunlbt,  loakcd  Inio 
ona  «l  their  n«M*  a^d  (mmd  Iben  a  gf«at 
Dumbor  of  Utile  egp  In  nrioof  it^ta  of 
derckinDflnL  Tbenadwr^MersaaMght- 
ened  and  wad^  csdted  o*  obMrrlng  hit 
pmeoedlaga,  aad  Mdsantod  •ni.titf  lo  od- 
iMhcr  iMatonaagala.  Vtaaa  aaotharBCM 
ILUenanIt  lore  ait^  (be  proleclhig  web, 
bat  the  dlBgent  aaothcr  aeon  let  btndf  to 
««rk  •pfamfaiK  a  patch  tocorarcuwitf  the 
braaeb  be  btd  uoAt.  Be  repealed  the  ex* 
parimant  aervml  tfanca,  and  tlia  iFMer  ai 
often  eaaie  to  repair  the  mhtbfaf.  AwMher 
ipUer.  the  19*^*0,  calbm  bar  an*,  aa  toon 
aa  ther  are  Ud,  Into  a  IHtk  baO,  wUeh  the 
(hen  wr^M  olth  a  tlil»  hui  caw^irt  and 
aoUd  Mtfilnt;  of  illkf  ii«t«  lUa  boB, 
aiudt  i«  her  trvU,  Kbc  ilnsi  aftvr  lier  *lla^ 
«*Dr  the  gee*.  Wlim  iiiuniiod.  rlio  rvu  m 
qnldilj'aaibciieigblof  ilw{gi-b«t]  «II1  k( 
lier,  bnt,  if  nnj  allwrapt  bo  laaile  to  wtm 
(he  oaooce^  the  uopa  at  omo  and  trtea  to 


gK  ll  back,  wbm  ib*  abmri 
Man^;e  ami  ll]ibtlii|t  ^^laei17.   11 1 
00C4I  b  dMlro;^  ike  lyrvm  «IB  1 
a  coraar,  aad  lu  a  abort  tlnw 
the  asp  an  liaMticd  die  mollifMr'^t 
^•r  fouf  >lK)n  bar  liadt,  and  hu  4 
alaa^a  «lll>  lior.     •■  It  la  bnpoMlhli,'! 
IL  llcnaull,  "to  bdnild  wllbeul  M 
tbU  UtiJe  ctoavare,  tunmllf  m  qiM  mi 
Jerk;  tn  all  ba  raorananta,  aeqako  ai 
BO  nench  geidci  wlicn  cwT7big  hw  in»  j 
nm.    Ehacaitd^Ij  aroldaalldnCMkNlr 
attacka  eatflf  «aa  prar,  and  atMiidaa  4  I 
thtMO  of  obtaining  aafiblng  ilieca|)tHi4  I 
whkk  WonU  BDOCMknto  a  conibat  Ihu  alfll 
canae  her  to  dnp  tbo  fou^g  oaca,  iM  1 
preea  and  more  li;  buadndt  read  t* 
bodf."    Iknmel  (dU  of  a  V**«  "bMtl»  ' 
bi^  vaa  raptnrtd  \ij  aa  Mt4bN^  eW 
neiaitbeleia  refotod  la  lure  U,  |«(tel<V  ! 
lo  be  a>allo«ad  op  and  iban  tta  Ikwrf  . 
bar  rggi.    Wban  taken  aaay  bjr  (MeKA* 
paralated  bt  munbf  to  tbs  una  ef  4uv^ 

%u*  Cbanrirrlitk*  af  the  ir  aiw-Oi,^ 
Neubaoar  read  a  paper  f«««nil;,  IkIim  A* 
BrlUib  Aadiropologksl  tnaUinIa,  oa  "U* 
Typta  of  the  Jewa,"  lbs  pwport  d  aM 
waa  lo  iboM  that  tbore  bad  botn  • 
ble  Inumbttnrea  lo  the  lUbraw  na*  fm  I 
the  tiau  of  Abraban  dotn.    Jo*^  )>■■ 
flad  an  EsTptian  and  Hon*  a  SUkaMi 
Darid  WW  deacendcd  b<m  a  HoabUM,*'' 
Sdomon  waa  tbo  aon  ol  a  DltilM  ■«■* 
So  we  raad  of  the  noa-fcwiali  •vwa  ■ 
oonUrt  leith  the  luaeKiaa,  aad  «d(a)»<f 
the  pNacljta*  bsaaaad  the  nilxtvm  tf  MV 
bj  laaiijlii^  Janith  oomoi.      Manain 
•ome  qrile  nHiked  dUfarenota  pmalM  la 
the  mUllo  age*,  aad  atlll  adal,  |i«n«« 
the  J««a  rtaidlag  In  lUlfereait  aailaaa.   lk«J 
J.  Jaooba,  in  a  pa|«>  **  Oa  ih*  lUdd 
aotetiaiiea  of  VMm  J<n,"  tank  a  dlffa 
cut  Ttev.    B<)nnUiv;  onl/  the  Avbe 
Jctrl,  >bo  foes  mora  UiM  Bhi*  tultod 
the  «bolo  naiobtfr,  bo  pdand  OM  m  aui— 
tbdr  aharaoUttaika  tmiliif,  diurt  atahu* 
aa  eonpand  <riib  Kumpran*,  and 
obtata,  bradi]«c|ikaUo  diull^  darl 
Mtd  ayw  than  thaa*  of  mtj  naiinn  I 
■m  Knnipa  Qhn^  ttfu\j  one  fliili  nt  tw 

Jew*  bate  Mne  ejaa,  a»l  "    -       —•7^ 

iwlc*  aa  laaar  nMdr«<l  i 
lobafaUaMa  of  tha  OartlUM^t  >. 


Ml  dU^II 


,    4bfJ    K  IVTVl^JI 


POPULAR  MJSQBLLANT. 


♦»9 


piihir  «f  Uie  nw  d*p*iid«d  on  lb* 

it*r  of  proMljtH  nuda  by  the  Jew*  In 

i  imm  tsd  medtenl  ilmM.    Tltf  MrlUr 

I  nanlrM,  bMfora  tlw  r«nudatioB  u(  Clirii.  I 

Huiq,  «««  nuM<)7  hUov-Seniie*,  and 

I  vmU  Dot  ilTcci  iha  tjriH^  wbila  tbc  naan- 

itiulo  klXMvanl  «sre  too  Mft«tl    to  ' 

I  iMilUr  ika  not.    A  raaaldeMlilo  number 

•(  Jtn,  ika  OAt,  >«ro  Ml  allownl  to 

Wrj  pt«wlI1«^  and  miM  «oiu«qii«nll7  ' 

I  ta  (altnbtr   para.    Hr,  JkcIm'i  piMnil  ' 

MKlinioD  «w>  th«nfoni  in  brw  e(  Uw  ' 


I 


pDlij  ol  tlic  JoaUb  rKB. 

nt  B»4Mf  SMltor— Hw  eotomolagi- 
«1  AtWsa  of  Uw  De]W1a«M  of  Agntuh- 
M»  hn  piMlalMd  u  Moemt,  prtf«r«d  b; 
Dr.  RDtr,  tit  Uw  •h»4Mr  bMU4  (tfaJknnt 

npoo  tbt  «)nw  tn  Buy  SIMM  dur- 
1>f  Iktpait  fnr  fciftri.  Il  Ii  an  ImporlatlM 
AvB  abniMd.  kod  fortuaaiclr  ^yn  It*  at- 
•hHm  moMl;  lo  (otdso  ip«clMof  aim,  ib« 
4MMII  natlvn  Spodt*,  ClaM  AmMeait\ 
bMne  e(i>*n''T  MttBpt  from  Iw  tmiagga. 
^  InJiulM  II  cotamlu  *ra  Mram  about 
■bt  year  in  lluw^  «hIU  tliot  arc  rKlulTsIf 
lleki  I*  tbi  bl«rmlDH  ytara.  It  worlu  lu 
4airDPtk>a  froo  )It;  lo  Auf^u,  and  pre- 
'•**  the  WWM  aide  of  ih*  tree  The  mo** 
•lllMihc  mnedlM  igiln*!  ilarvtbaordlnuy 
kricnk  iraihw  and  poirdcr*,  aad  tbeio  ap. 
pMT  10  lay«rO  tha  Ircc  •«  *oII  ai  kill  lliii  <a- 
'^ct.  IWr  cfleot  U  aUo  went  on  tboH 
^MtM  antTirlrltTir~h'-ti  *if—  miut  fr«dDo 
Um  iMvagw  of  Um  bet4t*.  In  a4inliuit(r> 
%  ill*  yiaat,,  ll  it  well  lo  aalkiiMa  tba 
ippeanuKB  of  tb«  Ibmoi,  w  u  to  ptoTtot  lu 
|rttUtS«*(an- 

(Mrflltana  nt  Sstfrn  It  Uft.— Tl>a 
|hplalagh*l  co«idilIaQ>  of  nioem  la  life, 
ueordinf  to  Dr.  Judo*  T,  Sean^,  tA  Xu*- 
ttlMM,  AUImiui,  w  hit  iiUrcM  bcfot*  iho 
SlaU  Hadlcal  AMMdatiaii,  oawlM  cblaSjr 
b  iho  vtftorooa  and  IwbUIi;  aotlon  of  ibc 
krain  ami  norrooa  wjttitm.  Thnvforo  tho 
«nKtut«I  bitcpli;  and  fuactlonal  capaci- 
If  nf  th*  hrwUl  arc  onal  laportjal  taat- 
Im,  ami  hnw  to  praf  r*o  and  LmpniTo  ihcu 
trr  tUal  ^iMMlona.  Ilnioc  'Sat  aulbor  be- 
few,  "If  wo  con  diaCQi'w  tho  w«j*  la 
«M  hnio  t»i>adiy  !■  imprvnd,  n*  will 


have  doM  a  peal  d<»l,  Md,  It  m  c«l 
BUM  Ibc  WBjri  Is  wbivh  il  It  lowered,  w« 
will  htT«  dooo  a  gml  doaL"  Hu  taoA' 
l<nt  man  will  not  nn))i  t^w  hi>  aMBqr  lo 
taka  bt,|i>>iail«ntaad,lHabe  wIDaltoihMr 
tt  In  knotrtng  wba)  t»  uk«  in,  In  Idt  abili*)'  w 
toh«t  for  a  parpoM^  "  Tba  iuooMifiil  mm 
pBtwtait  abllUj  not  on);  lo  loam,  bM  w 
iwrirj  bU  Uvnlnc  and  UxMiloa  bl«  aeMla> 
tloaa  wrrKtlj,  and  «McaU  ibam  waadw- 
\j.  Tha  ibBpljr  tnadlia  Man  It  not  Um  wa^ 
caaifnl  owi.  H«  rnnat  b«  npablo  not  wlj 
In  hb  rocoptho  aUAj,  bat  alto  hi  bb  id- 
>iMiln|t  and  fftwlw  abOUIei.  lUi  oflai 
puu  the  mnn  wbo  la  diopl;  the  adudar  al 
inch  diudmbtaeB  In  tho  pitacan  avta  of 
iht unktUtcd MJiof 'ocwnwDtcnto.'  'Com- 
nnn  mmo'  maj  be  dcADed  l«  b«  tho  in- 
bercnt  eiedlonce  of  tapatit;  In  all  llireo  of 
tbe  dtfwInicnM  o(  bratfr«elMn.  Ho  neod 
not  ba  u '  educated '  nto  to  ibow  lU*  trait, 
bat  it  bo  U  oduoUed  bit  Uiertni '  (nmnum 
•MM'  telb  all  Iho  bcOcr.  Be  kanu  well 
and  properlir,  bo  rcaiona  well  aod  properly, 
•Ad  be  uwum  welt  imd  propcilf ." 

lew  Vood*  pntvrrt  Belslin.— IL 
Woflfcoir,  an  (iiulnrnt  KiiMiaa  obnrrer,  is- 
MTte,  b  a  leosiu  artiole  in  rcUrmtim'e 
"  Ubihailuasm."  Ibai  iti«  oOoe  of  fentu 
In  dlmluUhl^  onpoMtinn  mn  doi  b*  ex- 
plained bj  ibo  lo'or  lonipcratiiiv  or  the 
Sroaler  bunikUlf  which  are  known  to  ailM 
undn  tlielr  iliailow.  Tbe  inott  bnperUnl 
tncloT  cnntrlbuiiDjc  lo  Hit  r««iiJI  h  Ibf  ny 
tUlanco  oppoMil  bj  wombi  lo  the  wlndt,  tho 
force  of  whidi  boloK  ([Matly  rcdoocd  sndor 
tho  tree*,  tho  air  li  ebannod  more  (lowly, 
and  cooicqiwatlr  the  molnuiv  l>  km  f«adUy 
oairiod  awij.  l>c>cQniCDif  wtlcli  hire  beta 
(o1)t«led  *l  Kincjr,  in  France,  ihow  Ibat  iho 
vldnHj  of  a  foicit  iocmuw*  the  quantity 
of  rain.  Ii  ■ould  tetmi  Itu  is  Central  Eit- 
rope,  where  the  dllTtf«nce  betiroca  tho  lom- 
pcnture  oi  the  ground  and  air  within  the 
fomt  and  Ihat  of  llie  cpoa  it  bat  Utile  bt 
the  wbiler,  Ote  fomla  would  boTO  tlight 
InAorMo  on  prtdpiu^on  at  that  MMon. 
XcTortlipltM,  Iho  t<M»t  reoire  more  water 
then  the  «T>t«  ipacee  tn  wiaier,  bccanw  of 
the  iowBet*  of  tbe  clouda  eoiabined  wtih  the 
iMlitano*  that  Iho  wecda  offer  to  the  ncM 
vetl  wbdf.  naio-watcr  it  ttorcd  in  Iho 
■not*  and  hoibago  (4  tba  wgodt,  to  te  coi^ 


Ho 


THE  POPULAR  SCIENCE  MOJfTMir. 


Mmrd  by  tbe  TcgcUiiuD  iluriDg  the  diy  at«- 
MB.    A  ttrikiag  tllusinlioM  of  lU*  fMl  U 

gtTCB  ik  •   fOTMt  OB  lk«  WOtUn  OMft  cf 

the  CMptoB  8t«,  whora  the  TtgtuitoB  to 
iKtf  taturiMil,  •Hboncli  It  twrer  ralM  ex- 
Mpi  f  a  tlu  fall  and  wiiuer.  U.  WodkoffkM 
ilM>  «AMar*ed  lli«t  (oitsU  itpnm  (be  tc«- 
perMvra  of  iIm  ndxIiliarinK  nffiam,  ThM 
the  Bannal  i«s>p«rUuM  anllDirilr  InovMot 
M  *•  (0  tram  lb«  k*  Mvnrd  tlM  iDIorlor 
Ut  Wcttcra  Eurape  Mid  AiU ;  b*t  the  pn*- 
tgtre  of  kloNsl  onapoiMtM  fw  tlie  tliM 
Ib  towpcnilim^  wo  that  ihon  an  place*  far 
front  tbew*  thai  aiv  ooototlwatlw  aliorc 
tuM.  Thia  la  tbt  Mat  in  DuMia,  where 
cb«  nmao  to  Are  «r  tU  dogma  cootav  than 
la  Utntgvrtua,  «a  aocouM  oC  ibc  ««Mhb 


NOTES. 

AooMMxa  10  "Wcwd  uul  tret),'* of  the 
four  bimitrnl  and  ttitncfn  ipoclet  of  in<* 
fonnd  iatbt(r(iiud8uu*,tlM|»'rftttl>  dr7 
wood  ot  lUieeo  ffxinat  will  iiuk  in  iiatR. 
The  bearieal  of  theee  U  llie  btack  iroa-irood 
of  flontliera  Florida,  wbieh  ii  thin;  per  cent 
hcatier  than  waicr.  Olbm  of  the  bcat- 
Inomi  (fwdaaar*  the  lif^um-TlENv  iim»> 
^n)Tt^  and  •  unall  lak  found  at  tteratioaa 
of  tran  fire  to  ten  ttiousaud  feel  in  Wtaltts 
Tctw,  SonUicni  Xom  Ucilco,  and  Arltona. 
Ill  Ibe  •pccin  ore  ntlivni  of  Florida  or  of 
the  dry  intorior  radlk  r*(jion. 

AnmiiN  veils  bare  born  (a  opwatloa 
In  tlie  ^aham  from  a  v«i7  rameto  pnlad, 
Hid  new  oiM«  have  lieM  op«o(<d  b;  iha 
Fnneb  la  the  AlKCrian  portiraof  Iht  deeert 
vtlh  coofidcnbie  vuccom.  At  the  Mme 
lime  a  lam  IncrtaM  ha>  ukiat  place  In  the 
nunbor  w  folni  and  olbrr  froll  trent  The 
Ikrdt  of  the  cnfiKJir  of  Iho  rebn  lo  bo 
fonnd  at  the  luual  il«p4h  of  ooo  hundrod 
meirci  appean,  ho^erer,  to  hare  bets 
rtMthed  at  tut,  for  IIm  borian  made  tUee 
1S8I  Bhew  a  dIndnlAed  jdefd  of  water. 
The  Pmich  well*,  notootor,  aiti  harder  to 
deao  olien  tti«j  Kt«  Hopped  up  b.T  huuI 
iboa  the  Anitnu)  raica,  on  a<tciuat  oil  thrir 
(■Bailor  boi«:  and  It  )*  bcliertd  Ihat  new 
nQ*  will  have  to  be  made,  of  Utgtt  oalibcr. 

■  U.  Itoevnt.  of  the  CanioMl  IndunHal 
fiotiool  of  LaiMMsne,  SailjKitiBd,  ivporta 
the  diwoTCrr  in  Lake  Lemaa  of  a  bright- 
eroea  neaa  gmrimf  In  the  bottom  ofihe 
lake,  on  Uw  nleatooua  reeka,  two  hwndfed 
fee*  behnr  ih*  (urraoft  No  olhce  seM  ha* 
boMiteoadil  Hrml  a  depth  onder  water: 
ami  hnw  chlortqdifl  ovild  hate  bnn  r 
tWil7  derelepol  M  Ur  from  the  l^hi  b  .• 
fraUoob 


Pi««nwni  rruMit,  hmtf  imtxjtn  a 

rciiuen  of  the  nilk  ot  iheivHa^tlM 
follo«'Mi^  :-   --...•-.i„.,   ,^.\ur 

dred  pens:  ^'  i^ 

bnnlBotd),   II:  >* 

oral  mIu,  I>I17.  The  mimtuaa  <m  den 
a«nllk-*u|tir  waa  loo  amall  In  qnaNlirll* 
aocunte  oxauLoatlm,  a«d  H  nguM  If 
the  analjvt  ai  ver;  prohahlf  im»  alM- 
Mid  nailer.  TW  moM  rmariuMi  |«kl 
•boot  the  MMqKMHkia  of  Iho  alK  lilw 
Urge  perccnuec  of  (it  obM  H  ranUMfc* 
cunMltuont  cJ  food  of  oMA  Uir  oihot* 
would  aBiuiallr  tfiwlco  ■  hrpv  prenonlM  \ 
than  orlinary  mammal*  dn.  n»  am  •*■ ' 
yellow  and  tUik,  ami  had  a  tshr  mmU; 
and  M*  opceltte  eravtljr  didurtd  M  lok 
f  lOffl  that  of  water. 

Mk  B.  T.  Xiwtov  liai  deaerfbod  iIh  » 
maina  of  a  Eifianlk  binl— the  OaiMli 
JTfuMuii'— loun-l  In  the  Uiwer  EeoMti' 
Cnivdoa,  Eof^lond,  which  lodleale*  a  (pMM 
a*  iiitfiii  a»  ll>n  IHnorala  of  New  buel 
Thii  mou  perfect  itlilotanu*,wheaoeBii'-''- 
ntoit  hatoind  a  Ivtigyb  of  at  Unit  l>  " 
Inobw,  aad  iie  mehlM  to  tlirto  lad  ■  u>u 
lathe*  wide,  while  in  another  epedan  tM 
IrochiM  I*  fonr  Inehu  wide.  The  aaixtl* 
aflliiiiin  ot  GaaloniU,  u  rt^ttii  lie  tU» 
Itrtua,  are  conBitncd  br  the  lletaMrd  a>» 
puiton  of  Uhi  Crojdon  Uuia*  with  rani 
focmo. 


r  uaaiuie 
n  ahtoi^ 


AcooKMM)  n  H.  DImU:,  a  nmMkn  liv- 
eler  in  the  Caiitoami.  It  to  the  eoaie*  asHif 
the  Oneloi  (one  nf  the  peoiilea  of  tht  ««•• 
irr)  for  the  Inoky  ^iort(«an  or  u«aMie 
tiiet  lo  dqnall  aone  pan  of  hto  ■  **"* 
Iho  faocmatj  of  Itekom,  In  the  Ktej 
and  that  tenpl*  h»a  beonoo  a  kli 
rieaitj-tfasfi.  The  ootatde  of  tin* 
ia  dmnled  wtth  hormL  ti«m  tiw 
thM  of  wUA  U.  Dinaa^  ha  b«m 
•otTo  a  quMtton  retpacUag  the  pooitMiAM 
la^te  at  loo  tpctfaa  of  edmUl.  Th«  fawiri 
moodi  of  0«m4U  oImi  lunilth  oArlag*  to 
IMon,  whkh  are  broughi  to  u  b;  pmoH 
who  dig  la  thMaforihogotdonkunoniathrf 
ma*  And  dmnilol  thnw.  AnaloM,  ttafik 
knlTM,  and  hmcJwadi  of  tte  biouou  pMW 
aro  among  the  eutkaltUa  at  thto  aUtaflt 
■nountab  mtenmi  bat  other  wa  (tain 
that  of  cedHcmJon  apfmr  lo  ba  fotmd  ti» 
attldca  of  gold. 

Tvn  mado  wUh  nnoll  •qnam  of  At- 

hnmt  kimit  of  wool.  bunr<i  uo  Utii  b  ll« 
BTOMmL  havunhuwtj. 

dttt.*' tlmi  Unh  an  ' 

jraar*:  willow  aad 

jtart ;  maplt  ami  >< 

elm,  aih,  hombcamk  >>m  i-jnu  aiiT  ^ 

In  aeren  you*  i  and  oak.  ScoMi  tr, ' 


,  the  Mf4ai(uu  of  dw  ivieu  joan. 


|o  look  for  tkr  ixWn  of  chob n  may 

Uus  ralatlla  ptonuTiui,  or  «IkakMt  <if 

pMKfactloa  enliMii  by  orgtAio  nilMUMa 

hibilu«rMUtc*afdM«7.    TbaMMMfatM 

ilef«l(i|>od  ia  the  Mrikr  wugw  M  palntlM- 

(loll  ■|i|vkriiiv«nliac  whU  iWMrabW  W  ba 

KttKMll}  MUd  or  Uqulil,  ud  much  low  iltifff 

■faui  dnw  tlnMwIiidiaKSM  Hk  Ui«t  maee, 

^Knd  «)iUili,  Uki8  TolMlle,)i**etlM*(orcliid. 

H*l  cioaduulou.    But  iIicm  laM,  iFhen  ukm 

V  lalo  die  ■r((«m  hj  ihr  lirwtli,  product  deadly 

otNcU.   M.UitloMSMiwIiuioDiaadUKub- 

JmI  tero  lioaa  tenrMl  ttvn  etMmtioa  ot 

iba  pruffTtM  of  tbolcm  ai  gombak— am,  in 

SoMhern  Isdil. 

J.  aaAiini  hM  naik  eip«ginM<nu  orth 
anbaaU  vS  llie  daiiwaot  T«ncbt«t«a,  artlcu- 
M«M,  molluAi,  and  vntnw,  fdwa  wlileb  ho 
boa  dctamiatd  ib«(  (b«  mom  of  color  and 
iho  iMnror  oi  p«ratlT(nj(  HrIm  ar«  nioto 
■Ualy  ilblrttialM  than  hu  gcneralty  bcm 
■niHiMd.  Tlie  ratUtlons  in  the  toiM  of 
eolor  ainca(  aaliuali  arc  Tvrj  gtuL 

BcXJTJTLwi,  on  lh«  N'onrof^  froniivr, 
bl  latlliKlo  67  i',  4,000  tvM  liMi,  and  Sar. 
Itkijikko,  In  S*odish  Lapliad,  1,000  t«t 
UkmCi  hara  la  loni  boen  (vit  farooM  u 
(ha  hl^oll  Btounula  In  ^vcdcn.  Vlicy 
hiA  hBTO  now  to  t[lT«  pluv,  on  tbci  tMll- 
■uay  of  Dr.  Srtaoeliiii,  la  ftptinokBlMi\  in 
Upland,  whidi  U  T,90»  (ntabora  tint  bsTct 
•fftbaaoa, 

Twmwm  W.  IttmsR  Wiluuis  Indt- 
earn  H  probaUe  MUnjca  of  niU'ogco  in  miIIi, 
and  aorvlu  v  fooil  tor  plants,  Iba  doad 
tiedto  of  l*nwu,  TX«rota  n(  Ibrliig  lonoMr, 
lavlalMe  inMro*.  inicmbai,  and  panioho  of 
wganlo  Suff  "I'lvh  are  alaaft  floaiing  in 
Iki  air  and  liable  looillMn  totbe  nmialeaad 
Mirfaoi  ol  tho  aoll  and  ot  Iho  laar«a  ot  Iha 
fiowiajt  plaaUL  To  prate  i&o  cilMcnca  of 
fotb  d«fia4li«  on  kaitu.  mnldan  a  ohilo 
pa(k«t4andktri;liU-f  anil  kt'iU}'  nab  it  onr 
Om  Mtrfaer  of  thi  Ivif  of  any  Kiuwing  plant 
la  iff  vcatlkCT-.  Sa  inatWv  kow  far  from 
lb<>  uBoko  of  lovao.  Ibe  aolllae  ot  tho  hand- 
kxKWof  afll  •how  a  dtpooltof  wUd  ma(l«r, 
*(  whlcli  a  oooaldorkUa  propottlon  li  >ir- 
emla 

Suj(R>TnM  b  Uio  Mlof-bHnd  hot  la 
B«v  oUigaiory  no  caodidalw  lor  aMMara' 
■Ml  naxo'  tertlfloalaa  hi  ib«  fiittiah  mf 
■ailla narino.  FttHuKtoiMMtbatortdoM 
lot  oow  pencil  lbs  aaodliUM  reoelirhu:  hia 
MrUHotll^  a>  II  rlld  ■hen  tlta  atiMlnatlnna 
tni  liuUiuttd.  Ikh  ibo  oartillaaU  ■* 


IF0TS3. 


431 


J  In*  wlik  tka  UidntatMMU,  "IW  holder  Ims 
■lied  M  fMoa  tha  anmltulkB  in  oolorK" 


I 


TIdi  oiai^naikM  la  nolTvimadeoblioMtir 

pu  r'll.iu  and  nan  on  tho  "  loofeoal,*  and 

<«  be  T«t;anJ«d  aa  a  antew  ranlfr 

KoIIWIona  an  cortaitily  moro  apt 

kiMKu:  uH  lk«  ogaatu,  ■hen  the  ranala  ato 


ndw  Oh  dvHiio  of  pifota,  than  out  at  tea, 
whore  Uwyhai«beengii«notcr  lotbemi^i 
uraaad  Mota. 

Da.  HsKTKL,  ol  CopanliiQna,  bao  p«l>- 
Hiheil  iho  reuilu  of  a  (OJiliary  InapMtlon  of 
Iha  MhooU  ot  thai  dtv,  fron  wblch  It  ap- 
paan  (hat  atioal  one  thira  ot  Itio  popili  ai« 
tkkly.  With  rcfpMi  lo  ilio  ffirls  (lie  fact 
ia  broucM  out  tbat  "bclinn  Iho  afftt  ot 
twatro  and  hiUoo  ihe  nunbor  of  aiAlj  girl* 
tonoaiaa  tlU  it  oxoacdi  that  oi  healthy  by 
ton  per  CNI,  otcopt  ai  the  tgn  of  fourteen, 
when  the fig<)r«0*f«ai|<iBl."  UrBcndolM 
Diad*  laquirico  tMo  Uio  condition  ot  Mine 
Oonnan  mIiuoIi.  and  broiiiht  out  Ibo  fact 
thai  In  ■  tisiglo  group  ot  them  tkiou  founha 
of  the  pnplH  at  tlio  blgheat  dua  haro  do- 
fcciive  oyoaigbt 

Tiu  Japaneao  bare  pramolgaud  a  pat- 
ent lav,  mbleh  aoon*  lo  Ic  a  oomciilatioii  of 
radon*  prorlfloti*  actactod  from  iho  tave  of 
other  oouMlHo*.  The  term  of  proUolkn  b 
fifteen  jBaia.  Attlela*  "ihal  tond  to  dla- 
turti  locial  (nmiulltily,  or  danoraifaa  OM- 
toniji  and  tiubions,  or  aro  injuriont  (a 
ticalib,"  and  medliiiKS,  are  oiceptcd  fram 
Ibt  bimoflii.  Anwug  the  caediiiooa  on 
which  patnitl  aio  gnoled.  II  U  pnaoribed 
lba(  lUu  aniolo*  muol  tiai^  been  pobUcly 
applied  nllbin  lira  yeara,  and  Ibal  ihn  pot- 
ent* (hall  bcfame  nM  Bhcn  the  palanHd 
luvcnilona  hare  bten  hnported  fran  abvoad 
aodaold. 

IL  B.  SnifT  elalma  to  h>*0  omployod  a 
|iwaw  for  elocimplaifnii  with  aluminum, 
by  wbicb  tha  dipMltion  <>f  (lint  motai  la 
eRoru^  a*  eaally  ai  li  iliat  of  co;-p<Tr  at  nil- 
tor,  lie  u»H  a  mtunucd  (oluiion  of  iiul- 
pbato  ot  almnianm  and  *  lolulion  of  cblo- 
tide  ot  •odhun.kR'iilnj;  tbviti  (vparsud  by  a 
pemu  roMot.  l'ti(li>c  ilie  aciion  nf  Iho  ^d- 
Tal^  onneot  a  double  dibrlilc  of  aluminum 
and  Bodiam  la  fomoJ,  which  dotninpoiaa  at 
oDMi.  tlie  aliuainun  beiaq  aet  tte«  and  do- 
pofitli^  tUtU  at  (ho  TK^UTo  ricdroda  up- 
on whauTTcr  objooi  may  be  pUeed  Ibtn  lo 
roMlrai). 

Xa.  J.  D.  nritf.  In  lili  Ktidieaof  com. 
pound  rroa  and  nmlilfda  ImaRc,  tomarlia 
at  a  ciiciouji  [ii'i-tilimii*  of  tb«  ere*  of  the 
hontv-fly  llinl  the  ImtM  of  (ho  nppor  and 
an(erior  part  are  much  lor|^  than  tho«o 
lUoated  bdoir  ■  nodlan  tlno,  (he  lar^ 
faoati  bavins  at  Itoal  (aloe  the  dlamoter,  or 
four  (lmo>  the  lupcrdtlal  arci,  of  tho  tmall- 
or.  Tha  Utjcar  ItoMM  form  ptctar*a  at  a 
plane  oonaldarablj  above  tho  focal  plane  of 
tlie  Mtatiar  onw.  Thua  thoM  intacta  aM 
tunbhod  >llh  eyea  of  liro  TBriflic«,«oira' 
•pevdhig  to  our  long-rish*  and  abort-^ngbl 
IpMlaolM  i  Id  «lh«r  mwdi,  allb  tckacopte 
and  nkroacop'cBl  t}«;  ibo  tatawoph;  toefc> 
in*  uimrd  and  forward  aod  lb*  mlerowop* 
loa)  dftirnvBRL 


rsK  poeciuM  somxcm  jtasratr. 


ot  liiiii^  I9«i*««  of  iIm  ■Willi*  Md 
who  to>^^  tftiii». 


IkMK    Be  w>  htal  fcwn.  puImF'. 


IMH Mite  Ann c«h ,-- 

•I  the  h«MW^«fafc»y.    g*— '  t^  ■r 


OBITCAKT  KOTK. 

Jum  MtrTiaLAsz,  o(  Towsute,  Pom- 
i^mik,  Mlbor  of  ■  wtihlt  aofk  «■  Ik* 
«<»I-falik«f  AiiMrfa,H>d  ofdwOOMlo. 
Cbb'TnTtllM  B«uUnak.''dial  wJiaJy 
M  Um  lllhot  OMotwr.  Hevu  «WHnd 
U  IW  Use  of  hk  dcalli  in  tb«  i«tW««  for 
aB«*cditlDa  ortb«''G«olaKt«U^na*«b( 
ItKul.  book."  In  «UA  •!«  rim  dwife. 
tku  of  tbci^l'ielcal  fonuiBoni  kloig  Ml 
lk«  nllrokil  niut»  si  Ux  cooatrr. 


Ml  Tmwm  Bum,  M  en 


M< 


MbaL 


•tfM.  dM  In  Hot  T«rfc  M  dw  Mdi  «f  Jto- 
KmiUm,!*  ih«  unci*  MTtnih  ywr  of  hb 
■Ite.  H>  w  ban  In  Encluid.  and  fnhir- 
il«d  ■  um*  fOT«DiwAnIof7  from  hl«  BMihrr. 
lie  ntnartd  to  tkrtMdoM  l>  M*%  aad 
tbtvcc  to  JMsaicB,  Ha  b«eui»  Ksperio- 
tmilcni  o(  •  {{Dbl-miac  In  K«ir  tinnauta  m 


«<  dM  lu^kM  «r-U  yon' 

aid  >  faaqwBt  CMOttMor  M  ib  pfM. 

Dk.  Tmkm  lUnMOBL  F.  1.  R,  •(  V*- 

boMw  lOdbibwB,  Scolta^  (be  W|M  » 
tkMtaMi  BtitUt  ft«d  BMdkfafidi,** 
U  Vm  BrMMon, &>](U>d, Ocubwr^ 
in  hii  dnT.dBlh  vmt.  Vp  le  1)71 1 
nU>A«d  foiV«Dbt  boob  islT 
kdmtcdio  Ui  ociUvii  ( 
B*  KMtrfdmcdnblioatllK  Bt^ili 
lagkal  SodMksL.  u>d  (roia  9r  H.  r 
■nd  B  IMIknMilal  from  iht  Mm 
Ml  Sm(M7  to  TMi«Biilan  of  kb  MM*" 

CUi&H  Roan,  ■  FkoMb  piM'^ 

vbo  lnti«dDC«d  tiM  MDit;  of  hiMfl<?  '^ 
ii^maiuj.  dtnl  Mrij  In  Oin>ilMrbM,k]* 
riMj-ttftb  jmt.  b  tttBoqntfat  tit  •** 
10  the  FimA  Amd^r  of  Sd«M  ** 
prtMmtetUtt  bod*  RfnaAodn*** 
iKCtbulLBobbibild  MM  been  •l*"'^ 
nft  lben««  bctt  aiiacd  bT  Ua  W*? 
tlw  *Hniec  1«  *bkk  b«  b*d  tirfat 
U>il  tliat  b*  had  MfW  btM  *f-» 

Um  dMirinM  of  bMieriologj.'* 


■\ 


THE 


POPULAR    SCIENCE 

MONTHLY. 


FKBBtlABT,  1886. 


¥ 


TUE  IMPROVEMENT  OF  EAST  RIVER  AND  HELL 

GATE. 

ht  Gtwoam.  JonH  hkwton, 

caiu  or  saainuB,  mnm  n*.m  juut. 

TUK  Eut  Rtvor  is  a  most  important  factor  in  tlio  Gommcroia]  profl- 
pent/  of  (bo  tUiea  of  New  Vork  and  Brooklyn.  I(!i  Hhorers  form 
a  brge  portion  of  tlio  wator-front  of  both  citie§,  and  affoni  space  for 
tuanj  miles  of  dock*.  Its  channel  is  ecourcd  by  strong  tides,  whicb 
keep  it  pcrmnnently  frrv  from  ithoBlit  of  utnd  und  mtid.  It  connects 
ibu  nat«rfl  of  New  York  Baj-  iritb  tliotw  of  J»ng  iMland  Sound,  nod  ia 
'it  Bvonue  of  oonstvise  tnid<'  in  the  I'nitcd  Sutce. 
.  removal  of  tho  obBtnoctions  in  Hell  Gat«,  a  vety 
livary  [urxi^n  trade  Iijim  taken  Hi'm  route,  notably  iho  petroleum  traffic, 
tnd,  trltb  the  oomplciion  of  tb«  designed  improremenl*,  the  Eiut  Riv«r 
will  kfford  A  coavcnient  acoesa  for  tranitaUaiitic  steamers.  Tbo  value 
of  tills  rniranoc  to  New  York  Harbor  will  be  still  fuitber  enhanced  by 
iba  i>pi'<iiing  of  the  Harlem  Kivcr  to  tbe  IlndsoD,  the  prcparatioDA 
or  which  are  DOW  In  progrvwi. 

T  'lilructed  navigation  of  tbo  Kant  River  woold  atao  hare 

an  it:  .    bearing  on  Uie  question  of  national  defense  in  oaae  of  war 

with  •  forcjgn  *tale.  It  would  render  tbe  blockading  of  tbe  port  of 
Nuw  York  a  task  of  doubled  difficulty,  and  would  open  the  shores  of 
Long  liUiid  to  oar  larger  war-vexMls  and  to  ironclads. 

Fur  ih<-ae  reasons  tho  problem  of  r^tmoving  the  ohftructions  to  tba 
frea  and  safe  p(issag«  of  veKScts  through  the  Kast  Riv<T  has  engaged 
an  iooTMsing  degroo  of  attention  for  a  conudcrablo  time.  These  ob> 
ttnieiions  n^re  nil  aeoumalaled  within  a  short  distance  of  one  another, 
in  the  narrow  Hlrait  oidled  Hell  Gate,  and  were  occasioned  by  numer- 
*i»t.  xxTui.— 18 


1      .         ; 
I' 


i 


£ASr  RIVER  AND  HELL   GATE  IMPROVEMEyT.  «; 


ft 


I 


ft 


tlioin  mnd  RIiinelMnJer'a  Reef.  Ttic  two  ■arroylng-officer*,  while  iigrro- 
in^  u  to  the  desirability  of  removiug  or  millgiiting  the  olMtnit'tiont, 
vaaAa  different  recommc»<IatioDS  rmpeoting  the  manaer  ia  wliivli  they 
slionld  be  dealt  with. 

LieatenaDl-Oomtaanding  Davts  reuommended  that  Pot  Rock,  tbe 

jng-PaD.  and  Waj'ti  Ris'f  be  bla«ted  and  scattered,  aod  ihat  the 
lo  Ohannc]  he  improved  by  blaating,  no  as  to  mako  a  dear  chan- 
nel of  lulBoient  dc]>tb  for  oommon  veeaela  and  steamboatA.  An  tbo 
removal  of  tbe  larger  reefs  Hoemed  at  that  time  impratttcable,  be  ad- 
vised t^at  tbcy  be  fB«ed  with  Ms-walls  or  piers  rising  four  feet  above 
high  water,  and  provided  with  npring  Tendon  eueh  a«  arc  used  at  the 
f<Try-dflck«,  no  ailjittted  Ofl  to  guide  vctiKela  coming  in  contact  with 
them  into  the  cfaannel-wayn.  Lieutenant>Commanding  David  Porter, 
not  regarding  the  deepening  of  the  Middle  Channel  aa  practicable, 
idriscd  t^at  it  be  filled  in  with  docks,  and  recommended  Uie  remoral 
of  a  part  of  the  roof  at  IlallctV  Point. 

No  eflicirnt  roctliod  was  stiggected  for  removing  the  rocks  it  was 
|itopo«ed  to  take  away,  further  than  to  bloict  them  and  leave  the  frag> 
nents  to  lie  where  they  mtchc  fall,  or  to  )>«  washed  away  by  tlic  cur- 
rents. This  method  would  obvioosly  make  but  a  slight  impression  on 
tho  larger  reefs. 

A  procras  of  aurf  ace-blasting  was  first  applied  by  M.  Maillefcrt  in 
19ol.  His  method  oonsisted  simply  in  placing  npon  the  rock  a  charge 
of  gunpowder,  usually  of  ISii  pounds,  contained  in  a  tin  canister,  and 
exploding  it  by  means  of  the  vottuo  current.  TIio  weight  of  the 
water  resting  npon  the  charge  served  to  incr«a»c  the  cfFeota  of  tha 
explosion.  No  means  were  provided  for  removing  the  bmken  rock 
except  by  breaking  it  np  by  successive  explosions  till  it  was  fine  enongh 
to  bo  carried  away  by  the  currents.  U.  Maillefert's  operations  result- 
ed, by  the  u*e  of  C20  chnrgcs  containing  74,192  pounds  of  powder,  at 
a  cost  of  tl3,8CI,  fumiAhi-d  ibroiig^i  Sir,  Merriitm,  in  removing  from 
the  rocks  to  which  they  were  applie<l  the  projecting  prominence*  of 
small  area,  but  were  of  little  effect  when,  after  reaching  the  main  rock, 
a  eonaidorablo  extent  of  surface  had  to  be  dealt  with.  The  depth  of 
water  vaa  innroatted, on  Pot  Rock,  from  8  feet  to  lft'3  feel;  on  Frying- 
Pan,  from  0  to  16  feet ;  on  Way'a  Rt^tf,  from  r>  to  14  feet ;  and  on 
Shell  Drake,  from  8  to  16  fe«t.  'nal<i-llcadcd  Billy  and  Hoyt's  Roeks 
were  blown  into  deep  water.  The  depth  on  Diamond  Keef  was  but 
slightly  if  at  all  affected, and  no  effect  was  produe«d  on  llallot's  Point 
Reef,  In  IftVJ,  Congress  having  apj>rnpriated  $20,000  for  the  removal 
of  obtlructionn,  Itlajor  Prater,  by  MiiiileJcrt's  method,  increased  the 
depth  over  Pot  Rook  to  SO'S  feet,  adding  2-3  feet  of  water  to  the  I 
18-3  Maillefert  had  gained,  wtlh  ihv  Mji4>ndi[Dre  of  $0,837.  The  ila'l 
erttaao  in  iho  ratio  of  returns  for  expcnilituro  was  occasioned  by  tbtl 
ineroascd  surface  of  the  roek,  dno  to  increase  of  depth.  I 

In  1850  an  advisory  council  lo  a  comtwaiion  on  tJw  removal  off 


■■.■..     i 


f/.  . 


4)« 


THE  POPULAR  SCIENCE  MONTHLr. 


obRtrnctious  La  Hell  Okie  reoommeaded  a  plan  wliloli,  as  to  lu  geaenKl^ 
rcatnroa,  wu  Bubfltantially  the  nun«  ox  ilint  whicli  Liciittfiuuit-Com —  -^• 
mandiiiR  Dsrh  hail  propositi  in  I&49.  Inittcad  of  Mailli;fi*rt'N  proccM^MMi 
of  Eiirf:io<^'-hln>>iiD(;,  thi-jr  rvcoinmcniled  lliat  of  drilhtig.  Tlitj  wooltl^^J 
hitvo  liod  to  bo  donfi  from  within  a  diving-bell,  which  was  inipnctira-  .^m.- 
hip.  htictxati  of  the  certaio  diMorbaooo  of  lh«  apparatus  by  currents  ^^m, 
and  the  liability  to  coliiHons  frvin  pawing  vamte.  All  of  the  plaiim.  ^ 
%o  far  tried  or  pro|>oM.>d  Kcmctl  to  liitvo  be«a  llmil«d  to  mnoTitig  tb^  mi 
smallvr  roolcM  lying  in  ihechaiiDcl;  the  posaibility  of  dfaring  away^-T 
tbo  larger  reefs  was  Dot  yet  conoeired. 

lu   IBG6  tlto  dcpartmi'Rt  i»structt>d  mv  to  make  an  oxaminalion  o   -^Cii 
Bell  Gate,  and  to  present  a  plan  and  c:>limatf  of  ibn  ii|H-nitii)nG  n«ci 
Miry  U>  improvv  tt«  navigation.     A  report  waa  Hubintitvd  in  Jaaiuri 
18l]7|  with  an  estimato  for  rtiuioving  the  recfa  by  btaitting,  after  drittin^iK.  *S 
the  surface  from  a  fixed  platform  above  the  water.     In  tbii^  plan,  v 
in  whatever  plan  might  be  decided  upon,  it-vrns  considered  easenii: 
that  the  drilln,  which,  to  avoid  intorfcronco  from  currents,  were  to  b» 
worked  within  iron  tubes  reaching  from  the  platform  to  tha  roct^^^* 
should  be  attached  to  a  framing  kejrt  abcfllutely  fixed  while  the  drill  A-^ 
ing  was  going  on  ;  and  that  the  divers  or  the  machinery  necesMry  t»-^    * 
liandle  and  remove  from  the  bottom  the  roi-k  blaRtcd  kIioiiM  be  pro-   ^^ 
icctod  from  violent  currcnta.   It  waa  propoutd  to  accompluib  tho  laitei^  J^ 
object  by  means  of  a  ajeiem  of  float*  and  iixKi  curtains  so  arniiigotf^ 
as  to  constitute  a  dam  protecting  a  upaoc  of  100  feet  long  and  40  feet— ^  ' 
wide,  within  which  the  work  could  go  on  uninterTuptt-d.     Anoth<-r  ^^ 
machine  waa  alternatively  suggested,  embodying  the  same  principle,  ^'*' 
to  consist  of  an  iron  caisson  or  cylinder,  pointed  at  the  cnd«,  open  at  -^^ 
tho  top  and  bottom,  and  having  f«l  f -ad ju  stable  Icg«  to  accommodate    ^^ 
tbemaelvet  to  the  irrogularittca  of  the  rock,  and  to  support  il  and  koop     ^^ 
it  ICToL    Tbo  top  of  this  atracturo  was  to  be  above  the  level  of  the       ' 
highest  tJde,  and  to  bo  framed  over  so  as  to  form  a  platfonn,  on  which 
the  machinery  could  be  placed,  and  from  which  the  operations  ooakl 
be  conducted.     It  waa  iraj>orlant  in  constructing  the  machine  to  bate 
it  adaptable  to  all  the  rocks  on  which  it  was  intended  to  operate,  what- 
Vror  their  stxe  and  the  shape  of  tbeir  surface,  and  that  it  be  pvrfedly 
•tablo  against  the  action  of  tbe  currents  witbont  Wing  unwieldy  in 
aizo.    It  was  furthermore  considered  neccsMtry  to  furniali  it  with  a 
protection  agiunst  collisions  which  were  sore  lo  ooour  from  thu  llcvta 
of  vemels  passing  daily,  and  certain  to  destroy  it,  with  a  lo«  of  life 
and  much  property,  if  it  were  not  protectwi. 

llicse  conditions  were  fnllitled  in  the  steam -(I  rilling  cnpola^oow 
(Figs.  1  and  3).     llie  scow  is  built  very  heavy  and  strong  ;  b  provided 
with  an  overhanging  guard,  faced  with  iron,  surrounding  it 
taction  against  ootliaiom ;  and  has  a  well-hole  38  feet  in    . 
Tho  caisson  or  dome  is  a  hemiHphere  30  feel  in  diametiT,  eompoaed  of 
a  strong  iron  frame  vovered  with  boiler-iron.     It  t>  open  at  the  botlon 


^D  UKLL  GATE  IMPHOVEMEKT.  457 


440 


TIlS  POPULAR  SCI£XC£  MONTIfLT. 


tions  vrero  iKrgun  bene  m  July,  16G9,  for  tbo  ooDslmction  of  ■  coffer^ 
dam  between  high  and  low  water  raorlui ;  and  in  the  follovriog  Octo- 
ber tho  excavation  of  a  ahaftf  confonsia};  in  «ba|>e  to  Umt  of  tbp  dam, 
and  32  fe«l  ia  depth,  waa  begad.  Thence  tuonds  radiating  tlirusf^ 
tb«  rock,  wiib  transverse  galleries,  25  feet  apart,  to  connect  tbrra, 
were  excavated  tilt  thirty-live  tunnela  and  ten  galleries  wt:ru  con- 
•tnictcd,  having  an  aggregate  length  of  7,4S6  feet.  The  tuiuield  were 
from  17  (o  22  fi^-t  hi^h  and  from  9  to  13}  feet  wide  at  the  shaft,  and 
tapered  oQ  in  both  diiueusiotu  a«  tliey  went  out;  and  the  ftaUerits 
were  from  13  feet  high  by  9  feet  wide  dova  lo  sinaller  dimensions. 


I 
I 


Fio.  a— HauvtI*  fMm.  \ 

The  work  of  cicavation  was  coramenoed  in  the  latter  part  of  Octo- 
ber, 1869,  and  terminated  in  June,  187S,  Dcdncling  tho  time  lost  by 
suspension  of  work  due  to  the  t-ihaastion  of  current  appropriatioBi, 
tbe  actual  period  consamed  in  this  work  was  four  yeam  and  foar 
months,  llie  npproprin lions  were,  nnder  Itm  law,  devoted  to  many 
reefs  in  the  Kaul  River  and  Hell  Gate  hcsidcH  tbo  one  at  Ualkt'* 
Point ;  the  rriiiilt  being  that  the  work  was  rarely  proseented  in  foD 
force  at  the  laiier  place.  With  a  more  generoos  grant  of  money  tbe 
time  conMimed  until  the  explosion,  which  amounted  in  all  to  six  yc»i> 
and  ten  months,  could  bare  been  reduced  to  four  yeaia. 


■      J5AS2 

^B  Ad   itnr 


I 


I 
I 


JSAST  BIVER  ANO  HELL   GATE  IMPROVEMENT.   441 

Ae  Moon  as  tbe  cxcavfttion  was  SQiBh«d,  the  work  of  drilling  lioU>fl 
io  tbo  roof  and  ptcrs,  to  bo  afterward  charged  wilb  explosives,  wan 
bc^in.  At  the  cum[il<'tti*n,  Starch  25,  )t^i6,  (hero  ImkI  bccD  drilled  in 
the  roof  3,Sia  tbret-inch,  in  the  pi«r*  l,0t*O  lhr«c-incb,  and  !tti6  iwo- 
Inoh  bolea ;  tbe  total  length  of  bolu  drilled  b«ing  941,548  feet  of  three- 
Inch  aod  1,697  feet  of  two-inch  holes. 

TTie  proiiraily  of  the  reef  to  b.-ibiutions  at  Astoria,  Ward's  Island, 
and  Blackwcll's  Inland,  mad«  it  Docessarj*  to  devise  a  systrm  of  explo- 
non  which,  effecting  tbo  work  of  demolition,  would  at  the  same  lime 
do  no  damage  to  life  and  property,  Tbe  atinoHpheru  awl  the  rock 
being  the  mcdi-im*  through  which  the  shook  would  W  tranamitled,  it 
was  eaeential  that  the  waves  propagated  through  these  should  be  aa 
Boaall  as  possible. 

It  was  ovtdont,  in  tbo  Erst  place  tbat,  if  to  ooeb  charge  its  fall 
capacity  of  useful  work  in  breaking  up  the  nick  was  assigned,  n-giird 
leing  likewise  bad  to  the  sitpcrincutnbcnt  weight  of  water,  no  exi«rual 
effect  of  moment  would  be  ]ierouived  in  ibe  atmosphere.  In  the  seo 
ood  pla^e,  it  was  evident  tbat  the  magnitude  of  tbe  rock-wave  would 
depend  greally  upon  the  quantity  contained  in  individual  charj^s,  that 
if,  if  eighty  pounds  were  required  for  ihc  individual  charge,  tbe  vibra- 
tion of  the  rock  wontd  bo  much  greater  than  if  thcKc  charges  did  not 
exceed  twenty  imundti.  It  was  known  tlial  eightypound  charges  of 
ttitro-glyeerine,  fired  in  numbers  of  twelve  to  twenty,  did  uot  cause  a  de- 
structive wave,  Ai^aiD,  the  reef,  after  tbe  excavation,  being  connected 
with  the  rock  only  through  the  piers  and  outer  edge  of  the  roof,  it  was 
iDfcTTcd  that  the  shook  propagated  io  tbe  rock  would  bo  due  mainly 
to  the  cbargos  m^cesnary  to  disrupt  the  piers  and  roof  from  thtir  con- 
nection with  the  bed-rock,  and  not  to  the  charges  to  break  up  tbe  roof 
and  piera^  The  cubic  contents  of  the  roof  and  piors  were  03,135  cnbio 
janiU,  and  the  amoant  of  explosives — 

Rend-rock 9,127  pounda 

Vulcan  powder 1 1,W)3      " 

Dynamite 28,flar»     " 

Total 49,915 

Being  al  tlie  ralo  of  0'i9  pound  to  each  cubio  yard. 
The  explosives  wore  placed  in  tin  cartridge-cases.  The  number 
pwed  was  13,596,  87  per  cent  being  23  incbes  and  tbe  remainder  11 
Ilea  in  length.  The  number  of  holes  charged  was  4,437. 
Tbe  system  consiated  of  3fiB{)  mines  and  2.t  tiatteni^  Each  ba^ 
tery  assigned  to  ICO  mines,  which  were  divided  into  eight  grouiis  of 
twenty  each.  The  roine^i  of  each  group  were  connected  in  conlinBons 
•eties,  and  a  lead  and  return  wire  to  the  battery  closed  the  circuit. 

Tlie  minM  were  fired  at  two  hours  fifty  minutes  r.  u.,  September 
21,  1870,  and  there  wcru  no  injurioiu  shocks  in  tlio  atmoepbero,  in  tbe 
rvater  or  underground. 


=^m 


RIVES  AND  HELL  GATE  ZMPROVEMEJfT.  443 

The  neir  facts  obtained  by  this  cxperit-iice  arc : 
I.  TLat  an  unliuiUiil  amoant  of  explotiivea  dis- 
tributed in  blast-boles  in  moderate  cbarg«9,  pro- 
portioned to  tbc  work  to  be  done,  thoroaghljr 
confined  iu  Xht  nock,  and  tampocl  with  vnt«r, 
may  bo  fired  witliout  datnagc  to  gurrouoding 
objects. 

S.  Titat  an  unlimited  number  of  mines  may  be 
aimultaneously  fired  by  pa^in);  electric  currents 
tfarouj^b  Ibc  platinum- wire  bridges  of  detonators. 
Snbiitaiitially    the    ramfl 
mctbodx  an  tbwic  which  bad 
pi-orcd    efficient    upon    the 
llsllct's    Point    Reef    were 
applied   to  tbc   \Mg,et  and 
more  fgrmidable  Flood 
Itock.  Tvo  shafts  were  sunk 
from  the  ridge  of  the  rock 
(Fig.  4),  wheDce  the  whole 
nine  acres  of  the  reef — ex- 
tending 1,300  feet  in  len^.h 
and  60S  feet  in  width — wa« 
onderminwl  by  two  sets  of 
purullel  giiHericit,  ranning  at 
jj  j   riu;bl  angicn  to  one  another. 
The  piers  of  rock  left  be- 
tween these  galleries  to  sup- 
port the  roof  of  the  mine 
were   about    fifteen    foct 
\      I  ;  1       I  sqaare  and  twonty-fivo  feci 

apart  from  center  to  center. 
The  roof  of  the  eross-gal- 
leries,  which  ran  at  right  an- 
fjlesto  the  liiiea  of  st  rat  ill  ca- 
tion, was  blasted  down  aa 
thin  as  it  wonld  be  safe  to 
leave  it  (Kif^.  0  and  6).  Con- 
sidorxblo  risk  was  incurred 
in  this  part  of  tlie  work, 
from  the  danger  of  the  rock 
crumbling,  ami  from  the  un- 
even and  umiurl^in  thiukniiM 
of  the  roof.  The  average 
thickness  was  ISH  thick,  and 
the  minimnra  thickness  ten 
feeL    l^e  exact  thickness  could  not  be  ascertained  beforehand,  for  no 


/ 


I 


\ 


i 


TUB  POPULAR   SCIENCE  MONTHLY. 


sotmdingfl  could  du(ling;utiih  between  the  solid  rook  aod  n  rcncrrtka  "f 
bowldi-m  mill  rhvWa  forme*)  iti>oii  it.  Had  ll)c  excavaliona  at  anytimi 
broken  into  a  targe  seam,  the  minv  would  linve  l»-«ii  doodcd  \tj  tk«  b- 
rosli  of  llio  water,  uid  alt  tliu  work  and  i>rol>ably  many  liven  voalil 
b»ve  boon  IorL  Oceationally  Hmall  aeanis  wera  met  uid  liad  Vt  W 
doalt  witli.  On«  swm  was  ten  incbas  wide  and  a  liumln-d  fi-i-t  Ion);: 
aooihcr  oni',  fmtn  oou  to  fuiir  incbee  wide  and  400  feel  loDj;,  i-itrnti:^ 
clear  across  ibc  reef,  carried  350  gallons  of  water  a  minute.  1*Imi  Utirr 
was  dealt  with  after  protecting  tJiu  eoinpk-toil  part  of  the  work  bf 
building  ncroM  tlio  galtvry  a  door  capable  of  wl(li«tanding  the  prcnvre 
uf  (he  water.  Ttie  R<-aiu>  were  all  walled,  as  fast  as  tti<-j  were  op«at4, 
M^th  Portland  come  uL   Tbetolallcngtbof  the  galleries  was  SI, OTOftei 

'I1ie  galleries  were  excavated  to  depths  varying  witb  the  unov 
surface  of  tlio  reef.     The  roof  was  then  drilled  with  holrs  for  tb« 
ve(>tion  of  tbv  explosive  cartridges,  will)  whivli  tlio  rock  was  to 
finally  blou'n  up.    Tbo  botes  wcro  slanted  upward  at  angles  voryi: 
from  76"  to  ■Ift",  and  were  made  from  eight  to  ten  feet  dee 
where  the  exislonoc  of  seams  open  to  the  river  made  it  iinfioKti 
obtain  the  depth  wanted — and  of  snfficient  ca|>acity  to  rvc^'ive  a 
two-and-a-half -inch  cartridge  throngbout  their  entire  length. 

Tfa«  boles  were  charged  with  raek-a-rock  as  tlio  principal  explo- 
civo— a  substaooe  formed  by  miring  "9  parts  of  finely-grournl  rh\nn 
of  pot«Hh  and  21  parta  of  di-nitroheiiiole.  It  is  one  of  the  sad 
explosives  to  handle,  and  the  ingredients  are  absolutely  Inert  wbi 
kept  Kcpnrate,  and  they  need  not  be  mixed  till  just  before  loading 
cartridge  ;  it  has  IOI),>,  per  cent  the  strength  of  No.  1  dynamite,  w^ 
lire<l  nmliT  water,  and  costs  bnt  a  little  moro  than  half  as  iudcIl 
mixing  wan  dune  in  small  batches  on  Gr«at  Uill  iCock,  in  a  lead-lio 
troQgli,  and  the  explosive  was  packed  at  0fK«  into  cartridge-ca^es 
incJies  in  diameter  and  24  inches  long,  made  of  copper  0  005  of  an  iai 
thick.  To  prevent  the  corrosion  of  the  copper  by  the  dtemical  ad 
of  the  sniphiireted  water  mnning  through  Mmo  of  tbo  drill-holes,  tbf 
cartridgca  were  protected  by  being  dippc<)  in  melted  n'oin,  beeswu, 
and  tallow.  Tlvo  cartridgca,  after  being  loaded,  wore  soMend  with  a 
steam-heated  HoMering-iron  ;  were  removed  as  fast  as  tbey  were  fiHsd, 
and  were  carried  to  the  mine  in  boxes  containing  twenty  each  ;  so 
that  the  amount  of  mixed  explosive  above-ground  at  any  one  time  wm 
nc-ver  enough  to  do  more  titan  local  damage  in  oase  of  an  aceMenH 
'I'hese  cariridgcs  were  inserted  in  tb«  drill-holes,  one  afu-r  the  otlici 
till  the  holes  were  tilled,  the  last  oarlridgo  in  every  case  being  fillsi 
with  dynamite,  with  its  end  left  to  project  ahoal  six  inrbes,  ta  thai  I 
might  rec<>ire  the  full  cScct  of  the  shock  from  the  initial  chnrgos  mm 
nected  with  the  hatti-ry.  This  cartridge  ia  repM-Heiin-d  in  Fig.  7,Bal 
ia  1&  inches  long  and  3^  inohu  in  diamoler.  In  its  forward  nr  pra 
jecling  end  is  inserted  a  antall  copper  shell  filled  with  fulminato  d 
meroory.     Tho  other  cartridgee,  charged  with  nwdt-a-rock,  n-pti 


\ 


r 


£AST  niV£R   AND   HELL   GATE  IMPROVEMENT.  44s 

^Jcnted  in  Fig,  6,  ore  2-1  incbos  long  by  !i^  ioobca  in  diameter,  and 
Htro  provided  at  their  forward  «ndH  irith  a  fulmioato  priniLT  wbich 
i«  inserted  after  tbcr  are  fillt-d,  Tlii*  pritoRr  in  abown  in  Half  wir.e  in 
(~)g,  0,  and  con^iata  of  a  fuliniiint«  t'xplodi-r  aimilar  to  tbat  shown  in 
:g.  7|  in  A  L-opper  tube  contaiainf;  an  ounce  of  No.  1  dynamite.    Ilia 


CkKtMMM  Am  UolB-limoe 


ttm| 


Pm,  «. 


I    ' 

H  CUM 

^■Brtridges  are  tccnrcd  in  tlie  bo1c«  by  tbe  wire  sprinf^  shown  at  their 
flower  ends;  and  th«  dynamito  cartridge  it  «1»o  wci)gc<l  in  with  wooden 
wedgea.  F:g.  10  HhowA  the  mine-exploder,  t!i«  jxisilion  of  wbteli  in 
the  mine  \»  illuttratcd  in  Fig.  13.  It  conalHta  of  a  brsiw  cylinder,  eight 
incbm  long  l>y  two  in  diametor,  flUcd  with  dynainitu.  Inctowd  within 
thodyiuunite  is  a  fose, shown  half  siiein  Fig.  10,  the  wires  from  whieh 
pBM  tJirough  a  divided  vork  in  the  mouth  of  the  bram  vylinder.  It 
consists  of  a  copper  tube  nearly  filled  with  30  grains  of  fulminate  of 
ncroury.  Filling  in  Ihc  open  x-nii  of  thin  lube  is  1  Hecond  tube  con- 
lining  salpbur,  through  which  jnaii  tbe  two  conduct iiig- wires,  they 
L-tng  held  flrmty  in  place  by  the  sulphur.  'I'he  inner  ends  of  the  wires 
united  by  a  small  plationm  wire.  The  ends  of  the  wires  arc  then 
>iind«d  with  fnlminate,  and  the  two  parts  of  the  tube  arc  put  to- 
Ketlier,  that  winuiiiing  the  wiron  iili|ipSng  within  the  other.  Tlio  entire 
fane  b  then  coveri-d  with  gutta-percha.  The  pa.4sagt>  of  nu  electric  our- 
reiit  through  the  wlren  hrais  tbe  platinum  bndge  to  redness,  and  causes 
w  eiploalou  of  tlte  fulminate. 


«6 


TffB  FOPCI*AR  SCJKtrCB  MOSTBLY. 


Tlio  auniba-  of  ponn^  or  ncV-vrocV  put  into  ilrill-UolQi  ni 
dtC^SW ;  of  dytuuaiu^  42,831 ;  total,  3^7:tO  pDundH.  'rUtiv  -vm 
II.TSS  diill-lwlvt  in  tltP  roof  Uil  77^  io  lh«  pilUre,  Mid  iImu  faMl 
kngtli  <ru  Ult,102  fuot,  <>r  more  than  tiT«.'Dl7  tnilm.  Tlia  wbob 
iimoiiiit  of  rook  to  tw  l>rok«t)  1>y  tlie  fiuul  blut  wu  ^0,717  c»lic 
Tardfi,  corering  an  area  of  about  oino  acrt*. 

Thv  primuy  chargaa,  llw  offico  of  wbicb  wmi  by  thvir  ilotonUlH 
to  prodaco  tb*  exploMon  of  the  charges  in  tbe  drill-holcA,  w«ro  Iil>a4 
■long  tilt*  galloriw  at  intervals  of  twenty-fire  feet,  and  arrangei)  uihon 
in  Pij;'  13.  Tliey  wer«  plaocd  on  timbere  extending  from  wall  lowtU 
in  eaeb  of  tlte  gall«ne»,  and  oonaixtcd  of  two  Iwcntjr-foiir-inrb  djnusin 
oartridgm  like  tboM  atmdy  desoribod  liubfrd  to  th«  timlirr,  with  o« 
of  tbc  "  mine-erplodors,"  atao  already  de&eribed.  bound  ujKm  then. 
Tlk«  entire  mine  wu  dirided  into  twenty-foar  lodependtDt  clmiu 
Witliin  ea«h  of  twenty-one  of  Ibeio  ctrcoiu  were  twenty-Ore  fawi « 
miac-cxplodoiK,  wbilo  tbres  circuit*  contained  twenty-two  fuse*  wi< 
A  wire  from  the  liattery  oo  the  sorfacc  of  ilie  rock  at  tbe  montli  ol 
the  Rhaft  led  from  one  fuse  to  the  next,  until  the  twenty-live  fuK* 
wor«  in  tbe  eame  eli-ctrical  circuit,  and  thence  back  to  tbe  bUliy. 
So  far  as  waa  practicable,  adjacent  charges  were  put  on  dUTerest  cir 
oatte,  so  tbat  if  any  circuit  failed  (branch  any  fault  in  tbe  conaeotionh 
an  expknion  of  >t«  cbargcs  would  still  bt-  iii«urc-'t  throngb  the  sjinpir 
Ibet^  Mlioa  of  tbn  adjoining  obargca.  The  whole  number  of  thtM 
primary  cbargca  was  591.    fiome  of  tbe  circuilH  were  nearly  a  mile  Icn^ 

The  fuses  prepared  for  thia  work  had  a  mist^oce  i^<f  1  "73  iibmi  oU| 
and  2'76  ohmn  at  explosion.    To  Bre  a  single  fuse,  ^*iSX\  amp^roii  wm 
required  ;  to  Sre  a  series,  Q-OIU  ampferes.    A  factor  of  aaf  eiy  of  two  wit 
used,  and  donblo  tbia  current  was  sent  throagli  every  fuse  at  tbe  fiail 
blast    Tbe  battery  consisted  of  sixty  cells,  all  coupled  in  one  SKtiOi 
each  of  which  had  an  eleclro^motive  force  of  liKVTolts  and  an  intttul 
rosislanee  of  0-01  ohnu.    lite  plates  were  six  inches  by  nine  incht^' 
four  carbon  and  three  xino  plates  in  each  cell,  separated  by  a  tiuarlcrof 
an  inch.    Tbe  ordinary  biohromatc  sotutiou  was  n^.    The  pole*  woe 
constituted  of  two  larj^e  morcury-cupa,  into  on*  of  which  were  dipfvil 
tlie  twenty-four  lead  wire*,  while  tbe  twenty-four  return  wires  ter- 
minated in  a  third  cup.     Between  this  third  cup  and  the  rcmainbg 
pole  of  the  baUeij  stood  the  apparatus  for  closing  the  cimiit.     It 
consisted  of  a  stoat  iron  cup  containing  mercury,  in  which  nt 
thin  glass  tumbler  also  partly  6lled  with  mercury.    Two  largo  ttri; 
of  copper  connected  the  mercury  in  the  Iron  cup  with  one  pole 
the  iMltiTj-,  and  that  in  the  glass  with  tlie  otip  c«nt;unitig  the 
tnni  wiri-s.     To  cloac  the  circuit  throngh  the  rcisi-a  it  wad  only  noci 
sary  to  break  the  tumbler  so  as  Io  let  the  mercury  in  il  mix  with 
in  tbe  iron  cup.    To  do  tbb  at  the  proper  moment,  a  one-quarter 
iron  rod  four  feet  long,  lerminaiing  at  the  top  in  a  »mnlj  rouud  d 
stood  will)  ils  point  in  the  bottom  of  tJic  gloss.     It  was  lung  etug 


KB  fOJU  ibrongh  the  roof  of  the  batt«r]r-boti5«.    A  ihirtj'-grain  pliitinam 
use,  connc<r[<.il  wiiii  a  email  battery  at  Asboria,  wa«  Uid  on  Uic  disk 
and  Rtuck  uti  with  a  Igmp  of  wax.     It  bad  bi'ca  previoaaly  <lt'l«rmi[i«d 
by  «xpcnm«ot  tiiat  Dm  blow  struck  by  tbis  funo  on  exploding,  and 
trmtiiHnlttcd  by  the  iron  rod,  would  be  so  absrp  as  to  completely  pal- 
vorizo  tbe  lumblcr  atid  yet  not  splash  the  morcury, 
^       Tbe  raiae  nas  flooded  by  two  siphons  of  tWL-lvo  and  MXtccn  inches 
^bespeotivply,  in  fifteen  hours  and  a  half,  ending  nl  3.30  a.  v.,  October 
BlOth.    TliK  explosioQ  WM  Mt  for  11  a.  k.,  Ovtob«r  lOtb,  but  the  inti-r- 
KmU  At  mnke  were  so  great,  and  tlio  details  to  be  looked  afler  to  avoid 
H^vcry  chance  of  miscarriage  so  numerous,  that,  io  flpit«  of  tbe  moat  en- 
"  CTdfltic  effort,  everything  oould  not  be  made  ready  and  tfttctl  in  lime  to 
fire  at  thi<  appoinU'd  moment.    The  explosion  did  uoi  actually  tak« 
ptacd  till  1  l.l''I.    Tlitfl  delay  cautied  «omc  confusion  in  tbe  scismosct^ 
^obtn'TUlons. 

^B  Tbe  wbote  area  of  tbe  reef  was  abattcred.  Tbe  plan  of  making 
^hhe  excavations  larp;e  enough  to  swallow  all  the  dUrris  of  tbe  roof  and 
^  leave  a  channel  deep  euon^h,  without  further  operations,  already  aban- 
doned at  lUIIet'K  Point  as  more  expenifivo  tliim  dredging  up  the  broken 
troek,  was  never  entertained  at  Flood  Rook.  Hence  tbe  scnsaltonal 
*i«ir,  vhicb  many  persons  expected  to  witness,  of  a  sadden  disappear- 
anee  of  tlie  rock,  was  not  seen.  Though  the  charges  nil  cx]>loded  at 
11m  Mine  instant,  the  time  and  tbe  apjiearancc  of  the  effect  above  the 
water-surface  Tsried  according  to  tbe  etieogth  of  tbe  rock  and  tbo 
depth  of  tbo  water.  There  was  no  loud  report  and  no  dangvrons 
shook.  The  breaking  of  some  panes  of  glass  and  the  sliaking  down  of 
a  few  bricks  and  loose  ceilings  constitated  all  the  damage  tbat  was 

»donn. 
Pending  the  swarding  of  a  contract  for  dredging,  tbe  work  of 
removing  the  nx^k  was  begun  with  a  scow  belonging  to  tbe  Govern- 
ment as  soon  aft^^r  tbo  explosion  aa  possible.     From  fifteen  to  thirty 
loo*  of  rock  were  removed  daily  by  being  hoisted  out  after  having 
bseo  slung  by  diverx  on  chains.     A  contract  has  been  let  for  tlio 
removal  of  30,000  ion.«  of  iho  rock  at  t3.10  per  ton,  the  contractor 
to  do  his  own  surfaee-blasting.    Tliis  is  less  than  tbe  price  for  which 
rock  was  removed  on  simitar  terms  at  llallet's  Point.     I1ie  contractor 
boa  two  grapple*  at  work,  and  is  removing  an  average  of  about  120 
tons  a  day.     As  a  whole,  the  cost  of  mining  a  cubic  ynnl  of  r<ick  baa 
been  reduced  S-t}  per  cent  from  the  co«t  of  doing  the  same  work  at 
ITallet's  Point.     Tlie  tola!  cost  of  tbe  wi>i'k  done  on  Plood  Rock,  in- 
^m  eluding  the  final  blaHt,  amounts  to  $2.00  per  cubic  yanl  of  ibc  whole 
^B  amount  of  rock  hruken,  or  K,66  leM  than  the  co«t  of  breaking  llal- 
VWs  Point.     A  considerable  part  of  this  gain  wiil,  however,  tw  ex- 
H  pcndod  on  \\w  proportionately  larger  amount  of  dredging  to  tw  done. 
H  llio  net  remit,  however,  will  show  an  improvement  of  not  less  than 
B  80  par  cent,  and  probably  more.    Tbe  total  cost  of  tlio  final  bla^t  at 


£AST  mVSR  vU'X>  HELL   GATE  IMPROVEMENT.  447 


INTBRi>&JSTSa3  OF  OSS E 318  AND  NATURE.  449 


IKTERPKETERS  OF  GENESIS  AND  THE  TNTERr 
PRETERS  OF  NATTKE. 


Br  rnanMMi  T.  D.  DCXLEY. 

|TTR  fnbalUt  vnrat  "ihoan  who  \q  qnarrrlw  iiitoq>o*«"  of  tlio  filo 
wliicli  in  j>robably  iii  Htoro  for  Uium  j  and,  in  vt^Dturiiig  to  plnoo 
f  bi!t<*-i.-«n  so  poworful  a  contrororriaUHt  m  >lr.  (iladMona  ud 
emineDt  diviue  whom  he  aawulu  vrltli  itncli  vigor  in  Uw  Us(  aniii- 
of  iliis  rerit'iF,  1  am  fulljr  aware  that  I  run  great  danger  of  veri- 
riog  Gay'a  pFL-dtction.  UoneoTer,  it  is  quite  poeaiUc  that  my  zeal  in 
aid  tu  a  t'ombiitwt  w>  oxtivmoiy  well  able  to  take  earo  of  htm- 
_  I H.  R^rillv  niAy  be  tfaonght  to  wivor  of  iDdiMrction. 
Tiro  coDN<]eratiDnfl,  boworer,  haTe  led  me  to  face  the  double  rtslc. 
e  one  is  that  tliongh,  in  my  Judgment,  Hi.  lU-ville  b  wholly  in  the 
ehl  in  that  part  of  the  oontroyeray  to  which  I  propose  lo  restrict  roy 
Atione,  nerertJieleBS,  be^  as  a  forci^icr,  baa  Tcry  iitllc  cbanco  of 
ig  tbo  tnitli  prevail  with  EngliEbmcD  agaiiust  tb«-  autbonly  and 
diiUootie  aliill  of  the  gnsatcM  matter  of  pcnuasire  rbetorie  among 
igUab-speaking  men  of  our  time.  Ai  tbs  Queen's  proctor  intcirenca, 
certain  caaeA,  between  two  liligants  in  tbe  intereHts  of  justice,  so  it 
J  he  ]>ennitted  me  to  iiitcrpoae  aa  a  sort  of  uncommissioned  science 
otor.  My  second  eicnse  for  my  meddlesomeness  is,  that  important 
tlons  of  natural  scioooe — respecting  which  neither  of  the  combat- 
profesaea  to  «poak  m  an  expert — are  inv<;lvc<I  in  tlic  controTersy  ; 
I  think  it  u  doairable  that  tjie  public  abould  know  what  it  is  that 
ural  scienc«  really  haa  to  say  on  these  topic«,  to  tbe  best  belief  of 
who  has  been  n  diligent  student  of  natural  science  for  the  lant 

yean. 
Tho  original  " ProICgominea  do  rblMolrc  dw  Religions"  haa  not 
o  la  my  way;  but  I  have  read  the  translation  of  M.  ROville's  work, 
iblisbed  in  England  nnder  tbe  auspices  of  Prof<-s<or  Mai  Mailer,  with 
iry  great  interest.  It  puts  more  fairly  and  clearly  than  any  book 
evioiuly  known  to  me  the  ricw  which  a  man  of  strung  rcligiouN  feel- 
p^  but  at  tbo  some  tiin»  po«ae«iing  ibc  information  and  the  rcaaon- 
powvr  which  enable  him  to  estimate  tbo  strength  of  scienti6c 
pthods  of  inquiry  and  tho  weight  of  scientific  truth,  may  be  expected 
lake  of  the  relation  between  science  and  religion. 
In  the  ohaplcr  on  "  Tbe  Pnmitivo  Revelation  "  tho  scicntiflo  worth 
tbe  account  of  tho  Crvation  given  in  tbo  Book  of  Gencsia  ia  eati- 
lated  la  t«rtn»  whicb  ar«  as  nnqiicstionably  rft(]>cctful  as,  in  my  jndg- 
at,  they  are  Juot ;  and,  at  the  end  of  the  chapter  on  *'  Primitive 
dition,"  M.  R^ville  appraises  the  value  of  pentatencbal  antliropol- 
ia  a  way  which  I  should  have  thought  sore  of  enlisting  tbo  aosent 
TOfc.  unti.— s> 


^  TffS  POPULAH  SCIEXCE  MONTBLT. 

of  all  oottipeU-nt  judge*,  oren  if  it  wcr«  extended  to  itic  whole  ol 
oosmogony  und  biology  of  CkneeU : 

At,  liowitnr,  Uto  orlgln&l  tndllloiu  of  Bgiloas  qirsng  b|>  Id  on  ef¥>cb  lea 
remote  ttiaa  oar  own  (rocu  Um  priodUTB  tifo,  it  b  (iidLipeDMitile  to  rannlt  tben, 
to  oooipnrc  tiieni,  and  to  uaMtialA  tben  vith  other  eoarcee  of  bfomutjon  wMoli 
are  avall&ble.  From  ttib  pdat  of  Tiev,  Um  traditiou  reeordod  In  Oooeeii  pM- 
•OMi  in  edditioo  to  ilicir  own  peeatl&r  cbarm,  a  ralue  of  tbe  hlgbeA  ordor ;  but 
wo  oan  not  ultimatdr  ee«  in  tbem  more  than  a  vwtemUe  fragiDeiil,  well  dmanr. 
lag  Btteotioii,  of  tbu  great  geiiMie  of  mankiiMl. 

Mr,  GlfldRtonc  ia  of  a  different  mind.    Uc  disacntfl  from  &I.  R& 
ville's  views  re«]>octing  tbe  prajwreetimstioDof  the  penialeuclutl  tmdi 
tioDS  no  Ipea  than  ho  does  from  bis  iat«rpret»t)oD  of  tl>ose  Uomorii 
royUis  wiiicb  liAro  bocn  tbe  object  of  Iil«  own  spcnUl  stndy.     In 
latter  c»e,  Sfr.  GladHtone  ti-ll.i  M.  Rl^villo  tb.it  ho  ia  wron}>  on  \\\%  o 
authority,  to  whirh,  in  such  3  matltr,  all  vrill  pay  dno  rwpi-ot :  in 
former,  be  affirms  him«elf  to  be  "  wholly  destitato  of  that  kind  of 
knowledge  whiob  carrie*  nutborily,"  and  his  rebuke  is  admintstora)  in 
tbo  nime  and  by  tlio  authority  of  itatiiral  Kcieoce. 

An  air  of  niagi«lorinl  gravity  bang*  aboat  the  following  paccage : 

But  the  qaalioo  Is  not  here  of  e  loftr  poem,  or  a  tUllfally  coiMlruded  nar- 
rativo :  it  b  wbetber  natural  tdencc,  in  tlie  pMlicnt  eiorcbe  of  Its  kl^  MlBtif  10 
examine  fdcU,  fioib  that  tbe  worlu  of  God  cry  ont  against  wbnt  wo  ha**  badlj 
beUend  to  be  bla  word  and  tell  another  tale;  or  vbetbor,  in  thl«  nineUetlti 
OODtur;  of  Cliriflian  propeM,  it  mibatantialt;  cchora  bnck  tlie  mi^Mtlo  eoaBl, 
wlddi,  before  It  exlRted  ea  a  pursoit,  went  fmrtb  into  all  lAods. 

F1r«t,  looltiag  laiydj  M  the  latter  portion  of  tbo  nBrrativa,  wUloli  deacribM 
the  creation  of  liring  otganldmi,  and  wuivios  dolails,  on  eonio  of  which  <m  in 
eerae  24)  tbe  Scptoj^t  leenia  to  rary  from  tbe  Hebrew,  there  is  a  ipvod  four- 
fold divifion,  act  forth  in  nn  orderly  Mooe«ion  of  timei^  M  follows:  on  tbe  ttlh 
day— 

1.  The  walcr-popuUtioo ; 

S.  The  air-pojmlatioD; 
•ad,  on  the  »lxth  day, 

S.  Tbo  luid -population  of  animala; 

4.  Tbe  land-popnlatioo  contummatcd  ta  ttma. 

Now  thin  Mtao  fourfold  order  ii  undoratood  to  have  boeo  (o  afflriMd  la 
tine  by  ustund  xdunce,  (hoi  it  may  be  taken  u  a  iluinoattraled  coochuIoB 
ottablidlicd  foot  (p.  «tl0}. 

"  I'oderBtood  "  1  By  whom  ?  I  can  not  bring  myatilf  to  li 
that  Mr.  Gladstone  biui  made  ao  Kolemn  and  authoritative  a  etalome 
on  %  mattor  of  this  importance  without  due  intjuirj' — without  being 
able  to  found  liiiaaolf  upon  roeognized  eeientific  authority.  Hut  l^ 
wuh  be  bad  tliougbt  fit  to  namo  (be  sourco  from  whi<ih  he  boa  do^H 
rived  his  information,  ajt,  in  that  cmo,  I  ooald  luvo  dealt  with  his^ 
snthority,  and  I  should  have  thereby  oacapcd  tbo  appoanuioo  of  niaking^ 
an  attack  on  Ur.  GUdstone  himaelf,  wbicb  la  in  dvctt  irsy  diibuiofulH 
to  rae.  ^1 


» 


TBE  mTSRPRETEBS    OF  OSNESIS  AXD  /TATURS.  4;! 


I 


For  I  can  meet  Ute  Htatemcnt  in  lli«  lut  pvagrafih  of  tlio  al>OTO 
cilalion  witb  aothinK  but  a  direct  negative.  If  I  know  uirthiug  iit 
all  about  tho  rvaiilt.''  .-iltnlnod  by  lh«  nalarat  science  of  our  tiin«,  it  is 
"  a  dcmonntrati'd  cunclunion  and  cHtabliHhod  fact  **  ibAt  tbo  "  foarfold 
ordur"  given  bj  Mr.  Gladstouo  b  not  tliat  in  wbicb  tlic  vvidivDce  ai 
our  dijii>owl  tends  lu  altow  that  the  water,  air,  and  land  popuUtioos  of 
the  globe  bavo  nude  their  appetmnce. 

Perfaa|M  I  mav  be  told  tiiat  Mr.  UUdstone  doca  give  Iiis  authority 
— that  he  citee  Cuvior,  .Sir  John  Ilcrscbcl,  and  I>r.  Whewcll  in  sapport 
of  bia  COM.  If  tliat  Uiw  been  Mr,  (iludittono'i  iutvntion  iu  monlioning 
tboBO  offltncnt  oaincH,  I  may  r«raarlc  lliat,  on  tbiit  {)artioiiIar  quvntiou, 
tbo  only  rtlerant  authority  is  that  of  Cu^ier.  But,  great  ait  Cuvicr 
was,  it  IB  to  be  remombered  that,  u  Mr.  Gladstone  lucidentaJIy  remarks, 
be  can  not  now  be  calltxl  n  rt-ccot  authority.  Id  fact,  he  has  been  desd 
moro  than  half  a  cpnCury,  and  thv  |>alt-oiitology  of  our  day  18  related 
to  that  of  bid  vcr}-  much  aa  tbe  geognpUy  of  the  sixteenth  eentnry  b 
related  to  tJial  of  the  fonrtccutb.  Since  1882,  when  Cuvivr  died,  not 
only  ft  ocv  world,  but  new  worldn,  of  ancient  life  have  been  diiwoT- 
end  t  and  tboso  who  have  moat  faithfully  earned  on  the  work  of  tbu 
chief  founder  of  paleontology  liavo  done  most  to  ioTaUilatc  tbc  cascn- 
tjally  negative  grounds  of  his  spuculatiro  adherence  to  trodilioD. 

If  Mr.  t:iai)Hlonc's  latotit  infonnation  on  tboM  nutten  ia  derived 
froin  the  fainouii  diacoonie  prefixed  to  the  "OtnmcDS  FotaJIes,"  I  can 
nndersuind  the  position  he  htut  taken  up ;  if  he  bai  ever  opened  a  re- 
spectable modern  manual  of  paleontology  or  geology,  I  can  not.  For 
tiie  fact«  wliich  demolish  his  whole  argument  are  of  tlie  commonest 
Botoriety.  But,  before  proceeding  to  consider  the  evidence  for  tliia 
uavrtion,  we  must  bo  clear  about  the  meaning  of  tbe  pbiaseology 
troployod.  ! 

I  apprehend  that  wh«n  Mr.  Gladstone  uses  the  term  "  WtfH^^popVr' 
lation"  be  meaos  those  aninuilE  which,  in  Genesis  i,  31  (rerbod  TCr^-' 
aion),  aro  spoken  of  as  "  the  great  Mia-monslerB  and  every  living  creat- 
nre  that  moveth,  which  the  waters  brought  forth  abundantly,  after 
their  kind."  And  I  presume  that  it  will  he  agreed  that  whales  and 
porpoises,  sea-fishes,  and  tJie  innumerable  boHlH  of  ninrinc  invcrtcbrated 
initnals,  are  meant  thereby.  So  "  air-popuUtion  "  must  bo  tbe  &i|uiva- 
nt  of  "  fowl,"  in  vcnio  20,  and  "  ercry  winged  fowl  after  its  kind," 
Torso  SI.  I  suppose  I  may  take  it  for  granted  that  by  "fowl"  we 
liave  here  to  nndt'rstand  birds — at  any  rate  primarily.  Secondarily,  it 
lay  bo  (hat  the  bats,  and  the  extinct  pterodaotjis,  whiob  were  flying 

ilen,  come  under  the  same  bead.  But,  whether  all  tii*ecla  aro 
"  crMpiog  things  "  of  tlio  land-popnlatioo,  or  whether  flying  insects  are 
ioludi-<i  under  the  d<:nomination  of  "  winged  fowl,"  is  a  point 
leision  of  Hebrew  excgelcs.  I.astly,  I  suppose  I  may  assume 
that  "  land-popiilAlion"  iiigiiiliea  "the  eattlo"and  "tbe  beast  of  the 
eartlt,"  and  "  every  creeping  thing  that  creei)etb  upon  tbo  eartli,"  in 


4;a  THE  POPULAR  SCIEXCE  UOX^THLT.  ^H) 

v«r«e«  95  ud  SO ;  prc«iimab1y,  It  ooniprebenda  all  kinds  of  temMml 
animids,  vertebrate  aud  inverUbnite,  etoept  rooh  m  may  be  oompriwd 
undrr  the  IhmiiI  of  the  "  air-population." 

Now  what  1  n-ant  to  m&Jio  clear  is  this :  that  if  iha  Mni»  "  wattir 
population,"  "  air>po]>ulatioD,"  and  "  laud-population,"  aro  uadvntood 
iu  the  sens«a  here  defined,  natural  tioicnco  baa  Dollnug  to  aay  ia  favor 
of  ibo  propotltton  tbat  the}'  succeeded  one  another  iu  the  ordor  giroo 
by  Mr.  Gladfttone  ;  but  that,  on  the  contranr,  all  the  erideneo  we  po*- 
aew  goes  to  prove  that  tbejr  did  not.  Wbenco  it  will  follow  that,  if 
Mr.  GladstoDo  bos  rnlcrpnHod  Gcnesia  rightly  (on  which  point  I  am 
most  anxioiiM  to  Ik-  understood  to  offer  no  opinion),  that  intcqirotation 
it)  wb^ill/  irreconcilable  witb  the  conolusioDfl  at  prceent  arcvptcd  by  tlio 
interpretera  of  Halnre — with  everjrtbinft  tliat  can  be  called  "a  dvmoo- 
Btratcd  ooDclusioD  and  eotabliabcd  fact  "of  natural  Kienoe.  And  W 
it  observed  tbat  I  am  not  hero  dealing  with  a  qnoetion  of  specutntion,  ^ 
but  with  a  question  of  fa«L  ^ 

Either  the  geological  record  is  iinfllcientlj  complete  to  afford  ns  a-^ 
meauH  of  determining  the  order  in  which  animals  bavo  made  tbuir  ap- 
pearance on  tbe  globe,  or  it  ia  noL    If  it  is,  the  ddonnioalion  of  that 
order  is  little  more  tlum  a  mem  maltvrof  obacrTattou;  if  it  is  not,  tboa^ 
natnnl  aoicnee  Doiilier  aflSnns  nor  refotet  tlio  "  fourfold  ordeh*^  but  iafl 
Rimply  silent.  ^ 

Tfio  eeriea  of  the  foBsilifcrona  deposits,  which  contain  the  renuiioR 
of  the  animals  which  have  lived  on  tlie  earth  in  paat  aged  of  it»  history, 
and  which  can  alone  afford  the  endence  rc4|uired  by  natural  Hcience  of 
the  order  of  appearance  of  their  different  apecica,  may  bo  groujied  in 
the  manner  shown  in  tbe  left-hand  column  of  the  following  tabli^  tlu 
oldest  being  at  the  bottom  : 

VanaaVaa.  Urn  t>«ni  ffmnmu  it 

riloccno. 
Eocene Tertebnie  «ir-pof«Utiao  (Ms). 

ClfUIMOIU. 

JunuBio T«n«b*sU  Mtr-pepulatioa  (binU  asil  pUfwIutjli). 

TriMMC 

trpper  P«1aia«oi& 

Kiddle  FalK«rfs. Tenobnu  i— JpapBliBoa  (iBpUtla,  raplllk  (r]X 

Lower  Fklcoida. 

Slltirluu T«(UbnM  iMlmiio|iiul*t!aB  (Ubn). 

laTMWbnita  ofr-  and  I«ii4fiapiilulna  (ll]4af  taMca  anil  tMrploMV 
Ouibrlu .|«ntirtmt*  iMMrfopDUlloB  (oncb  mHut,  U  Abfodn  U  ulnul) 

In  tlio  right-hand  column  I  have  noted  the  group  of  straLa  in  whieb 
aooording  to  our  preeont  infonnntion,  the  landy  air,  anil  uoler  pope 
tiona  reapectivoly  appear  for  the  firsi  time  ;  andf  in  oooaeiiiwoon  of  1 
ambiguity  about  the  meaning  of  "fowl,"  I  Iwro  acpcralely  tndit-ated 
the  first  appearance  of  bats,  birds,  flying  reptiles,  and  dying  inM-uta.   Ih 


^TITS  IXrSRPBBTSRS   OF  GKXESI3  AND  NATURE.   453 


Wtub 

^■dU  Iw  obMTVwl  that,  if  "  fowl "  rocanfl  otiljr  ■'  birtt,"  or  iil  most  flying  : 
^^■VtobnUe,  then  l)>«  tirxt  ritrtain  vvkleuce  of  lli«  laltrr,  in  tbn  .Tonido  ' 
cpocli,  in  puDterior  to  tliD  fint  appearui«c  of  truly  lorrcAtrinl  Ampiiiiia, 
&D<I  poMJbly  of  tnio  r«p[ik-a,  iu  th«  Carbooiferooa  epoob  {Middle  Pailm- 
Qtaie)  hy  a  prodigioas  int«rTiil  of  time. 

Tbe  waUrr-popnUtion  of  vcrtebriitcil  suiiinnls  firet  sppvars  in  (he  \ 
ffvT  8iturijui.     Tliervforr,  if  wc  found  oantclvM  on  TCrtvbratcd  Mil* 
and  take  "fowl"  to  mcau  birdti  only,  or,  at  mont,  flying  T«rt«* 
natural  ncif-nce  aayn  that  tbo  ordor  of  anooeedon  waa  wat«r, 
land,  and  air  population,  and  not — a^Mr.  Uladstone,  founding  bimself 
K  on  Genesis,  says — water,  air,  land  population.    If  a  chronirlcr  of  Greece 
'  aSinned  that  the  ago  of  Alexander  preceded  that  of  I'cricles  and  im- 
mediately Nicoccded  Uiat  of  tbo  lYojan  War,  Mr.  Sladstonfl  Toold 
hs.rd  ly  nj  that  thia  order  id  "  undi-ntood  to  have  been  so  alBrmc-d  by 
^  hiatorical  Kienos  that  it  may  bo  taken  aa  a  demonstrated  conclutiion 

■  ud  MtablUhed  tact"    Yet  natural  acience  "af6rTus"his  "fourfold 

■  order"  to  exactly  the  same  extent — neither  more  nor  lees. 

W  Suppose,  however,  that  "fowl'' is  to  bo  taken  to  imcludo  flying 
tnMotn,  In  tl»l  COM,  the  first  appcaranoo  of  an  air^population  muit 
bu  thifleil  back  for  long  Bg«s,  recent  discorny  baring  Rhown  thai  tliey 
occur  itt  rocks  of  Silurian  age.  Hcnco,  there  might  Btill  have  been 
hopt  for  the  fourfold  order,  were  it  not  that  the  Fates  unkindly  deter- 
mined that  scorpions — "creeping  things  that  creep  ou  the  earth  "  par 
eroctlefi« — turned  op  in  Silunan  strata,  nearly  at  tbe  same  time  So 
thai,  if  the  wont  in  the  original  Uebrew  translated  "fowl"  should 

I  really,  after  all,  nu-an  "ooclaoach*' — and  I  have  great  faith  in  the 
elasticity  of  that  tongne  in  the  hands  of  biblical  cxogfltes — the  order 
primarily  suggested  by  the  exinting  evi<lcnot> — 
2.  Land  and  air  population, 
1.  Water-population, 
Bad  Mr.  Gtadtitono's  order — 
3.  Lnnd -population, 
2.  Air  population, 
1.  Watcr-|K>putation, 
can  by  no  means  be  made  to  coincide.     As  a  matter  of  fact,  tlien, 
the  statement  so  oonfidontly  put  forward  turns  out  to  be  devoid  of 
foundation  and  in  dinwt  contradiction  of  the  evidence  at  prc«ont  at  oar 

■  disposol.* 

W  •  It  ms;  bo  ciifa}«eieil  ihai  I  b»TO  not  put  iho  oua  tslrly,  bufmuth  ••  the  (aliiacr 
laMM\i  «tiiis  wUab  <ns  Atcormi  l*aNo  monitif  irq  la  fiUuiiu  rodu,  tai  wbleh  b,  M 
prwnit.  llH  Mie  etid«DCO  ot  tnioct*  oUw  lluui  (ho  Dvvaaiu  epoch,  camo  trom  slrU*  of 
Ulilitb  ttlBrian  »ge,  sad  t*  ibarcfoto  oUcr  tbjui  tlio  tcorpiloiu  nblcb,  sllhla  (be  )m(  t<ra 
TOan,  lM*e  been  tmind  En  Cpp«r  ffllvriin  ulrnla  \a  Snnkn,  BrlMln,  snd  tlie  TTdtd  Slate*. 
DH  ao  voe  «to  oeaqicebaidt  Ibc  nsluic  nf  the  cilJeiiM  afforded  b;  l<mtU  rtmaini  vovld 
Tmtan  to  tar  that  tte  ■MA-dlaoorttj'oleMtpItiDi  In  tbe  Middle  SUutkasUaU,  op  to  lUs 
,  ilua.  slferdi  anjr  tnoic  granad  for  eontotlag  thu  Uief  did  not  exlM,  dum  ib«  nM»4is- 
H  entrj  of  fljing  InMCla  in  Ibe  Upper  EUurlaa  slmta,  up  to  Ihb  tiine,  throw*  sajr  doubt  on 


454  TlfS  POPULAR   SCIEIfCE  MOJVTSir. 

If,  stopping  beyond  tbat  vbicb  may  be  lemnpd  from  tbo  faeii  ^ 
tb«  ntceeMive  appearance  of  the  forms  of  animal  life  upon  tbu  mttttt 
of  tb«  globe,  in  flo  far  aa  thpy  ar«  vot  mad«  ktiowo  to  qs  by  utinl 
B(a«nc«,  we  apply  oar  rcaconing  factUtit^  to  tbc  task  of  finding  oal 
what  those  obsorred  facts  mean,  the  prtwent  eoactoftiooa  of  tbe  iDt«^ 
prvtori  of  Xattiro  appear  to  be  no  less  directly  in  conflict  with  tboiccf 
lb  (I  laical  intt-qiretor  of  (leoests. 

Mr.  Gladstone  appears  to  admit  that  there  ia  some  trtilh  in  thi 
doctrino  of  erolation,  and  indeed  placos  it  nndcr  very  high  pstrotttge: 

I  coDt«Dil  that  oralution  ta  tta  higb««t  fonn  ba*  not  bvon  a  tbbg  twnlolin 
OBknown  to  faUtory,  to  phao«0{>b7,  or  to  tbixJogj.  I  raotcnd  tbat  it  va*  Mr* 
111*  mind  of  Bdot  Paul  wbon  bo  tongbl  tbat  in  tljo  fiiUn^s  of  Ibao  Ood  ant  fM 
hit  Boo,  and  of  Enaebiu,  vbcti  be  wrote  tbo  "  Pr«paratitai  (or  tbo  Gmpe^"  mi 
of  AagaMia»  vboa  be  eotnpoMd  tho  "  City  ot  God  "  <p.  TOO). 

Has  any  one  crcr  diiputed  tbe  coolentioa  thus  solemnly  enimciUid 
tbat  tbe  doctrine  of  evolution  was  not  invented  tbe  day  before  yester- 
day ?  Has  any  one  ever  dreamed  of  claiming  it  as  a  modem  innon- 
tion  ?  Is  tbero  any  one  so  ignorant  of  the  history  of  philosophy  st  to 
be  unaware  that  it  is  one  of  the  fomu  in  wliicb  cpccolatioa  emboditd 
itaelf  long  before  tho  time  citber  of  tbu  Bishop  of  Hippo  or  of  tbt 
Apostle  to  the  Gentiles  ?  Is  Ur.  Gladstone,  of  all  pooplu  in  tba  vorld. 
disposed  to  ignore  the  foundera  of  Greek  philosophy,  to  say  ButbiDgof 
lodiansagns  to  whom  evolution  was  a  familiar  notion  ages  before  Fai^ 
of  1'arsus  was  bom  ?  Bat  it  ia  uogntcful  to  cavil  at  even  tbe  mos 
oblique  admission  of  tbo  poasible  value  of  one  of  tho««  afTinnalions  el 
natural  ecienoe  which  really  may  be  said  to  bo  "a  deiDoimiratvd  con- 
clusion and  ostabliibed  fact."  I  note  it  with  pleasure,  if  only  f«r  the 
purpose  of  introducing  tbe  observation  that,  if  there  is  any  tralb  «ba^ 
ever  in  the  doctrine  of  evolution  aa  applied  to  animals,  Mr.  Gladstone's 
glosK  on  Genesis  in  tho  following  passage  is  bardly  happy  : 

God  ercntod— 

(a)  Tbe  wale^populatloa ; 

(ft)  The  alr-popubtioD. 

And  tlicj  recoivo  Lis  bea<.tliftJon  (rersea  SO-SS).  _ 

6.  Porsabig  tlils  rogalar  profcrcwinn  frwn  the  loror  to  tbe  bibber,  tnm 
•iiiipl«  to  tbe  complex,  tliu  text  Dow  gives  us  tlio  nork  ot  llw  uitb  ^  day," 
ntppUcs  tbo  land-popolatlon,  air  and  water  having  been  nlreadjr  sopplicd  (p^ 
MD,  896). 

The  gloss  to  which  I  refer  is  tho  assumption  that  tbe  "  air-popola- 
Uon"  forms  a  term  in  the  <»^er  of  progrcwsion  from  tower  to  higher, 
from  simple  to  complex — tbo  place  of  whiob  lies  between  tbo  wat 
population  below  and  tbe  land -population  above— and  I  speak  of 

the  c«rlalnt7  thai  ihpir  ciiitcd.  ahlcli  in  (lurire'l  from  llio  op«irtvnco  of  tkc  viae  b 
Uiddlft  Silurian.    In  fuel,  I  luite  (ircu:li«<l  a  point  in  stlmitUiig  that  ibeso  (omUi  aSapl 
eolonbJa  pntut  for  Ilw  unuiapttcin  tb».t  Um  bod  osd  aix  popvUtkni  oere  ol  MU^fo- 
rsaooos  orlgiB,  ^^_ 


icr, 

I 


TBS  IHTERFRBTBRS   OF  OSNSSIS  MVJ)  JfATUKB.   455 

»s  a  "gloof,^  IwcnuK  Uio  ponUtciidial  writ«r  I*  dowIm  rpfponaUv 
for  it. 

Bat  it  U  not  true  that  tlic  air-j>optiIatioD,  as  a  whole,  is  "lower" 
or  lus  "complex"  than  the  land -population.  On  the  contrary,  ever; 
beginner  in  the  study  of  animal  morphology  is  avaro  that  the  orgaa}- 
BitiOD  of  a  bat,  of  a  liinl,  nr  of  a  ptvru^aclyl,  prMU|^po«ca  that  of  S 
temstrial  qnailnipotl ;  and  that  it  ia  intelligible  only  ai  aa  «xti«mo 
modification  of  the  oiganiEatioD  of  a  terrestrial  mammal  or  reptile. 
In  the  came  way,  vinged  insects  (if  they  are  to  be  counted  among  tha 
**Mr-population")  presuppose  insects  which  were  wtnglcs;,  and  there- 
fore, as  "creeping  things,"  were  part  of  the  land -popnlat ion.  Thus 
theory  is  ax  mucli  <^poHed  as  observation  to  ilie  admi»Hiou  that  natunJ 
wiencc  indones  tha  iiucccBxion  of  animal  life  which  Ur.  QIadalone 
finda  in  Geoeala.  On  the  contrary,  a  good  many  representatives  of 
natoral  science  would  be  prepared  to  say,  on  theoretical  grounds  alone^ 
that  it  is  ioercdible  that  the  "air-population"  should  have  appeared 
before  the  "  land-population  "—and  that)  if  this  aMcrtion  is  to  bo  found 
in  Genesix,  it  mi^rvly  demonstrates  the  sclentilio  wortblewoeas  of  tbe 
Mory  of  which  it  forms  a  {tart. 

Indc«d,  wc  may  go  further.  It  ia  not  ovcii  admissible  to  say  that 
the  water-population,  as  a  whole,  appeared  before  the  air  and  the  land 
f-opuIatioDS.  According  to  tbo  Authorized  Version,  Genesis  especially 
toentioDa  among  tho  animalH  crcitt<-d  on  the  fifth  day  "great  whalcM," 
m  p]ac«  of  wliich  tlic  Rcritcd  Veniou  reads  "  great  aoa  monsters."  Far 
be  it  from  mc  t<>  give  an  opinion  which  rendering  is  right,  or  whether 
tither  is  right.  All  I  deaire  to  remark  i.s  tliat  if  whakw  and  porpolaes, 
dagoDgs  and  manatees,  are  to  bo  regarded  as  mombeni  of  liiv  water- 
popnlalion  (and  if  they  are  not,  what  animala  can  claim  tbe  desig- 
nation?), tboR  that  much  of  the  water-popnlation  has  aa  certainly 
originated  later  tlian  the  Innil-popnintion  as  bnls  and  birds  have.  For 
I  am  not  aware  that  any  coui{K!tt-rit  judgi;  would  hesitate  to  admit  that 
the  organization  of  these  animals  shows  tbe  most  obnoos  Ngna  of  their 
deaocnt  from  terrestrial  quadrupeds 

A  similar  crilici^tn  npplict  to  }tlr.  Gladstone's  assnmption  that,  as 
tho  fourth  act  of  th:it  "orderly  mcccssion  of  times"  enunciated  in 

IGvDcais,  "tlie  land -population  e»ijsummat«d  in  man." 
If  this  weans  simply  Ibat  man  is  the  final  term  in  the  cvolutjonal 
aeriea  of  which  ho  forms  a  part,  I  do  not  suppose  that  any  objection 
will  bo  raised  to  that  statement  on  tbe  part  of  students  of  natural 
science.  But  if  the  pcntateuchal  author  goca  further  than  this,  and 
inlends  to  my  that  which  is  ascribed  to  him  by  ?llr.  Gladstone,  I  Uiiuk 
natural  Kience  will  have  to  enter  a  caveat.  It  is  not  by  any  means 
certatD  that  man — I  mean  the  species  I/onio  sapUria  of  zoological  Ur- 
rabology — has  "consummated"  the  land-popnlation  in  the  tense  of 
appearing  at  a  later  period  of  time  than  any  other.  Let  me  make  my 
BwaDing  clear  by  an  example    From  a  morphological  point  of  view, 


P 


♦S6 


THS  POPULAR   8CIKXCB  HfOXTBLr. 


Qor  beautiful  and  nscfal  coRtvR)}Kinry — [  tniglit  almost  call  luiu  cut- 
leaigue — tbc  Hontc  {R^ia  eaballua),  ia  the  last  term  of  tlie  eTolstkaal 
•erics  to  wbick  be  belong  jiut  as  Jlomo  tapient  is  the  last  Ism  of 
tb«  series  of  which  be  b  a  member.  If  I  want  to  know  wbether  tlio 
tpcoea  Kquut  eabaOtu  made  its  appMninco  on  tlw  sarfa«e  of  tbegMo 
before  or  after  Homo  tapttnf,  dcdncUon  from  Icnown  laws  does  wt 
help  me.  Tbore  i*  no  reason  that  1  know  of  wby  otHr  ithoald  barctp- 
pMTcd  MWRrr  or  Inter  than  the  other.  If  I  turn  to  oI)MTV9tton,  t  f«A 
abattdaot  remaias  of  Jiqmu  ea&allus  in  Quatomary  stratii,  j<^rlu|»  a 
little  earlier.  The  exutenco  of  Homo  tapient  in  tbe  Quaternary  epoch 
is  also  certain.  Evidcaco  bits  been  gildaecd  in  faror  of  man's  eiifV 
•OM  in  tbe  PIioc«ne  or  evoii  in  tbo  Uioouic  epoch.  It  does  not  afittf 
me ;  bat  I  have  no  reason  to  doubt  that  iha  fact  may  bn  to,  neveH^ 
less.  Ind<x->1, 1  tbinlc  it  is  quit«  posnble  that  further  nsscarrh  vtU 
abow  that  Homo  aapiena  existed,  not  only  before  JSj^ws  eaballut,  bvi 
before  many  other  of  tbe  existtng  forms  of  animal  Ufe ;  m>  that,  if  alt 
tbo  species  of  animals  have  be«n  separately  created,  man,  in  this  caic, 
would  by  no  means  be  tbe  "eonstiiiimiitinn"of  the  land-populslioa. 

I  am  raising  no  objection  to  the  ()o«itioa  of  tbe  fourth  term  in  Mr. 
OUdstonc's  "  Older  "—on  ibe  facts,  as  they  stand,  it  is  quite  open  to 
any  one  to  bold,  as  a  pioas  opinion,  that  the  fabrication  of  man  wu  tbt 
acmie  and  final  acJuerement  of  the  process  of  peopling  the  globe.  Bat 
tt  mnst  not  be  said  that  natuml  science  counts  tbts  opinion  amon^  ba 
"domoottnitod  cvnclusions  and  »tabli»lied  factH,"  for  there  would  be 
JDSt  as  mnob,  or  as  little,  reason  for  ranging  tbe  contrary  opinion 
among  them. 

It  may  seem  snperfluoas  to  add  to  the  evidence  that  Mr.  GladstOM 
has  been  utterly  misled  in  supposing  that  his  interpretation  of  tieaesiB 
receives  any  support  from  natural  science.  But  it  >s  as  well  to  do  one's 
work  tboroQghly  wbilo  one  is  about  it ;  and  I  think  it  may  be  adris- 
able  to  point  out  tliat  the  facts,  as  they  are  at  present  known,  not  only 
refuto  Mr,  Gladstone's  interpretation  of  Genesis  in  detail,  but  an  op- 
posed to  tbe  central  idea  on  which  it  appears  to  be  based. 

There  must  be  some  position  from  which  tbe  reconciles  of  science 
and  OeneuB  will  not  retreat,  some  central  idea  the  maintenance  of 
wbicb  is  vital  and  its  refutation  fatal.  Ercn  if  they  now  allow  Ibai 
the  words  "the  evening  and  the  morning  "  have  not  ibe  least  nefMence 
to  a  natnnl  day,  but  mean  a  period  of  any  number  of  millions  of  yean 
that  may  be  oooossary ;  even  if  they  are  driven  to  admit  that  the  wofd 
"creation,"  which  so  many  millions  of  pious  Jews  and  Christians  have 
bold,  and  still  hold,  to  mean  a  sudden  act  of  the  Deity,  signifies  a 
(Vocens  of  gradual  evolution  of  one  epeciea  from  another,  extending 
ibtoHgb  imneasitrable  time  ;  even  if  they  ore  willing  to  grant  that  tbc 
Ms(«i<m|  ooiaeUnmof  tbe  order  of  Nature  with  tho  "fourfold  order" 
M(<ribvd  to  Gi'oesis  t»  an  obvions  error  itiKtead  of  an  establiabed  tmtfa 
•— Ibey  axv  suivly  prvpand  to  toako  a  last  stand  upon  the  eooeaiHioa 


f 


THS  INTERPR£TER3   OF  GS.VHSIS  AND  NATURE.   4;? 

Birfaieh  nnderliea  tbc  whole,  and  wbi«h  constitutes  tho  ossence  of  Mr. 
HBIoddloac'B  "fourfold  dtvUion,  set  forth  in  an  orderly  succession  of 
"timca."    It  is,  tbat  tho  uDiinal  apocioa  which  compoM  ^c  wnttr-popti- 
lation,  tho  &ir-po|i(ilatton,  and  tb«  Und-popiiUtion  renptctivcl]:,  cirigi- 
oateil  during  three  distinct  aail  Kuooeuire  periods  of  time,  and  ouly 
during  tJioAe  periods  of  Lime. 
;  This  fltatement  a)>pcarB  to  mo  to  be  the  interpretation  of  Gsneeis 

nrhicb  Mr.  tiladfitone  Ba]>port8,  r»luc«d  to  its  aimploat  expression, 
^"Period  of  timo  "  is  Hubstitnlod  for  "day";  "  originati-d  "  in  substi- 
tuted for  "  crcnutd  " ;  and  any  order  required  for  lliat  adopted  by  Mr, 
GlodatODC.   Ii  iit  neoMsary  to  in.it:t-  ibi^prortso,  forif  "day"may  mean 
%  ttw  million  years,  and  "  creation  "  way  mean  evolution,  then  it  U  ob- 
vioiia  tbat  tb«  order  (1)  water-population,  (3)  airpopniation,  (3)  land- 
^population,  may  aUo  mean  (I )  water-population,  (S)  buid-]>opalation,  (3) 
Hur- population  ;  and  it  would  Ix-  unkind  to  bind  down  the  n«oncileni  to 
Btbia  detail  when  otie  lUM  ported  with  ho  many  otben  to  oblige  them. 
^      But  even  this  aublimated  essence  of  tho  pentateuohal  doctrine  (if 
it  be  tuoh)  remains  as  discordant  with  natural  acienee  as  ever. 

It  is  not  trne  that  the  species  composin;^  anyone  of  the  three  i>opa- 
Utiona  orifjinalcd  during  any  one  of  three  succewtivc  periods  of  time, 
and  not  at  any  other  of  theao. 

UndoubttHlly,  it  U  in  the  biphwtt  degree  probable  that  animal  life 
appoiarc<i  fint  under  af|nait(:  c«nditioa-«;  that  lemvitrial  fonn.-«  npfiearcd 
later,  and  tlyin;t^  aiiiiunls  only  after  land  aniinalN  ;  but  it  is,  at  the  «anie 
titae.  tcstifit4  by  all  tbe  evidence  we  possess,  tbat  the  great  majority, 
if  not  tbo  whole,  of  the  primordial  species  of  each  division  have  long 
since  died  ont,  and  Iiaro  been  repln^^'ed  by  a  vast  suceeseion  of  new 
forma.  Hnndrodn  of  lliousanda  of  animal  species,  as  distinct  as  tbo«« 
whtob  now  compose  our  water,  land,  and  air  popnlationn,  Iiato  co<n« 
into  existence  and  died  otit  again,  Ihroughout  the  (eons  uf  geological 
lline  wbioh  separate  us  from  the  lower  Palieozoic  epoch,  when,  as  I 
have  pointed  out,  our  present  evidence  of  the  existence  of  snch  dis- 
lifiot  populations  commenoes.  If  tbo  spwies  of  animals  have  all  been 
separately  crcJtted,  then  it  follows  that  hundreds  of  thousands  of  acta 
of  ereuive  energy  bare  occurred  at  iut<tr\-3]H  througliout  the  whole 
time  recorded  by  the  fossiliferona  rocks  ;  and,  during  the  greater  part 
uf  thnC  time,  the  "  creation  "  of  tbo  members  of  the  water,  land,  and 

tair  populations  muat  hare  gone  on  contemporaneously. 
If  we  ropmtcnt  the  water,  land,  and  air  poputatioitR  by  a,  b,  and  c 
hwpeetivcly,  and  takti  vertical  suceession  on  the  page  to  indicate  order 
la  time,  then  the  followiug  schemes  will  roughly  shadow  forth  tbe 
nptraat  I  bare  been  eadeaToring  to  explain  : 
■  Ommf  (M^mrfiurt  by  Mr.  Ohhtipi).      XataNMtiHnxFMbviMimliilMMal. 


roe 


4s8  TUB  POPULAB  SCISSCS  XOXTBLT, 


So  far  as  I  can  see,  there  b  otdjr  oae  rmmic*  Mk  im  \ 

reprMentativca  of  Sisyphus,  tb«  raooadhn  of  G^hbk  vilh 

and  it  liaa  ihw  advantage  of  being  fo«niWJ  •■  »  ytoedj- 1 

affwal  to  our  igtioranoe.     It  hai  been 

of  tbc  tcrntR  irat«r-|H>pul&lioD  and 

u<d  that  invertebrate  repreaeotativss  of 

iog  the  lower  ralvoioic  epoch.    Xo  i 

that  other  btnl-aaimala  (and  paa^4j ' 

hare  vxiiticd  iluring  that  tim^  of  t^  UMatj  af 

little ;  and,  fortbirr,  that  Morjiioos  i 

tJon  thai  it  b  high!/  probable  their 

antecedeat  iaod-popiilatkiii  of  a  bbOst  i 

TImd,  abc*  tbc  laad-popalatMa  m  nil  ••(  >a 

nittl  the  aztb  day,  it  mre— iflj-  fioUavi  Itat  tk*  cndar*  «(  A* 

otdcv  to  which  amii«l»«ppMtfiJMtWiingldMlfc«iicari«f  Iho 

older  Fdaonie  tioMS  b  whidi  ooly  ttaea  <t  tbe  wMu  f  Bflhliii 

bsren  JM  beea  dJaeorered. 

Tbtnfotc,  if  any  one  choMM  to  i^  thai  the  acntre  malt  l*A 

place  tn  tbe  Cubriaa  at  Lamattia  ofoA  m 

which  Mr.  Gladstone  doea  and  aslanl 

b  Dot.  in  B  pootioa  to  diefrora  tbe  ■ee«»cy  of  tbe  lUH* 
Only  one  cea  ncA  have  onr'e  ofce  sad  <as  it  km^  aad  neb 

«fety  fron  tbe  coooadictioa  of  Seiaee  aene  Ibe  f orfcataie  ■<  ba 


Wbetbcr  the  aeconnt  of  tbe  wvefc  «f  tbe  first,  eeeead,  and  tUri 
days  ia  Geacsts  woold  be  cooSmid  by  tbe  dwowtrrtka  ef  tbc  tntb 
of  the  nebohr  faypotbeeis ;  vbelbv  it  it  tnrebantod  by  «te  ■) 
kaowaaf  theoatwiad  profaabt*  tdalive  atigrityW  tWbcanrij' 
bodies;  whether,  if  tbe  Ilcbmr  word  tiattlBtcd<'fe»anenl*' ia  tb» 
AAbcriaed  VeinoD  really  raraM  "oiaaet^*  the  Maeitioa  that  lb* 
vataa  ars  partly  sader  this  "ofaaae*  aad  partly  sbote  it  voaM  W 
My  aata  twafiitid  by  the  aaeartaiaed  facaa  of  pltymal  faoersfk; 
a»d  lalaawltgy  tbaa  it  waa  brfo**;  wbetkr  tbe  crcatka  of  tke 
whale  TigrtsMe  worU,  and  evpeesally  of  "frass,  herb  yiddisf  v^ 
after  its  bad,  a^  tree  b—ii^  frnt."  before  a^  band  of  aaoaial  i* 
*-*Twil"1j  rtii  ^|BiiaiIjplM  Iiaiiiin.rf1iiiliiiiis1  {akoitcibgTt 
^•1 1*1  II II  aad  &«t-trcea  arigwiiad  kag  aabaaqaently  t«  aaiaiik' 
an  Ihaac  ai*  ^ai«ieas  wWeb.  if  I  aittibe  Bot,  WMdd  be  aamnd  dr 
<fciT«>y  w  tbe  ate***"  *?  thoee  vba  are  apeciBny  roovenaat  with  Ihe 
itenhvd.    AadttaaatbeiaedeetedthattbeiaBaeTdndbr 
lia  asawbetbd^byaaaaaCact  of  ft^eanty,  tl■ap«■l•- 
l  sMn- <s  be  Aewa  te  be  Bot  fi^wvnble  ^  aeicatifc  baerl- 
•■^  Wt  whether  il  Ji  aypiairi  riwa^. 

**?•  ^  •**^  *sfc  la  fte  eriM«e  of  Br.  Etias  Un  »b.i  nibsr  t«aai 

raeillflillii  ilhifcftbattberebaniabUuMtoifc* 


_  TUS  IXTERPRETSBS   OF  QEXESIS  AND  XATURE.   459 

Till)  frtmi  inti)  wliicli  Mr.  OUtbtone  \a»  thought  Tit  lo  throw  this 
opinion  leaves  me  in  doabt  as  to  iu  nibatance.  I  du  nol  and«ratan<l 
bow  a  boBlU«  crittoism  can,  under  any  circamstiinces,  tend  to  conflnn 

ithmt  vbicb  it  Ktiacks.  If,  however,  Mr.  Gladstone  merel]-  mcand  lo 
express  bia  pcreoDal  iinpreiai<>i>t  "  as  one  vholly  deetitnto  of  that  kind 
of  knowledge  wliicli  carrieM  anOioriijr,"  Uiat  be  has  dv»lro}'«d  llio  vala« 
of  iheite  orltioi&ms,  I  bavo  neither  the  wish  uor  iho  riglii  to  attempt  to 
diatnrb  his  faith.  On  the  other  band,  I  maj  be  pennitted  to  state  my 
•  own  conviction  th.it,  »o  f»r  oi  natunil  ocieiKe  is  inrolvcd,  St.  K4ville'a 
otwcrvntionii  rotuin  thi>  exact  value  Uii-ypoMMMd  before  Mr.  Gladfltooa 
Mtkekod  thoia. 

Tnuting  that  I  have  now  said  raongli  to  iiocnrc  the  sutlior  of  » 
viae  and  moderate  dis'piaition  ujwn  a  topic  which  oeems  fated  to  stir 
nnwisdom  and  fanaticism  to  their  depths,  a  fuller  measure  of  justice 
thsD  ha«  bttberto  been  accorded  to  bim,  I  retire  from  my  self -appointed 
clLani]>ioniihip,  with  the  hope  that  I  sball  not  hereafter  be  called  upon 
by  M.  Revillc  to  apologise  for  daniago  done  to  hia  strong  case  by  ini* 
perfect  or  impulsive  advocacy.  But  pi.ThapK  I  luay  be  permitted  to 
add  a  word  or  two,  on  my  own  account,  in  reference  to  the  great  qncs- 
tjon  of  the  relations  between  scieDee  and  religion,  einoe  it  is  one  about 
whicli  I  have  thought  a  good  deal  ever  since  I  havo  been  able  to  think 
At  all,  and  aboat  irliieb  I  have  vcnlurvd  to  exprcM  my  viewa  publicly, 
more  thao  onc«,  in  thu  course  of  the  but  thirty  years. 

Tli«  antagosLmi  between  soienoe  and  religion,  about  which  wo  fa«u- 
so  much,  appear*  to  me  to  be  purely  factitiouit — fabricnied,  on  (be  one 
band,  by  short-sighted  religious  people  who  confound  a  certain  branch 
of  eciencc,  theology,  with  relifjion  ;  and,  on  the  other,  by  e4]na]ly  short- 
ughtod  Koicntifio  people  wlto  forget  that  science  tc^es  for  its  province 
only  that  which  is  Rusocptible  of  clear  intcUeotttal  comprcben^ion,  and 
tlial  outside  the  boondaiiea  of  that  province  they  most  be  oontent  with 
imagination,  with  hope,  and  with  ignorance. 

It  itecinA  to  mc  tJiat  tlic  moral  and  intelloctnal  life  of  the  civilized 
natiomt  ci  Kurope  ia  the  product  of  that  interaction,  Homclimi,'^  in  the 
way  of  antagonism,  sometimes  in  that  of  profitable  interchange,  of  the 
Semitic  and  the  Aryan  racea,  which  commenced  with  the  dawn  of  his- 
tory, when  Greek  and  Ph<enician  came  in  contact,  and  has  been  con- 
tinned  by  C.'\rtlmgii)ian  and  Romun,  by  Jew  and  Gonlilc,  down  to  the 
present  'lay.  Our  art  {except,  pcrh.tiw,  munio)  and  our  ncivnco  are  the 
contributions  of  the  Aryan ;  but  the  euonee  of  our  religion  ia  derived 
from  the  Semite.  In  the  eighth  century  b.  c,  in  the  heart  of  a  world 
of  idolatroaa  polytbeiste,  tlie  Hebrew  prophets  put  forth  a  conception 
of  religion  which  appears  to  mc  to  be  as  wonderful  an  insptiation  of 
genius  as  the  art  of  I'hcidias  or  thn  science  of  Aristotle. 

"And  what  duih  the  Lonl  rcqaire  of  Ibcc,  but  to  do  justly,  and  to 
love  mercy,  and  to  walk  humbly  with  lliy  God?" 


I 
I 


46o 


TUB  POPULAR  SCISyCB  MOSTULY. 


If  iiD7»<<K-AlIod  religion  takes  away  from  Uiisgrastsajingof  Miali, 
I  tbiiik  it  wniitoitly  mutilaU-s,  wliilf,  if  it  lAAn  lh«nto,  I  tltink  it  «^ 
mtrv*,  tli«  perfect  idol  of  rdlgioo. 

Itut  what  ext«ot  of  kuowlvO^,  what  ocutfitioM  of  acEvatiflfi  nili- ' 
cum,  can  totidi  Diim,  if  any  one  poascsaod  of  kiiowleclgv  or  wnUiMl 
cotild  Im)  abaord  «nougb  t<>  make  the  attempt  ?  Will  tfa«  prof^rMi  A 
n-Mwucb  prove  tliat  justice  is  worthlcsM, »n<i  inircv  batefnJ ;  will  it  «TV 
soften  tlin  bitter  contrast  botwctn  our  artioiu  and  our  tupimilotu ;  9 
abow  na  the  bounds  of  the  univcrw,  and  bid  na  aay,  Go  to,  now  wt 
compreltond  tlto  infmitu? 

A  faculty  of  wrath  Uy  in  those  ancient  lanieUtcs,  and  «nrrly  tin  , 
prophet's  ataff  would  have  made  swift  acquaintance  with  the  YaaAd 
the  scholar  who  had  asked  Itlicah  whether,  pemdventurr,  tlie  IstA 
fortber  required  of  him  on  impltrit  belief  in  llie  accuracy  of  lliv  oo^ 
mogon;  of  Genmii'  1 

What  we  nro  usnaJly  plcaiind  to  call  religion  nowadays  ia.  i\a  the 
moat  part,  HelleniiEed  Judaism ;  and,  twt  unfreqttently,  the  UcllenU 
element  carries  with  it  a  mighty  remnant  of  old-world  pafranism  and 
«  great  infusion  of  tho  wonrt  and  wc^eot  productti  of  Greek  ftdmtiSe 
apoonlation ;  wbilo  fragments  of  Peraion  and  Ilahyloninn,  or  rather 
Aooadian,  mytltology  bordsn  tho  Jtidaio  contribution  to  the  common 
etoek. 

The  antagonitim  of  aci^ice  U  not  to  religion,  hut  to  the  bcatlwn 
BuriiTals  and  the  had  philosophy  under  which  reli};ion  herself  Is  often 
well-nigh  crushed.  And,  for  my  part,  1  trust  that  this  Bntngonium 
will  n«ver  ccaso  ;  b»t  thoti  to  the  end  of  time,  tnio  Science  wilt  coo- 
tinac  to  fiillill  one  of  her  most  beneficent  funritonii,  that  of  nUcrinft 
men  from  tlie  bnr<1en  of  false  tcience  which  is  imposed  npon  them  id 
tho  name  of  religion. 

This  is  the  work  that  M.  lUvill*  and  men  Ricli  na  he  nre  -loini;  for 
this  ia  the  work  which  his  opponents  are  endeavoriog,  couscioiitlf 


UB 


or  ui>cons«iou«ly,  to  binder. — NintieenXh  C«tUwF^. 


RECENT  KXPERMENTS  IN  STATE  TAXATION. 
bt  uenkt  jaubs  ten  etck. 

To  jjrowl  ia  the  pririlege  of  the  tax-iMiyer,  To  eecnre  the  raiirt 
amount  of  the  iteceaeary  r«Tenne  with  tho  nnollest  growl  is  the 
aim  of  il>e  logwlolor.  Probably  tbera  L«  no  moro  unpopular  oCBcJal 
than  the  lax-gatherer.     Among  |>cnuin«  of        '  (he  idea  wmiim  to 

prevail  that  laxnliun  in  n  kind  of  robbery  im  >  be  oradsd  If  poa- 

sible.    It  is  true  that  ihe  public  treasury  has  often  been  fllled  aimply  tbi 
Ihlevea  might  plunder  it,  or  that  worthloM  citinms  might  be  aupptirli 


JUSVE^T  £XPERIMS:fTS  IJf  STATS  TAXATION.  461 

at  publio  axpoiiM,  m  ft  reward  for  xhv'xT  politicnl  work.  This  it  the  ease 
jNirttctilariy  in  tbo  ftdmintntrstioo  of  nnmioipitl  alTAira,  Th«  uUoml  ud 
Suto  gommnuNiU  hftfft  b«on  conduotod,  iii  tijiite  of  ilic  oUervinovof  the 
odloiu  i|>oib  ■ystem,  wlUt  *a  efflcaenoy  aod  economy  uneqnaled  by  but 
few  groat  biulocM  bousoe.  Eren  better  urvice  would  undoubMdly  be 
obtained  if  tlie  pablio  bad  a  fnllvr  apprcctaiion  of  Ihv  tratb  of  the  old 
parados  Uint  Uie  dvanwt  labor  n  tLu  cbeape«t  Mure  liberal  aaUriea 
for  poaitiona  of  tmttt  aod  executive  control  wonld  tend  to  elevate  de- 
cidedly llie  atandard  and  ability  of  tbo  men  in  the  public  acrvice.  Bu(, 
nnfortunaiely,  propoeitions  of  tliis  cliaracu-r  do  not  metl  wJtli  gcnvral 
approval.  Hio  vulncrablu  spot  of  llic  Americnu  iH  big  poeket>book. 
\Vbt>a  an  official  layn  bin  handM  <hi  thai,  the  victim  raaente  the  attack 
witii  indignation,  and  MulnnilH,  aftvr  lond  protestationa  and  tbreata,  to 
thi>  demand  for  his  money,  only  out  of  respect  for  the  superior  power 
of  tbe  Uw.  'I'bc  dominant  party,  in  attempting  to  carry  on  tho  gov- 
emmeot  Haiiiifutorily,  and,  at  the  same  Umo,  not  ■rouM  the  voter  who 
paya  the  tasvit,  hna  a  ditScull  problem  to  Aotve.  In  tbe  United  State*, 
where  the  VDt«r  is  lite  ruler,  political  managers  find  it  eMM-nlial  to  cod- 
tioued  Buccees  to  make  the  drafts  on  the  ruler's  pockel-bouk  ait  light  an 
poxrible.  Ail  partie«  would  be  happy  if  the  publio  treasury  could  be 
filled  by  tlie  touch  of  a  magician'e  wand,  «>  that  taxes  mifibt  be  abol- 
ished. But,  a«  they  arc  a  neocHBary  evil,  a  achcme  of  taxation  without 
UmmilatioD  ia  what  la  wanted.  In  the  law  laid  down  by  Professor 
William  G.  Sumner,  that  taiation  t«nds  to  difTuao  Iteolf,  but  on  the 
lino  of  leoat  reuatanoe,  is  found  a  bint  for  the  baaia  of  this  aobeme. 
Turgot,  tbe  great  French  financier,  expressed  the  polittoian*B  ide«  very 
tentcly  when  he  said  that  the  science  of  tax.-ition  is  to  pluck  tbe  goo«e 
without  making;  it  cry.  In  hunting  for  tho  line  of  leaat  rcsiatance,  and 
tbe  most  scientific  methods  of  plucking,  sorcral  interesting  eiperiraeDta 
have  beun  made  of  late  in  different  .Slates,  when?  new  sources  of  reve- 
nue bare  been  sought  from  special  taxen  on  corporations,  railroads, 
telegraph,  telephone,  and  insorance  companies,  colhttcrnl  inheritances, 
and  other  classes  of  properly  which  can  be  plucked  withoiii  producing 
a  cry  liable  to  strike  a  chord  of  s}rmpathy  in  the  |>opukr  heart.  In 
meet  instances  theeo  ex)M;rtm«nlH  have  surpassed  in  their  results  tbe 
upoctatioiis  of  the  proposer*.  Large  rcrcnno  hna  been  obtained  with- 
out provoking  even  a  murmur  of  disapproval  from  the  voting  classea. 
In  Vennont,  for  example,  no  direct  tax  waa  levied  in  1868  and  IS&l, 
tite  receipts  under  the  corporation  tax  law  paying  the  expeoMS  of  the 
State  govcmroent.  Tlie  Coniptrollcr  of  Xcw  York  received  (9,1)00,- 
101.35  in  188-1,  of  which  11,603,612.75  were  paid  by  corporationii. 
I.a*i  year,"  although  the  Wisconsin  Legislature  antborizcd  a  levy  of 
»y.lii,(»i)0,  the  State  Treaanrvr  waa  not  obtige<i  to  collect  any  direct  t.ix, 
u  thi)  license-tax  from  railroads,  insurance,  telegraph,  and  telephone 
oomponies  waa  sufficient  to  meet  tbe  current  expenses.  The  Trcasantr 
*  1 864.    Hm  artJdo  wu  «iitt«Q  Jenc^  I SU. 


46i 


THB  POPULAR  SClEifCS  MONTSIT. 


of  MinncsoU  Btatc«  thnt  "  thv  rtvonni)  tmm  tho  coTporation  tV  ii 
steadily  incrcaMiig,  ui<l  if  tt  xhouM  continue  to  iDcreaae,  and  the  froba- 
bililics  are  ttiat  it  will,  as  it  ba£  done  for  the  list  four  yean,  it  Wj 
fair  to  pay  atl  the  ex[>enfie8  of  tb«  State  goreromeRt."  In  Ndk  Jem; 
tliere  is  do  re^lar  tax,  except  for  echoolit,  m  llii;  ncv  railroad  ud 
canal  tax  l:iw  and  tlio  tax  an  niiM)i.'Jlan«oua  «orponitioait  mabUUB  Ik 
govern  m  cut. 

These  are  strikinfj;  illuntralionB  of  the  workings  of  a  new  lynuni  *( 
imposing;  special  taxes  on  special  clasee«  of  property,  wbich  was  wIt 
first  triud  ubont  ten  years  ago.    'Hw  idea  of  treating  railroads  and<<)^ 
poraiions  gencrnlty  in  u  diffor«nt  nuuiner  in  the  tax  loviee  from  titbcr 
kinds  of  )>ropGrty  was  a  development,  pcrbaps,  of  tlio  granger  aad 
anti-monopoly  movcmenta.    It  a  found^  on  the  tbeor)-  tbai  putin 
enjoTii))^  Bpeeial  privilejlfes  from  tbe  !*ilate  should  share  with  the  ^lalf, 
to  somt'  extent,  lb«  prolils  of  ibeir  enterprise*.     If  the  Goveninicnl 
gives  certain  individuals  peculiar  advantages  and  protection  in  \\» 
inanguraiion  and  prosccation  of  tlietr  scbemoa  and  business,  it  ii  bdl 
Ibat  tbey  should  tnako  a  rvtnni  for  the  faTors  granted,  in  proporlita 
(o  tbe  success  of  their  undertaking.     In  every  State  where  tJie  plu 
baa  been  tried  it  has  worked  admirably.     After  a  stoat  resistanco  oa 
tbe  part  of  tbo  corporations,  restilting  in  a  judicial  tnterprelatloo  of  iB 
tho  proTtMioRM  of  tbe  sUtnte,  the  execution  of  tho  nw  law  got*  m 
nniootbly  in  each  State.    Tlio  largest  corporations  naturally  fightoTer; 
eBoroaobment  on  their  sourcen  of  income,  but  when  tbe  law  is  onre  is 
fall  operation  tbey  submit  gracefully.    Tlic  various  Legislatures  sJopt- 
ing  the  system  have  endeavored  not  to  make  the  tax  too  heavy.   If 
tbo  rate  is  moderate  it  inflicts  no  serions  burden  on  tbe  corpnrstiow 
and  yet  brings  a  handsome  sum  into  tbe  public  treasury.    Tbo  bcned* 
of  tbit  now  plan  have^  so  far,  been  appreciated  only  in  tbo  Kew  Snl* 
land,  Middle,  and  Northwestern  States.    Twelve  Sialos  now  Smy^ 
^eial  taxes  on  railroads  and  other  cor])orations.     In  eight  more,  in' 
eluding  three  Southern  Statee,  insurance  companies  are  subject  \o* 
special  rate.    Tlte  ordinary  method  of  levying  a  direct  tax  on  real  u\S 
pononal  property  still  furnishes,  in  tho  large  majority  of  States^  almost 
the  entire  revenue.    T\\v  ol<l  poll-tax  rcmiiins  a  favorite  fonn  of  taxa- 
tion in  parts  of  \cw  Knglaiid  and  the  South,  twelro  States  roUing  roost 
of  their  eebool  funds  in  that  way.    An  examination  of  the  tax  Uws  oi 
each  of  the  thirty-eight  Commonwealths  indicates,  bowcvo-,  a  steaHy 
development  of  the  idea  of  "  taxation  without  lamentation."    Tbe  at- 
tack is  not  confined  to  corporations.    There  is  u  rvacbing  nut  in  every 
direction  for  special  subjects  for  taxation.    If  one  State  finds  an  nb}wt 
that  can  pay  special  rates  without  suffering  materially,  and  intliovl 
nUalng  a  popular  outcry,  other  States  follow  in  tbe  line  of  the  dlsoor- 
ery.     On  the  other  band,  a  nunihcr  of  experitnenta  have  bees  abaa* 
doned,  after  a  year  or  two  of  trial,  becanse  the  law  was  tioeoaiilitHlienjH 
or  unpopular.    All  tbe  Xev  England  SMt««  havo  a  lax  oo  deposits  ia 


IUTinga-banks.     Maryland,  Virginia,  taA  FemisylTania  tax  collateral 
iiberiUuKX'ti.     In  New  llorapiiliire  tho  courU  rcev&Uy  declared  a  Uw 
o(  this  kind  imoonntitutionid.    Nin«  States  derive  part  of  their  rvTCRae 
from  a  tax  on  tliu  liquor-tralllo.     Eit^lit  secure  a  coiuideralilc  amoitnt 
(roRi  lici.wHc«  granted  to  trades  and  occupations  bj-  tli«  State,  inatead 
at  by  tbe  local  antliorities,  as  is  the  cnatom  in  mocft  Goctiong.     A  few 
i^^of  the  odtlttied  of  taxation  by  StatM  may  bo  referred  to  here.    Msiy- 
^■Uod  last  year  obtained  (Il0,0fi0  from  a  tax  on  tlio  oommiMiamof 
n^oxecutort  and  administraton  of  e«lates,  one  t«nth  part  of  ttic  num 
allowed  them  by  t)tv  Orphans'  Court  being  demanded  by  the  Slate. 
Kortli  Carolina  derived  W8,000,  in  1S«4,  from  a  liccnw  of  JlOO  oo 
dnimmcn.    Tbo  declaration  of  the  Oliio  Supmnc  Court,  Innl  autumn, 
tbat  the  Scott  li({aor  law  \ra«  uoconiititutioDa),  ha-s  depriTed  the  Slatv 
of  an  atinunl  revenue  of  over  tA0,O00,  aod  the  cities  witbin  its  borders 
of  half  a  million.     PcnuKylvaDia  and  Virginia  have  iueoroe-laxcs. 
Georgia  gets  $300,000  per  annum  as  the  rental  (rf  the  Atlanta  and 
WMt  Point  Kailroad,aad  Illinois  has  eevea  porcentnm  of  the  proBS 
catfsbgaof  tho  Illinois  Central  Railroad,  between  $350,000  and  1400,000 
a  year,  aa  a  charter  tax.     In  South  Carolina  MveDttTn  eonipanics  paid 
a  royalty,  for  tbo  um  of  the  pho«pbat«-bed»,  of  tlij-l,31S,  nliieh  in  about 
ana  qaarter  of  the  amount  raiitc<l  for  State  purpoaea.    The  oocupation- 
tax  in  Texas  oovera  a  rery  extensiTC  list  of  trades  and  occujiations. 
TImj  total  receipts  of  the  treasury  in  ISM  were  $1,539,918,  and  of  this 
nm  the  occupation-taxes  furnished  $T74,T5S.     In  Massachusetts  there 
h  a  Uw  for  tho  taxation  of  corporations,    llie  levy  is  made  by  the 
Slato ;  bat  tbo  amount  paid  in  i-i  redistribute<l  by  the  ^iMe  to  the 
cities  and  towns  where  the  i>toekholden>  mide,  and  only  no  mncli 
thereof  a*  t*  from  non>rcaidents  remains  in  the  State  Troaxurj-.    Pcnn> 
•ylvanla,  by  some  strange  process  of  reasoning,  thinks  that  a  man  who 
owns  a  watch  should  pay  a  tax  for  the  prinlege.      Aa  only  4fi.S00 
II      watches  are  reported  by  a  population  of  4,600,000,  the  inferonco  ta, 
^■that  th«  Quakers  elilier  conceal  tlieir  timo-pieees  in  an  inner  pocket,  or 
^■Mttlato  their  livc-a  by  tbe  town -clock  or  the  sun. 
^^^|IA  glance  at  tbe  laws  of  a  few  States  which  have  secured  tho  most 
notable  results  in  the  direction  of  special  taxation  will  show  the  scope 
^L  and  bearing  of  the  movement.     Pennsylrania  may,  perhaps,  bo  called 
^Kthe  pioneer.     It  has  tried  more  experiments  and  probably  reaches  more 
i^spsida]  classcK  than  any  otJier  Slate.    Tlie  (ax  on  the  capital  alock  of 
all  corporations,  which  yielded  to  the  State  tl,II3.'>,Ti7.A6  in  1884.  is 
one  half  mill  for  eacli  one  per  centam  of  dividend  declaroil,  provided 
Ik  Die  annual  dividend  amounts  to  six  per  ecntiim  or  more.     If  the  divi- 
^■dunds  are  l(r*s  than  nix  per  centum,  or  if  there  are  no  dividends,  tbe 
^■itnx  is  tlirrn  mtllii  u|>on  each  dollar  of  tbe  appraised  valuation,  or  mor- 
^Bk«t  valne,  of  tl»  Mock.    A  further  tax  of  eight  tentlui  of  one  per 
^Hecntum  ia  imposed  on  the  gron  earnings  of  transportation  and  tde- 
^Vgraph  companies.    This  brought  in  last  year  $787,930.30.    Insurance 


R£CJSyT  SSPERIMEHTS  IN  STATE  TAXATION.  465 


THU  POPULAR  8CISXCS  MONTHLY. 


Donp«niea  arc  aaMiwed  oigbt  t«ntb«  or  on«i  \kx  evaiaxa  on  proac  prcEii- 
ucu,  aod  baak-fltookti,  morlgagc*,  tnd  loans  of  dtffertmt  Itiiids  [ay  (ctf 
]>er  conlum  on  ovcry  dollar  of  the  value  Uicwof.    TkcM  irpMiil  olaM 
paid  «9r><,i^l3.&9  in  18S4.     ColUtera)  inheritanoea  of  ovw  «9i»  n 
taxed  three  mills  od  every  dollar.    From  this  «<oaroe  ^01,406,46  vm 
derivetL     Tarcn  •  licenses  amounted   to  1426,429.10,   ami   rotaUdtf 
licej»ea  to  t301,S0S.4S.     Kotliiiig  illuniratc-s  U'tter  faow  cffectint; 
HoA  eystom  of  HiwcinI  L&xiktion  mo  b«  a])plitil  l.hun  lliG  fn«t  tlvat  vhilt 
tlio  luul  rvtciptit  of  the  Pcnnsylrania  State  Trauiir;  in  1644  «cn 
•6,220,009.38,  only  •503,025.43  were  raised  by  a  direct  gvoora)  VO. 
Kew  York  State,  which  is  first  iu  wealth  and  the  amonnt  of  maam 
collected,  has  not  padtod  the  RynUtn  to  Buch  an  eitent,  allbongli  it  i» 
rapidly  followitig  in  tlio  couim  of  its  neighbor.     The  tax  on  tbe  cqi- 
Ul  stock  of  DorporatioiM  is  only  one  lutlf  of  tliat  lericd  in  Prasiyi' 
vania,  namely,  one  quarter  of  a  mill  for  each  one  ]>vr  oeotum  of  diri 
deoda  if  the  dividends  eqtial  or  exceed  aix  per  centum,  and  one 
one  half  mill  npoa  vacli  dollar  of  a  Taluation  of  the  cs|>ital 
when  thoy  aru  under  Ax  pi:r  ocnlnm  or  nU.    Tlie  lax  on  tlie  groA 
eomiogH  of  transportation,  navigation,  telcgriipb,  and  ti'lc]ibone  ooid- 
panics  is  one  half  per  centum.    Thin  yielded  in  1684  tl.0()3,ai8.7S, 
iiMurance  companies  paying  on  their  capital  and  prcininmn  (^241,070.15 
of  the  amount.    In  Wisconsin,  where  special  taxes  have  also  weiked 
irell,  the  plan  la  somewhat  different,    'llie  Uccnse-tax,  as  it  U  oalM 
there,  applies  to  railroads,  insnrance,  telegraph,  and  telepbono  eom* 
panics.    Railroads  are  taxed  from  five  dollais  (xir  mile  of  opetsttd 
road  10  four  per  ccDtnm  of  gross  oamingN,  as  foilown  :  If  the  nod 
eaniH  Icm  than  M,500  per  mile,  it  is  taxed  fire  doHnm  ]>or  mile ;  on 
those  earning  more  than  tl,5Q0  and  leas  than  •3,000  |>er  mile,  the  Ui 
is  fire  dollars  per  mile,  and  two  per  centum  on  tbe  excess  orer  ILftOO 
per  mile ;  on  thoM  earning  •3,000  or  more  per  milc^  lh«  lax  ia  fnnr 
jK-r  centum  on  groM  earnings.    Tolcgrnph  compantM  pay  one  dollar 
per  mile  for  the  first  wire,  tifty  cents  per  mile  for  tho  auc^md,  twi-nty* 
fire  cents  per  mile  for  the  third,  and  twenty  cents  per  mile  for  ibe 
fourth  and  all  additional     Telephone  companies  pay  one  per  eentiun 
OQ  gross  receipts,  and  iosnrance  eompaoiee  two  per  centnn  on  gross 
c*ming9^    This  tax  or  lioonso  is  in  lieu  of  all  other  taxes,  and  unonaUd 
in  1864  to  :   RAilroads,  $754,300.44  ;  tulegraph,  •4,008.65  ;   tolvphona, 
•1.100.36;  insurance,  •H&O*-?^ ;  or  a  tolalof  •8S4,D1S..10.  Vermont, 
which  pays  nearly  iu  entire  expenses  out  of  the  special  taxes,  has  a  law 
somewhat  similar  to  that  of  Wisconsin.     It  levies  two  per  eentom  ao 
railfoftds  on  the  fiist  ts,000  of  earnings  per  mile.    The  nte 
one  per  centum  for  each  additional  ll.UOO  per  mile  np  to  •5,000, 
all  earnings  over  •.'i,000  per  mile  il  is  live  pi-r  centum.    Tnsunutw 
panics  pay  two  per  centum  on  grow  pn-mium*,  and  life-insnranes 
panics  in  addition  one  per  centum  on  all  Mirplua  over  the  neoeaaary 
reserve  computed  at  fonr  per  centum  on  existing  poUoiua.    Snin^ 


entomoo 

IntrnsML 

BOW  00^1 

anesoonH 


RECENT  EXPERiaiE^TS   I.V  STATS  TAXATION.  46; 

iks  pny  one  h&lf  per  centuta  on  deposits  ;  express,  telegraph,  and 
[tpbono  companies,  tlinti  {wr  centum  on  groas  caraings,  uid  steain- 
lis  two  per  Lvnium.  TfaoM  qootations  ara  suRicicnt  to  akow  the 
kUiodn  of  corporatiun  taxAtioo. 
The  expedicncj  and  Justice  of  a  tax  on  oollalera]  inlicritancn  Is 
so  redulit;^  admitted.  AItboaf(b  it  bas  been  enforced  as  a  var-tax, 
il  ia  somewbxt  of  an  ituiOTation  on  tbc  principles  of  taxation  obBerred 
la  tkis  country.  There  is  a  sligbt  flavcir  of  commani^in  in  tbo  idea, 
yet  tbo  proposition  m  not  altogetbiT  objectionabti',  and  may  be  ens- 
tatn^d  by  good  arguraenla.  A  law  of  a  siinilBr  chaiaotfir  lua  been  in 
operation  in  England  many  years.  It  ia  beld  to  be  in  tbe  nature  of  a 
ffiincbise  or  license  tax,  upon  the  right  derived  from  tbe  state  of  trans- 

fctti^g  property,  and  10  inflicted  only  when  properly  is  bequoatbed 
t  of  tbe  imniediate  family.  If  there  are  no  conRtitutional  objoctions, 
the  rfci[>ients  of  tbe  bcque«l8  certainly  bare  no  cause  for  complaint,  if 
11m  Government  compels  them  to  (lay  a  frmall  abare  of  their  gift  for  iu 
mipport.  A  Pennsylyania  man,  for  instance,  who  receives  a  windfall 
of  9100,000  from  a  distant  relative  or  an  intimate  friend,  will  obtain 
tto  sympathy  if  be  growh  becatwe  be  is  obliged  to  turn  over  #3,000 
of  it  into  tbe  public  tTc.isury.  Ho  is  Wltt^'r  able  to  do  ko  tlian  any 
other  man  who  baa  acquired  bis  pro]>cny  by  bard  toil  and  individual 
rtion  and  eoterpriw.  In  Maryland  tbe  rate  bt  two  and  one  half  ]>cr 
itum  on  every  |100  of  collateral  inheritances  over  IIVOO,  and  the  tax 
>]ded,  last  year,  #80,218.40.  The  New  York  Le^slature  but  winter 
a  bill  impoung  a  tax  of  five  per  centum  on  similar  bequests. 
Although  it  aroused  aome  opposition,  Governor  Uill  signed  the  ineas- 
nre,  w'ith  a  recommondatinn  that  it  be  amended  next  winter  so  as  to 
place  tbe  limit  at  lA.OOO  inntcad  of  1500,  it  being  argucil  that  in  ita 
pnaont  form  it  might  place  hc-tvy  bunli-ni)  on  poor  perwrns  who  might 
ne^T*  Haall  bequeNt«  of  (1,000  or  t^,000.  It  is  entimnted  that  tbe 
nav  law  will  yield  annually  in  Kew  York  between  #730,000  and 
11,000,000.  Evidences  of  the  spread  of  the  idea  of  "taxation  without 
lamentation  "  are  found  in  the  recent  proceedings  of  the  Legiiilaturcs 
of  other  States.  In  Pennsylvania  a  bill  was  introduced,  in  April  laat, 
impomng  a  tax  of  five  mitU  nn  tlie  int«reirt  of  dopoMtH  in  sav  i  11 1^- banks 
hiving  DO  capital  stock.  Tliore  ortt  obvious  reasons  for  not  taxing 
deports  in  savings-banks,  and  it  is  to  be  hoped  that  this  sort  of  special 
taxatioo  will  not  be  more  extensively  adopted.  Notwitlistanding  tbc 
diaaatrona  results,  politically,  in  other  .St-ites,  of  a  heary  tax  on  the 
liqoor-lrallic,  ntinois  ha*  junt  placed  on  its  Htatnte-booka  a  law  impos- 
:  a  tax  of  #500  per  annum  on  tbe  sale  of  liqnon,  and  #lfi0  per  an- 
,  on  tbo  sale  of  beer.  In  California,  at  the  laat  seasion,  a  bill  was 
to  ftubmit  to  the  people  an  amendment  to  tbe  Constitution  pro- 
tbat  railmada  shall  pay  an  annnal  tax  of  two  and  a  half  per 
Btuin  on  RTOss  earnings,  and  also  that  income-taxes  may  be  atwoised 
ooUeoted  from  pervons  and  corporations.     The  existing  laws,  and 

vol.  XX  Til  I.- 


THE  POPULAR   SCIBNCB  MONTHLY. 


466 


UwM  TvccDt  vfforU  to  M^cnrc  additional  stalaua  for  raising  Utei 
Mv«auea  bj  means  of  apodal  taxation,  mark  ibe  development  of  \ 
methoda  of  taialion  based  principally  on  tbe  growth  of  corpoMc, 
wealtli  and  tli«  proeperitj'  of  certain  jiririlegcd  and,  in  some  cawitft'' 
iIm  liquor-trsBBc,  objectionable  cIoiews  of  indiutrjr  and  btuiiion  Tic 
pn>{>ortiun  of  tb«  Siatea  in  which  Uicjr  arc  un  trial  i«  aa  yet 
llie  namber,  bovever,  ia  tleadilr  iDcreaaing.  As  Iho  advaiil 
the  new  plan  are  brought  mor«  ckarly  before  the  notice  of  kpilatM^^ 
we  may  expect  a  reTolution  in  Slate  taxation.  So  great  has  been  tk 
progress  in  the  past  ten  year«  that  it  wotJd  not  be  astonishing  to  9x 
at  the  end  of  the  next  decade  fully  one  half  of  the  8tate8  lerjii^ 
merely  a  iioniinal  direct  tax,  or  none  at  all.  Special  privileged  kImiw  ' 
will  probably  bear  tlie  burden  of  State  taxation  in  tlic  fntare.  The 
tatiS  will  fnmifih  tbe  national  reTeune,  and  the  main  tax  00  real  wA 
personal  property  will  be  for  the  necessitin  of  coonty  and  municifsl 
gorernmcnt.  Tbe  only  danger  lies  in  a  tendency  to  OTcrdo  the  nat- 
ter. Thu  iq>ectal  taxvM  mu«t  not  1m:  opprc«aiv&  Tbe  nghu  of  iht 
special  claaaaa,  as  well  as  of  tbe  other  tax-payers,  must  be  protected. 
If  co-operation  between  tbe  Stales  could  be  assured,  so  that  nniforn 
and  equiuble  rates  might  be  established,  great  benefit  woold 
derived  by  all  property-owncraL 


BISHOPS  RDTG  AROUND  THE  SFN. 

Bt  WTLLlAll  U.  DATI&. 

r  there  is  nothing  new  nmler  the  snn,  there  \*  st  least  eomethii^ 
new  aronnd  it.  For  the  last  two  years  dose  obHcrvers  of  the  Aj 
have  noticed  that  the  noonday  son  has  been  Borrouoded  by  a  corona 
of  duHky,  copper}',  or  reddi&h  light,  as  it  has  been  variously  dMcribed. 
the  circle  of  moet  distinct  color  ba%-ing  a  radius  of  abont  fifteen  de- 
grees, and  inclosing  a  brilliant,  silvery  or  bluish  glow  cloee  around  tht 
solar  disk.  A  similar  appcaranee  of  much  less  intenflily  has  beenocca* 
sionally  noticed  aronnd  tlie  full  moon  on  very  clear  winter  nights 

The  roost  experienced  observers  of  sky-colors  are  agrei-^l  tliat  thitj 
corona  was  not  visible  before  the  latter  moiithn  of  lt(8U.     Von  Heiokl,] 
of  Mnnicb,  who  was  considered  the  moft  competent  meteorolugitt  to  ] 
prepare  a  nchedule  for  o)>«en'atiouii  on  the  e»lor8  of  tbe  sky  for 
recent  Gennan  Arctic  Expedition,  says  that,  in  spite  of  the  close  att 
tion  he  hnd  previonaly  given  to  tbe  appearance  of  tbe  usnal  whitiih 
glow  around  the  son,  he  had  never  till  recently  seen  tbe  dusky  rinp 
Tbollon,  of  Nice,  who  hsd  made  a  special  study  of  the  eky  an»ind  the 
snn  for  a  series  of  yeaw,  declares  confidently  that  a  change  occarted 
in  November,  1883.     Backhouse^  of  Sunderland,  who  baa  1 


BISHOP'S  Rma  ABOUND   THE  SUN. 


467 


cord  of  ]HU-heli«  for  tw«)t}'-Bve  jcxn,  confinna  thin  o)>iDioD.  We 
tSAj,  therefore,  c^fely  accept  the  conclusion  that  the  chanf^e  of  c-olor 
from  th«  blue  of  tbo  open  skjr  to  the  inlen«o  glare  of  whiiUh  light 
^Qte  aroDiid  the  sun,  wax  until  lately  vfTvetecl  without  the  appuariinco 
of  any  reddiith  tinge  ia  the  transitional  area. 

The  new  eorona,  to  which  the  name  of  "Bbbop'a  ring"  has  been 
given  after  its  flret  observer,  has  nerer  been  a  very  oonspicnona  affair, 
and  therefore  haa  not  attracted  the  popular  attention  that  it  dcsenrM ; 
but  it  could  ensily  be  seen  every  clear  day  last  winter,  and  has  repeat- 
edly been  noticed  since  then  in  the  luttcr  month)  of  l^**.  The  haxy 
days  of  suminer  are  not  favorable  to  its  visihility.  It  is  btist  seen 
from  elevated  stations,  which  gain  their  eky-colors  chiefly  from  the 

fatter  particles  fioating  at  great  altitudes,  as  they  are  above  the  lower 
Btrsta  of  the  »tnin«phcro  where  tb«  relntively  coarse,  hazc-ntaking  dust 
is  saspcniled.  Fon-l,  of  Morgcs,  one  of  the  nio*t  Doute  observera  of 
t«rmtrial  physios  in  Switxerlaud,  reports  tlio  distinct  visibility  of  the 
ring  from  mountain-tops,  while  it  ia  not  to  be  seen  from  the  vaUeys, 
where  the  whitish,  hasy  light  overpowers  its  delicate  colors.  lie  adds 
thtt  BUOy  of  bis  countrymen  in  the  higher  Alps  hfld  been  Mtriiek  with 
tb«  appoannoe  of  the  new  color  in  the  sky  bcfori-  they  had  hoard  men- 

ption  of  it.  For  th«  same  reaiKm  TiMsnndier  found  the  distinclneas  of 
the  corona  greatly  increased  when  viewed  from  a  balloon  high  above 
the  dusty  air  of  Paris.  At  low-level  etationa  it  ia  best  seen  during  the 
persistence  of  that  typ«  of  weather  known  as  "  anti-cyclonic  "  among 
modeni  meteorologiots.  Such  weather  is  characterised  by  high  baro- 
metric  preMure,  and  consequently  bits  descending  currents  of  pure, 
«leKD  upper  air.  The  §ky  is  then  hrilliantly  clear  and  free  from  baze, 
and  at  such  times  last  winter  the  ring  was  of  remarkable  distiDCtness. 
Thin  cirrus  clouds  generally  hide  it ;  bat  the  presence  of  scattered, 
sharp-edged  cumulus  clouda  adds  to  its  visibility  in  t)i»  clear  spaces 
between  them.  Let  one  of  them  stand  befom  the  sun,  so  that  its 
heavy  shadow  darkens  the  lower  air,  whose  reflecting  particles  ordi- 
narily add  much  white  light  to  the  blue  of  the  sky  ;  then,  looking  be- 
tween tbo  clonds  in  the  neighborhood  of  the  sun,  a  bruad  arc  of  the 
ring  appears  with  its  colon*  blending  in  what  may  be  fairly  called  the 
mwt  delicate  intensity.  Just  before  a  nxxlerate  thunder-storm  early 
last  June,  the  ring  was  thus  presented  with  most  beautiful  effect. 
It  was  seen  in  Cambridge  with  extraordinary  distinctness  on  the  after- 
noon of  November  2,  1885,  when  the  lower  clonds  of  a  beavy  rwn- 
Btorm  rapidly  broke  away  in  the  west,  about  two  o'clock,  leaving  the 
sun  well  hi<Idcn  behind  a  sheet  of  upper  cloud  and  a  spa<-c  of  open  sky 
bolow  tL  The  lower  air  was  thus  well  shaded  from  direct  sunlight, 
and  the  strength  of  the  colon  was  nioxt  remarkable.  There  was  flfst 
the  margin  nf  the  glowing  central  area  at  the  edge  of  the  cloud,  soon 
tamiDg  pale  brassy  yellow,  and  then  strong  reddish  gold  at  about  fif- 
teen to  twenty  degree*  (rom  the  sun  ;  farther  out  yet  was  the  delicate 


468 


THE  POPULAR  SCIBSCB  JfOA'TUir. 


roffjr  or  purpUsIi-pinlc,  and  at  lut  tbe  pore  blae  of  the  alty.  Tb«eohiD 
were  wonderfully  vivid  for  the  time  of  day,  although,  of  oottne,  nM 
•o  brilliaDt  S8  those  of  a  welMevelopod  «iiM«t ;  but  it  nnfortitnatct; 
uenifl  to  baro  very  geiwnlly  puscd  annoUmd.  loijuiry  among  n; 
tM^ghbon  failed  to  dtMOTor  loy  one  who  had  mmi  it. 

Kumerotu  obaorvations  tn  many  parts  of  Europe  and  thi*  oonotiy 
leave  little  room  for  qneMion  that  the  corona  is  produced  ia  Uw  upper 
atmosphere,  and  that  it  waa  continaoiuly  prceent  above  tbe  cloudy  or 
duHty  lower  air  over  a  largo  part  if  not  over  tbo  whole  of  tbe  earti 
throughoat  1684  and  1885. 

The  explanation  of  tbe  optical  proccaa  by  irbicb  mob  a  corona  du; 
be  product  otTers  no  particnUr  diffioolty.  It  i«  a  relalivi'ly  ainpli 
effoot  of  diffraction,  an  effect  of  the  same  natore  aa  that  seen  in  the 
colored  rings  surrounding  a  light  looked  at  through  a  glaaa  that  is 
f^Uj  froMod  over,  as  may  bo  noticed  almost  any  cold  winter  eTening 
when  looking  out  of  a  window.  A  l>rief  tlatement  of  Ihc  proc«aa  may 
be  made,  following  tbe  ezplaoatioa  given  by  KicMling,  to  whom  tb« 
author  ia  much  indebted  in  the  preparation  of  this  article. 

I«t  US  first  consider  the  action  of  a  beam  of  parallel  rays  of  mono- 
chromatic  light — tlint  ii^  of  ntrictly  one-colored  tight,  whose  wares  all 
agree  in  their  pvriod  of  vibration — as  !t  panes  an  esoessively  fin« 
thread  stretched  at  right  angles  to  its  path,  and  falls  on  a  screen  be- 
yond. Tbe  waves  will  bo  turned  aside  from  nod  bent  around  bolh 
•idea  of  the  thread,  as  if  diverging  there  from  m-w  oentcrB  of  radis- 
tion.  This  is  diffraction.  A  gross  figure  of  tbe  proceM  is  here  given 
(Fig.  1)  on  a  piano  at  right  angles  to  tbe  thread,  TIL    The  point  A 


on  the  screen  wilt  bo  illnminatod,  oltbongb  it  ia  behind  tbe  thrvad, . 
tbe  waves  that  roach  A  from  cither  side  of  the  Uircad  agrve  in  pliaao.^ 
Take  a  point,  B  or  C,  such  that  tbe  distance  B  U  excoods  BT  by  half 
s  ware-Iengtb,    Then  tbe  diffracted  waves  wbieh  agreod  in  pluae  at 


L 


Mssop's  juya  Aso(/yi>  ras  suy. 


469 


will  be  Jtut  opposed  at  B,  the  erastof  one  irill  fall  iritfa  tbe 
of  the  other ;  they  aro  tliu*  extinguinlicd  hy  Inttrforvncc,  tad 
u  will  r«9ult.    Take  juiotlier  point,  P,  on  tlie  aorceo,  tmch  that 
iff«n  from  I)  T  by  a  wliolu  wave-leiigtb.    Now  the  diffracted 
win  agr«e  in  phase  at  D,  and  thU  point  will  bo  illaminated. 
The  aereeo  will  tbereforo  bo  marki-<l  by  a  bright  baad  behind 
ead,  and  by  dark  and  briglit  l>nuil%  bk-nding  together  and  par- 
it  OD  either  side.    Their  breadth  will  vary  directly  aa  tbe  wave- 
and  inverBcIy  as  the  diameter  of  the  thread.    Tbe  redder  the 
1  the  finer  the  thread,  the  broader  tbe  iMindi. 
cteonuder  tbe  case  of  a  single  small  particle  of  diameter  greater 
l«  wave-length  in  the  path  of  tbe  moDOcbromatic  beam.    Tho 
IgDre  DOW  may  reproMDt  a  plane  parallel  to  tbe  raya,  pawing 
h  the  particle  in  any  direction.    Tbe  parallel  bauds  beoome  con- 
rings  with  a  bright  central  spot  behind  th«  particle.    The 
er  of  the  rings  variee,  as  above  stated  for  the  bands.    The  bloer 
lit  and  the  larger  tho  particle,  tlio  narrower  the  rings. 
I  next  step  mnkes  an  approach  to  the  actual  case  by  supposing 
number  of  ono-aJced  particles  flo.iting  in  tbe  fl|>acG  traversed 
nta,  and  eonsidera  their  effect  as  {lerceived  by  an  observer  at 
t).    Tbe  nnaltered  light  ia  seen  in  the  direction  of  tbe  raya 


-f  ^ 


le 


"Jl 


M     N 


Talerference  of  the  wave*  diffneted  from  B  muwr  a  dark  ctr- 
the  surface  V  T,  of  diameter  A  H  ;  from  C,  a  eirolc  A  J ;  from 
rcle  A  N.  Henoo  all  the  parfi'les  situated  on  the  surface  of  a 
boao  axis  is  A  R,  and  apical  angle  is  F  A  G,  give  no  light  to  A, 
<  laminoua  center  R  aoems  to  be  surrounded  by  a  dark  ring  at 
ular  disuuoc  RAF.    This  may  be  called  a  subjective  ring  in 


470 


THE  POPULAR   SCIEXCB  AfONTULY. 


dlatinctioQ  from  tlw  objective  rings,  A II,  A  J,  A  N.  In  the 
-wkf ,  the  iwrtiolea  eiUiated  on  tbe  con«  PAS  will  contribute  lo  ifat 
fomiAtlon  of  a  bright  sabj«ctiT6  ring  of  rxlijd  angle  RAT.  Th« 
oeoter  K  will  appear  to  b«  RaTTonnOc^l  by  diurk  waA  bngbt  ringi. 

Uow  w«  muM  introdiKie  tlw  auppobitioo  of  m&ny-colorcd  or  pol^ 
diromuio  light — tbe  white  light  of  many  waTe-leogtlic  tbkt  eoon 
from  the  Run.  Snch  light,  puaing  a  fine  thr«a<I,  forau  a  series  of  pri*- 
matio  bands  on  a  screes  ;  poming  a  wnglf  particle,  it  forms  &  series  o( 
concentric  prismatic  rings  with  the  blue  inifidv ;  for  tb«  first  blue  ring 
will  fall  a  liltle  inside  of  the  first  jellow,  an4  the  fir«t  yellow  bwMa  of 

rtbe  fint  rixi— and  so  oti  with  the  others,  until  at  a  distance  from  th* 
outer  the  outer  rings  overlap  irregnUrly.  Tbe  sabjeotiro  ring*  wiKt 
wboa  white  light  paseee  through  a  tnnaparent  medinm  cootobiDK 
many  one^iud  particle*  will,  for  tbe  samo  reason,  appear  manyn-olored, 
with  the  blue  \mAe  and  the  rod  outdde  ;  tbe  contnd  area  n  ill  be  white, 
with  A  riMldiiih  margin. 

Finally,  the  actual  ca«e  in  reached  when  tbenupcnded  particle*  are 
of  different  sizes.  Tbe  colors  of  the  central  area  now  ovorlap  so  ir- 
regularly that  Ihcy  unite  to  form  a  whitish  or  silrery  dink  ;  but  Um  | 
ontor  red  margin  of  the  contml  ar«a  formed  by  tlio  smallest  particles 
is  still  uncouiitcrbalanced.  Tbo  silvery  dink  will  be  reddish  about  tbs 
ciroumfc-rcnce ;  and  the  colors  thus  deduced  by  tlioory  tat  so  closely 
like  those  ohserred  in  Oisbop's  ring  aronnd  the  sun  llutt  it  may  be 

I  aafely  considered  a  diffraotion  corona.  Tbe  oater  ring*  are  too  faini 
to  be  seen  in  daytime. 

Colored  c>oroDal  rings  may  be  seen  around  a  light  when  looking  at 
it  through  a  glaM  strewed  lightly  over  with  tporca  of  lyoopodiam  ; 
they  arc  ao  nearly  of  tbe  aamo  «izi>  that  a  number  of  concentric  ringi 
appear.  Kiemling  describes  some  interesting  eipurimcnta  with  thin 
artificial  clouds  of  condensed  vapors,  through  which  the  sun  Is  area 
surrounded  with  coronal  rings.  The  moon  is  often  surrounded  witb 
aimilar  rings  of  small  diameter,  formvd  by  diffraction,  probably  oa 
small  floating  particica  of  ice,  even  when  the  sky  lecnii  clear,  Tfaeat 
are  easily  distingulahcd  from  baloe.  The  latter  are  of  definite  and 
much  larger  diameter,  and,  when  seen  around  tbe  moon,  are  gen* 
orally  whitish  ;  if  formed  around  the  sun,  they  are  visibly  colored  with 
tlie  red  iruide  ;  and  they  are  duo  to  refraction  and  reflection  on  mi- 
nute ice-cry  stats. 

All  this  is  safe  enongh  ;  it  ts  the  ori^n  of  the  diffracting  partiolsa 
nnd  the  Ion;;  endurance  of  their  effect  that  give  trouble.     lnd<-cd,  the 
experimental  and  m.ithcmntical  knowledge  of  optics,  baaed  on  the  nn- 1 
dulatovy  theoij  of  light,  has  advanced  so  far  that  tlte  physicist  Is  now  j 
better  able  to  anggeat  proooMM*  by  which  effects  may  be  pr»diiocd| 

:  than  the  meteorologiat  ia  able  to  apply  (bem.   The  physiriat  ean  aafelyl 

I  lay  that  a  sufficient  supply  of  extremely  fine  1i(|Did  or  solid  dust  scat-) 
t«r«d  through  tbe  atmocpbere  would  produce  just  such  a  solar  eornnaj 


BISHOP'S  RIXO  ASOUKD  TBS  SUlf. 


47 » 


I 


u  Bishop's  ring.  It  \t  for  the  meteorolo^^tst  to  toqaire  vhetber  a  eap- 
|ily  of  (loit  sufficient  in  qnnntity  and  qaalitjr,  appearing  at  the  riglit 
lime  and  enduring  long  enough,  oiin  be  acooant«d  for. 

KioMling,  of  Hunborg,  already  referred  to,  liaa  done  the  best  woric 
on  the  oofwa  as  well  aa  on  the  great  aunaeU  with  which  it  is  evidently 
coonocted.  Ilia  pamphlet,  entitl«Hl  "Die  U&nameniDgBenKtheinnnfcen 
Im  Jabr«  1883,  and  ihro  physibaliHcbc  ErkUrnng"  (Usmbnig,  lHb5), 
gives  the  moat  aativfactory  aocotint  and  cxptanatioo  of  the  twilighta 
that  I  have  itecn  ;  and  itit  value  ih  largely  iooreaHed  by  the  cxpori- 
hmduiI  illaurntionH  that  the  author  bad  deritied  in  imitation  of  the 
•tmnge  natural  phenomena  that  he  accounts  for  so  well.  A  Later 
paprr,  "  L'el>er  die  geographiache  V'erbreitung  dea  BishopVhen  Son- 
nenriuges,"  in  the  May  number  of  the  tittle  meteorological  journal, 
*'  I>aa  WettWt"  and  a  diort  papar  by  Forot  on  "  Lo  Cerclu  do  Bisliop." 
in  the  Genev*  "  Archivca  dea  Scleooe**'  for  June,  are  the  mo«t  reoent 
articlca  uf  conwquence  ou  llie  corona,  and  give  important  eWdenee  an 
to  the  origin  of  ita  diffraction  particles  by  ahowiog  iu  relation  to  the 
famoua  tonsets.  The  new  corona  was  fimt  noticed  in  ilonoluln  on  the 
5(h  of  September,  1^88,  by  the  Rev.  Screno  F.  )Ii«hop,  who  calk-d 
attention  to  it  by  dercriptiona  pabltKhed  at  the  time,  and  in  letter*  to 
"Nature.**  Although  veen  »o  early  in  September  in  the  Sandwich 
it  was  not  recogniied  in  this  country  till  November  S^ltb,  when 
f  I.e  Conte  saw  it  at  Iterkeley,  California  ;  nor  in  Knrope  till 
the  day*  directly  following  ;  bat  ever  since  then  it  has  t>een  continu- 
eualy  visible  till  now,  in  proper  conditions  of  weather  as  already  de- 
■cril>ed.  After  rarely  being  fieen  in  the  Kummer,  it  has  reappeared  in 
the  clearer  day*  of  the  winter.  Being  always  relatively  im-iMtxpicn- 
ona,  the  date  of  its  first  viability  can  not  generally  be  determined 
with  accuracy — alas  for  the  negleot  of  so  rare  an  opportunity  of  val- 
uable oheervation  I — but  the  agreement  of  the  growth  of  the  area  io 
which  it  was  notwl  and  the  spread  of  the  great  sunsets  ia  placed  be- 
yond a  doubt ;  and  with  them  itx  origin  mu»t  )h>  r('ferTe<l  U>  tlte  explo- 
sive empUon  of  KrakaUA.  Kiciuiling  con^id^ra  thia  relation  of  canse 
and  cffecta  to  he  firmly  established,  and  <Tven  quotes  approvingly 
the  name  given  by  Arrimis  in  Madrid,  "corona  aolar  knkatoense," 
although  tho  name  of  "  Bishop's  ring  "  is  ttodonbtedly  tlie  one  that 
will  omno'into  gem-nl  use. 

The  evident  difficulties  in  the  way  of  accepting  the  volcanic  origin 
of  the  ditTraoting  partii^les  are  the  great  quantity  of  material  that 
would  seem  to  be  needed,  the  excessive  fineness  of  its  texture,  and 
its  long  suspension  in  the  thin  upper  sir  ;  bat  I  believe  that  these  di(B- 
oulties  are  by  no  mean*  fatal  to  the  volcanic  theory.  The  quantity 
needed  is  not  absolutely  so  great,  after  all,  Tyndiill  nuggcHled  that 
the  ininnle,  almoiit  moWular  particles,  to  which  the  lilue  color  of  the 
^y  ia  tumslty  refemv),  could  all  be  contained  in  a  snuff-box ;  and, 
while  thla  need  not  be  taken  aa  ia  any  way  an  aooarate  estimate  of  the 


THE  POPULAR  SCIENCE  MONTBLT. 


^ram  of  nuUor  invoWod,  it  niajr  ii«vcrtli«lc«  wrvfl  to  meMiu*  tla 
Tcrjr  low  oixlm-  of  iU  quaotitjr.  Ikluny  nuuff-boxfula  ««t«  Uirown  Ml 
of  Krakatoa.  Moreover,  tlie  duBt-particlea  may  b«  very  >{>«t*fl]r  Kl^ 
tered ;  ttie  inUea  of  air  tbnHi){)i  vhich  they  are  spread  ooiup«nnth|| 
for  the  wide  upaco  between  tlii-ni.  The  Sncneu  of  the  eolid  diut  tsi 
legltimsle  rrault  of  what  \»  now  known  of  Uio  conRtitution  of  lava. 
MieroMOpio  exnmination  of  igneous  rooki  bu  shown  litliologuulio* 
well  a  valcanio  explosion  can  produce  difFracting  du-tt ;  high  magnif}^ 
iiig  power,  applied  to  rocka  that  are  preaumsbly  old  buried  lavaa  whicli 
failed  to  reach  th«  anrfaoo,  reveal*  the  preeence  of  the  niinateBl  OTi- 
tice  containing  liijuid*  or  gattoa  or  both,  so  «nall  and  bo  cloaely  padctd 
that  myriads  would  be  oonlatnvd  in  a  cnbio  inch  :  nndor  the  decnat- 
ing  pteuures  foand  as  lavas  rise  through  a  vent  to  encapo  at  the  ■ot' 
faoe  outlet,  the  occluded  gases  and  rapoTS  would  escape,  and  in  *a 
doing  would  shatter  the  lavas  to  the  finest  imagiiuible  dust.  Il  ii 
probably  by  tbiM  intimate  proccM,  as  well  as  by  onlinary  forms  of 
mecbanieal  violence,  tliat  Krakatoa  wao,  figuratively,  blown  lo  atoms. 
The  greater  and  eoantor  part  of  the  duiit  darkened  the  sky  for  a  day 
or  two  and  soon  fell  on  the  surroandiBg  lands  uid  seaa ;  a  finer  m» 
nant  was  carried  high  iuto  the  air  by  the  oalroshtng  gases,  and  thn 
■proad  far  and  wide  over  the  earth  to  produce  the  marvelons  sunaoM ; 
does  the  finest  residne  still  hang  aloft  and  give  us  Bishop's  ring  T 
Uow  can  it  he  suspended  so  long? 

Kit-H.Hling'sexperimc^titM  have  led  him  to  bcliove  that  the  coronal 
diffraction  does  not  taku  place  immediately  around  tlie  volcanic  doat- 
particles,  but  rather  around  the  minute  globulus  of  water  or  ico  con- 
densed on  these  particles  as  nuolei.  Recent  researches  have  sbowa 
that  water-vapor  may  remain  in  the  gaseous  atate  below  the  tempers 
ture  proper  to  its  condensation,  provided  tliero  is  no  solid  or  li4]uidnla^ 
ter  present  on  which  the  condensation  eau  begin ;  tlic  change  from  thr 
gaseous  to  the  liquid  state  seems  to  desire  llie  presence  of  some  poini 
of  beginning,  such  as  is  furnished  by  ordinary  dust,  or  by  the  far  finer, 
nltra-mieroscopical  particles  always  present  in  the  air.  It  is  in  pan 
for  this  reason  that  great  cities  in  damp  oonntriea  must  be  hopelMily 
foggy;  however  perfect  the  combiislion  in  tliGir  numerous  furnaces, 
unbumed  ash  in  very  fine  diviition  niuH  0y  up  the  chimneys  as  longai 
wood  and  coal  are  used,  au<]  the  finer  the  ash  the  better  for  lli«  fog, 
when  the  coolness  for  condensation  arrives.  Now,  in  couneotton  with 
this,  tJ>ere  is  a  very  peculiar  point  to  be  oonatdered,  concerning  the 
distribution  of  water-vapor  in  the  atmosphere.  WalM-vnfior  is  a  liRht, 
elastic,  coudensiblo  gas,  and  its  elastio  ligbtntM  la  always  U'odtog  to 
throw  it  to  an  altitude  where  tbe  cold  of  iu  expansiofa  woald  rrqaire 
a  part  of  it  to  condense  into  the  liq&id  or  solid  slate.  It  can,  as  yM, 
hardly  bo  said  that  some  minute  point  of  beginning  b  ab«K>lut>1yj 
necessary  for  all  such  eondensatioo,  but  it  may  b«  taf^y  aaaorted  tliaH 
tba  prmenee  of  dust  aids  and  increaaos  the  rapldiiy  of  Um  process  q 


BISHOP'S  RiyO  AROUXD   THE  SUN. 


47J 


It  In  Uib  ofHcd  that  l1i«  firieot  and  liiglicst  of  (be  KrakatOA  dust  la 

to  have  perfonm-d.     Aud  bero  a  peculiar  cycle  of  operatioiu, 

:  snggested  by  Wollaaton  years  a^,  and  geoerally  neglcotod  since 

may  be  reconeidcred.    !Ju  long  aa  tlio  watrr  Kubstaiicc  \»  in  tlio 

porous  condition,  it  acta  aa  a  ga*)  and  tondH  to  expand  upward ; 

^nrt  of  it  woald  thereby  bo  ooDdvuMd,  generally  in  tbe  solid  utate,  and 

on  luning  th«  gaseous  condition  tbe  froxen  particles  would  at  once 

■end  to  fall  toward  tbe  earth,  impeded  only  by  tbe  prescnoc  of  tbe  thin 

Mr  ;  but,  after  a  ceruin  length  of  falling,  they  woald  reach  air  warm 

pud  dry  enongb  to  allow  them  to  re-evaporate,  whcrvupon  their  vapor 

would  again  expand  upward,  and  the  cycle  of  op«rutio»a  begins  anew, 

^'ollaston  suggvKtod  that  thu  gOKs  of  the  air  might  be  thus  affected 

■7  tlte  extreme  cold  of  upper  space,  and  that  a  limit  of  tbe  atmos* 

pbete  tnigfat  so  be  detennined.    There  is,  however,  no  ox]>erimental 

evidence  yet  adduced  to  prove  that  oxygon  and  nitrogen  would  behave 

B  Bucfa  a  way,  and  the  limitation  of  the  atmoiphcre  must  W  due  to 

Blher  cnuKCM  ;  but  the  upwani  extension  of  wuter-vupor  might  b«  thus 

^outrollMl.     yiay  we  not,  thervfori',  imagine  that  tbe  vapor  of  tbo 

tipper  atmovpbere,  re-enforoed  liberally  by  steam  from  Krakatoa  and 

;»tJier  volcanoes  in  eniptton  at  the  same  time,  found  ita opportunity  for 

leMatioD  much  improved  for  several  months  by  the  lava-dnst  from 

SQUrocs;    and  thus  explain  the  brilliant  suniwts  and  tbe 

o(  color  in  Bishop's  ring  during  the  winter  of  18Sa-'84  ?    But 

lly  the  dust  settles  down,  very  slowly  on  acconnt  of  its  large 

of  sarfaoo  to  weight  ;  and  the  vapor  also  docreaees  by  slaw  down- 

diffumn  ;  then  the  brilliancy  of  the  display  is  lost,  and  tbo 

moderate  residual  of  vapor,  oondt.-ti!>ing  a.t  well  an  it  can  alone,  pro- 

laoes  only  a  fainter-colored  ring  and  sunset  glows  (bat  are  visible  only 

ider  especially  favorable  circumatanoes. 

Ite  all  this  as  it  may,  it  is  well  to  bear  in  mind  that  some  such  «x- 
lanaiion  must  l>e  found  and  accepted,  for  (he  facts  of  difTracting 
irticlea  anl  their  relation  to  Krakatoa  arc  too  well  provod  to  bo 
Bobted,  unless  evidence  not  yet  fortJicoming  shall  appear  in  great 

gth- 
Tbe  ring  is  doomed  to  disappear,  and  hence  deiterre*  a  close  watch- 
g.     For,  as  Forel  has  pointed  out,  the  outburst  of  Krahatoa  must 
ive  had  its  rivals  in  ancient  if  not  in  modem  times,  and  rings  like 
iabop's  must  in  all  probability  bave  n-sulted  from  former  dusty  cx- 
oaiooN.     But  these  had  all  faded  long  before  Bishop's  ring  appeared, 
,d  wc  must,  therefore,  conclude  that  it  will  fadeaway  also.    It  should 
I  oarefully  watched,  espcotally  from  high>Ievel  stations,  and  tfao«e 
make  a  persevering  record  of  it  should  not  fail  to  inform  Pro- 
Kienling,  of  Hamburg,  about  what  they  see. 
CAMMiaaa,  ItASMcacscm,  i>«wmt«r,  US&. 


'  n  which 

ivwy  of 

iiinJo  or 
rig,  ilio 

;>ii|action  of 

I .  r  impor- 

.  ■  ly  much 

■  an<ith<T. 

.i|>*mon,  for 

.  of  SablMth- 

■i.atches; 

ML'  ooaae- 

'  ejuy  to  see 

I    iiilliiencQ  npOD 

1  tln-if  ImbitH  of 

■\v#».    TUcro 

H<i  tbinga  to 

in  (WDBKler- 

Liiil  vrhftt  wo  arc. 

I  viev,  if  I  can, 

:  I'l,  and  the  part 

!ition  of  man.    I 

f  th«  invrnttons, 

TdTnil  from  tliciD. 

'*ri-«t  iiivrntinnfl,  but  to 

likely  sprak  of  notb- 

liar,  bol  I  mny  pn«M- 

i.t  wbioh  mililom  como 

trff  BO  familinr  with  tbo 

\\  I  may  be  able  to  abow 

>rld  in  BO  mnch  in<lebtcd 

merit  ita  honon  ftnd  dcsorve 


how  liltio  man  haa  or  enjoys  that 

ubifh  man  has  long  had  wo 

ukI  WD  ari'  apt  to  apply  that 

■\-Xi  (bo  ori)j;tu  of  wbirb  we  koow. 

^■.n  ut  name  anytbio^  which  vo  iieo  or 

»,  Of  the  Huhject  of  an  invvntion,  in  it« 

iinil  rho  wator  we  drink  are  providrd  by  Na- 

TT  littlir  water  oxc«pt  from  a  oup  or  TCasei 

i-^n  {nrontiun.     Even  if  we  drink  from 


474  TBS  POPULAS  SCISyCS  MOyTBLT. 


THE  I>TLUOCE  OF  INVENTIONS  tTPON  CIVTU- 

ZATION. 

Br  OBAUXCET  SUrTIL 

IX  WvKimintitcr  Abbey,  tknt  plocu  wbcre  EDgUod  honors  h«r  groit 
nun  (villi  burial,  and  records  xXuar  nvatt  tmA  achivrenicnu,  tbcrti 
Blaudit  a  nionuaveat  bearing  Uiis  inticriptioD  from  the  {K-n  of  Lord 
Broogbam,  who  esteemed  it  one  of  the  greatest  honors  of  liia  llfp  thM 
b«  WW  cullod  upon  to  record  the  nation's  appreciation  of  tbo  man  ia 
wbMO  boDor  tbe  monumont  wa«  erected : 

"  Not  to  verpetaatA  a  hbom 

Whldi  DMiat  omIiuv  wbUe  lb*  |>«itwful  sits  flMtMl, 

But  to  iJiow 

Tbnt  Rianklod  bave  leRmcd  U  bonor  tlioM 

Wlio  bert  dMorv»  Uittr  gratitndt, 

Tbo  King, 

nifl  Uiiili't«r»,  and  nian;  of  tbe  Kotlea 

And  CoiBiBonon  of  tbo  li«alra, 

Balled  tbb  momimeai  to 

James  Walt, 

Who,  dirMioi;  Ibo  forco  of  an  oriipaiil  Gaiw 

Earl;  oxcreived  bi  PbtlMopbie  rcaMrcb, 

To  lb«  li)iproT«ment  of 

Tbe  ■tum-fo^iiMk 

Enltrfcd  tbe  lUaonrOM  of  bit  ConniT7, 

Increased  tbe  Pover  of  Kan, 

And  roM  lo  an  emineet  |il»ca 

AODong  tb«  moM  iUtistrioa*  fuDoiren  of  Sclenoe 

And  tbo  real  Bonrfactora  of  tbn  World." 

Tlie  world  baa  alvraya  paid  bomaRe  to  its  disltiiKiiisbod  WBirfon 
statesmen,  orators,  poctts  pbilnntbropisis,  iirtistv,  bistorians,  tmrilfnt 
and  to  all  wbo  havo  left  tbe  im|»reiw  of  Ibeir  works  u[K>n  tbe  faiitorj 
of  mankind. 

It  b  not  nntil  refentir,  however,  that  inventors  bare  n«oivpiI  a 
^3.tf^t  share  of  those  honors.  As  a  cla«s,  tb«y  bordly  bad  an  mlairiKV 
til)  within  a  hundrH  yoare.  Within  tluit  Umi)  tbay  bavo  riM>n  to  ibr 
blglivjtt  place  among  ibuM  wbo,  in  tl»c  binguagvof  ti>«  mingy  I  bate 
juiit  quoted,  l>rat  duscne  Ibe  gratitnde  of  mankind,  and  by  Ihrtr  woi 
they  have  made  greater  changes  in  the  face  of  Hociely,  and  in  tbo 
latjona  of  civilired  man  to  the  physical  world,  than  all  tbo  warrioni 
and  Rtatcamen  wbo  haw  flouristied  sinco  lh<i  c(HnBuiDOpnii>Bt  of  tba 
Christian  era. 

T  am  not  unmindful,  In  making  this  statement,  of  the  grt-ni  eltnnjj^n) 
that  followed  tbe  introduction  of  tbe  Christian  religion,  or  tbe  adrvnt 


ibr   ■ 


^JfriVBitOB  OW  IXVSNTIONS   Oy  ClVIlJZATIOy.  47S 

B  Mobiuoiii«il  tiaA,  lh«  rlM  of  hU  religioD,  of  the  cooaeqMDces  vliioh 
HDowc«I  tbo  cMabluhnent  of  great  empires  like  th&t  of  CbarkmasiDc, 
^  of  Ut«  raiulu  of  geographical  dUcover;,  as  in  tbe  diMovcTy  of 

t erica  or  of  tbo  {Nuaage  to  India. 
I  »in  well  aware  of  the  dillicalty  of  comparing  tbe  magnitude  or 
.ortODce  of  Huch  thingn,  for  inntancc,  a«  tbe  art  of  printing,  tbe 
ateam-^Dgine,  or  ibc  railway  or  tvlegraph,  with  a  new  form  of  religion, 
or  iho  CMablishmcnt  or  ovi,-rll)row  of  an  empire,  or  tbe  introduction  of 
new  form*  of  gorcrnment.     One  man  may  altiich  nitich  higher  impor- 
Unoe  to  aome  of  tbete  things  than  another  would  do,  and  a  very  inucli 
bigber  importance  to  them  at  one  period  of  hi*  life  than  at  another. 
—  ^  It  may  aeem  tbeard  to  some  pcwona  to  make  any  comparison,  for 
^^tance,  between  tbo  benefits  flowing  from  tlio  introduction  of  SabbatJi- 
tehoola  and  tbooo  which  have  followed  thu  invention  of  f  riotioo-inatdMa; 
between  the  resnltjt  dne  to  tbe  invention  of  spMtaclM  and  th«  oonie* 
qncucea  which  followed  the  Ueformation.     And  yet  it  is  easy  U»  an 
that  each  of  these  tbings  mnst  have  bad  an  important  influence  upon 
the  physicnl,  locial,  and  mora!  condition  of  men,  upon  ibeir  habita  of 
Uiougbt  and  of  living,  aod  ajton  their  comfort  and  happiness.     There 
J^  therefore,  nome  Jnat  relation  between  the  value  of  these  tilings  to 
Bra,  and  it  will  not  be  unprofitable  to  apend  a  little  time  in  consider- 
^k  how  much  we  owe  to  inventors  for  what  we  have  and  what  wo  are. 
^f  It  in  my  pnrpone  tbtN  evening  to  briefly  bring  into  view,  if  I  can, 
tbo  service  which  inventors  have  rendered  tbe  world,  and  the  part 
which  inveDtions  play  in  the  moral  and  social  condition  of  man.    I 
aball  point  oat  in  some  cases  the  extreme  simplicity  of  the  inventions, 
in  otben  the  wonderful  rexull*  which  have  flowed  from  them. 

I  shall  refer  not  merely  to  wliat  are  called  great  inventions,  but  to 

Bome  which  seem  to  be  very  small.     I  shall  v^y  likely  speak  of  notb- 

ing  with  which  you  are  not  all  more  or  Icm  familiar,  but  I  may  possi- 

,,bly  snt^gest  reflections  which  are  inten-stcing  but  which  eeldom  come 

1^  our  minds,  for  the  very  reason  that  wo  aro  so  familiar  with  tbo 

^Kngs  to  which  they  rcbtto ;  and  I  think  that  I  may  be  able  to  «bow 

H»t  there  are  no  other  men  to  whom  the  world  is  so  much  indcbte*) 

M  to  its  inventors,  no  othen  who  so  well  merit  its  honors  and  deserve 

its  gratitude. 

We  do  not  often  stop  to  think  how  little  man  baa  or  enjoya  that 

is  not  the  fmit  of  invention.    Tliinf^s  which  man  has  long  bad  we 

bare  eenaed  to  think  of  as  invention*,  and  wo  are  apt  to  apply  that 

term  only  to  motlcrn  things— to  things  the  origin  of  which  we  know. 

JJct  it  will  bo  hard  for  any  of  as  to  name  anything  which  we  use  or 

^Boy  which  is  not  an  Invention,  or  the  subject  of  an  invention,  in  its 

^hptstion  to  our  use. 

H  The  air  we  breathe  and  the  water  we  drink  are  provided  by  Na- 
^■v.  Btit  wo  drink  but  very  little  water  except  from  a  onp  or  vessol 
Haome  kind,  whieb  is  a  human  invention.     Even  if  we  drink  from 


476 


THE  POPULAR  SCIEKCK  MONTHLY. 


Um  fllicll  of  ft  goard,  wc  un  u«lng  a  tiling  wliich,  in  tXw  thspc  we 
Sl>  ia  a  buaiao  conirivanM,  an<l  th«  oontrivanccs  wltioh  man  hii  ^ 
tIm(1  for  oblaining  water  and  dUtribating  it  have  l>e«u  nroong  l!i« 
moBl  wonderful  and  ingeDioua  of  any  whicli  have  occupied  tlio  liurnin 
mind.  Uoontifnlly  as  Xaturo  baa  provided  water  and  placed  it  witUa 
tbv  reach  of  mail,  yet  w«  do  in  fact  get  or  ui«  bni  lilllo  of  it  ex<«tJ 
by  tbe  aid  of  iuveiitiona. 

Tbe  air  nurrotinda  un  al  all  tioica  and  n-e  ean  not  brlp  oaing  ll 
wo  would  ;  but,  if  we  want  it  eilh»  hotter  or  colder  tkan  we  And 
we  mnat  resort  to  some  invention  to  gratify  oar  want.    If  we  want 
to  blov  npon  as  when  it  is  Gtill,  w«  murt  net  it  in  motion  by 
contrivanee,  and  fana  among  ollx^r  tbing*  linvc  liven  invcntitl  for  tJi 
pnrpOM.     A  large  amount  of  human  ingenuity  haa  boon  exiwrn 
upon  dericea  for  moving  air  when  we  want  it  moved,  upon 
blowers,  and  ventilators. 

How  pmall  a  )uiTt  of  our  food  do  wo  talc*  as  anitoala  do,  in  (be 
form  provided  by  Xatnrv,  eukI  bow  very  large  a  ihar*  in  some  form 
contrived  by  man  I  We  drink  infusions  of  tea  or  coffM  witboM 
tbinkiuK  that  the  Mmponnds  ans  human  inventions.  How  1arg«  a 
place  tliP  milk  of  the  cow  bos  in  tbe  food  of  man,  but  how  little  of  It 
cmtld  he  liavo  but  for  a  multitude  of  contrivances !  ^Ve  think  of 
butter  tut.  we  do  of  milk,  that  it  is  a  production  of  Naturv ;  and  so 
It  is,  but  its  separutioD  from  milk  is  an  invention  which  bu  bwa 
followed  by  a  bosc  of  Inventions  to  effect  tlw  separation  easier  or 
better. 

Sngar  b  a  prodaciion  of  Katnre,  but  little  known  a  few  faundreiJ 
years  ai;o.  Separated  from  tbe  plants  in  which  it  is  formed,  it  is  w 
invention  of  man.  Tho  savage  who  first  crushed  somu  kernels  of 
vheat  between  two  stones,  and  separated  the  mealy  interior  from  ibc 
cater  skin,  invented  flour,  and  tbe  baraaa  mind  bos  not  yet  octued  14 
b«  cxeroiaci)  on  tho  trabjcct  of  its  improvement. 

Probably  the  rarlicsi  inventions  »f  man  bad  reference  to  the  pi 
coring  and  preparing  of  food,  and  the  ingenuity  of  man  is  exorelstd 
•von  Dov  npon  it  more  eagerly  than  ever  beforv,  and  tbe  power  of 
man  to  produce  food  has  been  increased  daring  the  last  fifty  ynui 
more  than  it  had  been  for  a  thousand  yean  before, 

t'ifly  yeara  ago,  a  large  \>ai\  of  the  wheat  and  other  grain  nustl 
in  this  country  was  out,  a  liandful  at  a  time,  with  a  »ickle,  and  a  man 
could  not,  as  a  rale,  reap  more  tlian  a  quarter  of  an  acre  a  day.  Aa 
instrument  called  a  cr»dle  was  beginning  to  como  into  tise,  and  vttb 
that  a  man  could  reap  about  two  aeres. 

Within  fifty  years  inventors  have  given  tbe  world  the  rvaplnf 
machine,  with  which  a  maa  and  two  borac*  will  eat  from  flfieon  to 
twenty  acres  a  day. 

Fifty  years  ago  the  grain  wm  almost  wholly  ihrasbed  from  th« 
straw  by  pounding,  it  U|iou  a  floor  with  a  flail     If  I  rememboreot* 


'SFLUEyCS  OF  INVEXTIOirS  Oif  CIVIUZAT102t.  +77 

otlr,  R  mao  10010111110  rccinTed  one  l>ii*h«l  ia  ten  for  tbnubing,  txA 
from  ten  to  tw«Dty  tm8b«l«  niucl  bavo  been  a  Hxftk  work. 

yow  a  maobIn«  will  thnub  oul  bundredi  of  busbeb  in  a  day,  at  an 
Aziwnae  of  a  rery  few  ccdU  a  busbel. 

Inrentioiia  bare  cban^^ed  tbe  meaoiog  of  vords.  Wben  I  was  a 
boy,  a  reaper  was  a  man  who  reapc<]  grain  with  a  siokle,  and  a  thraaber 
wan  ono  who  thraiibod  it  witli  a  fliiil.  Now,  reaper*  asd  tlirn»licn  are 
maobiiMM  drivcu  by  fteam  or  bone-power. 

For  what  part  of  our  daily  broad  are  wo  not  Indebted  to  inventions  f 

Some  of  tbe  fruits  of  tbe  earth  we  eat  as  Nalare  gives  tbem  to  us,  but 

hov  inucb  even  of  thorn  do  wc  taki>  diroctly  from  ibo  tree  or  ibriib  or 

jiattt  wbioh  produced  it,  and  eat  witbotit  tbo  aid  of  invention  t 

p    All  onr  animal  food  comea  witbiu  our  rcacb  and  i«  prepared  for  dm 

only  by  tlie  aid  of  inventions. 

Hooka  and  nets  and  Hpcars  give  na  all  we  hare  of  fish.  Tbe  flab- 
book  is  a  very  simple  contrivance.  Is  it  a  great  invention  or  a  small 
one?  If  lh«  fish-hooks  should  all  be  suddenly  deatroyed,  together 
with  tbo  ability  to  make  thera,  would  not  tbo  lot*  of  tbe  invention  ba 
ft  gr«««r  ealamity  than  any  wbiob  baa  befallen  tbo  world  for  a  tlion- 
aand  yearsP  If  so,  were  not  tbe  Inventora  of  that  inatroment,  and 
tbose  wbo  bare  improved  it,  real  benefaetora  to  tbe  world  ? 

Could  wo  got  along  without  needles  ?  Could  we  give  up  pins  with- 
out a  sigh  ?  Aro  knives  and  forks  and  spoons  a  neet'ssity  t  They  art 
all  among  the  simplest  things  that  man  makes,  yet  be  has  not  obtained 

Eim  without  a  great  dfid  of  montal  labor ;  without  tho  exorcise  of 
wera  of  invention  of  a  high  order. 
It  la  leM  tlian  fifty  yeant  since  tbe  little  aitiolea  called  maleh<vi  bare 
nao  into  use.  Tbey  are  now  so  common  and  ao  cheap  ibat  we  use 
tlwm  almost  as  we  do  ur  and  water,  wttbont  tbioking  at  all  of  their 
real  valne.  How  few  thoro  are  of  ns  wbo  do  not  nso  tbem  every  day 
and  many  limes  a  day,  and  bow  inconvcnivnt  it  would  bo  not  to  bava 
tbem  I  But,  when  I  waa  a  boy,  nobody  bad  them  ;  nobody  could  liave 
tbam,  for  they  did  not  exist.  In  the  country-houacs,  at  loaat,  tbe  great- 
eat  care  waa  exercised  not  to  let  tbe  fire  go  out  upon  tbe  lieartb,  be- 
caiuw  in  such  ease  it  became  necessary  to  send  to  a  neighbor^  often 
at  a  dlstancv,  for  a  fresh  brand.  Every  night  the  live  coals  upon  tbe 
bearth  were  can>rtilly  bttried  in  tho  ashes  to  preserve  thorn  alive  for 
the  morning.  In  spite  of  this  precautioii,  tliu  liro  was  often  lo«t.  I 
have  been  sent  many  a  time,  in  such  cases,  to  a  neighbor's  in  a  oold 
owmlng  to  get  a  burning  brand  to  start  the  fire  at  borne  anew.  Ko- 
body  now  thinks  of  taking  any  pains  to  prosorvo  a  fire,  for  it  is  easier 
to  start  a  new  ono  with  a  match  than  to  prvservo  an  old  one.  A  very 
common  way  of  lighting  a  candle  in  the  hoase  when  darkness  came  on 
jraa  to  take,  with  the  tongs, -a  ooal  from  the  fire— wood-fires  were  then 
Ked — and  blow  i^  applying  tlio  wiok  of  tho  candle  to  it  at  tbe  same 
^he.    Somctimea  it  could  bo  lighted  very  readily,  but  oflcnlime*  it 


47« 


TlIS  POPULAR  SCmNCS  MOyTJiLY. 


1 

1-^ 


could  bo  ^one  only  bjr  tbe  exercise  of  a  good  de*l  of  bIuU  and  p*ti«MK 
A  gnat  d«al  of  vvxation  and  trial  of  uerrM  aod  wmpor  has  boon  mti 
to  the  vorld  by  tho  inTcntion  of  inal«fa«»,  and  tbo  oontfoHa  of  our  booc 
inoreaaed  in  maoy  waja  Perhaps,  therefore,  tbo  comparlaoii  I  ni* 
fretted  betweeu  frtetiou-matcliett  and  Bun  day -schools  la  aot  to  Iscoih 
gruous  &8  it  may  at  fint  seem. 

Tboru  were  aomo  dovicca  known  in  tboao  daya  for  obtaining  a  li|h 
or  tiro  arlifioially,  bul  tbey  witc  innonvrnirnt,  somewhat  expetuin, 
and  tiol  ID  general  use.    The  tindi-x-box  wiu  cmv  of  ihrin. 

A  gentleman  not  much  older  than  myaelt  told  me  not  long  aincc 
that  when  be  was  in  college  one  of  hia  olaiBmstea  was  rich  in  Um  p» 
seasion  of  a  tiudcr-box  by  means  of  wludi  be  oould  strike  a  light  nd 
a  fira  in  caae  of  cmL-rgoncy,  and  he  gave  me  a  humoroas  acoonnt  of  tbt 
proccM  of  atriking  a  light,  involving  considerable  skill,  much  patieaotv 
and,  as  be  aaid,  aotne  awcaring. 

A  great  many  boya  bare  b«en  tanght  to  8abb«th-«olioob  not  to 
swear,  bat  a  great  many  more  have  doubtleaa,  by  llw  oae  of  friction* 
matches,  Mcapod  numerous  occasions  and  t«mplationa  to  awear,  uhI 
wivc«  have  no  doubt  by  this  inveDtioD  been  saved  from  innomenble 
scoldings  for  not  revering  up  the  fire  properly  at  night. 

There  is  onu  curious  fact  about  nialchcs  which  1  do  not  remeoilm 
to  have  seen  mcnltonc<l.  We  speak  of  them  as  a  recent  iuventioo,  bst 
tbey  are  only  an  improvement  upon  a  very  tJd  Invention.  Ttaftltn 
anumg  aavages  have  generally,  if  not  univenially,  found  that  tlx-r 
poeseased  tbe  art  of  procuring  fire  when  tbey  wiithod,  by  rubbing  Iwo 
pieces  of  wood  together  till  the  beat  generated  by  the  friotion  botwaen 
them  caused  one  of  thorn  to  take  fire.  It  ia  described  aa  a  pretty  emdl 
way  of  working,  calling  for  considcntblo  skill  and  aomo  labor  and  jtr 
tienee.  Perhaps  the  dato  of  the  invention  may  go  baek  to  the  earUflsi 
WW  of  fire  by  man.  Yet  the  invention  itself  Is  eaaentially  that  wbk^ 
we  practice  when  we  strike  a  match.  We  rub  tbe  match  ujwn  anothir 
aubatanee,  and  the  heat  f>encrated  by  the  friction  belween  the  Iw" 
eansee  the  match  to  lake  lire.  Tbo  iraprovcoifnl  which  the  oivUisfd 
man  baa  made  upon  the  invention  of  bla  savage  anooatur  ia  to  coat  tin 
end  of  a  piece  of  wood  with  a  little  eompoaition  of  maticr  wbtab  takes' 
fire  at  a  lower  temperature  than  the  wood  itself,  and  LnniH  mora  n\r 
idly.  Simple  as  the  improvement  ia,  it  took  the  world  a  long  time  lo 
get  it,  and  its  inventor  made  a  most  important  contribution  to  tin 
oomforu  of  roan. 

I  waa  forcibly  imprcased  a  few  years  ago  with  tbe  valno  to 
tmcivillEed  man  of  the  simplest  inventiooa  of  tbn  rivilizad  nu, 
watched  an  Indian  at  Lake  Superior  at  work  u|>on  a  bimh-bark  caaoo. 
llu  bad  for  tools  only  a  knife,  a  hammer,  and  an  awl,  but  1  auppoM 
bo  most  have  a»ed  a  hntcbet  to  procure  the  wmid  ami  Imrk  of  wblelt 
the  oanne  wm  bntlt.     It  wna  alow  work  even  with  Iheo  '^^1 

waa  difficult  to  bolioTO  that  bo  could  bavu  built  the  t> — .  .. -imII 


.1 


SFLUEyCE  OF  lifVSyTWyS   ox  CfVJLIZATIOy.  479 

BLOt  inBtranMnU  with  which  bin  anomtors  had  to  be  coaUat  before 
cy  came  into  contact  with  tbo  white  man.  \\'hat  an  acquUilioD  th« 
liitc  man's  lisb-hook  muit  have  Uwn  to  th(<  Ttxlian  ! 

Fifty  ycare  iigu  u  large  part  of  the  jMmplir  of  thin  oountiy  hod  no 
>ber  reaonrcs  for  ulificial  light  than  the  tallow><-andlL*.  I  rvim-mber 
,  and  Dm)  vexfttionii  attending  its  use,  the  difficulty  of  lighting  it  by 
coul  of  fire,  the  constant  snuffing  it  required  to  make  its  light  tolei^ 
•le,  and  its  constant  IcnOcncy  ici  nK'lt  iind  beameBr  everything  in  ita 
oioity.     I  vontuTo  to  aay  that  any  of  you  woald  ooDxidcr  it  an  intol- 

,b)e  hardship  to  1>o  oompelled  to  use  it  and  notlung  elw.  Tbotio 
ho  tued  oil-lampH  got  a  little  better  light,  but  not  much  lea*  disoom- 
ai,     Gaa  was  oaed  only  in  the  large  citie*.     Uut  the  inventon  have 

in  buny  in  providing  a  new  material  for  il lamination  and  tbe  meaiia 
>r  u«ing  It  and  in  cheapening  thoir  production  ;  and  now  in  kerosene 
id  in  kerosene-]  am  [MS  both  of  which  haw  been  oalled  into  vxintence 
ithin  thirty  year^,  the  poorcet  people  can  enjoy,  at  the  miMt  trifling 
penso,  a  light  better  far  than  anything  which  &nybo<ly  could  com- 
land  at  any  price  before  tbe  invention  of  gaa  leas  than  a  hundred 
lan  ago. 

Can  WQ  estimate  tbe  comforts  of  the  horoea  of  tbe  country  due  to 
Inventions  f  Can  we  estimate  tbe  greater  \-alue  of  the  evening 
nra  for  work,  or  btudy,  or  reading,  which  these  inventions  have 
ren  them  ? 

I  remember  that  my  mother  bad  a  vial  of  what  she  called  rock-oil, 
bich  she  tbongiit  very  gond  for  sprains  or  bruises.  It  was  aaid  to 
,v«  oome  from  Wextvrn  Kew  York.  I  now  Muppoee  it  to  have  been 
itroleom.  Petrolvuro  baa  been  known  to  man  for  a  long  time,  bnt  it 
no  value  till  it  came  under  the  hands  of  the  iuTeutor.  He  has 
mI*  a  worthless  article  a  blessing.  Invention  marks  every  step  of  iu 
Btory.  Petroleum  in  this  country  lies  deep  in  the  earth.  By  tbe 
i  of  recent  inventionn  man  reaches  il.  Uy  tbotr  aid  be  stores  it,  for 
la  a  dangeroiu  and  difficali  aitiric  to  keep  and  transport.  Uy  iii- 
intion,  man  baa  changed  ita  character.  And  now,  not  only  this 
untry,  but  tbe  whole  world,  in  lightoil  by  lhi.i  now  material.  Yet  all 
invention  which  liaa  been  bestowed  u|ion  it  would  have  l>eea 
Hted  but  for  another  class  of  invc-ntora  and  another  lino  of  inven- 
ms.  Tbe  lamps  had  to  be  invented  or  improved,  and  hundreds  of 
en  have  been  engaged  on  their  improvement  for  years. 

And  now  inventors  have  entered  a  now  field  and  given  us  a  light 

our  hornet  and  streets  almowt  as  brilliant  as  that  from  the  sun  itself, 
um  that  agent  whieb,  since  the  world  began,  has  lighted  up  the  sky 
angry  flashes  only  to  alarm  timid  and  su)>erstitious  man. 

It  is  a  otirioas  and  interesting  ezETciite  to  take  any  common  article 

daily  use  and  inquire  how  much  invention  has  been  involved  in  ita 

oduclioH  ;  what  inventions  have  preceded  it;  what  ones,  if  any,  it 

•upplanted.  and  what  one*  it  gave  birth  to  ;  what  cona«quM>ces 


48o 


TUB  POPULAR   SClSyCS  MO^'TBLT. 


1 


followed  iu  iDtroductioD,  and  what  p«rt  it  plays  to  tbo  wtllm 
of  man. 

The  iiiqtiirj'  BOOD  beromcs  &  bewildonni*  oi)«. 

Take  pap«r,  for  iiiBtaiici>.     I  bvlicvc  wv  un^  iitdi'bti'd  U>  the  Chism 
for  its  inveotioo.     I>o  wc  over  ihink  of  it  an  one  of  (h«  gr«al  tiim- 
tions  of  man  ?    Why,  it  In  nothing  but  rags  ground  Dp  in  water  tii  a 
pulp,  Hprcat)  out  in  a  thin  sheet,  nod  dried.     I  tblulc  th»  nrt  uf  mtiimg 
paper  liu  been  known  in  Europe  leea  tbm  a  thousand  yran.     It  bw 
taken  the  plac«  of  parebmcnt  for  writing.    It  made  ibe  art  of  pristtog 
powible.     It  made  tho  newRpapcr  powiblo,  and  efpi-cially  the  daily 
paper.    Th«  multiplication  of  picturea  by  cngraTiog  could  not  b«  ra^ 
rled  on  without  it,  nor  the  modern  art  of  photography,  to  whieh  1 
■hall  refer  again.     W«  attach  grt^t  value  to  a  system  of  g<;neml  td 
cation  as  one  of  Uie  most  important  agencies  of  modem  civilitatioil>f 
But  the  first  nxiuiwitu  of  Kiicb  a  system  is  cheap  hooks,  and  for  (best 
pap4'r  is  the  ouly  thing  we  could  tii^o.    Would  any  of  yon  amlertakc 
to  enumerate  within  tho  next  half-hour  all  the  nses  to  which  puper  ii 
pat  V    Would  you  undertake  to  name  and  deecribo  all  tho  kinds  lint 
are  used? 

Puper  is  largely  made  of  rags.  Bags  presuppoeo  the  exiatenoo  of 
cloth.  Cloth  is  the  product  of  two  distinct  inventions,  spinning  isd 
weaving.  Spinning  and  wearing  are  Tcry  old  intentions,  but  even  ia 
theb  simplest  form  they  involve  the  u»e  of  still  older  inventions.  Wiint' 
ever  material  is  used  for  paper,  a  long  lino  of  antecedent  iavcDtinni  is 
involvctl  in  its  use. 

Paper  mnst,  I  think,  rank  as  on«  of  the  great  invenlioiM  of  bud, 
and,  if  the  heathen  Chinese  had  given  the  world  noihing  more  tliau 
this,  he  would  have  made  no  small  contribution  to  the  progress  of  dv- 
iliaation. 

I  have  said  that  paper  is  made  from  rags,  and  that  cloth  implUs 
the  arts  of  spinning  and  weaving.  But  it  also  Implies  much  mod. 
To  mo,  one  of  tho  grvatetil  marvek  of  human  Industry  la  a  yard  of 
cotton  olotli  at  the  price  at  whieh  it  is  sold.  The  prioc  of  a  yard  ot 
ootton  doth  of  the  kind  called  print-clotb,  and  wbioh  when  prinltd' 
becomes  calico,  is  less  than  four  c«nts,  and  the  cotton  iltelf  eosta  haU 
this  sum.  What  inventions  are  involvcit  in  the  raiding  of  the  cottM 
and  its  transportation  to  tlie  mill  where  it  is  to  be  wmverle<l  into  cloth ! 
Of  courM-  we  all  think  of  the  cotton-gin,  because  that  invention  wai 
made  with  special  reference  to  the  production  uf  cotton,  and  ha«  bera 
murh  referred  to  as  a  striking  example  of  tlio  results  which  Bow  froa 
on  invention. 

Bat  the  gin  cones  into  use  only  after  the  cotton  (s  grown.    Of 
oonne  the  common  agricultnml  inventions  ore  need  in  raising  eutton  a^ 
tho  plow,  the  hoe,  the  machinery  by  which  tbe  plow  la  mode,  the  an|H 
of  making  iron  and  etecl,  including  tbe  maobtnery  employe*!,  the  har- 
ness for  the  hotM  or  mulo  which  draws  the  plow,  and  the  art  of  tan^ 


FLVBSCB   OF  INVEXTIOXS   O.V   C/FJl/ZAT/OJT.  481 

ag  the  leather  of  m-lucli  the  karDbia  U  humIc  Rvccntly  planting  or 
drilling  iDNchines  for  plaoting  the  seed  have  come  into  iml-,  uid  irti- 
ficial  frrlilizers — the  product  of  the  cheukist's  art— and  the  nic-chanisni 
for  di»tril>uting  it  over  the  ground.  Even  after  the  plant  has  begun 
to  grow  and  bcforu  it  i»  ripe,  iovcntion  must  often  bo  called  into 
plajr  lo  protect  it  from  the  ravagci  of  iiiMct*,  and  not  a  few  dovicee, 
raecbauical  or  ehcuical,  have  been  called  into  eiint«nGe  for  tfaia 
purpose. 

Tfap  ri|>e  cottoD-balis  are  still  picked  bjr  hand,  though  inventors  are 
biuf  with  tbe  problem  of  pickiog  it  by  tmuihLDorjr.  It  id  gathered 
into  baskets  or  bag»,  tbcroKclvi'ii  invcntionit,  to  be  trui»pi>r(c-d  by  a 
cart,  another  ioveotioD,  to  lh£  gin-hou!i<>,  ttitl  another  luvention,  where 
it  comes  noder  tb«  operation  of  the  gia  to  separate  tbe  iMtton  from 
be  cotton  •Mi.-ed. 

Would  you  like  to  know  what  the  cotton-gin  has  dono  toward  mak- 
•g  cotton  cheap,  toward  enabling  enough  to  be  hoM  for  two  cents  to 

kc  a  yard  of  cloth  ?  An  acre  of  ground  Lt  expected  to  produce  at 
9t  one  bale  of  cotton,  which  weigh*  four  huodri-d  pounds  or  over, 
efore  the  cotton-gin  was  invented,  a  inuii  could  pick  about  four 
pounds  and  a  half  of  co'.ton  from  tbe  seed  in  a  day  ;  so  that  it  took  a 
man  about  ninety  days  to  separate  tho  cotton  wbicb  be  could  raise  on 
JO  acre  from  tbe  seed. 

K  Whitney  invented  the  cotton-gin,  and  with  it  a  man  could  M-paraM 
■venty  pounds,  tn  other  wotd«,  ho  could  do  the  work  in  nix  days 
Vluch  before  took  biiu  uincty  day:*.  Tfie  invention  was  made  leas 
than  a  hundred  years  ago,  hut  inventors  have  been  busy  with  it  ever 
(ince^  improving  it  year  by  year,  and  noir  it  turns  out  four  thousand 
pound*  a  day  !  In  other  words,  a  single  machine  will  do  the  work  of 
about  a  thousand  men. 

As  soon  as  the  cotton  in  throngh  tbe  gin  it  must  be  pressed  into 
biles,  for  the  cotton  is  a  light,  bulky  article  which  can  not  he  trans- 
ported  without  confinement  and  a  great  rednolion  of  bnlk.  So  another 
in*«itioit  is  required,  the  cotton-preea.  Some  of  ilie»e  prns$«s  too 
wonderful  machiDe^.  They  embrace  a  steam-engine,  a  force-pump, and 
a  hydraulic  or  hydrostatic  prcKf,  and  give  a  prcs«ure  of  4,000  pounds  to 
the  square  inch. 

L  The  cotton-hale  is  surrounded  by  a  coarse  cloth  called  gunny-cloth, 
Ibvlf  tbs  pnxluct  of  another  lino  of  invenliona,  induiUng  lltv  arts  of 
sjHnning  and  weaving,  and  made  by  special  machinery.  Tbe  bale  must 
also  be  hooped  with  iron  hoops,  involving  again  the  invenlions  per- 
taining to  the  manufactnre  of  iron,  hut  in  addition  the  machinery  for 
rolling  it  into  thin  and  narrow  »trl;)»,  and  I  think  this  embraces  the 
Art  of  rolling  iron  into  round  bars  and  drawing  it  into  wire, 
ft  Tbcee  boops  must  at  last  be  fastened  around  tho  hale«,  and  that 
■Ucallci]  for  ibc-  invention  of  peculiar  fastenings  called  cotton -bale  ties. 
^^At  length,  through  all  these  inventions,  we  have  the  cotton  ready 
^^K        vnt.  ssmi— 31 


48a 


THE  POPULAR  SC/XXCS  MONTftLY 


Tor  mvltcl  atiJ  Iruwportalinn  to  ibo  fgctory,  vkoro  it  ?■  tn  In- 
into  clolli. 

Tin*  (lemanda  tlio  use  nui  only  of  the  cnrt  or  wa^' 
important  invention,  but  (lie  milroad,  tlw  car,  and  tJie  . 
tli«  steamsbip,  or  perhaps  both  of  thcni.     It  is  b«vril(Icrinj{  to  think  of  I 
the  inveotionif  involved  in  ihctic,  nnd  I  could  not  ercn  enutDciste  ibefl ' 
in  the  time  I  bavc,  if  I  knew  them  oil. 

When  the  cotton  reaches  the  factory,  an  invontioti  iitands  ready  W 
unload  it  from  the  can  and  depooit  it  where  it  li  to  bv  axd.    Tbt 
iron  bands  are  remoTed  by  some  imtrnment  invented  for  tbo  ))aT]xi*C( 
and  ihe  cotton  is  released  from  its  conSnemeut.     It  is  Hiibmiltcd  to 
luachinFry  to  free  it  from  dirt  and  restore  it  lo  soniething  of  ltd  origi- 
nal light,  flocculent  chju»ot«r,  and  it  then  enters  a  mavbine  whici 
■preadi>  it  out  into  a  long  sboct  like  cvtlton  batting.    This  sbecl  in  tnr 
In  atretclted  out  into  a  long,  soft  rope,  called  a  roving.    &tic«eBsiv»i 
machines,  four  or  fire  in  number,  I  believe,  ntend  the  roving  onil 
make  it  smaller,  till  it  is  smaller  than  a  common  pencil.     It  then  gCM 
on  to  a  epinning-framo  and  is  twisted  into  a  thread  teady  fur  weavin);.) 
Our  two  cents'  worth  of  cotton  hits  been  drawn  out  into  a  fine  thread' 
more  than  7,000  yards  long,  cneh  iiH-h  of  which  ha»  more  than  forty  j 
Ivists  in  it. 

SbuU  I  stop  to  tell  you  what  man  has  achieved  in  the  art  of  spin- 
ning? Tlio  art,  as  you  know,  is  a  very  old  one.  Its  Invnilion  lin 
back  of  the  records  of  history.  It  was  practtce<l  a  long  time  in  its 
primitive  form  as  a  mero  manual  operation.  Tbe  wool  or  flax  or 
cotton  was  carried  on  a  distaff,  lie  thread  was  drawn  out  and 
twisted  by  means  of  a  spindle  held  in  tbe  left  hand,  by  wbtcb  it  au 
Ket  to  whirling  wliilu  the  fibers  were  drawn  out  of  the  naia  nod  gaidtil 
by  the  fingt^rs  of  the  right  band.  'Ilie  art  was  procticetl  in  this  cnuhi 
way  for  ages,  and  it  is  so  practiced  now  in  some  conntriofl, 

A  book  which  describes  this  proccaa  says  it  was  an  obvioua  fan- 
prorcment  to  set  the  spindle  in  a  frame  and  set  It  whirling  by  a  band 
passed  round  it>  and  around  a  large  wheel  which  was  i»  revolutloa,  j 
Rut  it  was  not  so  obvious  that  anybody,  through  long  yean,  thoagblfl 
of  it  till  al»oHt  thre*  hundred  and  fifty  years  ago.  I  bvtievv  thin  Im-™ 
provement  which  constituted  (he  common  spinning-whe<'l  was  inToiitnl  ^ 
in  Germany.  A  woman  could  spin  with  it  much  faster  than  in  the  olilH 
way,  liut  she  only  kept  one  spindio  employed.  A  little  more  thu  ^B 
hundred  years  ago  tbe  spinning-frame  was  invented  in  Knglaitd,  infl 
which  a  number  of  spindles  were  set  and  kept  in  operation  iit  the  lamB 
lime.  At  first  only  eight  spindle*  were  u&cd,  hut  now  Bevenil  Imndg^fl 
are  used  in  one  frame.  |^^H 

There  wc-ro  thre«>  leading  Inventors  at  Ihi*  early  tUiu  who  ^^H 
made  important  improvements  in  trpinning — Ilargrxutves,  Arkwt^^H 
and  Crompton.  With  a  common  wl>cel  n  woman  can  draw  piil^H 
thrvad  about  four  miles  long  in  a  day.     On  a  modem  ■pinning-fram^H 


K 


SSFWSNCE  OF  INVSJfTIONS  ON  CIVIUZATIOX.  483 


lie  ean  take  cnrc  of  800  or  more  8piadl«9  and  spin  threads  tbe  iggte- 
gatc  U-ngU)  of  which  vroiihl  be  more  tl)»n  3,000  miles. 

On  these  machinvx  nutton  yurn  bus  been  Hpuii  *o  line  that  Odc 
pound  of  eotton  would  make  a  thread  335  niileit  long,  and  as  a  Teat 
itireads  have  been  to  fine  ihst  a  ponnd  of  cotton  vould  reach  nearly 
5,000  mile«  I 

To  go  back  to  onr  two  cents'  worth  of  cotton,  which  has  been  con- 
Tert«d  into  yarn.     It  is  subjected  to  the  action  of  several  mael)inc« 
before  it  reaches  lh«  loom,  where  it  is  eonrcrU-d  into  elolli.     Weav- 
ing like  spinning,  '\*  »M,  and  iiom«  xort  of  maehtuory  has  always  Xxea 
employed  in  the  process,  but  the  power-loom  of  oar  factories  is  a 
modoni  ioTenlion.     I  sometimes  think  it  ia  the  mo«t  wonderfnl  ma- 
ehioe  nscd.    To  make  one  yard  of  cloth,  a  shuttle  carrying  the  filling- 
ibread  is  thrown  acroM  ihc  wob  perhaps  1,500  lime«,  at  the  rate  of  s 
liundred  crossings  u  minute. 
■     Then)  are  looma  which  weave  cloth  more  than  three  yards  widei 
Kliero  may  be  nearly  10,000  warp-thrcada  in  cloth  of  this  width,  and 
^000  filling-threads  in  a  yard  carried  across  the  web  at  the  rate  of 
nearly  a  hundred  throws  a  minute 

The  art  of  printing  has  always  been  rvcogniscd  as  one  of  tltc  great 
inventions  of  man.  It  is  over  four  hundred  year*  old,  but  after  Its 
first  introduction  rery  little  improvement  wax  made  until  the  pneaent 
centnry.  Since  then  it  lias  prciented  a  rapid  suceciuion  of  the  highest 
effotta  of  mechanical  genius.  I  shall  not  attempt  to  follow  their  his- 
tory or  describe  their  character ;  but  it  is  interesting  to  know  that 
they  have  been  mude  nlra««t  wholly  by  Englisli  or  American  inveotors, 
and  that  mora  has  bt-on  done  in  (his  country  than  in  England,  Tlie 
wonder  6i  modern  printing  ia  that  it  can  be  done  so  cheaply.  Yon 
bavo  all  aeeii  tbe  series  of  publications  by  tbe  Ilarpera  called  the 
"Pranklia  Sqnare  Library."  I  bought  a  copy  for  ten  cents,  the  rega- 
hr  price.  It  contJtinod  thirty-iiix  printed  pages.  I  had  the  curiosity 
to  estimate  the  number  of  words  on  a  page  and  calculated  it  roughly 
at  2,000.  That  would  give  for  the  whole  hook  72,000  words,  all  for 
ten  cents.  Can  you  form  a  conception  of  the  number  of  inventions 
which  1)34  made  such  an  sohievcmcnt  ponniblo  ?  I  think  a  mod- 
em daily  newspaper  is,  however,  one  of  tbe  greatest  wonders  of 
Ibe  age. 

1  buy  a  morning  paper,  the  "Boston  Herald,"  for  instance,  for  two 
cents.  I  read  it  on  my  way  to  Boston  in  the  horsc-ciira  and  abandon 
it  at  tbe  end  of  the  trip,  not  because  it  is  worthless,  but  bcc.ausic  I  hare 
obtained  from  it  what  1  wanted  and  it  will  not  pay  to  preserTO  it  for 
any  other  person  or  for  future  use.  Now,  what  do  I  buy  for  my  two 
cents  ?  The  physical  Ihing  that  I  buy  is  a  sheet  of  paper  and  a  cer- 
tain amount  of  printers'  ink  impressed  upon  the  surface  of  the  pA]>cr 
in  the  shapes  of  letters  and  words.  It  is  a  wonderful  fact  that  man  can 
■fTBod  out  the  fibers  of  various  vegetable  substaneoa  into  a  thin,  ani- 


THE  POPULAR  SCTEXCS  MOXTttLY. 


I 


form  sboi'>t  1lk«  thai  of  pajwr,  that  bo  nm  cover  ancli  ohcet  with  n|!it 
wtiirh  can  W  made  to  exprest  eri-ry  passion  or  etnotion  of  the  hutua 
heart, every  coneepironof  ibemind.aD'JcTcrT  fsict  in  natura!  Scvcilj 
lorn  wonderful  than  tlio  fact  that  bo  can  do  it  at  all  it  tbo  faei  thallw 
can  make  eucb  a  itbc«t  of  tho  sixe  of  tbo  "  Bottton  Herald  "  for  two 
centa.    It  wouKI  take  a  Tolnmf  to  n-coi^  all  tlic  inventions  which  Ii«« 
been  made  relating  tu  the  uianufaclnre  of  |i;t{>«r  alunv  to  inako  Rtich  ■ 
rcHult  possible,  and  another  for  the  inventions  relating  to  prinlbit 
But  tile  inventions  relating  to  paper  and  printinf^  would  not  of  thtm- 
selra  enablo  "  Boston  fleralds  '*  to  be  printed.    The  "  Herald  "  U  not 
made  and  koM  for  llic  pajH-r  and  ink  of  nhich  it  consists, but  primarily 
for  the  newa  it  nintainti  or  wliiit  bai)  taken  place  only  the  day  befon 
all  over  the  world.    Yoo  will  find  In  tbe  "  Tlnald,"  m  yon  know,  or 
any  otber  morning  paper,  day  after  day,  tlw  news  of  what  took  pliee 
the  day  before,  not  in  Boston  or  vicinity  alone,  or  even  in  Maiaaclia* 
Mtta  or  New  England,  or  in  this  country,  biit  in  Europe,  iUia,  and 
Africa  B8  well. 

Through  the  potency  of  modem  invention*  yon  may  perhaps 
morrow  morning  Hliuddcr  over  the  horrors  of  a  railway  avoidoni 
Log  place  at  this  muniont  ihousanda  of  miles  away.     Not  till  wttbin 
short  time,  and  only  tbrongli  tbe  works  of  Ibe  tnvtnitor,  did  a  ndlvay 
accident  become  poesJble. 

Yoa  may  perhaps  read  that  a  palace  of  (be  Bmpcror  of  Rttacla  bat 
been  blown  down  with  dynamite.  Will  yon  stop  to  think  tlint  dyna- 
mite ia  a  new  invention,  or  that  tbe  telegrajib  which  brings  the  uvva 
was  unknown  fifty  yeans  ngot 

The  paper  may  tell  you  that  Sir.  HdiM>n  has  perfrctctl  b!s  rle 
light  and  is  at  this  moment  illuminating  many  nlin,  and'yoii 
speenlato  npon  the  effect  that  tlic  annouDPcmcnt  will  have  upon  gal* 
slocks,  but  will  it  occur  to  ron  that  iteilher  gaa-Mooks  nur  gas  WN 
known  a  hundred  ycant  ago,  and  that  till  williin  leea  than  half  thai 
period  man  had  but  little  more  control  of  eleetiioity  than  bi<  has  MW 
of  eartl><]nakc9  ? 

Nov,  connider  for  a  moment  how  this  facility  for  tratmaltliiig 
int^igence  mu!it  affect  society  in  one  of  its  most  important  a* 
A  great  calamily  falls  upon  some  distant  city  or  community.     If 
news  of  it  reached  as,  as  it  would  liave  done  a  ccninry  ago,  only  af 
tho  lapse  of  days,  or  wooks,  or  months,  and  if  friendly  help  i-an  be 
given  only  after  ilio  lapsu  of  a  similar  pt'rfod,  we  may  be  tuLii]bi-tI  with 
pity,  but  there  will  arise  but  little  aonse  of  sympathy  or  generosity  ur 
duty. 

But  when  tbo  intelligence  reaches  Its  almost  at  the  moment  of  the 
ocourreooo  of  tlio  event,  and  we  are  cotwoioua  t1  inourpoam' 

to  help,  the  aympathies  of  thousands  are  awnl.  I.nir  gtwumM 

impulfWfl  are  touched,  and  tlioy  recognixea  moral  ubiigaliiin  to  bctiioisH 
needed  Iwlp,  because  it  can  be  made  immediately  avaiJable.  1'he  duty 


lin  J^ 

I  way 

I  has 
dyna- 

II  will^f 


THE  MUSk'ET  AS   A   SOCIAL  FORCE. 


48s 


THE  MCSKET  AS  A  SOCIAL  FORCE. 


Bt  JOOM  •IcEI.BOY. 


IflHingH  from  ibe  ability,  and  tbe  abilit/  is  the  fniit  of  invention.  It 
BDftjr  teem  a  strange  sBsertion  to  many  persons,  bat  1  believe  il  can  be 
Mbotrn  to  be  true,  th&t  the  tlcvdopmcnt  of  the  moral  nature  of  man  has 
been  la  directly  tlcpentivTit  upon  invention  as  biu  hi*  physical  comfort. 

WnAT  ha*  always  greatly  puizled  the  biitorieal  student  has  been 
to  iiccouiit  fur  the  debasement  of  the  mau  of  mankind  ibul  took 
pUco  during  the  ton^  night  of  the  dark  agea. 
B  In  ihu  InUrous  afternoon  which  pntocdcd  that  f^in;;  down  of  the  sun 
'  of  eivilixationfor  ahalf'itcoroof  ceiiturii-«th«pm>plGof  Europe  seemed 
to  be  enjoyini;  a  fair  ineaaurc  of  liberty  and  ttclf-respccL  In  decaying 
ttoino  llicy  wri;  poor,  for  the  Meallb  had  ajjrglutiuated  into  the  bundfl 
of  tlio  fevr.  In  barbaric  Germany  they  were  poor,  because  tho  wealth 
tuvd  not  been  created.  But  they  were  all  free,  and  highest  and  lowvAt 
•tood  on  a  common  plune  of  mnnhood.  tn  epito  of  sppareut  caste 
4Estatioes,  tbe  substance  of  ciuality  was  ycl  a  permanent  and  control- 
'ling  qnality.  Everywbi-re  the  high  and  tbo  low  were  but  an  arm's 
length  apart,  and  the  arm  that  moasored  that  distance  was  3  sturdy, 
.manly  one,  usually  quite  ready  to  give  attd  return  blow's,  ^utb  of 
the  AI[N>  the  proudi-.Ht  noble  was  within  r^-aoh  of  the  (orob  and  (bj^^cr 
of  the  hurohleat  plebeian.  North  of  the  grvat  mouulaina  no  chief  was 
an  powerful  as  to  be  beyond  the  spear-lhrugt  of  the  meanest  of  hia 
foltovera.  No  man  need  be  wholly  abject,  for  he  was  always  within 
atriking  distance  of  hi.*  oppressor.  Tho  turlmk'nt  Roman  proletary 
misted  encroachment  on  his  rights  with  not  and  inHurrcolion.  TIk 
brawny  Teuton  knew  no  master  hut  his  elected  chief,  whom  be  do- 
poae<l  with  scant  ceremony  the  moment  the  leader's  hand  or  ncrpe 
weakened. 

A  tbonsand  years  Inter,  when  day  dawned  once  more,  an  ainaung 
ohasm  was  found  to  have  opened  up  bc-twcen  the  higli  and  the  tow. 
Tbe  fuw  were  as  gods  in  their  power  orer  tho  lives  and  property  of 
tbe  nuuiy.  The  low  wi-re  ss  abject  in  their  degradaliou  as  the  beasts 
that  perish. 

In  each  Gommnnity  there  bad  come  to  be  one  who  lorded  it  like  a 
wolf  in  a  village  of  prairie-dog*.  Ho  dwelt  on  a  bill-top,  in  a  castle 
of.maasive  masonry,  clad  himM-lf  in  linn  raiment,  and  gormandizcif, 
botUvned,  and  rioted.  Where  be  was,  there  wa*  "  gude  ehi-re  in  knightlio 
hall,"  there  were  "  wnMail"  and  "revel"  and  "rouse"  and  all  tbootlter 
finfr-Datn«d  forms  of  the  dull  gluttony  of  feudal  daj-s. 


I 


» 


496 


TBB  POPULAR  SCIENCE  ifOXTSLV. 


In  order  tbnt  this  one  man  night  Rtale  bia  palate  with  iluiilioi 
thouMinds  of  other  men  —  "seriv,"  "oburte,"  "vUliuna,"  "luaib," 
"  pcflsaiils,"  etc. — were  (I^rtrod  of  all  biit  tbe  sioallcBt  araagut  tf 
COUM  food  that  would  cuablo  them  to  lire,  labor,  and  rcprodoce  thrir 
Iciod  1  !□  order  that  be  might  clolfav  biniM-lf  in  piled  velvet,  aail  hii 
lady  "walk  in  silk  atlirc-,"  they  and  thi-ir  wiveH  ufrc  ooufiocdtoi 
aingk-  coamc  garnii'iit.  In  order  tliat  be  might  ulcc-p  on  donii  in  an- 
hlo  halls,  llicy  n-ere  restricled  to  a  oouch  of  rushefl  in  a  fireloM  hhI 
n-indowlooa  hovel. 

Kow,  bow  did  tliis  man  on  tbo  hill-top  "so  get  tbe  start  of  the 
majestic  worid  **  that  all  tlio  ktrncbi  and  aweetmcatB  in  tbo  livM  of 
tliooaandi  were  hiv,  while  only  tbo  rindit,  tbo  huhki^  and  tbe  sbelli, 
veto  thrown  to  tbem  i  i 

The  answer  is  easy  :  It  came  about  tlirongfa  tbe  ada])tatioa  of  th«^ 
horse  to  warfare,  and  the  development  of  defensive  armor,     Improro- 
meota  in  armor  made  tbe  aggrcsslTo,  domitiecring  man  invulnvmhli'  to 
epcar  and  dagger  in  the  bands  of  ttioM!  wbum  he  nimld  oppress.    Eo- 
•conced  in  tempered  ateel,  and  moved  by  a  ItofM-'a  mtgbly  motinij 
power,  he  was  irrexiiilible  to  those  who  coidd  only  oppose  in  him  tlwti 
own  unproteeted  thews  and  sineira. 
^L  It  iH  significant  to  notice  bow  constantly  tbe  idea  of  tbti  bone 
^wociatcd  with  tbo  elevation  of  the  few  and  tbe  degradation  of  tlio 
many  nnder  fcadalism.     In  all  the  tongoea  of  Europe  it  b  tlio  *'  Sinn 
on  Uorseback  "  who  is  the  lord  and  de-spoiler  of  tbe  |>eo]>lc.    Tha  Oar- 
mans  called  btm  "  Dor  Rittor  "  (ibc  ridfr),  and  cognate  words  dtaift- 
nated  him  in  all  the  divtuiona  of  tbe  Teutonic  speech.     In  Trendi 
bone  is  UN  oAoru/,  and  the  tyrant  of  fields  and  pco|i1o  a  cAevalitr, 
The  PortugutM  called  liim  a  eacntMnt,  the  KiianianU  a  catialiav, 
the  Italians  a  eavaUiere — all  direct  derivatives  of  the  (treek  and  Latin 
kiibaUut,  a  horse.     In  England,  where,  for  reasons  that  shall  be  gim 
presently,  Ibe  people  wer«  not  cm»hc<1  dawn  to  anything  like  the  ex- 
tent of  their  eliuw  on  the  Continent,  the  name  given  tbo  Man  on  Uun^ 
bock  shonit  that  he  never  acquired  any  uucb  arrogant  eapnniBi-y. 
There  ho  was  merely  a  knight  {Anglo-Saxon  cniht,  a  youtb,  an  atteaJ-' 
ant,  a  military  follower). 

In  the  far-oS  days,  ere  the  centnries  bad  entered  their  tcvna,  tba' 
gentleman  who  nn«  burning  with  entbiMiflun  to  cani  hb  bread  by  the 
sweat  of  some  one  clje'i*  brows  proceeded  differently  from  what  h« 
woald  now.  Contrasted  with  tbo  neat  finish  of  an  "  operation  "  id 
stocks  or  prodnec,  or  the  Louisiana  I.ollcr^-,  bis  mcihud*  seem  rndl 
and  elnnisy.  Nevcrthclces,  like  the  mclliodt  uf  wnel  nf  tlio  {iromMi 
of  primitive  people,  tbey  were  quite  eflfecUve.  ^H 

He  provided  bimself  with  a  stont  bone  and  a  suit  nf  armor  ^M 
Inning  all  tbe  latest  improvements,  lie  then  set  himiu-ir  up  at  thi 
lord  and  "protector"of  as  large  a  collection  of  '  ''^M 

cajole  or  force  into  aceeptinghb  "protection."  -ilH 


thai 

'4 


TUB  UVSKBT  AS  A  SOCIAL  FORCE. 


487 


^^•cribeO  a  lawyer  u  "  a  gontlenan  who  rcccuni  your  «Htate  f roni  your 
JbnoTOy  uid  kcv|>a  it  hinMclf."  It  wm  on  tliia  [irinrijilo  rliut  tbiw) 
^f*  protcolora"  acmd.  They  (<wk  the  oiilirc  [>txi<lu(a  »i  t)ii>  1iu»1>and- 
Vnau'a  lalior  oa  a  n-wniU  fitr  (licir  frioiiilitliip  ati<]  couraj^c  tn  [•ruteoting 
lilm  from  Bpoliation  l;y  some  one  etae  I 

T\\t>  period  waa  the  Uolden  Age  of  Might.     It  waa  the  dny  of  lh« 

Ilibtoluto  monarchy  of  Jirawn,  and  theriTung  right  arm  watt  thv  court 
of  lint  rv-Kort  and  Irihunal  of  final  apjiira).  C«iiturU-i*  of  E^ptian, 
Groi-'k,  and  Roiuiui  civilization  luid  dovulnjwd  the  sdenci!  of  jumjtru- 
Hi>oce  iDtu  laws  Aiid  cuHtonia  which  vera  fstrly  equita)fl«  iu  secitrtDg 
ownership  of  p«r>ion  and  property.  Uul  moral  chaos  CAoie  again  when 
llie  Gothic  c-ataclyom  rolled  over  Ei)rop«.     There  iras  no  longer  agy 

tL-cognition  of  a  man'a  right  to  anything  to  which  he  oould  not  hold  on 
y  ninin  strr-ngtb. 
Th«  gt'nili'iDan  whose  fiietory-plant,  office-fnmitare,  and  i>do<'lc  in 
t/ail«  cou^iHlL-d  of  a  Ktouu  ca«tlc,  a  hroad-haunched  horM-,  a  btittiiM-wt- 
Boit  of  aprin>;'RtiH-l,  and  a  iwonly-fool  iancu,  hold  thirteen  inimpa  in 
the  gamo  aa  it  waa  then  playLsI.  To  propitiate  hini — to  gain  even  the 
MprinJege  of  living  in  onntleroble  nTt:i<:liiHln(.iM  and  s<iualor— frocmen 
^EarreDdcn.'d  their  lands  to  him,  gave  up  all  tlieir  labor's  products,  and 
^BTsn  yielded  to  bim  eucb  of  their  women  aa  his  momoRtary  caprice 
^Ug^t  di'tiuind. 

^^PTho  Men  on  IIonvlMck  divided  all  the  amble  Unids  of  £uro|>c  among 
tbcro.     N^iiurally  they  had  hot  disagreements  as  to  who  eboiild  have 
^tbe  monopoly  of  pluiidcriiig  a  given  valley  or  plain,  and  carried  on  tbo 
liapnto  with  much  clamor  and  fighting.    In  npitcof  t]ie  ornate  dwcrip- 
tions  of  romancers  and  ballad-singers,  this  latt<-r  waa  not  of  a  very  san- 
ininary  nature.   So  completely  was  annor  finally  made  to  answer  it«in- 
L'ndvd  purpi>sc  that  tbcro  are  rocoids  of  "  battles"  bclwoun  imposing 
rays  of  armored  horsemen,  which  laaled  all  day,  bnl  in  which  not  a 
tingle  life  was  loat.    11)0  worst  likely  to  happen  to  any  combatant  was 
Jial  \w  I>«  nnborsed,  pinned  to  the  ground  by  the  weight  of  his  armor, 
iken  captive,  and  forced  to  pay  ransom.    "Ilie  knigbtaof  oM"  wero 
vuriors  "for  revenue  only." 

TIio  only  likelihood  of  any  oonsidemblo  slaughter  wa«  when  tin 

^irrotolH-d  serfs — ^goaded  to  madness  by  Uu-tr  wrongv — n'VoHed  against 

ftbcir  drspoiters,  and  strov6  against  th<<in  w-Jtii  pikes,  scythes,  bills,  and 

^milJir  ineffective  weapoDD.     Then  the  wolf-hounds  of  mnrder  wero  lul 

Caraticn  at  war  with  one  another  would  make  a  trnce,  to  join 

Hiaytng  "  rebellinufi  liindx."    The  litst  groat  battltt  of  tbis  kind  mu  tn 

hv  "  War  of  tbo  Jac^iuerie,"  in  134^  where  nino  tboasand  pooraerfa 

were  massaered  in  the  French  town  of  Ueaux,  aud  in  the  three  wceka 

that  the  hunt  lasted  more  than  twenty  ibonsand  were  sUin.    80  fond 

were  ihe  cbcTalicra  of  this  sport  of  hind-killing  that  it  waa  not  an  nn- 

bommon  thing  for  them — before  or  after  ono  of  the  great  amor-baltcr- 

B)g  natcben  whicli  they  called  batlliM — to  turn  upon  and  idaughtcr  Uio 


488 


THE  POPULAR  SCIENCE  XONTHIY. 


poor  nretehra  irhom  U107  hail  mnitcrcd  to  »tt«n<]  tbrm  (o  th«  fliM. 
King  Pbilip  of  Pmnco  opened  thv  Inttiv  of  Crl^cv,  in  i:tH,  by  tliirp 
ing  libi  (i(.-ii(K-so  orottD-tiowtnen  vith  lits  ckeriJicn,  aad  slongltltriig 
ihem  right  and  left  t 

'l'h«  only  men  who  resisted  enocesEfiilly  tlicM  iDonni«d  nvantn 
M>d  niainttiincrd  for  tl>«iiiEt-lv08  mxric  of  Uiv  radinivniiiry  ri^lits  of  la- 
funnity  n-vri'  ttiv  mtrrohnntit  and  urtiiuutK  to  che  vrollvd  vitit-ti  of  IUI7 
niid  Klandcn ;  the  Swihm,  in  their  luounlftiD  fastneaseii ;  uid  the  ionibi 
Knglisb,  whose  dreadful  long-bows  would  send  arrow*  a  clotb-yard  in 
l«figth  throujfh  (h«  beat  Milanese  pIat«-armor.     In  cooBcqiienee  of  the 
oxvcllcDco  of  the  English  archery  the  Man  on  Honobsck  throve  tbtn 
wi  poorly  ihftt  the  wont  condition  of  the  Knglinh  [)«ople  in  tbc  oiiddlt 
ag<«  was  always  better  than  the  best  condition  of  thoso  on  tlin  Coati- 
nit.     Nor  conld  thn  ^lun  on  Huncback'H  chargo  avail  agmiaft  the 
Italian  and  I'leoiieh  burgherti,  bt.-hiud  tbeir  solid  walls. 

In  1386  a  horde  of  Antrtrian  eavalicrs,  who  were  sirii-in;;  to  redoeo 
tb«  SwiM  roountaine«r8  to  serfdom,  penetrated  Fome  diKtonre  into  the 
Canton  of  UnttTwalden.  Tho  ground  was  to  rugged  that  thry  hadW 
dismount,  and  firooced  on  foot.  They  were  comiielkd  to  cut  off  Iha 
long  toes  of  their  Hboea  In  order  to  Ik*  ahlc  to  walk.  Thpy  were  «id> 
d«nly  confronted  at  Sempach  by  a  ^niall  band  of  determined  peaunli. 
Arnold  Stmth  von  Winkelricd  )>err(})nitd  bis  imiDonal  aet  of  M-lf-. 
neriSoe,  by  bmiking  with  bis  naked  bn-ast  the  tirm  from,  of  lannv 
and  his  companions  rneht'd  in  and  slew  the  dtitnsy  dUmounicd  honv- 
rnon.  This  and  similar  victories  secured  the  freedom  of  the  dwellm 
among  the  Alps,  and  bred  there  a  race  of  meu  ^Tho  were  to  Wctiibb 
tW  flails  to  help  beat  feudalii<m  to  fragments. 

With  these  excepticns  the  print  of  the  war  boree'a  Iioof  waso: 
every  fertile  aero  in  Enrope.    The  long  laneo  of  liia  rider  wan 
sickle  which  reaped  the  fruit  of  CTOry  man's  Inhor.     flrvNlirr 
greedier  cvfry  year  grow  the  hungry  bordc  of  Hleel-elad  rider*.    I, 
and  less  of  the  comforts  of  life  they  left  the  abject  peasantry.     Xnrfff 
and  nearer  the  condilioa  of  the  laboring  cattle  sank  thoao  who  ddtn 
and  planted,  and  reaped  and  garnered. 

"Hie  horsed  harpicH  knew  tberotclTcs  well.    They  d.-lightrd  In  ihi 
character  of  birds  and  beasta  of  prey,  and  wore  proud  tn  make  lioi 
tigers,  bears,  cagtea,  and  liawks,  tbe  cogniKances  by  which  thny  vsn 
known. 

The  Kol(!  mitigation  of  this  reign  of  misery  for  tbc  many  w:i*  (ttn 
in  qiite  of  tbeir  armor,  thr«u  rapacious  iLirricrs  oocaxinnally  ■ 
ooo  another.    The  atrongest  xlew  tho  Ichm  strong;  tho  lions  V. ■'.••.  . 
•one  of  the  hyenas  and  jaekabi ;  the  eagles  tore  lo  pieces  (be  kilrs 
luwka.    Tho  strongest  and  craftiest  lord  of  some  single  '       ' 
off  II  nnmber  of  his  associate*  in  the  robbery  tmsinea*,  or 
lands  after  they  had  dmnk  and  gorged  thenueivea  into  tbc  ffrevv, 
hcoanio  lord  of  all  tho  bill'tops  comnundiog  the  «iitii«  pUlti  or.rfti 


I 

I 


TBB  MUSKET  AS  A   SOCIAL  FORCE. 


489 


^^•ciune  &  princi?,  duko,  coant,  or  mnrgnivp.  Tbo  tame  proccflB 
T^dod  MtTcral  of  Ihcsp  prinfipalilU'i",  cmmtirn,  ilukmlom*,  or  ninrqais- 
aU«  into  A  kingdom.  Tlic  lulvaiita;^  lo  tbe  people  of  tbU  was,  (bat 
tboy  lud  fewer  raastcm  to  feed  and  clothe,  and  the  cxactiona  npon 
tbem  had  soroewbat  more  sy Btem.  Spain  and  Fraora  bccitmo  the  lead- 
iag  nationa  of  Europe  because  tbin  proc-i-K:<  of  iig<>:rrg:tt  ion  wciit  on  more 
npidljr  thcro  tlinn  in  (icrmany,  Italy,  Aiisiria,  and  tlaewUtre. 

ft     ProgrcMtvc  people  everywhere  saw  clearly  what  an  improvement 

&  king  wu  upon  tbe  U&a  on  Uoreeback,  and  became  his  advocates  and 

Bopportere. 

B     If,  hotrever,  lh«re  had  been  no  brighter  hope  for  mankind  than 

Mriwcontainwi  in  the  evolution  from  a  Kwarm  of  petty  lyrants  to  a 
monareh,  the  outlook  would  haw  bi,NMi  dark  indeed.  A  millenQiam  of 
that  kind  i>f  procrntAH  tronid  Koartri>ly  have  brought  mankind  up  to  tbe 
plane  occupied  by  the  Russian  serf  to-day.     Fortunately,  anothtr  force 

Ifaras  born  into  the  world.     Whether  "black  Rarthol,"  the  Rt^rman 

Tnoiifc,  diDcovcrcl  gunpowder,  or  whether  Friar  I!a<;on  preceded  him,  is 
of  little  comn-quwicc.  The  fourteenth  c^-nlnry  was  yet  quite  young 
when  aome&odif  found  out  that  a  raixtnre  of  xulpbur,  niter,  and  char- 
coal voold  delirer  a  very  heavy  blow,  and,  as  it  was  a  day  when  heavy 
blows  oommaodc^  the  highest  price  of  anything  in  the  market,  tbo 
attention  of  at)  pnigressivc  men  was  quickly  (iirnird  to  it.  If  we 
cxocpt  tl»c  rhythmic  beat  of  the  vibralinji  battering-ram,  the  Hturdiest 
blow  tlien  known  wax  that  which  the  momentum  of  a  galloping  horse 
delivered  at  the  point  of  a  lance.  But  even  with  the  first  rude  tubes 
«f  wood  and  Itrather,  or  hooped  iron  boxe:*,  the  npw  forc«  struck  a  blow 
that  dismounted  tbo  doughtiest  cavalier,  and  breached  the  thickect 

^valla. 

H     It  b^an  it«  work  for  mankind  as  the  alaro  of  kingcraft.     Only 


ling*  could  afford  the  oo«tly  "mortars,"  "vases,"  "oulverins."  "per- 


Bia,"  "  falcons,"  etc, — only  monarelu  could  employ  the  skilled  orti- 
rho  manipulated  these 

"...  toortut  engines  wfiose  ruJe  thmntii 
Til'  innaortal  Jotc'*  dr««d  thiiiHiom  conBtui-ftlt." 
It  had  to  serve  an  apprcn(icc«liip  to  autocracy  before  it  became 
emocraey**  mighty  minister.     It  prepared  the  way  for  its  future  mis- 
pnon,  even  then,  for  kings  t»od  it  to  diftmontit  cavaliers,  and  beat  down 
'their  caslle-walls.     Tbe  despotism  of  the  ilan  on  Howcbaek  began  lo 
.crack  around  the  edges,  and  in  the  rifts  and  fissures  of  tbo  iron  tyr^ 
liny  fell  the  mastard-seed  that  was  lo  grow  up  into  the  world-shadow- 
trw  of  liberty.     Its  develojinient  was  dishearteninjily  slow,  how- 
ITW.     It  was  a  day  when  all  intelleetiiat  processes  were  as  slow  as  the 
.  of  the  overladen  battle-horses,  and  invention  crawled  languidly, 

of  running  and  leaping,  as  lo-dav. 
So  it  was  fully  a  century  and  a  half  after  Fenlinund  IV  nsc^  the 
cannon  lo  aid  in  capturing  Gibraltar,  before  wo  find  a  Man  OD 


TUB  POPULAR  SCISNCS  MOSTITLY. 


Foot  osing  th«  ArRt  cni<1e  sUempt  at  •  miukvt.  AfftvorilBt^*' 
isuinon  were  then  cnllvd  "  bombnMH,"  and  ht>  ntyW  tliti  ilUnitf^ 
Mpy  a  "boniWnKilIe."  Xulliing  vould  liaro  b«m  ruJt-r  vtd  nm 
priiuitivf  in  ilbittpi  uid  const  ruction.  Il  va»  iti«relj  n  lube — pnlaUj 
about  as  large  aa  a  section  of  two-iiicli  g3»-|(i))«,  but  not  ik>  mil  R^ 
— with  ou«  end  cloxed,  and  atar  tliat  a  Mnall  bolo  for  a  venu  It  "• 
(H.*«im'l;^  fasti-ucsl  \d  II  BCont  olick,  the  i-iid  of  wbich  roelcd  on  i^" 
ground  to  njiM-ivc  th«  recoil  Tbit  Man  on  Foot,  clad  in  W^A  xn*t 
held  tito  boiubarduUo  u]^  while  a  comrade  touclivd  a  livu  coal  lotb 
v«nt.  Powder  was  as  yet  very  weak,  and  ll  ira*  neci-iisary  lo  dm  I 
ball  ■n-eigliing  about  a  ponud,  in  ordir  lo  do  any  exfcn  .-  •« 

tlie  laiigo  of  .T  few  Kcoru  jiai'c^.     Xolhiiig  illtiBlral<-3  hd  n  mOt 

iBg  i>Jowno»  of  llie  cvolntionit  of  tlio  lienvily  armored  men  and  Iturw* 
u  tbat  tliiit  eliinuy  woapoD,  wbich  probably  ncrer  bod  an  efftvUn 
range  of  one  hundred  yards,  and  could  not  bare  tN-un  lin-d  ofUDtT 
than  once  in  five  minnloo,  could  bavo  rundorcd  any  Mtvii'v  wUnitttf. 
With  no  facilities  for  aiming,  it  was  by  the  merest  accident  ibat  il 
Umck  tbo  cavalier,  unhom-d  him,  and  put  bira  at  llie  ninvy  of  Ui 
cuecnies  on  tbo  ground,  but  even  this  chance  nas  miioh  gained. 

The  power  was  now  gvttiii!;  into  the  hands  in  wUicli  tl  ht^)«a^■ 
lovinoiblo  infantry  meana  dcuiocraoy  aoonor  or  later,  just  aa  ineviuUy 
aa  tltu  invlnciblo  Man  on  Horwbaok  mcaml  aristocraoy,  and  ojtillivT 
autocracy,  'fhe  foot-soldier,  crcn  though  he  be  the  mynnidoa  of  a 
king  or  the  hoochman  of  a  lord,  is,  unconB<iii)U»>Iy  perhaps,  tbo  eixntf 
of  Doblo  and  sovereign,  lie  comes  from  the  people  and  rrtams  l«  1^ 
people.  Whatever  he  may  do  at  behvst  of  liege  or  lord  Is  an  oli)Kt 
lesson  to  his  fellow-commonerg  an  to  what  they  may  do  in  uppuMlWa. 
Every  step  taken  by  bis  masters  to  mako  him  moro  furitiidahlu  ii 

■*  Blood]-  insimcdiHi,  irhlcb,  IwIdj  taORbt,  rutorM 
To  pbipie  tir  inventor." 

Tlic  firnt  eavallcr  that  was  rolled  in  the  dust  by  a  bombantrllc- 
reopc-iied  llio  era  of  tbo  i>eoplc  which  had  cIomiI  when  Ilonii<'B  ni»' 
I(«8  infantry  disappeared  from  the  fighting  worliL  TbcnoiTorwari 
final  overthrow  of  feudal  and  kingly  dc*poti*m  and  Ihv  triumph  of 
people  became  merely  a  quosUon  of  improvements  in  the  bon  ' 
In  vain  the  Man  on  Uorscback  strcugtbened  ble  armor  and 
bin  castlo-walls.  Tlie  stronger  his  armor,  tbo  more  ho  was  wdg' 
down  ;  tbo  alower  he  moved,  the  longer  be  w.ifl  within  strikinK 
tance  of  the  man  with  the  " hand-gonne."  Nor  could  ilip  thuVt 
of  his  walls  keep  pace  with  the  improvement  in  canini 
mibfltitution  of  iron  balls  for  atvoi-a,  and  tbo  •tnii>^iti..i.(j  ..i  p 
powder. 

In  those  day*  tbo  German*  caHnl  cannon  "  '■ 
tho  manner  in  which  ilicy  wcro  bnill  up.     '1  ii  .  <\, 

book  <llakcn)  to  support  tho  bombardello  and  alTord  btrtivr  nhn,  ■ 
called  tbo  improved  arm  a  "  book-box "  {IJokeii-bQcbao),  wbroM 


4 


* 


TBS  MUSKET  AS  A   SOCIAL  FORCE.  491 

iriotu  forms  of  "  liorlcobas  "  ukI  "  anjucliuiie  "  in  (ho  (liffcrcot  ha- 
.gca.  PrMOUlly  tlio  liibv,  growing  still  lif;ht«r  aa  the  iia|>rovemv»t 
tlic  m.iii  11  flirt un-  of  [H.wilor  enabled  the  wtight  of  ibe  bnll  to  he  con- 
Bually  tvtliic^'d,  was  UitI  in  a  stock  HioiiUr  to  that  of  tliv  fatiidtui 
mocw  orow-bow,  aud  s  priniiiig-ian  was  {itnci'd  oi  tbn  votiU  A  Itt- 
e  later  1  filill  morv  valuable  improvement  was  made  \tj  attaching  to 
K  rear  em!  of  tht'  barrel  a  \iUv«  of  iron  shaped  like  tbo  letter  S,  and 
(UmI  a  "  BOPpent-"  The  ii]iiior  eud  of  this  carried  the  tip  of  a  lighted 
ipv-iuntch  into  the  pHming-p^n  when  Uie  lower  end  was  moved  l>y 
iti  iiiij^.  Wh«n  a  tri|;ger  and  springs  were  i^iibscqnently  added,  the 
[an  on  Foot  had  the  Utaloric  "  iDAtdilook,"  with  whieb  bo  fought  for 
pi>  ami  a  ball  centuiira. 

Thoticeforward  the  mftroh  of  trnprovemcDt  wm  Rteady  and  at  an 
PMlonuing  p«oe.  Tbo  "  luad-goniu  *'  gained  continual  aeoeas  of 
iwor  oTer  the  Man  on  Uorsebook,  and  M  eotitinually  its  use  becatus 
lore  familiar  to  tlie  people  at  large.  By  ningular  concatenations, 
bioh  some  people  arc  fond  of  tcnning  "  providentiid  ditiMrtiMtttonM," 
i«  rata  adrooating  the  ImmC  ideaa  got  bold  uf  tliu  bust  iniprovod  gaits 
id  had  the  most  of  them. 

In  1-177  the  SvUa,  wbo  bad  grown  •»  tiolf -confident  ibat  they  did 
ot  hpsitato  to  deac«nd  from  their  mountains  to  attack  the  Men  ou 
DTM'back  on  iho  plains,  came  down  from  the  patses  of  the  Vosgee 
ounlaiiia  carrying  from  sis  tbouaand  to  ten  thousand  of  tbeee  firo- 
K-ke,  and  at  Granxou,  Morat,  and  Nancy,  literally  destroyed  off  tbe 
Bco  of  tbv  oanlt  tb«  arrogant  Charles  the  Bold  and  liis  rapacious  Bur- 
nodian  eliivalry.    Qunn  wbieb  oonibincd  the  iniprovcmrnti  of  another 
half-4>'iit>iry  enabled  tbo  iSpaniiib  f(i<>|m<-n  tn  mmUf  the  Frvncb  cbcva- 
tnt  bip  and  tbigb  at  Pavia  in  1o'2J,  vrhi-ru  Frnnois  I  "lent  everylbing 
I  honor,"  and  the  Spanish  infantry  became  the  first  in  Europe,  a 
•ttion  it  b«Id  for  nearly  a  century,  until,  as  the  instrument  of  cccle- 
ttnl  tyranny  in  tbe  Netherlands,  it  was  defeated  by  tbo  superior 
us  and  iin'tiea  of  the  Diiteh  infantry  under  Maurice  of  NaKsaii. 
A  few  doi-adcs  later  the  n^i  of  [apcr  cjirtridgcs  by  the  Swcdiuli 
itikoteers  gave  ibem  an  advantage  wbieb  greatly  aidwl  Giulavui 
Julpbus  to  widen  the  horizon  of  Liberty  by  bis  Buce4.-ttsful  warfare 
inp>t  ihu  b'lrdt^s  of  civil  and  relip^ouB  despotism.     Nearly  sijnulls- 
ont\y  firelockx  in  the  liaixls  of  Cromwell's  superb  foot-soldiery  were 
BAoliing  irmistiblc  argumeut*  011  the  Rights  of  llan  to  CUarIca  V» 
vnliors. 
Tho  mpditeval  M.-iii  on  Horieback  may  nowboaidd  to  have  penna- 
itly  disappeared  from  the  field  of  battle.     Graiiwn,  Jiorat,  and  Pa- 
.  hvl  showed  him  of  how  little  avail  it  was  for  him  to  cover  every 
h  of  his  on-n  boilr  and  ibal  of  his  horse  with  the  be&t  steel,  sad  bo 
pan  strijiping  it  off,  to  gain  nelertty  of  inorcnieul  under  the  dread- 
fire-     By  the  end  of  the  B«venleenib  century  it  wna  all  gon«  but 
liulniDt  and  bieastptato,  and  these  were  not  wont  by  him,  but  by 


49* 


Tim  POPULAR  SCIBSCB  MONTHLY. 


Ilia  mcKonarics.  Aa  the  mniikot  now  CDsblcd  battles  to  be  dvUndM^ 
bf  tli«<  superior  inaiibo<Kl  of  Kiipvior  nuiubers,  aod  tlion  was  iln^i 
a  grrat  ilfal  »f  ilowimghl  killing,  he  ioiil  bU  kten  itit(>re«1  in  warui  i 
baniiKuu,  and  loved  bwl  to  Egbt  by  proxy.  Tbo  plaint  of  tUe  tiq»l"  ; 
H&ny  Hotspur  wa«  an  aoaohronism  of  sboat  two  linndrcd  vrait  fff  | 
Henry  IV'b  noign,  but  it  cxpncaod  protty  acountvly  tbo  fevlikgl  a(j 
tbo  aristoc-rooy  in  SbakoitpeareV  tinio : 

*'  And  Uiat  It  WM  a  great  pitjr,  » !t  wai, 

TliU  tilliunons  sallpoUir  riionld  b*  digpd 

Ont  ut  tbu  Ixiwi-b  of  tli«  bonnbH  earth, 

Wbidi  many  a  Riiod  Ull  fallow  bad  doatftiyvd 

So  oowardly ;  and  bai  Tor  tlivM  Tile  gnna 

Ha  woaM  liiniMlf  bava  bMO  a  tddier." 


TfadMan  on  Iloniebftrk  kIUI  oontinut^  to  Jon  M*  siiK  of  **  coin]4r(« 
stool "  from  time  to  time  for  ncitriy  n  cwntury  aft<rr  [t  woa  Inst  worn  ia 
liito  of  battle,  but  it  was  only  to  Impress  tbe  popular  itnaglnaiion  laJ 
enliaoce  bin  personal  sppcannce  when  be  took  part  in  the  pagmuirt 
of  govpmtni'iit.  Thn  long  warfare  b«twopn  bim  anil  tlie  kin;;  Iial 
ended  In  bU  entire  subjugation,  and  ho  wax  how  an  obsctjuions  attM^ 
ant  tipon  ''bis  royal  inaMcr,"  wlib  wbom  bo  had  entered  into  nn  oire» 
aive  and  defen^ve  alliance  against  the  common  poo]ile. 

Steady  improvement  of  tbe  weapon  through  tbe  avvonlccDlb 
cigbteentb  ccuturieN,  by  tlie  men  who  wert>  wioMiii;;  it  to  gain 
themselves  tbe  commoDcst  rights  of  ownership  in  their  own  aoub 
bodies  and  tlie  fruits  of  theur  toil,  bad  made  the  muaket  so  Iiaiidy  thai 
tbe  cumhnmx  fork-rrst  could  bo  dispensird  with,  and  bad  giviii  it  iW 
tlint'liiek,  the  bayonet,  and  tliu  front-sigbtr  wbiub  laiur  grpaily  te- 
crcaaod  tbo  accuracy  of  aim. 

By  another  of  those  remarkable  providential  dbipeniadoii*,  pii" 
old  Leopold  of  Dessau  deviled  the  iron  ramrod,  Just  at  the  limco'  ' 
it  was  most  needed  to  enable  tbe  little  J'rusnnn  army  (o  wlthstaad  t^ 
overwhelming  masscf  of  barbaric  Russia,  dtupid  old  Anslria,  uJ  ia- 
trtgnbg  Franee.  h»  Frederick  ll'a  men  were  able  to  firo  6ve  llniw  " 
their  encmica*  twi<!e,  Uic  reactionary  waves  brat  in  vain  a^inst  ^ 
new  bidwark  raised  up  to  pmlect  tlio  ivn^ressivtsni  wbicb  had  m*^ 
its  home  in  Northwestern  Europe. 

Across  the  Western  seas  a  still  greater  dpvelopnienl  was  takisf 
placet,  fn  the  grasp  of  tbo  men  who  had  sought  refuge  from  tyrana]' 
in  tbo  wilds  of  America  the  musket  wa«  not  the  RiystiTiona  and  a«V' 
wanlly  luindled  engine  it  was  in  the  Itands  of  mo<t  EuropewM^  T* 
tbe  colonist  it  was  the  most  familiar  of  hia  ovory-day  tonla. 
daily  food  of  tbo  family  waa  provided  with  it  ;  the  ften-e*l  wild  1 
woro  slain  by  ll,  and  the  flerecr  wild  Indians  were  eunqncrv>d  by  it 
drivim  from  the  lands  which  they  claimed  as  their  birthrijtbt.  Bor 
its  owner's  main  doiyendenca  in  his  Blmggla  for  life,   he   uaKmll: 


i 


THE  MUSKET  AS  A   SOCIAL  FORCE. 


493 


trove  to  raise  its  powers  to  the  bicbest  mech«aicat  limits  of  tb«  day. 
\y  rilliu;;  the  toaide  of  tli«  Imrrelt  and  pliicing  a  night  o»  tho  roftr  ihkI, 

made  bis  itim  matlMmMtcvlljr  oerUiin,     With  i>iic)i  a  woapon  lie 
said  encounirr  rrery  mortal  foe  with  tiitiro  ootifldcnw.     RuttJesnnko 
nor  |Minltier,  wild  Indian  nor  foreign  mercenary,  bad  any  teirora  for  bluL 
If  bii  f«(t  bad  brain  or  heart,  his  unerring  bullet  was  »ur«  to  Bnd  it. 

With  bin  rifle  in  band  the  oomnion  man  reolotlwd  hinuctf  with  all 
iJie  ri};;ht^  that  bad  bevn  torn  from  liim  by  a  thousand  years  of  tlio 
despotism  of  tho  Alan  on  Hor««l>acic.  IIv  brouki-d  so  liltlu  of  tyranny 
that  be  would  nut  cnduru  m>  much  of  it  aa  was  involved  in  the  attempt 
to  tax  him  witboiiC  liis  fu))  convint.  Tho  aasertioii  in  the  preamble  to 
tliu  Dirlamtion  of  Indcpundcnoe  difTi  rvd  from  most  similar  fulmina- 
tioM  in  that  it  wai  not  alH-ad  but  only  abroast  of  the  popular  a«cept- 
ant'f  of  the  principles  wbirh  it  aflirm^.  Men  wvrc  not  only  endowed 
with  the  iDaticDiblo  Hfihts  of  life,  liberty,  and  the  ptimuil  of  happi- 
IM6S,  but  oD  this  side  of  tlie  ocean  they  exerciitcd  them  to  the  fullest 
«xt«at. 

Still  more  :  they  taught  the  Frenchmen  who  had  come  h«ro  to 
matlst  them  in  titcir  final  xtrug^le  for  frt-edom,  by  precept,  and  those 
who  had  stayed  at  borne  by  example,  tbat  the  muskt-l  was  Uie  means 
by  whieh  those  rigbta  were  obtained  and  maintained.  They  demon- 
strated in  practirc  the  axioms  to  a  perception  of  which  all  Eorope  bad 
been  slnwly  rising  :  that  before  the  mu»kct's  muulc  all  men  are  equal ; 
that  lordly  lineage,  boundless  wealth,  nor  prinleged  ca«le  can  hodfjo 
a  man  with  a  divinity  impervious  to  bullets  ;  but  that  any  set  of  men, 
who  love  liberty  well  enough  to  peril  life  for  it,  must  Iw  met  on  equal 
lernii*.  with  equal  baxard  of  life,  by  those  who  would  deprive  them  of 
it  i  that  the  reign  of  the  few  was  ending;,  and  tbat  of  tti<^  m:tny  be- 
gtntiin};,  for,  with  all  men  equally  able  to  kill  their  opposers,  only 
tlioso  govommonta  and  Byst«ms  of  governments  oao  maintain  ihem- 
wlroa  which  can  rally  to  their  support  more  tlian  can  bo  amyvcl  in 
(^poaitJon. 

In  all  the  world's  history  no  teaching  ever  had  saeh  immediate  and 
tremendous  resnlts.  Within  a  quarter  of  a  century  after  the  close  of 
tb«  Amari«an  Revnintton  tho  now  Evangel  of  Freedom  bad  flamed 
from  tho  S*ln«  to  tho  Moakwa,  at  the  miu-xlM  of  millions  of  mnsketi;, 
borne  by  men  who  li«l  xuddenly  risen  from  the  abasement  of  serfdom 
to  tho  full  stature  of  manhood.  In  France,  the  chosen  home  of 
chivalry,  the  dec^nerate  sons  of  the  Alen  on  Horvcback  had  been 
drowned  in  a  sei  of  their  own  vicious  blood.  In  all  the  fairest  parts 
of  Cootinontal  Huropo  the  land  had  been  vrresled  from  tbe  heirs  of  the 
banditti -lords,  and  nwtorod  to  tlie  ownontbip  of  those  who  tilled  it. 
The  whole  ctvilixed  world  hul  begun  tbat  rapid  march  toward  pofnilor 
jrmramment 

^^K  11.  .  .  wlioss  oouipolitivacoanw 

^^^^^  NeVr  knows  retiring  el>b," 


19+ 


THE  POPULAn  SCTBNCS  MOlfTHlY. 


\ 


but  will  "  keep  <luo  on,"  until  empvron,  kings,  and  potimUto  will  W 
lu  ob«ol«t«  tui  Uic  "UbardV*  "beeron,"  "  bnueards,"  and  otiM 
rninippry  of  (he  mediieval  Man  on  lloneback. 

All  life  U  buitting— all  Hocivty  n  conflict  of  forcM.  LHllo  worth 
hsTiog  is  ever  got  without  being  wrung  from  the  Ivrlli  of  n^^aie 
tinn.  I^artkularly  i«  tliiit  true  of  tbe  ordinary  posscoaioii  nf  maaliao^- 
Bvcrjr  privilege  and  immuoity  which  we  enjoy  to-day,  withoui  inarr 
tlioughttban  we  enjoy  the  anushiae  and  the  sninmer  air,  has  V 
ed — most  frequently  through  bloodshed — from  tbw<'  who  wl 
irithhold  it.  The  Gtudcnt  of  hittory  rvading  ihn  tlllt  of  Rights  «tt 
in  orcry  clnn^o  thu  n-Hult  of  Home  RucceMful  war  fought  to  wrivji  ■ 
couoeision  of  that  particular  principle  from  the  dominant  oIam.  TIh 
niusltct  has  steadily  led  the  way  and  supporteil  every  oxtensiuu  uf  lis 
boundaries  of  frcwlom.  Without  so  bresistiblo  a  weapon  within  rowk 
o(  erory  man's  band,  the  world  would  still  bo  proitirato  under  the  liooft 
of  an  c<iue*trian  arialoeracy,  who«o  detpotism  would  only  bo  tcmiwnd 
by  tbe  tyranny  of  kingeraft. 

Artillery  is  monarchic,  cavalry  ariatucrattc,  and  infantry  dnno- 
cratic.  Armor  and  the  horse  brought  about  the  rule  of  tbe  few  ow 
the  many ;  cannon  helped  mako  one  man  ruler  over  nil ;  while  lb* 
market  is  tbe  agent  of  the  |>oputar  will  and  tlie  piuncc-r  of  iiiii\  > 
sulTmge.  "  All  free  govomment,"  Huys  an  eminent  philosophiT, '  ilv 
pendfl  upon  tbe  power  of  the  majority  to  whip  the  minority."  TIh 
fundamental  principle  of  democracy  is  that  the  wishes  of  one  llM*- 
sand  men  eball  prevail  over  tbo»e  of  nine  bondred  men,  and  tliP  tui- 
ket  ^Tcs  tbe  thousand  men  tbe  phyrionl  power  to  enforce  llMtr  will 
□pon  tbo  nine  bnndrvd  moo. 


DISCRIMINATION  IN  RAILWAY  RATES. 

St  OEBKIT  L.  LAKBlKa 


THE  term  discrimination,  in  its  application  to  railroad  rates.  *f^^ 
in  (ho  minds  of  somo  to  have  loHt  its  original  and  true  meainRC 
the  act  of  diHtiiignishtng  between  tiling*  which  are  diffiTent.  In  1^ 
general  affaira  of  life,  the  ability  to  discriminate  Ja  aa  commundolile  f 
tbe  laek  of  it  is  discreditable,  llicre  appear*  no  rcatmn  why  lb» 
reverse  of  (his  should  b«  true  when  applied  to  transportation.  "Pio 
must  always  In;  difTeriMxx-s  which  fairly  affect  rales,  as  compotitii 
routes  and  markets,  the  bulk  and  vaino  of  commodities.  vaA  tbo 
umo  of  the  traffic.  These  differencca  demand  recognition  and  rcqai^ 
discrimination  in  fixing  rates  ;  but  thrm  should  be  no  dlsrriminaii^ 
without  a  diffcronre.  Tliis  would  affonl  a  profit  to  a  favDrrd  few,  \\A 
loald  effect  an  injury  to  the  many,  and  is  thvrvfora  Dnjnst. 


DtSCmUINATION  IN  RAILWAY  RATES. 


49S 


It  is  aswrt^  by  transportation  companies  tbkt  socb  di.tci-iiuinalioiw 
\  ihey  praclicc  result  from  tb«  differences  whieb  esist,  and,  thougli 
they  may  Mnivtincs  csosc  xn  injury  to  a  few,  tbey  effect  a  much 
irreater  benefit  to  the  many.  Tlio  <Iifficu]ty  in  tbo  qwcuiiun  is  rigbt 
here :  The  ilwUion  as  to  what  is  a  tiafllioicnt  ililFerenMi  to  fairly  require 
a<li»crimiiiation  in  ita  favor  lonsi  bo  decided  by  tbe  fallible  miud  of 
miiL.  DiSereocea  of  interest  aud  eo  of  optnioD  are  therefore  more  fre- 
quent than  differences  of  Inffic.  We  may  readily  bcliuvc  tbrir  Htatc- 
rnent,  that  tlic  nilnwwl  manngcn  aro  eonxtantly  b<«i<gi-d  by  tbcreprc- 
«entativcM  «f  varion^  plaei^it,  tradeit,  oeeupatioiiH,  and  interests,  asking 
for  coDcc«ftiona  in  rates  that  are  not  granted  to  others,  Eaeh  claims 
some  peculiarity  of  situation  or  circumstance  which  jiiRtiGcs  eomo  con- 
conion.  It  is  natural  also  that  most  of  tlie«o  claims  should  be  iMised 
on  interest  ratlirr  than  w\  [irtnciplK.  The  railroad  manager  t.t  prone  to 
this  view,  as  the  inli-re^ia  of  the  properly  under  bin  charge  are  cer* 
latnly  n<A  Advanced  by  building  up  the  trade  of  one  place  or  person  by 
giriog  lower  rates  than  arc  allowed  to  others  similarly  aituated.  Tbesa 
dilTcrencea  of  opinion,  it  seems,  must  always  continue  to  exist  m  long 
as  lliere  are  different  interests  in  commerce  and  different  circiimstanves 
affecting  production  and  trade.  Tlic  decision  an  to  the  dilFerencex,  too, 
nasi  alwayic  be  made  by  man ;  ami  the  government  official  in  Oer* 
many,  France,  Italy,  Spain,  and  other  countries  of  Euro]>e  where  there 
iittatc  ownership  of  railroads,  baa  caused  even  more  complaint  by  hia 
I  rulings  than  has  the  manager  of  the  private  corporation  in  the  United 
1  States. 

That  discrimination  may  be  fairly  and  legally  exercised  haa  been 
decided  by  the  courts,  while  moot  of  the  States  prohibit  unjust  dis- 
crimination. An  aet  of  tbo  Legixlaturo  of  IHinois  of  July  1,  1871^ 
"was  pronounced  unconstitutional  by  the  Supreme  Court  of  the  State, 
becaiMC  in  ita  operations  it  was  not  in  expwuK  lermtt  directed  against 
ta^fiat  discrimination,  b«t  against  discrimination  generally."  * 

Such  discriminations  in  rates  as  result  from  the  operation  of  tits 
railroads  nndcr  the  control  only  of  the  requirements  of  commerce  and 
the  interest  of  the  corporations  can  not  be  unjust  in  the  sense  of  politi- 
cal economy,  can  not  afTeel  injiiriouitly  the  interests  of  the  cummuotty 
St  large,  but,  on  the  other  bnml,  miut  alwnys  work  for  the  advance* 
laent  of  tbe  common  good. 

The  oansea  of  discrimination  will  be  found  in  the  principles  regu- 
lating rates.  That  there  are  some  natural  principles  is  shown  from  the 
fact  that  in  all  tlic  different  parts  of  the  world  where  railroads  have 
been  built  the  same  qni'Mtions  arise  from  the  dissatisfaction  of  com- 
■nnities,  interests,  and  trades  ;  the  same  charges  of  nnjiift  di^tcrimina- 
tion  an)  ma-Ie,  and  the  »mc  n>medies  have  been  applied  of  legislative 
restriction  and  interference^  To  this  we  may  add  that  there  has  been 
everywhere  the  same  failure  of  these  remedies  to  effect  the  result  de- 
•  "Bcpotl  of  lUStoad  ContmbiiloiEors  of  Illiooit,*'  l$7fl,  l>.  17. 


49* 


TSE  POPULAR   SCIENCE  MONTHLY. 


bvkA.  In  tlio  older  localities  the  earlier  rale  of  interference  ba*  bm 
grndiuilly  withJran'n,  aa  the  commoii  commercial  law  of  MK-iMimi 
liss  been  foiind  to  produce  the  l>c«t  rvstills  ;  and  u  tlio  |>o[<tilatio»  rf 
never  communities  have  iiicreasod,  their  iutcreau  haw  hcourae  nu* 
e8tal>li»lH--l,  ami  thi'ir  expericiic«ii<tiilargo<l,  Uiey  too  tend  (onard  Ibt 
path  followc<I  bv  the  older  places.  Itiily,  arior  au  ozaniiiiatiuR  of  llu 
•iibject  by  a  special  commission,  wliiob  was  continued  several  yian, 
decided  to  loaso  llio  Govcmmpm  railways  to  private  corporatioo*  le 
operate.  SvriUrrbnd,  upon  rL-vivwing  the  experience  of  the  utkn 
fttatfK  of  Europe,  declined  to  exerciHc  tbc  right  granted  by  tho  Murtm 
of  the  railway  companies,  tlut  after  a  oenain  ttuio  tbo  Govcninii-nl 
might  purchase  and  operate  the  roads,  deciding  that  It  would  nvithrr 
profit  the  state  nor  benefit  the  people."  M.  L^n  Say  says  of  tho  Got- 
enimcnt  a]R-ration  of  tho  railways  of  France,  "The  fulore  is  compWt* 
and  irreparnblp."  f  And  SI.  do  la  Goomcrie,  In«poctor-Goneml  of  the 
French  Corjksof  UridgeH  and  IIighwuyt,oonoludGM  a  review  of  llii-o!'- 
Ject  of  railway  rates  as  follows  :  **  I  have  Honght  to  combat  lh(<  wi4rly 
spread  opinion  tliat',  in  the  commercial  o)M-ralion  of  railroadii,  cn^ry t)u>'!: 
is  artificial  ;  that  instead  of  obeervinfc,  we  must  invent ;  that  iiiktiU 
of  habitually  leaving  tho  different  interests  to  react  upon  each  otinr 
thront^h  Hupply  imd  di-mand,  it  is  ticccttsary  to  be  rcgulatin};  comIbB' 
ally.  If  wc  were  certain  that  the  men  who  manage  railroad  bufiinrn 
would  always  have  a  |>crfe«t  noderEtanding  of  ihcM  qucalioni,  my 
coneluftion  would  bo  to  leave  the  matter  lu  them  entirely  ;  hot  Ibt 
companies  cnjuy  too  great  powtir  for  us  to  rewgn  oiirsclres  to  i-ndon 
tranquilly  tbc  comwqucnces  of  their  iTrors.  I  think,  then,  tint  tlir 
state  should  preserve  its  powers,  watch  altentirely,  but  pn.-Hcrihe  lit- 
tle." I  Tlio  other  countries  of  Euro|>c  have  in  general  gone  llironsk 
simitar  experiences  and  arrived  at  the  same  conclusions,  and,  foltowisg 
tbc  enlightened  lead  of  tbc  Kailroad  Commission  of  HasKU'hux'ttis  iW 
tendency  in  tlie  otJior  Slates  of  the  American  Union  is  undeniable  •)* 
iu  the  same  din-ction  of  laUtn/aire, 

In  the  transaction  of  trade,  exchange  is  effected,  not  b^cauM  sor 
party  demands  it.  but  beeauso  both  believe  it  to  bo  a  benefit.  Mdlbtf 
can  command  what  lh«  otiver  considers  il  his  interest  lo  refuse,  ttitf 
portation  is  limited  in  the  same  way  by  the  same  roquirrmentik  1^ 
limit  on  one  aide  is  filed  by  capital  and  is  the  Mat  co«t  ofaU  tht  itff 
ifc  pcr/drmed.  If  the  roAds  aro  not  able  to  secure  enough  tnlfto  il 
prices  wliich  will  p*y  the  expenses  of  operation  aod  a  fair  rate  of  b- 
terest  on  the  investment,  capital  will  no  longer  l>c  invested  in  iHii' 
construelion.  If  they  persistently  fail  to  earn  tho  ordinary  expenM 
of  operation,  aitd  so  remain  a  constant  tax  open  the  proprietors,  thri 
most  ultimately  be  abandoned.    The  reduction  of  Ihu  charges  can  uol 

*  -  ntniMib'i  Jornnsl,"  London,  April  38,  ISBS,  p.  SIS. 

t  "Rsiln;  A^"  1BS9.  p.  T». 

X  "  BcfMrl  of  OawniMianers  ol  TraMpattstlco,"  CinioR.ls.  1  »TT-':il,  |>,  Tl. 


DiscaJMiXATiox  ly  railwat  rates. 


497 


riDMinitl;  be  lO  ]ov  that  tUc  income  is  leaa  tlian  the  cx|)«iiditiiri>. 

€  value  of  th«  acrviet  to  ibe  sUippcr  iix«B  tlio  opposite  lituit  to  the 

iuctjon  of  eliargeti.     Here  ttic  rule  applies  to  esob  ahiptneDt  and  at 

ce.     Tbo  slii))p«r  knows  with  coDsidcrabto  exactoeea  the  elements 

ich  enter  into  tbe  cost  of  the  commodity  and  the  prico  it  will  bring 

tbo  market.     Ho  caii  at  odoo  dctvnninc  then  whether  or  not  its 

mapottatjon  will  afTonl  him  a  prottt.    If  it  will,  it  in  M<'nt.    If  not,  it 

naiiu  where  it  ia.     With  th«  railroad,  on  the  otbcr  hand,  the  Q<r*t  of 

BtDglo  Bbipment  can  be  determined.     I(  is  carried  on  a  freij^'ht- 

lin,  which  also  carries  many  other  shipments  ooiuigned  to  many 

ilaoea.     The  same  train  often  carricH  eniif^rajit  pamengen,  and  is  run 

a  track  which  is  ali)o  tucd  by  pasKciiger-traina.    BesidM  tlteno 

la,  t])cra  arc  laT:ge  «xpcn«cs  inourrod  by  tbe  company  of  wliich 

indefinite  amount  is  cliargeahic  to  the  various  cIaof<e<)  of  traffic  pen 

e<I.     It  i»  thus  a  matter  of  im)>o»ibility  to  eay  what  will  be  tbe 

I  nf  aay  particular  shipment,  and  it  is  erck-n  matter  of  extreme  on- 

ainty  to  btate  the  co»t  of  tbo  v.trious  c1:is<«8  of  traffic  each  by  itaelf 

pastrngcrs,  freight,  exprnw,  or  mail*.    The  only  oourw  then  left 

ihc  railroad  is  to  lake  tin-  fn-igbt  at  whatever  mtc  tbe  shipper  can 

d  it  with  profit  to  himficlf  and  hope  the  whole  of  its  traffic  will 

lant  to  a  greater  sum  than  the  cost  of  the  sert'ice.    The  railroad 

y  thus  for  years  continue  earrjing  freight  at  rates  wbieb  do  not 

er  t)ie  cotit  of  the  service,  while  tbe  shipper  will  immediately  stop 

freight  as  soon  as  its  iraosportatioD  cca«es  to  be  remunerative  to 

The  rates  can  in  no  caw  be  more  tlian  the  value  of  the  service, 

nit  Ibey  may  be  lew*  Hum  itt  cost     Between  these  two  limits,  tlio 

ormer  of  which  oltiroately  determines  the  point  below  which  no  rate4 

be  held,  and  tbe  latter  of  which  immediately  determines  the  point 

>ve  which  do  freight  will  bo  sent,  there  is  in  practical  operation  a 

ing  scale  of  rates  determined  by  competition  both  of  parallel  linee 

various  conimvrcial  foreos. 

ThsM  differeut  kindti  of  oom)>etition  I  have  elitewherc  dwelt  npon  ;* 
vil)  answer  the  present  purpose  to  name  ihem.    11>ey  are  :  compc- 
ition  of  capital,  of  parallel  railnxtds  and  water-routes,  of  markets,  and 
he  efforts  of  the  railroad  to  increase  itK  net  income  by  incre.'u;inj;  its 
c  with  lower  rates.     Wherever  there  is  a  fair  discrimination  exer- 
in  fixing  rates,  it  will  bo  found  to  be  batted  on  one  or  more  of 
i8  of  comjwtitian.     Tlii«  proposition,  it  is  inlende*!  to  illiw 
tbe  following  pages  ;  and,  if  tme,  it  is  of  tbe  first  importance, 
;  as  competition  is  generally  conceded  to  bo  a  more  potent  regulator 
priens  than  all  otlier  forces,  if  discriminations  rosult  from  it,  to  pro- 
ill  them  must  also  interfere  with  com})etitioii.     Alt  forms  of  dis- 
linatinn  in  the  rales  of  tnins]>OTlation  which  »rv  fairly  exercised 
riawtcd  nnitcr  three  beads — namely,  those  which  favor  persoiui, 


,  or  tilings. 


•  "  .Vonh  Anwriesn  Bvrkw,"  Us;,  tm. 


TOC  xxnit— IV 


498 


THE  POPVLAB  SCIENCE  MOXTIfir. 


1.  pKBsQirs. — DUcrimiD&tioBS  wbicti  an  exerotsetl  in  fivor  «((!?■ 
BOni  10  the  tmnvportntioii  of  freight  vill  tiu  f oumi  to  be  not  iu  ffttor  H 
iho  peraon  but  of  the  freight.  In  fiict,  (tL-noiiiility  hats  no  put  bit, 
but  the  conceiisioQ  is  caused  bj  tbo  circainBtanm  of  Incalily  ortbg 
kind  or  volamo  of  the  traffic.  For  tnMancp,  the  fanners  of  tL«  Wtit 
and  Northwest  aro  Hyel«in«ticalty  and  greatly  favored  in  the  •thipni'n;! 
of  thoir  ]irodncl«  to  the  market.  Grain  and  jirtjcifiionti  nrv  uuTi«<l 
from  Chicago  to  the  seaboard  at  s  disorimiDatioo  in  their  favor  of  M 
least  three  1o  one  aa  compared  with  tlte  tliipmcDtfl  by  merehuiu. 
manafactnreni,  and  others.  But  Aa  without  this  coneoMion  the  fanatr 
would  havo  no  market  for  the  gr<uttvr  part  of  hia  c-mp,  otul  m  H 
cheaiM-na  the  cost  to  consamerB  of  the  staff  nf  life,  it  ia,  though  a  div 
crimination,  a  subject  of  no  complaint.  *l*he  same  remark  appltot  la 
dealers  in  coal,  lumber,  potroleoin,  and  all  other  things  produc-e'l  and 
conaumcxl  in  targv  ^uiuitiliM. 

But  uueh  raw*  nhould  be  oynrZi  to  all  nndor  similar  eirt-nmstaDcci; 
they  can  not  fairly  be  affected  by  the  p<T»onatity.  Wb<*ro  (be  cj^ 
cumstances  of  situation,  kind,  and  quantity  arc  the  iomc,  to  give  Iowyt 
rat«s  to  one  pereon  than  to  another  is,  in  most  States,  illegal  m  wi'II  v 
oitjust.  It  tend^  by  preventing  compelition  in  trade,  to  mainuiii 
prices,  and  so  to  limit  coiuumption  and  rciitrict  traifie — a  revolt  dt- 
rcctly  op]>o»cd  to  tbc  cliiuf  end  for  which  all  railroad  managers  an 
striving.  I  can  conceive  of  no  eB««  in  which  a  railroad  tronld  grwl 
one  shipper  privileges  not  accorded  to  anotlicr  where  the  cireumstancfs 
of  the  trafBc  were  the  same,  except  it  were  aa  a  gift  and  not  in  the  lis* 
of  a  business  policy  ;  tbat  is  to  say,  the  advantage  given  would  \>»  *l 
the  cxpengc  of  the  railroad. 

In  the  transportation  of  paccengen,  however,  differential  reMsn 
made  which  more  nearly  approach  a  discrimiuatioD  aa  to  p«n>Ma 
Yet,  in  this  case  loo  we  will  6iid  that  the  different  rates  ore  canwd  1*7 
a  difference  in  the  traffic,  and  that,  under  like  circnroslanivs,  ram  lo 
all  are  alike.  With  pasBcngers.  a  discrimination  based  on  the  volumr 
of  the  trsfBc  resnlts  in  the  excnrKion  ratns  round-trip  tickets,  romviD- 
tation,  season,  and  one  thousand-mile  tickets,  and  the  like,  familitrK' 
all.  For  InHt-iitec,  in  C.ilifoniia,  from  San  Francisco  (o  AlaiooK 
Oakland,  or  Berkeley,  a  distance  In  each  cau!  of  aboni  ten  mtlca.  tk 
passenger  may  buy  a  trip-ticket  for  fifteen  cents,  a  roa»d-tdp  tickn 
for  twenty-five  c«nt8,  and  a  sixty-ride  ticket  for  three  dollars,  or  m' 
the  rate  of  five  cenl«  a  trip.  The  rale  per  mile  would  be.  In  lh«  *v 
eral  ca«cM,  a  cent  and  a  half,  a  cent  and  a  quarter,  and  half  a  rent  fc 
spectivcly.  Though  here  is  a  discrimination,  in  lW  prfJiHtrtioB  H 
three  to  one,  yet  its  fain>c«s  is  not  only  |>opnlar1y  ooncdled,  bat  th* 
Constitution  of  the  Hlate  especially  providea  that  "cicuraioa  M^ 
commutation  tickets  may  be  issoed  at  spMial  rslee  "  The  qncatloa. 
08  popularly  put,  hero  arUee,  "  On  the  ground  of  falniewi,  why  abovld 
one  person  in  the  same  train,  botwoeo  tjic  same  polnta,  pay  three  linu 


\ 


4 


mSCRIMINATIO^  I2f  RAILWAY  RATBS. 


♦99 


iBoh  fare  as  another  ?  "  Tlie  highmt  of  cbeso  Uam  *  omt  and  a 
a  mile— Lt  mach  tower  iban  tlic  arorago  rate  of  faro  ebargcd  ia 
TTiut^d  Slates  or  on  the  remaiDiog  portiooa  of  the  Kanie  road.  It  is 
ainly  not,  then,  aDreasanably  bigb.  But  the  reason  it  ia  lower 
ill  the  average  of  case*  ia  that  the  ordinary  traffic  botwe«n  tbe 
ts  in  qaestion,  vxclutlin;^  that  at  i<]>cci:il  ratoe,  and  tbo  po«s«bilitie« 
ice  dcvolDpmt'nt,  nru  KutKacnt  to  warrant  it.  An  to  tho  traflio  nar- 
at  the  apeciiil  nUc«,  it  coubl  n«<  bv  obtained  without  tb«  itpcdal 
M.  And,  the  road  being  built  and  th«  traina  ninning,  the 
tnfie  may  be  carried  at  a  fraction  of  the  arerago  rate  of  co!<t 
(he  tfAo/c.  There  is  thus  a  profit  under  the  cirenmswntes  on  this 
at  the  special  rates  ;  and,  as  it  is  developed  and  increased  by 
MiHMesions  moila  in  it«  favor,  it  belpa  to  pay  moro  and  more  of  the 
expcntiM  which  were  tn  forc«  bfforo  ltd  exivtroee,  and  m  by  rv 
ing  ibc  regular  traffic  of  a  portion  of  ibi  bunk-n  of  ex|>cnn  makea 
ibie  abo  a  reduction  in  ita  rates.  The  reason  for  the  di&crimina- 
,  then,  results  from  its  necessity  to  secure  the  traffic  ;  the  ramtnon 
in  all  cases  of  lawful  and  fair  discriminatioD.  If,  by  an  oqnali- 
ion  of  thrso  mtex,  their  averages  were  iiRtnhli«h(.t]  a»  the  rate  for 
whole,  tbo  daily  {toMiMiger  who  now  pays  ten  ct-nu  a  day  for  bis 
from  bis  home  to  bis  place  of  business  in  the  city  and  return 
Id  then  he  compelled  to  pay  twenty-two  cents.  It  is  certain  that 
,fae  greater  number  of  cases  he  would  not  do  this.  Now,  with  this 
rbao  traffic,  as  with  all  other  traffic,  the  ratiw  deoreaae  as  the  vol- 
increuaos— other  thing*  being  c(ju:J— and,  as  the  rate  of  expenses 
paMflDger  also  decrcuiMH  under  tbo  raroo  conditions,  the  diffcren- 
ratea  are  Justified  on  the  ground  of  the  cost  of  the  wrvioe^  t»  well  u 
tbo  necessity  of  the  traffic.  The  very  much  greater  (tonkin  of  the 
lurban  traffic  Is  from  the  passengers  who  travel  daily,  a  much  smaUer 
ion  from  those  who  purchase  round-trip  tickets,  and  the  remainder 
those  who  maka  an  oocastonat  oinglo  trip.  Tho  rates  are  thus 
rsely  to  ihu  volntno  of  the  traffic  The  higlu'st  rate  i*  paid  by 
who  pay  very  few  farr»,  and  the  lowest  by  those  who  pay  llio 
number.  This  is  a  dietribntjoa  of  the  burden  of  the  expense 
lb  causes  it  to  be  fdt  the  IcaM  ;'and  it  rcf^nlts  in  giving  tl>e 
lefit  in  tho  fnn^  to  those  who  by  incrciwing  the  traffic  caose  tlw 
notion  in  the  rate  of  expense. 

Tbst  the  suburban  pasM-nger  traffic  (brougbout  tbeTTulted  Slatc« 
arricd  at  lower  rates  than  any  other  is  a  familiar  fact,  ex|)laiui-d 
Ibo  possibility  of  development  and  justified  br  Its  mach  greater 
ame,  which  is  an'ompanicd  by  a  lower  rate  of  cost  per  passenger. 
ere  ibe  voluno  of  the  trsffie  is  Icvs,  the  rate  and  the  cott  per  pos- 
ter arw  alike  greater.  This  rule  holds  good  throughout,  other 
gs  of  cDurse  being  equal.  In  the  minority  report  of  the  Itailroad 
imission  of  California  for  1988  {pp.  137-140),  which  is  extremely 
:ilo  to  the  railroads  of  that  State,  it  appears  that  the  lowest  pas 


JOO 


THE  POPULAR   SCIEXCE  ifOSTIfLr. 


wnger  rat«s  exiit  vb«re  there  is  the  greatest  tntffio,  and  tbttt  ■*  Wvmd 
all  tJte  thickly  Hculed  portions  of  the  Slate  "  the  nUee  are  ooaaidtf^j 
lower  than  I'rcHcribed  by  the  orders  of  the  com  mission  ere.  An  if- 
petKled  talil«  iu  lb©  same  repon  nhowa  thul  during  iho  year  IS«1  lU 
principal  railroad  company  in  tho  Stata  bad  forty-«ix  atationi  Iton 
which  no  paMCDgcn  w«re  carried,  aixty-twu  from  whieb  i)i«  iuij 
av«ng:e  was  from  one  paMenger  eaeb  two  daya  to  one  iu  thirty  ilkyt, 
and  tliL-re  wero  forty  stations  to  which  no  tickets  were  aohl.  Il  it 
thuMO  cuNcs,  thfl  report  explains,  that  tho  highest  nUs  prevail. 

It  tbus  appears  that  tlui  discriminations  which  may  be  fairly  eii 
claed  as  to  iwrAoaa  are  not  affectol  by  the  p«r»onality,  but  by  tbt 
traffic.     ]>ike  rates  under  like  cireumslaoces  to  all  U  certainly  the 
common  rule  in  experience,  and  in  nearly  every  Slate  any  violatian 
of  this  is  properly  prohibited  by  law.     The  railroad  takes  no  co| 
sance  of  the  per*on,  bnt  exort«  all  ita  eSorta  toward  dorelupinp 
tnffio.     The  paHseugcr  who  pays  a  oeot  and  a  half  per  milv  for 
Bingle-trip  ticket  may,  if  ho  ohooaeo,  bay  a  stxty-rjde  ticket  at  m 
third  that  rate.    Tbo  poaaibiUty  of  deralopment  depends  npon 
iaiion  ;  it  is  grc-at<«l  between  groat  citios  and  tbeir  suburbs,  and  li 
in  the  Kpumcly  »cttli'd  pluns  and  mountains  of  the  Wei^t. 

The  disori  mi  nations  which  are  popularly  supposed  lo  favor  itcrsAii 
in  tho  transportation  of  freight,  it  will  appear,  are  in  a  siuiiiar  ws; 
caused  by  the  traffic,  and  not  by  the  person.    Some  of  tbeso  de])eR<i 
on  the  difference  between  things,  the  remainder  upon  the  diffemiM* 
in  the  situation  of  places. 

S.  TumoB. — ^Tbere  are  some  diacrimtnations  between  things,  tht 
justice  of  which  will  at  onoe  be  recognized,  as  there  is  an  obvious  diltt^ 
«nce  betwi-on  thorn.  Light  and  bulky  articles  occupying  an  unusutl 
amount  of  space  idiould,  if  charged  by  weight)  be  charged  at  a  hlghrr 
rate  than  more  compact  ibinga  ;  fragilv  articles  involve  a  greater  lof* 
to  the  railroad  from  breakage,  which  onti^ls  a  gn?ater  avenge  MSl  is 
their  transportation  ;  and  valuable  commoditiea  being  men'  frvjucnt!* 
stolen,  and  as  frc<)uenlly  lost,  entail  an  extra  rate  to  covur  tho  iniui* 
ance  while  iu  transit  which  is  assumed  by  the  oarrier.  But,  asitlt 
from  these  obvious  differences  of  bulk  and  value,  which  ju'iify  ■ 
difference  In  rates,  there  are  other  diNcriminaltons  between  lhin[i 
which  will  be  found  to  be  chiefly  based  on  the  volume  of  the  Iralbc 
and  the  possibility  of  its  development. 

On  examination  we  will  find  that  the  discrimination  in  tboae  cut* 
also  is  justified  by  a  difTereiKO  tn  the  cost  of  the  service.  Large  iiasii' 
titim  are  moved  nt  a  lower  rat*  of  cost  per  tun  (kt  milw  Uiaa  sn 
smaller  <iuanti(i«i.  A  ear  fully  loaded  to  nn«  consignee  la  carried  al  s 
great  advantage  over  the  same  car  partially  loadt^  with  small  ship- 
meats  to  varions  persons  ;  and  Iniin-loadii  running  through  with  finia 
or  coal,  it  will  readily  be  seen,  may  be  carried  onJ  handlml  at  a  lo 
rate  per  ton  per  mile  than  Ahipmenu  aggntgaling  an  equal 


iii*^ 


DISCRIMINATION  Ilf  RAIL  WAY  SATES. 


SOI 


ritched  off  at  vunoas  points  xaA  consigned  to  variotu  parties.  The 
Coinmie«ion?rs  of  ItiiilroadH  of  MASttAcbiisetts,  in  oonsideriof;  a  com- 
iilnint  which  wu  miulo  on  tbiM  gruni>il  of  dUoriminution,  not  only  jus- 
tify tbo  principle  of  qiuntlty  in  rv^lixiing  nit««,  but  »&rm  tbut  nnj 
utlicr  nile  would  be  anJusL  "  One  fact  exuta,"  th«y  tay,  in  reviewing 
a  ease, "  wbich  f nrRisht>8  stron;;  f^round  for  crilidsm  on  tbe  rates  wbiob 
are  tbe  subject  of  compliiint.  Ttiu  lU»ton  and  Albany  does  not  eotab- 
lish  a  lower  ntv  for  eargoca  or  largo  qnantitin  tluui  those  fii«d  for 
cardoadN.  .  ,  .  The  other  great  roadit  of  the  State  do  have  one  n.U) 
fur  car-loads  and  another  and  lower  rate  for  cargoca,  or  for  some  large 
amonnt,  generally  fixed  at  one  hundred  tuns,  'llie  prinoijile  on  which 
Ibis  difference  re«ts  is  fonndc<)  on  common  sense,  and  is  well  recog- 
nix«d  in  railrow)  law;  and  it  is  rocogniEod  by  tJie  managers  of  the 
Boston  and  Albany  Railroad  in  some  other  brancliej<  of  traffic.  Whole- 
■atit  tr«nM0tiona  furnish  a  rc«8onah)e  ground  for  a  rtilueiion  of  raliM ; 
and,  aa  tlie  car-load  rates  of  tbe  Uosion  and  Albany  mnat  be  held  aa 
against  that  eompany  to  be  reasonable  as  cai^lu«d  rales,  it  follows  (hat 
M  cargo  rates  they  are  unreasonable."  *  This  opinion  is  affirmed  by 
tbe  same  company  in  their  rc]>ort  for  the  year  following,  when  in  re- 
ferring to  tbe  first  ciwo  they  uny,  "The  meaning  of  the  opinion  vita, 
that  it  wu  reasonable  to  fix  a  lower  rate  for  large  quantities  than  for 
lingte  oordoada."  \  The  principle  here  applied  to  cargoes  and  car- 
loid«  U  generally  applied  to  car-loads  as  oompared  to  smaller  qitanti- 
llss,  and  as  the  "  car-load  rate,"  though  lower  than  tbe  rate  for  smaller 
qtiftntities,  has  been  genornlly  approved,  it  amounts  also  to  an  approval 
of  tbe  principle  of  lower  ratca  for  larger  quantitiee. 

The  diffcrcDOO  in  ratw  on  the  «jim«  thing  jiistjticd  in  the  di(Ii'r<'nee 
in  quantity  ih  generally  ehargitd  by  tliose  shipping  in  small  qnuntiliea 
to  be  a  ditcri  mi  nation  against  them  as  indiriduals,  and  so  as  unjust. 
But  we  find  a  denial  of  this  in  the  fact  that  the  rule  affects  more  fre- 
qaontly  thingi  which  are  shipped  in  largo  quantities  than  pertont  who 
ship  lar;ce  quantities  of  the  same  thing.  Grain,  provisions,  and  coal 
asually  fonn  tbe  largest  items  of  tonnage  and  have  the  lowest  rates, 
and  it  is  In  faror  of  tbese  things  that  the  greatest  discriminations  are 
nado.  To  deny  the  fairness  of  the  principle  would  require  not  only 
that  the  various  quantities  should  nil  tnke  lue  i>amo  rate,  but  that 
things  themselves  should  take  the  rates  charged  on  other  simitar  things 
wbtoh  are  sbippM  in  wmaller  qunntiry.  This  Is  a  result  which  some 
1i««iipa|H-ni  and  potiticiimit  imagine  would  be  beoefioial ;  for  instance, 
I  reawl  in  n  daily  |>apor  tlint  it  is  an  "outraire"  tbat  wheat  is  carried 

am  the  Inti-rior  to  San  Francisco  at  a  lower  rate  than  castor-beans. 

It  il  is  a  result  which,  in  tbe  opinion  of  the  Railroad  CommiMionen 

I  UafsscliaMttt. "  would  work  mioehicf  in  some  eediona,  would  divert 

tbe  Stale,  ivanlvKe  industry,  drive  away  capital,  and 

interest — lal 


great 


'1 


Bcpon,-  1S8I,  p.  sil      t "  nopon,-  IStt,  p.  100.      %» fUpon,"  xwt,  p.  IS. 


50* 


TBB  POPULAR   SCIEXCE  MOSTHLT, 


( 


Tb«  «ffoet  of  free  sompetilion  in  trade  is  to  bring  tb«  groMit  m-_ 
peliUoD  to  b«Hr  on  tiio»e  things  in  which  there  is  tbo  greAtnt  lnd«J 
Thus,  l)i«re  is  the  smallest  margin  of  profit  over  tbe  cost  or  (ovdnctiou 
on  tho  Dcceaitaries  of  life,  the  noit  KinalliMt  on  tlio  contmoB  oomfortifl 
sn«l  the  largest  on  the  laxune«.  ThtK  vfTvcl  u  not  raufed  b3r  any  ili--  ' 
ugii  OD  Um;  part  of  traiim  uor  fruu  any  beneficent  leguJation  on  Uic 
part  of  iMUticiaoa.  It  re^nlta  from  the  operation  of  nalural  laws  of 
trade.  The  operations  of  the  eame  laws  prodntTe  the  ssnne  effect  ra 
th«  rates  of  traosportation.  We  find,  M  a  nile,  the  lowest  nXti  on 
coal,  wood,  petroleam,  iron,  Inmbcr,  etc ;  the  next  lowest  on  6our, 
grain,  pFOVLiionii,  «tc. ;  we  then  hsTC  boota  and  »bo4!ti,  cotton  and 
woolen  goods,  clothing,  etc. ;  and  then  a  varying  list  of  inorc  mrIIt 
or  perishable  articles  and  Inxnries  which  are  oonsamed  in  decTeaiing 
quantities.  All  tlic  natural  f urcvn  of  competition  which  tend  to  rvda<?« 
th«  rates  of  trui»i|>onalion  co-operate  in  producing  this  dttcriminatioa 
in  thingo  which  are  moved  in  tbe  largest  qaantiUes,  and  which  arc  of 
coone,  consumed  in  tho  largest  unovnts.  The  aim  of  (he  railrwJ 
tnan^^r  is  to  sconre  the  traffic.  To  do  thin  be  mnst  make  lover  nttf 
on  cheap  commodities,  witli  ibuoe  thing*  which  oomjiri^c  (he  ncccKi- 
riea  of  life.  It  rcimlts  in  diatribuling  the  charges  fur  truni(|>onati»<> 
where  they  are  mo«l  easily  borne.  Not  only  Ho  the  nrrnniarirt  bnvc 
tbe  lowest  rates  and  the  Inzaries  the  bighcct,  but  tbe  niircwiricii  om>- 
aomcd  in  tbe  largest  qnantities  have  lower  rate*  than  those  conmMd 
in  ssaalbrr  <[u:mtilici<L  W<.' con«ume  more  fuel  than  broad,  anil  mort 
food  than  clothing,  wliik-  the  rates  of  tranajMitation  follow  tbe  oppo- 
dt«  order. 

This  discrimination,  though  in  favor  of  the  necefiuuies  and  com' 
nkon  comforts  of  life,  is  none  the  Icm  a  discrimination.  It  acWdljr 
Ksnlts  in  favoring  classes.  Tli«sc  who  coitxumc  btit  the  necceiann 
the  daydabort^rs,  are  tho  mmt  iM-iM-fiivd  ;  the  artisans  who  ooi»me,iB 
addition  to  the  neoessariesi,  many  of  tbe  comforts,  the  next ;  and  so  so 
as  higher  wages  provide  more  of  (he  comforts,  and  these  merge  into 
the  lnzurie«.  I!ut  the  objection  is  frequenlly  raised  that  tbe  tilings 
having  the  lower  rates  arc  favored  at  the  erpenae  ^thc  things  reqiiifp' 
to  [Miy  the  higher  rales.  That  arlidest  at  low  rales  should  be  camol 
at  the  expense  of  things  charged  higher  rates  implie.i  of  nraesKity  UiX 
the  lower  ratt-s  are  below  the  cost,  that  the  service  is  performed  bj  (l* 
railroad  at  a  lose.  If  the  low-rale  traffic  is  not  carried  at  a  loss — if  (!>' 
pro6t  be  ever  to  nnall — it  can  not,  of  counts,  be  at  the  expense  of  tbt 
things  paying  higher  rates.  That  the  rulroad  should  knowingly  f^ 
form  any  part  of  its  service  at  a  less  is  an  absurdity,  unlnw  it  bt  ■ 
case  of  nourishing  an  infant  industry,  where  a  temporary  loss  i*  i>>- 
cuiTcd  to  secure  a  future  gain,  lliose,  indeed,  who  have  been  vM^ 
forward  in  charging  apon  tho  railroads  the  fault  of  carrying  part  of 
their  traffic  at  the  eTpenne  of  another  {lart,  would  bo  tbe  last  to  aMrt 
that  tbe  railroa^Is  are  in  the  habit  of  doing  a  oonsiderabl«  part  of  Uk^ 


J 


W  WTfto  I 


DJSCUJMiySTlON  IN  RAtLWAY  liATSS. 


S03 


WTfice  l>e]ow  oosL  This  charge  is  so  freqaently  made,  and  the  facta 
•re  BO  commonlj'  nusundorsUKKl,  tb«t  tbe  subject  deserree  U>  be  fol- 
lowed further. 

Wo  are  for  llic  pre»eut  oontiidering  only  ihe  discrimination  between 
thinffs  as  determining  tlie  rate  of  tbeir  transportation.  I)  Ucri  mi  nations 
from  other  caiueB  do  not  change  this  resolt  Competition  hj  other 
lines  between  tbu  roine  point*,  or  to  tin  awne  market,  prodaocs  a  gen- 
rodiiotion  in  rates,  but  tlieru  remains  t))c  iiami-  ini-qiiuUty  in  tbo 

.ionlar  tbiiigH  shipped.  Tlie  lowem  ram  will  W.  given  on  tb« 
■taple  prcltiota  of  tbe  coontry  which  ani  moved  In  the  largeat  qtian- 
titioa  and  higher  rates  on  merchandise  shipped  in  sroaller  consignmenta. 
For  instancp,  tbe  cliief  products  of  tlie  West — grain,  proyisiona,  and 
floor — arc  shipped  to  the  aoaboard  for  about  one  half  the  rate  charged 
on  miscellaneoiu  mcrchaudiav.  And  this  is  the  same,  whether  tba 
route  bo  by  lake,  catial,  or  any  of  tbe  varioua  lino  of  rail. 

Oni!  of  tbe  natural  principles  of  regulating  rateo  wliicli  baa  been 
mentioned  is  the  power  possessed  by  the  railroad  of  increasing  its  net 
Income  by  increasing  its  traflto  at  lower  rates.  I'hts  follows  from  tha 
fact  that  a  large  portion  of  tlic  oxpenseis  are  lixed — are  not  changed  by 
the  incraue  or  decreajie  of  traffic ;  so  t]>ut  an  angmentod  traffio  adds  to 
but  a  portion  of  tbe  expenses  of  lh«  roAda— to  tlin.«c  not  fixed.  Thfl 
avcragorate  of  cost  per  Ion  per  mile  thus  dccrea)>e!:i,olber  things  eqaal, 
•a  tl>e  traffic  increases.  Tbta  result  will  appear  more  definite  by  the  use 
of  flgnrea.  llie  censas  for  1880  *  shows  that  tbo  annual  interest,  main- 
tenance, am)  operation  cbarj^i-s  paM  at  that  time  by  tbo  railroads  of 
the  United  States,  amounted  to  about  tlie  sum  of  (^3,000,000,  classi- 
fied as  follows : 


I 


Amoau. 

VrtmSL 

fIS'f.n'l.Sltit 
b9.a«l,0»4 

H,B9n,M0 

84*0 

11-0 

lA-S 

llVl 

IS'I 

lS-1 

•Mi,aBO.;os 

1000 

It  appean  from  these  figures  that  tbe  fixed  oxpensm  of  tbe  average 
.  in  tbe  United  States,  which  are  a  necessary  cbarg«  on  what- 
'  tntfflo  ia  carried,  are : 

I.  IiiMmM SI-SiwroeM. 

S,  Ocmm)  npraiH,  laiM,«te ll-O  "      ■* 

a.  lUlnKmSDM  of  war tS'S   "      - 

4.  A  portion  o(  (be  muiiMMncii  el  rolliBg^lock,  whioh,  It  we  as- 

mam  to  be  one  half,  will  b« ■■(«  "     •• 

HtUngs  total  of H.40*      •• 

•  Tol,  IT,  "  Tranapoctaiion.' 

f  Bj  adiUif  iHf  ideodt  l>al<l.  lh»  IImm  et  InUnat  would  bo  totuidfnblj  InonaaMl,  rIt. 
Idh  a  Ur^  pnmUage  M  U«  llied  fspeuea  and  a  unaller  to  be  affuMed  b^  tnJBct  but. 


so*  TBE  POPULAR   SClSyCE  MOXTftLT. 

On  the  oth^r  linnd,  wc  have  th«  rcmuDiog  items  vhicb  arc  directlj 
alTc«tf<l  h}'  and  vnry  with  the  |»anicular  kind  or  quantity  of  the  Xn&a, 

COndactlBE  trannporlBlioa I6'Spcr«teL 

Hotlrcpomv ISa   ■•      " 

Am]  «7  crtM  half  natntfrntiir  nf  roUlaf^iock tM*'      " 

H  KaluDK  ■  tutal  <<[. n-Aft" 

AVe  may  my  in  very  general  tcrmit,  but  which  are  aafficieoUy  sc 
curate  to  illuHtrato  the  principle,  that  66*45,  or  say  two  thirds,  of  the 
cxpeDscs  of  the  railroad  arc  unaffected,  or  aSectod  in  a  slight  deftw, 
by  the  quantity  of  the  trafltc  With  one  train  or  ten  trains  a  day  two 
thirds  of  the  vipini)H>s  would  rcmsin  without  great  change.  By  the 
inorcMe  of  traffic  tbe  reinaJuing  oiio  third  of  tho  rxpcoMS  would  be 
increased,  though  still  not  in  proportion  to  the  increase  of  Iradfic— « 
it  costs  no  more  for  tbe  wages  of  train-men,  for  instance,  whether  tbt 
cars  are  batf-empty  or  all  loaded  to  their  full  capacity. 

An  Mtahlisbcd  traffic,  then,  whii?h  at  the  rate  of  one  cent  per  too 
per  mile  would  pay  all  expcnees,  iDclndiog  interest  on  the  inveftirn'Ol, 
might  bv  increased  in  volnme  with  an  increased  cost  of  but  oav  ihiid 
of  one  cent  per  ion  per  mile.  All  tn  excess  of  that  wim  would  be  s 
profit  to  tlie  coni|>aiiy.  So  a  lower  cXoha  of  freight  at  a  rate  of  one 
half  a  cent,  instead  of  being  carried  at  a  loss,  or  at  the  expense  of  the 
oiiginally  establiflied  traffic,  would  not  only  pay  the  additional  ei- 
pwiM  incurred  in  its  transportation  of  ono  third  of  a  cent,  but  a  profit 
ahto  of  one  gixth  of  a  cent  per  ton  per  mile.  Tliis  smidl  rale  of  profit 
mnltipItKi]  )iy  many  tons  may  become  a  grcatvr  taxm  than  the  hi|(hcT 
rate  applied  to  itH  smaller  tonnage.  So  it  comes  to  pay  a  great  part  o( 
the  fixed  expensen,  and  by  relieving  the  higher-rate  traffic  of  a  portion  o( 
that  burden  allows  reductions  in  the  rates  charged  on  that  traffic  whirh 
theretofore  were  not  possible.  The  process  continues  indefinitely- 
TrafGo  formerly  at  higher  rates  is  then  stimulated  by  lower  rale*,  with 
tbe  hope  of  increasing  its  volume,  »iid  so  of  tltu  net  amonnt  of  profit  b 
its  carriage.  Xcw  imluKtrics  become  possible  wfaeTC  tbe  former  cost  of 
the  service  on  the  movement  of  their  products  precluded  their  tran*- 
pitrtation.  The  principle  which  in  the  commencement  led  to  a  di»- 
crimination  in  favor  of  certain  staple  commodities,  in  tbe  end  results  b 
reducing  the  rates  on  nearly  or  quite  all  articles  composing  the  tnffie. 

The  propoxition,  therefore,  thai  tlie  trAi)«[ior1ation  of  things  it 
lower  rates  is  carried  at  the  expense  of  things  at  higher  rates,  thon^ 
fair  in  sound,  is  false  in  fact.  The  error  is  in  tbe  assumption  that  ill 
traffic  is  alike,  that  it  is  the  same  kind,  quantity,  and  value.  Reman 
theio  clement.*,  a.nd  the  proposition  becomes  a  tnusm.  Itemore  tlMlll< 
too,  and  the  di.tcr!  mi  nation  dlsappean.     Or,  if  not,  tttcre  being  no  dif* 

••  (hcM  fljpirw  sM  at  beat  but  ■pproiiniat«,  tW  principle  of  tbe  UlcMntioa  i*  Mt  tf- 
(ccUd,  wlwlher  »aj iHi^uUK#>aMOt  loss. 


I 

I 


I 


DJSCRiJiiiXArroy  in  railway  ratbs. 


S05 


ic«  In  tlio  tmffic,  tli«  dUcriminatioii  bccomM  tben  najflit.    The 

7  of  lli«  propotition  hgvids  not  to  bare  bvcn  dincovcrod  by  many 

ItaT«  been  promiiiont  in  diManing  tbe  question  of  ibc  regulation 

nuIroAd  rates.     I  mean  tboae  who  bave  taken  a  political  rather 

lan  an  economic  view  of  ibe  subject.     Following  a  Bimilar  kind  of 

•sonin^f,  they  have  deduced  the  tinrcasonikbIeDe«s  of  bigber  rates 

om  the  exiittoDcfi  of  \ovm  nit«^     "  As,''  ibcy  uiy,  "  ratCH  on  grain, 

',  or  oth«r  tbinf^  carried  at  low  rales,  being  voluntarily  Rxed  )iy 

carrier,  aro  presumably  fair.  It  follows  that  raU'S  not  so  low  uro 

'•Ir."    Here,  again,  the  tralfio  in  eonocJYod  of  as  a  meiiUO  abatnux 

wfaioh  admita  of  uo  divifion  or  degree  ;  it  is  always  trafflt^-tbat 

always  the  same ;   while,  as  a  matter  of  fact,  there  is  a  much 

,t«r  difference  in  the  things  than  in  the  discrimi nation.    For,  prae- 

ly,  instvad  of  a  refined  elftssificatioo,  takint;  into  account  all  dif- 

!ncc«  of  value,  bulk,  quantity,  or  d<^'«lrtictit<ilily,  thiiigx  irbieh  arc 

ilar  in  these  reepeoto,  though  not  tb«  lame,  are  grouped  together 

s  single  cloM. 

Th«  enfore«ment  of  uniform  rates  on  all  ibe  traffic  of  a  railroad 

■Idng  a  diffcTonco  only  for  bulky  and  perishable  articles)  is  ia  prao- 

B  a  thing  of  the  past,  (hough  with  jtoliticians  it  is  still  prcaobed. 

bus,  whereTor  tried,  beeu  found  not  only  wanting,  but  destructive. 

I  Belgium,  as  most  of  the  railroads  were  owned  and  o]>crated  by  (he 

»|e,  the  uniform   rate  theory  was  naturally  adopted,  as  upon  the 

|e  It  seemed  to  be  the  fairest  plan.    The  effect  was  the  restriction 

traffic  and  tlio  oppre«sion  of  commerce.     Af(«r  thin  system  bad 

»i  some  time  tried,  however,  the  cause  of  the  restriction  waq  seen  to 

the  lack  of  discrimination  in  things,  baelng  the  rstos  upon  bulk, 

Ighl,  and  deslmctibility  only,  and  ignoring  (ho  fumlamont.-il  prin* 

le-~-the  value  of  the  service. 

The  result  of  this  experience  Ls  thus  stated  by  th<!  Commissioners 
Railroads  of  Massachusetts  ; 

"  In  1S56,  in  spit«  of  a  considerable  increase  in  the  miles  of  railroad 

porked,  the  freight  movement  of  the  Belgian  railroads  was  found  to 

^re  seriously  decrcoMd.     Instead  of  making  good  tlio  deficiency  In 

leipto  by  increase^I  rates  on  existing  buidneta,  the  ad  minimi  ration 

tJ>e  emergency  by  acoepling  all  traffic  that  offered,  at  greatly  re- 

d  special  rates.     This  policy  succeeded  »o  well  that,  in  1881,  the 

cipto  WON  adopteil  as  regards  minerals  and  raw  materials  of  a 

tor  low  scale  of  chargM,  with  a  reduction  according  (o  distance. 

is  resulted   In  thi*  following  year  in  an  increase  of  Tl  ^•■c  w-nt 

thu  tonnag«  of  this  cIoim  of  goods.    In  1802  the  principle  was  ex- 

ndcd  to  gooda  of  the  next  clasf,  with  similar  residts.     In   1804 

ghta  were  reclassified  and  the  new  principle  applied  to  all  except 

first  class,  or  small  parcels  which  in  this  connlry  are  knonm  as  ex- 

natt«r,    Tlie  result  was  summed  up  by  the  Minister  of  Puhlio 

irks  as  follows  :  '  In  eight  years,  between  186&-'64,  the  charges  on 


S06 


THE  POPULAR  HCIESCB  MOXTBtr. 


goods  liavM  l>eeD  lowered,  on  an  Av«ra(^,  by  3d  per  cent ;  the  jnUir 
liave  Rent  2,700,000  tons  more  ftoods,  wliik*  thcj-  have  u-tonlly  ntnl 
more  tban  14,000,000  on  th«  cost  of  carrUgi-,  »ud  the  pubUo  tNMin 
lira  wmK-d  an  incronsod  not  profit  of  ll.lIiO,000.*  A  fonJirr  rcdnctim. 
tnadi.-  MuW'c|uentl5  to  tbis  atatwnnDt  In  1804,  nxccMU-f)  ^tpii  thnc  » 
nullH,  and  under  it  Lho  tonnage  rose  from  4,170,000  ions  in  le<Uiv 
8,533,000  tons  in  [804."  • 

Id  this  conotry,  »n  extnct  from  tli«  report  of  tbo  nilrtutl 
iniuOQW*  of  u  Hingle  Stale  witl  illuetnte  tlic  common  exjn  ricnai 
th«  operation  of  the  principle  of  discrimination  in  lliingft.  Tlio  Cm* 
mit^oacra  of  Railroad*  for  Alabama  tell  uh  :  "  A  provtEo  of  llic  fim 
section  of  the  act  to  provide  for  the  regubtion  of  railroad  f^omptun 
andpoTMos  operating  railroads  io  ihia  8utp,  approved  I'cbrnar^  at, 
188],  provides :  'That  nothing  in  this  act  sball  In' r^matnicil  to  pn' 
vent  oontracu  for  special  rates  for  the  p»r[KW«  of  developing  any  tn- 
daatrial  ent«rpru>e«,  or  to  prevent  tbc  exi-ctition  of  any  smUi  cmUvl 
uonr  existing.'  Whether  in  pursuanoe  of  lav,  or  for  tlie  ileveloixaciil 
of  their  O'rn  business,  it  la  usual  for  such  railroad  companiM  to  ooa- 
cede  such 'E]>ccial  rates*  to  these  '  industrial  enterprise* *  for  tha  pv 
pose  of  developing  and  building  U>om  np,  snoh  as  factories,  nilns*,  Ins- 
ber-inilln,  flouring  and  grist  mills,  gait  eom panics,  water-works,  and  otluT 
*  industrial  enK^rpriM'w.'  TI>cAe  'induHtrial  eDierprises,'  as  w«  ban 
stated,  have  Itiese  fl|tecial  rates  coneeded  to  them  very  goiioralty  in  Ibe 
different  States  of  the  American  Union.  Tbe  products  of  tbc  blKT 
and  skill  of  these  'industrial  enterprises'  are  in  many  instancvs  Inn*- 
porlvd  to  distant  markets,  and  the  enterprises  themwlves  an  cnsleJ 
for  tltc  piirposv  of  such  competition,  ^'here  this  is  the  emv,  enlfT 
prises  of  this  dvHeription  in  Alabara*  would  not  eater  ioiti  tills  ooin- 
petition  vrith  tbo<»e  of  other  States  unleu  put  opoa  an  equal  fonlisf; 
with  them  as  ift  done  by  tbeM  '  speolal  rates ' ;  nor  could  they  maintsii 
their  bnsinees  in  competition  with  those  of  other  States  in  the  abttan 
of  such  *  special  rates.'  And  vhere  these  'industrial  enierprisn' do 
not  enter  into  tbe  conapctittou  in  other  f^tatcs— many  of  them  d4  la 
Alabama — and  in  the  abKcncv  of  i<ncli  'spM>iiil  rntcV  they  would  ■•( 
be  on  equal  footing  to  compete  even  in  this  State  with  enterpriMier* 
similar  chnracler  in  other  States,  but  doing  bosiness  in  Alabama.  An^  I 
in  this  class  of  these  industrial  ent«rpriBeB  where  this  com  petit  ion  dcsi  I 
not  exist  at  all,  yet  they  furnish  employment  to  largrr  numln-n  t'  I 
persons,  and  eunfer  public  bcncHts  inbasinmu  upon  the  localities  wbc*  I 
tkey  exist.  It  will  thus  bo  seen  that  in  the  two  classes  of  tfaias  'i«-  I 
dustrial  enterprises*  first  above  named,  what  would  sccra  to  be, "  I 
those  not  familiar  with  the  faets,  a  epeeial  immnniiy  given  to  lli«« '"  I 
these 'special  rates,' and  not  accorded  to  the  puhlic  generallyili''  I 
fact,  nothing  mono  than  putting  them  on  anocjaal  fooling  with  nmili'  I 
enterprises  in  other  Stales,  and  enabling  them  to  fairly  compete  *"*  I 
'  "MMtsdhnism  Ripon,"  tSTo-'ll,  pp.  03,  u.  J 


ACCUiSATIZATlOS. 


so? 


» 


sncb  foreign  eoterpriH* ;  vhil^,  In  tl)«  Ibird  ola«»,  tlic  SUM  «kI  com- 
mnntty,  u  a  comidrnttioii  for  ihv  privilege  allowed,  receive  ft  benefit 
which  ij  gcnonil  i»i<l  pi-miaiu'iit.  Williout  aueh  'special  nt<«,'  f«w  of 
thcie  enterpriMiii  ooutd  be  maUe  profitable,  and  tbe  most  of  tbcm  notild 
have  to  be  abandoned.  We  Btat«  tbeee  facts,  for  such  tfafy  are,  and 
not  for  tbo  (tiirpoeo  of  entering  into  105  argnmi-nt  or  dcfvnM)  of  ibi: 
ayatcm.  We  found  Huch  '  i^iKx-iid  rates '  cxit>tiDg  bftween  tbe  railroatl 
cvinpantox  and  tbc*e  '  liiduntriul  (!nt<.-r|)ri)H.>n '  in  the  State  at  the  time 
we  entered  upon  our  duiii-H,  and  many  have  been  nftde  between  ihem 
ftinco  that  time.  We  bave  examined  tlieee  '  speuial  rates '  very  gCIH■1^ 
ally  and  particularly,  llie  railroad  companictt  biivo  fami»hod  them  to 
as  for  this  purpow.*.  We  think  ihnt  in  g«^'n«^'ral  tlicy  ntc  8u<th  as  are 
well  calculated  to  dcrolop  and  build  up  tht-JH'  'indiutlriul  (^nterpriiHM.' 
We  bave  examined  them  for  the  purpoiHt  of  ascertaining  whether  there 
waa  in  any  of  them  any  '  unjust  diaerituinalion,'  in  favor  of  any  and 
affuost  others  of  these  'industrial  enteq^riaes,'  and  thns  far  we  have 
diacorered  nothing  that  can  be  fairly  construed  to  come  within  this 
category.  Thoao  '  special  rates '  are,  of  course,  as  various  as  tbo  diffi^ 
ont  kiuda  of  businoM  to  which  they  relate.  Wo  have  notiAvd  the 
railroad  companies  tliat,  under  the  statute,  thoy  have  the  right  to 
jjnake  any  such  '  special  rates '  of  this  charaoter  a«  may  be  agreed  u{kiii 
by  them  and  any  of  these  'industrial  enterprises'  in  favor  of  one  and 
against  another,  and  tlicy  have  all  uniformly  adopted  the  same  view 
iif  tlii«  mailer.  They  are  matters  of  contract  in  every  instance,  and 
thervtfore  are  not  in  such  Hhagw  that  they  can  bo  tabulated  iu  tbid  re- 
port."* Tlie  number  of  thoM  pages  might  be  indefinitely  increased 
bj  additional  quotation*  from  ihe  nxpcrieoce  of  Europe  and  America, 
tllQsLrating  the  beneficial  oj>eration  of  the  principle  of  discrimination 
between  things  in  determining  the  rates  of  tran<i|)orlation.  Hut  enough 
baa  been  said  to  show  that  the  principle  iei  based  upon  commercial 
iMceMity,  and  that  imder  the  opoTstion  of  any  other  rule  the  railroad 
wotild  fall  far  nhort  alike  of  achieving  its  greatest  usefulness  to  its 
ns,  and  of  yielding  the  largest  profit  to  its  proprieton. 


I 


ACCLIMATIZATIOM.f 

Bt  Pswttw&s  EUDOLPn  VIHCnOW. 

rU  a  well-known  fact  that  Ibe  influence  of  a  strange  climate  upon 
the  emigrant,  however  little  the  new  medium  may  differ  from  llio 
mother-country  in  more  or  less  essential  qualities,  exhibits  itself  at 
fimt  In  a  kind  of  recrodescenoe  of  vigor,  vrhich,  however,  in  a  very 

•  "  AtllisiM  It«7>nrtf,''  lAtt,  p.  M. 

\  rRim  *a  adilttM  betora  tlw  CMgKa*  of  G«nun  NstmslidW  Md  PhT^hnaiii,  U 
SUMtiDtg.  UcpUfsber  Xt,  ISU. 


So8 


THE  POPULAR  SCIENCE  MONTHLY. 


\ 


sboTt  time,  •onicluDCB  sft«r  a  few  days,  gim  plnce  to  a  general  lu- 
gaor.  Day  a,  week*,  or  monlbs,  a«conling  to  tbe  dcgrm  of  bealtbfnl-  ■ 
n«as  of  tbe  place,  may  pass  brforo  the  organUm  i«  again  in  cquUibriuia ; 
and  this  fact  ia  so  gi-m-ially  ri-«ogiiuwtI  ihai  every  travcloT  exp««ta  it 
and  pn-parva  for  tl.  A  person  just  landed  in  a  distant  country  wo«U 
be  cbargc«ble  with  impradence  if  be  neglected  the  precautioiui  whteb 
experience  has  preeeribed  for  diminiBhtng  aa  mnch  as  possible  the  incon- 
veniences of  this  rritioil  period.  What  dovH  this  mcao  ?  Simply  that 
tbe  organixation  of  the  new-ootner  tntut  bring  itiKitf  into  harmony  with 
tbe  Dvw  mi-dium.  It  makes  no  difference  lliat  he  linda  in  tbe  atnnge 
climate,  in  the  European  hotels,  comforta,  fare,  and  nttentionaao  per- 
fect aa  almost  to  make  him  forget  that  he  has  ever  left  his  naUTB  lud; 
he  has,  all  the  same,  to  ^o  throagh  the  change  which  the  climate  woiks 
in  his  oTgaoism.  llu  mu«t  adapt  himself  to  it,  bceome  used  to  the  nev 
conditions.  Tbe  fact  of  tliis  prorcM  going  on  was  known  a  long  tiiM 
before  Darwin  eame  into  the  world  ;  and  there  in  not,  fo  far  at  I  know, 
any  doctor  who  has  interpreted  it  in  any  othi-r  way  than  aft  a  pbyxical 
modification  of  the  organism  which  ia  not  limited  to  some  aiiperfldtl 
trait  acquired  by  tbe  transplatited  penon,  bat  notably  modifies  tbe 
mechanism  of  the  vital  functions. 

Two  kind*  of  effect*  accompany  the  course  of  a«c1imatii3ti«n : 
fir*t,  simiile  didbcomfartor  climatic  indiH|Kwition  ;  and,  afterward,  ill- 
nesH  proper  or  climatic  illaefa.  Danger,  aa  dbUnguisbed  from  sb- 
ple  inoonTenicnc«,  is  the  element  that  cbaracteriies  climatic  ilhica. 
Tlitt  invasion  of  tbe  disease  is  real  only  in  «o  far  as  the  existence,  or 
tbe  integrity  at  least,  of  tbe  whole  organism  ia  threatened.  Till  tbi* 
momimti  wc  have  only  indiapositioa  to  deal  with  ;  altbotigh,  to  fpeak 
accurately,  illn«iM  and  indisposition  are  not  separated  by  dearly  de- 
tinetl  limits,  but  are  rather  two  degrees  of  intensity  of  the  «am«  oianh 
festaiion.  A  person  is  ill  in  the  evening  who  was  only  indisposed  ]■  ^ 
the  morning.  H 

If  we  review  tbe  vast  literatnrv  that  has  nrenmulsted  on  this  tnih- 
ject,  wo  shall  be  obliged  to  I'onfews  that  original  labors  respcclin.? 
tbesi'  upecial  modificaiions  are  almost  wholly  wanting.  On  the  othtf 
hand,  as  soon  %»  illiieAt  appears,  the  interent,  which  has  now  become  im- 
mediate, excites  the  ardor  of  physicians  ;  and  they,  by  their  nuni««"iB 
researches  in  this  branch  of  the  subject  have  f^reo  us  knowledge,  cot 
only  of  what  are  generally  the  diseases  of  foreign  regions,  but  aUo  uf 
their  immediate  cause*.  And,  while  there  are  still  a  few  jmints  in  <&* 
pute,  the  increafing  extension  of  wisely  directed  medical  Uudit^  ^ 
home  and  abroad,  gives  a  well-founded  hope  that  they  will  shortly  fc* 
settled.  Otherwise  the  condition  of  foreign  medicine  is  bat  littl"}''' 
ferent  from  that  of  our  own ;  and  there  is  no  doubt  that,  wii''  '■* 
progress  of  science,  the  clinics  of  tropiciil  roaladiea  will  acquire  la 
equally  important  development. 

Oar  knowledge  of  the  facta  relative  to  climatic  indispo«ili<x»  is  ^ 


I 


A  CCUMA  TIZA  TIO.V. 


S09 


Kfa»t  it  oii(;bt  to  be,  uul  jret  there  itrc  som«  reip«ctln^  whicb  inforiiiA- 
^pon  \b  p&rtieularly  im|>ortaiit  to  an,  Inasmuoh  lu  A  tranafoimitiun  of 
tlio  orguntsni  conrtitntM  tli«  prlDQip.-!!  vKinuit  of  a  <lur»bU  ocolimati- 
utioti,  il  ia  not  the  iDdividtial  alone  who  is  affvotod  by  »  prcdongfd 
sojouni  ftway  froin  bis  iiatiTO  country,  but  liia  entire  [tosterity  as  w«ll. 
|nr«  can  not,  therefore,  deny  that  this  side  of  tho  (jucetion  is  the  most 
Hnportaot  of  all.  Thprc  is  oav  poiot  of  Tiow  from  which  tho  study  of 
the  tntnsfoirnalion*  acquirM  a  gononil  tntf^rift  of  rvslly  vut  extent. 
It  is  tliat  of  thvir  ri'latiotis  with  the  hiittory  of  the  human  moe.  Two 
qoMtion*  occur  at  onoe  to  all  who  M^ek  (o  arrive  at  a  clear  Idea  of  the 
manner  in  ubioh  man  has  reached  his  present  oonditioii.  Is  it  true 
that  the  diCereDl  barnao  races  and  varieties  are  issues  from  a  oom- 
iDon  Mock?  And  what  arc  the  cwiscs  of  their  diversity  ?  It  is  of  no 
tise  for  our  frionds  the  xoOlugut«  to  prmcli  trnTvofomii^in  lo  ti>».  Tlint 
may  do  very  wvl)  of  itself  when  wc  have  only  aii  utiair  nf  huiMIng  up 
a  iiyMtcin.  But,  unfortunately,  no  man  has  ever  yet  observed  the  tnuia- 
formation  from  one  race  to  another.  No  one  has,  for  example,  seen 
a  jMjople  of  the  whito  race  become  black  under  tho  tropics,  or  oegroea 
trausplauted  to  the  polar  regions  or  to  Canada  nii'tamorplioscd  into 
whites.  The  question  vrbcthcr  color  is  rvlat^-d  to  climntc  still  remairu 
to  ba  Rolv^,  experimentally  at  leant ;  data  bearing  on  the  mibjcct  are 
nil]  abaolutely  wanting.  I  oonfe<>a  that,  if  any  otie  should  ask  me  for 
tbti  aliglitcst  light  respecting  the  origin  of  races,  I  should  not  be  in  a 
ooodition  to  pYS  a  plausible  argument  or  an  experimental  fact  that 
would  be  competent  to  jii>itify  any  point  of  view  whatever.  It  la  nev- 
erthelOM  true  that,  at  the  l>i>tt<;im  of  every  impartial  study  of  the  phe- 
nomonn  of  aocUmatixalion,  we  arrive  inevitably  at  the  <>l'l  point  of  view 
^rf  Hippocrates,  and  that  the  existence  of  a  relalifni  between  the  to- 
Hbatio  properties  of  man  and  certain  geographical  circumscriptiona  ia 
Btol  doubtful.  That  is  what  my  friend  Bastian  understands  by  the 
Berm  ethnolngtcal  provinces.  The  reality  of  such  provinces  is  incon- 
tc*t«bl«  ;  and  tbey  have  the  nine  signiflcancc  with  rcferrnco  to  man 
aa  zofilogical  and  botanical  provinces  In  the  geographical  distribution 
of  plants  and  animals.  We  can  not  deny  that  we  have  also  the  right 
to  premise  the  existence  of  general  laws  of  aoclimatiKation  which  apply 
to  plants  and  animals  as  well  as  to  man — at  least  so  far  as  regards  the 
modifications  of  claMws. 

Tbo  prime  qn<rstion  for  us  relates  to  the  aptitude  wbtch  tlio  whit« 
man  has  manifested  for  acclimatizaiion  through  all  his  historical  ero- 
iution.  To  what  point  bavo  we  a  right  to  conclude,  from  the  data 
fnniiahed  by  history,  that  the  white  man  can  find,  out«idc  of  the  limits 
«f  b>«  country,  conditions  favorahlu  to  hix  exidicnccF  To  bring  np 
lie  vital  point  of  the  iirohlem  at  once,  the  white  man  is  not  everywhere 
im  same.  Scientific  experiment  is  every  day  tending  to  bring  into 
prominent  relief  the  sharp  differences  in  this  matter  whiHi  exist 
3g  the  different  lubdiTteions  of  the  white  race  which  wo  otxll* 


Sio 


THE  POPULAR   SCIBXCE  MOXTBL}'. 


ArvaaV 


narily  tnolotlp  undt^  n  miiiEnoii  denotnination.  Between  ibe  Aryta 
and  Semitic  bniicliva,  for  exataplc,  lire  contrast  U  very  clear.  AU  the 
«(titiiiti(^al  documents  and  all  ihe  obserratioiis  at  largo  d/rtinda  traiuj 
tliat  liave  be*n  made  to  tbis  day  go  to  rontirm  tlie  greatly  superior 
power  of  acclimatuation  of  tho  Semitic  to  thv  Aryan  peoples.  Tbo 
UltciT  pvopIrM  may  also  be  divided  ;  and  it  i»  easy  to  acparntv  tboM 
vari<aivH  with  different  aptitudi'H  into  gi-iignpbical  groujiH.  Tbc  pvo- 
)ile«  of  the  Boutb,  the  Portaguem,  the  Spaniards,  the  Alaltese,  and  lh« 
Sicilians,  are  mnch  superior  to  lbo«e  of  the  north — eo  much  so  tlial 
tbe  choico  of  one  or  another  of  these  elements  might  be  of  denarr 
itni>orta«c<i  for  the  miccvkk  of  ft  colontrjng  roterprioe. 

In  this  may  be  found  (be  aulutiuu  uf  the  controvervy  into  which  I 
have  been  drawn  in  the  coarse  of  political  debatea.  The  fact  ia,  (hsi 
tho  history  of  tbe  coloniaation  of  the  Antilles  shows  ns  thai,  in  tke 
French  and  Eogltsb  eetablishments,  the  results  of  colonization  ban 
alwayn  bwn  dtustrotis  for  immiprant*  from  Europe,  while  in  tht 
Spanish  colonies  tbe  multa  have  bc-cn  rx-latively  favornble,  although 
not  so  favorable  as  my  advenaries  have  wished  to  make  tliiia  appear. 
These  general  obeervalioiM  must  not,  however,  be  accepted  without 
rescrraiion.  lliey  as  yet  represent  only  the  starting-point  of  the  di*- 
casiioD  which  it  remains  for  us  to  bring  to  bear  npon  two  capital  ques- 
tions. The  first  of  these  questions  is  concerning  the  opinion,  nhicb 
seems  at  the  outset  extremely  pl.tUKible,  that  immigration  into  re^OU 
De*r  tbe  tropica,  or  even  under  the  tropics,  is  nearly  barmle&s  to  peo- 
ples who  are  natives  of  southern  latitudes.  Xotbing  is  further  from 
being  proved,  as  we  may  see  by  referring  to  the  negroes,  whom  it  i» 
very  difficult  to  remove  safely  from  one  tropical  country  to  aiwtber. 
Tbe  French  in  Senegal  have  liiiil  siid  exprrienre  of  tbis  fact,  sod  ha« 
seen  death  make  terrible  nivngcK  among  black  populations  wbicb  ihry 

irhftd  transplautei)  from  their  native  land. 

PB'Aaolber  oonaidi-rarion  that  it  is  important  not  to  lose  sight  of  it 
that  the  farther  south  we  go  the  more  have  the  Aryan  branches  bteo 
exposed  to  foreign  admixtures.  The  Maltesn  race,  for  example^  ex- 
hi^ts  a  much  superior  re«is(anoo  to  the  Sietlian  or  the  itouthera  Sfaa- 
ish  race.  We  might  be  templed  to  explain  tbis  by  tbe  insular  aita*- 
tion  of  tbe  former  race,  and  by  the  obaraeler  of  the  climate  of  itt 
country.  In  that  case  the  Maltese,  transported  to  the  African  Cooii' 
Dont,  for  instance,  to  a  coustderable  distance  from  tbo  coast,  having 
eome  out  from  a  oHmale  distinctly  insular,  miglit  be  supposed  to  feel 
tho  change  infirc  profoumily  than  a  Spaniard  coming  from  his  mcft 
continental  climate.  lint  nothing  of  tbe  kind  takes  place.  Algeriss 
Katistios  establish  most  positively  that  the  Maltese  constantly  hoUi 
big  overwhelming  superiority  in  adapubility  over  thv  Spaniard. 

So  tbe  explanation  of  the  sjweial  power  of  resistauce  shewn  by 
■bis  race  can  not  be  based  entirely  upon  an  agreement  of  tbe  cliasls 
of  ita  native  country  with  that  of  the  place  to  which  it  emignM- 


A  CCUMA  TIZATION. 


5>» 


must,  iben,  enter  into  the  «c<coiiDt  some  favorable  ctminutaaeM 
frum  the  miitnreof  foreign  blotxl  wtuL-h  il  ciirri»  in  lUvoIlM. 
lb  foreign  blood  is  cbiefly  Semitic.  Ji»  in  well  known,  tlte  Pluenl- 
A  p«opW  baring  mortt  tluw  one  (XHiit  of  Analogy  with  tlie  nuri- 
,D  powere  of  our  own  dayti,  were  lI>o  8r»t  oolonlnr*  known  in  hia- 
Tbo  Pbsniciana  wf^re  Setiiitei ;  and  ar«Iucological  tracea  of 
MiiibmenU  ore  etil!  to  be  found  in  Malta.  Tbejr  fotiaded 
iftlia^  and  covered  tbe  S|Muti«h  coast  with  eolonies,  which  irroba- 
ezteodcd  for  a  eontiidi-nbltt  dUtanca  into  tbo  interior  of  tlte  cmm> 
Aa  llio  latest  arehvologiool  reaMrchca  prove,  the;  colouaed  a 
\qA  pan  of  Qn-cce.  ThHr  inflaenoo  w«g  ao  groat,  and  their  exten- 
wu  K>  wide,  that  it  uould  have  been  very  strange  if  they  bad 
i|  eontracted  in  tjpain  and  elsewhere  numerouH  family  conoectioni, 
h1  thus  made  tbetr  blood  participate  in  the  development  of  tbo  mces 
hieb  have  survivod  ihcm  in  those  countries.  lu  len  ancit^Rt  timea, 
t  of  the  Iberian  Peninsula  wa*  for  hundreds  of  yean  in  tb«  power 
ibe  Arab*,  or  rather  of  Moora  from  Afrit-a.  Tbc»o  conquerors,  who 
indod  large  cities  and  peopled  entire  dintricls,  to  that  the  Valonciao 
uvlon  an<l  tbo  valley  of  tiranada  atill  retain  their  Slooriah  aspect, 
bo,  in  short,  spread  tbemsclves  oyer  the  wfaole  country,  uudonbtedly 
ft  a  numiT(iiw  poMerity  behind  them.  And  as  the  Spanii^  Inn- 
in;;c  f  full  of  Moorish  n?miniscencci«,  and  Arabic  words  still  adorn 
voi-'ibulary,  how  can  tlie  natiou  count  the  dcscendanls  of  tbow 
uom  who  hide  ihoir  Somitie  ori^n  under  Spanish  names  ? 
llio  rMo  which  now  people*  tboM  muntrics  is,  therefore,  a  mixi!<l 
■ ;  and  there  is  no  nation,  even  to  ds  Gemmns,  ibitt  has  nut  fur- 
hod  ita  quota  to  it.  The  Visigotha  psaacd  throngb  Spain,  lliey 
n  dissolved  there,  and  so  completely  abwn-bed  that  not  a  veetige  of 
is  left,  except,  perhaps,  in  the  imlituUons  in  which  the  ino«t 
ainent  Sp:mi.trds  acknowledge,  not  without  n  feeling  of  gratitude, 
coiitriliulion  of  Germanic  genius  to  tlie  dcvclo|micnt  of  tlieir 
idoD,  Thos,  from  thin  fusion  of  Ibeniins,  Plia'iiicinns,  lloora,  Ro- 
od*, Colta,  and  Visigoths,  to  which  may  be  ndde<I,  perhaps,  a  few 
ber  tierman  elements,  such  as  the  jVlaui,  has  risen  the  modern  Spiin- 
people,  a  mixed  people,  in  (he  elements  of  which  the  pare  Aryan 
e  etiteni  in  part,  but  is  nowise  preponderant.  If.  now,  we  should 
rlerukv  to  oay,  "  Wherever  a  Spaniiuxl  can  go  T  can  go  too,  for  tbe 
III  blood  Vioie*  in  the  vein*  of  both  of  iix,"  we  Khould  be  in  great 
r.  No ;  Spanish  blood  is  not  the  wroe  aa  flows  in  our  vcini ;  no 
ore  than  is  the  hlood  of  tbe  Hindoos  of  to-day,  with  whom  we  have 
1  lately  tried  (o  make  a  commnn  ancestry,  but  whom  no  one  now 
igard*  aa  a  primitive  race.  Wo  now  trace  our  afTillation  to  that 
>ple  which,  cotuing  down  from  tJio  north,  waa  eroMed,  higher 
snd  all,  with  the  people  that  occupied  the  peninsnb  long  before 
arrival  of  tlie  conqnerora,  and  who  were  black. 
There  arc,  tbea,  mixed  noes,  to  a  certain  extent  more  mixed  than 


s»« 


THE  POPULAR  SC/SXCS  MONTBLY, 


ire  can  obeorre  among  oanclvce.  It  in,  ncvettfavleM;  indiBpataUc  thit, 
oompoml  vitli  tliv  nu'e*  in  wliich  the  Aryan  elemont  bas  bevo  obcfrrvi 
in  its  i>uriiy,  iboae  racea,  »pc<-tally  thoee  which  bare  drawn  Urg«l; 
from  the  Semitic  fountaoi,  are  iacomparably  more  fitted  to  acvliinatiu 
tfaemfielves.  and  propagate  themselves  in  tlto  midet  of  the  new  coadi- 
tioM  in  which  they  an;  placed  in  hot  countiivM.  In  order  to  incMt 
under  a  mon:  characteri^io  denomination  those  rwv*,  which  are  odIt 
slightly  tefractorf  to  the  morbid  infiaencee  of  the  eliniate,  racM  to 
which  we  oaraelvea  belonf;,  I  propo«ed,  on  a  former  occanimi,  to  caS 
tbem  Tolnerable  races.  Thia  figurative  cxpreMion  might  ^erve,  id  tbt 
doRialn  of  pstbological  etbaology,  to  duitgnatv  the  property  wUcb 
tbooe  raoea  have  of  going  through  grave  alteration*  under  the  isflo- 
enoc  of  relatively  slight  external  eausea  ;  and,  considi-rcd  in  tlie  nu- 
rower  domain  of  acclimatization,  the  facUitj^  with  which,  among  them, 
indisposition  pats  on  the  aspect  of  real  illness.  There  is,  however,  • 
very  Uinltetl  xone  within  which  tlicM'  vulnerable  raoca  caa  implant  and 
propagate  tbemselvetii  with  comparative  aecurity.  North  AnHiiGs 
holds  the  first  place  in  tliia  favoiable  xone.  Here  we  »ee  the  cnriout 
phenomenon  of  the  Frencli  in  Canada,  the  same  northern  French  wbo 
are  melting  tike  wax  in  the  sun  of  Algeria,  becoming,  from  the  litlk 
colony  which  they  were  in  the  begbning  of  the  cenlory,  a  vigoroai 
and  numerous  people,  and  lively  enough  to  hold  their  own  against  tb« 
rising  tide  of  English  immigration  ;  while  teiu>  and  tens  of  thoossndi 
of  our  coutilrjmen,  whom  America  receives  annually  nt  her  porl»,  dis- 
appear in  a  very  short  tiiu&  In  Canada,  the  colonists  of  Freiicli 
origin,  animated  by  the  moot  lively  epirit  of  independence,  have  con* 
stitulod  thcm»etves  a  people  apart,  and  the  last  conSict,  which  hM 
Jnst  cloMil,  is  a  couvincing  proof  of  the  tenacity  of  their  nitiooal 
feeling. 

Tlien  come»  the  United  State*,  with  its  vigtnona  and  eomtanlly  io- 
creaaing  population.  However  much  it  may  be  mixed,  it  will  alirgp 
be  Aryan  at  the  bottom,  for  all  the  heterogeneous  elements  are  ab- 
sorbed, almost  without  leaving  traces  of  ihcmitclves,  in  that  imnxue 
hearth  of  ooloniaation,  which  has  no  parallel  in  history.  The  Ei^ 
lisb  have  been  no  1cm  hapjiy  in  the  fcttlement  of  Auntralia,  a  coloM- 
xfttion  the  cnergi-lic  cxjiiinston  of  which  has  not  been  clu-cked  except 
toward  the  north,  where  the  conditions  grow  unfavorable  astbeMi- 
tlemcnis  approach  tbe  equator.  Hence  it  comes  that,  in  the  nonhcni 
part  of  Queensland,  European  coloniata  art  not  In  a  condition  to  en- 
dure the  f:Uigiic  of  ugricullnral  labor.  Tliia  fad  has  had  much  to  do 
with  the  efforts  made  of  late  years  to  annex  New  Guinea  aitd  Ne* 
Britain,  whence  it  has  been  proposed  to  draw  the  manual  forcM  rt- 
qnireil  for  the  tillage  of  the  soil. 

In  the  South  African  coloniea  the  Dutch  have  been  solidly  e«taV 
lisbed  for  some  two  hundred  years;  and,  in  a  few  couDtrieacf  South] 
America,  colonics  composed  of  peoplcc  of  various  Etiropeao  origin  hiw  j 


A  ecu  MA  TIZA  TJOK. 


S>J 


ibongh  unoitnally.  There  nm  ikl.M>  iiuma  foang  colonico 
by  Ctermftiu  on  the  Rto  Grande,  In  BroKil,  wlitch  a  fancy  still 
ling  conlinufttion  lua  plAc«d  in  the  rank  of  healthful  countriea  and 
iblu  fur  oar  people.  Kcvii-tring  the  rvf»ill«  that  liaTo  boon  ob- 
ie<I  in  the  colonios  thiiti  brU-fty  ennmcntu-il,  n-hich  i-mkrooo  tliv  ram 
moru  or  1cm  fortunate  cJiti-rjirLK-H  of  tho  kind,  we  ace  that  tholr 
hu  been  In  itirene  jxroportion  to  tbe  difference  in  iaotbermio 
iLufJo  betirw-u  them  and  the  mothcr-couTitry  of  the  folonist«, 
\%,  in  every  case  it  is  not  probable  that  (he  orgaaization  of  tbe  colo- 
lias  eeraped  having  to  pny,  at  tbo  oxpcnMO  of  profound  altera- 
,  for  accliniatiiation  in  fon-ign  countriLii.  Men  of  8c!<.>ooi-,  bm  urnW 
-  Cnariitn,  b:ivv  bcvn  intcrOHtcd  for  many  year*  in  the  study  of  tbu 
^ankon  type,  which,  according  lo  tbe  gt^uerol  opinion,  is  uol  wholly 
mui>nrnl>le  either  with  the  English  or  tbe  German,  or  with  a  cross  of 
K  two  with  the  Iiisb  race.  The  pcc-uliar  pbysiolo^j  of  tlie  Yankee 
net  to  be  made  out,  aod  I  can  not  iiwiat  too  i)tn>ogIy  on  tbo  great 
Enc  of  tbe  «ci«ntific  roinlti  ifast  mlg^t  accrue  from  tbe  Mudy  of  tbia 
■icftte  ethnological  problem.  It  ix  averred  thai  tlie  transfonnalions 
I  this  typo  grow  more  pronounced  as  we  go  from  the  Northern  lo  the 
nithem  States. 

I  Jt  eomctiinet  occurs  that  a  population  transplanted  into  a  distant 
Bnatry  reiuoiui  apparently  stationary.  Nothing  »ems  to  distingniah 
l(h>ni  tbo  compatrkita  which  it  has  left  in  ita  native  country,     Bnt> 

■  rrgarding  it  more  closely,  we  lind  that  there  is  operating  within  it 
Be  <>i  tlio  f;r*vcttt  pbcnomona  in  tbv  biatory  of  colonization — a  phe- 
bnienon  which  hu  bei;n  long  oluMtn-ed  in  animals  and  planu  when 
hnsporti'd  to  new  climates  :  a  decrcamt  of  rvcitndity  and  an  arrF<8l  of 
■Tclopmcnt,  going  at  length  to  the  complete  elimination  of  posterity. 
Ku  aTidcnt  that  the  condition  most  eesential  to  the  pnittju-nly  of  a 
Boay.  tbe  only  guarantee  of  it«  longevity,  re«dna  ra  tbe  number  of 
■Udren  in  the  famih'cs  of  the  wltlcn ;  children  who,  in  their  turn, 
■o  soitn-v  of  posterity,  Icoil,  as  at  homo,  to  the  branching  out  of  every 
fcoily  Into  numerous  ramifiealtouH.  Tlie  further  wo  advance  into 
Kottc  oliiimtes,  the  more  rapidly  does  the  diminution  of  the  reproduc- 
Kra  faculty  of  tbe  colonist  go  on,  tbe  more  do  atatistics  indicate  a 
HDoUon  in  tlio  number  of  birthci  and  an  inoroosing  iit«Tt1ity  in  atKh 
Laivc  gone  Ml  ion*.  Tlitx  fact  has  been  noticol  not  only  by  doctors, 
■to  havu  cAllcd  attention  to  it  from  time  Immemorial,  but  persons 
■o  whoeoald  hare  no  prejudiea  in  the  matter — Btatesmen,  military 
KO|  literary  men,  and  men  of  every  profession  and  every  country, 
pd  tboae  who  lived  in  times  when  tlie  qncstlon  had  not  yd  begun  to 

■  the  onler  of  tbe  day — bare  observed  for  tbe  mo«l  diverse  countries 
■Bt  familioA  formerly  fertile,  bnt  who  contracted  alliances  excluiively 
Btb  natives  of  the  exotto  couDtrics,  lasted  only  a  few  generations. 

B  ](  baa  never  Iwcn  po«siblc  even  to  this  day,  to  establish  a  durable 
HguicMioo  in  British  India.    It  Iiftj%  indeed,  been  said  reoenti;  tba| 

■  rM.  axTOi— 3)  ,^H 


IH 


TBS  POPULAR  SVISJVCE  MOJfTIfLr, 


it  it  p(waibl«,  b;  meani  of  WTon  lifgleDie  proeeeec*,  ftuccMfnDT  (a 
hniig  up  an  Eogliib  g«nvratioa  there ;  but  to  do  tbls  tba  cblUm 
liftvv,  BH  eoun  u  th«y  aro  ublo  tu  sapfiort  tlic  jonm^y,  «ay  ai  firv  or  ki 
yenn  of  Bgi*,  to  ba  taken  to  tlit  mouutaius  and  tvft  tbrre  till  ibrrur 
fiflHti  or  itlxteeii  yean  old.    lliU  reminds  me  of  tlic  pslm-tn-r*  vliict 
«u  Duci-eed  in  makiitg  bear  fniit  to  oar  gardens.     il«fauM',  by  tliv  w» 
of  ibf  mo&t  eliibonUu  borticultnrc  w«  can  oecnionally  catme  m  pint 
of  the  raort  ddicatv  upecieH  to  nialuru  lu  (ruit,  sh:tU  no  Tctilsrt  u 
regnrd  thv  palm-tree  la  acclimated  in  our  country  ?     Is'u  more  can  it 
tuaert  as  inucli  of  a  populatioo  wfatcb  baa  no  cbancb  of  nutiataioitc 
itfielf  except  by  taking  all  ita  chiltlreu  to  Ihe  tnoontaltis  and  not  aHor- 
ing  tliem  to  comv  down  tlicni'C  lilt  they  are  Uksttire  men.     A  rnriew 
kind  of  fituiily  lifv  that,  and  extn.-tnFly  cottly  if  it  «erc  uodonakta, 
llic  rcJialtH  of  «bi('h  are  limited  to  bringing  dnvD  tbe  young  psun- 
tton,  v-bicb  is  destined  to  livo  in  tbe  country,  front  tbe  otirth  ts  0>t 
•outli,  from  ilie  mountains  to  tbe  plain,  like  the  ancient  kiogfi  of  Perstj. 
But  tlio  indefatigable  pereeTeraoce  vkicli  baa  been  applied  for  jaa 
in  organixing  tbia  fyitcin  docs  sot  lo  any  way  look  to  the  colunixaiina 
of  India.     It  only  oM-ks  to  cmUe  a  new  bighcr  class,  an  ariitornri, 
wbicU  sitall  be  better  <iualificd  to  govoni  tbe  country  than  anniutl  'n-'i 
arrivals  from  England.    I  will  alEtoobsorvc  ibnt  tbo  flutcb  in  Jara  unl 
their  other  Eastern  eetabltshmeuts  have  not  advanci-d  tbe  problnn  a 
■top.    Every  considerable  family  eodeavora  to  ecnd  its  childrra  u  moo 
OS  pomiblo  not  merely  to  the  moontaiiw,  but  to  Enropa,  more  f  «r  |  'i  v 
enl  cooserration  than  for  education.     Asa  whole,  tkeae  at1ttn[>i!'  -> 
colonixation  slngnlarly  remind  lis  of  the  fate  of  th«  Lombards  iii  IuIt. 
Those  people,  it  i»  true,  survived  a  little  kinger  on  tlio  contjQored  ttrr> 
ritory  ;  but  very  few  ceiiturieji  vcn  ■uflicient  to  riilui'v  iiicm  to  iba 
Rtatc  of  hardly  appreciable  vcatigc*.     And  for  the  Goths,  it  did  OM 
require  a  hundred  years  to  annihilate  tbeni  completely  in  that  mmi 
Italy.    Minute  etati«tical  researches  have,  it  is  trtie,  <imt«  rcctatly 
brought  to  light  here  and  there  a  few  traces  of  llic  Lomhardti,  and  H 
la  in  .1  simibr  way  not  improbable  that  tbi-re  may  «till  exist  b  tlw 
country  a  very  little  of  the  ancient  Oennanic  Mood  ;  but  in  up)wr  Itai; 
there  docs  not  remain  any  vell-defincd  posterity  ;  and  in  the  norlhrn) 
provinces  of  Portngal  and  Spain,  where  the  Visigoths  reigned  ia  sU 
their  power,  it  wonld  be  just  as  useless  to  took  for  any  elearly  spprr* 
eiahle  posterity  of  the  conqacrora.     I  was   recently  accused  of  am 
being  willing  to  rangp  Italy  and  Spain  among  the  conntrica  favon^ 
to  the  aettlctui'nt  of  families  ori^'innting  in  the  land*  of  the  Kortb.   ' 
am  sorry  for  it,  but  I  can  not  jx-Tt-eive  any  facts  that  mako  it  probaU* 
that  onr  conntrymen  can  settle  in  tho«e  sMtcs  with  any  expectsii'' 
of  leaving  an  enduring  posterity.     I  am  ready  to  bow  lo  Ihe  ff" 
when  It  i«  brought  forward.     I  would  oImo  nuggol  to  onr  phyiitfU** 
of  the  navy  and  (he  merchant  marine,  and  tn  all  who  trare)  fl^  '"J 
puqtoM;,  th.it  it  would  h«  a  proGlable  task  to  pR<[>am  in  the  rooil  f"' 


H 


IT 

I 


ACCLIMATIZATION. 


S'S 


estific  form,  Mid  the  ooe  most  fitted  to  aid  tDrntigationa,  tbe  exist- 
ing daU  bearing  on  UiU  point, 

Wliat,  tlicn,  to  lip  prGoiM,  \»  tlu>  «vil  which  ihrcatona  roloninl  pop- 
ulation*, at  6nt  ugltt  to  liltl«  different  from  our  own,  uu)  of  which  no 
rxUrniU  fjga  b  apparent  to  revcA]  very  (trofound  tranitfonnatioDs ? 
The  moat  powerful  agent  in  prodaciiig  dfgeneration,  and  to  which 
doctors  always  give  the  first  pUoe,  is  the  reduction  of  the  formation 
of  th«  blood  in  the  orgsnism.  Is  tlierc  ronlly  a  retardation  of  tbia 
function,  or  an  exa;^rated  destruction  of  the  bloo<I  ?  I  can  not  take 
the  re«poti''ibility  of  dtx-iding.  Whatever  it  may  be,  etnlgranid  are 
attacked  with  the  same  affection  as  in  its  phaae  of  complete  develop- 
ment among  tis  Is  called  onnnniA.  The  more  existence  is  tried  bf 
debiliutJng  influences,  the  more  intense  becomes  tropical  antemin. 

Bat  important  as  is  its  part,  these  debilitating  infliit-nce*  do  not 
consist  of  inalarix  alone,  with  ittt  occompanimcntM  of  inlernuttent 
and  other  pernicious  fevetB,  dy*ent«ri«t«,  and  HTer-complainla ;  for 
even  those  n-hom  the  fever  spares  are  not  protected  from  tropical 
anasnita.  Tlie  raicroiicnpc  has  revealed  (o  us  many  other  morbid 
agents.  WoruH  swarm  in  tlii*  tropics,  partimt:u-1y  in  the  water,  from 
which  (hey  pass  to  the  body  of  man  ;  and  Mtme  of  them  abide  in  the 
ilood.  All  auch  parasites  may  become  dMlnictive  agents  to  the 
lOOiy,  which  \*  ttnhjccted  to  a  decline,  the  first  manlfcxtation  of 
la  always  impoverishment  of  the  blood.  With  all  our  knowl- 
edge of  the  physiology  of  the  blood,  we  are  not  yet  able  to  explain,  oo 
the  ground  of  merely  theoretical  data,  the  enormous  loss  of  tliat  liquid. 
We  may  admit  that  the  preponderant  part  belongs  to  the  destruction 
of  the  blood,  while  the  absorption  of  air  and  oxygon  is  not  increased. 

A  remarkable  symptom,  which  is  very  well  explained  by  an  active 
daatniction  of  the  blood,  is  the  strong  predisposition  to  liver-disoaiio. 
Ilie  liver  ia  an  organ  the  relation  of  which  with  the  phv-siology  of  tl»o 
blood  is  very  intimate,  and  the  troubles  of  which  have  the  most  In- 
tluenec  upon  the  constltation  of  that  liquid ;  and  that  is  tlte  organ 
wliiflh  is  the  first  object  of  the  attacks,  not  only  of  malaria,  but  of  the 
common  dtKca^e*  of  acclimatisation. 

If  I  linger  on  these  examples,  it  is  to  render  more  moving  and 
more  ooniincing  Ihu  appeal  which  1  make  to  doetnnt  and  naltiralisls  to 
apply  tliemselvta  to  this  sphere  of  research.  Neither  tho  French  nor 
tbo  Kn;;li!)h  have  as  yi>t  done  anything  important  with  reference  to  it. 
It  ia,ihon,  a  virgin  Bold  tlwt  falls  to  German  science.  It  is  also  a  sub- 
jeol  »i  th<*  hii^licKt  importance  ;  for  we  can  not  think  of  even  an  np- 
pfoximalivc  onliicion  of  the  problem  till  we  have  cainM  a  preeitw  idea 
of  tho  mmlificilions  of  tho  orRanism,  and  |«articu1arly  of  the  Special 
|Bera'.i'>ni  of  each  organ,  which  are  connected  with  the  phenomena  of 
Buim.itixation. 

'Ilie  popular  massee,  in  their  caretessness,  s«ck  the  acquisition  of 
tfAli,    Show  It  (o  ihem,  and  they  will  plunge  into  ])erilH  without  coo- 


S.6 


TUB  POPULAR  SCIJSXCJS  MOy^TBLY. 


1 


ccrniiig  UivrnMlvcs  about  th«  jvAtA  o(  sodimaUzation  and  lu  iliMfliOt 
any  more  than  a  aUrviog  man  aslu  about  Ute  ssiiitary  iioalkio  o(  t 
bam  tbat  U  offered  lo  hiio. 

Ttiv  >|ucfitioD  before  us  is  not  of  no  isolated  enterpriw,  bat  of  fitj 
extensive  ones,  and  is  of  intereflt  to  th«  empire  as  well  aa  to  tbo  gnu 
coinpanioii  whiob  aro  Ivuiliug  th«ir  aid  to  emigration.  Great  prolil<ot 
mtut  be  rcaolvcd,  la  order  tbat  we  may  lu  tbe  future  be  in  a  siloa^oo 
to  infortu  our  colonists  respecting  tbe  fate  wbicli  awaiui  ibcm,  to  found 
ooloniee  with  a  foresight  of  wbat  tbo  probable  results  will  be,  and  tn  . 
eend  emigrants  into  distant  oountriiw  under  tbo  cboice  of  ctrcmn- 
■tauovfl  wliiob  will  permit  ibi-ui  to  bo|M!  for  »□  aiuiurt'd  vxistenccL 

TbeM)  aru  (jufntiorm  wtiivb  uu  g«u«ral,  war  miiibittT,  or  stateMdao 
baa  a  right  to  evade     Wby  alionld  it  be  different  wiili  tbuiw  at  wbi>M 
inTitalion  battalions  of  emigrants  leave  tbeir  oountrj  ?    Tliwro  ii  Nvw 
Guinea,  iritb  ita  rich  plains  and  immense  forests  coming  down  to  tbe 
rivt-rbanki.     It  is  Do  longer  a  qncstion  of  scDding  there  on)}'  upccial- 
isls  to  discover  the  most  profitable  ttmber-trcea  and  tbtrn  found  btisi> 
ocas  establishments.  •Tusl  as  in  the  last  century,  when  tbo  French  desired 
to  fiotouizo  CaycniiL- ;  «  bat  beautiful  de«criptions  did  they  give  of  tbv 
fertile  country,  with  its  luxuriant  flora,  its.  wouderful  forvsta,  and  iU 
ravishiog  prairies !     When  the  thousands  and  tbousaods  of  colonists 
who  were  sent  there  had  perLsbcd  to  tbo  last  man,  tbo  French  settled 
down  to  admiro  the  photogrnpbs  of  thoM  wonderful  forrals  aud  >uy 
<luiotIy  at  borne,  leaving  to  thoso  wbosv  i-thnological  province  is  in  Cay- 
enne tbe  task  of  propagating  t))um**.-lvitii  and  attending  to  tboir  affaint 
I  have  no  doubt  tbat  we  shall  soon  be  forced  to  follow  this  cxaniple,  aoil 
I  hope  that  the  frankneits  with  which  I  declare  tbis  conriotion  will 
prompt  as  all  to  fulfill  tbe  duty  which  tbis  great  popular  movemnt  fan- 
pOMS  Qpon  naturalists  and  physicians.    It  is  onr  duly  to  take  bold  of 
tbe  question  and  organise  tbe  study  of  it,  and  to  arm  ourselves  witi 
•cienttGe  methods  for  the  exploration  of  tboM  dlMaiit  <N>uutrit«,  sad 
for  ascertaining  to  what  |>oiut  a  permanent  coloniiation  in  th«m  >sp9» 
si  bio. 

We  need  more  than  isolated  examples  to  satisfy  ourselres  of  llif 
adaptability  of  the  white  race  to  fix  ttacJf  \a  tliis  or  tbat  pUce.  A 
peculiar  population  exiHta  in  the  mountainous  region  of  tliu  Island  of 
lUunion,  called  "j>etita  Uantw,"  or  little  whites,  who  have  been  aM«^ 
taincd  to  be  the  last  reniatne  of  tbe  Freocb  colonists  who  cstablisbvl 
tlmnsiclvea  in  that  part  of  the  istaud  a  great  many  years  a^o.  Br- 
ceutly  a  FVenob  traveler  discovered  in  tbe  Vindhya  Jlouniabis,  i> 
India,  somo  survivors  of  a  French  colony  which  wo*  founded  tlitf* 
three  centuries  ago.  There  ia  notliing  impoasiblu  in  these  faels;  Inft 
ibey  singularly  remind  us  of  tbe  exotio  coolfers  which  are  pUntal  i* 
oar  experimental  forests.  Xow  and  tbeo  a  forester  has  a  sm-oov  «il^ 
one  of  tbem,  and  the  little  plant  becomea  an  uttjwt  nf  curiiMiy  t" 
travelers  and  the  ]MK>plo  of  tlw  M^ghtioriM>Dd.    Hut  tbi>  TiiimloT  nl 


rlXST/yCT  AS  A   GUIDE  TO  JIKALTff.  jt; 

[ilantn  in  iniigriilirAnt,    Tboy  bxh  \»o\kU:A.  L-xamp)e*  or  rarities, 
and  no  {iiinlcninr  ini|M>rtsn«c  nn  be  attached  to  tliem. 

All  ilii-Mi  facts,  I  rei^eat,  only  make  us  feci  mart-  k<tii)ly  liow  do- 
ainblf  it  would  be  to  det^rnimc  scienlilically  the  oonditiotm  wliHi 
nuUco  t]i«  existonce  of  onr  vulnorable  nco  on  a  fordgii  land  poaai- 
ble.  We  miglit  then  dinrct  our  emigrant*  with  the  iwino  certainty  si 
that  with  vhirk  a  modi^m  captain,  who  knows  tltoir  want*,  jirovidv)! 
for  bis  txoop«.  M  I  look  at  it,  I  can  not  regard  tho  tni!>Hion  of  oatural* 
ifllH  and  pbysiciamt  toward  their  nation  aa  conscieutlutuif  porfomuid 
till  a  Katisfsctory  aolulion  \s  given  to  tbts  problem. 


INSTINCT   AS   A  GUIDE  TO   HEALTH. 
fir  FEUX  L.  OSWALD.  M.D. 

SINCE  thr  Wginning  of  the  sixteenth  centtiry,  wlieu  the  clouds  of 
the  middle  age*  were  broken  by  the  firel  san-glimpfto  of  reawak- 
ening reason,  the  average  longevity  of  the  North  Caucasian  nationa 
baa  increased  nearly  seven  yennt.  In  Northern  Europe  and  North 
America  the  progress  in  the  praolico,  if  not  the  Bwieiwe,  of  healthy  liv- 
ing has,  indeed,  kept  fairly  step  with  the  general  advance  of  oivilixa- 
tion  ;  the  wont  hercsicH  against  the  bealUi-lawH  of  Nature  bavfl  bccomo^ 
errors  of  the  past.  Unrentilated  dwellings  have  becomo  unpopular. 
Phlebotomy  has  gone  ont  of  faAhion.  We  have  ceased  to  fuddle  our 
ehildrrn  with  1>cer-soup.  Hygienic  reform  has  everywhere  modified 
our  habits  nf  lifp. 

Yet  the  prineiple  of  that  reform  has  stmngely  failed  to  be  recog* 
nized.  Por  one  invalid  who  con  steer  a  straight  courae  to  the  harbor 
of  health,  »  thouiiand  weather  tlie  breakers  in  a  random,  cmpirio  way, 
like  untrained  Daihirs,  failing  to  comprehend  the  purpose  of  the  beacon, 
though  using  its  light  to  avoid  the  nearest  cliffs.  Nay,  if  the  sooroe 
of  that  light  were  indiscreetly  revealed,  it  would  frighten  btindreda 
back  into  uttrr  darkness,  to  scan  the  firmament  for  a  glimpee  of  its 
vnnishod  loa^lNtan,  nUher  than  tmtit  their  »fcty  to  an  earthly  guide. 
For,  with  tiio  progress  of  a  ))ractical  regtincration,  a  tlicon-tical  adhor* 
cne«  to  the  traditions  of  the  past  still  goes  hand  in  h.-)iid.  Not  all 
dTiliscd  Uudilhists  have  renounced  the  I>alai  Lama ;  and  many  of  our 
progross-Iovinf*  contemporaries  would  be  rather  alarmed  at  the  discov- 
vry  that  the  prineipte  of  our  social,  medical,  and  educational  reforms 
dnring  tlie  hist  two  hundred  ycant  has  boon  a  rtttorti  truM  in  Me  com- 
petfttet  of  our  naturtil  instincts.  So  foreign  was  that  rule  of  conduct 
to  the  moral  standards  of  the  middle  agea  that  its  im)>ortaa<)e  was  rcc- 
i  ognixed  only  in  its  apparent  exceptions,  the  supposed  "  evil  propensities 
I  of  Dur  nuregencrato  nature,"  such  as  poiaon-babits,  sloth,  and  sexual  ox- 


518 


THE  POPULAR  SCIS.VCE  JfOiVTlfir. 


^ 


cenes.  The  real  eignificanoc  of  sncb  abemtioDs  vould  nrtai  tlw  Sit- 
fcrcoM  be-twcvu  iialural  a):ipetitca  and  abnormal  (artiScially  acquind) 
&ppetenc)«e,  and  Loacli  ua  Uw  oecessty  of  applying  tb«  tnu  of  tb* 
distinction  to  all  persnasive  infttncte,  and  occauonally  tu  otbcrvlse  »■ 
explained  arc  re  i  on  h. 

But  vwn  williin  those  limiU  a  critical  Mudj-  uf  our  pfDt(«lire in- 
tuitions vould  Hiritriningly  aboir  in  bow  Dtaof  resp«cta  tb«  lijpcnie 
refomu  of  tbc  lant  two  hundred  years  conld  bave  been  anticifAtcd  Ij 
tbo  simple  Icacliiogs  of  our  senses.  For  tbo  wards  of  instinct  a  tci&- 
prranci'  M-rtcon  would  be  ag  supcrfluoua  u  a  Iccturv  on  ibv  MIt  of 
drinking  boiling  petroleum,  for  to  the  palate  of  a  dottcsI  living  bting 
— human  or  animal — alcofaol  i<  not  only  nnattnctiTC,  but  vialcnilyR- 
puUive,  and  tbe  baneful  powion  to  which  that  repugnance  can  be 
forced  to  yield  is  m>  clearly  aboormal  that  only  the  infatuation  of  tbe 
natural  depravity  dogma  could  ever  mistake  it  for  an  innate  apprtiUL 
In  defense  of  tbc  respiratory  organs,  Xatun-  Cglit«  almost  to  tbc  luL 
The*  blinilod  dupe  of  tbe  nigbt-air  eupcnlition  would  liardly  aMcttlbil 
be  fiuda  the  bot  miasma  of  bia  aiivcutilaled  bt-druom  more  /a&dfoa' 
than  fresh  air.  lie  tbinka  it  aafer,  in  spile — or  perhaps  l>eca«*-Hif 
its  repntureoeM.  "Mistrust  all  pleasant  things"  was  the  vatcbwoiJ 
of  the  meditcvat  cosmogony.  Long  before  Jahn  and  Pcstaloxzi  dcm- 
oDittntvd  tbc  hygienic  imporlanco  of  gymna«tie)i,  cbildren  cmbnctd 
erery  opportunity  for  outdoor  cxcrvtst;  with  a  ecal  wbtcb  only  per- 
sistent reHtriuiit  could  abata  Svxual  aberrations  are  a  conKCtjueiirc, 
oftcner  than  a  vau.se,  of  duwrdered  health.  Instinct  has  always  op- 
|>OKcd  the  abuse  of  drugs,  tbe  delusions  of  asceticisin,  the  suicidal  fol- 
Uca  of  fa»bion.  Instinct  has  never  ceased  to  urge  tbc  reforms  irUck 
oar  timva  bave  at  last  reached  by  tuch  circuitous  roads,  and  the  study 
of  its  pleadings  and  protests  might  shorten  thoM  rooda  for  the  leaden 
of  future  gOMTations. 

On  the  other  band,  it  must  be  admitted  that  perverted  appetite* 
can  become  as  irresbtible  as  the  most  urgent  natural  instincts.  Nor 
can  it  bo  denied  that  in  some  exceptional  cases  >taturc  fails  to  adiit« 
us  of  perils  which  her  warning  could  easily  avert,  though  ve  sboiiU 
remember  that  her  standards  of  cxprdioncy  arc  not  atwayi  our  en, 
and  that,  as  a  rule,  instinct  asserts  itself  at  the  Bttcst  timc<^  and  «illi 
on  urgency  proportionate  to  the  importanco  of  its  mission. 

The  exceptions,  thus  for  only  partly  explained,  may  bo  summed  Dp 
under  the  three  following  heada:  1.  1'ervkbtkd  Isstixcts. — The 
physiology  of  certain  abnormal  propensities  is  as  obscure  as  the  oiigia 
of  sin.  There  is  no  doubt  that  the  innate  aversion  to  any  poison  knova 
to  modern  chemistry  can,  by  persistent  disregard,  bo  turned  into  » 
morbid  appetency,  veAtttient  and  per»itt«nt  in  proportion  to  l/it  tin- 
Itnex  of  lite  poison.  Tbo  most  plausible  faypotheftis  suggested  in  o^ 
nation  of  that  fact  seems  to  be  the  conjecture  that,  in  adapting  itstU 
to  tbc  oxigcncic*  of  abnormal  circumsUucos,  tbo  constitution  of  tbe 


I 


i 


liVST/yCT  AS  A  GUIDE  TO  HEALTH.  519 


isiD  hu  to  noiWgo  ccrUiii  mudificatloiu,  conddemblo  In  cxtrv-mo 
iM,  and  ooneapoodingly  Inu  ea»y  to  nnda.  For  ercry  "  second  na- 
"  in,  probably,  n  compromise  with  Uve  peni»tenoy  of  untoward 
ions.  Iron-workora  become  less  ^cnsttiv*,  and  at  last  rather  par- 
tial, to  the  fervid  temperature  of  tlicir  worlmhojts.  Rutcbore,  like  tli« 
Nurtb  American  Indians,  and  other  i:aniivora,  arc  a]it  to  contract  a 
diapcwtioo  which  onablco  tliem  U>  pursue  ihvir  Kanguinary  vocation 
with  callouxncss,  or  wmctbing  akin  to  satisfaction.  Slaves  beccmo 
unealui,  L  o.,  aniutvur  flunkeys.  The  love  of  li,qht,  too  often  pantsbc?!) 
nrith  autt^tla/i,  bccoiaea  a  love  of  dusk,  if  not  of  darknctis ;  the  Ariao 
skeptio  aul)^des  into  a  resigned  Capucbio — Mature  forbtMUw  to  maintain 
A  hopelon  Blmggle.  For  similar  rcaxoiu,  i>«rbapei,  slio  fiebU  to  Iho 
peruBlent  infatuation  of  the  Bclf-pot«i)n«rs,  called  to)>cni  and  itjitum- 

Ptera.  Further  rcsislanco  would  imply  chronic  ii<-a-Kickni,-A»,  and, 
itlor  tti«  circamiitancc«,  an  abnormal  fondness  for  strong  drink  may 
ap)H-itr  a  IrmM-r  evil.  Yet  the  oharacteriatlos  of  saob  propen&itien  dia- 
tinti-uiith  tbcm  clearly  from  a  natnra]  instinct ;  they  bare  to  be  artifi- 
cially aoquirod,  their  imporltuiity  knows  no  limila,  and  their  free 
indulgence  in  always  followed  by  a  doprc»ing  reaction.  Thus,  evva 
in  yii-Miug,  Mature  remains  true  to  her  preordained  lawa.  Ko  ono  «un 
Itope  to  evade  their  self-avenging  rigor,  though  tliu  mode  of  retribution 

rjr  take  the  uuexpected  form  of  chaining  the  miscreant  (o  bia  id»L 
S.  Abhorxai.  Pkbils. — The  dangers  incident  to  our  artificial  modes 
life  seem  itow  and  then  to  deceive  tlic  foresight  of  instlRct  in  a  way 
typified  in  tbo  non-repulslTencM  of  certain  mineral  poisons.  Xatnro 
baa  taken  ample  prceaiilion«  to  secure  her  creatures  agaiiut  tlte  poison- 
pcrila  01  the  upper  world— hemlock,  foxglove,  and  belladonna — but 
failed  to  provide  aaf«-guardrt  ngainitt  such  subterranean  evils  as  ai'senic, 
or  tbo  sodal  dangers  yet  slambcring  in  tlie  womb  of  Time.  Providence, 
bawovnr,  may  have  foiescco  that  perils  evoked  by  the  potent  hand  of 
Soivnco  coald  bo  avoided  in  tbo  same  way ;  though  the  struggle  for 
cxUtCDce  may,  in  the  couwc  of  time,  evolve  supplementary  iiiatincts. 
Tliose  6tte«t  to  tnur^ivc,  mcthinks,  already  be^n  to  evince  an  intuitive 
ersion  to  the  sugar-coated  poiitoits  that  have  reduced  our  average 
ogevily  to  leas  than  forty  years,  llie  world  is  getting  prudent  by 
tunl  selection,  lite  ch'ddren  of  the  twentieth  century  wilt  not  bo 
>t  to  overrate  the  nutritive  value  of  fufel-oil. 

3.  pAKAsmc  T>iiu>iti»:icN. — The  heating  instincts  of  Nature,  which 
neb  the  HarfetU>d  brute  to  abstain  from  food,  somehow  fail  to  take 
gnixooee  of  tin  disortlers  cansod  by  the  agency  of  mienwcopic  para- 
entosoa,  etc.  It  liaa  been  suggested  that  the  development  of 
cb  organisms  ia  as  foreign  to  the  autonomy  of  tb«  human  system  aa 
e  growth  of  the  mistletoe  a  to  that  of  the  oak,  and  thus  escapes  tbo 
titdictlon  of  its  nvlf-rcgulating  laws.  But  a  still  more  snggtvtjvo 
roumslJtnre  in  the  fact  that  disi^rders  of  the  class  named  reveal  llieir 
Igin  plainly  enough  to  permit  a  direct  removal  of  tbo  caune,  nhidi, 


s» 


TUS  POPULAR  SCJENCS  MONTHLF. 


in  otiier  ("fljrmptoinsLie")  din'iLMni,  »  oft«Q  •ggnTiite<l  bjr  Ibv 
pressiun  of  iu  i-xt«n»l  Diniiift^vctntionH.     In  oUier  woitI*,  An  u  hot 
DODijKitvtiL  to  dta)  with  tla*  lioktilu  "powtir  bfUind  jibciKuncna,^  tfd 
InKliiiet  n-nigiM  iut  mimon  to  R«mud. 

It  iH  etill  a  tnootn)  iiuotition  if  tiilx-rcnlcMu  cut  bi^  in  ' 
lh«'*gerra><ltseuca"of  tliis  cIssb;  but  nttcntkin  bu  Ihiu  .. 
viroumatanoe  ibat  a  oertaio  stage  of  palmonory  nmiraniplioD  fetlmnbdn 
the  eexaal  instiuct  to  n  (Icgroo  whicb  eon  bardlj  be  aappoMd  to  bncA 
tho  ediaiMtvil  Htatv  of  ibc  organisia.  Tht  etadjr  of  that  imJaUuUt 
fact  o<r«n  a  curious  problem,  but  also  a  soluiion  which  vonMidenUt 
iDodiflea  the  apparent  paradox.  Tho  truth  ROcmx  to  In-,  that  tho  taiid- 
eooy  alluded  to  manifests  itself  only  in  a  far  advanced  and  practical!; 
hopeless  stage  of  the  diseanc,  when  Natar«  •oerUici'N  ilit*  tut«ro*t>ai( 
the  individual  to  those  of  the  epevies.  Motbs,  iiopaled  in  t\w  cnllcct'V'l 
■liow-eau,  oftvn  yaj  an  interest  on  tho  debt  of  l^attire  by  a  depcnit 
numeroaa  ogg«.  Many  plants  ripen  their  fmit  just  before  the  e«i) 
the  toason.  At  tho  brink  of  Styx  doonux]  men  arc  apt  to  rcoon: 
Individual  ram  and  bcoonm  eloquml  for  the  benefil  of  poel«rity. 
is  Nature's  law  of  reversion.  It  is  also  true  that  far-gono  consiinijtli 
are  very  apt  to  indulge  in  exuberant  hopes,  belied  by  an  oveni  wli 
they  can  hardly  bare  helped  to  postpone. 

Bnt  it  is  equally  eertaiu  tliat,  in  a  far  larger  number  of  di 
loatinct  is  the  rafeBrt  guide  to  recoTor)-.  The  overloaded  atonMli 
Jccts  food  ;  the  exhausted  •ystem  at  U«t  aeccpts  no  compensation  bat 
Hlcvp.  Wounded  animals  oroucb  motionless  in  tlivir  htdiiig-placv; 
instinct  informs  them  that  rest  increases  the  chances  of  recovery,  Tlw 
unrest  of  asthmn-patienta  intimates  the  surest  remedy — ebange  of  sir 
and  outdoor  exercise.  Fever-patients  pant  for  refrigeration.  MjifVf- 
sia  can  be  avoided  by  heeding  (be  premonitory  sympti^i  ■ '"'■ 

of  appotile  that  ae<'ompante«  the  firol  itlagi-of  ehroniu  in  :  I" 

the  incipient  stages  of  scurvy,  and  many  enteric  dlsordera,  llio  vrfsnim 
demands  a  change  of  diet  as  urgently  as  the  perspiriiig  xkiii  clatnm 
for  a  change  of  tomiKrrature,    But  when  has  that  iostinci  uvof  clamoiw 
for  drugs  ?    If  suppuration  fails  to  dislodge  m  tltom,  llic  okin  of  thr 
inllitnu'd  paru  becomes  tenuous,  and  at  last  prurient,  aiid  not  •*'T 
tolerates  bat  invites  exdsion.     Wa  ace,  tlHii,  that  itutlnot  oaa  adip* 
itself  to  abnormal  oircmnataneei,  and  the  ijiieeiion  rc-etir* :  In 
state  of  diatrm  doea  ourstoniaoh  cease  to  jirotost  against  ilio 
pounds  of  the  dnig-mongmr  ?    Or,  shall  we  believe  that  our  protrtrtiw 
inslinetit,  at  ibe  most  critical  moments,  bocomo  falsu  to  llieir  txuKAnh 
and  urgently  warn  us  against  the  mvanii  of  salvation  ?    Vet,  again* 
ninety-nine  of  a  hnndrcd  remedial  drugs  they  prntcst  with  a  \>enM^ 
coco  which  can  be  orereomo  only  by  such  juggles  aa  loiengfa  anil 
Bugar-coatwl  pills.    That  protest  is  a  cliff  rhich  will  iiltimaiely  wredj 
all  the  arguments  of  the  castor-oil  school.     Ilomo-fl  '  "  ■    lablj 

only  by  a  counter-poison,  inspires  iln  rinims  lo  seek  i  ..lafcj 


■  IXCREASUfO   CURSE  OF  EUROPEAN  MIUTANCY.  5*1 

B  ^kUachcaeot  tniuf«iT«d  ta  1ms  inacoeasilile  objects),  and  soraMinies  in 

■  Teligious  fervor — yeaminR  for  a  home  which  even  an  impMonioas 
traveler  may  hope  to  reacb.  Plinj  marvels  "  bow  gmtly  dUappoiutod 
love  inspires  to  dcvdi  licniic  "  ;  yet  bcroiMn,  in  tho  aniilcnt  lotivc  sense, 
selMcrotiuu  to  harJ  work  and  rougb-uid>lnmbIe  vamiiaign«,  is,  In 
iTotb,  ibe  best  core  for  the  ailmenta  of  sentimental  borrow.  The 
nonntain-manis  of  worii>oat  brain-workers,  their  pa«donate  longing 

■  for  the  occupations  of  tbcir  natorc-abidiiig  am-cston — bunting,  camp- 
ing, and  hnrticnltnrc — arc  iii«pirtd  by  the  inKtinctive  de«ire  to  rc-cstaV 
linh  the  *tructiin!  of  their  organism  on  the  basU  of  its  original  fnond*- 
tionf,  and  recover,  as  an  nprooted  tre«  might  revive  in  the  mold  of  its 

IBStin  soil. 
^K  porpoce  of  such  intattions  has  rarely  been  fully  recognized,  and 
Ui«ro  U  no  doubt  that  (he  most  naefal  contrilnition  to  the  m<-dioal  lit- 
erature of  this  c«Dtiiry  would  be  %  popular  treatise  on  the  Hevelations 
of  Instinct.  The  didactic  significance  of  those  revelations  may  even 
bo  destined  to  become  the  basis  of  a  special  science.  That  science 
would  help  tho  votaric*  of  reform  to  atone  for  the  grievous  heresies  of 
the  pant.  It  woaM  miiko  \\\V  healing  art  an  ally  of  S'atnrc  :  it  wonltl 
prcwn'O  na  from  manifold  social  and  educational  errors,  by  gni<ling 
progrcHs  along  the  lines  of  natural  ordination.  A  ftcienoe  of  instinct 
would  bo  the  commentary  of  a  gospel  which,  in  the  language  of  man, 
baa  almost  censed  to  1h-  its  own  interpreter. 

r 

■  CJTyCFI  tlie  ym  IBIO,  but  more  especially  since  1874,  the  gonoral 

■  O  warexpendiluro  of  Europe  has  increased  enornioiwly.  Ttiin  in 
partly  a  oonscqueuoe  of  tho  FraDco-Gcrman  War  which  so  greatly  en- 
haaccd  the  milit^try  pnwor  of  nnitc<I  Germany  and  led  other  nations 
to  aim  at  a  corresponding  increase  in  their  forces,  and  in  part  to  tho 
cnormonnly  inorenMd  eort  of  iron-elad  Kbi]i«,  monster  guns,  torpodoes, 
and  all  the  tBcientific  appliances  of  modern  warfare. 

Up  to  the  year  1«78  our  own  army  and  navy  had  increased  but 

little  for  many  years,  the  tolnl  cjcpcnditure  in  1874  being  £24,664,000, 

which  waa  somewhat  loss  than  that  of  I8G4.     But  sinci-  tho  former 

dat«  onr  outlay  on  the  two  »ervic<>B  has  risen  greatly,  and  now  amounts 

K   lo  £!J8,0ft4,fX>0,  an  iiicn-ase  of  more  than  four  millions.     The  number 

I  4)f  men  ha*  increased  from  IW.OOd  in  I8T4  to  107,000  in  188*,  eiclawve 

H  of  the  Indtan  army. 

■  •Ctntil«rTof>'D*dTlmM,''bf  Alfred  RoMtin'MlUM.LL.D.  ll*cmUUn«Ca.,1SSa. 


THE  INCREASING  CURSE  OF  EUROPEAN" 
MILITANCY.* 

Br  A.  B.  WALLACE. 


S" 


TtlK  POPULAR  SCrsyCS  MOXTBIY. 


uilol 


In  ncMt  of  tlu>  greitt  tUtci  of  Enmpe  th«  inctrtOM  botli  of 
of  war  cxiK'tiilitiin'  ha*  been  far  prcattr  tlian  ntirs.  Avi- 
iiI)ODt  lew  Uutii  HL'Tcii  millions  on  lier  aritijr ;  KlifitDwn|>cti>i 
wiUi  an  fncre«ee  uf  altotit  fifteen  thounnntl  mCD.  Frnnn-  Itu  inert. 
Imr  forces  l.y  fifly  lliouoand  nu-n  in  llw  Wl  Urn  yum  ;  «^)iili' htr  nnii' 
tary  iinil  naval  ('X]H-iiilitiin'  liaH  lu-arly  doubled  atncu  tlic  nar,  anil  mr 
rnacbeti  llio  cnonnoiu  Hom  of  X3A,COO,U0O.  Gcniiaiiy  during  thr  um 
period  hiu  ratM-d  b<T  war  t'xjicnditun  by  more  titan  tlircn  milUoni, Ibi 
proauiMt  nntiiiint  bi.>ing  jC^d ,050,000.  Italy  has  doublttl  brr  war  ai- 
ponM*  Mnce  187.1.  In  lliat  year  tlioy  iroro  ■  lltilo  over  nine  mllKm*. 
now  Utey  arp  £18,000,000.  RumJ*  hu  fo1lowi-<l  lb<-  hidc  cutm*.  lin- 
ing tnervjuicd  her  war  vxpeoditurc  from  less  than  twenty  million*  it 
1S70  to  £33,000,000  in  1884. 

"Vbe  loss  involved  in  tticro  hug*  Bnoarovnts  U  uf  thnw  di*tttc4 
kinds  :  1,  by  the  DiimlMT  of  ntcm,  ituxtlly  in  tho  |inmt)  of  life  anil  ol 
the  Ti-ry  Ih-hI  physique,  who  aro  kept  Idle  or  unprDdiK-livrly  cmployi 
S,  hy  Uio  hnrdcn  uf  increased  tuatiou  whieb  the  n^t  of  ihn 
nnnity  lin*ft  to  bear;  and,  3,  by  the  actual  deslniction  of  Kfr 
proi»'rly  in  war,  which,  wherever  it  ocours,  inevilabty  diminiDliM 
a  time  tbe  productive  and  pnrvbadng  powen  of  tbat  e<matry.    Irt 
«iideavor  to  fonn  vome  concoptjou  of  the  amonut  of  lom  duo  to  Mcb  d 
thmouuiMft. 

Prom  information  given  In  sncoetisive  banes  of  the  "Sta 
Year-Book,"  it  appears  (hat,  ainoc  1870,  itie  armies  and  naviM 
rope  bavc  been  increased  by  about  630,000  men  on  the  peaeo  eitalilx 
nientA.  Thix  number  of  men,  therefore,  has  !>cen  wholly  withdrB' 
from  prodiieiive  labor ;  hut  during  period*  of  war  a  niurh  larger  ti: 
Iwr  18  thna  w  itbdrawn,  and  the  country  is,  lo  that  i*it*ni,  atill  fnrtW 
impoTCrisbed.  Hut  the  total  onmbftr  thus  withdrawn,  tbon;;li  \ti\ 
large— the  standing  armies  and  navies  of  Kuro|)e  being  entlraatcd 
8,083,TOO  men— represents  only  a  portion,  and  pcrbapa  even  a 
portion,  of  the  tniiichicf  done,  tiinco  tho  numbem  employed  in  ti 
«qnipm«nt  of  this  force  and  in  lb«  produetion  of  Ibo  vast  and  coispf 
war-materinl  now  nwd  am,  not  iin[irolMihly,  very  mnch  jrwatrt", 
these  are  all  e'lwally  lo«t  for  productive  purposes.  If  we  think  of  tb<' 
hundreds  of  huge  iion-elad  ships  which  have  recently  hecn  hnlll,  v^ 
try  to  form  a  conception  of  the  number  of  men  employed  iipi>n  tfc*" 
directly  and  indirectly— from  those  who  dug  out  the  iron  ore,  ami  'fc' 
coal  used  til  nmelt  tin-  ore,  lo  thono  who  ronstnict  the  btige  and  btta" 
tifutly  finiitbed  marine  engines— from  the  men  who  felleil  ibc  tn«  '" 
CaiUKlian  and  Indian  foresta  to  tho  skilled  workmen  who  dwfgn  in* 
frame  and  fininh  with  elaborate  care  the  whole  of  the  ii  ■  '  'tiinC 
— we  shall  111)  convinced  tbat  lo  build  one  of  these  mon-  :  •  ^ 

qi)irt«  from  first  lo  last  a  small  army  of  men,  all  of  whose  laimr.  w  f*' 
as  any  benefit  lo  mankind  \*  eoneenicd,  might  a*  well  bavr  Ixm  em* 
ployed  in  pumping  water  out  of  tho  sea  and  allowing  !t  to  floff  M'^ 


VCRBASINO   C(7RSB  OF  EUROPEAX  MILITANCY.  513 

MR.    Tluiti  coniiii]«r  ttio  citiipuikut,  cIutlifH,  armit,  aud  ammnniliun 
oil  tbom  grvitt  Eurupean  ormibfi ;  tin-  iu&QufactoriL>«  of  [lowder  and 
iIosItm,  the  iDODDicr  guns  and  projectiUa,  the  rockct§  and  torpedoes, 
I  horses  and  bonw  arcoutremcnts,  and  all  the  iouumcrabic  variety  of 
irea  tlutt  arc  ruqitircd  U>  nupply  a  cnudvni  army  in  tlic  ISi-ld — iind 
m  follow  back  uvvry  one  of  tLc»c  tliingN  to  tliv  raw  niait^rial  brought 
im  vatioui  parlit  of  llic  world,  aod  to  tlie  namerous  proceasea  of 
luufat^tuiv  tliroii^h  wbich  it  has  to  pasft— and  further  cotitidcr  the 
bount  of  purely  intellectual  power  required,  (ho  origination  and  im- 
Dvement  and  detailed  dotiignR  for  tbo  riflea  niid  cannonH,  the  pro* 
tilw  and  ciplosiTes,  tliv  pontoonii,  tbo  fort  ill  cat  ionis  tho  torpedo- 
Its,  ajid  the  ir<>n-<^liid9 — and  wo  nhall  probably  think  it  not  an  ex- 
iVagaat  cstiuiato  that  for  every  ten  lliousand  men  in  a  modern  army 
1  nary  at  least  another  ten  tboii&and  are  wholly  employed  in  nuking 
I  Deceasary  equipment  and  irar-matcriat,  the  labor  of  th«  whole 
BDty  tliousand  being  utterly  w.t»lm),  inaxmueh  aa  all  that  tliey  pro- 
ve it  ooDumcd,  not  moroly  unproductively  and  uMeK-NxIy,  but  dv- 
uotively.    Wo  may  fairly  calimatc,  tlieti,  that  the  military  prepared- 
n  of  modern  Kurope  involves  a  total  loas  to  the  community  of  tbo 
lor  of  about  skve.v  uiluok  men,  and  a  corresponding  amount  of 
iinnl  and  mvehanic:il  power  and  of  labor-savint;  machinerj'.     If, 
w,  wv  i:aiul<lcr  that  the  weight  of  gunti,  the  thickness  of  armor- 
iting,  ike  aiieo  and  engine-power  of  fhipii,  and  tho  complex  rvjuiro- 
ita  of  an  arniy  in  the  field,  have  all  bc«n  rapidly  increasing  dnring 
lant  ten  or  fifteen  years,  we  may  fairly  eolimate  Hint  one  fourth  or 
fifth  of  this  number  of  men  have  1>e«n  abstracted  from  tho  pro- 
Btive  workers  of  Europe  daring  tho  last  ten  ycarx,  the  period  over 
lob  th«  oommercial  depression  has  extended. 
[Lot  OS  next  ooDHider  tlw  liaavy  burden  of  taxation  upon  all  tho 
■of  European  peoples,  the  incmac  of  wliieh  during  recent  yeikts  ha-t 
H>  lUmott  wholly  closed  by  increased  military  expoitditurc  and  the 
Orect  on  debu  inenrred  for  wars  or  preparations  for  war,  for  fortt- 
ttions,  or  for  military  railways,    lliia  tnereaae  may  be  best  eeti- 
ted  by  comparing  the  vxpondiluro  of  IdTO,  the  year  before  the 
haco-Ovrman  War,  with  that  of  ISM.     During  this  period  of  four- 
■n  yvan  our  own  expenditure  han  iucreaaed  from  i;75,0(K>,000  to 
7.)K».000  ;  that  of  Austria  from  £55,000,000  to  i;94,O00,000  ;  that 
J-mnrc  from  £»5,000,000  to  £142,500,000;  that  of  Germany  from 
^,000,000  to   £11-^500,000;    that  of   luly   from  £40,000,000  to 
[•  —"m;  and  that  of  Rii*tia  from  £06,000.000  to  £lU,!i00,00O. 
1:  the  exjwnditurc  of  the  nix  great  powers  of  Europe  Itoa  in- 

Uaed  from  £3J5,000,OOO  to  £012,000,000,  an  additional  bnrden  of 
UO,nOO,000  a  year.  The  population  of  these  six  states  is  now  a  little 
pr  300,000,000,  so  thnt  ihey  h.-ive  to  bear,  on  the  average,  an  addition 
^b'  I  iiiniing  to  nearly  a  pound  a  hciul,  or  about  five  pound* 

PH^  ;,  a  moKt  opprestivo  amount  whou  wo  conitider  tho  ex- 


5 '4 


THE  POPULAR  SCIEXCE  MOyTHLT. 


treme  porcrty  of  tbo  nia«scs  in  «U  tbeae  Matoa,  sod  that  ctcu  before  (bu 
period  of  inBaU'd  vnr  cxjicnditure  they  had  aJready  to  sapport »  betTf 
and  ofti^n  ma  almosl  uiilM-arable  load  of  tAiation.  "Wc  mnst,  therriift, 
admit  ihat  tbia  great  addition  to  tlioir  fiscal  bnrdcos  in  tbc  lul  few- 
te«n  years  most  have  Bcnonxly  dimilli^llt-d  tbe  purchuLng  poirer  *{ 
mora  tban  two  biindrcd  mlUioiut  of  people,  and  this  alone  is  cakohtd 
to  produn-,  and  laxiiX.  actually  produce,  s  depressioR  of  trade  m  all  tk' 
ooDDtries  which  supply  their  wants,  and  th«rcfora  in  none  noni  loi- 
onsly  tban  in  our  ovra. 

There  rcmaiits  yet  to  bo  coniudrrcd  thv  injur}-  done  by  tbc  sclul 
dMtnictioii  of  tiff  and  pro[)erIy  wlitcb  o<:cur!t  wb<-ncrrr  tfaiM  I'labonlo 
and  coKtIy  war-macfainory  is  put  to  its  deatioed  u&e.  Owing  to  ^ 
wide  crteat  and  endless  ramifiratioDs  of  modern  commerce,  whermr 
life  and  property  are  dcetroyod  by  war  all  nations  with  an  eilcn»v« 
foreign  tradg  mnst  feci  ttomc  of  tbo  ooDtwqncDces.  VFlien  villages  ami 
towna  ur«  liurnisl  or  Ixinilfanliil,  crop*  devaatated,  and  domottlo  aiiiiuli 
taken  by  invailiug  armic-«,  Iroop<i  qaart«rcd  on  the  inhabitants  oA 
forced  contribntions  made,  tbe  result  must  be  tbe  iroporerisbnient  of 
tl»e  p<^ulatioD  for  serenU  years.  For  a  long  time  they  have  a  tKvae 
fftnigglo  CTcn  to  exist.  Their  houses  have  to  be  rebuilt,  tbcir  lanila  to 
be  again  cultivated,  »ec<l  and  domcMtti;  aiiimnl#  to  be  proonrod,  frwb 
capital  to  bi>  accumulated  ;  luid  till  all  lliLi  is  done  they  have  no  Bieaiu 
of  purchasing  foreign  goods  or  of  indulging  in  anything  bcyood  l^ 
barest  neceesariea  of  life.  And,  when  the  war  is  long  and  deMmctiT^ 
there  is,  in  addition,  tbe  loss  of  human  life,  not  merely  by  slasgbterui 
battle,  but  by  the  distress  and  exposure,  tbo  disease  and  famina  wbica| 
are  Ifae  inevitHblc  eoiiKc<|Ucnoe«  of  war,  a  loss  often  to  be  counted,  Mt 
merely  by  thouKands  and  tens  of  thousands,  but  evm  by  roillione.  An! 
all  tlieee  lost  lives  are,  from  onr  present  point  of  view,  lost  cnstomcn^ 
and  thus  still  further  increase  the  sum  total  of  injury  to  comDCtt* 
which  war  produces, 

Xow,  during  the  Ia«t  twenty  years  there  havi;  Ik-cd  a  coo: 
seri(.i}  of  wars  wbicb  hare  all,  more  or  Icfs,  tended  to  produce 
injurious  effect:^  Beginning  with  the  New  Zealand  war  in  ISOS^  vr 
bare  in  saccesnon  the  Abyssinian  war  of  1(487,  tbo  great  Franco^o- 
man  war  of  ISTl-TS,  the  Asbantee  war  in  IH75,  the  terrible  BuB«o- 
Turiash  war  of  !«">*,  the  Trannvaal,  Zoohw),  and  other  Sonth  AfricW 
wars  of  1879- '80,  the  Afghan  war  of  I88I,  the  Fgj-ptian  war  of  188^ 
and  tbc  Soudan  war  perhaps  not  yet  concluded.  ^Vlio  can  calcnlit* 
the  amount  of  life  and  property  destroyed,  and  the  consequent  mtso^ 
and  impoverishmenl  of  large  populations  during  tbeee  twenty  yean 
Trailers  hare,  nnfortonAtely,  often  considered  war  to  be  adrantageoi* 
to  them,  on  account  of  the  rapid  and  redsh-**  exponditnra  of  puWio 
money  on  war-materials  and  stores,  and  the  opportunity  of  makii^)! 
large  jirufiis  by  war-con Iraets.  Bat  this  is  a  vt-ry  partUI  effect  and 
limited  to  but  few  drparlmcnta  of  trade,  while  tbe  depressing  effect 


I 

I 

>tIie«fV 

t    ' 
r- 
J- 
n 

i 


«  and  J 
ffcetoll 


IXCREASIXO   CUBSS  OF  HCROPEAS  MfUTAXCr.  jis 

war,  in  the  incnineed  taxation  it  always  iDvolrea  and  in  the  impovcr- 
ubment  of  our  automirrs  vtiicli  it  always  produces,  is  certain,  wide- 
spread, and  oftCD  enduring.  The  rum-nt  wan  iu  Hgypt  and  the  Sou- 
dan, whatever  other  ruulu  Uiey  may  havi-,  will  ii^^iirt-dlj-  have  tbe 
eff«ct  of  tending  atill  further  to  prolong  and  ioleiuif}'  our  commerelol 
deprcMion. 

If  our  niannfactur«rs  and  merchants  as  a  body  would  consider  this 
question  in  all  tU  bearinga  tbey  would  Hurely  arrire  at  the  condition 
tliat  all  war,  wherever  or  by  wboai»ocvpr  waged,  is  bsd  for  trade, 
lince  it  inipoTeriithcs  alike  tbc  winner  and  llic  Io«ct,  Uk  invader  and 
tilt!  invaded,  while  it  inevitably  di-itroy*  a  nuraber  of  actual  or  possible 
ooatomers.  The  moral  arguinc-nUf  againcL  war  would  doubllcM  be 
more  generally  cffoctivu  if  it  were  olearly  seen  tliat,  alvays  and  every* 
where^  ita  dinwt  and  ncceanry  effect  is  to  produce  man  or  lesa  of  de- 
{ironion  of  trade. 

But  if  war  injures  the  capitalist,  the  raanufacttirer,  and  the  trader. 
Mill  more  does  it  injure  the  worker,  and  on  this  point  I  can  not  do  l>et- 
tcr  than  quote  the  forcible  words  of  Mr.  Mongrt-dien.*  After  describ- 
ing the  rarioti't  di'^tniclivc  ngenciM  and  methods  of  war,  he  says: 
"vis  wealth  dwimllv-i  soniolnxly  must  suffer,  unt]  the  xiiffering  mainly 
falls  on  the  poor  ami  weak.  The  capitalist  is  mulcted  of  part  of  bis 
wealth,  but  h<-  can  wait.  The  labor-wllor  is  mulcted  of  the  necessariM 
of  life,  and  he  and  bis  dear  oqca  cau  not  wait.  The  less  there  ia  to 
prodnco  the  leas  tikere  is  to  distribute.  Need  we  say  which  clasa  it 
ii  that  will  ran  short?  It  is  on  you,  labor>«ellen  of  the  world,  that 
the  burden  chiefly  falls.  It  a  yon  who  are  the  aliiycrs  and  the  flaiii. 
You  form  the  rank  and  file  who  deal  the  blows  and  on  whom  the 
Mows  are  dealt.  To  your  chi«>fs  belong  the  honor  and  the  rewards. 
Ai  for  you,  you  are  under  contract  to  suffer  and  to  cau8«i  suffering ;  to 
inflict  and  Ui  endure  death  ;  to  destroy  inntcad  of  creating  wealth  ; 
and  to  use  every  effort  to  suppre^  the  fund  out  of  which  IalK>r  it  paid. 
The  war-system,  pernicious  to  every  class,  is  a  special  curse  to  your^ 
Are  yoa  content  to  view  it  as  a  oeoestiity  ?  In  this  our  protest  against 
it,  wo  look  for  your  H]>ocial  assistance  by  tbonght,  won!,  and  pen. 
Public  opiiiiun  is  made  U]>  of  iLwcntinR  units."  Since  these  wonls  were 
written  the  working-men  of  England  have  obtained  the  means  not  only 
of  verbally  |MX»testing,  but  of  actually  deciding  against  war,  if  it  so 
pleases  them.  If  (hey  will  rote  for  no  rc]>rcKcntatiTce  but  eucb  as  will 
]<lcdgo  thcmsclvc*  to  oppose  all  bnt  strictly  diffenwve  w.ir*,  and  oever 
to  begin  a  war  until  we  arc  actually  attacked,  then  war  will  rarely 
occur,  war  expenditure  will  be  rnluced,  and,  so  soon  as  oUicr  nations 
follow  our  example  and  that  of  the  United  States,  one  of  the  chief 
of  depression  of  trade  will  cease  to  exist. 


MiUMof  d( 


•  "Wnbk  OvUkm,"  bj  Augwtut  UoogtWco,  p.  IIS. 


MEDICAL  PRACTICE  IN  DAMAEALAND. 

Br  C.  6.  BOTT.VEK. 


^^B  rriUE  tnissioDary  in  Damaraland  has  also  to  be  a  plijaidan.  Tbr 
^^H  JL  stations  in  tliai  country  being  cut  off  rrom  re^ar  inKrcnwH 
frith  Earopcan  ciTitizaUon,  tlic  raiitiiioiiary  Horirlics  bavo  betn  oUige4 
to  give  th^r  sgeDts  a  in«di<?al  edacation,  i»  order,  if  for  no  olber  ]iw> 
po»e,  that  tbey  may  be  able  to  doctor  thsmoclTM  and  their  fanuJia; 
From  mv  otrn  station  of  Otimbingue,  which  is  well  Kituiiicd  u  «■- 
pared  with  eomo  of  the  others,  I  Tonidbarehad  togual  )t-u.«t  a  month'i 
journey  to  find  a  regularly  graduated  phywcinn.  Of  coniw,  the  nativw 
aro  gliul  to  nvail  themselves  of  the  benefit  of  That  medical  skill  we  naj 
hare,  tbc  more  MpcK-ially  as  they  have  learned  that  vc  will  never  in- 
tentionally do  tlwra  any  Imrm.  while  they  arc  alwav?  sujpidooii  of 
their  own  doctors  uid  »<jrcercnt.  Hardly  a  day  p;is*cd  during  wy 
reudeooe  Id  the  country  that  I  was  not  eallvd  npon  by  rome  nek  per 
son  ;  HO  tlial  I  am  ablvlo  •]>cal:  from  the  remiluof  aacreD  yean' buy 
practice^  Aa  I  coold  convene  with  the  natiTca  with  perfect  freedom 
in  their  own  hinguage,  I  had  frequent  opportunities  to  consult  witlJ 
their  professionals,  and  was  able  to  learn  more  of  their  notions  ibua 
usually  falls  to  tho  lot  of  the  onlinary  explorer ;  no  that,  though  sot  i 
physician  by  profession,  I  bdicve  I  can  make  bocb«  intervKtingeuun- 
butioDs  to  medical  lore. 

One  of  the  mont  cnrioas  resulu  of  my  observations  is  that  the^- 
mnto  of  Damaraland  possesses  what  we  might  call  an  antiseptic  cbn^ 
acter  for  Kereral  moiiibs  of  erery  year.  Tlie  quality  is  an  attenibnt 
of  the  long  annual  dronght.  Every  living  thing  suffers  during  ifatt 
period  from  the  excessive  beat,  and  much  comfort  is  !mpo>»ihle,  evfo 
in  the  shade,  while,  in  places  exposed  to  the  warm  n-inihi,  the  thtr- 
momcter  bas  risen  to  129°  ;  and  the  sand,  nnmoi&tened  for  aix  raooths 
becomes  to  hot  that  I  hare  seen  eggs  hardened  in  it.  This  arid  beat  ii 
opposed  to  the  propagation  of  ferment,  for  it  dries  »p  ever3rtfamg  thit 
is  ex|KiM>d  to  the  wind  before  it  has  timo  to  sonr.  No  ntanifesiatioaf 
of  tubcreutoMs  arc  known.  Wounds  of  every  kind  hta)  remarkably 
quickly  and  well,  without  cnougli  suppuration  taking  place  to  mab 
the  Wodages  stick.  Tho  manner  in  which  large,  neglected  wound* 
heal  of  themselves  would  form  an  interesting  study  for  a  profcnion>' 
suf^on,  I  u))ecrved  a  case  of  a  Hcrero  whose  right  lower  arm  lad 
been  shattered  in  battle  by  a  roiiskct-ball.  Tlie  iK^aling  pnx-csa  htd 
worked  itself  out  in  such  a  way  that  tbc  whole  lower  arm  with  all  i" 
muscles  had  become  nithcred  and  uwlcas,  while  the  upper-arm  bone 
was  whole  and  covered  nt  its  loner  end  only  with  the  brown  skin.  All 
tho  muscle.i  and  ligaments  of  the  elbow-joint  had  vaniiihod,  whila 
ebouldcr-musclcs  remained,  so  that  the  unpleasant  spectacle  was 


MEDICAL  PRACTICE  IX  DAXASALAXV.  517 

eoted  of  the  nun  appearing  to  geniculate  iritb  liiii  hhnii'.  A  woman 
Ived  at  our  Etation  whose  feet  hvl  been  barbaroo^ly  irut  off  in  v>nn: 
rax  several  years  before,  so  that  hkt  captors  might  lahrt:  ea^il)-  gr;t  iiff 
be  iron  ornament  which  tbe  n<:rero  vumia  wear  on  their  ankl'^. 
kthoDgh  the  woman  bad  to  lie  belple<ii  for  a  lon^  tii.'ie,  \.':t  hoiju'Ik 
rentaallr  healed  up,  and  now  sLe  Laa  been  \.'/\iy.i.'^  ■aVj-ixA  on  \it-T 
sees  for  thirty  years. 

"We  soon  remarked,  bowtTer,  wLtn  ti.e  rain'-  f'",  a  f/f.oltu  tj.i- 
ibnicua  coming  over  the  country  and  domandin;?  offeHrFjf-.  \Vi;  •■•.-.'A 
Jao  see  how  those  of  tL*-  naiiTes  wbo  livt-d  on  *.Lt  j'.'.'^'-h  vi:i<:  in'irh 
ess  troubled  by  illneta  tban  tLoie  wL'jr*  Lo-i-'i  wt.-c  ->:i.i'.':d  '.i.  »>,'; 
aoister  alliiTial  groTind  and  in  the  ri re r-Vyf.o ;.'.?.  T).'j^':  who  hav: 
■nco  had  fever  are  ilot^  reidily  eip'^red  to  a'ta'l:  thin  t!.'/-/:  wl-.o 
lare  nerer  been  'CI.  My  w^'*,  wio  api*arfl  v«  r.a-.e  v!.o"y  r'r'.ov- 
red  from  a  re'-*^t  illi-^^^  '^^Ij  r^,-i;.-'rl  Sk  f.iy  of  Ur..  :.•.■:.  jr^rt  ir.  a 
iver-bottom,  wter%  1  aid  s*-.^rri]  o*L':r  pt-rr'^;.-!  ?':<:':!■.<.  I  :.o  :.'.j  .r-',  *•> 
le  put  in  bed  for  :i',:.'.L*-  Tit  ;:.f  :;«.'.-*  of  c.ali.-ii  It  :.'.i'.;y--'rd  It. 
aany  persons  in  ■::!«■  wav*  '.Li;.  by  ftv*T-a:.  i-tij-.t.  7;. -i-,  I  r^r-r 
lad  that  dise^f^:  1-::%  w!at.  '.-.-.•ir*.  of  tf.t  fi:.-,!:y  ;,i,!  firvi,-,  I  L*.d 
henmatie  pa-i.£  '::.  ay  V^tt  ajLi  I  kr^w  '.f  '.•.'.tr  yr-'.:.-  "J,-,  w<-,-e 
imilarly  alTe^^i  Ovjt-^jttriy  a  »*^^r%  t.'.d  vrr.'^;  ',:,!-.'-.-'i;  ;:.*> 
na  would  fre-.i!!  li**.«i.:  of  tie  f-t-.*r  :  ar.i,  »:.'>  f- ■■-,-  .,"1  -,  f,".~  ;•_ 
t  w^a  Ttry  fti^f-.',  ti ;  »■■.;;  *'..'.r.'*  !i!i  'rr.:).*-:  ':.::^--'-.:  -'.:  '. ."  .  ■:  :':.x'. 
lO  one  wa*  1-5: 1-.  i.:'a-Z  *.■-  ".'v^  ii  'v  ■J, ■!■,". 

0::e  of  "U  ":-:  t--^:  v:  : -'i--  ;.  ;.  -  -  -  i— :■  ^  ■  -:  •■  -  f 
bety-^.  vl    t  -v  -i-    ^.  =r.  i-.;  ..■?.--  ■■-.     .- 

ra*  &  "■^i"  1^^^.    "  '.    ""^    ;v"-    -  "■.:.:    "   i.-.    -.■■    :;■■ 
Vesi-:;^-;    ■    :;  -■■    :■■.:■-■.■    :      '  -.^    •■■:.-.; 
nd  ^it  ■-'■1  '.:'  :.".■       .■,'    ' 

lift" 

Tsl:*   '.-'.•:■■:    ■      ■     ■■•;--     ■1     ';-■-"     ;:;■-;..•■    ■  '     ■-    ■      :..;■■.• 

T«v   v;.-v    -;     :.w.  ,,.,.,...  ,^...   .     ...      ._  ;    V       ;  vu' 

ritiiVi;:    ':\'V  -■■.  \  ■■■!■  '-     r  ■         -  ;t    :':■-■;   ■   --■■ :.'-'.     -    i  --'   ■-;■•:"- 

'v.  vt.v'it  ■■.•■.  '■'.-■„>•:■  ;  I  :;   ■ ;  .-.ii—       I  ■_.•„':  t^--.'..  ■----.    :  -  t1 

rL'.-    iiUi    •j'.":l   ■;.-.     :      ■>.  •_-:.■:    ■-    -  ■.  =    .;  — ..-.r-'tt.ir  :      ',     •   ''■  .: 


Si8 


r/rjP  POPULAR  SCIEXCE  3£0NTHLT. 


% 


Dot  only  with  natives,  bul  also  with  truirtwortliy  EoropeoDs,  wbo  have 
seen  it  xpiu  Tbe  attack  producce  a  ninQing  ioflazoniAtiQD  Id  tlw  vjn, 
wktdi  lasts  for  abont  a  forttught 

Tb«  various  betiAvior  of  the  Datires  toward  rargical  and  tntenul 
disorders  U  curious  to  \hv  European.  No  one  can  be  more  iixlilTertal 
than  tbey  are  to  external  injnnca  and  tlto  pains  tbvy  occasion.  Eu^ 
in  tlie  riu-eat  caeca,  tliey  never  utier  a  sound  or  move  a  limb,  Khatercr  fl 
may  bf  done  to  tbcm.  A  tboroufcli going  surgi^on  could  not  vant  Ut- 
ter Bubjcets  ;  and  only  wIm^d  tbe  question  \%  directly  a^ked  tliem  will 
thoy  admit  that  they  ^iifTcr  any  pain.  An  illustration  of  this  povrrof 
cndnranvc  ia  given  by  iltc  poortT  mountain  Damzran,  whcise  clotIi!s{t 
for  summer  and  iriuter,  ia  reduced  to  a  more  loin-cloth.  Their  only  wtj 
of  wamting  themaelTee  in  cold  wc-atlier  \*  to  bovcr  over  tbe  fire  ai 
closely  aa  poMible.  Tliey  thereby  bocome  bliMercd  nearly  from  head 
to  foot,  and  acquire  a  rttber  mottled  appearance ;  yet  ibey  ncrtr 
seem  to  min<l  tho  smart  of  tbe  bunu.  But  let  tbem  suffer  froBu; 
■light  intvmal  disorder,  if  it  be  no  more  than  a  common  cold,  no  OM 
ean  touch  them,  and  it  is  very  hard  to  make  them  submit  to  a  medi- 
cal vzamiiintiun.  It  wa»eonimon  in  our  scbocd  when  one  asked  ajwr- 
Bon  culFeriug  from  aucli  a  diflQrdi*r,  '*  ^^'here  do  you  suffer  the  noft 
pain  ?"  for  l>im  to  return  tbe  answer,  "  In  my  arms,  Deck,  head,  bocl^ 
stomach,  all  over  my  body."  lleM  imaginary  sick  gavo  na  a  gnu 
deal  of  trouble,  and  it  became  necessary  to  keep  them  aa  much  oittsf 
tbe  way  as  possible.  I  found  an  effectual  means  to  accomplii^h  this 
and  one  that  wax  cbaracu-risiic  of  the  people.  I  onlcrcd  calf-ioap  f<* 
the  aiek  man.  To  kill  one  of  their  ealvea  waa  more  than  tlw  Herertf 
wen)  willing  to  do  just  lo  make  a  sick  man  well ;  and  no  oue  to  whom 
I  made  thist  prescription  ever  came  to  me  a  second-time. 

MasHS^e  plays  an  important  pnrt  in  native  therapeutics,  and  it 
plied  upon  tbe  whole  of  the  lower  part  of  the  body  aud  the  bowek 
I  can  not  deny  that  this  opcntion  la  quite  thoroughly  and  in  a  maancr 
ecientifically  pen-formcil.  It  is  a  circumRtance  favorable  to  thisproMM 
that  the  skin  over  the  abdomens  of  the  natiree  is  strclebed  and  ftablf 
on  account  of  their  custom — which  arises  from  their  nccesaiUes— of 
overcstiug  at  time«,  and  at  other  times  having  to  endure  long  bnugtr. 
The  operator,  first  with  a  slow,  light,  but  continuous  movement  of 
his  oiled  finger-tip  draws  the  boweltt  clear  over  to  one  side  till  he 
can  plainly  feci  the  inner  part  of  the  hip-bone  with  it«  mttsclH  aai 
vessels  on  tho  other  aide ;  then  the  hovels  are  slowly  pushed  hack, 
with  a  movement  so  esecuted  that  every  knot  and  every  indutatioa 
is  nibbed  as  thoronghly  as  possible  between  the  fingers.  A  nnnibir 
of  tho  impleiisant  symptoms  that  m.iy  ariM!  from  costivenesa,  nt«rine 
disorders,  or  the  troubles  of  pregnancy,  are  rvmoveil  by  this  operelio^ 
and  it  can  Dot  be  denied  titat  tbe  effect  of  tbe  kneading  on  the  circoJ 
lation  is  iK-ncficial.  The  whole  process  lasts  from  an  hour  lo  an  hoJ 
aiKl  a  half,  and  in  sotious  cases  is  repeated  every  two  or  three  din 


bom  - 


MEDICAL   PRACTICE  IN  DAMARALAND.  519 

on  who  perform  rooMftgv  hkve  bj  ivpvalcd  pnctico  acquired  a 
MVledge  of  tlie  nonnul  coiidition  of  the  abdonieu,  and  of  the 
ttual  irregularities  Uiat  take  place  there ;  and  ttiey  have  also,  by 
»  in  cutting  up  Blaughtcred  animals,  gained  soma  knowledge  of 
atomical  relations  of  tbo  parts.  I  have  Mtiafi«d  myxulf,  by  oloM 
atioQof  the  procedure,  that  every  part  can  be  no  futly  eicparatcd 
ihe  other*  m  to  permit  th«  whole  to  be  plainly  felt   by  the 

e  akill  attained  in  this  art  is  particularly  servioeable  in  midwifory 
and  makes  up  id  a  great  measure  for  the  lack  of  instrument*. 
faults  in  the  position  of  the  futtus  aru  soon  discovered,  and  mnob 
b  dliplayed  in  remedying  tliem.  Even  the  white  vomen  are 
tmld  to  call  in  the  native  midwives ;  and  Ibey  can  really  bo 
Beaded  without  peril.  As  a  rule  tbey  are  women  of  tlie  kiglier 
luks.  The  art  of  massage  Is  liande<1  down  from  motlier  to 
t«r,  or  to  oibor  rclatiTCS  of  the  younger  gcneiattOD.  OooMJOo- 
«D  practice  at  it. 

eM'^lMBWa  and  painit  in  the  extremities  are  treated  by  cupping 
«  moxL  Cupping  is  done  with  a  horn.  Tlie  skiu  havijig  been 
led  with  a  knife,  the  larger  end  of  the  horn,  which  has  an  opeo- 
tlie  point,  is  placed  over  the  wound,  and  the  operator  sucks  out 
aad  as  much  blood  an  bo  ran,  making  of  himself  a  kind  of  an 
al  leech. 

^ZM  are  preferred  for  dii>eMeit  of  the  lungs  and  liver,  and  are 
1  In  the  simplest  imaginable  manner,  by  bunting  the  end  of  a 
|ad  patting  the  glowing  oosl  u|M>n  the  akin.  Some  ten  or  fiftc«n 
IttB  thus  burned  in  succession,  tbe  scars  of  which  afterward  look 
^■d  of  tattooing.  ^Vbcn  I  first  saw  these  scars  on  the  breasts 
Ee&  of  (be  H«T«TOs,  I  thought  Ihey  had  been  nuulo  for  dccora- 
lat  waa  soon  tot  right  in  tlic  matter. 

r  Internal  remedies  the  people  liaro  a  oonstdvrablc  number  of 
%,  Every  one  knows  of  a  few  plants  that  are  good  as  Uxativea, 
^RndorificH,  or  quictives.  Among  the  heathen  natives,  super* 
1  help  appears  to  be  regarded  as  more  important,  and  to  bo  moro 
'cd.  It  is  invoked,  I  obsort'oil,  in  two  forms  :  One  kind  socma  to 
'oditional  survival  of  tbo  old  patriarchal  Mcrilloe  ;  and  the  other 
DCS  a  kind  of  combination  of  secwl  knowleiige  wilU  jufTRlery. 
■  obvious  distinction  is  made  between  the  two  kinds  of  lovooa* 
I  die  fact  (hat  some  honorable  member  of  the  family  ta  eboMn  to 
e  h  tbo  former,  while  tbo  latter  u  loft  to  some  wrotclird  charla- 
Jl8gl<!i'(  v'ho  somclimea  has  to  suffer  dc^ith  a*  a  penalty  for  bis 
n.  In  the  former  kind  of  invocation  a  beast  is  always  slain, 
fboM  meat  and  fat  certain  ceremonies  are  performed  and  formn- 
terod  over  the  patient,  b  a  way  that  has  been  handed  down  by 

the  simplor  features  in  tbo  practice  of  the  Jugglor-doctors 
ixrui— at 


JJ« 


TIfS  POPULAR  SCJSXCS  JfOXTI/tr. 


oonBuU  In  tbe  practitioner  Harking  M  the  sfflict««I  put  of  tlia 
till  b«  bring!  out  tint  thing  that  hut  prodnovd  tho  KickBan.  So  leeg 
u  ibeM  things  kto  beauH,  pBmpkin-«e«(ls,  and  tlie  likfr— and  Uwm  m 
what  the  doctor  genenllj  finds— there  is  nathing  about  tb«  Eoitttf 
that  paasM  our  comprebcnsion.  Rut  when  I  saw  one  ot  thaw  pn< 
formera,  entirely  naked  cKc«pt  for  a  little  liktti-aproD,  who  waa  cUm); 
watclied  by  roanr  curioua  |>«rtoiig,  at  laal  drav  ont  a  living  raak*,* 
fool  and  a  half  long,  I  was  somcwtiat  aAtonishi'd.  It  waa  a  real  aair, 
for  the  by<0tander«  hastened  to  kill  it.  If  the  eitck  man  failed  Id  iprt 
well  after  this  kind  of  procedure,  the  buminR  coal  waa  ajijli.  ! 
him.  Hottentot  quacks  generally  (*ivc  the  patient  to  drink  of  a  >.i-< 
of  tea  which  they  compound  from  plants  kooni  to  tbem,  and  whiii 
■hoald  cause  him  to  vomit.  For  (he  cure  to  Nuc<>ocd  tbejr  anst  tai 
tbe  object  by  which  the  man  was  bewitched  and  nuido  aiek.  ta  lb 
vomited  matter.  These  objcctE  are  things  which  can  not  tisaally  U 
fonnd  in  the  stomach  nor  come  out  of  it.  Thosmy  frienda  won  abowa 
among  the  things  tbat  had  Iwcn  in  tbix  way  taken  from  p&tlcnt*,  hnp 
pins  with  glawK  hcndu,  neatly  tic^l  together,  croMwtse,  wiih  a  ml 
thread,  a  picco  of  woo<1  with  Miveral  twigs  forking  from  it,  and  almvi 
aa  Urge  aa  the  hand,  and  other  things  equally  curiunii.  80  far  «•  1 
conid  learn,  this  procea.-*  is  usually  applied  to  a  St,  Vitua's  daarc,  wtitk 
it  xiippoMxl  to  bo  cauMd  by  enchantment, 

I  cloxe  with  the  relation  of  an  incident  in  which  I  waa  ma<1e  to  pli} 
tho  part  of  Die  magic  doctor,  beranso  it  exhibits  one  of  ttw  chaneta- 
irtiea  of  the  jwoplc.    A  Iloltcoiot  came  to  me  with  a  story  of  hii 
Dophew  being  bewitched,  and  mid  that  he  had  sought  me  out  afu« 
mveral  other  white  men  had  declined  to  help  bint,  becaiue  they 
nothing  abont  witchcraft.     His  nephew,  be  told  mo,  had  bMn 
well  till  he  bad  been  bewitched  by  a  rival  in  a  love'sffair,  and 
could  now  be  done  with  him,  for  his  eonvutHtous  and  mnuing 
Aa  this  condition  had  come  aboat  all  of  a  endden,  tbe  anggeatim  of 
some  external  cause  for  it  waa  obvious,  and  I  waa  satisfied  thai  !t  m 
a  case  of  poisoning.     For  tbe  ijuacks  arc  adepts  in   tbe   managHMW 
of  snake  and  plant-poisons,  and  produce  all  their  enrlisntmenlii,  wbra 
they  amount  to  anything,  by  some  moaoH  of  the  kind.     1  was  glui  u 
have  the  opportunity  of  dealing  with  one  of  thcae  oaaos  by  a  rraieil; 
of  my  own.    I  gave  tbe  man  a  bottle  of  camphor,  w!ih  rIin>etion«  fi 
using  it,  and  told  him  to  come  back  and  rejwrt.  tbe  resuli  iti  a  fm 
nighL     He  came  three  weeks  afterward,  with  the  empty  Itotilti, 
totd  me  joyfotly  that  the  sick  man  waa  well ;  Iw  had  vitniit«J  ap  lb* 
lion's  hair*  in  which  tliD  enchantment  waa  lodged  ! — TYaiulattd  j¥ 
the  Popular  ScieriM  Jfonlftij/ /h>m  IM«  Autiand. 


Mil  »ii« 

"J 


TS£  PROBLEM  OF  PBOTOQRAPUY  IS  COLOR,   jji 


THE  PROBLEM  OF  PHOTOGRAPHY  IN  COLOR. 

Br  OODKN  N.  ROOD. 
rsemMM  o*  niTuc*  i>  oouvau  oouau. 

'Y  attention  was  llret  called  lo  Uiia  subject  in  1853.  At  tUat  time 
I  waA  an  aseUUnt  in  lfa«  "Talo  Aimlytlcsl  Labonlory,"  vhkh 
iftenrard  dereloped  iuto  the  prMcnt  Sb<!ffii.-ld  School  Tbe  intereRC 
it  thv  Proftiuor  of  Cbrmbtrj',  Joliu  Puri«r,  «ae  excited  bj  Rome  ard- 
1«  on  this  Rabjcel  wliich  hod  reocntlj  ^peand  in  France,  aud  be 
'WM  dcalroufl  of  milking  experiments  to  t«8t  an  idea  tliut  bad  occtured 
lo  liimself.  Tbe  Beuoilivc  surface  waa  to  Iw  prepared  while  actually 
ander  the  intlucnce  of  colored  light,  so  tbal  fnim  the  atart  tbe  colored 

I  .rays  ehoulil  be  ahtc  to  act  on  it  and  iuducnce  the  molecular  oondition 
bf  the  nottly  fontivd  combinations.  A  prt«niaiie  spectrum  was  to  be 
•mployo«),  and  it  waa  hoped  that  tlie  rod  rays  would  persuade  the 
newly  burn  Nilvcr  aolta  to  reflect  red  light  and  only  red  tight,  while 
tli«  wme  salt,  when  generated  under  the  influence  of  the  green  rays, 
hy  tlie  aid  of  this  early  education  was  to  be  made  capable  hereafter  of 
reflectuig  gr«on  light,  bol  incapable  of  reflecting  red,  yellow,  or  blue 

•  light.  Expnated  in  the  language  of  the  undulatory  theory  of  light, 
the  idea  would  be  about  as  followa  :  ezpoeo  moleoales  in  act  of  forma- 
tion to  tbe  long  wavcH  of  red  light,  and  ever  after  tb«y  will  be  capable 
of  reflecting  muinly  the  long  wavcH  of  red  light ;  oil  other  kinds  they 
will  absorb  and  (Convert  into  heat. 

Thia  task  having  been  aasigncd  to  me,  I  entered  on  it  with  teal,  and 
arranged  a  dark  room  ;  tbe  solar  Hpectrum  was  made  to  fall  nic<ily  on 
tho  ubie,  and  many  of  the  processn  known  at  that  lime  were  in  suc- 
eeaaion  teeti-<l.  The  phoU>gr!iph8  of  the  spectrum  ihuN  obtained  were 
not  at  all  nniform  in  color  \  sometimes  tbey  would  be  di-licatoly  ahadetl 
from  a  dull-red  gray  to  a  blue  or  violet-gray  and  often  they  presented 
minor  changes  of  oolor  variously  diapoaed.  Favorable  indications  were 
followed  np  as  thoy  presented  themselves  ;  but  after  a  lime  J  became 
cunvinc4-d  tliat  the  ptay  of  color  in  tbe  pliotographa  was  solely  due  to 
the  greater  or  less  energetic  action  of  the  light  uimmi  the  seoHitiTO  snb- 
ataoce,  and  that  exactly  the  same  results  could  be  obtained  by  using 
white  tight,  more  or  less  intense.  When  tbe  work  wa«  finuhrd,  I  pre- 
aentrd  my  written  report  with  the  photographs,  and  the  prufewor, 
after  studying  it,  came  to  the  aomo  conclusion.  The  "  naaoeat "  idea 
wu  not  feasible. 

And  yet  pliotographn  in  color  of  colored  objeota  have  been  ob- 
tained. Upon  one  occasion,  about  twenty-flvo  years  ago,  I  obtaine^I 
(t  rcry  fine  onv.  The  subject  was  a  targe  clm-tn>o  and  a  red  farm- 
*i»a.io,  fhfw  **•*  objects  filling  ap  almost  the  whole  plate.  The  ordi- 
jCPf-eoJItx*'**"  process  was  employed;  tbe  negative,  after  being 


serxscs  mostslt. 

I  dnc4  M  ona] ;  Ul,  via  1 
em.  tbat  tb*  grctai  tm  «h 
t  •»  V  il  kad  b««B  •  caiDtni  Imafi,  uJ 
~  iatnith  and  ilctkacf  of  hu 
:  t  tet  n  •xamianttun  with  t  Inh 
;  •*  ^  #•■•■»  CMKiJ  the  Uluium  10  -nb- 
lit^db  flMii^*  ■■!!  I  ubMc  colon,  norf 
ttei  Aowt  thnn  in  giUrLM 
id  Ail  «H^lt  vaa  »wy  rotli-o.  T^ 
10  4d  vitfc  ^  <w<iw  of  tile  light,  ki 
I^teiMM^F;  <taa  I  liad a  chase*  to vtaatM MM 
te  vilv*!  PTif  fcMd  Mb  nud*  by  K]«|>e«  d«  Sibi. 
I  k  M^M<  to  aa  thai  tW  pab  eoloa  tbrj  pnvvDtR]  vm 
y  a  9«HS  «f  faasfcnaa^  aat^  by  bobm  of  ibp  prcttan 
MM  «r  *■  iM^y  JhiW  fatiAm.  Tba  dittib  i>f  uy  eumis- 
;  1 4»  H«  wwliat  bai  amty  lb*  wthrioa  that  the  a|<pHMm 
^■•t  w*  4b»  m  caaaa  aaaloRm  to  lbo«e  that  «-rn>  vffeclitf  <> 
<aw  «f  ■?  flbM  Mgatira.  na«qpnfli«  in  rolor.  nurh  u  tLr; 
■^  — Wab^aaJ^lbwfci— tfliMfi;  bat.  In  order  togiTrlUi 
,  it  b  wwMwy  tB  fvuve  thai  a  corrw^mbi 
t  aiiaia  Ml  W  rvrailvd  by  ibv  pnxlBetion  of  t«t- 
«(  ofejfcta  vUefc  wn  gray,  light  gray,  durk  gtiT, 
««  dU  «•  bn«  nadr  a  diaooreiy,  oar  flnt  datj  ii  u 
dntny  it  awftiliwly  if  poaribb^  aad  tbi  npnductidn  of  tb«  noii 
.  witb  wbit*  or  gfsy  objMta  b  iba  {tfopor  no«ia  of  ■dmioiiUrnit 
fa  tbb  eaaa.  It  »  baraly  poariU*  that  aoBw  oae  may  wA  «ij 
tbct  Kikdcn  tbc  colon  wmtalj  b  a  faHnni  roen-ly  tw>aBtf 
fiMpaxBag  ooJora  can  ba  obtabed  whan  tk«  aataral  uIijkU  m 
tislcd  gnj.  Tbe  ^Mtioa  aaawm  haelf ;  vhito  aod  gray  otijxti 
wiQ  beoolomd  in  tbe  pboto^rapb,  and,  mrse  than  (hai,  ihn  mafcvl' 
is  Iba  aataral  object  viQ  Tuy  io  tbe  pbMognph  witb  iu  brigbtn* 
or  tamfaoaity. 

I«t «  DOW  oxamiae  thi*  iiiibjwt  fnm  a  thvorBtical  point  of  Tttr, 
and  ask  oanwlrn  «by  we  should  bopn  tlial  ]>b<il<>frTa|>bi  in  co]or  eeiU 
erer  be  pndtwed.  We  ae«  tlw  rich  red  rays  of  \hf  »pcctniiB  ftUiBf 
on  the  plate,  aad  we  ttnagtne  that  a  BBb«taD<-«  which  b  ntntttfnW 
li^bt  wiD  somehow  be  acted  oa  by  titeat,  an<l  amnfpi  ItMlf  to  tlU 
erer  afterwaid  it  will  bettor  be  abli'  to  radect  red  light  tliaii  on^  Pth* 
kind  of  light  Why?  AVliy  >1iuq1<J  a  unbatanra  that  lian  Iutii  uiel 
on  by  long  wavn  be  bettor  able  to  reflect  long  witrea  (hao  tbcea  tbl 
are  BborterF  >Vby  eboald  a  sea-beach  that  has  I)«en  acted  on  b;  ki< 
warn  be  on  that  aooonnt  better  able  to  refloot  and  redirect  lotW 
oeean  long  warca  rather  than  mero  rippltw  ?  Tlio  a-arn  of  lifilit  ft- 
dnee  in  sensittre  iiobataDom  rlicuiical  clian;;oe  ;  new  eompoonJ*  u^ 
fonned  ;  why  should  the  long  wari«  of  red  light  produoe  eompnna^ 
thai  ara  aipeeiolly  oapahlo  of  nrflerllnp;  lonp  wavea,  ur  red  I'r*"' 


THE  PBOBLBii  OF  PEOTOORAPHV  JX  COLOR,   S3i 


wo  uiid«rtako  lo  make  a  photograph  In  color,  in  effect  wo  ulc 
the  tame  clieiuical  subBtaooe  lo  reflect  for  us  long,  medium,  or 
tTU,  red,  green,  or  bla4>  light,  according  as  it  ha6  be«a  acted 
'  VftTM  of  greater  or  k-iiscr  Icagth.  The  demand  seenu  to  me 
cposteroua. 
The  hope  for  photographj  in  color  lioii  in  ft  different  and  lesa  tade- 
bnd«nt  direction.  By  the  use  of  Kiiitahly  colored  plut<-H  of  glaw 
Bccd  before  the  Icna  of  the  photographic  camera,  it  ia  possible  to 
tin  orJiniiry  DegaltTCflof  the  red,  yellow,  and  bine  oonatituents  of  a 
jgbtly  colored  surface — a  carpet,  for  example.  ITese  can  be  made 
I  yield  red,  yellow,  and  blue  positives  by  the  aid  of  the  photo-Iitho- 
jc  ptooolis  ;  and  when  tbece  three  positive  impressions  are  supcr- 
.  on  the  nine  tbc«t  of  paper,  a  more  or  teas  ancoesBfal  ropro' 
I  of  the  oolorod  object  iit  obtained.  The  election  of  the  three 
MpartDt  pigments  naed  in  prbiting  us  nvocBsarily  left  to  the  taste 
itid  judgmctil  of  the  operator,  or  1  should  say  artist,  a«  witboot  con- 
lidornble  artistic  knowledge  the  rc«ulu  are  not  Uk^y  to  bo  valnabte. 
[t  will  be  seen,  then,  that  in  tliis  process  pliotogimpby  is  really  made 
o  act  aa  an  aid  to  ehromo-Iitbography,  and  the  resulu  are  really 
QO-lithograplis,  the  work  being  maioly  performed  by  the  camera 
.  glasMd  I  do  not  see  why  it  should  not  be  possiblo  in  this 
'  rcprodaoe  laoro  or  less  snccessful  colored  pictures  of  brightly 
itvd  objects. 
Wht^n  we  come  to  bindwapc  the  problem  is  more  ditTicult,  for  a 
;e  part  of  its  color  consists  of  delicately  tinted  grays,  the  liandling 
whioh  would  bo,  to  say  the  least,  very  troublesome,  and  would  re- 
Jrc  far  more  than  the  superposition  of  the  three  layers  of  pigment 
ftt  mentioned.  For  progress  in  this  direction  it  would  be  necessary 
the  experimenter  should,  at  the  same  time,  bo  a  skillful  pbotog- 
pfacr,  a  good  chromo-lithographer,  and  a  landscape-painter.  The 
lults  obtained  would  not  be  exact  reprexcntationx  of  natural  scenery, 
.  rather  sketches  in  which  the  artistic  taslc  pn-sided  over,  modified, 
maued  together  naturzl  tints.  They  would  be  none  tlie  worse 
tbat.  Of  cooTM,  there  would  still  remain  the  difficulties  connected 
inth  an  artistic  di.ti>0(tition  of  light  and  shade,  and  the  still  more  in- 
lOfcrahle  ones  of  coraponition ;  for  tbo  disposition  of  objects  in  a 
Kdaeope  u  rarely  just  what  we  want,  or  even  what  we  are  willing  to 
Slorate.  On  the  other  hand,  there  are  many  aimpler  objects  where 
.his  process  •  would  probably  succeed  very  well,  such  as  colored  de- 
ligns  of  all  kinds  of  decorated  objects,  and  all  those  cases  where  the 
?riag  la  simple  and  uot  too  ovancscont. — JPfioloffraphio  SuUctin. 

'*  Dm*  ort^oallf  to  C.  Oats  sad  Dkom  da  na«roa,uidinproTedb;Albctt,of  Sonidi, 
|Bl«fslrit,ofMewT«rit. 


5S4 


TSS  POPULAR  SCIENCS  MOyTffir. 


WOMEN  IN  ASTRONOMY. 


Bt  B.  l-kGK&XGB. 


TUERK  hare  been  TOroen  famoas  in  sU  tbe  departments  of  scienn 
and  art,  and  many  bave  ahovrn  in  aetroDomieal  mudios  talniti 
not  luually  made  manifest  in  tfacir  ki.  To  hegia  with  aneU-nl  time, 
tereral  women  irboec  names  haTe  eonie  doim  to  posterity  made  tliem- 
seIv«B  famouN  in  ttin  cvnturiea  before  tbe  fall  of  tbe  Western  BoBia 
Empire.  Among  them,  th«  principal  one  who  drrived  hor  title  to 
glory  from  tbe  etndf  of  tbe  sciences  was  Ilyjialia,  daughter  of 
Theon,  of  the  school  of  Alexandria,  who  is  nerertiieleMt  b<-tlcr  knovn 
by  her  philosophical  opinions  than  by  her  scientific  labors.  She  Ut- 
tared  for  many  years  at  Alexandria,  before  numcroas  and  intelligenl 
audiences,  on  the  Neoplatonio  dootrinea  ;  bat  At  i»  aim  known  n  tbe 
author  of  an  aatronomical  table  which  baa  not  come  down  to  ua. 
Wolf  relates,  in  hia  "  History  of  Astronomy,"  that  she  studied  mat&e- 
malics  and  astronomy  with  snch  success  that  she  was  given  a  proftt- 
■orial  cb«r,  whence  she  explained  the  works  of  Apollonias  and  IKo- 
phantns. 

Skipping  tbe  ftgvs  of  darknem  and  tbe  beginning  of  tbe  modem 
epoch,  we  find  onr  attention  flied  in  the  latter  part  of  the  »cvcntteiith 
centory  apon  the  name  of  the  family  of  Kirch — a  name  important  is 
many  respects.  Marie  Margoerite  Kirch  was  bom  at  Panitxeb,  new 
L«p«c,  on  the  25tb  of  February,  1070.  ITcr  maiden  nanK  ww 
Wiikckelmann,  but  she  married  the  Berlin  antronomer  Godefroi<l 
Kirch,  and  (wcamc  bIho  his  acicntiftc  companion.  8he  assifted  him  ia 
his  calculations  and  observations,  and  in  1709  discovered  a  coniel. 
Even  after  tbe  death  of  her  basband  in  1710  she  did  not  cease  to  de- 
vote herself  entirely  lo  astronomical  ficienco  ;  and  we  have  a  eonud* 
erable  book  which  she  wrote  in  1712,  in  anticipation  of  tbe  conjnnc- 
tioD  of  JnpttoT  and  Satani  tliat  was  to  take  place  in  1718.  11' 
OODJtmetioos  of  tbe  planets  now  only  excite  curiosity,  and  are  of  no 
partdoolar  interest  to  astronomen.  lint  tbe  case  vraa  different  in  (be 
time*  when  astronomy  was  mixed  up  with  KNtroIogy,  and  a  very 
capricious,  occult  influencv  over  earthly  ful^-s  was  attributed  tonch 
especial  pcxilions  of  the  starm  With  the  progren  of  theoretics! 
UtroDomy,  which  ahowi-d  that  these  conjunctions  were  regular  evcnlt, 
subject  to  periodic  laws,  the  ideas  on  this  subject  were  modified,  arf 
the  writers  upon  tbe  phenomena  took  the  pains  to  notify  tb«  pabbc; 
by  the  titles  of  thoir  works,  that  they  bad  nothing  in  common  vitk 
the  astrologer*.  Rfargueritc  Kirch's  book  consisted  wholly  of  Mtrv 
nomical  calculations — to  tbe  honor,  says  Bach,  of  tho  woman  and 
her  age. 

The  daughters  of  Madame  Kircb  contioaed  to  oconpy  themselft* 


I 


i 


lelft*  m 


WOMSy  IN  ASTRONOHr. 


S3S 


with  utToaom;  After  the  death  of  their  motber,  &nd  made  the  calcala- 
tioti*,  fur  the  AcsAtmy  of  Sciences  of  Berlin,  of  the  "  Epfaemem  "  and 
Um!  "Almanac"  whicii  were  soarces  of  reveone  to  that  learned  body, 
lu  tlie  same  period  a  numb^  of  French  and  Italian  aMronomcn  bad 
female  collaborators  In  tbcir  own  families.  CcLsiuit,  the  celebrated  pr»- 
fessor  at  tXpsala,  and  a  ]>u]>il  of  Kirch  the  Hon,  wan  iintcrtaioei],  while  paaa- 
ing  through  Paris  to  Uulo^na,  by  De  I'lsle,  whose  hister  was  devoting 
benclf  to  astronomy,  lieachin^  Italy,  he  found  likewbe  that  his  new 
matter,  Manfredi,  had  two  learned  si&ters,  enptaged,  like  their  brother, 
in  the  study  of  ibo  stant.  This  cbiikvI  Cdsiiis  lo  ray,  in  a  letter  to 
Kirch  :  "  I  begin  t»  believe  that  it  \*  fatvd  for  all  the  aiitrODOraers  whom 
I  have  had  the  honor  of  becoming  acquainted  with  during  my  journey 
to  have  learned  sisters ;  I  have  a  sister,  too,  but  not  a  rery  learned 
lady.  To  keep  up  tks  coincidenei^  we  must  mako  an  a«tTonomer 
ol  her." 

■  Otbar  women,  whose  names  are  less  well  known,  wrote  on  astronomy 
during  the  seventeenth  century.  V>o  may  cite  Maria  Cunitz,  daugh- 
ter of  a  Silesian  doctor,  who  published  astronomical  tables  in  1650 ; 
Jeanne  D&m£,  who  in  16fiO  wrote  a  book  defending  the  Copemican 
system  against  "scientific"  attacks  upon  it.  Of  more  modem  dale 
was  Madame  Gabrielte  Kmiliu  d«  Bretenil,  Marquise  du  Cb&tclet, 
who  was  for  Cftceii  years  tlie  constant  friend  of  Voltaire,  and  in  her 
retreat  at  Cirey  devoted  her  whole  life  to  the  sciences.  She  it  was 
who  first  made  knowu  to  France,  then  devoted  to  seientifie  Cartesian* 
ism  and  the  doctrine  of  elementary  rortices,  the  masterly  work  of 
Newton.  This  was  a  title  to  glory  which  might  have  made  the 
fortune  of  more  tliun  one  ncientifio  man,  and  it  fell  upon  a.  woman. 
Klademoisclle  dv  Breteuii  had  received  a  very  careful  education,  but 
lier  natural  taste  for  study  and  serious  oocupations  dtd  not  prevent  licr 
from  shining  brilliantly  in  the  society  of  the  courts  of  the  Regency 
for  some  ycjirs  after  ber  marriage  with  M,  du  Chltelet.  One  of  the 
best  evidences  of  her  gciiimt  tliat  wo  bare  is  in  the  bearing  toward  her 
.«f  Toliatn^,  who  had  no  respect  for  any  but  mental  gifts,  lie  had 
lietunied  from  Great  Urttain  full  of  cnthuKtium  for  Englisli  Hcioneo 
and  philosophy,  and  occupied  with  the  dream  of  making  Newton 
known  to  his  conntrymen  and  dethroning  Descartes  at  the  Academy. 
It  may  appcur  singular  that  he  selected  Madame  du  Cbatelet  for  this 
work  ;  but  tbo  choice  was  not  vxtriMrdinary  after  all.  She  had  already 
made  some  progress  in  matheitialical  studies  under  the  direction  of 
Manpertuis  and  Clairaut,  and  Voltaire  m  as  looking  for  the  assistance 
be  needed  to  some  one  outside  of  the  official  scientilio  cirele.  The 
tranfilatioo  of  Newton's  "Principia"  would  be  the  best  meatia  of 
making  known  in  France  the  great  English  geom<!trioian  and  the  ad- 
mirable nmplicity  whicli  his  theory  of  attraction  lent  to  the  study  of 
the  morements  of  the  stars.  This  work  Madame  du  Cbfttelet  did  weU. 
^■t  abo  did  more  than  make  a  simple  translation.    Tbo  algubraio  com* 


SJ6 


THE  POPULAR  SCIENCE  MONTHLY. 


jjiar  toji^ 


m^ntsry  wfaich  follova  tbe  tmukUon  is  ia  l«rg»  part  tbe  work  oC  tlit 
Iwtjr,  altboagh  it  was  compoMd  under  tbe  dtrcctioa  of  Claiiurt  inJ 
revised  by  him.  "  Wn  liave  witnessed  two  prodigies,**  taid  Voitiiit 
in  hia  hiitorical  introductiun  to  tbe  "  Principia  " — "  one  tliat  Kewo 
ahonld  baw  contpoMd  tbis  vork,  and  tlio  other  tJiat  a  woman  ibonid 
bftve  tran»tated  and  elucidated  it."  Leaving  ont  the  ezaggetaoOD 
natural  in  such  a  statement,  tbcro  is  ittill  a  gn.-at  deal  of  trUh  id  it- 
More  than  ordinary  matbeDiaiical  knowledge  was  neecMarjr  ctcs  lo 
mak«  known  a  work  like  Kewton*s  imroortal  treatise,  and  stiU  moiel* 
add  explanatory  commenta  to  it.  I'his,  however,  waa  not  Madame  4i 
Chitelet'a  first  scientific  work,  for  the  had  previonsly  written  for  bcr 
»oo  "The  InetitutioDs  of  PbfBicc,"  a  book  imbued  witb  tbe  Leibiut- 
liaa  philosophy. 

A»  may  readily  be  imagined,  Dfadame  du  CMtelet  was  likely  to  Gid 
mon  enemies  tbau  aids  among  tbe  women  of  tbe  ligbt  and  frivelooB 
society  of  ber  day.  Kortanately,  she  was  indifferent  to  criticism,  cIm 
sbe  would  have  Buffered  the  pain  of  a  hundred  deatba. 

Tbe  most  distingaisbed  of  all  worn  an -astronomers  was  Caroliae 
Hersobel,  tbo  story  of  whnitc  life,  already  fully  told  in  this  journal  (im 
"Popular  Science  Monthly,"  April  and  5!iiy,  1970),  is  familiar  to, 
readers,  and  needs  not  to  be  repeated. 

Madame  ROmker,  wife  of  tbe  former  director  of  the  obsi 
ITamburg,  and  bis  constant  aid,  discovered  a  comet  on  the  I  Uh  of  Oc 
tobcr,  IH47 — the  first  eomct  discovered  by  a  woman  unc«  Carolioo 
Herschcl  had  announced  the  List  of  her  eight,  &fty-two  yean  before 
[H.  Lagrange  ba«  cunoui>ly  omitted  to  mention  the  American  womin- 
astronomer,  Maria  Mitchell,  who  is  entitled  bo  the  place  smoog  dU- 
covors  of  comets  wbieb  be  bere  gives  to  Madame  RQmker.  She  &^ 
coTwed  *  telescopic  comet  on  tbe  1st  day  of  October,  1647 — t«n  dap 
before  IJadamo  Rnmkcr's  diseovery — to  reoognition  of  which  sbo  tu 
given  n  gold  mcd.il  by  the  King  of  Denmark.  She  has  aluo  dcTOls] 
maeb  attention  to  the  examination  of  nehnltc^  and  has  been  employ^ 
in  obitcrvations  connected  witb  the  Toaal  Survey  and  in  compiling  tbs 
"  Nantical  Alroanae."  Her  work  bas  hardly  been  inferior  to  that  o( 
any  of  the  women  mentioned  by  M.  Lsgraoge.— Ed.  Pofclab  Scitscs 

MOHTHLY.] 

Another  lady,  who  left  very  distinct  traces  of  her  work  in  sstie- 
oomioal  science,  was  Madame  Scirpollini,  whom  Italy  claims  as  cpm  of 
the  children  thai  have  done  her  the  most  honor,  and  to  vbose  meowiy 
a  statue  bas  recently  been  erected.  A 

Catherine  Scarpellini  was  born  at  Foligno  on  the  29th  pf  OetobW," 
180t^  and  was  a  niece  of  the  astronomer  Peliciano  Scar|>ellini,  feuodcr 
of  the  Cspitolino  Observatory,  restorer  of  the  Academta  dei  Lyncriir 
and  profcMor  in  llic  two  aniversitica  of  Rome,  ller  attention  »» 
directed  to  scieiiliflc  studies  by  her  early  training,  with  which  li«r 
tsstes  fully  agreed.     Among  ber  titles  to  fame  we  may  recount 


>t  ibat^ 


WOXEN  IN  ASTSOyOMF, 


S37 


Go. 


OT]gaBit«d  Ui«  Mvttorologfoo-oionomctrio  Sutton  of  the  CapUoI, 
adit«<l  its  montlily  bulletin  ;  she  was  ooe  of  tiio  moM  active  col- 
mtora  in  tlie  "  ikjientific  CorroHpondence  "  of  Rome ;  and,  IJko  Caro- 
Hcrschel,  Madame  Ramker,  and  Miss  Mitchell,  the  discovered  s 
comet  on  the  night  of  the  1st  of  April,  18S4.    At  a  timo  when  thu 
bjeot  of  shoot ing-etoni  wan  under  lively  dtscnssioD  she  prepared  the 
catalogue  of  the  mctoon  oli«vrv<rd  in  Italy,  and  was  tbo  solo  ob- 
«t  Romo  of  the  great  aliower  of  ISOO,    Sbo  abo  left  valnsble 
lei  on  the  probable  influence  of  the  moon  on  ear1h<{aaVe»— «  work 
which  brought  her  distinctiona  from  the  Society  of  NaturalUls  of  Moti- 
w,  the  Geological  Institute  of  Vienna,  and  other  aoientifio  hodlea. 
Ihoy  learned  societies  mado  licr  an  honorary  member,  and  the  Italian 
Government,  in  l^i,  d«crcuxl  to  her  a  gold  modal  for  her  sutittical 
TK    With  all  tltia  Rhe  was  a  good  mother  and  a  true  woman. 
We  mention  a  few  more  names  :  Madame  Ilortense  Lepante,  wife 
of  the  horologist  of  the  same  name,  who  calculated  a  comet  with  I^- 
laade  ;  Miss  Ashley,  of  our  own  time,  who  has  »o  intelligently  studied 
lbs  surface  of  the  moon,  and  whoso  ntimorons  labors  are  regiitteTod  in 
Sclenographioal  Journal " ;  aod  Hiaa  Pogson,  who  i»  directing  an 
tbAerratory  at  Madras.    Several  young  women  are  employt^l  as  calcu- 
rs  at  the  Observatory  of  Harvard  College,  in  Cambridge^  Massa- 
ebiiBetts. 

I  can  not  close  my  article  without  giving  grateful  testimony  to 
tfaose  women  who,  without  having  contributed  directly  to  the  advaiice- 
>iit  of  Bfttronomy,  have  soMalned  their  hasbandB  or  brothers  during 
work  with  incessant  devotloa    Thh  is  a  bt-Jiutiful  part  roser^cd 
■  the  astronomer's  wife  or  sister,  and  many  women  have  known  bow 
fulfill  it  with  honor. 

We  recall  with  an  emotion  of  gratitude  the  name  of  Mrs.  Asaph 
I,  whoao  pawTcring  energy  supported  her  husband  when,  despair* 
g  of  Moeoeai,  bfl  was  on  the  point  of  abandoning  iho  search  for  tliu 
tollitea  of  Mars.  With  her  encouragement,  after  long  and  painful 
ihes,  Mr.  Hall  returned  once  again  to  hia  inveatigations  in  a  final 
which  was  crowned  with  a  most  brilliant  success.  I  most  also, 
with  all  the  friend*  of  soiencei,  give  a  tribute  of  homago  to  Madame 
Jaosnn,  who  has  exiled  herself  several  times  to  the  ends  of  the  earth, 
and  aoccpted  tbe  privations  of  the  hardest  kind  of  life,  to  follow  her 
husband  iu  his  numerooa  astronomical  voyages. 

Honor,  then,  to  all  these  ladies  and  fdlow-workers,  who  are  plead- 
iog  or  have  pleaded  more  emphaticittly  limn  the  Btrongest  speeches  of 
philanthropists  in  favor  of  the  claims  of  their  ttcx.  They  hare  proved 
that  when  one  will  one  can  ;  and  that  proverb  is  perhaps  the  best  oon- 
elusion  that  can  be  drawn  from  our  story. — 7houtateti/or  th«  Popular 
Mvnthit/ jVom  CM  tt  Tcm. 


sfi 


THE  POPULAR   SCIENCE  MO.VTffir, 


SKETCH  OP  DR  W.  B.  CARPENTER. 


THE  long  «h1  hnty  ■dentific  life  of  P'  uivr,  tlio  wide  exWU 

and  multit:Lrioui  ohsnotcr  of  liU  i n,  ia    n-lilch  be  wii 

«1w»jrs  ft  Iflodor  and  always  ndvancvd  knuwl«lgo,  Uw  cftthollcilj'  o( 
hilt  rt«wtt  th«  ttctive  t[it«reBt  be  exhibited  iii  ewry  concent  of  Utr.  Ui 
lovftbU)  pflnoDiU  qualities,  and  the  painful  circumatanctM  of  hU  'Ivsth, 
have  all  uontribnted  to  invest  Ute  hiitoTy  of  ht«  caircr  wtUi  an  umuiul 
degree  of  inteniMt. 

Ilia  life,  na  ho  ob«erTed  to  ft  frieod  Igm  than  a  month  before  bit 
dufttb,  waa  odo  of  hard  work.  lie  woa  for  yt-an  iiclivcly  ongagcd  b 
the  dmdgory  of  teaching ;  be  was  olwaya  i>n'i>nHiig  uml  coaipDbg 
vaJuablft  tnanuaU ;  be  wa«  an  eucrgetio  writer  for,  and  editor  of,  poi- 
odicftl  pablicAtiotu ;  and,  we  may  add,  he  spent  mncb  time  in  th« 
Hlroot  aorvive  of  the  public  and  of  public  inMtitutiunii,  A  pLeichof 
hl«  life  and  work  down  to  ISTi  was  given  in  thL<  first  Tulumr  of  "'n* 
Popular  Science  Monlhly,"  But  he  baa  held  bo  high  a  place,  and  bat 
done  to  much  1)>at  in  valuublu  mhco  iben,  and  as  that  biogmphy  k 
probably  not  row  acociwibto  to  a  grcoit  many  of  our  Kadera,  no  apology 
need  be  offen-d  for  reriewiog  the  pruic)])al  featunMof  Dr.  Carpent<:r'* 
career,  and  adding,  with  the  account  of  faia  later  work,  snob  new  infor* 
ination  aa  is  afforded  by  tfao  reminiscences  which  arc  alwayii  bfovgbt 
out  by  llic  death  of  a  man  who  has  played  an  important  pari. 

WiuJAM  Kkkjauin  CAirK<fTKK  wft8  bom  in  Rxeter,  England, Oeto- 
Ut*20,  1813.  Hi:t  fatber,  the  Rct.  Pr.  Lani  Carpenter,  was  an  eminint 
Unitarian  minister,  and  a  writer  on  tlic<ilugioi]  nubJMtti,  who  reii»uT«4 
to  Bristol  in  1917.  Hence  the  Bon'a  earlier  Ufo  bevamr  t>i)  ideoUlM 
with  that  city  that  some  of  his  biographers  have  said  thai  he  wM  ban 
there.  The  whole  family  are  characlcrin?d  by  ability.  Vr.  Carpcnhs^ 
eisler,  Miss  Mary  Carpenter,  who  died  a  few  ycftxa  ago,  was  an  cniiBffl 
philantbropist,  whose  work  in  rotation  to  the  Irt-aimcnt  of  prisoDfT^ 
and  to  qiiMEtions  afft-cting  tbc  well-bciDg  of  the  women  of  India,  c» 
title  her,  an  I>r.  Ray  I^ikestcr  liappily  says,  to  be  remembered  hy 
future  generations  with  no  leas  gratitude  than  her  hrotlier.  Hia  mm* 
are  men  of  mark  in  the  Unitarian  ministry,  in  literature,  and  in  ru-ienrt. 

lie  received  his  earlier  iustniction  in  the  sehiwl  eslahlishcd  1>;  li" 
father  at  Bristol,  studying  the  cUuHiics  and  the  principles  of  physic' 
scicnee,  witli  a  preferonw  of  taste  for  the  hitter  cUm  of  Ntudlt-s.  H* 
intended  to  become  a  civil  engineer,  but,  no  sailable  opening  appcariif 
in  that  profe9«<m,  be  entered  upon  tlii<  study  of  medicine,  Jn  18^ 
with  Mr.  J.  U.  Estlin,  a  brotb«ftn-law  of  I>r.  Pritchanl,  tbo  etbDolo- 
gist,  in  connootion  with  which  be  attended  the  Icotum  at  tbc  I>ii-'' ' 
Medical  School.  In  the  winter  of  Ii^tS  h«  visited  the  VTrot  Indie*  1" 
company  with  Dr.  Kstlin,  who  went  on  a  r»yag>'  for  hU  health,  i»  re- 


\ 


SKSTCM  OF  W.  B.  CARPEXTER. 


539 


* 


I 


•Qioe  his  Madies  on  his  rvturo,  at  BrUtol,  th«n  at  TJnircnIty  CoUpg«, 
Ziondon,  an<l  Giutlly  iu  the  Unlvonity  of  Edinburgh,  where  he  received 
the  degree  of  21.  D.  in  1839.  Ilia  ^aduating  thesis,  which  gained 
for  him  a  goUi  medal,  was  on  "  'ITie  Physiological  lofercnces  to  be 
deduced  from  the  Stnictara  of  the  Nerroua  SyMein  of  Inrerlebnittd 
Anintals."  It  attracted  c<oD«tdorablc  attention  on  account  of  some 
peeuliar  HperU]  rinwii  ntlvonced  in  it,  and  it  pointed  out  the  direction 
which  bia  faturv  otudies  were  destined  to  take.  Previous  to  his  grad- 
uation be  bod  been  appointed  Lecturer  on  Medical  Jurispnidence  in 
the  Bristol  Medical  School  He  settled  donro  to  practice  and  married 
in  Bristol ;  but,  in  1844,  feeling  a  distaste,  aeoonling  to  Dr.  I>ankester, 
for  the  profcMion  of  medicine,  he  removed  to  Loudon  in  order  to  dc< 
vot«  hiniwir  cntirt^y  u»  a  lil<Tary  and  acientiflo  career.  Here  he  was 
appointe^l  Fullerian  Professor  of  Physiology  iu  the  Koyal  luAtilation, 
and  was  msde  a  Fellow  of  the  Itoyal  Society ;  in  the  next  year  be 
became  a  loclnrer  in  the  London  Hospital ;  in  1647  a  lecturer  on 
geology  in  the  British  Mu»eum,  one  of  the  cuaminent  of  the  London 
Unireraity,  and  editor  of  the  "BritLih  and  Foreign  Medico-Chinirgi- 
col  Keview  " ;  in  IS40,  Professor  of  3(edical  Jurisprudence  at  Unirer- 
aity College  ;  and  in  1S52.  I*rincij>al  of  University  Hall. 

Pr.  Carpenter  began  tbo  researches  with  which  bin  name  is  associ- 
ated and  the  pulilteation  of  rcsalti  upon  tbom  while  still  ijiiile  young. 
Two  books — Sir  John  IIcr«che1's  "  Di«eotirM  on  tbo  Study  of  Natural 
PbiJodopby,"  and  LycH's  "  Principles  of  Gi-ology  " — exerted  a  great 
influence  orer  bi«  mind  while  he  wan  a  atudcnt,  and  served  in  a  cvrlain 
sense  aa  models  in  the  execution  of  the  literary  part  of  his  work.  Dr. 
Lankesier  remarks  that  from  the  first  bis  work  showed  the  tendency 
of  his  mind  to  seek  for  large  gencralixations  and  the  development  of 
phiJosophical  principle*.  "  He  was  a  natural  philosopher  in  the  widest 
sense  of  the  term — one  wbo  wa«  equally  familiar  with  tbc  fundamental 
doctriuea  of  phyaica  and  with  the  phenomena  of  the  concrete  sciences 
of  astronomy,  geology,  and  biology.  It  was  his  aim,  by  the  use  of  the 
widest  range  of  knowledge  of  the  facts  of  nature,  to  arrive  at  a  gen- " 
erol  conception  of  these  phenomena  as  the  outcome  of  uniform  and  all- 
peirading  laws.  Ilis  interest  in  the  study  of  living  things  was  not 
therefore  primarily  that  of  the  artist  and  poet  so  mncb  bh  that  of  the 
philosopher,  and  it  is  remarkable  that  thin  interest  sltould  Iuiyo  carHc<l 
bin],  as  it  did,  into  minute  and  elaborate  inveBtigations  of  form  and 
straotore."  Among  his  earliest  contribationa  was  a  paper  "On  the 
Volontary  and  Instinctive  AetioDS  of  Living  Beings." .  Before  he  was 
twenty-five  years  old  bo  bad  pnbltsbed  articles  on  "  Vegetable  Pliysi- 
ology "  and  '•  The  Physiology  of  the  Spinal  Slarrow,"  and  a  review 
«f  that  part  of  WbcwcII's  "  Ilbtory  of  the  Inductive  Sciencea  "  which 
relates  to  physiology.  Ilis  first  important  essay  in  the  etody  of  the 
stTfoua  system,  the  special  branch  of  the  science  to  which  ho  more 
'CiOMlf  devoted  his  attention,  was  a  reviev  of  h'oble's  "Physiology  of 


S4« 


THS  POfUlAR  SCISNCK  MONTHLY. 


thfi  Bnln,"  Id  wfalch  he  exposed  U>e  nnscieotifio  cbaLTOcter  of  th«  cl 
of  pltreaology.     In  this  paper  lie  alko  cxt«nd«d  the  idea  of 
aerroiis  fanction  to  the  centon  of  niUNttion  nad  ideation,  and  eniiDd 
at«d  tho  funtlamcDliil  notioc*  of  ** oooMnsul  "  utd  uf  "  idoo-motor" 
adiou.     Curloaaly  Mr.  Carpenter's  arguments  convened  the  Bnibor  of 
the  hook.  Dr.  Xohle,  who  in  a  short  time  surreDdered  Uie  prindptl 
bjrpotheaee  which  he  bad  endeavored  to  enforce  in  it 

Ilia  first  systematic  work,  produced  la  IM9,iriu  the  "Comp^ntiTi 
Physiology,"  or,  to  cite  it  by  its  full  title,  the  "  Princij>Iwi  of  Graei 
and  Comparative  Physiology,  intended  oa  an  Introduction  to  the  HtKdy^ 
of  numan  Pbyiiiology,  and  aa  a  Guide  to  the  Philosophical  Pur«u!i  ol 
Natural  Ilbtory."    lliis  vork,  wblob  has  paaaed  tbroogh  many 
tions,  and  is  even  now,  tbongb  oot  of  print,  hardly  behind  the  tines, 
is  acknowledged  to  havo  been  when  it  was  first  published  the  best 
iirrangod  aod  most  clearly  written  work  on  physiology  in  tho  EiiglUb 
language^     It  was  a  pioneer  and  suoceaiful  effort  to  deal  witb  the pb 
nomena  of  animal  and  vegetable  life  as  parta  of  a  single  wliulu  in  ib< 
manner  that  is  now  almost  universally  done  in  treatiog  of  iho  science 
of  biology.     While  residing  at  Univeraity  Hall,  from  1851  to  IMO,  I 
remodeled  this  work  and  dinded  it  into  two  parte  :  the  "  Com]>aratJ' 
Physiology,**  comprvhcnding  tbo  general  biolo^cal  portion  ;  and  tlie 
"  Human  Physiology,"  oonsiating  of  the  part  relating  to  the  spcxdal 
physiology  of  man  and  the  higher  animals.    The  "  Human  Physiology  " 
embudici  the  most  complete  and  thorough  ezpositioa  of  tho  mt^ict 
that  had  yet  been  preiicnted,  and  was  particalarly  remarkable  for  the 
manner  In  which  the  physiology  of  the  brain  and  nervous  nystero  WM 
treated,  and  for  tbe  introduction  of  the  theories  of  cerebral  h>oaliBatMD 
which  have  since  been  elaborated  with  increasing  exactness  and  re* 
markahle  result*.    The  part  of  tbe  book  relating  to  this  branch  of  ihe 
subject,  developed  and  matured  by  subsequent  studte*,  waa  publisbnl 
separately  in  1874  aa  iJie  "Principles  of  Mental  Phyaiology,"  a  tmik 
which  "Nature,"  in  its  review  of  it,  charaelerized  as  marking  tb* 
author  as  one  of  those  philosophers  "  who  refuse  to  treat  tbe  phe- 
nomena of  mind  as  though  tboy  were  in  no  way  connected  with  lbs 
body  through  which  they  find  tlteir  exprcsrion."    Rejecting  the  method 
of  treating  mental  phenomena  as  abstracted  from  their  snmmndiiigi^ 
Dr.  Carpenter  based  bin  xyMrm  on  the  conatmctiou  and  working  of  the 
nervous  system.     "  But  while  shunning  the  metaphyseal  system,"  the 
reviewer  in  "  Nature  "  cootinncs, "  be  does  not  adopt  the  other  eilTtlIl^ 
tbo  doctrine,  we  mean,  of  the  thorough  materialist,  who  regards  iH 
mental  phenomena  without  exception  as  the  outcome  of  provioos  pbp- 
ical  causes  which  neeessarily  prxKluco  certain  rcsnlts.    He  steera  a  mbl- 
dle  course,  inasmuch  aa,  while  he  advances  the  theory* '  of  the  depcndcnn 
of  the  automatic  activity  of  the  mind  upon  conditions  which  bring  il 
within  the  nexus  of  physical  cansation,'  be  yet  l>elietee  in '  an  indepmJ* 
ent  power  coDtrolling  and  directing  tliat  activity  which  we  call  wiU." 


I 


SKETCH   OF  W.  B.  CARPEXTEB. 


S41 


I 


r 


% 


Tint  doctrine  of  tli«  inde)>«odeDoe  of  the  viti  b  regarded  as  one  of  tlie 
diitinguiahing  charaoteristics  of  the  pbilosophy  of  (he  treatise,  running 
"  through  the  entire  work  as  tbo  one  grand  exception  among  n  ecrico  of 
pbysioal  sequences,  interdependent,  ukl  atasding  to  each  other  In  the  re- 
lation  of  canse  nntt  effect,  of  antecedent  and  Bc<)aent."  Another  impor- 
tant fe.itnrc  of  tlie  Nxik  is  found  in  its  diacuseiooa  of  the  subjeota  of  men* 
ineriitn),  it]) i^i^ rapping,  tablc-tuming,  and  tJ>e  like,  in  which  the  author's 
philooopbioal  spirit  b  eminently  displayed.  He  set  himself  aoberly  at 
irork  to  find  oat  irhat  is  true  in  these  manifcxtations,  and  to  rerify  the 
facta,  and  explain  on  rational  grounds  thooo  which  were  sunceptiblo  of 
explanation,  while  "  he  did  not  hesitate  to  denounce  tbone  be  thought 
were  due  to  insincerit}'  or  frand."  He  found  the  key  to  such  of  the 
phenomena  as  ore  real  in  what  he  called  ideo-motor  action,  which  he 
defiood  to  be  "  the  direct  manifeatationa  of  ideatiooal  statee,  excited 
to  a  certain  measure  of  iutenHity,  or,  in  ptij'siological  Ungunge,  reflex 
actions  of  the  ccrebruni.''  Ilia  observations  on  this  branob  of  the  sob' 
jeot  were  also  published  separately  in  the  work  *'  Mesmerism,  Spirit- 
aatl«m,  etc..  historically  and  scientifically  considered." 

Dr.  Carpenter's  appuintment  to  the  office  of  Regi.-rirar  of  the  Uni- 
voraity  of  Ixnidnn,  in  165G,  gave  him  more  leisure  than  be  had  pre- 
viooaly  enjoyed  to  punne  bis  stadiea  sjstetnatieally  and  untrammeled 
by  the  drudgery  of  routine  duties  ;  and  the  fniila  of  the  employment 
of  tbis  leisare  are  seen  in  the  greater  fullness  and  perfection  of  bia 
scientific  work  subsc^juent  to  that  time.  He  had  already,  during  moat 
of  his  residence  in  London,  been  occupied  with  the  minute  study  of 
the  calcareous  slielts  of  the  Motlu»ca,  and  this  had  led  him  to  the  regu- 
lar use  of  the  interiMtcojH'.  One  of  the  cnrlicr  fniits  of  these  studies 
was  hi«  book  on  "  The  MicroMOpe  and  its  Revelations,"  a  manual  most 
highly  prixed  by  all  followers  of  the  enchanting  study  of  microscopy, 
of  which  the  sixth  edition  waa  pabliabcd  in  1^1.  Other  fruiu  of 
tb«ni  are  to  be  found  in  his  reports  on  the  micro«eopio  Klmeturo  of 
■bells,  which  he  presented  lo  the  British  Association  from  IS'l-l  on- 
vard.  In  these  papers  much  light  was  thrown  on  the  strucltire, 
which  was  found  to  be  more  complex  than  had  been  sappoeed,  and  the 
law  of  growth  of  sIh-IIs.  Hin  Mudie«  in  the  Foruminifcra^  which  wero 
CODtinucd  through  Im  life,  funuxbed  the  oeeasion  for  Eeveral  memoirs 
In  the  "Philosophical  Traosactiona,"  and  for  an  illustrated  mono- 
graph, which  was  published  by  the  Ray  Society  in  1862,  One  of  tlio 
moat  interesting  of  his  studies  in  this  line  was  that  on  the  structure 
and  development  of  the  Comatula,  or  feather-star,  in  which  be  pro- 
potted  a  theory  of  the  nerroua  function  of  the  axial  cords  running 
through  the  arms  of  the  animal,  differing  from  or  oonlradicting  the 
views  commonly  held.  A  re-examination  of  the  .itnictsre  of  the  ani- 
mal, and  repetition  of  his  expenments,  made  »)mo  five  years  ago  at 
the  Murine  I^boratOT}'  of  I>r.  Dobm,  at  Xaples,  and  the  experiments  of 
-itber  natnralisUi,  have  given  ooolirmatioit  to  bis  opinion.     Pertainiag 


543 


THE  POPULAR  SCIENCE  MOyTItiy. 


to  (he  invcttigstion  of  tbe  Foramtn^erti  and  growiog  oat  of  it, 
tbe  ptrt  whiob  ho  took  in  tlio  di»cnEsi<MM  respecting  iho  nature  of 


EftoSn  Canaettatey  in  wbioli  bo  mwatJuiied  tbM  tlio  fowil  in  quMtioa^ 
oxbibit«  th«  (limiDotive  Htnioturo  of  tb«  Bbell-tub«t«ii4;«  of  tbo  bigberV 
fbrami»{fer<t.    lie  wu  preparing  a  memoir  on  tbiii  subject,  which  b« 
left  uncompleted  at  the  time  of  bU  death. 

Dr.  Cari>enter,  with  I'rofcssor  Wyrille  TlwiUKon,  wai  ouo  of  tbe 
prime  movers  of  th«  «xpcditiouti  for  de«p-sea  reac^arch,  which  hire 
»ince  been  ho  extensively  carried  on,  and  bave  resulted  in  ao  great  asd 
valuable  additionn  to  our  koowlcdgo  of  toblogy  aud  the  ph]-al<»  of  the 
globe.  lie  took  part  in  the  earlier  cx[H-diltoii«  in  1£W  and  siib^ctjiKBt 
year*,  but  wna  not  able  to  go  on  the  Challenger  Expedition,  llu  k>4 
an  lm{)ortant  part,  however,  in  eollating  and  fommlating  the  renil 
of  tbe  last  expedition,  and  in  making  tbem  aeceBtdble  to  tbe  und 
ing  of  tbe  public.  To  this  series  of  investigations  belong  his  tbi 
and  publications  on  oooan-current«. 

Id  1672  Dr.  Carpenter  waa  President  of  the  British  Assoetation, 
ita  Bristol  ntet-ting,  and  bad  the  picasuro  of  announcing  in  his  inaof;Ti' 
ral  address  tli«  niijiroiit-liing  departure  of  the  Challenger  on  a  eimu: 
navigating  expedition  of  at  least  three  years' duration.    Tbesubjocl 
bis  addren  was  *'  Maa  as  the  Interpreter  of  Nature,"  lud  iU  porpote 
was  to  lead  tbe  minds  of  hb  audience  "to  tbe  ronstderation  of  tlia 
mental  processes  by  which  arc   formed  those  fandamentitl   eutiet]»- 
tions  of  matter  and  force,  of  cause  and  effect,  of  taw   and  orJer, 
which   funiislt  the  basis  of  all  sciontifio  reasoning,  and  coiuUlo 
Iho  jthilotvphia  prima  of  Bacon  "  ;  and  to  e1m>w  "  that  those  who 
up  their  own  conccptionii  of  tlii>  orderly  seijnence  which  they  dtSHffii 
in  the  phenomena  of  nattirc,  as  fixed  and  dclcrminate  laws,  by  which 
tboee  phenomena  not  only  are  within  all  liuman  experience,  bnt  atmf  i 
have  been  and  always  miifct  be  governed,  are  goilty  of  the  tDtellvdail 
arrogance  they  condemn  in  the  systems  of  the  ancients,  and  plaoe  ihem- 
mItm  in  diametrical  antagonism  to  those  real  philosophers,  by  wboM 
comprehensive  grasp  and  penetrating  insight  that  order  has  so  for  bits 
disclosed."    At  the  close  of  liia  address,  having  shown  how  man  hul 
arrived  at  the  recognition  of  Iho  unity  of  tbe  jtoircr  of  which  the  plw 
nomena  of  natnre  are  the  diversified  manifestations,  and  bow  all  la- 
entifio  inquiry  now  tends  toward  this  point,  he  declared  that  tbeSDlcnct 
of  modem  times  had  taken  a  more  special  direction  :  "  Fixing  itssl- 
tention  exclaaively  on  the  order  of  nature,  it  bos  M-panitcd  itself  wbcDf 
from  t>iooIogy,  whose  function  it  is  to  seek  after  its  canne.     In  llH^ 
science  is  fully  justified,  alike  by  the  entire  independence  of  ila  objeM 
and  by  the  historical  fact  that  tl  boa  been  continually  bampovd  anl 
impeded,  in  it§  search  for  the  truth  as  it  ig  in  nature,  by  tbe  rvsialsf 
which  theologians  have  attempted  to  impose  upon  its  inquiries.     Bat 
when  BoienM,  passing  beyond  its  own  limits,  oMumM  (o  take  tlio  place 
of  theology,  and  seta  up  ila  own  ooDoeption  of  the  order  of  natnre  »•* 


I"- 

3 


I 
I 


BKSTCn  OF  W.  B.  CARPSSTiiR. 


543 


» 


I 


iaIBcient  acccnmt  of  ite  cause,  it  is  inraditig  *  provinoe  of  thouglit  to 
vhich  it  liu  no  clum,  and  cot  anrcaaoaably  provok«  the  ho«tility  of 
tho5«  who  ou^ht  to  tw  its  bc«t  fricDclA.  For  whil«  the  ctccp-seatv'i  in- 
stiDct«i>f  humanity,  aitd  ibc  profoQuftcrt  rcHcarchwt of  philosophy,  uliko 
point  to  mind  u  tho  one  and  only  loiirco  of  power,  it  is  the  high  ptv- 
rogMiro  of  acienoe  to  demoostrate  the  unity  of  the  power  which  is 
opcnting  through  the  limitleits  eileot  and  T&rietyof  the  universe,  and 
to  trace  its  contionity  through  the  vast  series  of  ages  that  have  been 
occupied  in  its  ovolution."  In  harmony  with  these  views,  be  has  main- 
tained the  gonolic  unity  of  all  organic  bciogf,  and  has  had  no  difficulty 
Id  insisting  that  evolution  is  compatible  with  tfaetiai,  and  in  fact  give* 
B  stimulus  to  the  rclij^oua  emotions. 

Pr.  Caipcater  retired  from  the  regixtrarsbip  of  London  University 
io  Hay,  1879,  on  a  pension,  and  was  chosen  a  member  of  iha  senate  of 
tb«  institution.  Among  the  most  important  incidents  of  bis  career  as 
registrar  is  mentioned  tho  fact  that  he  secured  for  the  study  of  natural 
aoience  the  recognition  it  has  enjoyed  at  tho  university,  and  the  im- 
portant place  it  bu  always  held  in  tho  examinations.  Shortly  aft«r 
bis  retirement  a  movement  was  instituted,  wilh  Eari  (irauville,  Sir 
John  Lubbock,  and  Dr.  William  Smith  at  its  head,  to  procure  a  por> 
trait  of  him  to  be  prcMutcd  to  the  university,  as  a  memorial  of  bis 
labors  in  its  behalf. 

Ardaoustv  as  Dr.  Carpenter  was  engaged  in  scientific  researob,  he 
found  lime  to  make  himself  useful  and  appreciated  in  public  and 
social  life,  llo  took  pleasure  in  making  scii-nco  intelligible  to  the 
public,  and  for  this  puqiosc  accepted  a  part  in  tbo  management  of  the 
Gilobrixt  trust  for  |>opular  leotureei,  ami  delivered  Iccturv-i  in  the  Gil- 
christ and  iSwiney  courses,  llis  articles  on  the  E4>ctru|H!  and  other 
similar  toys,  in  the  "  IntoUectoal  Observer,"  arc  commended  for  their 
elearness,  and  the  Kamc  quality  of  style  contributed  very  largely  to 
malt*  hia  physiological  treatiMS  popular.  He  look  the  highest  interest 
in  social  questions,  and  was  slwayit  glad  to  throw  the  light  of  soientJfio 
knowledge  upon  Ihein.  He  wa«  quick  to  perceive  the  evils  of  indul- 
gence in  intoxicating  liquors,  bcoame  an  advocate  of  total  alntinencr, 
and  lectured  on  temperance,  while  he  afterward  concluded  that  there 
was  a  Icgitinuilo  use  for  wine.  I'pon  Dr.  Ray  Lankcsler,  who  knew 
bim  from  his  own  boyhood,  "lie  always  produced  the  most  vivid 
impreauoD  of  a  man  of  indomitable  energy,  who  had  accepted  as  tlie 
lugbest  duty  and  keenest  delight  of  bis  life  the  promotion,  whether  by 
advocacy  or  by  rewarch,  of  tnic  knowledge."  "  No  man  of  science," 
Dr.  Lankcstvr  ways  in  another  notice  of  him,  "could  witness  without 
rospMt  and  sym{»aihy  tlHi  anloot  devotion  of  the  vet«-mn  naturalist  to 
tiio  cMiae  of  ei«i(-nti6e  progress,  and  tho  eantest  simplicity  of  his  char- 
acter.** Whatever  be  said  when  his  reaetrohea  were  the  subject  of 
Gonversation  "was  admirable,  and  his  willingness  to  meet  fairly  an 
sntagoDtxt  was  no  less  indicative  of  tho  true,  single-hearted  man 


544 


THE  POPULAR  SCIEXCE  MOSTHIY. 


Mxeaetf  tliaD  lli«  almost  boyish  cagcntcM  with  wlucb  be  would 
into  tbe  fray," 

From  a  sketch  by  t  member  of  bis  own  family,  pablishod 
Unitarian  paper  of  London,  wc  loarn  that  he  was  well  vened  in 
tore  ;  that  he  bad  a  ke«n  relish  for  political  memoirs  of  bia  own  Urne 
that  be  look  a  high  view  of  a  cittzon's  obli^tioiu ;  that  bo  waa  «n: 
prwod  whea  in  Italy  by  eyinctDg  to  himself  a  sttsc«ptibility  to  ihi 
enjoyment  of  art ;  that  he  found  unfailing  reorMtion  in  nmsit: ;  i 
Ifatnre  waa  to  him  full  of  charm  and  delight ;  tliat  variuutt  qualitii 
mode  him  a  genial  and  erer-welcome  companion,  trustod  for  bis  6d«l 
ity  ;  that  the  dominant  conception  of  bis  life  was  that  of  duty  ;  and 
that  he  waa  rich  in  family  affections. 

Ho  waa  a  momber  of  the  principiil  K-amcd  Hocictin  of  bia  own  and 
otbcT  countrie* ;  be  rcceirod  tbe  Royal  mt-dal  of  the  Royal  Society  i 
1801  and  the  degr«e  of  LL.  D.  at  Ediuburgb  in  LdTl,  and  waa  el 
a  corresponding  member  of  the  Institute  of  France  in  1&7S.     An  ill 
tration  »i  the  popularizing  tendency  of  his  efforts  is  given  in  the  fi 
that  the  Society  of  Arts  opened  one  of  its  Ufe-memberBhipa  to  him 
consideration  of  tbe  valuable  aaaiManco  h«  had  aifordoil  it  when  mi 
were  awarded  by  it  for  microBOopn  to  be  aold  bo  tbe  puklie  at  a  eli< 
rate. 

Dr.  Carpenter's  death,  which  took  place  on  tite  lOtb  of  Novotiher, 
IB85,  was  in  consoqnence  of  injuries  received  from  an  accident  wkici 
occurred  while  he  was  taking  a  vapor-bath.    The  lamp  of  the  appi 
tus  Iwing  out  of  onlcr,  he  used  instead  a  gallipot  containing  alc<^1 
In  bis  movemcqita  while  changing  i>««ition,  he  overturned  the  yeuA, 
and  was  in  consequence  iK-vt-rely  buniMl  about  tbe  body,  lcg^  and 
face,  so  that  be  died  about  four  hours  afterward. 


y^ 


SKETCH  OF  JAMES   B.   KADS. 


THE  man  who  devised  and  fnroished  our  Government  with  ila] 
and  most  useful  armored  eteaniboats ;  who  built  the  8l 
Bridge ;  who  made  one  of  the  sballoweat  muatha  of  tbe  MtMiawpfi 
River  p^rmnnently  nnvigablo  for  the  um  of  ocoAn-trtoamrrv,  and  «ho 
cntenainK  other  praoticsJ  conceptions  aa  gruKl  as  these  wkieli.  by  bit 
logical  presentation,  have  won  the  nnqualiBcd  indorsement  of  the  abloU 
of  hie  professional  brethren,  has  a  most  evident  title  to  reoogultion  ia 
•cientific  biography. 

JjutBS  BvcHAKAK  Eads  was  bom  in  I^wrcnoebnrg,  IndiAna,  Sl»f 
23,  1820.    "  He  very  early,"  says  I)r.  Boynton,  In  tlie  "  History  of  <*•  , 
Navy  during  the  Rebellion,"  "ovinocd  such  a  lovo  of  maoblntfyvj 
attracted  •pwnl  notice,"     When  only  eight  yrani  old.  he*  watclied  «ilk 
the  greatest  iinerc*l  nil  the  machim-ry  lo  which  lie  bud  accesa.    Wlw* 


SKETCH   OF  JAMSS  B.  BADS. 


ine  yean  old  tlio  familj'  removed  to  Louitivillo.    The  engine  on  boarl 
Jic  boat  exciuM  »o  luuirli  iiilniirntioii  itntl  wondttr  that  the  engioeel 
as  induced  to  vxplaln  to  him  ibe  |>rincipal  piiru  of  tlio  nuu-hini'. 
ell  did  tho  Ud  profil  by  ibiN  ono  lesaon  in  Bteam-vnginpcring  Dintl 
I  lilUo  more  tlian  two  years  after  be  con«itnieted  a  miuiaturo  pngim-I 
biob  waa  worked  by  steam.     Wben  about  ten  yean  old,  bin  fathi*r' 
tted  for  him  a  stnall  irorksbup,  and  thoro  he  constructed  models  of 
UU,  BT«-engine«,  Bt^amboAts,  trtcnni-enginex,  clwtrical  and  other 

iMM.     Ono  of  tho  paatimiw  of  bis  obiltlbood  wan  to  take  in  pii-cM 

itid  put  togetber  again  the  family  clock,  and  at  twelve  years  be  waa 
ibln  to  do  tbe  name  with  a  patent-leTer  vatcb,  with  no  tools  but  faja 
lOckct-kutfe.  When  tbirtcen,  misfortiino  orvilook  bts  father,  and 
«  hod  to  witlidraw  from  xibool  and  work  bi«  own  way.  His  (Mr- 
rat*  went  to  St.  Louis  in  18S3  and  b«  wont  with  Iboin.  I1iu 
itMincr  waa  burned  in  the  nigbt  on  tbe  way  there,  and  he  landed  bare- 
ooted  and  eoatless,  on  tbe  very  spot  oow  covered  by  tbe  abutment  of 
he  gmt  steel  bridge  which  be  dwigned  and  built.  The  only  opvn- 
Dg  in  tbe  way  of  busincMthatotTvrc^l  wa«  to  >><H  n[>plcs  on  tb«t!trc4-t, 
nJ  by  thin  mvana,  for  a  few  monlba,  be  suataincil  bimKelf  and  aMiMted 
n  aapporting  hia  motber  and  sisters.  In  time  he  oblMn«d  a  situation 
ritli  a  mercantile  firm,  where  he  temained  for  five  years.  One  of  tbe 
leads  of  tbe  bouse  having  an  excellent  librar}-,  gave  him  acce«a  to  it, 
lod  he  URpd  bis  opportunity  welt  to  study  subjects  bearing  upon 
Mobanics,  machinery,  civil  enginetring,  and  physical  science.  In  1H39 
le  obUunml  employment  ah  a  elerk  or  punwr  on  a  Jlis^isisippi  River 
teUDcr.  IIo  again  made  the  beat  uao  of  bis  opportunity  to  acqniro 
bat  oompleto  knowledgo  of  tbe  great  river  which  bo  watt  aftvrwanl 
bio  to  Inm  to  sncb  good  itocotint  in  Ibc  noble  enterprises  bo  *a  fortu- 
ately  carried  into  effect.  In  \^Vi  bu  constructed  a  diving-bell  boat 
recover  the  cargoes  of  «unkcn  utejimers.  This  wns  followed  willi  a 
of  larger  tonnage,  prortded  with  machinery  for  pumping  out 
sand  and  walvr  and  lifting  tbe  entire  hull  and  cargo  of  tbo  vessol. 
nipany  was  fomed  to  operate  this  device,  and  it  soon  had  a  bust> 
that  covered  the  entire  Mtasissippi  Uiver,  from  Italiie  to  Galena, 
even  branched  into  aome  of  its  tributaries.  Ity  hia  methods,  a 
t  many  valuable  stcanien*  were  set  afloat  and  re«tored  to  usefulness 
h  it  would  not  previoiinly  have  lievn  jMHwiblo  to  vave,  ax  they 
liavo  been  btirii-d  very  soon  beneath  tbe  rirer-Mndf.  It  waa 
engaged  iu  tbia  business  Diat  be  gained  a  thorough  kiiow)<^Igc 
laws  wbieb  control  the  flow  of  silt-bearing  rivers,  and  of  the 
ippi  lie  was  able  to  say  yeani  afterward  thai  there  waa  not  a 
iu  itn  bod  fifty  miles  long,  between  St.  Ivoais  and  Now  Orleans, 
b  be  bad  not  stood  upon  tbe  Wtlom  of  tbe  »irvam  beneath  tbo 
of  the  diving-bell. 

i&tA  ho  sold  out  bis  interest  in  this  oompany  and  esiahliabed  in 
ia  tbe  first  manufa<:lory  of  glass-ware  west  of  the  Ohio  Hirer. 
larnL— U 


I 


S46 


THS  POPULAR  SCISyCE  MOATHLy. 


Tvo  yoan  Inter  tbio  enterprise  culmitiate<I  in  financial  dLuutrr,  ud 
btm,  U  tbo  age  of  twenty-seven,  biirJetied  with  c]e1>t«  to  the  ubouoI 
of  twenty-five  thousand  dollars.  IJe  tlivn  returned  to  tbc  biuincas  of 
raising  stcamen,  removing  obctnictions  from  the  channel,  and  imimrtng 
the  harbor  of  St.  Louis.  By  the  }p\-:tt  Tiro  of  I649,twenty-niaesteaB(!n 
vero  bnn>cd  at  tin-  landing  of  tliat  city,  and  rourt  of  tbe«e  wrerltt 
bad  to  be  nmoivd  by  liiin.  Tlie  ea]nia)  nith  wbieb  be  ftartH  agsia 
at  this  business  was  su]'|itied  by  bia  eredilDm,  and  amounted  to 
flflecu  hundred  dollarB.  Ten  years  later  he  bad  tncreatted  this  m 
bum  to  nearly  balf  a  million  dollars,  and  had  long  previotisly  paid 
bin  creditors  in  fait. 

HU  firtl  undertakings  in  tbb  pectiliar  and  b*truetive  study  o( 
bydrauliea  occurred  wbile  be  was  oonstruoling  tbc  firvt  divbig^bcll 
boat,  not  then  completi'd.  A  barge  loaded  vilb  aboat  a  litmdreil  torn 
of  pig-k-a<l  wan  KUiik  upon  tbo  nipida  of  th«  Miaaissjppi  Ki^rr,  ncir 
K<?okuk,  in  firt(<vn  feel  of  water.  A  contnict  woa  made  for  tbv 
corery  of  this  lead.  He  bad  had  no  cxp^-rieneo  whatever  vllfa  I 
submarine  srmor,  or  diving  apparatus  of  any  kind  ;  bat,  mgagiog  t 
diver  from  the  lake«  who  wtis  familiar  wilh  it,  with  an  nrmnr,  an  ui> 
pump,  and  a  sailor  skillful  in  tbe  use  of  rigging,  be  etarlcd— at  1 
Uino  only  twenty-two  yean  of  ago — to  tlio  soono  of  tbe  wroelc  0' 
tainitig  a  bnrg<-,  tbi#  was  promptly  anebored  over  it,  an.1  ' 
oiodo  for  the  diver  to  go  to  woric ;  but  tb«  current  W' 
eeedJDgty  rapid  tlint  It  was  lmpo«riblo  to  use  the  annor  with  wj 
safety.  A  belt  around  the  diver's  waist  was  altaehod  by  a  mrd 
the  bow  of  tbe  boat  to  hold  him  a^in&t  the  current,  and  a  tad'li 
procured  on  which  the  diver  undertook  to  descend,  hot  il  wu  im* 
possible  for  him  lo  control  bis  body  in  tho  curri'iit.  I>et(Tmini-d 
to  bo  baffled,  Mr.  EsuU  lmnie<llAteIy  viaited  tbc  town  of  Keokuk  anil 
porrhased  a  forty-gallon  whisky-barrel,  with  which  to  impmvite  s 
diving-lwll.  With  several  pigs  of  lead  secured  around  one  end  of  i^ 
barrel  by  a  net-work  of  ropes,  and  with  that  bead  taken  oat,  a  \Aotk 
and  tackle  attached  lo  the  not-work  at  the  oih«r  on<I,  and  a  lempwify 
derrick  erected,  bo  was  soon  |>re|>flred  to  oommsnoo  the  rccorery  of  lb 
cargow  But  the  diver  demnmed  and  would  not  deset-iul  in  this  dnng»T>i»' 
looking  apparatus.  llr.Eadathea  act  an  example  whivh  he  hnjfoiluwv) 
tlirongbout  all  hia  varied  experienee  as  an  engineer — wfatcb  was,  mtnl 
to  ask  a  man  in  his  employ  to  p>  where  be  wa*  unwilling  to  truKt  bin 
own  life.  Tlio  bell  Ihim  ttuspouded  was  held  against  the  currant  hj  ij 
ropo  which  led  up  to  the  bow  of  tbe  barge,  and  n  strnp  aKnw  tft' 
lower  end  of  tbe  iNumcl  was  used  a«  tbe  seat  for  tho  divi-r  in  it  H*| 
at  onoe  got  into  the  diring>bi01  and  onlorod  his  men  to  lnwor  U>  I 
down.  I  le  had  n  trace-chain  attached  to  a  lend-linc,  t  ho  lowit  tnul  ti  j 
tbe  trace-chain  having  a  ring  in  it,  and  with  tliis  be  wna  roMlDyO'l 
nblcd  t(i  form  a  loop,  which  was  placed  over  one  of  ibo  pigs  of  kti  I 
and  at  a  given  signal  it  was  hoiatod  up.    A  snuiU  cord  aafflood  todn'  I 


agiia 

or 

70* 

«if 

% 

..I   ' 


SKETCH  OF  JAMES  S.  EADS. 


S+7 


it  liack  (o  him  whilo  bo  was  xtiil  in  the  bell ;  and  in  thiti  manner  a 
number  of  the  P'gSi  wcigHiiig  eovt-nty  poiimia  each,  vera  recovcri-J 
before  be  started  to  come  np— the  uir-)>tm)p  all  th«  time  (uppl]ring 
bim  with  air.  Itut,  in  the  mean  time,  having  Hcared  the  Rpaee  b«ueatli 
th«  belt,  the  )^y-liDO  moved  it  farther  and  farlhi^r  up-stream,  in  com- 
pliance with  hiH  xignntx,  and  instead  of  the  line  beinj;  Blacked  out 
again  wlicn  bix  m<-n  cnmmvnct^l  raiNing  the  bell,  it  was  beld  ho  far 
forward  tbat  the  derrick  capnuiMl,  bnving  no  guj-  to  hold  it  in  the 
oppoAite  direction.  Ilia  asiistants  si^izt^  the  block  and  tackle  and 
pulled  ttio  whisky-baiT«]  ap  to  the  surface  of  the  water  by  hand. 
But  it  wan  MO  wi'ightvd  with  the  U-:ul  arotind  it  that  tbey  could  not 
raiite  it  higher.  Not  knowing  what  wa*  xhn  matter,  ho  waited  {naticnt* 
ly,  the  air-pump  running  with  n^louhlcd  velocity,  vupptying  him  with 
plouty  of  air.  He  soou  saw  the  (Ingcn  of  a  man  under  the  chime  of 
the  barrel,  and,  recognizing  this  as  an  invitation,  be  seized  the  tnan'a 
band  and  got  oat  from  nnder  the  barrel,  much  to  the  delight  of  all  on 
board.  Tbo  alvrrick  wns  then  Mccnred  against  any  possible  OAtactropho 
oeourring  again,  and,  after  a  uumlicrof  Kuecesrful  trip*  to  the  bottom, 
tbe  diver  waa  content  to  do  the  remainder  of  the  work. 

tn  18541  Mr.  Kad«  made  a  proposition  to  Congress  to  keep  the 
cbonneU  of  the  UianMippi,  Missouri,  Ohio,  and  Arkansas  Birers  clear 
of  snags,  wrecks,  and  other  ob«tmctioDs  for  a  term  of  year*.  A  bill 
embodying  his  plans  waa  passed  by  the  Ilonse  of  Rcpr«ent*tlv«,  but 
failod  in  Die  Senate  for  want  of  action  by  that  body. 

In  Hi57  hia  healili  oompultcd  him  to  retire  from  bncin*!*,  and  four 
year*  lat«r  he  was  called  upon  to  reodiu-  the  mo(<t  vtgnal  and  brilliant 
Mirvioea  to  hi.i  country  in  it«  tinio  of  cxtnmio  need.  It  was  on  the 
17th  of  April,  1861,  three  days  after  the  stirrendcr  of  Fort  Sumter, 
when  Attorney-General  Bates  wrote  to  him  from  \Vashington  ;  "  Be 
OOt  mrpriMd  if  you  are  called  here  suddenly  by  telegram.  If  called, 
oome  instantly.  Under  a  certain  contingency  it  will  be  ncccwar}'  to 
bavo  the  aid  of  the  moat  thorough  knowledge  of  oar  Western  riven 
find  the  uac  of  aieam  on  them,  and  in  that  event  I  have  advised  tbat 
I     yoo  sbould  be  consulted." 

WK  The  dispatch  came  shortly  after  the  letter.  Mr.  Ends  went  imme- 
^Bfltately  to  Washington,  .ind,  after  consnlting  with  the  President  and 
KCabinet,  preitared  the  plan  he  was  roqaesk-d  tn  submit  to  tiietn  for 
~  ptsoing  gnnboata  on  tbo  riverr*,  with  suggestions  as  to  the  kind  of  I>oats 
Ijeat  fitted  for  the  service,  ami  in  regard  to  the  location  of  batteries  to 
^0  erected  at  several  pointa  on  shore.  SboRly  afterward  be  was  ap- 
pointed, with  Captain  (afterward  Uear-Admiral)  John  Rodgera,  United 
Sutea  Navy,  to  earry  into  effect  tlie  rccommendationit  which  he  had 
Ae,  and  at  once  to  improvuie  three  war-vvxiiela  for  Kcrvioe  at  Cairo. 
These  were  the  Conestoga,  Tyler,  and  Islington,  and  were  the  lirei 
of  thff  Urge  fleet  that  afterward  covered  the  Misauaippi  Kiver,  The 
QaartertDaster^eDeral  issued  propoaala  soon  after  for  the  couBtructiou 


i48 


TUB  POPULAR  SCIENCE  MONTHLV 


of  Kvoii  ironolnd  gnnboato.  'JIicbb  were  designed  by  Mr.  Ewk,  ml 
be  uodertoitk  Ut  build  them  in  sixtf-five  daya — a  Bbort  enongli  timn 
under  the  best  of  drcuniHtnncM  ;  but  bu»ineu  won  thi-ii  iliiiorgiinHil 
«»d  all  induatriitl  eiilcrjirumi  in  n  ubitotio.  (H>Dilitii>ii.  Tbi<  nutari^ 
witb  which  tbo  work  wim  U)  b«  done  had  to  W  maDufactuml.  Y' 
tbi-ittt  HCven  bcavilj-pluted  veawla  of  about  six  hundnd  tonit  evkntn 
all  fiuisbed  aocordinf;  lo  contract,  and  another  one  still  larger,  a  xu}; 
boat,  was  hy  alt«ratioti8  and  heary  ]>latin);  niadc  ready  with  ibe  oiben 
for  tboir  armament,  "llinsono  indiridual  j>ut  into  constnictioci  aod 
pusbeil  to  completion  withio  a  hundretl  days  a  [lowrrful  equailrvD  of 
eight  su-aniera  a|;grcgatin({  fivo  tboutand  tonK,  capabU'  of  slramlng 
at  nine  knots  j>vr  hour,  large,  heavily  aimed,  fully  equiitiHs),  and  all 
ready  for  their  amuunent  of  one  hundred  and  seven  large  j^uns.  Tb* 
fact  that  such  a  work  was  done  ia  nobler  pnuae  than  ftay  that  oau  bt 
betlowed  by  wonJo."* 

In  1862  Ur.  Ead*  waa  commia^oncd  to  build  fix  more  aruiun' 
iron  gunboats,  four  of  which  were  muob  larger  than  any  uf  thu  vighl' 
preceding  onea.     These  were  likewise  after  his  own  designs,  fonr  u( 
thorn  liariog  two  turrets  each  and  the  smaller  onw  one  turret  iracti. 
TbcH  turrvttt  wore  a  modification  of  lliu  Ericaaon  tumta,  lli«  Gov- 
eniment  insisting  upon  tboeo  b«bg  placed  u|>on  tlivta.     llo  wiu,  how- 
ever, permitted  to  pluvo  one  turret  ou  cadi  of  two  of  tlieM  larfe 
gunboats,  after  bia  own  design,  and  costing  about  thirly-flvo  tlwiuawl 
dollars  each,  but  on   tlie  writlt^n  condition  tliat  Ihey  »bguld  br  i^ 
placed  by  Ericsson  turrets  If  they  were  not  found  sat  is  fart  or)'.    I1it 
guns  in  these  two  tarreta  were  worked  by  Bt«am,and  this  was  the  flM 
timv  in  the  higtory  of  artillery-practice  when  bvary  guns   - 
nipuIiiK>d  wholly  by  eteain.    Th««e  reau-U  alt  provcvl  ii>  bu  t. 
dratuiht  than  hod  boon  stipulated,  so  that  it  wna  possible  to  add  li'  - 
half  to  three  qnartcn  of  an  incb  to  their  armor;  and  lbre«  of  tliiu 
exceeded  very  considerably  tiie  contract  sp«ed.     While  thoM  fourti^a 
ironclads  were  under  way,  Mr.  Ead»  also  had  the  oonetniflion  of  fonr 
heavy  mortar-boats  and  seven  tin-olad  or  mu«ke^|)^oof  boats.    TV 
kind  of  ironclads  that  Mr.  Eade  dnigiied  and  conitructtsl  and  ik 
kind  of  work  they  did  are  rMordod  in  the  history  of  Grant  and  Hal- 
leek's  cam|kajgn)i,  and  of  Farragul's  capture  of  Mobile. 

In  the  construction  of  a  slt^-1-areb  brid^  at  St.  I.oni«,  on  wblcii  W 
was  engaged  from  18fi7  to  1874,  Jlr.  Eads  had  to  deal  with  protiUaH 
which  had  not  before  confronted  an  enginrar.    Ttie  ccmirml  archol 
Ihia  atmcturc  has  a  clear  «pan  of  tito  hun<ln<d  and  twenty  foet,  and  *  J 
pronounced,  by  lh«  "Hritieh  Encyclo[Mi'dia,"  tlie  flnevl  spodman  a' J 
mctal-arcb  oonstmoUon  in  tlio  world.    The  aide  arches  are  finliD»-J 
dred  and  two  feet  each  in  s)>a».     All  of  the  piom,  in  oonMt^aMi  a(  1 
th(!  shifting  deposits  beneath  the  river-bed,  were  sunk  cU-ar  tluv^  J 
to  the  bed-rock.     ThU  required  tbem  to  be  sunk  much  dvepcr  Uwl 

■  DogmtoB^  "  Ubnof;  of  Uw  Ksfy  dafoe  tU  Bcbstlkm."  I 


\ 


"1 


4 


SKETCH  OF  JAifSS  B.  EADS. 


S« 


[Hftrt  over  baUt,  and  through  %  ni«dlani  of  the  most  treacberoos 
IT.  New  j>)anH  liul  to  Ito  dcviwid  to  Mcunt  snocres.  Ono  jiifr, 
'^Volgliin;;  forty-flve  tbouaand  tona,  wxk  stink  1o  n  di'pth  of  on*  bundrMl 
and  tbtrty-«x  feet  belov  higb-valer  mark  tbrougb  ninety  feot  of  Mnd 
and  gravel ;  and  onotbcr  one,  weighing  forty  thousand  tons,  to  on« 
biindred  and  thirty  feet  through  eighty  feet  of  deposit.  The  loss  of 
life  which  occnrred  in  the  c^sson  of  the  e:ut  pier  resulted  from  the 
fact  that  tho  situation  at  Mich  a  d<'pth,  with  the  air-prcMHtre  tt  was 
necessary  to  emlurc,  wa«  entirely  new,  and  iheTo  was  no  necordod  ex- 
perience by  whtuh  operations  could  be  gutdcd  nafely.  llie  erection 
of  the  arches  developed  new  problems.  The  arcbc«  hod  to  be  de- 
mgoed  about  two  and  a  half  inches  longer  than  they  are  in  Iheir 
present  position,  because  of  the  contraction  which  tbeir  weight  causes 
throughout  (h«  arclt.  Each  half  of  tho  arofa  via  built  out  from  the 
pier  and  unspcndcd  by  guys  pinning  through  btutvy  masu  Gr««te<l 
on  each  pier,  and  the  centra)  tubes  bad  to  be  specially  fitted  for  in- 
gertion.  Ilie  suggettjou  was  made  by  bis  chief  assistant  to  contract 
tho  tubes  by  boEing  them  up  and  covering  tbeoi  with  iron.  This 
31r.  Eads  disapproved  of,  and  deriscd  telescopic  tubes  for  tbe  oenl«r 
of  the  arch  which  oonld  be  uliortcocd  by  tea  internal  right  and  loft 
hand  MreW'plug,  and  afterward  extended  by  powerful  levers  to  rotate 
tliis  plug,  steel  bands  being  al^m  provided  to  cover  the  plug,  fiush 
with  xW.  outside  of  the  tnbe,  when  the  tabes  were  properly  diatcodeil. 
Puring  bis  absenee  in  Ixindon,  (he  chief  assistant,  confident  of  his 
ab'dity  to  close  tbem  with  ice,  and,  having  been  left  with  full  author- 
ity, undertook  to  do  m>;  but  tho  attempt  proved  a  failure  after  a 
trial  of  eight  or  ten  days,  and  the  telescopic  tubes,  which  Mr.  Eads 
bod  pr<r|Miri.^l,  were  then  inserted  without  difficulty. 

tn  an  address  delivered  at  the  opening  of  this  bridge,  July  4,  IS74, 

Mr.  Eads  revcatei!  that  confidence  in  bis  resources  and  inveMigations 

which  probably  furnishes  one  of  the  keys  to  the  secret  of  his  HDceeea  in 

thia  an<l  in  bis  oUicr  VTiicr|irise!i.    Hiis  occret  consists  in  the  fact  that 

his  courage  is  always  equal  to  his  convictions.     Everytbiug,  be  caid, 

on  thin  occasion,  which  prudence,  judgment,  and  the  |>n.-Kcnt  state  of 

•ciencc  could  sn;;gest  to  bim  and  his  assistantu  had  been  c«r<<f>illy  nb- 

•orved  in  its  design  and  construction  ;  every  computation  involving 

its  eafety  liad  been   made  by  different  individuals,  thoroughly  com- 

JMeient  to  mako  tliem  ;  they  bad  been  carefully  revised,  time  and 

^koin,  re-eiamined,  verifiu<l,  until   tbc  poMibilily  of  eiror  novrhvre 

Kaled. 

H  A  similar  confidence  was  displayed  in  bis  plana  for  deepening  tho 
Houth  of  the  MinsiaMppi  by  jetlJes,  in  which  he  was  apposed  by  nearly 
nil  of  the  Fnlted  States  engineers,  and  by  a  commission  of  seven  of 
them.  The  commiwion  in  1^74  proposed  to  avoid  the  bars  by  build- 
^w  a  canal  from  Fort  8t  Philip  to  Rreton  Bay.  Mr.  Eads's  plan  wm 
B  nwlio  the  river  itwif  deepen  a  channel  through  then).    CongrtiL 


SSo 


TBS  POPULAS  SClEiVCE  UOXTffLr. 


1 


Dituralljr  iocUoed  to  sdopt  thfl  adfioo  of  lu  official  czperU,  bat  Mr. 
Ka^ls  haA  faitb  t.iioagli  in  fais  plan  to  propoAp  to  rlo  the  woric  it 
own  oj(pvn«n  and  wut  for  bin  pay  until  Iio  had  (1cDrai)strat«d  it*  wo-' 
CM*.  It  wait  bard  to  gvt  i>«niiift!(toa  ta  make  oven  tliv  oxp«riiii«t>l*l 
application  of  liis  vicwa  thus  bo  liberally  proposed ;  hut  n  bill  «m 
finally  passed  to  allow  bim  to  attempt  tbo  iraprorement  of  thn  Soalti 
Pus,  tlie  ftmalleel  of  tbu  tbr«i>,  and  not  tb«  ono  be  bad  Belwlod,  r&>1 
tbe  dvplb  on  tlio  bar  of  wbicli  was  only  cigbt  fci-L  II10  cost  of  ibr 
work  was  to  be  Bvo  and  a  iiuartiT  millioa  dotlara  ;  only  half  a  miI1k>e 
waa  to  be  paid  aft«r  a  cbaouel  twenty  feet  dM-p  by  two  bDndnKl  fi 
in  widtb  bad  b«cD  secured,  anotlicr  balf  million  after  a  channel  tircDlT 
two  f«et  d«i-p,  and  otbi-r  »uois  on  tbo  obtainiug  of  diumicis  of  twrnti 
•iz  and  twenty -right  fvi^i  depth  rtvpcctiri'ly  ;  but,  as  a  guarantee  lb. 
tbe  maintenauou  of  tlie  clianut-1  iihould  not  co«l  more  tban  on«  bun 
thousand  dollan  a  year,  the  final  million  of  the  whole  Kura  woA  to 
withheld  until  a  channel  of  thirty  feet  maximum  depth  had  Ixvn  ki 
throughout  during  twenty  years.  Congreas,  however,  devniing  tli 
t«nnii  Bnnecwiarily  Berero,  with  r«markablc  unanimity  voted  to  pa; 
him  one  and  three-quarter  million  dollar*  in  advance  of  his  contrvt 
t«n»B,  after  be  bad  wKinrod  twenty-tW4>  fvet  deptli. 

The  couci-ptiuD  of  tbo  plan  of  the  jetties  waa  bucd  upnn  a  knowl- 
edge of  the  fact  that  the  Misusaippi  iliver  is  a  traospurter  of  •■>ti<J 
nisterJAl,  almost  all  of  which  is  held  in  saspcnaion  by  the  mecha&inl 
effect  of  tbe  current,  and  that  the  <iuaDlity  of  tbe  matter  which  It  w 
able  to  carry  increa»cH  with  tbe  ^^uare  of  tbe  velocity.  Tbe  ciimct 
of  the  river  is  caused  by  tlie  fall  of  tlio  water  from  a  higher  to  a  lowrr 
level ;  that  a,  by  the  force  of  grnrity.  The  clomenl  wliioh  reslvu  lli« 
oarrent  ia  the  friction  of  its  bnl ;  this  friction  does  not  foltnw  tbe  b* 
of  solids,  but  increases  or  diminishes  exactly  as  the  width  of  the  bed  or 
wetted  perimeter  of  its  cross-Bection  ia  increased  or  diminiibcd  :  bnwv, 
If  the  stream  be  contracted,  whore  it  is  too  wide,  to  one  half  its  widib. 
one  half  of  the  frictional  reustancc  will  be  gone,  and  tbo  current  will 
be  mor«  rapid,  and  therefore  moro  able  to  carry  a  bu:ger  load  of  *«di* 
menu  This  it  immediately  lake*  up  from  tta  own  bed  and  tbua  ttMo 
a  deepening,  llie  result  of  the  application  of  the  jetty  Bystem  to  ihr 
South  Pass  has  been  a  triumphant  justi6cation  of  ifs  uiilhor's  rlrwt- 

On  the  8lh  of  July,  four  years  after  be  conimi-tiri'd  tbe  wurit  M 
the  Jetties,  tbe  United  States  inqweting  ofBoer  rc|M>ned  that  the  mati- 
mum  depth  of  thirty  feet  had  been  ceoured  tbronghoul  the  Jetty  ttoa- 1 
ncl,  and  that  tbe  least  width  of  the  t went y-aJx -feet  channel  thmo^  I 
tbe  jetties  was  two  hundred  feet,  lite  balance  duo  Ttfr.  I^ads  npon  bi>  I 
contnot  was  then  paid  to  him,  and  tbe  million  that  wan  to  be  hekt*  I 
seourity  for  maintenance  was  considered  as  earned,  and  pTarrd  at '»  I 
terest  for  bis  Iwnefit.  Tlio  oumrnt  of  tlw  river  has  maintunrd  iki*  I 
depth  ever  since-  The  cost  of  the  Jottica  was  about  half  of  tb*  '•''•  I 
main)  cost  of  tbo  |>roposed  canal,  I 


SK£TCI{  OF  JA.VSS  B.  SADS. 


55  > 


Mr.  liliuls  liul  Dot  eommenoed  Die  Jetlica  before  be  tanii-J  bU  atten- 
tion to  Ibe  improrcjiit.-nt  of  eleven  banJred  milca  of  the  Misetralppi 
tbroaghoat  its  ollarUt  busin  by  the  jptty  system.  On  Uorch  13,  \ISIA, 
in  a  lettvr  to  tho  IIoii.  Willintn  Windom,  oh&lmian  of  thu  Senate 
Committm  on  Tnuaportation  Kontet  to  the  S<!«1>o*rd,  tbo  Hnt  outline 
^of  tbia  novel  plan  was  nuggeeted. 

^k      In  big  review  of  the  United  States  Levee   ConimiaaioD,  February 
Vl9, 1870,  Mr.  Eads  said  : 

^V  "By  the  uodcr-cbargo  theory  of  the  T>i>Ua  Survey  Re|>ortf  caving 
■  iMwks  arc  altributLvl  to  tbft  dinct  action  of  tlw  oniront  againat  tbem, 
'  by  wbieh  Blrsta  of  Hand  underlying  thoHc  of  clay  arc  Bup|)oacd  to  bo 
waahod  out.  Thid  iti  not  correct.  If  tbe  water  be  charged  witli  sedi- 
ment to  itd  normal  sapporting  cajiAcity,  it  can  not  take  np  more  nnk-ss 
kthe  rate  of  corrent  be  increased.  Caring  banks  arc  caasod  wholly  by 
tbe  alternations  in  tbe  velocity  of  the  cnrrant*  Altentationa  are  in- 
•eparablu  from  a  curved  channel,  becaniio  tlio  current  in  the  b<-u(I  ■» 
vsoally  more  rapid  than  on  the  point ;  but,  if  tho  <rhauncl  be  nearly 
uniforui  in  width,  the  caving  cauviv]  by  tbo  ourvva  will  be  very  trifling. 
And,  in  proof  of  this,  many  abru{it  bends  exiid  in  tbe  lover  part  of 
tbe  river  where  the  whole  force  of  the  current  baa  set  for  years  directly 
against  ibcni  without  any  important  caving  of  the  banks.  Tbo  bond 
at  Fort  dt.  Philiji  is  a  notable  inslance,  the  groat  difforenco  En  tbo 
width  of  tba  flood-cbnnnol  constituting  the  real  cause  of  tho  dettmc- 
JKlion  and  caving  of  the  liankN.  Tliix  tends  to  great  irregnlaritioa  in  tho 
Halopc  of  the  flood-line,  and,  conHi-ijucntly,  gmat  ebangiii  in  current 
^■Telocity  by  wbieh  a  scouring  and  dejHMiiting  action  are  alteniatcly 
^brought  into  very  acti%-e  operation.  The  whole  of  the  river  b(>l«w  the 
K«l  Jiiver  proven  tlits ;  caving  banks  are  much  less  frequent  there 
than  above,  becauHc  tliv  flood  widtli  of  the  liver  in  far  more  Dnlform. 
A  oomwtion  of  the  AiV/A-wn/w  channfl,  by  reducing  it  to  an  ap]>roxi- 
mate  uniformity  of  width,  would  give  uniformity  to  its  slot>«  and  cur- 
rent, almost  entirely  preventing  the  caving  of  its  banks,  and  through 
iU  prvsont  iballowx,  wbii;li  now  constitute  tbe  retting-plaoes  for  its 
anags,  there  would  bo  a  navigahlo  depth,  in  Une  water,  equal  to  tliat 
which  now  exists  in  iu  bvndM.  By  sneh  correction  the  flood-vlope  can 
bv  permanently  lowered,  and  in  tbJN  way  tbe  entire  alluvial  bnsin, 
from  Vickflburg  to  Cairo,  can  be  lifted,  as  it  were,  above  all  overflow, 
and  levees  in  that  part  of  the  river  rendered  useless.  TAen  can  be 
[rfto  qu4t1ioH  o/l/titj'aet,  and  it  it  vhU  for  lAo»e  mo$t  deeply  intereeted 
%o  ponder  it  carefiiUi/  lie/ore  reefing  U  ;  for  the  i»cr</tK*l  value  fficen 
to  the  terrilor;/  thus  reclaimetl  mw  S'vir«i/y  6<  etHmatifl'* 

Two  yc-int  later,  in  a  review  of  Uunipbrt-ys  and  Ablmtt's  "Report 
oa  the  Pby»it-N  and  Hydraalitv  of  the  3Ii«si»Aippi  River,"  publiHbed  in 
Van  NoBlrand'd  "  Engineering  Magaaine,"  3Ir.  End*  elalwratnl  this 
plan,  and  oomWed  tho  declaration  that  the  bed  of  Ibe  river  is  formed 
of  blue  clny  and  will  not  enxlo  unions  very  slowly  under  the  effect  of 


I 


S5' 


TUS  POPULAR  SCIENCE  MONTHLY. 


1 


lh«  current,  Mid  likcwiito  expoAod  tho  fallacy  of  llui  declaration  thu 
there  is  i>o  relation  between  the  qaanttty  of  sedunent  earried  In  liw 
water  and  tlit-  velwity  of  ita  ourrent. 

Mr.  Eads  thus  clearly  outlined,  in  I8T-(,  lt<i7S,  and  16>78,  one  uf  tlw 
moat  magnilicent  plann  wliieti  tiydntullo  i-iijji muring  ban  uvitr  oiult 
Inkeo.    It  IE  Dot  simply  to  eavv  tlitrty  tlniuwtnd  Hquarv  m\h-%  uf 
as  rich  a«  the  Pelia  uf  K^pt  from  di'va^ilating  innndatlon*,  but 
«xt«nd  (Kt-p  water  fnim  tbe  tialf  of  >lexico  u>  tbe  mouth  of  th«  Obii 
into  the  vt-ry  bvart  of  the  Miasiitsipiii  Valley,  while  permanently  local 
lug  thin  magnificent  channel  by  practically  patting  an   end  to  th* 
CAving  of  its  banks.    T>uritii{  tbe  period  we  bare  referred  to,  Mr.  Eadi 
delivered  addrcsMM  upon  this  subjeet  in  th«  ohivf  citic*  of  tbe  rivtir, 
puMiflbod  elutxirate  eoHaya  in  which  U  vaa  fully  explained,  and  d^ 
fended  il  against  all  attacks,  until  finally,  in  1^9,  Congress  anthoHied 
the  creation  of  a  commiMion  to  consider  this  plan,  which  is  known  as 
the" jetty eystera."  Tbo "outlet  sTHtem" and  lhe"lcve«fynU-ra"w»« 
also  exaroinej  by  it,  and  in  l&i<0  it  ropurtol  in  favor  of  the  "jetty  ayt- 
tern,"  and  recommended  it«  wloption  by  CongreH  in  iu  report,  Fo 
niary  17,  1680.    J[r.  Eadn  waa  a  member  of  the  oommisaion  for  li 
or  three  yean*.     During  tbi«  pi'riod,  Kirtcral  million  dollars  were  Totv 
by  Congress  to  cany  out  tbe  plan,  which  will  be  fonnd  descriWd 
the  report  referred  U>,  as  agreeing  substantially  with  the  quotall 
we  have  made.    Two  reaches  of  tbe  river.  Plum  Point,  twenty  mil 
long,  and  Lake  Providence,  (hirty-fivc  miles  long,  were  M-lected  fo 
improvement ;  tbo  low-water  depth  in  ibe  fir»t  reach  was  only  fit 
feet,  the  other  reach   {four  hundred  milea  h<'Iow)  liad  a  depth  of  oal; 
fax  feet.    Tlie  |>enneable  cout»ction*workN,  consiructed  of  piles  sni 
willows,  which  bad  been  first  used  by  ilr.  Kads  at  tbe  South  Plan  u 
eral  years  before,  were  pnt  in  position  for  one  Mason  In  thu  pi-ric 
between  two  flooda,  and  the  effect  produced  by  the  works  diinn| 
the  finti  flood  that  followed  won  simply  Diarreloua.    The  depth 
inercant'd  through  the  upper  reach  to  twelve  feet  at  tow  water, . 
through  thf.  lower  reach   to  fifteen  feet,  and  s«om  of  millions  ol' 
cobic  yards  of  sediment  were  deposited  between  them  hy  the  cliveUait 
of  the  current  by  tbe  permeable  work*.    Thus  new  shore-lines  of  an 
approximately  uniform  width  were  dcvelo|>cd.     In  aome  ptiH*«s  lh« 
deposit  wns  thirty  feet  deep. 

Sir.  Kads  wuh,  during  the  time  of  this  oonstritetioa,  in  had  bolllli 
and  for  some  lime  a))«ent  from  the  United  Slate*.     Owing  to 
charge  made  by  sevi-ral  prominent  friends  of  the  rivpr  (mi-Mil.frs  of  tW 
Scnato  and  House),  tliat  the  eommission  had  a1>:md«niil  the  IraJilf  j 
feature  of  thti  syKtem,  tbo  ron traction- worki,  and  had  ehangnl  it  lo*| 
eostly  system  of  bank-revetmenlii,  and  the  public  deelaralion*  of  M''' 
Eads  to  the  same  effect,  no  furiber  apjiruprialions  were  madv  at  ik* 
^iwt  session  of  Congn-M  to  continue  this  magnifii-eni  wurk  ;  cenupk 
Ku  been  done,  hovover,  to  ahow  the  anlirB  praotieability  of  tli<'  pls'i- 


SKUTCH  OF  JA3IES  B.  EADS. 


SJS 


Mr.  Esda  cUinu  tbat  thu  syxtoni  of  improvciacDt  tlcnigiwd  by  him 
is,  in  savcrtl  r<.-Rp«ct«,  wbully  (lifTcreul  from  anj  evor  birfore  propow^l 
for  th«  treatment  nf  a  river  ;  it  is,  howerer,  only  applicable  to  rivers 
floiring  tbrougb  alluvial  deposits. 

Th«  gruidest  work,  however,  contemplated  by  Mr.  Eacia,  is  the 
aliip-rMliray  which  he  proposes  to  coostnict  across  the  Isthmus  of 
Tcbnantepec,  for  ttio  tniaiqwrtation  of  large  sliipo  fully  ladvu  from 
ocean  to  o<!cttii.    Tim  lie  holds  to  he  etitircly  practicable — because 
iJio  railway  can  l>e  built  wherever  the  csual  can,  at  one  half  the  cost 
f  the  canal  with  locks,  or  on«  quarter  the  cost  of  one  at  tide-level ; 
because  it  csn  bc>  built  in  one  tbint  or  one  quarter  of  the  lime  needed 
to  build  a  canal ;  bocauM  four  or  fire  tinioa  tbu  speed  praottcable 
on  a  oanal  can  bo  secured  ;  because  more  Tcnels  can  bo  carried  in  a 
day  OTCT  the  railway  Ihau  tbraogh  the  cajnal ;  because  tbe  capacity 
of  the  railway  na  be  increased  to  suit  increased  uc«ds  without  dis- 
turbance; because  it  will  cost  less  to  maintain  and  operate  it  than 
to  maintain  and  operate  a  canal ;  because  it  can  bo  built  and  operated 
where  the  canal  can  not  be  ;  Wcau^o  more  accurate  estimates  can  bo 
made  of  tbe  cost  and  time  needed  for  its  cotistructiou  ;  and  because 
I     its  location  is  the  very  best  of  all  those  which  are  proposed  on  the 
^KAmerioan  Isthmos.    It  is  not  gtmerally  known,  but  it  is  Derertheless 
^atrae,  that  the  location  <>f  the  »hip-nilway  and  that  of  the  Panama 
f  Canal  arc  about  twelve  hiinJrol  Htiilute  mlleaapiu1>  the  whole  immense 
territory  of  Central  Ainfrioa  lying  between  the  two.     It  is,  therefore, 

Iiar  superior  in  climate  and  in  position  to  any  other  location. 
Blades  these  works,  )lr.  Kads  has,  at  the  request  of  the  Gorom- 
inenta  and  individu-iU  particularly  inUirestcd,  examined  and  reimrtcd 
Bpon  the  bar  at  the  moutb  of  the  St.  John's  River,  Florida,  the  im- 
proremeiit  of  the  Sacramento  River,  the  improvement  of  tbe  harbor 
of  Toronto,  the  iro]>rovemeut  of  tbe  port  of  ^'eTa  Crux,  the  improve- 
ment of  the  harbor  of  Tampico,  tbe  improvement  of  the  harbor  of 
GalveetOD,  and  the  cduary  and  port  of  the  Mcrtcy,  England.  He 
was  President  of  the  St.  I^uid  Academy  of  Science  for  two  terms,  and 
made  ail  inaugural  address  in  which  wis  embodied  a  review' of  tito 
recent  achievements  of  science,  and,  in  another,  the  pref«nt  knonled^e 
of  tbe  laws  of  light.  In  \^\  he  made  an  extcruporarj'  address  )>c- 
fore  tbe  British  Association  at  York,  upon  the  improvement  of  the 
Miasisaippi,  and  also  upon  tbe  Tohnantepcc  Ship-Canal,  which  were, 
by  unanimous  vote,  ordered  to  be  entbodic^l  in  its  report  of  the  pro* 
ooodingH;  and  in  June,  ISAt,  he  was  awanlcd  the  Atl>crt  Medal  of 
tbe  Britladi  Society  of  Arts,  in  token  of  iia  appreciation  of  the  services 
b«  hail  rendered  to  Uie  science  of  engineering — he  being  the  first 
American  upon  whom  this  mcdit)  hiul  been  conferred.  It  is  now  his 
puri>ose  to  devote  the  remaining  t-ncrgics  of  Iuh  life,  until  the  scheme 
t*  an  accomplished  factf  lo  tJie  prosecution  of  the  Ship- Railway, 


ss* 


THE  POPULAR   SCIENCE  MONTHLY. 


EDITOR'S   TABLE. 


tcsars  roanoK  ok  evoirriox. 

1W0  groat  tutDtUrdB  of  Uutb  Iiavc 
prcTnUutl  in  tli«  world ;  trntli  to- 
oordtDg  to  DilUN  aoil  truth  ncourding 
to  tliwlott]'.  Trath  w^conllng  to  lut- 
tnn  has  bo«o  tielil  u  of  littlo  momoot, 
bacMiM  tiX  itn  coiuviiuMcu  an  Imd- 
poral  asit  tnasltorT ;  \m\,  Uutb  •ooord- 
iBg  to  ifagologf  bnf  bwn  held  aa  of  In- 
talM  lapoRBOM,  booMiM  wlntioa  and 
tlio  isUveata  ut  aa  bnmortal  d««tli>;  d*- 
iwaiiod  upon  it  Tborc  vw,  tborcfore, 
but  liltl«  «liaiuH)  for  gMtiuK  tip  moofa 
iot«r«u  la  tiM  truth  of  ihlnp  natnral 
■o  lung  M  tlio  Ibeologicitl  vuiulanl  of 
tntb  waa  tvpitnoe.  Galiloo  niado  a 
book  Mating  the  erUlMice  of  tbo  Coper- 
akait  i7st«in  of  ttttcvaomj  according 
to  llMfwUof  luture;  bnthcwnaranf 
tuodod  before  llie  inqtiUtOFlii)  Miiirl  lo 
■U«er  ttie  cbarg*  of  beroty  for  not 
Jndj^iig  of  IIm  ecbotne  of  ibo  pl*n«Ur/ 
motion*  by  tlie  atanclnrd  of  tbeolOKk*) 
authority.  Tnilli  aorording  to  naloro 
io  thoM  da;*  wrat  Tor  rcry  little  Id 
eompariMn  with  Irutli  aocorditig  to  ttio 
raixniataral.  Tlieoloiticnl  idun*  wore 
in  Ibo  mind*  of  everybody,  *r«r«  hold 
of  traoR-etidoat  linportaooN  and  crery- 
tliiag  in  tli«  abapo  of  new  knowleilge 
imt  Srat  broaght  to  tiM  t«et  of  agreo- 
tnml  with  aathogrlMd  rdigiow  doc- 
trine. 

Tiro  or  three  eenturfoe  bare  made 
great  eliaogee  la  Ihb  matter,  Tb«  the- 
ological ataadard  boa  hoe*  tovered.  and 
a  mnofa  higher  value  U  aet  on  the  truth 
wbiohagrecia  with  future;  bat  muUI 
tadea  of  mlad*  are  still  doniiurted  by 
thoologioBl  onnoeptiuoi.  nod  wboa  now 
ld«w  are  propoaod  lostoad  of  adkbg 
vbetlier  tbry  ngrM  with  the  BkA*  or 
Bfe  trtie  to  the  lutare  of  tbtDga,  ttie 
flr»t  qaeetioa  l^  a«  It  wa*  Iliree  ban- 
dred  ywa*  ago,  llow  do  IImm  Ideaa 
a«ree  with  jin-railing  rvliicloua  ojiln- 
lona  (  The  illuatratieoa  of  tbla  anrviral 


of  the  tboologlCBl  apiril  and  on 
are  atiU  numerou*,  and  a  (re^  cxanfib 
has  rooenlly  con>o  to  oor  attealka 
whkh  will  v«Jl  •vrru  lo  bring  out  ibt 
polot  vo  hare  la  rlev  In  (be  pnacM 
article.  It  coniirfrd  i>r  a  rlgoroD*  at- 
tack on  Mr.  Beeoher'ii  book,  "  Erohnka 
and  RollglHi,"  whioh  appmrMl  In  iht 
"ConaenUI  Advertiser"  uf  Norein* 
b«r  SOtb.  Tbe  point  of  Ti«w  la  lb«f- 
oughly  tnodiieiaC  lb«  writer  aeemS^  le 
care  but  v«ry  little  oa  to  whether  avob- 
tion  ii  troe  or  net,  but  to  b«  prnfouw^ 
lyoooccrned  about  tboology'i  rclatloD 
toit.  ThowritorooailcmDailr.  Beeehrr 
for  refualdg  to  Jni|gc  of  the  doctrine  nf 
•Tolotbin  on  ih«  baaia  of  itJi  agroenMU 
or  non-asreetaeiit  with  tlie  old  middle-, 
am  standards  of  rvllglons  dogtnft. 
uy»:  "Of  ooitno  Mr.  Uuecber, 
anybody  cbe,  nay  put  what  eoMlno 
tloD  he  piltfOM*  on  the  dootrlne  rf  en- 
letiw,  and  be  may  pot  a  c<>nilnctlae 
to  suit  bin  on  Ibe  dootrloea  of  Ibeoluf?, 
and  io  tliat  way  patch  np  a  mri  of  rr^ 
oocUlatloa :  and  that  U  ]>re(TL>iely  wk«l 
hedoM.  ...  At  tbo  aaine  time  heron 
trivM  a  raHgloa  wbtoh  la  eerUlnlj  e 
the  religloa  of  tli«  fUbera,  w  of  the'' 
niarlyra,  or  of  the  aadotti  ooafeMoK  or 
of  any  of  tbo  acoejitod  ayinbola  of  Ife 
Clinrch."  From  vhlnh  wo  are  tnlaltf 
that  tbo  tbcolaey  of  tbo  father*  u4  •( 
the  mariyTS  and  of  th«  anohnt  cuaJW^ 
on  or  old  cn«t.iron  middla-ogad 
dosy,  b  to  b«  taken  a*  the 
Iratb,  and  the  doctrine  of  oralodt^ 
judged  by  ita  agrufuent  witli  Uud 
nrd.  Tbol  Ibe  writer  ehodd  a: 
the  doctrine  of  erdlutloo  ta  tn«i 
andntlirlitlcls(ialt«a  nialler  of  wkm; 
but  wlist  we  wUh  to  coll  atloi 
here  i>,  that  he  sMme  lo  bare 
more  care  a*  lo  whether  lUt 
la  ime  to  the  mdlllei  of 
hod  the  old  ln<pUltora  In  r>l 
the  new  oHronouy,    Inde^'   '" 


Idle- , 


:^ 


BDJTOn'S   TABLE. 


S5S 


I 


the  oloM  of  lili  aniok  bo  haa  Iha  fid- 
lowlnic  ooowuptuoiu  reference  to  Ibit 
poJat  1  "Vt%  urn  not  Soiag  to  arnQo 
bora  (be  traUi  or  tabebiMd  of  tli»  nn- 
Y«rifl«4  and  nar«rlflabl«  b^pMlxaia 
wbloh  (t  palmed  apoD  tu  In  the  lumo 
of  KkiK«.''  titill.  we  tUnk  that  ibe 
tpMUon  of  *■  truth  or  Alwhood  '*  fo  m 
ifliportent  a  «•»  li  one  that  mlglit  wt-U 
b>ve  been  leuloil  flrtt.  If  tbo  tbenrir 
of  erolettoo,  w  tbe  writer  deduce,  "bne 
bcon  rcacfaail  is  utter  dtfiuice  of  tb« 
eaDooi  of  ecleotille  metiioit,"  it  wouU 
bava  been  well  to  ebow  thb  at  the  onl- 
MC  Ba«(l««.  it  tlie  dootriae  ii  an  Ini- 
I^wtura,  "  wlilcb  Is  pabned  ui>od  at  In 
tbo  nune  of  KUinee,"  it  woald  be  inler- 
eatlag  to  liaw  ti  pointed  out  \>j  wluU 
•xtraanlinnr}  hocu-poctia  tbo  adeotUie 
tMB  of  the  preaett  age  hare  b««ii  itn- 
i^pOffd  upon  la  accepting  h. 

To  gi  tliu  tbief  iat»r««t  of  Ur.  Dc««h- 

'  «r^    porftioa,  BHinsed  fn  bi»  recent 

bc<ot;ft.  it  aa  a  reg{«t«T  of  lbs  rising  lo- 

flaeaoc  and  Increasing  power  of  ■civn- 

UAc  Ideas  and  tbe  oorrMpoodlng  decline 

of  theoloflioal  anthority.  He  hm  iiaM«<i1 

fttf  beyond  tbe  stage  la  wbich  he  ulu 

first  vrhrilicr  now  Ums  agroe  with  old 

«reedi.    Allbougb  a  profeaaed  tlieolo* 

glaii,  bo  ba«  so  thorooghly  entered  Into 

the  fplrll  aad  roelhod  of  modern  udoaco 

as  to  rooognlxe  Ihst  the  »aprcuio  qu«e- 

tion  in  tbia  ease  is  whetlMr  tbe  dootrioo 

of  erolnUon  b  an  exiirenlon  of  Ibe 

tntb  of  natare.    Kir.  lloeeber  has  hj 

'no  means  repodlated  tbeoJogf,  hot  bo 

boa  takes  tbo  great  stop  of  oabordlnal- 

Ing  It  to  tbo  itandordt  of  truth  cstab- 

llsbeil  \>y  Invos^gsllon  and  the  stndj  of 

rtlie  order  and  eeonomr  of  the  existing 

|worid.    Tlie  old  MXton  of  two  eets 

or  •vstems  of  triitli,  on«  of  wlilrh  hu 

olaimi  of  a  special  *ncr«dncM  ami  iii- 

perivritjr,  while  tlio  otbsr  is  profano, 

•eonlnr,  and  of  nierwl;  hanaa  origin, 

otid  tbprafuro  of  Inferior  rank,  wo  un- 

_   denitand  him  bi  re|<<idinle.    Ue  lindi 

B  tlioaaoredMMof  BDtlioritjin  thotrath 

BltsalC  and  non>i  the  1«m  liecanno  miw 

^pUsooran  an<l  c^tolilblice  It  \ij  liia  own 


1 


rearats  Id  an  amlaont  waj  ibat  rati 
chnDfio  or  rerolntion  of  modem  thought  I 
which  gives  a  higher  Tslne  and  a  nohter 
signill<wioo  to  tbe  study  of  nature  aitd 
tlie  roveUlloD  of  (he  truths  of  nstnre. 
NortntbtMgiringhis  bigbattallogiaacti 
to  natural  truibas  diedoaed  \ij  the  wofk- 
lng«  of  tiM  bomao  mind  can  bo  \tt  vuA 
to  liave  rt^led  relit^on  or  left  the  re- 
ligions splioTO.  Holding  flnnly  to  tbo- 
MRi,  bo  simpif  rosiotalns  that  Ibe  truib 
and  ord«r  and  harmoDf  of  ntitQro  are 
the  hi};he«l  mnnircktatioDs  of  tlie  Otiri- 
buteeofGod. 

Mr.  I)e«cher  reeonitructs  Uie  tM 
Iboulogjr,  r^oetiBg  large  portloas  of  U 
which  have  formerl?  booa  hohl  as  os- 
sootinl,  nod  roshnplng  what  reoiains  so 
as  to  briog  it  Into  bottM  agrocBieot 
wilhmodemsclciitUloldeas.  A^anliun- 
est  and  eoDscl«ttt]oiM  mon  ho  fonnd  no 
etcnpu  from  entering  upon  ihl*  work. 
Only  as  an  lodlffereatist,  or  s  Iri6pr,  or 
■  throloipan  onalared  to  hia  traditioni^ 
oould  he  recognise  the  great  cbaagea 
wroQght  bjr  tnodera  acienoc,  vilboot  { 
anjp  conocm  for  ihoso  raadjuslmeata  of 
human  belief  which  hate  bccorao  Inet- 
ttohto.  Ills  book  is  fnW  of  OTidcnces  of '| 
that  riocority  nnd  carnestncaa  of  feeling 
Upon  tbo  aabject  wMch  haie  Impelled 
him  to  nndcrtako  the  tusk  of  working 
out  the  religious  hearings  of  the  doc- 
trine of  evoltitiiin.  lie  saw  thai  it 
had  taken  root  in  tbe  beet  iDielllgfnce 
of  the  drULud  world.  Tliure  wu  no 
blinking  or  evasion  of  the  fsicta  that 
had  to  be  mot,  Tbe  mrooR  men  of 
all  ostioBs  wbu  give  tli«4r  llrtd  to 
the  stndy  of  nsiurcs  ibo  devotee*  of 
research,  nnd  the  inrMtigatorw  of  origl* 
nal  truth  In  all  departinonls  of  natu- 
ral phenomena  had  como  to  agree- 
ment over  this  great  priuolplo  with  *  i 
rnt'ldlt?  and  a  unanimliy  sacb  as  haa ' 
never  l>efore  been  seen  in  thehlato(7 
of  science.  Tbero  bad  beoa  a  vast  ao- 
onrniilation  of  olieerrslioiui,  faets,  and 
principles  In  evorr  deportmeat  of  re- 

'  warch  which  doftcl  explioation  nnd  or- ' 
traniuliin  uiilU  tli«  law  of  erolotioa  \ 

I  was  graapod  and  applied  to  tbcm,  and. 


ssfi 


THE  POPULAR  SCIENCE  MOSTHLY. 


mAvt  tlie  li^ht  It  klTorded,  tU  vork 
tff  reMArcb  went  ou  with  lacrming 
rraiitalDtH  kod  «iicc«m.  Tko  doctrine 
of  «?olBlUid  una  oot  mvrvljr  iu4:ao«rl- 
eilgiHl.  but  It  tHKAiiw  a  Dew  kuIiU  to 
llfw  discuvorj  of  truth,  wbioli  it  tlic 
lilgliMl  poNiibt«  att«iitatloii  th&t  oould 
Ua  Kivon  of  It*  Toritj.  Mor  wu  it  b; 
aay  mcAiu  a  myMvr^  of  expcrtn  con* 
t]nc<]  to  laboralwlw  of  wbtcli  onllnujr 
I>«op1«  oouhl  koow  Dolhing  anil  most 
Uke  on  asUioritj.  Its  illuatratlom  and 
pmofk  oooMuitIf  iiinltipUcd  io  tkono 
MBiinoB  apliOTaBof  ihougbt  witb  which 
iatelllgcot  people  are  familiar,  ao  that 
tbs  enrrcnt  litontaro  of  (Im  Hme  was 
full  of  It.  Mr.  Ucecli«r  mw  tliat  llw 
doctrioe  was  not  only  aoorwllted  b?  a 
Terj  large  iiunilwi'  vf  th«  «l>l(i(t  minda 
of  the  age  as  an  (^tatilklvd  trulli,  but 
he  had  hiniivlf  Ikvh  a  (tadont  of  the 
subject  in  tih  vwn  lidd  of  labor,  and 
he  fomnd  it  of  lavaluable  Bervloe  Io  tli«t 
rerUon  of  belicb  and  opioioo*  which 
wiwa  part  oflilHrosiJODaibledutjrMBB 
iii<l«r*'"i<I«nt  potilic  Ivai-hor.  la  broodlf 
nccvp^nf  BDdcofnprobanurdjrappl/iiig 
ttie  Dcw  d<ictrUie,  Mr.  Boeober  gIvM  a 
powvr^ll  iinpiilw  to  thoologlcal  reform, 
for,  in  the  fortlicr  winnoitinftof  rclitpoua 
ofilaloiu,  onlj-  tlioae  will  atand  which 
B»  fonnd  vitallj  rooted  in  the  trnthi  i>f 
nalnre;  and,  from  this  point  of  view, 
the  acovptanoe  of  the  doctrine  of  evolu- 
tion h7  Che  rdlgloua  mind  will  be  the 
most  Important  Mefi  jot  tiikcn  in  rcno- 
vating  tlieologjr  by  eodiii{(  \\i  anla^^o- 
Dlmn  with  tli«  ord«r  of  nAluml  troth, 
and  by  making  "  the  aolid  ground  of 
Batnre"  Ita  laMlog  and  un*bakubl« 
foundation. 


LITERARY  NOTICES. 

Locw  Actnix :  IIm  Ijhi  wtt  Corbb- 
woxt-iiicK.  K>!ho<l  l>T  KuuMctu  Cikv 
AAtaHX.  In  lao  TolumM,  pp.  7M. 
Reaiati :  {luuchtoo,  lUfUn  &  On.  Flta, 
•I. 

Mas,  Aqmbb  began  tbe  prepantioa  ot 
^ibta  exiiemely  interMUnf;  bk^phy  with 
I  •trnph  parpov  of  prMarring  the  faela^ 
erf,  and  jMnisI*  bMrlng  npen  it  ftnoi 


dbpenion  and  Snal  Inea.  Dul,  ■•  ilie  < 
Itiew  la  btT  haadi,  *be  aar*  she  hepu  i 
fed  tM  m  lAuUeeuaal  Ulr,  tnaHMd 
Mch  uaimal  oalwnaoe  and  maxj  ef  aln, 
oiiSht  lerre  a«  a  Hianliu  end  aa  eneaaiv*- 
mU  M  c«b«n.  And,  fuf  thi*  fBa*«,  ita 
at  kngth  dMidcd  lo  plaee  li  bafwa  iW 
Reural  pvbUe,  Thi  Int  volniae  tvMata* 
a  portrah  ftf  AfHiU  at  tb«  age  of  aW 
lt<rn,  and  Kvnsl  oilier  IbtemlliiB  HI* 
uatkni  caan«cl«d  >llli  has  birtltplao*  aa^ 
KoAi  Ufft  The  naiTBtlrc  In  ihl*  v^tmt 
coTon  iIm  EKopoan  psnlon  o(  Aga^i^ 
Ufe,  atMU  wUdi  little  I*  kodvn  b  Uli 
oonntry.  It  1*  woven  together  f^oa  timn; 
papcn,  and  Ihe  ooairflnUiena  of  tcnw«> 
Modcsu  and  olhcn  who  knew  Agaaid)  k)- 
tla^icly  at  one  period  ee  anethcr  ol  hfc 
early  career.  A  brotbnof  rrofMMirJ 
At,  wtio  (Urrived  him  tcTctwl 
the  KrtaiMt  1nie(««t  tat  pceaenlag  i 
ooooenied  bla  actentifie  oanor, 
brother  fnrabhed  Mm.  ftgarfli  with  i 
pa{i(««  and  deeunacniacaaeeniinf  hk« 
U((L  After  the  bnxhtt^  death  the  **>t 
«•«  contitMtd  by  a  ooatfn,  Ur,  AapW 
Mayor,  who  alao  atkoted  from  the  gUdtr 
of  tlio  Aap,  -at  the  m|*an  of  Mr,  A1cm» 
der  AsauU,  tbe  bowlder  wblch  no*  Mitl 
hia  (ailior'*  graie." 

Loiili    Aganii  bad    m    olhff  litbii 
than  bl*  parcDU  far  ibe  OrM  ka  )car«  (f 
h!i  life.    "  Baring  Iom  her  flr*i  (uar  eW 
dren  In  lafanqt,  hi*  MMher  wattbed  vtak 
IrmMlng  aendlvde  orer  hi«  early  jm*.' 
She  nnderMooJ  that  hia  lore  of  natDra  ai* 
as  Intellrotual  icnilEne*.  and  thnnigheufctf 
whcJe  life,  a*  we))  in  the  —oA  of  Ua  im» 
hood  a*  in  tbe  apuna  of  hia  chOilhaei  M 
ranalned  hi*  inoti  iMlmarc  (ricwd.    lit ««» 
Tired  hte  bat  rix  yeaie.    VTbon  a  veeylMt 
felb»  he  had  U*  eolketloi.  ol  Bfhet,  hJ 
the  rignetle  repeoani*  tlie  bmo*  LwI*  t» 
hiad  the  paiaoaagcv  Mo  whlck  wale  Ikb 
a  aprlng  «aa  always  IWla|[,  aa4  which  •« 
Aguiia'*  Aral  ai|aarliwi.     He  hivl  tariM 
pela,  whoee  tamlUra  he  rwafnl   Mat  lla 
gienieat  care.    "  Ilia  pet  anlinatk,"  «■  u* 
loM,  **  *u|u;o*lrd  iiueMloof  lo  aanver,  aUt 
WM  Ihe  iJUik  of  hlh  »(•>."    T1•^  M.-iy  4.  U 
athoot-IU«\  frewi  Ihe  a^r  of  tun  in  amawwa, 
is  btkfly  told,  hoi  h«*e(  the  iHNhH*  !■!«» 
(inn  of  a  bar  «llh  a  fetUod  parrKM.    itw 
KpendJni:  uto  yntra  at  Iho  aiodlaal  kI,*^  b 
Zoridt,  kpm\M  wmi  lo  the  Cntttnli!*' 


LITERARY  NOTICES. 


SS7 


I 


I  Bcldiftbctg  hi  Uie  ftmr  IMC,  at  tbc  age  of 
\  BlMWca.    It  ii  not  fxj  to  nako  citation* 

(nun  a  tH>jk  of  such  ■niform  intcitat;  bill 
fliiailadcnl-lifc  at  Ucidclbcrg.  and  alterrard 

kt  Uualoh,  01  galliFrol  f  ram  i  a.tiuu«  pawipu 
lin  lU>  yMorj,  has  a  pvcuUar  fMcimiton. 

In  cue  of  lira  fint  a«i|iuunuiioM  made  Ti; 

him  at  tliis  tfaD«^  AgMiit  found  a  nttviong 

IrU-nd— 

■nd  la  *ntr-r*a'*  ■ '>'o<A<'-  l^lVMnr  TIcdMnun. 
b)t  whinn  *•  li«d  h»m  »  Undlj  n«1nd.  dooui- 
Ri<u>d>4  hlnl  to  mk  tb*  «ii]iulnUii«  uf  jnuui; 
A'——''*-  BnuD.  u  udaM  MndiM  nd  aiiicUl 
l*«V  of  bvuny.  At  TicdMDaDira  lagtnn;  tlw  i»'it 
daj,  iRaMVi  nif  nnoii ««  altntMcd  by  ■  jimn( 
DUB  «bu  MI  nut  him,  and  «lia  «•  lukliic  nrjr 
cuaAll  sulH.  um  UJDMnUtis  tham.  Tbn*  ma 
•■BdblPC  ytij  inDBtDjT  tn  td*  (aim,  egnlla  but. 
iUU  or  buMTolaee*  and  inlMUimiiM.  Cim<lD<*1.  Iijr 
Va  BMitM  «f  Hnralw  lo  ihs  iHiurOi  tbal  Ibli 
mt  Ika  Midui  uf  wlLwn  Tltdamuiii  liai)  tpoLut. 
jkfiMlt  innuJ  to  Ilia  nFlRhluiT.  u  Ibij'  batb  hm 
■I  AtdOM  ofOW  liMir.  ami  hM,  -An  rnu  Alu- 
•ndnBnaiit-  "Tea.  Anfoii  Loali  A(iHiUr~ 
_  .  .  Tb4  I^D  jimujt  nHru  lenibn  KviE]r*-mna  14>< 
^Ofv^  «bd  fhjin  Uiat  tltita  Urnir  AtuitlM.  t}i«lr  u- 
CBMOiia  UuV  umiaRaaBlj^  wan  Dadvrtataa  uA 
puiairt  WcoilMr.  .  .  ■  Bnns  innsd  Bi«hi|cr  iVnii 
Afwala.  lod  b*  In  tun  liaml  bataq>  (ram  Bnun. 

In  a  lFll«r  of  jouim  Braun  l«  Iiij  partDts, 
irritl«o  at  (tii'  Uini\  h«  aaj'* ; 

lo  m;  Mfun  boan  I  fV  tJ>  ih«  dlsac^tlnj^nam. 
•bav,  la  Mmpaor  witb  anotlifr  ywmt  mttuniln. 
■ba  baa  ayptarad  h^  a  tv*  ninvt  on  iba  IIpIiIdL- 
laf  bariaaa,  1 41MHI  an  muinar  or  taaala.  (iitb  *• 
dafi,  OM  Mrtl-  lliba^  and  ana  Mnallar  fry.  m 
Mifc  baUtfttaa.  «MaTV(ll>'*.  «MtU  and  Ih*  llto. 
...  I  MBailiiirf  ro  irlUi  ibit  iiMaiaHn  on  a  bum 
Ibr  •Bisula  lad  plnUi  KM  oalj'  d«  m  colkwt  nod 
husMitacrTa  all  maaMr  or  UiUn.  bal  *s  as- 
ilcwi  OS  acttnUOo  axtlm  la  gantwl. 


I 


AmA  1i«  aililx,  cnncnmliig  .tguibt^  «|. 
taintiHTiita  at  thia  tltD« : 

I  Ian  a  mat  daal  ftDm  bin.  (Iir  ba  la  ninrh 
Ban  at  boma  ia  ttSIOTT  Ukd  I  ani.  I)>  It  bmll- 
lar  vllb  almoat  ill  itia  laoan  maininalla,  fm^- 
lUtaa  tt4  llr^i  trta  ^  off  bf  Ibrtr  aorur,  and  rni 
irl>a  a  aams  ta  atwj  Atb  In  tlw  yratrt.  In  Ibo 
Beniln(  >a  oftia  Mt^  Ui(>tbat  ttimniti  Ihi-  flib- 
■aifcM.  vbtf*  b*  nplalaa  la  n»  M  ili,'  rilltortnl 
Hb  tft  gvlUt  la  l4fh  nir  hmr  to  ttulT 
;  and  (bap  wa  IfilPrd  » ^nakr  a  f^iroclfoD  of 
I  aaUv*  kUdi-  Mflbj-  ntbf r  uvful  tlJlnEa  bo 
1  Q*ni]t3  and  Pronrh  f«|naLly  wril, 
ItaHan  fUrlf.  Ii  writ  vjiiKlotnil  wlib 
and  Hivltn  niAllrli^o  t^aldc*^ 
.  ToanBaa  lb«  Int'rtalaiiont  In  Ihn  ltii>o-coD- 
aad  Dwiaiilaal  mrk  of  piT|aUw  tftt^- 
Ifmttnt  \*—a».  a/i  th>  llk*.  n  hafO  a(R4>d 
■Ua  hm  la  amplaraA.  tba  oiibar  ahull  Mad 
Mart,  la  Ibli  avr  n  AiU  f  Ibnuib  iwloua 
■M  pbrMaC7,  tmXotBj,  and  loulacT. 


Tlicj  (pent  tiioir  nciiti«iiu  loseUier; 
"drew,  aiudiod,  diuccud,  orraiigvd  upcd- 
nmu,  dUcwwd  tlicoric*  with  their  joung 
btaini  i««inlng  abont  the  srawib,  ■tnu.t- 
uiT,  and  idatlon*  ef  aaimaU  and  plants." 
Aaolbor  joung  botsnbl,  Karl  SvhimiHt, 
irai  t»kra  Into  this  Uvidclbirr];  lutimacjr, 
nod  the  three  iteru  iDHtrparnb!'.'  in  itivSrttiid- 
iea.  At  una  lime  AgiMiii  wna  lii-pt  at  boioe 
iD  SitiUurland  \tf  rickai'Mi,  Imt  iha  lell«n 
t'lVMlTig  liolveMi  thr*(!  (cliiyw.tnquirera  «Dro 
n-Rinrkal>lp>  Here  t»  a  nfX  of  qutatloaa  pro- 
[iiiiiiiili'il  hy  Acauk  Ut  Itraon  and  ^hlmprr 
ut  Ili'i:!>'l1>^r](.  Ilr  HA*  nudjInK  the  finhca 
i>(  lliu  tinrlra  lakM  anil  li^ng  to  catalogue 
ibuin,  and  h«  m;*  : 

A*  I  am  on  Ibc  rhi|N«  of  flibca,  I  win  aak 
jbn—l.  Wbat  ut  llogillaKlict!  2.  What  Iba 
■fil'LUdtat  *.  Wbat  la  iho  titsdilor  tn  flahftl 
4.  WliM  ta  tba  tlnoa  tn  iko  fgx  la/)n(  anhulat 
8i  What  alCDlf  Iba  masj  Oiu  of  nabca  ?  ft.  What 
la  (b»  HC  wblcli  animuida  Ibc  (tent  in  brnnbliiai'ii 
utwlATtrtdani  ?  [a  anatan  aboDl  vrblcb  tborv  bad 
bavD  tanno  cDiKapgndasn], 

Braiin,  on  Mk  pan.,  vrtlM  lo  Asawia: 
"On  luj  Inat  >heui  1  amid  unto  nut*  fur 
jDu  tu  pick,  (uiiiv  w1i!>tly,  Kume  lialf,  otbara 
not  at  all  iTa^'kiHl.'*  Ttiu  tuilovliie  ar« 
aome  of  the  in'Wtcd  (luvtliona: 

1.  Wbnpoiatho  tlni  JIvonriOKpJiBtoftbaiienu 
arid  rwta  lb  pUnu^  that  la  MaMf,  Ibc  flraE  fvDicli- 
liimf 

t.  TTowdoj^ni]  axpltic  IbcorlKlTi  nfthcuv  U4i«B 
on  tbd  alaoi  Hlitnh,  not  arl4liif  tnm  dlnniirt  (t^nlrull, 
ara  placrd  aplra^Ij,  or  to^itcnd  ronnd  Ibo  «lomT 

S.  Wbjrdoaoma  ptaLla.aapadallj'troMfnioln- 
ty  lo  tho  onllsarr  nnno  of  dovrlnpnieni  In  plauUi, 
liloiaam  h«(i)r«  llinj  haiorot  (OrtJi  W»»™i''lin>l[«*. 
mlliiw.u™*  and  (hiK-trr«)! 

t-  In  vtuLl  tuonwIuD  doaa  Iha  drtoli>|miotit  of 
tba  mvaaa  nt  •  HoiKr  caba  plM»-«ad  tbalr  hnna- 
tloB  In  ihv  bud  T  (couipara  eaniramK  papaTtf). 

&  WUalanitialiaTHoftbaaparciilaT 

«.  n-i.aian  ib<Iaftadl>in««f  pln*-(n«*T 

I.  Vlisl  la  indlildnilllr  Is  planlit 

It  mmtcn  not  that  moil  of  these  prob- 
Icms  were  Bolred  long  n^:  the;  no  1«M 
iltustrale  the  action  ol  tlinc  joiing  tni[id« 
in  carrring  forward  ihcir  fruitful  Mudii.4. 
It  ii  to  tlicJD  two  bolaiiigtr.  Bnun  and 
Schinipcr.  tliot  houiny  ottivi  the  di^vmitiy 
of  Ibc  law  of  PhTllolaiii  which  It  liinled 
nt  in  Ihv  frr«1  «f  the  abure  (luwlloiia.  WV 
tiol  fiud  Itie  tlirvu  ftieoda  4:4latitl>1l«il  at 
Uunlcli,  atiendiiif-  the  IcdurM  of  Diiltin- 
{I>r,  Uaitiui,  SclielliD^.  Okvn.  th«  latter  ol 
whom  waa  filr^nit'ly  [I'ii'udljr  with  than, 
hivltlng  Ihcm  onoo  a  nvvk  to  hi*  honfo. 


SS8 


TUB  POPULAR  SCIS:SOS  ilOyTHLV. 


•tier*  ib«T  llirtoii«d  lo  KleMMo  [xipfn  or 
ilUcuMod  (dtfrURc  iMUon.  IW7  took  t« 
MM  k  wetk  with  FtolraMr  Ton  Ksftlu*, 
who*  wtth  D6IUnB«r  \^j  *«n  Mill  notv 
tadmuc  "  Mc*  MI7  did  thay  so  lo  fain 
(Ulf,  but  be  atka  ohbw  t«  MC  iban,  brins- 
tng  boUaic*]  tfxdmnu  10  Bnoo,  «r  look- 
ing i«  npm  JtguiUti  ImwUnf  csiwrfRMitla, 
in  whieb  b«  took  the  HtcUm  iMtml,  being 
•!■*;•  n*dy  wiib  aditc*  4ikI  pnodMtl  •bL 
Tile  fMit  tkat  Agu(b  ud  Bnn  bid  th«lf 
icon  in  Mi  honM  nwda  taunourw  wHh 
tun  eapvdallj  aw;.  Thi«  ronm  bKcnmc  iho 
nodnvoM  of  all  Ibo  niplring,  bciIvk  uptrlu 
umng  lb*  KiimK  nnlantlUu  nc  Uunlch, 
ud  «M  haovn  by  tho  aiunn  of  '  Tbc  Llitlo 
Aotdcmy.'  .  .  .  The  trieoda  g*TC  IcclQrta 
ta  tom  on  TRriou*  (ubjccta,  opcdallf  oa 
ftiodn  of  doi<lopiDCDt  in  pUnt*  a&d  anl- 
ma\».  Thoc  ln:tat«*  >ctc  MUAdod  not 
ootx  b^  rtudcnti,  tiiil  otWa  bjr  Ibe  ptoftw 
on."  In  ■  ttitM  to  hU  futm,  Agmmii  do- 
Mtibca  bU  life  U  thia  ptnod  u  cxocvdbgl; 
plcutnt.    lie  Mji : 

WlitfD  «jr  iHtun*  ir*  vr^,  m  nnt  to  tbt 
vriolsc  u  Aun**  noa  or  mtia,  vHb  thn*  tt  taw 
imintia  uf iuIdumw.  unl  lilk  nf  mMiMo  out- 
tn»ncliii»lD  M>  IMC  pwnnllm  »ia(|)»M»li>b 
It  Oni  derdopnl  bj:  Ubi  tad  A*d  «*nuMd  br  aft 
Tbw*— «lm  m  icrj  lotmcttiBL  iL*  mjrilanh 
I  ht*a  IitKUli  10  riTc  ■  courM  of  lutunl  b1M«y,  nr 
nUwr  vt  fun  •o'iIiik)'.  Bmiu  uIU  lo  lU  «f  leuii)', 
thd  imuLbvr  vt  our  compaa/.  U4I1V)  vtio  I*  ui  n- 
K(lm(  rtllow.  CHchc*  u  nutbrinklk*  lod  phj^iln 
la  M*  tun.  Id  I«d  nwotlu  Vsbicpptr  *I1I  )iiU  <u 
urf  baoxnii  onr  jmlaiit  at  phnua'^dij.  Ibw  w« 
IndrnM  Mtb  Mhtr.  tearnint  "hol  *•  (•••b  mon 
Uionilehlj  IiKSDH  oIiJlf<4  Udsmoatlnt*  It.  Kicb 
Mulon  luti  Iw)  or  tbtrr  tiimn,  dorlnf  vblA  (h* 
pruAiiMr  In  ihuiv  nulb  bl>  mmtbuttit  vlibnu 
uCilnaUiUMbBA.  Toft  eu  ttnicliu  bgv  a*tlal 
Uili  uiuit  bt  In  i<i[i4rtojr  Da  W  apBk  In  jmbllr  lat 
wllb  tobunc*:  lbs  iiprrtooiit  It  Iba  mot*  Id]|h»- 
IBt,  •lim  «•  tn  dnin  nMbtiie  *a  nuwh  ti  MOivr 
or  iMir  tu  temsa  iiniTisMin  la  hit  Unlb. 

Agun,  in  wrilin;  to  Ilia  btti«r,  Bnm 
Mja  of  lh««a  prir«i«  lotluiM : 

StoiMiiM  AtittU  ti4M  t«  taal  TttBtii  ro1« 
•od  Minalncilai*  lolnwii  bnlat,«r  vt  httn  >  let- 
ton  In  irMUnr,  or  I  ft«d  (tatnl  ualnrtl  liliiocf 
linid  U  a-IJIlim  MhUnpiT.  B^Md-br  I  ahtU  re- 
•l«w  Ua  nilBnl  Uitotr  oT  ciaaaii  and  hrtia,  t«« 
ftmlHMorahHh  I  wai*  •  ap«M MBdj  ltd  •nm- 
nn'.  TwiM  a  mat  Karl  »aMiBp««  l*nai«  in  ua 
«•>  tbt  morpbDlDtx  at  plaaCa  ■•  hat  nralta  lliltn- 
atiL  A«ia«lt  la  ala*  (•  ftra  lu  Itctara*  (Btaalta- 
tllTMattDda)rat(aiilbaatunl  ttniryof  fttbaa. 

-la  sfilat  abo  KM  alroai);  Id  (ti«  oniptt? 
"t  -tguilj^  iBd  *bo  alitmnl  Bt4»  lb(>IUu»> 


tnllona  of  lib  woric*  nptm  foarft  I 
rcrltm  ARaJwli*!)  Ufr  uid  fananndtagt  U 
tblaitmou  talh>««: 

lla  iMif  laM  Ua  l«»m,  ibMvk  anta  aada 
KTtM  artal . . .  Itlt  ttatlo  OH  a  poftvl  Omaaaot' 
CrM'a  roaio.  UnaUqts^vlOi  tcnni  vWaoa- 
lla**:  Ualamltam  arfual  efat—tbaoiati 
halfadaaan  ■ball*,  btalda*  aom*  MUt^  br  Ibi  aia 
tf  kb  ntlala  tod  UtmtfM.  AlrBB«l*r  Bimi  al 
DriRtUnpn-ladtadlaUwaanw  boMaaadaawii 
M  ma  (a  akata  Ma  mdluL  UafK  bnWlata.t> 
Ma  teawhtbawirbM  tbtf  flillaaUrf  la  iMrM- 
tontna. and alltbia  Muad a |1«H la  lb* alaAa^ « 
tbr«aoah.aatbaaaal«.Mlk«aM>«,  BtrfuHM 
Ua cUri. «•  iliiar b^W  M  tiriba M^ mMU 
<ttill<  I  •onipM  a  aOBdHv  dnk  •Mb  My  *MIW 
X*  TWiar  onH  all  da>i>«,  aad  aMHMiMa  I 
UnkrataaiaMiadarvHaaboaL  T)Ht 
wUm.  tat  MamOM  *(r*  daaara  iipaai 
wUib  Ir-aod-br  «a  trttU  aOOad 
ctrMaMRt.    laabarlilliaaavMamct^ 

Tbo  Moood  valane  in  dcvotad  to  ifm- 
■i***  Ufa  b  Anwrlot.  Die  f Rmlaptroa  b  • 
portnit  UtktB  U  the  age  of  Bttj-JiTe,  aid 
btiaging  at  OHM  M  nind  tlic  f  cBUirto  as  ><D 
knoim  (0  miiltitiadM  oC  people  la  all  paiu 
of  thccouDUj.  BcsidM  tfae  rignMU,  iIm» 
Ing  u«  tha  UboraloTj  at  KafawL,  ibor*  I*  « 
■icw  of  tU  oott^^  at  KalMnt,  oT  tb«  Wm- 
on  of  ODopantirc  Zobiogj-,  ■  portnil 
bjr  fovert,  wid  ft  tie*  «f  {"MUkeM. 


iM- M^H 


SciHTtno  Tnnn.  tlr  Futix-w  Kiia» 
WOOD  Aaeor,  Ph.D.  Umiubi  Utl^ 
Bnwn  It  Co.    Pjt.  31*.    I'ric*,  fS- 

Tmi  worli  U  BO  alKtn[ii  tt  dani«f*| 
tbtlem  from  tdcoM  and  tbo  MieitUlo  Piifr 
odi  Dr.  Abbot  oiilclMa  noMlntiMa  o< 
oanotpiaall>B>,  and  Mgwa  for  a  BoanMM 
Ib  whloh  011V7  phnrainciuni  la,  aa  fat  at  U 
Kaoa,  a  real  rcvoUUm  of  tlio  KBuiaii^ 
Ho  hobia  t^l  tho  miad  poradrM  tna  lal* 
tlooa  is  naim,  Md  tW  llwtolcn  to  M* 
cxutA  10  •Utk  bunu  knovladg*  tM  par 
it  forma  n  pan,  banmvr  an«ll, «(  thai  «•■ 
lalned  la  ilic  Divive  Ulnd.  "nio  ttwaT'' 
the  imhao*abl«  the  aiitlior  rrjcvia,  btUNt 
that  aliaolate  knowledge  of  a  itkiof  awt 
comUt  la  knowing  the  «■»  of  ka  idaiMi 
10  all  oUit*  iliinga  In  tlie  nnltcTM. 

tlr.  Abbot  aifaea  frwn  tho  IsuB^M. 
1;  of  Dm  (tnlietM  u>  It*  lautllgMMt 
h«K«,  (Inor  ll  la  alMaelJtlie,  10  U> 
oaouiawntMt  Ilia  U  no  Diin«al  dalli  <» 
lotad  10  the  ualrone;  ta  naaddnki  to  a» 
Almt,  but  the  laaiMBianl  mlnii,  whoMnrg* 
llfo  tat  groolk,  MoitrMod  !•  «a  la  MM 


1 

hila,  V 


^ 


LITBRART  NOTICES. 


559 


fltiitr  ttts  ctoIqIImi,  which  hw 
dftWBai  spoil  ibc  Inrcdigatore  ud  lli!ak«r« 
of  l»4tj. 

0*  PotTfTimiBiM  Axn  ItimKPounoii  u 
C^iucmunrm  or  Ahericjix  Lui- 
opiAM.  My  Dtxm,  ■>.  Uuxnui,  U.  U. 
Phibilelpbl*^    Pp.  41. 

Dt.  BtnTgK  apptw*  10  b«TO  (truck  upon 
u  iiiule>i>lot>«it  Diiu  or  lin^nlMle  rtaMtvh. 
FhOolugbU  fativA  told  u«  tS  monoijllahlu, 
•g^thutiT*,  and  [iillcctloiuJ  luigiuKM, 
•ad  of  MiaTjtIc  (nd  lynlhclic  IiuiKiinei''. 
•Dil  >•  haio  mnMU  In  tha  II1iriiHci>  nl  Imoka 
tiMj  hftTS  wittti-n  upon  Ihcmof  lirnniluji  nil 
•boul  llicmi.  T^c  Anicricui  lani^n^ji,  iv- 
(onBnf  to  ihc  prcfcnt  author,  proonl  ea- 
tiralj  dilTcmit  lyp<a — tbau:  lumal  In  ilio 
lUU  •bo«^— >htGii  hsTo  ID  Ux  been  aaij 
nffuif  dcMTtbcd,  piobabljr  Iiccaubis  ilic.v 
vera  onl;  (iiguplj  umJcnluod.  ralfijn- 
tbMl*,  tcrordiiig  lo  Or.  BnnUin,  is  d.  IdeiIioiI 
•I  wocd-tniUding  which  unplcTB  Juitapuii. 
tloa  of  wontii  Hith  Iho  modiGMtfuiii  ibcf 
■llnHj  tindery  wlira  liraii(;lit  togvtb«r.  and 
•bo  vordi,  fornui  ot  Bonld,  kud  iiigniGciml 
fbonMb  elommtii  vhioh  hare  uu  vxiBtcnoc 
•pait  trom  the  vomiwuDdi  iuto  whicb  ihry 
oMr.  Bj  Inoorpuratiua,  the  nuuimnl  and 
pfcnomial  eltJinciiW  of  llie  pinpotiiiioii  arc 
Nboi4iciil«id  to  the  Jtriia}  dvuient^  and 
(taker  bBT«  no  ifuItiwDdonl  eiLitenc*  in  iho 
ftom  nqslied  bf  the  verb,  or  nro  inuliid«d 
widilii  tlio  IpcdDo  nrtMl  »!<^«  «f  Iodm:  and 
mood.  BrtbciueofthnHiiiettiodg,  of  which 
TuioBtUlnKratiTeciamplei  nrv  givvn  truni 
■tmal  hsguagea,  tho  whole  Bvntcooe  U 
woren  lato  a  tingle  word.  Thow  poouliui- 
tie*  oooMHuM  ib«  AmaHcan  IsBgugM  ■ 
dbtiniH  ud  tikdepiiDdeDt  clau. 

GtauMTOMca  UuKuon;  ratia  Emor 
rfos  Onamno.  ItjrCiuaLH  K  Wmi- 
nmon,  IL  D.    Rosbnr}',  Matachimett*. 

Pp.ts. 

Ha.  WimtKOTo*  [nquirci  into  ihe  Tulld. 
Hj  ot  the  heMvt  thai  ponaanguinilj  of 
pamM  Is  in  and  of  ilMdT  dcitlmcnia]  to 
i>tuliifc,  He  Gndi  the  cridcncn  iwunllj 
pr«*Ml«d  in  faror  of  that  opinion  tnauffl- 
(ItM  to  demowtnlo  it.  Se  proonln  eri- 
dcnoc  ootlecUd  hj  himicif,  which,  white  bn 
^  tu  from  i«^sr<iog  it  u  docldvc,  Kvma 

» a  Eiokl  waj  toward  jiutlfjing  a  ncf- 

iiiewot  tho  MM. 


tto  TiHU.  An  Sim;  on  tkr  Prcwni  D<- 
pivMiiin  of  Trado,  wadDf  II  (o  lU  Scum* 
iu  Knurojoiio  Forei^  Loant,  Kimmt* 
War  Eipcndilurci  tb«  Inersueof  8pt«a- 
latloD  and  of  Mtlliaadtto,  and  th«  De- 
fiopulailon  of  the  Rural  Dliiricti.  With 
SuRKcattd  RemedU*.  Hy  .U.fKKn  lies- 
m.  WAIJ.4CIL, Ltf. [>.  Kv*  York:  Hniv 
iiiiliau    A   Co.      P]f.    118.      Frioe,   ',6 

A  TKtvrCM  wan  oRnviI  la  England, 
known  ai  tbr  ''Pi'itn  rdii>,"  of  ono  tiuD> 
ilntd  gutncu  for  Ihi:  boit  cHai  on  I1i«i  deprofi. 
*loD  of  trade  Ur.  Alfred  Ituuel  Wallaov, 
the  celebrated  iialutnllM  and  philD«ophle 
tliinlur,  who  nntlcipoloil  the  ebinf  wnik  of 
Diivw  in,  ixnnpittcd  for  IL  It  wai,  of  oiurat^ 
thought  duguUr  that  a  tntcllng  naturalUl, 
a  oollMlor  ot  hutt«rfllc«,  and  an  i&Tcnlgator 
an  tho  origja  of  ipodcs,  ahould  hare  the  «•- 
■unncc  lo  vlrikc  into  Ihc  gnax  Bold  of 
Qnnuce  and  Intcmatloniil  tndc  icklion* 
viih  a  Tiew  of  dctenDiainj  ibc  c&uici  of 
tlic  pi'tiscnt  citcnsiTc  hutd  liiucs.  But  Mr. 
WilIIiu'u  wu  not  unptvpaml  fur  the  loah. 
In  lilt  utty  life  ho  bad  apt-nt  twtlvc  jvan 
■0  a  land  Kurrejur  and  ralunr,  when  he  had 
much  ob»«rvatioo  of  agricultural  life,  and 
ham  me  fiiujliar  with  a  wide  mngv  of  fact4 
wliiuli  bad  a  boaiiug  ujion  the  land  ^luv«liuu 
now  to  pruminetil,  and  all  of  wbiuh  ga>a  a 
litrn  to  )jla  tbuu;i;ht  that  w«lt  prepared  him 
to  tnko  lip  the  prcraut  diMnitistan.  But  Ur. 
Wallaoo  did  unl  gvt  Uie  priu.  Hit  iado- 
pcnilcnt  handling  of  llie  jc^'O'^rnl  tulijecl, 
the  dcrlnllon  of  man;  ol  bin  vle«i  from 
orthodox  Ihicli,  and  the  hilroJiictlon  of  new 
and  laotv  oorniircbeiitivv  eoitteK  of  tho  pro- 
lallliif!  bail  tintiu,  pmlublT  i-iplaiiird  the 
failure  ot  hUi  ewaj  bctort;  the  ouniniictoo 
Of  award. 

Rut  llie  book  la  notiR  the  lea*  Taluablo 
btMUM  microwDtdirlth  a  golden  priie,  and 
b«  dU  well  (o  haro  tl  primed.  In  m-lew- 
In;;  his  preiloua  work*  we  ha^e  hod  rcpnlcd 
occatlnD  to  iiH^k  ot  hli  power  u  a  clear 
thinker  and  lurid  writFt,  and  the  prcaent 
tdIuioc  IlluiirBlci  ttie«e  tmita  ai  aignall; 
u  anjihing  he  bu  prcriotiilj'  donl^.  IU 
first  itatd  tho  general  problcni,  and  then 
raniidcTB  tbe  pupalar  eiplonatiou  for  the 
cxtentivo  buiineoi  deprtation,  which  la  fol- 
lowed b7  the  crtieiia  iodiapcuMble  lo  a 
true  ciplonatlon.  In  lueotailTe  dupter* 
he  takei  up  the  haoeflil  InflucnM  oi  es- 
lonaiie  foreign  loani,  both  upon  EngUud 


S60 


TBB  POPULAR  SCIENCE  MONTHLY. 


uhI  iIi«  Domffrauii  oonntrW  vlikh  hare  n- 
tuiTCd  h«r  OfduL  Piwnlacnl  iMMg  the 
cwiM*  of  btulacM  calHiiit;  he  diimuMi  ib» 
rvwot  InoKMe  of  «»r  nptadliurM,  mnl 
dv|io[»iliiko,  pkoperluD  in  Bii|{luiil  uxl 
iNUnd,  bkd  t^cvltunl  |>«UC7,  miillloiitltN 
M  M  cinM  of  doppcMim,  (ficcnlailcA  mJ 
faikDM,  kdulUnCioa  *»A  4iaboii«t]r.  In 
Put  n  (even]  brief  ehaplan  tra  durowd 
(0  ilie  MEgeailon  of  r«tM<19M. 

The  T^ew  ukm  b;  Ur.  Wall«n  ii  broad 
ud  v«a7inMractiTe,  Ub  Tftctt  arv  oojilou* 
■ttd  pcTilnent,  nu)  tb  roMmiag  eopM 
•ad  tordble.  01*  Um*  era  fir  nwM  ele- 
rtled  wA  phUeaopUcal  Ibaa  »e  »ra  no- 
cnMonMd  to  l»  inaiing  llii«  du*  of  qno- 
tiou.  Tliii  wt-ll  Bpp«nn  in  hi*  «lMlgig 
IMnienpliD.  Ue  af« :  **  tn  MOoliuiDii,  I 
vUh  10  direct  mj  rvailora'  •tiention  10  • 
T«t7  Mggntiv*  ful  «Llritv(l  b;  onr  preeent 
iiuiuin.  ftnil  wbkb  apiinr*  la  »«  M  txfnm 
Um  iDOTkl  (Mcliin^  or  th«  libole  MbJtcL 
In  ertrr  *"*°  '<■  "blt^  *a  hare  InoM  onl 
Ibe  efllolral  <«u*ni  of  the  pr««tQt  ihpiw- 
■ion,  we  b«To  foand  It  to  ortf^nMc  In  cim- 
vatat,  Itap,  or  mwlM  of  auUon  nblcb  an 
ethicallv  unaound.  If  otn  po*illvd;  Inuoorkl. 
Win  end  cxnwiTe  »tr  ftrmernvnu,  1m&* 
to  deepou,  or  foi  irir  piirpoM*,  Ibe  eeco- 
mukticn  of  tmi  itcalih  b;  tniltridnnla,  n- 
eewiTe  (peouUiIon,  Kluluvation  of  muM- 
faccurei]  gooilii,  and  laatly,  oar  bad  land 
(jTMcii).  with  Lu  faue<'uriiy  of  wourf ,  excef' 
iirc  Ttala,  ronfiMMloD  of  imanu'  prapcvty, 
lu  tommoniiicloBuree,  cviciSoniv  and  do- 
population  of  the  rural  dialrictii — alt  ootne 
tinder  this  ntrgorr ;  Hhile  throne  apparent 
exBeplitm,  the  bad  Maacoih  would  hare  bcvn 
eomparatirely  barmlM*  (an  Innlanoe*  bor* 
quoi«d  baTC  *hownl  under  %  thoNO^lr 
good  *7>tem  of  land-tRiun. 

"  We  thai  Me  that  tbe  pHIs  qnder  nlileh 
ire  tuiT«  1  ufftml,  and  »« lift)  mXnAo^  ate 
doc  to  no  ntoondile  canfe<,  to  no  lairn  of 
Ineiitabla  auctuatlon  of  tiade,  but  vliollf 
to  our  O'n  nn«,  and  1o  tboM  of  other 
cirfliwd  nallonii.  WbcnorerireckTart  fram 
the  KNot  prlndplta  wf  truth  and  honeitf, 
of  equal  freedom  and  }a«tioc  to  all  men, 
vhetbur  in  our  rebllona  allh  other  autci, 
or  ia  our  denUa);*  *ilb  our  foUo«-iaea,  ihc 
etU  that  «•  do  nrelj  oome*  back  to  m, 
lilt  nf  orlDK  and  porert;  and  orime  of 
I  *f  an  tbe  direct  or  ladlrect  oauacm, 


help  lo  trnporetMi  onraeWoa,  li  U,  6a, 
b;r  a;^ ljl(q[  tba  uachinp  <■(  a  hlghfl  )»• 
raJltjr  to  «ur  muumtm  and  aiamifaftiiMi,  id 
our  Uo*  and  fu«toln^  uiil  to  our  dnlbp 
witb  all  04)>ct  MikinaUtleii,  thai  «e  tkaO 
^  And  Ihe  uoljr  t4tceil«e  atid  |ar<in«iNM  ivi- 
ed; for  depfMalun  of  trade," 

OnnntCHnwc  m  Stumilb,  pp>.  11;  Pi 

TIKT    tKIOCi:     AVD     Pl'PUC     nTDIC 

pn.  9.     Bj  W.  a.   Ru«nmo»,  IL 

lIuKailBr,  Iowa. 

Tm  author  of  theae  pap«r*  1* 
nf  the  Iowa  Slate  Board  of  Oeallh,  and  ta 
ilie  mmj*  dlacwNe  two  nrj  toiiieeaai 
polnM  tn  pobllo  hf i;lFn«.  Tbo  formar  t* 
per  ivUlee  l«  the  cCrcu  of  oiirjitawaH 
upon  the  bealib  and  progreaa  of  arheeUM- 
drea,  asd  tbe  dpi  b;  whleh  Ha  «tfl  vmI- 
be*  mar  be  dlMcnwcttl  Tlw  Moceid  papa 
ttlaiG*  U  the  IfaportanM  of  dlAidag  toMd 
infannaika  anaog  tbc  profile,  In  ueder  tW 
lh*y  ma;  rempBiv  Uie  value  ot  MtttlOT 
aeionca,  and  niai-  tram  hoir  |o  partlcJpit 
tnlnbcncSu. 


Amiicax  CoMiiitiiUML     RyUouo 
Tii.    BaltlBore:  H.  Huttajr.     !>.  Tft 
Ptloe,  00  ixaia. 

Thta  i«  OM  of  Uie  Jolma  no]'hbii  rit 
rar»li7  aladlca  In  blaiorlcal  ud  pulluol 
adcAU.  lu  pwpoM  b  to  fnOow  It) 
ehangei  in  the  nUtaoaa  of  tbe  ihrre  <bpa» 
menu  of  RnTeniMent— tagjbiUtire,  e«ec«ril^ 
and  JudlclaX— whidi  l«rc  been  nDtaHjp 
'  ln|t  on  in  the  Vuiitd  Staii;*  tor  th«  fA 
I  century.  In  1^  State  KO*'^>■n'■>t^  B' 
'  dcr  oumrran*  altrnlioiK  Is  tbdr  f'eiio 
tione,  Ihe  po^en  of  tlie  Eievntlm  faarr  bMa 
\  iteadll;  (ttlatged,  and  tbe  fuartloNi  a(  it« 
Leglilatufe  hara  been  etatnpod  and  lUtfJl 
in  llie  Federal  GoraninieiK,  OonfnM  tai 
enerMebed  «pon  the  SeU  of  Etr«irttn  f*>- 
er;  and  «Ter7abrr(\  I*  bnih  nMbnal  wJ 
Stale  (poTonuatnt*.  the  luiUriar;  baa  pW 
VMtl;  tn  poacr  and  liD)<i)nancv.  n*» 
Ihar  bcliore*  tlial  lbe(*  bare  Iwca  il'*" 
dititinrt  (irau  of  (nrtelUDont  la  tU  -i 
ililrteon  mIcoIm.  In  llrti  Rr*l  or  co1><b< 
pcilod,  tbe  BteciiilTO  *aa  |m  mn»t\  I* 
tiie  Mcond,  the  Ixyltlatiitv ;  In  Ih* 
the  balaftea  wae  n*iorrd,  anil  nur 
Dtlluilont  ate  UMtaj,  Iw  IbUttm, 
vbole,  Ihc  mwt  pei&ol  ftannorh  W  p*' 
rmmonl  for  mm  Urlnf  la  ■  ikinWMi, 
that  humait  AlII  baa  crtr  dveiMd." 


M 


LITSRART  JfOTICSS. 


S6i 


Ton  AmKDUCUL  BarxuMnrr  6ta> 
noK  ThintAmwlBepoitiidheflunl 
«t  CboUol,  (or  1S»4.  Allttiir:  W«ed, 
t>inwa*  &  Ca    I>p^  4£4,  vlUi  riaioa. 

1%K  iuUm  !•  leporUd  m  noit  belUr 
^niTiitd  for  In  wotk  tliui  *t  an;  prorioui 
rlod.  No*  ovij  hate  the  apiMratiia  for 
ni)fl«  Biiit  pfMtinl  wmk  b««a  proTii!ttl, 
ii(  laronuulaB  bw  bem  Mid  b  being  ao. 
(julrod  MptdlMg  the  ooMdItlon  of  our  soli 
TIm  *wk  K  auch  n  tUllOD  \i 
I  camntelhe  In  Ui  charafter,  %M 
jnr  mart  marit  )mfirQTcm«iit  in  coih 
I  whticb;  preTlom  tork  mtj  btwme 
■U&  CoQ^Fnlilv  spMO  in  IhH 
detQivi)  to  Oie  oiMDiBAiida  of 
undn  da  oonTk'lioTi  IhM 
I  dufillotM  an  not  be  «biAin(4. 
nwbc  to  eipMid  nur  ran^  la  ftl- 
[  iroik  oTvr  vbicU  we  ran  htve  nn 
IndMd,  wUI  ■^ciiltiinl  m?- 
,  M  called,  ran  be  lubydeil  lo  ttie  CceU 
.  an  ROognlMd  a«  cmc«U*1  W  <«rT««t> 
I  hi  oUm  •dtfictt,  *o  fan  not  hope  (or 
;  progreM  which  m  ■Mre."  Tlio  UMt 
Bl  foMvra  of  Um  prMont  ivpoti  I* 
r  4aN*{p(ian  and  ctoMtflcatlon  of  the  xt, 
E«f  oorn,  «htch  aN  (Tiphicall J  ILIut- 
I  ibe  pbUA  Tb«  ail«mpc  at  daaih 
I  ba*  bM«  extended  lo  the  vaHetlM 
I  rcptablee,  of  atiicli  Mna  Iwolra  hon- 
ba«n  po*n, "  hui  lh«  work  i« 
atr,  and  rvqulr««  rnooh  carvhil 
J."  Olbrr  tdlijecls  «mlK««td  ta  Iho 
an  Mtt  (rial  of  genoliutton*,  llio 
taadng  babiu  of  I■l■nl^  n;tnigCB«ipptj, 
Bng-cxpcritMnU,  sod  ctpcrinento  «iib 


autu  TapBLU  Tales.  Rjr  Timh  41  )'m:i)- 
■MOi  CatiiK,  ProfesMr  ol  the  Komancc 
I^aj^il^  III  t'ornoll  irniTcroltj.  Uol- 
ton  aad  Nv*  Vork:  llnujiifclon,  Hifllln. 
tO».     rp.3S«.    VriM.tlSO. 

Tm  gwbfi  iMcnM  in  the  popular 
I  of  BarcfM^  and  in  the  ccw  branch  ot 
■1  re*caMb>,  folk-lorci,  Is  tlic 
]MtUciilaa  for  Iho  appearanoc  of  tlili 
baadaonie  Totome.  Bj  popular  IaIm,  the 
tnadaUr  aeana  tbe  vImIm  that  an  b>nd«l 
dowB  b]r  <rwd  of  MoMta  from  one  pnora- 
thm  lo  another  of  UUIcmIo  peopk^  atnlnn 
■diooat  GXcluijTcljr  lo  imaae  but  mUcm  to 
liMtnML  The;  May  be  noghly  dJvldad  iMo 
Uam;  nmacvf  la!o«,  fair;  Uorlos, 
TDL  xxnn.— M 


and  fmK  Tbcf  wore  rtgarded  >llli  eoft- 
Mnfit.bj  iba  leatnad  lUI  the  bralhcra  Grlnm 
■Oise  alitjr  jtur*  fp  oollaaod  tboH  ot  0«f 
roanj  and  lutroihKod  llioni  l«  ttM  public. 
Ko'  ib*7  are  induaiileudr  eoogbl  (br  and 
collocied  tnm  all  paru  at  Otc  <i«rU.  Tba 
uoriet  In  the  praatai  rolaine  aiv,  fcv  the 
■uoet  part,  p««aeBUd  for  ibt  Ural  lima  to 
the  Knitllih  nader,  anil  have  bof  n  tiaaalalod 
from  raeool  Italian  cotlonlooi,  vhlDh  kIt« 
ibcni  mactlf  aa  ibajr  vera  taken  down  ftreat 
the  nwuih*  of  the  peoplOL  The  MoriM  era 
aiuwUted  for  comuiool  and  UluMratlon,  and 
thv  •ubjed  U  tunhar  obiddatol  bjr  a  hU- 
wry,  In  the  inlTadaclloii,  of  the  prindpal 
ICailiu  «aU«ctlc>niv  and  n  Ubtlograpbr. 

Two  Tuna  »  mx  Jmou.  Bf  WiitUK 
T.  HoWAXiiT.  Kcw  Vork:  CbarlM 
Scribni-r'*  Son>,  Pp.  SIS,  •rllk  Uaf 
and  FUces.    Prioe,  t*. 

Xx.  tlonxui^T  la  clil«f  luidmnlM  bt 
the  t*nit«d  l<talM  Katlotul  Muieum,  and 
wa*  (or  aercral  jrean  coUectur  lot  the  nai- 
otal  adenM  Mtablbhment  ot  Profeeaor 
Utarj  A.  Ward,  of  ItoobMtcr,  Hem  Tork. 
Ttie  obMTTalioni  and  adTooturc*  rvlatcd  In 
lUi  book  are  aueb  an  happened  to  falm  while 
en  a  colleotinj:  tour  fur  Ibal  gentleman,  in 
the  courfe  o(  wWch  he  apiiit  two  jtare 
Id  India,  C«<rloii,  the  Ualaj  Penltuuli,  sod 
DomM,  Tlial  which  be  dncriliM  in  it  la 
□ITin^l  tt  a  tMlthfiil  pen-pictuiu  "  of  what 
nwj  bt  Men  and  done  b;  almoal  an;  bMllh; 
yeung  man  in  t<ro  year*  of  up*  and  devtu 
In  the  Rait  Indln."  The  author  nj*  that 
be  haa  laliered  la  pcvpaHog  bl«  page*  "  10 
aroU  all  f«mw  of  eiaKHomUon,  and  to  Np- 
rawnt  «rar;thlnj(  ulth  pbotographlo  aeeo- 
rac;  oa  to  farti  awl  fiKnm,  It  it  cttj  M 
OTcitalimate  and  color  too  lilghlf,  and  I 
bare  fought  hsrd  lo  keep  out  cd  mjr  Mot; 
cTtry  olcphant  and  moakc;  who  had  no 
right  lo  a  place  In  It,  I  eonsiilor  It  the 
hlSboM  datj  of  a  inTtler  to  avoid  carettHb 
naa  In  the  otatf  ntmt  of  facta.  A  namtlrD 
of  a  journey  [a  not  a  noiel,  la  which  dw 
vrltrr  mu;  put  down  nn  >cai  anjihtng  IkM 
might  bare  been  Mxa." 

JotraxaL  or  nrt  Aimicai  Aijuifaii.     Au 
mXDuWii.a(s,Rlllor.    NowTuk,  He* 
Jorw;.    Pp.  U. 
Tm  Asterinn  AbiMtnA  la  an  uiuda. 

tlon  baring  for  lla  purpooe  h>  p^ 


S6. 


TUB  POPVIAR  SClS2fCM  MO^TBir. 


kmtmidfe  of  pUlomplite  inUh,  tad  to  ««fk 
iar  the  deration  of  tU  miod  fatn  lb« 
qihera  ol  th«  Monmu  B(o  lalo  ikM  o( 
rirtae  muI  joMioe,  «t&  lu  nenbm,  ll 
win  b«  dbcctnoil,  *r«  u  •  krp  «stMl 
•tDdenti  at  Ui«  riotuola  pUloMphr,  Tb* 
iDOti  imporUDt  |»p«r  ia  die  ptmtBi  wu^ 
bcr  b  bj  J.  B.  Tsnur,  nd  b  oa  "Dtffw- 
Mlklba  ol  Bo«rg)r  ••  ih>  Bui*  of  FUtoao- 
p^  ud  BeUgte."  11T.D.A.  WoMondi*- 
caUM  ihe  poMibUitf  «i  UMfcing  TliWa  bjr 
Tcrbol  pretapt,  «1tti  •  dcddod  Inoliatlkm 
(0  tlM  DoskUra  Tkw. 

A  PottncAi.  CaiHx,  By  A.  M.  GiMcm. 
N««  Toric:  Wlllluu  S.  Ootubargcr. 
P|>. ««. 

Tnin  boek  U  tanhei  «MHkd  '*nw  Bb- 
lorj  ot  Iho  Gr«at  FrMd,"  b;  which  b  ncaM 
ih*  "  oouaiing  fa  "  of  Bk;«B  a&d  WlMkr  M 
Pnaldciit  ml  Vioe-Pradiks.t  of  tlio  Dalud 
BUUi  ill  I8TS.  vhim  li*1f  of  tbc  Aranhu 
ptople  bcUcv«d  ihal  tbe  taodlilatai  oe  Ike 
eppodeg  ticket  liad  bocn  tdrlj  «lcclcd.  1|« 
timduacntal  propopilloD,  embodied  la  Iw 
epeohiB  Mntcnoc^  !■  that  TUdtn  ud  nto- 
ilrick*  trcro  doctcd,  ud  "  irore  dcpriTod  of 
their  chotot  b;  UopJ  mvllwdi,  bolUartd 
hj  tnud*,  p«i^urlfl^  and  foi];«rl««.*'  Tbo 
•ntboradib,  "Tboaurpfbtnn  thing  b  tlul 
witMn  low  Ihsu  a  decade  an  alneal  oom- 
ploU  K*u)*kin  la  Iho  opItJea*  «f  Iht  mi- 
nority [the  !toT>ubUcaii*)  Rhoiild  biTO  uh*a 
plaoe."  Ur.  'nidpn't  c«h  la  prfKiiWil  ia 
foil  The  procwdings  of  tba  Bttunalng 
Board*  are  namUd  in  delaH,  asd  con- 
epltacr  b  (rOFly  <Jia>god  tg^nM  nany  of 
lbs  mm  afao  Seurtd  pmniatnlly  la  lb« 
tnumaclloiw  rvUilTo  to  tho  olcctioa,  A« 
no  cleotlon  b  now  ptadiBg^  Iho  book  ion 
not  b«  regnrded  u  a  oampaipi  docuBMnl: 
and  tha  Auihor  b  mtilM  to  tho  pnaump- 
tlon  Ibat  hii  porpoM  ia  pnpatfnj  it  ia  to 
ptMCTte  what  ha  regaKb  a*  impertani  facta 
and  matcrlab  for  hlttoiy. 

SO!atnn»«  jiMrt  NinnuL  Gm:  In  An- 
xtmi.a'a,  rrr.  ForrLt.  an  EcOHOMua. 
By  OaowM  H.  TniravraN.    Pp.  t». 

A  HKrain  whlcb  appiiea  bim*  paMI^ 
nlarij  to  tb«  natonl  gm  «( TarcMam,  noar 
Ituitmrs,  aikd  «)iioh  abo  tot*  fofth  tha 
adTanUgii  of  ibat  plaoa  m  a  aaaufaotwlag 
oeiucr. 


1 


A  MenAL  Awnrxrmvi    VhM  Ofmtf^l 

tha^fnFtnliiita,   tit  Otim  Wnaax 

llouua.     Bwlon ;  ncmebUn,  IBIb  > 

Ca    Fp.  M7.    Pifcc,  II.HX 

A  NSW  book  by  Dr.  Uoliaaa,  ndbbal  d 

hb  vHsatlle  eenhia  aad  wortliy  ot  bli  l«at 

Happy  are  tliey  who  aonlTc  u>  nt}^  tUi 

rip«l   pcodnct  «d    the    author'a  «i^iiilli 

(bought,  fot   *eri]y,   tUa  world 

dated  bwt  ••«  Dr.  IIoliu«,  and  ri 

ty,  there  will  Mver  be  auothtr, 

bo«  king  it  takea  ibo  solar  i^ytuai 

down  1    GrcM  geniu*  b  ncTor  dajiUcaicd  k  ' 

(he  praacnl  Manonr  of  lUiigi,  liid  tha  I*- 

dividaality  of  Or.  Iletnica  will  forater  mat 

akoe  ta  Ibe  hblmy  at  crailTa  UWriRn 

8a  let  aa  all  Ibmk  Ood  for  out  goad  !» 

tone  in  getting  anoibtr  ot  bli  -^'— tt  ud 

peerkNbMka. 

Tlw  (ovtenU  af  the  aaw  toba)  ^ 
pcartd  as  a  tteriai  ia  tlw  "  AilaaUe  HtoA- 
1y  "  kit  y«ar,  nndn  ibo  UUc  of  "Tba  SM 
Fortfoiio.'*  Tlie  pcbatiflo  clFMaat  wM 
haa  beoi  oo  Mriking  aad  pccnUar  a  Am» 
tetialic  of  Uw  fanner  wrttlap  nf  Dr.  QiUm 
here  appean  ia  Dw  dellMBtkni  of  ib*  » 
i«er  of  a  young  nan  who,  la  (nfaMy,  M 
tufleiod  a  nerrou*  diaUrbance  ao  *■  Mdlak 
arcrwhdnil^;,  vnoooqacnbla.  apialBn)}' 
from  the  o»r«kuncaB  of  a  pratty  glt^  Ital 
Ita  cficct  renwiacd  in  tbu  ayaim,  w  d* 
■ficnvard  the  aJ^t  of  uiy  yoog  lalf 
canatd  a  repetition  uf  Uic  oqpwb  ihart 
aad  deaiSy  oolbpar.  II«  wnaoMtUiabifi' 
Kbocd,  aad  grow  up  1«  nanbood  tlw  tklb 
of  thb*BHMiai  anllpnthy."  TbcdCMiif 
sNfil  of  tbe  (tory  Itttagt  tlia  joaof  aM 
himMtt  ft  pbyildu  of  enpiiaba  tnii  d 
aiai  aad  iftuaeur,  lalo  rncb  rablbwM. 
fai  tba  BM  place,  to  tlirow  lato  a  idaar  B^ 
all  tba  pbyidolopiaal  and  niadloil  UpeM  il 
the  «aa«t  Bad  tbta,  wUli  tlia  man  fmti* 
art,  the  unbor  nUiaa  tba  Uaiwy  ot  U 
rMtarwttao.  Ibo  book  li  of  abaartfa|  ^ 
ICMat,  aa  well  fiom  lu  curluw*  Inatiwd* 
ncoa  H  tnim  tlio  taadnailoa  u(  itie  mn 

Uiut  Aitit.T«ia  mi  TxrtKT  Fiumni  ^ 
ARTvru  W.  Uitnii.  U  U,  rUW( 
pUa:  r.  BbUatoB.  Eon  4  C«.  I> 
lOK.     Prior,  (11. 

Da.  Una*  pnblbbm  Uib  Mtla  tdw 
la  tha  hopt  of  Maulliuilas  aooiaUlit  *' 
wanl  tbo  aelnUan  ot  tlia  quOTtloa  •(  * 
oeaporiilan  of  hwman  BtlUi.  btBnUfiW. 
U  aono  anUaradiy  «t  ofdidon  maU  ka  » 


LITBBART  JfOTlCSS. 


S63 


•i  on  tkenl))eol,  U  voiilj  tw  a  i:i«at 

ia  Eulnwn  toimd  ilia  atuliisirat  at 

positire  ocndmha  la  H^onl  U  tbc 

i  fvediag  «1  ImEhU*.    jitur  >  long 

I  »\aij  ot  Ibe  iDiiltcr,  be  U  con- 

[that  hiamn  milk  oenbda*  mncii  Ina 

filua  l«  Mouncnl;  attrlliincd  10  Ic; 

I  hen  put*  fonb  Mb  rtuont,  and  m 

the  metbod*  bjr  abidi  hk  mnclu- 

I  been  UUUmiL 

I  TncT-BooK  or  Uipkul  CnanrsT.  For 
VmUciI  and  PhannMcnlloU  KtudraU 
and  Fraetitinnn*.  Vj  Rlim  H.  Rabt- 
UT,  H.  D,  PI>UKl«l|>bia :  f.  llUkUloa, 
Boo  ft  Cu.    Pp.  STIt.    Piic*.  t^Hi. 

book  U  dcaigMd  etptdall;  u  ■ 
i  for  nediiad  ttadenlt  during  Uicir 
I  vpoD  l«Mun«,  and  a»  a  book  of 
eferateo  (or  pbyiiciaiw,     Th«  an- 
I  Bada  Um  onlintrr  tht^tal  Wii- 
I  Tolomlaout  awl  lar^lj  oempled 
irrelevant  toUio  •satsof  lb* 
nndmi,  bu  prnptKil  ia  tbii  dm 
«ne  a«  hb  axptritBoa  «tf  nnlro 
(li«  Long  bland  Cbne>i(«  Rooplu), 
I  wblcli  h«  ii  a  profufor,  ba^  laa];bt  bfan 
i  hit  ftuilenia  D««d.    In  tbe  fint  of  Ibe 
'  paiu  inlo  vkiob  the  work  bi  dindcd, 
I  hudanralal  fa^  ia  cbcml- 
I ;   in  (he  wcowl  part,  ihe  rte- 
r  tbeoriea  of  obemiMr?;  ia  the  third 
tbe  natunl  hitUry  of  Hie  el^KIila 
,  principal  eonpouad*.  iritb  thdr  pbjti- 
and  Cutieologlcal  bearings;  U  the 
^pad;  iboae  eegaale  eompound*  ooJjr 
I  phfridHi  *ni  be  llkelj  to  neoL 
:  and  analr«M  am  aiUol  for  iIiom 
r  the  work  a  rrftrenc«-t>oek.    Tli« 
of  the  ilNniw  and  ■wntJoai  la 
,  btcMM  It  I*  tfODild«i«d  M  belimg 
'  M  phjiMogloO  (bamlatry. 

BmavL    Finn  and  Scrond 

Pp.  about  Tea     Paper.    IVin, 

■0  centi  tocb  Mtfc*. 

',  WanL  or  Kiaa.    By  Aato  Bathu    Fpt 

an.    PriM.  «1.    Sew  Voti :   Cbarlei 

Bcribati'i  Sona. 

Tm  "  Sa»  Holme  Storiea "  attnctcd 

laiemt  vben  \hej  wen  flnt  pub- 

In  "Scribart**  VoDthlf,"  en  acooQnt 

[  ihdr  btriule  merit,  whMi  wn  rvgardtd 

I  of  Ibe  besi,  and  ol  tbe  aytUrf  nhich 

I  tUacbed  t»lheiraiiibonbip.    Thuvas 

rernled  till  a  long  time  alUmanL 


Tbb  iDlemt  baa  bwa  rto*««il  hj  tbo  ra. 
colli  d«alh  d  Urn.  "II.  U."  JuAran,  and 
tho  atoval  fai  ooaoceiloa  "tib  It  that  tba 
■an  the  autbw  of  the  norln>.  TUty  bold 
iha  flrvt  place  anumg  vock*  of  tbe  dafi  to 
•lileh  Ibe;  bekmg.  "A  Wh«l  aJFIrc"  I* 
a  IT^c  aler;  of  a  foang  aomaa  wboaa 
life  «>■  tonoMitod  by  the  apprcbeniioa  ot 
heradliar;  laaankr,  and  all  of  wbnaa  plana 
and  laoTcnmnta  vcn  ffmii^Tlfd  cv  nwdlflnl 

brii. 

l)ttikW*n.  Or  Onra  Tnoaota  UttuoL 
BouoD  and  New  York:  llooghton, Hlf- 
Bin  ft  CO.    Pp.  i3T.    Priee,  «l.sa. 

A  cotxJxtiKt  of  ik«Mf>M  of  tb«  w»pi  ot 
oertala  birda  which  Ibe  aiitlwr  m<-i  In  the 
field*  or  bad  a*  ptti  In  hr*  houMi,  aad  of 
ihdt  Doodt  aad  ncthoda  of  eipmaloc 
th«in.  With  iha  nuvptlon  of  a  taw  In* 
ciildiu  which  are  propvtlf  ert^iiMl,  eneft 
thing  TWorilMi  fa  the  rolume  fame,  *tn 
•tjn,  noder  ber  ova  ubMnatioi],  and  it  lit- 
erallr  and  entlrel;  Irao  ao  far  as  tbe  fact 
b  conoeracd,  altboogb  riie  ma;  bar*  wane. 
tinm  miaoeoKnud  tb«  motiTCi  of  Ibe  Utile 
aclon  in  tbe  dnma. 

Tm  BcAnr,  jksn  now  m  tjikx  Cam  m  it. 
Bj  Kixria  M.  Hals,  U.  D.  Kg«  York ! 
A.  U  ObatlerCoo  PobliiUiiR  CVnupanr. 
Pp.<H. 

Tna  author  haa  bom  morod  t«  prennt 
a  popular  trcaiiie  on  Ihb  ■iibjort  b;  hit 
nmiiolion  of  the  bnpoilaoM  of  th«  bratt 
ia  the  cconom;  of  the  human  vrganiani, 
and  fa;  a  belief  thai  tlio  pnbtto  »boold  know 
mora  about  lu  functlooii,  and  Ilie  moan*  of 
pretentlai  or  al  ba«t  modUyfiiK  tbo  daa- 
(Xn  to  ablrh  H  ia  axpoaed.  Ilia  mpodtton 
ia  dear,  practical,  and  iinaoniallouoL 


rrsLicvTioss  BecsiTsix. 

ttiiMrt «( tha  UMBmltiag  M  DatofMnraUW  lb* 

AmrriMii  l><ihll<  HulU  AwxUUuD.    BiUliDMt. 

IMO.   i>iin. 

rfih  Atiftnil  Kmiat  •f  (li«  WiU  1 
sfCiUliinila  Kr  iIm  V  w  aadloK  Hi*  I^  I 

Hriirr  O.  llaUtL     SMtUMBC".     IML     I 

Muuriii*  •!  Htorr  Bn«>  KartM. 
Itfrlika  al  lb*  FalnvlfirMca. 
WKhiaintb  mi  Fnnk  HicIbcb'. 

ruiadtlpui.  iKia.   Pp  im.  vua 

Iliad- B«b1e  la  lb*  JbttnaiJ 
OrnHhunaii  IniinaOnn.  WwUiwUa. 
Bnocua  Bnattu*.    IKeA    I'p  Tio.    lllnnnW 

PbiilnimpkT  af  (M  l*fr«-rnl  K^r 
HpaMniai,  t  •*»•;  uul  Ufhitto 
Ika  VfMdi  of  Ittflacn^)'  '-•1- 


S6i 


Tits  POPULAR  SCIE.VCS  lilOXTULT. 


1 


u  HCH,  iPuifMa.    Bjr  wiiiun  n.  rifkoAC. 

rr«m  rrawM-aK*  uF  Um  AuofMa  &iad«i>r  of 
AlMaMMtMM. 

HtMf  SWIbH  BiMtod  ftr  Out  uJ  Umihm 
MTOn,  1^.  TX-lMidauii.  K«o4tul,  H.  Y. 
»>,  Ik   iiwn»m. 

CWMt  ol  tow*  nnmlw  iIm  Imih  o<  MuM- 
Hi  ItMulh  (lOHbM  b/  lli  It.  X«l/.  aicK*, 
li. ;  PatlMfd  i$  a.  k.  Xon  A  4^  Bu«an. 

Br  UviM  r.  TnM.  M,  A.     Ij UMBU*  «*»■! I  MWTi 

Ambtnt.  >!<»-    IVI*' 

m  Uarta*  »r  Ul*  Kn  *ni]  llialo.  Rf  Jihm 
U,  I  atUII.  Uui<lM  :  >UUin  t^luvM  !■  MM, 
titDim.     Ik-A.    K>tO. 

UinUr>   jllBia*a  at  U>la4ntii«y.   Ut  M6t. 

KwhiiUDj.ia  IMS.  rp  *>' 

■UiD.  tl  |<>iia;  >Bd  Haqrlal  'iWoim  M  InODU, 
n  pwm-  B/  I>r-  !>■  f  vn*l  W>Uh<],  «I  Itu  Uid' 
•Will/  al  ruavlnBlai 

AbBMI  K«f«t  «r  th*  BRMUrr  of  Um  t^nntr 
be  a*  Ymt  uak  WMblciittu* ;  O-iTOBUMal 
rriMlnrOOH.    !«&     Pp.111. 

IlalMlMvftbfCntMniauiNUkuuilUaMum 
Ko.  W.  Bllil)««n|iMt*  o(  AiBcrtut  NMontau. 
II.  Um  PublMH  WilllDn  or  IHU  Lf^  LL.  D. 
IliHntM  PnU  BcsiUw.  Pp.  811.  K»n,  A 
libaiul  of  AniHMu  Und^lxlb.  Br  W.  O.  BlB- 
DfT'  li''  "**•  ■"■••inM*.  Ho.  M  BmIm  sT 
Unittliufui:1«l  Ei|ikinU>Hu  l>  ilu  OoannuMtr  M- 

(•l.  .i<i,  •iih  I'bbw    WhMdcIu  :  OntrantaM 
■ilnii£ic.oni-<,    l■4.^, 

On  I1miii](  tntl  YrDdlvlnn  iiT  tiviIIHici  anil 
Bthnol.rwuu.    ttrCturUiU.t^iiUnan.M,]).    Ml>- 

Muit  UtdiDii  ( uilfc*.   F)>.  m. 

ItMnittno  IMt.  No.  4.  Bn-ILiUoBt.  tbs.  hr 
FriTiic  uul  I'ublic  (khw-li  Xtw  Trrk:  K.  L. 
Kdliimi*M.    IK'S.    Ppl^    Beat*. 

71w  WbgnvlUut.  or  Hh  l>Mv)irtM  k  4^n« 
uri  Utat.   l-blltdttpbUiTasDMSil.  WbwvttlltuI 

rBtwunr  OMipujr.  iml 

nifOrt  «r  mibiw  )t|>tii»T  p.  IMM,  H*n*lar7 
cf  Itia  SmltbMali*  jBiittuilon.  lor  Hli  Uonltii 
(Wlliu  Job*  KL  IKO.  Wufcinrug :  UOTmntiil 
mwXtLt-vOa*.    MA    Pp  M. 

K>(«anh  HmOMnni  (lnMt-  Kt  A.P.UtrlaH. 
11.  D.  Ktw  York:  U  P,  I-BtMA*  tHa*.  ML 
Pp.«ll. 

Tt»  Oly  sr  WwdlnirVi'i  ■  In  OHiIii  ta&  Ad- 
nlnlftniUna-  Br  Jshn  AiMlian  Pnft*r.  Jubua 
llotiklu  t'nlnnli/  8(ui]|«,  lUllHiun.  lies. 
Pp.  (It    M  roDU. 

TbB  (Isnnli  dT  tnmMkin.     Sr  Piankltn  A. 

e»ir.  A.  M.   WuiiimMo.   iii-A.   pp  ir. 

hZrleunp*!  DHtrotpr  «>d  -njl.inirtrfl  fiua.  Bt 
Wlllum  tl.  JintiM.  Kn  Vnrk  :  (i.  P.  PatoKin'i 
KoD).    18«L    ^  U.    M  Mnlh 

Tti*  UtIHultoD  of  CDlm  li  AfrtnlnN. 
A.  mm.    SctanMo.  Ph    Ite3.    T'p.  \ 

Tb*  f^nl'm  cf  BIfb  LIctun  llet*  K  nn  ht 
mtila  aiuiHural,  K«  0.  'Dianians  N>w  Tark  : 
Tt»  Uiriiad  tHMaDitaan'  AMMlaUan.  IMl. 
Pp.  «!, 

XkiloBil  Cwftnaw  ar  SMU  Dowla  al  Raallli 
P^•l. 

Report  or  a  SpMUl  rMuniUM  «  tba  Ffaakh* 
Inamal*.  «r  Pf  ourlTaDI^  on  CompMlU"  TaaU  el 
niaano-BMilrte  MuhlBaai.  and  oa^aekwlul  aM 
BfacMMl  Trau  •(  GMdoMtei  WOw.  I'UiM- 
rUi.    I«&    Pp.  A 

R>a-1!Bi1nM.  Banort  of  tb*  KBMib>n  or  9tt- 
tino  Vll.lgMnaitMalKlaaMnlllikMUaa.  rxak. 
Ua  Ihi^nnia.     milde«klik    ia».    r^  II. 

Tba  ItaallM  Art.  lUmte  Oniioa  dHlnvHl 
b*hn  Ifta  RoH)  OoHan  at  PkHMaiib  OeMM  It. 
IBK     llf  RI^>m4Q2kM.  I>;P.  B.A.    '      ' 

Lntmbk  Qatm  *  do.   IMQ.   ry.M. 


11;  J. 


iiamT.  faOcvM 


A  BI>A>  ir  iKi 
P*a»-wi'' 
WIIBmII  u 

CoMU-.t...-  ..  .M V        t' 

UMnrrtlr  oiraBajilnaik     i 

Pradaw  8>oMa.   B^Oaur..  WiA- 

iBftaai  Qnnii il PMnuag-utnm    iva.  Pf-H 

HWaa—  or  dw  tWMmun  a^  M«H« 
OWMa.  »  Uaorva  M.  B«M,  &.  ».  IHmai 
1M&     Pp.«.    tOaacU. 

A  ranM"*  Via*  of  iIh  l>ow<rtUo  T»«  % 
laaaa  W.  Urtacao.  Woolbuty,  N.  J.  Isd.  IV 
M.   »oaM». 

Tb.  PuM'a'  r>>ni«ll«  af  Ua*  WaO-Ott 

a  DaacrtiaMi  c«b><M  UaUfCoiinn.  IvJil* 
■rjNO     NeoYuk.    IW.     ■>■:. 

Ilivnl  Walan.  Br  A.CL  Pea^  WvAI^Ml 
OotunMBl  PrtMtif^Wn.    t^^    ly  lii 

Tl«  tfoMiMi  BKrtI*  CalaMs  ta  !•&  to- 
Una.  Ilaaa.:  1^  lUMMutac  CMdmv. 

TbanKMDfM  BiBMonk  At  Unrr  A.  KoK 
VaabU(baMiPaHMa«.    VM.     \r\>  tL 

IfiUrtlaa  «r  Iba  VMad  Buioa  n.rliainl  tar 
Ttf.  It*  T,  A  (Mala«H  af  U*ola«kMtiaH  ■<»■ 
Un  *•  JConb  wd  Ba«a  AoMrin.  MoA  tt 
ttanittdaiT  KalMnmuW  Of  Uloaral  riuvaM  rf 
CVrtaln  iCerka,  \b f .  A  Kturl */  W^A4~  B 
a*  WaablHUa  Labwanai*  tfurtw  tw  liai^  l« 
IFW-SI.  To  14.  Ob  iU  OmiMw  tumt^ 
Xortb  An»rfc«  Kft  II.  [»■  tto  ^t—T  ai^ 
IUmm  U«iluK*«)(b><ira«BaalK.«tikl>M* 
tUna  of  S*t  r<nu.  ^n.  II  A  CryHaPaniBr 
Mad;  ar  a*  IMmM*  or  Laka  Lthoou*  >o  0. 
Bowi*(Wat<lballBlltdHUUa  aad  •«  tv  BawO 
Sola*  and  TonllarlM.  No.  M.  Du  tba  IVMal 
UbvwMUiM  at  itw  Irm  cubmn^  oia.  W^- 
luMn:  UoToniMbt   l'rlou«t-Ofll««. 

Had  Ttaaa.    Rr  AHwt  Buatal  WaDaM. 
Aea  Md  Xa*  ToiA ;  Mjnalllao  *  IV    IV 

7lM  IMO  mw>.     ATaltor  (baOaaM  . 
Ua.  CU(a«v:T.a.  DmUm.  I.-'O.  ]>.M. 

WotdnAil  EMaoaa.  Koikad  Inm  tto  Pm* 
•«  r.  Bnari;  aoA  flriftaal  ni^m%  (AM  If 
Kkbaid  WUulut.  tMh  l-n.»os.  IBMtoWnt  iT 
Vakatlta.  Ilr  WIDUin  Wddort  AMar.  I<««  II. 
Tbi^wi.  Bf AraadMOmBiailB.  mnlbarnoi* 
bj  A  I.  Pblpam  l-«ft_  Vf.  tOt.  HwiriM  |i 
YWliiMk  takadaaadT^brMarU*  Wv  tr 
Uavy  M.  pun  I>.  Ik  MO.  Pi,  MA.  Uli^waU 
■IM.  WaMmOfEimtien  Art.  Dr  ImM  riv 
^  IH&  P>  W.  lUaabaltA.  It.  MnN*(M> 
or  l>r  Jnkifl  and  Mc.  II^Jo,  Bt  l:**an  t<a> 
MFTiiMVt,  I»«  Pp  IM  II.  CalarHtMlH  M 
naojaa  A.  Jalxlar.  IMk  ■>.  m.  Al.  >M 
Yott;  Pubtlabadl^CtMrlatSaftMa'alMa. 

Tba  rbaiao[«T  af  MwbIMi.  B*  T.  fl» 
P.  K.  A.  B..  wUk  M.  tBUvdurOaa  b*  (UaM  A 
vtKllt  Ik  II.  X«t  Vort:  K.  L,  Sa^sAU 
IWl.    Pji.  ml. 

Soalal  WaHb.  Br  J.  K.  IitMa.  StsTirtt 
TI>t"ri«lb»aa«M"Uapiur.   iwo.   l-p,  Nt  |i 

A    Bisd>BooA  or  WbM.     n«  M4> 
ItMk    IV  im    TBnaiK    TW  MuuSTl 
aa4  Iba  •tUtOn  oT  Witfaa.      D 
!««.    l-p.  UT.    Onln  Bnt    Br .    „    _ 
iHl.M  6     W*,    Pu.W9>    IL    BanTartlftri 
raUM*M  Sana.  PBldUMra. 

An>iM  otiita-   a?  *aBH«  n 

IMA  1'P  IHA  11  a '.  IWIaaMrilMl  IMiiai 
ByllirttWaonr  1«M.  Pp.  |<c  AiJi  f 
IbraiiaU  AjaA  ty  Ibtian  DartiaiMa,  l«l  T^ 
MA  BLA  Kxa  TMk:  l>.  A|«MM  *  (><| 
PnbMiar- 


TTLMWdflNB, 


JipaHa*  n<«H  nil  IMr  n wt9m*    * 

Bd»v4  «.  Mwa*.    WU  IMmmMh  tolWl» 
tlot.   BaalHl  "nckaarACh,   fVA    If  in  ^ 

TbM  AnraU  flfwl  or  IW  KiiNaB  aT  IM^  , 
•krr.UN-'tt    "t  ■  "  * — ",  r-ri  in     "■*- 
inrMs  :  ItomaHBt  PiMlbuOdba.    l»t-   n 


POPULAR  MISCELLANY. 


S^S 


I 


,_  AnMk  or  <b>  CikfMtndi.  Tb*Oi«ilMl 
.  vin  ■  TWIMIM^  |il«UaL  ul  lUntoeUon. 
DuM  O.  MMMI,  A.  tL,  H.  I>.    rUkMpU*. 


POPULAR   MISCELLANY. 

EBflai^  >a4  E«pt«][tn.— Tlic  Lehigh 
Taller  BailiMd  Cmn|i*aj  bu  MtabUtfacil  a 
nllef  fu«a  inio  «Lkh  Um  emplojrti  put 
TolanUiT  MatribnUaiu,  >ti(l  <ar  evm  Uol- 
Ur  pot  bi  l>r  ■  poraon  In  iM  finplDr  tti« 
«ODip«Bf  put*  in  aarotbcr  dollar.  T1»t«,lf 
tlia  11,000  onptofte  ocolrifaniU  •  dollar 
Mch,  lh«  ooapaqr  will  oenlribBM  tM.OOa 
Tfao  iuBiU|[qnwiit  «(  Iba  fiinJ  U  tn  tlm 
hwub  ol  rniUral  Wlltmr  auil  Pirmueor 
WUIielm.  In  nu  a  OMlribiiior  li  diMbled 
bf  Mcideot,  tio  b  ■Ibwtd  thrM  (buflh*  as 
muh  p«r  dftjr  ■•  U*  oonlrlbntlan  In  tbo 
fMrf  cT«r7  voffclD^nr  <luHaf;  Ma  diaabit 
it;,  for  a  period  of  «>x  tDun(1«.  la  caM  tba 
aoMdiuit  kmIu  ia  Uw  death  of  (ho  can- 
tribalor  wiilila  all  ncalhs  or  it  be  ii  In- 
Manll;  kltlcl,  %M  U  >pproprUi«l  fram  the 
fond  (or  iliu  funeral  cxpcDK*.  llhclcam 
•  wide*  nnil  (hltilrcn  mtlcr  hIiImv  jmr*  of 
•2«,  att  allovRDco  of  one  bait  Uw  amouat 
o(  hU  <aolrfb»tl>»),  fur  cicrr  vorhtngiUj. 
b  kp|>rupiut«il  *ai1  palil  tha  vldow  (or  ooo 
j««i  front  tlu)  UxHi  of  the  conttibiitoi'* 
death,  [iroTiJod  *liO  iwoalna  aaaioiricd  dur^ 
big  ikM  UiB«,  It  it>«i«  bo  BO  vldo*.  then 
Ibe  aDooaaeo  goat  to  Ihe  ehllilmi,  U  an;, 
for  Ihe  awe  period.  lu  mxe  ilic  oontriba- 
Corloaea  aUtoK  bo  In  pravllcd  wUh  an  artl. 
flelil  Umh,  and  om^rracnt  I*  glicn  to  biio. 
— Rmhng  Kttiiw, 

T^Dt-  aad  n»(>llr  Ibilho. — The  nlu« 
of  bei^b  bmI  vapor  bath*,  m  nctl  ai  of 
otber  Bcaaa  d  promotlni;  Ihe  pcnplcnlorjt 
tancUcni  of  ibe  (kin,  hu  been  rro<;rnlml 
from  Turjr  andont  llmci ;  and  tiearl;  alt 
people*  are  ■0'|'>o'n'*d  with  noms  mean*  at 
prodode^  tho  dofiml  cfTccl.  The  modni 
ol  Inking  Ibew  batba  are  eiorodii^itf  ra- 
rloua.  Among  ibem  are  Ibe  Tntklili  and 
ff  111! law  balbi,  abicb  »r*,  bnwrrer,  niually 
amngiJ  on  too  Urge  a  aoalo  to  b«  regarded 
aa  praclleable  for  nntU  heatebolda.  Of 
bot-alr  baUu^  the  utempoHied  "nira- 
rwMt"  U  among  the  meM  oommoo.  Tho 
nakc4  pcraos  fa  aeaWd  la  a  chair.  Mvetoped 
In  bUukota  a'iffe,  tprtad  over  ibe  cbalr. 


Inolou  him  aa  In  •  kM  of  lent  extending 
fioru  bU  neek  lo  tha  floor.  Tbe  beat  b 
•iqtpUtd  bj  btmlai;  a^t  ooatalned  b  a 
■DBllwrtiua  T«a«1,«hkli  li  allppod  o»- 
demutb  Cba  chair.  TUa  nethod  It  at- 
tended whli  eooaidarabla  peril,  ihc  rvalUr 
of  wbioh  haa  ttrj  raeenllr  b«en  (<MtMj 
brousbt  to  mind  b;  tha  dcalli  of  Dr.  W.  D. 
Owimur.  who,  taking  a  hoMli  bath  fai 
almou  pmiMlj  (hb  waj—<nlng  a  gallipot 
of  boning  qririt  buieMl  of  hla  batb-lamp. 
wMcb  ma  out  of  order— nparl  the  TOMtl 
ia  ehaoging  poiWoii,  aitd  «aa  m  MMtelj 
burned  Itj  tlie  tgnked  vapon  that  be  dbd 
la  about  four  hour*  afterward,  thu  of 
the  umpleet  fonna  at  Tapoi-balh  «aa  Iba 
old  " bai>tuck.«iroal,"  ablcli,  ■Mlo  It  WM  a 
rude  and  far  from  oonronlent  appUaatloa, 
wai  elSi-aauu*,  and  bod  Ibe  chai«<Uirot  a 
mcillciUd  bath,  nemloek-bougb*,  with  iba 
IrjcD*.  oeio  broVen  up  into  a  pail,  aad  bot 
v«ler  vai  poured  upon  Ihciii,  wUh  the  effect 
of  bomedlatdy  "eteaiwiiK"  the  brmloek. 
The  pall  waa  then  allppaJ  andcr  the  blackota 

whh  which  the  batlicr  uraa  inrctted,  ohlla 
■Imuluamuiiljr  a  rvd-bol  brink  «aH  diopped 
inlo  it.  wliervbjr  Ihe  bather  wt*  Imnicdlatcly 
inrolred  bi  a  prafUalon  of  aiomttlc  ateun, 
*ri  hot  ai  he  oiiildfomforiablyaiidun.  W« 
rvmember  to  have  moo,  rmii;  Jtun  ago,  • 
aiiDple,  dmap,  and  toleraUjr  eonroaloDt  port- 
able  vapor-bath.  In  the  ahape  of  a  ^alr 
eonMmeuid  tapoalalljr  (or  llie  purpoae,  vlth 
provlaioDR  for  bnming  oloohol  with  roiaan- 
ablo  fafoir  and  produdng  (team,  all  con- 
tained aflbiD  llaolf.  The  (afaal  and  moat 
conTeniont  arrangemeni  Kbtdt  haa  niino  nn- 
der  our  nodoa  la  tbe  "  Homo  Vapor-Bath," 
which  leaa  Inranted  by  Ur.  William  W.  Ito- 
(cn(vld,  it  ta  nld,  nhea  ho  irai  onlj  >li- 
toni  yeara  of  age.  It  la  oeaDpaec,  and  on 
he  lotrodiieed,  at  vmall  expen*^  into  ai^ 
houMi  Iiarini;  "  hnl-naicr  "  attaebmenta.  It 
U  appllrd  to  tho  oniluir;  bath-t'jb  an  it 
It  found  la  ncartf  every  f;ood  housr,  and. 
dcpcndb;;  wholly  upon  Ibc  n«e  of  iho  hot- 
iralcr  pipe  ot  ihc  tub,  avolda 
applieallon  el  Are.  It  oaa 
any  bath-tut^  b)  addition  (o  i 
uaual  arraogementa,  and  with 
any  ot  them.  Hie  principle  e(  I 
ouulala  In  cnbdlvlding  the  hot  < 
tmall  Jcta  over  a  Iirp:  am,  ao  i 
the  tHiimum  ot  na 


566 


THB  POPULAR  SCTSXCS  MOyTBLY. 


1 


(onplUied  b;  inEtiis  lo  one  lUe  e<  Ifc* 
tub  »  ptrrlortUil  •ho«Gr4ubc  oammled  wllh 
iho  bM  anil  mM  «*ut  auppliiM.  Tbt  tailier 
dU  apon  •  ctolr  *l  lti«  foM  «t  Ulo  tub,  «■ 
nlop«(l  Id  »  curUln  ot  nbbvr  clotb,  ■iib 
•a  kUadiweni  «iMMlln(  orer  tbe  lub.  Uc 
li  (hM  M«m4  Uia  fiitl  bcMftt  ol  all  tb« 
«TspM«ltca  from  the  bot  water,  wbilp 
bia  tiat  U  loulli  ibM  olf  £r««n  it,  m 
ihat  b*  doca  no*  br«»tli«  laj  of  it  Uy 
BNUWOf  •ootbcr  eqiMkll)r>lmpk«ttMAm«nli 
nbKueM  *rkh  whAch  ft  na;  be  dMirwl  ta 
BKvHcalo  Itto  bath  ar«  brought  tato  ccMm* 
wUh  Uio  wnltr  ami  mwla  la  ntn^  tliolr 
fuBMa  wllb  ibo  M««n.  lU*  fona  «1  baib, 
■Uth  hai  an  Um  adimalaecaaf  lU  Bowlaa 
baib,  end  b,  inorwrer,  adapltd  10  donmllo 
uae,  bai  bcm  mtrmluead  iMo  a  gitM  maiy 
bmaa  b  Ke*  York  ood  o11i«t  ptwca,  M  wtU 
ai  Inia  hoicU  uu)  pnbUo  iiutitutiuM,  and  i* 
Ugblj  rwommMidal  b;'  IboM  «rt>o  b<ir«  pm- 
plojed  it  or  eiaiuDnl  il.  Id  anoUiPr  rorm  of 
apparatiu.  wU  bj  J.  Alhn  4  8on«,  of  Loiw 
dm,  Uw  lamp  b  pUtad  ouUU*  ol  th«  «ur. 
t^n,  oitliin  which  the  Tkpor  is  touiIimMiI 
l)j  ■  prpo.  ne  whole  apparatu*  oui  bt 
packnl  Into  a  boi  len  thin  tw«tT«  tuofaM 
■Hiuani.  An  arrugFtiicnt  li  alio  famidwd 
b;  which  th«  rtpon  am  Introduced  into  tbe 
bed  In  wlilch  a  pntlrot  tni;  be  Ijlng;  or 
the  iBmp,  if  pfrfcTTcil,  m«j  be  put  iKrwtIf 
tader  tbe  chair.  This  bath  Iwa  rwtlT(d 
medali  and  high  awardii  at  KToral  "  b«dtb  "* 
or  "lanltarj"  exlilhitiom. 

A  BU-hrallDK  apptntv  tM  Bmk.— 
Frofcuor  Ei]<T&r[]  il  Uonp.of  Ssletn,  Uai- 
Hoohuictts,  liiu  Iriod  tlie  GipvriiiMnl  of  otll- 
tug  in  the  heat  of  the  sue  to  aMJRt  bi  waiift- 
Ing  and  rcnlilatlng  hit  hoiiKft  ite  atloehN 
to  the  wall  of  hli  houM  a  box  MaH/  lb* 
hoigljl  of  the  atoiy,  about  ibna  ftat  wido, 
and  of  (uilable  depth,  and  ao  trrvigtd  and 
conMCt4d  with  openings  In  tb?  (rail  aa  to 
ad  u  a  flue  Tbe  outside  of  tlie  box  U 
made  of  «1at«  or  hlack  corrugaKd  Iron,  )ut>- 
atenoM  which  abrorb  bMi.  and  oror  thia  b 
a*-window''or]{laM.  With  tU>  appwatat, 
die  air  in  a  nom  meamrlag  twentj-«at  \>j 
tbirMtB  b;  liae  fbol,  eould  ba  dinnf^ 
In  fort»^r»*  Of  fifljr  nlnuia,  and  a  toiy 
pOKOplibie  ilcgree  of  irarmtb  waa  obtained, 
A  limiUr  bmm,  fortr-ivo  fni  long  a»d 
all  and  a  half  feel  wide,  aluobtd  to  lh« 


Roaton  kHuwaaa,  te  eatimttteil  lo  do  ««h 
tiiat  weald  onlinarilj  ratuira  lN!t«oni»» 
tj'fire  and  llf tj  pounda  of  ooal  a  da;. 

Earthquk»-prMr  ■■lldaKi.— Tbe  «a» 
mhtoe  of  lb«  Urilieh  AMovlallno  «tp>iWri 
to  la«cAlgate  (he  MTll>i|iiaie  phrcMMta  ■( 
Japan,  tflet  repoTliog  upon  ibtir  rtfm 
menu  Into  tbe  natunt  ot  tlie  vibratbu  / 
the  gr««iid,  offer  aoma  mifgiMioim  m  da 
oefultiMdoo  Of  c«nhqiia1io.iir«of  bum 
In  a  bonM  rvatinf  at  Ita  fouuiLatlona  on  oil- 
Iran  baib,  Die  mcMartoit  litttniHicM  t/boti 
tliai,alibou|ib  conildeMfalv  monmaH  wt 
plaM  at  ih«  tlioo  el  ui  cartliqiiatf,  alt  w^ 
den  tnoilon  bad  btn  dcMlrnjvd :  but  viii 
and  other  nuaca  peodnood  moTancMa  tt  i 
tti  nor«  wiloD*  diM*«lor  iban  tbe  eartb- 
({uake.  To  plTC  grcaicr  ateadlwwa  lo  Ik* 
hoaiet  elgbt-lnch  batle  wno  tried,  a»l  tkm 
one-inch  bann  Flnntl;  tbe  bouao  ww  rMt- 
td,  at  todi  of  lu  (lera,  upon  a  tnadfnl  rf 
owl-Iron  *hc(,  etch  oae  fourth  of  an  bdib 
dbmrtnr.  B^  lUi  mrwia  tlie  builiUng  ta* 
been  naite  atutie,  and,  fa)  ODnMN|«nor  *l 
Uw  gr(«ter  Incmae  In  rotllng-f rictk*,  ni 
fidentlj  Mablc  lo  refist  all  clleota  BItelhMi 
of  wind.  Tlie  abM  iv«t  betwoea  All  liM 
p1al«B.  IVheo  cfvMing  a  buiUhig  la  a  » 
^im  lubjori  to  wtbiiuakM,  It  ajipann  UM 
we  ougbi  Hi*!  to  leiluce,  aa  tar  aa  poadlb; 
tbe  qnanlltj  of  lactien  whkh  osdhui;  MU 
Inga  roedroi  and,  MMDd,  io  eeartrwl  * 
hiiltdinj;  to  tbal  h  wUl  todat  Diat  pefUnal 
tli«  moiiicutiiin  which  we  ant  aable  totMf 
out.  To  reduce  the  motncaiun  wa  ■■)— 
1.  Sclvot  a  (1(0  wbtre  ekpeiiinast  abim 
ilint  tiie  inolloti  b  nlatire);  enall  3.  I* 
I1MT7  butUlngt,  adopt  deep  tamdillia* 
(pettapt  <rilb  lateral  frvedom),  ur,  at  leaX. 
lelib*baiUb«be  toradoil  on  Ux  hantM 
and  moat  tolid  groowl.  t.  for  Ilgbl  b^ 
JngK,  pert  hi  ihf  tbot  foMwdalloaa.  Aaajpbd 
tbe  monentuni  which  can  not  be  «t  rf 
fnon  tbe  bsildin^  U  eboiild  bo  bon*  b 
mind  tliat  tt  ii  ebMf  ftrcew*  and  aiiilw 
■bich  •!«  applied  horifocrtal))!  lo  a  liutlAv 
iW  hare  to  be  enwint*««d.  A  tr-i '»' 
line  nf  opcalnga.  aa  !■  door*  and  oIbiImu 
in  a  buiUIng.  oewtlUOM  a  intkal  Itae  «( 
wcaknoea  lo  horlwatallr  apfillad  kim 
AvoU  mutdlng  ueMbre  two  porltMa  ef  • 
buiUIOf;  *hl>4i  l>i**  two  elbfMlwal  f^ 
ait,  or  whltb,  frum  llielr  pMlUoa,  ait  M 


I 


^bc^  to  sjadiroDiM  la  Ihdr  nodon.  If 
Wk^  part*  of  ■  liuililiag  nnt  of  atttmJtj 
K  Jafocd,  l«t  ilwm  be  m  jabui  tliai  Ibo 
WDBWiing  link  wlU  fwce  ibcm  (o  itbiaM 
u  k  itbote,  kinl  jet  Kiiat  IfBClnn^  Uikk 
chLnncT*  in  MoUet  vUh  the  fMmlnjt  of  b 
wooden  tool  arc  apt  Ca  b«  abora  oS  u  Ibc 
polai  whcf«  Uie;  pM*  ibrtn^ti  Um  not. 
Ugbt  udiwajv  ciMUiMtiitg  hcai;  pbm  will 
b«  oidtcd  »t  Ibe  era«B.  To  obiUle  de- 
atfucdoo  tram  the«a  omuc^  *  *jnan  of 
bnUbig  im;  be  adoiNed  aUch  rwinHillj 
eeiubtt  of  tjing  tlw  bniUiig  Ugcafatr  «t 
caeh  floor  with  tw  and  «leel  tfa-wiU,  tfot 
lag  CMib  Mbcr  fron  book  to  front  ud  from 
■Ids  to  title.  Tbo  fcatc*  of  Incrtk  of  a 
building  mhI  af  iu  pvUt,  Aaald  be  kept  m 
low  M  poMiblc;  II«aT7  top*  to  rUlmnc;*^ 
bcoTj  oppin^i,  ud  babiaindra  on  nllj  and 
tovonv  btarj  roof*  and  Ibe  \i\n\  trt  all  of 
Bcrioiu  iAOffir  to  the  portion  of  Uio  Btroct- 
are  b;  wbith  Ibej  u«  aupporled.  Wbim 
Ibe  tower  part  of  a  liiUMIitg  ia  swvcd,  the 
appet  fart,  bjr  lu  inerik,  laid*  to  Ttmofai 
bcbiiul,  Mtd  •enow  fiaetum  otl«n  raulL 

tpvttllBf.— Tb«  pludo  «ub«iaii«,  pM«- 
,  lotiodaeed  b;  M.  Pbiel,  la  (ornwl  of  a 
adztniaof  gelatlBe,  |;I]r(crlne,and  iwHdns  to 
vbkb  nM7  b«  add«4  eulfihtio  of  loj^ta  or 
alao>»Ul«;  aiul  lb*  vbole  b»j  be  oe^rei. 
If  dcaired,  •rilb  vrtMUble  oolorv.  roleline 
la  moMrd  nhOt  itill  but ;  and,  ohm  >l  bw 
beoonte  cool,  jielda  ItHlf  lo  enrf  kind  of 
■lanipulailw.  ltraBbeUtmed,ei«d,bort<J. 
or  acmrad;  tad  il  la  aaMeptible  uf  a  rerr 
Ana  pdUh,  wbkb  naj  be  conTGjml  bj 
[inaiiiii  nia  fadlilj  uf  frorldng  penniu 
Jl  to  be  Ireaied  ta  ibe  tut*  waj  aa  broiue, 
■m  aaket  l(  otlitiiatile  fot  all  kind*  of 
^ouuOnpL  II  (an  alao  bo  a»c4  to  Mai 
botUea  and  jmrt  bcnoMkallj,  for  Ou  Ub- 
riratkw  of  dotU'  bcadu  tbat  on  aol  be 
br«kM^  and  for  iba  eonipo«tll«M  of  an  artl- 
Mal  BOtfbto  oni  <d  vhltti  faik^und*,  door* 
luwfea.  and  a  ikouNUid  otbcr  arilrlra  can  be 
■ade  ebc^lj.  Tbe  iiraperilou  of  Uw  dit 
fenai  matorlala  entcrini;  iaU>  Ibe  oevipod- 
tla«ofibl*«ubMaaee*arJNai«onliai;iatbe 
uae  that  la  to  be  mad*  of  IL  For  aealioR 
boulo,  U  abovlJ  be  aaed  hi  a  Marty  liquid 
eeadkloa;  fM  tbe  nanufWWra  of  fanoj 
BilkiM,  la  ta  opuqne  tatm ;  abile  tlM  «)■ 
I «(  ibe  Htfbl»fioMiae  ii  a 


POPULAR  MISCELLASY. 


I«7 


•ccrN  knoim  only  to  ibe  tnrwitor.  M.  Fo- 
ul bM  diacribtd  a  uMbod  bj  irtildi  ba 
uaca  pouKiw  ai  aa  earelope,  u  flop  tad 
praretu  femeBiailoa  and  Iiibbi*  Ibe  prc» 
arraUaii  of  IMta  and  nieala. 

0)itM>CBllanlo  tanetUnl.— Aaranl- 

ing  Id  Ibc  iMt  report  of  iho  Shell  Ihh  Own- 
abiHioMia  of  tbo  Stale  «(  Oeeneetlonl,  Ibe 
policy  of  faming  oul  tbo  ofMei^p««ida  lo 
indirMual  prapriMor-cdliraton  baa  been 
tecy  iueeanfkl.  Uae  nnmbtr  of  jMnvona 
•oipgadladw  boAMai  tawveaaed  ten  per 
eeoi  Juriog  Ibe  aercn  BMMbi  eoreved  hj 
lbs  report ;  and  the  m|Id  derelopnieol  of 
the  ofiiirr  tndneliy  bi  further  ritown  hi  tbe 
oootlnacd  citemion  of  ilifl  area  of  groonda 
dcTotcd  lo  ii,  and  In  the  iuotaae  hi  the 
Duiiib«r  of  ojsl«r>«tMinef«.  It  bai  Iwtn 
foiiud  that  with  leaaonable  care  and  labor 
ihv  nambor  of  ftarkflnh  may  be  to  reduonl 
tbat  tho««  caesdea  ahall  be  Innpeble  of 
doing  Mrtoui  damage  to  the  o7>t«r-bc<Iii.  A 
new  sneiuy,  honcTor,  Ifciratcna  (he  bod*,  In 
the  ahape  of  b  «and'tHbe4)aIldlng  worm, 
itboec  Mmcinrce  canae  aeeiiimilailoiia  ibat 
auirocatc  tbo  ojrtter* ;  but  Ihe  estimate*  are 
oentradirtory  a*  to  the  amoiinl  of  the  dam- 
^e  It  i*  likely  to  do,  Efforu  have  been 
made  durinR  the  pwl  y<<ar,  with  much  mo- 
ctM,  to  nMlvwn  rauddy  gnundi  and  make 
tliem  arallable  foi  oyner-coIilTailan  byeor. 
ering  them  vHb  abella  and  ptbbb*  brought 
from  tbe  noiutio^  RItc^  The  demand, 
both  for  oyatere  uid  for  eMd-oyiMn,  I* 
eonaually  Ineraaring,  aiul  ll  it  imt  likely 
Ihat  the  eopply  will  aom  go  aliMd  of  it. 

What  b  a  Real  ParM  I~In  all  foreab 
Fultnre.  aayi  Mr.  M.  C.  Read,  In  a  paper  on 
"  The  Pn«Frriii!oin  of  Farwl*  on  Ihe  Head- 
Watcra  of  Strenini^"  nhk-h  U  published  by 
rhe  I>epartmi-Dt  of  Apinittarc  In  "Special 
R«(>OTt  Kol  »,"  "it  BhouM  bo  r»ni«nbepwj 
that,  for  cUtnaUo  pnrpoat*,  an  orchard  cf 
ima  ia  not  a  fceeM.  The  pbuutni;  of  Iree* 
along  the  blgjimyii,  about  Dvr  iKrmea,  Id 
parts  and  emee,  uuKhl  lo  be  pncourofied 
for  a  variety  of  reaionii,  but  will  have  Ullle 
e(  the  dinalle  effect  of  true  fotcai*.  A 
dpniw  Krgwth  of  ooderbraib,  boibaeeou* 
plant*,  and  mown  onder  Ibe  larger 
i^ich  wltl  rouln  ibe  fkllen  loavM  bi 
Oil  Ihe  larfaoe-aoti  wlib  raotleu,  I 


S68 


THE  POPULAR  SCIBNCS  MONTHLY. 


1 


UiB  Bow  of  irtur  ud  t»dUt«tln|{  tu  «■ 
innoe  Into  the  «arili,y  an  caMMlal  |«n  of 
a  Um  tonO." 

* 

r«KltrillBK  Acr>("»"T»  Calltct*— ta 
ibt  OoanwiM  of  DatogiM  tnm  JtfH- 
cnlMnl  CalbgM  ind  BiiwrincM  Suilow, 
«U(ti  WW  h«ld  *i  Ui4  P«p«TUDm  of  Agit- 
aaHwD  in  Jaly,  ISU,  ibo  i)imm1o(i  ««•  oon- 
■Utnd  Iw*  liw  coIltgM  eiB  be  nado  mar» 
dbtcti;  nutol  and  mors  la  iimifwlby  wUb 
ilw  people.  rtcOdcnt  raircUid,  of  Urn 
KaMM  Stale  Agriodtund  CiiI1(k«,  Mid  Uiat 
■Ih  UkhlRu  Odlqte  had  aira^nl  la  \tf\h- 
It  for  •  wriM  ol  Earman'  loatitoua  la  ba 
Md  Mdi  «iUH  Ik  tfaa  dICeraii  «otuMiaa  of 
■be  Sum.  JLl  (Mb  Inaitwuv  Uw  toUt{« 
imdtrtook  lo  prorbk  ool;  bait  of  ilie  prv- 
gnnUB*,  ami  iMlaltd  Uiat  Iho  plaoi  *tin« 
(be  naMlng  <nu  bold  should  praride  lh« 
other  half.  Tba  aijWBMi  of  ibo  loailliite 
«ef«  alee  iKrlded  cqniMlilj',  Etcij  qoes- 
doii  brongbt  forwanl  waa  epos  to  dlicnr 
iton,  lo  wliich  cloM  aitentloii  *a*  xiien,  kd J 
nhlch  <nu  ftlnji  eneoiiMpd.  Fnm  tbkt 
daj  to  ihU,  tli«  liuUiMa  ha«  groini  In  ttntt 
njtb  botb  tb«  farmcra  and  the  profcaaen 
In  tbo  Asrlmllunl  ColUga.  "  Tbe  mmv 
ihlnit,"  Uf,  Pibchlld  added,  -ba*  b«en  la 
TOKDo  wilb  n*  la  Kaiiun  >)iiae  1  «t«iit  tbere 
In  18Tff.  We  opmnl  a  »cri«i  of  liutltiitav 
in  the  wialer  of  IRSO-'SI,  and  baic  contlo- 
■od  ibem  from  Uiat  da;  to  IblB,  with  gmm. 
tag  lM«i«al,  asd  «Uh  nprclal  taior  U  i^ 
giudllbe  bnncr.  Wo  promote  (UwDMka 
upon  juiil  auch  queMioB*  nn  the  tnrmcn 
widi  (liicuMeil.  and  tlio  ^mtenan  take  c^ 
pedal  pebu  lo  mMt  Iho  qticfikini  which 
■nt]r  be  raiaMl  b;  the  fxrinora  Ibeinwliv*." 
The  poapli*  int  tbn*  bnnigbt  into  full  (ellov. 
>h1p,  which  tbcf  dcmonatralc^  wilb  Ibc  toI> 
lop;;  and  In  Mlthi-kn  the  KporU  «(  the 
Stale  Boaid  of  Agrioultura,  which  formertf 
hail  10  be  ~  thrown  at  ibe  lioadt  of  pulUl- 
tiuu,"  nrs  in  deoianil  and  are  read. 

■h«  abait  UM  FArt*  ef  Tobuee— 
Dr.  Bebart  Anorj  ^aN^  at  the  FniTrT'lij 
ol  PenaiflranEa,  »tt»r  .in  cUbomto  dlaavr- 
lalloo  on  "The  PhTvlnlogical  and  Patho- 
logical Propcrllni  of  Tobamo,"  oiprMM«lbe 
omdlurioni  that  "lobaeco  dam  no  barm 
when  iii>«l  in  modftallott— lo  iho  ■■■■  who, 
byotuDpatioii,  lead)  an  out  door  Ife^  or  oM 


reanhw 

McmdMvB 


Is  «Ucb  nu«b  pliTirfeal  cmatte  I*  likm 
b«l  mlbcr  doe*  gDod,  bjr  iintrUn(  asj  Mat' 
caiejr  (aoe«Unned  a<tlaei  wbtvh  tntjnW: 
todieaewlOib^cxocpUonallr  lonfaaa^lai* 
bceetoo  InuRd  to  Iho  cffnda  of  Ibi  i 
aod  wbow  arvlenH  defwid  npoa  tl ; 
ibeao  whoM  UmpetUDnus  an 
>  pbliciMiie  and  mr-golnc.  Tobacm  i 
^  harm  to  the  Toaag  and  not  jvi  fnltgnvil 
to  tbe  ma»e^(edcMar7liabtle;  lolbaMn 
one  and  Oioae  ^fhoae  UenperaaMOla  m 
ewiltr  eseitod ;  and  to  tbe  rfckl;  aal  <^m 
wbo,  Xfj  UkuTueraajr,  are  aironglj  aftnt 
bj  iha  drug,"  Tbe  dUTeiMl  nelbadi  al 
urioE  lobaceo  ai*  bartnf  si  In  tbe  Mle«b| 
onkr :  Chcwtng.  dtrupuc  iinolcla^  4^ 
amokiac.  pipe  inoldae,  Turk  lab-ptpe  Mat 
ing.  n«  quafii^artbo  drag  gwrmndH 
dtgrtecf  lu  btfiBrabMM  nan  ililii^l) 
hi  aomo  oMca  tban  in  Mb«»,  MdoalnAr 
ebaiBoter  and  oMUKltneiita  of  tbo  )MfB  h 
wbiA  eigarellea  «rf>  wrapped.  FIhI^.  A* 
ofl'iqwatod  wonla  "execaa"  and  ""nain- 
■tion"  "Xonn  ibe  ke;  eloaee  of  tbe 


wMcta  Ibe  wriwn  on  tobacco,  pr*  m^m, 
have  raited." 


Lift  li  Rew   fiilMB.— Tbe  «m. 

Ohaliner*,a  Htwlanarr,  nm-nllr  lUlialito 
(I0UMI7  «aM  of  UMtKUdilc  PtdM,  9m*- 
toalem  Hew  OdnML  a*  fovBd  tba  taafb 
gmcrOH  and  beeplteUa.  Tb*j«>«Mial4 
wmlbok,  but  oa)y  wi  ccni«>nnM  ibrtr  ■* 
ndna^  Smeer;  and  fopentlilon  Iiata  tf* 
bene  moog  ihtm.  In  a  Wbitw,  or  —afi 
hoiio^  wbtidi  Ur.  Cbabmn  tkecribB  w  •) 
llaMl  he  ha*  met  a«»n,  no  brgp  fe* 
rifthtr  t(«t  lilRb.  anpiMirt  a  Utg*  pnM 
portico,  Mnj  feel  wUo.  wbH*  ib>  «l« 
bnllding  U one  bandrod  and  liitj  rcciiMB 
and  taper*  down  In  hHgbt  troni  lb*  Inai. 
A  large  numbtfof  ahulU  of  meu,  ueieOn 
cuMwaItc^  and  pig*  onnnicnl  It.  tW 
hunan  ekalhi  ate  Iboao  of  TUUnu  «)■  kM 
beta  kined  and  naien  by  UtD  iribai  i' 
thtf  ifMBk  of  ibb  kind  of  food  u  tbe  p«* 
tM  hirar7,a«d  think  tbwe  «rw  foali'bi 
dc«piiw  It  nie  wbote  dlatriil  from  Diet* 
to  FUmuw  b  ow great  twainp,  aadlhit* 
lagM  are  all  HrmiadoJ  hj  tnwldj  w4C 
Canon  an  a  naoMriir  In  mKktr>i;  mmM 
call!.  BridgMof  legii  or  irwnka  loiaOr 
atntO,  aad  Ibe  f<*d«  ore  moro  tuMj  ei* 
(«aed  bHvhwt  tban  h)  Utou.    Th  Im« 


ri 


POPULAR  MISCBLLAUY. 


569 


KK  rwU;  aell  buUl,  wA  la  franl  at  nanj 
ef  Umoi  *i«  niuU  ganUiH^  laiMd  Un  ftei 
Itvok  tbe  p«anil.  T«  iBik«  thaw  eanlena, 
■  wcD-lMiU  pUttorni  t*  oovmvJ  with  wil. 
In  «likh  Oowm  uil  IoImcoo  mre  pUnUiI 
■ad  colUviMd. 

H    TIm  IntPnuUona)  GMloRlttl  Concmi. 

•—The  latcrnalloiuU    (looioclcal    Cuogrm 

iKld  lU  mmIom  In  Berlin  fi«B  tlia  SSUi  of 

Sspl«mbcr  to  ttte  4ib  of  OMober  bal,  oad 

WM  Utendod  br  two  hsDilNd  ilelesai«>  d 

tmIom  Btthmillidni,  cibmij    ohom  sere 

Mr.  UcOee,  Prolnuor  Kewbcrrr,  kod   Pnv 

fewer  June*  lUU,  trnia  ili«  Cnilod  Slai«i. 

Tbo  QornMB  pMlogitl,  Yon  DMim,  who 

b  dchtT^Ttt  ftM%  «]d,  ITU  nunod  boo- 

orwt  pTMlilRit,  wliDe  I'iDfenor  Bayrloli 

atrrcd  u  cirtdivu  pntUtM.    Among  iha 

ImjKirunt  matKr*  Co  i«MiTB  iiUcnllan  wax 

tbo  rapon «(  pmRruM  iipOD  lb«  geological 

nip  of  Ibirepf,  iIm  cmuiion  of  vbleli  htd 

twM  pot  In  durgo  ef  «  •p«dal  comndMlon 

bribepncvdiAgCcogroitatBokgiit.   Tlie 

dioiM  9f  oalon  mado  U  Bologna  »m  pro> 

BiMMcd  •  b»pp5  one ;  and  tbo  prindplo  of 

Btarlthi);  Ilia  tubiliTlaluni  of  pcrtod*  b;  p%^ 

aUrd  linU  of  iha  ume  «^r,  Itio  darker 

tinu  Indicating  tbe  older  bodi^  itm  tpprorwd. 

The   report  on  nomcBcUtim  itaied  that, 

wUllo  lb«  Oingrau  of  Bolosna  bad  e«IBb- 

lUhod  ibc   fiuwUnentiJ    prlndphi  on  lliv 

•objoct.  there  it^re  tome  luportuit  n»<lera 

whlob  M  bad  not  MtUod,  uid  npoa  «Uoli 

ibe  iaieniBiionn)  ooaunitle«*  bid  nol  bvL-o 

able  to  ^pce.    On  tha  poioti  oaiul'l«rod  in 

ibia  rtfiwt  the  Congrcu  decided  tbal  the 

TrlaMie  and  Juraauo  focnaUoiu  ihoiitd  be 

divided  into  Ihnw  iKfie>  oacb,  ami  tlie  Crv. 

UMCMJ  into  ivo,  the  lorct  Krjeti  InDluding 

Uia  Oault.    On  other  pointa,  on  whicli  diT- 

(eroDeot  of  ofinica  were  more  pronounocdi 

diaeottlon  wu  rtoasdcd  lo  *po.-lal  piibltoa- 

tiau  and  to  f  ntnre  cooBlderatlon.  ProfcMor 

Hmiaap,  of  Wiiwh,aikcd  ihaianotionof 

Iha  OMgiMa  to  hi*  omiemplatod  "Xomen- 

cUior  PabMmMlo^nw,"  10  be  pnbUtbod  In 

ftfleoD  TuluKM  of  a  hundred  pi^ea  «aA,  in 

vtdob  sboutd  be  iftren  Ibe  namaa  of  all 

nffriaUa  and  aniaul  fooOi,  wlifa  tbo  bod* 

In  whieli  th«;r  utmr  aiij  ilie  ifoHu  In  wlibjh 

(hoj  are  dtverfbed.     It  ■111  hairc  a  Frmuh 

EUradvMba  and  a  l-aUn  <«ii,  ai  brief  aa 

nesut  mretiagof  tbcCoDgNM 


wa*  apfiolnlod  to  be  held  in  London  hi  1889^ 
bMw««alh«iaUi«t  Augttiiandlhc  IBifaor 

ne  Kf  w  KBfflHd  Iit4*or«)i«ltal  Sort- 
Hj.— At  tbo  annual  metftng  of  tbf  New 
Knfiland    UMoorolo^tal    Sodelj,  beld    In 
Qoaton,  October  Mth.  Pntener  Davia  read 
■  poper  npoo  Iho  lliund«r«ionni  of  the 
nunnuir  of  189^  and  Hr.  Ilnrald  VThJling  a 
paper  on  (he  aelf-racording  iiieroid  borcmo- 
tcr.    A  full  pitMotation  of  tbe  ff«r^  work 
of  Ibn  tOGletjr  wa*  gI*M  In  the  rvport  of  Ibe 
ConncIL    The  numlier  of  momben  hnd  lo- 
<TOaMd  from  nine  In  November,  1888,  to 
nicotf -fire !  the  noaib«r  of  obtt-rreM  leDd- 
hig  reporta  from  fgnj-flro  10  inn  huudr«d 
aod  twRnif-lbroc    BITorti'  bail   been  «on- 
Maniljr  made  to  leeure  IncrcMned  nrraraoj 
anj  gmtci  unlfonnlt;  la  KM  oti*erva(lofii. 
The  Dubject  of  •oconile  InMnnonla  r^ 
Pcircd  oulj  attention ;  end  It  wni  dfdded 
to  manufoctan;  a  «pcdal  claia    of    Tula- 
e&ugta  ralber  than  to  adopt  anj  now  is  tbe 
market,  and  to  adopt  ccrtula  siakM  of  BeV- 
r(gi*tering  ihennomctifn.    All  detiring  to 
make  obacrvatko*  hare  l>r«o  enoMuaged  M 
do  ao,  and  tAsrU  Imtd  alio  been  made  to 
Keoaro  obaenwn  b  ipedal  loealklM     In 
o»«pomllon  with  the  t'luted  Siatd  Sl^aU 
8errlM,  local  wntther.lla;^  aw  daily  die- 
pU^ed  In  moro  than  a  hundred  dtlc*  and 
tovDi  of  N'cw  Rngtand.    More  tbia  (our 
himJmd  obaerrera  bare  eo-operatol  b  lb* 
ipccial  bTMitlm<iMi  'A  thiinder^loriDi ;  and 
l»o  hundmd  and  thrw  rcporla  wpie  tent  111 
of  u  slcgln  iilomi.    Tlie  NallonoJ  Aeademy 
aid]  iiinta  lnrDiiij(atloni>  with  an  apprnptla- 
tion  of  two  hundrol  dollan.    The  cipenaM 
of  thr  >oclolj  liare,  bj  tbo  aid  of  (ilond*, 
bem  kept  within  Itn  Inoorm*.    Ai  Ita  flnan- 
cial  pnitpcilij  deiH-niU  on  tlie  number  of 
mnDbera,  It  h  desirml  10  {ooludc  la  tbo 
membttefalp  all  who  are  IniarMied  tn  mtte- 
orologlcal  nudte*  in  New  Enj-laadi,  whether 
tbo^  mifc*  obacrraiJoiiti  or  noL 

Ue«  to  Malt  tbe  Truber'i  iHr— 
"  Tnchicg  n  a  Burincai  "—(hat  i*.  wbj  la 
il  not  a  ptofcidon  r— I*  the  title  of  a  paper 
which  wai  read  by  C.  VT,  Ranleen  before 
Ibe  KatlonJ  Edoeatlona]  iawtialtoa  al  ha 
laat  needng.  Oiw  rrauQ  wbf  iMchiag  la 
not  a  ptofMtloa  Ika  b  Iho  way  e^ool 


S70 


THE  POPULAR  SCIUNCS  MO^fTHLT. 


1 


bMtd*  OK  made  up;  nollier,  in  Ito  hoi 
Um  m  largo  »  pTppOTtiaa  of  inogapaUMa 
•M  app);lng  fc  potilioml.  Mi  fofigettilg 
Iho  U^lwH  ones.  It  ti  not  etna^  dial, 
with  MkcbpeiMM  otHrudiim  ibcBudrM,  Uie 
ICMber  U  kah«4  ttpos  )9  «uch  bMnb  W 
no  bavo  aa  "an  imtwaoiiEaU*  aaii,  lueful 
enou^  UUktouvof  bo]r*aiul  ^Uundn 
nlM  MUbUtbol  bj  tawjrorti  dooton,  and 
tiiiahnii  mi  n.  but  anSUed  Cor  pMtkijMliaa 
Id  aaj  of  ih«  «*riow  itmk  ol  ib«  ooauiuh 
Bity."  Mr.  DardMii|tu  looking  (or  a  tvmf 
Ayias  Ui«  tow  tiue  ot  tlia  bMbew^  bolib 
ibai  It  *hoii)d  o«*  he  tliougbi  w  dqimd  upM 
lilgbcrialartneT  pclom  tur  iMlml  toKlk 
•H,  or  fliod  tMun  of  olOoa— Uw  iMcher,  U 
natters  war«  is  a  piopar  MDiUilan,  AouU 
bo  no  noto  aniioa  abovt  Us  ananal  n- 
■jipolHUMM  tboa  ibo  bub^iltr  or  biMr> 
MM  pcMMcnt,  wbo  to  core  of  It  so  toog  u 
b«  Ii  lUa  tide  of  tho  Si.  LawftiMel  Oai 
Wart>it»  iboaU  dlacrlwiliMta  among  tbtoa- 
•dvMla  Jararof  ike  moat  oomp«t«w,ab«uM 
bo  ncn  among  msn,  iibould  ao«  to  U  lliai 
Ibo  lUDcrttwM  Ia  tW  ro«ulU  of  good  i«»tb> 
Ing  and  poor  imetiing  ar«  prored,  ami  em- 
phatlud,  ukI  lIliMruod,  and  ibouM  Ubor 
to  hoTO  tlio  work  of  tupcrior  leaolwn  no- 
cgidMd  ond  tcouTcd.  Tbc  arcngo  tdtMl 
bOKrd  1*  a  <'>ltckc^b(>BTd,  wlicro  the  only 
bnpottanl  ««n»id«rm(ion  ia  that  iLo  aqnarc 
be  oomcil,  Willi  a  Iiution,  i(  ibe  Mot  piece 
b  not  at  lisnd ;  It  *bciu1d  be  1ik«  ■  ciMM> 
bOMd,  wbm,  "  wbcn  a  knigbt  falli  to  tbo 
ewpM,  7«o  do  Bot  rtplaco  him  bj  a  pawn, 
•  rook,  or  a  Idithop;  and  jtm  will  mako  al' 
Boat  any  aaoriHoe  to  roialB  jonr  quKO. 
One  of  thcaa  pawM  may  totEwtlnM  bo  a 
4|Dea.  but  not  till  by  lon(t  probation  and 
■BBoy  atcp*  of  proETeii  It  liai  woa  lU  po- 
■Ittoa  la  Ibo  qMoo'e  («w.  Tbotw  cbonid 
bo  ■  iiii««o'i>  row  In  tcwUng." 

Tbt  Tain  of  tin  CHf*.— A  bckv  tram 
Mr.  Stanley,  piMetilng  ai^ainM  glriag  op  ibe 
eontrcJ  of  the  Omco  to  Ibo  Portiwi***> 
whdcfa  wa*  i<md  la  Ibo  OoegrapUoal  8««Uon 
at  the  Brftlih  AMOdallon,  (Itm  a  nagniii- 
cent  tdoa  of  (lie  valoo  of  what  ibu  river  b 
eapaUe  of  ooniiiboting  to  Uie  advance  of 
dvilbaUeB.  '■Dnplie  ercey  promnaibM. 
lios  to  tho  oontnuv,"  Mya  Itr.  Btaaley, 
"Ibia  lirci  win  yet  rodetm  lie  luU  oooU- 
uaL     By  IikII  It  focBi  a  nlBctCBl  piw> 


poett  but,  when  Jtm  Bowldnr  lla  ' 
cent  Irlbutarlee  wUrb  (low  nn  eadk  itk 
fiiiinx  •rata*  to  elTilUaiion  lu  wbai  MMri 
bop*kMly  laipcactivble  a  fowyeMaici^ite 
reality  «f  the  i;cnara)  utility  and  baMfi  le 
tbaM  dark  IribM  UU  Um  toMs  «Hh  idsl 
ralloiL  Ivcry  (tcp  i  taka  Imoicmm*  bj  (» 
thiwlam  for  my  work  and  raiiflmia  ciyM 
la>pre«ekmik  Ore  1/jOO  ihiIm  to  ik«  ^e 
ib«iincl.  100  to  ilia  kwoneo,  1 20  to  Uto 
Matonb)^  too  to  tbe  Kat>imlM,  piol.ahlj  I 
to  t^  Kaiifol,  too  to  Uv  &tukuni,  VjO  \ 
ibo  Jlrvwteii,  and  l.ouo  mcao  la 
amd  dagKcf,  tor  tlwro  io  alxiMdaat  qNtl| 
oSModtaomnt^and  fo«  batet^KlBJw 
of  naTlgiblo  wataA" 

1  5t«  Zftlaad  Ire-Catr,— -Tho  m» 

gacfcu  Blvor,  of  New  Zealaiul,  rbn  In  «B  l» 
Denar.doqi.pfpendionlBrwallnl  nTbitta 
Ibo  alepw  of  Mount  Ruapoln.  la  wbkk  b 
d««MM  to  nriod  by  a  wic— itoo  ot  new 
blto— " BoTf04b«-."  "]tridat-TcU."c«o,Bk 
ryii^  from  ISO  to  4CKi  feet  In  bdiibL    "il 
000  p«lni,  wbm  ilia  i«eae  b  Iwrnnird  It 
wiib  Mwotliig  pitciplcoa  of  1,000  (rH  llrk 
and  •  glatlgr«1op»  In  f  (vol,  the  (;»£■'," ''. ' 
Mt.  Xkbolb,  *■  woukl  bt  auuh  a  ■«]  l:^ 
oa«e  ol  the  nunmadbig.coiiBlry  ea'i:>l  ^ 
aecn,  and  lbef«  rtt  nothing  but  Ibr  U* 
beavcn*  aboro  to  tcllnv  tbo  trlBtd  f^md 
the  ko,  tbe  ffiU  slUt*r  of  the  Miow,<mllb 
tlreary  liuu  of  iLo  frowntng,  Iin^uidrf 
rocka.   fUgbt«ndoriboHiuB7i)bd«etaii 
ua  were  wMe^wnbiii  apcrtiiro*,  arcM  H 
tho  top,  and  fiMMd  «•  It  araro  with  In  k 
tbo  form  of  nidt  ponato,  ikronfili  obkli  lb 
■■ton  ol  the  rttte  b«ru  ia  a  i  iiiiiliiwa 
itnaBL    We  entered  lli«  larewi  at  It* 
ilagutof  UrKtnrea,  awl  lonnd  onwbwH 
a  oar«  of  MIdo  900  fni  tn  dtnuafmwt 
wbeM  tUfe  of  bbd(  wolawbi  twi  wm 
•boHod  wWb  Im  aad  fealMned  with  yd» 
At  ibe  fanber  tad  waa  a  wldo  camW 
epc^mp  wa  dark  that  tbo  watne  ul  ft 
riTW,  ••  iLry  bnrM  ou  of  U  In  a  tuueH 
eddying  airctia  down  tbo  r-  <■'-  -    • 
looked  doublr  wkllo  la  Ci< 
btock  TOld  oat  ot  which    t;,[-i   cuna 

reof  of  tbo  MTe  wa*  lormod  of  al 
frown  mow,  tatUoned  Into  oraI<i 
pnwbot,  aD  ot  ma  ndforv  al«,  enl  • 
btauiUolly  and  taatbeiBaiiaUy  jani  b 
oadlne  a*  le  tctemUa  tbn  tpiabi  dol^  ■' 


POPULAR  mSCBLLAXT. 


57> 


ft  Hoorith  teTDpk ;  wliEIti,  from  Iho  ecntrtl 
p^nf^  to  vUfA  Che  cdgtt  of  tbcM  ^lagnlftr 
i1«i<gii»  ttmtr^A,  B  l^g  ilnglo  idde  bung 
doni)  M**fa)  inohes  in  dinmctcr  at  ila  boM^ 
pcrtMlljr  nmnd,  »mi»tb,  imd  na  dnr  m* 
CiTStal,  lapcring  off  lotanl  its  «i]i]  with  a 
poini  u  ilurp  ai  a  needle."  Wherevor  the 
walcr  pouTnl  over  the  recka  it  luft  a  wliitc 
dCfxMil,  ulikli,  wben  twttil,  produced  ■ 
HUffced  Mtrtngenl  focBog  upon  Iho  tongup, 
wMi  •  •uonE  impreifion  of  alum,  milphur, 
uid  inra. 

I  XilirU-Ftrtarlc*  In  HBtrlllai.— R«f«i^ 
Ctt  luring  boon  inatli)  in  >  iccitnt  britlih- 
lectera  St  IIm  Sodelj  of  ArU  lo  on  ouibrcok 
— iIm  Oni  la  tbc  hlnlor;  of  the  Uland — of 
inalftrt*!  fovcr  irhlch  occurred  In  Unuridui 
ia  \%fA,  Ur.  F.  Guthrie,  who  <ru  there  ol 
Ibo  time,  gitru  a  ttatcmcnt  of  vhnl  ho 
looad,  upos  daniDatkin,  ou  tbo  enow  of 
thoontbreok.  TboembuikiiicsUaf  thciic« 
lallraad  had  caiu>.-d  the  acouiaulaiioii  of 
water  ia  poiuU  on  oiihcr  aide  of  the  inck. 
TUi  bemtDC  na-iuuit  and  imprrgrintml  with 
dio  Mwaso  tbat  lur^n]  donn  from  tbo 
lit^m  Uod,  till  it  tnu  atroaj;!]-  offensive  to 
dm  djjbt  and  the  Bmell.  In  riuw  of  tlio  et- 
bleaoe  of  tbne  rew-pool«  on  ■  grand  «calc, 
Mr.Gtflitk  doeanot  bcliero  tbat  the  oui- 
btcak  wu  duo  to  (be  "oicsring  uf  the  for- 
««*"  or  to  the  "upturning  of  ilio  ritgin 
toll,"  but  timpl;  "to  the  infatuation  of 
thoae  ufatf  did  not  know,  and  nho,  even 
^Mn  it  wM  pcontcd  out  to  thcin.  coiild  nut 
•cc  that,  ohen  bgooni  of  ocwiigi?  and  wdt- 
■atcr  are  reeking  bem^alh  a  *onii-lro]>icil 
*iia,  ferer  ia  the  nilu  ralhvr  tLan  thu  eioq>- 

Dutdu  u  Phjilttl  TrtlDlnc— Dr. 
Crtcbtoa  Broimc  has  had  a  good  •lonl  to 
lay  for  dancing.  In  a  rwwnt  lecture  before 
tbc  BinainghaRi  (England)  Tcauhors*  Awo- 
dadon,  bs  imutcd  on  ilio  ImpoiUnoo  of  • 
tioMlj  mining  and  diidpUno  of  ail  motor 
oenlen,  to  tliat  advantage  may  be  uken  of 
lbs  up«iin  ptauical*  that  chatacl«tiiu 
tbsB  dwing  tbmr  i<«riod  of  i^inh.  Re 
qwkecf  Ifaerakioof  the  flucalional  Irain- 
hg  b  ihia  wajr  of  tbo  twml^xntct*  of  to-be 
tfCkMB^  of  tbo  dUTtMiU  kinds  of  tnuaclo- 
Mtfc,  a^  b  rtpnl  lo  dandng  said  that, 
U  laq^t  at  ib*  proper  time — tbat  U, 


vci^tarljin  llfo— Ifmayilitdpliae  Urge 
groiqw  of  o«nt«ra  iato  liarmooiou  aotica, 
enlare*  the  dominloii  of  ib«  *1U,  aboliab 
OBMcmly  ■niiM-iilii  tricks  uiid  antin,  derolop 
tbo  (cnio  of  eqitilibriiiiii,  uud  iuiporl  graDO 
and  Klf-canfldciico.  Every  day,"  lie  von- 
linucd,  "  iFc  may  detect  in  Ihv  uonicmUciii 
or  cDrdnge  of  penon*  ve  m»ol  paioTuJ  «Tfr 
dioiMiot  tlic  neglect  of  dancdug  *ad  depori- 
mcnt  bt  the  rearing  nt  the  joQiij." 

MeebiolMl  Krpellllon  ind  lnlr|]f(tul 
Enowledge, — It  liai  mmiiMliiica  Uwn  ob- 
Hrviul  lliat,  "hon  fliililivii  of  »av»jrs  ara 
put  10  MJiool,  thoy  exhibit  );rotit  rvidioeai, 
and  (niiietlmrii  priieorily,  in  looming  tbo 
elementary  braiidie*  till  tlicy  reach  a  cer- 
tain age,  when  tlicy  all  ut  ono)  fall  ofC 
Profciior  W.  Uallieu  Willitiiis  rc^rd* 
llili  OK  a  il^  of  Ihnir  Inli'llcotiu!  infciiotk' 
lly,  and  a  comriiiicnon  of  It.  Tlie  earlier 
Injitmetlnn  nf  tlieM  diiiilrcn  "muioly  ood- 
ilata  tn  'team!n;{  IcNum*,'  inecbanii-ai  prao- 
llco  In  wrIlinK,  onil  nicclianicol  uio  of  tiio 
rotft-loomal  addltinti  aiid  uiultipllmliao  ta- 
bico.  So  titr,  Rinni  verbal  memory,  fingor- 
morln^,  and  repntlliiiii-t-iibble  of  nuoibcr*, 
docs  all  the  wnik.  Tbe  bigher  intelUgcnco 
of  the  chilli  euntrlbulM  liufe  or  no  aid  to 
the  pcrtonnaacn  of  xiich  task*;  it  rather 
(lands  ill  tliv  «ar  by  inducing  thought,  La., 
diatnicling  Ihu  child's  allciiUon  from  iho 
mcchanicat  dmdjtor)'  dvnitindcd.  When 
irtnk  demandlnf*  fhoiinht  ii  requirtd,  wheth- 
er It  bo  higher  ■chiiu]-»oik  or  the  busincM 
of  practical  llfo,  Uio  ililF«i«nc«  between  (bo 
Caucoiion  luid  thv  tovrv  raoea  vome*  out; 
not  bccaiuc  thcrtt  t»  ah  arrest  of  devch)p- 
menl  In  the  loner,  but  bcmiwe  thu  higher 
demand  diiplayi  tho  working  of  the  higlKr 
facaltlcn.  A  glib  aptllnda  fur  leaning  for- 
ci^  luiguOfTH  li,  generally  ii|i(<BkiBc  an 
indlcalioQ  of  Inlnlleclual  Inforiurity,  a  titn- 
ple  result  of  the  lower  lutelbctual  fseultiM 
bdug  concontmtcd  upon  aueh  mvohanioal 
effort  withaul  the  dlitiadlng  iiiflucnce  of 
the  tughcc  reoMnlog  po«cia." 

H.  d(  ■•rUllrt  m  Terlhir  111.^11. 

G.  d«  Mortillct  read  a  paper  befor*  tbeAit- 
thropologieul  Section  of  the  Frfinch  AModa- 
tlos  on  Tertiary  "nan,"  In  whiih  lie  (aid  Ibo 
qncstion  was  not  one  of  knnwinjc  ■hclber 
naa  eilalcd  In  tbo  Tertiary  epoch  a*  bo  «x> 


S7» 


TUS  POPULAR  SCI£'yC£  MOXTHLT. 


tiu  to^iy.  Anlanb  haro  nriod  fnNn  dim 
0mIc4^  uruuM  10  «i»ot1ii.T,  uul  tb*  lilgh- 
■r  the  mbIim]*,  tbe  ^kmIh  ha*  boM  lb« 
nrUtlon.  It  b  hi  be  tnttmeU,  ib«t4oi«^ 
thkt  mui  Im  Tuted  won  tlnta  Uw  «lb<r 
BuiniMk.  The  probkiB  b  tu  (U«<«v»r  b  llio 
TcftUi;  period  u  KncvHtnl  lam  of  man,  ■ 
imdeeeacMr  ot  (Lc  ni«n  i)(  l>ttlori«al  ilnu*. 
ThviT  •!»  In  the  T1.T-.inr7  «w*  ebjcrt*  "Mifc 
itDpl;  tbo  «tiiltuic«  la  thkl  Rga  of  u>  latd- 
ligtM  titjng;  uA  tuck  cti^KU  Iiito  bocn 
bond  bi  iHo  ■SircmM  rngM  «l  (be  cpoeb 
— bi  lb«  Ui*«r  TpnUT7  al  Tbcnaj,  and  la 
tboOppcrTcKlarfatOila,  ba  Portagil,  and 
•t  Puf  Conrajr,  b  Oaaiol.  The;  prorc  ibat 
■t  tboM  two  (lUtaal  epottu  Uiei«  Mfabd  in 
Borapo  aalDWta  aoqnabauil  with  Am,  wd 
abt«v  more  or  lew,  1«  cut  Moa«  During 
(b«  Tcrtiarr  pttiod,  (b«n,  lbpi«  Itvtd  oni- 
mull  toM  iuletlie^nt  (baa  cxisling  nui,  but 
inoT*  fatttHi^cnt  Ihaa  OKiMiiig  apc^  alll)M(;h 
(hair  akeleiotii  tmre  no*  ^1  b«v»  diseoT- 
ered,  on))'  Ifcctr  wgika.  To  thne  apcelM, 
(be  aniMBtnl  foima  d(  kluorts  man,  U.  ila 
UorllllK  Mould  i^vc  tb«  name  of  UKbMpo- 
{dthocua,  «r  mau'^po. 

VwlS  Ml  lUMCf.— A  -rnUr  in  (ho 
"Joonwl  of  SekDCc"  ramarki  upon  Ifar  in- 
adoquae;  oS  langoage  ta  do*oribe  uoiioni, 
a*  la  tbc  Bight  of  dUfotnt  apodea  of  but- 
torflUa;  color*,  except  a  fo  pirlicularly 
aaucd  coca ;  fomu,  except  gcoiuelriral 
oom;  Bad  lartta  and  odon,  ia  vliioh  Ilia 
fallitie  la  eomplelc.  At  Ibe  aome  il<no  uur 
mental  conoeptJnw  of  all  UiMO  ib!ns«  ma; 
be  o(  th«  dcnrMt,  wbcii  lli*]r  ha*«  oacc 
pacanl  under  otitortalion.  To  this  be  ap- 
ponda  Ibo  pertinent  quMlEon:  Seeiai;  buw 
•nfj  impotent  ia  laii^4g<^  wooldod,  to  ««d> 
v«y  prcolae  kno'ltdjl^,  "Wlif  b  waA  ax- 
daiire  aCtcniion  p^d  le  «OTd\  botb  bi 
lower  and  bibber  eduratiun,  Xn  ibo  almwn 
cntim  nepI*ot  of  (bins*  ">  Verbal  memory 
la  DuItivatiNl  kboTu  all  oilier  facutUoa  ot  llic 
human  mind.  Uiicli  o*r«  b  taken  I0  train 
np  yonlh  la  tlie  o»Tf««t  Um  uf  bMgaofft 
But  la  wliai  whool  it  (ho  art  of  obanrathia 
■yitematlratlr  taii))l>t  T  VHie  heodt  or  aob* 
«liciberIlinobMrrliigfNO«ltle>ar«»lreDj|th- 
enedr  Quito  the  contrary  i  tboM  faciiUti^ 
If  porhapa  not  faitwilaaaUy,  are  not  iha  U«a 
weakened  and  cro«it«d  out  by  dsMlaaat  rtr- 
ballm.. ,  .lamaMactklngtoaadwTalna 


ibo  BM  oaJ  ituily  of  Icnpase.  U  (ttabb- 
w,  at  any  nW,  rtotfitadc*  la  arhkhlhe  im^ 
ouUiat*  of  oar  knoa  lodge  uay  bo  pnacntt 
Del  U  nmt  no  loagtr  (cck  to  nialsUIn  ik« 
rxdiidve  poeltliai  »faleh  U  l^a  UMqwd.  ti 
mwt  be  teade  (o  («d  tlmt  It  I*  ilio  opoSM 
and  not  tbe  vltK,  tbe  pun*  and  n<a 
raeocy,  (bo  ebcU  aaJ  iMt  tba  anbalMMa' 


% 


Sandi  Bf  Ibe  TKrkUUo  Drte na^jK> 
cording  to  an  aeoMot  hj  IL  Paul  LtaMr, 
ot  tbe  """*•-  GMgropbkid  Eo<i<tJ,  A* 
■asdiof  (be  Kata-Eute  Deaen  of  TatfctMh 
RfmMMed  oa  nap*  by  ooa  aeariwlcl 
■ign,  an  in  reality  rc-y  nrM,  and  m 
ifirialble  Into  tfar«e  principal  kMa.    In  Mi 
country  betwtcn  Hcrr  and  AUuk,  ud  bt- 
Iwota   Sarakha   aad  Cliacba,   iIm  Mil  I* 
claypy,  br^ly  mixed  villi  aaad  1   lia  m*- 
fow  u  fotqied  Into  hilloAa,  rai^  Ha* 
tbaa  Mnen  feel  bigb,  and  naoally  tUcU/ 
orergTown  with  bruihwood.    Tlib  Und  it 
dcMft  pmaUa  DO  parlioalar  ob*latl*«  t* 
tbe  iwcler.    Tbe  acmod  kind  of  dnm 
contbta  of  ml  aonda — not,  bo«e<rtT,  *t  • 
drUliag  aatare,  but  cTcrywboro  loll   w 
getber  by  bu*li«a  ten  or  fiftee«  im  U^ 
It  la  only  at  the  maamha  of  tbe  MMa 
which  arc  Ugher  than  thoco  ]<mi  dvcriMl 
that  Ihrre  b  a  Utile  diUl-Mnd.  aWebb 
oarrfrd  fiom  place  to  placo.     In  M»4>  tf 
tbli  klad,  caiia  more  wbb  graat  4U(rf(rt 
wbU«  hotiM  and  cancU  fa  (nc(y.    S* 
iXonn  need  be  droadod  la  tliew  drapr".  <  ' 
(ho  quantity  of  ddft-aanda  b  *o  tnail  il.^ 
It  can  not  bcoeone  dugennw,  tbaq^b  k  Mf 
oauoc  coaahtenUe  dbcovfon.     Tba  m» 
la,bo«««w,  Tcry  dlffer<xt  alth  ihn  oai* 
of  the  third  kind,  or  Die  athcalkd  Kmkim. 
In  tbtat  ao tree  or  buah  or  groM-blafc  bw 
be  OMn !  the  nand  b  oboUr  of  a  dtUUi* 
nature:    and    ibe  ■li^htot   puS  •!  *<*■ 
efface    the    (rvib    trocka    of    a  car*** 
^VbrrcTor  tbrj  mevl  a  bufb  ihey  an  dt 
po«il«d  aionnil  It  l>y  ibe  wbul  in  bV«b 
that  aaiuaM  a  variety  of  Kba|<«».    Whia  lb 
hlllocke  bair  cortml  tbo  tiurliM  lU;  •<• 
laeMod  by  Ihf  «lnd  icrordhw  to  orn  )*•■ 
xem,  la  which  the  ahfc  eijMMcd  10  the  '" 
p««araM  a  padually  lalaed  intm,  aad  lb 
NTano  a  ^tarp  ptivf,  atilk  a  arrtfon  bV 
be  accaraWly  a^md  by  a  itU    Thtxmm^ 
of  ihoe  aanda  b  fery  iBabnlL    Ho** 
■Ink  oMl  am  barfly  abb  to  attrleab  ikii' 


i 


POPULAR  MISCELLANY. 


S7J 


'  FmI.  li  la  MoeM»r}r  lo  pMowd  wltb  (h« 
BlmoM  MutioB  la  ocder  not  (o  loae  one's 
mvf ;  (or  tbei*  l«  nothng  lo  Mna  w  k 
dlEB-poti,  except  ocBudonAl  Nliok*  ploocd 
fa;  fMrln;  ouaTMw:  muI  Ibewkid  Uo's 
IliMBdMniuiil  iliaModiwTCnlbna.  E«ch 
aoMBuiva  camTaa  k^Imm  tbnu  )n  ilie 
hmM  oonTMrienl  tpoL  ThoM  Uickii  lutvo 
to  be  foUoved  «a  tha  n>w<li,  Tor,  Hbm  thr 
lout  alttil  b  bloaiag,  onljr  (be  luuM  (kilUul 
Mid  aipcrirtnotd  gniile*  can  tnK«  llie  (fir««- 
doa  at  the  read.  The  tcnMoM  iltift  fma 
pkca  (o  pbuwi  and  plain  cridHKa  of  ihair 
dfUtlBg  oalin*  appoan  before  ih«  vjtt  of 
tfttrj  inireltT  belirotn  Hfrr  and  Bokban. 
When  Iber  noiv.  U  b  luuall;  irltlioiii  nn- 
dergolng  anj  ohan^  d(  Hbap«,  UeaidtA  (be 
nod»  ia  Ibe  Km-Kus,  U.  L«mu  dcMribc* 
the  kfn,  latin,  and  aAort.  Tbo  kgr*  arc 
Bnn  luriacw  of  <laj  miiol  irllh  Mud,  onlf 
OMMlonallr  ootwcd  «)di  tand-bilbiok*,  and 
hankaed  fajr  TogDlaliatt,  Th«7  uually  eon- 
Blit  e(  ■  mr  of  nllefi  aluraating  *ith 
mivi^ai*  net  ouwSng  ttem  om  bundnd 
and  ionj  lo  lira  bondred  and  im  r«(  in 
b^gbi,  ud  iM  altraT*  paafaUo.  Tbe  toMr 
tJ  a  Tai7  bud  uirtaco  deroid  of  vegetation, 
■umMuutal  oa  aU  aidM  bj  aand*  abnoA 
borinonlal  or  tloping  bot  tUghtljr.  Tbe 
daje;  M)U  i>  impCTrioua  to  water,  but  pre- 
aenU  a  lerj  slippery  aurfiM  ia  raiaj 
wcaiber.  S^on  ai«  ainolw  in  appeaiauce 
to  litkin,  bot  diWiapiiilKd  fmnx  them  bj 
IMr  toll,  >Ueb  U  a  fermsliioai  miuL,  with 
l^pluin  pmtniding  la  man;  pUcc*  oa  tbo 
auffam.  Tbe;  &rc  lomoUmca  clr;  anil  Mine- 
ibDM  bog3T ;  but  in  toy  oaso  sol  dilQeialt 
of  paiaagv. 

^1  Intlcnl  AantbeUflu— A  Tcoent);  di*> 
Hi>0?er«d  manuKiipl  b;  Abtlard  ^nri  rtomo 
Piflnttnu  Infennallan  oonceming  tbe  means 
auplo^ol  b;  tha  BBtgeona  of  bla  dma  to 
produea  liuenalbllllj  doitns  tbeir  opemtlma. 
VWxij  iiiciiilaB*  a  none  «t  Honphli  which, 
br>7od  ui>l  appUoil  ailfa  lUH^nr,  wai  pot 
OB  pwtlnilar  paita  of  the  bodr  to  uiai(lbc<- 
tlaa  lima,  niv  Duxooridea,  and  )(>ttbo»- 
t«t  apeak  «l  puttiof  paiknts  lo  iltep  pf«- 
*1oM  l«  Ofcralloo*  b;  caoahig  then  to  take, 
la  breail  or  «oitic  other  food,  the  jsioe  of  the 
laarn  or  a  decootion  «t  ib«  rooU  of  mao- 
dragoni.  or  a  iloaa  of  tbo  plant  nlkd  aMti- 
aa,     Opbtai  aad  benp  *ere  oMd  b;  tbo 


I  CbiMM  In  the  polr-totapoiiu  pbannaej 
I  of  the  thlrtcMtb  oenmr;  a  prcpantbMt  naa 
matio  ei  opinni,  the  jukvi  of  bonbane,  nia»- 
dragon,  bealocli,  and  Olb«r  plant^  Hlib 
which  tpeogca  *rer«  chaised,  Uatfaig  ben 
drinl  bi  the  aw,  tbe  ■pmfita  <rero  tnolM- 
mud  when  it  ■■s,de([t«d  to  lue  tb«n,  and 
tlien  a|i|iliud  «nilor  llw  D«M«  of  Ui«  patUnU 
H  thhirofona  (jioocea  an  bow  appKwL 

i  OilMM  Dhincr  la  Dlsb  Ufb-A 
mombfr  at  a  Broninn  Indlnjt-houn;  latcl; 
bad  tba  donor  of  UVinfi  dli'im-c  with  a  Cbl- 
ncao  modulo  In  Tckln,  and  lin*  givMi  an 
appetlxlng  dtaerlpUon  <d  tho  fcan.  Tbo 
tabic  «a«  ael  wiib  twcfit;-tira  dithea,  aad 
iru  lit  with  tea  Urg«  tantemt,  the  Ugbi  of 
nhlcii  ahone  cltnr  through  brighttj  eolorod 
■luulci  nnd  omamcDU.  Inticad  of  b«ii^ 
■crvc<i  ia  couraea,  iha  diahoi  were  brongbt 
In  one  at  a  lime  and  paaaed  lo  tbo  guona 
■avcratlT,  bci;iniiing  with  the  nuwt  diatla- 
gulahod  or  «illi  the  otdoit.  TV  nierohnnl 
haa  f^Tcn  a  lUl  ii  ibcm,  wJtb  bb  oocBumta, 
HI  falloKn :  I.  Doio  with  anudtraona  and 
■pllt  bamboo^pTouta— ddfdou.  3.  Fat- 
pork  trIiMn  (or  aoroetbfoB  Kko  frhten)— 
(pkndld.  3.  Plgoon'a^gp  hi  nent-brolh, 
the  «hit«a  hard  but  ttanapaicnt— v or;  (;aod. 
i.  Chlncu  blidVnoti  villi  bani^Ip*  and 
baniboa-tprotna  (a  madiaclDaiDa  dlih)— cx- 
eotleni  S.  TouUrj,  different  kliida.toaked 
■ith  Qimhrooma  and  bunboo-cprout*— rer; 
agrccablti  0.  Duck,  'Itli  tiaoiboi)  and  loliis 
fm!i«,  the  fmlu  luting  and  looking  like  an 
aoom  wiiUmil  iu  «u|i — tolcmbly  i^ooil.  7. 
IIos"*  Utct  filed  In  coslor-iil — bad.  8.  A 
Jnpiuoae  dlib  of  inu»cla  vitb 'malodorous 
cojjiih  and  baoon— horrible.  9.  Sea-crab*' 
tall*  eookod  In  ea*tor-efl,  nith  bits  of  bam- 
bno  and  bank— would  hare  be«n  palatable 
but  tor  tbe  wretobml  ml.  lO.  A  alar  audo 
of  plcou  nf  foal,  biooD,  and  dove^  ocn«rtd 
wKh  white  of  epR— rec;  jnicj.  II,  Kloea 
of  aea-flsb  aad  abark'i  tat,  *ilh  bamboo 
and  amhrooma — It  wa>  bard  to  telt  wbal 
kind  of  a  di*b  It  WM,  but  It  «u  raihcr  bad 
than  Rood.  t£.  GIbleta  of  poullrj  with 
■nortU— the  morob  helped  the  gibleia 
down.  13.  Qan  and  cabbigo— not  particu- 
lar!; good.  11.  nam!  ot  anckiDg  pigs 
EOoked  In  thdr  own  }utoo.  A  pwutc  no* 
nuuod,  diirint;  which  plpc5  and  tobacco 
were  brouglit  In.    Tho  pipea  baM  about  a 


574 


THE  POPULAR  SCISaYCE  MOXTULY. 


(UmUrfnl  «f  tobM«^-«DDugh  tor  two  or 
Ifaw  whUtk— aiul  «e  ■«»  kept  biuj  filk 
[ti([  OAd  UgUlng  thtn.  ISl  UuuMsrtJM 
with  their  cg^  in  omorxjl  ■bemlariilB. 
le.  Ends  of  liun— good.  IT.  Hmm*  a( 
(o«l  frith  Miir  eablHigo— no  iUKcm;.  IS. 
Bul«  «cg»  (tbwo  eggs  li»d  been  iMrpt  one 
HMtith  In  Mit  and  two  month*  in  motet 
omh).  Tbe  wliilea  IooIiikI  Eke  bumtd  ni- 
gar,  and  were  inaaimrfnt.  Tlio  jolk*  hod 
a  gracidih  color,  ani]  tbe  nnbTjva  appckrcd 
dHfc,  PolhJ  l<^her,  Bad  pctfcctif  Koeg- 
ninbk— 4  li-rritile  dish.  Ucuert:  Conicrte 
o(  rilwn,  a  red  fruit  Uut  look!  lik«  »  shad- 
b«rT7,  and  ImIM  Ukc  •  kind  of  aairuO^ 
good.  Darfc-pvm  tniita,  hsvins  «*•!  Med* 
IDfu  (hose  of  llio  plum,  pnaemd  In  bnuid;^ 
—good.  Cnb*'  tnilii  coolud  in  cwlo^olL 
A  gram,  oTil  fruit  with  •  hinf,  bud  ten), 
FMiRDbli&g  m  Ivge  srwn  oUrr,  but  aharp 
«nd  MUT,  «ad  dlucTNablo  to  the  Buropwi 
tMt&  LIgbt  oifcw  Tpy  fincL  NuO,  nl. 
UBodi^  ud  Maior-oU  Modi,  routed  nod 
(•nditd  wMi  wgM  good,  ona  to  Ibo  nw- 
tor^l)«t<ld&  UMBTOni  with  rKatmo-KCd* 
and  thrvo-ouiteivd  cake*  wrercd  with  cn*- 
tor^l  Mod*— pWMbte.  Tuiaiu  bonboD* 
Tn7  moderate;  baked  IlchU.  The  lUAl  I» 
the  finoat  ol  CbliiCK  fnilla,  having  a  wbiM 
flMb  with  the  twic  ot  tbo  btsl  RT^poa— «i- 
<el]c&t.  Slinddochi  and  muidarln  onngMi 
— good.  Ttip  only  driiilii  wore  tea,  T«y 
w«ak  and  without  «u|^r,  and  fatnlon,  ■  rt(«- 
winc,  whtdi  )*  drunk  hot  Ilk*  t«a,  aad  If 
WTMchcdtmS. 

TkBpentiiTt  of  CfmioallM.— M.  Htll- 
ricgel  bn«  underCkkm,  In  a  icriai  of  espcH' 
neaia  on  righlocB  aptciu  of  cuitlrated 
planti,  M  aMeitahi  (be  low«ti  temptnturc 
nt  wUdi  Mcda  are  amiable  of  genolaatloK 
The  eeedi,  qirlnkted  with  dialled  water, 
wne  planwd  in  lar^  nxtiitacke  &Iled  wlili 
TCECInblo  tDotd  that  wer«  ralMd  lo  coMlant 
UunpcraUirM  of  IS',  40°, »',  SO',  and  33*, 
and  kept  there  from  Ihirij-Sre  to  ditj 
boum.  It  wai  fouad  tliat  rfe  aad  wlnler 
wbrat  Kornilnalcd  at  SI'.  lUrlef  ud  call 
abowed  ihclr  eotyladoua  al  31*,  hot  did  not 
ituri  Ull  3S*  wara  tomImL  ladiaii  torn  re- 
quired la*,  The  lumlp  gcmfnattd  at  S3*, 
flux  at  SS*,  the  pM  uid  clever  at  3a*,  Ike 
braa  and  litfiio  at  S8*,  asparagiu  al  SB',  tbe 
•'irnit  nt  311',  and  lb«  b«el  at  tO'.    He  ro> 


tpti«te4T  fwKtIea  mjnlm  llule  bNt,«t 
opcnIM  evra  in  Ibr  Mtira  afcaenoa  of  ^k 
Ileal  aad  11^  are,  however,  nwM  hfwiMe 
for  the  aMknilaUon  of  eailMWte  acM  ud  Ik 
ooRTtnhHi  into  mrban.  Out  llule  lapw- 
tance  i«  attadied  to  the  color  of  th>  BjliL 

Dost  In  KMai.— IVofrtMor  W.  HaiilM 
WilUuni  conlcnd*  Uiai  tnltnic  parttdbedf 
duM  an  repeifed  or  driren  awa*  trew  bmlrf 
bodlee,  and  tlut  the  Tcpvlvloa  ojieata  h 
ibe  open  air  aad  conBBod  ajNtcn  tfta 
Large  bedita,  be  addf,  ar«  dnflarif  ■» 
pciled,  but  M  tbo  repobion  acta  eair  aif*. 
fidaUr  and  tbe  la«nla  of  a  maw  ef  oim 
malur  InonaMa  with  the  cube  of  tu  ibra^^ 
diiwiMion,  and  tia  aurfM*  onl^  with  4* 
•quare  of  Uie  aame,  tbe  rrpolUon  of  wA 
uia««e»dtMaadt  *p«dal  aad  delliMe  vtm^ 
mniu  to  rtadfr  It  vlciUe.  A»imiH[  llti 
view— that  doM  la  repdled  from  wanMrW 
oooliT  bodice,  be  thoee  bodiee  telld  nrpM- 
oiiii— to  be  proTcd,  ibf«,  "If  ib*  walk 
door,  cciBng,  and  fDmitant  of  a  tee*  le 
wnumcT  tfaaa  Ib*  air  ut  Ibo  reoM,  the  *■■ 
Hill  be  tepdled  fnn  the  wall*,  Hi-^  Id  il* 
air;  while  U  Ibe  Ik  be  watwir  Umb  iW 
walls  llw  dotl  will  be  ]iro>Mlod  ft<MB  It* 
air  V.'  tlio  wall*,"  tlcooe  thoM  BtMhedxf 
warming  Toetni  ar*  lo  b«  prrfrrred  wMI 
h«al  Ibe  air  father  than  ll>u  nUd  obJKdi 
osd  (fala,  in  Mr.  WiUlaoa'a  ofdnko,  tImM 
cxdade  open  Urea. 


NOTES. 


Tn  eommlllee  of  tlio  Amrrlean  ia^ 
eialioo  oo  Indoxlas  <.1iciiiknt  IJicralor^i' 
tlw  laM  mee«ifie  of  ibe  AiaociBttna  rrpiM 
praicrBM,  far  rraftanr  VDIlaM  R.  SUUk 
OQ  carbon  BNooxlile* ;  Profemor  U  P.  K» 
bJCBIt,  UD  wMenritei  i  aad  rmfiwHT  C.  t 
Uoniue,  un  Midailne.  I;r.  It.  a  IMue 
ban  pubUtbed  B  CBtoloMie  vf  dwmW  7^ 
rfadkala,  aad  Baaa  If  Oder.  hHlapWd— » 
of  tlw  AnocdUoo,  a  Ilet  of  oauly  nlaetaa- 
dred  cliemkal  la*H  kaowa  h;  ilir  nuM 
of  ibrir  auihora.  Dr.  IMtMi**  anaMl  ^ 
Arx  of  tbe  litcntim  ol  aranliua  ha*  hiM 
accepted.  Dr.  P.  &  Bn^riliardt  ha*eC«*d 
lo  undertake  an  lnd*i  lo  tbe  lltenUif  ^ 
cowman  hIu  Tbe  oommlim'a  repon  p*- 
•aM  a  artwoM  let  ladodag  acWtiillk  Dun- 
tare,  hi  both  aubar  and  enb)!*!  bilim 
preparod  b;  Pnffner  Wltltafn  Vnmr. 

H.  I)n>*ac«T,  \if  mx»Xk»  of  an  Wm 
ttoa^oU  nude  of  coMparatltid;  hip  mJ 


I 


NOTES. 


S7$ 


Drt  >llt:i  oMafan  %  RpaHci  vilbairt  baxiae 
'Wt  «*(WS  cuRtnu,  whkb  b  «(  «un- 
r  Ugh  tMipMMim  u>  gin  itia  >poEnB 
tha  kwiaa  dnaaou.  Auowpbaric 
I  of  Uie  *OTOiid  oidn  m  m>  obuiattl 
■  Hd  tbe  nobnloiM  baadt  of  niuoum 
I  HoM  «(  Uw  dMlradta  «al7  nKlj-. 

Dk.  DixiiL  0.   Bkditox,  of  Phllad«l- 

,  hu  iiNn  urnamiccil  ■  U«r«ua  of  Uie 

>  ktmMaioB  As  Fnaoe,  tad  avanlH 

I  iM(UI  of  ih«  •oelctr,  for  bi«  varlu  oa 

I  "Abonginal  Toogwa  ot  Imerica.'* 

Vmrmmai  Bwum  CAroaALi,  in  »  |Mmv 
I  iba  "  Tylbwortc  Forroula  In  CMMoloal  Gt- 
DIktt,"  |iubliv)i«J  in  tllQ  lultu  quulerl/, 

Vwm  Mmu,"  hold*,  La  gn)«i*1,  ta 

to  U4tb«rt  Kuiicor'a  Iheor^  of 

I  ttOM*,  Ihtt  all  ovoliition  b  4iia 

to  IntoroKl  laitgi  ihu  ca  ouinnl 

ditkiai. 

Tn  isTMition  of  binocnlkr  openflaMai 

ecneiallT  aiulbald  lo  iba  BoEaDlaa 

pmMn,f.Sehj4.    ILO.tiorl.  .a  Italian 

iWr,  hM,  boir«icr,  knni  thai  iha 

„_ifa«cif  tliD  kind  nro  nrcKntod  U 

Lmla  XIII,  hj  ui  optidaa  of  Paria 

a'ad  Vborai,  la  iftao. 

IiVMMTWw  baa  made  bfcMlgntioist  d 

aUon«  with  whieb  plauu  ara  pn>- 

r  BMklag  the  motl  of  tbe  «aur  tliat 

I  tbem  Ib  tbo  ihape  of  rab  or  d«w. 

I  luu  «laMlS«il  Umih  a*  foUo>«:  tkpr««- 

I  la  the  vhapa  o(  1a*f  •cap*  w  of  groon» 

[  tbo  rpldcrnu*;  tui^•forDutioIl^  in  tuft* 

■  bordon. ;  bjitrMCopio  mombraiiva  in  Ibu 

)  of  ivgf)'  OF  fmallsr  (pou  or  Uii|irs 

.  (be  «eid«nnla:  aod  anatomical  atUpta- 

^xub  ••  waMi^atoorbin^  Ifitumi  and 

It  b  a  soiewfiiiliir  faol 

ftlMM  a^ptailoiM  ar«  wasting  ia 

I  paru  of  plauU. 

Jkmai,  «1ia  It  eoanwlcd  with  a 

at  Pondiclwrrj,  Inillo,  Icllt  of 

about  «)i  ttM  bread  »hli!!i  ap- 

paaMd  al  tbo  lop  of  lb«  iwm-vaH  bo  »at 

ndas,  mWe  •hnuhaiieawlr  a  quldc,  itiarp, 

1  report  WM  kiani  uniMr  faU  tabic. 

1  a*  If  >b«  wboU  DniknMo  of  Iho 

bad  b««n  Mnicli  a  bard  blow, 

lb«'util<!  did  not  appear  lo  hare  bora 

ted,  IVM  aaj^JDK  vpan  U,     After  tbo 

^lort.  hli  niato  took  to  iidanlng  anund 

^1  tbo  t*>il«  vttbout  BBJ  adao^  (IiobIiiii 

Iboozb  it  hail  beta  Ifanilrii  op  fi^aa 

'Mb[a,H  bad  not  <aaa«d  lo  be  toucbinx 

Thb  atcowit  la  a  pan  of  the  procMd- 

of  ih<!  PrcMd)  Acadomy  of  iMmcM  of 

bvsuilwr  bill,  and  In  dealpiaU'l  a  "  ncuoi^ 

1  pbenoinan«a." 

jVtaumi  Tnoai*!   baa   dboortrad 
vary  aMMMlTo  dqiotMa  ot  ptHWfibaia 
I  Hum  In  llw  TanUrr  itfaU  of  (SMObwatt- 
tT^i^a, 


U.  LciMTic  BanoK  baa  prapouaM  a 
ne*  tbtor7  of  the  fonaailoa  of  raaL  U« 
bellcTM  it  b  pioduoed  bj  the  riukiog  of 
floaUng  Ltlnndi  lUtB  Iboao  oUcb  now  oonur 
on  nianj  bkM  and  rlvon,  and  vhlili  aro 
cotMpicuooa  on  tbo  L*pp«r  Mte.  Tbeia  b1> 
aaib  are  eompoaed  obleOr  ul  luif,  wbkb, 
bclsK  awaltowcd  np  bj  live  saicr,  Mcomn 
fOMlUicd  at  tbo  bottom. 

II.  Tlkn  bai  deicribad  l«  ibe  Fi«scb 
AoMkanr  of  Mvotet  a  nbenomenon  of  a 
btautlM  g««ca  taj  wld«u  lie  baa  obacrvcd 
lo  follow  (ho  diiappearaaco,  for  a  qoartw  «f 
a  taciMid  afUr  nnuAt,  of  tbo  upimr  llatb  vt 
the  aun**  lUik.  Tba  flath  o(  ibir  ray  U  aa 
quick  M  tbat  of  Uehtnii^,  and  caa  b«  MM 
obIj  nndcr  DnaniaJ  coDditlona  of  olcamM* 
of  Ibo  *kj,  Tha  author  ciplalna  (bo  ap- 
p#ot*Dce  nndar  H.  Clieinml'*  tlworj  of  the 
limultanoOD*  oontrait  of  colora. 

U.  or  LoniOL  annoanocd  In  the  Froncb 
Awodailco  tbo  oompltdoti  of  bl*  work  in 
ilio  "  Paleouiologio  Fnintalfe,"  on  the  fata.1 
frinoida  of  Franoc.    Il«  baa  dfocribed  and 

Sirod  aoe  ipedea,  611  of  whiicb  are  new  to 
Buet.  In  (ha  Mine  work  U.  Cotioan  luu 
dtaolbad  KS  »p<xtc*,  btlomslBx  to  Su 
Renna,  of  AUfdoiK  VearlT  all  of  theae 
apodet  nn  vbanulniaiic  of  Ibo  bedn  in 
wbicb  the;  are  (oundL 

U.  IVnoutEmx]  bu  ob«crrcd  that  at' 
niovpbcric  air  in  lii|utfyi[i|i  dot*  not  follow 
tbo  laas  of  liqiu-taotlon  <if  a  tiuiple  fat, 
but  bcbaroi  llko  a  mtxtura  the  elnsenla  of 
which  am  lulijcct  lo  iflffcKiit  lawn.  If  air 
lO  bchatM  that  it  luu  been  powibte,  on  eu- 
peifidol  obMrrallao,  lo  epaak  of  lla  own 
cridcil  poliii,  it  ii  baoauM  ihe  dSffereaoe 
in  ilie  oarvva  of  lannon  of  tbo  Ttpon  «f 
or^D  and  ^tras«n  U  to  aUght  aa  ewitjr 
to  wcapo  notloe;  Air  mar  be  made  lo  giro 
nra  dtailaet  liquid*,  of  dlfforont  appearanoe 
and  «ompoiicico,  one  afcoTs  Ibo  oihet,  and 
MfaraUvl  bradiitincl  n>onii>cuii:  tlie  lower 
llquiil  containing  by  rolaiiie  abnul  814  per 
cent  ot  OKygcn,  and  tbe  upper  one,  17  or 
18  per  eon. 

A  MKnoTDiatAS  Hpnldire  hat  been  db> 
cvTcrrd  near  Uooloeaas.  Pranee,  whidi 
aunia  tn  bo  mi  far  unique  in  lu  way.  and  b 
fiu|i|>o«i.-d  lo  dale  from  iho  fonnb  or  Afth 
ctotiity.  Iteontainada  miinunifleil  Knnk- 
uh  warrior,  with  bis  anni  aod  dolbc*.  The 
■ucophngnii  WW  node  of  a  aoft,  calmrcoua 
■icsc^  aol  bad  Udc  ol  (he  aamn  mntcriaL 
Tlio  muBiDT  waa  wrappod  In  a  linrn  *hlrt 
and  a  weofm  reba,  with  a  bell-bnoklo  la 
|>erf«1  pnaernlion,  and  an  ban  sword. 
"Hio  dIkmb  were  alia  in  Kood  «andilioa,  aaJ 
faatoiod  with  amrrow  itriiw  of  loalfacr.  Al 
(he  fed  waa  a  funereal  iok.  Tbe  dlMor. 
mr  liad  nplaMid  (he  aorocfibaffua  and  cov- 
ered It  up,  ID  aa  ta  haro  U  in  aala  kaoplni; 
(or  futwe  obMrraiioii  t  but  iUcim  (■ 


S76 


T3S  POPULAR  SCIENCE  MONTHLY. 


1 


in  Um  nl^lit  t«  Mm)  It  bwilj,  and,  taaiXj 
luil  (bojr  iaiKbc4  llio  *li«ltWiii,  wbtn  bono*, 
drvw,  aiul  aims  nil  Ml  into  duct. 

n.  QtMw»  TnuKiMUi'a  "  Li  Xainn," 
«f  IVrt*,  lia^  liiM  «M«rml  npoa  lu  foor- 
Uvnili  vi>l>uiir,  nod,  in  rccM^ag  tfat  Imi, 
•anouKci  IliM  iLa  uamr  had  bom  oiwaf 
cnmlng  iucmm.  It  U^n  witli  a  armla- 
Uon  or  2,u0iJ  otnilts,  and  uow  iirtnU  IS.iHfU, 
It  b  a  btnulUoll;  priiUcd  and  protuadjr  U- 
lustmiHliei>nMU,*rlii)**ain  b  to  dtraet  tkt 
•luiUiN  of  I'mnoh  todUi,  "  wm  mdnanil; 
IndMtrioua  and  ibiraUog  far  bioirlodgc  b«- 
cailH  It  bM  ptvllted  bf  tlie  tfwoni  of  a  rv- 
cml  pwl|"  Into  tlio  ehamirli  ablcb  Bill  ht 
motf  tMDfColai.  Uvlite*  ncontl^  vlvktlf 
and  coat-lMl]'  wliat  «ci)ws  In  «TatT  Mbtr 
field  tA  KicoM,  it  ^to<  Oipcdal  aUootion 
t«  Iho  expovidun  of  naw  appUMiioni  of 
oleotilcltj',  and  of  new  omoet^ion*  and  ci- 
parimtota  la  a^lal  narisallon. 

Coiiom.  tl.  I(.  BsAXn:^  1al«  of  lh»9iir> 
wj  of  India,  Rfoiuka  as  a  noUoMblc  fMV 
ore  la  ibc  inolrain>loi7  of  lti«  vMlbcaM 
eoaM  ot  tbit  oountr?  the  frequent  llehtalng- 
ttonn*,  «hlch  oocut  dallj',  (or  irMfci  to- 
(;otbcr.  l*for»  Ibo  Mtiin;  In  of  Ibe  MUlh' 
«««l  monaoon,  UDwranimidod  \tj  nia  «r  bf 
an;  •oimd  ot  tbnuikr.  vatif  are  ann  along 
llic  coiul  vbora  tbo  load  and  >ca  httirtei 
alicttint*,  and  aloiiK  ilio  linr  ot  tlic  OliAta. 
vhore  the  lurfutt-uurn-nt  1>  tbrown  up  Lulu 
tbe  upper  ami  oppodut  i^utrvnl «(  tho  ot- 
mospbcre.  In  tliU  region  tlw  rare  phe- 
nomenon of  liitf ifcnoKU  f rin^n  (■  tmj  Ik- 
(jnentlT  to  bo  ikco. 

Tmk  puipow  of  rontUttjni!  Mflan  l>  lo 
■alio  them  oool  and  diy.  Tbn'  are  otton 
TOitllated  M  ai  to  bo  >am  and  iLuap.  T)i» 
b  done  idien  tbe  air  admlti«d  lo  them  (ni.a 
«lltu>nt  Ii  nnuidenbly  *armct  than  Ihc  air 
■ithln  iWin.  Uuniin;;  into  lli«  oooliic  (id- 
lar,  this  ail,  ■bile  It  raiMa  Iha  tvnineraiurt 
of  Ihe  ocll^r-ntr,  iu«lf  b  wmled,  and  depoa. 
iu  III  tQciiitiire,  vbieh  aoot)  beMonea  evi- 
dent a*  vUilil«  or  paLpabbdamimca*.  ThOTB- 
fore,  all  Ibe  viintllaiton  of  cwlUn  In  vann 
nnthci  vboidd  b«  dona  M  nl^bt ;  and  Ibo 
cellar  (hould  be  kept  eleaed  boi«o<n  ntniiu 
andninset. 

U.  TnonmLQT,  In  a  paper  about  the  lakr 
"ntwiiwt"  in  ilionubula  in  Aiidiamfda, 
dbeuain  i1m<  qncMion  Mbelher  Ibu  Blar  baa 
BUf  ph^dml  Mnwdim  wttli  the  nabub. 
Be  bcliotea  that  it  hu  no4,  btoanac.  In  pro. 
pottic>n  aa  tbo  atar  dlmblAfd  ajpln  In 
brigblneu,  tbe  nabob  wqiriradin  pfitllao 
fonn.  Thua  the  Impreerion  «aa  gjtTen  that 
the  ehanaje  doiIomI  !■  ih«  agiipeanuiae  of  the 
nebula  duiiog  tbe  oeaipfauoaa  rliUnllt;  of 
Ibo  no*  *tar  *sa  odI;  ■pMfcnt,  and  «h 
duo  lo  ibc  Miperlor  lUbt  of  the  oiar  bailiig 
oretMwerad  foe  ■  umo  ihe  aurrousdlu 
porUana  of  tbe  octiub. 


X.  Cu.  Tcuiu,  In  a  i«chiI  uin>T4iii>ii, 
nbed  twMii7-Bte  Imdnd  gu ' : 
la  au  hour  (nxu  a  difiib  o4  i 
villi  a  |io>nr  gnuaaied  alnpljr  bt  tit*  uu. 
f«l  Iteat  of  Ibe  van, 

Accoioiaio  to  aecnuBta  In  ■'  Linil  tul 
Watvr,"  the  grwlekl  eitiMtlen  n^f  ihr  W- 
fab  b  belsB  (olbmd  up  ^    i 
iKcraao  tn  the  dtMcdaiknw  of 
tbe•b«cf■«B<]e■IUoraDl■^'-°    i' 
a«lf  MM  tlutofow  era  f  < 
noowM*.    IW  iheen   li  . 
Mnne  lime  fnun  tbdlr  nxaKF',  and  m» 
the  OMtle  arv  nllatfced.    Our  pacli  e(  p« 
wolTea,  wHbbi  Afir  mtlea  of  Fort  UcLmA 
I  haa  be«D  haowB  to  ollaek  and  pall  don 
neen  two  fvm  dd.    The  coirMo  Mli* 
Ibe  fterotr  udinab,  and  are  eatUM  •(& 
what  ib(7  IcaM^  or  Bith  iba  aaoalfcr  aalim 


OmrCABY  NOTES. 

U.  BocuT,  Pmildent  of  ihe  FnaA 
Aouleni;  of  iMmtae,  died  Sorewdwe  mk 
of  a  diKoae  froa  «Ucb  be  had  inOMid 
Icnc  and  palnftillr.  Bb  efxebl  icU  rf 
r«M.«reh  wa*  In  ectcttaMtr  •Hrwa,  (Ma 
whicb  be  drew  maay  Icanaa  br»i  trial  b 
Ibeii  applkaiion  tobunwapalbolen.  Hi 
appKclaud  Ibe  Talae  o<  U.  PaMMrT laben 
trom  a  1*17  Mil*  lUgr,  and  Ban  (bOB  Ml 
rnmr.It  MMipcraliou  ;  and  bli  o«n  nMWib* 
in  hjrdropbubb,  upiauuilc*,  and  thdr  ia» 
din  and  pfevpnlirai,  MPtille  biM  to  a  4» 
tb^rbed  plaee  In  the  anaab  «(  MUna- 
pocajTUoloj^.  He  «M  Ibe  auUior  «rf  beii) 
on  expeeiniunlal  dbraae  and  on  ewucli^ 
and  hb  bclBiM  al  Ibo  miaawm  harehM 
highly  epokcn  of. 

Tbe  draili  b  raportad  o(  ».  lUhUeak 
author  of  ralwbb  vvaardioi  to  tnw^ 
itiCTiitl  tbttapealki  and  dmrical  gtaW" 
RT.  We  iraa  paftbtdailt  InleiMM  ■  ik 
iureetlgUba  «f  asppoaad  rehdls«M  Mat* 
tbe  cbemlnl  oomputbtoei  and  Uw  1*)^ 
loelcal  aclwn  of  varbua  tradiea.  Ha  a** 
for  Iir<*il7  jears  one  cd  tbo  *«■  ■<*''* 
DKinbera  of  Uie  Ftoudi  lUolaeiaal  SmMf 

O&tTAUt  HimtX.  t  111'  Ini  (Klnr  nl  tl«  "» 

tarn  of  optica)  ubenti-hii  ohich  Itai  rvM- 
ly  been  Inirodwed  for  ui»e  In  U»  l""** 
arsiy,  baa  reeentlj  died  ti(  apt^ilrij,  «t  ib 
nee  of  foTi7-BT«  ytULt*. 

Da.  Tdohm  AXDUwa,  P.  IL  fl.  rer»4 
jrtan,  till  ISTD.  )>nte*mT  of  OubIOtI* 
Quxcn'*  OoDege,  IblfaM,  ha*  RMlDr  M 
la  the  *eTtfily.&rvt  jwar  of  U<  i|»  i* 
made  earty  rewarcbc«  Inlo  tbe  BoM*'^ 
of  tlie  gaMii,  prreldod  via  llie  IMili  A^ 
•ocbtJoo  al  Ihp  tiluftow  inenbg  b  If" 
at>d  b  hb  addreat  pttdlelr.!  il<a  aWaW 
aolutba  of  tbe  noeaiJnn  of  I'l'i''*^ 
wUeh  «••  MMinidliM  a  yivr  and  ■  b" 
aft«rwaid. 


THE 


POPULAB    SCIENCE 
MONTHLY. 


KAKCH.  1B86. 


JIOLOGICAL  TEACUiNO  IN    COLLEGES* 

Bt  WnXIAM   Q.  FABLOW, 
raorwM*  or  CBViiauiJix  botast,  mAartno  mirnMrr. 

>nE  genonl  itM  of  the  word  biology  in  tbii  coantrf  ixiCA  from  a 
]>orioJ  scarovly  more  rumote  tban  ten  or  twi-lvc  yean  Ago,  nix], 
BVBD  At  lliv  prosvat  day,  in  epito  of  tbo  fact  that  a  good  inauy  of  our 

cIwdIh  ami  oolkgCH  Biinooucc  r«urM;ii  on  ibc  Kubji<ct,  and  cvon  tliv 
BAiri[ttpi!n«  »Goa«ionall]r  dittcusa  iu  popular  aapeots,  the  quMtion  i*  not 
infrmjctenlly  aaked  by  persons  generally  well  infonned,  '>\''bat  U  bi- 

Jogy  ?    The  quMtioa  iii  not  cjuily  answered,  for,  if  we  nay  ibat  biolo- 
U  nothing  bnt  tlic  oiwi-niio  of  botany  an<l  jwologv — which  is  the 
foci — tinm  tlio  iniuircr  not  unn.-3iional>ly  asks  why  wo  uow  hoar  bo 

luoh  about  biology,  while  we  formerly  heard  only  of  botany  and  so* 
Ology,  and  the  iufi>n.<noo  ia  that  biology  in  nothing  bat  a  fine-sonnding 
'  irord  newly  coine<]  to  take  the  place  of  what  uacd  [o  be  called  natural 
blatory.  This  h  in  a  certain  sense  true,  hot  biology  means  rather 
tuttiirnl  history  aa  it  is,  than  natural  history  a«  it  naed  to  be,  slndiod. 
It  is  to  natural  history — I  Daa  tbe  terms  as  adopte<l  in  tbia  country, 
without  oinNidcring  wliitl  their  original  apptiration  may  have 
it  ifl  to  natural  ht-Htory  what  reform  la  in  politiea :  aa  reform  i 
elevate  eilalJng  partiea  by  forcing  tbem  to  correct  abuses  i 
(nse  tww  life  by  diwoMing  questions  of  the  day  rather  thao' 
meo,  so,  under  tbo  gnise  of  biology,  the  attempt  bas  been  madfll 
fuM  now  life  into  natural  history  by  Mibftitutiiig  for  the  excluR 
deaoripliro  •liidy  of  ptauta  and  animala  a  broader  sok 
inolude  alao  hiatology,  phyuology,  and  tlie  history  of  j 

*  Itoai  fcrfon  Uw  f!«daj  of  NatuMllsM  of  Ibt  EwUn  Uii 
tnu  n  nil —IT 


S78 


TUB  POPULAR   8CISNCE  MOKTBLT. 


i 


4  Btod; 
IiwI.  il^ 


Afl  a  protest  AgaiaM  n  t«)0  narrow  viow  uf  nstaral  bivtory,  biokii 
atUncU'd  a  large  number  of  advocates  in  tliis  couotry,  wbo  bopcd 
the  IH'W,  or,  if  you  |<lva!)o,  the  newly  namctl  science,  wouM  net  iitily 
large  tbe  viewo  of  profee&ionnl  iiiiul  ikiiiatvur  natunillifUi,  bat  wouM 
ftimUh  a  ralnsble  ud  in  thv  trducHtioo  of  tbo  yooDj;.  It  is  not  wj 
|}urpo«e  to  Mjx'ak  of  tbo  clinngud  as]>eot  of  |)rofcMioRaI  anil  etpft 
Htadii'K.  vluwvd  from  a  biological  Btand-poiot,  bat  nuroly  lu  oon^itf 
the  vlTvct  nliiclt  has  been  produced  on  eleinetitary  inHtnictlcm  in  ml- 
iegea  and  &cbools.  Within  tbo  laat  t«n  yean  a  Iargi<  nombur  of  boob 
and  papers  biw  appeared  in  print,  intended  to  ebow  ti^aclim  how  Mf 
[«acb  and  Ktudt-nUi  bow  to  nluily  plants  and  nntmale.  Si<ni4>  of  tbrst 
aru  i'XC(.<)I«-iiIt  and  certainly,  ae  far  a»  books  go,  tliey  liraro  liitlo  to  be 
donired.  They  all  Mart  wilb  tbc  advice  that  a  beginner  afaotild  atod; 
plaiita  and  animala  tbemitelves,  rather  than  what  baa  I>C4'n 
aboDt  tlicni.  In  other  word8,  the  6nt  thing  ia  to  learn  to  v 
In  incnloating  tbo  importance  of  observation  the  modern  tlol 
are  only  repealing  tho  advice  of  tbc  natamlists  of  the  old  •rliool, 
though  it  mnift  be  Raid  to  tlio  crrdit  of  tho  former  that  they  birr 
insisted  upon  obttcrvatiun  with  a  fretjntncy  and  nrgeney  previoiwly 
unknown.  Bat  bow  ts  one  to  Itegin?  The  biolo^i-al  metJiod  mg- 
gesta  a  careful  etndy  of  a  few  typea  uliieb  irlU  give  thn  begiuimk 
general  acqiiaintsnce  with  the  essential  Btructnre  of  both  tltu  anisol 
and  vc(;etabIo  kinf^doms ;  wlivnof,  by  the  oldur  method,  it  wm  Um 
fashion  to  etady  rathtr  minntely  the  external  characteni  of  a  nr 
Kidvmbtv  immber  of  Hp<s;ic«  of  certain  groups  of  plants  or  aniniali, 
the  general  view  of  tbo  two  kingdoms  was  obtained,  if  obtained 
all,  from  lectures,  and  not  from  an  actual  study  of  spvelinttos  in 
laboratory. 

h*  I  haw  aaid,  the  new  mode  of  study  lias  been  more  or  lea 
vogtio  in  our  leading  schools  and  colleges  for  about  ten  y<uirs,  aiid 
ought  to  ask,  with  what  sueceM  ?  lias  it  accomplished  what  ita«  r. 
pccted  ?  Or,  if  not,  what  is  tJxi  rcMoo  f  It  ba*  lii'i'n  my  lot  to  tracA 
one  branch  of  biology  to  collvge  clacacs,  and,aamy  ex]>iri<-neviwunul4 
me  to  show  that,  in  some  nvpccts,  the  result  is  disap|>ointing,  I  slwioU 
like  to  state  some  of  the  difHeulties  which  have  presented  thomnin* 
in  my  caw,  not  that  I  have  lost  faith  in  the  eysuni  st  all,  but  litvaaw 
my  experience  apparently  sbowa  tlint  considerable  iraprovonnmt  nw* 
ntUl  l>o  made  before  tfae  best  rcsnlts  can  bo  attained. 

Tbe  students  who  come  under  my  charge,  about  tbirty-(lv0  anna- 
ally,  arc  probably  in  int<Hi|r<^nee  and  induvtry  good  repn' 
of  the  average  student  as  found  in  oar  colicgr*.  They  eoau  . . 
parts  of  the  country,  and  while  many  of  them  have  been  flUrd  ftfj 
collego  at  the  different  classical  scbools,  when.-  the  great  ohjed  b  M 
prepare  boys  to  answer  certain  examination  4aeMlioos,  r>duoatloa  w> 
Midi  being  considere«l  of  very  slight  importance,  others  ore  lltted  '"j 
^Uools  where  natural  science  ia  ostensibly  taught,  and  otiian  lU^j 


BIOLOGICAL   TEACHING  IN  COLLEGES. 


S79 


comv  from  dJstact  collcgm  and  techiiival  sdioolik  TIi«  coitrw  lit 
BtrictJy  an  elcmentarjr  ooe,  und  no  ]>rGvioiu  knowledge  of  botanr  or 
xoClogjr  is  roi]nir4id.  As  b  fact,  a  considerable  nambcr  of  the  class 
hav«  nludlftd  botany  before  irntcring  oollegu,  and,  as  otbttra  have  not, 
t  am  alilo  to  oomparo  tliu  ri'sulta  of  diHerent  motbods  of  Mtudy  in  Uio 
fitting-achoola. 

After  a  few  duvctionfl  concerning  tUe  use  of  iho  componnd  mi«ro- 
soopcM  {jlacvd  b<-fore  tliem,  some  simple  mateiOBl  is  given  tbom  to  ex- 
amiuc.  Coiini'li-Hug  the  largo  number  of  good  books  wbicb  insist 
upon  proper  training  of  the  obsorving  power*,  And  knowing  how  «X- 
t«astvely  tbey  are  read  by  tcacbers,  I  migbt  bope  tliM,  at  least,  a  good 
Bbare  of  my  claaa  would  know  how  lo  set  to  work.  Hut  what  is  tbe 
OMe?  The  first  <]Ue«tion  asked  by  about  three  fourths  of  any  ctaas 
u  enrv  to  he, "  What  do  you  wish  me  to  observe  ?  '*  What  a  qui'^lion  ! 
Is  this  the  nwuU  of  several  yi<ars'  tnUning,  tliai  a  young  nun  eighteen 
years  of  age,  or  older,  must  Iw  told  just  what  to  observe  when  a 
preparation  is  ]iu(  before  him  ?  Ilaa  it  come  to  this,  that,  while  a  boy 
ei^ltt  or  tin  years  oM  will  examine  with  interest  objuuts  placed  beforo 
him,  a  college  student  will  not  cxamina  a  prcparnlion  until  lib  baa 
be«n  told  exactly  what  he  is  to  itoo  in  it?  Wb«n  I  rt-ply,  "I  with 
you  to  oiamice  whatever  there  is  to  be  seen  iu  your  preparation," 
(here  in  a  look  of  astonishment,  Eomctiinea  abading  oS  wu>  dismay. 
That  an  inetmctor  should  expect  stuJonta  to  la<^  at  an  object  befora 
(hetn  and  ni.ike  ont  its  strticlure,  or  attempt  to  make  out  its  structure, 
liy  thenuHilves,  seemit  to  thcni  sonxstlungquitensbeardof,  and  they  evi- 
dently feel  lliat  thrre  in  n  ottrtnia  meanness  attaching  to  one  wlio  will 
not  tell  them  jnst  what  tbey  muxt  sec.  It  has  ut-ver  entered  their 
beads  that,  while  an  instructor  may  be  able  to  tell  tbem  what  be  bim- 
self  sees  in  tbo  object  to  be  studied,  he  can  not  ttU  them  what  they 
will  sec  in  it,  ami  that  it  is  only  after  they  have  studied  tbe  object  for 
thcinsvlvos  and  attempted  to  form  an  idea  of  iu  strncturo  that  ho  can 
explain  what  is  obscure  or  oorroot  what  is  erroneoas.  Evidently  the 
greater  part  of  the  students  regard  the  objecls  placed  before  tbem  as 
m>  many  diagrams,  and  the  instructor  is  to  serve  the  same  pnrpoM)  as 
the  "  explanation  of  figure  so-and-so  "  in  a  text-book. 

The  (jHc^lion  naturally  ari»c«,  where  were  those  who  ask,  "  Wliat 
do  you  wish  me  to  otrMri'c  >  *"  Sttcd  for  college  ?   Do  tboy  BUM||^^om 
tbe  elassical  schools,  where  thu  only  natural  hixtory  stodhl^^^^^H^ 
weeks'  cram  of  Gray's  «  How  Plants  <irow  "  ?    Unforton^^^^^l 
not     Nothing  better,  perhaps,  could  have  been  espeotedij^^^^^H 
^here  nearly  all  the  instmction  is  eonRniKl  to  langiiagvi^^^^^^H 

Inqniring  spirit  and  fondnew  for  obHcrvation  natural  l^^^^^^l 

suppressed  to  a  great  extent.    Some  of  tbe  stii4gy^fl^^^^| 

wv  come  from  schools,  or  worse  eljll,  from  ooIUri^^^^^^^^^l 

■tory  \a  taught,  and  wltcre  ufie  is  made  of  some  <l^^^^^^^^^^^| 

which  I  have  already  referred.    It  is  evident  ^^^^^^^^^^^| 


5^0 


THE  POPULAR  SCJBNCM  MONTBl,r. 


not  enoagli,  For  there  can  bo  nn  doatit  tliat  vmaj  tcAobtn  iak*'l 
Tcry  books  which  emphsticolly  urge  ihv  ncoaaitjr  of  obeerrmtk«,i 
use  thffm  jiutt  m  tbojr  woaU  *  gnmmax,  or  *  sohool  history,  no  ibaL  lb# 
obncTTftiion,  tn  ibia  c&Be,  may  be  eaid  to  coii«it  in  ob^prrtDf;  what  ii 
add  on  a  certain  pag«  of  a  c«nain  booV,  ud  not  In  mitclting  m; 
pbnt  or  animtil. 

Supposing  that  I  am  correct  in  believing  that  about  thtrv  fourthi 
of  a  cbua  mIc  the  <iacniofi, "  What  do  jou  wish  ine  to  observv ? *"  tbm 
fttUl  remain  one  fourth  who  do  not  ask  the  qaation.  Amoog  tlMat 
nro  aome  who  are  by  nature  good  obserxcra,  or  wbo  have  been  vtll 
trained,  batthenumbcrof  thnv  is  vcrjrnna]).  Tlic  romainder «nudiU 
of  tboM  who  haw  already  studied  biology  according  to  the  Tcry  Utnt 
method  with  all  the  modem  improvementa.  They  do  not  aak  what  1 
wiflh  lliem  to  observe,  but,  on  the  contrary,  begin  to  lecture  to  »f 
about  the  object  under  consideration  and  things  in  gcncraL  If  I  give 
tlwm  aome  yeast  to  examine,  they  tdl  me  al  once  all  about  Its  hi*- 
tory,  and  thow  me  the  spores  whii-h  it  aoema  Beceaaiy  that  the  jram 
•hould  hare  to  inako  it  agree  with  tlie  books.  It  makes  no  ditTefcaet 
if  I  substitute  a  ijnancity  of  atarch  for  the  yeaat.  If  I  only  caO  it 
yeast,  it  will  have  all  the  book-marka  of  yeast.  This  orer^uated 
class  of  young  men  is  very  entertaining,  but  vcrj'  hani  to  UoA 
Everything  is  gr^st  to  their  mill.  For  Ihcro  the  nbiqattona  air-hohblt 
makes  a  simple  but  Bofftcient  oucleua,  if  it  is  necessary  to  liava  a  fla- 
eleos,  or  it  will  »erve  equally  well  as  a  spore  if  apom  are  daidnd 
Nothing  Is  so  insignlfirant  (hat  they  can  not  apply  to  It  a  big  mm 
and  DO  theory  is  so  roniplcx  that  it  can  not  be  dragged  in  to  explaip 
the  most  aelf-evident  cases. 

I  have  said  enough  to  show  that,  nnlesa  my  eipcrience  ia  on  eieeta 
Itonal  one,  in  spite  of  all  the  talk  on  the  snbject,  boys  at  scbool  ifl 
not  taught  to  observe  m  they  should  be,  and  that  even  those  tndi^H 
who  use  good  tcirt-books  frequently  use  them  as  means  of  ImpaftlH 
facta  easily  and  quickly  by  the  old  method,  rather  than  as  an  aid  In  ttfl 
•oientiflo  training  of  the  faoullics  which  raimt  form  the  baaia  of  Mfl 
•erioua  study  of  biology.     One  fact  has  suqirised  me.     Some  of  W^ 
best  obserren  among  my  gtndents  have  been  pontons  who  fitted  ■' 
tba  elaMioal  acboola,  where  the  training  ts  exduMvely  iingnialie  »^ 
mathematical.    To  be  Kore,  they  have  been  considered  a  bad  l««  I"? 
some  of  their  instructors,  and  I  presume  that  they  paid  little  atlrnii'^ 
to  their  studies  at  school.     Perhaps  it  is  in  consequence  of  tbi»  i"^ 
neglect  that  tbeir  natural  powers  of  observation  bav«  been  !«■  '^ 
paired  than  those  of  their  fellows  who  have  learned  nvore  and  W* 
lees. 

It  seems  a  gnai  pity  that  students  sliould  come  to  onllege  M  "^ 
fitted,  as  are  the  majority,  to   undertake  biological  work.     Rot  "U 
must  accept  things  as  (hey  are,  and  there  is  no  u«t  in  att«mptb]i  V 
take  the  avcond  step  before  the  first  has  bum  taken.     If  tbrscAoolv^ 


BIOIOOICAL  TBACBJNG  m  COLLEOES. 


S*" 


.  or  will  Dut  teach  obvcnalion,  tli<>ii  il  muK(  I'l>  Uuglit  in  college, 
no  maUvr  if  it  do«a  Be«m  to  Lu  cliild'a  work,  lu  colk-ges,  however, 
Bit  Is  ibtolutely  impossible  to  find  the  time  or  the  means  for  training 
'  cv«ry  oii«  to  become  an  obsorver,  um)  we  are  obliged  to  diatinguixh 
between  two  diScront  cIxmigs  of  pcraons  in  amnging  eoaiBC*  in  biol- 
ogj.  The  firet  and  much  the  Inrgcr  olau  in  Eattvrn  ootlcgc«  includes 
all  thoM  wlio  nro  preparing  tbemsclvea  for  lilerar)-,  legal,  and  other 
■imilar  punuits,  and  who  wiab  to  know  tbe  most  important  facta  about 
nnira.il  an<l  phot  liTe,  but  who,  after  they  have  entered  college,  can 
not  affoi<)  the  time  to  train  thembelvos  for  xtrictly  scientific  ■tudi«H. 
'I1ii«  claM  must  of  necessity  be  taiiglit  \>y  tccturM  and,  perhapti,  a  few 
ileoionttrniiona,  and,  a«  far  aa  the  method  iit  ounocmcd,  it  a  the  flame 
as  that  purtuod  in  teaching  litrnilurc,  hiatory,  or  other  flubjects  in 
whieh  gi'iR'nil  information  ti  sought.  Nothing  farther  ne«d  be  eatd 
with  regard  to  biological  instruction  loieinled  for  this  class  of  »liident«, 
for  in  BCTeral  of  our  colleges  tbe  instruction  of  this  kind  is  diitJnctly 
good  and  conRtantljr  improving. 

Tlio  woond  class  of  Mudents  ioclodcs  Iboco  who  arc  intending  to 
become  profc^iiional  naturali«t«,  tcaehcrx  of  nnttirs)  science,  or  medi- 
cs) practitioners ;  in  short,  all  who  need  to  know  plantK  and  animals 
practically  and  tbe  methods  of  biological  invctitigation.  Of  course, 
every  naturalist  and  teacher  of  natural  science  should  have  a  pract.i- 

Ioal  acquaintance  with  plants  and  animals.  So,  too,  should  every  rc- 
Bpcctablt  physician  be  trained  in  methods  of  biological  study.  To 
Jiiin  every  patient  Hhouhl  be  a  field  of  research.  By  bis  own  powers 
of  observation  be  is  to  find  out  nigns  and  symptoms  of  which  the  pa- 
tiont  can  not  or  will  not  give  information.  Merely  listening  to  lect- 
ures, however  entertaining  or  full  of  information,  is  not  enough  for 
this  ohjM  of  stndents.  Work  in  tbe  laboratory  ia  neoeosary,  and, 
in  my  opinion,  that  work  had  better  precede  any  detailed  countc  of 
lectures. 
H  Ileing  myself  merely  a  botanist,!  can  only  speak  of  the  way  in 
"  whleh  plant-life  may  be  tnaght,  but,  as  far  aa  the  method  of  instruc- 

Illon  is  concerned,  what  is  true  of  botany  ts,  I  presume,  ei^entially  true 
of  eoAlogy.     ConsidirSng  the  age  of  college  students,  and  the  neco^ 
Rity  of  n»ing  tbe  compound  microscope,  if  one  intends  to  make  a  prac- 
tical study  of  biology,  it  Hcems  to  me  best  that  tbe  instrnctor  shonltLi 
begin  with  some  simple  form  like  yeast  or  a  anioellnlar  alga.  "^ 

'Jliere  are  other  re«aons  besides,  wbivh  make  it  desirable  to  bof 
with  the  smaller  forms  which  cin  only  be  studied  with  the  mUt 
kseope.      As  it  \n  neccfsary,  under  present  conditions,  to  beg^a^H 
Htvaehing  a  student  how  to  obcerve  for  btmself,  it  is  better  to  BW^I 
■    this  puriMwe  «mall  forms  which  Iio  has  probably  never  sren  before,  t, 
^  if  ho  has  read  books  on  biology,  a  r.iixttiru  of  sevnral  small  form 
H  which  lie  ran  not  recognise  from  pictures.    The  plan  ff  'lend- 

Hlngany  t<.*st-hook  in  the  beginning  is  very  injuririutc  <rc 


S8» 


TlIE  POPULAB  SCIS^FCS  MOXTSLT. 


utod,  by  far  Uw  gnUUee  fmn  of  anj  dam  wt]].  from  mmn  fom 
liAbit,  coaimit  the  oootrau,  and  llin  tnsgha)  llip>-  *w  etnytHi 
tDentiDticil  in  lbs  l>oo>lu  snd  ootliiitg  more.     Afur  tln-v   li»t'  t)M 
tniDctl  U)  ubaerve,  tliej  nuf  be  allowed  to  couauh  buokis  but  cot 
tort.    WhMK  k  tnra  of  books  ia  trne  of  lectures  on  obJvoU  laaftbl 
th«  Uboratorj-,    Tbe  stoilonU)  always  wub  to  bari<  tin-  !• 
and  ape  ihc  objrot  afltfrwnrd.     It  ttat*  to  tbi-tn  to  ligbli-n 
but  till'}-  fail  to  rocognUe,  what  i%  evidvtit  to  ibo  issiruclor,  Uiat 
are  not  learouig  ao  much  or  bo  well 

Again,  f«w  students  bare  any  proper  conception  of  solid  bodM, 
and,  to  train  tbnn  un  tliis  point,  BOtbia|;  is  so  gotkl  m  mnoo  npMiw 
body  wbicb  bss  to  b«  ttodiod  by  tnicroecopio  aeollona.     Foir  Utia  por> 
pOM  I  OM  pt«ovB  of  p;D«-wood  wliSch  an  ^titd  to  the  cUm  aariy  In 
tb«  term,  Jnst  aa  soon  as  tbey  baTO  acquired  a  tittle  fncility  in  tlio 
of  the  uicroBcope,    A  pi«c«  largo  mongb  to  iliow  Uu*  annual  rlnj^ 
given  to  L'ach  student,  wbo,  by  looking  at  the  ringn,  nu  ti-ll  frnm  m 
part  of  the  trunk  bis  piece  came.    After  some  simple  dirM'tintis  nl 
cutting,  the  stodcnt  is  told  to  make  eectioDn  in  three  dirrctino*: 
right  angles  to  th«  trunk,  and  in  the  directions  of  ihe  radias  and 
gent,  and  in  tlto  order  itanicd.    After  they  havo  mado  and  ilritvn 
first  aoctioii,  if  a«k^  what  they  think  is  tb«  itracturo  of  Uto  wood, 
almost  all  of  tbem  will  at  once  say  that  it  is  com)ioa»d  of  sqaarv  oolbL 
If  one  asks  what  tbey  mean  by  H|aare  celbi,  they  say  cclU  aliaped  Ifte 
dice.    }d  classes  of  from  thirty  to  forty  persons,  I  havi^  nerer  foaiul 
more  than  four  or  five  st&doDts — in  one  class  there  was  only  one— wbu 
knew  enough  to  say  that  they  could  not  tell  wliat  the  etruciure  of  lb* 
woo«l  was  until  they  had  swn  •cotion^i  in  otht-r  directions.    Th«  erm- 
Motion  made,  [hey  proceed  to  the  mdial  section.     TIariiig  atnod; 
made  up  their  minds  from  the  erosS'aeotion  thai  the  wood  is  fei 
of  cubical  c«IIb,  the  radial  section,  with  its  long  tubes  showing 
peculiar  disk-like  markini:^  of  coniferous  wood  on  the   walls,  tiUlttf' 
confounds  them  ;  and  it  requires  considerable  time  before  ihoygirr 
up  th«  attempt  to  make  what  th«y  nea  in  the  ndial  seotton  af;n<e  vilb 
the  cubical  cells  which  ezixt  only  in  their  own  Imagtnationii,  saJ 
realise  that  it  is  only  by  mentally  combining  the  ImnsvrrM-  nfi-l  niliil 
Hotioos  that  they  can  arrive  at  any  convct  conception  of  thf  Ktni'-iu'i 
of  the  wood.     Finally,  the  dink-like  markings  are  to  be  explsini^ 
After  trying  Ineffectually  to  pass  them  off  as  nncIH,  vamoles,  nr  utluT 
structures  which  tbey  have  beard  are  to  be  found  in  Vk-griabl«  nth 
they  arc  finally  induced  to  see  whether  tbey  can  not  6od  any  irarM«f 
them  in  the  othor  section,  and  so,  slowly,  th«y  make  out  ibetr  ltd. 
nature.  I 

No  work  which  I  ever  liave  to  do  u  u  ln»tractnr  hi  ao  utMtfl 
droary  as  that  of  forcing  studonts  to  iurt  b  rorn-ct  c^nrvplfaw  aj 
solids.     It  is  really  a  lesson  in  solid  geometry  ;  a  sulijrct  which,  w  ««] 
pi)  know,  many  pwreons  can  only  learn  with  gri!al  dilflcttlty.    DM 


BIOLOQJCAL   TBACBISQ  IN  COLLEGES. 


S83 


lifficuU  or  not,  tlie  training  in  ILU  i]iroctton  ia  so  important  tliat  It 


BaifficuU  CF 

Hwamnt«  tko  Mooaut  of  time  and  labor  spent.     As  a  rule,  I  fear, 
ciMses  do  not  se«  wliy  I  givu  tlicra  pin«>wood  to  rtudy.    Tlioy  dislike 
^^he  work  Tory  muoli,  udJ  fi-vl  tlut  tlivy  bare  Ivarnrd  conl|la^^itiv^1y 
Klittlu.     If  tliu  only  oliji-ct  were  to  know  ibe  Btruoturi:  of  |>inc-wootl,  I 
'^CQuM  tril  tliLin  that  in  a  few  niomeiita.     What  they  baro  Icaniod, 
ivitliout  being  aware  of  it  at  the  time,  ia  Ui«  way  to  examine  solid, 
o|>aqae  bodies,  a  category  including  by  far  tbo  greater  part  of  biologi- 
cal stmctnrea.     OnPL>  done  with  llio  pin«*wood,  progreM  ia  alwayi 
oompsrativoly  rnpiil,  and  I  c»n  oidy  conclude  tlut  the  clones  ani 
struiigtlienvd  by  tliit  work  done  on  the  wood. 

I  need  not  occnpy  yoiir  tiiu«  with  any  fnrtker  oocouot  of  what  can 
beat  be  taught  in  laboratories  to  beginners.  There  is  nothing  to  be 
said  against  l)ie  plan  laid  down  in  itie  mnntnts  in  <!oniinun  nxc,  pro- 

rvidfld  thu  Mtudeiil  is  not  allowed  to  follow  it  mcchanioilly,  and  look  at 
ttotbing  whEcli  hi  not  mentioned  in  the  book.  A  good  inBiructor  is,  of 
ooui»e,  BO  well  informed  about  the  eabject  he  tcacbea  that  b«  can  turn 
almost  any  material  to  account.  In  my  own  caM),  It  would  bo  rery 
Inoopveiiient  to  furnish  the  >am«  material  year  after  year ;  but  nlmott 
anything  can  be  ased  to  illuijlratu  tiw  typical  modes  of  growth  and 
reproduction  ia  the  vegetable  kingdom,  which  ia  what  the  beginner 
■Jieeda  to  know. 

^M      lli«re  are,  liowcrcr,  a  few  poioU  to  b«  cooridsred,  which  boar  od 
the  rdaliona  of  the  instractor  to  the  student  in  college  claMoa.    It 
alionld  be  borne  tn  mind  that  one  ia  not  dealing  with  school-boys,  but 
with  young  men  who,  if  they  are  as  ignorant  of  biology  aa  sehotd- 
boyfl,  have,  however,  learned  other  things,  and  who«e  develojiment, 
obtained  from  ttttidiM  at  ochool,  to  far  from  making  them  better 
able,  has,  in  the  majority  of  coaes,  made  thorn  only  tbo  leitfi  lit  to  take 
up  bi'dogical  studieR.     If  thi-y  have  much  to  leam,  they  havo  also 
Hometbiog  to  unlearn.    They  have  been  taugnt  to  nuh  at  a  fact  aa  a 
bull  ruiihes  at  a  red  rag — for  the  purpose  of  tossing  it  away  im- 
laodiately.     Tlie  position  of  tlio  inatructor  k  not  nn  ea«y  one.     lie  is 
under  conxtant  rcHtraint,  m  hv  miixt  not  K^Il  the  xtudent,  but  must,  if 
pOHsible,  make  the  tliidunt  tt-ll  him,  the  struolnro  of  what  liea  Iwfon- 
^iiira.     lie  ia  in  the  position  of  a  boxing-master,  who  might  easily  door 
^BitN  pupil  by  a  MDffle  blow,  but  who  mnst,  by  the  exertion  of  gTfi^ 
^Kfirndvnpi;  ond  skill,  contrive  to  let  the  pupil  hit  him.     By  a  )udick^| 
^Lieriiii  of  i]tu-Mtionfi,  snggeslionM  of   |ioi>Hi1iilitic«  or  alternatives^  ^H 
^Btudenl  may  Iw  kopt  !n  the  right  track  and  yet  do  all  the  work  of  ^H 
^^andng  toward  the  trnth  hinuwlf.    Under  no  eironmiUanoos  ahontd^P 
inatmctor  let  a  student,  who  la  a  beginner,  diaoorer  what  hi:^  own 
views  are  nbont  any  point  to  be  studied.     Although  they  may  \iM 
^wretijiud  oh«ervcTS  of  natural  obj<-cta,  It  doea  not  follow  f^fn^^/^m 
^kre  not  good  judges  of  hnman  nature.     Without  any  ini^^^^^^^H 
^^■page  to  become  adopts  in  that  direction.    Tbcy  oft«a^^^^^^^| 


5»4 


TEE  POPULAR  SCISiTCB  MOSTULY. 


eseretM  of  ingenuity  in  (let«otIng  nltuaions  to  what  Uuty  uo  Mdjbgi 
In  rctnarka  carekssly  mado  by  th«  Inxlructor,  to  find  oat  irtial  Wi  fil 
ideas  and  tfaoorics  ftrc.  And  where  is  the  Itmlructor  who  ia  lul 
plASMd  to  find  bin  own  favorite  opinions  ardently,  and,  u  iv  *Mmi^ 
independently  indor*cd  even  by  a  sladeot? 

Another  dttHoully  ia  Ihc  almost  uniroraal  liabit  whiob  ttudimti 
have  of  using  technical  or  semi-tvchnical  ti-nna  whicli,  in  nadiljr,  eno- 
▼ey  to  Ibem  no  idea  whatever.  Tlwy  think  tbcy  havo  comprcbeoiM 
tbe  thing  when  they  obrittvu  it  with  a  high -Hounding  name,  and  tb; 
do  not  flop  to  ask  thcins«lvee  vrhetber  they  undi-ntand  what  tha  aanr 
mMD*.  Thu  Btudenl  wbo  called  a  bole  in  a  edl-wa]l  a  bioplast  «u 
qoite  pleased  with  his  achievement  ontil  ho  wu  asked  what  a  biupteM 
waa.  llio  BnggoKtion  (bat  a  boI«  might,  wilhoat  any  great  rtolsat* 
to  the  Knglisb  language,  bo  called  a  hol«,  va«  timely  if  not  ploaabK 
Evidv'ntly,  for  an  educated  man,  tho  art  of  calling  a  Kjutdo  a  epgide 
difficult  to  acquire.  Day  after  day,  one  is  oblignl  to  iwk  etodniU 
translate  their  lingo— I  don't  know  what  elae  to  call  it — into  ICngli: 
FroqucTitly  tbcy  van  not.  At  length  they  begin  to  see  that  they 
only  decvivinp  themi'i.-lTCTM  by  UKing  words  which  tbey  do  not  etiiapn^ 
liciid  to  describe  atructures  which  they  do  not  iiDd«nitand.  It  (i 
quently  happens  tbat,  after  a  student  has  described  an  olijetrt  aai 
the  microHOope  in  what  be  considers  Gne  scientific  langnngo.  hr  wlmi 
that  he  doeti  not  underetand  the  strucliire  of  the  object  at  all,  ImiI. 
making  him  start  over  again,  and  describe  it  in  plain  Eni^Hub,  hu  Smll 
that  it  all  comcfl  out  clearly  enough.  It  is  evident,  for  instanw,  that, 
so  long  as  a  student  thinkH  bo  nia»t  call  all  round  bodloa  in  esUi 
nuclei,  he  will  »ooti  have  such  a  stock  of  nuclei  on  hand  that  he  will 
be  hopelessly  coitf used,  and  tbe  matter  is  not  mncb  improved  If,  m  a, 
last  resort,  he  indiscriminately  ealls  some  of  bis  siifwrfluous  nacli 
vacnolos  and  others  bioplasts.  The  tendency  lo  nso  meanin|tli 
words  is  not,  by  any  mean^  confined  to  biological  nndonUi,  hut,  ia 
labonitor}'  where  one  la  examining  something  definite,  the  dtII  sbosM 
certatnly  Ite  checked  by  frequent  demand.i  for  Knglish  tranalatloM  «f 
verbose  nibbbb. 

In  r^ivini'  you  a  Fomewbat  detailed  account  of  my  own  experinter, 
gentlemen,  I  am  probably  saying  notliing  nvw  to  you.  It  ia  sa  «U 
story,  and  perliaps  a  monotonooa  one.  If  I  luvo  spent  oooaldcrable 
time  in  stating  the  difficulties  in  tho  way  of  college  iiislracUon,  it  ii 
because  I  see  that  we  must  first  have  a  clear  oonoeption  of  what  tbi 
diffionllie*  are  before  we  oan  make  any  real  pmgreoa.  TIm  MsH 
serious  obstacle,  it  se<rms  to  me,  is  not  so  much  that  boys  are  •*( 
taught  biology  at  school,  as  that  they  are  not  langbt  to  obMNTf,  balj 
are,  on  tbe  other  band,  taught  to  memorise  tvxt-booki^  and  to  npA 
education  as  the  acquiring  of  facta  In  tbe  most  rapid  and  easiest  my. 
It  is  a  mistake  to  suppose  that  he  Is  tlio  best  teacher  who  givM  tk' 
most  information  in  tli«  shortest  lime  with  the  smallest  exp«>diian 


rfll 
««1 


BIOLOGICAL  TSACmSQ  IN  COLLSOBS. 


S8S 


^oTiKWr  on  the  pjut  of  hu  beanini.     !^ucli  »  t«n«tivr  fulx  In  %  most  \uf 

I     portant  respect.     The  pupil  under  Lis  guidanoe  becomes  a  paaaive 

^tecipiont  of  knowledge,  and  it,  not  trained  to  roly  on  himself  or  to  be- 

Hconm  an  aotivo  woriifr  in  any  direction.     Patting  ono  on  tb«  back  and 

y  vaying,  "Don't  you  see  this?"  and  "Don't  jrou  m'g  tbat?"  does  not 

tend  to  produce  a  very  robust   mcnln)  di>vcIo)>mi.'nL     You  cin  not 

make  a  boy  a  good  mounlain-clinibir  by  carrying  biin  up  the  Mount 

Wasbington  Itailway,  no  matter  at  liow  rapid  a  rate ;  and,  in  ordinary 

life,  tbero  arc  many  mountaiiia  to  be  climbed,  np  vbich  tliom  ia  do 

I     railway. 

B       Aa  far  aa  I  can  Judge  from  the  iiualificatiooM  of  atudenta  vbo  come 
Zander  my  instruction,  the  schools  baw  withiu  tbe  last  six  or  scren 
years  made  no  perceptible  progrciw  in  Lraintng  tbe  observing  powers. 
The  good  advice  given  anil  iht!  good  text-books  by  competent  anthor- 
itie«  bave  not>  an  yet,  produced  any  marked  effect.    As  far  u  element- 
ary training  ia  concerned  we  are  about  where  we  wore  ten  yean  ago. 
The  college-instructor  must  still  regai-d  tbe  student  who  studies  under 
I      him  as  a  school-boy  whose  capacity  for  observing  and  investignting 
^■nAtnral  objitda  ku  been  blunted  by  a  ODA-sided  conrse  of  instniclioti 
Hmt  iobool.     Henoo  we  are  still  under  tho  necessity  in  college  conrseo  of 
^boginning  ut  tb«  rery  beginning,  and,  if  tbcro  in  any  nii»take  in  onr 
colleger,  it  is  that  the  instruction  in  biology  tfl  pitched  in  loo  bigb 

»a  key.  For  those  who  arc  to  study  prnctically  animal  and  plant  life 
It  is  better  to  stick  to  commonplace  topics  for  a  year  or  two,  and  insist 
upon  tho  careful  examination  of  living  plants  and  animals,  before  pro- 
ceeding to  an  cliibontte  difcuNiiion  of  tboorics  which,  however  great 
their  value  to  mature  Bcieiitiflc  minds,  would  easily  lead  a  beginner 
into  mere  va^e  opecnlation.  '{"he  distinction  between  lecture  connca 
for  the  general  information  of  those  who  are  not  int«ndiog  to  enter 
pursuits  which  dem.ind  practical  training  in  biology  and  conrscs  for 

ttltose  who  do  need  ^uch  training  should  be  carefully  adhered  to. 
Ag^n,  an  instructor  ahonld  not  hurry  with  his  elementary  claaaee. 
Knowing  how  much  there  is  to  bo  lc4nted,  he  naturally  fceU  obliged 
to  t4-ach  as  much  aa  possible.  But  it  ia  better  to  be  itlow  and  sure  in 
the  beginning,  and,  if  necessary,  hurry  at  a  later  atage. 

Ooe  scrioaM  dlRicully  tinder  which  our  collcgea  labor  in  laboratory 
iostraotion  is  tho  lack  of  a  enfficient  number  of  saitable  aatiataota. 
This  is  not  n»>ially  because  properly  qualilte^l  as«i.it;in(s  can  not  be 
obtainc*),  but  because  they  can  not  be  obtained  for  tbe  salaries  which 
arr  uaunlly  paid.  In  u-aching  elementary  classea  of  from  twenty-fire 
to  fifty  penona  In  branchea  rMiuiring  the  use  of  tho  compound  micro- 
floope,  one  aaaiatont  is  not  enough.  To  do  tltc  work  ]>roporly,  at  least 
two,  and,  buUcr  still,  three  a^sistanu  arc  needed,  supposing,  n«  ia  gen- 
erally the  case,  that  all  tbe  work  is  done  on  three  days  of  (he  week. 

Tbe  <iu««lion  arises  whether  wo  arc  ever  (o  expect  that  tlio  clc> 
menta  of  biology  will  be  properly  taoght  in  achools.     At  present  there 


(86 


THE  POPULAR   SCIKNCE  MOXTJ/LV. 


ari'  very  few  schools  wbero  Utey  are  wU  Unglit,  and  inrnniutiun 
Inckiiig  to  sbow  tbnl  the  number  is  incrt^aJR};.    Good  Woks  uxiit,  I 
books  Are  only  of  m.-coitdary  imporunce,  and  cvrtainly  gitod  ii-Hrli«i 
are  fow  iodoi'd.    The  iiu|m>TOiiiont  in  tlio  qtiitlitjr  of  collcgu  grade 
who  could  Uiacb  biology  in  itebools,  it  lb«r«  wm  any  dt-mittid  for  i 
glve«  room  for  bi)[>e.     Under  tbe  |>reMmt  fiubion  of  cramnitng  fq 
college  ibere  is  not  mucli  to  hope  for  in  tbe  ordlliury  [Itting-Mlioob 
And  it  would  be  mucb  better  if  they  abandoni^d  sI(oj*i-tber  llie  ii 
palpable  sham  wbich  tbey  now  call  botany.    Uoro  could  probnbly  1 
aooompitsbcd  in  tbe  granmiar  and  primary  schools  wbori!  there  ta  : 
titofi,  and  wbcro  tlic  pupils  are  of  an  sgu  wlivn  they  naturally  M 
interested  in   planta  and  aniniAl*.     Of   coiuimv  in  such    soltooli  one 
should  bogio  with  tbe  larger  Covering  planta  and  not  attempt  u>  nw 
th««oiDpoand  microscope.     Certainly,  in  soboolB  in  tbo  con!    - 
placos  whorv  tlio  children  frequently  see  plants  growing,  I  << 
troll  taught,  would  bo  admurably  adnpted  for  awakening  an<l  ilc< 
ing  tbo  tpirtt  of  obnenrntioo  and  invon ligation.     In  large  eilim  ib 
cane  ia  somewhst  diffcrpnt.    Tbvrv  tbo  children  hardly  ever  siv  jilaal 
growing,  nod  the  expou«o  of  pnividing  them  with  the   few  flowa 
gIiovu  at  school  is  hardly  warranted  by  the  good  derived  tberrfr 
As  tiMj  main  object  is  to  acquire  the  power  of  obserring,  I  am  by  i 
RieanH  certain  thitt,  in  large  cities,  physics,  or  at  least  nieclianiciv  ni 
not  prove  to  be  butler  adaptod  to  tbo  purpose  than  botany  or : 


DISOElltU^ATION  IN  RiULWAY  RATEa 

Br  GERKIT  L.  LASStKO. 

n. 

HAVING  nlrt^ady  considered  those  diacr!mination.<i  alTeettng 
sons  and  things,  there  now  remains  tho  consideration  of 
ofleoting  plaoen. 

All  discriminatii^rs  fiivoriiig  pliien  reaalt  from  tho  coiti|ietilkBJ 
existing  at  the  favortil  {xiintf.     litis  is  of  several  kinds  :  Fini,  tb*| 
competition  of  parallel  railroad  Unea  or  water  -  routes  |  wound,  ikt 
competition  of  marketn  ;  and,  third,  the  efforts  of  th«  mtlroad  cns- 
paiiy  to  increase  its  profitH  hy  increasing  its  traflio  at  lower  nM- 
These  operate  soraetimcit  Hingly,  itonietimos  by  more  tlian  ono.  •o<D^ 
times  all  together.    Ttiey  aUm  exist  in  different  pro|Mnion*,  and  k>  ibc  j 
direct  effect  of  one  or  the  other  can  not,  in  most  cams,  bo  meamnd.    H 

I.  The  competition  of  parallel  lines  or  wan-j^coursea  invlndct  lb**  " 
onses  whore  two  or  more  points  on  a  railroad  are  accHtssihla  abtfc; 
another  railroad  or  water-ronla,    Tho  struggle  for  the  trafB«  "f  n<^ 
a  place  remilta  in  lower  rate*  than  to  places  less  favorably  sltnaltii 


DISCRIMINATION  IN  RAILWAT  RATES. 


587 


If  (ho  coTopelition  is  between  railroad*  atono,  the  oondttions  of  tbeir 
■ervk«  being  spproxirnKtclj'  vijual  aa  u>  coM,  ngreenieDts  are  nado  to 
abide  by  MtablinlMMl  tariSs,  and  sucb  tariffs  nmy  be  but  lilllu  1uw«r 
than  to  nou-coiu petit)  v«  points.  TIkto  its  ^<-'"i  ^^^  Vm^o  diiioriiuiiia- 
Uon.  But  woner  or  Inior  the  dmggle  for  tbe  traffic  leads  one  road 
to  «ttt  tlie  tariff  ntt«A ;  tlto  olbcr  retaliates  by  a  greater  cut,  niid  thie 
oft«D  «DdM  in  a  recklesH  war  of  ratea.  jVfter  tbe  excitement  of  such 
a  ooDteat  hu  aomowhat  passed  away,  tbn  injuries  inflicted  Iwcomc 
oioro  full,  till  at  leagth  reason  leads  lo  a  roaUiratioo  of  the  tariffs. 
During  sach  a  contest  there  it)  an  nnrcMonablo  ditoriiniiiation,  as  the 
rates  are  frequently  less  than  the  cost  of  tbu  iwrvico.  The  only  solu- 
tion of  the  problem  which  has  yet  bceti  foand  in  to  remove  the  iaoen- 
fciro  to  cut  tlio  ratM  by  fairly  dividing  tlio  traffic  between  the  eompet- 
iog  Umm.  Tlie  common  nietho<l  of  aecompUsbiog  this  is  to  pool  the 
noe)|>ts  and  to  redistribute  (hetu  on  percentages  ba««d  upon  expori- 
fiDoe  and  decided  by  an  arbitrator.  Iliis  is  tbe  only  instance,  so  far 
as  I  am  informed,  in  which  tbe  nataral  prindptes  regulating  tbe  rates 
of  traniijxinaliun  lead  to  an  unjust  dis«riminatioii ;  and  in  this  case 
tba  loss  to  thu  railroads,  by  carrying  the  traffie  for  leas  than  cost,  U 
perhaps  greater  than  tbe  injury  to  the  community  by  tbe  disturbance 
of  values  and  orersupply  which  accompanies  sucb  contests. 

80  far,  tben,  as  tho  competition  at  a  given  place  between  railroads 
alone  Is  ooncenivd,  tJio  discrimination  is  reguUted  to  a  great  extent 
lby  the  harmonious  working  of  tbe  roads  themselves.  Id  competition 
with  water- routes,  howovvr,  on  account  of  the  inc<iuality  of  tlicir  cir- 
onmatancca  as  to  tbe  cost  of  the  service  ai>d  the  eoae  of  adding  new 
oompctitire  boats,  a  discrimination  must  always  txist.     It  U  In-yond 

rtbe  power  of  the  railroad  or  any  person  or  other  body  to  prevent  it, 
except  by  the  heroic  remedy  of  interdicting  the  traffic  by  rail.  Tbe 
■waterroule  is  free  to  all,  it«  highway  is  furnished  by  nature,  and  the 
carriage  is  the  only  item  of  cost  wbioh  must  be  borne  by  the  traffic 
Tbe  railroad  compaoy,  on  the  oilier  hand,  has  two  existencea :  it  is  the 
owiwr  of  a  public  highway,  and  is  a  common  carrier.  The  rate  of 
tnnaporUtion  i«  thus  composed  of  the  toll  for  the  ive  of  tbe  high- 
way,  and  tbe  charge  for  the  service  of  carria;2;e.  llits  t<t  a  distinction 
which  is  not  made  in  the  popular  mind,  though  it  is  always  rcoognu:ed 
by  the  law,  and  is  important  to  bear  in  mind  in  tbe  present  instance  ; 
for  it  affords  a  justi^cation  of  the  discrimin.ition  made  in  favor  of 
plucM  Iiaving  water  competition,  besides  that  cuntoim^d  in  the  neos*- 
sity  of  the  discriniinntion  to  secure  tbe  traffic. 

We  may  take  fimt  the  Kimpio  ease  of  those  places  having  no  gn- 
usual  amount  of  tralBo,  »nd  locate*!  anywhere  on  the  lino  of  road, 

IMther  local  stations  or  through  {Kiints ;  the  only  peculiarity  about 
them  being  tliat  they  are  on  a  competitive  water-route.  In  those 
other  caws  w1im«  the  favored  places  are  great  markets  as  well  as 
compolEtive  points,  the  problem  becomes  more  ooroplioated  and  fldk 


¥ 


S98 


TBS  POPUIAS  SCJ£JfCJS  MOXTMLY, 


1 


talM 

i 


bo  MDiiidoriKl  Afterward.  On  many  large  nllroods  there  vn 
of  no  iMiriiculiir  tu]wrtaiioe  in  itix«,  which  m%y  rI«o  bo  rea«b«d 
river  or  by  the  »«a.  Aa  (liey  are  not  markets  for  uny  contiilanUa 
territ«Ty,  but  bare  grown  from  renirictcd  local  retjuirctaviitjL,  ihpy  w* 
not  to  be  compered  with  otbrr  importatit  di^pots  on  the  unin  mtln- 
rout«,  Snob  a  plaou  offer*  no  more  tralTio  to  tlio  railroad  tbui  nuajr 
oilier  local  Htalioiia  to  which  tliu  ratlrua<l  \»  ibc  oiily  nicaiis  of  tn^ 
portatiott.  The  argunieot  then,  that  the  railroad  aboulil  r«dflc« 
rates  on  account  of  an  unnsually  lai^e  traffic,  is  forvign  to  iIm  fi 
'Ilie  iliipprrB  simpty  doniiind  that  ratos  shall  be  onnstially  low,  or 
traflSfl  will  (iiltA  tbv  roiil*^  by  water.  The  terms  oServd  to  the  railroad 
an!,  to  lake  the  traffic,  aay  for  illustration,  at  onv  half  tlic  ratce  wkiefc 
are  charged  to  oth«r  pbwes  on  th«  road  of  <>qiia]  diNtance«,  or  uot  lo 
take  it  at  all.  \ow,  in  coni^idoring  the  dip^riminatloaabetwoen  thisgi. 
wv  hivtfNovn  that  in  taking  traffic  tbua  olTcrcd  aa  oomparod  with  tut  tak- 
ing ll,  the  only  ilciDR  of  expense  which  would  be  affected  are  connaelfd 
with  the  cost  of  carriage.  In  either  case  the  fixed  obarj{efi  must  bi 
borne  by  thu  remaining  traffic.  And  we  baTC  also  shown,  in  iliusln- 
tioD,  that  the-  fixed  charges  in  the  average  cam  may  be  roughly  Mate)! 
at  two  ihinhi  of  tlii:  total  coit,  co  tbo  tiafBo  offered  at  half  rati-a  woi 
afford  a  small  profit  above  th«  cost  of  <!arriage.  To  the  railroad, 
the  oa»e  reBolves  itself  into  Ibe  simple  question  whether  it  will 
what  it  can  get,  or  go  witboat.  There  U  no  hesitation  as  lo  tho  4 
ion  :  the  rate  demanded  ts  given  from  nec«Mity. 

That  ihia  is  a  source  of  no  injustice  to  the  l«n  fortanately  located 
place!  is  shown  from  their  bietory.  Before  tbo  oon«trnctioo  vi  the 
railroad  the  non-cflmpctttivo  point«— or  a»  many  as  exbted  at  thai 
time — were  supplied  with  tranitpottation  solely  by  the  slow  and  ei- 
pensive  means  of  animals  and  vogom.  Tbo  eoDstroction  of  ilw  nil- 
road  reduced  the  time  and  the  coirt  of  Iransportation  lo  a  frnctioa  nf 
the  former  amonnt.  Along  the  line  new  towns  sprang  up,  and  hoik 
the  old  and  the  new  inrreaftcd  in  population  and  proepprity  by  ilio  i: 
pulse  lo  production  and  indnstriea  fumlshi><l  by  cheaper  and  iju. 
transportation.  By  the  constructton  of  the  railroad  tbo  plactM 
existed  before  iiicreaMd  many  timc«  in  wealth  and  |>opulatiun  ;  wl 
to  tlio  same  cause  the  numberlcM  other  plaoes  owe  tbeir  oxbteitMl 
Theao  facta  are  among  the  most  prominent  of  tbo  un]trvccdented  tns- 
terial  dt'vclopraent  of  this  country  during  the  laM  half-c<»iury.  IV 
railroad  has  been  to  the  inland  pUceaof  imraNUtirnbly  Diore  b«D«it 
than  to  any  others.  It  is,  in  fact,  for  tbeso  that  it  was  eonatmelsd. 
The  places  on  the  water-routes  were  already  supplied  with  a  cheap  aa4 
snfficiently  rapid  means  of  transportation  ;  thsy  were  bat  IniadwiallT 
pasHcvI  by  the  railroad  in  the  course  of  its  ex(en!-ion.  With  the  watif 
route  the  highway  is  furnished  by  nature,  to  the  inland  ptam  tt  iaiQf- 
pliod  by  man.  The  traffic  mnst  in  each  cam  alike  pay  the  eoA  of  ei*< 
riage;  but,  the  watcr-roulelM»ng  free  to  all,  no  toll  topolnlaun  iiciBlir 


DISCRIMiXATION  IN  RAILWAY  RATS3. 


189 


f  ohargcd  oii  any  bigUway.  Aa  Ihe  railroad  waa  not  built  for  thu  trnSio 
of  auob  poioU,  whicli  were,  WfoK  its  conetructioti,  providtvl  witli  lnto«- 
porulion  fai^ilitieA,  bat  iras  for  those  plsccs  to  which  the  highways  of 
nature  Oid  not  oxt«nd,  then.'  Mvnts  do  InJuNticu  in  ehargtog  the  ex- 
ponaes  of  tho  highway  to  the  |itac«H  for  which  it  was  coustructed. 

■  Il  ia  •ometimeii  lUted  that  non-competitiTe  points  should  have  rat«s 
aa  low  as  are  made  to  oompetitive  points  ;  nod  tho  reason  ia  repeated 
that  the  latter  rates,  which  are  volontarily  mado  by  the  railroad,  being 
preaiimably  fair,  it  follows  that  tbo  former  ratos  bdiig  liigbcr,  sro  nn- 
ftir.  Hut,  if  tbo  traffic  Iwtweon  all  pointH  paid  but  the  cotit  of  oar- 
liagOi  tbsrc  would  remain  do  proviaioa  for  the  highway  and  the  neces- 
■■ry  ^xtA  ebargeo.  A  rigid  rale,  then,  prevODtiog  tbe  discrimination 
between  these  places  would  leave  the  railroad  the  alternative  of  raising 
tbe  rat(«  at  the  competitive  points,  thus  losing  that  trafflo  Altogether  ; 
or  reducing  to  a  little  moro  than  the  cost  of  can-iago  the  rstca  at  tbo 
non-<?ompvtitiro  poIntA,  and  M  loiiog  tbe  greater  portiou  of  it«  inooma, 
K  II.  The  conipi-tition  in  markela  \»  a  second  cauHe  of  discriminatioD 
V  between  places,  A  market,  to  be  audi,  muat  be  acoeadihic  from  sources 
of  supply.  Its  facilities  for  transportation  must  tben  bo  in  proportion 
to  its  importance.  Kow,  tlie  groat  market  cities  of  the  world  were 
established  boforo  the  application  of  *t«iim  to  transportatloD  by  land. 
It  b  a  familiar  fact  that  the  comuivrclal  citic«  of  tbe  world  are  either 
on  rivers  or  the  soa  ;  so  it  follows  that  tbo  markcta  oomo  in  oompc* 
tition  with  wat«tvroute«,  and  osoally  alao  in  competition  with  otber 
nihtoads.  Bat  tbo  competition  la  more  than  by  parallel  routes  carry- 
ing traflic  for  equal  or  nuirlj  c<iual  distanrcs.  To  reach  the  market  at 
all  with  nu  article  produood  on  the  lino  of  a  railroad,  it  must  be  ear- 
ned at  a  low  enough  rate  to  enable  it  to  be  sold  in  competition  with 
tbOHune  article  produced  perhapti  much  nuanrr  the  market.  Grain 
ouried  five  hundred  miles  can  si^ll  for  no  more  than  grain  carried  fifty 
nillea,  and,  if  tho  conditions  of  production  are  the  same,  the  carrier 
must  place  tliem  on  an  equality  as  to  transportation.  A  long  haul  has 
thus  to  compete  with  a  short  haul,  or  abandon  the  market.  If  di*- 
crimitiatiouB  in  favor  of  markets  wcro  not  permitted,  no  grain  could  go 
by  rail  from  Chicsfto  and  the  Went  to  tbe  Atlantic  seaboard  and  to 
Europe.  But  tho  discrimination  would  be  uiade  as  it  always  bas  been 
nmde  by  the  water-routes  through  the  lakes  and  tbe  St.  Lawrence  or 
Krio  Canal,  or  down  tho  Mtnissippt  to  New  Orleans.  Tho  water-routet^ 
bowoYor,baTe  not  an  eqaal  intereat  in  developing  the  country  that  tbe 
nilroads  have  ;  and,  without  the  competition  introduced  Ity  tho  tatter, 
the  rates  by  water  would  be  greater  than  they  are,  and  ibo  countries 
whose  shores  they  wash  would  be  comparatively  undeveloped.  'Hie 
railroad,  in  developing  the  resources  of  the  country  which  it  serves,  not 
only  secures  thereby  mors  traflte,  which  at  tho  time  adds  to  its  net  in- 
oomo ;  It  increasefl  as  well  the  value  of  all  its  property.  Tho  highway 
H  being  made  by  the  railroad,  and  ropresuating  a  large  investment,  a  wuc 


S90 


Tffit  POPULAR  SCI£JfC£  HONTSLY. 


policy  les^d  to  the  esUblialiment  of  snoh  nlu  as  vtll  add  to  lu 
D«nl  vnluf.  A  t«mpomrf  r»to  at  hut  tho  ooxt  of  ctuTi*g«,  if 
to  oHiabtiKli  <ir  tlcvL-lop  «n  inratii  indtutry  wliioli  would  In  futon  fur 
nisli  ti  )>ruilLabUi  IraiBo,  b  tliiui  JustiSet)  lijr  Mtlf-mUirunc.  To  a  HtwiiMr 
or  vessel  on  tlie  lakes,  on  the  other  hand,  the  devwioptoont  of  tbo  nl^ 
roniiilint;  lemloriea  means  but  addilional  competition  ;  nil  itK-tynw  of 
tnifliv  in  met  by  an  increase  of  bonis.  Tln-ir  [loliry  is  to  take  fnim  tbt 
traffio  at  tlui  tiinv  all  that  cad  ba  MKiircd,  for  to-morrow  ii  wQ)  bo  iv 
ried  by  aoniv  one  el»<'. 

I'Ih-  ni'ii-  xii)i|ily  bnmght  to  the  market  from  a  diaUnco  rvdncca  llio 
Mllin;;  prill?  of  the  article  in  the  market,  a  result  ttnfortnnaU  to  tlion 
{iroduciTs  nearer  tbo  market,  wlio  tlivretofore  monapoliaed  tlio  trader 
bnt  fortunato  for  thoM  at  a  grcntvr  diMtando  who  would  otherwise  ban 
no  mnrki't,  or  n  roorv  rcstrictod  one,  for  tli<-ir  prodncta.  The  more  in- 
portaiu  result,  boworer,  is  to  the  p-neral  |iublio,  who  ar«  bsndUfd 
through  the  discrimination  by  a  reduction  tn  tbe  oost  of  the  otemnr 
rios  and  common  comforts  of  life  ;  for  the  artklee  cafTied  lo  tbu  mar> 
ki-t  in  tli«  gTvntfSt  qnnntitics  are  thoMO  whicli  are  oonsaiued  in  (bo 
greatmt  (juiiniitiii' — they  arc  the  necessarlM  and  common  comforts ; 
ami,  as  bad  li«<.-n  alrvwly  shown,  it  is  in  favor  of  theso  things  juuticD- 
larly  that  discriminations  are  made. 

III.  A  tliird  cause  of  discrimination  between  places  is  found  Es 
tbe  volumv  of  the  trafiio.    The  effort  of  the  railrCHid  to  incraiua  (la 
prolitti,  by  increasiuf;  its  traffio  through  the  incentive  of  lower  ratoi, 
has  already  been  dwelt  upon  in  oonstdvring  ditcrimi nations  between 
tilings.     It  affects  plnoos  as  well.     It  is  the  |?rincip1i.>  of  dt-velopmeot, 
and  so  workN  upon  all  tbo  traffic  of  a  railroad  and  h^-twecn  all  pUCA 
But  it  affects  most  those  things  or  places  in  which  ther«<  is  the  poid> 
bilily  of  the  greatest  development.    A  familiar  illustration  of  tiw 
o[ierat!on  of  this  rule  is  tbe  suburtfsn  jisssenger  traffio  wbirb  has  bftn 
already  mentioned.    Tbe  poesibility  of  developing  the  travt-l  Iwtinwa 
a  great  city  and  its  snbnrbs  is  practically  unlimited  ;  aivordlngly  cTery 
tncenlire  is  offered  as  to  frequent  and  rapid  trains  and  low  ratev   Bat 
l>ctu-ven  two  email  town«  the  *am«  Mirloe  and  ratea  would  bu  a  ouni- 
fc«t  alwiurdity.     Ko  pos^blo  induoeraent,  short  of  a  p&ymant  to  tlia 
passenger  instead  of  a  cliarge,  could  make  any  matorial  Incrvaso  in  tin 
Irnvel,  except  that  which  slowly  results  from  tbo  natural  incrcaM  of 
wealth  and  papulation,    Similar  cansoa  affc<-t  ibe  ralos  on  frulgbu    iU 
tiling  constinutl  in  the  largest  quantitlesi,  in  ii-hicb  the  traffic  is  mMl 
€«pable  of  development,  are  tbe  most  favored  as  to  ratea,  so  aitu  sm 
place*  which  consume  or  are  markets  for  the  greatest  quanlitict  of 
things.     In  all  oases  when  discriminaliona  of  this  natore  arc  math*  in 
freiglit  rales,  it  is  wlicrc  the  lower  rates  will  afford  a  larg<-r  net  j^fit 
than  tbe  higher  rate*,  by  an  increase  of  iraffle  in  a  greater  ratio  thsn 
the  increase  of  expense.    Sudi  low  rates,  then,  caa  not  b«  at  tho  «• 
LMnsc  of  higher  rales  to  other  |>laoes.    Though  tbey  may  be  belov  iIm 


i 


DISCRIMINATION  IN  RAIL  WAT  RATES. 


Wf 


r 

VavOTSge  rate  of  cost  of  the  entire  traffic,  tticy  aro  merer  knowiogly  lew 

^thBO  tbe  cost  of  carriage  of  Ilic  particular  traffic. 

Tlww  wvcnl  caiuM  requiring  (liscrimiDation  betvMti  places,  vii;., 
para]1«l  ron^a  or  watcT-runtca,  competition  of  markets,  and  tbv  vffortH 
of  tbv  railroad  to  incrcsM  iu  profit  by  inrrcMing  Its  tnBic  at  low«r 

■  mtvH,  nrf,  in  tho  ]>opnlar  mind,  coiuidervd  wilbout  diHtiDCtiun ;  tli<< 
dUcri  mi  nation  b  as  t^  tbrougb  or  local  traffic  This  (liitiQctioo  is  in 
aocord  with  tho  nsital  rc«ult,  for  ihrongh  points  are,  in  nearly  all  cwce, 
the  places  whoro  tbc  moot  activa  oompotiliun  of  all  kiDtU  m  in  iane. 
The  usaal  (vnubii  of  niilroftda  arc  larg«  citivH  ;  lh«M  again  arc  utituOly 
on  vat«r-«ourae>i,  and  are  ngnallj  abo  tlto  chief  markets  reacbed  hy 
tlw  road.  Bat  auoh  ia  not  always  tbe  case,  and,  when  it  ia  not,  the 
ntee  will  he  found  to  be  modified  in  aocordaDoe  irttb  the  namber  of 
tlteae  forms  of  competition  there  in  foreo,  and  the  greater  or  low 
otrength  with  wbicb  ibvy  vxi>X. 

»Thia  general  clamification  of  tlic  trnffio  into  tbroagh  and  looal 
tnggeata  a  farther  reason  why  the  ouin^n^titivo  rates  might  fairly  be 
expected  to  be  lower  than  tbe  local    'rbrou^h  poiota — the  termini  of 
the  road — afford  the  loni^Ht  haul,  and  traffic  earned  a  long  distance 
^is,  likv  that  carrie^l  in  large  qunntities,  at  a  lower  rato  of  eost  per 
■mile  than  that  carried  shorter  dtstancca.    Tlio  traffic  between  terminal 
BatUiooa  ia  nsaally  much  greater  than  that  between  any  other  two  ata- 
HoODa ;  osra  are  therefore  loadecl  to  their  full  capacity.    The  hKid  at 
the  end  of  tbe  long  haul  is  di80barge<l,  and  with  a  delay  of  perltaps  a 
day  may  b«  loadMl  again  and  returned.    Tbe  local  traffic  is  in  small 
quantities,  the  car  is  but  {tartly  loaded,  or  if  fnlly  loaded  the  delay  in 
unloading  is  as  grvat  a^  thoogb  it  went  thnxigb  to  tlto  terminal  sta- 
tion.    The  way-station,  in  the  largo  majority  of  cams,  klfords  no  ro- 
tun  load,  ao  that  the  haul  to  some  station  where  the  c«r  i»  seeded, 
aa  well  as  tlie  delay  oaoaed  thereby,  mast  be  added  to  tbe  expense. 
Add  to  those  differmoes  the  difference  in  tb«  rolnme  of  tbe  traffic,  and 
it  will  be  reatlily  aeen  that  the  cost  per  mile  on  tliroagh  can  not  bo  but 
,  a  fraction  of  wliat  tt  Is  on  local  traffic. 

Altboagh  tbe  ooostant  play  of  tlicve  competitive  forces  results  in 
eiiig  throogti  mtce  to  a  very  tow  point,  it  deserves  to  be  noticed 
,  In  local  ratea  there  is  aa'  well  a  constant  tbongh  leas  rapid  tendency 
i  reduction.  Wherever  no  more  active  forces  of  competition  arc  in 
'operation,  the  effort  on  tho  p-trt  of  tbe  railroad  to  develop  the  prodnc- 
tion  and  reaoarcca  of  the  country  by  stimulating  rates,  and  so  inereaa- 
ing  tlie  profit*  and  the  value  of  tlio  ]>ropcrty  of  the  company,  is  a 
^eiuiso  which  works  constantly  toward  redactions.  This  fact  ia  Ulna- 
Htraled  by  the  Railroad  Commtsslonors  of  Iowa,  who,  in  their  report 
for  Iftf I,  occupy  forty-six  pages  with  tables  and  ctatem en t»  showing 
the  reductions  in  nttvs  in  that  State,  and  in  which  Ibcy  particularly 
call  atlentinn  to  tho  fact  tJuit  "the  redaction  is  not  confined  to  tbe 
throngb  traffic  ;  it  appliea,  In  a  aomcwhat  smaller  ratio,  it  is  true,  Vu 


S91 


THE  POPULAR   SCISNCS  MONTHLY. 


I 

ngfc- 

i 


tli«  loeal  tnffloaa  weU"(p.  7).   And  tbey  iwiicludD  th«ir  ranurlu  Bfoo 
the  subject  as  follows :  "  Wo  vonturo  to  mjt  that  UtU  nrcnigv  peninl- 
a(^  of  rednccioD  for  tho  last  lifu'cn  conMrcutire  jrnra  will  )m>  a  mjit 
of  no  tittle  Hiirprisu  to  ovnrybtidf  who  d{>ea  not  make  tbn  Htadjr 
freight  tariff*  a  iiotn«wbat  rogtilar  habiL    Although  we  liiro  made 
caknlation  to  <lemon8trftte  It,  we  ventaro  to  a6Snn  tb»t  an  f^jual  •* 
ago  reduction  in  the  cost  of  any  kind  of  H>n'ioe  for  which  the 
pay  a  moni^y  conuderation  can  iwt  Ik-  found  during  the  pMt  flflcfD 
yean  "  (p.  35). 

It  will  b«  Mfin  from  ibc  foregoiug  that  di«;riniiiiatioatf  aff< 
places  are  made  by  nature.  The  disiribiuiun  of  land  and  wntor 
fane  of  the  earth  produces  a  di^criruioation  against  inland  placM 
in  favor  of  thoso  located  on  water-conrees  or  tl>e  sco.  Hie  accvMi- 
hility  or  inacccsntbility  of  tbcco  placcR  on  tbo  highway  rnratshed  lij 
naturv  is  tbo  basis  of  tlio  diecnminations  alTcctiiig  tlii-m  on  llw  higb- 
way  supplied  by  man.  Tlic  rapid  and  chc^  comniunii-aiion  tMoriti 
by  nilroada  has  incroduced  a  strong  competitor  to  the  watrr>to8' 
and  ha«  to  a  great  degree  reduced  the  ineqnality  eatablisbed  by  nal 
But  with  tbc  watcr-rontes  lb«  highway  ie  supplied  wilboot  cost, 
uio  is  free  \  tbe  tarriagt  only  is  a  charge  upon  the  tnkfltc.  I'he 
of  tmnsporting  by  water  in  thus  ebeapcr  than  by  land,  and  this  niiMt 
always  prevent  the  local  inland  rates  by  rail  from  being  aa  low  ai  tiw 
rates  on  tbe  free  water^routos. 

If  rates  are  not  to  be  baaed  on  the  principles  by  which,  iii  eoi9|<D- 
anco  with  the  demands  of  commerce,  ihey  have  heretofore  ticen  de- 
termined ;  if  those  disoriminationa  only  are  to  bo  considi-red  fair  wUch 
are  bas«d  on  the  bulk  and  dealmctibility  of  arlii'lca :  tbon  tbo  atnj^ 
ruin  remaining  to  apply  totbediecriminationof  rates  k  that  of  diittaN 
— the  mileage  bosU. 

The  advocates  of  State  interference  in  tbe  ref^ulation  of  rate*  w«m 
to  bo  poesesaed  with  the  conriction  that  tbe  true  basis  of  chargo  a  the 
cost  of  tbe  aervioe,  and  they  labor  under  the  continon  error  that  tbc 
mileage  basis  is  a  practical  method  of  dotermitiing  tliio.  Ii  will 
found,  however,  that  tlie  rates  determined  by  the  o]>eration  of 
mercial  reiguircmcnld  will  coincide  more  nearly  witli  the  eott  of 
senrioe  than  can  bo  the  case  with  any  artificial  ayMom  which  doa  art 
recognise,  as  elements  fairly  affecting  rate*,  tbe  value  of  tbe  wrvier, 
tbe  Tolunto  of  tbo  Iralfio,  and  the  competition  of  other  nmles.  If  tb> 
railroad  is  noiT  allowed  to  take  traffic,  which  can  n»t  afford  lo  pay  iIm 
standard  rate,  at  whalerer  rate  it  can  afford,  !f  it  chaTf(m  man  t« 
Mftaln  traffic  than  the  Talue  of  the  traneportatjon  to  the  sbfpper,  that 
trafflo  is  )o«t.  Now,  tJw  traffic  that  can  afford  to  pay  bat  vrry  \om 
rates  is  composed  of  things  that  aro  of  low  prieo ;  auch,  as  I  Mxm 
already  mentioned,  are  tbe  neoowaries  of  life,  llieae  ibinf:*  fom  *' 
niach  greater  portion  of  the  company's  Iratfto  than  any  otbsr  v^mI 
number  of  articles.     Grain,  for  instance,  from  Uia  Belda  of  prodnftioa 


:^ 


DISCBtMIXATIO^  lA'  RAILWAY  HATSS. 


S99 


1^ 


in  tbe  West  is  earned  to  Cbicago  or  St,  Louis  «ntir«Iy  b;  car-loads,  and 
U  forwarded  thonco  by  tlic  tntin-load.  Coal,  petroleum,  uod  provi*- 
ioos  in  somo  cams  nfiTord  &  regul&r  Lraflla  by  th«  train-load.  Tfa«w 
artivlea  bving  nrrit.'d  in  Urge  quantities  are,  u  baa  been  ahovo,  cai' 
ried  at  a  uacb  less  rate  of  cost  than  things  shipped  in  amall  quantities. 
Tbe  cost  of  tbe  Hrvice  thus  bears  an  approximate  relation  to  tbo  rate 
of  charge.  Again,  tbe  volume  of  tbo  tralEo  is  a  eauHo  of  diacriminik 
tion,  if  by  reducing  ibc  rat«  tbe  traffic  eau  bo  sufBoteiilly  inureaied  to 
produce  a  greater  nut  profit.  And,  again,  it  follows  that  tbo  rat«  of 
oosl  dcereascs  with  the  reduced  rate  of  charge.  In  tbe  reduotion  to 
meet  the  oompetilion  of  other  lines  to  the  sanio  market,  (lie  disoriniina- 
Uon  ia  also  made  to  got  iho  tnflio  which  i-onld  not  otherwise  be  bo- 
cared.  And  tbe  result,  again,  is  a  reduction  in  tbe  rate  of  cost  of  lh« 
service  by  tbo  grvut4-r  traffic  nnual  to  thoae  markets  or  eonton  of  iodas> 
try  which  are  farorcd  by  the  discriminating  rate. 
I  Indcc4l,  it  liaa  sufficiently  appeared  that  all  discriouaatJona  are 
made  to  iurrease  traiBc,  and  t^ose  things  and  ptacee  are  favored  taoet 
which  furnish  the  largest  traffic.  Xow,  as  a  hirger  traffic  is  carried  at 
a  lee  rate  of  cost,  it  follows  that  lliere  is  a  constant  nod  fuiKlaroenial 
roLatioo  botwocn  tbo  cost  of  the  servioe  and  tbe  rate  of  cliargo.  Thcro 
in  fact,  ns  close  a  relation  as  il  Is  possible  to  establish  between  tbem 

y  any  system  bnl  one  which  would  be  prohibitory  lo  a  great  portion 
of  Iho  traffic  Tbe  milcmgo  basis  of  rates,  however,  has  and  conlinaei 
to  find  many  advocates,  yet  its  imprjicticability  has  been  so  often  illtu- 
tiated  that  but  brief  nii-ntion  of  it  st<oms  hero  to  be  called  for.  Where 
all  oircumslaacos  of  value,  coal,  competition,  and  quantity  are  equal,  a 
Buleage  tato  is  now  ap|>lied  by  railroatls,  only  reducing  tbe  rate  per 
milo  gradually  aa  the  length  of  haul  increaitett,  thus  making  the  rate 
conform  more  nearly  to  tbo  cost  of  servioe  tban  if  the  saroe  rate  per 
mile  were  applied  for  all  distances.  This  is  as  near  as  it  is  practicable 
to  apply  tbo  principle,  and  ts  tbo  rule  bo  far  as  my  information  extends 
on  sill  jVinericsn  roods,  aa  it  is  abo  on  European  roa>lK,  operated  both 
.by  private  corporations  and  by  goveniments.     But  wlnTrc  (he  rircum. 

itanoes  of  cost,  eompetttioo,  quantity,  and  value  are  different,  tbat  fa, 

or  tbe  greater  portion  of  the  traffic,  the  principle  would  result  in  )>ro> 
bibition.     Krom  the  pruccling  pages  this  resnlt  appears  lo  me  so  ap- 
Dt  as  to  need  no  fnrtlier  comment.    A  statement  before  me,  bow- 
er, of  an  impartial  and  Informed  body  (tbo  aelcct  Committee  of  the 

arliument  of  Great  Britain  on  fares  and  rales  of  188S),  is  io  clear 
d  forcible  an  ext>oeilion  of  this  point,  and  at  the  same  time  affords 
illustration  of  much  that  hxt  herein  b(^«n  said  on  tbe  subject  of 

iscrimination  in  general,  that  I  am  led  to  make  from  it  the  foUow- 
g  qnotation :  "The  form  which  the  propwal  for  a  fixed  standard  of 
obargea  has  usaalty  taken  is  equal  mileage,  i.  o,,  a  cliai^  for  eaob 
class  of  goods  anil  passengers  in  proportion  to  tlie  dintancc  for  wb'  * 
tbey  arc  earned."    This  point  waa  atrongly  urged  before  tbe  R 
rou  axvni.— SB 


F94 


THE  POPULAR  SCtKXCE  ^ONTBLT. 


1 


ComniMtun,  oad  U  ■><>  ufloctually  dUposed  of  by  tbelr  rftport  ibu 
IMIDS  wwooly  noooMwy  lo  dwell  upon  it  fortber.     Bat  it  rappt-: 
in  ibo  evidence  of  Home  of  tlic  irilnvawa  before  tbla  comaiitl4V, 
it  may  therefore  be  desirable  to  et«to  shonly  wby   it   \» 
lic»ble : 

'"  (a.)  It  woQid  prevent  railway  oompaoiot  from  lowering;  tl 
fares  and  ratcSf  ao  aa  to  cotn|>eto  with  trsSo  by  aea,  by  canal,  or 
•  ithorler  or  o(b«r4riu)  cheaper  rnilwny,  and  would  ihua  d«rpriT»  tbf 
public  of  tbe  benefit  of  compctitioD,  and  ilio  company  of  a  kgi 
Bourve  of  profit. 

" '  (5.)  It  would  prevent  railway  compauies  from  inalctng  pwfi 
fair  amngcnienM  for  carrying  at  a  lowtr  t\Xv  than  unual  goods 
In  larger  and  oonMant  quatitilics,  or  for  carrying  for  long  distasoca  il 
■  lover  rat«  tban  for  abort  dixlMicea. 

" '  (c.)  It  would  compel  a  company  to  earry  for  tbe  uuno  ntv  ofct 
a  lino  which  has  been  very  exjwiisiYe  in  constmction,  or  which,  frwo 
gmdicuttt  or  otbvrwiHi.%  ia  very  expensive  in  working,  at  the  aame 
at  which  it  carries  over  le«a  expensive  lints, 

"  <  In  Hbort,  to  impose  equal  mileage  on  tbe  companies  woaU 
deprive  tbe  public  of  the  bvncGt  of  much  of  tbe  competition 
now  exisU,  or  has  existed,  lo  raise  tbe  charges  on  the  ]iublic  in  nun; 
coacs  where  the  companies  now  find  it  to  iheir  interest  to  lower  i\"" 
and  to  perpetuate  niono|)olies  in  carriage,  trade,  and  manufaciuT 
favor  of  those  rates  aod  places  which  are  noifMl  or  leant  •z|NfnMts 
where  the  varying  ch.irges  of  the  c-oinpanica  now  create  oooipetitKiii. 
And  it  will  be  foond  tlint  tbe  aupporten  of  eqoal  mileage,  vben 
preesed,  really  mean,  not  that  the  rat«s  they  pay  therasclm  an  >» 
high,  but  that  the  ratea  that  others  pay  are  too  low.  I^rcssed  by  ihw 
diliictilties  tbe  proposers  of  equal  mileage  have  admitted  thai  then 
mttst  be  numerous  exceptions,  e.g.,  where  there  iase»oom}wUlion4i.>^ 
at  about  three  fifths  of  tbe  nitway-cutious  of  the  United  Kingdoa)t 
where  low  rates  for  long  dijitanees  will  bring  a  profit,  or  wbent  iJw 
article  carric<l  at  low  ra«»  Ia  a  neccMary.  such  as  coal.  It  is  scam); 
oaceanry  to  observe  that  exceptions  such  aa  tb«ap,  while  inadt^aau 
to  meet  all  the  various  cases,  destroy  the  value  of  equal  mileage  ai  ■ 
principle,  or  the  posxibility  of  applying  il  aa  »  general  rule."'" 

TnriffH  of  rates  have,  however,  been  established  without  ili*rnmi- 
ftation,  but  Llieir  workings  have  abown  that  they  wore  BStahliilied  aith- 
aa  little  discretion  aa  disoemraent.    An  illuKtrallon  of  sticl)  a  am  ifl 
affordol  by  the  experience  of  Germany,  the  hi«l<iry  iif  i> "     '       i.-i»«fl 
in  the  testimony  before  the  committ<.v  on  fares  and  rar-  P^l 

liament  of  Orwat  Britain  above  referred  to.    The  tiovenimfwt,  ta  «» 
formity  with  it«  military  spu-iL,  which  odmita  of  only  nnqnrvtiucac 
obodionco  to  arbitrary  orders,  enforced  on  the  railwaya  n  unifum  "^ 
unvarj'ing  system  of  cbargeo.     Having  fli«il  tbe  tarifl^s  in  iu  v^m 
*  Rtrort  10  ibo  ITonM  ot  OcBunoM,  iidy,  IStl,  |i.  \x.  I 


inscsiit/XATioy  iir  railwat  rates. 


i9S 


r 

^nonntry  al  rates  wlu«fa  to  it  verci  sntMfxctoiy,  it  adopted  the  principle 

^PlbM  DO  through  rates  i>hould  bu  giv^D  t-xcept  on  tlir  iMwio  of  tlteM 

^  looal  clinrgc*.    Thus  irsiffic,  for  f ntttauco,  Iwiwoou  IWgiuin,  ur  Holland 

ami  Aiuiria,  might  be  braa|[hl  up  to  tbe  U«riiiaii  frontier  at  whatever 

rate  tbo»o  «tat«n  cboM  to  fix,  bat,  imtnediJUel;  upon  ent«riiig  on  Oer- 

man  torrilorr,  ilic  local  tiirifTs  sbouM  apply.     An  a  result,  tbe  throogh 

11     Iraffiu  wan  drircn  from  the  nulroads  to  the  rivern,  anil  i-xporta  from 

^UVastria  foatid  tlicir  way  to  the  s«a  on  the  Elbe  and  tbe  Rhine.     After 

^Blha  enforeoment  of  tbe  policy  bad  *'  utterly  di'Stroyitd  "  tbts  tbroagh 

Btraflio  on  tiic  Uorman  railiravs,  the  ad mitiisl ration  decided  to  profit  by 

the  expericnj-e  to  abandon  their  unnatural  policy,  and  attempt  lo  get 

back  the  traffic.    Accordingly, they  issued  a  tariff,  vhich  ic  instrnctivo 

an  Hhowing  bow  completely  they  gave  up  their  artificial  system  and 

recogninwl  in  railway  rates  the  natural  force*  contr<iIIing  commerce. 

The  heading  of  the  tariff   r(>adit :  "  Exceptional  tariff  lo   and    from 

ihe  GcTman  seaports,  for  goods  traffic  between  Hamburg,  Ilarburg, 

LKBrcmcrhaveti,  GecMemOndo,  Bremen,  and  Itcgon»burg,  and  Pa«n»  Hta- 

^pion)!.    To  come  in  force  on  and  from  3Iarcli  1,  M^i^'Z.    Tliia  tariff  will 

api'Iy  only  to  goods  traversing  Germany  and  pataing  tK-yond  Kegens- 

burg  and  Pasun,  and  out  of  the  district  of  tb«  Gt-rman  customs,  and 

in  consignments  of  ten  tons  per  truck  and  above  (wool  excepted). 

Smaller  oon»ig:tmrnts  wilf  W  charged  at  usual  rates.  Articles  included 

^^in  the  cxccptionni  tariff,"   It  then  continues  to  enumerate  articles  under 

^heven   "special   tariffs."    The  testimony  before  tbe  commissioD  on 

^HblsBabj«ct  conclndcs  as  follows:  "Xowthat  shows tb&t  the  strongoaC 

Hgovemment  in  the  world,  I  xuppoHe,  can  not  interfere  with  the  oonrw 

of  trafHc  except  at  ita  peril,  and,  if  they  attempt  to  impose  upon 

the  commerce  of  tbe  country  an  impossible  system,  tbey  come  to 

.grief."* 

^^      I  have  attempted  to  show  that  the  rates  on  railroads  are  regulated 
^by  natural  prini-iplea  of  competition,  and  that  it  is  from  the  operation 
^Bpf  these  principles  that  discriminations  are  produced.    TLih  la  but 
^"laying,  in  other  words,  that  discriminating  rates  result  from  competi- 
tion.  An  examination  of  the  cases  reported  by  the  various  State  Rail- 
roa<l  Commtfuioners  will  show  that  this  is  true ;  for  it  will  be  found 
^—that  the  discriminations  effect  a  reduction  in  rates,  not  an  increase. 
^■TtK-y  arc  cORcejaions   made  to  sccnre  traffic,  wliicli  at  former  rates 
^■irould  not  be  carried.     If  rhts  were  not  at  least  believed  to  be  the  re- 
^rtnlt,  there  would  appear  no  incentive  for  the  company  to  make  the 
redaction.     In  brief,  tbe  esiue  of  discrimination  is  competition,  the 
effect  is  reduction. 


•  Bqioft  W  tb«  QooM  of  Oommoas.  Julf,  I8SI,  pp.  110,  ITl. 


{96 


TEE  POPULAR   SCIENCE  MONTtUy. 


A  THDOONG  MACHINE. 

Bt  oka  NT  ALLKX. 

"rpMlINGS  Diarrclona  Uiuro  nro  nuny,*'  mjk  tbo  Aulo  dnuulLi. 
-L    *'  but  &moug  (h«ni  all  iiaugbl  moves  roorc  Iruly  marrelvus  lh« 
tnan."    And,  iodtreil,  when  one  begiui  Herioatily  tu  think  It  ove 
i»  DO  machino  in  all  tbe  worM  one-half,  nay  out-mi  Hi  unth  part,] 
Uaordinnry  in  ita  mode  of  action  as  the  bnman  brain.     Minnicly  i 
8truot«d,  iiuwnilable  in  all  iu  eraoks  aitd  whwlH,  compoNcd  of  nnaib 
1ms  oella  and  batteries,  all  connected  togfiibiT  by  niirroecopically  < 
telegntpbio  wirec,  and  so  deujjned  (whether  by  Hupfrior  iiitellit;uic<! « 
•volntionary  art)  thai  ovory  potlioD  of  it  answers  ftyin|iatliiiUcal)y  i< 
Mme  fact  or  energy  of  ibu  external  universe — tbe  human  braio  dtfiff 
tbe  clumsy  analysia  of  our  carving-knifo  snatomiEls,  ami  - 
this  day  a  gre»t  unknown  and  almoot  unmapped  region,  il.< 
eogiiUa  of  modem  physiology.     If  you  look  into  any  one  of  tlie  or^^ 
nary  human  machiue&,  with  its  spokes  and  coga,  ita  kprings  ami  lirrtt). 
you  can  mo  at  oneo  (at  least,  if  you  have  a  spark  of  nativu  n)ochanici< 
Intolligenco  within  you)  how  its  various  portions  are  nit^aut  to  run  (c- 
gether,  and  what  is  the  result,  tbe  actual  work,  to  be  ultimntuly  p^ 
out  of  it.     But  not  the  profoondest  microsoopist,  not  tbo  ncutMt  ;■;■ 
obologtet,  not  tbo  most  learned  |tl)yitiologist  on  earth  could  poeaiU) 
aay,  by  inspecting  a  given  little  bit  of  tbe  central  nervous  meehactn 
of  fanmanity,  why  tbo  excitation  of  this  or  that  fragment  of  gray  nsl- 
ter  should  give  rise  to  tbe  picture  of  a  brown  umbrella  or  tbe  voiotia* 
of  jcalouHy,  why  it  should  rather  be  connected  with  the  compratiHMiia 
of  a  matfaemaiical  problem  than  ivith  tbo  conMionsness  of  poia  or  tb 
memory  of  a  gray-baircd,  military-looking  gentleman  vbMDVDin'l 
three  yoars  ago  at  an  hotel  at  Bianiti. 

}klcrcly  to  sute  tboM  posnible  alterualivvH  of  the  stimuUtlou  ni ' 
portion  of  tbo  brain  is  snffieient  to  bring  up  vividly  into  view  Ihu  i*^ 
monaaitd  almost  inconceivable  oompleiity  of  that  wonderful  naunl 
mechanism.  Imagine  for  a  moment  a  machine  so  delicatv  thai  tl  itO'j 
pable  of  yielding  us  (he  son^tion  of  a  »traw1ivrTy-tc«-,  the  ie»tlictk  ■ 
light  of  a  beautiful  picture,  the  intellntual  [itTfcplioo  of  tba  eqil 
of  the  angles  at  the  ba#e  of  nn  isoscelc*  Iriatigle,  the  rcoollwtiopt 
what  wo  all  said  and  did  the  day  w«  went  for  that  ptcnio  to  tbt  I 
gelly  waterfalU,  the  vague  and  incotiMateut  dissolving  view*  of  a  ■U'*: 
turbod  dream,  the  pain  of  toothache,  and  (be  delight  at  nrotiBK  mO ' 
mora  an  old  friend  who  has  rctomml  from  India.  Tho  viTy  mail* 
of  sneh  a  oomplicated  machinery,  h-t  alone  the  diUletiliy  of  iu  | 
lion  of  coiuoiouanew,  it  enough  to  make  tbe  notion  tbujinnk«dl]ritslf'| 
seem  wild  and  absurd.  Vet  there  the  machine  aolually  is,  tana*"! 
bodily  for  its  own  possibility.     Vou  can  not  cavil  at  ibn  accomjiiilfc'*'  { 


A  TMINKJNQ  MACBINS. 


597 


€ 


'act.  It  may  b«  inconr«lvibt*,  bat  at  any  nt«  It  cxinU.  Logic  mxj 
demoIUh  it ;  ridicule  may  ciplod«  it ;  metapbysiL-a  may  cxptain  it 
awny  ;  but,  in  e|>ite  of  lh«m  all,  it  continues  Htill  imp«rturbably  lo  be, 
an<)  lo  perform  the  IhousaDd-and^oDe  incrediblo  ftmctions  wbicb  argQ< 
tnent  ooDcJasiv^ly  and  tiiumpbantly  demonstrate*  it  cao  ncrvr  com- 
pass. Call  it  malarial  ism  or  what  v\ki  yoa  like,  cxporinioDtal  pbyiii- 
oiogy  Itas  DOW  calmly  <lemonHtrat<.-d  tlic  irri'fragabtit  fact  that  on  the 
brain,  and  on  vncli  of  its  parts,  depends  the  irhole  of  what  we  are  and 
what  wo  foci,  what  we  see  and  what  wo  suffer,  what  we  believe  and 
what  we  ini3,!:;iiie.  Everything  that  in  our  inmost  souls  wc  think  of 
■a  f/«,  apart  from  that  mere  exicms)  burden,  our  body,  ia  summed  up 
in  tbe  functions  and  activity  of  a  single  roar\-cloas  and  inscruuble 
organism,  our  hnman  brain. 

But,  though  physiology  mii  tell  um  very  little  as  yet  about  bow  the 
brain  does  ■)>>  work,  it  can  nevvnhcl<,<w>  t«II  us  something;  and  late 
roMorcbes  have  made  such  a  differeneo  in  our  n-ay  of  looking  at  its 
mmlo  of  activity,  and  have  so  npttct  many  current  and  very  crudely 
materialistic  errors,  that  it  may  perhaps  be  worth  wbilo  briefly  (o  state, 
in  popalar  and  comprchcosible  language,  how  the  organ  of  thought 
envisages  itself  in  actual  working  process  to  tbe  most  adranocd  among 
cnir  modern  plivMological  p«yehologist«. 

LH  OS  begin  firil  with  tbe  old-faxbinned  and,  nn  we  now  believe, 
eMffnUatly  mistaken  vipw— tbe  view  which  found  iu  fullest  and  most 
groteHone  outcome  in  tlie  spurious  acicnco  of  t>o-eallod  pbrvnology, 
but  which  still  lingers  on,  more  or  less  carefully  didgiiiscd,  among  the 
"localirsliona"  and  "  specifio  energies  "  of  many  rcHpccuhle  modem 
ant  bori  lies. 

According  to  this  saperficial  view,  overtly  exprented  or  implicitly 
BUggtsted  in  different  OMM,  each  cell  and  ganglion  and  twist  of  the 
brain  bad  a  special  function  and  purpose  of  iu  own  to  enbnerve,  and 
answered  to  a  single  special  lOentcnt  of  sensation  or  perception,  inK-l- 
lect  or  emotion.  In  a  certain  little  round  man  of  brain-matter,  in  the 
part  of  the  bead  devoted  lo  Innguagc  (if  we  pnnh  the  theory  to  Its 
extreme  conclusion),  must  have  be«n  localiz4Ml  the  one  word  "dog";  in 
th»  next  litllc  masH  muHt  have  been  localized  "  hor«e  ";  in  tlic  next, 
"  camel,"  in  tbe  next  again,  "elephant,"  and  so  on  ad  in/iailum.  Ilerc, 
a  particular  cell  and  fiber  wvn>  intrusted  with  tbo  memory  of  iIm  visi- 
ble orange ;  there,  anothiT  similar  little  nervouA  element  had  to  do 
with  the  reeollection  of  the  audible  note  C  flat  in  the  middle  octave  of 
s  cottage  piano.  'Hiua  reduced  to  its  naked  terms,  of  course,  the  tbo- 
ory  aounds  almon  too  obviouAly  gross  and  ridicnlous  ;  bat  something 
like  it,  not  quite  so  vividly  rraliKcd  or  pushed  so  far  into  minute  do- 
tail,  was  held  not  only  by  the  «M-fa)ihiotie<!  phronologtirts,  but  also  by 
any  modem  and  far  more  i>hysiological  ment.'d  philosophers. 

When  WG  come  to  look  the  question  in  the  face,  however,  tbe  mere 
nmbvr  of  cells  and  fibers  in  the  human  brain,  immense  as  it  nndonbt- 


S98 


THE  POPULAR  SCJSNCH  XOXTULV. 


m 


ediy  h,  would  surely  ii«ver  aulSoe  for  tlie  ulatiMt  ioSnltv  vuietf «( 
perceptioDa  aud  facta  with  wliicli  oar  memory  ntono  (not  to  nMUm 
any  other  mental  faculty)  in  so  abundantly  atorod.    SuppOM^  for«ia» 
pl^  v«  (alcti  merely  llio  bumim  beings,  Living  or  extinct,  withvboH 
namcH  or  penoimlitie*  we  are  more  or  leett  fully  acquaiatiM,  and  ir^ 
to  give  a  cell  or  a  fiber  or  a  gsngUon  to  each  ;  bow  many  colla  or  fibu* 
of  ganglia  would  bv  left  unappropriated  at  Ibe  end  of  the  enttmeratiM 
for  all  the  rest  of  animate  or  inanimnto  nature,  and  all  ibc  otbvr  fust 
or  seoBatioDB  witb  wbiob  wo  am  pcrfwlly  familiar,  to  Bay  ootKhig  <i 
tmotiun»i  volitions,  pIvaxurvH,  pains,  nod  all  tfae  olber  minor  elemaou 
of  our  eompIt^x  being  I     Let  uii  brgin,  by  way  of  csperimeat,  vilb 
Greek  biatory  alone,  and  try  to  dintributc  oni'  cupamlo  nprre^lMMiil 
apiece  to  Sotoo  and  I'eriaoder,  to  TfaemtHtoolea  and  Ariatidv*,  to  nimd- 
otoB  and  Thucydides,  to  Zeuxia  and  Plicidiaa,  to  Socratea  and  PUtu, 
to  vG«chylu«  and  Sophocles,  to  AriitidM  and  Alexander,  and  ao  ea 
atrajght  through  down  to  the  very  days  of  the  Itysantine  Eafdra 
Then  kt  us  begin  afrcsb  over  agab,  and  givv  a  ci-ll  all  round  to  thi 
noble  liomans  of  our  bnppy  scbool-dayn,  Romulus  and  Kemus  {mytl 
or  reality  matters  little  for  onr  preacnt  parposc),  tlu^  Kcvcn  kin.e*  sml 
the  ton  decemvirs,  tbe  Curtius  who  leaped  into  the  gulf  and  ihv  Scr- 
Tola  who  bumod  his  band  off  in  tbe  Etruacau  fire,  tboM  terriblo  iSdpka 
aiH)  those  grim  Orsccbi,  our  enemy  Uonoe  with  bis  friend  Ma<ccDH^ 
und  so  donm  through  all  tbe  Cnsan  to  iho  second  liomuloa  again, 
pretty  much  where  wo  orijjinally  sLsrted.    Onca  more,  apply  tlie  ■■» 
tiling  to  Engli&b  history,  and  allot  a  single braiiMlemcnt  apioco  toeffsy- 
body  we  can  remember  from  Cordic  of  Wetwcx  to  Queen  Victoria,  fron 
CaidmoD  the  poet',  Diruugh  Clmu<!vr,  Sliaki-npean.',  Milton,  and  P<j|>t, 
to  Tennyson,  8winbitru<r,  and  O.-^ar  Wilde— a  cell  each  for  nil  ibi 
alatcftincn,  priests,  fighters,  writers,  thinkers,  doers,  and  mined lansMi 
nobodies  whom  we  can  poasibly  recall  from  the  limbo  of  forgiHfalM* 
from  tbe  days  when  Ilengial  andlIoran(&lasI  more  myths)  drovvtlwtf 
qFmmetrioat  three  keek  asLoro  at  KbbsflMt,  to  the  cveiit«  recorded  r«( 
our  present  edifioatioo  in  this  wening's  newspaper.     (And  obMrrre  k^ 
pa«dng  that,  out  of  dcforvnoc  to  advanced  Teutonic  scbolanldj),  1  ^^ 
ninply  dung  away  Caraotaous  and  Boadiec«t  CarauaUs  and  ^Ulectofl 
and  all  ifaeother  vague  and  Tagneiy-rememb«rod  peraooaliiiesnl  tbf 
earlier  British  and  Bomano- British  history.)     Why,  by  the  tine  «*    ' 
bad  got  through  our  historic  peDwnagea  alone,  we  should  liavslntU 
Tory  scanty  rvmnant  of  places  for  the  fJtousands  and  Ihounands  of  li*fl 
ing  individuals  wiib  whom  each  ona  of  us  must  have  c<"  ':»'« 

and  each  of  whom  souins  toocoupy  aitepiamteniclHtoriii  '■'■■.  ;  tc^V 
hole  iu  the  endlen  archives  of  the  particular  merootr.  H 

And  this  is  only  a  single  small  department  of  rl  lUjjtJMHiH 

rsbic,  a  men  specimen  category  out  of  an  innumei  .  v>o(lHlwH 

uiiglii  iN|ually  well  have  been  adduced  in  evidenoo.     'lake  tbe  tsfiw 
noild,  for  example — the  orvaturos  theauvlvw,  aud  trot  thvir  mms^  J 


A   THINKiyO  HACaiNE. 


S99 


liul  look  M  Ui«  dircnltj'  of  c-ata  snd  do^  goaU  and  eheep,  beetles 
and  i>u(t«rilu!(i,  lolea  aod  shnm]js,  ibat  «Ti>n  thp  ordinary  anloaniod 
man  knows  and  recognizee,  and  moelty  rcmcrabcra.  Karrow  tb«  qnofr 
tiou  down  to  dogs  alone,  lud  «till  yon  get  tlic  Hanio  result.  CoDNtdcr 
tbe  St.  lierosrds  nnd  tliu  maKtifTM,  tbe  pugn  and  the  boU-dogs,  tlie 
b lack -aiid- tans  and  ttic  King  C)iarli««(,  the  sheep-do^  and  tbe  deer^ 
houndfl,  the  skivering  little  Italian  grayboanda  «aA  Um  long  dacbs- 
honda  tbat  yoa  bay  by  tbe  yard.  Every  one  of  tbMo  aud  countlcM 
others  has  got  to  bavo  its  cell  all  to  iucif  in  the  claMilicalory  d«))«rt> 
Qient  of  ilic  human  brain,  and  I  «ii[>poMi  another  oell  for  its  name  in . 
tbv  potlioii  >i[)«ciidly  devoted  to  language  also.  Add  to  these  tbe  plants, 
flowvre,  fruits,  roots,  and  other  well-koown  vegetable  products  whoM 
naotea  are  familiar  to  almost  everybody,  and  wlinl  a  total  yoii  bava 
gol  at  once  I  A  good  botaniEt,  to  take  a  more  iq>ccifio  case,  knou-a  (in 
addition  to  n  etwk  of  general  knowledge  about  equivalent  on  the 
nvorag<!  to  anybcHly  i-Ihc's)  the  naiueo  »uJ  naturce  of  hundreds  and 
tboUDands  of  dirlinct  plants,  to  say  nothing  atwut  ionumerable  smalt 
pecnliaritii-s  of  stem,  and  loaf,  and  flower,  and  seed  in  every  species 
and  variety  among  tbem  al).  No,  the  mere  bare  weight  of  dead  fact 
with  which  everybody's  tnomory  is  stored  and  htdcn  dclios  the  possi- 
bility of  reckoning  and  ]>igeoD-boltDg,  ilako  your  soparato  dockets 
over  so  tiny,  reduce  tbem  alt  to  tbv'ir  smalltHt  dinK-n.->tons,  and  yet 
there  will  not  be  room  for  all  of  ihein  in  tlie  human  bruin.  The  more 
w«  think  oil  it,  the  more  will  tbe  wonder  grow  that  one  small  he^d  can 
CMTy  all  that  tbe  merest  infant  knows. 

And  DOW  observe  once  more  in  turn  a  still  greater  and  more  fatal 
diffii-iiltr.  I  liiiTi'  "poken  throiighont,  after  tlie  maimer  of  men,  as 
though  vacli  si'paralv  obji.'cl,  or  word,  or  idea  had  a  clearly  defined 
and  limited  individuality,  and  tbnt  it  could  he  distinctly  located  and 
circumscribed  by  itself  in  a  single  solitary  iHoIated  cell  of  the  nervous 
mechanism.  But  in  reality  the  very  terms  I  have  been  obliged  to  use 
in  describing  tlio  matter  liavo  themselves  contained  the  implicit  con- 
demnatioo  of  thin  crude,  hard,  and  impossible  materialistic  conception. 
For  no  idea  and  no  word  Is,  as  a  matter  of  fact,  so  rigidly  one  and 
indivisible,  like  the  French  Kf-jiublio.  Take  for  example  once  moro 
our  old  friend  "  dog,"  and  kl  us  confine  our  attention  just  now  to  tho 
word  alone,  not  to  the  ideas  connoted  by  it.  Dog  is  not  one  word  :  it 
is  a  whole  group  and  set  of  words.  There  is,  first  of  all,  the  audible 
sound,  dog,  as  It  fatlii  upon  our  cunt  when  spoken  by  another.  That 
is  to  say,  there  is,  imprlmi*,  dog  auilit»ry.  Secondly,  there  is  tlie 
moscnUr  effort,  dog,  as  it  frames  its<^lf  ui>on  our  own  lips  and  vocal 
organs  when  wo  say  it  aloud  to  another  person,  lliat  is  to  say,  there 
ts,  secutxlo,  dijx  pronminwaltle.  Tliirdly,  there  is  the  written  or  printed 
word,  dog,  DOR,  in  capiials  or  minnseulos,  script,  or  Roman,  or  italic, 
as  we  rocognixe  it  visibly  vhea  seen  with  our  eyes  in  book  < 
■TItat  is  to  say,  there  is,  tertio,  dog  legible.    Now,  it  b  quite  < 


600 


TUB  POPVLAB  SCISNCS  uoyTffir. 


1 


QUI  WOSd 
clMlul  hf  m 


eaob  of  thmo  throe  dutinct  dogfl  In  nude  ap  of  ncpftmU]  vl«nraU,  uul 
oaa  not  powiiltljr  l>e  Kgarded  u  boitig  locat«<l  in  a  ninglo  cell  or  fllwi 
ftlooob  Dog  auditory  ia  made  up  of  the  ftmlible  oooBouuitAl  Mnnd  D. 
the  widible  Towel-BOQiKl  aft  or  A  (nnfaappily  ve  bftT«  no  aninnallj 
rooogntied  phonetic  syRtcm),  and  tb«  olfavr  andible  coRsonaoUil  wosJ 
Q  bard ;  in  tliat  precise  order  of  sequence  and  no  other, 
nounceable  is  nmde  np  of  an  effort  of  breath  aniast  tonguo  and 
produriog  the  soft  dental  sound  D,  followed  by  an  uninipcdH 
ixmI  breath,  prodncing  the  audible  vowel-sooud  ab  or  f;  iiinl  cloiiul  hj 
a  stoppage  of  tfao  tongue  against  tbe  roof  of  the  mouth,  prodticbg  iW 
soft  [laliilxl  G.  Ptnallv,  dog  legible,  in  print  at  toast,  ts  compowdcf 
the  sepitriitt;  tijuibolit  D  antl  O  and  G,  or  d  and  <>  and  g.  or  d  and  o Uti 
g.  Yet  all  these  distinct  and  unlilco  dogs  would  bo  nnht-niratiit^li 
olaaaed  by  most  people  under  the  head  of  language,  and  he  loml*^) 
by  phrenologists,  witJi  their  clumsy  lumping  giibness,  in  tl>e  imaginafj' 
"  bump  "  thereto  assigned,  or  by  more  modern  phyHologista  (trboteu- 
oellcnt  Hcicntifto  work  I  should  bo  tbe  last  to  tii>dervalae)  in  the  pv- 
Uoular  convolution  of  the  left  hcminphcra  found  to  b«  diseajsrd  b 
many  casM  of  *'  atactic  apbasio,"  or  loss  of  »pi'e«li. 

How  inSoitely  more  complex  and  raricd,  then,  is  the  Idea  of 
for  wbiL-li  all  theeo  beards  spokon,  n-ritten,  or  printed  do;;s  are  bvt 
many  rough  and  incomplete  symbols !  For  the  idea  of  dog  compriscf 
tbe  bead  thereof,  and  the  tail,  the  four  legs,  the  oyM,  the  mouth,  tlir 
nose^  the  neck,  the  body,  tbe  loee,  Ihc  hair,  the  bark,  thr  bile,  ibt 
<»nin«  teeth  that  iuSict  it,  and  all  the  other  known  and  nnnrmlicrsd 
peeuliaritiee  of  perfect  doghood  as  ideally  rraliaable.  If  we  ai* 
asisigD  peradvcntiirc  a  upeeia]  tract  in  the  brain  to  the  ooDoqtt  dog, 
nnst  bo  dear  at  once  that  that  tract  will  be  itself  a  »cry  large  anJ 
ranch  subdivided  re^oa.  For  it  must  include  all  the  (<epamte  TiviUf 
attributes  of  tbe  dog  in  general  ;  and  also  i(  must  contain  as  sub-sp*- 
ciee  in  subordination  to  it  every  kind  of  known  dog,  not  only  llw" 
already  enumerated,  but  abo  tho  Eakiman  dof;,  the  Poineranioa,  Ik* 
French  poodle,  the  (nmspit,  tbo  Anstralian  dingo,  (bo  Cuban  bleerf- 
bound,  the  Gordon  aotter,  and  ao  forth,  through  itTcry  other  for*  cf 
dog  tho  partienlar  posMSsor  of  that  individual  brain  has  ever  m.-ni,oaf- 
niwd,  or  heard  of.  Is  It  not  clear  that,  on  the  hyi»ollii-«is  of  Mich  d* 
nite  and  distinct  localization,  dog-tract  alone  ought  to  mooopoUss  * 
region  about  one  sixth  as  big  every  way  as  our  whole  aasignatttc 
vinon  of  braio-eurface  T 

Moreover,  abont  ihU  point  we  soom  to  l>e  getting  our*elvrs  tntu  s' 
sad  muddle.  For  wc  have  next  to  remember  our  own  private  dii|> 
Grip,  lei  ns  call  him,  or  if  yoo  prefer  it,  Prinee  or  Ponto.  No»,I 
suppose,  his  name,  viewed  as  a  name,  will  bo  loealiacd  in  the  lsnfr«sp* 
department  of  our  particular  brain,  and  will  there  be  arrangr>i  nodw 
the  f;eueral  heading  of  proper  names,  divioion  dog-names.  Elot  Uk" 
must  bo  some  intimalc  cross-connootlon  beiwotm  the  cell  iir  •-rlli  ri?- 


hr 


A    TIlINKIXa  MACUINS. 


601 


I  mwnling  tbe  audible  and  pronounceable  namo  Grip,  or  ifao  IcUcn  G, 
'-  TX,  I,  1',  and  tho  cell  or  cHtii  wliich  liavc  to  do  wiUi  Ihi;  idoa  dog,  and 
also,  I  imagim^,  with  tlio  iiaTnv  dog  :  for  both  ibo  word  Grip  \»  inti- 
tnutcly  ooDDected  in  my  mind  villi  the  words  "  injr  dog,"  and  tbe  ides 
■Grip  is  inliinatolj  connected  in  that  same  bumble  empirical  Eubjcctir- 
itf  witb  the  idea  of  dog  in  general.  In  fact,  I  oan't  think  of  Grip 
without  thinking  at  once  of  \m  visible  nppi'nmnoe,  bin  pimiotial  name, 
and  his  essential  dogginess  of  name  and  n.iturv.  Grip  is  to  mc  s  sym- 
bol, jtrinlhrilf,  of  Homc  dog  or  other,  and  »ecoDdarity  or  more  particu- 
larly of  ray  tlog.  But  whether  Grip  and  Ponto  are  arranged  and 
pigeon-holed  in  cells  next  door  to  one  another,  as  being  both  by  name 
dogs  ;  or  wbctber  one  is  arranged  under  G,  as  in  a  diolionary,  and  tbe 
other  onder  P  (just  after  Pontius,  for  example,  and  just  before  Poo- 
VoB  Euxinos,  both  of  which  form  diminot  component  elenienta  of  my 
Torbat  memory),  I  can  not  imagine.  At  eoob  step  in  tbe  effort  to 
realixe  this  wooden  sort  of  localiulton,  is  it  not  clear  that  we  are  sink- 
ing deeper  and  deeper  into  a  bottomlesa  slough  of  utter  inconcoiTa- 
bitity  r 

Once  more  (and  this  shall  he  my  last  attempt  to  point  ODt  the  ab- 

»8nn]ity  of  the  oxlrcme  cell -theory),  what  ane  wo  to  make  of  tho  cms 
of  a  man  who  knows  more  than  one  language  f  Take  for  example  tha 
word  cAwfl.  Here,  in  onu  direction,  all  tho  assodations  and  oonneo- 
tEoiu  of  idea  are  exactly  the  Mme  at  in  the  word  dog.  If  I  happen  to 
Iw  speaking  Knglisli  I  say,  "  It's  a  d»g"  ;  if  I  happen  to  be  speaking 

•Freoob,  I  say,  "Ceat  un  cAitn,"  and  in  both  cases  with  just  about 
the  sane  idea  in  my  mind.  The  picture  called  up  by  the  one  word 
is  exactly  the  same,  in  moxt  respects,  as  the  picture  calle<l  up  by 
tbe  other.  Yot  not  prc«isely.  If  I  write  Paris,  so,  the  notion  im- 
mediately aroused  in  the  reader's  mio<l  is  that  of  a  white  and  glar- 
ing brand-new  city  across  tbe  Channel  where  we  all  go  to  waste  our 
hard-earned  money  at  periodical  intervals,  Bal  if  in  the  preceding 
lino  1  had  happened  to  talk  of  Priam  and  Helen,  the  idea  called  up  by 
that  self-same  combination  of  one  capital  letter  and  four  small  ones 
would  have  been  a  wholly  different  one,  of  an  idyllic  shepherd,  as  In 
Tennyson's  "Enone,"orof  a  handsome  Mamp  as  in  (HomerV) "  Iliad." 
If  I  write  "  baker,"  cverylMMly  knows  I  mean  tht-  man  who  supplies  hot 
rolU  for  breakfast ;  bat  if  I  write  "  Baker,"  everybody  is  aware  that 

»1  allude  to  Sir  Samuel  or  to  his  brother  the  Pasha.  Now,  this  alterna- 
tive possibility  is  even  worso  in  tbe  case  of  chien.  For,  if  I  am  talking 
French,  the  sight  of  a  particular  animal  which  usttally  calls  up  to  my 
^^lipa  the  word  "dog,"  calls  op  instead  the  totally  different  word  ehUn, 
^KAnd  if  the  subject  in  band  is  philology,  while  dog  immediately  sug- 
Vgests  to  roe  the  rnrions  practical  falling  out  of  our  language  of  tbe 
Hprimitire  word  hiiml,  hound,  now  only  applied  to  a  special  class  of 
^fdoga,  and  the  sulmitntion  for  it  of  a  iSeandinavian  and  Dutch  root  nut 
^Boand  in  Anglo-Saxon,  eht<n  immcdiatoly  auggoaU  to  me  its  nltimate 


6os 


THE  POPULAR  SCISNCS  MOXrHLV. 


d«rivatioii  from  iu  orig'iual  eanin,  and  tho  babituftl  cbu)g«  of  o  befetv 
a  into  di  ill  ibc  (MUitagu  of  word*  inlo  Fi«»ck  from  Latia.  Bj  lliu  that; 
I  Uiink  tlic  Tf-aAcT  (witk  Iiih  uHual  acutooeH)  wiU  bogtn  lo  porc«iv«  isio 
what  a  lii>[iGlt;8H  network  of  nxMs  eonnectionti  sod  cro(ilc<Kl  eombiii*- 
tiona  we  bavc  ninnaged  to  get  ouraelTes  in  our  aoarch  after  llto  defi- 
nitely Iwcnliinbto. 

llow,  tbvn,  don  tbo  mcehnDiMu  of  the  lirain  nially  act  ?  I  b«lt«)n 
tbc  lTV*i  WMirer  to  thirt  qgt>»tioD  b  tha  ose  moH  fully  givcD  by  U.  Ri- 
l>ol  and  uever  yet  completely  a«Dupt«d  by  Ea^iftb  paycbulo^t*.  It 
aols,  for  tbe  most  part,  as  a  whole  ;  or  at  lenat*  evvn  tlio  aimplnl  idea 
or  tiient»l  act  of  any  eon  )h  a  complex  of  |>n>ceeseB  involTlng  tbe  niM 
vnomiously  varitsl  brain- cUtucDiA.  Instead  of  dog  being  located  Ma» 
wlii'ni  in  one  pnrticDlar  ooll  of  tbo  brain,  dog  ta  an  id«a,  audiblo.  rli^ 
btc,  legible,  pronounceable,  requiring  for  diflervut  modM  of  it«  pmtf- 
tiott  or  production  tlw  co-oporalion  of  an  cuormous  number  of  acpMal* 
oella,  fiboni,  and  ganglia. 

Lot  Q6  takean  illustration  from  a  kindred  case  liow  olaaqr  ud 
awkward  a  supposition  it  would  be  if  wo  wcm  lo  Imagine  tbere  «m 
amuwlo  of  dancing,  and  a  muscle  of  walking,  nnd  a  miutole  of  rowinji^ 
and  a  muKClu  of  orickeling,  and  a  muKclc  for  tlic  tipncial  praclic*  at 
the  noble  art  of  lawn-tcnnix  1  Dancing  b  not  a  unglo  act ;  it  u  a  coiu- 
plex  seritM  of  co>ordinated  movements,  implying  for  its  proper  per 
formance  tbe  action  of  almost  all  the  muaclea  of  ibo  bo<]y  in  diffcnat 
proportions,  and  in  relativt'Iy  fixed  amoanta  and  niannfrs.  Kvi-n  % 
waltK  is  complicated  enough  ;  hut  when  wc  ct>ni«  lo  a  <iuadrille  or  i 
Mt  of  lancora,  everybody  can  Ke  at  onco  that  tbe  6giiro  conaista  of  m 
many  atepa  forward  and  ao  many  back  ;  of  a  Ww  hero,  mid  a  twill 
there  ;  of  Iuind«  now  extended  both  together,  and  now  IhIiI  out  nw 
at  a  time  in  rapid  succession  ;  and  so  forth,  tlironghout  all  tlut  loot; 
and  complicated  series.  A  quadrille,  in  short,  is  not  a  oame  for  un* 
act,  for  a  single  movement  of  a  auigle  muscle,  but  for  nsoy  acta  ti 
tbe  whole  organism,  a't  arranged  in  a  fixed  )i04|a''nci>. 

It  is  just  llic  Mmo  with  the  RimplcAt  ui-t  of  roenUd  pareeptinL 
Orange,  for  exampK-,  ia  not  the  name  of  a  single  imprecaion  ;  it  is  tJw 
name  of  a  vast  complex  of  impreaBions,  all  or  most  of  which  are  piw- 
ODt  to  consciouanesa  in  tbe  actuality  whenever  wo  aeo  an  orange,  ud 
a  graat  many  of  which  arc  present  in  the  idea  whi<ni-vi,T  wu  rrwemlHT 
or  think  of  un  orange.  It  is  the  name  of  a  nllier  soft,  yellow  fnii^ 
round  in  ahape,  with  a  thick  rind,  white  inside,  and  pOBsenlnic  aehii' 
acteristic  taste  and  o<lar  ;  n  fruit  divisible  into  several  n:  I-il-t 

segments,  with  cells  inaidc,  and  with  pips  of  a  rccogn  nxi 

sknpe— and  so  forth,  ad {if/initunt.    Id  tho  act  cif  perceiving  an  oniBf* 
we  exerciac  n  number  of  separate  nen'ea  of  tiiglit,  Mmell,  imUt,  u^ 
feeling,  and  their  oonncct^nl  organs  in  the  brain  aa  well.     In  the  «* 
^f  thinking  about  or  rcnicmhering  an  orange  wb  excrciMi  mare  faintif 
■tooa^erable  number  of  these  uervea  and   central  orf{aiw,  tli«w^ 


A  TRINKISQ  MACRINS, 


603 


'  not,  of  coune,  ftll  dtsUnctly,  or  all  tog«-tb<ir ;  Dthcnriii«,  our  tnratal 
picture  of  mi  oniDfi;o  would  b«  ui  vivid  uid  aU-vmbntciug  an  tliu  sight ' 
of  tbs  kctuftl  oraoge  iuolf. 

Now,  tItQ  DUn«  oninge  calls  up  more  or  less  deJIuitoly  tb«  picture 
of  aerenl  among  tlieee  separate  qualitiee.  Uui  it  <)op«ii't  call  tbem 
all  up  ;  indeed,  itie  nord  in  itaelf  mnjr  not  pcrliap*  call  up  anjr  of 
tbem.  l-'or  iostance,  in  the  phruo,  tbe  Prince  of  Orange,  w1il-ixi  id(.<nti- 
cal  symbol*  meet  the  eye.  I  don't  think  of  the  fruit  at  all ;  I  tbiiik, 
aoconJing  to  circuoutapoee  and  context,  either  of  William  III  uf 
b]vMC4l  memory,  or  of  the  cldetc  •on  of  the  |tr«iient  King  of  the  Neth- 
criandi,  whocc  memory  (in  Paria  especially)  b  somewhat  more  doubt- 
fuL  Au  Orangeman  and  au  orange-woman  are  not,  ob  one  might 
innocently  imagine,  correlative  terme.  Kven  without  thin  accidental 
ambiguity,  derived  from  the  Dunio  of  the  town  of  Orange  on  tliu 
RbOne,  the  word  orange  need  not  ni-ct-M.-irily  connote  anything  more 
tliaii  the  color  by  iuelf  ;  aa  when  we  r«ay  that  iiisa  Terry's  drew  waa 
•  deep  yellow  or  almoat  orange.  Nay,  vhen  we  actually  mean  the 
fruit  in  person,  not  the  tree,  flower,  or  color,  the  picture  called  up  will 
I  be  different  according  to  (be  nature  of  the  pbrnae  iu  wbiclt  the  word 
loccnra.  For,  if  I  am  talking  about  ordering  duwert,  th«  picture  in  my 
,  mind  in  that  of  Ave  yellow  fniita,  piled  up  pyramid  ■  wise  on  a  tall 
cvnter-dixh  ;  whereas,  if  lam  talking  to  a  botanical  friend,  my  impre** 
sion  iH  rather  that  of  a  cross-aection  through  a  Hncculent  fruit  (known 
lecboically  aa  a  AesfwriV/iuui),  and  displaying  acertain  familiar  arrange- 
ment of  oella,  dissepiments,  placentas,  and  seeds.  In  short,  the  word 
orange,  instead  of  being  a  single  unity,  locudizable  in  a  single  ganglion, 
repn-Kcnta  a  vatt  compti'X,  of  which  now  tbo»c  elements  are  uppei^ 
iao»\,  in  oonaeiou)iiies.t  and  now  thoAC,  but  which  aeeni.t  to  demand  for 
;  ltd  full  realiiation  aa  immense  cooperation  of  ver}*  diverse  and  numor> 
ona  brain-organs. 

Every  thought,  even  the  eimpleet,  involves  for  itn  pro<lucti»n  the 
twUed  or  aM0ciate<l  action  of  a  vaat  masa  of  separate  brain-oclls  and 
Mparatc  brain-fiberf.  One  thought  differs  from  another  dynamically 
rather  than  slatioally.  It  differs  as  running  differs  from  dancing — 
not  because  different  muscU-s  arc  cinpliiycd,  but  bcoaiieu  tliu  Name  mus- 
cles are  employed  in  a  different  manner. 

Trains  of   thought  are  therefore   like  a  quadrille.    One  sol  of 
BXeroiecs  is  followed  by  another,  whteh  It  at  oneo  suggMts  or  sets  In 
lOtion. 

Of  courae,  I  do  not  mean  to  deny  that  every  cell  and  fiber  in  the 

I  brain  baa  its  own  partionlar  use  and  function,  any  more  than  I  would 

^deny  that  each  particular  muscle  in  the  body  is  intended  to  pull  a 

rijcalar  bono  or  to  niove  a  particolir  definite  organ,     lint  what  I 

lo  mean  is  that  each  such  separate  function  is  r(4lly  vlvtm-ntary  or 

analytical ;  ita  object  is  to  assist  in  forming  a  conception  or  idea,  not 

to  contam,  as  it  wore,  a  whole  conception  ready  made.     Chinese  qmM 


6o6 


TUE  POPULAR  SCIBNCS  SIOSTHIY. 


HEALTH  AND  SEX  IN  HIGHER  EDUCATION. 

^m  Br  JOHN  DKWKr,  I>«.  0., 

^H  ixttsDCToa  IB  niuoMniT,  wciuoaz  mimiwii. 

rniay  pot  gcn<!rally  b«  knowu  that  lli«  alumim'  of  thr  mora  iiapo^ 
taut  c«ntt^rs  of  female  hlgb^r  education  in  ttiu  (^ountn>'  hart*  an  oofl 
ganizecl  int«rcolle);tate  aasooiation  for  tbe  promotion  of  wamnu'i  Hvl 
Mtion  and  the  ettidy  of  qncstiona  rej^nrdiiig  b«r  traintog.  ThbaMo- 
elation  lin«  juHtifiixI  iUt  ficinlt'DCv,  if  jittti&cAtioD  w«re  ncoeesarf,  bjr  tb« 
inquirien  wtiich  it  lian  madn  regwdlag  tlio  bMJth  of  thoM  women  wbo 
liave  pnrauod  college  oourecs.  The  ImporUtiioe  of  iU<>  rcjiului  Uiw 
obtained  lias  led  to  their  incorpontioD  in  the  "  Current  Kc-port  of  tlii 
UfaftiMliutictts  Labor  ]lar«an."  For  tbe  first  time  the  discnation  b 
taken  from  the  »  jiriori  realm  of  theory  on  llio  one  band,  and  Um 
hap-haiiard  eotimate  of  phyHivian  and  college  inKtruetor  on  the  otlwr. 
Tha  returns  have  the  value  of  all  good  Blatbttie* :  they  not  only  enaUt 
na  to  come  to  some  conclusion  npon  the  main  point  discuiuied,  but 
are  ao  fnll  and  varied  that  they  sngge«t  and  mark  the  way  toirard 
dlwuMion  of  a  large  namber  of  other  hardly  toM  important  qm 
tions.  Tlie  flgureN,  in  ehort,  call  up  as  many  probloma  aa  they  aen 
thus  fulfilling  the  firal  ruMiuiaite  of  fmitfnl  retearoh. 

Pumiing  thU  line,  we  shall  fint  state  the  general  eharaeter  of  lb* 
inreatigatton  followed  and  concloalona  reached ;  and,  tecondly,  Uolal* 
a  few  special  problems  for  more  detailed  though  brlttf  treatment.   Th« 
rc«nlt  may  be  summed  up  in  the  words  of  the  report,  ae  futtowa ;  "Tb* 
female  graduates  of  our  coltegca  and  universities  do  t>ot  a««Ri  to  ibovi 
aa  the  rvstilt  of  their  college  ittndies  and  dutic!,  any  marked  dllTiinaM 
in  gener;tl  he^ltli  from  the  average  health  likely  to  bo  reported  by  u 
equal  number  of  women  engaged  in  other  kinda  of  work.     It  la  wtt^ 
that  there  has  been,  and  it  was  to  be  eipccled  that  there  wonld  be, 
certain  deterioration  in  health  on  the  part  of  some  of  tbe  gradnatdi.' 
On  the  other  hand,  an  almoat  identical  improvement  in  health  fo»« 
like  number  was  reported,  showing  Tery  plainly  that  we  tnnat  look 
elsewhere  for  the  enuaes  of  the  greater  part  of  this  deeline  In  htoltli 
during  college-life.     If  we  attempt  to  trace  (he  cause,  we  find  that  tki* 
deterioration  is  Lirgely  due,  not  to  tlio  requireneuls  of  colltffe-Gfc 
particularly,  but  to  predispo&ing  eausc«  natural  to  tbe  graduates  tbM»- 
selrea,  bom  in  tliem,  as  it  were,  and  for  which  college-life  or  Mdy 
should  not  bo  made  responsible." 

Tlirough  some  overnight  the  statement  is  made  that  tbe  rMama  it- 
elude  statiaties  from  every  higher  institution  in  the  United  StatMopn 
to  women  ;  while,  a«  a  matter  of  fsot,  it  includes  a  not  coapantirely 

Jarge  number.    Tlie  in«tilutions  repreeented,  however,  are  typie*'- 

■be  data  are  contained  in  the  following  talilo  : 


4 


HEALTB  ^UfD   SEX  IK  HIQHBR  EDUCATION.     607 


^^^_^     Sm  or  C^Lua. 

Ba  dliUntlMi. 

Dctaif 
■MO. 

TMK 

BunbHtf 

iDCtMlnL 

MWDbOT 

racalMd. 

PmwM- 

rmina 

Co^iicaliouL 
Co-«diK>iloiul. 

Co-nJucMionil. 
C6-eJucMtoB*l. 
faoMlMtnlj. 
Oo^ncUkiul. 
fantlM  <Eil)i. 

Co-eJucaUoDaL 

lata 

1B6S 
i8«a 

IMS 
1841 
I8SS 
18TS 
ISTl 
1800 
1870 
IS81 
18ll> 

4V 
«0 
M 
0 
87 

lot 

OS 

no 

10 
HI 

1.2«) 

» 
M 

M 
1 

40 
8tP 
Ai 
17 
3(4 
71 
0 
01 

81-70 

4k-00 

KuNW;  ITnltaratlT  of 

MiM.  IwUluMof  TMbnalog)'. 

WU 

8t47 
17-M 

41-78 

M-10 

U-TO 

84-B8 

44-00 
4S-8B 

lOS 

H-00 

■          ■•'*'"*«^ 

\ 


For  pnrpoees  of  oomparuon,  the  value  of  tbo  slatialica  is  TitLsted 
by  the  fact  thu  tb«  dutc  of  tbo  sdmusion  of  women  is  not  given,  and 
tbi«,  in  llic  owes  of  tho  co-eclucntional  oolloge,  does  not  agrM  wilb  tbo 
dat«  of  organJKatioR.  Otb«r  fncUt,  wbloh  w*  omit,  go  tosbovr  tbat 
the  ftreniffc  Axie  of  admianion,  Obcrlin  being  excluded,  nuiy  be  nfely 
pat  at  about  1870. 

Tli«  qaestioDs  involred  in  tbe  inquiry  w^re  exceedingly  compre- 
henflive,  and  may  conveniently  be  eon»iden-<!  unJrr  three  heads,  of 
which  (hi>  (irst  \3kvK  \x^  \\\e  eomlUioH*  of  chttdhtKui,  comprebending 
date  of  birtb,  nationality  of  parents,  surroandings  in  childhood, 
amount  of  cxeraiK  received  betveon  tbe  nf^s  of  6i(;ht  and  fourteen, 
tha  age  at  which  study  Iwgaii,  the  uga  at  entering  collej^,  and  the  age 
al  gtaduation.  The  second  section  rehites  to  it\divUhud  heullh,  and 
conprehendH  physical  condition  ;  nervouaneHfl  ;  the  age  at  beginning 
of  tbe  mcnMraal  period  ;  tlio  conditions  attending  Ihe  tnenstrnol  po- 
riod« ;  tbo  number  of  graduates  reporting  disorder*  ;  the  number  of 
dttordon  ;  the  onmber  rei>i>riing  each  dtSOTder,  and  tho  enuMS  of  dis- 
orders, 

B'rom  the  broad  data  thus  obtained,  the  tliinl  scetion,  a  series  of 
comparison  tibles,  is  gntbered.  Of  tbeae  one  of  the  most  important 
compares  Ibc  pn-Kont  health  of  frmduates  with  the  age  at  beginning 
study,  ibo  ago  nt  enlrring  college,  tbo  time  enl^ing  college  after 
the  menslmal  period  commenced,  the  amount  of  out-of-door  exercise, 
and  hereditary  coodiltons.  Another  oompatea  the  health  during  col- 
lege-life with  tlio  age  at  entering,  the  amount  of  study  performed,  tbo 
auionnt  of  worry  about  private  and  college  affairs,  etc,  The  fintt  set 
ill  thns  seen  to  bo  occupied  u-ith  giving  a  picture  of  health  through 
life,  while  tbe  second  ondcarors  to  ascertain  tbe  changes  introduced  by 
college-tifo,  and  Itieir  caunc^. 

The  general  features  of  the  tables  may  be  stated  as  follows : 


6eS 


TBS  POftTLAR  SCJSNCB  MOXTJfZr. 


I 


AnuM  JLaa. 

OOIUBM. 

AllWlf- 

•■(■(•Mr. 

MrMlfHM. 

At«m«i- 

"cr 

fSS 
ft-Sl 

e-is 

fi-SS 

4-«a 

0-04 
DDK 
D-DI 
B-M 

i-m 

U'M 
ISM 
18'«7 
18H» 
UM 
IV(« 
IS-T« 

i»-ei 

U-M 
u-eo 
1>-«T 

19-43 

!|1W 
IV-M 
1VD« 
IK-IK 
IK-U 
ITSI 

la-M 
woo 

17-KS 

tt-M 

si-7n 
tail 

S4-ll> 

nDK 

1I1M 
n-M 

M-OO 

31 -sa 

Mil 

W<M 

sm 

UMa.Ian.of  T«cb..,, 

SHT 

SKiM 

411* 

8^U> 

ts-fd 

1M4 

MM 

M*n 

It«K 

n-M 

B-M 

U4I 

18-SD 

arip 

l><M 

4 


The  inflaence  tipoa  health  may  be  snniin«d  dj)  T«t7' geoenll v  u 
follows  :  The  maximum  per  <-cnt  of  good  licaltti,  TS'],  w  rcponcd  >1 
thii  time  of  entering  I'olk-gL' ;  dnring  col  lego- lifv  tLiH  fnlb  off  l<i744 
per  cent,  to  bo  followed  by  a  rlus  to  77'9  per  crnt  nnce  gnuloiuoii ; 
fair  bealtli  ithown  a  gain  from  3  to  8  per  cent  during  coUego-lifr,  f«^ 
lowed  by  a  decrease  to  5  per  cent  since  tbat  time  ;  wbile  tbeni  wa««i 
actual  decrease  of  2  per  cent  during  college-life  of  those  bavinif  poor 
bealth,  the  figures  being  reflpectively  IDS  and  IT'S  per  cent,  no  appr*- 
ciable  change  being  shown  for  tbc  years  Bince  graduatioD, 

From  iho  comparison  tables  it  it  further  nbown  that  139.  or  10t 
per  cent,  report  a  detenorution  in  Itcaltb  during  rollege-Iifo;  4li^ 
50-S  per  cent,  no  clmnge ;  140,  31-1  per  eent,  show  an  improreiiMt. 
ThU  result  may  be  compared  with  Ibe  retuniB  of  the  inquiri<«  initi- 
tolcd  by  the  Massachnsettx  Boanl  among  the  working-girls  of  Boston,  w 
follows  :  Of  th«  TVS  female  college  grudimten,  I3H,  or  1U-S6  per  cent, 
show  a  dct<>rionition  in  health  during  college-lire,  and  of  the  \,tJSi 
working-girlii,  16Q, or  lG'i>l>  percent,  show  a  deterioration  in  health, 
daring  working-time,  Ibese  flgurea  indicating  a  greater  Ion  of  boalAt 
of  3-49  per  cent,  reported  by  the  college  grada^lcai.  For  the  100  wwt- 
ing-girls,  vh«»e  health  deteriorated,  four  bad  quite  good  bealth  at  ibt 
time  of  the  invcfttigation,  12S  icero  in  fair  health,  and  34  in  poor 
health,  or  the  138  college  gradiialoH  whone  health  deteriorated,  bo*- 
erer,  43  report  a  deelim;  in  health  from  excellent  to  good,  or  a  slight 
change  only.  Making  allowances  for  thi^,  there  is  a  greater  low  at 
health  of  347  per  cent  reported  by  th«  working-girU  of  Doston. 

Of  tho  705  reporting,  417,  or  SB  per  oeni,  mention  aome  diau(dcr,| 
and  the  total  nuniU-r  of  diM>rdt!n*  reported  is  8fl5.  Tbo  rt-tnrai  rt-l 
garding  the  cansation  of  disease,  while  n«t  tecbitical  nor  dotailodj 
enotigh  for  scientific  value,  arc  snggestive. 

Of  th*  417  reporting  disorders,  £70  glrr  tli«  c«iie  or  oansM  of  dis- 


HSALTB  AXD  SEX  IN  JUGHKR  EDUCATION.    609 

tortlerfl,  and  for  141  no  caune  b  report«d.  Oii«  bandrect  and  thirty-fire 
connidor  «OD«titational  wvakDea  to  bavo  been  tli«  eauw  of  duordcr  ; 
61,  bad  sanitary  coitditionit ;  f<l,  intctlcclutl  overwork  ;  73,  cmoUonal 
■train  ;  and  47,  pbysicai  accident*. 
The  average  amount  of  Gxeroi&«  refwrted,  considering  the  aversion 
of  American  women,  (Specially  the  educated,  lo  bodily  exertion,  may 
bv  considered  fairly  encouraging.    The  average  diAanco  walked  per 

•  day  is  given  M  2'3  mtivs,  and  (he  time  spent  in  other  ezeroJs«  u  1*2 
hour.  K«tuna  reg*rding  the  amount  of  college-study  done  by  ool- 
]ege-wonien  would  gain  in  interest  if  tlicy  coukl  be  put  side  by  side 
witb  oorreApondinfc  returna  from  their  nude  companions :  4,  or  0'57 
per  cent,  studiid  but  Utile  while  at  college ;  436,  or  6Si3  per  ceol, 
stodtod  moderately ;  04,  or  91)6  per  cent,  betweuo  moderately  and 
i^  Dorcrvly,  aod  100,  or  "i^-'H  per  c^nt,  aovcrely. 

H  Either  the  lazy  sUideot«  failed  lo  report,  or  college>women  have 
much  to  learn  from  the  average  male  undergraduate  about  the  soieaoe 
of  laaineas.  The  lonely  four,  who  have  the  courage  of  their  dispost- 
tioD,  all  come  from  one  college,  which  it  would  bo  ungalUnt  to  specify. 
Slatisttcs  concerning  worry  nhow  that  tho  art  of  taking  things  easy  i« 
noL  yet  ma^ternl  by  our  nmhillou!*  young  women  :  17'2,  or  31'40  per 
\  cent,  worried  over  their  studies  ;  69,  or  I'^CS  per  cent,  over  pergonal 
131,  or  18-53  per  cent,  worried  over  both  studies  and  affairs  : 
lie  313,  or  44*40  p«r  cent,  worried  over  neither  Htudies  nor  affairs. 
These  returns  for  the  most  port  tell  their  own  tale  and  point  their 
own  moral.  'I'hcy  certainly  bear  out  the  conclusion  drawn  regarding 
ibe  uninjurioua  effoct  of  co))e|pate  study.  Their  great  defect  is  in 
their  failure  to  show  more  d«finit«ty  the  conditions  and  surroundiDgs 
of  college-life.  TIio  phjijoal,  social,  and  moral  vnvironincDt  sltould 
b«  cwrefully  studii-d.  It  has  long  been  a  oomnionplace  of  vital  science 
that  intellectual  pursuits  for  men  per  te  are  healthy.  The  tjues^on 
which  needs  solution  is,  What  conditions  prevent  their  being  equally 
healthy  for  women,  the  exact  part  played  by  each  factor,  ami  how  far 
it  is  n-Riuvahlu?  Wb.it  pantnts  as  well  u  profn»ionul  educaton)  and 
oollege  administratora  wish  lo  know  is,  what  oollegea  have  gymnatiiums, 
and  whether  the  exercise  is  compulsory ;  how  many  institutions  have 
matrons  and  how  far  their  influence  extends ;  how  many  have  resident 
physicians.  Do  the  young  women  live  herded  in  hallit,  sheltered  in 
eottagea,  or  at  home  and  at  t)o«rding-h»usi-»  na  convenience  dictate*? 
Tlie  number  of  hours  of  tilcep  taken  should  bo  oxaetly  stated.  The 
number  of  hours  of  study  should  be  given,  instead  of  the  vague  terms 
"  moderate,"  etc.  Instead  of  in<lefinile  inijuiries  as  to  whether  the  stu- 
[dent  wi-nt  into  society  much  or  little,  exact  inquiries  into  tbo  variona 
tttt  spending  the  boura  of  soiiial  recreation  should  be  made.  These 
>y  similar  points,  which  would  suggest  themselves  at  once,  may 
ix!  consiilrrt-d  lriT):il ;  but,  if  we  accept  the  general  conclusion  of  the 
.  report  that  the  pursuit  of  collegiate  education  is  not  in  itself  harmful, 
I  rou  xxrtu.— IP 


6)1 


Tff£  POPULAR  8CI£A'C£  MO^fTOtT. 


repon 
in  ihfl 


Uonillat*  report  poor  b«alth,  as  agiifainat  18  per  emit  af  •i>-'^ 
male  ooUegM ;  but  thie  is  mora  tlian  nccounUitJ  for  \ty  1 1 1 
jwr  cent  of  the  latter  won*  in  poor  kcaltli  htfor^  n    ■ 
rvAl  )^in  iluritig  coll(-g«-lifu  of  1  {H.-r  oeul  in  avcrnv- 
TvporU  of  co-ed utatiunal  oolte^es  show  a  fjain  of  but  otm  |>i>r  omiu 
must  be  noticed,  boweTcr,  thnl  the  female  colk-tjM  ■bo«r  a  falllnj; 
of  4*6  percent  from  good  to  fair  liiuiltli,  nliile  tbvoo-cNlneatioiMl  !>li'i' 
a  similar  loss  of  but  0*S  por  ivnt.    Th«  avcritgo  nwnbcr  of  4in-ir<t 
lepotlvd  is  much  tb«  muc  for  mob  class :  I-IU  fiw  irrwltuta*  of  tf 
male  colleges ;  1  '34  for  ibe  other  daaa.   Tbe  figures  iw  gittm  ahuw  tJul 
eitber  more  oaro  is  taken  of  personal  health  in  the  tmtalm  eotHgta  tkas 
in  tbe  co^ucational,  or  that  mor«  supervision  is  oiTifiiil ;  l|r  OS  per 
cent  of  tlic  former  report  nbtllnenco  from  vlurly  and  eicrvise  dnriui 
the  menittrual  jicriod,  and  only  25  per  cent  of  tku  latt4:r.     The  Sgtnt 
for  disorders  shovr  no  corresponding  gain,  however,  tho  adva&iago  hvrv 
Wing  OD  tlte  side  of  tbe  coeducational  institutions,  as  the  lattrr  repoft 
33  per  cent  of  disorders  of  brain,  ncTVCJt,  and  reprodnctive  a 
against  41  per  cent  in  the  femnle  eollt^ns.    Tbe  figures  for  wotrjr 
about  the  Nit mc  in  each  elan:  83  per  ct-ul  rcpvrl  severt  rtndjr  in 
oo-eduontiunul  eollogM,  as  against  'iO  per  eciu  in  tbe  Mlier  ;  tbu 
vantage  in  exercise  is,  honxver,  somewhal  on  tbe  side  of  iho  etHe<l»- 
oational  college.    The  fignra  in  the  cauHatioo  of  disordcn  show  lb 
same  percentages  arising  from  intellectual  oTerwork  and  physical  son- 
dent.     The  female  colleges,  however,  report  pro)>ortionaiely  oTor  imsu 
third  more  breaking  dovrn  from  emotional  Mratu,  while  tliv  oo-fdmv 
tional  colleges  balance  tbe  aeoount  with  one  fourth  more  failing  k 
health  by  reason  of  bad  aanilory  conditions. 

Of  tbe  life  rIdco  gradoation,  not  macb  can  be  said :  SS  por  ctnt «( 
tbe  graduatea  of  tbo  female  colleges  have  married  ;  '^  jier  wn(  of  ti^ 
oo-educationa),  the  average  age  of  each  being  tbe  same,  Compcltlioe 
with  men  seems  to  hitvo  led  a  less  number  of  graduatiM  of  co^xlw* 
Uonal  colleges  to  enter  the  professions ;  at  all  rvrata  they  report  Imi 
IS  per  cent  in  Che  profeaslODS,  while  the  female  collegea  rvpoti  fil  pf 
cent  A  somewhat  larger  number  follow  teaching,  bowover,  lbs  B|- 
urea  bere  being  IS  per  cent  and  43  per  cent  resjR-ctirelf. 

It  would  certainly  bo  too  macb  to  t'oty  fnim  lhcM>  tigurvs  that  tU 
personal  care  and  advice  from  others  given  in  fvmali'  collegi*  SR 
greater,  while  the  social  sorroundings  in  the  co-cduemtiunal  ciilbp* 
are  healthier,  beeanse  perhaps  more  natural ;  but  ihoj  snggM  tlw  tt 
viMbility  of  questions  dinwted  to  these  pointii.  'ITic  female  eol)pp> 
seem  to  have  the  advantage  in  puraly  sanitary  eouditions  (except  anMUSt 
of  esereise),  m  witnessed  by  the  anuillcr  percentage  ro)u>rtiug  bad  stai- 
tation  as  cause  of  diaoasc;  by  the  advantage  of  mon-  th.-.  "  '  ~^' 
of  abelinence  from  study  at  critieal  periods,  and  in  < 
study  ;  while  the  advantage  of  health  remains  on  '  :  i^iuir , 

educaiioiukl  during  college-life.    That  the  balance  ..!...:..  ^:;.  i  j,tad<i-| 


HEALTH  Ay/>  S£X  IN  HIOBBR  EDUCATION.    613 

ttioD  wonM  point  in  tlio  linu  of  tbc  genmlEzalion  alromly  tuggc«t«d ; 
M  witb  ilio  cvwatlun  of  oollcgc-lif«  vrotiKl  <wmo  tlic  aliiiurnial  vloiittcr- 
Ing  of  Um  yoang  women,  wbile  bai]  iianitar)'  coiidiiioDs  would  show 
oomparMtvely  permaoeni  Ksalle.  'iliat  proportionately  one  third 
more  in  th«  femaltt  collegM  report  emotioftal  strain  aa  cuu>e  of  dit* 
orders,  other  causes  shoving  manh  thu  saino  nvcmg^-,  point  in  th« 
sAitifl  direction.  Ac  any  ntc,  il  ih  worth  inquiry  wb<!tlier  it  is  not 
possible  to  unite  the  presumed  advantage  of  tb«  female  collt^gea  in  wue 
advice  and  proper  attention  to  bealib  witb  the  freer  and  more  natonl 
social  relatinns  of  the  co-edaeationfll  instil  lit  ions. 

It  is  boped  tbat  enoagfa  fans  bwn  i>ai'I  to  xbow  the  importance  of 
the  inTMligntionn  already  made,  and  to  jtiiitify  iko  Muppoiiition  tluit 
further  mora  detailed  and  extended  inqniries  would  incroaae  tlieir 
value.  No  educat<Hr  at  all  acquainted  witb  the  present  status  of  affaln 
will  carp  at  the  resolta  already  reached,  nor  will  ho  tind  much  but  cau^e 
for  thankfulness  upon  a  snrvey  of  the  field  ;  but  his  uutlook  niast  1>o 
directed  toward  the  future,  not  the  paat.  Nothing  could  well  be  more 
fatal  to  the  cauae  of  woman's  education  lliau  to  atippa«e  that  the  ques- 
tion b  already  settled.  The  commoncitmeiit  has  indeed  been  made, 
but  only  the  commcnccinent.  More  multiplication  of  in^titutioDN  and 
inflnences  of  tbc  existing  typct  however  valuable,  as  affording  oppor> 
tnnitic4  to  individual  young  wom<-n,  will  do  little  lowartl  determining 
t]>o  larger  aspects  of  the  ca«c.  Were  ibc  number  of  purely  women*! 
colleges  largely  increased,  and  wore  all  tbc  iiuporianl  boys'  colleges  to 
open  their  doors  to  girls,  only  tbc  necessary  batU  for  the  solution  of 
ibo  problem  wonld  be  obtained. 

Such  inquiries  as  wo  have  briefly  finmmarized  can  do  more  than 
aught  else  to  furnish  necessary  data  for  n  wise  and  comparatively 
permanent  solution.  l>isons8lon  on  partisan  lines  Ia  absolutely  value- 
less, and  a  priori  discussion  will  effect  nothing.  The  unbiased  study 
by  cliiiMttonal  experts  of  the  fruits  actually  borne  by  experience  is 
invaluable,  and  the  general ixatioiu  bitioil  upon  such  data  will  show  the 

^lines  upon  which  reform  must  work  itself  out.    This  is  not  tbc  place 

Hto  formulate  the  exact  nature  of  such  inquiries,  but  tbey  should  cover 

Hat  least  three  heads : 

H  I.  WzxLTu. — The  present  report  offers  a  valuable  model  to  follow. 
More  attention  should  be  given  to  the  social  and  moral  environment 
of  college-life,  however,  even  in  this  point ;  and  tlie  disenssion  aliuuld 
more  definitely  concern  the  apcvificatly  female  functioac. 

II.  I.iPE  SINCE  GttAofATios. — The  brief  notes  respecting  roar- 
rijtges  and  occupations  in  the  report  discussed  are  a]l  we  have  on  this 
bead.  It  should  be  treated  with  a  view  to  determining  as  acenrately 
aa  may  bo  tlie  pmilion  whirh  tbo  c<fllcge-educatod  woman  holds  and 
desirea  to  hold  in  ibe  brxly  social  and  politic,  Vrlion  wc  rccolleel  the 
difficulty  in  adjusting  young  men's  collegiate  education  to  their  life 

^  nftir  ^'nidnation,  in  spite  of  the  aecumulation  of  inOnite  experience,  the 


I 

I 


6i4 


THE  POPULAR  SCIMSCB  MONTBLT. 


Tftluo  of  such  ft  report  in  detennining  Uie  lines  wliicb  womma^  oollf 
•dncation  ahould  f gllow,  in  tbe  de&rth  of  information  npoo  the  tojtie,  I 
atoac«ae«n. 

in.  Sfbcitic  Data  roit  Futi-kk  HoruiEirrs. — Time  should 
basL-d  upon  confiilmtiaJ  r«(ctfttiou«  mftde  bj  the  gndatii«ii  thcmtdT 
togeUior  witb  th«  Uwtiinony  of  college  offlcen  aitd  phj^vtciiuu. 
•hould  not  bo  limited  narron-ly^.  They  should  go  far  bej-oud  the 
ijUeetiOD  of  bodily  health.  'I1i«  statement  of  what  each  had  fonnd  tW 
greatMt  aid  and  tlic  (treatest  liimlrancv  in  lier  collc^ate  training  vonU 
bo  of  much  valae.  Experience  alone  can  dooide  the  exact  form  which 
theM  iiuimrie*  Htiould  take,  bat  th«ir  imporlaaee  can  bardlj  be  oto- 
eMimated  in  the  moral  and  social  aspects  of  the  ciue. 

Kdncation  must  follow  the  example  of  the  special  schdom.  A 
mtMf  organiu.  There  is  organisation,  and  to  spare,  in  the  edwah 
themselves;  whut  we  want  Is  organised  recogniUon  of  the  proUsioc 
of  education ;  organized  study  for  the  disoorery  uf  inelhiMis  of  *o1d- 
tion ;  organized  application  of  these  methods  in  the  detaiU  of  sdiool- 
Ufcb   Co-operation  in  research  and  application  is  the  key  to  the  problcB. 


PROEM  TO  GENESIS: 

A  REPLY  TO  PROFESSOR  HUXLEY. 

Ur  WILLIAU  E.  GLAUSTONK. 

"XTOUS  aws  tme  manifre  si  atmafile  d'annoneer  timphit  ma 
now^Ua,  qu'tSea  perderU  par  U  rfe  Uvrs  dhugrhmns."  So  ■ 
d«  hmU  en  bat  (from  above  down),  the  Ducbees  of  York  to 
Brummell,  sixty  or  seventy  yoars  back  ;  f  and  so  write  I,  de  bat  m 
haul  (fn>m  below  up),  to  the  two  very  eminent  champions  who  IisTe 
in  the  "Ninotwnth  Century"  of  December  entered  B[^>oamnccs  on 
behalf  of  Dr.  Ki^ville's  Proii^omhi«a,  with  a  decisiTeneas  of  tone^  U 
•11  events,  which  admits  of  no  mistake  :  Professor  Iloxley  and  Ptti- 
feasor  JIai  Mailer,  Uly  first  duty  is  to  acknowledge  in  both  ««• 
tbe  abundant  courtesy  and  indulgence  with  which  I  am  prreonally 
treated.  And  my  first  thought  is  that,  where  even  disagreeiiMiit 
is  mode  in  a  manner  pleasant,  it  will  be  a  duty  to  search  and  we  V 
there  bo  any  point*  of  agreement  or  approximation,  wbicb  will  tv 
more  plea(«nt  stilL  This  indulgence  and  oouKexy  deserves  iu  tt' 
oaae  of  Profesaor  Huxley  s  .(ipecial  warmth  of  acknowledgment,  b^ 
cause,  while  thus  more  than  liberal  to  tbe  individual,  he  haa  for  tb« 
class  of  ReooDeilerg,  in  which  lie  place*  me,  an  nocoucvaled  and  os- 

'  Tou  h*TO  •»  gonile  k  «>y  ot  l«Uiii£  ibi;  worn  nsn  that  il  thereby  loses  It*  ntfl*^ , 
sotans. 

t  "Uf*,"  ^1  '*-*■    Rtlscd  odltlw,  I.  8M. 


PROEM  TO   GENESIS. 


6ij 


» 

¥, 


incguttre<l  scoro.  Tlicee  are  they  who  impose  upon  man  s  bttrden  of 
false  science  in  tht:  nam«  ^  religion,  who  dictate  ae  a  Divtiw  oom- 
maod  "  an  implicit  bclivf  in  tliu  ooemoj^ny  of  Genft«i«  \ "  itod  wlio 
"ittir  unwiHJoni  ami  funaticiiiin  to  thoir  d<-]>tli(i."  *  JudgniuiiM  ao 
avTcro  slinuld  surely  be  BU|>port(!d  hy  citaliun  or  otber  evidence,  for 
whivli  I  look  iu  vain.  I'o  some  tbey  might  eu^i^eot  the  idea  that 
'lunion  may  eomelimm  unawares  iotrade  even  within  the  precincts 
of  the  tem)>le  of  Sci«D(:«.  Bat  I  admit  that  a  grvat  miiMU-r  of  bin  art 
may  well  be  provoked,  wh«a  h«  finds  hia  materials  tuiubUil  itboiit  by 
incnpablv  handii,  and  mav  mistake  for  trruvvrenoc  wliat  La  ouly  want 
*uf  skill. 

Wbtle  acknowIed)^n^  tbe  great  courtesy  with  which  Profewor 
Unxtey  treats  his  ania};onist  individnaJly,  and  while  simply  liMt<'ning 
to  his  dcniincintions  of  tbo  RMoncUen  as  one  listens  to  distaot 
tbtuiden,  with  a  son  of  acnM  that  after  all  tb«y  will  do  no  great 
bann,  I  must  prcstuna  to  aniniadvert  witli  considerable  freedom  upOD 
bis  method  ;  upon  tbe  sweeping;  character  of  bis  advocacy  ;  upon  bla 
perceptible  exaggeration  oF  points  in  controversy  ;  upon  his  mode  of 
dealing  witli  auihoritivs ;  and  upon  the  ctirions  fallacy  of  substitution 
by  wbi<:b  he  enables  himself  to  found  the  widest  proscri|>liflaH  of  tbo 
olaim  of  the  Book  of  Genesis  to  oootaio  a  Dtvinu  record  upon  a 
reasoned  impeachment  of  ita  scientifio  aoouracy  in,  oe  I  shalt  show,  a 
single  particular. 

As  to  the  first  of  these  topics,  nothioff  can  be  more  equitable  than 
Profoaaor  UuxU-y's  intention  to  intervene  as  a  "science  proctor"  in 
that  part  of  the  dvbatv  laisol  by  M.  Ruvillc,  "to  wbicb  ho  proposoa 
to  roatriet  his  obsorvntions  "  {P.  S.  Jt.  {*.  44i>).  This  ia  tlio  part  on 
which  be  proposes  in  his  first  page  to  report  na  a  student — and  every 
reader  will  inwardly  add,  as  one  of  tbe  most  traiDent  amon]^  all 
students — of  natural  science,     Now  this  is  not  the  cosmogonical  part 

Bof  Uie  arconnt  in  Gooesia.    On  Genesis  i.  1-10,  containing  the  cos- 

Htnc 

F.7 


aogony,  Iw  dov»  not  report  n«  an  expert,  but  refers  us  {]>.  809)  to 


lbo««  who  ore  specially  oonvenuint  with  the  Ecieiices  involved ; " 
adding  his  opinion  abont  their  opinion.  Yet  in  bia  aveond  page,  with- 
oot  making  any  reference  to  (bis  broad  distinction,  be  at  once  forgets 
the  juiit  limitation  of  his  first,  and  our  "proctor  for  science"  pr<^ 
itinooa  on  M.  R<;ville'H  estimate,  not  of  tbe  fourfold  succemon  in  the 
iiratiSoation  of  the  earth,  but  of  "  the  aoconnt  of  tlie  Creation  given 
in  the  Uook  of  Genesis,"  (hat  its  terms  are  as  "respeclfnl  aa  in  bia 
judgment  they  are  just"  (iAi<f.).  llins  the  proctorship  for  ecienoe, 
justly  oMumed  for  matten  withm  his  province  as  a  student,  is  rather 
hasltty  I'Jicndrd  to  matti-n  which  bo  himself  dcelnrcs  to  hv  beyond  it. 
In  truth  it  will  appear,  tlmt  lu  there  ore  many  roitds  to  heaven  with 
one  ending,  so,  provided  only  a  man  arrives  at  the  conclnaion  that  the 
great  I'rocm  of  Genesis  lends  no  support  to  the  argument  for  Itevela- 
•  -  FttfiulM  SdcMo  UoniUr,"  r^lmury,  18S0,  pp.  4»fi,  Wa 


6i6 


THE  POPULAR   SCIENCE  MOXTllLr. 


M 


thu^jNt' 


\ 


tion,  il  doc«  not  much  matter  how  he  gets  there.     For  in ^ 

Mooant  of  tb«  CrvatioD  I  bare  shown  that  M.  RCville  Fiipporta  hiffl 
OMOMtion  of  scientific  rrror  \>y  thrrc  ptirticylara  (iV^  C.  p.  6t^) :  that 
in  the  first  he  coniriulict^  the  jii(l|^<-ni  of  Mbolan  ou  tho  scntc  of  the 
original ;  in  the  weond  he  both  niiaquoln  (b^  inadTert«nce)  tl>e  Unu 
of  the  text,  and  orerlooks  the  diatiDotion  made  so  palpable  {if  Mt 
earlier)  half  a  centnry  apo,  by  the  work  of  I>r.  BncklaDd,  •  betves 
bara  and  am;  irfailo  the  third  proceeds  on  the  assnmplion  thnt  there 
oonld  be  DO  liglit  to  produce  vegetation,  except  light  derived  from  t 
viidble  aan.  These  three  chaT^;e«  constitote  the  bead  and  front  of  11. 
K^ville's  iDdictment  against  the  ooomogony ;  and  the  fatal  llav*  in 
them,  without  any  notice  or  defense,  are  now  all  taken  under  tbe 
mantle  of  our  Kience  proctor,  who  returns  to  tbe  char<;e  at  the  ckw 
of  hiH  article  (p.  459),  and  again  dismisses  witlt  cotnprcbensive  honor 
as  "  wise  and  moderate  "  what  he  had  iixhered  in  as  rt-vcrcnt  and  jntt. 
So  niDcb  for  the  sweeping,  undiacrimioating  obaracter  of  an  advoeaey 
which,  in  a  ecientific  writer,  wo  might  perbapa  bare  expected  to  be 
carefully  limited  and  defined. 

I  take  next  tho  exaggeration  which  appears  to  me  to  mark  ii>' 
happily  Profewor  Hiixlry'ii  mrtftod.  fnder  \lii»  head  I  include  sH 
needless  multiplication  of  pointa  of  controveray,  whether  in  the  fonn 
of  overatating  differences,  or  understating  ^reements,  with  an  >d- 
vensry.  ■ 

jVs  I  have  lived  for  more  than  half  a  eeotnry  in  an  atmoephere  c^ 
contention,  my  stock  of  controversial  fire  has  perhaps  beeotne  sV 
normally  low ;  while  Ihvfesfior  Iloxley,  who  has  heen  inbabitag 
the  Ktystan  regions  of  science,  the  t^tita  <foc/rin(J  tapiftttHm  templa 
«rCTia,f  may  he  enjoying  all  the  freshness  of  an  nnjadcd  appetite. 
Certunly  one  of  tlie  Ii-!»ons  life  lias  taught  me  w,  that  whore  than  it 
IcDOwn  to  be  a  common  object,  the  pursuit  of  trutli,  there  riwuld  ilw 
be  a  studious  desiro  to  interpret  tbe  adrersary  in  tbe  best  senile  hb 
words  will  fairly  bear ;  to  avoid  whatever  widens  the  breach  ;  and  lo 
make  the  most  of  wlintcver  tend*  to  narrow  it.  These  I  hold  to  be 
part  of  the  laws  of  knightly  tournament. 

I  do  not,  therefore,  fully  understand  why  Professor  Huxley  tnakw 
it  a  matter  of  objection  to  me  that,  in  rebuking  a  writer  who  had 
treated  evolution  wholesale  as  a  novelty  in  the  world,  I  cited  a  frw 
old  inittances  of  moral  and  bictorical  evolution  only,  and  did  not  ex- 
tend my  front  by  examining  Indian  ugea  and  the  fonnden  of  fireek 
philosophy  (P.  A  JK  p.  ATA).  Nor  why,  when  I  have  sjiokcn  of  physical 
evolnlion  as  of  a  thing  to  me  most  aoceplable,  but  not  yet  in  its  rigof 
(to  my  knowledge)  proved  (A1  C  p.  706),  we  hare  only  the  talker 
niggardly  acknowledgment  tbat  I  bare  mado  "tbe  most  obliqae  ul- 

*"Brti!gB»«l*r  TfT«(ist',"  rcj.  L  pp.  19-28,    Cbap.  L:  "OmOHeMj  of 
OiMOTpriH  wltb  Sttircd  HU017." 

t  Lucr.  U.  8.     (Serene  hcighta  tsJMd  by  Ihc  Icoraing  at  tbe  ' 


\ 


PROEM  TO   GENESIS.  617 

tUaioDfi  of  %  powihle  ralufi"  (P.  S  M.  p.  454).    TbuB  it  is  wbeo 
»ni«iit  is  thn>aUine(l,  tiut  far  oth^wiBo  wk«n  diffrroDOnt  arc  to 
blu»a«d.    Wben  I  bnvo  BpolMin  of  tlic  nioccsoiou  of  ordcra  in  t)i« 
inotit  goiMfml  teriuB  ouly,  this  b  dcoluvd  11  ahArply  divided  Baocession 

Br  wblob  the  last  apecin  of  on«  can  not  overlap  the  fiTst  epecice  of  ait- 

'otber  (p.  407).  Wbeo  I  bftve  pl«idvd  on  siiaple  groundt  of  reiuontDg 
for  the  snpposition  of  ft  •ulnUuitial  cornMipoDdotMM  between  GciiCHia  J. 
nnd  »cienc«  { A'.  C.  \k  006),  ba»o  waived  all  queAtioii  of  &  verbal  in- 
sptrntioD,  nil  (jucfltioQ  wbclher  the  whole  of  tbe  statcmenta  caa  nov 
be  madci  good  (A'  C.  p.  BXH),  I  am  treated  as  one  of  those  who  impose 
"  ill  the  name  of  religion  "  as  a  divine  rcqoisitioD  "  an  implicit  belief 
in  the  accuracy  of  the  cosmogony  of  GteneMis,"  and  who  di-Korve  to 

bftve  tltL-ir  heads  broken  in  consequonco  {P.  S,  M.  p.  400). 

■     I  have  urged  nothing  "in  th«  name  of  religion."    I  have  sought 

||o  addaeu  probable  ovtdencti  that  a  guidance  more  than  baman  liea 
within  the  great  Proem  of  the  Book  of  Geni-m  (X  C.  p.  694).  just  as 
I  might  adduce  probable  evidence  to  ahow  tliat  Francis  did  or  did  not 
write  Jnnius,  that  William  tbe  Third  was  or  was  not  rwponsiblo  for 
the  nioiwacro  of  Glencoe ;  I  have  expri?H8ly  excepted  detail  (p.  606), 
and  have  stated  {X.  C.  p.  687)  that  in  my  imiuiry  "tlie  autltority  of 

lpcri)>tiiro  can  not  bo  alleged  in  proof  of  a  primitive  rorclatton*'  {Jf. 

'C.  p.  tti^).    I  object  to  ail  lhc«e  exaggcnttiona  of  charge,  aa  aavoring 
of  the  spirit  of  the  Inquisition,  and  as  rcMraints  on  literary  freedom. 
iij  next  observation  as  to  the  Professor's  method  refers  to  his 

tMtmont  of  autboriticSk 
In  one  passage  (P.  S.  Af.  p.  4.W)  Mr.  Uasley  expresses  his  regret  that 
bavo  not  named  my  atilbority  for  the  statement  made  concerning 
m  fourfold  aueeeasion,  in  order  that  he  might  have  tranKferre>l  hi.t 
attentions  from  myself  to  a  new  delinqiieiiL    Now,  publi»bL-d  works 
re  (as  I  may  show)  a  fair  subject  for  reference.     But  as  to  pointing 
It  any  person  who  mif^ht  have  favored  me  with  his  views  in  privst« 
rreiq>ondenc«,  I  own  that  I  should  have  some  sempto  in  handing 
Jm  over  to  be   pillorte^t   m  a  Iteconciler,  and  to  be  pclu-d  with 
barges  of  unwisdom  and  funstidsm,  which  I  myself,  from  long  use, 
^m  perfectly  content  to  boar, 

I  did  refer  to  three  great  and  famous  names  :  thoac  of  Cuvler,  Sir 
fohn  Hurschel,  and  Whowell  (X.  C.  p.  697).  Mr.  Huxley  speaks  of 
I  as  having  quotdl  them  in  snppoK  of  my  ease  on  the  fourfold  sao- 
OOMion ;  and  at  the  same  time  notices  that  I  admitted  Cuvier  not  to 
bo  A  recent  authority,  which  In  geology  proper  is,  I  Ixtlievc,  nearly 
qntvalent  to  saying  he  is,  for  particulars,  no  authority  at  alL  This 
cital  U  singularly  inaccurate.  I  cited  tbem  {Xi  C.  p.  607),  not  with 
eference  to  tlie  fourfold  SQceesston,  but  generally  for  "  the  general 
ardatiee  of  tlie  Alonaio  cosmogouy  with  the  multx  of  modem  In- 
qairy"  {ilrlei.),  and  particularly  in  connection  with  the  nebular  hy- 
■is.    It  is  the  cosmogony  (Oeu.  i.  1-19),  not  the  fonrfold  huoi'«b- 


Sir 


TJfff  P^FJTZXB  SCTFYCr  TfOXTJnT: 


iMeh  was  %bm  lol*  object  of  Rf^vill«*B  attack,  and  the 
ofejatS  il  my  ddtaat ;  atxl  vhtcfa  U  tliu  I)trg<^  portiou  of  tbo  «b 
ihjwi  WiQ  Mc  Uazfe;  Tcntore  to  tay  that  Cuvivr  i«  aa  but 
f,  m  that  Hefwbel  aikd  Wbevell  are  other  tban 
,  Willi  r«fcf«Doo  to  tbe  cosmogoof  ?  Yet  li« 
*piMff  Mt  tk«K  a«te  withottt  nolica ;  and  tbej  n-itb  miiiif  mm 
dj  bnpattarad  witli  th«  eiairgof,  which  h«  has  lauKlid 
I  dM  faHilwl  tribe  of  Recooicilen. 

%y  ttmnh  mad  laat  oboemtioD  ob  thu  "  method  "  of  ProftW 
Bm^tf  ia  that,  after  diModng  a  part,  and  tJtat  Dot  tho  moat  ooMidM- 
aMi  jin,  vf  tfaa  IVoan  of  O^cau,  he  haa  broadly  pronouaecd  Bfoo 
tfai  vfaoiii  Thw  M  a  oioda  of  reasoning  which  logio  rejects,  and 
wUeb  1  pnsvDW  to  savor  more  of  Uccdmi  than  of  BcieDc&  Tbe  foor- 
liaU  iiinMiiiiiii  is  condeniaed  with  argument ;  the  cosmoKonf  U  throTn 
iaio  iIh  bargain.  True,  Mr.  Huxley  rcfent  in  a  vinglo  sentence  to  tlirct 
JTtirhid  jwinti  rf  it  partially  touched  io  my  olwcrrations  (p.  453). 
Bat  an  my  arKameni,  th«  chief  argameni  of  my  paper,  lead*  np  to  the 
laMar  or  rotatory  Iirpoth«iii«{A':  O.  68&-«  and  G97-S).  Tbii  hr- 
foAmk,  vUk  tbe  authorities  cited— of  whom  one  is  the  author  of 
"Ytttigmvt  tbeCrestioa'* — b  incloslvely  condemned,  and  wiiboat  • 
votd  Toac^Mfed  to  it. 

I  •ball  prefestly  e^ra*  my  gratitude  for  tbe  scientitic  part  of  Mr. 
Uiky^  P*V**-  ^'^^  >'"^'^  *"'  t^<>  B)'^<»  to  the  question.  Tbe  whole 
■Mar  at  Ime  la,  1,  a  romparixi^n  between  tho  probable  roeaniDg  of 
tbe  I^oem  to  Gerarws  an.]  the  rcftull«  of  oo«inological  and  geological 
Mienoe ;  S,  tbe  qoetttion  whetlier  this  com]>ariBon  fnvora  or  doee  not 
tmrnr  tfaa  beliaf  that   nn  element  of  divine  tnowleilsre — knowledge 


wUab  was  not  accessiWf  to  the  aiiuple  action  of  the  human  facnlliM-fl 
iecMHireyed  to  as  in  this  Proem.  It  is  not  enough  to  he  acmratt'  i" 
aa*  term  of  a  comparison,  unle«a  wo  ar«  acenrate  in  both.  A  mavter 
«(  Bi«>^  ™ay  sjn-ak  the  viU-st  ami  ino«.  hlundering  Frx-nch.  I  do 
Mllinnk  Mr.  Huxley  haw  even  wnlcjivon-d  t<i  undemtaod  what  b  th* 
Ui^  «hat  is  tbe  intention,  which  his  opi)oncut  ascnhc«  to  the  Slosaic 
r;  or  what  is  the  conception  which  his  opponent  forms  of  Ibe 
word  Iteveliition.  IIo  holds  the  writer  responsible  for  scico- 
'aoo:  I  look  for  nothing  of  the  kind,  but  assign  to  him  s 
gmeral,  which  admits  exceptions;  popular,  which  simi 
t*  yrodncini;  moral  impresrioDR;  snnuuarr,  which  can  not  but 
iM»  or  less  of  criticism  in  detail.  He  thinks  it  b  a  Icrt- 
:  It  IS  a  sermon.  H«  describes  living  creatures  by  «traM- 
Mosaic  writer  di?*cTil>ra  thorn  by  hnbUat.  Both  I  mijijKwe 
I  «i|>i>oae  that  deacription  by  hiibitat  would  be  unarsiltig 
»  of  seieuce.  I  foel  sure  that  de*eriptiott  by  etruotor4 
-.-Jogiffta  «apply,  would  have  been  nnavailing  for  the  per 
-<y  Knoliiug  with  reUgious  urn.     Of  Revelalioo  I  will 


PROE.V  TO   OEA'SSIS. 


619 


In  orUor  to  inMitute  willi  profit  the  oompanson,  now  in  view,  the 
very  Srat  thing  xwcts^axy  is  (o  detcrroino,  eo  far  as  the  subjoct-nuttor 
allows,  what  it  wns  that  tho  Piint.itciu-hiil  or  Mo«nic  writer  doslgnsd  to 
oonvoy  to  tho  minds  of  tboso  for  whom  ho  wrote  Tlio  caM  is,  in 
moro  ways  than  on«,  I  oonceivo,  the  direct  rercrse  of  that  which  the 
Professor  bu  alleged.  It  is  not  briogtog  Science  to  be  tried  at  the 
bar  of  Religtoo.  It  is  bringing  Itcligion,  so  far  m  it  in  rvpruHcntird  by 
this  part  of  tho  Holy  Scriptures,  t<>  tw  trii-d  itt  tlic  bar  of  Snienve. 
Tho  iniliotmont  ngAimtt  tho  Pcntatcuclial  writer  is,  that  he  has  written 
what  I*  •cientilicull5  unlriio.  We  have  to  find  then  in  the  first  place 
what  it  is  that  hf.  ha<4  written,  according  to  the  t«xt,  not  ao  ii>oriabi« 

«as  it  now  stands  before  us. 
irsl,  I  assume  there  \a  no  dispnle  that  in  Genosts  i.  30-S7  he  has 
sented  a  fourfold  sequence  or  suoceMion  of  living  organloiM. 
Aware  of  my  own  inability  lo  define  in  any  tolerable  manDor  tb« 
oUssfls  of  thOHO  organiMOD,  1  nworUtl  to  tho  genvmt  phroMts — watcN 
population,  ui^popnlation,  land-population,  llie  inimc<Unto  purpose 
of  these  phrases  was  not  to  correspond  with  tho  classificatJoiui  of  Soi- 
enoo,  but  to  bring  tog«tlii-r  in  brief  nnd  convenient  form  the  larger  and 
moro  varied  modes  of  expri.i>iii<in  usi.-<l  in  verses  30,  31,  24,  3a  of  the 
,  Chapter. 

I  think,  however,  1  have  been  to  blame  for  having  brought  into  a 
contact   with  science,  irhich  was  not  suflirit^ntly  delined,  terms  that 
have   no   scientific    meaning:   water- pop u I nt ion,   air- population,  and 
(twofold)  bnd-popnlation.     I  shall  now  discard  them  and  shall  substi- 
tute others,  which  havo  tho  double  sdranta^  of  being  used  by  geolo- 
gints,  and  perhaps  of  expressing  better  than  my  phrases  what  was  in 
I     the  mind  of  the  Mo»tc  writer.    These  nro  tho  words — 1,  fishns;  3, 
Hp>irda ;  3,  msmmals ;  *  4,  man.     Dy  all,  I  think,  it  will  be  felt  that  tlio 
"■first  object  is  to  know  what  the  Pentalouchal  writer  means.    The  rela- 
tion of  his  meaning  to  science  is  essential,  but,  in  orderly  argumenta- 
tion) sabse<|ucnt.     The  in.ttlcr  now  before  us  is  a  matter  of  reasonable 
and  probable   intorjtretation.     What  is  tho  proper  key  to  this   ber- 
meneutia  work  7    In  my  opinion  it  i*  to  W  found  in  a  just  estimate  of 
the  pnrpose  with  which  the  author  wrote,  and  with  which  tho  Book  of 
,     Genosi*  was,  in  this  part  of  it,  either  composed  or  oompiled. 
B       If  this  bo  the  true  point  of  departure,  it  o)>cna  up  a  question  of  ex. 
"trcmo  interest,  at  which  I  have  but  faintly  glanced  in  my  paper,  and 
which  is  nowhere  touched  in  tho  reply  to  me.     What  proper  place  has 
such  a  composition  as  the  first  Chapter  of  GencKiH  in  such  n  work  as 
Llhe  SoriptorM  of  the  Old  Testament  ?    They  nro  indispuuWy  written 
Hiritb  a  religtODS  aim  ;  and  their  subject'matter  la  rcligioua.    Wo  may 
VSoscribe  tliis  aim  in  various  ways.     For  the  prcs<'nt  par|>o«e,  snffieo  it 
Bto  say  they  are  eonvcrsant  with  belief  in  <iod,  with  inculcation  of  da- 

■  I  vhh  to  be  mi'brMood  u  spNkiag  htrre  oT  ihtr  hltjbtr  or  otdlMry  manimsli, 
■bhta  aloM  I  SMume  le  bar*  boM  |>rolMblr  kaonni  10  tlic  lloisio  wriwr. 


630 


THE  POPULAR  SCIEXCB  itOyTULY. 


1 


Um  foundod  on  that  belief,  witb  history  and  propb«fly  obrlumljr  btr- 
log  it  for  their  central  point.  But  tbiM  C'h.-iptar,  at  tbn  ImuI  down  in 
verw  25,  and  perhaps  throiighont,  standu  im  r  dillMwit  grouml  h 
DOnHw  and  npid  oiitlluc,  it  travvraca  a  vaiit  region  of  ph^MC*.  It  it 
Muiy  til  undcraland  tSainl  Paul  vh«n  he  epi-akH  u(  I  he  worid  aj>  l>rari: 
wiiiicsH  to  <iod.*  What  be  Batd  was  capablu  of  being  T(>rifii-<1  at 
ed  by  the  comtoon  experimental  knovrlMlgc,  of  all  wbo  bvard  kii 
Of  it,  of  our  Savionr'n  mention  of  tin-  liliwi — anJ  may  it  not  be 
genera) ty  of  tliereftrenci-s  iu  Scripture  to  natural  knowlodj^  ?-— t: 
are  at  ouce  accounted  for  by  the  positions  in  which  tfai>y  etand.  Bi 
this  first  Chapter  of  G«ii«8i8  jirofessw  to  set  oat  in  tu  own  way  a  bi: 
and  Gomprchenvivc  xclu-mc  of  physicJil  fuels:  the  transitidn  (ran 
chaos  to  kosmo*.  from  the  Inimimnle  to  life,  fnnn  lifv  in  iu  loHer  m< 
dors  to  ntau.  Being  knowledge  of  an  order  nntenor  to  tht-  nvatiiia 
Adainic  man,  it  was  beyond  reriflcation,  as  being  boyond  asi< 
As  a  pliysicAl  exposition  in  miniature,  it  stands  alone  in  Ih* 
R«COnl.  And,  na  this  singular  composition  is  votitary  in  thv  lliltir, 
it  seoma  to  be  hardly  lo«  solitary  in  the  tacrcd  books  of  tlie  worl< 
"  llie  only  important  roMniblanuo  of  any  ancient  eosmogony  with 
Scriptural  account,  Is  to  be  found  in  th«  Pertbin  or  Zonaitriu: 
Tbis  Bishop  Browne  \  proceeds  to  socouni  for  on  the  following  uxrag 
otbor  grounds :  that  Zoroaster  waa  probably  brought  into  contact  wii 
tbo  Ilvbrewa,  and  even  perhaps  with  tho  propbot  Oaiiiel ;  a  mpiMi 
tion  which  supplies  the  grotindwork  of  a  recent  and  r<>inari(ahle 
manec,  not  procvcoling  from  a  Cbriation  Hc!touI4  Agun,  the  E^M 
doert  not  carry  any  Kgyptian  marks.  In  lX»  Iwenty-eeven  thooowJ 
lines  of  Homer,  arehniu  aa  tliey  arc  and  ever  tnniing  to  ihv  pMi,  (Ii«n 
is,  I  think,  only  one  "  which  belongs  t«  physiology.  The  Ix-naiif: 
sketch  of  a  cosmogony  by  Orid  ||  ecema  in  considerable  di-grxT  In  f**- 
low  the  Mosaic  outline  ;  but  it  was  composed  at  a  time  when  the  iru*- 
uv  of  tb«  Ilobrev  reconU  had  been  for  two  cenlorica  impoiUil, 
through  the  Septuagint,  to  the  Arynn  nationa. 

I'TofMsor  Hnxlvy,  if  I  undontand  hitn  rightly  {P.  S.  M.}t\t.^\ 
cmwiders  the  Uoaaio  writer,  not  jierhaps  as  haying  intvndod  tn 
brace  the  whole  truth  of  science  in  the  prarlnoe  of  geology,  Wl. 
IcoM  na  liable  to  be  convicted  of  BcientiSo  worthlMuieoB  if  hi*  Im* 
giiage  will  not  stand  t]io  u-st  of  Ihls  comttrtiction.  Thus  tin'  "waur- 
population"  is  to  include  "tho  innumerable  Iioels  of  ninrinw  innnlf 
brfttfld  asimalft.*'  It  eeeroa  to  me  that  these  discoveriM^  takra  m  * 
whole,  and  also  taken  in  all  their  parts  and  particnlara,  do  not  afTorJi 
proper,  I  mc«n  a  rational,  standanl  for  the  interprcUlion  of  ibr  M»*- 
ic  writer ;  that  tho  recent  discovery  of  the  Silurinn  scorpion,  a  WgUf 
organized  animal  (p.  498),  ia  of  little  inomeui  eilbvr  way  to  lb»  <V 


*  Ams  ilr.  17 ;  Ronunn  L  VS. 

t  "ZereaMtr."    B7 1'.  H.  OvriMd. 

"  /l  til.  n. 


t  N'ow  on  Oen.  L  9, 
MMmlllan,  IHH^ 

I  OrlJ,-U«Mn.-l   J.M, 


PRO£M  TO   OBNESIS. 


6]i 


i>n  now  before  us  ;  *  that  it  U  oot  u  ttcooani  of  tlw  oxUnot  spGolos 
hich  we  nhoiild  considwr  Itic  MomIc  writvr  m  intvndiDg  to  courey ; 
i3t  while  liu  wojxIm  aru  c»)»ble  of  covering  iheni,  m  the  oUcoumeni 
the  Xvur  TL'ttlament  covvra  tbe  red  and  yellow  man,  Uio  rules  of 
tioiial  oonstniction  reoonineDd  and  require  our  aesigniDg  to  tbem  a 
lore  linitod  mcanitif;,  wbtch  I  will  prewnll}*  describe. 
Aiiotlicr  material  point  in  Professor  Hoxle)-'§  interpretatioti  ap- 
ars  to  ma  to  lie  allogetlicr  beyond  tbo  naiurul  forego  of  ibc  words, 
pd  to  be  of  an  arbitrary  ebariK-tcr.  Uu  i»clud«»  iu  it  tlic  pro]>ositio4i 
iKt  lb«  produelion  of  tlio  rofl|>ooli7C  order:*  waa  effected  (|k  M7)  dur- 
ig  each  of  "  three  distinct  and  sucoeaaive  periods  of  time ;  and  only 
uriiig  tboso  periods  of  time ; "  or  again,  in  one  of  these,  "  and  not 
b  any  other  of  tliese  ; "  as,  in  a  scries  of  games  at  chess,  one  is  done  be- 
ifo  another  begins;  or  as  in  a  "  marob-put,"  onurcginii'iit  goes  before 
lOther  coniM.  No  doubt  lliere  may  be  n  dcgrev  of  liufridism  which 
ill  even  salBco  to  sbovr  that,  aa  "every  wiiigod  fowl  "  was  produocd 
tbe  fonrlh  day  of  tbe  llexaemeron,  therefore  the  birth  of  new  fowls 
Hitinnnlly  is  a  contradictioo  to  the  text  of  Genesis.  But  does  not 
lO  equity  of  common  mum  require  as  to  understand  simply  that  the 
rdor  of  "  winged  fowl,"  whatever  Uiut  m:ty  mean,  tguk  its  placo  In 
ifttion  at  a  certiiu  time,  and  tbnt  from  that  timo  it*  various  corapo- 
t  claeaca  were  iu  couree  of  production  ?  la  it  not  the  fact  tluM  iu 
iQptJoal  statements  of  buccesdive  eventa,  distributed  in  time  for  (he 
ike  of  prodnoing  e^Hj  and  clear  imprasioiis,  general  truth  is  aime<I 
,  and  periods  are  allowed  to  overlap?  If,  witb  such  a  view,  we  ar- 
ge  the  schools  of  Greek  (ihilosophy  in  numerical  order,  according 
tbo  datcH  of  tbvir  iticopiion,  wo  du  not  mean  that  one  expired  b«- 
another  was  foundcxl.     If  tbo  archioulo^st  describes  to  us  as  rqo- 

Kin  lime  the  ages  of  stones  bronav,  and  iron,t  ho  evrtainly  doM 
m  that  no  kinds  of  stone  implement  Wf^re  invented  after  bronw 
•gan,  or  no  kinds  of  bronze  after  iron  began.  When  Thucydidea 
lid  that  the  ancietit  limited  monairhics  were  succeeded  by  tyrannies, 
did  not  mean  that  all  the  monarchs  died  at  once,  and  a  set  of  ty- 
its,  like  Deucalion's  men,  rose  up  and  took  their  places.  Woe  be,  I 
lOUhl  uy,  to  any  one  who  tries  enmmarily  to  present  in  series  tbo 
k  of  ancient  facts,  if  tboy  arc  to  be  judgL<d  under  the  nilo  of 
rofeMor  Uuxley. 
Proceeding,  on  what  I  bold  to  be  open  ground,  to  slate  my  own 
of  tliu  tmokey  to  the  meaning  of  the  Mosaic  record,  I  suggest  that 


■  Bto— e  mcj  MffnaMt  Id  do  way  minlnw  nnlrerMl  •oeonlnncc,  nhoi  beuiaf;  tlio 

ion  las;  baie  en  lajr  cunant  KlentlSc  bjpAibmdf,  it  i«  dm  for  mo  lo  wj. 
f  I  wo  lUs  anuMfailon  u>  IDuMral*  ui  BrpioMDt,  bat  I  mMt,  *Ton  is  oo  iwiuk  It,  «n. 
D  tunM  Bgakwt  \t»  panlcutan.  I  da  d«I  oonoriT«  it  to  b«  dllwr  protMl>lr  or  XAtwA- 
tbai,  M  •  gciMnl  rale,  monklnd  pwuei  tram  ili«  uM  of  (tnD«  Inplmmu  u>  tlic  km 
bronic,  ft  (onpottte  bmuI,  ■tabost  paadng  Ihroi^  seBe  liitenB«dlu«  (loagcr  or 
mat)  period  ol  caliper. 


?ajB  saascM  motitsly. 


9*» 


tmi  not  peicatiie,  toMmetioa  a»i 
&    tlut  for  tbe  A4l«Ha  noe,  meat  a 

I  ihu  tba  Book,  bid  a  astvvl  aod  a . 
(o  their  minds  a  firriy  mow  oI  tke 
"h  which  iht  AInigfaty  Fathovvho 

ni  iMfonhwd  girni  than  BMBb,  in  Uk 

±M  •acid  to  be  tbtir  dwaffia^-flace,  and  of  tk 

r  i&bt  b*  and  rnleL     It  appcan  to  nti  ifast,  gmn 

SaiptorM,  thia  u  ckariy  th«  rational  pocnt  of 

■warn,  it  foUows,  that  jiut  aa  the  tmlUioa  daacriM 

~.iM  tB  the  mannn-  in  which  ibey  wa^atKoStf  fn- 

daUy  ezpi?ripnc«  of  man — not  acKiitifiollj.liDlfl 
.^.jMMoa  ilr,  tfatt  nn,  tho  »ki«e—  ' 

ej  «4to%af  bnft^  of  beasta,  of  what  man  was  most  eoii* 
«!.  Ims  >■  tk  aerie*,  of  man  himself,  larg*?ly  and  go- 
^^  ^  hia  aiperkaee ;  from  which  ^niat  moral  lenooB  of 
^tmJ^  aad  •&•£!■««  vera  to  be  deduoed,  to  aid  litm  to 
«dlarhHltb-a^nBg. 

mftnat  be  waatiai^  that  what  the  Moaaie  writer  had  in 

■im  crvaivH  with  which  Adamic  man  was  ponvenut. 

•ha  £nc(  foran  of  tatk  S8,  which  girc*  to  man  fof 

.:  af  avvr;  Mvd-jicldiii^  trve,  and  every  aeed-yielfing 

I  -^  doauiioa  ot  errry  b^ast,  fowl,  and  nrplile  Brin^ 

a  maiked  abaence  of  rcfcrvnce  to  any  bat  the 


H  tol 


aa^  m  tta  key  to  tho  meaning  of  the  Book,  and  of  Ibe 
m  I  mffO»»,  it  was  before  the  Book,  wbtcb  aeems  to  hm 
■sal  piwbahl<s  and  thcreforo  the  rational  gnide  to  its  tnto- 
TW  n— rtioo  we  Mhall  hare  to  faoo  is  whether  thia  *ui*- 
thla  majestic  and  touching  leaaon  of  tbo  duU* 
Btandit  in  «ich  a  relation  to  )>cii-ntiRc  tnilh, « 
^  .  jaawkBOwn,  as  to  give  warrant  to  the  inferenew  that  tb* 
'wWfa  it  waa  comi>osc<d  was  more  than  that  of  facohii* 
at  that  KtagR  of  dovclnpmont,  and  likewise  of  hifomia- 
balnoged  to  the  chi1dhoo<l  of  humanity. 
^f^  bsHh  thanw  before  as  one  term  of  the  dexircd  compaiina' 
lo  the  other. 
aiy  irA  duty  is  to  render  my  prateful  thanks  to 
Hailwy  for  having  corrected  my  either  crroncons  or  a  , 
aOTtnptioii  as  to  ihe  stale  of  scientific  opinion  on  the  Kwod" 
thiwl  tefma  of  tb«  fourfold  sucoeaiuon  of  life.  Aa  one  probihle 
fjtgti  10  make  an  opinion  probable,  to  the  dif«eiit  of  tbit 
wealdof  itself  overthrow  „d  pniTeriac  my  propo«ili«« 
iJm(«  was  a  acientific  con*f?ttr,»  aa  to  a  aequenee'  like  that  of 
ii  the  proJoction  of  animal  life,  as  between  fi»bc%  Wrfc 


3 


PROEM  TO  OENESia. 


6.J 


El,  and  man.     I  ehjll  oompare  tlie  itx%  of  Qenesis  vritb  goo- 
Atcni«nu  ;  but  shdl  mnko  do  attrmpt,  unl«tui  UtiH  be  an  U- 
t«tupt,  lo  profli  by  a  cotittftm**  of  geologiittM. 

I  sup)>ose  it  to  be  admitted  on  all  baDds  that  no  perfectly  conipre- 
bcDUvo  and  complete  oorrespondenM  can  he  establislied  bctwven  tb« 
turma  of  tba  Mosaic  t«xt  and  modern  diHcovc-ry,  No  on«,  for  in- 
atanoo,  conld  cotidii<le  from  it  tliitt  whioh  tt]>{>ean  to  bo  gMiinally 
recognixed,  that  a  gnat  reptilv-ago  would  be  rcrealed  by  ibe  Uesoxoio 

_rook8. 

^B  Yot  I  think  readOTs,  wbo  have  been  Bw«pt  away  by  tlie  torrent  of 
Mr.  Huiloy'B  denunciation)!,  will  feel  some  sDrprise  wben  on  dravring 
snmmarily  into  tine  the  main  allegations,  nnd  »pi>cially  tlii«  ruling 
order  of  Uio  Proem,  they  aoo  bow  amall  a  part  of  tJiem  b  brought  into 
qneationby  Mr.  IIiizU'T,  nnd  to  bow  largo  no  extent  tbey  are  favored  by 
the  tendeneieit,  pn-iiuiiiplionii,  and  even  conoluRiona  of  adeotilic  inquiry, 

^Fimt,  as  to  the  coauiogony,  or  tbo  formation  of  tbe  eartb  and  the 
earenly  bodies — 

1,  The  fint  operation  recorded  in  Genesis  appears  to  l>o  tlie  forma- 
tion of  light.  It  iit  detached,  apparently,  from  the  waate  or  fonnlea 
elemental  mam  {vvnva  2-5),  which  ix  luft  rvlattvely  dark  by  it*  with- 
drawal 

2.  Next  we  bear  of  the  existence  of  vapor,  and  of  ita  oondenaatioo 
into  u-ater  on  the  snrface  of  the  earth  (verseB  6-10).  Vegctatioa 
aob*equently  begins  :  but  this  belongs  rather  to  geology  tlian  to  co»- 

^^Dogony  (verses  11,  13), 

^M      3.  In  a  new  period,  the  heavenly  bodies  are  declared  to  be  fully 
^■formed  and  Tixtblo,  dividing  tli<^  day  from  the  night  (vcrfrOS  14-18). 
^K       Under  the  giiidancc  [Kinit^ulitrly  of  Dr.  Wht^wvH,  I  have  referred 

to  the  nebular  hypotbeeia  aa  confirmatory  of  this  account. 

^m      Mr.  Iluxloy  has  not  either  denied  the  hypothoaiH,  or  argiK^I  agaitmt 

Hit.     But  I  turn  to  Pliilli(>»'s  "Manual  of  Geology," edited  and  adapted 

by  Mr.  Set^lty  and  Mr.  Etberidge  (ISM5),     It  baa  a  section  in  vol  i. 

(pp.  15-10)  on  "  Modem  Speculations  oonccming  the  Origin  of  the 

Kartb." 

H      Tbo  first  agent  here  noticed  b«  eontribntlng  to  the  work  of  pro- 

^Muction  Ih  the  "gaa  hydrogen  in  a  burning  state,"  which  now  "forma 

the  enveloping  portion  of  the  sun's  atrooephere ; "  whence  we  are  toJd 

the  inference  arise*  that  the  earth  also  was  once  "incandescent  at  ita 

snrface,"  and  that  its  rookx  may  hare  been  "product))  of  coinbunlion." 

Is  not  iim  represent  at  ion  of  light  with  heat  for  its  ally,  aa  the  fir»l 

I  element  in  tbia  Speculation,  remarkably  accordant  with  the  opening  of 
tbc  Proem  to  Oeneeu? 
\      Xext  it  appears  (»6t^.)  that  "tlie  product  of  this  combostton  is 
^npor,"  which  with  diminished  heat  condenses  into  water,  and  erent- 
uslly  accnmiilatea  "  in  dcpreatlons  on  ibe  sun's  surface  so  a* 
ooenoa  and  seas."    "  It  is  at  least  probable  tliat  lfa«  eartb 


■irm 


6>4 


THE  POPULAR  SCISNCS  MOXTlfLr., 


ihroQgb  •  pluwi  of  thu  kind"  {ibid.).    "The  otber  i>Ianeta  wv 
mily  more  or  leas  Uk«  Ibe  earth  in  po»c«sing  Bltno§f>ber«e  and 
Is  ibere  not  Iwre  a  rcmarlubl*  ooncmrenM  with  ih«  Mvond  p%M 
of  Uio  coenogon  J  ? 
'       Ptaiiily,  M  I  RuppoM  it  ia  itfrrvvablo  to  tliCM  Bti|»po«itlon>  tlul, 
rnpor  griuiuuUjr  \M»m*  into  wnlfir,  and  tlte  atiDovpbvro  Ik  rlvftinl, 
full  ftdaptMion  of  sun   tnd   moon   by   visibility  for  tbvtr   (anr 
should  oome  in  doe  sequence,  as  it  cuines  in  Gt-tL  L  14-18. 

I'lirsuing  its  subject,  the  Alanual  procn-dn  (}>.  17):     "TUb 
sidrratioii  leads  np  to  u-hnt  hat  been  called  the  nL'bulur  bygiixh 
which  "ftupjtoseit  tliat,  before  Ihv  sUn  existed,  tlie  materiali*  of 
they  coDsiat  were  diSuHed  in  the  heavens  10  a  slate  of  vapor  "  (iiU., 
The  text  llicii  proceeds  to  describe  l>ow  local  cuiileni  of  wmdWMaliU 
might  throw  off  riiigv,  ttieiw  riiigit  bmk  into  plativln,  and  tb«  pi 
under  conditiouii  of  xufficivnt  force,  re]>L-st  tb«  procew,  utxl  tbu 
dace  salellitiM  like  tboae  of  Saturn,  or  like  the  moon. 

I  therefore  think  that,  so  far  as  cosmogony  ii  co»cen>«d,  iba  elTrd 
of  Mr.  llaxloy'ti  paper  is  Dot  by  any  moaas  to  leavu  It  m  it  «m  U( 
to  leave  it  mnlcriiilly  forlifiod  by  the  Muniinl  of  Geolu^,  which 
undrrataiid  lo  lie  a  Mlaiidard  of  authority  at  the  present  time. 

Turning  now  to  the  region  of  that  science,  I  uDdersInnd  [li« 
statements  of  tieoesis,  in  suooeastve  order  of  time,  but  without 
m«aauremcnt  of  its  diviHione,  lo  be  ae  follows  : 

1.  A  period  of  land,  anterior  to  all  life  {verve*  0,  10), 

5.  A  period  of  vegetable  life.niitcnor  to  animal  life  (ver«e*lltl3), 
8.  A  i>eriod  of  animal  life,  in  tbc  order  of  fi>h«s  (v«»«  SO). 
4.  Another  atage  of  animal  life,  in  thn  order  of  birdj^ 
B,  Anolhiir,  in  the  order  of  b<T3hls  (verees  24,  S5). 

6.  Last  of  all,  man  (verses  20,  27). 
Hero  is  a  chain  of  six  liuke,  attached  to  a  prerious  chain  of  ibn^ 

And  I  think  it  not  a  liitle  remarkable  that  of  this  entire  tucovMOii, iW 
only  Hti'p  dirivtly  challenged  ii"  ibat  of  numbers  four  and  i:  ■  *  '' 
(p.  457)  3lr.  Huxley  is  inclimil  rather  lo  reverse.  He  admii- 
ly  the  Beniority  of  fishes.  How  came  tliat  seniority  lo  be  «-t  Aiw 
here  ?  He  admits  as  probable  upon  present  knowliilgo,  in  tbi<  ]<ei 
of  ITvmo  tapiens,  the  juniority  of  man  (p.  4&5).  How  came  tli' 
juniority  to  be  set  down  bete?  He  prooevda  indeed  lo  drwrib*" 
opposite  opinion  oonoominf;  man  as  bonding  vxartly  the  tiame  rank  li 
the  one  to  which  bo  hwl  given  an  apparent  sanction  {ihii}.).  A>  1  ^ 
not  precisely  understand  the  bearing  of  the  terms  be  uM-fi,  I  pa*  l^M 
by,  and  I  sliall  lake  the  liberty  of  referriuc  pre^tntly  ti>  the  latest  «>>■ 
thorities,  which  he  has  bimself  suggeelod  that  I  should  eotiwill.  B'' 
I  add  to  the  questions  1  liare  just  put  this  other  in<{uiry.  How  (*■* 
the  Mosaic  writer  to  plaoe  the  lishvs  and  the  men  in  their  trne 
positions  not  only  to  ono  another,  ami  not  only  to  the  rest  of  ■ 
laacoession,  but  ia  a  dofiuito  and  that  a  true  relation  of  timr  - 


PROEM   TO   OESESIS, 


6,5 


Eof  the  fint  plaDt-lifc.  and  to  tbo  coloiwal  opvntioni  I>f  which  tliv 
b  was  litU'rl  for  thtim  all  ?    Mr.  Iliixloj-  luiow»  'mry  well  tkai  it 

would  hu  io  tbo  higlK-st  ilcgn:u  imttioiial  10  a^^iW  ttits  oorrect  dislri- 
^>Ulion  10  tb(t  (loctrim*  of  cliunouH  ;  nor  will  tlio  mUmx^  tt(  Siaj'pbus  of 
^BflulF  coDiilttuto  a  aiifllcivnt  aiiawer  10  iitquiries  wliiob  are  founded,  no^ 
^D|k>i]  a  fuit'iful  attcRii't  to  etjuali:  every  word  of  the  IVoem  witli  ewrj 

dictum  oi  iKnti'Hi;<>,  but  u]ion  llio»e  priiiciplcw  of  probable  rcautoaing  liy 

whicb  all  rational  lives  are  and  must  bi>  ({uUlv<I. 

I  flad  llie  latest  published  authority  on  gt-ology  id  tbo  S«co»d  or 

Sir.  Elheridge'a  toIiiiuo  of  ihu  Mamud  •  of  PrufvHHor  Phillips,  and  by 

this  I  will  now  proceed  10  twt  tliu  sixfold  series  which  I  have  reDtorod 

upon  prvMnting. 
B      Fii«t,  howcrcr,  looking  boivk  for  a  luontent  to  a  work,  obviously  of 
^^e  highest  authority,!  <>■>  the  geology  of  ita  day,  I  find  in  it  a  ublc 

of  the  order  of  ap]>varanci>  of  animal  life  upon  tbo  earth,  whieb,  be- 

gining  with  the  oldest,  gives  us — 

11.  lavertebratcs  -t.  Birds 

3.  Fiahea  r>.  MammaU 

3.  R«'ptile«  6.  Man. 

I  omit  all  refon-ni-e  to  ipouifi  cat  ions,  and  speak  only  of  the  priuoi- 
J  lioes  of  dirision. 
Id  the  Phi  Hips- Ktberidge  Manual,  beginning  as  before  with  the  old- 
t,  I  Sod  the  folloiring  amngemcut,  given  partly  by  Blate»i«iit  and 
partly  by  diagram : 
'  1.  "The  Azoic  or  Archnaa  time  of  Dana  ;*'  called  pre-Cambtian 

Bl)y  other  pliyuciaia  (pp.  S,  Si). 

m       3.  A  coniDieiwcucnt  of  plant-life  i»dieat«d  by  Dana  as  anterior  lo 
rlu  vertebra  to  animal  life  ;  long  anterior  to  tlta  vertebrate  toita*,  which 
alono  are  mentioned  in  Gcnesia  (pp.  4,  5). 

5.  Tlirce  periods  of  invertebrate  life; 
4.  Ago  of  fishes. 

6.  Agu  of  reptiles. 
0.  Age  of  Riammalii,  much  less  remote. 

7.  Age  of  man,  mticli  Ivm  remote  than  mnminals. 
As  to  birdfi,  though  they  have  not  a  dintintit  ami  M^rate  age 

signi-il    them,  the   Manual  (vol.  i.  cb.  xxv,  p|>.  5I1-S0)  tia[ipliM  US 
rery  clearly  with  their  place  id  "tlie  8ucce«»iott  of  animal  life."    Wo 
here  fun)L<hc<I  vritb  the  following  seriea,after  the  flshes  ;  1.  Fossil 
ptiles  (p.  512);  -2.    Oniitliovanria  (p.  r>17) ;  they  were  "Dying  ani- 
mals, which  eomliineil  the  ebarai-terti  of  n-ptiU-s  with  tho««  of  birds  ; " 
^J}.  'I'he  lirst  birds  of  the  aeoondary  rocka  witli  "fcathent  in  all  respccU 
^Wmibr  to  those  of  existing  birds"  ([>.  SIR)  ;  4.  Mammals  (p,  fiiSO). 

h 


(rol.  0.)  put  ».,  bf  n.  EikrUgc^  T.K.8.    K«w 


•  11iillit»<<  "  UwMsl  of  (MhzS' 
ilion.  ISS3. 

t  ■■  I'Dlmiiif ilogr,"  br  K'<'I»'<1  0<rai  (no*  Sir  Itli^nlOwcn,  K.&B.). 
■,  p.  a.  ISA) 


f 

I 


«s6 


Tits  POPULAR  SCIEXCE  MOXTITLT. 


I  liare  been  permitted  to  mo  in  proof  Anotb«r  utittomcnt  frmD 
authority  still  more  roocnt,  ProrvMor  I*n-Htwicb,  which  U  now  iwa^ 
through  the  pKM.  Id  ii  {p\\.  80,81)  I  find  the  following  wuiArii 
urignod  to  iho  ordcn  wltii^h  I  here  name  : 

1.  PliioU  (cryptogautoiu)  4.  MammaU 

3.  Fishes  fi.  Man 

U.  Iiird« 

It  will  now,  I  liopr,  bo  otMXTTod  that,  sccunling  to  llie  probabl 
intention  of  tho  Moaaiv  wriu-r,  thcoo  livo  ordiT*  cnnmerated  by  hia 
cormpond  with  th«  Matv  of  geological  knuwli-dgp,  pn-M-ntcd  to  a*  If 
liiv  moct  racent  authorilieo,  in  thin  tu^nnv ;  thitt  the  origioe  of  tlwM 
ordcni  re«pcctivcly  hiv«  Uio  wime  i^iicccMiidii  aM  in  NwignMl  in  G«n««3i 
to  tbooe  repreeentativea  of  tlio  ordvnt,  which  alone  w«n  prubablj 
known  to  tfao  experience  of  Adamic  man.  My  fourfold  unocowiun 
than  grows  into  a  fivefold  one.  By  pUcing  before  the  fint  plani-li(« 
tlto  A/^ic  )>vrtud,  it  bi-comos  sixfold.  Aitd  again  by  placing  befon 
tlita  ttiv  priiK't{>3l  stages  of  the  cosmogony,  it  becomes,  acoordtn^t** 
tbvy  aro  Htatvd,  nine  or  tenfold  ;  every  portion  holding  the  pboe 
ugrcvablf  to  modoni  hypoth«*ij  and  luodcni  soioivrc  nrrpiytivi-ly. 

I  now  notice  the  points  in  wkicb,  so  far  as  1  uinlcrxtaiKl,  lit*  l«il 
of  the  IVoeti),  as  it  stauds,  Js  either  ioootnplcte  or  at  variance  with  llw 
representations  of  science : 

I,  It  does  nut  notice  the  great  periods  of  invertebrate  life  rtaadjng 
between  (1)  and  (2)  of  ray  last  enumeration. 

S.  It  also  pHffies  by  the  groat  age  of  Reptiles,  with  their  ula- 
cessom  tlio  Ampfiibia,  which  oomo  bctnoeii  (3)  and  (3).  The  second' 
ary  or  Mseoooic  jiTiod,  says  the  Manual  (L  fill),  "ha*  oftvn  Imm 
termed  tJm  age  of  RcptilcH," 

3.  It  mention!!  pliints  in  termtt  which,  as  I  understand  from  Tro- 
tea»ar  Huxley  and  otherniae,  correspond  with  the  later,  not  the 
earlier,  farms  of  plant-life, 

4.  Il  mentions  reptiles  in  tbe  same  category  with  its  mammnls. 
Now,  M  regards  the  first  two  heads,  these  omiuiionr,  enonnuw 

with  refemec  to  the  acientifia  r«oonl,  ar«  eompletely  In  haraM/ 
witli  tbe  probable  aim  of  the  SIomio  writer,  as  embracing  only  Ihs 
formation  of  die  objei'ls  and  creatures  with  which  cxrly  man  was 
verdant.  The  introduction  of  these  order«,  invtHiblo  and  unknuws, 
would  have  been  not  agreeable,  but  injurious  to  his  puqiowr. 

As  respects  the  third,  it  will  strike  the  reader  of  the  Prom  that 
plant-life  (vi-mra  11,  \i)  i*  mcntioni-d  witli  a  particularity  whicfci* 
not  found  in  tbe  acconnta  of  the  living  orders ;  nor  in  the  scomiI 
notice  of  the  C'realioti,  which  appears,  indeed,  pretty  dislinctl;  t> 
refer  to  recent  plant-life  (Gen.  ii.,  S,  6,  0).  QtiMlious  havo  boa 
raised  as  to  the  tr:m»I,ition  of  these  passages,  which  I  am  not  sl4r  4" 
solve.  Itut  I  bear  in  mind  the  difGcuItti'.t  which  attend  Iwth  nfd 
traditions  and  the  oanacrvatinn  of  aucicut  SUi.,  and  I  am  iwi  in  tnj 


PnOEM  TO  OBNSSia. 


6,7 


■||||AAl«d  by  thtt  tUMrcpnory  boforo  ur,  if  it  be  r  4liwT?pAD«T,  m 
HmUP^vncml  etrnctoro  ond  effect  of  the  Mosaic  Mat«iDent  on  wbieh 
T  luLc  my  «taticl. 

Witb  regard  to  rcpUloi,  vbilo  I  ebouM  abo  bold  by  oiy  but  re- 
mark, lb«  caae  is  different.    They  appear  to  bo  mentioned  sh  cod- 
tomponry  with  inammals,  wbereas  tboy  aro  of  prior  origin.     But  (bo 
^felatire  si^niliranre    of    the  ttfTcral    ordeni    evtdiiitiy    affcutvd    lbi> 
tbod  of  thfi  Monaic  writer.     Agreeably  u>  tbts  idea,  inseclti  are  not 
od  at  all.     Ko  rvpUlrs  were  a  family  fallen  from  grvatoeM ;  in- 
1  of  iitamping  on  a  ^reut  ]>eriod  of  life  tU  leadiop;  cbaracter,  tbey 
merely  skulked  upon  the  eartb.     l"bey  are  introduced,  m  will  appear 
belter  from  ibe  LXX  than  from  the  A.V.  or  R.V.,  a*  a  Rort  of  appi-nd- 
agfl  to  mamiuale.     Lying  oiit«ido  both  tli«  use  and  tbe  domiuion  of 
jn%a,  and  far  kiw  witbin  bin  probable  notic«,  tboy  are  not  wholly 
omitted  likis  in*<M?ts,  but  treaie<l  apparently  in  a  loose  manner  as  not 
one  of  tbe  main  features  of  the  pietaro  which  the  writer  meant  to 
draw.     In  tbe  Song  of  the  Three  Children,  where  tbe  four  prineipat 
orders  are  recited  after  the  mrin  in  Genesis,  reptiles  are  dropped 
Uti'geihi-r,  wbiob  snggests  either  that  the  present  text  is  nneonnd,  or, 
BbrrliapH  more  probably,  that  tbey  were  deemed  a  secondary  nnd  insig- 
Blflcanl  part  of  it.    Hut,  however  tbia  case  may  bo  rogarde<l,  of  cotirte 
Bean  not  draw  from  it  any  tnpport  to  my  gonoraJ  oontentioii. 
W     I  difitinguiob,  iben,  in  the  broadest  manner,  between  Professor 
HuKli-yV  exposition  of  certain  facts  of  ceiencv,  nnd  bi«  treatment  of 
tbe  Uook  of  Gen«!tifl.     I  accept  the  lint,  with  the  reverence  duo  to  a 
great  teacher  from  tbe  meanest  of  bis  hearers,  aa  a  needed  corrertton 
H)  myself,  and  a  Taltiablo  instruction  for  the  world.     Hot,  subject  to 
Kut  coirection,  I  adhere  to  my  proposition  respecting  the  fourfold 
ancceuion  tn  tbo  Proem  ;  which  farther  I  extend  to  a  fivefold  succes- 
an  respecting  life,  and  to  tbe  gr^^'at  sl:ige«  of  tbe  cosmogony  to  hoot, 
lie  Svo  origins,  or  flnit  ap[ii-araii<-e*  of  jilnnts,  IikIh'S,  bir<ls,  niammalfl 
nd  man,  arc  given  to  us  in  (leiiesis  in  the  order  of  snoceesion,  in 
irhich  they  are  also  given  by  the  latest  geological  anthorities. 

It  ia,  therefore,  by  attaching  to  words  a  sense  they  were  never 

cant  to  bear,  and  by  this  only,  tb.it   Mr.  Htixley  establiabee  tbe 

gtrallel  («o  to  s|)eak),  from   which   bo   works  bis  heavy  arUllery. 

ind-population  is  a  pbrasc  meant  by  me  to  describe  the  idea  of  tbe 

fosaic  writer,  which  1  conceive  to  bo  that  of  the  animals  famillsHy 

known  to  early  man.     Hut,  by  treating  this  ss  a  »cientilic  phrase,  it  is 

made  to  include  cxtinrt  reptiles,  which  I  tindervtand  Mr.  Iluxley  {/'. 

^  M.  p.  453)  to  treat  as  being  land-animals ;  as,  by  taking  birds  of  a 

Hery  high  formation,  It  may  be  held  that  mammal  forms  existed  Iw- 

Tore  such  hinia  were  produced.     'ITicse  are  artificial  contradictions, 

set  up  by  altering  in  its  essence  one  of  the  two  things  which  it  ia 

songlit  to  compare. 

If  I  am  a»ked  wbetfaer  I  contend  for  tbo  abmloto  accordance  of 


6tf         ras  popcLAB  sciEycs  iioxTHLy. 


ite  Mmbm  mrHmir,  m  iBtar|B»l«d  bj-  nw,  with  th«  facts  luwl 
lisa*  of  KicaM;.  M I  have  eudearored  to  extrmet  thvm   from  the 
MlhiinliTrn.  I  m»W«1  that  I  have  not  endcaToml  to  show  either  th 
aky  aWBt^MMv  hi*  haen  dctnoni'trutts],  or  iKai  more  tlian  a  enb 
lial  MMrdiBec — aa  occordaiKV  in  principal  relevant  juuttcalan— k  I 
ba  aoMfrtcd  at  tliowa  by  probable  evidence. 

la  ifaa  ooMDogODy  of  the  IVoem,  which  stands  on  a  dtstiort  foa 
u  lying  wholly  beyond  the  experience  of  primitive  man,  I 
aware  that  any  scnons  flsw  ii  Bll^od  ;  but  ihv  nebular  h; 
wilh  which  it  i«  coni|iare(l  appvan  to  be,  perbs|i«  from  the 
of  th(»  uaoe,  no  more  than  a  ibeory  ;  a  theory,  however,  long  dis 
much  favored,  and  iridely  accepted  in  the  sciimtific  world. 

In  tha  gaological  part,  we  are  liable  to  those  modifications  or  dn 
plscvnwola  of  UMimony  which  the  futarc  progress  of  the  science  nsy^ 
prodoea  In  this  view  its  testimony  doMi  not  in  iiirictn«ss  pass,  I  mf' 
puM,  o«it  of  the  category  of  pn>b:tblR  into  that  of  demonstntin 
ttvidcuve^  Yi-I  it  eitn  hanlly  be  siipjwiM-d  that  oarttful  researches,  sad 
naouuDgfl  alriotty  adju*t4-d  to  method,  both  oontiDUvd  throngh  wme 
ganetations,  bare  not  in  a  lar^  measure  produced  what  has  tlie  char- 
acter of  real  knowledge.  With  that  real  knowledge  the  reader  will 
now  have  seen  bow  far  I  claim  for  the  Proem  to  Genesis,  fairly 
to  be  Id  real  and  most  striking  acconlance. 

And  this  bringK  me  to  ibe  point  at  wbieh  I  have  to  obserw  ib 
M'    ■■  i   '  y,  1  think,  ha*  not  mastered,  and  probably  baa  not  tried 
Hi.  idea  of  his  oppoocnt  as  to  what  it  is  that  is  essentially  eOH J 

braottd  in  the  idea  of  a  Dirine  revelation  to  man. 

So  far  ts  I  am  llw.l^1c^,  there  is  no  dcfinilioo,  properly  so  calM,! 
rsvelatiou  either  coiiiaiiivd  in  Scripture  or  established  by  the  gtacnlJ 
aad  pKHnanenl  coRRcnt  of  Cliristianri.     Id  a  word  polemically  a«d,of 
iodMeraainato  or  variable  sense.  Professor  llnzley  has  no  title  to  fl>- 
ptttv  to  hit*  opponent,  without  inquiry,  anything  more  than  it  man  of 
■MC«ssity  convey. 

Bat  be  seems  to  assume  that  revelation  is  to  be  conceived  of  ti  if 
it  wei«  a  lawyer's  parchmcnl,  or  a  sum  in  arilhmetic,  wherein  a  tiv 
disoovcved  at  a  |tarlicular  point  is  ipto  facto  fatal  to  the  whole.  Vif} 
)fUi«  rwdectioD  would  show  I*rofessor  llnxley  that  llierc  may  be  thm 
wito  tiiMl  ev>d«MK6  of  the  commiioiralion  of  Divine  knowledge  ia  tb( 
I^wMK  to  OwMMs  as  they  n-ad  it  in  tht-ir  Bibles,  without  approachiD| 
W  aQjr  suofa  conception,  "nierc  is  Ibe  uncertainty  of  translatiMt 
traiuiaiont  are  t»ot  inspired.  There  is  the  difficulty  of  tianscriiitivB; 
<nukMxibi;nt  are  not  inspired,  and  an  element  of  error  is  inscpwM' 
fMU  <ba  work  of  a  series  of  copyists.  How  this  works  in  ths  W 
4M(Ma  uf  tinte  we  see  in  the  varying  text«  of  the  Old  TMtasiA 
^jlik  rival  claims  not  easy  to  adjust.  Thus  the  antlion  of  the  net» 
IUnu»a*h>vehad  to  choo<e  in  the  Miuworetic  text  itstlf 
■  Pr«f«e  lo  ItM  Old  TcituMut,  p.  vL 


PRO£M  TO  G£N£SIS. 


629 


^ 
^ 


i 

p 

w 

■I 

I 


different  KaJinirs,  and  "in  oxceptiooal  oases'*  have  given  a  pefereDC« 
to  Um  Ancient  Versions.  Thus,  opon  practical  grounds  qnitc  apsirt 
from  the  liigb«r  qticstionB  conccntiiig  th«  original  compoKitioii,  wo 
iwoui  at  once  to  Sii'l  n  human  eUimviit  in  tbo  ttuBtvA  text.  Tliiit  tli^rv 
it  a  (uTlh«r  and  larger  question,  not  abnt  out  from  the  view  even  of 
Ito  moM  convinced  and  6iticerL>  believent,  Mr.  Uuley  may  perceive 
ly  reading,  for  cxanipli<,  Coleridge's  "CoDfesMoos  of  an  Inquiring 
Spirit."  I'he  qoMtion  whcth«r  this  Proem  bpan  witncM  to  a  Divine 
communicatioD,  to  a  working  Wyom)  that  of  rnvrcly  linmnn  faculties 
in  thf  comiKyvition  of  ih<:  .Si-ripturi.-:^  Ik  uMtcntially  one  for  the  dis^-iplen 
of  Kiidiop  Butler  ;  a  qumlion,  not  of  deinonslnKive,  but  of  probable 
evidence.  1  am  not  prepared  to  abandon,  but  rather  to  defend,  the 
foltuviiig  proposition.  It  b  perfectly  conceivable  that  a  document 
penned  by  the  human  hand,  and  transmitted  by  biiman  mcann,  may 
conuiii  matter  qumtio liable,  ancertain,  or  even  mistaken,  and  yvt 
nay  by  its  contont«  an  a  whole  prtMnt  such  vurrut,  auoh  moral  proofs 
of  truth  Divinely  {m|)arte<l,  aA  ought  irrefragably />ro  Iam/o  Co  oora- 
mand  ament  and  govern  praetice.  A  man  may  posiqbly  adnut  some- 
thing not  reconciled,  and  yet  may  be  what  Mr.  Uoxloy  denounces  as  a 
Itcconciler. 

I  do  not  snpposo  it  would  be  feasible,  even  for  Profc«u>r  Huxley, 
taking  tlio  nebular  hyj>olhe«is  *ni)  geological  discovery  for  bii>  guides, 
to  give,  in  th«  ooinpaM  of  the  first  twenty-seven  verses  of  Genwis,  an 
ocount  of  the  eo«>n<^ony,  and  of  tlic  siiccewion  of  life  in  the  stmti' 
cation  of  the  earth,  which  would  combine  spienllfic  prcct«ion  of  slate- 
iMit  wilii  tbe  majesty,  the  simplicity,  the  intt-'Uigiliility,  and  the  im- 
preesiveness  of  the  rccoi-d  before  us.  Lot  me  modestly  call  it,  for 
iirgainont*s  nke,  an  approximation  to  the  present  presnmptions  and 
eoneluaioiis  of  science.  Let  me  omume  that  the  statement  in  iho  text 
as  to  plants,  and  the  statement  of  venii.-«  24,  35  as  to  reptiW,  can  not 
In  all  points  be  suelained  ;  and  yet  »lill  tburo  remain  gn-At  uiuibaken 
'acts  to  be  weighed.  First,  the  fact  that  such  a  reconl  sbonld  have 
iwn  maile  at  all.  Secondly,  the  fact  that,  inetead  of  dwelling  in 
genemlitit-H,  It  bus  placed  itself  under  the  severe  conditions  of  a 
ehronalogical  order,  reaching  from  the  finct  niVi's  of  chaotic  matter  to 
the  cooaummated  production  of  a  fair  and  goodly,  a  furnished  and  a 
peopled  world.  Thirdly,  the  fact  that  ita  co«mogony  seems,  in  the 
light  of  tlio  niueleenth  cenlury,  to  draw  more  and  more  of  countv- 
naacv  from  the  be?tt  mitural  philosophy ;  and  fourthly,  that  it  ba)> 
do<cri))«d  tbe  fluoeeasivv  origiim  of  tbe  five  great  categoric^  of  present 
life,  with  which  human  experience  was  and  ia  conversant,  i»  that 
order  which  geological  authority  confirms.  How  came  these  things 
to  be?  How  came  they  to  be,  i>ot  among  Accadians,  or  At<8Tnans, 
or  Egyptians  who  monopotiKcd  the  stores  of  bnman  knowledge  when 
this  wonderful  tradition  was  born  ;  but  among  tho  obecnre  records  of 
a  pcuplo  wlio,  dwelling  in  Paleetine  for  twelve  bnndn>d  yean  from 


63D 


TllJi  POPULAR  SCmXCe  MOXTIILY. 


th«ir  aojoorn  in  the  valley  of  the  Nile,  hardly  hail  forov  tii  aUmii  m^ 
so  much  as  ihi-ir  name  upon  tb«  biatory  of  tlic  world  at  br^  bJ 
only  ttiL-n  U'gii'n  to  tw  adroitt«(l  to  the  gvni>ral  comniatiion  uf  n 
kind  wtiirii  thvir  ijcriptum  wutumt-d  th«  ilre«a  which  a  Gi-nU1«  uopt 
wu  Dcnln)  to  iia]>ply?  It  is  more  rational,  I  coulvnd,  lu  nay  thai 
thoMt  Mtooisliing  anlioipations  were  a  Uod-given  8ap))ly,  liian  I 
BUppoae  that  a  race,  who  fell  nnifomily  aod  entirely  aburt  of  tbi 
great  Inlelleoliial  deTelopment  *  of  antiquity,  ehotild  here  not  only 
have  equaled  and  outatripped  it,  but  have  vntin>Iy  tranacwda^ 
10  kind  even  tnom  Utan  in  d«gro«,  all  known  oseroiM  of  humaa 
faculties. 

^Micthi^r  thia  was  knowledge  conveyed  to  the  mind  of  tlia  llmai^ 
author,  I  do  not  preenuie  to  determine.  Ilicre  lias  been,  in  Xhv  Idirf 
of  Clirialian?,  a  profound  proridential  pnrjiosc,  little  or  variously  »i« 
bio  to  ua,  whteb  pn-4iidci],  from  Gencnis  tii  tb<>  Apoc»lyp*t*,  nvw  tbs 
formation  of  tli«  narveloaa  coini>«mnd,  vrliirb  we  tjrro  the  IWy 
Scriptures.  This  we  wonder7ng)y  cinbraee  wilbuut  bong  niBcli  jxt- 
plexed  by  the  qncBtiona  which  are  raiaed  on  them  ;  for  instance,  by 
the  question.  In  what  cxaet  relation  the  books  of  the  Ayovrj^bK 
Komctimi?s  termed  deuiero-canonieal,  stand  to  tho  books  of  tbo  U#- 
brow  Canon.  Difficulties  of  detail,  ench  as  nay  (or  nllimaldy  mijr 
not)  be  found  to  exist  in  the  Proem  to  Gvnotiia,  have  much  the  ump 
relatiou  to  tlio  evidence  of  revealed  knowledge  in  this  r«cord,  H  llw 
apota  in  (he  Ktin  to  Ins  all-unfolding;  and  fufficiiig  li^bt.  But  m  to  iba 
Uosaic  writer  himnclf,  all  I  presume  to  nr<->-|'t  in  thv  fui-t  that  hs  ptt 
ui>on  undying  record,  io  lhi»  ponioo  of  hii  u-ork,  a  serim  of  particV' 
Ian  wbidi,  interpreted  in  the  growing  light  of  modem  knovledj^e,  n- 
quire  from  uk,  on  the  whole,  a»  reaaonable  men,  the  atlmimion  tbsl  «* 
do  not  see  how  he  could  have  written  iheni,  aod  that  in  all  liketibo«d 
he  did  not  write  them,  without  aid  from  tbo  guidance  of  a  tnorv  lb* 
human  power.  It  is  in  ihia  guidance,  and  not  oeccasarily  or  unifomlj 
in  ibe  eonn^iousnesx  of  the  writer,  tliut,  according  to  my  poor  nuwqf 
tinn,  the  idea  of  Revelation  mainly  lies. 

And  now  one  word  on  the  subject  of  Krolntion.  I  can  not  foH<» 
Mr.  Uuxley  in  his  roinntu  acquaintance  with  Indian  sagea,  as'l  I  wt 
not  aware  that  Evolution  has  a  place  in  the  greater  number  i>f  I** 
(schools  of  Greek  pliiloaopby.  Nor  can  I  comprehend  the  rapidii; 
with  which  persona  of  autbtmty  have  come  to  treat  the  [)arwW» 
bypotboib  as  having  reached  tbe  final  stage  of  demonAnitioa.  Ts 
the  eye  of  a  lookor-ou  their  i»»ec  and  metbod  seem  rather  loo  law* 
like  a  Btecplccha«e.  But  this  may  very  well  be  dae  to  tbeir  want  n 
appropriate  knowledge  and  habits  of  thmight.  For  myself,  in  b; 
loose  and  uniaformed  way  of  looking  at  Erolntion,  I  fmd  ontj  ^» 

■  I  wriM  ibw  bNiine  full?  ta  lalnil  IW  utiniqiMMJ  riblUtr  c(  much  ite  U  ••  <* 
ttmiA  la llH OM Twtamnil,  n« eoMbkntba of  lU* MbJtAinMM cfM a  alMff** 
Una  of  ■rgMDMl,  wbkli  lh«  pnwnl  Mtlcla  doM  noi  tllow  ac  lo  atunfit. 


PROEM  TO  QSNJSSIS. 


63« 


Hjnndi  biaaod  in  iu  favor,  by  wbat  I  conceive  lo  bo  iu  rolatioD  to  Uk 

■  groat  argam«D(  nf  dvitign.* 

H       Not  that  I  share  ibc  horror  u-iih  wbicb  some  men  of  iwicnco  np- 

'  pear  to  ooDtetnplate  a  muJliludo  of  what  they  teriu  "  sudden  "  acU  of 
creation.  All  things  considered,  a  siogDlar  expressiou :  but  ono,  I 
eiifipoKC,  meaning  Iho  act  which  prodacM,  in  the  region  of  nature, 
iK>ni<tthtiig  nut  related  by  an  unbroken  KutvcMion  of  measured  and 
equable  stage*  lo  what  boa  gone  before  it.     But  what  luw  equality  or 

I  brevity  of  staf^  lo  do  with  the  question  bow  far  the  act  i«  creative? 
\  I  fail  to  aee,  or  indeed  am  somewhat  disposed  to  deny,  that  the  ithoTt 
Btagp  is  Ici^  creative  than  the  long,  the  single  than  the  manifold,  th« 
i  «<|uablc  tluui  the  jointed  or  grnilnalcl  Ktag<-.  Evulution  is,  to  toe, 
scricd  witlt  dcvelopinenL  And  like  K-rim  in  matliematEcs,  whsthcr 
arithmeiical  or  geometrical,  it  establishes  in  things  ati  unbroken  pro* 
gression  ;  it  places  each  thing  (if  only  it  stand  the  test  of  ahility  to 
lire)  in  a  di»tinet  relation  to  every  other  thing,  and  makes  each  a  wit- 
[ness  lo  all  that  have  iimrcdcd  it,  a  propbei'y  of  all  that  are  lo  follow 
,it.  It  gives  to  ihe  argument  of  dexign,  now  called  ihe  toleological 
imcot,  at  once  a  wider  ex|>aniiion,  and  an  augmented  tenacity  and 
]ily  of  tissue.     Itut  1  must  proceed. 

I  fiud  31r.  Huxley  aseerttng  that  the  things  of  science,  with  which 

^bfl  ia  tH>  aplcndidly  conversant,  aro  "  snsceptible  of  clear  intellectual 

JinprelicofioR  "  (P.  S.  Jf.p.  459),     Is  this  rhetoric,  or  »  it  a  formnla  of 

phUoMphy  ?    If  the  latti-r,  will  it  bear  ciuimination  ?    Ho  pre^ominent- 

Ij  undcntiandA  the  relations  between  thow  thiiiga  which  Xaturu  offers 

to  his  view  ;  but  doe«  be  understand  each  thing  in  itaelf,  or  Aoie  the 

last  term  but  one  in  an  evolutional  series  passes  into  and  becomes  tJie 

^^astf    The  seed  may  produce  the  tree,  the  tree  the  branch,  the  branch 

Htb«  twig,  the  twig  thci  leaf  or  flower ;  but  oan  wo  nndrrsUnd  tlw 

^alighteict  mutation   or  growth  of  Nature  In  Itself?  can  wo  tell  Aow 

I  the  twig  pasaca  into  leaf  or  flower,  one  jot  more  than  if  the  flower  or 
leaf,  instead  of  coining  from  the  twig,  came  directly  from  the  tree  or 
from  tlie  seed  ? 
1  can  not  but  trace  some  signs  of  haste  in  Professor  Huxley's  osaer 
tion  that^  outside  the  province  of  science  f/AtVA),  we  have  only  inuigi- 
D.ilion,  hope,  and  ignorance.     Not,  a*  we  nhall  pri-wntly  nee,  that  be  is 
one  of  those  who  rob  mankind  of  tite  best  and  highest  of  their  inberil- 
^Ancp,  by  denying  tbe  reality  of  all  hut  material  objects.     But  the 
|Hfft:ttem>-nt  is  surely  open  to  objection,  as  omitting  or  seeming  to  omit 
from  view  the  vast  fields  of  knowIedg<'  only  probable,  which  are  not 
_^of  mere   hope,  nor  of  mere  imagination,  nor  of  mere  Igooraoce ; 


•  "  Tieirt  like  Iheie.  "Jwii  fonnuttted  bj  religlooi  insltail  of  BdBnllflij  t>ioiisbt.iMka 
noraof  IH*liM  rnyridmre  and  fon^ordinulkm,  ihui  of  INrinc  iniorcrntion ;  but  pethafe 
iWt  arc  not  the  leu  tlwiMita)  0*  ibni  xvouaL''  IProia  Iho  ttrj  rrmadublo  Ltctwta 
at  Prafcaaor  An  Gnj  on  yatwrnl  Seimet  m><l  Stkgivm,  p.  TT.    t'critnci,  >'(«  TOfk^ 


63. 


TIIS  POPULAR  SCIS^CS  MONTHLY. 


vrliioU  JDcludo  Blik«  ^^vs  iiivitnl  uA  the  otitwortl  life  of  niui ;  wHliii 
vrhioli  lie  Ihe  r«al  InatrumenU  of  lii*  tralnliig,  nod  wbetv  lie  u  to  kui 
bow  to  think,  to  act,  to  be. 

I  nill  HOW  [irooccd  to  Doticv  liricfl)'  tlw  lut  {wge  of  ProltM 
IIuzley'B  paper,  io  wbicli  ho  drops  ihc  ecieiiijst  mid  Itt-coniift  aint))! 
Ihe  niHii.  I  read  it  with  deep  iiiiereftt,  ind  inth  no  enixll  ttf  mjialbf 
Id  touching  upon  it,  1  Miall  tDsle  oo  r«fcrHie«  (let  him  furtive  tn«  th4 
ffXprvMiDn)  tv  his  "dainnatury  cIiiugl-:^,"  or  (o  hid  biirnih-m  tnt-iufi^l 
iloftl^  convoyM  llinmgh  the  ]irfi)itii-t  Micah,  to  tbt*  I'uhlic  pcuv, 

Tbo  txalmiioii  of  I{i.Oigion  u  ngulnM  Theology  b  at  lb«  pmH 
da;  not  onlj*  k>  fashlotiablo,  hut  uKunlly  mo  dominciTliig  itntl  rnulcnqrt 
uoaa,  that  I  an  grateful  to  I'rufvssor  lIiixK'v  for  bis  franlc  kiaiemtn 
(p.  450)  that  Theology  w  a  branch  of  scieni'*  ;  nor  do  t  in  the  eiinlln: 
degree  qtiorrcl  with  hl»  nmlenlion  Ihni  lU-ligiun  and  Thetdofry  oneh 
not  to  he  coiifouiiik-d.  W«  may  have  a  great  d<'al  of  Hrligiun  wii^ 
very  little  Throhigy  ;  and  a  great  deal  of  Theology  with  very  lidhi, 
lleligton.  I  fei'l  Huru  thai  Profesaor  !lii.'(l<'y  must  ('bscrve  wiib 
|ileB«nre  how  strongly  praotieal,  ethical,  and  social  U  the  geMii 
lonor  of  the  thrve  sj-noptic  Qoepole  ;  and  how  Ibi-  appcaraiirv  in  ttia 
world  of  tho  }^cat  dortrinni  Gofpel  wait  rt-Hrrved  Io  a  lalvr  iitai;p,  U  if 
to  meet  a  laipr  m-cd,  wlieii  mon  had  b<»n  tODcd  anew  by  thr  mimihty 
and,  above  all,  )>y  ihc  life  of  our  Ix>rd. 

I  am  not,  therefore,  writing  againU  bim,  when  I  remarb  opon  iba 
habit  of  treating  TIteology  vith  an  affci-latloii  of  oontimpt.  It  li 
nothing  belter,  I  believe,  than  a  more  fashion  ;  having  no  mon-  n■ff^ 
enoe  to  permanent  principle  (ban  the  msM  of  ephemeral  fashion*  tbot 
oono  from  Paris  have  with  iho  inimovaMe  typc«  of  lleaniy.  11mm 
who  tako  for  the  burden  of  their  noiig  "  Rt-sprct  Iteligion,  hilt  dMplN 
Theology,"  (item  to  me  jupt  aa  rational  as  if  a  person  wore  to  *ay 
"Admire  tho  trees,  the  plants,  the  flowers,  the  Bun,  moon,  or  tlu\ 
bat  deepisc  Itolany,  and  despise  AstTymoray."  Ttteulogy  Is  (irdm4 
knowledge  ;  representing  in  the  region  of  the  inlelle>-t  what  religiea 
rpproMnlK  in  tho  heart  and  life  of  man.  And  Cbi^  religion,  Mi< 
Ituxleyiiaya  a  little  ftirlliiT  on,  is  anrnmed  up  fn  the  lemm  of  iba 
prophet  Mieab  (vi.  8) :  *'  Do  juHtly,  and  love  mercy,  and  walk  hnmUy 
with  thy  Ood."  I  forbear  to  inquire  whether  evcrj-  addition  i^i  ihi^- 
Bucb,  for  instance,  as  the  Ileatitudes — i*  (.V.  f.  p.  4W0)  to  be  pw 
acribod.  Bat  I  will  not  di^pate  that  in  the«e  wortU  b  conveyed  llii 
true  Meal  of  reli^ons  discipline  and  attainment.  They  really  inpw 
that  ideiitificntion  of  (ho  will  which  i*  set  out  with  such  wondH'i 
force  in  the  very  nimple  words  of  the  "  Paradiso"— 

In  U  sua  volontado  4  omitra  pat«, 
and  which  no  one  has  more  heantifnily  descrihi-cl  limn  (T  thinll  '  '  .  '  fl 
Lamb:    "llo  g»vo  hi»  heart  t€i  the  Puritier,  Inn  will  to  the  \.  L 

gOTcma  the  nniversc."    It  may  be  we  shall  lind  that  I'hriiitianiiy  Wm-A 
ia  in  sor:j  sort  a  scaffolding,  an'l  Uiat  the  ilnal  boihling  \»  a  pom  aaJ 


PROEM  TO  OSMESIS. 


6J3 


fMtrfoct  tbfiiim  :  whttn*  Uio  kingdom  iilialll»  "dcHvoiwI  up  lo  Gocl," 
"  tlial  UotI  may  be  all  in  all."  iilill,  I  can  not  licl]>  being  atraok  with 
an  impreasioo  tbal  Mr.  Huxley  apjieare  to  cito  tbcso  terms  of  Mieab, 
aa  if  they  redaccd  liic  work  of  religion  from  a  diflicult  to  a  very  iia«y 
porformaiictt.  But  look  at  tliiMn  again.  ExAminc  tbero  v<-li.  Tbey 
arc,  in  tnilb,  ia  Cowpcr'ii  wordj — 

Uigber  tbaa  tlie  tiei^bta  ibovA, 
Docpor  IbftD  III*  doptht  beaaatli. 

Do  jiMtly,  tbni  is  to  wiy,  cxtinguiiJi  sotf;  love  merry,  citt  uttvrly 
away  all  tbe  priilu  ui<]  uratb,  and  -ill  tb«  cupidity,  tliat  luakv  tliis  fuir 
world  a  wilderness ;  wnik  humbly  with  thy  God,  take  HLs  will  and 
Mt  it  in  the  place  ffbere  thiu«  own  u-aa  usi-d  to  ruli-.  "  Ring  out  the 
old,  ritijj  in  the  new."  Pluck  down  the  tyrant  from  bia  place  j  sol  up 
tliP  truo  iMafftcr  on  His  lawful  tlirone. 

TiiL-re  arc  certainty  biimao  beings,  of  happy  coniponttion,  who 
niotini  llivtiQ  airy  beigiits  with  elastic  Etep,  and  with  uubalcd  brvatb. 
8poiit«  mil,  sine  lesc,  (idom  rwtainque  col«bal.t 

This  comparative  refinement  of  natar«  in  Rome  may  eren  l«ad  tbem 
to  undervalue  the  storea  of  that  rich  armory,  which  Cbristiauity  ba« 
proTidctl  to  c<]iiip  ne  for  oor  great  life-battla  The  text  of  tho 
propla't  llicab,  duvolopi'd  into  all  tho  breadth  of  St,  Paul  and  St, 
Augustine,  i»  not  too  much— Is  it  not  often  all  too  littlct— fur  tbo 
BMds  of  ordinary  men. 

I  mudt  now  tuni,  by  way  of  epilogue,  to  ProfcMor  Max  SIflllor; 
and  I  hope  u>  nbgw  him  that  on  tho  qnctttionH  which  bo  raiiH.'S  wc  ani 
not  very  far  apart.  Oiio  grievous  wrong,  indi^d,  he  does  mo  in 
(apparently)  ajwinbing  to  me  the  execrable  word  "  theanthroinorphio  " 
{ A'  C.  p.  D^),  of  which  I  wholly  disclaim  the  paternity,  and  deny 
the  nse.  Then  he  sayn,  I  warn  htm  not  to  truKt  too  much  to  oty- 
mology  (p.  92I).  Not  so-  lint  only  not  to  trust  to  it  for  the  wrong 
puTjKise,  in  the  wrong  place :  juHt  s»  1  •honid  not  preach  on  the 
virtue  and  value  of  lilx^rty  to  a  man  requiring  bandeufTa.  I  happen 
lo  bear  a  name  known,  in  ita  genuJtie  form,  to  mean  stones  or  rocks 
frequented  by  tlio  gled  ;  and  probably  taken  from  the  hubtUit  of  its 
llrai  beaw-r.  Now,  if  any  hnrasn  being  shouM  ever  hereafter  make 
any  inquiry  about  me,  tracv  my  name  to  its  origin,  and  therefore  de- 
scribe tbfl  situation  of  my  dwelling,  he  would  not  use  etymology  too 
much,  bnt  would  ut^e  il  ill.  What  I  protest  at;ain8t  is  a  practice,  not 
without  example,  of  taking  the  etymology  of  mythologic  iinmes  in 
Homer,  and  thereupon  snpposing  that  in  all  ca«cs  wc  liave  thus 
|Obtaincd  a  guide  to  their  Homeric  Renne,  The  place  of  Nen;ua  in  the 
nind  of  the  poet  ia  indisputable  ;  and  here  etymology  hel]is  us.  Bnl 
when  A  ligbl-olymology  is  found  for  Hera,  and  it  is  therefore  asserted 


■  t  Cur.  IV.  94,  S8. 


t  0>id,  "  Ui-tia.'-  L  M. 


6m 


TUS  POPULAR  SCIEyCB  MONTJILY. 


tbftt  in  Homer  ali«  la  « ligbt-goddcs*,  or  wlicn,  because  no  ooi 
that  Pkoidot  U  m  light-nunc,  therefore  tbc  A^xillo  of  Homer 
Han,  th«D  indeed,  not  etyraologj*,  but  iht  misuse  of  etymtihgj, 
bindcra  and  muJcada  as.  In  a  qncfetioti  of  eiyntology,  howtnt,  I 
•hall  no  man  mrjisuro  Bworda  vith  Mr,  3lax  Mullcr  than  wilfa  Mr. 
IIhiIc;^  in  %  matter  of  unlural  eci(n<-c,  and  this  for  the  sioi|)Ic  rmni 
that  mj-  «wor>l  i«  but  a  latb.  I  thcrcfunr  »um.-ndcr  lo  the  mcKj  of 
tbia  greet  pbilologisl  tbe  di-rivailun  of  JtMe  and  diner  from  d^anur; 
vbicb  may  have  l-c«{i  snggMtcd  by  tbe  use  of  llie  word  dint  b  oor 
Bible  (as  John  xxi.  I'i)  for  breakfastiug ;  a  aease  txjinsaA  by  U 
Bruy&ro  (xL)  io  tb«  words,  Cliton  n'u  jamais  m,  tmHe  aa  o/*,  ^  ikui 
ttffaires,  'jui  *vnt  de  diner  U  matin,  €t  de  smiper  le  Moir. 

But,  Mr.  Max  Mllller  uyii,  I  bavc  offendi-d  agaiiut  tbe  fundameDUl 
priociples  of  couparaiire  mythulugy  (N.  C.  p.  919).  Ilov,  icbcn, 
and  why,  have  1  thus  tumbliHl  into  mortal  sJn  P  By  attacking  ukit- 
um.  But  what  have  I  attacked,  and  what  baa  he  defeudvd  ?  I  bart 
•tuickcd  nothing  but  tbe  exclusive  vte  of  the  solar  theory  to  solvetU 
tbe  problems  of  tbe  ^Vryan  rc)igioD« ;  and  it  is  to  this  nionopolitipg 
pretirn»oti  that  I  »eek  to  apply  thi;  name  nf  aolArimn,  while  admiltiof; 
that  "(hv  solar  theory  haa  a.  mutt  importanl  place"  in  solving  sod 
problems  {IT.  C.  p.  704).  But  my  vi*^vi^  whom  I  really  csn  not  (il 
my  opponent,  dvcliirt-!*  (A'  V.  p.  919)  that  tbe  solariem  I  denoKDM  ■• 
not  his  solarium  at  all ;  and  he  only  seclcH  to  prove  that  "  certaia  po- 
tionH  of  ancient  mythology  bavc  a  directly  solar  origin,"  So  it 
proves  that  I  attack  only  what  he  repudiates,  and  I  defend  what  be  if 
fends.  That  is;,  )  humbly  subocribe  to  a  doctrine,  wbieb  be  has  aait 
famous  throughout  the  civilized  world.  fl 

It  is  only  whi-ii  a  yoke  is  put  npon  Homer's  neck,  that  I  pKiaiH 
to  cry  "bands  off."  Tbe  Olympian  ay«tcm,  of  which  Homer  is  tbe 
great  architect,  is  a  mairoloui  and  splii^ndid  struclurv.  Followiog  tk 
guidance  of  ethnological  atlinittes  and  memories,  it  incorporates  ia  it- 
self tbe  most  diversified  trudttiotis,  and  binds  them  into  an  uniiy  hj 
the  plastic  power  of  an  unsurpassed  creative  imagiaation.  Ils^nt- 
naling  spirit  is  intensely  human.  It  is  therefore  of  nccemty  tboroogb- 
ly  an ti- elemental.  Yet,  when  the  stones  of  this  magnificent  fabrieut 
singly  eyed  by  tbe  observer,  they  bear  obvious  marks  of  having  bnti 
appropriated  from  elsewlierc  by  the  sovereign  prerogativn  of  genius ;  (f 
having  had  an  anterior  place  iu  Other  systems  ;  of  having  belongtd  lo 
Tt'atu re- worship,  and  in  some  cases  to  Sim-worship ;  of  haTtng  kw 
drawn  from  tunny  quarters,  and  among  them  from  those  which  Mt. 
]Uax  Mailer  excludes  (p.  991) :  from  Egypt,  and  either  fitim  PahsliK, 
or  from  the  same  traditional  Kourcc,  to  which  Palestine  it*rff  »«  in- 
debted. Hut  thi.-*  is  not  the  present  quMtion.  As  to  the  solar  llic«(t> 
Ihopelbarir  shown  cither  that  our  positinns  arc  now  identical,  or  tkat. 
if  there  be  a  rift  between  them,  it  is  so  narrow  that  we  may  coDitifr 
enlly  shake  bands  ftcrofti  il.— yintUenih  Century. 


^mM 


d 


AyiMAL   WEATHER-LORH. 


6JS 


ANIMAL  WEATHER-IXIRK 

Br  C-UAltLES  C.  ABBOTT,  M.  D. 


I 

'-  I  I'APPTLY  there  itill  remain  a  few  of  thoee  great,  eavemoiia,  opMi 
,  J.X  firfplaccH,  flanked  by  higU-backcl  E«ttlps,  nh«rcon  the  yoiirig 
H'  {MN>iiI«  tore  to  lounge,  wbile  their  eldcra,  resting  from  tho  day's  laWrv, 
H  talic  ilrowuly  of  old  times,  recount  th«  advonturt-M  of  tWir  youth,  and 
H  repeat  the  tales  of  their  grsttid fathers.  A»  one  of  such  young  people, 
H  I  have  pasMd  m.tny  long  winter  ereninga,  lUtcning  cagorly  to  whAt 
H  tbo  seplnagcniirians  inighi  nlaK^,  and  oceaaionally  venturing  a  i]Ufis- 
H  cion  or  two,  tlmt  mote  light  might  be  throvrn  upon  obscure  portions 
of  ntmarkH  made  at  the  tiino.    Then,  piirticularly,  nro  we  lihiOy  to 

tbesr  mnob  of  that  very  curiona  animal  u'futhor>lore  thai,  for  thv  ]>itat 
two  c«n(nries,  has  \>evn  handed  down  from  father  t«  son.  Time  and 
again,  as  tho  wratber  obao«ed  to  be  diM-n.«»cd,  1  have  heard  some  un- 
couth rhyme  repeated,  nmiatly  prefaced  with  the  remark,  "  You  know 
the  old  saying." 
^  Tliat  all  animals  nre  more  or  leas  affected  by  eoming  atmospheric 
B  changes  is  tinqiicstiooablv.  This  nmple  fact  has  been  recognized  tlie 
world  over,  but,  unlike  many  otlier  simple  facts,  has  not  resnltrd  in 
lending  lo  any  important  diifcorerit's.     It  has,  however,  given  rise  to 

I  the  inniimi-rahtc  sayings  lo  which  I  have  referred, 
luaaninch  as  the   animal  weallier-loTO  curmit    in  t^ogtand  and 
Sweden  dates  far  prior  to  the  aettlcment  of  tbin  country  by  the 
Swedes  and  English,  it  would  seem  probable  that  jtiicli  i>ayi»g«  an  now 
are  or  recently  wcro  current  in  South  and  Central  New  Jcraey  are 
merely  adaptutona  of  English  and  Swedish  wealber-lore  to  our  fauna, 
juKl  nj>  the  European  names  of  the  commoner  birds  foand  there  were 
itpptiv'l  to  those  American  species  most  closely  resembling  them  ;  and 
HO,  any  rhyme  or  brief  saying  referring  to  them  would  bo  applied  lo 
the  aualogons  bird  found  here,    lliia  ia  eminently  reaoonable,  for,  if 
the  given  hnbil,  foice,  or  other  peculiarity  of  a  European  bird  did,  or 
was  iQpposed  to,  indieiile  n  given  meteorological  condition,  tho  samu 
^^  rolo  should  hold  good  in  America.     As  a  matter  of  fact,  however,  I 
H  ean  find  no  similarity  between   tlw  English  and  .Swe(li*h  and  the 
^^  American  weather-lore,  except  aach  as  applies  to  doueatio  auimalii ; 
h       nor  do  I  find  any  common  English  sayings  in  aso. 
^B        That  which  I  have  heard,  and  have  recorded  from  time  to  lime,  ap- 
^V  pran  to  have  originated  where  now.  or  where  it  lately  was,  in  use. 
f  To  a  great  extent,  I  believe  it  to  l>c  nrigina)  with  the  descendants  of 
the  immigrnnls  that  settled  Central  New  Jersey  and  the  country  gen> 
erally  alwtit  Philadelphia  ;  but  a  portion  of  It,  very  posdbly,  was  do- 
rived  from  the  Indiana. 
H        At  present,  a  portion  of  this  weather-lore  is  repeated  aa  nursery 


6}6 


rnK  POPULAR  scrsxcs  mostuly. 


rfajrm€«,  ami  t(  is  dam  to  tlik  tlwt  il  has  l>rcn  |>rcMTV»d  to  tbe  |iivsait 
tim«> ;  iui<l,  w  fur  KM  1  havt-  Im«d  able  lo  dvtttnniDf.  not  one  of  ite 
fttytnei  or  nyings  liai  erc-r  been  published.  That  among  ilie  esifint 
p^ten  tnd  almanacs  of  the  country  there  niav  l>e  foam)  somo  of 
thetn,  or  slight);  different  vcraons  of  the  same,  is  probable-,  but  m 
Marchings  therefor,  in  tbo  larger  libraries,  haw  not  resulted  in  uy 
SOch  di«cav<rric«. 

The  main  int«Kitt,  however,  in  eonnvcUon  nnlh  wcather-Iore.  u  (•> 
delemiinc  whether  they  do  or  do  not  correctly  n-pnc»cnt  tbe  relation- 
ship of  the  animals  mentioned  lo  the  given  condition  of  the  vtatli«r. 
In  other  vronl*,  in  lh«  zoOlogy  of  the  weaiher-lore  mi»re]>rvM-Dt«d  or 
oot?  I  am  forced  to  decUro  that,  aa  a  rule,  those  who  by  virtue  of 
(heir  ingenuity  framed  lb»«  rhymca  and  brief  savings  did  not  roc- 
rectly  interpret  Nature. 

Very  many  of  the  early  Kngli»)i  ttvttlcrv  wer«',  no  doobt,  excelku 
obxcrvcrs ;  but  they  n|>)>i-ar,  at  times,  to  bavv  more  dnnrsd  to  \* 
lookc«]  upon  as  ireather-)>ropbeta  than  as  naturalists,  and  itrote  lo 
have  glib  nonsense-sayings  pass  cnrrent  aa  evidence  of  their  wi&doo. 
inatcad  of  uking  pains  to  correctly  intvriirct  the  cour»e  of  Nature  uJ 
detemiiui  iIh'  relation  of  animal  life  to  ita  environment. 

Often,  during  my  ranihleit  in  the  neighborhood,  I  have  qacfltkined 
tbo  few  remaining  dcHitciidanta  of  the  original  settleis  conccnung  ibc 
local  weatlivr-pniverbtf,  and  I  find  the  impresrion  is  still  prevalent  tbsi 
the  purport  of  all  these  sayings  is  substantially  correct,  and  thereforr, 
to  a  great  degree,  that  my  neighbors  are  laboring  under  erroneoui  im- 
pressions. "  Is  there  not  wisdom  in  a  multitude  of  connsdonT"  ibij 
aak;  and  I,  standing  alone,  am  voted  the  fool,  while  they  poie  » 


Let  us  consider  this  weather-lore,  bit  by  bit,  as  I  have  gathered  it 
from  time  to  time,  and  discuss  its  merits,  if  it  posaessea  any,  and  ■!» 
iu  absurdities^ 

Of  such  itayinga  as  refer  to  our  domestic  animals,  the  foUowiof 
arc  the  most  noteworthy.    Of  the  oow,  I  have  heard  it  said : 

"  Wli«ii  a  cow  trie*  to  »cralch  its  ear, 
Il  nMBBt  a  shower  Is  ver^nesr"; 


and  agaia-^ 


>  When  It  thumps  its  rib«  with  its  tall. 
Look  oat  for  lliumiar,  ligbwiiif,  haU." 


As  is  DOW  pretty  well  known,  a  sfaon  time  before  a  ihower  i 
summer,  there  is  often  a  highly  electrical  condition  of  the  atniOs]ilMC^ 
whii'h  makes  all  animab  more  or  less  uneasy.  Therefore,  tJie  hillrf^ 
of  th«  tail,  if  not  merely  to  brush  away  flie»,  may  refer  to  thia  iiimw 
n«a«^  and  v>,  too,  the  eara  may  be  more  aeiintive  than  the  general  sv 
faoft  of  tbe  body.  ThiH  is  a  probable  cxplanatioti,  but,  after  all,  it  i> 
not  proved  that  the  cow  at  itnch  a  time  suffers  as  much  from  it  S«  i* 
supposed ;  nor  is  it  eaay  to  see  how  the  flagellation  of  a  very  insigatS- 


AlfJMyiL    WEATHE&.LORS. 


637 


bant  part  of  i1m>  body  can  eaae  a  painful  Mimlion  common  to  tlio  «u* 
pint  niirricc.  Od  the  Other  basd,  it  ia  certain  tbat  flitio  nnd  other 
trouUloKome  insects  arc  svnsitivo  to  atmoeplierio  chang(i>,  cv«u  n  iliglit 
,  loivvring  of  tlit!  tcmponlnrc,  such  oe  no  mammiil  would  appreviattt ; 
ind  for  an  Itour  or  two  before  a  iihuirer,  for  this  reason,  they  congre- 
^atv  ill  extraordinary  DimiTHrrit  nboiil  uilmnl*— liorwit  and  cown  par- 
ticularly. I  hav«  tliou^hl  that  th«y  seek  tbo  oovit  for  wanntli  wlx-n 
|h«  air  anddculy  cooU ;  nnd  is  it  not  mor«  than  probable  that  tlio 
nurvunsncM  on  tlw  part  of  the  aninial,  shown  by  frantic  efforts  to 
(•cratch  i(H  vara  witli  its  liind-feot  aod  the  lashing  of  its  tail,  hns  to  do 
kith  the  oseoM  of  irritation  caused  by  innnmerablc  flie^  and  not  with 
^ftny  unuHiia)  electrical  titillation?  If  so,  tho  cow's  action  is  etill  in- 
dicative of  an  approaching  change  in  tho  vcather,  and  so  far  may  bo 
tcluimi?d  sa  a  sign  of  such  change,  but  the  connM-tion  of  the  two  faoU 
fs  not  i^tiL'h  a  one  ax  is  niwally  given.  It  n  an  indirect,  not  direct,  in- 
dic*tioR  of  tlie  prophcued  rnin-siorm,  Bui  bearing  heavily  on  the 
Btibject  is  ih«  uuqueationable  fact  that  an  unnsnal  nnmbcr  of  fliea 
often  sitildculy  make  their  appearance,  and  torment  cattle  almost  be- 
yond endiirawcc,  during  the  fonr  or  six  weeks  of  drought  which  in 
BUDimer,  early  or  late,  we  are  so  sure  to  have.  In  such  cases  the  ugna 
fail.     1  have  asked  many  a  fanner  how  this  could  be,  and  the  one  ro- 

|)ily  that  I  have  rocciviil  in  every  case  is  that  "there  wiw  a  shorter  in 
the  neighborhood.^  It  usually  happcnud,  however,  that  the  neighhor- 
^ooA  WM  as  parched  as  wo  were,  and,  seeing  lli«  signs  fail  with  them, 
they  were  covetoiiji  of  the  shower  tliey  sapposed  that  we  had  had. 
Perhaps  it  U  with  such  indications  of  changes  in  the  wealhur  as  it 
lias  been  said  of  autumnal  proofs  of  the  character  of  the  approaching 
winlcr.  ililes  OTcriicld  once  remarked,  "When  the  signs  gel  to 
failiu'  'long  in  the  fall,  there'll  be  no  telliti'  about  the  winter." 

I      Of  pigs,  I  have  beanl  it  said,  very  freqnently — 
"WIi«n  swino  carry  mtrka, 
Tho  clouds  will  plsj  tncks"; 
but  that— 
"  When  th«7  lie  m  tli*  mod, 
No  fean  of  n  Uood." 
The  first  of  these  couplets  is  of  twofold  intere«t.     I  hare  watchc<l 
tbem  for  yeans  to  see  what  purport  this  carrying  of  sticks  and  bandies 
'  graa*  might  have,  and  have  only  learned  that  it  has  nothing  what- 
v«r  to  do  with  tho  weat]>cr,  or  at  Ivan  with  coming  rain-storms. 
The  drought  of  summer  is  so  far  a  conTCDleoce  as  to  throw.Iight  npon 
this  habit,  as  it  did  upon  the  uneasy  cows.    Pigs  carry  sticks  as  fre- 
quently th<n  as  during  wet  weather,  or  just  prt'wding  a  shower. 
^U'lirthrrmoro.  these  gathered  twigs  arc  not  brought  togelborai*  though 
^Bo  make  a  nost,  but  are  Mattered  about  in  a  perfectly  aimlesit  manner. 
^Vor  some  caitao,  the  animal  ia  tmeany,  and  takes  this  cnrious  method 
^^r  relieving  itaelf.    The  probabilities  aro  that  it  is  a  surrival  of  some 


toe 


638 


THE  POtULAB  SCIENCE  MONTHLY. 


habit  notnmon  to  flwine  in  their  f«ral  oonditJon,  Joat  U  we  Me  a  dWL. 
turn  about  half  »  dozen  times  before  lying  down.  fl 

In  an  inlen-sting  pippr  on  local  w«a(hpr-Iorp,  read  by  Sir.  Anm 
W.  Ituilpr  before  the  American  Asfociation  for  the  AdTancemeni  of 
Scicncv,  during  the  Philadelphia  uevtiog  of  1H&1,  tbe  aathor  ha*  an- 
other  vcniou  uf  tbia  laying :  "  W^en  bog*  gather  up  eticlu  and  carrj 
ihcm  about,  expect  cold  weather."  This  i»  wholly  at  Tariasw  vith 
vbat  I  have  observed,  for  my  memoranda  record  ibis  babtt  aloiMl 
wholly  during  the  bot  weather,  and  tbta  roust  neoesaarily  \m  tbe  rule 
with  New  Jerwy  awio^  or  tbe  local  n-ealber-propbeta  would  not  b»vc 
coiniil  iho  Tana  a*  I  haw  giTen  it. 

A*  to  tbe  other  couplet,  it  is  abont  as  near  mcaniDglcss  aa  any  sav- 
ing can  well  be.  Sonic  nijttio  rliyincr,  a  ccntary  ago,  may  have  ad<lc4 
it  aa  a  pioce  of  fun,  but  it  baa  atuclc  moat  pcniatcntly.  Aa  it  Haadi 
now,  it  has  etood  for  quite  one  hnndred  years. 

In  reference  to  the  dog,  I  have  heard  the  following  more  pnlas- 
tiona  etanu,  which   has  sow  taken   its  place  among  our  no 
rhymes,  where,  indeed,  it  is  best  fitted  to  remain : 

"  When  drovaj  dog*  lUirt  frura  tlieir  decfi. 
And  Wk  at  empt^  •{■ace, 
Tb  Doi  a  dream  that  prompt*  ihcm  to, 
But  show  en  come  on  apaoe." 

Here  wo  have  easenlially  the  same  inferenoe  as  in  that  of  tbe  ibnne 
about  ooww,  bot  it  is  not  to  bo  explained  away  eo  readily.  Siicb  acl^ 
as  described,  can  not  bo  attribatcd  to  luinoyanco  by  flies,  for  they  tos 
often  emerge  from  dark  ijuorlcr*,  where  they  Iiave  been  nnmolested; 
but  the  ail-iTnpurlant  fact  mu*t  nut  be  overlooked  tliat  Fucb  act*  are 
not  oontiDcd  to  Kummor.  If  they  were,  the  cleotriea)  tlieory  mi^t  be 
advanced  with  aome  eonfldence.  tVom  what  1  have  noticed  in  ncli 
dogs  a«  1  bare  owned,  tbe  habit  of  dreaming,  which  in  tbe  rhyme  ii 
dente^l  to  be  tbe  explanation,  is  probably  tbe  key  to  tbe  mystery. 
Again,  statistics  show  that  the  corrccpondcore  between  sncb  hablu 
and  >uddvn  showera  ia  only  what  wc  should  expect  in  the  way  of 
coincidences  Dogs  certuinly  are  not  to  be  cMuidcrvd  as  reliable 
barometers.  B 

Tbe  same  may  bo  said  of  the  domestic  eat.  Its  movemenla  kaifl 
all  been  can-fully  noted,  and  the  yawning,  stretching,  scratching,  oA 
waving  of  the  tail  appear  to  have  bc«n  accredited  with  some  cpeoil 
meteorological  sifinificancc.  Careful  obwrvation  has  not  coufireied 
any  of  thcHC  impressions.  Table-legs  are  Kcralcbed  timr  and  again  br 
Tom  or  I'abby,  and  no  rain  falla  for  twenty-fonr  or  forty-eight  hoar*- 
They  stretch  themselvca  after  a  nap,  lick  their  aide*  and  wash  ibrir 
faei'S  with  tbe  sutne  regularity  in  midwinter  as  in  midsummer,  yat  it 
is  only  showers,  and  not  sDow-stomis,  whirh  tbc«e  actions  aresappoael 
to  predict. 

When  in  summer  the  *igns  fail,  my  country  friends  eooraiiMlly 


AA'IMAL    WEATHER-LOSE. 


6]9 


'forget  the  remark  tJicy  Imvc  mcdL- ;  liut,  if  the  Axj  don  prove  show- 
erv,  my  non-com tjatlvu  nfijrlilioni  tuke  much  diOiglit  in  rc]>cating  over 
an<l  uv(T  again,  "  I  told  thee  ao,"  witli  a  su^eative  omphasiii,  Hboving 
how  much,  like  other  people,  they  love  to  gain  a  victory,  if  open  war- 
fare e»D  be  avoided. 

The  only  weather-rhjine  rcfcrriDg  to  a  cat  that  I  bare  hoard,  and 
which  ia  easeotially  tho  eanic  a«  tluit  about  dogN,  runs  thus : 

C"  When  Tabby  claws  the  table-kga, 
Sh« for  a  (.ummcr  •lii»w«r  bcp" 
ia,  belts  it  will  linrry  ;  with  no  doubt  lu  her  mind  of  ita  powbly 
pointing  ht-r. 
Tbp  wcuthi>r-lorc  of  the  commoner  wild  animals  is  of  much  more 
general  inlereat.     Weather-sayings  referring  to  animals  do  not  appear 
[to  have  been  so  nnmeroiiB  aa  are  those  referring  to  birds.     I  liars 
able  to  learn  of  but  tlin'it  cxainpleK.     In  refcrvnoe  to  minks  and 
elu,  I  have  heard  it  said — and  ixiMsibly  othi^rs  may  be  familiar 
thi«  niyMic  rhyme — 

"WbeD  storm-wlndi  blow  and  otglit  la  black, 
The  firnner  mnjr  a  pullot  Inck ; 
Rut,  if  the  mooa  to  ablaUig  dear, 
Na  mink  or  wcamI  darw  eome  near." 

Thia  invotveK  an  interesting  phase  of  the  life-hiittory  of  the«c  animals  ; 
for  while  they  probably  can  see  a  little  wbeu  it  lit  cjiiitv  dark,  and  are 
tafely  goided  by  the  bcupo  of  emell,  nevertheleae,  ihe  experience  of 
trappera  about  home  proven  that  they  do  wander  about  during  moon- 
light Dighltt.  Indeed,  on  careful  iiKpiiry,  it  eeeias  that  the  trapper 
generally  anticiitatt^s  bi'tter  Kueceaa  during  the  moonlit  nights  than 
wh«n  it  i*  very  dark.  I  strongly  auapcct  that  tho  truth  lie*  in  tJie  fact 
that,  when  it  ia  dark  and  stormy,  the  watchful  houitc-dog  ik  not  on  the 
alert,  and  thus  the  cunning  weaeel  or  mink  iit  free  to  raid  upon  the 
pool  try- hoa^c  and  fea«t  upon  tlio  pullet  that  It  seia^i-^.  I  low  my  neigh- 
bors will  take  to  thin  eiplanution  T  can  only  surmise.  Like  other  peo> 
pie,  they  light  vigorously  for  the  opinions  they  have  cheri«hc<l  through 
life.  The  rou^k-rat  and  gray  K(|tiim>l!i  have  given  riitc  to  many  (rile 
tiiyingH,  and  have  long  been  looked  upon  an  weiiUier- prophets,  but 
that  they  are  nothing  of  the  sort   I  have  elaewfaerc*  endeavored  to 

Hfbow. 

H      llie  following  may  or  may  not  be  a  local  aaying : 

H  "When  flying  tquirrels  ran  on  ground. 

^m  The  cloada'tl  |iaid  you  bj,  be  bi>iiu<l.'* 

'Wbat  (his  mar  mean  has  been  a  question  with  me  for  a  long  time. 
It  is  a  common  remark,  either  in  tins  or  a  simpler  form,  and  many, 
vbo  have  tidle  faith  in  pigs  or  dogs  as  weather-prophets,  build  largely 

1^  •  "  Boabloa  about  Homo,"  p.  13,  D.  .tpplclon  t  Co.,  Xc>  Talk,  IBSl. 


640 


THE  POPULAR  SCtSSCB  MOXTHLY 


nplus  fli 


npoD  tb»  baliits  of  the  flying-squirTeL  The  nying  ilself  Implies 
s  diDught  pxislx  at  tbe  lime  that  tbe«e  animals  frequvnt  the  gimod 
mber  tJiiui  the  trtt*,  comiog,  of  course,  thereto,  io  onl«r  to  lad 
food.  If  ihc  Maying  be  tniv,  tbo  earatnor  food  of  tbe  flyiD);-«]aiiRl 
must  be  more  [tlentiful  on  tbv  ground  than  in  the  tops  of  the  tallert 
trees.  What  that  food  is  «xa«tly,  I  am  not  airarc  ;  nor  hare  T  bad 
any  o[>portuni(y  to  verify  tbe  statement  that  tIyin^-*<]uiTTvlM  rre^uoui 
tbe  ground  dnring  "dry  spells."  Those-  that  1  iiave  seen,  nearbome, 
aix!  *o  strictly  (-rcpiiKtilar  that  only  the  initial  moveiueDlsof  ittir 
nocturnal  journeys  are  readily  traced  ;  bat,  whenever  I  bare  Mtn 
tbom  sally  frora  their  retreata,  it  was  to  take  a  tnt-tnji  rontc  for  wt- 
era!  rods  and  then  to  be  lost  to  aighu  Take  tbe  yi^r  Uimn^,  it  iB 
probable  that  they  seldom  come  to  the  }p-ound  lo  foragi>.  Wbwi  thej 
do  so,  is  it  an  evidence  of  continue  dry  weather  ?  I  i-an  neilher  mo- 
Indict  nor  atfino ;  but  arc  not  the  probabilities  against  such  being 
thecaset 

Speaking  of  the  opowtum.  It  t*  said  tliat,  if  found  in  aatnmn  in  W- 
low  trees,  the  winter  will  be  milder  than  if  occupying  a  bmnnrio 
the  ground. 

This  seems  to  be  very  reasonable,  and  would  pass  admiraUy  »  s 
wcatlwr-sigti,  but  for  one  onfortunalo  eircnnistnncc.  Wliilc  you  a»r 
find  one  or  more  in  a  trev,  your  ncigbbor  may  find  aa  many  in  tbr 
ground.  1  have  known  tbia  to  be  the  case  more  than  onccL  t'adn 
these  circunistance.i,  meet  yonr  neighbor  at  the  line-fence  and  mnpuv 
notes.     What  about  the  winter  ? 

From  their  greater  abundance  and  never-failing  presence,  it  Dujjit 
be  thought  that  the  weathcr-lorr  of  birdit  would  be  much  more  eUbo- 
rate  than  that  referring  to  otlicrclatts^-j  of  animals;  but  my  ohsemtioM 
do  not  conRrm  tbif.  TIhto  arc  simply  a  greater  number  of  styiugi 
current,  and  fully  one  half  are  too  trivial  to  rq>eat.  It  would  socni  ic 
if  a  wcatbcr-lorc  possibly  of  Indian  origin  and  rc-fcrring  to  birds  ibeo 
abundant,  but  now  wholly  wanting,  wiu  current  mora  than  a  ceoturj 
ago,  Tliose  sayings  were  sub«qiiL-iilly  applied  to  other  specie^  n<atlj 
or  morv  remotely  allied,  and  whatever  meaning  they  may  origiasHy 
Iinvo  bad  has  been  lost ;  but  the  apparent  absunUly  of  such  "prof- 
erb*,"  an  now  nscd,  sccmti  never  to  liavo  occarrtel  lo  those  who  re- 
peat them. 

That  the  dusting  of  chickens,  cackling  of  geese,  and  the  "p* 
racking"  of  Guinea-hens  have  not  given  rise  to  an  e)aborat«  eentfof 
wcnther-proverlw  iis  I  think,  gur^irising.  Tbe  only  familiar  ref««K< 
to  the  cliinkon  heard  about  home  is  that  th<(  iwwur,  crowing  at  aij^ 
says.  "  Cbriatim as— coming — on  I "  It  <locs  appear  that  the  mtdnigb 
crowing  of  corks  is  more  frequently  heard  in  I>eceniber  than  Id  Jaw; 
bat,  so  far  as  the  meaning  is  concerned,  it  unfortunately  happem  iW 
the  noftiimal  crowing  is  as  often  heard  in  Jannary  as  in  P*<«nifc* 
Calling  attention  to  thin,  i  was  onoc  gravely  aswurcd  that  tht  <e^ 


A 


AKIMAL    WEATBEB^LORB.  641 


Herew  dlfforcntly   tben,  and  nid,  "  Cbriatmas — como-~and — gooo ! " 

BJ  Mcoptod  lli«  explaoktton.  'Itiis  is  not  a  weather  matter,  but  ia  Mt 
tmlevant,  as  it  Bhows  how  very  comnioD  it  once  wu  to  couple  any 
UDuaual  ocvuTTonce  witli  sumvttiing  »ooner  or  later  to  bappon,  and 
tberefora,  in  tbe  mattvr  of  wvatber  ecpMially,  to  claim  it  aa  prophvtio 

H  of  that  ovont. 

B  Of  tlM  examplot  of  weather-lore  of  birds,  the  following  arc  not 
uuoomraoiily  beard  in  Central  New  Jersey.    Of  the  cordinal-grossbeal^ 

^or  winter  redbird,  it  is  said  : 

^B  "The  reilbird  liM,  vttbont  resrcl; 

~  HowoTer  dry,  It  wlibtlM  '  wM  I' "  • 

That  is,  tbe  bird  is  credited  with  knowing  it  will  not  rain,  and 
(esMH  tlic  farmor  by  singing  "  wot  **  in  his  can  all  day.  Others  pat 
another  meaning  on  (tio  rodbird's  not«,  and  claim  it  to  bo  a  xuru  sign 
of  rain.  This  is  more  lilce  the  ordinary  Hayings  oommooly  heard,  and 
let  na  gire  it  a  moment's  consideration.  At  present,  tbe  time  of  year 
when  tbe  oardinal-birda  sing  least  iit  during  the  hot  summer  months. 
Not  that  tbey  are  abaolutely  mute  for  even  a  few  days  at  a  time,  but 
relatively  60  aa  compared  with  their  joyous  strains  through  autumn 
and  winter  ;  and  again,  early  in  summer,  when  thoy  are  nvsting,  tlieso 
birds,  like  robins,  are  more  apt  to  sing  directly  after  a  shower  than  at 
any  other  time. 

So  much  for  the  gny  cardinal  as  a  weather-prophet.  Tbe  rare 
Bummer  rodbird— a  tanager — which  also  utters  a  whistling  note,  well 
desoribctl  by  tbe  syllable  *'  wet,"  shortly  and  sharply  expressed,  is  like- 
wise said  to  prophesy  r^n.  The  probabilities  arc  that  th«  note  of  tbe 
rodbinl,  cardinal  and  summer,  suggesting  the  word  "  wet,"  has  given 
rise  CO  the  belief  that  tlieir  utterance  was  a  sign  of  n  coming  shower 
or  Morm.  It  is  often  by  such  illogical  methods  that  these  sayings 
bave  become  estabtishcd.  After  a  few  repetitions  they  become  fixed 
in  tbe  mind  and  their  origin  forgotten ;  they  are  invejtted  with  an 
importance  not  their  doe,  and  not  attributed  to  them  by  their  origi- 
nators.    Ultimately  they  are  incorporated  in  the  weather-lore  of  the 

I     ooootry. 

H       Of  tbe  innumerable  swallows,  it  issaid,  with  as  little  show  of  reason: 

^^^^  *'  Ko  rsin  e'er  poured  upon  th«  Mrtli. 

^^^B^  That  dnmpcil  th«  twittering  iwiJIoic's  mirth.'* 

^1      No?    Weil,  of  late,  the  whole  ho»l  takes  refuge  from  storms — the 
Vbom-swallows  in  the  hay-mow,  the  cliff-swallows  under  the  eaves,  the 
B  iMid-martiDS  in  their  burrows,  and  the  chimney-swifts  in  tboir  sooty 
homes  in  tlie  chimneys.     AVliy  this  change  of  habit?    For  a  wonder- 
ful change  must  have  taken  place,  if  tbo  couplet  quoted  was  ever  true. 
I  do  admit  that  swallows  and  swifts  appear  to  be  noi^er  before  and 
during  a  shower  ;  but  does  not  this  arise  from  tlio  foot  that  at  such 
^1*  Uaio  tbey  oollcot  in  groat  numbers  near  their  uests,  to  take  refnge, 
^t  Toi.  xxTut. — 11  J 


6^2 


TSB  POPULAR  SCtSyCS  MOXTBhT. 


"^ 


if  the  «U>nn  Rhoulii  incresM  in  violence?  And  ag^a,  the  silcnet  of 
oUicr  birds  makfla  tlio  twittering  swallow  %,  more  procuDcai  Inrd  tbio 
nadsr  otlitT  circumstaQoeB  ;  but  nothing  of  tbia  warrsota  tlie  ftitnn- 
gant  aaaortion  thnt  no  stortn  ever  put  a  ijaictas  upon  them. 

The  larger  li»wk«,  too,  aro  ■itppoec4  to  give  warning  of  a  oowiiff 
abowcr  whun  tbcy  ntlcr  tltcir  piiculiar  cat-like  scream.     Amoag 
old  people  tbe  foUowing  may  sometimw  be  heard  repeated  : 

"Tho  bcn-bawk'a  tentm,  tt  bot,  high  itooai, 
ForctoU*  a  canunf  abowor  •ooo." 

Tbia  couplet  ia  of  Bome  intcreGt,  aa,  at  prcsmt,  it  is  not  appliab 
to  our  larger  bawks  and  buzzards.  Indeed,  tbe  only  one  of  tbem  that 
ia  prone  to  cry  out  while  circliog  ororbead  is  the  red-tailed  btinvd 
or  ben-bawk,  and  this  bird  ia  very  seldom  soco  in  midsummer,  sad 
now  certainly  \s  only  beard  in  autumn,  winter,  or  eivrly  spring.  Tbe 
saying  impltea  that  formi'rly  these  birds  were  abondaut  at  all  timec  of 
the  year,  and  during  the  aummer  would  cry  oat  in  their  peculiar  fa«b- 
ioa.  Tbe  settlement  of  the  country  and  general  deforesting  of  neb  i 
Iwige  portion  of  it  have  driven  these  hawks  to  more  retired  parts  do^ 
iag  the  nesting-eeason,  and  there,  throughout  Kummor,  their  cry  oir 
indicate  that  it  will  Boon  rain  ;  but,  if  so,  why  dov«  not  tbe  same  ny 
in  autumn  liavo  »ome  reference  to  the  weather? 

It  is  scarcdy  necessary  to  continue  tbe  list.  Other  birds  tlua 
tboee  mentioned — reptile*,  batrachians,  and  fishes — have  all  given  rm 
to  oertain  current  fiavinj^,  but  of  no  more  valne  than  tbmc  I  kin 
given,  and  all,  I  think,  baecil  upon  illogical  infiTcnces.  Snskss  in 
olainieil  at  excellent  barometcnt ;  but  thu  habitd  upon  which  the  belief 
reeta  are  those  that  characterize  every  day  of  the  creature's  life- 
Toads  and  frog*  are  largely  depended  upon,  bnt  a  careful  record  [<f 
»  single  season  will  show  bow  little  they  are  to  be  trusted  ;  sod  croi 
the  fiahea  can  not  disport  themselves  in  summer,  bat  straightway  tbe 
olonds  mast  open  upon  ur,  a  tornado  viiut  na,  or  premature  frofU 
b«lk  the  calculations  of  the  farmer. 

Curiously  enough,  F  do  not  find  that  insect-life  bas  entered  to  laj 
tmportaut  extt'nt  into  the  weatber-lorc  of  this  neighborhood.  Conlr* 
dictory  remarks  are  often  made  as  to  ant-bills :  thus,  when  ibey  we 
very  bi^h,  It  will  be  a  dry  Aay  ;  other*  insist  that  it  ia  evidence  tk»l 
it  will  foon  rain.  Spiders'  welw,  also,  are  variously  held  as  of  b«e- 
metrio  value ;  but  a  careful  record  of  eererat  sanunen  contradicts  tbii 
smpbatically.  Tlio  positions  of  tbe  paper-bomets'  nests,  wfaid  '* 
autumn  are  often  prominent  objects  in  llio  country,  after  tbc  feliag> 
drops,  are  vanounly  asserted  to  be  indicative  of  a  "hard"  or  "open' 
winter,  as  they  chance  to  be  placed  in  the  upper  or  lower  branebts** 
a  tree.  Sly  skeptloiiim  as  to  the  value  of  this  sign  arises  from  the  fid 
that  there  is,  as  ini^bt  be  expected,  no  uniformity  in  tbe  pocitioBSj 
any  half-doxen  such  nests. 


J. ^ 


JAPAJfESB  BOUSS-BUILDUfO. 


64J 


It  may  b«  rub  to  uf  tluit  moteorologleitl  Mitrneo  can  gain  nothing 
from  (K-k'ntifio  obwrvatlon  of  anima]  life ;  bat  lli«  clinractvr  of  tba 
w«fttber-lore  that  has  been  handed  down  from  fath«r  to  son  for  tbo 
post  two  oenturiea  plainly  indicates  tbat  tJie  obeervations  which  gave 
rise  lo  thom  irere  anything  bttt  soientilic  in  chancier.  Mankind  now, 
as  formorly,  mar  hv  eloKi  obMrvera  of  Nature,  bat  thia  do«s  not  imply 
tliat  llicy  arr  itrcurato  obaorTM*.  They  MKimi;  as  correct  the  ap- 
pearance, bill  it  is  no  UDiiaual  nircuoutancc  for  an  animal  to  be  doing 
the  rery  opposite  of  what  might  naturally  be  supposed  waa  the  case. 
The  simple  and  sad  fact  dorivcd  from  a  study  of  local  animal  weather- 
lore  is  that,  in  tbo  days  of  our  grandfathers,  painstaking  naturalists 
W6r«  few  and  for  between. 


JAPANESE  nOUSE-BTTTLDIXG  * 

Br  FsorcMMt  EOWABD  B.  UOBSE. 

THE  first  sight  of  a  Japanese  honse — that  is,  a  house  of  the  people— 
it  oertainly  dinppotnling.  From  the  infinite  variety  and  charm- 
ing character  of  their  various  works  of  art,  aa  wc  liiul  scrn  tiicm  at 
home,  we  were  anticipating  new  deligbta  and  soiprises  in  the  eharao- 
ter  of  the  honse  ;  nor  were  we  on  more  intimate  aoqaaintancc  to  bo 
disappointed.  As  an  American,  familiar  with  hooaes  of  certain  types, 
with  oooditiona  among  them  signifying  poverty  and  shiftlessncfts,  and 
oUier  conditions  stgnifyiiig  refinement  and  wealth,  wc  were  not  compe- 
tent to  judge  the  relative  mcrita  of  a  Japamitc  house. 

The  first  sight,  then,  of  a  Japanese  bouse  is  disappointing  ;  It  Is 
lanbstantial  in  appearance,  and  there  is  a  meagcrneas  of  color.  Being 
nnpainted,  it  tnggcHts  poverty ;  am)  tliis  absence  of  paint,  with  tho 
g;ny  and  often  rain-staiiiod  color  of  the  board*,  leads  one  to  compare 
it  with  simitar  unpointed  boildings  at  home— and  thCM  are  usually 
bams  and  sheds  in  the  country,  and  the  housea  of  the  poorer  people 
in  the  city.  With  one's  eye  accustomed  to  the  bright  contrasts  of 
AxDorlcan  houses,  with  their  wbilo>  or  light,  painted  surface* ;  rec- 
tangular windows,  black  from  the  shndows  within,  with  glints  of  light 
reflected  from  the  glass ;  front  door  with  its  prcteiitiotLi  ste))a  and 
portico  ;  warm  rod  chimneys  surmounting  all,  and  a  general  trimnCM 

»of  np|>earance  outside,  which  is  by  no  means  always  correlated  with 
like  comltiioas  witbin — one  is  too  apt  at  the  outaot  to  form  a  low  esti- 
mato  of  a  JapancM  honse.    An  American  fiudH  it  difficult  indeed  to 

K  *  FVmu  **  Jtpaiuaa  Itomo*  and  tboir  SDrreundint^."  B;f  Bd<ru4  8.  Uorte,  Mroetor 
■^  llio  roibod;  AttOemj  of  tUeoeo;  Ule  VnlfMCt  of  Zoolosr,  Uninnil;  of  Toklo, 
H9*pM) ;  Itonbcr  of  Ibc  Nulooal  AeadtmT  of  Siicitcc ;  Fclloiv  «l  the  Amerina  kt^taaj 
Ba(  ArU  ud  Solraocs,  etc  WML  nhutrsiiomi  b/  th«  Anllior.  BmIobi  Tkftnor  A  Co, 
IWtt. 


JAPANESE  SOOBBSUILDINO. 


64s 


rbo  companion  bay  faaa  abelres  tod  a  low  «lowt.  Other 
y  haro  n-ccM«c4  to  aocommodatd  a  case  of  dnwcrs  or 
ro  clotttU  knd  cupboards  oceor,  Ui«y  are  fiDislwd  with 
inft^nd  of  RK>'ing;ing-dooi«.  In  t«a-liouscg  of  two  Btortn 
!h  often  asoend  from  tlio  vicinity  of  tlio  kitchen,  tiavt 
ft  oloset,  and  tbis  is  usually  closed  by  a  awingiDg-door. 
BOB  th«  kitcbon  is  at  one  side  or  comer  of  the  bonae, 
I  L,  covered  with  a  pcot-roof.  This  apartment  ii  often 
»c*,  it*  yard  Mpnraled  from  other  nrcaa  by  a  high  fonee. 
'  the  kitchen  w  nearly  alwaj'*  under  the  main  roof.  In 
it-bnildinga,  Bach  ai  ebeda  and  barns,  aro  Men.    Aeoom- 


Fm.  I.— fliDC-FKunito. 


lontea  of  the  better  olaas  ar«  Bolid,  thick-walled,  one  or 
ro-proof  buildings  called  kvra,  in  which  tbc  goods  and 
>rrd  away  at  the  time  of  a  conflugration.  Tb(«c  build- 
1;  known  to  the  foreigncn  ax  "g<xlownR,"b3ve  one  or 
lows  and  one  door,  clooed  by  thick  and  ponderous  sbnt- 
I  bailding  nsually  stands  isolated  from  the  dwelliog, 
in  juxtaposition ;  and  sometimes,  thongb  rarely,  it  is 
icile. 

Icna  of  the  better  cliwcs  aammer-houitc*  and  aheltere  of 
noe  and  diminutive  proportions  are  often  seen.  RnsUo 
I  to  be  seen  in  the  larger  gardcna.  Specially  oonstraetcd 
at  design  aod  small  sue  are  not  ancommoo  ;  in  thoM 


6+6 


TBS  POPOLAS  SCIENCE  MOSTMLT. 


the  crrrmotiud  tea-puties  Uko  p)ar«.  High  fenera,  either  o 
or  bamboo,  or  solid  wsUs  of  innd  or  tile  witli  tttoDc  foondatiou,  i 
round  the  boaso  or  isclow  it  from  the  Mrent.  Low  nivtio  fcnoci  bcl^ 
der  the  gnrdcnn  in  the  sabnrbs.  Gfttevtys  of  T&rious  styloi,  >ociKof 
imponiig  dt^ijiTt,  form  the  entraooea ;  aa  a  gcoenl  tfaiDg  ther  m 
eithvr  rustic  and  light,  or  formal  and  masure. 

What«veT  is  commoopUca  in  the  appearasce  of  the  hooso  la  tonH 
the  street,  whil«  ibe  artistic  and  plctorecquo  faco  is  turned  toward  iba 
garden,  which  maj  be  at  one  nde  or  in  the  mar  of  tbc  houKc — onaDj 
in  the  rear.  Within  these  plain  and  anpretentiouii  bouBe«  there  an 
often  to  be  seen  raarvcltt  of  exquisito  caning  and  the  perfection  of 
cabinet  work  ;  and  snrpnHn  followN  rar^r'if^  as  one  becomes  mon 
fully  acquainted  with  the  interior  finbh  of  theac  curious  and  reraarl* 
able  dwellioga. 

The  frameworic  of  an  ordinary  Japanete  dwelling  is  sicaple  awf 
primitive  in  ctractare  \  it  consists  of  a  number  of  npright  beami  whi^^ 
ran  from  the  ground  to  the  transrerse  beams  and  inciines  of  (be  tM^ 
above.    The  vertical  fr«Riiog  i«  held  together  either  by  abort  Mrif*. 
vhicfa  are  let  into  appropriate  notebei  in  the  Dprighta  to  which  lie 
**■■■*-**  Utfaing  is  fixed,  or  by  longer  stripe  of  wood,  which 


Fra.  t^rmmBmo  oaira  FoinnniTwiai-OToaj*. 

throngli  mortise*  in  the  uprights,  and  are  firmly  keyed  or  pinned 
place  (Fig.  1).  In  larger  honsea  tbriie  uprights  are  held  in  pontMolfT 
a  framework  near  the  ground.  There  is  no  e«llar  or  excaTattoa  ^ 
■eath  the  boose,  nor  in  there  a  oontinnou*  stone  foondation  a>  with  A 
The  upriglit«  rest  directly,  and  without  attachment,  upon  ungle  •"' 


JAPANESE  BOUSE-BUILDiyo. 


647 


f 


'or  rough-ltowcd  rtonoM,  tbi>iio  in  titrn  roBting  npon  otbnv,  wbinh  Iiata 
been  HoliJIy  [luuiidud  into  llic  <irtb  by  acan*  of  *  Imgo  iroodun  maul 
woiliod  by  a  nambcr  of  men  (Fig.  2),  In  tbiM  way  tbe  bouse  ia  perched 
apoD  Uicae  atooM,  with  tbe  floor  elevated  al  least  a  foot  and  a  half  or 
two  feet  above  the  groand.  In  Bome  casea  the  space  between  tbe  op- 
righU  is  boarded  up  ;  thin  is  gvnorally  twa  in  Kioto  lioumt).  In  othora 
tb«  wind  lioa  free  play  ben«atli ;  and,  while  lliia  t'xpowrd  coikdition 

dcra  the  house  much  colder  and  more  anconaforUblo  in  wint«r,  (b« 
Inmates  are  never  troubled  by  the  noisome  air  of  the  cellar,  which 
too  often  infcct«  our  houses  st  home.  Cloeed  wooden  fenc«s  of  a 
mora  solid  chantotor  are  elevated  in  this  way ;  that  is,  the  lower 
rail  or  rill  of  tlio  fence  rcHta  directly  upon  stone*  placed  at  int«rvala 
apart  of  «ix  or  eight  fceL  llie  ravages  of  nuuicroua  gruuiid-iiweeta, 
aa  well  as  larvai,  and  the  excessive  datupnees  of  the  ground  at  certain 
Koaoas  of  the  year,  render  this  method  of  building  a  neoeseity. 

The  accurate  way  in  which  the  base  of  tb«  uprigbla  is  wroaght  to 
St  tliD  incqaalitiea  of  ll>e  stonco  upon  which  thej  roft  ia  worthy  of 
notice.  In  tbe  emperor's  garden  we  saw  a  two-fltoried  boose  finished 
in  tbe  most  simple  and  czqiusite  manner.  It  was,  indeed,  like  a  bean- 
tjf ol  cabinet,  though  disfigured  by  a 
brigbt-coloml  foreign  carpet  u|M>n 
iU  lower  floor.  Tbe  uprights  of 
ibil  Urtioturu  rested  on  large,  oval, 
btocb-wom  atones  buried  end- 
wiae  in  tbe  ground  ;  and,  npon  the 
smooth  rounded  portions  of  tbe 
stones,  which  projected  above  the 
loTcl  of  tbe  ground  to  a  height  of 
ten  bobes  or  more,  tbe  uprights  had 
l>een  mo«t  accoiatcly  fitted  (Fig.  3). 
Tbe  effect  was  oxlnimoly  light  and 
buoyant,  though  apparently  i»*e- 
oaro  to  the  last  degree  ;  yet  tbia 
boildini;  had  not  only  withstood  a 
number  of  earth 411  akc-Hlioekd,  but 
abw  the  strain  of  ecvero  tj-phoons, 
which  during  the  aummcr  months 
swoop  ovor  Ja|i:m  with  such  vio- 
lence. If  tbebuililiiigbeTerysmall, 
thftn  the  frame  eonaists  of  four  corner-posts  running  to  the  roof.  In 
dwellings  having  a  frontage  of  two  or  more  room*,  other  uprigbu  occur 
botween  the  comor-po«t«.  As  tbe  rooms  incrcAsa  in  number  through 
tbe  boiiMK  uprigbta  oomo  in  the  comers  of  the  room«,  against  which 
tho  sli'Ung-»or««De,  or  ftuuma,  abut,  llie  passage  of  tbcM  uprights 
tbrongh  tho  room  to  tbe  roof  above  gtveis  a  solid  coastnictivo  appear- 
ance to  Um  faonae.    When  a  bouse  has  a  rerandii — and  nearly  tvery 


na.  S.~l^iniiuvuis-STiun. 


64S 


TnS  POPVLAR  SCIBSCS  MOXTBLY. 


boom  poCBCBM*  tliis  fcatom  an  one  or  mom  of  it«  tides — uiotbar 
of  Dprigbia  Marts  in  a  line  with  ibo  outer  edge  of  the  ver«ndaL 
the  veraoda  be  very  long,  an  aprigbt  at  each  end  in  sufficient  to  sop- 
port  th«  eupplem«ntuy  roof  wbicb  Bfa«lt«n  it.  Tbese  nprigbta  suppon 
a  cnwB-besm,  upon  which  the  slijibt  rafters  of  the  aupplcmentary  roof 
real.  Tlii*  croM-bcnm  i*  often  aatraigbt  unhcwed  etiok  of  timber, 
from  wbicb  tbe  bark  boji  boiw  removed.  Indcc^l,  most  of  the  hori- 
xontal  framiDg-timbem,  aa  well  as  the  rafters,  arc  usually  onbewnl— 
the  mftcTfl  often  having  the  bark  on,  or  perhaps  being  accurate!; 
squared  stirks  ;  but,  in  either  case,  they  are  always  visible  as  thev  pro- 
ject from  the  tiidra  of  tlic  bguM-,  and  ran  ont  to  support  the  overhang- 
ing  eaves.  Tbe  larger  beams  and  girdeTv  are  but  slightly  bcwcd  ;  snd 
it  is  Dot  nnnsaal  to  see  irregular-shaped  beams  worked  into  the  ton- 
■traction  of  a  frame,  often  for  their  qnaint  effects  (Ftg.  4),  and 
many  ca»ca  aa  a  matter  of  economy. 

For  a  narrow  booso,  if  the  roof  be  a  gable,  a  central  upright 
each  end  of  tbe  building  gives  support  to  the  ridge-pole  from  vk 


Pm.  4.— Sktioh  of  FsuaNO. 

the  rafters  run  to  tbo  eavca.  If  tbe  building  b«  wide,  a  traosvi 
beam  tnivcTMs  the  end  of  the  building  on  a  level  with  tbe  eaTC% 
supported  at  intervals  by  uprights  from  the  ground  ;  and  npon  tbii 
short  uprights  rwt,  snpporting  another  transverse  beam  abuvf,  and 
often  three  or  more  tiers  aro  carried  nearly  to  the  ridge.  UpoD  thtM 
supports  rest  the  horizontal  beams  which  run  [taralld  with  the  ridge- 
pole, and  wbieh  m  intended  to  give  siipiiort  to  the  rafters  (Pig.  5). 

In  the  case  of  a  wide  gable-roof  there  are  many  ways  to  support 
the  frame,  one  of  which  is  illustrated  in  tbe  following  outline  (Fig-  ^^ 
Here  a  stout  stick  of  timber  runs  from  one  end  of  the  house  to  ll» 
other  on  a  vertica]  line  with  the  ridge-pole,  and  00  a  level  with  the 
oaves.  Tbis  vtick  ifi  alwnyit  crowning,  in  order  to  give  additioasl 
ftrengtb.  A  few  tliick  uprights  start  from  this  to  support  the  rid)^ 
pole  above ;  from  these  nprights  bc«ms  run  to  the  eare* ;  tbusf  sn 
mortised  into  the  nprigbts,  but  at  different  lovola  on  either  sM«^  ~ 


1 


JAPANESE  SOUSE-BVILDINO. 


649 


I 


order  not  to  weaken  tbc  upright)  hj  tl>o  mortisn.     Fram  these  beamH 
ntD  abort  eapporte  to  the  borizont&l  rafters  abore. 

The  roof,  if  it  be  of  tile  or  tbatcb,  repTeseota  a  massive  wei};bt — 
the  tilvti  being  thick  and  quite  heavy,  and  alwajra  bedded  in  a  thick 


FM.  Bl— KsD- PsuiuiD  ov  Luidi  BoiLimro. 


layer  of  mtid.  The  thntcli,  tliough  not  «o  heavy,  often  becomes  ao 
aft«r  a  long  rain,  llie  roof- framing,  ooosequeutly,  has  oftviitiinc«  to 
■Qpport  a  groat  weight ;  and,  though  in  ita  structure  looking  weak,  or 
at  least  primitive  in  design,  yet  experience  must  bavo  taught  the  Jap- 


L 


i 

^B  FM.  &— Roar-nuiB  er  Liboi  Umuiisa. 

anew  carpenters  tli!it  their  methods  wf  ro  not  only  the  simplest  and 

most  ecooomicnl,  but  that  th«y  answered  all  requirements.     One  is 

Bamaied  to  see  how  many  &remcn  can  gather  upon  such  a  roof  witbont 

tts  yietdiog.    I  have  acen  massive  houa«-roofa  over  two  bondrod  yean 


650 


THE  POPULAR  SCIENCE  MONTBLY. 


'1 


old,  and  oth^r  frnmc  Mractares  of  a  larger  mm  and  of  far  j 
which  prcM-nU;iI  1x1  viubt«  ugns  of  weaksHK.     Indeed,  il  is 
animal  nght  to  aee  a  brokeD-backed  roof  in  Japan. 

Diagonal  brtnng  in  tho  framework  of  a  buildiDf*  is  never 
Sonietimea,  bowcvrr,  tbc  nprigbU  in  a  weak  frame  are  rapportcd  bf 
braces  Fanning  from  tla*  ground  at  ati  acute  angle,  niid  held  i]i|)bc« 
by  wooden  pi«».  Outside  diagonal  lira««  aro  iiometimcK  met  aiUi 
ai  an  ornamental  fMtore.  In  the  pnmnoe  of  Ise  one  often  seta  a 
brace  or  bracket  made  out  of  an  nnhewed  piece  of  timber,  genodlf 
tbe  proximal  portion  of  eome  big  branch.  Thia  U  fa£t«Ded  to  an  q^ 
right,  and  appears  to  be  a  braoo  to  hold  np  the  end  of  a  horizoottl 
beam  that  projvcUt  beyond  the  eaTtai  l^eae  bracos,  however,  are  not 
eren  notched  into  tbe  apright,  but  held  in  place  by  square  wooden 
piuB,  and  are  of  tittle  use  as  a  support  for  the  building,  though  aD>w«- 
iog  well  to  bold  fishiu^- rods  and  other  long  poles,  which  fiod  beiei 
fenicol  lodgment  (Fig.  7). 

The  framework  of  a  building  !■  often  revealed  in  the  room 
way  that  would  ddigbl  the  heart  of  an  Eaatlake.     Inegularitieii  in  tie 

form  of  a  stick  are  not  looked  tpoD 
sa  a  hindrance  in  the  constractica 
of  a  building.  Prom  the  way  nidi 
crooked  beam*  ani  brought  into 
use,  one  is  led  to  believe  thu  lb 
builder  prefers  them.  Tbedtiin 
for  rustic  effects  leads  to  tbe  •eke- 
tion  of  odd-shaped  timber.  R^ 
4  repreaenta  llie  end  of  a  torn, 
wherein  is  seen  a  crooked 
piece  paHtng  through  a 
upright,  which  sostaJns  tfa«  ndg 
pole. 

Aa  the  rooms  are  made  in  rim 
eorreaponding  to  tbe  number  ct 
mats  tbey  are  to  contain,  the  bcoini, 
nprighta,  raftera,  fiooring  -  boafdi, 
boards  for  tbe  ceiling,  and  all  ittif* 
are  got  out  in  Mieit  to  accomnodiu 
these  various  dimeusiona.  Tbedi- 
mennons  of  tbe  raat«  from  OM  <•! 
of  the  empire  to  tbe  other  sre  approximately  throe  feet  wHc  Ut^ 
rix  feet  long ;  and  tbcso  arc  fitted  compactly  011  the  floor.  Tbe  orchi- 
teet  marks  on  his  plan  tlie  number  of  mats  each  room  is  to  contua— 
lUi  BUnbcr  definio);  tho  aiie  of  tbe  room ;  hence,  the  InmbernW 
■WM  be  of  definite  lengths,  and  tbe  carpenter  is  sure  to  find  tbe* 
Ingtht  at  the  lumbcr-yturd.  It  follows  from  this  that  but  little  WSfIs 
in  the  construction  of  a  Japanese  house. 


F»».  1.— OirniDi  uiuai. 


JAPANESE  HOUSE-BOILDINO. 


631 


'  The  permanctit  partitions  within  tbo  houso  ara  miule  in  varioas 

waj-H.     In  one  int-tho<l  bitmboo  strips  of  various  longthg  Cilcc  thv  place 
of  Intbs.     Small  bambooa  arc  first  nailed  in  a  Tortioal  position  to  tba 
wooden  utrips,  wkicli  are  fast«ned  from  one  oprigbt  to  another ;  nar- 
row strips  of  bamboo  are  then  secured  across  tb<«e  bamboos  by  means 
of  coarse  cords  of  straw,  or  bark-fibor  (Fig.  I).     Thin  )>nnjttun  is  not 
^^Bnlilift  oar  own  plastcr-uid-iath  partition.     Anotht^r  kind  of  partition 
^■uy  b«  of  boards ;  and  against  these  small  bamboo  rods  are  nailed 
Hquite  close  together,  and  upon  this  tbe  plaster  is  puL    Considerable 
B^iAtna  are  taken  as  to  tbe  plastering.    The  plasterer  brings  to  the  liouM 
satnples  of  various-colored  sands  and  clays,  so  that  one  nay  select  from 
these  tlic  color  of  bis  wall     A  good  coat  of  plaster  comprises  ibree 
laynn.   Tbti  first  layer,  called  ahita-nuri,  is  composed  of  mod,  in  whtcb 
chopped  straw  is  mixed  ;  a  second  layer,  called  cAu-nuri,  of  rough  lime, 
mixed  with  mud ;  the  third  layer,  called  tnea-nuri,  hafi  tliv  colored 
elay  or  eaod  mixed  with  lime — and  this  last  layer  is  always  applied  by 
^n  skillfol  woricman. 

^F      Uany  of  llic  partitions  between  the  rooms  con«i«t  entirely  of  light 

•tiding- screens.    Often  two  or  more  sidci*  of  the  bouse  are  composed 

•ntirdy  of  these  simple  and  frail  devices.    I'lie  outside  pormaneDl 

walls  of  a  bouM,  if  of  wood,  arc  made  of  thin  boards  nailed  to  the 

frame  horizontally — as  we  lay  clapboards  on  our  houses.      These 

^Btay  be  more  firmly  held  to  tbe  bouse  by  long  strips  nailed  against 

^Bbe  boards  vertically.    The  boards  may  also  be  secured  to  the  bonse 

^Hertically,  and  weather-strips  nailed  over  the  seams — as  is  commonly 

Htha  way  with  certain  of  oar  houscit.     In  the  spntlicrn  provinoes  a 

rough  house-wall  is  made  of  wide  slabs  of  bark,  placed  vcnicalty,  and 

held  tn  place  by  thin  stripe  of  bamboo  nailed  crosswise.    This  style 

is  oommon  among  the  poorer  houses  in  Japan  ;  and,  indeed,  in  tho 

belter  class  of  hoases  it  is  often  used  as  an  ornamental  feature,  placed 

tat  the  height  of  a  few  feet  from  tbe  ground. 
Outside  plastered  walb  are  also  very  common,  though  not  of  a 
dnrabli'  nature.    This  kind  of  wall  is  frequently  seen  in  a  dilapidated 
Dondition.     In  Japanese  piclare-bonks  this  broken  condition  It  often 
shown,  with  the  bamboo  data  exposed,  ns  a  suggestion  of  poverty. 

In  the  cities  (be  outside  walla  of  more  durable  stmcttires,  such  as 
warehouse,  are  not  infrequently  covered  with  sqoare  tiles,  a  board 
wall  iH-ing  first  made,  to  which  the  tiles  are  secured  by  being  nailed 
at  t]ieir  comers.  Th«(e  may  be  place<l  in  diagonal  or  borixoniat  rows 
—in  either  case  an  iuCenpaeo  of  a  quarter  of  an  inch  being  left  be- 
tween the  tiles,  and  the  seams  closed  with  white  plaster,  spreading  on 
each  side  to  the  width  of  an  inch  or  more,  and  finished  with  a  rounded 
•Brfaoa.  This  work  is  done  in  a  very  tiisteful  and  artistic  manner,  and 
the  effect  of  tbo  dark-gray  tilea  crossed  by  these  white  bars  of  plaster 
Is  very  striking  {Fig.  8).  ^ 

1^     The  Japanese  dwellings  are  always  of  wood,  usually  of  tt 


6i« 


TBB  POPULAR  SCISNCE  MOHTULT. 


aad  ODpaintcd.  Rarely  doe«  ft  boau  atrikc  on«  sa  bein^ 
marked  or  better  lookitig  ifa&a  its  tteigfabun ;  mora  vul^tantisl,  i 
taialjr,  ■ome  of  tbi'in  arv,  and  yet  tbcr«  ia  a  Bameucea  about  them  wbid 
beoomM  veviMnia.  PorticnUrty  u  this  tbe  cac«  with  tbe  long,  dd- 
iatcrestmgroirof booKsUiat  bofduaviUagctrtivct;  their pict(ircei]ue 


Pi*.  1— JLnuniEMnT  o>  Sqcuz  Ton  o>  tma  «ir  Bae^ 


roofs  alone  save  them  from  becoming  monotonoia.  A  cIomt  stadr, 
however,  reveals  aome  marked  differcnccB  between  tbe  coontij  and 
<nty  bouses,  as  well  u  between  thoac  of  different  [irovinees. 

Th«  coantry  boove,  if  anything  more  than  a  ^belter  from  the  ele- 
menta,  i«  largrr  and  more  substantial  than  the  city  boafte,  and,  vhh  it* 
ponderous  thadhi-d  roof  and  elaborate  ridge,  is  always  pictur«qQ& 
On«  sees  much  larger  hooses  in  the  north — roofs  of  grand  proportions 
and  u  amplitude  of  spaoo  boncatb,  tliat  farther  south  occurs  only 
under  tb«  roofs  of  tomptc«.  We  speak  now  of  the  boQS«B  of  tbe  b«tur 
Alusea,  for  the  poor  farm-laborer  and  fisberraai),  a*  well  aa  their  pro- 
toCypea  in  tbe  city,  possess  houses  tbat  are  little  better  than  shaDiiM. 
built,  as  a  friend  has  forcibly  expressed  it»  of  "  chips,  paper,  and  stias"." 
Bat  even  these  bau,  clustered  together  as  the;  ofientima  are  ta  Ihe 


JAPANESE  SOUSE-BUILDlirO. 

larger  cities,  are  palatial  in  contrast  to  (lio  lOinttrnrd  nn'l  (iltliy  cnndilton 

of  a  like  class  of  t«neitteQts  in  aaxty  of  the  citii-it  uf  Chmtiun  ouimtrii'it. 

In  traveling  through  the  country  the  absence  of  a  middle  elasA^  aa 

indicated  t>y  iba  dwellings,  ia  punfully  apparent.     It  is  true  tbat  yon 


Fm-IO-— Stanr  Viiw  or  Dwaiuiro  or  Ta«o> 
inntat^w,  an<l,  within  the  few  neceaury  articles  render  the  evidenoea 
of  poverty  all  the  more  apparent. 

Though  the  people  that  inhabit  ench  sbeltera  are  very  poor,  thoy 
appear  coateDt«d  and  cfaoerful  notirithstaoding  tboir  poverty.     Other 


6s* 


THE  POPULAR  SCIENCE  MONTHLY, 


eluMK,  who,  tlioDgfa  not  poTertf-striclceii,  an  yet  poor  in  vivry  i 
of  tbe  word,  occupy  dwellings  of  the  simplest  character.  JUxnj  «f  tht 
dwclliD;^  are  oftcD  dimiDntivo  in  fizc ;  and,  ae  one  looks  in  ftt  i  tbj 
cottag«  containiiig  two  or  tlircv  rooms  at  tbo  most,  the  cntij*  hean 
bardly  bigg«r  than  a  good-sized  room  at  bone,  aod  observes  a  fsmilf 
of  tliri>«  or  four  peraoos  living  quietly  and  in  a  cleanly  manner  in  tUi 
Umit«d  apace,  he  learns  that  in  Jspao,  at  I«ast,  poverty  and  oonstrictfl 
qnartCTB  arc  not  always  corralatfd  with  coarse  manoers,  fitth,  and  cnwi. 
The  acoompanyiog  ikctob  (Fig.  0)  represents  a  gronp  of  bouM* 
bordering  a  street  in  ICanda  Ku,  Tnkia  The  windows  arc  in  sooM 
oasea  projecting  or  hanging  bays,  and  are  barred  wiih  bamboo^! 
aqoare  bars  of  wood.  A  slidiDg-sereen,  covered  with  stout  wdB 
paper,  taltes  tfa«  place  of  oar  glass-windows.  Tbrongb  these  gratn^ 
tltc  inmate*  of  tlio  houM  do  their  bargaining  with  the  street  veitdenL 
llie  ciitnuct  to  tbeM  booaea  b  nsaally  by  means  of  a  gate  eomntoa  H 
a  number.  This  entrance  consists  of  a  Urge  gate  used  for  Tsfaides 
and  heavy  loads,  and  by  the  side  of  this  is  a  smaller  gat«  used  by  tbt 
people.  Sometimes  tho  big  gate  has  a  largo  square  opening  in  h,  clostd 
by  asliding-door  or  grating — and  tlirough  this  the  inmates  bare  io- 
greaamnd  egress. 


ho.  iL—TiKv  or  D*«uiKa  tmim  OAjoia^  m  ToatOL 


J 


Tbo  houBCiS  if  of  wood,  are  painted  black ;  or  else,  as  ia  mow 
ally  tbe  case,  the  wood  is  left  in  its  natural  state,  and  this  grwliuIlT 
turns  to  a  darker  shade  by  exposorei.  When  painted,  a  dead  Usok  ti 
used ;  and  this  color  is  certainly  agreeable  to  the  eyes,  though  tto 
hest-my*  caase<l  by  this  black  surface  become  almost  uoendnrait*  os 
hot  days,  and  must  add  greatly  to  tbe  beat  and  ^soomfort  within 


JAPANESE  HOUSE-BUILDINO. 


6S5 


hoas«.  'With  a  pl«t«i«d  oatude  wall  the  surface  is  often  left  vbite, 
while  the  frnmowork  of  th«  biulding  is  painted  black — and  this  treat- 
ment givc»  II  a  decidedly  funereal  Mpect. 

The  *keteb  shown  in  Fig.  10  U  »  elty  hoow  of  one  of  the  better 
claflseaL  Tha  hoose  stands  on  *  new  street,  and  the  lot  on  one  side  is 
vacant ;  nevertheless,  the  house  ia  aurrounded  on  all  sides  hy  a  high 
board-fence — xince,  with  the  open  character  of  a  JnpAncsc  houic,  priva- 
cy, if  di-sircd,  cnn  he  M-ciircd  only  by  high  fences  or  tlitclc  hedgeti.  Tlie 
booM  is  shown  aa  it  apiMxm  from  the  street.  Tlie  front  door  is  near 
the  gate,  which  is  shown  on  the  left  of  the  sketcb.  There  la  here  no 
display  of  an  architectural  front ;  indeed,  titere  ia  no  diitplay  anywhere. 
The  largest  and  best  rooms  are  in  the  back  of  the  huusc ;  and  what 
might  be  cidlcd  a  back-ynrd,  upon  which  tJio  kitchen  opens,  is  parallel 
with  the  area  in  front  of  tlic  main  entrance  to  the  house,  and  separated 
from  it  by  a  high  fence.  The  seoond  story  contains  one  room,  and 
this  may  be  regarded  as  a  gnest-ch amber.  Access  to  this  chamber  is 
by  means  of  a  steep  flight  of  steps,  made  otit  of  thick  plank,  and  an- 
gitardts)  by  hand-rail  of  any  kind.  The  roof  is  heavily  tiled,  while 
the  walls  of  the  hotwe  are  otitwardly  composed  of  broad  thin  boards, 
pnt  on  vertically,  and  having  strips  of  wood  to  cover  the  joints.  A 
back  view  of  this  hoa»e  ia  shown  in  Fig.  IL     Here  all  the  rooms  opoo 


F4trectly  on  the  gnnlcn.  Along  the  veranda  are  three  rooms  en  tn(l«. 
The  balcony  of  the  second  story  is  covered  by  a  light  supplementary 
roof,  from  which  hangs  a  bamboo  screen  to  shade  tho  room  from  the 
un's  rays.     Similar  ecreena  are  also  seen  hanging  below. 

The  vennda  X*  qnito  spacious ;  and  in  line  with  the  division  be- 
,(ween  the  rooms  is  a  groove  for  the  adjustment  of  a  wooden  »oreen  or 


6i6 


TEE  POPULAR  SCISKCE  MOyTHLT. 


•butter  wbcD  it  U  deured  to  separato  the  honso  into  tvo  iiorlioni 
ponrily.  At  the  end  of  the  vennda,  to  the  left  of  the  sketch,  u 
latrine.  Tbehotuci8quitcopcnbeDeath,aiidtheau-bjui(reecu«ulatii 
The  ooanlry  houM)  of  aa  independent  tamurai,  or  rich  farmer,' 
large,  room^,  uid  tfaoroujfbiy  comfcotable.  I  recall  with  tbe  k 
pteaaore  the  deligbifnl  days  eojojed  under  the  roof  of  one  of 
tf{Hcal  mansions  in  Kabutoyama,  in  tbe  w«lem  part  of  ibe  proriim 
of  MnsashL  The  rcsidpnco  consist^  of  a  groap  of  buildings  sbnt  ii 
from  tbe  rood  by  a  high  wulL  Pawing  through  a  ponderous  gatewiy, 
one  CDlinv  a  HjiaciouN  court-yard,  flanked  on  cither  side  by  lon^  Wv 
buildiuga,  used  as  »tore-boti9es  and  eervanta'  quarter*.  At  tbe  fs/lbtr 
cud  of  ibe  yard,  and  facing  the  tmtmice,  was  a  comfortable  old  fino* 
house,  having  a  projectiog  gable-wing  to  iu  right  (Fig.  I'2).  Tbu  itx^ 
was  a  tbaCvbed  one  of  unosusl  tbicknee*.  At  the  end  of  the  wing  vu 
a  triangular  lutiiocd  opening,  from  vhich  thin  blue  Treatltt  of  nnob 
were  curling.  Tbt*  building  contained  a  few  roomn,  including  an  in- 
uanallj  spacious  kitchen.  The  kiU'ben  opened  directly  into  a  bi^ 
and  onflnisbed  portion  of  the  bouse,  having  the  earth  for  it*  ioor, 
and  used  as  a  wood-shed.  The  owner  infonned  me  that  the  finn- 
house  was  nearly  tlirw  hundred  years  old.  To  the  left  of  the  building 
waa  a  high  wooden  fence,  and,  pauing  through  a  gateway,  ooecuH 
into  a  smaller  yard  and  garden.  In  this  area  was  another  boweqinU 
independent  of  (he  farm-house  ;  this  was  the  honse  for  giuiU. 
con<i))icuou*  feature  consisted  of  a  newly-tbatcbc<l  roof,  rarmounted 
an  elaborate  and  pioturesque  ridge — its  design  derived  from  IcMpIt^ 
architecture.  Within  were  two  large  rooms  opening  open  a  n«nw» 
veranda.  These  rooms  were  onusnalty  high  in  stud,  and  the  matt  and 
all  the  appointments  were  most  scrupulously  clean.  Commraicstioo 
with  the  old  house  was  by  means  of  a  covered  poMinge.  Back  o' 
this  dwelling,  and  some  distance  from  it,  waa  still  another  boost,  !*<> 
stories  in  height,  and  boilt  in  the  most  perfect  taste ;  and  bete  Kvtd 
the  grandfather  of  the  family — a  fine  old  gentleman,  dignified  and 
courtlv  iu  hie  manuers. 


rits  J 


THE  INFLUENCE 


OF  INVENTIONS 
ZATION. 


UPON  emu- 


fti  CHAUNCET  SJOTIL 

THE  relation  between  astronomical  and  m.ithematieAl  inrettig 
and  navigation  has  been  long  rcooguuced,  tiut  ibis  relation  b* 
pendent  upon  Ibc  observation  of  the  apparent  position  of  heavenly  boo- 
iea  at  given  times,  and  iheae  observations  are  in  turn  dependent  sp* 
telcsoopee  aud  upon  clocks  and  chronometers,  both  modem  bmatk 


^rhi 


INFLUENCE   OF  INVENTIONS   ON  CIVILIZATION.  6s7 


!iQ  working  of  the  railroads  of  the  counlry  la  hardly  Icm  iIcpendaDt 
QpoQ  the  timo-lceepen  we  possess  tban  oavigatioD  is  apoo  cbronoowters. 
^I^t  Any  oD«  luk  bimsolf  how  tlic  railrosds  of  this  oountry  oould  be  op- 
HeriiU'd  if  our  onl}-  Unic-k(.i^penf  w«-rc  eun-<lijJ>U,  Itour-glusMMi,  and  ibe 
Belcpwydrna  of  the  anoMnta,  aod  h«  will  kood  bco  tliat  tli«  construction 
'of  thu  tima-Ubles  of  our  nilrooda  uod  tku  opuralion  of  th«  roads  in 
oonfonnity  witJi  tbeni  would  be  itnpowtbtff. 

Mr.  Atkiuson  will  tcU  us  what  it  oosta  to  transport  a  barrel  of 
floor  upon  oiir  railroads  from  Minneapolis  to  Boston,  and  approxi- 
mately what  tha  saving  is  bj  iho  railroads  over  the  old  modes  of  trans- 
portation, but  can  bo  U-U  us  what  yui  of  that  saving  ts  to  bu  cri-ditod 
to  thit  olooks  at  the  railroad-iitittion«  and  to  the  watchos  which  th« 
conductors  carry  iu  thetr  pockets  ? 

The  late  Judge  Curtis  said  to  nio  several  years  ago   that  the 

introduction  of  railroads  bad   made  a  great  change  in  the  habits 

of  the  people  as  to  pnndnAlity  in  keeping  appointments ;  that  be- 

^^ore  tboir  introdnctioa  nobody  thought  of  being  puootual  to  •  miO' 

^■rto,  or  tutu  to  an  bonr.     Nobody  thought  of  being  '*aa  time" 

^tiU  the  railroads  presented  the  alternative  of  being  so  or  of  "get- 

_lingl.-f(." 

One  can  now  easily  see  that  before  the  general  use  of  clocks  and 
ratcbes,  punctuality,  as  it  is  now  understood  among  business- men, 
>D]d  hardly  have  been  reokontid  as  a  duty.     ThU  is  ono  ilIu«traUon 
tut  of  many  more  important  ones  where  our  social  or  moral  obliga- 
ons  have  arisen  from  or  have  been  changed  by  pfaysicn)  inventions. 
ly  obscrvntions  npon  the  laws  or  conditions  of  health  by  means  of 
cot  inventions  and  only  powlble  by  tlic-ir  means,  we  haw  learned 
bow  to  counteract  or  prevent  the  introduction  or  spread  of  many  dis- 
leases,  and  in  consequence  of  thui,  men  reognbe  the  duty  to  adopt  and 
^«nforce  many  regulations  in  society  for  which  no  reason  oould  be  found 
a  few  years  aga 
H       IIow  could  we  live  without  glass  f    It  entcn  so  largely  into  thu 
^bbl  of  things  we  consider  absolutely  ncccMary,  to  say  tiulhing  of  its 
^^Bw  '*>^  convenience  or  luxnry,  that  we  should  almost  as  soon  tbiuk 
of  Unng  without  light  or  heat,  without  air  or  water,  as  to  live  with- 
out Uits  cheap  ^ub^tanoe  made  principally  otit  of  tho  nutd  under  our 
feet.     Can  anyone  t^ill  what  civilisation  would  1>e  without  itf    It 
»uld  certainly  be  a  very  different  thing  from  what  it  is. 

We  talk  of  the  fireside  and  tho  influence  it  has  upon  families  and 

sial  life,  but  the  window  plays  a  more  important  part  in  our  homes 

ribsn  the  firoide.    Tbu  invention  of  glass  goes  back  to  a  very  early 

tpcriod,  bat  its  general  oso  for  windows  b  oomparativoly  recent.     Ao- 

'  cnstomed  as  wo  are  to  glass  windows,  it  is  difBoult  for  us  to  conceive 

bow  a  houiie  could  be  lived  in  with  comfort  without  it. 

Tlicrf^  ii  aitullKtr  u«e  of  glass,  resting  upon  a  very  simple  invention, 
-vbicb  plays  a  very  impoitant  part  in  the  comfort  of  man  and  the 

■  VOL  IZTIB.— 4S 


6;9  TBE  POPULAJt  SCISifCB  UONTULT. 

ralno  of  hi«  labor,  mi<1  which  contribtitvs  wonderfully  to  our  ! 
edge  of  nalurtt  &nd  ihe  tmivvne. 

Erer  uuce  mas  tu  ca)ial>)<:  of  observing  things  aroond  him,! 
most  often  have  seen  that  a  straight  etick  thrust  obliqacljr  into  tbe 
wat«r  appeared  to  be  bent  at  its  surface  It  was  a  long  time  be- 
fore man  teamed  the  ralito  of  this  fact ;  but  at  length  the  \ea»  «u 
di»covcri.-d.  The  iiiTcntion  couvittotl  timply  in  the  form  given  tA  i 
piece  of  glass ;  in  giving  to  one  or  both  of  thu  surfaces  of  a  disk  of 
glan  a  cnn-ed  form.  This  we  know  fornts  a  Icur,  and  a  lens  has  l«- 
comooneof  the  most  valuable  devices  known  to  man,  bnt  itwaii 
long  time  after  its  invention  before  il  became  of  much  valne. 

A  tboQ^auil  jreant  clitiMvd  iift«r  the  ioveotioD  of  the  leas  before  il 
aanimol  an  important  place  among  the  instnimeots  employed  by  nira 
Bot  man  learned  its  valae  at  Ust.  I^eosea  may  t>e  made  of  other  ■§■ 
teriaU  than  glats,  but  for  all  practical  purposes  they  are  made  of  ^w, 
and  DO  otlicT  material  will  sapply  its  place. 

I  alludi-d  lo  spoctaclca  us  a  valuable  invention.  I  hare  nenr  Mta 
any  attempt  to  estimate  its  Talnc  I  do  not  know  that  I  ever  heaH 
tbe  inqairy  made.  And  yet  when  ve  remember  that  nearly  fVMj 
pcnon  above  the  age  of  forty-five,  and  very  many  below  Ihst  age,  os« 
glaascs,  we  see  that  Lbey  must  enter  largely  into  the  ram  of  ear  eaof 
forts.  ITow  many  persons  would  be  deprived  of  the  pleasuiM  vA 
bcnflils  of  reading  and  writing  during  a  Ixrge  portion  of  their  litK 
but  fur  iliia  simple  invcntii>n  I  How  many  kindn  of  labor  weuU  br 
performi'il  badly  and  with  great  discomfort  but  for  these  devices!  M 
what  disadvantage  literary  labor  votUd  be  carried  on  withoat  ikn ! 
For  hew  many  delicate  handicrafts  would  nten  and  women  become 
unfitted  in  tbeir  later  yvan  but  for  them  !  At  what  discomfort  snd 
iitconvcnicni>e  woald  domeittio  needlework  be  perfonned  in  their  ab- 
senee  1  IIow  mnch  trial  of  tbe  patience  b  saved  bv  their  use !  I  deat^ 
not  our  tempers  are  mnch  better  in  old  age  for  these  belpSL  f 

But  the  value  of  tbe  invention  of  the  lens  Is  not  limited  to  iti  w 

Lfor  spectacles.  From  it  has  grown  up  tho*e  wonderful  modem  inftni- 
mcnts,  the  telescope  and  mieroseopc.  Tliroogh  the  former  bos  cme 
a  large  piATt  of  our  astrononucal  knowledge,  which  has  a  great  eoat- 
meroial  value  from  the  seooiity  it  gives  to  man  in  navigatio);  tbf 
oceans.  It  has  also  a  high  moral  and  mental  value  from  the  GeM  it 
opens  to  the  eiercise  and  training  of  the  powers  of  observation  aoJ 
imagination  ;  from  the  new  conceptions  it  has  given  us  of  the  imatf- 
sity  of  creation,  and  of  the  powcT  which  gavo  it  birth.  I  wonder  If 
any  man  can  rise  from  a  contemplation  of  tbe  facts,  tlio  mystorics,  sad 
magnitudes  of  the  universe,  revealed  to  ns  by  the  tdesoope  and  spK- 
tnwcope,  without  repeating  to  himself,  with  a  new  sense  of  its  signtf- 
cance,  the  question,  "  What  is  man  that  Thou  art  mindful  of  bio,  M 
the  son  of  man  that  Thou  visitmt  him  ?  " 
But,  while  the  lena  thus  opens  up  to  man  in  the  boundless  r«sii 


] 


MU>c 
ntr 


JXFIUA-JTCS  OF  INVENTIONS   ON  CIVILIZATION.  fis9 

of  tpaoe  a  uDivcnft  wfaicb  no  »lrc-tch  of  the  i  magma  lion  oonld  girn  him 
a  gUropae  of  withoat  i(,  it  opens  up  to  him  also  a  no  less  wonderful 
aaivcra6  in  regions  wbicJi,  bj-  reuon  of  their  littlencai,  lie  eqaalty 

(beyond  bis  powers  of  obeervation  or  tbv  powen  of  liU  imagination. 
It  reveals  lo  him  tho  prctWDOO  of  lif«  in  fornix  lut  wonderful  for 
tlieJr  niinntcnesM  and  aetivity  and  numbers  as  tho  sun  and  Mars  are  for 
!ic  mighty  fpacws  they  occupy  and  traverse. 
This  little  device,  then,  of  a  pieco  of  (;lasa  formed  with  curved 
'ntrfaces,  which  a  1>oy  may  fashion  upon  a  piccv  of  nandHtonc,  not  only 
entors  into  tho  daily  use  of  man,  minialtTing  to  liio  <-»mfort  and  pro- 
longing liU  power  to  work  vflicivnlly,  hut  in  no  figurative  sense  It 
enubh-s  him  to  behold  a  new  heaven  and  a  new  earth.     It  o]ienit  to 
him  tho  most  wonderfal  setrels  of  nature,  and  gives  him  new  conoep- 
tlous  of  the  vast ne:^  of  the  universe  and  of  the  maguitudeof  the  forces 
involved  tn  iu  mechanism.    The  ancients  believed  that  (he  son  was 
only  a  few  miles  away,  a  fe v  thousand  miles  at  roost,  but  ttie  tcloscopo 
has  enabled  maii  to  learn  tlmt  tht-  sim  is  03,000,000  mitea  away  from  us  ; 
tliat  the  earth,  8,000  mile^  in  diikun-ior,  in  his  yearly  journey  around  it, 
travels  000,000,000  miles,  at  the  rate  of  nearly  twenty  miles  a  second. 
What  conception  of  infinite  power  could  the  imagination,  unaided, 
give  to  man,  which  could  in  the  least  approach  that  which  is  involved 
in  this  movement  of  the  earth  I 
_        But  wo  know  through  the  telescope,  that  tbis  power,  mighty  as  it 
Kis,  is  but  an  infinitesimal  part  of  that  which  is  actually  displayed  in  the 
Bregion.i  of  ffpat^e  which  only  within  recent  years  aad  by  the  aid  of  a 
^unilltilude  of  inventions  have  bc«n  opened  to  the  observation  of  man. 
H      t^pon  glass  and  tho  lens  man  is  dependent  for  the  use  of  another 
^Tccent  invention,  which  now  thai  wo  have  it  we  would  not  willingly  do 
without.  ' 

A  beautiful  art  has  come  into  existenco  since  I  was  a  young  man, 

•which  gratifies  one  of  the  strongest  desires  of  the  heart  and  ministers 
to  the  social  pleasures  of  every  family  and  circle  of  friends.  I  well 
remember  when  tlie  newspaper  fimt  annonnred  that  a  Frenchman  had 
invented  a  way  of  taking  pictures  by  the  hvlp  of  the  mm.  Before  that 
time  very  few  people  could  have  likeneaacs  of  their  friends,  living  or 
[dead.  The  face  of  a  friend  could  only  be  wen  when  ho  was  prt^ent. 
When  absent,  memory  must  do  what  it  could  lo  preserve  the  features. 
Ff>nly  tho  rich,  and  oot  a  largo  proportion  of  them,  could  command 
rtraits  of  tbomjtelvea  or  friends.  Into  what  honses  will  yon  now  go 
rhere  you  do  not  expect  to  find  Iiken<w*e«  of  whole  families,  and 
Twhole  elrcles  of  friends  ?  Very  poor  indeci!  are  those  who  can  not 
'■nd  do  not  And  the  means  of  procuring  and  preserving  pictures  of 
thocu)  they  love.  Can  any  one  measure  the  amount  of  gratification 
which  the  world  has  rco<;ived  from  the  practice  of  tlio  wonderful  ait 
of  taking  pictures  from  nature,  through  tho  agency  of  a  few  eberoi- 
osls  sprmd  npon  a  sheet  of  paper  or  of  silTer,  and  of  the  rays  of  light 


66o 


TBE  POPULAR  SCISlfCE  MOSTHLY. 


concentrated  by  means  of  a  lens  ?  Tltcra  luu  been  r«G«ivcd 
mentAl,  artjatic,  and  moral  culture.  The  tnveDtion  has  opened  spa 
Dew  field  of  investigation  nnd  research  to  the  labor  of  the  ebeniMtwd 
to  tho  etadent  of  nature.  From  the  first  annoanccmeat  to  the  varld, 
to  (be  prcMol  honr,  a  bo«t  of  inventors  have  bevn  engaged  in  perfed- 
ing  and  iinproTiog  the  art,  enlarging  tlic  fi(.'ld  of  it»  applicatioo*,  and 
Btudying  the  taws  of  nature  u[>un  wliieh  it  rettv.  The  boQadana  d 
boman  knowledge,  in  more  than  one  department  of  physics,  hare  bea 
greatly  extended  in  thutc  efforts.  jVstronomy  baa  received  imponul 
ud  from  it,  and  by  \Xa  help  we  get  not  merely  pictures  of  whataiiti 
in  the  heavenly  regions,  but  records  of  what  is  there  talcing  plM«. 

This  art  has  even  come  to  play  an  important  part  in  the  admiBO- 
tntioD  of  jnrticc  and  in  the  protection  of  the  community  against  criiH. 
By  its  aid  criminals  are  deiet-ted,  watched,  and  convicted.  Forgtra 
are  proved  or  disproved  by  its  use.  It  finds  an  impoftaot  plaoe  to  tk 
ordinary  biuinesa  of  eommerco  and  the  mechanic  arte.  By  it*  0)4 
copic*  or  representations  of  all  valnablu  worlu  of  &rl  org  placed  wit^ 
in  the  reach  of  mnltilndcs  who,  othcrwiM>,  would  know  nothiogof  tho 
or  know  them  only  throtigli  inadequate  verbal  description.  The  iv 
prorement  of  the  publii!  Uste  in  relation  to  art,  by  the  knovlejgO 
works  of  art  which  has  been  thus  diffnsed,  has  been  very  great. 

Docs  any  one  doabt  that  thia  cxtooiion  and  this  spread  of 
edge  of  the  works  of  art  most  tend  to  tho  impn>vemeiit  of  man's 
nature  ?  Can  it  bo  doubled  that  the  social  aJTcctions  are  qaickeixd  b; 
the  preservaticin  of  the  fi.^aliircs  uf  friendfi  and  the  intcrdiangc  unoog 
friends  and  families  of  pictures  of  those  who  make  np  the  family  (if- 
do?  Will  not  a  boy,  absent  from  home,  feel  the  influeooe  of  Umb* 
more  strongly  when  he  looka  upon  the  facea  of  parents  orsisten, 
b«  would  if  he  coald  not  thna  bring  them  into  his  presence? 

But  all  these  benefits  which  the  world  reap«  from  photograph;  hi' 
eome  to  tis  from  inventions.  It  is  not  tlic  fruit  so  much  of  gtcini.  >• 
of  that  patient  labor  and  ri>scarch  which  is  winning  from  Nature,  dij 
by  day,  nocrels  far  more  valuable  to  man  than  all  her  hidden  tresMFEi 
of  gold  and  silver. 

Within  the  memory  of  men  nol  very  old,  a  new  power  has,  by  lb* 
geoiu*  of  inventors,  been  trained  into  the  service  of  man.  Tliii  pov* 
is  electricity.  It  has  always,  as  we  now  know,  been  pmwnt  io  nusT 
of  the  phenomena  of  nature,  exhibiting  itself  most  strikingly  in  tb* 
tightningv  of  the  thander-stonu,  revealing,  as  man  believed,  tbopn*' 
«oce  of  a  mvaierions  power  which  might  bo  destntclive,  but  wkU 
sever  could  be  useful  to  man. 

A  trifling  incident  revealed  to  an  ob»erving  man  in  Italy  the  W 
that,  vihva  two  metals  and  tlic  leg  of  a  frog  were  made  to  touch,  4« 
muscles  of  tho  leg  were  oonlraered.  Tbis  was  a  little  more thaiali» 
dr»d  ye*w  ago.  This  led  to  the  invention  of  the  galvanio  battery," 
instrunient  by  which  man  was  enabled  to  generate  electricity  fori" 


Fhew 
'sm«4 


:» 


r 


fl 


Kb. 


IXyLCE.yCJ£  OF  IXVENT!0NS   Oy  CIVIUZATIOX.  Mi 

own  use.  But  many  years  were  Btill  to  elapse  before  man  oould  turn 
the  iuElninieDt  to  much  ocrrico. 

Fort.)'  years  tiit«r,  aaotht-r  obiH'm}r  noticed  tliat,  wlicn  a  wire  which 
was  ciirrf  ing  a  eamnt  of  eleclricily  generated  by  a  bjiilery  waw  plitvcd 
near  ihu  neetlle  of  a  cotnpaia,  it  turned  th<>  iiMidle  one  way  or  thv  othor 
on  it«  pivot.  A  few  yean  later,  Faraday  discovered  that  if  suob  a 
win:  wu  wound  around  a  piece  of  soft  iron,  it  made  s  magnet  of  tha 
iron.  Out  of  these  simpio  fnets  have  arisen  the  inventions  of  the  tele- 
graph, the  tclophoDc,  and  the  elvctrie  light.  The  oldest  of  these  in< 
▼eutionis  the  telegraph,  ifl  only  about  forty-fivo  years  old,  and  tlicro 
sre  many  who  can  eauly  roineraber  Ifae  feelingfi  of  iuonnliiltty  and 
MnazeiDCnt  n-itb  which  the  claim  that  the  invention  bad  been  mado 
wat  received. 

Can  any  one  calealato  tho  influence  which  this  tDvention  is  dcatined 
to  have  upon  the  condition  of  man?  Wo  think  it  has  spread  over  the 
world  with  wonderful  rapidity.  And  so  it  biu.  But  the  world  has 
just  begun  to  u*c  it.  Allliough  we  see  telegraph  line*  spread  all  over 
hb  country,  and  we  say  and  think  that  ererybody  nsca  tho  telegmpli, 
yet  tho  number  of  messages  sent  last  year  did  not  mneh  exceed  one  to 
each  two  perwons  in  the  land,  while  the  number  of  letters  written,  in- 
otading  poilal-cards,  probably  exceeded  (en  to  ench  indiTidaat.  When 
messages  can  be  sent,  »»  they  insist  certainty  will  bo,  to  any  part  of  tho 
iland  for  ten  c«nts  or  les«,  tnultititdvs  of  people,  who  never  think  now 
of  using  the  telegraph  except  u]ton  inatien  of  proising  importance, 
^wlU  tifo  it  upon  the  moat  common  occasions.  Uow  many  timeo  would 
ihe  simple  "  all  well "  be  exchanged  daily  between  friends  if  it  could 

done  for  five  or  ten  cents  t 

A  Riuttitodo  of  iovcnton  havu  been  necessary  to  make  the  tele- 
grnpli  wh.it  it  in,  and  its  tmproTenuMit  was  never  going  on  more  rapidly 
ihan  to-day,  I  well  remember  how  difficult  it  wiu>  for  many  porsoDS 
to  fonn  an  idea,  when  the  telegraph  waa  Srst  iiiv<!ntC4l,  of  the  way  it 
worked.  It  was  not  an  uncommon  belief  that  the  paper  on  which  the 
,ge  was  written  was  in  Komo  way  sent  along  the  wire  to  its  desti- 
Ation.  But  tho  idea  become  familiar  after  a  little  time  that  the  elec- 
icity  only  irawrscd  the  line  and  operated  a  mcclioniAm  at  the  distant 
jtUoc  wbicli  recorded  the  message  in  a  new  language,  or  delivered  it 
directly  to  the  ear,  and  people  began  to  think  that  they  understowl 
bow  tho  telegraph  was  worked.  Bat  when  inventors  began  to  talk 
about  Mrnding  (wo  or  thrt^'  mcNKiigcs  over  the  same  wire,  at  the  same 
time,  the  limit  of  belief  seemed  to  have  been  n-iichrd,  and  people  ob- 
stinately refused  to  believe  that  the  thing  could  be  done.     But  it  has 

n  don«  in  more  ways  than  one,  and  now  there  are  numorous  wires 

(he  country  over  which  four  or  ev^-n  six  messages  are  sent  at  the 
same  time.  As  these  invcntionit  (nable  one  wire  to  do  the  work  of 
two  or  four  or  more,  the  wircn  which  are  wanting  aro  called  by  tba 
legmpb  people  "  phantom -wires."     Tlie  improvement  of  tlio  tdo- 


ano 
Htim' 
Hstin 
Hbe«i 

■^ID    I 


66i  TBE  POPULAR  SCIBKCK  MOSTBLY. 

graph  U  taking  other  diiwotloos.     On  the  common  line*  tlw  i 
ftTs  KDt  bj  tho  operator  at  the  rate  of  about  thutj-  or  forty ' 
miiiDte.   Hut  iDveotioDa  ar«  Id  progmM,  and  arc  now  betng  introda 
«bich  will  enable  a  (bousaod  worda  a  minute  to  be  leDl. 
sending  lacMagca  from  Boston  to  New  York  orer  one  wire,  and  i 
ing  tticm  there,  at  the  rate  of  a  tbotiHand  words  a  minatc !    Few  | 
pie  Rpcak  al  the  rate  of  two  hundred  words  a  minnto. 

Thoae  of  na  who  are  in  the  habit  of  receiving  ron^agm,  oft<a  gtt 
them  pnnted  on  tong  strips  of  paper.  The  inn-ntion  uitcsl  in  •ending 
BMMigea  in  that  way  is  on«  which  enables  a  maa  in  New  York,  bj 
toncbtog  keys  like  thorn  of  a  piano,  to  operate  a  priatiog-machine  io 
Boston  or  Chicagoi 

The  highect  achit'vcnH-nl*  in  l(l<^mpliy  are  nndotibledljr  raKhtJ 
IB  the  ocean  tdegrapb.  It  dcnianded  a  whole  line  of  inventions  pecul- 
iar to  itself.  A  simple  wire  could  not  be  used  for  a  conducur.  It 
would  give  out  the  elrctricity  Io  tbe  water  so  fast  that  noa«  vosU 
roach  the  farllii?r  cod  to  deliver  lliv  message,  and  t  bo  wire  itsdf  voaU 
be  Speedily  ilostroycd,  A  coating  mast,  tlicn-forc,  bo  found  far  il 
which  would  at  once  protect  tbe  wire  from  the  action  of  ihc  wsis 
and  ke«p  the  electricity  from  going  off  into  the  water.  \Mien  mcb  i 
coating  bad  been  invented,  it  was  found  neceHary  to  etrengtbes  tlie 
copper  wire  used  for  the  conductor  by  the  addition  of  steel  vcm, 
which  must  not  touch  tho  copper  wire,  but  suiToaod  it,  and  thii  leo 
mast  t>c  protccu-d  by  a  coating.  Then  machiuerj-  hod  to  be  iovated 
to  combine  the  cop]>cr  and  Mecl  wires  with  the  coating  material  into 
a  cables  Other  machinery  bad  to  be  iDveoted  to  deliver  the  nhW 
from  a  ship  as  she  sailed  over  tho  course  wliere  the  cable  was  to  t« 
laid.  Only  the  stearasbip  could  bo  nscd  for  the  purpose,  and  tba*  ibt 
ioTontion  of  the  steani-en<;ine  gave  to  man  tbo  power  to  establish  wen 
telegnphs.  New  instruments  of  the  raoat  wonderful  sensibility  kid 
to  be  invented  both  for  sending  and  receiving  the  inewtagea.  A  roinuit 
magnet  carries  a  tiny  mirror  aod  \a  suspended  by  a  thread  bo  »  In 
y!^  to  the  slighted  impube.  A  ray  of  ligiit  from  a  lamp  fall*  upM 
tbi*  mirror  and  is  reflected  upon  a  screen  some  feet  distant  This  nv 
of  light  is  the  finger  which  tho  operator  waicbea  upon  the  screen.  At 
tbe  corrent  in  tho  wire  varies  under  tho  action  of  the  sending  iaitTD- 
iBCnt,  tho  magnet  tHrns  one  way  or  the  other,  and  the  spot  of  light  "O 
tba  Kn>on  moves  one  way  or  the  other  and  lodicates  the  signals  of  llx 
XiMW  alphabet  to  the  operator  and  enable*  him  to  spell  out  tbe  wtf^ 

Sonetimee  a  fault  is  developed  in  tho  wire  a.«  it  lie«  on  the  botum 
at  tlie  oocan,  and  nigtials  citn  not  be  »rnt.     Doc*  it  »ccm  ponible  tkH 

I  can  tell  whereabout  on  three  thou*and  milcit  of  wire,  two  nato 
water,  the  faolt  is  ?  He  has  invented  instramcnts  which  (o- 
•Me  ba  to  do  it,  and  to  send  a  restel  to  tho. very  spot  over  the  mR 
vtcc*  the  fault  is,  pick  up  the  wire  and  mend  it,  and  return  it  to  >>> 
T«lii«-?hw«. 


A 


^ 


INFLUENCE  OF  INVENTIONS  ON  CIVILIZATION.  66j 


^ 

w- 


K 


Some  time  boforo  his  death,  in  181d,  white  routing  frnm  libor  In 
hb  old  age,  Jjunci  Wut,  wlti-n  wkvd  to  allow  fai.i  fL-llowciliuna  to 
honor  him  with  fc  seal  in  Pari iaint^ til,  refused,  saying  that  he  had  given 
empioymviit  to  the  better  part  of  a  ntillioa  of  men,  and  bad  earned  the 
igbt  to  rest  from  work.  To  bow  many  millions  of  men  isinec  thon  ban 
hi*  iiiT«ntion  gireo  employment  I  In  a  life  of  Watt  publiidiol  manjr 
years  sXaca  I  tind  a  statement  that  the  Htcam-powcr  of  tbe  world  was 
equal  to  tbat  of  400,000,000  mon,  and  tfaia  amount  baa  probably  been 
doablcd  sinee  the  vtiitcmciit  wh8  made.  And  yet  tbo  world  has  ereii 
now  but  jutrt  begun  to  reap  the  fruits  of  ibia  invention.  Kach  year 
itawMM  lh«  extension  of  ita  use. 

About  seveuty  years  ago  Robert  Pulton,  one  of  tbe  greate«t  ni«- 
ohanical  geniasea  of  this  country,  applied  the  Bt«am.erig)ne  lo  a  boat 
and  made  the  first  trial  of  a  Hhip  moTiM  by  tbe  power  of  heat  in  a  trip 
from  New  York  to  Albany.  Now  every  ocean  is  plowed  by  the 
steamship,  and  there  is  hardly  a  navigable  rirer  on  Ute  faoe  of  tlie 
globo  thai  has  not  become  a  highway  for  it.  A  few  yean  Inter,  in 
1830,  Qeorgc  titepbenson  invented  tbe  looomotive  and  gave  to  man  the 
railroad,  and  now,  sixty  years  later,  wo  have  more  than  1S8,000  milcfl 
of  r«ilroa<l  in  operation  in  this  country  alone. 

I  believe  that  no  other  Englishman  has  done  so  much  for  bts  fel- 
low-men, so  much  to  oliaogc  the  social  and  eoonoraleot  oonditiona  of 
Hociety,  m  George  Stephenson. 

Wonld  you  like  to  know  how  much  the  stenm-engine  luu  increoMd 
itbo  power  of  man  in  Massachusetts  ?  I  can  tell  you  what  the  locomo- 
;tlvo  has  done.  In  1878  the  railroad  companies  of  thin  State  had  I,OSO 
lomotives.     The  proportion  duo  lo  the  amount  of  their  track  in  this 

te  was  757,  and  the  work  they  did  was  e<|ual  to  what  013,rt(5 
lorses  eonld  do  on  good  common  rond«,  and  was  equivalent  to  tbe 
labor  of  &,i8I,270  laboring-men,  or  to  tbat  of  a  ]>opulatton  of  nearly 
tW>,000,0(». 

Now,  In  1875,  MasMchnsetts  bad  only  obout  130,000  horses,  and 
ler  population  was  a  little  more  than  a  million  and  a  batf. 

But  this  was  not  all  tbat  Slavaobnsetts  owed  to  the  steam-engine. 
She  employs  it  largely  in  nteam-vctuH-ls  owned  in  the  Stste  or  coming 
from  abroad.  What  tbe  wbolc  amount  of  work  done  by  theoo  veenls 
was  oqnal  to  I  do  not  know,  bnt  it  was  large. 

She  also  employed  steam-  and  waler-power  tn  lier  mani)faeture« 
equal  to  that  of  1,013,488  men.  The  work  done  by  the  steam-  and 
water-power  woa  equal  to  what  could  have  been  done  by  hand-power 
by  a  iMitiulation  of  7,400,000. 

I  tbink  there  are  more  than  20,000  locomotives  in  the  United 
States.  There  would  be  more  than  that  if  all  the  roads  were  as  well 
provided  with  looomoUTes  as  tbe  roads  in  Sfas-taeliRSelu  are. 

Aasamitig  tbat  to  bo  the  number,  and  that  ihey  da  as  mncfa  work 
ae  they  do  here,  and  tbe  work  is  eqnal  to  that  of  25,000,000  bones, 


«4 


THE  POPULAR  SClSyCE  MOyTIILl'. 


or  ta  that  al  nearly  1SO,000,000  m^n,  or  to  a  population  of  ne 
800,000,000.     I  sn|r|>o«e  the  actual  poptilation  of  th«  Ut)it«d  Sc 
aeariy  60,000,000.     We  m<o  tiy  this  lio«-  much  in  thig  country  i 
tJM  inventioiu  of  Watt  and  ^trpbcnt<no  bnvo  increased  the  powmj 
ntui.    Tbc  imaginstion  «t«ggcn  aitdnr  tlie  Bgurt*. 

Of  couni;  a  buKi  of  other  invcutora  have  been  coucenicJ  vith  i 
ruttiltH  I  have  given,  but  the  results  are  none  the  lees  the  worit  of  ii- 
Teotont  beoauBB  there  aie  many  of  them. 

The  steam-«D£ine  has  entered  into  many  other  inTcntiona,  the  ■(««■■ 
drill  and  tbo  K4'am>drcdgv,  for  instance,  which  have  given  to  nun  lb 
ability  to  execute  engineering  Jimkf  of  the  moMt  extraordinary  eliatact«f; 

Tbo  ateam-bammer  U  another  of  tbc  wonders  of  modern  dimUd- 
ery  wbieb  foUoved  the  steam-engine.  One  of  the  gods  of  satknt 
mythology  was  Vnlcan,  a  blaeksmitfa,  who  waa  sappoc«d,  I  belien.  tc 
have  forged  tbc  thunderbolts  of  Jnpitvr.  What  conception  tnaj  htn 
been  entertaiiKd  of  his  power  or  of  (he  magnitude  of  ihnndcrlwlu,  I 
can  not  tiay,  but  probably  ho  wav  never  supposed  to  wield  a  hsomeT 
like  a  inodeni  steam-hammer,  weighing  thirty-Bve  tons,  throngb  a  di»- 
tance  of  ten  or  twelve  f  e^-f ,  or  to  have  eiecuted  any  work  like  the  forg- 
ing of  the  propeller-fihaft  of  a  modem  eteamshiik  Bat  what  aiiciciA_ 
gods  oould  not  do  tlie  modem  inventor  easily  docs. 

The  power  of  the  tteam-cngine  comes  from  heat — from  the  firei 
the  boiler.  Tlie  fuel  ntod  is  largely  ooal,  ittored  agca  ago  in  tbc  es  _ 
tire  has  been  long  known  to  man  and  has  been  ready  to  do  his  work, 
and  the  iron  and  ste«l  for  enginea  had  been  long  known.  Bnt  not  till 
the  magic  of  the  inventor  bad  brought  the«e  things  together  did  mia 
learn  what  power  was  lying  ready  to  his  band. 

If  at  the  time  Watt  made  his  improvement  in  the  steam-enguK 
some  change  in  the  laws  of  Nature  bad  come  into  play  which  hKl 
gradually  increased  the  physical  power  of  man  nntil  now  it  had  beoMie 
tenfold  greater  than  it  was,  this  incri-aite  would  not  be  cqnil  (otial 
which  man  has  gained  from  tbc  laboni  of  Watt  and  the  inventOTS  *b« 
have  sucoecdod  him  in  the  development  of  that  instrument,  and  ii  Ike 
Invention  and  improvement  of  machines  to  be  uaed  in  conneetio*  wA 
iL  And  this  increased  power  of  man  iv  nnt  exert<'d  for  the  rich  akiu^ 
but  la  ahared  by  the  great  mas;  of  men  as  impartially  an  if  the  povff 
of  each  individual  had  been  ttwreased,  ax  I  have  snpposcd,  in  the  taait 
ratio.  Wc  Mc  thin  mo«t  strikingly  in  the  ability  which  the  raibW 
and  the  1elegra]>h  hare  given  to  the  laboring-men  in  the  mechsaif*' 
indnMrics  throughout  the  land  to  combine  and  organize  for  mntal 
snpport,  and  in  opposition,  as  it  is  said,  to  capital. .  It  is  only  tfaroo^ 
the  agency  of  the  railroad  and  the  telegraph  that  a  great  body  of  1*- 
boring-men  scattered  over  n  wide  area  of  territory  are  abl«  to  org«ni» 
and  a<-t  an  a  iiriil,  and  ihitit  secure  the  highest  priees  for  their  lflk>r 
which  the  nature  of  their  work  and  the  demands  of  society  will  p**" 
mil.     It  is  only  by  reason  of  the  capital  of  others  invested  in  lk« 


ncicM 
eari^ 


H  SSFLVSNCB  OF  INVENTIONS  ON  CIVILIZATION.  665 

^nwotnt  Iiirentionti  tluit  lAtioring-mon  hwe  nrqiiircl  t]t«  power,  wlitoh 
y  nay  )><:  used  eitbor  wUcIy  or  un^viitely,  tu  aeouro  aud  excrcUe  th« 
Btiviiiflli  wbich  cornea  from  anion,  aud  U>  deal  vith  employera  and 
^^capitJiliHU  OQ  nil  cqiiiJ  footing,  if  not  witli  the  conditions  in  tii«>tr  faror. 
^1       lake  another  illitstratiun  : 

^1       On«>  of  tliP  nKMiL  ninplo  traosaction*  of  oar  livM  U  to  piirchuo  a 
^KpOHtnl-Ranl  for  one  cent,  wrii«  a  <-omn)unication  on  onu  cide,  and  on 
tlic  opixnite  side  a  direction  to  a  correBpondent  in  any  part  of  the 
I^B  United  Statea  or  Canada,  and  drop  it  into  a  box  on  a  etrwt  comer. 
^^Wa  have  do  further  control  over  or  agency  in  it ;   but  w«  aro  per- 
fectly SMurcd  that  it  will  in  no  long  time,  within  a  wct'k,  ctcti  if  it« 
destination  ia  Sait  Fnocisco,  be  delivered  to  the  corrctipondont.     And, 
if  wo  witth  to  write  n  long  loUcr,  we  have  only  to  add  another  cent 
and  purohaAe  a  {lo-iiage-titatnp,  for  whtoh  a  letter  weighing  one  onnoe 
may  id  like  niannor  bo  sent  and  delivered.     \ow  the  ability  to  do 
this  is  shared  by  ric4i  and  poor  alike,  for  Ihero  is  hardly  any  depth  of 
^Bpoverty  which  precludes  any  one  from  doing  what  I  have  described. 
^Pliot  there   i*  no  Htvp  in   the  trannctiun,  from  the  purchase  of  the 
atamp  or  oiini  to  the  dolivery  to  the  corroipondent,  or  in  the  anU-c«- 
^^dent  condiituna  which  make  it  possible,  whidi  in  not  an  invention.     I 
^■oao  not  attempt  to  enumerate  the  inventions  directly  or  indirectly 
'     involved,  and  I  refer  to  the  matter  only  as  an  illnatration  of  the  re- 
r     Kulta  which  have  hccn  reached  by  ioTention  in  placing  tliinga  highly 
^■important  or  desirable  to  men  within  the  reach  of  all.     It  is  not 
^^  many  yeora  ainev  the  ntca  of  ptwlago  in  this  country  were  so  higli, 
varying  from  nix  cent*  to  twcnty-llvc  011  cuwih  tiheet,  that  a  corrcspond- 
eow  with   di«laiil  friends  involved  an  cxpenite  which  could  be  htil 
aparingly  indulged  by  laboring-men,  and  a-ast  felt  to  he  a  burden  I>y 
many  in  comfortable  circutnstaitoci.    The  coat  of  sending  a  letter  four 
hasdred  miles  was  equal  to  the  priee  of  half  a  day's  work  at  the  com- 
mon monthly  rate  of  wages  of  agricultural  laborers.     Kow  a  letter  may 
bo  sent  t«n  times  aa  far,  at  one  twelfth  the  cost,  and  in  less  than  one 

»|eBlh  the  time. 
A  fttw  yeara  after  Watt  invented  the  Klcam-engine,  and  while  he 
was  laboring  to  improve  it  and  adapt  it  to  the  various  wants  of  the 
worid,  a  wonderful  military  genius  arose  in  Europe,  who  filled  the 
vorld  with  his  fame  and  made  himcelf  as  large  a  place  in  history,  pei^ 
haps,  aa  any  man  ever  did.  Ho  played  linvoc  with  the  nations  of  Eu- 
rope, ehovged  the  bonndartes  of  connlricH  and  their  forma  of  govern- 
ment, and  apparently  raised  Franco  to  the  highest  pitch  of  power.  But 
lio  lived  to  destroy.  Pleasuring  Bonaparte  and  Watt  by  their  works 
and  their  works  by  the  consequence*  which  followed  them,  and  which 
must  Bliiml  a*  the  gn^altT  f^ri  in  tho  hiHtory  of  the  world?  Which 
oontrolled  niii«  iwtently,  for  his  own  time  and  for  the  fntnre,  the  des- 
tiny of  nationa,  and  which  most  deserves  the  admiration  and  homage, 
1^  not  to  lay  gratitude,  of  mankind  F 


«6fi 


TIlS  POPULAR  SCIBKCB  UOSTBLY. 


^ 


I  heu  peopt«  not  infrvqucntlj  exproM  tfao  belief  tlut  mao  willfocn 
exbatut  tbc  field  of  iuTcntion.  The  inventioiu  of  the  la>t  eentarj  hire 
btwn  so  nutw-rouA  aud  voQ<IerfaI  that  to  many  minds  it  Menu  mM 
Kkeljr  tlial  man  will  »o»n  reach  the  limit  of  bis  powej*,  or  that  ho  will 
exhaust  the  resources  of  Katiir«.  But  there  is  little  resson  to  feorthal 
cither  con<lilinii  i-aii  1>c  reached  for  ages,  if  ever.  It  is  as  littJe  likelf 
tbat  niati  w-tll  criu-  reach  the  limit  of  iaveiition  as  it  is  thftt  be  will  b« 
able  to  fix  the  bounds  of  the  uoiverse.  Man  mates  inventions  bjeon- 
bioing  the  materials  and  forces  of  Nature,  to  as  to  reach  now  reeolbi 
Let  any  one  coomder  how  numcroos  ar*  the  materials  which  Nsien 
presents  to  the  obscmtion  and  lUO  of  man,  how  varied  in  kiivd  sad 
degree  are  tliu  forces  wbicb  are  in  constant  ojieraliori,  and  how  noltt- 
fariooa  and  intricate  are  the  lave  which  gOTeni  their  actions  and  it- 
latioiu^  and  tbeo  calculate,  if  be  can,  the  number  of  possible  coabl- 
naUiotts  which  can  be  made.  I  have  seen  the  statement,  which  it  ao 
doubt  Ime,  that  the  6ftcen  blocks  in  tbc  gcm-puzzlo  can  bo  amofcd 
ra  more  than  a  million  diffcront  ways.  If  this  stmplo  toy  potMMca 
each  capabilities,  what  po«*ibility  ii  there  that  man  can  ever  exiMtf 
tbe  field  of  Kature  t  Wonderful  as  man's  iiiToiitioD«  Bn;  m  Dunbrr 
and  character,  they  are  at  an  infinite  distance  behind  the  vorb  o( 
yatDr&  What  a  multitude  of  created  things  there  are  in  Natutt, 
L-Aifg  simply  at  spceiee  fttid  varieties,  and  not  at  tbo  indiriduali  I 
Bow  many  kinds  of  plants  and  aniouds  arc  to  be  found  !  What  ml- 
titades  of  reptiles  and  insects !  No  machine  which  man  has  invfottd 
eaBs  into  play  such  wonderful  forces  or  is  pioTemed  by  such  woBd(^ 
fol  laws  as  the  humblest  plant  on  which  be  treads !  Jdan  is  far  nwo^ 
j«t  from  inrenting  a  structure  which  rhall  build  itself  up  fromtkt 
eanh,atr,  and  water,  and  scatter  geniin  fur  iu  indcltnitc  rcilQ{>Ucatmi! 
lb  has  succeeded  in  copying  some  of  the  products  of  Kature,  and  he 
will  achieve  still  greater  results,  but  in  doing  it  be  has  but  optwd 
a  new  Geld  of  invcntioii,  one  which  only  a  few  years  before  iteari 
utterly  beyond  his  reach.  He  has  enlarged  the  Geld  of  invcntieBi,Mt 
exhausted  it.  A  striking  instance  of  what  man  has  done  in  thuoe* 
direction  b  exhibited  in  the  substance  called  alizarine.  It  U  Ibe  nib 
vtaitce  which  gives  to  madder  its  coloring  quality.  Not  many  j'can 
ago^  ni.-iddiT  was  cxtcnsiTcly  cultivated  in  many  countries  to  stipplj 
the  demand  for  the  arts.  Xow  the  article  is  made  artificially  from 
coal-tar,  and  the  fields  where  madder  was  cultivated  have  to  be 
deroted  to  other  purposea  Inventiou  has  taught  man  how  to  laskv 
indigo,  and  the  artifieial  article  is  likely  to  supplant  the  naiaral  pto^ 
not.  DianioiidN  have  lie<-n  produced  artificially.  I  have  foil  fahh  thil 
sugar  will  in  time  in  like  manner  bo  produced  artificially.  Stsrdi  asd 
oU  may  not  unlikely  be  provided  in  the  same  way. '  ilan  noweuki- 
vates  the  silkworm  which  devoun  mulberry-lesves  w>d  convert* a 
large  portion  into  a  glutinous  fluid  which,  when  tipun  o»t  loto! 
Inread,  hardens  and  forms  our  silk.     Man  may  yet  learn  hov 


IJfFlU£JfCJi  OF  INYENTIOXa  OS  CtVJLIZATWy.  667 


,  dircetljT  from  Ui«  twvcB,  and  pcrbAp*  cv«n  prodaco  the  i>d1>- 
liicb  \\w  worni  vliibontun,  nai  Hpin  it  into  Hillc  ] 
'  tbfl  lel«pboii«  1)03  abown  tbat  mail,  through  the  agency  of 
olectrivtiy,  can  t«Uc  with  hie  fellow-man  hundreds  of  milcH  away,  th«r« 
are  men  daiinj;  «nough  to  think  that  through  tbo  Mint  agonoy  man 
may  ycl  mo  tbingH  at  aii  vquuUy  great  distance,  80  that  yon  may  not 
only  Ltik  from  Uonton  to  your  friend  in  New  York,  but  may  actually 
see  him  aa  if  face  to  face,  and  they  claim  that  their  attempta  haro 
been  attended  with  eome  degree  of  BUocess.  Would  you  dare  to  say 
it  is  more  unlikely  that  iuch  a  mult  may  be  achieved  than  that  man 
should  bv  able  to  tniivmit  intelligence  ifmlantly  thr»)  thoututnd  roilea 
through  the  depths  of  the  ocean  ?  Ttir<:)ugli  long  ages  man  remained 
nnoonucious  of  the  presence  and  action  of  the  forces  of  magnetism  and 
eleotrioity,  but  we  now  know  tbat  they  are  coiutaiitly  ]>resi-nt  erery- 
wbere,  and  inceK<anlly  actiro.  What  other  foroea  may  »till  1>o  bidden 
from  the  oWcrvation  of  man  it  is  inipoMiblc  to  know. 

The  |irc»cnt  HcientiCo  belief  i»  that  ttii;  atiRo«phere  isaii  aggrega* 
UoD  of  infinitely  imatl  molecules,  which  really  fill  but  a  small  part  of 
the  space  the  ur  seems  to  occupy  ;  tbat  through  the  unoccupied  spaoe 
these  molecule*  are  ruHhing  at  a  high  speed,  bitting  each  other  and  the 
solid  bodies  around  them  and  rebounding,  and  that  whiit  we  call  the 
prwHurc  of  the  atmo»pbcre,  fiftecD  |>oundH  (0  the  ineh,  is  really  the 

ibardment  of  these  molecules  upon  whatever  arrests  their  counu^ 
FTho  reason  that  all  solid  things  are  noi  swept  away  by  this  incessant 
Ipounding  is,  tbat  the  blows  are  stmck  in  every  direction,  and  so  neu- 
Itralize  each  other.     I!ut  here  is  an  ever-present  and  ever-active  force, 
and,  if  man  should  over  discover  a  way  to  make  all  the  particles  of  a  body 
of  air  more  in  one  direction,  he  would  bavo  at  every  place  on  the  sur- 
face of  tho  cnrih  an  unliiniti.^1  amount  of  power  placed  at  lu»  command. 

But  even  if  man  should  accomplish  all  this,  there  would  Mill  be  an 
infinite  distanoe  between  anything  which  he  could  devise  or  construct 
and  the  organic  structures  which  grow  up  around  him  ;  between  the 
forces  which  ho  could  wield  and  tho«)  exhibited  in  the  operations  of 
Katare  ;  and  each  step  which  be  might  take,  white  it  would  mhirge 
his  knowledge,  would  at  the  same  lime  bring  him  Into  the  presence  of 
Duw  mysteries,  and  open  up  to  him  new  problems  fur  solution.  Each 
new  invention  gives  birth  to  a  host  of  other  new  on«a. 

'I1ie  steam-engine  has  been  the  study  of  inventors  for  a  hundred 
years,  and  each  year  has  witnessed  improvements  apon  it,  and  such 
improvements  arc  going  on  more  rapidly  than  ever  before. 

About  forty  years  have  elapnwl  iiiiico  IIowc  gave  tlic  sewing-ma* 
cbinv  to  tho  world,  and  thousandj  of  inventions  for  its  improvemeiil 
or  adaptation  to  new  uses  have  been  mode,  and  they  are  going  on  still. 
Tho  same  is  true  of  reaping-machines,  spinQing-machiucs,  looms,  tho 
manufarture  of  iron  and  Htecl,  printing  and  telegraphy,  and  of  almost 
.everything  mod  by  man. 


668 


THE  POPULAR  SCIBSCS  MOyTHLV. 


There  is  no  taga  tbil  lli«  work  of  Ui«  inventor  is  tiwu'  tu  tai 
tlioM  who  bclif^vc,  u  I  do,  tfaftt  lie  baa  been  the  chief  agmt  i 
progrou  of  the  woHJ,  have  no  resaoa  to  iloubt  that  the  worlil 
still  more  deeply  iii(Icht«J  to  him  u  tJii'  cvuturiint  gu  by. 

There  sro  now  in  foroc  in  Wn*  irouiitry  more  than  Iwu  liuntlrK 
fifty  ihooisad  patcuU  for  invviiliotM,  tlio  fruita  to  *  very  Inr^c  v 
of  tbn  mental  labor  of  those  irho  nrv  called  the  1ab<»rin^>Rii>n  u 
ootinlrj-.  Aside  from  the  direct  valuo  of  these  inventions  in  pra 
ing  the  oonifort  and  increasing  the  wvalth  of  the  ruiintry,  iha 
another  factor  to  be  oonsidcrcd,  having  tho  raa«l  vital  rolatton  U 
hidnstrivH  of  the  connlry  and  it«  i>owprsi  of  produelion.  Tliti 
nninb«r  of  inventions  iniplicH  a  high  de{;ree  of  iutclli^euc*-  uid 
tal  a<!tivity  in  the  great  body  of  the  people.  It  indicates  xn 
habits  of  observation  and  trained  powers  uf  applying  the  knowl 
which  has  been  aoqaired.  It  ehovs  an  ability  to  tnro  to  accouni 
forces  of  Nature  and  train  them  to  the  service  of  man.  tach  as  hai 
pOMOtMod  by  the  laborers  of  no  other  conntry.  It  tuggMU  as 
nent  and  most  importaot,  the  ini^uiry  whether  any  other  country 
well  eqnipped  for  eonipctition  in  production  as  our  own  ;  whc 
any  oihfr  country  the  taboring-maa  is  as  efficient  and  bis  labor 
fore  as  cheap  as  in  our  own  ;  whether  ho  does  not  exhibit  the  v 
paradox  of  receiving  more  for  his  labor  than  in  any  other  country, 
at  tlM  HUSO  time  doing  more  for  what  h«  receives — giving  »or 
what  be  receives,  and  receiving  more  for  what  h«  j^vea. 


COLORADO  AS  A  ■WINTEE  SANITARIT-'M. 
Bt  8AMCEL  A.  F18K,  ILD. 

WITHIN  the  past  year  the  civilized  worid  has  be«n  aboekad 
saddened  by  the  knowledge  of  the  great  d«vasUtioD  wi 
by  the  cbolcira  in  ^pain  ;  and  every  precaution,  in  tlw  way  of 
moaetircs  and  quarantine  reguIntionH,  that  modem  scicoca  rould 
gert,  wa»  taken  to  prevent  it»i  uprciuliug  into  other  coaniriea. 
public  scanned  the  oolumna  of  the  daily  press,  eager  for  iDformi 
with  regard  to  the  advance  of  this  fearful  iliinwe,  and  read 
luted  breath  as  they  learned  tliat  it  numbered  its  rictima  by  the 
of  thousands. 

If  it  wait  a  matter  of  snob  deep  and  univerBal  concern  tltat  ia  8 
101,000  souls  gave  np  their  lives  to  thia  fell  doetroyer,  ihiiuld  it 
aiao  be  a  matter  of  some  interest  to  our  own  p«opl«  tliat,  within  the 
dera  of  these  United  States,  over  01,000  ponona  dio  each  year  of 
monaiy  consumption  ?  • — tliat  twelve  ont  of  every  hundred  deaths 
cauacd  by  a  disease  which,  though  slow  In  its  prognns,  la  as  aure  ii 
r«sulta  as  obolcrn  itaelf  f 

*C«BNS.1$W. 


COLORADO  AS  A  WIKTEH  SANITARIUM. 


669 


Pth 


Skoald  It  ovtir  tranNpirc  that  some  mcanK  of  prert'Btion  &l>oDld  bo 
found,  by  mvitoi  of  wliieb  people  would  be  rendered  proof  agiiiDHt  tbi- 
dlieoM,  or  at  luul  cotdd  be  cnrcd  wben  odc«  it  bad  set  ita  mkI  upon 
them,  would  it  Dot  be  one  of  tbc  greatest  booos  Touobaafed  to  man  dnoc 
the  introdDctioB  of  Tsccinationt 

InT<>iitire  pcrBorm  bavu  from  tiino  to  timo  tltoagbt  that  they  bad 
secured  n  sure  cnro,  if  not  an  unfailing  ]>roph]rlaciio  ;  oiit),  at  tbo  pnw- 
cnt  lime,  vinoc  tbc  disoorerieB  of  Koch,  all  sorla  of  panutitiuldM  are 
being  tited  to  kill  tbe  germ  of  the  (li£«aw.  Tlic  uufortiinatv  bacWu* 
\a  DOW  being  hunted  down  with  pneuniatio  chambers,  deep  inhabitioDS, 
and  local  applicntions  inlroduoud  by  meaiui  of  tho  hypodermic  syringSi 
with  rcsniu  that  are,  to  «ay  the  1eo«t>  unoortain. 

But,  after  nil  the  yean  of  reacarch  devoted  to  tJie  Miltjuet,  and  out 
•ot  all  the  melhodii  of  prevention  and  cure  that  have  been  Roggested, 
e  one  that  haa  given  the  beet  reaulu,  aud  ia  now  being  anivenally 
adopted,  ii  change  of  climate. 

Saj'B  Profceeor  Frankiand,  in  an  article  on  tho  "T«lIowstane  Park 
aa  a  Winter  RiiMrt,"  irbicb  wan  publi^liud  in  a  recent  nnmborof  "Tlip 
I'oi>ul:ir  Science  Slonthly,"  •  "  The  great  importance  of  a  winter  sani- 
tarium for  patients  suffering  from  or  tbrcateaed  witb  oonsamptioD.and 
Other  allied  diseases  baa  long  been  recognised  and  acted  upon  in^u- 
fope^" 

Sucb  patienta  have  been  hurried  off  to  Mentone  and  the  Rivivro, 
or  sunt  across  tho  lleditcrranoaD  into  Nortbem  Africa,  or  they  have 
be«n  told  to  take  a  trip  up  tbc  Nile,  and,  more  recently,  th«y  have 
boeo  ooDgregatcd  at  Davos  in  the  Engadinc. 

If  ii  W  true  thai,  on  the  other  side  of  the  waters,  they  have  recog- 
nised the  iinportanec  of  a  change  of  climate  for  the  cure  of  oonavmp- 
tlon,  it  is  also  true  that  the  public  and  medical  profeesion  alike,  in  our 
own  country,  are  also  awakening  to  a  due  een»  of  its  officocy. 

W«  bave  our  Florida,  South  Carolina,  and  Cumb«Tland  Mountain*, 
tbo  Adirondaeks,  Soutltem  C:'Jifoniia,  Uinneftota,  and  Colorado,  and 
New  Mexico,  where  patienta  are  tient  indiscriminately,  each  one  of 
wkicb  places  has  ita  colorio  of  especial  admirers,  and  over  the  respect- 
ive merit*  of  which  a  gix^at  deal  of  verbal  warfare  has  been  waged. 

It  IN  nut  the  intention  of  tlic  writer  to  enter  upon  any  ai^uments 
witb  so-called  climatologidls  as  to  what  arc  the  npeciflo  elements  of  a 
climate  adapted  to  consumptives,  nor  to  give  a  detailed  comparison  of 
tbc  several  resorts.  Each  plaeo  can  undoubtedly  give  il«  instances  of 
rcroarkuble  ciirca,  ai«  can  also  Cape  Cod  and  certain  portions  of  >>cw 
Jersey  ;  and  some  rare  and  isolated  caMs  could  also  bo  cited  where 
complete  recovery  has  resoltcd  oven  in  tbe  large  cities ;  but  the  point 
u,  to  determine  just  where  and  under  what  conditions  we  may  invaria- 
bly look  for  the  beet  reeulta. 

To  be  able  to  speak  ex  catAedra  on  snch  a  matter  would  require  an 
^L  •  Ja>r.  ISSS. 


670 


TUB  POPUIAS  aCISlfCB  ilOXTBLY. 


cxpeiMDC«  rocli  u  falls  to  the  tot  of  bnt  few,  sod  »  long  sad  i 
iBTtatigation  of  auibtiot  whirb  have  not  u  f«t  be«B  compiled. 

It  M  tbcKftrrv  Uu!  Intention  of  the  present  article  to  frire  ttstincsj 
only  in  regard  to  tbe  climate  of  Colorado ;  to  point  oat  to  thoce  xck- 
ing  sncb  iufomution  vbat  tbey  maj  raamnably  ntprct  to  find  ben: 
sad  to  procLum  to  that  large  invalid  cUa  In  the  £m1  and  Socob,  to 
vbidi  wc  onrvdTc*  at  one  time  belonged,  tbe  restoration  to  bnhb 
wbiefa  we,  wiib  tbonsands  npon  tbonsaads  of  others,  have  fotmd  is  tbii 
gloiioiu  climateL 

CoMrAKisoir  or  Clucatic  CoxDRioxt  witb  tbosk  at  DAToe.— 
Vntwm  Ftanktand,  in  fbe  article  quoted,  sons  ap  the  cUnulic  om- 
dtUoDa  proTatling  at  I>aT0«,  which  he  establbbes  as  a  criterioii,  u  ftl- 
lova,  Ti2. :  "1.  Great  ekvation  abore  wa-leTcl  (S,400  feet).  S.  A 
eontutDiOtis  and,  during  winter,  permanent  covering  of  snow.  3L  k 
iinniiinim  of  watery  rapor  in  the  air.  4.  A  clear  ran,  ft.  A  cleao  >t- 
mospbcre,  free  from  lymotic  germ*,  diut,  and  fog.  6.  A  (ibeltertd  pod- 
tioo,  fATonble  for  receiving  botb  the  direct  and  reSccted  aoUr  rajB." 

A  oompariwon  will  tihow  tbat,  in  all  bat  one  of  tbeae  conditioiM, 
Colocado  can  make  a  favorable  showing  with  Davoo,  and  tbat,  ukii^ 
cmythiBg  into  consideration,  &be  can  como  nearer  to  fulSUi^ 
TequircmeDt«  than  any  other  portion  of  tbe  United  State*. 

Aa  regard*  tbiii  single  condition,  tbat  of  having  a  perpetual 
ing  of  snow,  whatever  may  be  iu  effects  opon  tbe  iJavos  climiie,  n 
of  Colorado  have  been  wont  to  consider  it  a  great  point  in  our  faier 
that,  tbrongbout  the  winter,  we  are  almost  entirely  free  from  mov, 
aod  that  our  sindy  and  porous  Kiil  drinks  it  up  rapidly  when  it  coatei. 
We  have  regarded  this  as  an  advantage,  because  onr  cun-teiniwratiotf 
ue  warm  enongb  witboot  tbe  additional  beat  of  tbe  "  reflected  rajs' 
tbat  come  from  snow ;  because  its  presence  would  interfere  so  matin- 
ally  witb  tbe  ont-of-door  life  that  our  invalids  lead  ;  and  because  ex- 
perience has  shown  that,  where  there  is  the  continuous  covering  of 
mow  as  Occam  in  the  Xorthwett,  tlicrc  conies  tbe  tbaw,  which  is  nsnallf 
Qi>^troiioiis  witb  tbe  tbaw  at  the  coast,  and  wbicb  brings  in  its  tnin 
gnat  atno^heric  moisture  and  cbill,  and  that,  too,  at  a  time  wkn 
patients  are  seeking  to  avoid  simitar  conditionn  at  tbcir  homes. 

In  order  tbat  we  may  prove  otir  ararrtion  with  rcgani  to  our  hir- 
ing so  little  snow,  we  Introduce  a  table  showing  the  exact  amoaal  tn 
inches  of  rain  and  melted  snow  tbat  fell  at  Denver  during  the  win 
of  ie6l-'85  : 

TABLK   OF  rBKCiriTATlOK. 


3 


Htl-IS& 


Amonnt  tn  IsrtK*  of  rmla- 
faU  snd  (Dow-Ul. 


o-u 


Oct. 


0-21 


Bar. 


0-19 


Dm. 


0» 


To  return  now  to  a  eonnidcration  of  iho  conditions  prevailinf  si 
Davos,  "bich  may,  in  the  main,  be  taken  as  those  which  are  bw* 


JliSkn 


COLORADO  AS  A  WINTER  SAKITARIUM. 


671 


BWou 
Vpon 


litgblf  GSt««nic<I  by  iJio  advocstc*  of  cIvvatH  and  cool  rMorts,  wo  find 
ia  Colonido  thai,  ho  far  an  oluvation  is  ooncemcd,  the  range  in  the 
tovDA  i«  from  tliat  of  Uvnver,  at  A,380  feet,  to  tbat  of  Leadvillc,  which 
in  Bonicwhat  over  10,000  foot  above  soa-Icvcl.  Int«m]e<)iate  are  Colo- 
rado Springs,  ft,000  feet ;  Manitou  Spring*,  brtweun  6,000  and  7,000 
feet ;  C'adon  City,  nWnt  ihv  «3nic  ;  Siilidn,  7,000  feet ;  Poiiolia  Springs, 
Idaho  Springs,  liotildcr,  and  Longmont,  about  7,500  feet ;  Gtinnixm, 
Qcotgetown,  and  Alamosa,  in  the  oeighborhood  of  8,000  feet,  and  bo 
on.  So  that  all  the  argaments  dcriTcd  from  elevation  above  Ma-levcl 
are  applicable  to  Colorado  as  well  aa  to  Davo*. 

If  at  Davoa  U  U  found  that  there  ia  diminubod  atmospheric  preaa- 

.Bre  ;  that,  u  a  consequence,  there  ia  a  iilower  ab«traction  of  heat 

Irom  the  body,  to  that  low  temperatores  do  not  fe^l  ao  cold  aa  tlioy 

DuM  in  a  lower  and  denser  region  ;  that  there  is  greater  beating 

^power  in  the  direct  rayn  nf  the  «un,  and  that  tbcro  is  a  freedom  from 

germ-life  (a  tuppotiition  baMi>d  on  the  experiments  of  Pasteur  and 

TyndiiU),  nil  due  to  simplo  elevation,  tlic  same  haa  been  found  to  bo 

true  in  Colorado. 

As  r<^gBrds  tbe  humidity  of  the  air,  on  whieli  condition  wrilen  on 
climate  lay  so  much  stress,  and  among  them  the  author  to  whom  we 
bavo  already  referred,  tbe  data  are  full  and  satisfactory. 

Colorado  is  vituated  in  the  r.onc  nf  greatest  ntino«phpric  dryness, 
both  relative  and  absolute,  of  any  inhabited  jwrtion  of  the  United  StAtoa. 
A  compilation  of  the  etaiistica  of  tlio  Signal  Service  Bnrean, 
Jnited  Staler  Array,  shows  that  the  mean  relative  humidity  of  Denver 
for  four  years  was  ouly  45-6,  That  id,  taking  the  satnni  ion-point,  or 
Ibo  point  at  which  the  atmixspherc  is  holding  all  tbe  moisture  that  it 
can,  aa  100,  then  the  air  at  Denver  is  only  458  per  cent  of  saturation, 
and  it  la  capable  of  holding  5-1-2  |>cr  cent  inoro  moistare  than  it  does. 
Tbe  aame  table  shows  that  Ute  air  of  New  York  is  70r3  per  cent  of 

.     aaturatioD ;  that  of  Jacksonville,  Florida,  fiO  per  cent,  and  that  of 

^D.os  Angeles  65-8  per  cent. 

H^      It  must  be  undcrrtood,  In  this  connection,  that  the  satHrntion-point 

■b  Dot  at  all  a  fixed  one,  nor  is  it  a  contrtant  quantity  at  any  ^ven 
{^■06,  as  it  varies  both  with  the  barometrii*  prestiurc  and  with  the  tem- 
perature ;  tio  that,  as  a  consequence  of  this,  many  writera  prefer  to 
apeak  of  the  absolute  rather  than  of  the  relative  hnmidity,  in  making 
compariAODs  of  tlic  atmospherio  dryness  of  place*. 

Several  years  ago  we  had  occasion  to  point  out,  in  thi«  connection, 
lliat,  while  a  mean  for  four  years  showe^l  that  the  Denver  air  con- 
tained only  181  grain  of  vapor  (by  weight)  to  the  cnbio  foot,  the  air 
of  Jseksonvillo  contains  5-30  grains,  and  that  of  Lo«  Angeles  3*77 
gnuns,  to  the  foot ;  or,  as  we  then  remarked,  an  *'  amount  which,  aa 
botwovn  Denver  and  Jacksonville,  is  as  I  to  3,  and,  aa  between  Denver 
and  Loe  Angeloa,  b  m  1  to  S."  * 

Hp  "  CUnuM  ia  tbe  Om  of  Oonmmptlon  "  ^Sdcece,"  Sepctaabw  SS  mil  October  9, 1981) 


I      boi 


(^  TSM  rO^CIUB  SC/ZXCS  JtO.VTJILr. 

SlMK  Ac  afcov*  vw  viteB,  Ac  aiAJMt  has  been  Tery  i 
pmeMcabr  ■>»•«<  mil  nil  J  ■■>■,  ybEAcq  hi  the  "Report  ailh 

CUrf  SigBBl-OSeB  "  far  US^  vtiefc  H^a  were  ooiupik-d  kl  tbt  <^> 
g«MioB  apd  enneat  MfioBiHB  «<  tic  Colondo  Sute  AleOical  Sock^.* 

'ney  sbov  plualj  !&■!,!■  the  qnag  nd  aaiutnti  of  1S8^  tbr  fw 
tion  of  ibe  I'ahtd  StaSts  vU^  gotaiwad  tbe  fvwe«t  graiss  of  n|« 
to  tbe  cabk  foot  of  air  (vii:,  1*5  gnia)  «a»  tb«  portion  of  tbe  BaAj 
Mountain  ranga  nadHag  fram  near  Ike  Dortbcm  boanlai;  o(  Wjo- 
ming  lo  abool  tbe  eM*«ol  Sew Mpiira  and  Arizona ;  andtbat,*Ui 
during  tbe  winter  noUkaibe  Xanhwm,  owing  to  tbe  cxtnamaii, 
coolabied  only  bom  0-5  to  ID  gnim  «f  vapor,  that  section  wUckm 
are  oonsidoring  contained  tbe  wa  wcnni  throughout  its  noHha 
half,  whilo  iti  (ovtbcn  half  m^td  (roa  1  to  1-S  grain.  Dariagtk 
tome  winter  munlbs  tbe  vapor  abi^  Ibc  Cdifomia  coast  it  aiaiMii 
baring  been  2i  grains  to  tbe  foot,  and  to  Florida  it  was  i  gi^iuB 
Un  north  aod  T  grains  at  K«y  Wert. 

We  wi»h  to  nbpliaaiia  thb  natter  of  «xtmne  atmospberio  dtjKK 
as  it  not  only  pUyif  a  most  important  piatt  In  a  consideration  at  ibi 
clireatio  cnn>  of  cousumptioo,  ttut  it  is  alao  a  prini-  fnctor  in  makrng 
wbat  to  an  Easlcm  mind  may  *ppeu  w  low  teoiperatum,  not  ooif 
beawMe  bnt  even  comfortable. 

Says  Professor  Frankland,  "Tbe  abaracc  of  snepooded  ntn? 
pMliclM  in  llio  nir  Iiut,  no  donbl,  very  eonttderablv  inflnence  ia  pn- 
iflinj^  tbe  dttlliug  of  ihv  >kiu  "  ;  and  tbis,  togctber  with  dinumJitd 
aunoipberio  pressure — which,  (be  same  writer  says,  makes  the  air,  if 
Mill.  ft«l  warmer  at  an  derated  station  than  in  lower  aod  denser  n^m 
af  tba  ■tinosph«rc,  "  in  consequeacc  of  tb«  slow4-r  ahstracUoo  of  best 
(kon  tbe  body  "— tlicw  conditions,  we  say,  are  the  reasons  why  b* 
taH|Mntnm  with  ns  do  not  feel  so  cold — aad,  so  f ar  ac  being  out  «E 
teon  ia  concerned,  really  are  not  to  cold — u  tbe  oorrespotiding 
peratnra  at  sea-lereL 

Tbe  next  favorable  atmoepheric  condition  mentioned  as  i 
DttToa  is  tbe  fact  thai  Uicro  is  a  "clear  snn,"  by  wliicU,  we 
b  ntenat  an  absence  of  olonda  and  a  large  amount  of  sunvhtne. 

Ia  tbis  connection  we  have  previondy  called  attention 
thai  tbere  are  in  this  climate,  od  the  average,  three  hundred  and  tvnl; 
amtay  days  per  annum,  when  the  invalid  can  Iw  out  of  doon  Is 
otbcr  words,  our  cloudy  day»,  as  interpreti'd  by  the  Signal  Serricc 
— L  e^,  days  when  the  heavens  are  from  seven  tenths  to  ten  tenlbs  «b- 
•cured  by  clouds  at  7  J>,  m.,  3  and  1 1  r,  u.,  Wasbington  tioM— sv 
doudy  days  average  only  forty-Hx,  while  in  Kew  York  tb«y  arengt 
one  hundri-d  and  nine,  at  Jacksonville  eighty-«evcn,  aod  at  St.  Pol 
one  hundred  and  foar  per  annum. 

This  f»ct  also  has  been  graphically  portrayed  l>y  another  B«i«»' 

■  JU  •  ■Mobtr  of  tfaa  eonmiUw  (roid  ihai  (odcty,  liilnwtt>d  «lih  ih«  m>IMr,*«i^ 
I  ia  sdcBcmfadging  i1m  ouimmu  allcnUaD  out  rvquest  raodted. 


A 


COLORADO  AS  A   WliVTSR  SANITARIUM. 


673 


ki 


maifty  funlslMd  by  Ute  StgDal-Serrke  Bnrcaa  to  tho  Cotorodo  Statu 
Msdioal  Society,  at  lfa«  time  thxt  tbcy  gavo  tb«  ««rica  illuHtrating 
obsoluto  huoiiilit):.  TtiM  iH  A  wrii-n  uf  four  maps,  r«)ir«fleiiting  ia 
color  kn<I  by  scuions  tliv  ainuunt  of  cloutliucits  existing  tbrougboot  tlie 
UnitMl  Scaleii.  Tbey  abow  tbat  Denver  wu  in  tbe  region  of  greatest 
mDoliino  for  tbe  aatunrn  and  winter  of  tbe  year  1882,  wbtlu  in  the 
■prtDg  months  of  the  same  year  the  grcatwt  amount  of  »un»liin«  won 
found  in  lower  Arizona,  and  tlie  coniitry  iiiimudiut«ly  Hurroumling  it. 

This  element  of  vuiubiiii',  M  affecting  ibo  ability  of  an  invalid  to 
lead  an  oot-of-door  life,  can  not  be  too  bigbly  estimated.  I'bat  most 
inincnt  authority,  Dr.  Auattu  Flint,  in  speaking  of  tbe  good  to  bo 
derived  In  eases  of  consumption  from  a  life  out  of  doors,  write^  *'  It  ia 
probable  that  to  this  source  much  of  tbe  bcttl^fit  derived  from  obODge 
of  climate  is  to  bo  referred."  •  Certainly  tbe  experience  of  every  prac- 
titioner of  medicine,  who  has  had  raucb  to  do  with  treating  tlie  disease, 
will  bear  out  the  aMsertion  of  the  diHtinguished  writer,  and  it  mar 
Mfely  be  said  that,  cattrU  paribus,  a  patient's  recAvery  will  depend 
very  largely  npoo  hia  ability  to  lead  an  out-of-door  life. 

So  well  recogaizod  a  principle  is  this,  that  our  metlical  joomak 
nowadays  arc  teeming  witb  inatructions  to  puttent«,  who,  for  lack  of 
iH  or  other  canae,  are  unable  to  take  a  cbaoge  of  climate,  aa  to  bow 
:hey  can  beet  lead  out-of-door  lives  at  home,  going  ao  far,  in  some 
ea,  aa  to  advise  them  to  wrap  up  warmly  and  sit  in  an  opcu 
indow,  where  tbcy  can  get  sunshine  and  f  resli  air  without  a  draught. 

Finally,  stress  is  laid  on  the  fact  that  Daros  is  in  a  sheltered  val- 
ley. Without  going  into  dvtaiU,  for  it  is  not  ncceesary  to  enumerate 
gocb  place*,  it  may  be  Htatc<l  that  there  are  towns  situittt-d  at  variona 
elovationa  among  our  mountains  and  fool-liilli*,  hu  nhvlUri'd  iw  lo  be 
■r«ry  free  from  winds,  and  adapted  to  rcoeiving  both  tbe  direct  and 
reflected  rays  of  the  sun. 

[  If  it  be  a<Iinitted,  then,  tbat  the  Davos  climate  ia  tbe  ideal  one  for 
«  consumptive— and  tbe  writer  of  the  article  referred  to,  together  with 
jtuiny  European  authorities,  seems  to  regard  it  us  such — wo  tbiuk  that 
hre  bavo  clearly  proved  that,  as  regards  the  elements  of  grest  elevation 
Iftbovo  sea-li-vel,  a  minimum  of  watery  vapor  in  the  air,  a  clear  sun, 
A  Olean  atmonphere  free  from  itymotiu  germs  and  fog,  and  a  sheltered 
BKwilion,  Colorado  fills  the  bill  as  completely  as  does  Davos  itself. 
r  CoKSiuBtunox  01*  TUB  Clixatic  CoNnmoxs  ov  xv  LtvaLiD'it 
par. — It  may  not  be  out  of  place  now  to  refer  to  tbe  charges  that 
■omo  writem  Iinvc  preferred  n^inst  this  climate.  One  tlirows  it  up 
uainst  us  dial  we  have  high  wind«,  which  cause  our  visitors  to  com- 
Blalii.t  Anotber  says,  "11i«  enormous  monthly  and  also  diumnl 
pogo  of  temperature  must  severely  try  any  man."  }    While  a  tlilrd, 

I  •  rtpfxn'i  '-ajntan  ot  Itcdlcliw."  tdL  Ql,  p.  43* 

I  \  •■  ttosion  Hoaia&l  >ad  Sur^Ml  Jounul,"  Jsno  IS,  ISM. 

I  t  "  No*  York  llcnld  "  ediioriil,  December  IS,  ISSU. 

I  TOU  XX VII  t. — 18 


H 

fl74              ri/^  POPVLAn  SCIEXCS  MOXTHi 

^^H 

who  bM  publiohrd  ono  ot  tlie  TaircNt  anil  muxt  tnuQipn 

^^m 

written  OH  otir  vHtiuiM',  crittcUvii   llin  MLtitiKtim  %a  tu 

^^K 

iDft<)eqDate,  innsinuub  as  two  of  the  tlmtt  olMMTStionft 

1 

^^H 

■TO  boAvH,  ni-cur  at  5  a.  u.  juid  0  i-.  u. — kourv  Uutt  in  ltd 

^^H 

lUe  ioTiUi'l.* 

^^1 

With  *  iriew  \o  wiBweriog   tbciie  objedtiuM  afld  d 

^^1 

writon,  wo  ajiprnd  tlio  toWovfin^  Utblos,  compiU^I  fral 

^H 

<)ftU  on  iworj  Bl  Ihe  SI-                 '    .,  in    Donv<T,     We  h|| 

M 

inootlu  lIlKl  may  foi 
boar*  that  ootuUttulo 

Hy  i. 

<i  ai)  ili«  iuvallil'awi 
ay,  and  wo  have  seia 

I 

the  invaHii'M  d 

I 

Icr  cloven  at  hnud  (at  tb«  lime  ot  writing),  bo  that  tb4 

1 

from  bb  n-rolledidn  eomparo  tbe  datA  wo  prcM-ta  with  iS 

1 

exi»liiii;  at  tb«  place  where  b«  wim  at  that  iimv. 

^J 

\St!  f iiM liunnortt  ImpD  that  tbcKO  (]f;ures  iiui>'  lie  of  avA 

^^1 

who  ma]r  bo  moditatiog  coninjf  to  Colorailo,  a*  obowiq 

^F 

<'timatic  condtlion*  ibi-y  may  reasonably  erpect  to  find  : 

^^^^^^^1 

USI-'tt. 

ill 

i  ii 

1 

^^^H 

!<rpU«iliHr,. 

WA 

i.9t       a 

»■* 

^^^^^^^H 

Oclolw< 

Mt 

4S-X       a 

I* 

^^^^^^H^ 

N'ortmlm . , 

41-4 

4IH       a 

»-t 

^^H 

BiW i. K., loot!  tto«...' 

DtoeBber... 

Jutoaijr. . . . 

«7n 

ei  A    N.  *a 

^^^^^^^p 

CfbruaiT  ... 

81-fl 

«Si)           N. 

8-a 

^^^^^^H 

Huck 

41  8 

st'b       a 

•■ 

^^^^K 

■(7-7 

S«S 

N.      1    S4 

^^^^P^^^A 

si-a 

■■T 

^m 

BvpMinMi'a  t 

1*4 

9li-S 

K. 

t-B 

Wv  i 

, 

October.... 

•fl 

na 

K. 

O'l 

W\  1 

; 

Ho^rtfobvr., 

UK 

si-« 

a 

•■» 

1-06  r.  Ml  local  llnw... 

DMembfr... 

n-s 

Ml 
4»i 

X. 
K.  ftW. 

BPT 
01 

1 

itVtituarT.,, 

»so 

tSA 

K.a 

10^ 

^^■^^^ii- 

llMttl 

M-) 

»« 

X. 

w 

^^^HV 

Ml 

4»-l 

V. 

»-l 

n^ 

41^ 

«« 

^H 

iStftoatavf  1 . 

74^ 

WO 

K.R. 

«-• 

^^■1 

nmobif.... 

M'1 

»M 

H.K. 

9-« 

^^E 

Noi'RDbor  I . 

4r» 

>W 

N. 

M 

V 

S<«r.H.,  total  Une... 

DtwnibT.. 
Juiuary. .. . 

n-l 

W. 

8-1 

^^^ 

I'rhniar;  , .  ■ 

87-* 

OS'S 

w. 

ll-l 

^^1 , 

Uonh 

471 

4UD 

K.a 

10-7 

^■' 

A|Mtl 

M-S 

478 

VF. 

ri 

■  ' 

4S-a 

8< 

^L^ 

Food. — A  study  of  tb€«o  UblfiM  shows  that  eneb  a  thinft 

^^Hv 

of  Tcry  rare  oocurrotMe,  there  not  being  a  Aag\v  ODt  r»cor< 

^^^^B 

of  tlie  tlin»  obsonratJoiuL 

^P^lF 

•  Or.  UnH  T.  Vtf,  "X«*  Tork  MtiHcal  Joutad,"  Jolf,  1U4 

COLORADO  AS  A  WiyTSn  SANITARIUM. 


67s 


ITir-nirnTT.— We  next  ob*«n'e  that,  of  the  three  obscrvationB,  Ui« 
air  carries  thv  most  mouturi!  nt  tlio  0  a.  m.  one,  no  smount  wbiab  u,  on 
ttio  avvnigo,  otilj-  sliglitl)'  in  oxccm  of  one  Itulf  of  ttnturatlon ;  that  tbe 
miJ<Iay  air  is  quite  dry,  giving  u  TOK-an  for  tbe  i-igbl  inontUx  of  41 '5 
of  Katumtion  ;  and  ibat  at  fl  v.  u.  tbu  avenge  of  biimidity  iiiiO'5  per 
JBcont  of  Hiituralion — alt  of  which  siniplT  ■treDglhena  wbat  we  Lave  jptf 
^niuiuly  said  iu  regard  to  tbe  drjuees  of  the  Colorado  climate. 
H      TxMPKitATcHE. — Ab  regards  tbe  temperaturo  vm  Icarn  that,  aa  wo 
r^abould  expect,  tJie  ooldeAl  regie trntioiui  occur  in  tbo  moutbii  of  Decem- 
ber, January,  and  February  ;  and  tbat  even  in  tfacve  monUi*  an  invalid 
can  be  oat  of  doom,  eo  far  a«  tliia  factor  is  concerned,  from  9  a.  m,  to 
tO  1*.  u. 

In  conttiduring  tbis  question  Mvcral  tbinga  toasl  be  borne  in  mind. 

In  tiie  Gni  pliicc,  tbc««  n-gialrations  are  those  of  thCfiDometers  placed 

^s  "  shellcr-boi,"  and  consequently  in  tbe  shade,  witb  a  northern  ex- 

e,  mud  ten  feet  above  the  roof  of   a  six-ittory  building,  and  so 

are  not  influeuced  by  the  direct  sobir  myk,  wfaich  are  very  pow* 

It  must  further  1w  home  In  mind   that  these  registrations  do 

not  "  feci "  so  cold  as  similar  onv«  would  in  a  dense  and  damp  air,  like 

l|Uul  of  either  "Svw  TgHc  or  Boston,  owing  to  the  fact  that  we  have 

atioiuid,  via,,  that  a  thin,  dry  air  does  not  rapidly  rob  the  boily  of 

^ta  beat,  and  so  tbe  sidii  does  not  become  chilled  so  rapidly  as  at  sea* 

rel  with  the  same  temperature. 

As  a  matter  of  fact,  the  writer  remembera  tliat  be  went  ATOimd  nt 
lidday  tbe  greater  part  nf  the  winter  without  an  overcoat.     He  n- 
ills  sitting  with  opcu  windowH  in  the  very  heart  of  January,  and  was 
accustomed  to  Mceing  people  sitting  out  of  doors  basking  in  Uie  sun. 

And  right  here  be  is  willing  to  acknowledge  that  there  is  a  grain 
oC  iraih  in  the  criticlsraa  broached  with  reference  to  our  extremes  of 
temperature,  both  diurnal  and  monthly.  They  do  occur,  but  then  only 
rarely  (ttiat  is,  ifiich  extremes  as  have  been  quoted  against  us),  and, 
when  tboy  do  come,  lliey  are  duo  lo  high  temperatures  in  the  day- 
time and  very  low  ouca  at  night— conditions  wbtdi  can  occur  only  in 
tbin,  dry  aim  like  our  own. 

k'J'be  night  temperatures  are  uniformly  cold  ;  bat  th«y  do  not  affect 
e  invalid,  becauee  he  should  at  that  time  be  boused,  wberD  he  can 
gnlato  the  temperalnro  to  snit  himself,  and  our  tablee  sliow  conclu- 
../(4y  that  the  honra  of  sansbino  ar«  warm  and  comfortable. 

We  regret  exceedingly  that  we  are  not  able  to  give  the  "  san-tem- 

peratnres,"  as  they  would  oonTey  a  more  correct  impression  of  Um 

warmth  of  oar  midday,  as  every  peraon  knows  who  has  tried  Uio  dlf- 

fereocc  between  (he  shady  and  snnny  side  of  tbe  street  in  our  city. 

KBut  we  know  of  no  data  on  that  point,  and  our  Signal-station  is  not 

"iia  yet  sapplied  with  a  sun-tbermometer. 

Wisce.— As  regards  tbe  wiodo,  these  tables  prove  that  in  Denver 
St  9  A.  M.  llw  prevailing  direction  is  from  the  sontlt,  and  tliat  atfi 


•;< 


TSM  J^PtriAM  SCUSCS  MONTHLY. 


^ 


r.  K.  il  »  mAw  tnm  tba  DottL  or  vert.  Tbey  do  not,  l]onrcnr,iliir 
Ibe  vcO^veogidnd  daQj  (^ug*  fron  tb»  soatli  at  nigbt  to  tbe  Mil 
darutg  tbe  da/.  Fortbemot^  ifae  obacmtioos  have  reference  t«&j  I 
DMnrv,  sod  eaa  not  be  takes  aa  a  gnide  for  oUicr  plscee^  wlien  Ui 
pvcolUr  topograpb/  ant  exert  a  fioUroUlng  influeDoo. 

3f  anoTCT,  tbo  tables  t«adi  awM  ooodanrely  that  tbe  mean  kollt^ 
motion,  at  any  on«  of  tbc  llnv*  obEcnratuMw,  is  miltl,  and  pnbtbl; 
ratlier  leaa  than  woald  prevail  in  Xcv  York  citj  at  tlut  ume  bonroi 
the  day.  Ccrtaia  it  is  that  in  1860  the  corrfspODding  ibmd  rcli]g|i[ 
for  tbv  twenty  ■four  hours  were  aa  ft^lovs,  tiz.  :  ^| 


■urn. 

iN«. 

.«. 

ArtMB. 

WMt. 

UI 

ua 
m 

lift 

in 

WbOa  oar  tables  diow  that  the  avang*  bonrly  moTement  of  Uw 
b  Boderate,  tt  is  tne,  as  Borae  object,  that  wv  do  bare  ooemml 
,  vbco  th«  dust  b  picked  op  br  tbe  wind  asd  when  it  is  disa- 
!  (o  be  oat  of  doors.    W*e  epcak  of  tbe  dust,  for  it  mait  be  r- 
[  tkct  tDtnr  doM  not  lio  on  our  ground,  eren  in  tnidainttf- 
;  ■fsalls  ire  no  more  frctiucnt  than  one  v-ill  meet  with  ia  lie 
:  in  BwiLon.     In  Tioleoce  they  K-ar  no  compari«o%ii 
««  ^m  mtify  &om  personal  experience,  to  many  a  tornado  thai  ha> 
«(  late  years  in  the  valley  of  the  CooDectirtil  River,  isd 
by  ao  means  be  confoanilcd  with  the  blizurds  of  tbe  Ncath- 
M  mat  ^  eyctoDca  of  Kanitan. 

St^snnxB. — We  next  team,  from  a  conuderation  of  tbe  tabiM,  tkat 
tben  ocenrred  days  in  tbe  winter  nnder  obscrration  wheB  tki 
IS  Mt  sfcining  at  9  a.  if.  or  at  I  p.  h.  or  at  S  p.  u.,  as  the  eiH 
bs^  tbare  were  only  eleven  days  in  the  vhule  eight  moDtbi 
tbe  hearena  were  completely  and  wholly  obscured  at  all  thra 
Mbwi  uliiiiiii  In  other  words,  there  were  only  eleven  days  in  tbc  ns- 
tv  of  188l-'Kt  when  the  son  did  not  8hiae  npon  Denver  betwoca  tlu 


Wan  «f  f  a.  H.  and  5  i>. 

"it.,  and  they  oecnmx 

aa  follows. 

VIZ.: 

Sapv 
0 

Oct. 

t 

So*. 

)>M 

r*h. 

liana. 

iprii 

IM 

b<Mt«.a.toer.  a. 

1 

1 

I 

1 

t 

s 

11 

We  may  fairly  conclude  from  these  fignroa  that  there  were  oi)||F 
•tvwo  day*,  out  of  the  two  bondred  and  forty-two,  when  the  inTiH 
is«t  detained  in  doori  all  day  long  for  want  of  sunshine. 

*TW^«tw  in  tUi  table  slioiiUKAdM  rain;  milt*  jxr  dim.    Ia  ibcfonMil 

WWh  ta  No  Torfc  reMoilT'  *'  ^'^^  *°  abta1>  data  of  obatrrattan  ■!#>.>, 
a  K  ■,  Iml  Itec,  w  «  niMD*  of  oMnpkrbOD,  bat  ibe;  mre  not  l«  ba  had 


j 

ji 


COLORADO  AS  A   WlIfTSR  SANITARIUM. 


677 


^^%mrif  tliU  is  B  turprifllng  showing,  md  one  wbiob,  tn  itself,  suffl- 
HllA^  htlicalcf  tlio  character  of  our  climate. 

i  tUsnuk — ^To  sam  np,  then,  tht  informstion  we  bave  gathered  with 
Ireforence  to  tho  natoro  of  the  Colorvlo  cUmAtP,  botwcvn  Iho  honra  of 
n  JL  u.  and  fi  p.  u.,  tho  inralid'H  A*j,  and  during  tbt;  vigbt  niontli* 
from  Soptombor  to  April  inclusive,  the  inraltd's  winter :  wo  haro 
Ivamvd  that  thv  days  are  very  few,  probably  not  more  than  two  tn  a 
tnonlh,  when  an  invalid  can  not  be  out  of  doors,  gaining  health  and 
•trength  ;  that  the  air  is  warm  enough  to  admit  of  Hid  b<-ing  ont  the 
greater  part  of  tbe  time  from  9  ±.  u.  to  Ti  r.  m.,  and  by  tliU  wv  mean 
with  comfort  (certainly,  cvon  tbe  mo«t  Mnsitive  invalid  can  get  fcr- 
eral  hours  out  of  doors  at  midday)  ;  that,  while  there  are  ooeasional 
Iiigh  winds,  they  arc  not  more  frequent  than  occur  elsewhere,  and  the 
Bversge  daily  motion  in  uiild — not  more  than  is  eojoy able  and  conducive 
to  purity ;  that  the  air  \»  an  exceedingly  dry  and  bracing  one^  and 
that  fogs  are  of  very  rare  occnrrence. 

Are  there  not  in  th«w  conditions  the  most  desirable  element*  of 
climate  for  the  consumptive?  Here  are  to  bo  found  the  greatest 
amount  of  sansbino  to  1>c  had  anywhere  in  tho  United  States ;  a  dry 
ttir,  a  rarcBed  and  pure  air ;  abocnoe  of  fog ;  a  dry  soil  froe  from  snow 
and  uint^iture ;  a  temperature  that  admtbt  of  out-of-door  lif«  with  com- 
fort ;  and  a  daily  moremeub  of  the  air  that  is  mild  and  gentle— all  of 
which  conditiona  eombine  to  tempt  the  invalid  to  a  life  in  the  open  air. 
Says  FroffiMor  FrauUond  of  Davos,  "In  the  brilliant  simsbine 
one  feels  comfortably  warm  sitting  in  front  of  the  hotel  in  a  light 
morning  coat."  ^Vhat  would  he  say  of  a  climate  where  the  sun  dJiinca 
so  brightly  and  the  air  is  mo  mild  that  picnics  ore  admissible,  and  out- 
of-door  Hports,  such  as  riding,  driving,  tennis,  quoits,  etc.,  can  be  in> 
dntged  in  the  greater  part  of  the  winter? 

Uefore  ooDcluding  the  article,  we  winh  U)  Kay  a  few  words  In  regard 
to  what  BOems  to  m  to  bo  the  weak  point  of  I'mfcMor  Franklaud'a 
advocacy  of  tho  Yellowrtone  Park  aa  a  winter  sanitarium  ;  on  objec- 
tion which,  we  think,  would  be  sufScient  to  condemn  any  place  as  a 
resort  for  conBumptives,  no  matter  how  advantageous  its  climate.  "We 
have  reference  to  its  distance  from  the  settled  portions  of  our  country, 
ami  tbe  lack  of  accommodations  in  the  park  itself.  Tliccc  features, 
which  Professor  Pmnkland  recogniices  and  mentions,  mnsl,  for  tbe 
proaent  at  least,  pat  the  Tellowstone  Park  entirely  out  of  couaidera- 
tlon  as  a  winter  resort  for  the  consumptive ;  for  be  will  not  be  willing 
lo  subject  himself  to  a  Jonmcy  of  Jive  or  six  days  by  rut,  a  stago-ride 
of  thirty  bonrs,  and  the  utter  isolation  of  such  a  place,  to  »y  notlting 
of  its  lack  of  accommodations,  simply  that  ho  may  wlni^ir  in  an  ele- 
vated region,  poasessing  "a  continuous  and,  during  winter,  permanent 
corering  of  snow"— a  covering  of  snow  which,  by-the-by,  is  deep 
onongb,  so  I  am  credibly  informed,  to  drive  the  big  game  from  the 
park  during  the  winter  months. 


678 


THE  POPCLAB  SCIENCE  JiOyTSLT. 


1 


Here  in  Colorado,  however,  the  ioTalid  oan  find  comrorUble  tB 
adoquut*!  ■ccocomodatiODB  at  reaMuable  rates.  He  can  vqjoj  tlw  coa 
forts  of  BeUled  potnmuoitii.-fl  Ut  tliv  Mtmv  time  that  be  ut  ]>tiltiog  luD 
self  Dodpr  Kapcrb  rlinuitic  cnnditioiia.  He  will  hare  ae»-»a  lu  ■  nutb 
whioh  onn  amply  napply  hia  deoiauds,  even  t>boald  he  desire  rack  deli 
cades  as  a  live  lobster  or  oysters  in  tbe  h1i«11.  [la  will  be  in  ditee 
tdegraphic  and  postal  ootDmunicatioii  with  bis  borne,  and,  sboald  w 
oataaa  denuad,  can  valk  tb«  Erects  of  Uostoo  within  tbreo  dajfl 
laKTiDg  Denver.  "^1 

These  are  oonsiderations  of  no  littlo  wigbt  to  tbe  invalid,  for  bu 
Ifl  a  hotnan  being,  sensitive  like  othvr  human  beings — in  fact,  ralkr 
more  depvndcnt  on  the  comforts  of  life  than  other  men — and  Lc  p» 
tests,  and  rightly  too,  that  it  is  cruel  to  impose  cooditioos  oo  tan 
which  would  deprcn  and  render  rick  even  a  strong  and  able-bodinl 
mao. 

Tbe  idea  which  bas  Wen  ao  prvratont,  and  which  even  now  \a  oM 
entirely  eradicated,  that  to  regain  health  it  is  necessary  to  "  rougb  it," 
and  the  greater  the  privations  one  endures,  the  more  bo  ronghs  it,  the 
sooner  he  will  get  well,  is  an  erroneous  and  moot  cruel  one. 

It  is  not  neceaaary  to  pander  to  tbe  oonaomplivc  am  iw  to  make  him 
a  hypochondriac ;  and  yet,  on  tbe  other  hand,  we  protest  ugaiatt  the 
rough  usage  so  often  entailed  upon  him,  jrhich  would  seein  to  jsftify 
the  idea  that  ibe  only  way  of  curing  the  disease  is  by  fairly  knocking 
it  ont  of  a  man. 

We  conridcr  the  proper  regulation  of  an  invalid's  Hfc  as  rcgvd| 
«xcretso,  diet,  hyipenio  conditions,  aocoounodations  for  liring,  eufl 
of  gT«at  importance — et^nal,  it  may  be,  to  conaderaiiuns  of  dimaia. 

We  have  alrca<]y  *  given  to  the  public  our  opinion  of  what 
can  expect  lo  iind,  on  sueh  scores,  in  Colorado,  and  need  not : 
weary  the  reader  with  a  repetition. 

We  at  that  Itmo  took  oocadon  to  mention  tbe  kind  of  caacs  thsV 
in  oar  opinion,  should  not  come  to  Colorado,  and  we  will  now  brit'; 
i»pc«t  ibe  advice^  It  is  an  excellent  place  for  persons  in  whom  a  r- 
eorery  oan  reasonably  be  expected,  but  it  is  not  a  pbce  where  ixa- 
Bumptive^  should  bo  sent  as  a  last  roAort. 

In  Donclusion,  we  can  only  aay  that,  if  tho  figures  and  argwKnU 
we  have  adduced  ore  not  convincing,  or  if  tbe  reader  is  skeptical  about 
tho  ranges  of  temperature  and  unbelieving  in  regard  to  tbe  hcatiii)E 
effects  of  the  direct  solar  rays,  or  the  further  fact  that  low  tempwa- 
torea  do  not  feel  so  cold  in  our  light  and  dry  air  aa  at  aea-levsl,  01  ^ 
be  can  not  reconcile  the  facts  preiteuted  with  any  theory  he  may  IsU. 
we  can  only  say  to  such  a  one,  "Come  and  see." 

Tbe  theories  in  regard  to  the  beneficial  elements  of  elevated  r«gi«oi 
may  be  entirely  erroneous.  Men's  theories  are  constantly  chaag>Bg> 
and  it  may  or  may  not  be  true  tlut  elevation,  dryneos^  and  saotUu 
>  Cor  lanlids,"  -  Popalsr  Soioooe  IIQMU7."  3-Cj,  ISM. 


1 


A 


DURABIUTY  OF  BKSIIfOUS  WOODS. 


6?  9 


nr«  the  sole  desiderata  to  «etectitig  a  euiuble  climat«  ;  or,  on  the  ollicr 
hasd,  that  equability  of  tompcraturo  ehonJd  slonc  bo  considered. 

Writcn  may  *titl  obji-ct  ibat  vn-  faiivc  higti  winds  uid  •and-eboniM, 
'wbinh  vaaoj  lh«  Ttsitor ;  or  that  "  ibe  onornioiu  monthly  and  ftbo 
dtumal  range  of  temperalnro  must  severely  try  any  nun  "  ;  or  nito  one 
objection  after  another  oo  merely  theoretical  groonds :  aod  yet  the  fact 
remains — a  fact  that  rises  eupcrior  to  all  argument  and  cavil,  and  which 
is  in  itMolf  tho  most  concltisivc  argument  that  can  bo  nilvanred — that 
Urgt  |>crcentagu  of  oar  popalalioo  is  made  up  of  the  No-called  inva- 
daaii  who  liavo  obtained  a  reOoradon  of  health  her«  ;  tliat  tliou* 
la  upon  thoosanda  of  lives  have  been  saved  to  the  world,  not  to 
g  ont  an  invalid's  eicistence,  but  rather  to  take  a  manly  part  in  the 
tragglcs  of  life,  simply  by  coming  to  Colorado  \  and  that  to-day  there 
living  within  iia  borders  pcntomt,  to  be  numbered  by  the  t<-ns  of 
otmndK,  who  would  undoubtedly  be  glad  to  attest  their  gratitude 
to  the  climate  by  saying  of  it,  aa  the  writer  thinks  he  can  tnithfully 
',  "It  saved  my  life." 


DUEABILITY  OF  RESINOUS  WOODS. 

Br  DKIHUoa  UATS,  1>il  D^ 

TFTKRR  can  be  no  doubt  tliat  the  reslo  in  the  wood  derived  from 
Itie  different  varieties  of  conifers,  or  pinfr-t7«es,  is  one  of  tbo  most 
important  factors  which  determine  its  quality,  es)>(!oially  its  durability 
uid  resiiitance  against  the  influence  of  weather  and  the  diffen-nl  forms 
of  rot,  all  of  which  arc  now  proved  to  bo  due  to  spectlic  fungi.     Just 
Bet  present,  timber  from  American  conifers  is  highly  valued  in  Riiropo, 
because  of  its  richness  in  re^,  although  the  amount  of  resin  in  wood 
is  not  the  sole  measure  of  its  quality. 
^L       Until  now  an  exact  valuation  of  the  importance  of  pitch  in  wood 
^vas  impossible,  Iwcauoo  the  accurate  knowlodgo  of  the  origin  and  tfae 
distribtttion  of  tlie  resin,  as  well  as  of  the  arrangoment  of  tbo  organs 
prmlucing  it,  was  wanting. 

At  (he  experimental  botanical  station  at  Uunioh,  I  have  made 
numeroas  experiments  during  a  space  of  many  years,  and,  as  the 
rvanlts  seem  to  contain  many  new  points,  I  tbonght  them  worth  pr«< 
senting  to  the  readers  of  the  "  llonthly."  In  faoo  of  tho  ooofnsiun 
prevailing  in  the  nomenclature,  it  is  necessary  to  state  that  the  botani- 
oat  names  naed  are  those  of  Carri^re  in  his  "  Trait^  dea  Conif&res," 
who  separates  AbUt  and  Piiyia  as  distinct  gvoera.  The  distribntion 
of  the  resiniferous  ducts  is  so  oburactcriKtie  within  each  of  these  gen- 
era as  to  serve  as  typical  marks  for  tlmm. 

The  «peci«s  of  Al/iet  commonly  called  firs  are  characterized  by  ilin 
absoDoe  of  rcsinifcrons  ducts  within  tbeir  woods ;  it  is  m  ^ 


1  OtbfT 

1 

lecdP 


«8o  THE  PQPVLAR  SCIENCE  UOSTBhY. 

cases,  M  in  Ahieafirma^  or  Japan  fir,  tb«t  we  meet  wHIi  tliem. 
timm  «c  find  n  cIuMcr  of  p«nll<^  cell*,  oft«a  quite  far  apart  fran 
each  otlioT,  filled  with  reaio  ;  theM  ooloai^s  of  parallel  cells  are  not  to 
be  considered  as  dncte,  bat  as  nulfonnatioiis  due  to  tbe  infiacBoeof 
different  canses  like  cold  and  prcMorv ;  they  an  foand  also  in  otbfr 
Bpecies  of  oomifen  exposed  to  the  same  cansc*,  and  oocadonallj  ■ 
tb«  siae  of  a  man^  hud. 

The  reain  is  produced  only  by  t1»e  parallel  ectlo  of  the  medn 
rays  in  the  speoiea  AbU*.  Already  in  the  first  year's  g^ovtb  the  i 
arc  found  to  contain  small  drops  of  resin.  The  size  of  thecediop* 
incraaWM  irith  the  age  of  the  cells,  the  amount  of  amylam  or  starcb 
in  them  decreasing  in  proportion. 

Besin  Is  composed  of  aobslaoocs  volatile  at  100^  C,  and  otben 
which  can  not  be  distilled  without  decomposition  ;  the  latter  fona  IIm 
oolid  residue,  when  resin  or  pitch  is  dUtitted  with  water.  When  te 
outer  or  Ktp  wood  (albumxttn)  be<^o□le8  dry  or  heart  wood  ((/umtnaV 
in  whitrli  form  it  is  that  which  is  known  commercially  as  wood,  tb( 
cells  are  found  to  contain  nothing  bnt  air  with  the  re«in  casting  tbt 
inside  of  the  cell-walls  ;  fresh  pitch,  as  it  oozes  from  the  bark  of  tbr 
Kuropean  Abi^  pectinata,  contains  63  per  cent  of  solid  r^sidoe^  ssi 
tliis  is  also  the  percentage  of  solid  substances  in  the  pitch  of  the  tap- 
wood  of  the  genus  Abie*,  but  pitch  from  the  heart,  or  from  the  Jt]^ 
inner  wood  of  the  tree  contains  70  per  cent  of  folid  substances.        ^ 

During  the  life  of  a  fir-tree  thn  cells  contain  fiO  |>cr  ceiit  wiUr, 
which,  when  the  wood  dries,  dtuppcan,  and  the  pitch,  whicli  at  fini 
could  not  enter  into  the  cell-walls,  now  permeates  tbem,  taldog  ite 
place  of  the  water. 

The  wood  of  Abie* pectinatafWYticb  in  Europe  corers  thooiandisf 
acres  in  dense,  well -cultivated  m.-uses,  contains  the  least  rcain  of  mj 
fir  eultivnted.  namely,  only  ~f^  per  ctmt  of  the  perfectly  dry  op 
wood,  while  the  innermunt  lny«TK  of  heart-wood  contain  1^  perofsl 
of  pitch  ;  it  is  ilierefore  of  inferior  quality  as  far  as  richness  in  min 
b  concerned  ;  only  the  very  great  heigbu  and  diameters  which 
of  this  species  rapidly  attain  make  thorn  valaable  for  cnltivatioiL 

The  gonns  Pic^a  (spruce)  has  the  i(.t{>-wood  of  tbe  Mmc  color 
the  heart-wood  ;  it  conlains  niimemus  ducts  filled  with  rennons 
Rtonioes.  These  ducts  run  in  all  directions,  the  horiEontal  ones  b(HQ 
branched  olT  from  those  running  perpendicularly,  and  communiwliiK 
with  others  lying  closer  to  the  bark,  running  TcrtJcalty.  The  iniids 
of  the  ducts  is  made  up  of  two  kindn  of  cells,  the  ono  hanng  Hoi 
wnlU  and  the  name  functions  as  the  parenohymatic  cells  of  meduIlaiT 
rays,  tbe  others  having  thin  wallsi  Ute  latter  were  formerly  oons^ 
cred  ag  mere  cells  of  secretion  producing  resin  ;  but  there  are  idsd; 
reasons  which  force  me  to  consider  tbem  as  merismatic  cells,  ranuis* 
ing  without  function  sometimes  for  several  yeaw,  until  the  sap-wooi 
conUuning  them  becomes  dry  or  heart  wood,  when  they  begin  thik 


] 


DURABILITY  OF  RESINOUS  WOODS. 


6Sl 


M     1-6 

■tllG 


aritf.  Tlicy  now  incroMc  in  euc,  oxpaniling  lilo  vi-aiclen,  and  to- 
tally ob«tructiiijj  t)i<^  ilaci,  NO  itM  to  prftvuiit  tW  rdin  fmm  riitvring  tint 
hosTt-woo<l  by  waj  of  the  horizontal  duot  or  sinking  from  a  higher  to 
«  lower  part  of  tho  tree.  In  the  amount  of  nsm  contained  in  tlie 
wood,  tb«  geniiB  JHimx  ranks  second  among  conifers ;  the  ipedw  Ficta 
mtcttta,  common  in  Europe,  contains  S'16  per  cent  in  tb«  sap-wood  and 
,  1'6  per  crnt  In  tho  hcarl-wood.  The  amount  of  pitch  inorcaMti  with 
lie  ago  of  tho  tT«o. 
I  have  fouml  as  a  result  of  my  investigation  that  there  exiMa  a  very 
important  law  wbioh  will  enable  a  microscopiat  to  tell  at  a  glance  the 
difference  between  heart-wood  and  sap-wood  :  only  the  heart-wood  in 
lit  for  bnihiing  pnrposea  and  will  stand  the  ioflueiioe  of  weather  ;  tlio 
mp-wood  will  docay  rapidly,  but  is  nurorthcloss  used  by  nnscntpaloofl 
baildcrii.  An  ozamin:ition  of  tt>e  rifinifcrouii  diictn  will  kIiow  tho  dif- 
ference at  a  glance.  During  the  prooesa  of  transition  of  tho  nap-wood 
into  heart-wood,  oU  tlitte  ntitxiftrotu  ducU  b«eoau  doted  hy  the  ex- 

».patision  of  the  celts  surrounding  them,  a  process  which  can  he  di&- 
ccrncd  unmistakably  oven  in  the  smallest  pic«e  of  any  wood  from  a 
conifer ;  ft  similar  proooM  takes  place  tn  ihv  growth  of  the  bark. 
^       Profeaaor  Hartig,  of  Munich,  a  famona  botanist,  proved  by  cnn-ful 
^bxperimenta  the  following  law:  Tlie  qualiij/ 0/ tM  »food  ofalttrtes 
^mfnereate*  ao  U-ng  a*  the  nt'tHy  ffroteth  eAowa  a  proyreailfe  course  year 
^mufUr  }/«ar.     It  has  been  tbonght  until  oow  that  the  <iuality  of  the 
wood  of  conifers  is  tho  b«tt«r  tho  closer  the  annaal  rings  He ;  Ibis  is 
bat  partly  true.    The  older  tlio  tree  the  closer  tbo  annual  rings,  bat 
Iho  qoality  of  tlio  wood  inoreaws  only  as  long  as  those  rings  represent 
an  actual  progrcea  of  j^rowtb  ;  when  once  the  annual  amount  of  wood 
formed  begins  to  diminiith  year  by  year,  ita  quality  bccom<«  impaired, 
twtwithetanding  tbe  ringa  become  closer  and  narrower. 

The  amoiinl  of  resin  in  the  wood  of  a  tree  follows  tJie  same  law : 
if  we  take,  therefore,  a  splinter  or  a  plug  from  any  tree  by  means  of  a 
hollow  anger,  wc  can,  by  a  iiniplc  calculation,  determine  wliether  tlio 
troe  is  still  progreasing,  or  already  on  tbo  decline  in  growth,  quantity 
of  resin,  and  value. 

In  tho  gonus  Pintu  tho  re^iniferous  canals  are  of  different  eon- 
atraetion,  but  agree  in  general  arrangement  with  those  of  the  genua 
Picea  ;  their  tatxi  is  larger  and  they  are  inclosed  by  only  thin-walled, 
tn*rf«malie  celts,  which  in  tbe  course  of   tho  tran«formntion  of  the 
11    wp-wood  into  heart-wood  enlarge  and  olose  the  canals. 
^P     Tbe  heart-wood  of  the  trees  of  the  genns  Pima  has  a  ligbt-bron-n 
^ToIoT,  sometimes  a  little  reddiiJi,  tbe  coloring  being  due  to  a  product 
of  tbe  oxidation  of  tannin,  which  is  found  in  tho  cells  and  their  walls. 
Among  tbe  speetca  of  this  gonus  BOT«ral  deserve  ft  more  elaborate 
mention : 

Tbo  Sootfib  pitte  {Ilnus  ititvwtrU),  when  growing  on  sandy  aoil, 

forms  only  a  very  small  amount  of  sap-wood,  trherefts  on  gravelly  and 

1"^"  -J-— 


6b 


TSE  POPULAM  SCISSCS  MOSTBLT. 


groaad  it  pfodaeei  man  fmt  of  Icm  vmlnblc  qoality. 
ii  «■■  AtaHh  cfasnoteRae  tUi  tpe^M.     TLe  bean-wool  4 
tUa  fioe  *''**T^ifi  W  ptr  etnt  of  rob,  tbc  B3{)-wood  pro|iattiimit(|f 

Hmop-vooJ  of  this  tn*  »  qtDcUr  dertn>yFd  wbm  th«  tntiini; 
k  MMMM  ■  daifc-UM  color  Bsd  rott,  tktongfa  Uio  »geoc7  of  Ilia  sjn- 
fina  ol  m  fogM  eiBad  CWotaifoaM  j»«I(/%r«»L 

TUa  Ova  »  >t  pnaent  tfcc  moM  nluble  and  nort  cnllinUd  ti» 
1ia«4rae  of  Koctfaem  OoBMiy. 

ne  wUte  poM^  or  tommian  ftwnrifin  pine  {Pixut  cb-o^),  m dov 
alM  wrt— JTnly  caltiTstod  ia  Gcrnanr,  wbere  some  forwtt  am,  bt 
fovDd  of  tree*  aboat  ft  htiodnd  jmn  old.  Tt«  wood  li«  Uio  lontt 
^erifle  grmrhy  of  all  conifvrooi  wood.  Xn  ftprio^  od  account  of  Ai 
tkuMeta  of  iu  bark,  tbe  tree  b  qokUy  wanned  throngb,  and  die  veol- 
«all^  fdnaad  in  the  be^oiog  of  the  apring,  are  thm-walled ;  at  th 
doae  of  the  period  of  Tegetalion  in  Bamtner,  the  aaDnal  ring*  an  In- 
ialwd  hj  a  few  thick-waUed  natrow  cella,  tbns  giring  oaly  Uitla  tfaiek- 
ntm  to  tbe  hard  part  of  tbe  annual  lajcr.  \a  amount  of  naiallii 
pine  ttaads  at  tbe  head  of  all  coaifcn,  ooataining  6*9  per  eenl.  IV 
peroestage  iucreaata  dp  to  tbe  age  of  one  hundred  yean,  and  Thh  ii 
the  ({oality  of  the  wood.  It  is  of  little  valoe  when  young  and  expend 
to  ou)istvr«.  Pinti*  ceml/ra,  a  native  of  the  Alps  and  Siberia,  fonni 
ooly  naall,  dense  rings  every  year  during  the  short  Eumniers  of  (bm 
regiona ;  the  wood  hence  beooniea  heavier,  and,  althoogh  leaa  miiiM% 
more  Talnablc. 

A  very  Taloable  tree  of  Earopc  i»  the  lareb  {tarix  Eur«f»a), 
wiuoh  b  native  only  in  the  co!d«r  regions  of  Eiiru|H>  and  Ana;iU 
wood  ooonsts  of  narrow  annual  rings,  grown  during  the  short  noWf* 
of  thoce  oonntrim.  In  the  percentage  of  rvein  it  stands  between  i^t"** 
and  fieta  ;  it«  wood  U  moro  reddteh,  liki?  titat  of  the  i;cniis  F^^ 
and  its  reuntfcfova  doeta  are  coostruvtod  like  tbon-  of  Pk(a  ;  it  o^ii- 
taln*  Si)  |>er  cent  of  reein. 

Juat  now,  tbe  diSerent  German  governmenu  arc  experiments 
with  the  introdoction  of  American  trees  which,  it  b  eipecteJ,  »>" 
stand  tJ>e  climate  and  famish  better  wood,  or,  in  proportion,  a  hogs 
quantity,  than  the  German  forcft-trc<'«  now  cnltiratcd.  Oncof  tbM 
of  which  much  is  expected  is  the  Douglas  tjtruet  (TVucIWw^  0» 
iftasli).  Mr.  J.  Booth,  of  Hamburg,  has  cultivated  thb  tree  tor  ■ 
long  time,  and  baa  already  some  very  fine  sjiecimc-ns  in  his  ftA.  I 
n-as  enabled  through  bis  kindness  to  examine  its  wood  carefully ;  tbi 
sjiocific  veight  is  very  much  above  that  of  European  conifem  of  the 
I'inua  genus,  but  not  as  high  as  that  of  the  larcb  ;  its  quality  iocwaso 
in  proportion  to  the  width  of  il»  layer* — a  fact  which,  until  a  il»W 
time  ago,  was  ronaidcTt^  directly  contrary  U>  what  is  the  ease  fil^ 
wood  from  European  pines. 

l*rofcsaor  Sargeant,  of  Cambridge,  baa  made  the  coDtrib«tio«i| 


^ 


INFANCY  IN  THE  CITY. 


683 


» 


CDtted  Suues  ceosna  which  embraces  tbo  reecarchea  and  expuri- 
nicota  Titb  American  tnits.  This  report,  ono  of  the  most  valuable  of 
ita  kind  from  tho  grnl  brioiiqI  of  i^tittistic&l  information  contained  in 
il,  baa  bean  madu  with  »i>ceiall7  painHtukitij;  carv ;  tbu  dialribution  of 
Am«rivaa  tnica,  the  delermination  of  their  specific  w«igbts,  ihvir 
obeiaic»l  conipmitioa  in  regard  to  mineral  conMituenta  (usbcw),  tlitir 
oommvrcial  value,  thvir  sLrengtb,  elasticity,  and  resistance,  form  ibv 
OODttnla  of  a  largo  volume.  Compared  with  tbe  figures  obtained  by 
ProfflMor  Sargeont,  tlio  wood  of  European  forc«t-trces  appears  to  b« 
aomewbat  Inferior  in  quality  to  that  of  AmorJcan  Irwti.  The  Bavarian 
Government,  which  on  its  24,000  Bqnaro  milea  of  torritory  baa  over 
7,000  sqnare  miles  of  forests,  of  wbioh  over  3,000  sqnam  miles  aro  in 
■olid  maMcs,  under  a  modvl  administratioo  of  the  Govenimont,  yielding 
aboat  four  pvr  cent  imt  jiroBt,  is  wide  awake  for  improveroenta,  and 
Itas  wnt  m«  to  this  country  to  investigate  *»  fully  as  possible  tbe  facta 
about  the  growth  of  Aniorican  forcxt-trci'x,  tbeir  relation  to  the  cli- 
mate, and  tlieir  yield  of  timber  in  quantity  and  quality.  With  their 
usual  liberality  and  honpiratity,  the  American  authorities  and  ieartied 
men  have  lent  a  helping  hand,  trnly  worthy  llie  »piril  of  a  great  nation 
not  intlaeoccd  by  petty  considerations  of  a  po^aiblc  rivalry. 


INFANCY  IN  THE  OUT. 

Br  ORACK  PKCEItAM,  M.  D. 


^L^  OCORDIKG  to  Qtietelet,  "  there  die  during  the  first  month  after 
^Bi&-    birth  four  times  aa  many  children  as  during  the  second  month, 
nd  almost  aa  many  as  daring  tbo  two  years  that  follow  tho  first 
yoatr,  altboagb  oven  then  the  mortality  is  hif^b.     The  tables  of  mor- 
tality prove,  in  fact,  that  one  tenth  of  children  bom  die  before  tbo 
^  first  month  has  been  completed." 

B  Tho  census  haa  shown  that  tbe  mortality  of  infants  in  cilica  is  twico 
~  as  great  as  that  in  ninil  districts.  In  New  York,  in  IB83,  3S,07S  cliil- 
drvu  were  bcim,  and  8,064  dial  in  their  first  year,  ibirly-three  and  ono 
foarlb  p«r  cent ;  2,000  children  died  in  tbeir  second  year,  1,221  in 
ilietr  third  year,  787  in  tbeir  fourth  year,  and  Ri"*  in  their  fifth  year, 
a  total  of  13,80IS  deaths  of  infants,  almoat  half  of  tbe  totaJ  number 
of  deaths  occnrring  during;  that  year,  which  was  81,01 1. 

The  question  arise*,  What  is  it  in  cities  that  is  so  hostUe  to  infant 
life? 

The  subject  is  a  complex  one,  and  in  its  snnlysia  wo  must  ootuidor 
tbe  varying  condition*  xurroiiniling  the  dilTcrent  cla*M«.  DiatJnctions 
of  rank  are  as  definitely  marked  among  iufants  aa  among  adults. 
ThoTo  is  DODe  of  tbe  democracy  which  obuins  in  the  country.    We 


H             681               THE  POi 

1 

^P             ehallow  inoani]  ii  pf<*^'' 

.:J 

Dcedlcit  in  one  abexih 

J   'I  *j^H 

this  pine  contains  S'T  [- 

"-^flfl 

leas. 

...  MMpriHIB 

Tho  up-wooil  of  Oii ' 

.....V,IM>t0f  IIMIIC7 

H  asraiDM  a  d^i : ' 

..nuid  loihecilv 

liam  of  *  f  un^- . 

,  .  poor,  are  iiWy 

This  tre*  is  at  ; 

OiaeaBe.     The  aim- 

ber-lree  of  Ner*' 

:  J  down  to  tlM'ireldl- 

Tbc  whiti 

;  *ic»l  powwv,  which 

also    (IXiCRMIV' 

"f  {irotnotod  feeblcnm. 

found  of  trei 

jj-on  th*  children  of  pov- 

specific  gnirr 

.--  aieatcQlable.                  fl 

thinness  of  it- 

i>itile  classes  often  snffer  t^| 

oelb^  fornied 

.iisJstuD  a  foothoM  !n  lodetfjf 

close  of  tb«  1 

.  iLJcfa  will  bring  iheza  diction- 

{shodbf  a  f  - 

•iitiT  into  all  the  questiooKif 

n«H  to  1 1 

.;dd.    They  are  vital  qufsdaii^ 

K               pinesUDtli  iii 

telieeef  in  handling,  but  wliich  tn 

^^^^^  pereenUffe  iij 

juUridnal  and  to  thi;  rncr.    V07 

^^^^^^Btlie  quilt 

;:t«Tail8  in  preserving  and  rearing 

^^^^^^no  ni  '  ' 

^^^^^onlv 

gem  of  a  eoQstitntion  which  *3I 

^        regi. : 

I  epilepsy,  or  any  other  fool  diMSM 

^^H         morv  ■•  —  -. 

'  acDttl  and  phyncal  devclopoeiu  w 

^^^^            A  rvr- 

•lianlaaeo  is  nneqnalcd.    Dr.  IrtbM 

^^^H-vT.'. ' 

..(T  aa  seen  in  tracing  through  three  bBO- 

^^^^^■V"" 

.  .:i  yctory  of  the  bou«c  of  Spuni.  TV 

^^^^bf  If: 

^ilon  snd  a  crown,  were  cursed  witi  « 

^^^Huil   /' 

oiti*  sometimes  [Msswi  orer  a  gcomtica 

^^^^Kih!  ' 

-  .i/Ds  forms  and  intcnsitios  as  epih'psr,  b;- 

^^^^■1 

.aia,  and  imbecility,  till  at  length  it  exti*- 

^^H«  - 

-raditaiy  tcndcncic*  gorminating  withia  ii. 

^^^^^^^^HpT 

c«*  npon  stuToundings  which  are  to  bAa- 

^^^B<i 

"Ml  dty  homea  lurk  unseen  periU  to  b»* 

^^^^■0: 

-itlcn  and  said  aboot  the  plombinf  of 

^^^^Hp' 

1' <.  luive  sprung  from  it,  BO  that  now,  Hhiu 

^^^^^^^^^^V'  ' 

.  (ihliieria,  immcdint^-ly  coniMi  tlte  qncstita, 

^^^^^Br 

...oeii  in  the  house  which  thoy  occuprt  Dr- 

^^^^Vi 

utt  diphthena  appeared  in  >'ew  York  i« 

^^^^^Hh' 

ijrt)  than  fifty  years,  the  most  si-Tere  ««• 

^^^^K' 

.   -f  the  city  along  old  water-coimes;  when 

^^^^^V' 

■-Iii)g.  water  was  stagnant  and  impregnslM 

^^^^^r 

-  <-vg<?tabl«  matter.    The  infanta  a«  nW 

^^^^ki^.         d 

Mer,  as  the  poison  acta  more  qnicklyt^ 

INFANCY  IN  THE   CITY. 


68s 


tlieir  euscoptibU  ^ihnns,  uii,  m  tlioy  aro  tbut  np  in  tb«  boiue^  tlw^ 
aro  much  nmro  esponcd  to  iu  Expecially  is  this  true  in  Uiq  t«D«ment- 
llOlUt^  wlHUre  iho  tiirroundinga  of  tiie  city  infant  aro  at  tlieir  wonL 

Look  of  puro  air,  air  untainted  with  human  emanations  nnd  sewei^ 
gas,  is  OHO  of  the  great  cause*  of  infant  mortality  in  cilitw.  It  deterio- 
ratee  the  hoallli  of  thu  naturally  robnst ;  it  robii  th<i  delicaU'  of  their 
obanctw  for  lifu ;  it  oovn  tlio  twA*  of  cuntaffiouM  discaaca  ;  it  liaiitcits 

rtho  fatal  termination  of  tbotto  who  are  aick. 
Uany  niotbcr»^  anxious  for  their  children,  with  mistaken  zeal  pro- 
tect ibcm  from  th«  fresh  air.  Tbey  are  especially  afraid  of  night  air, 
and  fhut  their  babies  up  in  rooms  which  would  maku  a  well  peracui 
giildy  and  iiiek  ti^  <.-nt<-r  in  tbo  moniiug.  In  th«  country,  faoiuoa  are 
built  loM  HnbstnntiAlly  and  in  oxpo«ed  situatioos,  and  tbe  froab,  avarcli* 

>ing  air  will  find  ita  way  in,  in  spite  of  uiibygi«nio  resistance. 
The  little  ones  are  too  often  brougtit  up  on  the  hot-bouse  plan. 
Mothers,  however,  are  awakening  to  the  fact  that  babies  miiet  have 
their  airings,  and  among  tbe  better  claMca  tho  nunio  takes  the  baby 
out  every  day  when  tliu  weather  will  permit.  Ona  mnst  adniiru  tbo 
beautiful  infanu  in  perambulatom,  tbo  obiibby  little  tnn-afaout«  thai 
an  to  be  aeon  in  the  city  parka  and  s<juarca.  Their  handsome  faces, 
finely  formed  figures,  and  rosy  cheeks,  go  to  show  that  children  in  ilii! 
city,  when  properly  cared  for,  can  become  tbe  embodiment  of  healtb. 
In  the  country  the  children  are  usually  looked  after  by  their  mothers, 
who  hare  an  average  amount  of  intelligence. 

Babies  who  arc  convtantly  held  and  watched  and  tended  do  not 
tbrire.  They  grow  frctrul,  unea«y,  and  pale,  no  one  knows  why. 
Tbe  ariatocratio  baby  is  at  a  disadvantage  in  thix  ri>»p«-ct,  nnlcw  money 
— as  it  may  somctime^a — procures  an  intelligent,  faithful  nurao,  a  foa- 
ter-motber. 

To  intrust  an  infant  to  some  baby-tendera  is  almost  aa  mticfa  an 
act  of  al>and(>iiment  as  that  of  thv  heathen  mother,  who  throws  her 
babe  into  ihe  jaws  of  tbe  orocodilo  of  the  MCied  rirer.  Tlie  eblldnii 
wbo  have  grown  up  through  a  wretvlMid  obildbood  to  a  crippled  and 
defonned  maturity  caused  by  the  esreleeaoess  of  nurees,  who  have  let 
tbem  fall  or  otherwise  injure  themselves,  are  not  a  few.  Nevertbe- 
1mm  it  must  \>v  said  that  when  tho  number  of  nurscgirts  who  take 
oare  of  little  one*  alien  to  them  is  considered,  tho  patient  devotion 
and  painataking  fidelity  tbey  show  to  fretful  children  apoiled  by  in> 
dnlgenC  parents  an<  man-vloas. 

If  the  rich  cbiMrcn  aro  spoiled  by  over- attention,  tbU  can  not  be 
aaiil  of  the  children  of  tbe  poor.  The  little  waif  born  in  the  tenement- 
bouse,  if  it  has  DO  brothers  or  sisters,  is  often  locked  up  by  ita  motlier 
and  left  an  boor  or  two  by  itself  while  she  goe^  out  to  work,  to  gos- 
sip, or  to  shop.  If  she  goe«  out  by  tbo  day,  an  obliging  neighbor 
(and  the  poor  are  wonderfully  belpfol  to  each  otlier)  will  let  tbe  child 
come  into  her  a]>artinent,  where  it  can  sit  on  tbe  floor  or  the  dirty  bed 


686 


THE  POPULAR  SCIE. 


1 


snd  playi  or  vrj,  or  itlecp,  M  It  Will. 
wi^ak  an  f KT  aa  cliildnQ'a  crjiDg  ts  cone 
which  benevoleDce  baa  estabtUhed  for  the  < 
truly  a  blessing  to  poor  mothers,  who  cam 
ecrubbttig.  71i«  babiM  are  voll  fed,  amiw 
for,  far  twttcr  than  in  their  onm  bomcn  ;  ih 
lea  cents  a  da;  oat  of  their  wag«u>.  Bat 
b^a  brothera  and  sistcn,  and  tlwf  take  cart 

Many  city  infants  perish  from  bad  fe«d 
true  of  tbo  tvnvmeDt-chiidren.  The  youn 
is  placud  at  the  common  table  at  an  iDcn» 
tbc  di*pe«)'ary  in  n>pon»v  to  thv  quertion, 
ing  your  baby  f  oomca  tl)e  reply,  "It  M 
tbeae  people,  even  if  they  are  not  extreo 
clw  pnrcluued  especially  for  the  baby,  ia 
and  tIi<Teforc  it  IB  considered  easier  and 
n»t  of  tbo  family,  Thn  eina  of  feeding  i 
Rioastroos.  CoffcCt  (M,  braody-aod-watet 
fed  to  hnbiei  from  their  iiuming-bottte  !  ^ 
ing  for  the  ]>i><>r  and  niiddlo  ela.<t9es,  it  is  DC 
timea  «a  many  infants  perish  of  diarrbou 
disease. 

City  infants  of  all  classes  are  at  a  disa^ 
food.  Unfortunately,  city  mothers  who  n 
fewer  than  tho«e  in  the  country.  Th«  icai 
the  moflt  dbibearteniDg.  The  supply  is  in 
demand.  A  woman  of  the  poorer  claasei 
mast  stay  in  it  and  look  after  it  for  her 
willing  to  give  np  her  cbild  iat  th«  saka  < 
who  applies  for  the  position  as  wet-nurse  1 
licr  husband  or  has  had  none.  She  must  i 
tions  for  the  support  of  herself  and  her  efa 
wetnunte  sho  cams  from  twenty  to  thirl 
good  home,  for  il  is  only  ()io  well-to-do  « 
She  uHnaily  mica  the  household  with  a  rot 
eral  thing,  she  comes  to  lake  care  of  a  p 
without  mother's  milk,  and  recognixes  thai 
upon  her,  nhe  is  exacting  and  aggravating 
endurance.  It  in  only  because  the  thralldo 
it  i*  tolerated.  The  wet.-nur»e«  obtain  tbeii 
which  exist  in  the  laigc  cities  and  tfaroug! 
ccaaity  for  a  thorough  investigation  of  tl 
applicant  for  such  a  position  by  the  fami 
and  in  recommending  one  he  tnkc«  upon  hit 
The  wet-nurse  will  generally  try  to  deceirt 
that  she  may  make  her  milk  appear  desif 


IlfFAXCr  IX  TUB  CITT. 


687 


I 
I 
I 


moth«r'8  OVD  infant,  which  should  be  seen  if  pouiblo.  And  tt  mnst 
Im  Pcin«iabiT«d  thai  twn  hero  aiwthcr  imiKwition  may  h«  pracitiocd — 
ft  neighbor'i  baby  can  be  borrowed  for  the  oveaMoti.  The  flalt«ring 
t«Htimo&i*]8  of  fidelity  and  aatLifactory  conduct  in  previoua  positioos 
«r«  often  from  employers  who  have  departed  for  Europe  or  sone 
other  quarter  of  the  fflobe,  and  are  therefwe  inacoeMiUo.  Wh«o  ROe- 
oeM  baa  revarded  tbo  noaroli  for  a  wct-niirsoT  there  \»  no  piarantee  that 
'  her  milk  will  remain  satisfactory  for  any  length  of  timo.  If  ahc  boH 
the  true  maternal  inittioct,  she  mourua  for  bor  own  child,  and  it  ia  not 
long  before,  deprived  of  it«  proper  nourinhmcot,  it  aickcnfl  and,  more 
often  than  n<»l,  die^  and  tlie  griof  of  the  motherdries  np  her  milk. 

Tilt'  question  of  artificial  fei^diug  becomes,  then,  one  of  panunonnt 
impoTtaooe,  since  the  largest  proportion  of  city  infanu  n>UMt  subsist 
in  this  way.  In  summer  it  is  indeed  a  difficult  tank  to  raino  an  in- 
fant in  the  city.  Now  York  phyniciann  koow  very  well  that  a  lai^ 
proportion  of  artificially  fed  infanta  who  enter  the  Hummer  montha 
die  before  the  return  of  cool  weather,  uuleea  saved  by  reiDOval  to  the 
country. 

I  One  of  the  moet  benevolent  institutions  which  hn»  been  devised  is 
"the  Floating  Hospital  of  the  St,  John's  Guild  of  New  Vork,  which 
daily  in  summer  takes  its  frciglit  of  pallid,  almost  dying,  infanta,  of- 
fering from  faulty  nutrition,  out  into  the  fresh  ocean-breezes  for  the 
day. 

Cow'a  milk  coming  from  a  long  distance  is  unfitted  for  infant  feel- 
ing ;  hot,  if  it  can  be  obtained  frc*h,  it  is  the  beat  aubstitute  for  moth- 
cr'a  milk.  Tt  must  he  diluted  the  first  sir  weeks  one  half,  the  next  six 
weeks  oiw  tliird,  and  after  thn>e  months  a  fourth,  and  at  five  or  six 
tnoDlha  it  can  be  given  pure.  The  fewling-bottle  should  he  perfectly 
iweet  and  clean.  It  haa  been  found  both  In  private  practice  and  hofl- 
pital  experimentation  that  milk  which  haa  been  preparc>d  with  the  ex- 
tract of  pancreas  cau  bo  used  more  Buocessfully  than  any  other.  In- 
fanta' fooda  abound  in  the  market)  whose  inrentors  claim  all  sorts  of 
roflrita  for  thvm.  For  a  while  one  food  will  prove  advantageoua, 
when,  haviug  oblainMl  a  reputation  and  come  into  extensive  use,  less 
eare  is  taken  in  its  preparation,  and  through  the  suffering  of  many  in- 
fants it  ia  proved  unworthy  of  longer  confidence.  GoatV  milk  is  good 
for  city  infants,  because  it  can  be  obtained  fredi,  and  the  animals  can 
bo  kepi  by  poor  |>eople  at  little  expense. 

Many  an  infant  rxifTcrs  from  irregularity  of  feeding  and  overfeed- 
ing. There  ia  in  the  popular  mind  bnt  one  interpretation  of  a  baby's 
crying,  "  It  is  hungry,"  and  immetliatvly  it  is  given  more  food  to  eat, 
when  already  its  tiny  stomach  is  distended  and  Irritated.  Infanta' 
meala  should  be  regulated  by  the  clock.*    Thia  prescription,  anaided 

*  Aa  (afnal  mder  three  KMks  ihaiiU  Im  M  ovtr^  im  houn,  or  tithv  tJnici  in  (h« 

l]r-four,  rtwiiiBg  dm  (0  om  aid  a  half  cmiM  «l  cow's  milk  «ach  limci.  If  ftnlOdUIif 

At  (brec  laoalh*  ifca  diiM  tbonid  be  fod  cv«7  ihito  boun^  or  eigM  tlsMs  la  th* 


ter" 


69fl 


TtlJi  POPULAB  SCISNCE  MO}fTI£LY. 


\ij  nnjthing  else,  bu  often  restored  a  nuniDg  bnbj-  to  oqn: 
to  lieattb. 

Of  Ims  ritiil  iiD]>(>ruuKiO  to  K  cliiUl  por1ui|Mi  tlun  iu  f<M>i), 
iog  no  liulo  altvntioo,  is  tbc  dotbing.    Tbe  notliers  <tf  Kh 
iMimd  by  experience  how  lo  clotbv  tbelr  cbililreo  b«iier  t] 
notbcn  rlolhvd  tbem.     It  kar<lly  seems  ]>o«uble  Uut  at  one 
faflbiou  of  ilreBSee  lov  in  tbe  neok  uid  witb  abort  sleeves  iraa 
aaivenal  for  infants.     Tbe  babies   of   tbe  ariMncratlo  ftoi 
filasws  arc,  m  a  gi-ncml  thing,  warmly  and  propi-rlj'  clotlted. 
Attonrlants  •omi>timtfs  drcM  thcni  too  tigbtty,  not  nlloving  roo 
cxpRnsioD  of  the  cheat  KoA  lungs  and  interfering  with  tbe 
Tbe  senseless  extravaguiee  displaj-ed  in  embroidered  dr«ssc«  | 
children  is  reprchonsible,  and  too  fine  drasing  irbkb  ]>n<vvnl| 
children  from  obtaining  proper  exerctso  and  tnuomcin  tbeir  fn 
play  interferes  with  their  bndth  and  dflreloptnent.     Aracricoa 
are  often  very  blamewortby  in  tbis  respect. 

I'ho  ellFects  of  disease  on  city  infnnt«  are  mucb  mora  wi< 
tban  upon  tboM  in  the  country,  not  only  of  dinuo  CAUSod  by 
feeding,  to  wbicb  we  bare  alrvauly  alluded,  bat  more  especiall; 
of  a  couiagiouii  nature.  All  Banitarians  recognize  thi«,  and 
a^  one  of  tbe  greatest  evils  of  tbe  present  tenement  Kystcn 
many  children  are  crowded  together  in  such  bouwa^  which  bee 
beds  of  diphtheria,  scarlet  ferer,  and  measles. 

The  t«rrible  stories  with  rDfer«nc«  to  baby-forming  whid 
fill  tho  columns  of  the  newspapers  ore  not  so  often  seen  in  tli 
Owing  to  tho  ventilation  of  tJte  subject,  the  abuse  has  been  t( 
lessened.  Ilut  tho  qncstion  may  bo  SMlced,  Who  supply 
farmers?  A  few  are  those  who  wotild  abuidon  their  ofls 
matter  bow,  to  bitio  their  shame,  bat  for  tbe  most  part  they 
women  who  are  without  a  home,  and  must  win  a  sopport  the 
ibey  can  for  themselves  and  their  infants.  They  go  out  as  W' 
rcliim  to  the  factories  and  shops ;  or  engage  In  general  boi 

The  women  who  find  their  way,  utterly  destitute,  to  t! 
institutions  of  a  great  city,  amonnt  to  a  oonsiderable  number  t 
Any  of  these  coming  to  New  York  can  go  to  Charily  Uospi 
lainiDg  a  permit  from  tbe  Superintendent  of  tbe  City  1*< 
leave  the  Jlaternity  from  ten  days  to  two  weekx  after  ef.ni 
If  tliey  wish  they  can  go  with  their  infanta  to  Rondall'ii 
tboy  can  lovo  their  children  there  while  thoy  go  out  to  *w: 
ment.  At  almo«t  all  other  tnstilntions  tbe  women  ant  obi 
at  Ie<BSt  twenty-fire  dollars  for  board  and  caro  darlnu  cooSli 
stay  with  their  children  three  months.  Iliey  cui  and  often 
with  tJiem  a  year. 

lwn«r.h(nir,  rMriitng  lhi««  ouMca  wf  milk  at  t»A  foedlaf,  ftfatcti  M  tta 
cnoMd  u  few.    TheilmMof  f«adl^ibMlit  bt  Aied,bM«t  awuntkiR 
■111  Tstj  mafB  M ICM  aUli  Ibe  loilMdmL 


ARBOR-DAY. 


689 


The  duirlty  infant  wbo  bas  oponed  iu  eye«  b  an  instittition  is  pe- 
culiar 10  the  city.  Ila  cbanc«B  for  Uffl  are  Ices  than  tboM  of  anjr  oUior 
ctase.  iloet  of  tbci«  babies  if  bottlo-fiMl  will  <lic,  a*  ban  Ihth  <Ifin- 
ooBtratcd  in  some  of  our  tiiirscrii-o.  Thiit  in  not  because  ibo  iiifanu 
arc  cMpeolally  anb«alth}-  whi-n  \\nty  come  into  the  world.  It  is  sur^ 
prising,  when  onu  connidi-nt  wliat  liardships,  phfaioal  and  mental,  the 
niolhcra  have  ondured,  that  ibti  diildren  should  b«  M  robnat  and  well- 
fgnned  as  they  (jeBerally  aro. 

In  \'wve  of  tbg  disastrous  eftects  of  artifiraal  focding,  the  plan  now 
adopted  is  to  huvo  a  woman  nnreo  bcr  own  baby  and  one  other.  la 
tliis  way  the  mortality  ha«  been  grcMly  reduced.  The  public  infant 
is  prohably  beat  cared  for  when  tent  into  the  country  and  boarded 
with  farmers,  and  this  is  now  extensively  done  by  Bome  of  tbe  instita- 
tions. 


ARBOR-DAT. 

Br  K.  D.  SaLBBTOir. 


AMOXG  the  agencies  by  wbioh  we  may  hope  to  remedy  the  erih 
threatening  us  on  account  of  the  rapid  wauling  of  our  forests, 
Arbor-day  promises  to  b«  one  of  the  most  imporlanu     A  little  thing 
'      to  begin  with,  it  is  capable  of  such  expansion  aa  to  becomo  a  wide- 
^^prcod  power  for  good. 

^B    For  the  settler  on  tbe  naked,  wind-swept  prairie,  to  plant  treed  wsa 
^Hoe  of  the  first  necnutics  of  life.     Certainly,  withont  the  presence  of 
Hirees  eiislence  there  eould  not  1>o  comforlabk',  and  tlio  tendency  of 
one's  Mirroundings  was  to  forbid  any  bnl  a  low  type  of  ciriltxation  or 
of  domestic  life.     Fertile  soil  iit  nut  all  that  is  needful,  nor  can  man 
live,  as  hu  was  designed  to  live,  by  brud  alone. 
^H     But  manifest  as  wad  the  need  of  tree-planting  umler  the  circnro- 
^Btaiiros  ad\'erted  to,  it  was  not  easy  to  etfect  the  work.    The  very 
ma^itudc  of  it  was  as  dbcouroging  aa  its  necessity  was  imperative. 
What  could  tbe  planting  done  by  a  few  settlers  amount  to  on  those 
wide  sens  of  vertitire.  In-cless  and  shoreless?    Priven  by  neoci>sity,  t» 
'     we  bave  said,  they  did,  many  of  them  at  tciwt,  plant  their  little  groves 
of  Cottonwood  and  other  quick-growing  but  frail  trees  around  their 
cabins.     These  gave  some  slielter  to  the  cabins  and  their  ininutca. 
Hut  what  was  to  sbelier  the  cattle  and  the  crops?    The  h»p-haznr<l 
olTorts  of  a  few,  working  here  and  then;  without  concert,  easily  epeut 
the  III  Mires  in  attaining  results  far  Kbort  of  what  were  needed. 

It  was  the  happy  fortune  of  one  living  as  a  pioneer  in  the  truclooa 

{ion  of  the  Wvsl,  not  only  to  feel  with  those  around  him  the  evils 

tlll^l^  peculiar  situation,  but  to  device  an   instrumentality  which 

juld  aroiue  an  interest  in  the  needed  vork  nod  »)  onthoslasm  (or  it  j 

*«.  ixvia— 44 


690 


TBS  POPULAR  8CISNCS  MONTHLY. 


that  vould  coDTprt  the  necessary  labor,  to  it  large  extent,  into  pic 
— at  least  lake  from  it  tlte  character  and  trksonenees  of  a  dnidgoy 
llic  plan  vaD,  to  fix  upon  a  particular  dav,  at  the  season  of  tbe}-(si 
vfaen  the  trees  are  starting  into  freeb  life,  and  to  invite  those  in  tin 
•ante  general  region  to  engage  together  on  that  day  in  the  work  irf 
trcfr-planting.  The  dwignation  of  a  partiealar  day  bad  the  effect  to 
prvrent  the  propittoaM  season  of  planting  from  slipping  by  unobwrm), 
vhile  it  had  also  the  advantage  and  Htininlative  effect  attendant  npuii 
co-operative  endeavor.  The  thought  of  tree-planting  wiu  ihnti  « i 
certain  time  made  aa  it  were  to  perrade  the  atmosphere,  or  laiber, 
perhaps,  to  become  an  atmodphere. 

lliaa  Arbor-day,  or  Tree-plan  ting-day,  origiitated,  and  the  penoi 
who  pat  the  qucelion,  not  long  nnce,  in  the  colunute  of  one  of  car 
nerspapi-nt,  "  Who  invented  Arbor-day?"  used  the  right  word.  We 
commonly  apply  Ihe  term  invention  to  somr  machine  or  mechanitai 
contrivance.  Rut  tiu-re  ia  no  reason  for  Ibua  rMtricting  ita  meanitg. 
Arboi^ay  U  as  truly  an  invention  as  the  cotton-gin  or  the  Meui- 
aogine,  and,  like  those  notable  inventions,  its  importance  and  baxl' 
cial  results  will  he  reeogniEed  in  increasing  meaeore  with  the  lapNof 
years.  Governor  ilorton  boUded  better  than  be  knew  when  hcgx* 
origin  to  this  day.  Be  was  tJiinking  chiefly  of  bis  o<m  State,  Ne- 
braska, of  beautiful  name,  but  swept  hy  llic  fierce  bllsxard*  of  tkt 
Korthwe^t  and  tbr  hardly  len  harmful  siroeco-blasta  from  the  terril 
South.  He  was  contriving  a  plan  to  raise  ap  against  these  baisfil 
ngencicc  the  effective  harrier  of  the  leafy  trees.  His  pl^n  commcndM 
iuclf  at  once  to  his  fellow -citizen^  and  in  the  first  year  of  its  adopiim 
rooro  than  ten  million  trees  were  planted.  Nor  w.ts  tI>o  bappy  iavto- 
tion  limited  in  ita  application  by  the  boundaricH  of  a  single  StttA 
l^e  people  of  neighboring  States  and  Territories,  with  rimilar  nK^ 
one  after  another,  adopted  it,  until  it  may  he  said  to  have  hecoiM> 
fixed  iwlitntion  throughout  the  prairie  region  of  the  coantrr. 

But  Ar1>or-day  i«  not  for  the  treeless  regions  of  the  Wc*t  aloi*- 
The  principle  of  amociated  and  Kmultaneous  action  which  it  eraltoha 
commends  it  for  adoption  almost  everywhere.  States  where  o»M  tl* 
tree*  were  so  abundant  as  to  be  in  the  way  of  agricultural  inproi*- 
BKot,  and  to  call  for  the  aie  and  the  fire  to  remove  tbem  as  speedilyv 
possible,  or  where  their  value  forlnmber  had  occaaioned  their  rapMaJ 
general  displacement,  arc  now  welcoming  Arbor-day  to  assist  lhciiii> 
regaining  the  condition  whi<'h  they  lost  by  the  inconridcrate  itetfW 
tion  of  their  beat  friends.  Thus  SUehigan,  lately  a  wildera«s  (A  i*- 
est,  and  eveji  yet  sending  to  market  annually  more  lumber  thaa  i«J 
ether  State,  but  becoming  sensible  of  the  need  of  tre<-)i  for  other  « 
tkaa  to  be  oonverti-d  into  lumber,  has  made  experiment  of  Arbor-i»J. 
■■d  ia  kia  designation  of  the  llth  of  April  last,  by  public  proc!j»- 
tioa,  Oovemor  Alger  eameatly  recommended  that  on  tliat  day  '■* 
IhI  twee  by  the  road-aide,  by  our  ^vm-bousea,  in  oor  fields,  p»As 


ARBOB^DAY. 


«9< 


Vvintg««,  and  eitiefl,  aroand  onr  Mhool-hoiiBea,  and  m  the  ceroet«ri«<i 

f  wli«ro  sleep  our  beloved  dead.  .  .  .  Wo  may  not  livp,"  ho  said,  "to 

on}o¥  iho  full  fruils  or  this  work,  but  our  ctiildrcn  and  oiir  cbildren'a 

•cbildren  will  roci-ivc  tlio  iK-nolit  of  our  bbor." 
PennKflvania,  in  keeping  with  that  wine  coniii<)«ration  of  the  viltut 
of  trijca  which  I<i]  William  Ponn  to  prMcribo,  among  tbo  carlj  lavs  of 
hi«  oniony,  "thai,  in  clearing  tlio  ground,  can  bo  taken  lo  leave  one 
■0T«  of  Ircei  for  every  five  acrca  cleared,"  baa  followed  Midiigan  in 
tb«  recent  adoption  of  Arborday. 

The  older  Northern  and  Eastern  Statci  have  not  tlifl  tame  intcreat 
in  forestry  as  the  prairie  !^tatc«.  Tbcy  are  comparatively  welt-wooded. 
Yet,  even  among  tlicro,  auch  have  been  the  encroach  men  Ik  ujwn  the 
woodlandd  by  the  asc  and  by  firv  an  Mnonaly  to  affect  the  (loir  of 
atroama,  and  the  mannfaeturing  and  airriciittural  intereata  dependent 
npon  thctn.  In  aeveral  of  these  States  attention  has  been  called  to  the 
■  anbject,  and  its  manifest  importance  has  led  to  lo^BJAtive  action  look- 
ing  to  tlte  protection  of  what  foresta  remain  and  tu  tl>v  planting  of 
nevoiMw.     MoH  of  the  Now  England  States  are  now  engagiNl  in  the 

»ai<ri»uM  invex ligation  of  th«rir  fun^tnit  coti^Iition.  The  boards  of  agri- 
eulturc  have  taken  it  into  consideration,  and  some  of  them  have  urged 
the  adoption  of  Arbor-day  aa  an  iDStramentality  of  importance  to  the 
iater««u  of  the  Sutos. 

Thus  the  Arbor^Iay  idea  ia  so^n  to  hare  spread  far  tx-yond  the 

plaoa  of  lla  origin.      It  haa  bwm  formally  adopt4>d  alrca<iy  by  mv- 

tntcon  of  our  States,  and  bids  fair  to  be  adopted  soon  by  many 

olhera. 

^ft       A  noticeable  and  important  development  of  the  Arbor-day  more-' 

^■raent  is  its  conncclion  with  the  public  schools.    This  may  be  said  to 

^kato  from  tbu  memorable  tree-planting  by  the  pupils  of  the  public 

^■•ehoola  of  Cincinnati,  on  the  occasion  of  tlie  roeoting  of  the  Amerioau 

^"VomXTj  Congrc«a  in  that  city  in  the  Hpring  of  18^.  Xo  ono  whowat 

present  will  ever  forget  the  scene,  when,  on  a  lovely  May  day,  twenty 

thousand  school •obil<lron,  marshaled  by  their  teachers,  formed  a  part 

of  the  gnuid  procession  which,  amid  banners  fluttering  from  every 

window,   and   with  the  accompaniment  <>f  military  batlaliona  and 

band*  of  moKJc,  went  out  to  the  beautiful  and  well-named  Eden  Park, 

and  there,  in  Authors'  Grove,  planted  trees  in  memory  of  the  moat 

eminent  authors  and  slatcsraon  of  our  own  and  other  lands.     It  waa 

a  lesson  in  practical  forcntry  and  of  practical  education  at  the  same 

time.     It  waa  a  gnnd  and  impressive  <ibjcct-le»on  of  the  bent  clinrao- 

Iter,  and  one  that  reached  far  beyond  the  circle  of  tliooe  immediately 
engaged  in  it.  If  the  children  were  taken  out  among  the  trees  for 
n  holiday,  tho  trees  were  thenceforth  and  thereby  brought  into  tho. 
KhooU  of  Cincinnati,  and  the  sweet  influences  of  Xatnro  connected 
with  tlio  ichool-room  and  its  studies  as  never  before.  That  holiday 
wu  made  a  most  impreasive  and  valoablo  sobooMay.     It  waa  for  the 


69« 


TIIK  POPULAR  SCISXCH  MOyTULY. 


time  the  school  in  th«  open  air,  face  to  face  with  Xatare  and 
healthfol  »iid  iontrQcUvu  agenoiw. 

It  wu  onlv  »  little  while  after  that  sc«ti«  in  Ctncin»Bt] 
enpiTiiiumlont  of  the  bcIiooIb  of  Wort  Virginia,  Riovod  alikol 
Miri'  to  arouse  a  proper  suutiiiuiit  ia  Wkalf  of  furc«try  and  to 
llie  inl«reetfi  of  i'duottioii,  Aigualixt^  his  admiuUtralion  by  dvi 
an  Arljor><lay  and  iovitiug  ita  special  obicrvanoe  bjr  the  sclioa 
State.  Hi*  appeal  met  a  ready  respunae,  and  thv  dajr  vas  w 
sen'cd. 

And  by  all  tneaw  should  jVrbur-day  invite  tlie  cliildron  L 
in  its  obstr^aiici.'.  It  was  a  rooitt  luippy  lliought  to  connvci  lU 
with  it  and  ttiuN  mliu-^'e  its  twopc.  It  was  so,  wUet4ii-r  we  con 
intcresta  of  fort^try  or  the  interests  of  education.  The  pup 
achoola  to-day  will  eoon  l>o  the  luen  and  women,  the  boosehol 
citixeDs  of  ibe  country,  holding  its  charactvr  and  destiny  in  tlie 
Tbey  will  bo  nll>powi-rful.  It  \»  niuit  imporlnnt,  therefore,  t 
•hould  come  iiiu>  tbcir  infiuviiliul  ]>la«e  ip  aocivly  pre|>ared  to 
influenoe  in  the  best  manner  and  for  the  best  ciidsi  And  thi 
secured  by  the  beat  training  in  their  Bcbool-dayB  ;  ench  «  t 
will  Gt  them  to  deal  wisely  with  the  facts  and  conditiona  of 
life  Tlioir  odncation  should  be  »o  conducted  an  to  be  not  a 
but  a  dt-light.  And  this  it  will  be  made,  if  tho  mind  of  tin 
engaged  with  objvota  wbidi  intcraA  it>  will)  objects  close 
rather  than  xh<nv  fir  away  and  vilb  whicli  it  lias  no  com 
the  child  to  study  the  geography  of  his  own  town,  or  first 
HCbool-bouec  grounds,  instead  of  that  of  Kamchatka,  and  be 
int«restvd.  Engage  him  in  ooticing  (be  forms  of  tbo  tn-<-M  1 
about  tbo  school-place — the  birdo,  the  flowcra,  the  rooks  wliic 
CTory  day — and  bis  mind  will  b<;come  all  alive  with  int<'rt«t 
They  are  akin  to  his  own  nature  He  lay*  bold  of  them  as 
Btiuct.  Oire  bim  these  objects  of  vtudy  tn  plac«  of  much  of 
tomary  ta^k-work  of  arithiuetio  and  grammar,  for  in^tuicc,  i 
inspire  within  him  such  a  loving  and  ardent  dctitrii  of  knowL-i 
ancli  an  awakening  of  faculties,  that  the  world  around  bim  wl 
nehool-room  ho  long  as  he  lives,  in  which  he  will  be  studyin 
last,  and  iu  which  bo  will  find  perpetual  delight.  It  !a  sad 
that  so  much  of  our  ftchoul-limc  has  been  aod  atill  ia  wwlod,  I 
the  children  so  frequently  have  come  out  from  the  place  of  «d 
as  it  is  called,  with  bo  little  knowledge  of  the  world  in  which  t 
and  in  which  tl»ey  arv  so  soon  to  oooupy  poutions  of  ioQueoM 
fiponsibility. 

There  are  no  slndie*  In  which  tho  young  are  so  much  intir 
tlioMf  which  relate  to  the  natural  world,  and  Utisni  are  noiw 
better  serve  the  purpose  of  disciplining  thu  mind  for  the  work 
iiig  life.    Tho  gej)enl  adoption  of  Arbnr^lay,  tl'  uiJ 

I'vction  with  our  nboola  would  bo  a  pleasant  ^t         .    .    ini 


ARBOR-DA  r. 


69J 


Eion  into  tbem  of  tb^  Datural  8ci«a«eB  with  all  thti'ir  honlthfal 
al  iollaeneoft, 
And  just  berc,  also,  if  vn  mitlaVc  not,  U  our  Itcit  pinrantM  for  tlic 
promotion  of  forestry  nn<l  for  tlto  Kolutiun  of  a  f^nt  national  problem. 
The  cbildren,  who  hare  been  invited  and  asaisted  to  plant  shrab  and 
tree  on  tfaeir  scbool-hous«  gitinnds,  will  soon  be  intGrest«d  in  the  work 
of  their  eldera,  aa  they  {ilant  trees  along  the  borders  of  the  streets,  an4 
will  auk  to  join  in  it.  Next,  thoy  will  be  r^aAy  to  asstut  in  bringing 
lr«c«,  with  whiflh  it  may  be  mught  {H-Hiaps  to  giro  the  village  ocmc- 
t«ry  a  morp  plcaannt  look  ;  or  they  will  ftntor  with  nymjiatby  into  tho 
work  of  converting  Mme  neglected  spot  of  ground  into  a  comely  park, 
or  clearing  up  a  rough  piece  of  woodland  bo  as  to  make  it  a  desirable 
p)Ac«  of  resort  and  recreation.  Thus,  going  on  from  year  to  ycnr,  a 
new  goneralton  will  soon  have  come  to  manhoo)  and  womanhood,  a 
gmeraiion  full  of  the  love  of  trc«M  as  Hnch,  and  not  estimating  them 
merely  for  their  value  aa  lumber  or  oord-wood.  ITiey  will  even  have 
a  poetic  senBibility  in  respect  to  the  trees.  Like  the  old  Greeks,  they 
will  sometimes  people  the  woods  and  groves  with  dryad*,  or,  as  otir 
ancestors  did,  with  gnomes  and  sprites.  They  will  have  learned,  also, 
i^M  thrir  fathen  have  not,  the  important  relations  which  the  for«st« 
^kistain  to  oUmate,  to  the  precipitation  and  distrihntion  of  moisture 
^^rotn  the  sky  and  clouds,  and  its  exhalation  from  the  ground.  They 
will  be  sensible  of  their  influence  upon  the  hot  and  cold  currents  of 
the-air,  and  their  value  to  agriculture  by  serving  as  effective  barriers 

K gainst  them.     They  will  have  learned,  as  tlieir  fatliCTs  have  not,  how 
ioclj  adjualcd  to  eadi  other  are  the  forces  of  the  natural  world,  and 
ow  haaardous  it  is  to  disturb  their  equilibrium,  yet  how  easily  in  our 
(ttoraoce  or  recklessness  we  may  do  it.     The  fact  will  be  familiar  to 
tbem  that  the  woodman,  by  an  improvident  ase  of  his  axe  upon  tJte 
hillside,  xtiiy  let  loose  the  torrent  or  the  avalanche,  which  may  hurl 
niin  upon  the  f<;rtilc  valley  below.     Well  knowing  thc»c  and  many 
other  things  respecting  the  tree*,  of  which  the  pn-Hcnt  generation  for 
the  most  part  are  ignorant,  or  which  they  are  slow  to  leam,  the  new 
geneiatioo  will  reoogntxe,  aa  we  do  not,  that  the  trees  are  essential  to 
man's  highest  welfare,  that  they  are  his  b?st  friendu,  that  they  are  the 
II     CORStiluted  p.irtneni  of  the  world  with  hlni,  that  human  life  in  fact 
^n^onld  he  impossible  without  them.     Recognixing  these  facts,  as  the 
^Kicw  generation  come  into  society  ca  its  directors,  we  may  expect  that 
j^^icy  will  be  conservative  of  the  forests,  and  thus  conservative  also  of 
the  best  interesta  of  the  country. 


TBJl  POPULAB   SCfSXCS  MONTHLY. 


SKETCH  OF  Sm  JOHS  BENNET  LAWES. 


r\  Joiix  6en:«et  T^wks,  iiid  "Nature,"  more  iban  ten  ;( 
(December  B,  l^S),  "  we  have  a  priTst«  iodividual  wbo, 
bjr  tli«  Male,  or  bjr  an j  MientiSe  body,  ha«  made  a  greater  nnnib«T  of 
nMfuI  fijierinieuU  lliao  all  the  eiperimeDial  farms  of  Earopeaa  got- 
erDCK'BtB  |iut  togetbiT."  Tlie  worlt  rcferrvd  (o  in  euch  terma  of  prain 
vaa  perfonn«d  on  Mr.  LawvK'>  private  Mate  at  Kothamstead,  in  liert- 
fordahirtf,  England,  to  wliieb  be  raeeeeded  a«  bcir  in  1822,  being  eigbl 
yean  of  age,  and  on  wbioh  be  began  bis  famoaa  experintenU  ia  l^, 
wbeo  be  eDt««d  tipoo  actual  pos&cssion  of  it. 

Mr.  LAwea  was  bom  in  1814,  and  acqnired  bis  ecbool  edncatioatt 
EtM)  College  and  Braaenoee,  Oxford,  vhere  be  waa  a  nadeu  fna 
188S  to  1835.  His  favorite  wot):  during  thiit  time  was  in  ibe  labooi' 
tory ;  and  after  leaving  tbc  univenut}-  be  itpeiit  nonic  time  in  Lcndia^ 
ill  tbu  »tudy  of  pmclicsl  cbemi^lry.  Uis  uination  and  tmrroandufi 
were  particularly  favorable  to  his  giving  bis  wbolc  atteiilion  to  tbt 
puranit  to  whiob  bis  tastes  inclined  him,  and  for  which  be  had  qnili- 
fted  himself  by  his  studies.  Powcssed  of  independent  meoiist  a  hnA- 
Kirae  property,  and  a  beautiful  old  manor-bouec  and  domain  of  ■htol 
five  buiulred  acro^  be  at  once  int«Festcd  himcelf  in  agriculture;  vA 
frun  the  year  be  entered  upon  manhood  till  now,  or  for  more  than  Gfl; 
yean,  be  baa  been  nncvasiogty  applying  his  scientific  knowledj;*  lo 
the  solution  of  questions  affecting  the  practice  of  that  art.  "  In  tbe 
comntene«ment  of  bis  experiments,"  says  bis  biographer  in  tbe  I'*' 
don  "Times,"  "  among  other  Hobjertit,  tbe  effect  of  boncG  as  a  nnaiR 
va  land  oocnpied  his  attention  for  M>ine  time.  A  friend  and  ncigUiar, 
llie  thai  Lord  Dacre,  particularly  directed  bia  notice  to  tlie  fad  tfait 
booea  wero  very  rariable  in  tbdr  effect  on  different  soila.  Strcnl 
hundred  experiments  were  accordingly  made,  some  opon  crops  b  ttt 
field  and  others  with  plants  in  pots,  in  which  tbc  constituents  fouadii 
the  ashes  of  plants  as  well  as  others  w4-rc  supplied  in  varioos  siatetot 
oorobination.  Striking  rc-^ulls  were  gained  from  ibcso  ctxpcrinwots,  ii 
which  the  neutral  phatpbate  of  lime  in  bonc^,  bone-aab,  and  apatiU 
was  rendered  soluble  by  means  of  sulphuric  acid,  and  the  mixtan  *p- 
plicd  for  root-crops.  Tbe  results  obtained  on  a  small  scale  in  Iffi-'^ 
were  such  as  to  load  to  more  eslenxive  trials  in  the  field  in  IMO-'ll- 
and  to  tbe  final  taking  out  of  a  patent  eariy  In  1842,  This  1n«4 
done,  Mr.  Lawea  established  largo  works  in  the  neighborhood  of  W 
don,  for  the  maniifnctare  of  superphosphate  of  lime,  by  whidi  naR< 
tbe  manure  in  known,  which  ba»  produced  tuoh  a  reTolntioo  b  tlL 
acienoe  of  agriculture."  fl 

In  1643  Mr.  Lawee  associated  with   himself  I>r.  J.  IL  GilihS 
whose  name  has  since  been  connecte*]  with  bis  tn  all  tbe  raa^^djH 


SKETCn  OF  SIR  JOffy  B£.VX£T  lAWSS. 


69s 


piwecuhid  at  RothuuHti-Ml,  ns  a  i>ractiGiil  clioiuwt ;  nud  logvtbcr  tbvy 
undertook  a  series  of  agrkiUlural  inrestigatiou  in  the  fi«ld,  Uio  feed* 
ii]g-iili«d,  audth«  laboratory.  The  laboratory  was  at  first  located  in 
an  old  barn  ;  bat  in  ltS54,  when  the  friends  of  Mr.  Lawos  proposed  to 
present  liim  a  fiorvicu  of  plato  in  recognition  of  their  Appreciation  of 
ilia  work,  he  taggmUid  that  a  new  laboratory  building  would  bu  a 
more  a])pro]>riai«  and  enduring  aa  well  as  uaeful  tesUmonial,  and  Uio 
moiioy  W3a  applied  for  the  purpose  of  erecting  one. 

The  place,  identified  with  Air.  Lawcs'e  experiments,  Itothainate«d, 
the  patrimonial  estate  of  itie  invustigator,  is  situated  some  tweoty-fire 
miles  from  London,  in  Herts,  and  is  easily  accnasible  to  viattora  from 
the  Ilarpi'mlcii  Railway  nutigu.  The  [nanor>tiouRO  ia  dMcribed  oa 
being  a  remarkably  fine  specimen  of  Old  Eiiglisli  arcliitttoture,  while 
the  domain  surrounding  it  contains  some  magui6oetil  timber,  inolud* 
ing  an  avenue  of  lindens,  which,  for  size  and  regularity  of  dimensions, 
ar«  perbajvs  unsurpassed  in  the  south  ofKngiand.  Aroond  the  family 
maosioQ  lie  the  live  hundred  avr««  that  form  the  experimental  sta- 
tion, which  is  entirely  Diaintainc<l  by  Sir  John.  For  the  benefit  of  the 
larga  DiimtK-r  of  laborers  wbo«o  servioeii  are  required  in  the  manage* 
tnont  of  the  statioo,  Mr.  Lawes  many  yoam  ago  formed  an  allutmont 
olub  through  which  small  gardens  of  about  an  eighth  of  an  acre  each 

n  be  rented.     For  this  purpose,  in  IbtiS,  sixteen  acres  of  land  had 
a  allocated,  and  the  whole  uumbor  of  allotment  gnrdens  then  10 

lUvatton  was  one  tiundrwl  and  MvcDty-four,    The  aliotuent  area 

fiiTiii»licd  with  a  club-liousei 

The  scientific  discovery,  says  an  English  biographer,  around  which 
l11  Mr.  Lawes's  subsequent  work  centered  was  the  dbprovement  of  Lie- 
big'a  mineral-ash  theory.  It  was  generally  supposed  at  the  time  hia 
experiments  were  licgnn  Diat  cerlaio  iialino  bodies,  so-called  mineral 
oonstjiticnts,  vvra  easeiittal  to  the  growth  ami  dcTclopmcnt  of  tlic 
plant,  and  that  snch  subatancca  must  be  furnished  to  it  by  the  aoiL 
The  necessity  of  a  oertaiD  quantity  of  nitrogen  was  recoguized  ;  but  it 
was  imagined,  since  wild  plants  could  tliHro  without  any  artllicial  snp- 
ply  of  nitrogen,  that  a  sufScicnt  amount  of  tliat  clement  existed  in  the 
atmosphere  to  render  it  unnvctiMary  to  take  any  steps  for  inorcasing 
the  supply.  The  cardinal  discovery  made  by  ilr,  Lawes  of  the  abso- 
lute nccisaity  of  the  presonco  of  nitrogen  in  the  soil  iu  order  to  main- 
tain iia  fertility  was  a  contradiction  of  this  view,  and  lc4  to  the  open- 
ing of  a  new  field  of  agricnltural  investigation.  In  connootioD  with 
the  belief  in  the  su(&cieni-y  of  the  atmospheric  sources  of  nitrogen,  it 
was  sapponed  that  the  fertility  of  a  toil  might  l>o  niainlAtncd  for  nn 
indttfiiilbo  period  if  the  different  mineral  conatitnentH  carried  off  by 
the  crop  were  annually  rctunicd  in  due  quantity  aa  mineral  manure 
to  the  soil,  ftospccting  theeo  two  points,  and  regarding  the  sooioea 
of  nitrogen,  Mr.  Lawes  has  said  :  "  I  maintain  that  the  amount  of  ni- 
onr  crops  from  tiic  atmosphere,  whether  oa  combl 


6g6 


TBE  POPVLAH  SCIEXCS  MOXTULY. 


nilrogcn  bronglit  doirn  byr&m  or  tbnt  absorbed  by  ibe  ooil 
plant,  ndnMilDtca  but  a  veiy  snutll  proportion  of  the  total  ttxaot 
Maimilat«,  aa<l  that  tbe  »r>il  tt»«.-If  (or  manuro)  U  pnwtlcally  tt 
aonrce  of  tbeir  supply.     IiKlot'd,  it  [»  a  qUMtloo  whctbor  on 
land  08  mach  or  toora  may  not  bo  lott  by  drainage  or  otlicnrb 
i«  lupplied  by  tbo  auno«»ph«ro."    The  fioW  ejcperimciit*  on  wlili 
ooni'Jurioaa  r^t  hav«  formed  Sir  John  Lawee'e  priucijud  woi 
vor«d  by  paaition  and  ctrcuinstanc«a,  he  hu  bivn  enabled  to  carr] 
a  largie  wale  moat  important  operations.     IIik  gi-Dcral  plan  has 
select  fields  in  a  condition  of  agricultural  cxhaiution,  tbnt  f«,  if 
In  which  a  frceh  supply  of  manuro  was  needed  to  lit  the  soil 
growtb  of  another  crop.     Upon  thia  exbaoated  soil  each  ui  i\ 
important  croptt  in  the  roiatioii  vaa  f^rovn  year  afler  year  ii] 
same  spot,  in  plots  witboTit  manure,  and  in  otber  plot«  in  irhh 
ous  kinds  of  mannre,  bat  nsoally  llie  aaino  to  each,  were  applied 
Thus  itbocamo  possible  to  determine  tho  point  of  n-Jatire  exb 
or  exccMivo  supply  of  any  of  the  oonstitueuu  of  the  manun 
details  of  this  motliod  are  given  an  exemplary  explftnaiion 
Lawoa's  "  Report  of  Experiments  on  the  Growth  uf  Ititrlcy  furl 
YcATS  on  the  Same  LauJ,"  publi»)-.i.-d  in  l>iT4,  when  Uiu  expt 
««■  still  in  progress.    Tho  field  had  been  divided  into  ]ilot»  uj 
one  fiftb  of  an  acre  each.    Some  of  tlu'se  had  never  reewiv 
manure  during  the  tn-enty  yeiini ;  the  otbcn  received  saam 
more  of  tho  food  confitituents  which  barley  re<|aire8.    Tbn*,  a 
manured  with  pho«phatcfl,  a  second  willi  alkoties,  a  third  wi 
monia,  a  fourth  with  ammonia  aod  phospbatee,  a  fifth  wilh  am 
phosphates,  and  alkaltc*,  etc.,  every  year  in  succession.    At  horn 
crops  were  carcfolly  weighed,  and  were  then  annljrzcd  in  the 
tory  under  the  superintendonco  of  Dr.  Gilbert,  wbvu  the  amot 
dry  matter,  ash.  and  nitrogen,  were  <letorDuned. 

"Tic  advanugc*  of  tliis  syitematio  mode  of  experimenting 
an  English  review  of  the  report,  "  ore  very  great.  Carried  on 
same  manner  for  so  many  years,  these  experimi'iiw  niiEwer  <|« 
relating  to  the  exhaustion  of  the  aoil,  to  the  p^-rmnnefit  tiffect  i 
nitree,  to  the  effect  of  season  upon  the  prodnee.  With  the  aid 
laboratory  investigations  tbcy  teach  lu  what  proportion  of  the ' 
ingrcdienid  supplied  in  the  manure  is  recovered  in  the-crop,  an 
the  coniposicioo  of  the  plant  is  affected  by  the  vorloa*  roodlt 
the  soil.  In  conjunction  with  analysM  of  llie  soil  and  of  tbe  Art 
w-iter,  we  loam  wh.it  becomos  of  tho  mnnnrofl  suppli'  '  ■ 
they  have  penetrated  into  tlio  aoii,  what  is  tlte  Iom  sm  lij 

drainage,  ete.  A  single  field  experiment,  tlius  thorotighty  and  p 
carried  out,  touches  half  the  domain  of  agricultural  rhemisti 
supplies  inftirmation  of  the  most  solid  and  valuable  kind.** 

Mr.  LawcH  o^Idreaaed  himself  with  groat  skill  ami  mKvrtaa 
task  of  perfecting  the  methods  of  analyda  ;  l)t>i.  ov.-n  nfi'-r  n\\ 


SKETCa  OF  SIR  JOHN  BBNNET  LAWES. 


697 


r 

^neMigKtions,  be  bctterM  that  tti«  dacidatioD  of  agricultural  principloa 

BuaU  be  lookeid  for  fntm  a  <lu<!  eontiidiTation  of  vegvtablo  pbyoiology 

M  w«U  as  chemUtrr,  and  of  the  ajwoial  fon«tioQal  pcouUariiioH  aii<l  re* 

Bourous  of  ililTereDt  planu  as  well  ha  tbeir  actual  perocatagij  coinpoah 

Son.    Tbu  explanation  of  the  distinctive  fnnctions  of  orope  grovn  in 
Afttion  ia  found,  in  Iiix  vii^w,  in  tho  cliaraetcr  and  length  of  life  of 
■  different  plants ;  in  the  cliaractor  of  the  root*  in  regard  to  nninbur, 
size,  etc.,  and  to  their  aptitude  to  dt-rive  more  of  their  food  and  moist" 
^-XLn  from  tbo  «tirfsec,  or  from  the  aubsoil ;  and  io  the  greater  capacity 
Kof  *omc  for  liberating  and  asfiimilating  food  not  available  for  others, 
Vor  for  arresting  food  which  would  otherwise  b«  wubcd  out  of  the  soil. 
B  In  brief,  hU  investigations  have  embracod  re«i'3rcbo«  into  the  exhatis- 
Htion  of  soils,  including  experiments  on  crapx  ;  on  the  prineipirs  of  rotn- 
^lion  and  fallow ;  on  the  mixed  herbage  of  graii>-landa ;  on  the  pn>gTeM 
of  regetJitton  g<-nemllv,  including  rest-arehes  on  the  action  uf  nianiirea  ; 
on  the  origin  of  nitrogen  in  plants  ;  on  the  feeding  and  fattening  of 
OKttle,  and  genemllf  on  stock  as  meat-producing  and  mann  re- making 
macbines ;  on  rainfall  and  drainage ;  on  botanical  oharoeleristics  ;  and 
on  the  ebcmlrtry  of  thn  malting  procora,  and  ihc  eomparalivc  value  of 
malt  and  barley  att  food  for  cattle.    Mr,  Lawcs  aUo,  in  conjunction 

rmith  Professor  Way,  acted  upon  a  royal  commission  from  1857  to 
1605,  in  the  investigstion  of  the  effect  of  the  application  of  town  aew- 
1^  upon  grasa  and  other  crops  ;  and  in  the  institution  of  comparative 
experiments  on  the  fee<ting  qnalitics  of  the  diffcrenlly  grown  crops,  to 
be  determined  by  tlic  amount  of  increase  yielded  by  oxen,  and  the 
atnonnt  and  eompotiilion  of  the  milk  yielded  by  cows. 

In  It^  Mr.  Ijiwes  announced  his  intention  of  placing  in  Imat  his 
laboratory  and  ex|>eriuental  fieldis  with  an  endowment  of  £100,000, 

ttbe  int«rc«t  of  which,  after  his  death,  should  be  applied  lo  the  con- 
tinuance of  the  investigations  carried  on  there.  "  It  is  seldom,"  "  Na- 
ture "  remarke<l,  in  noticing  the  fact  at  the  time,  "  that  we  have  to 
reconl  an  net  of  so  great  mnnificewc  directed  in  a  channel  calculated 
to  bring  about  su«h  important  results  to  the  scientific  departments 
of  agriaulture." 

I  Mr.  Lawes  was  elected  in  16!)4  a  Fellow  of  the  Boyal  Society,  whose 
loyal  medal  ho  received  conjointly  with  l>r.  Gilbert  in  l^^OT  ;  ho  Itas 
also  receivwl  a  gold  medal  from  the  Imperial  Agricultnmt  Society  of 
jRuasiu  ;  in  June,  iSSI,  tlie  Emperor  of  Germany  by  im|»crial  decree 
imrded  the  gold  modal  of  merit  for  agriculture  to  him  and  I>r.  Gil- 
bert Joinity,  in  recognition  of  their  nerviec«  for  the  development  of 
scientific  and  practical  agriculture  ;  and  in  May,  \i^^2y  Mr.  I^wcs  was 
ore«ted  a  baronet,  and  became  Sir  John  Bennet  Lawes.  He  is  also  a 
Fellow  of  the  Chemical  Society,  and  an  LL.  D. 

The  resnlto  of  tlie  Rothanurtead  investigations  of  Sir  John  Lawes 

ore  to  be  fouml  in  the  journals  of  the  Hoyal  Agricultural  Society,  the 

BlvportH  of  the  British  Association,  the  Journal  of  the  Chemic&l 


TIIS 


M 


del7  af  taaiaa,  tfac  T 
«f  i1m  80CMI7  of  An^  tW 

Bafkl  DaUia  5odeir*  (h*  ~ 
■cil  GoMta,"  tW  *■ 


OftWnlwarSir 
-itMBat  to  W 


body  o(  tatt»  m  n^aHtm  %o 
aO  the 


^i^wm 


-0(lW 


TTi  iliii  ill  iiiHi  liMiiiB  iimiiinHj  ii  ii  il  I  I 
:  sf  vUcb  MOW  to  hsTC  BiHfii  tbe 
,  tar  ihmj  tatHanih  j/ntmA  to 

10  tfcc  ITTM-  one:  **Tbe wkok t»tW- 
Hehee  bed  so  u4  fram  tbc  rmiieieil  ui 
ad  as  adiioe  fron  aajr  eootauUee  «r  pafcCc  bady.' 
i  of  KMsee  to  Mr.  Lawe^i  aaiqae  aad  nailj  1 
vaaead  aat  ifiih,  Aa  fatXa  an  ao  fUn  tint 
eehuh  3Car  acad  we  Male  Ute  laoraL  Tba  addSlien  to  ^  1 
wcahb  whkk  hai  aecmed  favta  tlie  dbcormes  aade  'hj  lb.  Law  a 
abaadj  taamnaai  It  lotut  be  borne  ia  laiad  tbtt  tUi  liiaiti  bi 
sriiai  braa  onriilratof  r»terth«t.  for  Hr.  larce  vaa  aos  Btafdal 
to  tekc  tbeoi  ay^  aor  b  La  boaod  to  eontiiuie  tben." 

ne  eecnt  of  this  great  merit  ia  also  girra  ;  for  whil*  Hi;  Ina 
bae  not  hid  aa  anqaaljicd  ■accte^  eepecUIIy  io  dnarii^  i 
inm  hit  laela,  **hii  wrAa^  afford  anple  e^ideaee  of  great  1 
aeei  of  |»nr|>u>e.  Ilts  ouinlf .  oatspokni  Uaguago  dion  that  he  bm 
tnoh  Cor  tia  ova  Mk«.  lie  ba»  bad  ample  moarcee ;  and  he  b»  bl 
the  Bodvc  <tf  edf-iatenai,  aa  veil  m  1ot«  of  hnovlcdg^  to  atuoiitfi 
bha  ia  hu  inTaMigalmaiL" 

In  tbie  >ple»did  example,  u  in  «o  maaj  oUiera,  we  bave  tDannuJ 
aaea-  the  ^ct  ihal  the  best  ecienufic  resalu  and  ibe  sMst  impM* 
tant  advaacca  in  disoorery  an  the  fruit  of  earnest  individul  vctfc, 
prompted  bf  Io*e  of  the  pnrrait  and  carried  uu  in  u  spirit  of  trlf-Kli* 
aace ;  that  invntigntioo  can  and  will  make  ita  own  palh»  and  iaJ  it> 
wny  to  iu  own  enda,  end  be  more  Tif;oroiu  and  active  for  the  effort; 
and  that  the  time  baa  not  vet  como  when,  in  Anglo-Saxon  coiuttwi, 
Mcience  baa  *q  dccliuvd  that  it  miut  be  coddled  hy  ullicia]  patronaga 


0       A  OABX  IS  MOtUL  SDCCATIOV. 

IT  U  <Mieoiir*giiie  to  obetrre,  by  tlw 
recent  dii«aaik)o«  in  CongNM,  tliat 
Llier«  \»  a  iltwpenlsg  oonriclion  of  th« 
D4>«>il  of  iu>  inteniattooal  oopjright  law 
to  |itit  a  tvtp  to  tb«  acandaloas  ToWMty 
of  IhoM  for«iin)  Batlion  wbo  vn  doing 
•0  tuuoh  lo  muitaiii  «oA  elerale  our  l&t«l- 
evttial  IKc    Tbara  nro  orlaood  a  ifroir- 
[■unt«  of  raprolmtiOB  of  tl>is  pnurlice> 
1  noob  pwiWT  agreometit  Uian  over 
an,  both  M  to  ibo  occcwiijr  oT  put- 
fug  ID  end  to  It,  and  IIm  muatis  to  b« 
'idoplod  for  tbo  pnrpoM.   Tbo  coininit* 
tc«  WM  addr«aa«tl  by  bat  om  dovn- 
riffat  opiwDent  or  tDlcrnfltinoal  copy- 
rigtit,  aud  be  »diulitt<d  tlisi  be  iras 
.  oppoMod   to  nil  oopjr^lit,  and  would 
take  avay  tbo  Itgal  protocthm  ot  tli«r 
lUorary   iiropcrty  frixn   Ameiieait  ao- 
tliofs.  Ur.  JamotRiMMlILowoU.Preri- 
dent  of  tbo  CSoprripht   Lc«(tii<v  mniln 
on  exc«ll«at  oitdruM,  pelting  tlie  wbole 
qtMOtton  on  tba  hiffh  motnl  Kround  of 
ia^he  liglits  of  men  to  prop«Tt;  In  their 
^HniB-work,  and  th«  ontrnffo  of  olloo'* 
^■fig  Other  BHO  to  appropriate  It  from 
Hfessroooarjr  dw^vm  and  iMoaDM  Iboy 
And  K  ralnnUo;  ond  ho  did  not  htiii- 
Ut«  to  atf  that  tha  rMwoDbif  bj  whkb 
Intoraationol  eopTTtjilit  »•«  there  op- 
poMd  waa  bot  a    Tirluol  defenao  of 
pookflt-pioklDji.    We  onll  atloDtion  to 
tUa  matter  hare  almpty  to  *lioir  tliot 
tlMT*  t»  an  undanbt«d  qiilckeDing  of 
the   moral    ovnae  ot    Iho   cutniminilj 
over  Ibla  qneotloD,  ao  tbat  what  van 
loaf  reRordod  witit  iodifftnBoe  aa  but 
^«  Tenia]  vruDg  \»  dov  rcfirobated  a« 
Hk  pnwtli-u  M  bad  tliat  it  can  be  no 
^'lonKer  toleralod. 

And  ereo  wbUo  tlio  itneetlon  ia  being 
thoe  debated,  thore  coumm  a  frotli  and 
Bogront  liMtonc*  of  that  cpoliatloo  of  for- 
pifiB  auUi»r«  whkli  will  eonlioao  lo  be 
peqxtraied  oottl  the  Uw  loya  Ita  ImmI 


EDITOR' S  TABLE. 


699 


EDITOR'S  TABLE. 


opOB  men  deelltate  of  aoj  reatraloinf 
moral  aenae.  The  ooae  is  ]MCnliarl;  if- 
ffnvat«d  in  tliit  reipeot.  A  foreign  oo- 
thor  writea  a  valnablo  book,  which  ia 
found  eapoeioUj  navful  in  ttila  eountry 
fOroultiTatlnglhei&lDdsof  («acli«n;  and 
their  BMiH  of  oblicilion  to  lilm  for  hit 
gTMt  terTlce  Is  eipreaacd  by  a  nrtnol 
eoMpirooy  amoBg  them  10  atuol  iL  Hr. 
Jaror*  SvUf,  of  London,  Is  the  atithor 
(rfUi«"OollIoesof  pRfcbolofj.''  TLe 
wofk  was  created  b;  hb  labor.  It  was 
made  at  the  eort  of  tjcne,  faculty,  and 
blood ;  h«  oooeamod  his  vital  eoerg?  In 
pT«parlnK  it  Just  sa  uDob  as  ia  done  Id 
producing  aaj  other  piece  of  work  of 
naj  kind  that  was  ever  eoD«iruutML  U 
there  bo  such  a  thing  as  property,  Ur. 
ScdJy'a  book  waa  bis  property  by  evory 
principloofjualico  and  right.  Tbatwoa 
reeogniwd  by  his  AmoriooD  pnblishere, 
who  nude  no  armngerount  with  him  to 
pay  a  royalty  on  the  aslee  at  on  eiinol 
rate  that  it  is  customary  to  pay  Amor- 
ioan  antbor«.  The  arrxngement  was 
donbly  Talid  ia  the  eyte  of  bH  honor- 
able men,  for  it  was  iolrinsicnlly  Just 
and  oi)tii table  and  was  Tolantarlly 
uiode  without  any  compulsion  of  law- 
Mr.  8al1y^  work  vaa  a  large  toKt- 
book  of  imneral  pnycholoKy,  but  it  K>im> 
protnlneoce  to  tlie  bearin)»  of  ilist  sci- 
ence npott  thaorotioal  and  praclioal  (da- 
cation,  and  this  was  the  Cmtura  that 
was  BpccUIJy  appreciated  by  our  eda- 
cntor*.  It  WAS  an  obvwos  snggastian 
that  to  w|iarBie  the  ednoatlonal  port  of 
tli«  hook  from  its  oonnacUons  and  Issne 
It  aepaTn[«l7  in  a  cheaper  form  woidd 
bo  a  desirable  Iblne.  Different  portion 
in  fact,  i^iplied  to  the  publlsbeni  to  get 
the  Job  of  entUng  the  book  down ;  but 
thoy  answerod  that  tbls  whs  a  nutlor 
belonging  entirely  to  ibu  author.  He 
was  written  to,  and,  approriag  tbo  plan, 
ei^aged  to  moke  ■  oooqMtid  of  his  work 


.i-  S**>PVLAR  SCtBSCB  MOXTBLT. 


^ 


■■'-«^- 


■Jrardaed  bjr 

tiui  as  H- 

ot  tlM  "0«t- 

b;  tba  utlior 

-   ^MA  Bpp««r.     It  flMd 

'  i^A.  tfaac  Um  salhor,   wlio 

4lj<rt&  tbonm^il;,  and  hai] 

ft,  TU  Um  moirt  com- 

-/ifar*  bmD  It  a  briefcr 

.   ■uttli]    nniaira    niacli 

.  U4  oaw  rtalMDMit ;  b*Miue 

■  fA  in  — d  to  a  rooH  Inipor- 

.  4aMU  nal  iMdou  b^Bomlj 

^  ■nJantfiiHj  s  part  of  ib« 

>  hbI  ftiiillBg  It  MparaUlj. 

V«l  UitalMn,  of  the  PauTMB 

"At  i«U  DO  attentfoo  to  aoy 

-JMstioa,    H*  eat  o«t  wbot 

1  bum  Uia  rolnaiA,  odikd  iOEU« 

>;  ifipUad  lo  VcMTiL  AppMon 

1,  oluob  of  coarse  tbpf  do- 

.  i;  u>)  bo ibMi  found  Miothor 

-  .    :o  carrjr  oat  bb  *«r;r  que*- 

>'«■•.  u«r  obI?  coDOom  bore  h  vith 


■H*^OiD  o'  *''>*  *(foir,  in 

a  «itk  wbot  COM  for  "  hif  ber 

'  la  tha  yablle-«ebool  *;«t«<m 

dab;.    A  gnat  deal  Is  loid 

(M  ttalm  of  iDori]  odtjcatlon 

-ifla  tdkoob:  bnt  tbo  smvc 

.  .iii«»aototfaeeoiBpeteD07uf 

-*:.'HUf  lotowttonybiiib-^eboolB" 

-^liit.    Menl  ediwatf on  is  a  tnatur 

.j*  ■ppUfd  10  pmctico ;  It  tn- 

<  tbo  grouadii  of  right  snd 

^^llact.  wlib  a  view  of  d«- 

.  iMt  lUnp  an  proper  to  do 

M  ivtiddeo  as  Immorftl  or 

•iatiiMpljr  to  awKrUiio  sod 

•  A  tiM  ladlvtdual  right  fuIm 

J«Be*  of  penoMl  action  tii 

«ak»tBAL    Tbe  obligntioiKi 

■tear  MMKiiih ;  what  la 

■•oolt  ia  ibe  «x|ilanation 

■.atal  tinportaiiN,  tbotr 

^.-fjiturr  br  whicb  thrr 

i*i*r  pointed  appUca- 

-  ••*•  of  tlie  fimnfr. 

-.»al  of  tbo  PuterwQ 


Ut^-Sebcol,  a  fit  pccaon  to  pi«  aid 
iBMnctlaBr    Coold  be  aiplaiaielb 
daMCa  tbo  moral  diSereiiM  Unaa 
atoaltoK  Hr.  Sutlr'a  book  a>d  mA% 
hiawatali)   Could  be  ezpUialobMJ» 
aqr  ttadcnta  wby  ibej  abovU  doI  Mai 
tlio  poper  and  biodiiig  of  BardMi't 
Tolomo  a«  bo  baa  Ha  ooalcatal    If  ie 
■boiald  *aT  to  tfaom  tbat  pap«r,  nl, 
aod  Undbig  ara  aaond  ibin^  and  aoi 
lo  bo  approfiriatad  vitbon  pajsot, 
while  tbo  Mol  of  tbo  work,  lb*  p*ri 
aoagbt  and  priud  as  a  r^'^*'  in  our 
edocatioo,  ba*  no  valoe  o'luch  le  ia 
bonnd  to  rvcofnliA,  would  ihej  not  \a 
JQctiGed  in  rtpfjioff  to  tlio  anpnatal 
by  tbronlngtfaoUxJtatbialieadl  Tlw 
rriocipal  of  a  hijth-Kbool  who,  tttlu 
liine,  trill  at>pfopriate  lii«rv7  praptf- 
\,j  which  bo  hu  no  oiotal  ricbt  b 
loncb,  wbo  will  rob  an  auibor  lic^ 
bMaoao  b*  ia  holpleaa  and  moat  intml 
bii  liook  to  Ibe  pulilie  iioDor,  and  •ho 
will  motilale  a  work  vLich  ho  kno«t 
tba  BBlbor  ia  boDMlf  roTUng  aail  nut- 
lux  OTor  for  tho  apodfic  oldoola  ra«9- 
nliMt— socb  a  Principal   maj  coofl? 
wilb  tbu  tJtato  •taudard  of  (onpcMKy 
to  control  a  bigh^acbool,  bat,  in  ov 
opinion,  be  b  not  St  to  gin 
lions  in  moral  adncatioB. 

Tbt^PaterfonPrindpol  wUI,  ofo 
haro  bti  oxciivMi  Ho  msf  *af :  'lb* 
approprlaltoffl  of  foreign  bookaitaMai- 
moo  tldnf;  tt  is  dooo,  aad  bM  Imb 
long  don«^  bjr  reipedaUe  people;  1  ■■ 
00  worao  than  tJioj  ara."  Bat  tliit  viD 
not  doL  Vben  a  proCeealooal  filcm; 
frwhootarsays:  ^  1  can  ootiimg  to  It* 
riithta  dL  BMoign  aulbors;  I  prafONt» 
take  ibelr  worka  as  long  aa  I  caa  proA> 
brtbtsnandkecpootof  jaJI;  *>bsl» 
j-oD  going  to  do  about  III '"—lila  CM 
b  not  a  proper  prMwdont  for  tbe  (aii- 
cipd  of  a  higb-acboul  charged  with  tt« 
datj  of  forming  the  monl  cbanclcnrf 
popih  committed  to  bis  cbargSL  Bt  ii 
to  toach  tbem  tbat  wbat  la  imriDOoB.* 
wrong  i*  not  nado  anyiblog  <i»  b» 
oaooe  oibers  Indnlgo  in  it.  Of  aNna. 
ho  ean  qooto  maiiT  bod  mamftouMdl 


EDITOR'S   TABLE. 


701 


Im  Iiw  followed,  but  1i«  b  oiiMDg  tlioae 
who  prOHWniiMintljr  bavo  ou  lioiiuiMi  Xo 
foUow  bod  exiuii|>les,  clltter  Ui  |>nictlG«or 
In  iweoept.  Bat  tbo  Pntenon  Piiaoipal 
will  Naroh  a  loD^  tiino  bvfoto  findiag  » 
prvecdeat  h  bod  *s  Ibjrt  irbi«b  Iw  Mm- 
•df  liu  set.  Ha  goM  Tolunrnrilr  into 
tb*  budoM*  of  robbing  foreign  autlior* 
irbca  Kuorlr  crerjbodj  el«e  ia  trjlog 
to  atop  it;  ba  caU  ap  lii*  book  At  hit 
own  cflgiricii  while  the  lutlbor  U  lilm- 
Helf  revising  and  40D<1«nsiDg  it;  and 
then  lie  |>lola  with  otker  nlurntor*  to 
nucnro  tl>D  adoption  of  Ibo  ditJiooMC 
edition,  to  tb«  excinsion  of  tlie  bonett 
and  loperiof  boolt.  Sneb  tlilaga  uigbt 
be  expected  o(  a  aordid  and  naprinci- 
ftlod  ligckrt«r  in  tbe  poblituition  buxi> 
n««a,  but  tbcf  are  to  b«  rrprobateil  iu 
tlia  pnonipol  of  n  bi^h-«clioo).  Thut 
be  ii  bftokcd  b;  utli«r  u«cbuM  doca  not 
h«lp  Ui«  matter,  bat  onljr  •till  fiirtlicr 
esemplillea  the  lax  nnit  dull  ttale  of 
niiDd  In  rogan)  to  riglit  and  wrong 
wlilob  tli«r  than  QTinne,  and  wtilcb 
go«>  fiir  to  ux|>lflin  the  bnnkirardnum 
and  iMglMt  of  moral  edooatloD  In  our 
■  sobooU. 


aTABiurr  tn  arsrexs  or  Taocear. 

lit  ll;e  "  Coniioerciftl  Advertiwr  "  of 

Januarr  Hth  Xhtto  i*  nn  able  article, 

BTidcDlljr  from  tlie  niaMer-mind  of  lluit 

Joanul,  on  fencer's  evolattos  pliiloeo- 

pbjr,  wbiol).  from  tbc  ictureit  of  tbo 

^—qiMMioDO  raised,  m  wvU  a*  Its  vury  dv- 

^klded  vie<Tf  dmerreo  Mme  critical  no- 

^^^M<.    After  pBMlfig  eocooiiuuii  on  Ur. 

^pp«n«er  for  hla  noUo  a&d  ditiDlerMted 

^^i^m*,    the   coR)pf<ibfauv«new  of   bit 

work,  bi«  iiDiii«nM  rviults  ronsidcnd 

aa   an    intollnelnal    ochlevomcnl,    bia 

lAinaluking  induotTj,  aod  indcfotigal^lo 

penirtencf  of  pnrpoM^  the  wHtor  re- 

marlca  that,  admirable  as  it  all  i«.  it  ttill 

boa  Dboiil  it  "a  touch  of  Ibo  palbotk." 

[^Jlut  ibnt  It  roo}^  never  bu  fioUbcd,  a* 

ninjr  fear,  bnt  tl»l,  otoii  If  completed, 

will  (luieViT  take  Ita  |daoo  amoDC  the 

jtuiuaof  fotil*'  kihchUUod  wiUi  wliicb 


the  huniaa  inlud  baa  teemM  for  tl>«ae 
tbouaanda  of  jttn.  AHvt  refeeriog  to 
tbo  and  experience  of  Huekte,  the  wrtter 
Mjra :  "  Ur.  8poDOcr'«  caao  ia  different ; 
he  may  bo  able  to  finUi  bia  work,  but 
tb»  t  luw  of  it  tbol  cornea  to  ae  la,  that 
wbvD  it  ia  Sniabed  it  maj  i>rov«.  In 
Kope  and  oabitauce,  no  more  than  a 
brillinnt  dream.  The  thmoTj  of  otoId- 
tioB,  in  the  eonatraolioB  of  which  be 
baa  Ppent  so  many  laborioiia  day  a  and 
niglita,  InTiehod  roob  woodorfal  pow*r« 
of  obMrratlon  aod  gtoeralkatlon,  and 
pxliibittd  ooeb  an  iagenaily  of  (ancj, 
ooUucting  auoh  uuuaea  of  knowledge 
and  acintilUling  ancb  lla*b«e  of  aoggee- 
tion,  will,  aftef  all,  ehore  Ibo  fito  of 
otbcr  merely  apocolatire  bhrics,  and, 
like  them,  in  apite  of  a  cexloln  eolor  of 
wcieni'O  which  he  bits  hota  enabled  to 
givo  it,  fade  airnj'  in  Ibe  advandng 
light  of  reul  knoirledge." 

Wa  ens  not  bolp  tblnklng  that  Ui!s 
JudgmcDt  manifi-sta  nu  itiipurfcot  appio- 
ciatbu  of  the  iDtvIk^tuol  revolution 
whidi  mirka  oS  aocieut  and  aicdkevaJ 
from  modern  tbongbt,  in  ao  far  aa  tbia 
reprMeDtsanewcnof  auitnee.  It  can 
hardly  be  contended  that  acltnce  In  tbe 
pruent  ttato  of  it*  ilovclo lament  connta 
fur  iiolhing  In  ite  influonco  opou  aya- 
teina  of  thought;  nor  U  it  dilficnlt  to 
M«  in  what  way  it  ncta  and  must  in- 
ereanngly  aiot  in  future  to  diacredlt  or 
to  coDfiorre  auoh  syatcms.  'The  old 
Kclienw*  of  Fjiecnlniion  nnil  arhoola  of 
pbiloaopby  ran  tbi-ir  tmaiicnt  courae 
ntider  tho  Intlaence  of  great  teachen^ 
and  then  denlincd  nnd  gnre  place  to 
oibcr&  because  they  bud  no  bati*  In 
any  real  knoirlrilKc  of  Katnre.  Tn  met- 
apby^cs  nnd  rciiiriun.  tbu  two  groat 
epharea  of  mental  ncliviiy,  Imaglaa- 
tiiMi  went  riot  fur  lark  of  rwtrabilDg 
data.  Tliey  luid  no  elemenl  that  coald 
give  them  pcnoonontvalno;  onoman'e 
opinion  waa  at  good  a*  anothvr'a,  and 
aystcms  multiplied  with  tbe  commnn 
and  inerltable  cboractcr  of  inalnbility. 
Sonte  were  prceerred  by  favoring  aocl- 
dvnta.    Tbu  «y(t«m  of  I'lnto,  a*  intrin- 


TOt 


TBS  POPULAR  SCIEA'CB  MOXTBLY. 


^ 


JnJIr  wMtUa*  M  (fca  rtsi,  lircd  on  as 
a  paw  la  tlM  world  of  tbont^  b«c>ii>e 
of  tha  iscmnt;  ofhii  q>«ciilMloii«,  Ibe 
liifiHriiii  lM«ai;  of  ilidr  literary  Annx, 
iW  fililftr  of  ekMtfl  mpcnlition  Id 
liMr  «KM,  ud  bMWiM  bb  B^iUai  of 
Hi—  hH  bam  loppoMd  to  faror  tbo 
foBiUBBBnta]  Iwllfft  of  CbriaUui  tfaml- 

But  modira  Uwogbt  mula  ■  dcv 
MBitiag'faiiit  wbco  b  begw  fonnall.T 
t«  bttIM  OB  tb«  nritiM  of  Katniv.  A 
MW  ttemeBt  wu  Uien  iMnxluMd  into 
phUoaoph;  whkli  waa  oapaUo  of  ^' 
IDC  it  pcnnanctiML  TIm  <liiH)0veT7  of 
Um  lawa  of  motion,  for  exatnple,  vai 
aa  i&UQaetoa]  acqvUtioD  to  aUad  fgr- 
CT«r.  Wb«D  it  aiu  proved  that  tiio 
«anb  Is  Dot  ihe  ttAtli>D&rv  MoUr  of 
tba  mlTcrae,  bat  onlj  a  rSTolrliig  pUn- 
M,  tbara  wo*  iti*cni  not  only  a  n«w  fiwt 
tor  all  time,  bat  a  fact  tLot  ^sttvred 
wbol*  aTvtatnaof  pro-uiftiiig  opinioD, 
awl  bacaae  a  pMioaiiciit  deoiMit  to  fix 
•ad  r«««lar*  tbo  fotvra  iltiDking  of 
In  Alrtfaar  imtanfio,  Ibe  dia- 
i  of  tba  circolation  at  iliu  blui>d, 
of  tlM  lava  of  DOUilioa,  of  liic  dnablo 
artioB  aail  nflai  fkmetioiu  of  th«  hotv- 
mo*  t^atMK.  r«T«aled  facta  of  eadurinK 
uMfDMit  «bich  tbraw  new  1%bt  apoo 
the  nauira  of  taaa.  TIm  calabHiibincnt 
of  tiM  aid«atnictiUIIt7  ol  asatter,  aiid 
tiMl  all  auHaUona  of  mnt«rial  ibirigs 
an  goTCWad  b7  thit  lav,  irns  a  dcw 
km/  to  tbo  uiitentanding  of  onr  world 
wUch  can  navor  b«  loat.  And  wbeo 
tba  kindred  tmlti  of  the  roDMrratloii 
of  vnersv.or  tbat  in  the  knotcn  rooTM 
of  Knlnra  fore*  la  D«vor  creatixl  or  d«- 
ittajod — vUi-h  Faradnj'  pronounced  to 
W  **  tba  bi^bni  lair  In  pli^mioal  acienM 
ibal  DUf  bculttiM  penult  us  to  per- 
odn"-  wb«o  this  mlKlity  prindplo 
«aa  damotiatrated.  *rho1o  ayntMU  of 
i>-rul»lioa  arcTv  Tiod«rtiiIn«d,  nholo 
■  -rMloat  MTor  w«»c  ileatroyed, 
iilwopbicol  interprctatioai  of 

-  L»  pill  DpoD  a  new  aad  Inda- 

-  Soma.    We  hare  gi«n  a  f«w 
.^  -d  tbat  element  vbieb  H 


waa  tb«  dcattaijr  of  adnoa  to  contrib 
Bt«,  and  bj  wbicb  it  bas  fonaed  a  m* 
epoeh  of  Iboo^t;  hot  aQ  the  acknna 
ara  AiD  of  tfan  now  cloniaaL  It  eon- 
data  of  coobibntiooa  of  bet  and  !•« 
ataadlnc  In  evarlaatiiif  contraM  vitt 
the  baaaloaa  and  tranaiapt  aMnnptiDu 
of  pbUoaoflnn  lor  the  pait  two  lloo- 
aandyeara.  But  tbe  two  tboosand  jtan 
of  atnpty  pbSloaopfaical  tpeeulatioa  gal 
a  might*  b^adway ;  end.  aa  oar  afaea- 
tion  i*  atill  dominated  by  tradition,  tb 
(nliivBi«d  mind  of  tbe  ag«,  tainnud 
witfa  tba  "  history  of  pbiUaopby,"  n- 
nwna  bl!ad«d  to  tbe  profoand  rigtifi- 
esitoe  of  tbat  nrolation  of  idea*  wIM 
modem  adenee  baa  faHndamd.  Tbav 
an  plenty  nt  ni«ii  whoM  caltim  i*  lo 
ftiU  of  tbe  paMt  tbal  tbey  are  ure  to  p 
on  aplnnlDg  «yM«Bi  fandfal  lad  ftA 
ft« tboirproilciMaaor*;  bntaaebveffcb 
oettaio  tobwonemonaadiiNMaMBi- 
alooa  and  kaa  asd  leaa  rtfirded.  F«, 
witli  tli«  derelopnMBt  of  Mieoeo,  Um 
ba*  come  a  n«ir  aiemtal  cnltnK.  6e^ 
00(^0  form*  haUtaof  Iboaght.  naind 
in  ha  Irae  apirit  h  cnfonea  a  iptdil 
diaclplinoin  tiioatndroftratii.  ll(0^ 
rrota  vrednlity  by  a  wboleaome  ibfl^ 
obm;  It  afUmiatb*  sapNm«9«fpa^ 
aooal  obaerralion.  and  denanda  taaliM 
fat  formbi;  coBcliidon&  All  tb«a  n- 
qiiirementa  an  repnarin  of  dial  aaa- 
ton  etulwraoM  of  iooagiaatlta  ima- 
tioo  in  which  fponlatJv*  fnriaillK 
prone  to  Indfllgek  Tlw  ^Mem^ite 
of  tL«M  tioMa  matt  hmam  aowibhK 
mutt  liaild  opon  preriona  aeqalilii*a^ 
or  he  will  ndtbar  be  Hsteaed  to  by  ik 
praaent  nor  havo  ■  bold  npoa  ibt  ft- 
inre.  Ttio  rapid  icrowlb  of  edaace  It 
IhMcdnyaprorcs  thuiiiaodacatkaial 
ltd  ditdpltncs  have  not  bcea  vithoM 
rfiVct,  and  it  i*  not  to  be  qairilMal 
tbat  Its  metbod  ia  gradaally  aiMnfcl 
into  nil  the  apberaa  of  nwnld  atfidlf 
Tlicr*  Is  lion  a  new  elomeiit  of  dakiUQ 
in  iBte!t«ctoaJ  cooatractiou  of  aUi^ 
notbtnjr  was  known  in  all  lb*  UNv^ 
epochs  of  •p««olation. 

The  writer  ia  tbe  -  riiii—rtif' 


UTBRABT  JfOTICBS. 


70J 


83VII  tliot  UiC  tliwr?  or  evoltiUoD  irhIA 
Mr.  SpoDCor  hiu  dabontcd  w!lh  *nA 
ingwciatlr  "  will  vliAro  t)ie  fate  of  i>th«r 
iihkI;  *pecu!ati<'o  fatirlrs,"  and  *' fadv 
AUKf  in  tba  nilmtoioK  ti^lit  of  r«d 
kiU)irl«ilK«."  Tlio  impUcAtloaofeoane 
la  llisl  Mr.  SponcorV  work  ImIem  tbo 
clianict«r  of  "  real  Iciiovte^,"  uid 
[Mb  iIm  frritar  con  firm*  lijr  >p<iakJiiR 
of  "k  corUin  ootorof  tckooo"  wlilch 
be  bas  been  enabled  to  ffii-o  It.  IliUiRa 
•trange  dolivcraooe.  A  srtlein  bora  uf 
aelOBDO,  and  eoMtroclod  warp  aod  woof 
ool  of  the  ■eoMdiled  taeu  and  tratbo 
of  tli«  aolaoMe,  la  oot  wall  deMrit>«d  w 
kariog  ini|nuicd  to  it  a  aoperflcial  ool- 
orln^  of  science.  Hr,  SpoDoer*a  allo)i:l- 
Utco  to  (acta,  hU  eompraheorira  irrnj>p 
of  the  r«nulia  of  aHeoce,  and  hia  00m- 
maad  <if  tlKotckntificroolbod  and  6dol- 
ftyto  it,>r«  tiD?liallcnii«d.  It'u  i.vitcm, 
gironout  Id  ft-aiiniont*  favornbto  fortlio 
•Doal  critical  osoauoalion,  but  hcvt,  uu- 
6ra  for  twcotj--flT«  jewn,  ami  hw 

(«nd«<l  in  mflu«a(«  and  (tGnilil;  riion 
coftsUleratiuu  In  a  acieutilSo  age  bo- 
lt was  rHcoitnind  to  embody  more 

real  bnowlcd^"  tfaan  anj other  aoofa 

stean  erer  before  prMMtad.  Tbe 
writor  in  tho  "  Commercial"  Ifainfc*  be 
sees  bidloatlona  tlmt  It  Is  aJreadj  de- 
cUiiiDf;  bo  moraljr  minoterprcta  tbo 
■ubaideooa  of  uppoaition. 

Tho  simpto  (act  of  tho  cmo  if,  that 
Ur.  SpoDwr  wa*  the  fint  to  dcnl  with 
ovolnUon  a*  a  atrlotl;  aclenUSo  pr«l>< 

m.  no  withdraw  il  frmn  ihu  liold  of 
lelful  epemlalloD,  and  «abJ«ciod  ita 
faroatigatioa  to  tbo  ripiront  condition* 
of  anaJrile  and  aynthrtic  scIcdco.  The 
llnio  had  comu  when,  bj  tbo  Uwa  of  ad- 
vsti«lDg  int«lllg«nce,  the  enbjeot  bad  to 
1m  tak«ii  up  from  llu*  ]ioint  of  viaw. 
ltd  fumlamcnta]  dntoni  waa  gtlren  b; 
Unxli-f  in  n  few  woriL*.  "  It  i*  now 
••tabli»bo>l,  and  generally  recngnlMxl," 
said  bo,  "  ihnt  1Mb  onlnrM  and  all  that 
It  conlnio*  did  not  comu  tnio  oxiitcnco 
in  tbo  conilltfon  In  which  wo  now  wc 
It,  nor  in  anjlhin^  lik«  tbat  coixlitlun." 
tlienfore  aolf-orldoot  that  obaosM 


hare  talcMi  place  hj  vbl<Ji  one  ccndJ- 
tioo  of  tbLnip  hu  l«d  to  aaotbor  and 
a  ilKTereDt  condHion  of  iliinga.  Ur. 
Spenoor  took  np  the  in<|ait7  at  thia 
pobt  by  aaldng.  What  ara  the  law*  uf 
th«ac  oba&gea)  It  was  an  loqalry  Into 
tbo  order  of  tlto  phenomenal  wvrld 
and  th«refor«  airictlj'  acientlfla  lu  Ita 
nataro,  a*  not  a  aU>p  could  b«  tokoo 
toward  Ita  aotatioo  «xc«i»i  bj  the  in«x- 
oraMe  appliwtioB  of  adestUo  methodt. 
PustuUiing  those  DDlvenal  and  (iinila- 
m^ntnl  Inira  of  acltotiflo  laiinlry,  th« 
ludcBlruotibility  of  nutter  and  forco, 
tbo  olinngieH  iliat  have  taken  plan  bad 
to  bo  iciTo'liKntcd  as  Iranaformatlooa 
b?  which  one  thing  U  dorived  tmai  an> 
otli«r,  and  the  prtacot  ovolred  oat  of 
tbo  past  nndcr  that  Inflexible  prlnci* 
pie  of  all  ack-ntilio  ln<jiiirf,  tli«i  Uw  of 
oaaw  and  effect.  Beyond  doobt,  oa« 
of  the  great  itocrvla  of  tho  r»pid  aoe«]i(- 
nnoe  of  th«<  doctrine  of  evtilutjoii  by  th* 
hnt-trninod  nitnds  of  Ibe  age  la  Iho 
tboronglily  aeiotitlflo  oliaraoter  of  the 
eipofilioo  in  Sponcer's  ayslem.  It  has 
tbo  uabUlty  of  a  great  law  of  Nnlnre, 
forliGed  by  raaalU  from  all  the  aolwcea, 
nod  coo  only  paM  away  as  it  it  further 
developed  under  the  principle  of  eroln- 
tloD,  whloh  Itaelf  girtia  law  to  the  prog> 
r«M  of  knowlcilirD;  and  the  alicmpt 
to  kick  It  toto  th«  limbo  of  apeenln- 
tive  rogoriet  iinplica,  aa  wo  have  mid, 
•omo  coDitldcrabl*  mlaapprebegukm  of 
tho  dtoation. 


LITERARY  NOTICES. 

Gbat'i  BoTJunrAi.  TriT-BooK.  Silh  e<tt- 
tlon,  Vi>t.  II.  Pntstouaic-u.  Botaitt. 
1.  Uiitlln^«  uf  lh«  Iliitologr  of  PhaDCrOg- 
■nu»iB  Plants ;  i.  V<geUb1«  fh/nkilcxgr. 
Ur  Otoaot  Lmcolm  Goooalc,  A.  Jl., 
H.  0,  rrefeMer  of  Boun^  in  Homnl 
UnlTinln.  Xcw  Yutk  and  Chimco: 
Ivtton,  BUkeman,  Ta;lur  U  Co.    Prioi?, 

Tm  finil  edition  of  Onj'a  ■■  Botaalotl 
Tcii-Ilook  "  va*  pnblifh«d  forij-tbrte  ytaxt 
■^  and  took  the  fal|(h*M  nnk  at  onoe  u 
an  .American  ripoaltian  or  tUe  teicoce,  both 
for  colltgc  lUM  and  for  aindeuta  g«D«niDy. 


7<H 


THE  POPUlAJt  SCIENCE  MOXTUir 


Villi  lb*  njild  dvrdqifMnt  «f  tb*  tdmca 
mocomIm  mSiJoim  If  pnnd,  m^  tor  ibt 
nwM  p*n  raoftlUD,  tha  Uih  cdiiioM  eon- 
bn  MU  In  18A7.  Bm  boUik*]  Mi(»t«  at 
IcDKlh  Q«ien»  Ilia  poMiblUtj  of  dMtlag 
■hb  It  la  mnj  adaquMc  mj  i»  •  rtiiKl*  »oU 
himl  TU*  IoJ  ta  tb*  acotwit;  of  ooutjilour 
tmUDcsi  ta  acrcnl  coOBtctad  ■roriuL  Pro 
tcwMT  Om;  Mjri  bi  bit  probte :  "  To  x^m* 
Uw  nqabiu  fnltauM  of  imtBwDi  of  lb* 
wbob  mogg  of  rabjccti  it  lua  bean  AeMti 
to  AfUt  tbe  nik  iDto  ^Mloct  toIumc*, 
Mcfa  ■  tNMiM  bj  fuM,  «bkb  mtj  bo  In- 
dep«ndenl|f  OMd,  «Ula  Iba  whole  oIU  oom- 
JiOM  •  rnni[inbiailrii  botuUcal  oonraa." 

n*  Inrt  Tohinc  of  ibU  Mrl«*  «m  writ- 
IcM  bj  Profcwor  Gnr,  uid  «Miilod  "  tb« 
8truclur«l  aod  Uoriihokfkil  ItoUn;  of 
lllUMQgUKHU  PUbu."     Ii   dcUt  cUt^ 

wfib  orguegr^ihT,  or  ib«  aeoemA  of  Um 
■trartvmnidferaicciftbooismiaf  pluM, 
uiil,  H  Ibe  autbor  itnurfca,  "ibould  thar- 
««el>l7  *4*ip  '  botaaltt  for  ibe  •dmUc 
prawcDtioii  irf  (j*M4DaiIe  bounj,  *nd  fur- 
abb  accdfU  pnfiBmioii  to  thuM  abo  pro- 
ceed lo  tho  Mud;  of  nccUble  pb]rtii>lagr 
■oj  imatDiiij,  ini!  to  Ihn  wUc  aiul  twM 
depamn^tB  of  clyplofpuntc  Imunf  **  whk!l 
■f»  to  bo  dealt  with  la  iho  nbfen'NVI  ral- 
Mn«*  of  Ute  iPriM. 

The  KMnid  rolunis  of  thli  work  upon 
"  nijraiahJSKal  DoUui;"  (ni[ft*b1a  Unolo- 
C  mmI  phjAilagT),  the  trratbo  BOir  btfore 
H,  *u  mitlcn  b;  ProfcHcir  Goodalo,  ih« 
OoUeagne  ol  rnfouic  (irvf,  vid  FTofanor 
of  Uottn;  in  Ilirrard  ITniicfiilj.  SDd  b 
"dcroted  to*  coniUpnunaof  the  niiotxi- 
tcopic  Mrncture,  thn  doiclcijnncnt,  and  tbe 
fuaoUum  of  floiFcriiig  planli ;  that  b,  to 
their  repHablo  hI»loloi-j,  onobo^aj.  and 
phjsiologr.''  Iho  Mlume  U  diridnl  into 
tiro  part*,  the  first  taldng  up  uid  punuin; 
trUh  Hartal  thoroiighneia  the  tubjett  of  lijm 
toloftj,  or  the  minute  mionucoi'iial  »liii<.'t- 
ur«  uid  nieincntc  of  plaalM.  Au  inlroituc- 
lion  l«  dcral«d  (o  "  tliglolopinl  Appli- 
ance!," or  tbo  lnstnitiKaU«r  tlic  bolaalcal 
lorentl^lor— moh  aa  miciMmpo*,  dlMtct- 
i<n  implpiDflnin,  rtaKMit*,  dr.  Celb  and 
tluuv*;  m  ihclr  Mruoiurw,  motfintii,  c<nnpo> 
sillonK,  and  modlflcilloni,  uv  tliea  taken 
ap  in  a  Keneml  hst,  to  be  faltoBod  b;  ilic 
minute  iiraclure  and  donloptncnl  of  root, 
•ton,  ud  k>r.  OwDT,  tniil,  «nd  tctd    Ele- 


OMMUiT  auMnim  bring  naMeicd,  tbe  f» 
pQ  ibM  proCMdi,  id  Part  II.  M  the  tnnal- 
fitlao  of  tbdr  fuadiuaii, ««-  phjiMa^al 
botanj  peupv.  PbnMofj  twniitea  Ike 
plant  In  actkn,  the  cbugM  ooanring  la  III 
mullltudbuna  paiu,  lb*  onutltotiu*  b- 
Toind,  Uu  tmidntU  gcntnMd,  tbe  bune- 
ttoiu  of  ih*  Tfit«ubU  orgaiiaii  «M  MJI 
and  air,  lb*  moTMiKnu  of  pteiita,  t»gm>b 
graw^  ftnbatlan,  tmi  nprodaclion. 

Wbai  chbAr  atrlbo  na,  fai  looUagerw 
tbU  bicmnlnit  tolumc,  h  tb»  iMnoHe  ti- 
vanoeibat  baa  boco  maifolB  late  jtm^ 
tbe  elKldailoa  of  iht  b««  of  ibt  Mi^ 
ul  TCgetabtc  ttattaaj.  tlier*  has  ten  a 
laip  inortave  is  Ibe  rcaoaRn  ot  larti 
gation.  ihc  ikillful  experience  alth  wUd  h 
U  oetkducic^  and  a  grroi  aaNnrol  ot  arr 
ligbi  h«*  been  tbrowB  nponibaobanntal 
aobtile  pfoccawa  of  nptabla  Mfubna 
Vtertoble  pbTiioli^  baa  bMB  hta^fatbr 
mora  coctpletel;  wllUn  tba  gtaip  of  A< 
ciperiacatal  melbod  tWn  voald  bare  bM 
Ibongbl  pokdble  Lhirt*  year*  agei  llbw 
bwuma  laboratocj-vorfc,  u  cMbliibnl  nd 
■MCMMij  at  In  tbe  eaite  o(  rfiftil?" 
pb;«ic&  It  follan  tarn  thii  (bu  H  >>* 
IbotiKigh  Mud;  of  pbjrrfoila^eal  bMa^aot 
oalj  fuicnMcopinl  ati>erTBtk«  bat  tatif*- 
laKnr  aiertaaea  of  nrioua  Uwla  an  qdu 
fauUqMiniable,  It  mo  tomttij  ffT^ 
Ibai  lb*  ph^taoloe;'  cf  plaaU  «M  *  n*- 
jcci  t«  b«  nUbitr  nod  about,  and  lb  tMat- 
cdgo  of  It  deiiied  fium  booki,  vMmI 
mucb  poDuibiGly  ot  a  dimil  ani  nal  lo- 
qualntanoc  atih  the  racti.  but  liai  <iM 
must  now  be  abandowid.  We  <Ai*nt  aiit 
iBtvroi  and  gnst  laiiifactioa  tliti  PrateMff 
,  Gocdale  hn>  bers  fullj  alite  lo  iW  eJaO' 
lional  tniplieatlon* of  lliltiliia^tmm.inl 
hoi  made  hia  toluino  a  worUns  tetlMt 
bT  which  the  >IDd«M  in  enabled  at  »■ 
quired  tn  innfco  Ibn  hnoabilfo  of  iht  aA- 
jrel  tA*  own.  Tbou  mba  faithfi^  P 
through  the  work  will  not  onh  acqdrt  t 
maiterv  of  the  faeti,  and  a  ibmoa^  »■ 
quaiiita.Dcc  shli  what  b  kaaim  of  Ibe  [w 
cuaieu  ol  TTgcUl  U(e^  but  ibo;  wB  p^  t 
raluabiv  Iraintns  la  lb*  cendillon  tl  *^ 
oniiltc  nieibod  and  ibc  dificnit  and  bapc 
tant  art  of  •eitattfic  famatl^atlan. 

We  can  not  dote  tU*  alisht  and  •«! 
uaaalfafaetotj  Mtke  of  a  noM  iapMi* 
book  wUbMt  aom  cotdiol  nev^ti*** 


UTSRART  NOTICES. 


705 


dw  obUgallOM  «t  Antcieut  »d«a1ifi«  nt«a 

•ad  AnnloM)  (Mchare  to  ilw  Bf»-loDg  and 

innlmlib  wrrlon  a(  VvAmam  Qny  \»  lb* 

ckboniia  mtiloM  of  U*  wxt-biMka  wfaiiii 

hate  »a«  ukea  M  (mafintientli«  anil  oom- 

pkw  •  Form  in  thli  ttsAa*.    WlUi  the  p*- 

JHBIcam  mttA  |HrNrar*nw  at  Ike  troo  adtB. 

^Hlflo  i-nihoslMt,  he  bu  aeaGsMl  lilmHif  to 

^Bi«  own  Um  of  >i)tk,  mu)  Uken  •mborila- 

Hv«*  pOMMDUm  of  Dm  botaalod  tM  la  tbU 

'      MnMf7.    B;  Hacriag  lb*  cooperation  of 

otbtr  men  whom  lie  liu  aniMed  10  quJifr 

for  Urn  aork,  PraftMor  Qra;  gtrw  lo  hie 

raderukias  a  MKd  and  p«vinanent  lahie 

wbkb  will  rntho  U  Influontla]  upon  Uie 

gK*ili  of  Atoerlcaa  Iwuoj  (or  nan;  y*m 

to 


ttiKKK    D18IR8   ran   Anntiei)!    Tablh. 

I  By  Piuaa  i'*ao«  (forinFrlj  duf  fm- 
Irmuf*  at  Dctnranioo'<),  Tntutlaicd  b; 
llr*.  Pnuiuie  SaxiutjiH.  P|>.  sSI.  I). 
Applelon  k  Co.  Pric<^  #1. 
Tun  ffla;  iwt  b«  "  tha  eodc-boek  of  the 
lui*,"  bnt,  nhu  Li  more  10  the  puqjoa*, 
it  a  |»«i(j  (jood  (uok-book  for  Iba  prM- 
ii.  Wrliien  t>7  a  man  anil  Irmnnlalod  lij 
vnnuli,  ll  ought  to  bn  full  of  llin  duplex- 
cvltccwat  Implied  b>  !u  doublo  ori^n.  At 
anj  nMt  Ilia  man  miilDntood  tbe  buttneiu 
of  (OoUng,  and  tbc  womui  anilemandt  th« 
liU*la«M  <4  mnalailon ;  aiul  ao  the  man'* 
full  anJ  iccnraM  knowloilge  of  cuUnar^ 
op«niiloa>i  U  made  a*  dmpio  and  dear  to 
ilie  miij-;r  u  ptahi,  ««II>(Jiii><-n  linKuagt 
caa  moke  it.  Hh  Inok  ooDlalni  A\  huo- 
divd  rcwljits  and  It  It  tnlil  ibo  ijunnllltM 
aro  all  oalcaUlcd  for  tabloi  of  cl^hl  par- 
tooa.  Wc  have  hcani  that  tliit  book  hat 
hom  tried  vlih  uadod  anoeoat. 

IUiLM>ji»  TajmcraaTiTTOx  :  fn  nimonr 
t9c»  Liwa.  Dj  Aitmca  T.  UturiiT, 
CammiMionpr  tit  Ijibor  Iftatietica  of  the 
BiBle  of  tioiiDi^loit,  Inttiuclor  tn  P». 
Uii«l  tieieDoe  in  Yale  OiMeft.  Fp.  let*. 
Kc'Tetk:  0.  P.Putivun'tSana.  Price, 
«I.Da 

Tam  laflBK  down  of  an  Iran  tiwk  on 
lefated  grouwl,  vhtrebf  Tciild**  could  ax- 
tj  biaHer  loada,  aad  thir  aiiaobiiMtit  of 
awan-OMohlBta  Inttaad  of  animal*  to  itraw 
iho  rehldea  vcro  nodiaaical  tmt«1|1m  tn 
tlidr  Unto  *Udb  nan;  «onU  Dot  (all  10  aee 
wara  hll  of  new  pontlbHUIatv  taut  nebodj 
,t*«i  enapectod  the  ttenendooa  ImpllAikint 
TOt.  xxtin.— 4> 


«f  th«  atep)  ilutt  twd  bt«n  taken.  Se  who 
aa*  the  ftiat  au  »a<*it  b;  axnm  upon  a 
Inaavaj,  and  hanline  a  load  of  Wsav.  inaj 
aba  hive  Utod  tu  tee  an  eipnu  (miii  of 
pahMtt  -  oar*,  with  a  meeiiugjiouw  full  el 
people,  thooUng  along  ailh  the  prortrliUl 
aaiflSMtof  ibepigMO,  "a  mite  a  miaute." 
Ttili  rwuU  thowa  the  Mtoniahing  rapidil; 
ef  tlia  deTolopmont  of  itia  ait  of  leeonifr- 
lion,  and  alwaTi  ImpmMea  Iha  obattrti 
wiib  ««oder  M  the  triampha  of  in*enliaiii 
and  iba  ne*  oonqtiett  over  apace  and  thtta 
that  maj  be  aharad  b;  aTorrbodj, 

And  jM  all  tbit  b  but  Ihe  aupetUal 
atpoet  ef  the  rsllread  dlii|i«uatk«i  vpaa 
vlilch  w«  hare  talenid.  TIm  dtaooeer;  hat 
boon  Rndiutlj  tiiado  that  the  lallroad  a^ 
icm  ll  a  now  todal  power,  the  daMia;  of 
which  I*  tn  (era  to  nidk  a  wtntloi  aa  the; 
mnj  be  ca|iabhi  nf  rMelrlag  a  Ur^  num- 
ber of  fundamental  (juettlena  niUling  to 
iDdnttiy,  oommaro^  Iha  lawa  of  oompeli- 
thm,  bdlTUaa)  Hglua  and  corporate  pre- 
TogitiTCa,  the  opomtloD  of  utnml  hiwa  la 
todety,  and  tlio  eampaas  and  ibnliaiton)  of 
Iggblatfra  euilioiitr.  Thme  proklnna  aro 
ftowd  upon  the  wmmanllf  bj  the  dOT«I' 
opniriit  of  nllroaiin,  a*  lliry  (ould  have 
born  (n  no  other  wa;.  Th<7  nisil  be  met 
and  ncied  upon,  if  n<il  wlih  faraaMlng  Intal* 
llfenoe,  then  wilh  nbort-fighted  fgDonncei 
and  t  the  retulu  of  experience  dUcIoae 
IhemtelTM— good  or  hod— we  ahall  hare  a 
latgc  and  brttmctlvo  cumple  of  that  com- 
pnbOT?  oduoaUon  whith  origr'natcH  in  mmM 
condillont  and  lb«  nnlure  of  tblnpi. 

It  it  tamowhAt  from  this  poiat  of  view 
that  the  limolf  and  admliablo  book  of  Prt>- 
feteor  Btitltj  hat  been  prepared.  It  it  not 
at  all  a  tt«y]M  on  the  railroad  in  iuelf, 
and  lit  not  to  be  ranked  with  tmoki  of  cen- 
Mniciion,  itopmteraent,  and  nilaa;  man- 
aj(i>iurn[  llul  are  mnde  for  the  wmw  of  rail- 
rend-Rien.  ll  In  tailicr  a  book  «b  Iha  rAt- 
tiani  of  rallraoiU  10  lliv  eommunllj,  and 
thorcfont  dual*  with  a  claM  of  tobjecla  In 
which  all  cltbem  arc  Intcnalad.  lie  writ- 
ei^a  pednt  of  rlew  !•  thna  briefly  Indicated 
In  Ua  prcfiM  \  "  Thlt  book  dtal*  with 
Ihaae  rjtuitioni  of  railroad  bittot;  and  man- 
afpnnenl  which  have  become  matt<ra  of 
public  conoenL  ll  aioui  lo  do  two  lUnga: 
Sm,  to  prtMril  elcarlr  Ihc  more  imponanl 
CtM8  of  Anerinn  railrwKl  bvtitieia,  and 


■y»«  EOeCLAS  SCrS.YCS  MOyTHLY. 


■  4  vUAiMa 

>  iha  aiplortnL 

rf  thj*>  and  «th«r  owaKi- 

61HM,  Md  dednew  tbe 

of  tlte«bak,a 


iifca  U  »■  nev  com 
'Mwlsftaof  Ike  be. 
r  rf  At  UMk*  «« tb*  Qpfwr  rfl*- 
4^  b«a  13.000  to  IS/na  Ukk 
iriddteAed  ttMic*  wdgk 
lim  l.TM>  Ml  4,gOO  UbpuinMi  — u4 
ttar  tiMMfian,  to  ilMdr  nact  plM«  «■  ■ 
fc)C^  MMl  radkr  tiU,  *u  0*17  poMiUe  vith 
It*  aid  nl  vamj  Iccbunl  deHcc*  aad  a 
baH  wt  iwirtw.  IbMc  flgarca  prarc  Aat 
tAatilBdal  laa  Mt  bare  been  brill  fai  • 
ban>i  ta  Un  (^btar  an  encmj,  or  u  llw 
Int  MNagboU  of  an  inrMk-n  based  ok 
witiil—  m^tmmitj.  In  (act,  "  tb*  coloa- 
■^  •alh  Vdt  •rer;  «m  ablo  to  itad  the 
1njm>  of  M«*M  that  that  erMtigo  «a 
oair  I**"*  ^■■^  Bir«e((d  tn  a  long  ptriod  oT 
faina.  tij  a  nJtt  «iih  uanwal  Mnr«H  of 
po^K^  aad  vbit  tad  tnload  workmMi  Ba- 
te Ua  panaaMNt  aMtreL"  TWa  afc 
■Am  tkota  that  paint  to  Ibtaa  bdUIi^ 
bi^S  HBiMd  iti'autaKa  on  tho  <ll«;  taA, 
al  tha  riua,  "a  raal  priuttiTa 
Ik  Baaban  le  be  fouad ;  aTta 
!■  ^rii  1^  in*  Mapa  of  davolutanml 
aM  hB(  fNA  main  ontain  Uinlti,  lh« 
aaiBiak  H«  alRMd;  mdar  control,  and 
■  niad  •«da«*lT,  acconling  Ift  th«  arali- 
ahta  niHna  and  the  cnili  roquireiL  A 
■fcalwaia  bat  7«t  Tn7  fniUul  atoiv  «t 
-kud  foraa  to  alnad;  pili(Tr«4,  ao  u  M 
nna>  tba  giwliMl)r  eUbontad  thafat  of 
UMiM  aiib  (igtiBcani  adonuumu  full  of 
Tinlat  la  auaa  pacvliaHf  t»,*ant  placM, 
ita  iaaualii  aT  tba  b%her  loiHiinnontal  aretii- 
iKiuc  ha*  atraad*  bora  aniarvd  upoD  oUb 
'aim*  weciBa.  In  the  ttx»  of  auch  ei- 
•laiad  *im1  fat  tloatlj  fannnctt^  ]trhIoi«- 
Srfjuii  vhiali  bnn  a  couUtcni  nholo,  the 
-  ^anb  fcr  the  root*  from  which 
«4  bteoB  of  tb«  art  of  build' 
ij  aWarttTf."  Otbor  auggca- 
.  fnad  rdalire  (o  tbc  de*etop- 
wtUueUire  In  atrac  from 
^  tba  primhlre  wooden 
teagwHcUon  ot  Ihlii  arly 
-'.y»tl aU  Cff ptiui  art 


B«Ai»-Rm.  SjJ.I.Bmu«n«KM,KIL 
SMoadeiBdaa.  K«w  Toik:  aP.r» 
aaa'aSDMi: 

Tn*  little  boat,  wUcfc  nuj  la  icp^M 
B>  a  (appleiBeni  to  tba  at—  aalba^  xm- 
dae  tai  "Brun  EihanaDon."  paUbU  I* 
D.  Applelan  A  CVv,  aad  afavadr  astkri  io 
the  ■'MoatlilT',''  (kali  with  Ibc  in>fmtB« 
qaellBn  of  the  reiarisoratian  ol  Ibt  (nb 
after  eibaaMing  mental  hbor  or  ifKr  S^ 
caie.  Dr.  Coniing  bas  mnde  a  ayetbl  Mrir 
of  Ibe  (abJKt,  and  hb  book  iiwiriiii  ■■} 
facia  Bad  an^geitiiins  wtiidi  bn]n-a«l<a 
tnay  And  of  anrioc,  and  bf  the  Mp  <1 
wlndi  the;  ma;  be  able  to  aToid  a*  mal) 
hi  aeiae  eiMt  the  et«al  daagn  to  *Ud 
tUir  MCtbod  of  lite  opoara  thtu 


JlliMll^ 


AaanCTinM  oa  mMAia  Dkukimi 

WiTxa^i-mT  or  Cuicauu.  J,C.i» 
Hxa,  Srctelar;  :  Rootn.  »  Utniiu/ 
BuildiBft  ChkBgOL    Pp.  KL 

T«i  report  dwn  tliat  the  -mtxvf^ 
f  lOB  Ibe  lake  b  atnp  fiaUe  la  ooiit«aJ» 
tuo  fivn  ecwige  caioiig  the  Um  uv 
■b««  within  (be  pfVMat  dSfUkt.  llwl> 
all  nwigc  ahatiocTCT  In  thb  d«ikl>t«M 
be  dlian«d  tram  Ibe  lake  MltaMilUL  He 
ftood-walcn  of  tin  DacpUaai  and  ibr  Xoi* 
Bnacb  »q  be  diicfti.'d  10  the  Ue  HMh  rf 
Ihi*  diiUk*,  or  tbraosh  Lake  VtofJ 
ahip,  and  tba  Sooth  Forii  ma;  bei 
vilh  the  laka  b;  a  aomtat.  Bull 
raliaaea  for  dtainage  dwaid  b*  bf  1 
anoaloifaaintnabBiTee.  Tli0BaM»l| 
UggMted  bj  tho  eonniiueo  ma;  bccKri'd 
ODt  M«fi  bjr  iiqi,  to  the  padaal  \ 
mcnl  of  tho  (anltai;  toaJltli^  1 
craatbig  a  debt  ec  rcqoblac  aa  < 
naryia^lavj. 


nMi|» 
_ybceKrf>d 
«aIjM^ 


Kationu.  CoxraaxxcK  of  Stiti  BotM<* 
nutnt.  J.  N'.  Hd'onucx,  <i  I» 
wckj,  SecroUr;.    Pp.  U. 

Tnw  panpUei,  wtdA  b  a  nfrttt  bw 
th«  B>pon  of  tba  UUnob  Stale  Bwdtf 
QMlthfor  IRS5,  conlaiiiaaaac«aqtf  ef  At 
oTgaabaiion  of  tho  Ooof  tcttne  In  coneMia 
with  Ibe  mcMinit  of  (he  Awricaa  Pid* 
HeaUb  Anedatlan  at  Dvtroh,  llkUp«» 
Iforambtr,  I  SO,  aad  ib«  rapottt  cd  to  •>" 
toMtlng  at  Sl  Loolii,  Id  OtMibs.  aad  Ibe  •* 
Jinimad  aiMthig,  at  WaaUectM,  h  DM* 
bor,  18S4. 


LITERARY  NOTICES. 


70? 


FiiAilov.      Pp.   H-      Sc«CK»i.   T^tll- 
titXT  nv  iNTAsni.   Pp.  I'J.    Hj  Dx  t'onim 

Dr.  Wiuakii  bold*  dui  red  fubdota 
Jobit-iaOaiDsuliM)  mai«  rffoeinkllj'  than  all 
nlliar  mvaiui  oMoblaed,  uid  that  tlio  ntoto 
p«rf«ellb«  mt  ItegNatCTwill  be  tbedimU 
lUMioa  ni  ((tMure,  Unt&oa,  and  iDflamma- 
don,  and  of  tMr  mutUnl  uikjtoBu  and 
•uppnmtoo.    Tbe  pamphlet  ooniaiDfl  the 

•rgiUDCMa  la  Mfiport  of  hu  vion  nod  d«- 
•criptinM  of  Ibe  Bpp1lane«a,  am]  thpir  appU- 
cotldiM,  ti7  wUeb  be  »ecans  the  nal  he  pre- 

tfCnbC 

Tbe  Mcond  paper  b  an  addraw  wUeh 
wM  read  In  J«oe  of  lait  jroar  bcforv 
Ibe  rUladelplila  ObMetrioal  Stxktj.  The 
Mthor  bcUcTN  Uwt  Ibe  lurgctT-  of  chOd- 
liMd,  a*  oerapored  wiib  thai  of  adult  iiiv.  la, 
Bidde  cren  frcn  ooogciiliiiJ  dctccu,  imlll- 
deiotf  narkod  and  «ILitliietlTii  to  entitle  it 
lo  leparale  ooniideralloa.  Ercn  tli>:  nnnin- 
mf  of  Ibe  dilld  can  not  be  learned  from  the 
vdiiMJjr  adutt  dinoetioDfl  during  a  collrgr 
ooww,  but  the  Ruigeon  iduhI  make  bimicU 
■podallj  soiuainttd  with  it  Befennce* 
uv  tnadc,  bi  the  omotc  of  the  addteia,  to 
claMM  of  caM*  la  wUcb  *peclal  trtatnent 
and  appliationa  inajr  be  called  for. 

Tua  Pumnoaie  Palici  or  nu  Ivniai  or 
TnTwi.  Bj  Dr.  Ukmby  Suiiukhihs. 
Ko  Yotk:  Cbarica  Seribocr'*  Son*. 
rp,  SS3,  olih  CTiromo  •  llchoicrBptilc 
FlUMk  Hapk  and  Plana.    PrSew,  llo. 

Tri  dtadd  of  llrTna  i«  one  ol  the 
Bort  aaoKDt  niiiu  io  Etiivpcb  The  dij 
wbMi  it  rrpntcnta  hnd  Ha  otl^  and 
probably  Its  whole  exlMenoe  In  prcIiiMorle 
time*.  It  la  troaled  la  Uomer*!)  "Ulod"  ad 
•  platn  whOM  ^mtaeM  waa  of  the  put. 
■Ule  Mfcciuc  wu  Mill  Tigpitn*  and  Arp* 
riling.  It*  mna<i*e  tmuuib  or  "  (Tclopoan 
•alU,"  •Uadicg  aome  elebt;  feel  above  tha 
•M  bade  «t  the  Gulf  of  Nauplia,  were  ro- 
gaided  a*  a  miracle  in  andant  daji,  and 
ban  baon  obJgcU  of  wonder  hi  Onxk>, 
BeoiBni^  and  meilcnw.  for  t<rntT-BT« 
hmdfiNl  rcara.  Dr.  SchUMBaan  bavlog  at- 
tacked, wrili  more  or  l«M  d  aatfafaetlon  in 
the  t«»Ut,  TroT,  Ujonue,  aid  OtdtmotwM, 
H  waa  naUral  that  tbr  attiMkn  of  Oie  grtM 
Mchaolqgiti  abouU  bo  itincMd  (0  ibair  ri- 


tkI  in  BatM|uitj  and  ia  aMOcialioa  with  tbe 
Itguoda  of  the  btroie  a^  tlii  voric  U 
Tiiyiif  ba*  boM  rather  (oore  luoooMfal 
than  a(  the  otlior  plaooa  ho  boa  ciplorod, 
becoaw  be  ba«  gone  at  II  with  the  bencBt 
of  aoqolred  expcricoM,  aod  hai  been  abl« 
to  perform  it  mora  arfilematleall;  atid  hi 
Mcli  a  war  "  to  insura  the  prraartatioa  of 
aiMjibing,  ll«  ba«  isli)  bar*  ttw  whot« 
plaa  of  tbo  palao*  and  forlTaat,  wllb  all  of 
lU  meat  iniporlant  dennf,  aad  hai  glT«a 
tbo  mcani  fnr  fonolng  a  clear  Idea  of  hixiT 
IhcMe  llcralikid  or  I'crsctd  Greuki  UveJ, 
The  palace  was  rtacbcd  bj  a  winding  oar- 
ria^.waf  dulj'  guarded  wUb  galea,  tho 
tbrciboldt,  bolt-bolea,  and  ptrota)  bingn. 
boica  of  whiob,  and  (lie  a«bM  uf  the 
troodcn  pirta,  are  dtitl  Ti«Iblo.  The  plan 
of  tbe  palaoe  ws«  c1abotal«^  aod  rcr«als  • 
^rauplng  around  two  o«it«r«,  the  hall  of 
iiM  men  and  tbe  hall  uf  i)ii<  women,  eom- 
nutdoation  between  which  waa  only  bidU 
reel,  Tbo  walla  wet*  adomrd  wiih  iwint- 
tDgn  In  animal  aitd  geonxetrical  deeigna,  and 
plni)ue9  of  alabaitcr  with  dmigiu  In  bloti. 
gloH  paitr,  foc-almiloi  o(  wbieb  are  ^f«n 
In  tbe  oolorcd  platM  of  tho  book.  One  oi 
the  noM  lemarkable  foatureii  of  the  build' 
Ing  wai  Uw  baUi-raom,  wUoh  waa  floored 
with  ■  ringto  alab  of  atone  of  dght  bj  ten 
taat,  that  va,  not  weigh  lew  ihaa  nineinm 
lona,  \ritinn  llua  ivom  wiu  found  a  frag- 
nvnt  ol  the  tcm-colta  tub  in  which  tbe 
heniM  lo«^  their  tiilhf.  The  arrangementa 
for  drainage  and  tbe  whole  plan  of  the  pal> 
OM  tbow  a  oon^derable  adraooe  in  dTillia- 
tion,  when,  aa  wo  bar*  bean  Mctuieraed  to 
bdlcTv,  dvlHwllan  hod  banllf  begun  on  that 
apot.  Tho  oxcaratlona,  to  wbldi  Dr.  Schllo- 
nmnn  had  gitea  hia  poraonal  attoitlan,  ««ra 
coatlnon]  -whllo  bo  wa«  ptoparing  bht  m- 
count,  diirinj!  1 B80,  bj  hi*  rollaboralor.  tho 
dliiinguldiod  GeriDiui  arduoobgiat.  Dr.  WIU- 
laro  norptcld.  He  mado  d  wrio  of  new  db- 
eoToiM  hardljr  lea*  bitereating  than  thoaa 
which  had  alividT  been  made.  Among  ihem 
are  the  (kcU  that  tho  huRv  alonee  of  which 
the  walLi  were  built  were  not  abiolulelj 
rude,  tint  wrre  roughly  hewed  and  ahaped 
for  their  purpOAe  1  that  the  walla  woro  bvltl 
with  vlty  mortar,  whiob  hna  been  wathed 
away  In  all  tbe  eipoaed  portioaa:  and  that 
Ibtoe  watia,  which  are  of  gt«al  thidtnea^ 
have  obamben  wUbin  iben  lo  whltli  1 


710 


THE  POPULAR  SCIEJfCB  MONTHLT. 


Tin  StmaM,  or  Psmourar.  BOui  t? 
UiouM.  fonn,  still  a>op«tat(M  In 
BofhuulandAMHin.  V«l.  Tl,  Nm.  4 
W^O.  A»«4caB  Aacom  wflli  PrafMfr 
•or  U.  Nvvnii  lUrOn,  mim  Hopknit 
CtfmaUr.    BahbBOK!  !>  IM,  wUh 

TW  -JounU  «r  nfMofj'  y  tbn 
ncQCKiMd  ragiau  o(  pkridokginl  naMtdk 
I7  ftigli*  ifttldiig  lortMlgMoiit  •b'  i>n> 
Hats  •*  iktj  an  imiMiliHi  tht  immIu  o( 
tha  MaAai  o(  ihM*  dtailigDiBbei  Q>iNrf> 
inaidria,  «a  «iito' lUt  of  tbe  OMH,  «haM 
diMotcrie*  luTe  btan  ib«  mMM  ot  ccn- 
tributiac  po  BO  A  to  tttn  inldUscM  and  effi- 
cwat  tnKliMnt  of  hmaa  ■Wwlwi.  The 
|imait  namher  coolaiii*  papm  b;  0.  F. 
Tn>  •»!  J,  W.  Barrou.  &  Bitten-,  il.  S««- 
kll  ud  D.  W.  SuiMt,  J.  A.  HoWnilaiu  and 
T.  W««kr  11^  ™  *>noM  a>p«eu  oC  tk* 
k«aH;  &lingar«&d[lL  W.BBitaii,Q«aoa- 
taatfl«  dHK,  ete. ;  a  8.  ebanh«tan  ob 
AaipiMl  e«Ha(  the  dog;  RP.  B«miun 
iadO.F.Te«,  OB  "The  Bound  acoooiFaay- 
^  Aa  a^b  OMtaedm  of  Bkehiial  llu6> 
di"i  Mi  UuMripk  (m IhiPnweodiaBi 
tf  Iterhjriali^nlBocktr,  IBSB. 


r  nis  Pit-aix-HiNotDU.  I^rt 
m.  nntSMtkiii.  B;  Ckaiub  Widut. 
■m  Md  Faun  SrainvKK.  rbUinM- 
aUt:  VmUamP.  KDdarc,rriiitcr.    Pp. 


(T  anj  Und*  of  fooilli  aro  morg 
■Mn«H*  to  iIm  oolloctor  than  tlic  crinoIJi, 
«M  ttilr  Midbai  TBtlctj  of  bnni,atchdU- 
I  bgr  It*  pccnliai' icjic  of  bcanijr  uid 
and  fauxUf  anj  otiwr  Und  offcra  a 
r  ravan]  lo  dia  wertliM'  for  «pcchiKM 
tb*»  tortonUcMtoBDil  a  btd  of  ilwtn. 
A*  Arrt  put  of  tliia  irnrk  wu  potv 
,  Mn«  At*  yean  ago,  grM  piosraM 
1  ntin  tn  tlw  itudr  of  botli  the  f- 
•Mt  lail  feiin  membon  of  the  oriur,  and 
■ad  lnlMWtlng  tormi  bore  been 
and  deaeilbcd.  The  authon  ef 
^■— tgtapheonfcai  that  their  ewilowwU 
•%aaf  the  nb}oct  abo  haa  gmni.  Tha 
I  atrtlen  of  tbe  woefc  bwtodM  a  dia- 
t  of  Iha  cUnUoalion  and  relalioTi*  of 
I  crinoidii,  *)tb  cenerioitMcH^ 
A  aeeend  Mction  U  pronuied  in  the 
t  of  the  Fhiladelpliia  Aeoilamj 
of  fwiiT  SdeoeM"  for  1886,  to  matdn 
the  iMkalMa  lad  Qnadtinata. 


Taa  ftHBHia  Wannw*  or  U 
I1L.D.    Bf  Kcvfoa    Pain 

WatUvUM:   Owwwu^t 
Sm.    P)k»S. 

Tsta  ta  BolliUn  Na  3S  of  the  Taiiej 
StaUa  Nadonal  llManm.  and  b  the  MSHd 
of  a  Miiot  of  UliUo)[i«phi<a  of  leiriVii 
oatimBMa  «Udi  Iba  Jfoaeuai  b  gatiilifci 
Dr.  Lm  la  o«r  ohU»i  ooiMtialo^i^  lal  It 
CD*  of  lh«  moffi  Ubdrioau  anil  fraiUnldciO- 
t«M  tn  Ibu  braatib  of  nwardl  that  «D 
eoiinli7  bai  bad.  Be  b  Mill  Giine,  b  Ui 
iiiBecj-foartb  ;«ar,  and  bbaanl  «{i4  pd 
bnlth  and  indnipalrcd  iMiitBt  and  pb^M 
tacnldH.  Tbo  Itat  of  lib  pMblkaiiM^a 
glTcn  b  Ihii  work,  wlih  foil  daacripUaaaif 
each,  indodc*  27«  thba.  Bb  caktaK  tf 
i'lUVnUi*  it)  PMladeiptb  dbplap  AM 
lu  tboiuand  ladMdaab,  of  dllteat  im 
ao  atraapd  that  each  nttj  be  aeiajititr 
euu^ud,  and  U  la  noiqiie  In  baib|  uMtj 
•p«dee  arraB^  with  a  acqapiwe  ben  lb 
^oaagtst  to  tbe  oldcat,  ao  tbat  ihei 
ma;  aco  at  a  flnooe  tbo  a^iacl  ofl 
growth. 


Buutm  Of  tn  Scmua  KimxL  Ha 
Socum.    Scdalla,  Uo.    No.  I,  H 
IMS.    F.   A.   SaatpaoD, 
StmUl7.    Pp.M. 

Tm  aodatjr  waa  otpAbod  ItBMrj  K 
ie)H,  and  baa  baon  abb  to  tepon  a  jm 
■od  •  bklf  of  anocaaaM  optnttit.  W 
fintttumNir  of  ha"DanMin"MQtib«b 
conititniioa  and  tfliva,  Ibl  «f  aAcan,  ^ 
adcnowIcdgracBU  of  oouribaifcBa;  tspte 
«iih  p^ioB  oB  tbo  "  SheUa  or  Petd*  CM- 
tj,"  bj  F.  A.  SanqnoB,  and  'Palda  OmW 
PntiasltG*,"  b;  Dr.  0.  Hanba^ 

BcuETOi  or  nx  UtmtaotA  Aouot  w 
Kamui,  Scnaica.  VuIuidc  IL  5a  t- 
C.  W.  l)aIl,SMr»t«7,  lUuMpdb,lB» 
Pp.8*. 

Tux  prmtat  numbnof  tba'MbO)* 
liicliit)«  papcTH  tnm  lUf,  IBSl.to  IM» 
bcr.  1 88?.  tbo  pubUntfan  of  widdt  baa  b- 
(div  bom  uaatoldably  delajcd  AnMe^ 
more  uBpariaat  papcn  ai«  a  ntwi  '^ 
Seme  TofM  of  B«iIdiiiB-Sloote,"  h}  1- i- 
Dod;^:  a  mpoftmi  tiie  "Hnieniboadb 
Stata,  Kith  Noi«a  00  tbeBihaspiffaja'Ai 
S»l>«,"  by  N.  H.  WInAdI ;  and  -  *» 
oloRleal  Staibtica  of  UiaiKopoStf(rB(^ 
oeD  Tear*,"  b;  Wimam  Cbou?. 


LITERARY  NOTICES. 


7i> 


iSfumor  Hiau  LlatmiM:  Bow  it  UN 
u  i(*M  rao'-KMirvL.  Bt  0.  tvMtx*. 
tfew  rcrt :  Th«  I'nltod  Bum  Bra>on' 

Tb  ImfriM  of  >Ui  pnblkBiion  btdlotlM 
I  poini  of  i-w«  fram  which  iho  wtijMt  !■ 
Tho  papM  !■  k  pl«a  for  dis- 
lioD  Id  ilie  impMitkn  of  BeeiMe*  ia 
'.  «bal  kre  called  <lw  Bgbter  drlduL 
dto*,  in  laiipott  of  hi*  viuwg, 
raeordk  «r  lloMMing  tad  1ti|iicir- 
\  in  3<ilu«rluid  aod  raHow  pltcw  in 


:  laoH  Cbowji:  A  Tiu  otraiOuAr  Rs- 
rcsUD.    Qiiisigoi  T,  A.  DomMCi,  ISM. 

la  the  nuTM  ot  tUs  aiorj  tbe  ituoipt 
InwJe  t«  abo*  the  ilaagcn  to  frM  gtarenk- 
1  tbrtahiidl  ia  (ho  groaiag  abuM*  uf 
jtooar.    Il  <ImIi  «tUi  nillloa- 
nUraaibi,  mc,  «nil  lakw  tba 
llw  pMpU   ai^itfl  the    "dkring 
<n  «ba  aoutiJ  telH  tlio  pcopltri 


Idu  op  AsnoNOHKUL  Tittoar. 
Bj  AcurM  TiacJUnoL  LtlpoU:  OiutaT 
FiMfc.     Tji.  80. 

Wi  tereral  nionllu  (go  noilcvd  tho  book 
tU*  Mtdior,  "  Th«  Sun  ebimgc*  hU  Pa*!- 
in  BpMe,  tkorefora  bs  can  not  bo  ro- 
rded  ai  bdiQ  in  a  Oondition  of  Bnt,"  in 
■leh  tlw  tompitcnc]^  of  the  pmcnt  Htm. 
nlcal  (TMcn  !•  attBdcod  btcaiiw  It  lii 
m  the  auumptjcin  of  a  flicd  lun. 
tbe  pimcnt  work  the  author  paituUtva  a 
m  ikttnrj  vhldi  t«kf*  tbe  tootlon  o(  the 
nintoaecouat, 

■at  CiTita  in  mi  Hiddls  Aqw.   R^  L  B. 
Elhol    Buulltan,  Ohiti.     If.  SS. 
Tmi  paper,  which   wai  t««i1  bcfora  a 
mI  Uicnr^  anil  leienilflc  Mwletr.  1«  a(i«r 
I  G«nBui  nf  0.  P.  Ealb,  anil  skeiehBi  one 
tho  moM  rsmarkahlc  ami  inlwMting  phe- 
of  modoni  hI*Mrf — tho  dttelop- 
■nd  lUo  ol  UioM  frot  cMununhlM 
ileh    mnintamod    a  prcMpvRnii  aiid    fa. 
pandani  eibl«aco  imU  ibc  dfgmlaiioti 
1  eonfllcta  of  nadloml  tJiom,  hulding 
llr  wn  a^jstaut  lh«  mlMtuy  baronii  and 
Ineoi  nho  «roald  bare  enuhod  them  U 
ooxM,  and  ahcae  part  waa  OMat  Inv- 
iKt  in  pnwning  ciilliottion  and  |^t- 
fllaWlodualfrandatl. 


BcLLRin  or  ma  Cnran  Sr*na  K ATtooiAt. 
HiTacnK,  Na  ia,  A  Ukiiitu.  o*  Aarni- 
»N  LiK»4aKLUi.  hj  W.  O.  Bmar. 
Pp.  Bta,  No.  SB,  nncLTi  «v  Oaxmio- 
UMMOAt  BxrLOiUTtoiia  ix  tHi  Comuilh 
n  lautoM  uat  KxmouxTW*.  By  Lnon- 
nAKO  StuNian.    Pp.  US,  with  BgM 

PUl4«. 

Tnt  "  Uanoal  of  Amcrioan  Land-ihelU" 
appouD  u  an  ctJargod  and  revised  odithw 
of  "The  Laad  and  Pn;>b-vaier  SholU  ci 
Xorth  America,  Part  I,"  wlijeh  «•«  pnlv 
U>hed  I7  ibo  SmiibMnlan  Iiutltotion  in  IMf . 
Subacquentlr  deaeiibed  apcdm  ate  tdded. 
FuUor  attendon  il  ^Toi  in  aoparale  <hapl«rii 
to  the  lubjeMa  of  ^DOgrqiUcal  diNiibulion, 
orsBQD  vf  gontnUon,  jaw  asd  UngniJ  den- 
tition, oad  duaiflcation.  In  dcwriptioi^  the 
•pteicn  are  grouped  geoenphicnttj  tiilhcr 
than  ii-»icnuticBl1j.  The  work  wiw  pn- 
pind  irltb  Hr.  Thoma*  Bland,  win  ded  In 
Augoit,  lUS,  ai  o»«utlior.  The  bmoo. 
giapb  b;  Ut.  Stcjncger  b  the  tnt  MMDpt 
topteMolncompkte  Utt  «d  the  Ufda  linown 
to  hare  Iioen  obaerred  in  Kamthatka.  It  it 
divided  into  three  parU,  eonalilli^  of  a  n- 
riuw  of  tbr  tpttiM  ot  hlrdi  eol]«M«l  or  oI(> 
MTvrd  b]^  the  author  in  tho  Coinniuidor  U- 
aoil)  and  at  Fctn^HLikl,  a  *jaof«ia  of 
the  bitdii  reported  to  inhabit  Kamohalha, 
and  tuucluHioos,  Tho  Mcond  pan  la  ^rm 
to  make  the  at^oount  of  the  bird*  of  Cain- 
chatka  ai  («mph;l«  aa  poMiblo, 

Rit:crnon  [)at,  Va.  4.    K«w  7ork:  K.  L. 

KvUogg   Jc  t^ou      Pp.    196.     Piloe,  3S 

<vnta. 

Tbis  i»  a  «al]«;llon  of  froth  and  origi- 
nal dialotjuet,  redtatlont,  dodamatlont,  and 
abort  pleota  for  praotleal  utc  in  pikblie  and 
prirato  achooli.  The  coiDpllor  bos  aimed  to 
haTO  tho  plocet  ihort,  eu)r  to  be  compre- 
hended, Infuicd  with  llfo  sad  spirit,  fltwd 
for  antn][e  puplli  In  tho  tchools,  and  free 
from  douhlisnieanlDet  and  all  that  «an  ittf* 
on  hnjtroptletr  or  rulgaritf . 

Xons  OK  m  OnrH<n*MT.  Rf  Aai  P. 
HmmT,  U.  D.  Fourth  edition.  Xew 
Toit :  0.  P.  Puinam'i  Son*.    Pp.  4». 

Horn  additlonftl  dAla  rriittlte  to  the  trett- 
meniof  (be  habit  hare  been  intertcd  to  Ihit 
edition ;  and  tbe  anilMr  givea  the  muH  of 
hh  hireatlgalkfu  on  tbe  ndminMraiSon  of 
eooUnc  hidraohlacale  u  a  ipedlla. 


7" 


TBK  POPULAR  SCfSyCS  MOXTHLl'. 


FTBtiCATtrnti  uramctL 

TW  MxMMt  iatn.    XA  I.  9*.  I. 


(41*.    IV" 


at*.      AUflB  (•  UM 


!  lu  K><4mM  Ml   llfclMI  ••  Of 

iiy  c.  h- rwnrDi.li.*.    MkM- 


trnmyt*  irf  l«n    l>  &    •*  taMna 
ttWMi.    UuUlf.Iaai. 

J«WMl  (t  Uw  TiwMi  KMmH  RMM*  ••*■«, 

ToM.     !■■>.  1  ina  FMii. 

IImwMM  ICM«U«tL    Mi»laa;il«MiiII«rM« 

lUfBt  w  PnlMv*  •!  MtMI^  llh*WWi.  Mrf 
C9lmIm  UlTtr  TaOn*.  MMuckaartM  BmMb  i 
WfW>i  *  iMtir  MMM>  CaoMH.     Pit  Mi^ 


MgMMfUMgpB.   trvM4<ICH« 

r»M>— 1^  Km.  t  Mt  I*.  w*«M(m,  D.  a 
J,H.llM«<7.    PMiiMh.  Mk}«n 

ttaMbalX.  K.  U. :  &  C  *  I.  H.  OhM.    IVw. 

IrniDl  ■*>«  J<«lM  IVIT.WIIklUM.  LatUn 
u  H..  miMtM^  Klvtfcmnihilno.  in  14.  fo 
Jmm  a  liadk    K<w  rwk. 

tnuiAi  SIbU  BMtd  tf  HoHk.  AiBHl  H««lu, 
IM,IH|aniiifrm»dln  BriMcOM,  IK  If. 
M    DmUim  aOtr  UMal  PmHm  Lawm.    I>p. 


a(D«M>mk  lM*fMy.    I>t.  Bgr T. O. CPMk- 
•n     BvMiKil.  Om^ 


OiTna  :  lU  VlaM  i»  ThtnpfBlM.    if  A.  •. 

■n»TTCik«Mka( Aural.  Xt*T«fc:Traib. 
ttMlWrO«M^    IBM.    Pp.10*.    »aMk 

Ot    FpBL 

Dlncwn*  Bmrt.  nrrmd  AMraooMtal  Ob- 
HrvUnrt.  h  ik.  CM*  KimtIibmiU  M  1>^ 
mpMu  *««Bd.    Pp.  t.  Br  U<w«  U,  rMirtW. 

Trrr--— —  of  (b*  Mat*  Uwlls*!  faOMf  at 
WlM«MtD.I4eft     Dr.  J.  T.  Xmv*.  «M*MM7.    Ap- 

bpcfto  OB  Elwtilc  elrul  uA  E*«Mn«u  ip- 
nWM     rUliAilpbtt:  fnaUla  tuMllaM.     ^ 

H-nkPMMT^ 

TNlnlrtI  iBunMtaa  I*  Knap*.  nxCtwtaO. 
nanHM.    WMfatuUn:  Otvtnuowt  I'rtaUof- 

■n*VMt«ni8«dM]rofftrdrtMinaHrtli.  t. 
K.  WoHlluaa.  B«nrtMT.   €trta««.    IV  «>■ 

IlHrtac  asd  Diahwi.  R;  V.  O.  EUty,  U.  D. 
Baa  Tact.    Pp.  ■«. 

Lnur  limalwIIlB  im  la  iIh  XHUa  ot  Jn;** 
tar.  Vuhlneiaa:  BuiOBKf  XaiWMlg*,  Xair  IV 
farBwoL    I'p.  M> 

Qowtorly  K*port  gf  OaBiiRaa  <t  BMMka  U 
tanmibtr  M,  imy     WhUhUu:   Oonrania^ 

B>nrf«riUIiu)uilrUI  MmaBea  A—Hilkft. 
Raw  Tark,  VI  (.'BlrmUitr  Flu*.    1^  BL 

RuldolDlliinniMdSaUmarfeHlCalMa,  tf 
Otorrt  W,  Vw  HMUu.    Km  ToA    Pp.«a. 

Riportar  ih«  PHnn  AMadaBoa  of  Xtw  Tiwt 
an  0*dtM  Latec.  W.  H.  r.  Boood.  e*ctM«. 
PP.U. 

Tta  TttiaantHH  *I>||>  tMwr.  R*  Htaw  L. 
f^MitL  rr.  ML  PnnadiMp  (<•  i\m  H(H- 
iDCMSkLiUb    )>». 


•anM,  V-tt.     rt- 

W«M«  Sank  VWf. 
tiMrr  II.  M*<7.    lluu 

Knmta  b«BO.  na  Uuj 
aww  CillHitW  at  »■■««■ 

SR  INM  AtMf'l  Cr/'X.   V- 
OaBfar.Ko'         ' 

laliMHM.    N<B    1 


.» 


Ifca  TVnrtaa  a(  (b*  tNMriia     !>.  II 


R. 

TlMiM*  Maf  IfcaWr-  Tort 
MMh    VaLIII.    MM-'M.    Pn  IMl    *«.' 

■  •Ml  ryn  ■•Briw>*'«*«Mia 

AiwHl  vf  a*  C*K»Baa  •«••»  a< 

TfiiWlMi  «r  Ua  AMirapalatlnl  » 
WmUmmo.     VaL  UL     BwlllMaSk  U 

llMqUna  l*MUBla  i  U*  Wart  te  Ta 
K<n|«aii,  Ta.     Pp  H. 

lAMMarti  TWMUdn.  KKIMtai 
1&.  »*■  TMtt  «.l'«MalULHa.  ly 
■Nia. 

CfflMbpalaar  Aa  OmMbM  Qnn 
l>aanJ<Mt*r.i*M*a,    OkataMO.    T* 
PlalB.    ^^  "^ 

OUMM  WMSfM  t-mmtttm.       _. 
Ktt.  A.  A.  UmMtt.      WUklMtalf,  J 
COaalT.pB.    JuMifT.  tM&    Flbat.    |t 

altv  - 


..—.  lia&. 


FfiMa. 

Jtta  rUol^  ta^M  ta  lOT.  Ml  Hi 
Xanant-n.     »r  K  N.  ttt*ak«L      -^' 
^abniniMAEaa.    rp.«l. 

■ntania    aad    Btllata.      Ur    ll 
BaMbw.    Pari  II.    Nn  Ttaki   faaAk 
AIIAart.     PP.4M.    |L 

Ilia  HiattaB  aod  TlxbaB 


CUfltt  taafctr.   l-p.«1.    TW  KaV '■•« 
Bi    M-ar<  K.   »t"i»,     f      —      -^ 
CtatlM  Solbair^  Buaa.    fl 


tMrDdodlia  *a  tba  Maitir  ari^MMxrr- 
nan.    X««  Turii :  tUm  Holt  A  Ca. 
•I.U 

Owa  iBlwaata.  TIk^  Ra.'allnM  w  Pm 
■Bd  ta  OawamaM.  II*  Uu  nalkw  U  - 
k  Kalan  aad  Uk."  ^W  V«ft :  D.  AH 
Ca.    PMTt.  " 


TafkiTba-AwrtcBuAMnar.-    Pp  m 

MMtaaktaalPMtt.   Ur  CkaaM  Ti*« 
Brv  twt :  0.  P.  PalHW'a  •oaa.   1^  Mi. 

BaUMaOaa  (a  Madlaal  THaliin. 
Tb*r«ua.    rp  «4. 

MJnani  Haaaanaa  )■  lb*  Talwd 
MU  ft*  Ita*  a>d  MM.  »r  *<*"* 
wubiactaa:  OatMBiDaM  I'  — 
IDI4 

ItMwT  ol  OdUMAa.  kf  Ttantara 
Val  L  OM  Pruaiad  !  UvUntal 
Bauaa.    Pr  TIP.   ft. 

OMaai.  «.  XHted  anA  bn  r>M 
jMBaa  AnUwuTTraM*  Nao  V»» 
bartlwfSSHa.    lyM.    |1U. 

MuhaUt^  taMaMna.     *•  Piil  ar 

n  a.  MM*.  rmTto**  1 1>.  tm  HMm 
in.  MvBii. 

niaaOaM   SaRiMIIaa.     tl*  PmMa   L 


Vr- 


Ht  Tn  Vwn'  laipnaannMBL   Da  IwrM 
«T«ki  VaaatllAL'ik    Pp.  IH    »■« 


POPULAR  MISCELLANY. 


713 


•K.    tl.T& 

"*    ■      ■    -    ""Xlll.) 


A.     iWorti.  Vdl,  XX 


itt    rwMw; 


]lH<t>M<ini<i.  II7  Oown  MaMftniT.  X*" 
T*r«  .  t>.  ApiMHi  Ji  Ok    IV'I)*'    »««(■ 

A  UMOT7  af  Qoinn  LIMstnr*.  Ilr  «- 
Mmiw.  TnMltt>4  t*  Jin  r.  v,  OnrtMt*. 
MIM  ta  r.  Uw  MA&v.  )>■*  YoricX-hiriH 
SoWHi^fau  TiraV*4(.   Til  tOliodttV  KM. 

Buy  ttiiHii  ta  Owinu.  By  Adtdplia  Dnr- 
urtu.   Stvt<rt:D.AwMMl*C*.    X-i~m. 

ItaMMM  li  PbltMK^,  Bt  John  IhnDm. 
Sm  Yon :  (I- r.  roiium^  Soni     iv^!*- 

rooaAw  Gotwnuwit.  R*  Air  llinir  fliimui 
■riM.    IiChI  Tot:  UmhT  >(i>1t  *  do.    n.  Ml. 

DxliiwlA  StMhii  «f  DnonHs  bfTHilim.  Br 
(lau<lvr«  flubbiiu.  .Nai>Tiik:UiarS.  Wmir. 
l-p.  m.    ■!. 

TW  PftomlwUts  of  Itait-ftinBlw  MlMnlt 
St  Ut.  Eob*  UiwBt.  Tr»>tw«4  »i>>HCu*  ((. 
anili*.  Xm  T«tki  John  Wiu^  &  Sou.  fp. 
HH    11. 

Rlnnuu  of  IV(Mi>ii7,  >llh  BiwUI  ApplU*- 
llM(l«IlM*K«rTMAUK.  HrJiOM^nll}'.  Kfw 
T«rfc  I  D.  A|<|>lHi«i  kKv.  IM  L  V^  IM.  »• 
MoU, 

OMDhi  *f  rijekotm.     With  KptrMI  IMtf 

rittUaTVcyatK^iiniiiao.  By  Jaiiu*  HullT, 
A_  KxudUK  Id  Um  nnliwallr  of  CUibrulm 
•I&  SndtuUDliWUbA.  AlHtfCMl  •J>««]I(«A, 
wll*  Amaadlm,M(SHl>f<  QDHilsai^  aul  «><«• 
I  IB  miimlail  ffHth  »r  '-  A-  IMBturl. 
■Atii  tl  IW  Nwmtl  TVllntaif-SiAqAl,  PMim'i, 
^J.    0.  W,  UulMai  ajmcOM.  X  Y.    r|s  VTt. 


POPULAR   MISCELLANY. 

Tbc  Etil  Nitnn  af "  Pradl|rtn-*'— Ur. 
,  F.  Cox  liu  p<il)U«b«d,iii  ihe'-Jovmil" 
Uio  Kv«  Totk  liicraaoopkml  Sodelj.  a 
miMt  iDletating  paper  on  "He  Sn^ailed 
Pndi^  at  Eulicr  ^gM."  Uu  bcUerat 
Ihat  lliu  aloriu  «I  wunilertul  (iIivnomciiB 
an<l  poricnu  >Ui  which  Ibe  old  book* 
•Iwuiid  haiw  ■  eerlala  tnterot  and  trIuc 
in  tbe  (tudeal  and  pMloaopIia'  td  UtAvj, 
-  Iioouiae  ILdt  (imiiih  lunlm&rk*  in  tbe 
progToH  of  obaerration,  aad  girc  ut  oIpiti 
to  (hat  creduloau  Male  ol  the  htunm  niiiid 
^A||^Mcnu  to  bare  neoaMarilj  prcoedcd 
^^^BBKolation  of  induclJ'a  Kawntngi'' 
^^HEk  hiMortan  at  Micntlfla  itiW0T«f7 
will  aba  fiml  Is  tken  what  ha  miut  b«- 
Uer«  l«  be  tniilital  wUUammU  <>t  faeu, 
MbielMl  Willi  diMOftod  a&d  tntameaa  in* 
teifnuHoot  atdl  MMj  unliilaBllanal  mla- 
MataDMiUa  ot  wild  nra  tlioiijcbi  to  be 
CMtai  uil  Iw  niay  w^ilnf  hlauvlf  *lih 
tone  pnM  la  Mfknulng  tba  tnu  train  iht 
blw.  Mr.  Ods  rilM  tram  a  tviptf  ol 
paitkuLulj  tram  WollWi'«  IUub- 


lnt«d  "Cluiinlele,"  a  large  Ibt  of  wDodcrL 
tu]  appeaMMM^  whlab  he  divlilM  iato  lUr> 
teen  claaec,  tot  Mtfc  of  wMdi  he  Dndi  > 
pATtieukr  waj  of  aammtlnf  wMi  an  apt 
praaOh  to  aadafactoriaaw.  Thu«.tb«eweai- 
Isg  and  wofptag  ot  tnufM,  b)du»,  mc^  Bay 
ba  Tf<|;ard«d  aa  oiaftpnled  oum  of  Ibe 
tnadfMMlMi  of  Taper  npon  ihom.  IV 
Utodln^  of  nooee,  ahlold*,  atft,  wa«  noM 
pnbaliljr  the  GT^wth  n(  tba  fed  Ucfcn  ^lea 
iliMD,  ihough  it  maj  to  *DiiM  <aaM  tare 
bMD  nut.  t%ow<ir«  ot  oaitli,  dutk,  aihea, 
MO.,  hartllj  Mod  aoeoiin(ia|[  for;  anil  ratoi 
of  brintleoe  maj  ban  btcn  clouda  of  pol- 
len, fpoTMk  or  otlior  yvHow  ToetMhte  p(od- 
ncta.  fihowcn  of  idl  wen  pmbah^  not 
Bhi>««ni  M  all,  but  marki  of  auppaMd 
ahowen  in  tli«  khijie  of  grca^r  apot*  <ai 
itie  cBith  rir  *tonM  or  plaatf,  ot  tridoKent 
fliauon  Mdiori  theappcaranocUionieiimei 
prodaanl  hj  ibe  (trawiii  of  frlaimon*  pio- 
lophftoa,  like  the  aoaloeit  Tlie  flowing  «t 
oil  la  btooka,  eu.,  Is  aha  accou&icd  for,  w 
it  would  alwBjra  be  now,  aa  a  caae  of  Iridt*- 
ecnoa.  Siorioa  «t  riiowen  of  milk  may 
bare  orij]l»aKd  In  Ibe  appMranw  of  whIW 
apou,  ((rnenlly  cauKd  b;  |;n»nlK  ot  fun. 
goa,  m  Itans.  Tlie  Bowli^  of  tnltk  frtn 
the  earth,  in  (ircauii,  eio.,  niglii  be  tu  meal 
CUM  the  inipervtitkiiu  iutfrpieUttoii  of  to 
nlmpte  a  fact  as  tlie  mtiture  of  caloartoua 
earth  wilk  onllaai;  rannin);  waler;  or,  ui^ 
der  farorable  oondfliunB,  tonus  <i(  tLe  lower 
forme  ot  lite  might  multii'l;  ao  cnonnonely 
aa  to  i^Itc  a  milk;  hue  lo  mnsidonkhle  twdies 
ol  water,  aa  the;  do  roiitilantlj  under  our 
uwu  oWnatlan  la  a  tnuiUer  way.  The 
Biiouins  of  bmd.  gnia,  tearea,  aieiua^ 
etc.,  with  bh>od,  ii  ■  phonemenon  eadlf  ao- 
conntod  fur  bf  a  rrrf  «ti|;bl  koowlodge  ol 
tba  Tarlmia  tons*  and  lialitta  of  the  ml  and 
oraaic<<-f«Uo«  taogl.  The  floalng  ot  Uood 
In  tbo  ocaan,  rireri,  aprin^  euv,  la  to  be 
BCCoUDtod  tor  In  tonie  InaiAnoaa  bj  tbo 
ptmtnat,  la  unotua)  quantltlea,  ot  red  alRie; 
"Showcta  ot  blood "  ma;  be  rrfntrd  lo 
alodlar  algit ;  or  dopoilu  rpfnrablc  to  audi 
•howan  nqr  br  proilurod,  u  wa>  known  to 
be  the  «aao  at  Als-la4;hapc11e  In  July,  1608; 
hj  b<itttrfl7'«lu7«atulea  undergeing  trma- 
formation,  when  larijo  drope  ol  a  Uood- 
colored  liquU  emde  from  UtcM.  Bod  anew 
1*  known  to  be  a  protoooMoa,  "Showen 
ot  Heat)"— «ae  oceurred  in  Kuntuckjr  ia 


?»♦ 


tntt> 


MR 


OOMf 

L  ■mcaim^'lhvtaft  a  •■  tktj  ly  ha  tW 
"llbw  wtfT  "— fc  Ik*  CwlMkr  CMO 
M  !te  *i«  ■<  •  kn^  «rf  lb*  buawd* 
»  Mil  -  w  I  Hadtn  p«J%r'W***i' 
«iHlrii»«  ndMdr.  «•»•«  Mi^  might 
'>tt  IMltMl  pp  Hgtw  ■bfct  »«w 
tow  bbrtMtlw,  U  <Mr  «««DuU 

t  «•  Ike  enMdBUlaaof  (Dill 


■Mf  Mt  tl  SthML-Oo  IW  yiMlM 
of  >i«i)y  ML  of  wtaMUKFon,  3b.  L  V.  Par> 
■h,  of  Ibg  law*  aui*  Tc*thm^  A«Dd^ 
tim,  imiwatoi  that  odncMkn  •hooU  bok 
M  Ibe  laaM  lannl,  «a«pleU  dardtf«iWBi 
o(  |ihf«tn^  vMMl,  aad  motal  qooBiIaih 
KeUicr  iUt  thMU  b«  pf«lemd  M  ibo  n- 
(MM  •(  Mi^w.  h«t  (H  ihrat  iIumU  ba 
Td  Mcurc  (he 
'  noM  cSutlve 
t  •!  4>  iMribtwal  rcven^  Uitk  or 
I  th«  firH  thVM 
Hiatal] fcft. -kid  k •kUUOl 
nd  MAM  i«A«  «■  iM  MooniplMi 
wMmh  (a*<^  b«eh-««rii  apon  the  cUt' 
*W  4«ri^  tW  •*(^Bg  hons,  or  daring  Iho 
dB*llMi  Mang*  et  ri^  to  pfafiioal  ifeTvl- 
■f«nt,  «*  th<  pfrfoniuaee  of  b«ato  duibMi 
Bat.  Il>(  iho  work  aiKj  Ixdoiw  lliiu,  mfn- 
vonbtr  dKumUBCV*  tnusl  b*  renmod,  uid 
both  pM|dl  M)d  iMolivr  rvMi  do  ihtir  ptru. 
The  pupil  Mwt  be  ragukr  and  fadnnrlMi, 
•nd  the  MMher  tun  alw*  bencU  mkutM 
of  the  bMt  mdliodiaf  prMcnliag  lofka  of 
tnUniction.  On  Mwoimt  ot  Hnw  Inegokf 
•ad  BDwboloMUW  iailneniNa  apentlng  npan 
Mheolt,  nwre  oitMt-wbotd  Mad;  ibtn  In 
MOMKr;  o«  eond  I*  dMMDdcd,  tint  nn  (o- 
Mlig^nt  c^-warhlng  at  (ouben,  ptraiu, 
pbjrtioiaMi,  «n4  tb*  load  praM  ovghl  W 
(■OM  •  tteadjr  dKTWM  ot  it,  and  u  !«■ 
wail  b  ^MmiIo  |4ij>lail  wd  ■«■! 
mfarin^ 

The  !l*tnk  fipr  Ih*  Tnu-Srplulu 
ruarl.— Vr.  t>»i>l  P.  Tod<l,of  the  U»- 
i*w:r  (>l><i-ni<or*,  .iBiboMt, UnMMbnietUi 
liK  iiiitoiihni  B  tsrvKitron  hii  acanb  hr 
a»  tiaiifcXiytwiUn  plnnoL  U«  una  1)h> 
*|i<«lLi^  at  iWt 
;  iko^^  It  niU  ma*  b«^ 


rax  FOPULdS  SCI£2fC£  MONTHLY. 


bcomM  be  iT£wd«  (ho  r'M^n'  «j 
Mm  M  KcI^iouMdnl,  vi '  q 

tlma  lav  bM  tMn  ai^ai^  .1.  ..^  4 
it,  nofbing  baa  •oifctMd  Ida  ooaa 
Im  eiiftaMe  hi  abuoi  Umi  jaui  ^ 
h«  baa  BMdgiMd  M  It     Tbn  Inda^ 
•carrbM  Is  cdowuit  ponurtMilM 
(iMUo*  Portwa  ham  tvrtluinnon  1 
Um  »  a  iwuh  Idttnilnal  vlib  Ui; 
a  odncidcboe,  It  b   ai^gwud,  1 
IgbUr  Ml  aalda  aa  inm  aect4« 
in  ypan  ban  alafMaJ  tiBan  tl 
dtacD  «i4  ranaHiad,  aail  (he  plai 
aaTouiiil,  dcaa  aot  nmIm)  {1  •ildent 
Kiiateaw  of  tlic  plaaat  [i  neRlj 
for  tba  paillnJu  apat  Iti  «lii<b  HI 
ia  ««pe«tad  haa  nodtod  vary  Biti 
with  Uiweopea  oompvieat  to  (wb 
tW  Ume  ba*  ao*  ecanc  ohnt,  h; 
d(  ibe  derdopnaait*  and  lB>[«tna 
haT«   bc«n  mad*  in  aainniamiai 
rapfa;,    the  aauvh  nn  be  profl 
dcnakea  bj  anj  obarmr  h*ria|  | 
DomUnatiua  «t  time,  ntibiwUn^ 
MMaaarj  appliuKta.     tn  «U  of 
Hanft.  Mr.  Tadd  haa  pabliahid 
u(  tii*  clMnal^ona  of  tbe  IrHlitW 
irith  the  (wcn(]r.«ii4ncb  ntnuice 
of  tbe  Ka(*l  Ohaerrkiotj,  aooonf 
eiBct  tnaxviplkaw  of  the  '*fad 
P«m«,  and  of  dli^fmaa  abo*lag 
tire  poailinaa  «f  ofajnta. 

MitribvdM  af  AM  li  taw 

A.  T.  Dnunmoml,  In  >  paper  re>d  U 
Briilab  Aaaedaiion  i^i  j  ur,  m  "  Tl 
butioo  of  OhuuHui  FunM-Trar*,' 
an  tmpnrunl  iian  to  Ibe  eiiatenw 
bodka  of  watar  In  Ibo  em 
OMiatff,  and  of  ooDdUkaa  andw 
niueh  maUer  diaaU  ia  ^na,  vlU 
iwiip  of  (n«a,<Ni  (be  weMaea  dd 
MNUtacart.  Tbm,  la  ibe  Called  fl| 
Oanada  tba  aonntuB-nmRaa  aee 
eoadaaoo*,  and  have  a  n.«Uiem  1 
am  Iredd,  affonlaiK  «n  upportnal^ 
aeWbani  inwa  lauiend  aaallmrd 
AmIu^  and  ta  tbe  amitbafa  Krtm  I 
Bonbaanl  In  Die  nlWy* ;  a^  ihb 
rtae  Hi  a  nioro  etimiled  dfatrfbad 
ooaU  iiihenia*  iMrur.  Aaetbir  b 
clonnit  In  tbe  dlatrihiilien  la  ibn 
ilin  UkM,  ■hicli  (oma  a  Innlar  to 
tcWMkoi  MuUanaiU  at  iW 


POPULAR  MISCELLAXr. 


7H 


oenoinD  in  our  "  Uka  SiMca."  Kcrorthe- 
Um,  tbe  osriaDU  of  tLe  lake*  karc  beta 
|h«  naaiut  ofdiUritnititij;  Modi  on  tbe  Jul- 
Udk  hwilliWii  ol  ilie  Dortliom  oomi,  where 
^u  law  nuihcn  femu  h*M  been  fouixL 
Hba  Uie  Mlwr  huil,  tha  oMUng  affcvt  of  mcb 
Hhric*  bodleeof  w«Ur«noMm|iM  llu  |ci«*Tb 
Vm  Morthera  tptdw,  and  Ifciu  •fonni)  Uio 
^  «oMUof  Lake  Huperlor  Uu  Son  (ndadM  a 
Urn  Mtai-Arolie  plaiita,  tboufli  Inland  ibaaa 
•U  dlwppHir,  and  111*  TagMacion  U  ot  a 
iBore  oorihcni  hnpcrau  tyiMk  Onlf  a  few 
iroa  hare  tli«  faoull^  of  maiking  IhcniMlvM 
at  bmw  oTcr  ai  viilo  an  eitenl  aa  laine 
bwbacMW  plaata ;  and  tha*e  are  Lboae  ntu- 
allj  <AIe(i  have  ligbt  or  uliigvd  iMiIa.  One 
rtaiwai  for  Ibe  dUTtrau  doTdopment  of  tlib 
bcabj  tn  traca  aad  faeriii  la  probabtf  that 
Ibe  aeodi  o(  tteea  ai«  of  frcaMr  Bisu  aad 
mijllil,  and  lou  Miiljr  oarritd  awtjr  from 
tbrir  panmi.  A  break  In  the  westward  ei- 
leiudoa  «( a  MuideraiUe  number  of  Ibe  f  or- 
aaUnaa  oomim  bejond  I^tke  Superior  and 
Bird  Rlror.  TtA*  la  a«cribed  to  Ibe  grMtor 
drTnoaa  aS  tbo  elimite  we<t  et  that  lake, 
ibealfectof  wUeli  U  aim  Men  in  tboalle^-d 
Bupaito  quality  tt  tbo  *ood  of  the  a«pen 
■ad  ipnwa  (rata.  Too  nraofa  m^lun  in 
Ibe  aimoqifaore  baa  al«o  ha  reaulta  In  dotor^ 
BlMDg  tbe  rauR«  of  tree*.  Tlie  Mme  canau 
whM  pronal  ttu  range  wmlHanl  bcjrond 
Bod  Hitor  of  inanjrvdbeEaMern  treoa,alio 
pniTall  In  reMriotlog  tbe  taatward  raa^  at 
Ifae  BriUab  ObJumbU  Iraa  bc^imd  tbe  inllu- 
I  ot  tbe  Rockj  Uouulaina. 


r. 


len 

¥ 


LmU  QlaatN  ttt  Esp«««re.— ProfeR'nr 
W.  Haldni  WlUiam*.  la  tba  "  (l«niUman'ii 
ll^wfH'i'i"  qnolM  with  apprmral  Dr.  Frank- 
laniTi  reoammendalioa  of  clrratr<I  raow- 
ooreied  dliiriou  «a  winter  aanlMriuni),  and 
■dda  tdiM  obMrratlana  of  Ua  awn.  Peril- 
Mntlf  to  the  lub^K*  of  raflocttm  from  wa. 
Ura,  Profoerar  Wllllania  notloia  Iba  psaltton 

Torbaf .  ao  oclebr«I«d  for  It*  mild  «in- 

eUoMIC,  as  OB  th«  one  part  ot  tlie  Uti- 
liubin  riHUI  lliat  haa  the  nMfl  illrrd  ex- 
pouna  i<>  the  eaaL  "  Ithugatheeait  winds 
tbal  bin*  (Biwilf  Into  It  from  die  ojwn  ara. 
.Md  baa  BO  proMetloD  whatarer  tiKni  tlieni. 
h  Iba  noat  dlncUy  cipoaod  and 

<rameat  part  ot  tbo  baf  i  ibo  nntl  U 
nrqiiaf,  or  ratbce  tbe  Pa^Um  ride  of 
'milua;."    Tbo  ■fldacaa  ot  tho  Torqoa; 


tSoMto  bi  aUo  ptomoted  by  faror«ble  In- 
oUnatlon  to  reflectkia  ot  the  nil;  taornliig 
•iw-heai  of  tbe  elope*,  and  bj  ibe  lempctins 
to  wbloh  Ibe  MM  wtndd  aT«  •iibjwted  be- 
(org  naehing  Ibe  land.  Ai  Bn>adtuini''le 
a  llltle  eaad;  bar  backtil  by  eliSa  aad  fao- 
ing  diPMilj  cut.  I  haTe  aercral  tboM  on 
a  (iimif  dar  in  <*inl«T-llmi>  ■alki'd  alon^  Ibe 
Mnda  from  tbe  Oraavilto  eido  of  Bamgalo 
la  BrwMlalaln,  and  ban  bam  mncb  bM«r> 
eated  in  obaerrlng  Ibe  nidden  cbanga  of  dl> 
niBtu  <!ip«rienctd  on  turning  the  pfoJectiDg 
diS  (onuinglbe  Muth  horn  of  tbe  ba^.  !«• 
iita  A\  on  ib«  aandi  tbne  «ltb  net^ework 
and  noreUbi  tbonontfact  Ooeonibar.'*  Tbe 
wa-rvfluotioM  li  in  nanj  caaaa  p»w«eftiHy 
iuppl«m«ni«d  \ff  cM*  i«A«ollon.  'Whan 
tbe  aspect  ia  dae  aouth,  a*  «t  Uaatinga,  it 
overriilea  It  altoecthci.  The  pecaliaT  idi- 
male  of  najfliu)^  1%  I  tliiak,  eulireljr  due  lo 
tUK,  tor  heie  we  have  tbe  ancmaljr  of  ata- 
cliffa  liiai  baie  botn  dsMrtfd  bjr  the  tea, 
wbicb  ba4  left  sulDcient  fore.aliorc  for 
housta  lo  b«  biutt  between  tt  and  tbo  cilSi. 
In  tbo  wintui  Ibcoe  oliffi  wonn  thine  houses 
li<r  rHJtviing  (he  Mulbword  ttAA-Atj  ana; 
in  tbe  Hummer  xhvf  na>(  ilicm.  Not  ontf 
do  cllffa  rrlien  (QUIP  of  iIi"  miii'a  rail  duN 
tn;;  the  daj,  Ixit  tlii^  abaurb  lb*  roiuolndcr 
and  fjivn  It  oot  after  Lbe  *un  hat  art.  .  .  . 
Other  local  dbnallc  loQuonota  vmj  bt  noted ; 
anion);  tlicrni  ttu>  elTiiol  of  a  Mrttch  of  dry 
■and  above  btgh-wBlcT  mark  and  at  tbe  toot 
Of  clUTa." 

The  QntirrBarT  Hoow  of  !(tw  Imtj, — 
ProfcHor  W.  D.  ^>it  boa  doKrIbeil,  brfoni 
Kho  AcadcmT  of  Kalnral  Sdcnoea  of  PbltadrU 
phia,  a  rcTj  lorgo  cxilnet  toooie  or  tJk,  On 
tlmott  complolo  foMlt  ikclctoa  ot  abldi, 
Bo»  In  Ibo  UBMnm  of  Prlnocton  College^ 
waa  dlaoorered  tn  a  ahell-morl  deposit  under 
a  hog  at  Uoonl  Dennon,  New  Jeraejr.  WWt 
the  cxeeption  of  Are  caudal  reitebriB,  vtttrt 
m)port4uil  bone  of  the  skclelon  thM  ii  iiiiw 
io^  la  rcprriticnliHl  b;  hi  (i-Uo*  of  tbe  Opp^ 

lite  aide,  ao  that  It  ha*  been  bardlj  poatlble 
to  p>  aairnjr  In  making  tbo  ncotwaiT  reaio- 
mtiona.  Tliu  nkelcMn  la  of  an  adidi  tnit 
not  old  inUiriduoI,  and  appcan  to  bebwg 
lo  Ilia  aame  i^cde*  «itb  ana  deaarib«d  by 
Wlaiar,  aad  eallad  br  Harlan  CVmu  Amtri. 
Maai.  wbieli,  logether  with  wme  metaoar- 
paU  doicrilwd  bf  Leldy,  U  pnaerrcd  In  tbo 


716 


TBS  POPULAR  SCIENCE  MOXTHLY. 


^ 


iMiliiiij  Df  HaiDial  &kwM  la  Phibdcl- 
pfala.  TU«  •peek*  can  Mt,  hMrntr,  Iw 
iMM«d  in  maj  ItMUt*  gciUM,  w  ibew  wc 
U  pt— M  iktead,  uid  (or  ilut  kmoo  Ur. 
Scott  hM  pnfMMd  tor  It  iIm  iimm  Cvrot 
«■  jtmginomu.  lite  nwM  obrioo*  p«enl- 
iiriij  of  ilw  »k*lrtati  i*  the  gi«M  lengtb  of 
Uw  l*^  •Ucb  gltw  iho  anlawl  ■  itilicd 
mfftuaatt,  whB*  ih«  diomx  !•  •Wlow  ud 
Um  bm*  (hoft.  Tbe  diouMen  hc  y^er 
lluui  tlMhlf^M  !■  Ao  iwMM^aBd  iwik* 
iboM  at  Uia  (M§.  TIm  camMnrt  Ingtb  ol 
tlw  bea4  nd  neck  tfaon  tlat  l«  tbe  o(dU 
Duy  poiirimi  of  ifco  kp  iW  imiBtla  waM 
Dot  rtadi  tbc  pound  b;  lewlmn  or  fifWm 
hcfcc  Unaured  ia  Ibo  tame  maontr.  the 
ItHmmhi  nimle  nadie*  to  vitliiB  (boat  un 
incbM  li«ai  lh>  pouaa,  and  Oat  of  Mejfo. 
«crM  lo  iigbl  or  olM  indis-  Thia  and 
««•  otbn-  (ealaiM  of  tbe  aCnKture  Endi- 
«al«  (bat  Ilia  bbita  of  the  animal,  uul  to 
MM!  dqgree  ll«  appovaace,  «cre  ibofc  of 
lb*  motMt.  lu  (bort  M<k  ■botri  lh«(  H 
*miU  bore  Ereal  dlMnh;  Ib  granny  and 
ao  prohoblj  llnd  b;  bro«i(ii|t  upoo  abniba 
■ad  tma.  TbU  tiw  aid<d  b;  •  more  «f 
!«•  ptvbtndte  oppcr  Up,  nUcb  tbe  ebwao- 
Ur«f  ibeaaMlopcnlBgabovitohaTc  bem 
man  prohowti  liw  than  in  tbe  door,  thoiie*' 
I*r  t«N  M  Ihas  ia  Ibe  moowt  Uorpho- 
kftoaOj,  tbe  foanl  b  of  luUrMt  (or  tlio 
ligbt  vbicfc  b  Mtaa  to  tlinrnr  opon  (be 
quMtka  of  (be  snnt  ^ha,  aud  iu  rdo- 
tioM  (o  the  Ijpital  deer. 

■hajDmni  Fr«BMw4lr>.— InaniuV 
d>«iWau"UuijDn^:  Ftm  &!ii»<di«g),"  Df. 
0«or^  E.  Welcli,  of  Eerport,  Meir  ienej, 
dwn  ■  faigUir.o«Jond  pii'ture  of  (bo  help- 
lonneaa  «f  the  irengD  mcdiral  practice  id 
the  face  of  diwaae.  l^o  «dioolii  incnsaw 
and  the  graduolea  awann,  "  but  hov  maa; 
giBat  phjalduw  oan  70U  nunc^  aad  wtdch 
■f*  Itw  dianUM  boms  diuler  lb*  anDual 
•pring^ood  of  doobm;  and  frt,  «h«m  la 
tbe  jFMing  doctiir  wlio  do««  ftot  hclirvo  tn 
tbe  m^e  of  dniga,  aad  (be  old  doctor,  it 
be  be  a  wtw  Mas,  >bo  doec  eo(  look  upon 
tbe  aeatof  th«D  aa  miiHurToaii,  and  the 
■nlnoritf  aa  deaorrtiiK  of  rcJilrli.-lion  t  The 
paxbobglM  l>  *b..-ptical  of  Uum  alL  Wilh 
kborlona  anl  ««  mndj  i^Maata.  .  .  .  H'o 
aualomlae  and  company  and  (he  prattwer 
•na  *Wi  leHnod  IcDgih  whlio  he  dlaoonMM 


oflfaeDlalteMaitaccaifc .  .  .Do«t,«»k 
lug  bcUad  tbe  ejc  of  Kodi,  b»o«  aajiMn 
of  tabetvadoiia,  or  bcUere  (bat  b*  daat 
Doo  eat  (be  tavag*  go  on  !  Aad  ■beta 
*<■  iMlMea  la  euilBg  ]«Uo«  (enr  1  in 
■aa  BO  loaoa  la  dnad  ot  iboloraf  iai 
ibe  I  lanihwaBia     ilma  not  ib« 


f  rartnln^  aC  dbcBM  *«erp  Into  and  t^d 
riTrij  iwlthliwhnrd  ahiiat  onca  Is  firajMitl 
mweaiea  riiaaMatl*ai,or  typboU  tmw.m 
flliw*e Bitgbt^ dlanaaB?  Andaheitbllp 
M«M  baoft  tbal  BOTH*  falkd  b«f oee  >  p«4« 
bnning  rad  beniing  Ib  ibe  borribledea 
tnw  of  fpemitt  And  jtt,  who  tiJM* 
fieoi  pnacriUngt  The  >1icIm»  Mon  na 
way  about  ibe  (Bldimi,  and  we  go  tba  otbr; 
Ibqr  tbto«  In  tbc  dr«g«  (bat  bmr  tta  pt 
•ctM,  and  «F  (brow  ia  the  oewntrptlwaa 
StnU  and  Malacta'a  'DiaptKaiorT*  Im  a 
Uii  <jt  one  bmidivd  and  iftf  1  aiuiiu  1» 
rbctunatism,  a  diaeasc  «)iicb  ii  a*  KHjIa 
bemme  dinHuc  «itb  treatment  ■•  aliliWiL 
EviTvbodT  has  a  *pccifio,  tton  jtni  pn^ 
knot  «Hh  teai,  (otneoiaiioaa,  and  daMd, 
Ut  (he  laM  (ifvniui  iIomot  aiih  (on}  piba 
of  aaljdlic  acij  ui  ih«  doM. . . .  Tbr  UoaUt 
ll^  neillnl  llinii|[hl  nioit«  too  much  levud 
wpttaBm."  Inprortfonrt  nuiat  ecna,  pn- 
1^  b;  (dfordng  Um  re«po«uibi%  e(  V^f 
pb^alcfui  (a  all,  or  b;  tbe  catabfidnaM  •( 
atoUefn  of  eiperimvntal  Medlaah*^* 
^ttaaa  of  lagtatntkin  for  oonettlnE  ariM 
u(  obocmtko ;  or,  in  olber  wordi.  hr  ad^*- 
lag  for  Ibe  awdf  of  diaoaacibetMiindKl 
the  citititniciual  phfAdeglMa. 

Sefkra  of  iarlei, — ^Thc  csuaH  <l  ik 
deeUiiaat  Jarlea  and  (be  itunwdjforHan 
oenciiWrod  bj  Hr.  »:dBia  Youb^  ef  (helV 
baaj  tdr.  In  a  paper  ori  "  Tbe  Juij  In  Tbi^ 
no  (%>ri>or«io  Lif*."*  The  IhaofT  U  fla 
inaiiiuiiUD,  tbai  *-  i«elre  diabHenattd  •» 
boldata  of  Ibe  Baighborbood,  of  annta  k 
leUigaaoe  and  elrtaav  aiv  bt«i  quaDM  (> 
deut^ne  t*>ue>  of  fact,"  ou^*,  tt  owW 
oul,  lo  ecciini  an  id**]  tribttnaL  b  dM 
aol  MeaM  It,  bai  wmetbltig  faf  diCmA 
The  tcaatn  of  tbr  detrrfomka  Aat  IH 
oom«  OT«r  jiiriw  b  caillj  found  In  iht  O- 
ompttona  altoaed  bj  law,  nraiin  at  *M 
mMj  unnec«Baarjaitd  oraa  fanprtftf  abM 
Oir  true  ricir  of  tbo  ea«a  b  takm,  eiad 
furaiib  a  loop^Ie  tbro(i||^  wbkb  a  cmM- 
cmUebodyof  oar  boat  ddaa^i 


i«Ma|AM 


POPULAR  MISCELLANY. 


7»7 


Nrrtee;  latlwabuMOl  th«  power  uiil 4i«. 
emkiii  of  (Im  oonct  in  gnaliDg  cioium  on 
Dm  gioiinil  of  "  bwinoM  cagqtcBMtU,"  or 
other  tritial  ptulcxU;  in  Uie  oollutlnb  «I 
oSccM  (a  keep  dsjiim  oIT  ih*  Juiy-lifM; 
■■d  la  pidiUo  ipslti;  anA  unoillEnj^vM  to 
—m.  UcoOT  jurj-dut;  lia*  lo  Ixr  p(irlorni«l 
llfscljr  bjr  ponottf  «bo  *re  nn(  north;  of  It, 
■ml  *lui  kTc  ofloo  nipudliiM  of  Ihn  oblU 
gation  o(  IB  oath.  "  To  rarlTc  lu  utcful- 
BMB."  Ilr,  Y«aii(  ain,  "(be  Jur;  miut  be 
poiged.  At  aa  inMltDtton  huulGil  down  bj 
our  fMvfaltwr*,  i(  1(  unplj  luOdsot  for  tbn 
pnrpoM*  for  which  It  «u  iatciulcd.  It  hi 
<iiilj  in  iU  abuiHt  (hat  wc  ■nffrr,  >nd  that 
sbuM  can  onlj  b«  remedied  b;  ■  rrr[ral  «f 
imblic  ipiril,  and  the  rialliMloii  of  tbo  foot 
Ibal  pKtata  bitcrati  ore  beet  mtMcrrcd  bjr 
tt*  dBTodon  of  4  i«rt  of  oui  time  tu  public 
dodci." 

CalarH  iadlilei.— M.  A.  At  Riwlia*  hu 
pgiUlilMd  Mme  notM  uu  "  Culorril  Auiliiiun." 
a  faeutt;  wUcli  •ome  pcrotiiui  ara  aHs^ud  to 
po»<39  of  perwiiiii);  M^njiatlnni  o(  r-olor  in 
ocian«4n*on  witli  Um  beaibig  of  particular 
Mtatdii  TomoMof  ihapcmodtf  wlto  hBTK 
Imported  to  lilm  on  the  Mbjcet,  acnitc  (oundii 
and  tbc  lowtl  •  (French)  appmr  red  or  of 
a  brillioot  olor,  but  Ibo  mrlilioDn  In  the 
tnattpr  arr  iiiltaito.  One  lady  aiiocialR*  h* 
Mpedal  oolor  vilh  each  note  of  the  uuilcol 
■cak.  taoh  vow«1,  and  each  digit  i  v>d  ahc 
wm>r  bean  anj  *ain  BNittioncd  wlihoiii  ihc 
ooloi*  of  all  Uio  flftorea  It  eontiun>  pitHlitg 
In  aoeOMiloB  bolore  her  rjc^  Anotbvr  lodjr 
MM  nimin  oolorrd — John,  bii^t  red ;  Jo- 
Mfih,  tGi7  (talk  blue;  Lonii^  rtd;  Louliu^ 
blaa;  asd  Lucj,  jcllow:  while  all  namoa 
■affing  in  Ml  aM  green.  An  onginew  a» 
•odaua  a  color  wUb  tb«  nanug  of  etvy  da; 
of  ibf  week  To  him,  Hondijiaaprajdajr; 
^heada;  and  "We&aet^j,  white ;  Tbumlaj, 
fcOov  i  Frida;,  Saturdij,  and  Sunday,  dark- 
ltd.  IfiMt  of  the  pcrsooa  known  to  ha>c 
tUt  (aeak;  bare  had  it  from  iofaoc}'' 

tn*  KaUeoal  nuenBr— B;  a  "  Uand- 
h"  >»l  publiahod  bf  EroMt  Ing#rMll 
aai  hii  aaaotiatca,  Tlrttn.  Tajlor  and  Atot- 
wank,  tbt  KalioDa]  ItluHum  at  Ibv  i^mtth- 
•<aiM  liutitiiilon,  Wuhingion,  )i  bIiowh  to 
b*B  gmp  «f  meet  Intcrertiae  and  rariod 
b  ftu«4  with  tbe  lemarkiblo 


and  btturt^nioous  aocumubtlon  of  curioal- 
Um  at  UiB  PutenbOfflce  which  once  tonocd 
OM  of  Uie  great  aittsctioiu  for  Tlnllor*  l« 
the  natlona]  oapital.  The  Smltkunian  [n- 
nllnllon  hiring  b«du  organltu]  and  houwd, 
■nd  thn  Pat«nil>OIIIc«  baring  Iwvonie  loo 
full  of  the  niodolii  and  good*  kgtlimat*^  )U 
own,  the  curioiltle*  wtrro  iiiiriod  one  to  the 
(are  of  the  Smlibnniaii  tgM».  To  theac 
ootlenion*  hsTB  been  added  from  doM  to 
Umo— after  the  Cralenalal  BihOiitiaa,  tho 
gOTenuQCOtcihlbha  at  Other  ooualriu;  tlic 
aoolopcal  iramurD*  of  the  Fiah  Comid*- 
lion :  ifieefnMna  «t  naiunl  raaouron  fnnn 
Territorial  BuncT* ;  tho  niinvralogicali  gco- 
logioat,  arcliuwiogical,  anthra|«1oKioaI,  and 
natural  hiilur;  trcanurmt  tliai  lure  been 
gathered  in  Ihc  ooiirai-  ot  the  Ooeenuncnt 
■urvcr*  which  hare  bepn  ■ntaaulli.'allr  mr. 
lied  on  over  our  whole  dotnain ;  and  ruiuua 
articlto,  special  eoUcclloni,  ate,  gatboivd 
frum  dtffemii  quarter*  of  tbn  nloba.  The 
muwuio  l«  houAcd  in  duit-proof  plat»f  laM 
ca««,  in  a  biuldiag  which  lia*  been  oon> 
*inicl«d  Mprrail;  f or  H,  and  whh^  bi  d»- 
•ucibed  a«  baring  beta  HUert  up  ftont  tlia 
Uiaok  croM  radiating  from  ■  eontnl  rotunda 
htlo  a  complete  aqunre,  the  citcrior  walla 
of  wliloh  arc  three  hundn-d  and  Mrnnlj-CTa 
ft<ct  in  length.  The  rarioua  oolIacHoiu  fcara 
b«oo  Micn^GcaU;  and  t^oallj  danalBad 
anil  anamged,  and  arc  aoccadble  la  the  ••*• 
oral  dtptrtmenta  of  geology,  mtnoralogTi 
chnmiMr;,  Mcaomh)  geology,  and  mcullur- 
RT.airopKaentinglticInoii^iikwQdd;  and 
of  botaa/,  aoSlogy.  aatbrapolcgr,  arehowlo- 
K7,  othnolocr,  and  compantlTe  teebnok^, 
a*  mprtavnilog  the  oi^anic  world ;  caob  of 
tlwt  dfpartmaata  being  further  eubditldcd 
•eowding  to  It*  Tatious  branvhca.  The  uu- 
•cmn  b  under  the  euni  of  Dr.  Srenoer  F. 
Balrd  SI  dlrvctor,  and  Q.  Brown  Goodc  at 
aatlMant  director,  with  twcntj.foui  cuntiom, 
all  but  nin«  of  whom  terre  without  eipenae 
lolt. 

Pof  Irr  aod  BmIHt  \*  ZaM^Dr.  R.  W. 
f!l>ut«l<tl,  t;.  S.  Aruij,  lu  a  -kBlth,  in  "  For- 
«ei  and  Stream,"  etf  aa  aieunion  thraiuh 
Zuitt-Luid,  tpaake  of  hb  «itnaee  bio  the 
pncblo  at  like  tlepplng  from  lh«  ^etorea — 
which  wo  haT«  In  tho  daaertpHoot  of  He. 
OnditaiC  and  When— lalo  the  raalily.  "nn* 
war*  iha  •quMlih  hoatca  all  piled  up  oa  ooo 


?•« 


TBE  POPULAR  SCIENCE  MONTBLT. 


^ 


mother,  md  1I14  fUnnicj'poCi  md  Ttningf 
fiv  Ifao  roof ;  tfkcav  bHttkd  sp  In  mwif  dU 
iwtfOM  Af  topa  of  ihe  ImUm*  ;  ilwre  vere 
ifcc  XoSit  lliaiiicl*G«  uu  the  roofi  *ilk  crtb- 
tn  ■■  lite  UniM*,  beulng  ua  tbrir  hetd* 
ik«  n»r  ]ar\  ihc  lik«  tf  «Ucb  I  bad  •» 
Oftn  MM  (D7  utiu  frieod*  ia  lb*  Xuknwl 
ttOMwn  niMtiMln(:  U  tkort,  bfic  wu 
Zoli.  for  H  hsji  OM  iM  covmmpwt  la  oU  ite 
TotU.  At  ou  approKk  •  dOMtt  dOfl  niMd 
Ik*  aluB^  ud  off  KaMpanrf  k  Rrovit  of 
Ulf-Btkcd  (AiUm  irf  both  Mam  wlili  ttidr 
blHk,  iMgn>«lra  h«ad»  «f  tulr  (Uw  biCTwM 
r«K  of  tent  of  thMB)  UowlBf  to  ibo  vtod. 
fillMtl  u  k  mt^  Mcm,  our  fli«  bqult; 
Kai^  ho»  CUM  tlw  bill  tbere  oiwn  which 
thbHMk«pMblowM«NcUdf  ThcpkiB 
for  wB*»  kbout  It  b  ahDM*  m  knd  m  (be 
Mrfaoe  o(  ■  kk«.  Im^tac  the  twpfawJM 
ttnwde  ■pen  w  *fccB,iAer  ooc  iiiiiiihi 
tion.  the  iwdwUbte  fut  Hartd  n  b  dra 
face  ibu  altbou^  KnBi  Bafbare  oripeaD; 
bttn  Matted  on  a  dSsht  rfM  b  tbc  plaia, 
yM  Ita  pccaent  deratiaQ— faMwtcn  ihbtj 
and  EoMj  feM  akoTc  dw  daton  plaae— is 
doe  lusclj  la  aoae  rlaca  to  the  acosmu- 
lalAl  eicramml  ot  tlw  burraa,  aad  I  to*- 
pKt,  too^  to  toiDT  ilfgno.  Iha  retuae  frvm 
lb*  hoose*  I  mt  Maiitioa  can  bttm  be 
tND  ii  the  pvefabi  ot  Lat  SMiiae,  where 
(be  entire  loaw  tloffta  o(  tosM  of  tbrir 
heoeea  ace  covered  aboto  tbdr  t«ofe  bf  a 
Ufca  guaao  drpotH,  while  addilional  atorlea 
hate  beea  b^  on  aad  abora  tbtea.  In 
Zafii  thia  cowltiha  to  mora  paiUeutarlj  tW 
taat  OB  tha  lUt  of  the  pueblo  fadng  10- 
vatd  the  ^tttoaan-hoata.  b  thb  altoa- 
tSon  the  tide  of  tbr  hill  bat  beat  cut  awa; 
to  Bake  raem  for  •  ^tnlen,  aad  It)  «wapoJ' 
tkn  b  aat^j  tIadM.  I  an  not  aware  that 
thic  faat  ha*  baea  pabMAed  before ;  but  It 
aataM  baidl;  poarihle  Ibat  a  tUng  80  eri- 
dna  hia  baen  aireriooktd.  We  were  diaq>- 
pohitcd  at  Sndln];  tbc  pueblo  to  ncarljr  da- 
atrtcd.  Not  mote  tbaa  one  botuc  b  t«i 
wai  occnpkd,  at  crctj  able-bodied  maa  and 
•romaa  wat  at  Ibia  dme  of  the  jcar  ■*>; 
ptanElaf;  abeal,  at  wc  taw  tbeia  at  [aa  Ku- 
irUt,  Cpoa  kBTia^  boms,  a  ZwTit  dotca 
tbc  liitia  low  door  to  Ua  berate  b;  |dllii|;  a 
qoaml^  of  ttoaea  up  la  tcimt  ot  IL  Ec 
alao  takat  Ibcpmotatloa  to  ptttUriipwtlh 
olaj  tb«  openiai;  upow  the  roof.  Sock  fad- 
ealaf  It  eontidited  a  aaowd  taal,  and  M 


bsacM  ooe  weald  lUflfcef  luiatlm  kw 
nmn  ihati  w«  woold  a  aeal  to  a  kno^  1 
taw  an  dw  empljr  botttea  eleacd  i^  In  d 
war.  e*^  it  tevt  lite  pveblo  a  terrildf  < 
eencd  appeaiaBee."  AH  of  the  poat^. 
IhatotM  waa  lakaa  owt  brtbe  teiaufc 
OM  uf  Or.  EbuIeUt^  oocapoaiont,  ■■  a 
aamt  profeater,  at  tlu-j  turned  to  gt  aai 
Iku  ■*  ke  bad  accM  tsxragu  ot  ihu  nttt 
keiab  oa  a  dong-bill,  iohibitod  by  piof 
whoa*  batatt  and  nttiom*  an  too  fa^ 
to  thiah  of."  la  (ac*.  crcrr  >■•  bMaa 
aaaiuiT  tcttao*  aemed  lo  be  vielaiidttd 
paeblo. 

The  riM  Irb  la  BBmab.,-£enirii 
(baflnaarta  flovrtah  to  a  oertaadcpMi 
Bmaab,  aldioa|h  MM  of  Oien  arcat  high 
deiehpodaaiberaratnlndla.  Wtariic 
TCer  *m1m«  B^  la  wtiMr  dUtoMl  OfKfl 
«wt  Iha  000x117,  r*(  lb*  waaten  if  it 
fiaett  and  Bort  blghljr  adetned  fiMct « 
faedlgneti^  thadnt  wwHaata  of  tlaw  bo>|t 
been  Vanlpar.  In  drawing,  BaiHM*  ri 
are  tiained  to  tKf  art  ar«  ataltn  at  * 
pscil,  ahboogfa  tbef  bava  llntt  lita  tf  fa 
■pcctlrroiroftbohatantVofSgblaBdtttfi 
While  the  dctallt  are  coareatioaal.  ibtpaa 
alidea  b  tfae  Meailaaof  thewocfcnn^Bi 
tbe  phOtrea  are  oftoo  full  of  life  ni  !*■* 
Deeocatioa  of  fnacial-pjns  wkb  ptbllip 
•MwtkDca  ottretntlf  (roteai^e,  it  Mb 
peftaHtbtaaAot  Ibltan.  Biu»fai«dB 
■ahe  tnagca  of  tSotama,  belb  ef  odoa 
dataM«^  and  tbc  flat,  «>aae*ai'ihif« 
goagi  wUdi  an  ated  tor  ttHgbo*  porpaM 
Wood^ansg  baa  a  Taty  asuaiire  ntp  0 
raritV  ia  ahansler.  Seano  ot  the  «*it  k 
(otbgaand  flswrea  in  the  b^dhlttaigaa 
letfta  to  ranaikablr  bcaatUU,  aiMlk* 
delieacT  of  the  aims  aa  la  tke  B^nv 
and  craeo  of  the  open  tnoet;.  la  W 
taM  of  ladualrial  Ait*  ha*  b*M  ctttbHai 
»t  ffint"fr.  tn  i1iiiilii[i  ilil* Imjaiiij  icy 
riotu  aad  latrkate  effect  b  obMfatditaf 
InR  tamo  trtidee  in  ErotT,  wb«  "  ibtataM 
al  tbc  tiitcintci  b  Mired  w](b  foOtpta 
flam*,  throng  ikeiatantlotaed  lAU* 
buldob  kbnowed  oat  neatl; tolbetaM 
wbaaaBfnitatocBiTedtaHltL  TWIf* 
look*  a*  It  b  bad  been  eaned  tcpuwl 
ari  faktened  tatto  •  iowei;  boaae,  bat  d« 
eiaadaatieei  abowa  ifaatthu  it  Ml  lh«a« 
aad  tha  iBca  may  be  at  an}  tiae  i 


^^^^in^Mhrou^  the  openiag  ot  iIm 
trwery."  BMvy  TilUge  bi^r  tlun  »  him- 
Im  bM  it*  ifiiUimhb  will  ailt«nidih.  In 
the  SligrM  oniimaaU  mulB  by  goUaaitlia, 
the  bnrnuhed  guU  nuiid  iM  proper  ffilor, 
but  ib«  other  gold  is  Ajtd  ml  «itl>  luna- 
rind-iniae,  ■  bartario  vuwa  («  wliioh  tke 
BunnaediivltaMioiiair.  nranwongiv- 
ta  for  it  b  iliat  no  vtkw  dmiIaI  bvi  gold 
will  Mnimc  tUi  panicuUr  niiUi'  color  wliuu 
iKsIfl  'illi  UaMrind-Jaioe ;  it  laaj  in  (mi 
be  rtgnivttd  W  llu  bill-inark  of  BumcM 
jtw^.  The  lilrcr-work  at  Bunntth  It 
niuh  calMinod  by  connoisMun  all  «rer  the 
world;  the  trtiiU UOH  tU«  n«t«l  tontto 
obtain  Ibe  gmuot  pMtibla  «ff«oi  tint  lb« 
naWivaf  iIm  nuttriti  illuw*.  The  trade  In 
nM  a  pa^iiiS  c*us  t>ut  f^  iMding  aitiato  are 
iloTOWd  to  their  ari.  and  at*  i|uite  ountcnl  if 
they  gain  enuu^  to  livo  on,  praridod  that 
they  kevgi  thdr  poiidon  al  Ibo  boad  or  the 
va(L  Uati;  of  Atm  ar«  profltlcDt  In  oL 
eUo-work.  in  which  lbs  dnign  apptara  aa  if 
<b»««  io  «lv«r  guiiioe  on  a  black  ground. 

!■  brtkinka  Ripfrfnt*.— A  Pnmeb 
gemlfBUi  reiiilln);  at  Ui;ii<lixca.  iii  the  Ar- 
gentlno  Repnttlic,  ^vnt  a  graphic  ilncrip- 
dM  in"!'  N'a(iira"oJ  the  nrthquake  that 
took  (Jaee  thereon  ibv  ii'i(h  of  llin^li,  lS8o, 
al  about  half-pail  l«u  in  the  «TcDing.  Ho 
wai  nadlng  anil  ainukin^  ahoi  on«  of  the 
■MbM  of  hi*  wtndoi'  oponod  all  at  onoe  aad 
tmnerilatoly  itoiei  agiia  with  m^M.  He 
^.thou^ht  •  dog  had  oonio  In  iht«aj;h  the  win- 
,  and  b«M  orer  to  bmk  for  ths  inlruder 
er  his  <itA.  The  winilow  0|>med  again, 
llad  ho  «M  oblipd  to  hulil  on  to  bin  dealt, 
^Whll*  U»  cfaab  iMiwd  mer  with  him.  lie 
KraigbHwd  UoMtlf  Bpin,  ant]  ■oa  thrairn 
10  tb«  right  At  Iho  aanio  Uma  hi*  Jaw* 
cam*  logetber  aad  he  hit  off  Ui  ptpoatam. 
•hlle  he  f*h  a  pain  in  the  pit  of  bta  Mom- 
Mh,  like  thai  t4  ica-wtkiwBi.  Then  the 
IhnuKht  ocffirred  to  hin  that  It  «m  on 
mnhii<MkK  Six  arcooili  afUnrArd  ho 
beanl  a  k4m  lib«  that  of  a  diitant  Io«n- 
nutiro  kiting  olT  vuam,  followed  by  the 
bowling  of  doKS  aail  Uw  nolM  of  the  wkul 
Ibnoijb  tbo  pUntalii-tr«&  Then  lu  nw 
Uw  aiwle  el  the  wall  Tc«r  tlooly  to  the 
l(A,  than  fMnra  to  lu  ptaotv  •»  'peofily 
that  bo  wH  Marml  and  r*s  to  the  door  u 
out    At  deer  wo«M  not  open,    The 


irOT£S. 


719 


dogs  b«pi  «a  bowtb^  levder  ihaa  vrer. 
He  b(ir*t  ib«  door  opvn,  anil,  mnuig  out, 
found  all  tlie  peoph  lu  tlia  M(vm«,  mo«tly 
in  th«ir  nigbt-dreaM*.  Thrto  rioleiu  thooha 
■ero  felt.  Tlit  wrltor  ot  Ibo  aecooBt  bo. 
liuTO*  iliat  a  fourili  aliocfc  wouM  bare  do- 
itToytd  tbo  town.  The  *ky  waa  aftorvard 
ohfcvrad  wHh  foe ;  and,  tor  Uilny  toeooda 
•tier  Um  laM  ahook,  a  lublemiMOii  nolta 
wa*  haanl  like  iha  nunblbig  ol  a  mllroaik 
mhi  In  tlio  dUtanoe. 

NOTES. 

Set  W.  Tnmi,  in  Ml "  Baiayt  of  HaaU 
atid  Loog  Life,"  rTOODinienda,aa  the  atrong. 
oM  ptricriBtiic  agtfaut  oontigians,  a  pievo 
of  myrrh  lii^ld  In  tbo  moalh.  It  bu  bcvD 
auvrted  ih*i  Rwlfra  jihyntHona  Iniarlably 
Milu]it  iliU  proucilou  when  attending  ihr 

Rick. 

A  HixoiitAC  window  to  tlie  lalo  Sir  Will* 
iam  Glemoni,  orcoted  by  hht  brotltei  engi- 
ucc**,  waa  an*tlled  In  w«etinin>l«r  Abb^, 
Navombor  31,  ISSI,  with  addnMea  by  tho 
D«aa  and  GBr  F.  firamwolL 

Tm  afllda  bv  ProftMor  Rood,  entllled 
'•Th»  Problem  ef  Ptiotography  to  Color." 
puhltihcd  in  the  laai  "  HoBlhly,"  and  crod- 
iied  to  the  "  Itialonapble  Bullelin,"  thould 
hsTc  bera  civdilod  to  "ADlbony'a  Fboto- 
graphic  UullMin." 

M.  Fioks,  In  the  eonr«o  of  hla  «s]ml- 
tntota  lo  ptnugraphiag  the  mornncata  of 
hoTMO.  haa  been  ttruob  by  the  obierTailon 
that  the  foot^of  Hie  aabtul,  btbe  half  llu 
time  at  re*t  on  Iho  grouid,  mnn,  daring  tlio 
other  half  the  time,  be  In  anth  mora  rapid 
tDOtUin  thin  Iho  animal  Ittalf.  Bo  ai Unataa 
that  In  the  fnllop  Iho  fiol  nocIim  a  rolooitj 
of  *tity  moirM^  or  about  two  hundred  feel, 
aaewnd. 

Da.  C  T.  Rii.KT,  Rnlomi^logttt  of  tbo 
Dopuunent  of  AfjririiUiirfi,  and  Honorary 
Cuiaurof  Inierlf  ID  Iliv  Nstionel  MuMum, 
haa  given  to  that  inriiinti'jn  hix  eitmitre 
pritRLeoeUoctloit  ot  North  Amencui  inxwta, 
npreaen^m  the  fnilta  of  bin  Inbora  In  ool- 
teetlng  and  ilndy  tor  many  yearii. 

Ttu  If ratean  Gofommasl  la  imL]  Io  b^ 
contemplating  the  Of  t«hli«hTn(«l  of  a  inrte- 
ntolo):ical  (taiiim  arnungiho  hi^otl  mount. 
ain4  of  the  country,  at  nn  eleration  of  nearly 
twenty  Ihoaeaiid  feel  nbo*c  tbc  li-nl  of  the 
■ea.  Initnunoata  for  !(■  um',  a*  far  aa  pea. 
vlhlo  to  CO  a  mr  without  HoTipIng,  an 
bdng  made  at  Zurich,  8wf  tiorland. 

-  N'lTinn."  of  Ohrbubiola,  Harww,  oUlt 
atlaolSon  to  notlcaa  that  Iiito  bM>n  glren  ot 
Scaadlnarlaii  ebwrra^oni  la  the  p«al|  ot 


710 


TJie  POPULAR  SCISXCS  MONTBLT. 


Mnxd  tn  ISSa,  wM  MOribad  U  Urn  UM  to 
iti«  (rufiitlaii  of  Bcda,  wbUh  owufwJ  to 
tlMi  j««r.  AwD  Ma;  u  8niUnb«r,  ITSt, 
tlM  linnai  mm  UlumlntuJ  bf  ■  voHMkot 
rod  ^>,  aaJ  [!>•  lua  had  the  t^pnnme* 
of  •  hiut  libit.  Tbb  «u  aiirilwud  lo  * 
Tkibtit  •nipttoo  of  ibe  SkHHw  JOfcoL  to- 
Uod,  wbb.-h  occomd  in  the  apriog  of  the 

rof-XUara,"«b*bi 
I  of  ■Diomiilc  mnllk- 
.  an  w  ha  M  ifanw, 
I  MoaUr  *nUM  «alL  -"-*-i—^  hi* 
I  Iha*  llici«  &  no  rale  tm  Ibe  nat- 
ttr  vUkeA  txeaidoD.  Ab  vmim  tlut 
vandlMlM  abouli  nodrt  pcnotMl  •tu*- 
lli%  Hd  bo  almajo  qndw  obMmdoo. 


A 

tfiod  luliiiu 
tioo  uul  taa»i 
Oil 


OBiTCABr  sorea 

Dk.  Tuoiua  AsDUiiti,  SB  Irifli  dianlM, 
died  ebon  the  !■!  of  Ptnibbrt,  1^49,  In 
tlw  t*fnMj-»t«ni  jrvr  of  faia  age.  Be  n* 
bonlnBeUutbilSIS.  In  pnipailiiK  Uoi- 
•elt  for  tba  nedlul  ivofaMMtt  be  endM 
tkmmt'tj  aukr  «e*«»l  aMlneDt  umMml 
He  (ouk  a  |iai1,  at  irlcr-pieBidcnl,  bi  ibe 
ot^ulaubM  of  llie  Karthera  CbllMC^  nani 
OMfnli  Colkp-.  Brlfut,  »nd  aw  Iw  Hm 
inotosor  of  ChemliniT.  Ul*  nane  li  Men- 
dSail  «ilb  mmacj  voM  importaal  ioTMIIga- 
lloaa  and  dbemris.  Among  tbcni  an  ue 
oerapodrition  of  the  blood  of  diolefw-MilienU ; 
iho  dMerfDlamiaa  of  heat  ctdhrM  during 
dtcninl  aplioQ ;  Ibo  tmo  nalsr*  of  omo*, 
ts  wbtcb  he  catabBibed  tbo  Ibcoi;  Bcnr  ank 
TcnaU;  bnM ;  and  ti>e  OMriiudt;  of  tbe 
Bqnld  am]  pkwout  iilate*  of  nauer.  a  i>ori«a 
nf  InTmlpilnnii  wliich  Ird  iIlKctij  op  to 
PktMX  ^((M'l.  WroUamkiy  and  oth- 
en*,  luocaulul  Uqaetaclkn  of  «ll  tbe  Eajcn. 

X»»ra  t'li.Mnnsnta.  a  Ririu  rBltcn- 
lok|Ei«t..Ii>sl  n«mtt.>Ml'*brrlln)t*il.(i(ithc 
Lake  of  nonituioc.  •events  niao  ytn*  old. 
B«  vw  lh«  diMDTcrtr  of  the  like  rillUM 
M  Ka»adwt,  Uaurach,  nilcUogcn,  and  rip- 
pUagen ;  and  he  vbinlnnl  a  litvc  Mllwtion 
•i  jirohimoric  ubjiN^  wli)ch  U  pnwrrcd 
•tSiiiUicafl. 

T«i  dmli  b  announced,  u  ibe  age  of 
•tKhiy  ntt,  td  Vndtmm  Giuaeppe  rmiii, 
the  llalian  gfologjft. 

heraacw  CWuilb  B.  Hiuj),  of  (he 

flfiiii  Ilatesm  of  Xntun)  WtaUtrj,  iKmI  at 
Q)mbridg«  ea  the  M  of  January.  Uu  •»! 
about  ml;  jcM*  old. 

Mm  Tun,  an  Bn^Uh  cbcmltt,  died 
Rovomber  M,  t88S,  afod  forty-fli  jvat*. 
He  aeaolred  hh  flrai  tnmwt^dm  of  <k«ni- 
bny  wbMi,  at  a  bor,  waiting  on  ^  (tndent* 
■t  the  Bnjal  OoUcga,  ha  ttptsied  aome  ef 


noom 

1 


H 


A*  Miwtliueiiia  be  •■« 
UtcbMi  U  bomn.  lU'  m- 
J,  H.  Gladctcoe  f«r  I*  Kolf  vM/t,  an 
of  hh  labantonr.  lie  wa*  OcwD 
CbootatiT  U  et.  Tboama'e  BeapUal 
«M*  on  llccallvrs;  at  tbe  JfMlcMl 
Usapilal,  luid  LwMBrar  m  CbtniM 
Dinclur  of  I*nM.tiMl  Cbcaniau?  In  S 
CToDt^  Ho  «aa  an  awidiwui  isem 
and  pabUtbtd  a  laice  naoBbcT  of  i 
M«a  mikr  hl«  oan  naBi^  and  old 
eoajniiwtrni  whli  I>r.  flladMM*. 

Ha.  Bnwn  OnMoem  Baon,  Jit 
CbmiM  to  tbe  ItriOA  War  Dapa 
dt*d  DtoMubae  IStti.  Be  bad  bM 
■Mted  wHb  tbe  atwrn)  at  Wootwi 
abeat  thin;  yean,  and  bad 
■catel  la  the  faupteFeeinaat  of 
aad  oibtr  cxplorfTML 

D*stn.  DiTtn  Brni,  the  dilef 
Datcb  African  Bipeditkni,  died  at 
bolla.  OD  tbe  I9th  of  Ma;,  ISM. 
part  in  aa  eipetUtJoa  to  the  iaMrier 
matia.  ISiT  to  Ulll,  vberc  ^  bcca 
Itweltd  ia  Ibe  raamlnailon  aad  pr«j 
dcTtlefirMM  of  tbo  coal-StUe  ef  lb« 
la  IB«ba  badtd  h<itiMlrio«Murea 
reptteeniaikn  of  tbe  eolonial  nodi 
the  AuMerdam  Eipoalttan.  a  If 
iUrted  on  hja  Afrfcaa  Mcpnlilk^ 
had  cmdnl  refertMa  to  tbe  Kneae 
and  the  aMniautn-tanga  Ijlog  aM 
wMof  U. 

Da.  SiMvn.  Bntcn.  tbe  ebkf  e( 
RfinMhclaU,  and  founder  and  Fttia 
tbo  Sodtty  <4  tSblinI  AnhKtka.  * 
oeiobtrSTIb.  He  waa  boni  in  lsTli,ti 
Bpr«iDl*d  to  ll)v  IVpartncnt  of  And 
in  the  Britwh  Muwum  In  ISU.  Be 
ftist  ■pocallr  bUcRMcd  la  CUaate  a 
ilM,b>n.«luioM  gtiinit  o]>  Ua  tMiH 
dktctlon,  braama  pr»<inincM|f  «  V 
tt^n.  BeridM  pnparinB  aiuieiaM 
and  p'peie  of  Ua  owa,  be  eeanBi 
traniilation  of  tbe  "  Book  of  tba  Di 
dltrliooaTf  cd  hicro^ljpliKB,  and  agr 

to  BunMB'a  mu  wodi  en  Eg^pl.  I 
alM  eonnectod,  ofldaDy  aad  pcnoaiO 
tbo  pDblkaiiMi  of  ••  nceoeda  dt  ibt 
twdre  tetuBCB  of  traailMlaae  of  ib 
tnpoctant  tettt  fteu  tbe 
ijtIui  mDOommte. 


*Kt,a  nl 


H.  Loci*  Raint  TVluki,  i 
cologbt,  wiMae  ta»o  wauM  ba*e  beta 
M  &d  Iw  beea  lea*  tmtdert  and  i 
hetier  health,  died  at  Hjrttea  oa  Ibe 
IVeenber,  IB88.  He  biraaic  tMtt 
the  Fteacb  Atndctny  In  1 8M,  bol  aai 
bj  U»  delk«t«  OBnatiiotioa  to  nil' 
adjee  Itfc  In  ISM.  Doting  tbe  t>« 
joara  to  vliicb  hli  vark  aaa  bl 
made  na>f  important  In  i  iiiili(alieii 
fun^  aad  tbe  bdiDaa,  tbe  acknce  of 
it  b  laid,  be  reforaiodaii 


£■      a. 


^^^H 

l^^n 

w^M 

^^^^^H 

^mt^^^^^M^^^mt 

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^^^^^^^^1 

W  '^^^U^BBm 

I^^^H 

HH 

w 

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y 

f 

■  "i*  '^l . 

1 

W- 

aauTtJLX 

THE 


POPULAR    SCIENCE 
MONTHLY. 


AFEIL.  18B6. 


AK  ECONOMIC  STUDY   OF  MEXICO. 


Bt  DATIb  A.  WEU& 


ru  [iroposcd  to  liero  a«k  attention  to  tlic  results  of  »  rwcnt  iDTCB- 
tigatioi:  and  study  of  Meiioo,  witb  tbe  intent  of  exhibiling  itn 
economic  relations  to  the  United  States,  and  of   helping  to  dcLcr- 
mine  ibe  dediraliility  of  llio  ratiScation  on  the  part  of  the  latter  of 
S  Meiico-Amerioan  commercial  trcAty,     Th«  iMuii  for  this  invcsta- 
ftntion  and  for  eucb  opinions  as  miij  be  cxpreaud  bu  been :  Finit, 
m  tanaivbat   extended    exploration  of    Mexico,   undertaken  during 
ibo  tuirl;  months  of  the  put  jear  (1685),  primarily  with  a  rieir  to 
health  and  recreation ;    aitd,  secondly,  a  Bnbscqueot  careful  Btndy 
(prompi«d  by  interest  in  what  had  bcun  personally  «eon  or  heard)  of 
the  physical  xituation  and  history  of  the  eountry,  and  iu  present  po- 
B  lilioal,  indualrial,  and  social  condition.     The  jonmoy,  it  may  bo  far- 
"  tbw  pretiiised,  was  mainly  made  upon  a  special  train,  over  the  whole 
length  of  the  Mexican  Central  Railroad,  over  raoat  of  tbo  Vera  Owa 
and  City  of  Mexico  and  over  a  port  of  the  Htcxican  National  Rail- 
^^roadg ;  tbe  aggregate  distance  travrnted  within  tiio  territory  of  tbo 
^kcpablio  being  in  exac«t  of  three  thousand  miles,  tbo  train  rnoning 
VtipOD  iu  own  time,  with  iu  own  cquipmciil  for  catJng  and  Blooptog,  and 
0 stopping  long  enougb  at  every  point  of  intereat — city,  town,  haeitndOt 
tnin^  or  deaort — to  admit  of  its  fall  and  salisfactory  exploration.    It 
IS  safe,  therefore,  to  aay  that  such  an  opportunity  for  leisurely  viaiting 
and  studying  so   much  of  Mexico  hod  rarely,  if  ever,  before  buon 
granted.* 

'  Tha  •mniom  la  qooUon  wm  maas  milM-  llw  *usp1eM  «r  lb*  lUTmooiI  Ewnsiga 
Campuir,  ud  «u  Ibe  itM  of  IU  Usd  pivjwlod  mi  tanlad  nt  b;  IL 
'<«.  xxnn.-^a 


7"  TUB  POPULAR  SCIEyCS  MONTHLY. 

Althougb  geographicallj-  noar,  nnd  having  bvoo  in  eommendtl » 
Utions  with  tho  reat  of  the  world  for  over  tbi««  hundred  vA  iftf 
ynare,  tbcro  U  [irobably  less  Lnowu  lo-day  aboat  Mi-xico  thnti  rf  i)- 
moat  any  other  country  claiming  to  be  ciriliEod  ;  wrrtaiiily  t**.  m 
much  u  oonoeming  Egypt,  Palestine,  or  the  leading  eintm  nf  Bnt^ 
India ;  and  not  any  more  than  concerning  the  outlying  )>roviBea  A 
Turkey,  the  states  of  Nortkcra  Africa,  or  the  seaport  districu  of  Chioi 
and  Japan.  It  is  douhtful,  furthermore,  if  a«  Urgo  a  proporttoa  m 
one  in  a  thoasand  of  tho  fairly  educated  men  of  tho  United  State* « 
of  Europe  could  at  once,  and  without  reference  to  an  euoycloi»4ia, 
locate  aiMl  tiamo  tho  twenty-seven  Sutca  or  political  divisions  bu 
which  tbe  Rcpnblio  of  Mexico  ia  divided,  or  so  many  of  its  towM  sal 
dtiw  o»  have  a  population  in  excess  of  fifteen  or  twenty  thonnai 
TTw  exphination  of  this  is  that,  prior  to  the  conalmction  and  opvutsf 
of  the  Mexican  "  Central  "  and  Mexican  "  KationaJ  "  Railroails,  or  tl^ 

tnally  prior  to  the  year   1683,  the  exploration  of  Mexico owiag  U 

tho  ulmoHi  total  absunce  of  roads  and  of  comfortable  honpUia  for  ma 
and  beast,  the  ult^r  insecurity  for  life  and  property,  the  inlervtiiliia 
of  vast  Eterile  and  waterless  tracts,  and  the  inho«pilallty  and  aliMN 
laragery  of  no  small  proportion  of  lis  people — was  ho  difBcnlt  and 
dangerous  that  exploration  has  rarely  In^n  attempted  ;  and  thoce  vbo 
have  attempted  it  have  greatly  imperiled  their  lives,  lo  aay  noUuag 
of  their  health  and  properly.   Meiioo,  furthermore,  ts  not  faUy  lowwi 
even  to  the  Uoxicana  themaclves.     Thus,  a  large  put  of  lh«  eoniMt; 
on  the  Paoido  coast  has  scarcely  been  penetrated  oataide  of  the  md« 
or  "  trails  "  which  lead  from  the  seaports  to  the  Interior.    Tberv  ■« 
hon<Ire<l»  of  Bfiuaro  milca  in  Southern  Moxioo,  especially  In  the  StalM 
of  Mtchoacan  and  tiuerrcro,  and  al»o  in  Sooora,  that  faavo  oevrr  bMS 
explored  ;  and  whole  tribes  of  Indians  tliat  have  never  been  brm^t 
in  contact  with  tho  whito  man,  sitd  repel  all  atiempta  at  visitaUoa 
or  government  supervision.     During  the  three  hundred  yoara,  sIkv 
when  Mexico  was  under  Spanish  dominion,  almost  acooss  to  Ilia  mod- 
try  waa  denied  lo  foreigners  ;  the  most  noted  exception  being  lbs  eaa* 
of  Humboldt,  who,  through  the  personal  favor  and  friemUbip  of  Dw 
Marino  Crijnijo,  first  Spanish  SecreUry  of  Stale  under  Clmrlc«  IV,  re- 
ceived pnvilegca  never  before  granted  to  any  traveler  ;  and  thu*  it  li 
that,  although  more  than  three  qnarleni  of  n  century  have  ela|M«ui  lisrt 
Homboldt  made  hia  journey  and  explorations,  he  i*  still  qflofnO  as  tli* 
beet  and,  in  many  particulars,  as  the  only,  reliable  aulhonty  in  respMrt 
to  Mexico, 

In  IMO,  Bayard  Taylor,  returning  from  California,  vbEted  VeiM 
landing  at  Maiatlan,  and  eroating  the  country  by  way  of  the  eity  ef 
Mexico  to  Vera  Crui,  His  journey  lasted  from  (he  6th  of  January  le 
the  lOih  of  February — a  period  of  about  six  wooka— and  the  dUuMv 
tnvcTBcd  by  him  in  a  straight  line  could  not  have  been  much  in  '■• 
oess  of  seven  hundred  milc« — a  rather  small  foundation  In  the  waj  uf 


Air  ECONOMIC  STUDY  OF  MEXICO.  7*3 

otplontioD  for  tli«  CQtwiruct^on  of  »  «t«DdBrd  work  of  travel ;  yet, 
whoever  reads  bU  narrative  and  entcts  itilc  ■ftnpath}-  with  tbe  aatlior 
(as  who  ID  reading  ila yard  Taylor  does  nolP)  is  heartily  glad  that  it  b 
iK>  longer — for  Mungo  I'ark  in  attempting  to  explore  the  Niger,  or 
Bruce  in  seeking  for  the  sources  of  the  Nile,  or  Livingstone  on  the 
Zambesi,  never  encountered  greater  perils  or  cbroDtclod  mora  disagrae- 
able  experiences  of  travel.  It  wm  not  enough  to  have  "joiimcycd," 
w  he  expresses  it,  "for  leagues  in  the  burning  tun,  over  scorehed 
hilla,  without  water  or  refreshing  verdure,  saffcring  greatly  from 
thirst,  tiDtil  I  found  a  little  muddy  water  at  the  bottom  of  a  hole  "  ; 
to  have  lived  on  fryoU*  and  tortiUas  (the  latter  so  compounded 
with  re«l  pepper  that,  it  is  said,  neither  %'uUures  nor  wolve-s  will 
BVer  tooch  a  dead  Mexican),  and  to  have  found  an  adequate  supply  of 
tnva  tbe«e  at  tiroes  very  difficult  to  obtain  ;  to  sleep  without  shelter 
or  upon  the  dirt  Soora  of  adobe  buts,  or  upon  t^caffolda  of  poles,  «>d 
to  have  even  such  scant  luxuries  impaired  by  the  invasions  of  hogs, 
menace  of  ferocious  dogs,  and  by  other  enemies  "without  and  withiD," 
in  the  shape  of  swarms  of  ficas,  mosquitoes,  and  other  vermin  ;  bat, 
in  addition  to  all  this,  be  was  robbed,  and  left  bound  and  helpleas  in  a 
lonely  valley,  if  not  with  the  exjiectation,  at  lea^t  with  a  feeling  of 
complete  indifference,  on  the  part  of  hia  ruffianly  assailants,  as  to 
whether  ho  pensbed  by  hunger  and  cold,  or  effected  a  chance  deliver- 
ance.  And  if  any  one  were  to  travel  to-day  over  the  same  route  that 
Bayard  Taylor  followed,  and  under  the  same  cireumstunces  of  [>er- 
aonal  exposure,  he  would  undoubtedly  bo  subject  to  a  like  exjicricnce. 
P  In  Aagust,  18TB,  lion.  John  W.  Foster,  then  United  Sutea  raio- 
bter  to  Mexico,  writing  from  the  city  of  Mexico  to  the  Manufacturer^ 
Awociation  of  the  Northwest,  at  Chicago,  made  the  following  state- 
ment concerning  the  social  condition  of  the  country  at  that  time : 
"Not  a  single  passenger-train  leaves  this  city  (Mexico)  or  Vera  Crux, 
klie  (then)  termini  of  the  only  completed  railroad  in  the  country,  with- 
out being  escorted  by  a  company  of  soldiers  to  protect  it  from  assault 
and  robbery.  The  manufaoturers  of  this  city,  who  own  factories  in 
the  valley  within  sight  of  it,  in  seodiDg  ont  money  to  pay  the  weekly 
wages  of  tbeir  operatives,  always  accompany  it  with  an  armed  guard ; 
and  it  ba*  repeatedly  occurred,  during  the  past  twelve  months  (ls~8), 
that  the  street  railway-ears  from  this  city  to  tho  anburban  villages 
have  been  seized  by  bands  of  robbers  and  the  money  of  the  manufact- 
nren  stolen.  Every  mining  company  which  sends  ita  metal  to  tbii 
city  to  be  coined  or  shipped  abroad  always  aceompanies  it  by  a  strong 
guard  of  picked  men  ;  and  the  planters  and  olhci-s  who  send  money 
or  Taluables  oat  of  tho  city  do  likewise.  The  principal  highways 
over  which  tho  diligence  lines  pass  arc  constantly  patroled  by  the 
armed  raral  guard  or  the  Federal  troops  ;  and  yet  highway  robbery  is 
■0  common  that  it  is  rarely  even  noticed  in  the  newspapers.  One  of 
I  oommercial  indicationa  of  the  insecurity  of  eommunication  between 


714 


THE  POPULAR  8C1ENCS  MOyTBhT. 


this  capital  and  the  othor  citlca  of  the  republio  U  round  in  the  nlc  tf 
intfirior  eiobsnge,"  which  at  th^  tjin«,  accor<litig  to  tbo  raianut, 
varkd  from  ten  p«r  ecnt  in  the  caM  of  Cbihualiun,  dUtaol  &  thouaid 
milee,  to  two  and  two  and  a  half  par  cent  for  placM  like  Tolnoa,  M 
farther  rvmovcd  tlioo  a  baodrad  miloa.  Maltcm  »r«,  however,  ia  % 
much  better  atale  at  present,  and  for  reasons  that  will  be  ncDliccd 
horoafutr;  but  tho  following  item  of  Uexi«»D  news,  telegntphti 
from  Saltilln  (North«rn  Mexico),  under  date  of  Pebniarjr  la,  leSS, 
pretty  clearly  indicates  the  eeope  and  deairability  for  fnturo  in)[)toT*- 
m«nt,  and  alao  the  ]>reseDt  limitation  on  tha  authority  of  the  exirtiiig 
natioiial  Government:  *'Tbo  commission  of  ofilcera  sent  from  Zm*> 
tooaa  by  the  Uovemmcnt  to  treat  for  a  surrender  with  the  noUJ 
bandit  leader,  Eradio  Bemal,  has  relurocd,  having  been  utiBui^ceafri 
in  ila  misnion.  The  chief  demanded  the  following  conclitions :  Pardee 
For  bimself  and  band,  a  bonus  of  thirty  thousand  dollars  for  bimMtf, 
lo  he  allowed  to  retain  an  armt-d  escort  of  twenty-five  men,  or  to 
Iki  appointed  to  a  position  in  the  army  commanding  a  Uiitriri  a 
tiinaloa." 

How  such  a  statement  as  the  foregoing  carries  tbe  reader  badt  M 
the  days  of  tho  "  Robbers  of  tbe  Rhine,"  or  tbe  '*  free  laooM  **  of  iht 
middle  agca  I  Wiib  a  btitler  government  and  increased  railroiad  fadS- 
ties,  the  amount  of  travel  in  Afinioo  has  of  late  yean  greatly  innrmai. 
Before  the  opening  of  the  Mexican  Central,  in  18^  tiie  majority  ol 
travelers  entered  tba  country  at  the  port  of  Vera  C'niz,  and  Jouroeyol 
by  railroad  (opened  ia  1873)  to  the  capital  (two  hundred  and  MJCt;- 
three  miles),  and  returned  without  stopping  en  rouU  in  either  oasa ;  tf 
cisu  made  excursions  of  no  great  dlstanoo  from  poinu  on  onr  southtfii 
froniii-T  into  the  northern  tier  of  MMtioan  State*— Soncin,  Cbihnakiu, 
Coahnila,  and  Tamaulipas— such  jatirueys  being  nsually  made  « 
hoiaeback,  with  preparations  for  camping  out,  ami  also  for  fighling  i( 
it  buoamfi  neceeaary.  Since  tho  opening  of  the  Mexican  Central,  how- 
ever,  this  route  offers  tlio  greatest  facilities  for  tbosa  who  dMirr  to 
reach  the  city  of  SIcxico,  iho  traveler  jonmcying  by  a  fast  train,  day 
and  night,  the  whole  route  (twelve  liundrtrd  and  Iwenty-Bvo  miles) 
from  El  I'ano,  in  tbe  very  best  of  Pullman  cars,  over  a  good  read, 
with  every  accommodation  save  that  of  food,  whieh,  in  spite  eS 
tbe  efforta  of  the  comj>any,  la  and  will  continue  to  bo  bod,  simpJy 
booanso  tho  country  fumislics  tew  resources — milk  srlling  at  muaf 
|)oinU  as  high  as  twonty-five  cents  a  4]nart  and  scjure  at  thitt,  while 
butter  as  a  product  of  tbe  country  !*  almost  unknown.  Itut,  rater 
Mexico  by  whatever  route,  tho  onlinary  traveler  has  little  oppuriunitj 
to  see  anything  of  the  country  apart  from  the  city  of  Mmimi,  *oj» 
what  Is  afforded  by  tbe  view  from  the  car-window*,  and  ynt  it  i*  tram 
just  such  exporieneea  that  most  of  the  rooeot  books  and  lettvta  aboal 
Mexico  have  been  written. 

There  is  a  wonderful  deptii  of  tnilli  in  a  ronurk  altribated  to  En- 


AN  BCOSQUIO  STUDY  OF  MEXICO. 


7»S 


an,  tliftt  "tbo  ey«  bcm  only  what  it  brings  to  itself  Iho  powor  to 
eee"  ;  and  tbo  majority  of  tboae  wbo  In  T«c«ot  y«m  have  viait«d 

Klexieo  would  rmhi  to  baro  brought  to  their  oyH  the  power  of  seeing 
ttle  elM  tban  tbo  picturcaque  vtdo  of  thiogB.  And  of  Buob  material 
tbcro  i«  no  lock.  Iq  tlio  first  place,  the  iN>untry  throughout  is  far 
more  foreign  to  an  Atuertun  than  any  country  of  Europe,  except  that 
put  of  Europe  in  oloee  pronimily  to  iUi  Asiatic  border.  TranH|mn  a 
person  of  toUralily  good  geographical  iufornialion,  without  giving  bira 
any  intimation  as  to  vbero  bo  was  going,  to  almost  any  part  of  the 
great  plateau  of  Mexico — outside  of  the  larger  cities— and  he  would  at 
once  conclude  that  be  wan  either  at  Timbuctoo  or  some  part  of  the 
"  Uoly  Land."  The  majority  of  the  bouBin  are  of  adoU  (mud),  d«tJ- 
■ate  of  all  coloration,  onleM  du8t-gr«y  is  a  color,  and  one  story  Id 
oeight.  In  Palestine,  however,  and  also  (aocording  to  report)  in  I'^m- 
bnotoo,  the  roofs  arc  "  domed  "  ;  in  Meiico  tlicy  are  flat    The  soil  ia 

try,  the  herbage,  when  tbcrc  is  any,  coanc   and   eombcr,  and  the 
hole  conntry  singularly  lacking  in  trees  and  verdar«.     In  tbe  fivlda 
of  the  better  portions  of  the  country,  men  may  be  seen  plowing  with 
a  crooked  stick,  and  raising  water  from  welts  or  ditchiii  into  irrigating 
eui'bcs,  by  exactly  the  same  methods  that  arc  in  use  to-day  as  ibey 
!  fire  thousand  years  ago  or  more  upon  tbe  batiks  of  ibo  Nile.     In 
be  villages,  women  with  nnt>l>rown  ttkin^  black  bair,  and  large  blaok 
eyes,  walk  round  in  multitudinous  folds  of  cotton  fabrics,  often  colored, 
Mie  face  partially  concealed,  and  gracefully  bearing  water-jant  upon 
Bfeoir  shoulders — the  old  familiar  Bible  picture  of  our  childhood  over 
Ugain,  of  Rebecca  returning  from  the  fountain. 

Plaoo  n  range  of  irregular,  eharp,  saw-tootb  bilU  or  mountains, 
npon  wboBo  »idv»  ncillier  grass  nor  shrub  has  apparently  ever  gronm, 
in  tbe  distaoce  ;  a  clondloss  sky  and  a  biasing  eun  overhead  \  and  in 
the  foreground  a  few  olive-tree^  long  lines  of  repellent  cacti  defining 
whatever  of  demarkatioD  may  be  needed  for  fields  or  roailway,  and  a 
few  donkeys,  the  type  of  alt  that  is  humble  and  forlorn— and  the  pict- 
^te  of  village  life  upon  tJie  "  plateau  "  of  Mexico  is  complete. 
y     Would   any  one  recall  tlto  "Flight  of  the  Holy  Family  into 
egypt,"  it  i*  not  neceaaory  to  visit  tbo  galleries  of  Europe  and  study 
the  works  of  tlio  old  masters,  for  here  on  the  dnsty  plains  of  Mexico 
all  the  scenes  and  incidents  of  it  ore  datly  repeated :  Mary  upon  a  don- 
key, her  head  gracefully  hooded  with  a  blue  rtboio,  and  carrjrtog  a 
young  child  enveloped  on  her  bosom  in  her  mantle  ;  while  Joseph,  tbo 
bosband,  bearded  and  ttun-soreheil,  with  naked  arms  and  legs,  and  san- 
dals on  bis  feet,  walks  plotldiugly  by  bcr  side,  with  one  band  on  the 
bridle,  and,  if  the  other  does  not  grasp  n  staff,  it  is  because  of  the 
flcareity  of  wood  oat  of  which  to  make  one,  or  because  tbe  dull  beast 
•tands  in  eonttant  need  of  tbe  stimulus  of  a  thong  of  twisted  leather. 
Madame  Calderon  de  la  Barco,  tlie  Scotch  wife  of  one  of  tiic  first 
^banish  ministers  sent  to  Mexico  aft«r  the  acbicvctaent  of  her  inde- 


7»6 


Tn£  POPULAR  SClEyCH  UOITTBLY. 


pcndcuco,  aud  who  wrot«  »  very  popular  book  on  ber  IrareU  in ' 
00,  publislied  in  1843,  also  not«a  and  ihn«  grapbioall;  deBcriba  lUi 
pndomtnanM  of  the  "piclnreeque"  in  Mexico  : 

"  Un«  circanutanco,"  (be  lajra,  "  moKt  be  obHcrved  by  All  wlio  Utn) 
iu  Mexican  torrilDry.  Tlicm  i«  not  one  biimaD  boiog  or  pu^gofcjast 
U>  \m  seen  tbitt  t^  not  in  itself  a  picture,  or  which  wonld  not  fom  > 
good  lubject  for  the  pencil.  The  Indian  women,  with  their  pitiud 
bair,  and  little  children  siting  on  their  backs,  their  larg«  stnw  hut, 
and  pettJeoata  of  two  colors ;  the  long  string  of  arritroa  with  ihtir 
lDad«d  mnlos,  and  swarthy,  wild'looktng  face* ;  tho  obanco  horMmis 
who  pasMS  with  hts  itrape  of  many  colon,  his  bigb,  oroamoouU  taiUk. 
Moxiean  bat,  silver  stimijia,  and  leather  boota— all  is  pietnraiiK 
Salvator  Uosa  and  Hogarth  migbt  have  traveled  here  to  adnatagt 
Iiand-in-band  ;  Salvator  for  the  eubltue,  sod  llogartli  taking  his  qi 
where  tbo  sublime  bcoamc  ridicnlotu." 

Wfaflre  Indian  blood  greatly  prodomtnam  in  the  women,  th«  held, 
Dook,  abotilclfr*,  and  legs,  to  the  kne«,  ar«  generally  bar«,  and  tbor 
garmcnla  little  else  iban  a  looao-litting  white  cotton  toaic,  and  a  pM' 
tiooat  of  the  aamo  material,  often  of  two  colors. 

At  Aguaa  Oalirntcs,  within  a  hundred  yards  of  the  station  of  t&« 
Mexican  Central  Kailroad,  men,  women,  and  children,-  entirely  naio!. 
may  be  seen  bathing,  in  large  numbers,  at  all  hour*  of  tbc  day,  in  « 
ditch  conreying  a  few  feet  of  tepid  water,  which  flows,  with  a  gt»- 
tic  current,  from  certain  oontiguons  and  remarlcably  warm  springa 

Shoes  in  Mexico  am  a  foreign  innovation,  and  properly  (omi  m 
part  of  tbo  national  costume.  The  great  majority  of  tlia  peopla  do 
not  wear  shoes  at  all,  and  probably  never  will ;  Imt  in  their  place  ue 
Aandais,  eompoflod  of  a  solo  of  leather,  raw-hide,  or  plattH  fil»ere  of  lbs 
magney-plant,  fastened  to  the  foot  with  stTin^pi  of  tbo  same  naUtisli 
as  the  only  protection  for  tbc  foot  needed  in  their  warm,  dry  dUnaU- 
And  these  sandals  are  m  easily  made  and  rvpaired,  that  erery  Mexina 
peasant,  no  matter  what  may  be  bia  other  occupation,  b  always  Iw 
own  shoemaker.  Ah  n  gi'iieral  mic,  also,  the  infantry  rc^ineaU  o( 
Mexico  wear  sandals  in  preference  to  shooa.  Very  coricnsly,  ti» 
pegged  ahoca  of  the  Cnited  State*  and  other  eoontrica  are  oi«  laade 
and  can  not  be  aold  in  Mexico,  aa,  owing  to  the  extreme  drynMi  W 
tbc  atmosphere,  the  wood  shrioks  to  soch  a  degree  that  tbs  pajp 
apeedily  become  loose  and  fall  otiu 

In  the  country,  the  ao-called /wotm,  or  agrioulinral  laborrf^vb* 
comprise  nearly  all  the  population,  are,  aa  a  matter  of  fact,  perm*- 
ncntly  attached  to  the  soil  of  the  great  ettatea,  through  coodiliont 
rcs|>ecting  the  obligation  of  dobu  that  practically  amount  to  AwtT} ; 
and  it  ia  claimed  that  the  keeping  of  tbo  peons  oonatantly  in  d«fa(— > 
matter  not  difficult  to  accomplinb  by  reason  of  their  tgnonuioo  w^ 
improvidence — and  »o  making  permanent  residence  and  the  pfrfn 
aooe  of  labor  obligatory  on  tbem— b  iodiflponuble  ftrr  Hm 


AK  ECONOMIC  STUDY  OF  MEXICO. 


T7 


proMcutioa  of  agriculture ;  iaasmuch  aa  the  peon,  if  free,  can  n«ver  bo 
depended  upon,  if  be  gets  a  fev  dollara  or  sbilitnga  in  bis  pocket,  and 
there  is  a  pIsco  for  bim  to  gamble  vrithin  from  fifty  to  one  buudrcd  milea' 
diatanco.  It  is  to  bo  noted,  lioircvcr,  that,  wherever  Mexico  comes  m 
contact  with  the  outHide  world,  the  peon  ijBtom  tends  lo  dceay  ;  and 
in  the  northern  Slater  of  Mexieo,  where  American  iilcu  arc  6nding 
their  irny  among  the  people,  and  the  construction  of  fallw-nj-s  hu 
increaaed  the  opportunities  for  employment,  and  raised  wages,  it  is 
already  practically  abandoned.  On  os^h  esute,  or  hacienda,  tbero 
sr«  buildings,  or  collection*  of  buildings,  typical  of  the  conntry,  bor- 
rowed originally,  <o  f ar  na  the  idea  was  conccmcd,  in  part  undonbt- 
cdly  from  Old  Spain,  and  in  part  prompted  by  the  neceautic*  for 
defense  from  attack  ander  which  the  country  has  been  occupied  and 
Mitled,  which  are  al»o  ealled  haeUxdai,  the  term  being  apparently 
ased  indifferently  to  designate  both  a  large  landed  estate,  as  well  as 
the  build  tngis  which,  like  the  old  feudal  oaatlea,  ropreaont  the  ownor- 
Kbip  and  the  oenter  of  operations  on  the  eatMe.  TI107  ore  nsually  huge 
rectangular  structures — walls  or  bnildings — -oS  stone  or  adobe,  intended 
often  to  serT«  the  purpose,  if  needs  be,  of  actual  fottreosee^  and  com* 
pletely  inclosing  an  inner  sqnare,  or  court-yanl,  the  entranoe  to  which 
ta  tbrongh  one  or  more  roassiro  gate*,  which,  when  clotwd  at  night, 
Are  rarely  opened  until  morning.  Within  the  court,  upon  ono  aid*, 
built  up  against  an  exterior  wall,  11  usually  a  series  of  adobe  ttxuet- 
arat — low,  wiodowlcss,  tingle  apartmejits — where  the  peon*  and  their 
families,  with  their  dogs  and  pigs,  live  ;  while  npon  the  other  sides  are 
larger  structures  for  the  oao  or  residesoe  of  the  owner  and  his  family,  or 
the  superintendent  of  the  estate  ;  with  generally  also  a  chapel  and  »>• 
commoditions  for  the  priest,  places  for  the  storage  of  prodaoe,  and  the 
Iccoping  of  animal*  ;  and  one  or  more  apartment*  entirely  dcstitnte  of 

» furniture  or  of  any  means  of  lighting  or  ventilation,  save  through  tJio 
entrance  or  doorway  from  the  oourt-yarcl,  which  are  devoted  to  the  re- 
ecplion  of  such  travelers  as  msiy  demand  and  receive  hospitality  to  tho 
extent  of  shelter  from  the  nighl,  or  protection  from  outride  maraudera 
Snob  places  hardly  dcsmro  tho  naroo  of  inns,  but  cither  these  poor  ac- 
commodations or  camping  out  U  the  traveler'*  only  alternative.  Tboy 
pat  one  in  mind  of  the  caravansaries  of  tbo  East,  or  better  of  the  inns 
or  potada*  of  Spain,  which  Don  Quixote  and  bis  attendant  Sabcho 
Pania  frequented,  witli  tho  court-yard  then,  as  now,  all  ready  for 
tOBsing  Sancho  in  a  blanket  in  presence  of  the  whole  population.  In 
some  ca<:<>s  (he  hacienda  is  an  irrcf^ular  pile  of  adobe  buildings  with. 
out  symmetry,  order,  or  convenience  ;  and  in  others,  where  tho  estate 
is  huge  and  the  laborers  numerous  (as  is  of  u-n  the  case),  only  the  moat 
important  buildings  are  inclosed  within  the  wall — the  peons,  whose 
poverty  'v,  generally  a  sufficient  safe^ard  against  robbery,  living  out- 
side and  constituting  a  scattered  vilbji^o  community.  Tho  owners  of 
the  large  Moxican  estAtee  rarely  live  upon  them,  but  moke  their  homos 


I 


7^ 


TBE  POPULAR  SCIByCS  MONTULT, 


^ 


in  the  city  of  Mexico  or  in  Bnrope,  axA  iotnut  tb«  tnmiMgemeBt  *i 
Ibor  propvrty  to  a  supcrintendcDt,  vbo,  like  tbe  owner,  cousidenkia- 
■eif  a  gvntleinui,  and  nhosa  chief  buunces  is  to  keep  the  peooi  ii 
d«bt,  or,  what  ia  uibetantially  the  same  thing,  in  eUvery.  Whatever 
work  is  dooe  b  performed  by  the  prontt — in  whoM  veins  Indian  Uni 
pvedonuosMs — in  tboir  oiru  way  and  in  tbcir  own  time.  Tfavy  kiTt 
bat  few  toola,  and,  except  possibly  some  oootrivaticea  for  raUiDg  wattf, 
iMtbing  worthy  the  name  of  machinery.  Without  being  bred  to  an; 
mechanical  profeasion,  the  peons  make  and  repair  nearly  erery  iiaple 
meat  or  tool  that  is  used  upon  tlie  estate,  and  Ihia  too  witbont  the  tut 
of  a  forge  or  of  iron,  not  wen  of  b<^t«  and  nails.  'I'be  expianatioa  of 
mcb  an  apparently  marvelous  result  is  to  be  found  in  a  singko  mx^ 
or  rather  materinl,  niw<bide,  with  whit-b  the  peon  (ccis  bimjiojf  quit 
fled  to  mtH:t  almost  any  constnicUve  «mergenoy,  from  the  frarniDgsf 
a  boose  to  the  making  of  a  loom,  the  mending  of  a  gun,  or  the  n- 
pair  of  a  broken  leg ;  and  yet  even  under  these  circumEtances  ibt 
great  Mexican  estates,  owing  to  tbcir  exemption  from  taxation,  vA. 
tha  obe^iness  of  labor,  arc  said  to  be  proBlable,  and,  in  cases  when  a 
Cur  supply  of  water  is  obtainable,  to  even  return  larg*  inoomcs  to  th 
absentee  owncm. 

In  no  truly  Slexican  honfte  ot  high  or  low  degree,  from  the  ad 
hut  of  the  peasant  to  the  stone  palace  erected  by  the  Emperor) 
bide,  are  there  any  arrangements  for  warming  or,  in  the  Amcnon 
sense,  for  cooking ;  and  in  the  entire  city  of  Mexico,  with  an  csii- 
matod  population  of  from  22S,000  to  000,000,  chimneys,  firephkoes,  and 
stoves  are  ao  rare  that  it  ia  commonly  said  that  there  are  ooik- 
This  latt«r  statement  is,  however,  not  strictly  correct ;  yet  it  approiir 
mates  to  dosoly  to  the  truth  thati  but  for  provision  for  warm  botk^ 
there  U  probably  no  exception  to  it  in  any  of  the  larger  hotel*  of  tha 
city  where  foreignej«  uioHt  do  congregate.  Apart  from  the  capital 
and  aome  of  the  larger  oities,  Mexico  is  noticeably  deficient  in  holcl» 
or  inns  for  the  accommodation  of  traveleis,  and  in  a  majority  of  t^ 
smaller  towns  there  are  no  snch  places.  And  why  should  there  bef 
The  natives  rartily  go  anywhere,  and  conseqaeotly  do  not  expect  a^l 
body  to  come  to  them.  fl 

Lai^,  costly,  and  often  elegant  stooe  edifices — public  and  printf 
— ate  not  wanting  in  the  principal  towns  and  cities  of  Mexico ;  hnt  all, 
save  those  of  very  recent  construction,  have  the  characteriadc  Sars- 
eenic  or  ^looriah  architecture  of  Southern  Spain — namely,  a  rectaaga- 
lar  atrncturc  with  rooms  opening  on  to  interior  piaxzas,  and  a  niMe 
or  less  spacious  court-yard,  which  ia  often  fancifully  paved  and  oma- 
meoted  with  fountains  and  shrubbery ;  while  the  exterior,  with  its 
gate-fumished  archways  and  narrow  and  iron-grated  windows,  sug- 
gests the  idea  of  a  desire  for  jealous  soclnsion  on  the  part  of  the  i»- 
nates,  or  fear  of  possible  outside  attack  and  dtsturbanoe.  Wood« 
bnOdings  are  almost  unknown  in  Mexico,  and  in  »11  interior*  wood  B 


Air  ECONOMIC  STUDY  OF  XEXICO. 


729 


Frarely  nsed  where  stono,  tiles,  and  iron  are  possible  applientiona,  Con- 
'  seqaendy,  and,  in  riow  of  the  Boarcity  of  water,  niosl  formualcly,  there 
»re  few  fires  in  Mexico ;  no  fire  departments,  and  but  litile  opportunity 
for  insoraoco  componioH  or  the  huHincsB  of  instirance  agents.  As  a 
general  ruh;,  the  buildings  of  Mexico,  exotuiiive  of  the  hats,  in  which 
the  massn  of  the  people  live,  arc  not  over  one  story  in  height,  flat- 
roofed,  and  have  neither  cellars  nor  garrets  ;  and  in  bnildinga  of  rooi« 
Cbso  one  story  the  upper  floor  is  aU-ays  preferred  as  a  dwelling,  and 
thus  in  the  cities  commands  the  highest  rents.  There  do  not,  more- 
over, seem  to  bo  any  arijttocratic  streets  or  quarters  in  the  cities  of 
Mexico  :  bnt  rich  and  poor  distribute  tbemselvea  indiscriminately,  and 
twt  uofreqaently  live  under  the  same  roof. 

I'ho  popular  0|tinioa  ooDoeming  Mexico  is  that  it  is  a  country  of 
marvelous  nnd  unlwunded  natoral  ivMourccs.  Every  geography  invites 
attention  to  the  admirable  location  of  ita  territory,  between  and  In 
oImc  proximity  to  the  two  great  oooana ;  to  the  groat  laricty,  abun- 
dance, and  ricboessof  its  tropical  products— eu gar,  coffee,  tobacco,  dye 
and  omameDlal  woods,  vanilla,  indigo,  cacao,  eochinea),  fmits,  fibers, 
sod  tlie  like  \  and  to  the  number  of  its  mines,  which  for  more  than 
two  oonturie*  have  furnished  tlic  world  with  ita  chief  supply  of  silver, 
and  are  ttill  productive.  The  result  is,  that  with  a  majority  of  well- 
isformed  people,  and  more  especially  with  those  who  bare  read  about 
Mexico  ill  tboflc  charming  romances  of  Preacottfand  who,  in  flying  via- 
ita  to  ita  capita],  have  found  ho  much  to  interest  them  iu  the  way  of 
the  picturesque,  and  have  brought  to  their  eyes  little  eai>acity  for  see- 
ing anythinft  else,  the  tendency  lias  been  to  confound  the  possible 
with  the  actual,  aud  to  eneonrago  the  idea  that  Mexico  is  a  rich  priio, 
unapprociatod  by  its  prenent  postM^»ot»,  and  only  waiting  for  the  en- 
tcrpriaing  and  aud»ciou»  Yankees  to  possess  and  make  ranch  of,  by 
aimply  coming  down  and  appropriating. 
I  Now,  with  these  current  beliefs  and  impressions  the  writer  haa 
'  little  sympathy  ;  but,  on  the  contrary,  his  study  and  observations  lead 
him  to  the  conclusion  that  tlie  Mexico  of  to«day,  tlirough  conjoined 
natural  and  artificial  (or  human)  influences,  ta  one  of  the  very  poorest 
and  most  wretched  of  all  countries  ;  and,  while  undoubtedly  capable 
I  of  very  great  improvement  over  her  present  condition,  is  not  speedily 
or  OTon  ultimately  likely,  under  any  circumMtanccs,  to  develop  into  a 
groat  (in  the  sense  of  highly  oiviliK^d),  rich,  and  powerful  nation.  And 
in  warrant  and  vindication  of  opinions  so  antagonistie  to  popular  eenti- 
ment,  it  is  proposed  to  ask  attention  to  a  brief  review  of  tbe  condi- 
tion of  MexiDO ;  firit,  from  its  geographical  or  natural  stand-point,  and 
tteondlif,  from  the  stand-point  of  \i*  historical,  social,  and  politioa]  «x- 

»perie»ce. 
Considered  geographically,  Mexico  iii,  in  the  main,  an  immense 
tablo>]and  or  platoao,  which  seems  to  be  a  flattening  out  of  the  Rooky 


730 


THE  POPVLAB  SCIENCE  MQNTBLT, 


aod  SiBiTk  NoTsda  MonBtaina,  and  whicli,  oommeiKiing  witbio  tl 
ritory  of  tli«  United  Sutea  u  far  norUi  ccrtwnlr  u  Central  Coli 
and  perliapa  biyond,  exttrDdm  ns  far  eoutti  m  thu  IsthmuK  of  Ti 
tcpoc;  a  north  and  EOUtI)  tcngtii,  mvaxuring  froin  tbu  Roulbmi 
tier-line  of  the  United  SuU-4,  of  aboal  tvro  Uioani^nd  milcii.     Eni 
tbe  oovntiy  by  the  Hcxicui  Central  Railway  at  El  Paiio,  wfai 
pUt««i  baa  already  an  elevation  of  3,717  feet,  tbe  travolcr  ptt 
Evcly  and  rapidly  asoenda,  though  eo  gradually  that,  except  foi 
four,  made  oblifjatAry  in  the  couttmction  of  tlio  road  to  climb  V 
the  city  of  Zacatocos,  bo  is  hardly  conscious  of  it  until,  at  a 
known  as  Marquee,  1,148  mik'H  from  the  atari ing-point  and  79 
from  the  city  of  Mexico,  the  railroad-track  atLainn  an  olovati 
fl,I34  feet,  or  1,819  feot  higher  than  the  summit  of  Monnt  Wi 
ton.     From  this  point  the  line  dt^sccods  834  f«ct  into  tbe  valley 
oity  of  Mexico,  the  bottom  of  which  ia  abonl  T,:100  feet  above  tli 
level.     In  fact,  as  Ilnmboldt  as  far  back  u  1^!)  pointed  oat,  aoj 
lar  It  tlw  great  plateau  on  ibo  line  followed  by  the  Central  roaJJ 
■o  gCDtIo  are  its  surface  Hlopes  where  depressions  oooar,  tliat  tbe  j 
noy  from  tlio  city  of  Mexico  to  Santa  F6,  in  New  Mexico,  nl, 
I>erfonned  in  a  fonr-wheelcd  vehicle. 

Starting  next  from  the  city  of  Mexico,  and  going  east  tow: 
Atlantic,  or  west  toward  the  Pacific,  for  a  diatancc  in  citbor  d 
of  about  one  hundred  and  sixty  miles,  and  wo  come  to  the  edga 
minos  of  thin  groat  platcan  ;  »o  well  defined  and  so  abrupt  that  in 
it  seems  aa  if  a  single  vigorous  jump  would  land  tbe  expcrimen 
all  that  was  left  of  him,  at  from  two  to  three  tbonsand  feet 
level.     Up  tbe  eido  of  this  almost  precipice — tunneling  ihruo^ 
winding  round  a  BQCcosxion  of  mountain  promotiloriiii — the  Veni 
and  City  of  Mexico  Railroad  Itas  boon  oonatnioted  ;  "  ri)>ing  "  or ' 
ing" — according  to  the  diruotion  traveled— over  four  thouaand 
in  paaaing  over  a  oircuilou*  track  of  about  twenty-flve  miles ;  ai 
which  elevation  or  depression  about  twenty-five  hundred  peqwii 
lar  feet  are  comprised  witbio  the  first  thirteen  mites,  mtMond 
tbe  point  where  the  descent  from  the  edge  of  the  plateau  b^rgins. 
overoomo  tbis  tremendous  gr.ide  in  B»c4'nding,  a  sort  of  double 
motive — eompriiung  two  set*  of  driviug  machinery,  with  the  hi 
in  the  c«nter,  and  known  as  the  "  Fariio"  engine — ix  employed ; 
even  with  this  most  powerful  tractor  it  is  neceesary,  witJi  an  or^ 
train,  to  stop  every  eight  or  ten  miles,  in  order  to  knrp  up  a  nfli 
head  of  steam  to  overcome  the  rceisianco.     In  doaoAndbigi  oi 
other  band,  only  saflicieot  steam  is  oeccfuiary  to  work  tbe  brake) 
counteract  tbe  tendency  to  a  too  rajud  movenient.    As  an  achlsn 
in  engineering  tbe  road  baa  probably  no  parallel,  except  It  may 
some  of  the  more  recent  and  limited  cuoKtrunlions  among  the 
of  Colorado ;  and,  as  might  bo  expected,  the  cent  of  tranirpor 
over  tbe  entire  distanoo  of  SOS  miioi,  from  Vera  Crux  to  tb* 


AN  ECONOMIC  STUDY  OF  MEXICO. 


731 


Hoiico,  Is  very  l]«avj,  alUioagfa  &t  an  enormous  rodtuitioa  on  th«  ooBt 
of  all  mcllioda  previously  employed.  Wben  lb«  road  wu  Brat  opened, 
tho  charges  for  first-elass  frcif^lit   per  toD    were  t?G ;    scoond  class, 

»$05  ;  and  by  pSMongcr-truins,  107.77.  Since  tho  openiDg  of,  and  an- 
^er  the  infltionco  of  tbo  competition  of,  the  Mexican  Central,  tbe««  rates 
bare  been  reduced  to  an  averago  of  about  $10  to  945  per  ton,  and  Htill 
the  buuiiOHit  Is  understood  to  b«  not  especially  rcmuncmtiTo.  Begun 
In  1857,  tbis  road  was  not  completed,  owing  mainly  to  the  disturbed 
state  of  tbo  country,  until  1873.  It  was  built  under  English  super- 
Ttaion,  and  with  English  capital,  at  a  cost,  including  equipment,  of 
$30,000,{XX),  and  \*  soHi)  am]  excellent  throughout.  Puring  tJiu  year 
1870  ibo  road  was  destroyod  al  dilTerc-nl  points  by  the  rerolutioniau, 
and  alt  tniflic  for  a  cousiderablo  time  suspended. 

kAt  the  station  "  Eaperaoui,"  one  hundred  and  fifty  miles  from  the 
ty  of  Mexico,  on  the  farther  side  of  a  great  sandy  plain,  and  on  tho 
Kf  vergo  of  tbc  plateau,  and  irhcro  the  descent  lUAy  be  said  to 
Iraptly  begin,  the  suttons,  engine-house^,  and  shops,  built  of  drcMod 
■tone,  arc  as  massive  and  elegnnt  as  any  of  the  best  tuburlian  stationa 
on  any  of  the  British  railways.    And  as  illustrating  Itow  rigidly  tlie 
English  engineers  adhered  to  home  rules  and  precedents,  tbe  eoo- 
Hatruetions  at  this  station  include  a  very  elegant  and  expensive  arched 
Hibridge  of  dressed  stone,  with  cosy  and  extended  approaches,  to  guard 
^Bgftinsi  danger  in  crouing  tho  tracks ;  although,  apart  from  tho  pei^ 
sons  in  the  employ  of  the  company,  the  rc»dent  population  ia  very 

KonsidcrabK 
Starting  from  this  point  in  the  early  morning  of  tho  &7th  of 
rch,  to  make  (he  descent  to  tbc  eomparativcly  level  and  low  laud 
irrening  between  the  base  of  tbe  plateau  and  the  ocean,  the  ground 
at  tbe  station  was  white  with  hoar-frost,  while  behind  it,  apparently 
but  a  mile  or  two  distant,  and  of  not  more  than  fifteen  hundred  to 
two  thousand  feet  in  elevation,  rose  the  glistening,  snow-covered  cone 
of  OriKaba.  Within  tho  car«,  .ind  oven  with  closed  windows,  overcoats 
and  shawls  were  esMUtinl.  Within  an  hour,  however,  overcoats  and 
■bawla  were  discarded  as  uncomfortable.  Witliin  another  hour  tbe 
inclination  was  to  get  rid  of  every  superfluous  garment,  while  before 
noon  the  thermometers  in  the  cars  ranged  from  IW*  to  05°  Tahr.,  and 
tbe  traveler  found  himself  in  the  heart  of  tho  tropics,  amid  palms, 
orange-trees,  coffee-plantations,  fields  of  sugar-cane  and  bananas,  almost 
Dofced  Indians,  and  their  pictumquc  tbougfa  miserable  huu  of  cane  or 
ttalcesi,  plastered  with  mud  and  roofed  iritb  plantain-leaves  or  com- 
Malks.  In  tbe  descent,  Oriaaba  (17,373  feet),  which  at  the  starting- 
point,  and  seen  from  an  elevation  of  about  8,000  feet,  is  not  impressive 
in  respect  to  licigbt,  although  beautiful,  gradually  rises,  and  finally, 
when  scon  from  the  IotoI  of  tho  low  or  con«t  lands,  becoroas  a  most 
magnificent  sp<rolaolc,  far  superior  to  Popooatopoll,  which  ia  higher, 
^gOr  any  other  Mcxtonn  mountain,  but,  in  the  opinion  of  the  writer,  is- 


73" 


THS  POPULAR  8CISNCS  MOKTITLY. 


Tenor  in  sublimit;  to  Tuxota*  \q  Wubln^ton  Territory,  tlift 
elovntioa  of  which  last  (1-l,300  foet)  oao,  (n  Mnmo  plncen,  be  u 
at  a  single  glance  from  tbs  sea-lcYel  and  it  walcr-foregiriMnid 
coinparaUveljF  narrow  and  gently  eloping  ntrip  of  lund  wM 
traveler  ttins  mtcbw  on  the  Atlantic  side  in  jonmrylng  from 
to  Vera  Crux  cxtcsJH  from  Ifao  biuv  of  tbv  great  plnt^rau  to  tbe 
and,  with  itK  counterpart  on  the  P.i<riric  *i(l<-,  oonBtidilo*  in  Ui 
tbc  M>-«ftll«(l  "  TUrraa  Calif nU*"  (hot  Uoda),  or  tbc  u-opical  | 
Uuicob  Tbe  arersge  width  of  UieM  ooiUt-Undfl  on  the  Atb 
about  sixty  mitM,  while  on  the  Pacific  it  varies  from  forty  to  i 
milea. 

Conisidored  u  ii  whole,  the  googmphical  confignratioa  ani 
tion  of  Mexico  hare  been  compared  to  an  immenEe  cornucopia,  i 
mouth  turned  toward  the  United  States  and  its  concmTO  side 
Atlantic  ;  baring  an  extreme  length  of  about  !2,000  miles,  and  i 
ing  width  of  from  1,000  to  130  railes.     Its  t^irrltorial  area  in  1 
square  tnilc^s,  or  a  little  largi^  than  that  part  of  the  United  Stat 
of  tlie  MiMiHsippi  River,  excluRtvo  of  the  fJtatcs  of   \Vi»oDsi 
HiislMippi ;  nnd  this  comiiropia  in  liim.aa  has  been  before  intil 
coMbtsof  nn  immense  table-latKl,  nine  tenths  of  vbich  have  an  a' 
elevation  of  from  fi,000  to  7,000  feel,    l^nch  an  elevation  in  tE 
tndeof  42°  (Uoston  or  New  Vork)  wonld  have  given  the  conn 
almost  Arctic  character  ;  bat  under  tbe  Tropic  of  Cancer,  or  in  Utl 
18*  to  Sft'  north,  tbc  climate  at  these  high  elevations  la  almost  m 
pcrpetaal  spring.     At  tb?i«  high  elevations  of  the  Mexican  pi 
furthermore,  the  alrooephore  is  so  lacking  in   motslurc,  ihal  i 
bread,  or  oheenc,  never  molds  or  pQtiH3c«,  but  only  spoil*  bt 
up.    Perspiration,  even  when  walking  briakly  in  the  tntJdIc 
day,  does  not  gather  or  remain  upon  the  forehi-ad  or  other  c 
portions  of  the  body ;  and  it  is  only  through  this  piN<ul{arily 
atinoapbcre  that  tlio  city  of  Mvxico.  with  its  large  population. 
soil  recking  with  filth  through  lack  of  any  good  and  eoflicient 
age,  has  not  long  ago  been  d»olatc<l  with  pcetileace.     As  it 
dcatb-ratc  of  the  city  Is  rei>orted  to  be  larger  than  at  almost 
tbe  great  centers  of  tbc  world's  popniation  from  which  sanilsr 
eoce  has  been  enabled  to  obtain  data. 

Tlic  surface  of  this  great  Moxicjin  platean,  or  table-land,  alth 
embraeing  extensive  areas  of  oompamtivcly  level  sorfaoei  wfaji 
often  deserts,  Is  nevertheless  largely  broken  up  by  ranges  of  motm 
or  detached  peaks— «ome  of  which,  like  Popornto|iv<l,  Oriiali^ 
Toluoa,  rise  to  great  elevations— a  cireumstanoe  wbicb  it  U  impc 
to  remember,  and  will  be  again  referred  to,  In  eoiuiidflring  tbe  po 
future  material  development  of  tbe  country. 

Again,  if  we  except  certain  navigabta  cbanneb  whteh  roakn 
short  distances  from  the  sea  into  the  low,  narrow  strips  nf  coast- 
there  is  not  ft  navigable  river  in  all  Mexico  ;  or,  indovd,  any  A 


AN  SCONOiilC  STUDr  OF  MEXICO. 


733 


sotilh  of  the  Rio  Grande,  tbnt  in  tho  U'nit«d  Statw,  east  of  ihe 
AlifiitiHtiipj)),  would  b«  regarded  «a  of  any  tpccbl  imporUnc(\  In  re- 
qxict,  tlwroforc,  to  this  el«ineDt  of  oorumerotal  prosperity,  Mexico  bu 
been  ohanuiturizetl  as  less  favored  tbaa  any  eonsideralilo  country  ci- 
oept  Arabia ;  the  oame  of  which  last,  as  ia  well  known,  staudti  almost 

»as  a  synonym  for  aridity. 
No  ono  accurately  knows  tlic  actual  population  of  Mexico,  as  no 
Bovarat«  c«nsTis  has  nvn  bc«n  taken  ;  and  tliero  is  no  immc-diiitc  pro*- 
pool  that  any  will  Iw :  certainly  not  so  long  as  a  majority  of  the  poo* 
pl«  have  a  fear  of  giving  any  information  in  respect  to  their  numbon^ 
as  is  represented,  and  a  not  incoDBidcrablo  part  of  the  country,  as  baa 
already  been  pointed  out,  has  never  yet  bwn  brought  under  the  rule 
of  civil  authority.  The  e«titnato  in,  however,  from  tvn  to  twelve 
million ;  and  of  this  number,  fully  nine  tenths  are  believed  to  bo 
located  upon  the  high  or  tnhle  lands,  and  only  one  tenth  on  the  low- 
lands of  the  east  and  west  ooasla. 
I  So  much,  then,  for  Mexico,  considered  geographically  or  in  respect 

H^  iu  natural  conditions.  Lot  us  next,  tut  a  means  of  better  compre- 
^Diending  its  present  eondilioo,  briefly  oonstdor  its  historical,  social,  and 
Kjiolit4oal  experiences. 

^B  The  autbentio  history  of  Mexico  practically  commancea  with  its 
^■conquest  and  occupation  by  the  Spaniards  under  Cofle*  in  ISSI,  Tho 
general  idea  is,  that  the  people  whom  the  Spaniards  found  in  Mexico 
bad  attained  to  a  de£;reo  of  civilisation  that  raided  tUcui  far  alMve  the 
level  of  the  average  Indians  of  North  America,  more  especially  in  all  that 
pertained  to  govornmrnt,  architecture,  agriculture,  manufactarea,  and 
the  useful  arts,  and  the  production  and  oooumulation  of  property.  For 
all  thi>  there  is  certainly  but  very  little  foundation,  and  the  foMinnt- 
ing  narrations  of  I'rescott,  which  have  done  so  much  la  make  wliat 
is  popularly  considered  "Mexican  history,"  sa  well  as  the  Spanish 
chronicles  from  which  Prescott  drotv  his  so-called  historic  data,  are,  in 
tho  opinion  of  the  writer,  and  with  the  exoopliun  of  the  military  rco> 
ord  of  tlic  Spaniards,  litttt)  other  than  tho  mcrett  romaii«>,  not  much 
more  worthy,  in  fact,  of  respect  and  credence  than  the  etjually  fasci- 
nating stories  of  "Sinbad  the  Sailor."  And,  in  defense  and  warrant 
for  such  an  unusual  and  perhaps  unpopular  conclusion,  attention  ia 
aakcl  to  the  fQllowing  circumstances  and  reasons : 

In  the  Museum  of  the  city  of  Moxico,  therv  is  probably  tho  beat  c<J- 

leotloo  of  the  remains  of  the  so-called  Axloa  people  that  ever  has,  or 

probably  ever  will  be  gathered.    Uere,  ranged  upon  shelves  and  prop- 

I     -vrly  olasai&cd,  the  visitor  will  see  a  large  number  and  variety  of  their 

Htoob,  weapons,  and  imptemcnia.    Sotting  aside  their  6otile  or  pottor; 

^products,  they  are  alt  of  stone^tho  same  arrow-beads,  tho  samo  stono 

bfttobeU,  psMJes,  and  (h«  like,  which  arc  still  picked  up  on  the  IhJds  and 

along  the  wator-ooursos  of  New  England,  the  South,  ami  the  West ; 

and  of  which  there  ore  so  many  public  and  prirat«  collections  in  Ibe 


734 


TBS  POPULAR   SCIENCE  MONTHLY. 


ior  infli 


Unil«d  States — no  b«tt«r  tlun,  uid  ia  «Mn«  reopecu  inferior 
tie  merit  and  finish  to,  many  like  arttdea  excavat«d  from  tlie  Wetta 
tnounds,  or  known  to  bave  be«n  the  work  of  onr  historio  Indiau;  i 
to  tliG  arrow- tit'ads  and  lance-tips  which  are  Etilt  fabricated  br  tl 
Sboabones  and  Flatheads  on  the  Colamlna  and  Snake  Rivera.  In  a 
this  large  Aztec  L-oUection  th<T<:  ia  not  a  single  metal  tool  or  fabnti 
tioQ,  and  in  onl;  a  very  few  instanccR  have  any  «acb  articlea  of  n 
qucslionablv  antique  origin  ever  been  found  in  Mexloo.  And  of  ll 
pottory  and  stone-work  in  the  shape  of  idols,  small  and  big,  vaA. 
and  Taaea,  and  of  which  there  are  many  specimens  io  ifae  mnaeam  an 
throughout  the  conntry,  it  is  tuBictent  to  say  that  it  is  all  of  thenJsi 
land,  and  derives  its  chief  aitraetion  and  intenid  from  ita  hMeooi 
neaa  and  almost  entire  lack  of  anything  which  indicate*  either  si 
ttstic  taste  or  skill  on  ihc  part  of  its  fabricators.  Take  any  f» 
collection  of  what  purports  to  be  the  prodncu  of  Aztec  skill  ao 
workmai-ship,  and  jilsce  the  sarav  side  by  side  with  a  similar  collei 
tioM  made  in  any  of  the  most  civilized  of  the  islands  of  tbc  I'aci£c- 
th«  Fcejees,  the  Marquesas,  or  the  Sandwich  Islands,  or  from  tl 
tribes  that  live  on  Yanconver's  Sound,  and  the  superiority  of  the  111 
tcr  would  bo  at  once  most  evident  and  unquestionable.  In  all  fui 
ness,  thervfore,  all  controversy  with  the  writer's  position,  if  ihen  i 
any,  ought  to  be  considered  as  settled  ;  for  there  is  no  more  infsUiU 
test  and  criterion  of  the  civilization  and  social  condition  of  either' 
man  or  a  nation  than  the  tools  which  ho  or  it  works  with  ;  and  slen 
hate bet4  and  stone  arrow-heads  ore  the  accompaniments  of  the  ston 
age  and  all  that  pertains  thereto,  and  their  use  is  not  compatible  wU 
any  high  degree  of  civilization  or  social  refinement.  But  this  is  no 
all.  It  is  now  generally  conceded  that  the  Azteo  tribes,  that  har 
become  famod  in  hiotory,  did  not  nnmber  as  many  a&  two  hundred  la 
fifty  thousand,  and  that  the  area  of  territory  to  which  their  rule  «l 
mainly  confined  did  not  much  exceed  in  area  the  Stat«  of  Rhodt  H 
and.  The  first  eight  of  a  horse  threw  them  into  a  panio,  and  the 
had  no  cattle,  sheep,  swine,  dogs,  or  other  domestJc  animals — save  th 
turkey — of  any  account.  They  had  no  written  language,  unless  tli 
term  can  be  properly  applied  to  rude  drawings  of  a  kind  siroiter  t 
those  with  which  the  Korth  American  Indian  ornaments  his  skin  c 
scratches  upon  the  rocks.  It  is  very  doobtful  if  they  had  anythio 
which  could  ho  regarded  as  money,  and  in  the  ahfteiice  of  bead 
of  burden,  of  any  aystem  of  roads  and  of  wheeled  rehiclea,  or,  il 
deed,  of  any  methods  of  transportation  other  tlian  through  the  mm 
cular  power  and  backs  of  men,  they  could  have  ha>l  but  little  iotei 
nal  trade  or  commerce.  IVescott  assigns  to  the  Azteo  city  of  Mexii) 
a  population  of  three  hundred  thousand,  and  sixty  thousand  houses^  on 
abandant  fountains  and  re«er\-oira  of  water ;  but  a  Tery  brief  refiei 
tion  would  seem  to  make  it  evident  tlial  no  such  population  could  ho* 
been  regularly  supported,  maiuly  with  bulky  agrioultinal  foodjMj 


AN  ECONOMIC  STUDY  OF  MSXICO. 


735 


Sported  on  the  backs  of  men,  or  in  light  caaoes  tkroagli  canalii  from 
tbe  neighboring  eduUI  nit  lakes  ;  or  supplied  with  vxter  eafficient  for 
fouDt&inSi  drinking,  aiiil  dom<*«tta  ptiT)>ows,  through  an  eartbeo  pipe 
"of  tb«  sizo  of  a  man's  body,"  brought  some  mi]««  "  from  Chapnllo- 
poo  ; "  tbo  water  adjacent  to  tbo  city  being  tbon,  as  now.  Halt  and  unfit 
for  use.  What  tbeir  manufactures  could  have  been,  with  stoue  toots 
and  the  most  primitive  machinery,  it  in  not  difficult  to  conjecture. 
Probably  not  materially  different  from  what  the  traveler  may  yet  see 
M  the  present  day  in  tbe  oasc  of  the  Indian  woman,  who  seated  by 
tbo  wayside,  with  a  bundle  of  wool  under  her  arm  and  a  itpindlo  con- 
■isting  of  a  stem  of  wood,  one  end  resting  in  a  cup  fonntrd  from  the 
■hell  of  a  gonrd,  dexterously  and  rapidly  draws  out  and  spins  a  coarse, 
but  not  uneven  thread.  What  tbcir  arehitecture  was  may  be  inferred 
from  the  circumstance  that  Cortes,  with  his  little  band  of  loss  thaa 
live  hundred  Spaniards,  leveled  to  the  ground  three  qiinrtcrs  of  tho 
city  of  Tcoocblitlan  in  the  seventeen  days  of  his  sirge ;  while  of  the  old 
oity  of  Mexico,  with  its  reported  palaces  and  temples,  there  is  absolutely 
nothing  left  which  is  indicative  of  having  formed  a  part  of  any  grand 
or  permanent  struct  are. 

That  there  was,  antecedent  to  tbe  Aitccs,  in  this  country  of  Mexi* 
oo  and  Central  America,  a  superior  race  to  which  tbe  name  of  Tol< 
tecs  or  Mayas  has  been  applied,  who  bailt  the  elaborate  stone  struot- 
are«  of  Yucatan  and  of  other  portions  of  Central  AnM»icB,  and  who, 
it  would  seem,  must  have  been  acquainted  with  tho  use  of  metals, 
can  not  be  doubted.  At  a  town  called  Tula,  about  fifty  miles  fram 
Mexico,  on  the  line  of  the  Mexican  Central,  where  tlie  Toltccs  are 
nported  to  have  first  settled,  the  traveler  wilt  see  on  the  plana,  tbo 
lower  half — i.  e.,  from  the  feet  to  the  waist — of  two  colossal  and 
rude,  sitting  figures  ;  also,  several  perfect  cylindrical  seetiona  of  col- 
amns,  which  were  vciy  curiouxty  arranged  to  fit  into  and  support 
each  other  by  moans  of  a  tenon  and  mortise,  all  of  stone.  Tlie  ma- 
teriftl  of  which  these  objects  of  unquntionably  great  antiquity  arc 
ooptpooed,  and  which  all  arvhsologtsts  who  have  seen  them  agree 
ftrs  not  Mexican  or  Aztec  in  their  origin,  is  a  very  peculiar  black  ba- 
aalt,  BO  hard  that  a  stocl  tool  hardly  makes  an  impression  upon  it, 
^^When  tha  same  traveler,  arrives  in  tho  city  of  3Icxico,  and  is  shown 
^ki6  throe  greatest  arobtDological  treasures  of  American  origin— namely, 
HOie  groat  idol,  "  Huitzilopochtli,"  tho  ■*  Sacrificial  Stone,"  and  the  so- 
^Oallcd  "Calendar"  stone,  now  built  into  one  of  tbe  outer  walls  of  tbe 
oatliedral— be  might  remark  that  tbe  material  of  which  they  are  all 
oonatracted  is  the  same  hard,  black  stone  which  constitutes  the  relics  at 
Tula,  and  that  neither  in  tbe  largo  collections  of  the  Museum  of  MoxU 
00,  nor  anywhere  elae,  are  there  any  articles,  of  assumed  jVeIco  erif^in, 
oompoaed  of  like  material,  llenoe  an  apparently  legitimate  inference 
that  the  latter  have  a  common  origin  with  tlie  constructions  at  Tula, 
^■wd  are  relica  of  the  Tolteca  or  older  nations,  and  not  of  tho  Aztecs. 


7j6 


THE  POrUlAR  SCISNCS  MONTBLT. 


Again,  whila  mach  epeculatioo  ku  been  bad  in  ruipect  ti 
otigin  and  oso  of  the  mounda  of  our  Wcilero  and  Soathwoaunt  9 
it  wems  to  bav«  bwn  overlooked  tliat  almoMl  the  oxaot  ooontei 
of  tliGse  moaodfl  exist  to-dajr  in  tbe  canb-prnuiitd  of  Cbolula, 
Pnebla,  and  tbo  two  pyramids  of  Teotiboacan,  slmut  fiftj^  mUe 
of  tbe  city  of  ilnico  ;  and  that  iboee  structures  were  Id 
roligioaa  ril«it  and  porpows — i.  c,  "  monad -worship  " — at  iLe  ti 
iho  invaaion  of  tbe  country  by  tbe  Spaniards  tmder  Corlra.  It 
difficult,  lber«fore,to  avoid  also  Ihia  furtbcr  itifurvnco,  tliat  tbera 
intimate  connection  as  to  origin  and  hm  botween  all  tbMo  North  h 
can  mound-atrnotures^  and  tbat  tbcy  arc  all  tbo  work  of  enbstan 
one  and  tbe  eamo  people,  who  fuuml  tbdr  lant  duvclopnicot  and 
haps,  origin  in  Mexico  or  Central  America.  In  calling  attniti 
thoM  oircumAtaDcea,  and  in  reaturiDR  opiniona  concerning  tLea 
writer  makes  no  pretension  to  arcbioologica]  knowledge,  but  be  i 
offers  what  aeero  to  bim  tbo  eimple,  cominon-seaso  oonoItuioiH 
every  observer  must  come  to,  wbo  does  not  bring  to  his  oys 
pacity  for  seeing  wliat  bas  been  limited  by  some  preconceived  tbei 


EXTERNAL  FORM  OF  THE  MAN-LIKE  ATER' 

Bt  BOBIBT  nAKTMANN, 
raeinnoB  a  tab  nnTtMrrr  of  snut. 

IN  the  gorilla,  the  cbimpaaico,  and  tbo  onag40tang  tbe  nstl 
form  is  enbjcct  to  essential  Diodifmtiona,  aooordisg  to  lb> 
and  sex.  Tlic  difference  between  tba  acxoa  b  moat  stroitgt;  oiaHtl 
the  gorilla,  and  tbt'so  differencea  are  least  apparent  in  the  gibbon. 
When  a  jonng  male  gorilla  ts  compared  with  an  aged  animl 
the  same  species,  we  arc  almost  tempted  to  bclicvo  tbat  we  have  t 
witL  two  entirety  di&cront  creatum*.  ^Vbitc  tbe  yoaag  mole  still 
plays  an  evident  approximation  to  tl>«  human  structure,  and  deTl| 
in  its  bodily  habits  the  same  qualities  which  generTilly  cbanti 
sbort'tailed  apes  of  tbo  Old  World,  with  tbe  exception  of  the  bd: 
the  aged  male  is  othonrise  formed.  In  tbe  Inltrr  caatt  tbr  tHiinI 
resemblance  to  tbe  baman  type  are  far  fewer;  tbo  aged  animal 
become  a  gigantic  ape,  retaining  inde»d  in  tbe  stracturo  of  hb 
and  feet  tbe  eharocteristias  of  tlte  primates,  while  tbe  protruding 
is  something  between  the  musKle  of  the  baboon,  the  bear,  and  tba  b 
Simultaneously  with  these  remarkable  alterations  of  the  external  ni 
ure  tlicrc  oocnrs  a  modification  of  tbo  Nkclcton,  Tbo  skull  of  an 
male  gorilla  becomes  more  prognatbotts,  and  Uio  tuelaor  leelh 

"  IWn  AnthnfWJiI  Apaa.     Br  BoUil  BarUdnn.    WUh  Sliiy-tkrM  Dli 
lt«.Sl,  iQioreuloQalMMlOtSarte*.    Hew  Tetki  !>■  Apptf>t«a  &  Co.,  IBM. 


H  BZTSMNAL  FORM  OF  THE  MAN-LIKE  APES.     737 

Hftlmoet  Utabkod  Ui«  length  of  Ukmo  of  lion«  and  tigcni.  Oh  tho  nppor 
f  put  of  the  aknll,  which  is  rounded  iu  youth,  great  bony  cresM  are 
developed  on  tliff  crown  of  the  head  and  on  the  occiput,  and  these  are 
supported  bv  the  high,  spinous  proceeecs  of  the  corrical  vert«brip,  and 
thus  aupplf  the  starting-point  for  ihc  powerful  muMles  of  tli«  n«clc 
and  jaw.  Tho  supniorbital  arch<-M  nre  ooTer«d  with  wrinkled  skin, 
and  th<;  already  savage  and  indeed  nevoltiDg  appearanco  of  thu  old 
gorilla  i»  thereby  increased.  A  comparison  of  the  two  iiluslratioDB 
(Figs.  1  and  3)  which  accompany  the  text  will  toake  this  clear. 

These  distinctions  are  not  so  slriking  in  tho  female  as  in  the  male 
gorilla.  Although  there  ia  much  which  i»  bc«linl  in  the  appearance  of 
an  aged  female,  yet  itie  orcatt,  ho  nrougly  marked  in  thv  male,  th« 
projecting  orhita,  and  strong  mnscular  pads  are  absent  in  the  female, 
■•  well  OS  the  prognathous  form  uf  the  skull  and  the  length  and  thick- 
neea  of  the  canine  teeth.  I'be  nged  female  gorilln  is  not,  in  her  whole 
Btrnctore,  so  far  removed  from  the  condition  of  tl)o  same  kci  in  yonlh 
us  is  tho  aged  mate.  The  structure  of  the  female  hofl  on  the  whole 
more  in  oommon  with  the  haman  fonn.  It  has  been  said,  and  indeed 
on  good  authority,  that  the  female  type  should  take  the  foremost  place 
in  tbe  study  of  the  animal  etncture.  since  it  is  the  more  uoirerBal. 
Bat  II,  voD  Nathusius  maintains  tluit  wo  most  take  both  sexes  into 
oonsideration  in  the  Kttidy  of  domcttio  animal*,  since  both  nro  needed 
to  determine  the  breed.*  I  accept  this  condition  in  the  scientific  «tudy 
and  doftcription  of  wild  animals  ahio,  of  every  kind  and  tpeoics.  All 
that  is  said  of  the  aniverf«al  type  of  the  fi-uiule  animal  Lx  and  must 
remain  in  my  eyes  a  mere  phrase.  Only  the  aeourate  observation  of 
tnalee  and  females,  and  of  young  individuals  of  both  sexes,  can  throw 
sofficieot  light  on  the  history  of  the  race.  The  male  animal  is  the 
larger,  and  predominant  with  rc»pect  to  the  complete  development  of 
oortain  poculiarilies  of  form  in  the  s|>eoi(ic  organicm,  since  these  are 
doabtfuUy  present  in  the  adult  female,  and  are  either  altogether  absent 
in  the  immatore  young,  or  only  rudimentary. 
^_  Let  OS  now  consider,  !n  the  first  place,  the  prototype  of  the  species, 
^Klie  agAd  male  gorilla  in  the  full  strength  of  his  bodily  development 
(Fig.  1).  This  animal,  when  standing  itpritcht.  Is  more  than  xix  feet 
in  height,  or  two  thousand  millimetres.  The  head  is  three  hundred 
mlllimetree  in  length,  The  occiput  appears  to  be  broader  below  than 
above,  since  the  upper  part  slopes  like  a  gabled  roof  toward  the  high, 
lon^tudinal  crest  of  the  vertex.  Tlic  projecting  supraorbital  archc« 
start  prominently  from  the  up|>er  and  central  contour  of  the  skull.  In 
this  species,  aa  iu  other  apes,  and  indeed  among  mammals  generally, 
and  especially  in  the  ease  of  the  carnivoro,  ruminants,  and  multi-ungu- 
lates, eyebrows  are  present.  In  the  gorilla  these  consist  of  a  rather 
scanty  growth  of  coal-black  bristles,  about  forty  millimetres  in  Iciigtli. 
Beneath  the  projcetlog  supraorbital  arches  ore  the  eyes,  opening  with 
•  ■•  Vomige  eiwr  Tiohradii  end  RuMakmMaiM,"  toI.  i,  p.  4t.    Barlla.  IBTl. 


758 


THK  POPULAR  SCIBlfCB  MONTJILY. 


•om(?wh»t  uiiTow  aliu,  uid  with  Ud«  which  displaj  tnany 
loDgitadinal  foMa.  The  tipp«-r  lid  is  aet  with  lunf^cr  and  thicker  t 
lashiM  thau  the  Inwer.  The  dark  eyes  glow  between  the  lids  wil 
ferodons  expression. 


1 

i 
I 


TTie  bridge  of  the  none  risca  gradually  outward,  from  htrl* 
inner  conivn  of  the  eyes,  and  in  Itvd-Hhaped  in  the  center.  This  p 
of  the  head  is  from  serenly  to  eighty  millimetres  in  length,  loDgers 
narrower  in  one  individual,  shorter  and  wider  in  another.  The  A 
ID  this  refpon  is  coretvd  with  a  net-work  of  wrinkles  of  varying  lb 
The  end  of  the  now  and  the  nostrils  are  high,  conical,  and 


EXTERyAL  F0R3i  OF  THE  MAN-LIKE  APES.     759 


the  bue.  ThU  {Mrt  of  tlio  no«e,  uttarlird  to  the  very  projecting 
fori'lifiKl,  bnit  the  cffoot  of  ui  ultogelbor  Knoiii-ltkv  moizUv  II  i*  inlvr- 
Moted  by  «  evotnl  loogitudinal  funuw,  u-hicU  dividcH  Ihe  whole  lip 
of  the  nose  Into  two  symmetrical  balveii.  TbU  fuiruv  is  more  strongly 
marked  \a  tJ>e  cmse  of  adult  animab  than  iu  tbo  young.  The  aperture 
of  tbe  noetrils  is  lar(;o  and  triangular,  witb  the  carlilaginODs  point 
turnvd  upward,  and  the  edges  applied  to  the  bridge  of  the  noee  and  to 
tbe  cheeks  bare  a  somewhat  retreating  appearance.  The  lateral  mar- 
gins of  lhi«  pari  of  the  notMril  take  an  itrchi'<l  form,  firet  diverging  in 
differiint  directions,  then  gradoaUy  convcrgitig  again  toward  tbe  up]>vr 
lip.  Tbe  lip  ia  abort,  and  ihiti,  combined  witb  tbe  large  no«e,  giveti  a 
oeruin  reBemblanee  to  tbe  mouth  of  an  ox.  This  resemblance  is  tbe 
more  striking,  as  the  whole  of  this  re^on  is  covered  with  glandular 
skin  of  a  det^p-blaek  color,  wliirli  i«  either  glabrous  or  provided  witb  a 
few  scatUTcd  huirA,  but  fumi.ihi^l  witb  imiall  flattcnfld  wnrls. 

Below  the  eyes  the  cheeks  are  broad  and  very  round,  dwitidUtig 
away  and  becoming  depressed  in  the  lower  part  of  the  face.    Tboy 
nre  seamed  witb  curved  wrinkles  of  varying  depth,  which  tend  down- 
ward in  tbe  same  direction  .is  tbe  wrinkle;  on  the  lower  eyebds.     Ite 
abort  upper  lip  is  pn>vided  with  oblitjuc  folds  whieh  converge  outward 
fin  tbv  center.    Tlie  points  of  tbe  strong  canine  teeth,  wbieh  in  many 
individuaU  nrc  from  tbirty-cight  to  forty  milUm«tr«a  long,  and  twenty 
toillimetren  Wide,  diverge  a  little  from  each  other,  aod  atnrteb  Uw 
Dpperlipin  an  oblique  direction,  no  that  this  part  of  tbe  face  taJcM 
the  form  of  a  triangnlar,  beveled  suKace,  with  it«  prominent  baae-lino 
between  tbe  canine  teeth.     It  may  also  be  observed  that,  in  many  in- 
dividuals of  this  spocien,  the  nose  is  not  very  deeply  set  on  the  upper 
lip  ;  tbat  in  ollicm,  again,  the  noM  is  decidedly  raised,  and  the  lip  only 
presents  a  small  bem  below  the  novc.     In  many  such  cases  (he  prog- 
natbism  of  the  face  is  strongly  marked,  so  as  to  give  a  baboon-like 
frffeet.    In  other  specimens,  ajjain,  this  debased  type  ia  not  allitvl  witb 
strongly  marked  prognathism. 
^       If  we  take  a  front  view  of  tbe  skull  of  an  aged  male  gonlla  we  see 
^Kthnt  the  np|>er  edges  of  the  great  supraorbital  arches  are  beveled  off 
Hlwlow  and  at  the  sides.    Tliis  beveled  form  ia  ropeatod  in  the  broafl 
^Pcbmk-boneai  as  we  see  them  in  front.    Tbe  front  view  of  (he  head, 
Hand  indeed  of  the  whole  animal,  presents  a  strongly  projecting  con< 
^  tour,  an  impresnoa  wbirh  is  strengthened  by  (he  puffed  ebeeks,  with 
their  lateral  p«ds  of  fat.    Tho  lower  jaw,  with  ila  scarcely  indicated 
chin,  retreats  in  the  center  and  dwindU-ji  into  a  triangular  form.    This 
oootoar  is  cbaraoteristie  of  the  species.    Tbe  whole  skin  of  tho  faeo  is 
glossy,  set  with  few  bair?,  aod  of  a  dec]>-blaek  color, 

The  ear  (Fig.  2)  averages  sixty  millimetres  in  length,  and  from 
thirty-six  to  forty  millimetres  in  width.  It  seems  to  be  fastened  to 
tbe  kciad  by  tbe  back  and  up|ier  part,  is  generally  of  an  oval  shape, 
and  furnished  with  a  strongly  markod  hcUx.     Tbe  beliz  varies  in 


ri 


74° 


THE  POPULAR  SCIBNCS  itO^fTBLY. 


iniierflQ 


rw  1    If  III  I  Mm  HiiiiiinnMlli 


iridlh  in  different  indiricltuls,  kdA  ofi«Q  tenninxtM  on  its 
in  tfae  projc-vtiiig  fx^cd  cxcreccence  deacribi-d  by  Darwin,  or  whicii 
■ball  hxn  more  to  wy  pneeDilr.  The  auli-helix,  tragns,  and  ani 
tngiu,Bnd  the  cMt  wbkh  lies  between  tbeae  two  latter  parts  (incian 

itUfr  troffica)  are  genenllj  folly  d«Ti 
oped  ;  tfae  lobule  is  more  rarely  pit 
ent.  Individual  rariaiions  id  tJte  sped 
etructurfi  of  tltcK  parU  may  freqaeMJ 
be  observed. 

The  BtroDg  trapezoid  muitclei  a 
prmnioent  on  the  neok,  and  vben  t1 
head  la  >trctch<;d  they  stand  oat  lil 
pillars  on  tlie  sides  of  the  neck.  On 
to  the  great  developmetnl  of  the  »pinoi 
procmen  of  the  cervical  ycrtchne,  u 
of  the  miisclee  attached  to  tbera,  ai 
to  tfa«  oodpita]  bones  of  the  skall,  tl 
B»ck  u  wry  powerful,  almost  like  lb 
of  a  ball.  The  sliQuIdere  are  rcoiarl 
able  for  their  breadth,  and  the  pectoral  moBolea  for  their  large  ant. 
On  the  upper  and  forearms  the  plaatio  fomi  of  the  strongly  dtn 
oped  flexor  and  exteosor  mnscles  U  very  apparent,  teaiifying  to  U 
enonnous  strength  of  tbe  appcr  extremities.  The  hands  are  large,Xl 
very  wide,  with  short,  thick  finger*.  Thit  Ihomb,  of  which  the  e 
treinity  takes  a  coatcal  fonn,  is  short,  uxlcnding  little  beyond  the  mi 
die  of  tbe  second  BieUiear[i3l  bone.  Tbe  extreniitic!*  of  the  othsnri 
broad  flngera  are  somewhat  laterally  compressed.  Tho  fore-fingw 
not  materially  shorter  than  tbe  middle  finger.  Hw  third  fingo' 
sometime*  shorter  than,  sometimes  of  the  same  length  as,  the  fini,ai 
the  fotulh  is  decidedly  shorter.  Tlie  back  of  tho  wrist  ts  covered  «i< 
dci-p  obltqae  folds.  A  net-work  of  wrinkles,  oblique  or  enrred,  si 
coven  the  skin  on  the  back  of  the  fingers,  on  which  there  are  calloiiti 
up  to  the  first  Joint.  Tbe  gorilla  dosee  tbe  Gngen  when  going  on  a 
fours,  and  Uima  tbe  back  of  the  hand  on  tho  ground,  thus  prodoeii 
tlue  thickening  of  the  upper  skin  on  the  joints.  Callosities  of  the  san 
natars,  although  not  to  extensive,  are  not  rare  on  the  xcoond  Gngf 
joints.  Tbe  palm  of  the  band  is  covered  with  a  hard,  boniy  ski 
generally  beset  with  warta,  especially  at  the  roots  of  tbe  fingcra. 
spite  of  tbe  hlitck(ii.ii.i  of  the  skin  which  covers  them,  these  charaeU 
istics  are  still  apparent. 

Tlie  fingers  are  united  by  a  strong  web,  reminding  us  of  the  nn 
iHraac  found  on  the  otter  and  other  web-footed  animals,  and  reachii 
nearly  to  tbe  first  finger-joint.  A  thick  coat  of  bair  extends  to  ti 
root  of  the  fiugers,  although  on  the  backs  of  tbe  fingers  there  are  oa 
a  few  isolated  haira.  fl 

The  trunk  of  tho  body  of  a  gorilla,  seen  from  behind,  eom^H 


EXTHRNAL  FORM   OF   TNS  MAN-LIKB  APES.     741 


I 

I 


reH^mbtos  a  trap«Kinm  in  fnnii,  of  wlitch  the  longer  of  tlic  tiro  piinillol   J 
sides  cxtpQiJE  between  the  i>linuIdi.TH,  and  tliu  shorter  Wlwcen  the  two  1 
halves  of  tho  pttlvla.    Tho  longitudiniU  •idw,  whioh  are  not  parallel, 
coTTi'iipoiii)  to  the  HtdeH  of  the  Wk.    The  arrangemont  of  all  the  lower 
I»art  of  the  trunk,  on  which  the  boneii  of  the  pelvis  stand  out  promi- 
nently in  an  obliqne  direction,  somewhat  r««CRibtcs  a  four-sided  pyra-  | 
mid  with  ita  apex  reversed.     The  gluteal  musdoa  aro  not  stronglj  I 
developed.    The  tuberosity-  of  the  tscliitim  project*  la  *  MinewhM  I 
angnlsr  form. 

The  thighs  are  covered  with  strong  museles,  which  appear  to  be 
smoothed  off  on  the  loner  aides  ftod  somewhat  arched  on  the  ontaide. 
The  lower  part  of  the  leg  is  also  mnscnlar,  and  its  socttOD  is  of  a  long- 
ovsl  form  ;  the  re^on  of  the  calf  \i  more  Htroogty  developed  than  in 
other  aDtbropoids.  Tlie  bone*  of  tho  foot  aro  not  at  ail  prominent, 
and  the  same  remark  applies  to  those  of  the  hand.  The  contour  of  tbn 
Inclc  of  tho  long,  broad  foot  in  fiat ;  tho  solo  Is  oonves,  oovcnid  with 
strong  mu*cIes,Biid  padded  with  layen  of  fat.  When  the  animal  puts 
the  sole  of  tlw  foot  on  tbe  ground,  \\m  muscles  go  back  to  the  region 
of  tbe  h«ol,  and  forward  into  the  inner  side  of  tbe  foot,  thus  presenting 
the  primitive  formation  of  a  heel. 

The  great-too,  as  in  all  apws  is  detached  like  a  thumb  from  the  other 
toes,  and  can  be  osod  M  sDoh.  T)ie  metstanaa  serves  aa  a  base  for  it« 
proj«olion,  in  tbe  aomo  manner  as  the  thumb  starts  from  tbe  fore  part 
of  tbe  eoQtODT  of  tbe  wrist.  Tbe  great<too  sometimes  extends  as  far 
B8  tlw  Joint  between  tbe  first  and  senond  phalanges  of  the  secoiHl  toe, 
sometimea  nearty  as  far  as  the  middle  of  the  second  phalanx.  This 
characteristic  varies  in  different  indtvidoals.  At  t4H<  point  of  union  of 
the  6nit  motatanial  bono  with  the  hinder  extremity  of  the  first  phalanx 
of  the  great-toe,  there  ia  a  round  projection  on  the  inner  side  of  the 
foot.  The  great-toe  is  very  broad  at  its  root,  then  becomes  einaller, 
and  widens  again  into  a  broad  fitul  phalanx.  With  its  strong  lateral 
of  skin,  which  cover  the  sinews  and  cnHhions  of  fat,  all  tliiii  part  of 
the  foot  appears  to  be  wide  and  flattened  off  from  tbe  back  to  the  sole. 

Tbe  second,  third,  fourth,  an<l  fiflh  toes  arc  more  slender  than  the 
great-too.  "Hie  second  toe  is  in  most  cases  rather  shorter  than  the 
third.  Tbe  third  and  fourth  toes  are  almost  of  the  same  length,  and 
only  a  little  longer  than  the  second  to<>.*  Tlie  fifth  too  is  considerably 
shorter  thun  tho  fourth.  The  last  phalanges  of  llio  to«i  taper  in  front, 
and  are  famiAhcd  on  their  lower  sarfaoe  with  long,  laterally  com- 
preaacd  pads.  Tho  section  of  snch  a  phalanx  is  almost  trapezoidal, 
with  a  long  uppor  parallel  side.  The  upper  part  of  the  foot,  although 
generally  flat,  rises  a  little  in  the  ncighlwrhood  of  the  first  motatanul 
bone,  and  slopes  thence  to  its  outer  edge. 

The  Itair  grows  thickly  00  the  back  of  the  foot,  aa  far  as  the  cx- 

*  Oanpaie  tiUora  OwAoy  Bdat-lfiUiK,  ubk  *  -,  1.U0  EutnMaft,  *  ^vt  t^qJtO^C  > 
H,  Ann  4.  J 


I 


i^ 


744 


THK  POPVIAR   8CIES 


thU  ontargoroent  of  tbo  n«ck  was  preMii 
juiingcr  individaiiU,  however,  under  *  y 
prooewee  of  ihu  vorUtbriD  Irnvd  not  ym  )>i] 
en)arg«moDt,  but,  on  tbo  nontmry,  ibis  ri 
cave  form. 

Id  oonformitj'  u'itb  tbe  Bmaller  sut 
uiTiK,  and  tbigba  of  tbo  adult  fenule  ara 
grown  male,  but  ihey  are  still  very  powi 
breaeU  of  tbe  fcmalo  are  swt'Iled  in  1^ 
of  assuming  the  conrcx  shape  wbi<th  ii 
womoD,  and  atill  raof«  frMjnently  in  tbi 
SoDth  Sea  raoeo.  Tbo  nipple  is  cjlindrics 
and  ooverod  with  finoly  wrinkled  black  i 
and  boni^.  When  not  giving  Buck,  tb 
)ikv  sbort  empty  jwuchcs. 

In  a  young  female  tbe  cranium  in  i 
■llgbtly  promincnL  In  aged  speoimenA,  i 
Kx,  there  \»  a  flomewbat  typical  prolonfl 
which  licfl  between  tbe  eyes  and  the  eni 
slight  extent  apparent  in  the  young  fem 
in  th«  extent  of  tbe  prolongation  are,  h 
early  period.  Tbe  tnink  and  Itmba  are 
male  of  tlio  same  age. 

The  bairy  co«t  of  Ibe  gorilla  consii 
Mlffly  curved  bririln,  and  abo  of  nhort 
hair.    On  tlie  crown  of  the  bead  tbe  hair 
to  twenty  millimetreit  in  length,  and  it  1 
enco  of  anger.     While  tbe  sides  and  f 
elothcd  with  short,  stiff  hairs,  they  gro 
the  cbin,  like  a  board  or  foreloek. 
from  tbe  sidea  of  tlic  face  and  on  tbe 
metres  in  length.     On  the  tbouldera  the  1 
thirty  to  one  hundred  and  fifty  millimedi 
opper  arms  and  the  back.    In  tbo  middli 
from  fifty  to  seventy  millimetreH  long,  fl 
tbe  b'-nd  of  tbe  elbow.    At  this  point  il 
an  npward  direction.     On  the  back  of 
downward.     In  tbe  middle  of  tbe  foreai 
of  tbe  hairs  takes  plaeo,  as  one  portion 
while  the  otlicr  portion  tnms  behind  ti 
wrist  a  tuft  of  cnrved  bair  Uirun  npward] 
back  ;  and  the  lower  tuft,  abo  ourved, 
of  tbo  band  the  haln  tnm  toward  tbi 
belly  the  hairs  are  shoru-r  and  grow  n 
tJieir  direction  is.  as  a  rule,  upward  and 
oonvcrge  from  tlio  ribe  toward  tlw  eel 


EXTERXAL   FORM  OF  TSS  MAN-LIKE  APES.     745 

ttiglw  lh«  hain  uv  nboot  one  hundred  and  «iity  milllmetiM  long,  nod 

,  u  on  tbo  lower  part  of  the  k'g,  ihcy  tend  oatwud,  whilo  on  the 

ok  of  ih«  fool  tbey  grow  toward  the  toe«.     Od  the  back,  sboaldera, 

id  on  tb«  thigh  and  leg,  the  bnsUes  are  elightly  carved.    This  qoal- 

ty  increaMfl  tbe  general  impreseioa  of  Bhagginosn  and  ficociDen  which 

produced  by  the  liairy  c»nt  of  tbaae  ercaturco.    The  woolly  hair 

loes  not  gTOW  very  thirk,  luid  in  not  maoh  matted. 

IHie  color  of  the  hair  not  only  diffeni  on  different  partii  of  the  body, 

at  alio  in  different  iudividnals.     On  tlie  crown  of  the  bead  il  is  of  a 

Jdiiih- brown,  or  rarely  of  a  decided  brown  or  black.    I^be  hairs  in 

lis  region  arc  sometimce  dun-colored  at  the  ront,  grayiah- white  In  the 

anter,  and  brownteh-rod,  sliading  into  the  diirk-brown  tip.     The  hair 

the  lips  in  Bouidimca  of  a  blaokiafa-brown,  itonietiinea  whitiah,  or 

tb  colon  are  found  together.    The  bair  growing  at  tbe  sidea  of  the 

ia  gray  below,  dark  brown  or  almost  black  abor&    On  the  neok 

nd  shoulders  tbe  bair  ia  of  a  gray  color  at  tbe  root,  and  gradually 

keoomes  lighter  toward  tbo  tip.     In  the  center  it  a  brown,  shading 

ito  a  tighter  color  at  eitlior  end  ;  but  tliia  riogod  form  of  color  is  not 

jrenal.     The  lijM  «f  the  hair  are  dark,  nomelimes  brown  or  reddiKh. 

ba  tudr  on  the  back,  on  tbe  upper  arnm  and  thighs,  is  whitish  or  light 

ay  for  half  iu  length,  with  a  blackish-brown  ring  toward  the  Up, 

rbloh  ia  of  a  dark-gray  color.     Many  of  tbcM  hairs  od  the  back  bare 

ro  brown  rings  on  them.    Tlie  forearms,  hands,  shankM,  and  feet  are 

jTered  with  hairs  which  are  gray  at  the  root,  brownish  gray,  dark 

9wn,  or  black  at  the  tip.     Round  the  poateriora  there  is  a  circle  of 

white,  gray,  or  brownish-yellow  hairs,  from  ten  to  twenty  millimetres 

io  lengtli.     Id  both  sexes  vatiations  from  the  color  of  the  coat  ben 

^described  are  not  rare.     It  has  been  already  observed  that  the  brown- 

^bli-red  color  of  tbe  hair  on  tbe  head  is  sometimes  exchanged  for 

Hhnothor  pdiadu.     In  many  itidividuah  the  neck,  shoulders,  and  hack  are 

^of  a  dnrk  gray,  brown,  or  even  black  color.     In  others  the  foroarma, 

bands,  shanks,  and  feet  are  covered,  like  the  rest  of  tbe  body,  with 

ty  and  brown  htur  intcnningled. 

The  second  speeise  of  antbrapoid  apes  is  tbe  chimpanaee.  In  tliia 
I  also  we  moat  oonndw  suooesaivoly  tbe  aged  and  young  male,  and 
l^sd  and  yonng  female  animals. 

Tbo  full-grown  chimpanEee  is  smaller  Utan  the  adnit  gorilla.    In 

tiia  specica  also  the  male  is  larj^r  than  the  fontale.    The  chimpanzee 

.  speaking  generally,  of  a  slighter  build  than  tiic  gorillik. 

II10  head  of  the  age<l  male  chimpanzee  fundamentally  differs  from 

that  of  tbo  ngod  male  gorilla,  lunce  the  skull  of  the  formi^r  biM  a  dc- 

preaaod  orown,  and  tbe  tranaverse  occipital  ridge  is  only  faintly  indl- 

oatod.     Since  the  orbits  are  also  less  strongly  developed  than  in  tbe 

aged  male  gorilla,  and  tbe  spinooa  proceasos  of  tbe  oorvical  vertebne 

do  not  assume  the  same  elevated  form  which  is  characteristic  of  the 

Jatter  epocies,  the  oonnlenanov  of  the  cbimpanxee  ia  not  of  a  aqnare 


t--" 


r; 


■w 


rijT  Frrni  ti'unyl 


eura,  u  : 

Una  w< 
Moh  ntliitr,  til 
1...  ..,,.,.;  v.r,  ■■ 


ll.i'  -lil' 

rayn  v 

are  : 


■<ater  or  aru 


ilill'  : 

1 

^.  1. .     . 


(■I... . 

■J: 

armi  in  den 


of  , 


■tillx 


nrp,  iIm 


r."-"UviV*U4 


K  K^  la  1*  iic>.' 


,..j- 


/,  I  Mf  Mk  Ik  mm  i>  "fw 
rt«4  to  hWW  *  •?»  "^  *  •> "  " 

^  ,4»toita»pi 

"  -.■■luUilhf 

Jnwwwir-     

vT  tto  hdn  talm  plKo, «  »»  Vot^m 

•rail  a  raft  r.f  nm 


EXTERNAL   FOBJf  OF  THE  JIAlf-UKS  APES.     74s 


g^flis  the  hairs  aiv  about  ono  huodred  kA  sixty  millimvlrnt  long,  aDd 
E>e,  as  on  tbo  lower  part  of  the  leg,  ihcy  tend  outward,  while  on  tJw 
-<3lc  of  iho  foot  tbey  grow  toward  tbe  toc«.     Ou  the  back,  ahouldora, 
**  <3  on  the  thigh  and  leg,  the  bristles  are  slightly  curved,    lliia  qual- 
"^^  inereaaeti  the  general  ini[»«aaon  of  sbagginees  and  flceciness  which 
produced  bj  the  hairy  coat  of  these  erratum^    Tlio  woolly  huir 
f^^^Mts  not  grow  very  thick,  and  u  not  much  matt«:d. 

The  color  of  thfl  hair  not  only  diffcn  on  different  p«rt<  of  the  body, 
:t  also  in  difTcrent  individaah).  On  (ho  orowu  of  tlie  bvutl  it  in  of  a 
diab-brown,  or  rarely  of  a  decided  brown  or  black.  I'be  hair«  in 
ii  region  are  aometimes  dun-colored  at  the  root,  grayish-white  in  the 
it«r,  and  brownbh-red,  shading  into  the  dark-browTi  tip.  The  hair 
_  the  lipa  is  sometimce  of  a  blackiab- brown,  sometimes  whitish,  or 
'^^  «=)th  colors  are  found  together.  Tlie  hair  growing  at  tJic  sides  of  the 
P'^%ce  is  gray  below,  dark  brown  or  almost  black  above.  On  the  ntok 
P^Mad  aboulders  the  hair  is  of  a  gray  color  at  the  root,  and  gradnally 
|^^>oomei«  lighter  toward  the  tip.  In  the  center  it  is  brown,  shading 
K«!sto  a  lighter  color  at  either  end  ;  but  this  ringed  form  of  color  is  not 
viiversal  Tlic  tips  of  the  hair  arc  dark,  sotnotimnt  brown  or  reddish. 
~~ir*l]e  hair  on  the  back,  on  the  npper  arms  and  thigli»,  i«  whitish  or  light 
S^vay  for  tialf  ita  length,  with  a  blackish-brown  ring  toward  the  lip, 
'^which  ia  of  a  dark-gray  color.     Many  of  these  hairs  on  the  back  hare 

Nwo  brown  rings  on  tbem.  The  forearms,  hands,  shanks,  and  feet  arc 
Orored  with  haira  which  aro  gray  at  the  root,  brownish  gray,  dark 
krown,  or  black  at  the  tip.  Round  the  posteriors  there  is  a  circle  of 
svhile,  gray,  or  brownish  yellow  hiiim,  from  t*n  to  twenty  roillimetres 
in  length.  In  both  scica  variaiions  from  the  color  of  the  coat  here 
deacribcd  arc  not  rare.  It  has  been  already  obeenred  that  the  brown- 
isb-red  color  of  the  hair  on  the  bead  is  AomutimcA  rxchangttd  for 
another  shade.  In  many  individuals  the  neck,  sliouldent,  and  back  arc 
of  a  dark  gray,  brown,  or  even  black  color.  In  otbcn  the  forearms, 
hnnda,  shanks,  and  fc«t  are  ooverod,  like  the  rest  of  the  body,  with 
ffray  and  brown  hair  intermingled. 

Thr  nmond  sjiecieH  of  anthropoid  apes  ia  the  chimpanzee;     In  this 
oue  also  we  roust  consider  Huoocaaivcly  the  aged  and  young  male,  and 
-the  ag^  and  yonog  female  animaU, 

\  The  full-grown  chimpanzee  is  smaller  than  the  adnlt  gorilla.  In 
this  Npecic«  also  the  male  is  larger  ilian  the  female.  The  dtimpanKM 
la,  speaking  generally,  of  a  itUghler  build  than  the  gorilla. 

■  The  head  of  the  aged  male  chimpanxee  fundamentally  dilTmi  from 
I  that  of  the  ag«d  male  gorilla,  ainee  the  skull  of  the  fonuer  haa  a  de- 
I  pcened  crown,  and  the  iraosvem  oocipital  ridge  is  only  faintly  indi- 
F  eated.  Since  the  orbits  are  also  lew*  strongly  dt-velopcd  than  in  tlte 
P    aged  mate  gorilla,  and  the  spinous  (urocessm  of  the  cervical  vertcbrn* 

do  not  aatume  the  same  elevated  form  which  is  characteristic  of  the 

■  latter  ipeoies,  iko  oountenanoc  of  the  chimpanxeo  ie  not  of  *  aqoare 


i4l 


744 


THE  POPXTLAR   SCL 


1 


•I 


thla  eDUrg«in4)nt  of  tlio  n«nk  was  prea 
jroungtir  iDiliTi<ltni1a,  bowetu't  tiiider 
proceMvs  of  Oin  vcrUibra  hava  nut  yt^l 
enlargemunL,  but,  on  Uto  contnu-j',  thq 
cKfti  f  onu. 

In  oonformity  with  tbe  trmallcT 
tima,  and  thi^ba  of  ihe  adult  fomale 
grovD  male,  bat  they  arc  still  vory  pc 
brau1«  of  tlic  reuat«  an  swelltid  In 
of  BMiiming  th«  conrcx  ebape  wbloli 
women,  and  still  more  fr«C|ueDtly  in 
Booth  Sea  races.  Tbo  nipple  is  cylind 
and  covered  wilb  fiovly  wrinkled  blao 
and  bomv.  When  not  giTing  auck, 
like  abort  empty  ponohea. 

In  a  young  female  tbe  cranium  \a 
alig^Uf  prominent.  In  aged  Rpecimem 
sex,  ihere  ia  a  aomewhat  typical  proloi 
which  lies  between  tbe  eyes  and  the  c 
slight  extent  apparent  in  tbe  yoBtig  ti 
ID  tlto  <-xtcnt  of  thi?  prolongation  arc,' 
early  |i«riod.  Tlic  trtink  and  limba  af 
malo  of  the  aame  age. 

The  bairy  coat  of  the  gorilla 
stiffly  curved  briMtlca,  and  also  of  ahi 
hair.    On  the  crown  of  tbe  bead  the  h 
to  twenty  millimelrcA  in  length,  aod  i^ 
enc«  of  nnger.     While  (be  eidcs  and  i 
oloUicd  with  abort,  Htiff  hain,  they  grq 
tbo  chin,  tike  a  beard  or  forelodc 
from  tbe  aide*  of  tbo  face  and  on  tbi 
inetri.-s  in  length.     On  the  aboolden 
thirty  to  one  hundred  and  fifty  millt 
upper  arma  and  the  back.     In  tbn  niid 
from  fifty  to  acTpnly  millimetrca  lo»_^ 
the  beud  of  tbe  elbow.    At  thia  point  I 
an  upward  direction.     On  the  back  d 
downward.     In  tbe  middle  of  the  foi 
of  llio  hairs  takes  place,  as  one  porti 
while  tbe  other  portion  turns  Iwhind 
wrist  a  tnft  of  curved  hair  tams  np 
back ;  an<I  the  lower  titft,  niao  car? 
of  the  hand  the  haint  turn  toward 
belly  the  haira  a«'  Hhortcr  and  grow 
thciT  t\\t'neV\OT\  S», »»  &  ra)i«,  ^v^wwd 


^EXTERNAL   PORM  OF  TUK  MAN-UKE  APES.     74s 

igha  tlie  tuura  &re  about  ono  hundred  and  sixty  tnillimelrea  long,  and 
B,  a«  on  the  lower  part  of  tbe  Itg,  th«y  tend  outwatd,  while  on  the 
ok  of  thfl  foot  they  grow  toward  cb«  loo*.  On  llii;  \taK\,  t(hi>uldcr)i, 
^d  on  tlio  thigh  and  leg,  tho  briatlea  are  all^lly  curved.  Thiji  qual- 
incrtiMe)  the  gt-noral  impresaioD  of  abaggineaa  and  flecoineoa  which 
prodacod  by  Uie  hairy  coat  of  these  creatures.  The  woolly  hair 
I  not  grow  very  thick,  and  is  not  much  matted. 
I'he  color  of  tbe  hair  not  only  differs  on  different  parts  of  the  body, 
il  also  in  different  indiridnaU.  On  the  crown  of  tbo  httud  it  is  of  a 
Idiah-brown,  or  rarely  of  a  decided  brown  or  black.  11m)  haint  in 
I  region  are  Bometimca  dun-colored  at  the  root,  (■rayiali-white  in  tbe 
Iter,  and  brownish-red,  shading  into  tbe  dark-brown  tip.  The  hair 
tba  lipa  ia  aometimea  of  a  blackisb-brown,  aometioiM  whitish,  or 
tb  eolors  are  found  together.  Tbe  hair  growing  nt  tlio  sides  of  the 
is  f^ray  below,  dark  brown  or  almost  blaek  above  Ou  tbo  neck 
■d  ahouldiM*  tbe  hair  is  of  a  gray  color  at  the  root,  and  gradually 
onics  lighter  toward  the  tip.  Id  the  center  it  is  brown,  shading 
into  a  lighter  color  at  either  end  ;  bat  this  rbged  fonn  of  color  is  not 
universal  I'he  tipn  of  the  hair  are  dark,  somdimc*  brown  or  reddish. 
Tbe  hair  on  ilieback,  on  the  upper  armit  and  thigbx,  i*  whitish  or  light 
gray  for  half  lis  length,  witb  a  blackisb>brown  ring  toward  the  Up, 
which  is  of  a  dark-gray  color.  Many  of  these  hairs  on  tbe  back  hare 
two  brown  rings  on  tbem.  Tbe  forearms,  hands,  shanks,  and  feet  arc 
cororoil  with  hairs  which  are  gray  at  tbe  root,  brownish  gray,  dark 
brown,  or  black  at  the  tip.  Ronnd  the  posteriors  there  is  a  circle  of 
white,  gray,  or  brownisb-ycllow  hairs,  from  ten  to  twenty  mitlimetrea 
ia  length.  In  both  sexes  variations  from  tbo  color  of  tbe  coat  here 
described  arc  not  rare.  It  has  been  already  obterred  that  the  brown- 
ish-red color  of  the  hair  on  the  bead  is  somctimti*  exchanged  for 
another  shade.  In  many  individuals  the  neck,  shouldoni,  and  luick  aro 
of  a  dark  gray,  brown,  or  even  bliick  color.  In  others  tJie  forearms, 
hands,  sbaokn,  and  feot  are  covered,  like  the  rest  of  the  body,  with 
gray  and  brown  hair  intermingled. 

Tbe  aeoond  apedea  of  anthropoid  apca  is  the  ohimpanxec  In  this 
oase  also  we  must  consider  successively  the  aged  and  young  male,  and 
tfae  a^d  and  yonng  female  animals. 

The  fnll-grown  chimpanzee  Is  smaller  than  tlto  adult  gorilla.  In 
tbis  species  also  tbo  male  is  larger  than  the  female.  The  cliimp«ni:ao 
is,  speaking  generally,  of  a  slighter  build  than  tbe  gorilla. 

The  hi-ad  of  the  aged  male  chimpauxl.N^  fiindnm  en  tally  dlGTers  from 
tbat  of  the  aged  male  gorilla,  since  the  skull  of  the  former  has  a  de- 
pressed crown,  and  the  tranarerM  occipital  ridge  is  only  faintly  indi- 
oatod.  Since  tlie  orbit*  are  ahm  less  strongly  deTclo)>cd  than  in  the 
aged  male  gorilla,  and  the  Bpinous  procceaea  of  tbe  cervical  Tcrt«bra> 
do  not  BMumo  tlio  same  elevated  form  which  is  ohanol«riiti«  of  tbw 
jJattar  spooies,  the  countenance  of  tint  cbtmpanxea  \a  nov  ol  «>  MjiAxt 


744 


THE  POPULAR  BCISNOS  MOitTBir. 


thU  enlaii^fiMnit  of  th«  n«rk  was  premnt  fn  a  mwlwd  dagi 
yotiDger  indiviilimls,  howevur,  under  a  yvar  old,  hi  wbkb 
|inK!C««c«  of  tbo  vcrMbm  haT«  not  yet  b«en  devrlopcd,  iSn 
6BlArg«mi>ul,  Imt,  on  tbn  ooDtreiy,  this  ragiou  uf  the  Deck 
oftve  fonn. 

In  confonnity  wltli  th«  nuatlpr  sise  of  U)s  b<tdjr,  tli 
arms,  xnd  tliighn  of  ihu  lulult  ffmslt;  aro  oinallBr  tltui  tboa 
grown  male,  bat  thoy  are  still  very  powerfuL  Whilf)  giri 
breuta  of  tbo  fomaio  are  swollcd  in  tbo  fonn  of  %  \a3i< 
of  MBmmiiig  lli«  CODTOZ  abapv  which  ta  obaorrvd  In  nuu 
VOntOD,  ODd  Htill  more  frc<jurntly  In  those  of  tho  Dtgro, 
South  Sea  races.  Tb«  uippie  is  (.'ylindrical  rather  than  mmA 
and  covered  with  finely  wrinkled  hlaclc  vkin,  whtofa  is  kmb 
and  bomy.  Wbcn  not  giTing  sack,  the  brcasta  hang  tli 
lik«  xliorl  <tm]>ty  puach«». 

In  a  young  female  tlio  cnnhim  ia  roanded.  and  the  fl 
■lightly  prominent,  lu  aged  R|>i<cimenii,  wpecimlly  in  ihow  | 
•ex,  there  is  a  oomowbat  typieal  prolongallon  of  tliat  part  ij 
wbiofa  Uos  bctwoon  the  eyes  and  the  end  of  the  nose,  and  I 
slight  extent  apparent  in  iho  yonng  feiualo.  Varinttom  id 
in  the  extent  of  tbo  prolongation  are,  boweror,  appamt  \ 
early  period.  The  trunk  and  limbi  am  more  sleodorfy  bofl 
mak<  of  the  same  age. 

Till-  liairy  coat  of  the  gorilla  consists  of  long,  thick, 
stiffly  cnrvcd  bristle*,  and  also  of  «hort«r,  thinner,  am)  ra 
baif.    On  llto  crown  of  tbe  bead  tlw  hair  is  somewhat  atitT,  fi 
to  twenty  millimi'trcji  in  length,  and  it  bv4x>Ri{-s  erect  nndtf 
once  of  anger.     ^Vllilt■  llie  rides  and  fore  part  of  the  obi 
elolfaed  with  short,  stiff  hairs,  they  grow  thickly  on  ibc  IM 
tbe  chin,  like  a  beard  or  forelock.     Tlio  hurs  which  tot 
from  the  sides  of  the  face  and  on  tbe  neck  are  thirty  or  i 
metru.1  in  Iniigtb.     On  the  abonldera  the  hair  is  from  one  bi 
thirty  to  one  hundred  and  fifty  raillimetrea  long,  hanging  di 
upper  arma  and  the  back.     In  tho  mtddlo  of  tbe  npprr  ami 
from  fifty  to  seventy  millimetres  long,  growing  downwanfl 
the  blind  of  the  elbow.     At  thi»  point  it  generally  boglDS  ■ 
an  npward  dirootion.     On  tlie  back  of  the  forearm  il  aJ 
downward.     In  the  middle  of  the  forearm,  on  it*  Inner  eidn 
of  the  hairs  take.t  place,  as  one  portion  goes  in  front  of  I 
while  the  other  jwrlion  turns  behind  the  ulna.     On  the  h 
wrist  a  taft  of  cun-ed  hair  tnms  npward  ;  a  middle  tuft  go 
back;  and  tho  lower  tuft,  also  oorved.  tams  ootwnnL     Oi 
of  the  hand  the  hairs  lurn  toward  the  flogers.     On  the  n 
belly  the  bairs  are  shorter  and  grow  more  sparRely.     On  (I 
thcit  d\r««\x<m\B,«iH'«.'mltv,\i^wwl  and  ontwarH.     On  lb* 


EKTMBNAL  FORM  OF  TBS  MAN-LIKB  AF£S.     745 

'^thifjhi  Um  bain  m  nboat  one  hunilrMl  and  Kixty  millimetru  long,  mi    1 
bvre,  H  on  lh«  lower  |MUt  of  Um  tpg,  tlicy  lend  outward,  wbil«  on  tbe  ^ 
.    hack  of  tbe  foot  they  grovr  toward  tbe  toea.    On  the  back,  sbonldera, 
,     and  ou  the  thigh  and  leg,  iha  bristles  are  slightly  carved.    This  qual- 
ity increaisee  the  gicncnil  iiopreMioa  of  shaggmeM  and  dcMlaeM  which 
„     U  prodncod  by  (he  hairy  coat  of  thcM  Greattireo.    The  woolly  hair 
^^dMe  not  gn>w  vi'ry  ihiok,  and  im  not  much  matted. 
^^Hptw  oolor  of  the  hair  not  only  differa  on  different  |>arta  of  the  body, 
^^Im  also  in  diSerent  individoab.     On  the  crown  of  the  head  it  is  of  a 
reddish -brown,  or  rarely  of  a  decided  brown  or  black.    Tbo  hairs  in 
this  region  are  somolimes  dun-colored  at  tbo  root,  graybh'Whitc  iu  tfa«  J 

PCGDtor,  and  browni8h-r«d,  alinding  into  the  dark-brown  dp.     Tbe  hair  ' 
on  tlio  lips  ia  iK>niGtJineB  of  a  blackish -brown,  sometiinea  whitish,  or 
both  coloTH  are  found  top^ther.     The  hair  growing  at  tbe  sides  of  the 
face  is  gray  belon-,  dark  brown  or  almost  black  above.     On  the  neck 
■ad  shoulders  the  hair  is  of  a  gray  color  at  the  root,  and  gradually   I 
beconifs  lighter  toward  tliu  tip.     In  the  center  it  is  brown,  sh3<liDg    ' 
into  a  liglttfr  color  at  eitlier  end  ;  but  this  ringed  form  of  color  is  not 
unireraal.     Tbe  tips  of  the  hair  are  dark,  Bonietintes  brown  or  reddish. 
^^The  hair  on  the  back,  on  the  upper  smts  and  thighs,  is  whitish  or  light 
^■gray  for  half  its  length,  with  a  blackiNh-brown  ring  toward  the  tip, 
■    which  is  of  a  dark-gray  color.     Many  of  tbt*e  htan  on  th«  back  bare 
two  brown  rings  on  them,     llie  forearniR,  bands,  shauks,  and  foM  are 
^nOTCrvd  with  hairs  which  are  gray  at  the  root,  brownish  gray,  dark 
'vrown,  or  black  at  the  tip.     Round  the  posteriors  ihent  is  a  circle  of 
white,  gray,  or  brownish -yellow  hair^  from  ten  to  twenty  millimetre* 
in  length.     In  IxXh  sexes  rariations  from  the  color  of  the  coat  here 
.de»crib^'d  are  not  ntv.    It  has  been  already  observed  that  the  brown- 
li-rod  color  of  tbe  hair  od  the  head  is  somotimcs  ojcchangod  for   I 
'  shade.     In  many  individuals  the  neck,  shouldcRi,  and  book  are 
,  dark  gny,  brown,  or  oven  black  color.     In  others  the  forearms, 
hands,  Bhank^  and  feet  arc  covered,  like  the  rest  of  tbe  body,  with 
g;rfty  and  brown  hair  intermingled. 

ITte  aeeond  species  of  anthropoid  apes  is  tlio  chimpanzee.     In  this 

oaie  also  we  must  consider  sacccasively  tbo  aged  and  young  male,  and 

the  aged  and  young  female  animals, 

B      The  full-grown  ohlmpanxci!  is  smaller  than  the  adult  gorilla.     In 

Hlbis  spociu  also  the  male  U  larger  than  tbe  female.     The  ehimpanxeo 

^ps,  speaking  goncrally,  of  a  slighter  build  than  (he  gorilla. 

Tbe  bead  of  the  aged  male  chimpanzee  fundamentally  differs  from 
chat  of  the  aged  male  gorilla,  since  tbe  skull  of  tbe  former  has  a  de- 
pressed crown,  and  the  transversa  occipital  ridge  ia  only  faintly  indi- 
oated.  Since  the  orbits  am  nlao  1«S8  atrongly  devdopiHl  tluin  in  tbo 
aged  male  gorilla,  and  (he  spinoos  proctCMs  of  the  cervical  vertebra 
do  not  assume  the  same  elevated  form  whiob  is  oharacteristic  of  tbe 
tattor  apecies,  Uie  coantenaoce  of  tbo  ohim^uiee  '\%  ncA.  tA  ik«K^a»x« 


744 


TBE  POPVLAH 


tkia  enUrgompDl  of  tbo  neck  wm  pr 
yooogcr  indirtdaAlf,  bowerer,  tinder  a  yi 
procMcn  of  tbo  vcTtcbne  have  not  yet  bei 
enl&rgenieDt,  bat,  oo  the  oonUary^ 
cave  form. 

In  conformity  with  ihe  smal!" 
snnR,  and  tbi,^lis  of  lb«  adutt  fcmnlt!  uro  i 
grown  mak,  but  tht-y  are  sltU  very  powei 
breaata  of  th«  female  are  swelled  in  the 
of  aasuming  ibe  convex  shape  which  ta 
women,  snd  still  more  frequently  id  tfa< 
Sooth  S«a  TMvK  Tlic  nipple  w  cylindrica 
and  covered  with  finely  wrinkled  blaek  sl 
and  homy.  When  not  giving  radc,  tbi 
like  short  empty  poaches. 

In  a  young  female  the  cranium  is  r 
sljgbtly  prominent.  In  aged  epccimeoa,  < 
acx,  there  is  a  eomowhat  typical  prolong) 
which  liM  between  llic  eye*  and  the  end 
alight  extent  apparent  in  the  yonng  femt 
io  the  extent  of  the  prolongation  are,  lii 
oarly  period.  Tbe  trunk  and  limbs  are  i 
male  of  the  same  age. 

llic  hairy  coat  of  the  gorilla  oodbib 
Miffly  curved  bristleii,  and  also  of  ahortc 
hair.  On  the  crown  of  tho  he-ad  the  hair  i 
to  twenty  niilltmcircs  in  length,  a]id  it  1 
ence  of  auger.  While  the  sides  and  fo 
clothed  with  short,  stiff  hairs,  they  grow 
tbo  chin,  like  a  board  or  forelock.  Hi 
from  the  side*  of  the  face  and  on  the  c 
metrcis  in  length.  On  the  ilioiildcni  the 
thirty  to  one  hundred  and  fifty  inillimetr 
Dpper  arms  and  the  back.  In  the  middle 
from  fifty  to  seventy  millimetres  long,  ^ 
tbe  ht-nd  of  tlio  elbow.  At  this  point  it 
an  npward  direction.  On  tho  back  of 
downward.  In  the  middle  of  the  forcan 
of  the  hairs  takes  place,  as  one  portion 
while  the  other  portion  turns  behind  tl 
wrist  a  tnft  of  curved  hair  turns  upward 
back ;  and  tlie  lower  tuft,  also  curved,  t 
of  tbo  hand  the  hairs  mm  toward  the 
belly  tbe  hnirs  are  shorter  and  grow  mi 
their  direction  is,  as  a  rule,  upward  and  \ 
oonvergo  from  the  ribs  toward  tbe 


I 


I 


EXTBRyAI.   FORM  OF  THE  MAN-LIKE  AFES.     74; 

tbiKlo  the  hain  are  tlmnt  onit  hundred  and  mxty  mlllimctrpi  long,  and 
here,  M  on  Uw  lowor  pan  of  the  U-g,  they  U-nd  outwari!,  irhilv  »n  thv 
bauk  nf  the  foot  they  grow  toward  tbv  loea.    Un  the  back,  tthouldera,  J 
and  un  the  thigh  and  leg,  the  bmilee  are  slightly  curTe<l.    This  qnal-  I 
,ty  increaaes  the  general  impr«uioQ  of  sli&gginem  and  fleeciitesa  which  I 
U  produced  by  tJte  hairy  coat  of  thvKo  crcaturcit.    Tho  woolly  h^r 
doce  not  f^row  rcry  thick,  and  ia  not  much  maltdl. 

The  (.-(itor  of  tb«  hair  not  only  diffcnt  on  different  part.t  of  th«  body, 
bnt  al*o  in  ditTerent  individuals.  On  the  crown  of  tlie  head  it  is  of  a 
mi diiih- brown,  or  rarely  of  a  decided  brown  or  black.  The  bain  in 
this  region  are  sometimes  dnn-oolored  at  the  mot,  grikyish-whito  in  the 
center,  and  brown  in  h- red,  Hhading  into  tliu  dnrk-bruwn  tip.  The  liair 
oa  the  lips  v>  Komclimcfl  of  a  blackiah>brown,  aometimcs  whlliiih,  or 
both  colon  aru  found  together.  The  hair  growing  at  tbc  sidea  of  tlio  j 
face  is  gray  below,  dark  brown  or  almost  black  above.  Un  tbe  ne«k  ^ 
and  ahoulders  the  hair  is  of  a  gray  color  at  the  root,  and  gradually 
becomes  lighKrr  toward  the  tip.  In  the  4!e-ntor  it  ia  brown,  shading 
into  a  lighter  oolor  at  either  end  ;  but  thtM  ringed  form  of  color  is  not 
tinivenaL  The  tipH  of  the  hair  are  darlc,  aomctimca  brown  or  rcddiKh. 
The  hair  on  the  back,  on  the  upper  arms  and  thigbs,  ia  whitish  or  light 
gray  for  half  its  ImgtJi,  with  a  black  lidi-brown  ring  toward  tbe  tip, 
which  is  of  a  dark-gmy  oolor.  Ulany  of  thote  hair*  on  tbe  back  have 
two  brown  riiigit  on  them.  The  forcAnna,  handa,  ahaoks,  and  feet  are 
covered  wilti  haim  which  nro  gray  at  tbe  root,  browninfa  gray,  dark 
brown,  or  black  at  the  tip.  Round  tbe  poi(t«rion«  thcnt  is  a  circle  of 
white,  gray,  or  brownish -yellow  hair»,  from  ten  to  twenty  millimetres 
in  length.  In  both  sozes  variations  from  tbe  color  of  the  coal  here 
described  are  not  rare.  It  baa  Ixten  already  observed  that  the  brown- 
i0b-re«l  color  of  the  hair  on  the  Iteail  ia  sometimes  exchanged  for 
anoth<'r  nhade.  In  many  individuals  the  neck,  ohoitldcni,  and  hack  are 
of  a  tlark  gray,  brown,  or  even  black  color.  In  otliers  the  forearms, 
•nda,  thanks,  and  fc«t  are  covered,  like  tbe  rcet  of  the  body,  with 

if  and  brown  hair  intermingled. 

The  second  spcoictt  of  anthropoid  ap<«  is  tbe  chimpanzee.  In  thin 
oaao  also  we  roust  con§ider  siicc^.tsively  tbe  aged  and  young  male,  and 
tbo  aged  and  yonng  female  animals. 

The  full-grown  chimpanzee  is  smaller  than  tlie  adult  gorilla.     In 
tbtfl  species  also  the  mole  is  larger  than  the  female.     Tlio  cbimpanzoa   j 
is,  speaking  geRcrally,  of  a  alight«r  build  th»n  the  gorilla.  I 

TliC  ho«<I  of  the  aged  male  chimpanzee  fundamentally  differs  from  I 
tliat  of  tbe  aged  male  gorilla,  since  tbc  Hkull  of  the  former  haa  a  de-  " 
presHcd  crown,  and  the  transverse  occipital  ridge  is  only  faintly  indi- 
cated. Since  the  orbits  are  aUo  less  strongly  developed  than  in  the 
aged  male  gorilla,  and  the  spiooos  prooessea  of  the  cervical  Tcrtchne 
do  not  assume  the  mme  elevated  form  which  is  charnoteriatio  of  tb« 
latltir  Hpooiea,  the  coontenanoo  of  the  chttQp%117.ee  Sa  tkA.  ol  &  v^iu^ 


L,       of    I 


7*6 


THK  POPULAR   SCiSfTCX  MOXTBtr. 


khftfic,  MoA  Ut«re  U  nol  fpBeo  fnr  tbe  ■Irong  mtiacuUr  t)-%i 
ovor  tbu  Dflck  liko  a  cowl,  wliidi  in  mo  duuvcteristic  of  tl 
Tb»  beul  of  ibo  cliimpantett  dutplayii,  boUi  in  aged  bdiI  yui 
mtM,  lh«  oonoftve  neck  wUicb  b  common  among  a|>e«,  Utkt 
adeprenon  tx-tweeD  ibe  head  and  ttie  liiront.     In  an 
oroWD  of  tlw  hoatt  prcBcnU  ft  runmled,  arched  contoor, 
havv  alri4(]>'  wUd,  t&u  praniinral  bony  proocases  nra  wan 
tliougti  tbti  sapraorbiul  ftrobee  are  not  bo  oxccMiToly  proralfl 
a  gorilla  of  lh«  Bame  age,  they  are  stroogly  developed, 
trriiikk-d  skin,  &nJ  in  tbis  case  also  tbere  is  a  Cpoeim  of  cyv\ 
and  briEiljTf  with  i(lii>rt«r  liain  between.     The  largo,  wrinkl< 
riimiKlivd  with  thick  cydoalica.    The  inner  angle  of  tbe  eye 
n»omble«  that  of  tbe  gorilla. 

A  general  phyaiogaomical  diatinction  between  Uie  gorii 
chinipaoEee  coosista  in  the  fact  thai  the  bridge  of  the  now 
in  the  latter  than  in  tJ»e  former.    In  (he  chimpanxee  Ihiii  pi 
organ  ■«  d?pro«ud,  yet  th«  deprarion  is  of  .1  conical  and  cod' 
aud  b  corercd  with  a  nct-voHc  of  vrinkkui  of  van.'ing  dcptlt, 
cbimpanteo  tlie  inten'al  between  Ibe  inner  angle  of  tbit  vj\ 
Qpper  lateral  contour  of  the  eartilaginous  end  of  the  noao  I 
than  in  the  gorilla.    There  is  also  Eonie  differenre  in  ibi-  for 
nose;  i(  is  on  the  vbole  flatter,  the  tip  iit  less  a]i]i»retit,  tl: 
are  not  eo  widely  opened  nor  m  thickly  [wddcd.     (I''tg.  3. 
rhimpanKoe,  as  well  a*  in  Iho  gorillii,  a  central  and  tv 
directly  divide*  ibc  triangular  no«trilK,  and  (lime  are  Ifkew 
from  the  rest  of  the  face  by  tbe  bruad  pear^baped  furrow 
rounds  them.    The  npper  lip  is  generally  high,  Horuriimes 
thirty  millimetres ;  but  in  some  individoale  it  is  mneh  Inwet 
tba  gorilla,  tbe  chin  forms  a  triangle  of  eqttal  aide^  wiib 
rcTetwd> 

Tlte  external  ear  of  the  eliimpAniee  hna  on  the  whole  leu 
blance  to  tbe  human  ear,  and  its  cttntour  i*  larger  than  thi 
gorilla.  Bui  this  organ  varies  so  miicli  in  individiialtt  that  it  [% 
to  lay  down  any  rale  for  its  arersge  eixe.  It  rnngvs  from  fift] 
•oventy-eeven  milllnieties  in  length,  and  from  foriy-two  M 
miUtmetros  in  width.  Many  tndividnalM  have  a  diiitiuet  lobul 
oar,  Olbent  not,  (Fig.  B.)  In  tlib  oxamplc  the  hcIiK  and  aiiti-l 
deTelo{X'd,  in  otbc.ni  tbcy  are  wanting,  llii'  tragupi  and  a\>\ 
are  more  or  leas  apparent  in  different  indiridnala,  aa  well  as  t 
modifications  of  the  external  cartilaf;^  of  the  ear, 

An  ngcd  male  chimpanxee  has  broad,  ratbir  roundi-d  sboi 
powerfiil  cheat,  long,  tnuaoular  arms,  reaehinf*  to  th"  kncrM>,  am 
batfd.  which  Rc«ros  to  bo  very  slender  ta  rom|>ariM)u  with  ih 
gorilla.  Tile  tliumba  vary  in  lengili,  for  thu  most  pari  rvorhi 
aa  tbe  tn<-tn(-arpal  phalanges,  but  iiol  in  all  eases.  The  midill 
b  longer  tluiii  the  cilittf  Ihreu  :  tbe  flr:<t  ami  tbinl  lingen  ar« 


PM).  >.— lUa  cir  CinMriMin. 


axtkhxal  form  of  tbb  mah-likb  apes. 

by  th«  loDgth  of  the  last  phalanx,  the  third  is  a  little  longer  than  tlx 

Qnt,  and  ihv  fourth  is  again  Bhort«r.     A  wi-b,  which  reach^:!  to  lh«4 

tniildlo  of  tb«  fini  row  of  phalanges,  6tTetGh«a  botw«on  the  bases  of 

tfa«  four  fingcm.    There  aro  bonif  oal- 

kMritien  on  tbe  hwV  of  the  hand  of  tbe 

agod  male,  kidoc  the  chimpansee,  lika 

the  gorilla,  sapporta   himiii^lf  on   tlti: 

backs    of    his    clowd    fingere,      The 

Sngera  are  laterally  compressed,  but 

•lightly  arched  on  the   back  of  the 

band,  and  more  d<-ctdf<tly  i<o  on   the 

pilm.    A  ncl-work  of  furrown  covert) 

tbe  back  of  the  band,  and  (ht-m^  are 

more  deeply  imprcased  ou  ita  palm. 

The  tbuDtb  is  separat«d  from  the  palm 

by  a  distinct  furrow ;  ami  from  four 

to  six  furrows  of  varying  <]«ptb  croM 

th«  center  of  the  palm.    The  finger- 

□ails  are  short,  wide,  and  arched,  very 

vex  at  tbeir  free  edges. 

In  tbe  aged  male  tbe  sidm  of  the 

iy  are  oompres&ed,  the  thighs  are 
brcMtd  and  muscular,  and  somewhat  flattened  both  on  the  inner  and 
oater  sides.  Tbo  knees  are  ratber  prominent,  the  shanks  are  somewhat 
lat«rnlly  compressed,  and  tbo  calf  of  tbe  leg  ia  very  slightly  developed. 
As  in  the  gorilla,  thi^  long,  wide  feet  have  a  tbnnihliko  formation  of 
tbo  grcat-toisi,  which  are  of  con<iiderabIe  kLko,  Thoy  extend,  when 
drawing  anything  toward  them,  aa  far  as  tlw  second  phalanx  of  tbe 
second  toe.  Tbe  four  other  toea  are  more  Blender,  and  only  a  little 
longer  than  the  great'toe,  Tbe  heel  is  but  slightly  iJeveloped,  and 
allows  away  below.  Tbe  joint  between  the  first  phalanx  of  the  ;>reAt- 
loe  and  the  first  metatarsal  bone  is  marked  by  an  angular  projeclioa 
on  the  inner  edge  of  tJie  foot.  The  back  of  the  foot  is  very  nlightly 
convex,  llio  luat  phalanx  of  th*  grcat-loe  is  very  much  xlopod  off  on 
its  upper  Hurfaee,  bnt  tbti  is  Xt:**  app.irent  in  the  other  parla  of  thb  i 
member.  The  last  phalanges  of  the  other  laterally  comprcued  toei 
are  strongly  arehed  on  tbe  under  surface.  Oonniderable  convextticB 
may  also  be  observed  under  the  metacarpo-phaL-mt^al  joint  of  tbe 
grent'toc,  and  un<lrr  its  last  plialanx.  The  shape  of  the  t'Hvnnila  re- 
sembles that  of  tbo  fingers.  T.argo  c«ItoBtti«s  are  not  unfrciiuently 
found  on  the  backs  of  the  toca,  since  tbe  animal  somi^times  supports 
himself  on  these  parts.  A  connvetivo  web  U  found  between  all  the  1 
toM,  except  the  great-toe  and  it«  neiL,'bbor,  bnt  It  docs  not  extend  so 
far  aa  that  between  the  root«  of  the  fingers. 

AUhongh  tbe  yonog  male  chimpanseo  b  distinguished  from  the 
nid  male  of  the  same  species  by  diflferenooa  in  the  structure  of  marnr 


1 

I  aiiv 


748  TBB  POPULAR  SCTBffCB  MOKTBLY. 

of  its  put«,  jet  tbew  <li)itinetioiu  mn  not  wo  RharactenKtic  : 
tween  the  voung  and  ag«il  nm1«  gcnitlaa.  The  skatl  of  tlic  j-oui 
■oimal,  which  is  altogether  devoid  of  the  prouuDent  bouy  crest  1 
ridgv».  M  sliupc^l  nimosi  like  a  traocated  cone  in  the  region  di 
crown ;  in  koodq  individuals  of  onljr  a  few  jcimi  old  the  bony  detd 
ment  of  the  orbits  has  already  begun,  starling  from  the  priDcipal  | 
of  the  frontal  bone,  and  covered  with  pads  of  wrinkled  bIuiil  1 
short  and  depressed  bridge  of  the  Doee  beoomcs  longrr  and  higher, 
cartilaginous  end  of  the  nose  becomes  larger,  and  the  prognaihin 
Uw  fac«  iDcroasM  with  each  successive  stage  of  growth.  The  «Vta\ 
of  the  trank  and  limbs  is  cArly  (I«v<-lo{>4!d.  The  sexnal  eharaetctui 
are  gradually  and  plainly  devclu|)cd  ;  but  th«  male  gorilla  far  1 
t&e  chimpanzee  in  demoataoal  ferocity. 

llie  adult  female  is  smaller,  and  baa  a  smaUer  head,  with  1 
crown  to  the  «kiill.  The  orbits  are  not  go  strongly  developed  a«  int 
aged  male,  tho  nami  parts  arc  less  prominrnt,  and  the  teeth  are  1 
nearly  so  strong.  The  body  of  an  aninuil  of  this  sex  is  rounder  to 
its  )>arts  \  and  the  belly,  with  its  wider  pelvii,  is  tnoro  ton-shaped  tli 
in  the  aged  male.  Neither  do  the  limbs  display  th<^  same  ai^olarf 
matioD  of  nnsdea*  The  hands  aodfcvtof  the  female  are  also  nnal 
and  alwkderer.  In  a  young  female  tW  ebaracterietics  here  deacnb 
arc  prPMntci)  in  tlio  mitigated  form  which  corresponds  with  its  yoat 
fut  conilition.  But  the  female  sometimes  beootncD  a  very  strong  t 
even  violent  ereaturei.  This  waa  often  proved  in  the  Hamburg  Z( 
logical  Garden,  where  a  female  specimen,  in  splendid  oondil 
Tived  for  sereral  years  under  the  faithful  care  of  old  StegeLf 

The  skin  of  tbo  chimpanzee  is  of  a  p<-culiar  light,  yet  mnddyl 
color,  which  somvlinii-s  verges  upon  brown.  Spot*,  varying  in  ri 
and  depth  of  color,  sometimes  isolated,  sometimes  in  groups,  and  ol 
hi ackiHfa- brown,  sooty,  or  binish-black  tint,  are  fonnd  on  different  psi 
of  the  body  of  many  individuals,  especially  on  the  face,  neek.  brea 
belly,  arms  and  handii;,  thighs  and  shanks  ;  more  rarely  on  the  hsc 
ITie  face,  which  is  hhoh  iift^r  birth  of  a  flesh  color,  merging  into 
yellowish-brown,  assumes  a  darker  shade  with  the  gradual  derelc 
ment  of  the  body.  The  hairy  coat  b  sleek,  or  only  in  rare  eat 
.•ilightly  curled,  and  the  coarser  and  bristly  hair  is  generally  Stiff  11 
elastic.  The  parting  on  the  forehead  is  often  »o  r«>gnlar  that  it  mig 
have  been  nrranged  by  the  hairdreeser's  art  (see  Pig.  0).  Close  behii 
that  part  of  the  bead  at  which  the  projecting  supraorbital  ridges 
the  gorilla  genrratly  meet,  there  is  in  the  chimpanzee  an  allogeth 
bnld  place,  or  only  a  few  scattered  hairs,     Round  the  face  the  gro* 

•  OompAro  nanmuin,  "  Dcr  Gorilla,"  Fig,  8.  This  Is  imd<nible%  one  of  Os  b 
■uccHitiil  illiutrniioiii  of  the  chlmpttiwe,  iU  hsbiM,  cxprcMlon,  lad  ifitpotilkAi 

f  CompArv  llkrUnaiin,  "  Dcr  Oorillo,"  Mg.  97,  icprcMmtlriK  ih«  Bambini  uImI 
aii'l'IU  s^.  Pig,  f,  g|,„  ^^  „|f  j  pBulisB  of  lb«  nvnssn  Lmbko  tspedUion.  Tic 
toripiion,  b<r  an  error  of  the  pttsi,  Maioi  thst  it  i«  ■  male,  not  a  fnnals  nhhnpsnftt 


itk)^ 

\  1 


EXTERNAL  FORM   OF  THE  MAN-LIKE  APES.     749 


of  Iinir  Mtrcamt  downward  like  a  beard.  On  the  neck  il  is  from  sixty 
to  ifiglity  ur  one  [lumlrud  mill! metres  in  lungtb,  and  it  falls  in  the  samo 
long  looicEt  ovu  the  uliouldcrii,  back,  and  Iiip*.  The  hair  on  the  Iifnb« 
in  not  ito  louj;,  and  taken  a  downward  dir«olion  on  the  u|>[icr  ami,  and 
an  opposite  direction  on  the  forearm,  while  there  is  often  a  longitudi- 
nal  parting  on  the  center  of  the  inner  surface  of  tiii«  part  of  the  limb. 


1*^*. 


rw.  &— Touna  Ouuiriiiun. 


On  th«  back  of  the  wrwt  the  hair  prows  in  a  kind  of  whorl ;  the  nppcr 
kaira  turn  upward  and  backward,  the  middle  ones  turn  baekward,  tho 
lower  ones  baeknard  and  downward.  Tlic  backs  of  the  bands  and  tbfl 
roota  of  the  fingcra  are  hairy.  On  the  frout  of  the  thigh  the  hair  takes 
a  downward  directjon,  while  behind  it  grows  backward.  On  the  xhank 
it  grown  downward  in  the  region  of  the  tibia,  and  turns  back  on  the 
UKidc  of  the  log.  The  batik  of  Uic  foot  and  tbo  roots  of  the  toes  are 
likewise  hairy.  Thi-re  is  a  shorter  growth  of  these  scattered  hairs  on 
.the  face,  chin,  and  ears.    On  tliu  supraorbital  arches  th«re  are  from 


7S« 


THE  POPULAR  SCI  EN 


'1 


eight  to  twenty,  or  even  tnurc,  ntiS,  seal 
of  Kj'cbrows ;  and  eyclasbeB  are  likewiBe 

In  most  caaes  the  hair  of  tbe  tnie  d 
Sbort  whitUh  hain  may  bo  obaerred  od 
chin,  u  well  m  round  th«  povteriora.    & 
is  ahot  throagbout  with  nMlilwIi  or  brov 

The  onng-ontsog,  the  chief  rrpreec! 
AAa,  differs  from  the  Africui  funoa  of 
glance,  ill  the  bright  of  hia  akoll,  of  whi 
aitd  ahortvoed  iu  a  backward  direction. 
ev*r,  prorided  with  high  and  erect  boi 
tiailM>iu  appearance  to  thv  countcnasc 
type  of  our  dncription. 

ITw  forehead  U  high  and  erect," 
^impanxee ;  it  in  op«n,  and  haa  muderal 
From  tbe  center  of  the  forehead  a  roi 
M>[nctiin««  projects.  The  supraorbital  d 
not  »o  prominent  aa  that  of  the  aged  in 
that  of  tho  (gorilla.  Thu  eyoi  arc  not  vi 
large  and  furrowed,  but  on  the  lover 
The  small  bridge  of  the  Do»e  is  geneni 
timc6  aiiKuinfS  a  slightly  conical  form 
lonpitadiiiai  di-prrssion  of  the  face.  T 
removed  from  the  eycN  tliiin  !»  gmteralli 
>«  not  HO  broad  as  it  ia  in  thi:  latter  anii 
vinga  of  tbe  ooee  are  narrow  and  bigbl 
divided  from  each  other  by  a  vertical  fori 
and  oval,  separated  by  a  tbin  pnnilino. 
and  projecting,  and  seldom  mucli  wrinii 
cbceka  and  from  the  npprr  pari  of  tbe  ft 
behind  tbe  checks  two  large  and  long^ 
pads  of  fat  often  project  forward  and  dc 
The  very  mobile  lipM  arc  farrowed, ai 
chin  is  very  retreating,  but  eomewliat  nn 
7).  Tyu-  small  car  averages  fifty-five  mil 
millimetn.-M  in  width,  and  baa  a  general  r 
human  ear  [Fig.  S).  Oo  tbe  fore  part  c 
are  irregular,  and  in  some  place*  very  dei 
tliroat-poucb  distends  part  of  this  olacl 
down  in  front  like  a  great  empty  wallet 
The  elrnettirc  of  the  other  parts  of 
extent.  Hie  powerful  and  symmetrical  U 
the  gorilla,  nnd  indeed  in  the  i-himpan** 
rather  nngulnr  and  sloping  nhonlders,  « 
back,  and  still  more  roonded  belly,  is  1 
prwaion  of  a  want  of  proportioiL 


EXTERNAL  FORM   OF  THE  MAN-LIKE  APES.     751 

r«|{ion  roMinblcs  the  projeetin};  rump  of  a  fowl,  iid<1  tliU  Diuy  olno  bA 
obeerv«d  in  Uio  young  gorilU  fttid  ehiinpanx«u.  Tlio  long,  muiioular 
OTtaa  Kacli  to  thv  ankles  when  tin.-  animal  >!•  in  un  oreol  |>oaitioii,  and 
) sltogixtlivr  out  of  proporlion  with  Iht  rest  of  the  body.    'Jte  pow- 


I 

I 


Fm.  1.— Uiad  un>  StMVLDKu  or  11  A«ii>  Vxls  Onixa-OmAiiu. 

fnl  upper  ann  in  sbortor  than  tbe  lean  forearm.  The  hand  is  long 
and  Darrow.  The  thumb,  whioh  reachfls  as  far  as  the  metacaipo- 
pbai3i>(;«al  joint,  has  a  ditplc&sing  and  almost  mdimt^taiy  effect.  A 
web  tinit«s  th«  fiagcn,  sometimes  intending  along  a  third  of  tbo  Gnrt 
phalanx,  sometimes  along  half.  Tliv  intddio 
linger  is  somewhat  longer  than  the  first  and 
third  liDgers,  and  the  third  is  next  to  it  in 
leogtli.  TIh)  fourth  finger  is  comparatively 
long.  Tlic  palm  of  tbo  hand  is  flat,  only  mark«-d 
by  a  few  dvep  furrows.  The  long,  tilencUtr 
fingera  are  laterally  Gomprcssc*!,  and  the  nails 
on  their  tapering  ends  are  arched. 

The   thighs,  somewhat    compr«ewd   on   the 
tnnar  side.  an.-,  however,   very  mnsciilar,  but  fia.&rSTwTmoaiw 
Ifooome  much  smaller  on  their  baeli  xidc.     The  ooriiio, 

calf  of  the  leg  \b  less  developed  than  in  the  gorilla,  or  even  tJian  in 
the  chimpanzee.  The  feet  are,  like  the  handB.  long  and  slender.  The 
narrow,  tlat  beets,  project  very  slightly  behind.  The  great-toes  arc 
short,  with  wide  extremities,  rounded  above,  and  provided  on  the  sole 
with  thick,  fatty  skin.  In  old  ago  tliewt  animals  not  only  often  Iom  I 
the  naiU  of  their  gr«at-to<M,  but  sometimes  evm  the  la.1t  pbalangM'l 
themselves.  This  b  not  merely  a  disease  produced  by  confinement, 
as  is  the  case  with  seannt  monkeys,  hyenas,  etc.,  which  in  this  condi- 


?$» 


THE  POPULAR  SCISNCB  MONTBLT. 


^ 


lion  lose  poriiooB  of  tbeir  (^la  or  to«s,  Iwt  it  also  oeeon  asung  ortng 
oauagB  [D  th«ir  wild  WUs.  Tb«  middle  toe  is  the  tongeet,  and  ih 
fourth  to*  i<  the  *faortc*t.  Laycni  of  fst  may  be  obcerred  on  tlw  andti 
«idc  of  all  bat  tbc  gnal'Coe,  where  thuy  ntmly  occur.  Tlic  backs  id 
ibe  hands  aod  foet  are  covered  with  very  ribbed  and  wrinkled  skiq 
and  OD  the  hands  there  are  calloaitiM. 

This  animal,  of  a  quieter  and  more  phlegmatic  disposition  than  ihi 
gorilla  and  chimpanzee,  haa  a  rery  utrangc  appearance,  with  its  p(» 
jeeting  head  and  shon  neck ;  its  face  widening  in  tbo  middle  mJ 
tapering  toward  the  forehead  and  chin  ;  ita  tno-ahaprd  trunk,  long, 
thin  extremities,  aod  sha^y  coat~  It  differs  widely  from  the  chtD- 
pansce  aod  gorilla  in  then  parliculars.  In  the  young  male  the  co» 
pramioo  of  the  forehead  ia  leu  marked  than  in  aged  animab,  and  ttie 
bony  cruKta  whieh  conduce  to  TWMi  ihv  coronal  arch  io  ita  upper  ssd 
hinder  part  are  also  abaenL  The  supraorbital  arche*  are  Iocs  stroDfif 
developed,  the  Java  are  Ie»a  prominent,  and  the  htytTn  of  fat  upon  tbc 
cbeekfi  arc  absent.  1'he  bead  is  more  detached  from  thr  Deck,  the 
flructurc  of  tike  wbolc  body  is  alrnderrr,  the  expT«ttion  of  the  eouatt- 
nance  is  nilder.  A  small,  conical  nail,  hltiuted  at  the  end,  may  gta- 
«nUly  be  observed  on  the  great-toe. 

lu  the  adult  female,  sa  I  have  pointed  out  elscwberc^  the  phyool 
characteristics  of  the  young  male  are  repeated  in  an  exaggerated  fDra. 
The  skull,  divplayiog  only  very  Mmall  bony  crests,  is  indeed  high,  but 
more  rounded  than  tn  the  ngi-d  male  ;  the  face  is  piv>miDent,  but  the 
bead  is  morr  detached  from  the  neck  than  in  the  latter  casa  On 
account  of  the  greater  width  of  the  pelvis,  the  body  i«  atiH  more  toii- 
cfaaped  than  in  the  aged  male  When  giving  sack,  the  brtssts  on 
dbtended  in  the  form  of  a  half  oone,  hut  when  this  condition  ccsan 
tliey  fall  together  and  only  pn-m-nt  two  fthort,  wrinkled,  slightly  pKoni- 
ncot  folds  of  skin ;  the  nmull,  homy  nipples  are  almost  cylindrK^; 
and  the  areola,  of  which  the  traces  are  scanty  at  ail  tinM«,  altogether 
disappears.  The  throat-pooch  is  leas  strongly  developed  than  in  tfcs 
aged  male,  but  the  limbs  are  as  fully  developed.  The  bead  of  tbi 
yoang  female  is  still  more  ronndeil,  with  a  more  Battened  thoa^  still 
projecting  face,  and  the  limbii  ar«  slenderer,  and  thne  still  more  oat  tf 
proportion  nntb  the  iJiick  trunk  than  is  the  case  with  a  young  msk; 

The  <iraiig-outang's  ."kin  is  of  a  grayish-blue  color,  sometimes  mind 
with  brown,  but  the  grayish-blue  "hade  is  predominant.  A  }xUewis)l 
or  brownish  gray  is  less  common.  Round  tho  eyes;,  nnrtrils,  nppsr 
lips,  and  chin,  there  is  often  a  ring  of  a  dirty,  yellowish -hrown  color, 
forming  a  strange  contrast  nitb  the  general  bluish-gray  tone  of  iK 
faecL  The  arms,  legs,  hands,  and  feci  are  black  or  grayiab-black,  mon 
tarely  brown  or  reddish-brown. 

The  bury  coat  of  the  orang-outang  eonsista  of  long,  eorved,  wavi^ 
bristle*,  and  some  m>jinly  downy  Iiaira^  On  the  back  of  the  besd.ei 
the  *hoiiIdeni,  back,  and  hips,  I  have  measured  bairs  from  two  bnaAfl 


EXTERXAL  FORM  OF  THE  MAS-LIKE  APSS. 


'SS.  I 


[and  twenty  to  tiro  hundred  and  thirt^'firc  millunrtrcs  in  Icnj^h. 
other  iniiiTiduab  they  were,  however,  mueh  shorter— twunty,  forty, 
BLxty  millimetres  long.  There  is  often  a  natural  parting  of  th«  hair 
the  head,  which  falls  asunder  on  either  side.  In  some  caa€a  there 
DO  parting,  and  Uio  hair  stniuns  wildly  down  ;  and  in  others,  agai 
it  ftiandtt  u)irigfat,  stiffening  from  the  sides  and  top  of  the  bead  in 
demoniacal  manner  (Figic  7  and  9).    A  heard  frequently  vDoirde*  tJ 


eli<-cks  and  ehin.  The  hair  grows  upward  sod  outward  on  the  no4 
and  fore  part  of  the  throat,  on  the  shouldon,  hack,  breast,  belly,  npp< 
aims,  and  thighs,  while  it  takes  the  oppoute  direction  on  the  forean 
On  the  wrist  tlio  hair  grdws  in  the  manner  described  in  the  case  of  tl 
BoriUa.    There  is  only  a  scanty  growth  of  hair  on  the  breast  an 


75« 


TBM  pr 


tioD  loae  portion* 
outADgs  in  their 
fourUi  too  ia  tfa»  r 
side  of  all  but  U 
tfap  hAnds  nai 
and  on  tl>c  lian 
'niiaaniiiis 

gorilla  and  c' 

jeoting  tieail 

taperiiig  to 

thin  eiti«t 

paaiM  an  ' 

(UTSHOn  <■ 
bofljr  av 

binder  |  . 

dsveloi 
cheek* 
Btruct 
nanof- 
«ndl« 
Ii 
obar 
[TV 


B«  bomtiHai 
gsoenUjr  bn* 
orbladdsb  brain 
breaat  and  bvllj  are 
jellov.    Some  iK 


ORGANIC  EVOLniOT^ 

or  SPSBCEK. 


«f  nee  now  to  middle  life,  opinion  1 
rt  animals  aod  p)aots  was  in  a  chaotii 
tfcflr*  was  tacit  bdicf  in  creatiira  b] 
pan  of  tbe  creed  of  Cbriftcndom 
two  i>anii<a,  eaob  of  which  held  ti 
■!y  the  largrr  of  theoo  putifc,  t» 
itifio  culture  gave  weight  lo  their  JW; 
literal!;  Uio  iheologically-orlbodoi  dot 
between  that  doctrine  and  the  dottriiw 
^  —aUinhed  ;  while  opposed  to  f  hem  were  khuc, 
;t  in  ectcnre,  who  bold  a  doctrine  which  n< 
It  and  scientifically.     Prafenor  Hailej,  ii 
4  ChwDg  of  Ago  of  the  Origin  of  Spccitt^'*!* 
ttt  thcM  parti*^  as  follows  : 


!,-J 


igo,  is  ajiilc  of  the  work  eomneactd  l>;  □■ 

id  patience  by  LytU,  tbe  doninaat  t1«v  of  i 

TO  Hteitropliic.    Givat  and  Midden  phyviul  rentalM 

^*3ltn«tioM  of  tivins  bviopv,  wen  the  ordioary  oMiAtO' 

^  bronitht  Into  fashion  by  tbu  roiaappliod  ^luot  of  Oa- 

>  MilBtvntd  ami  tanirht  that  tbt  end  of  over/  fedo^ 

^  •  oaUclTtm,  by  vhfeh  ert^  UvinK  beinji  on  tb<  ^iM 

W  replfiiN^l  by  a  brand-new  creation  when  llie  w«rM  (» 

A  schvnKi  of  aaluK  wbicb  appeared  to  be  modcIMM 

(j(  rubbers  of  whist,  at  the  «oiI  of  each  of  whkhtLl 

■ad  cMf6  for  a  new  pack,  did  not  a^ctn  to  riiOtkiiT' 

^  W I  doobt  if,  a(  tbn  pnarat  lime,  there  U  a  da^  rafpiD 
,  ft  tbcae  ofiiaieu  left,  Tbe  profma*  of  crienttfto  i;«<j«f! 
nt  priodpTe  of  nlformttarianbfa,  tbat  the  eipbailiM 


THE  FACTORS   OF  ORGANIC  BYOLVTIOH.        75s 

of  tfao  part  i*  to  b«  wwKbt  in  the  «tQ(tr  of  ttve  pretMt,  into  tbe  poriiioa  of  ■& 
uioai  I  ud  tb«  wild  speooUtloni  at  Ui«  nUitrci|>btite,  to  which  wo  all  liaMiMd 
vltli  rwpMt «  qnirtcr  of  b  Mnhtry  ae<\  iroolil  bortU/  And  n  tiisglo  |>Blkiit  buorer 
ftt  tba  prtMoi  dajr-" 

or  tho  party  abort  referred  to  iu  not  satisfied  with  tbiii  oonccp* 
tJon  docribwl  by  Profeaaor  llnrlej-,  there  were  two  clasws.  The 
great  majority  were  admirera  of  tbo  Ve*,ti$t»  of  the  A^atural  Ilutorif 
of  Creation — a  work  which,  vhUa  it  MUght  to  abow  that  organic  cvo* 
lution  has  taken  place,  coDtcnded  that  tlic  caom  of  organic  evolution 
IB  "an  impolw"  aupcroaturilly  "imparted  to  tbe  forms  of  life,  ad> 
Tancing  tlivnn  .  .  .  tlirongh  gradM  of  organucatioo."  Being  nearly 
all  very  inadoqnatvty  acquainted  with  the  faots,  those  who  accepted 
tho  view  ttoi  forth  in  the  Vrtliffa  were  ridiculed  by  tbo  well-instructed 
for  being  satisfied  with  evidence,  much  of  which  was  either  invalid  or 
easily  cancelled  by  oounter^vidence,  and  at  tbo  sumc  time  tliey  ex* 
powd  tbein»lTos  to  tbe  ridicnio  of  the  more  pliilowopbical  for  being 
eootani  witli  a  snppowd  expluiation  whii-h  wai  in  n-ality  uu  explana- 
tion— the  alleged  "impQW^to  advance  giving  ua  do  more  help  in 
nndentaDding  the  facts  than  does  Nature's  alleged  "  abhorrence  of  a 
vacnam  "  help  as  to  andorsiaud  tbe  ascent  of  water  in  a  pump.  Tho 
remnant,  forming  tlic  wcond  of  tbcte  classca,  was  very  emsll.  While 
rejeotiog  this  more  verbal  solution,  which  both  Dr.  Erasmus  Darwin 
and  Lamarok  had  shadowed  forth  in  other  language,  there  were  somo 
f«w  who,  rejecting  also  the  hypothesis  indicated  by  both  Dr.  Darwin 
and  Ijimarck,  that  the  promptings  of  donircs  or  wants  produre>l 
growths  of  tho  parts  subserving  them,  accepted  tbe  single  vera  canta 
aasignoil  by  tbmo  wrilcrs — the  modification  of  structures  resulting 
from  modification  of  funotionii.  Tboy  recognized  as  the  sole  process 
in  organic  development  tbo  atlaptation  of  parts  and  powers  con^qnent 
on  ibe  effects  of  use  and  disuse — that  ountinaal  moulding  and  remould- 
ing of  organisms  to  salt  their  circumstance*,  which  ia  brought  about 
by  direct  conrerftc  with  such  circiiautaiicea. 

But  while  this  cause  accepted  by  tbeoe  few  ia  a  true  cause,  since 
anqnestionably  during  the  lifu  of  the  individual  organism  chanties  of 
fonction  produce  changes  of  structure  ;  and  while  it  is  a  tenable  hy- 
pothesis that  changes  of  structure  so  produced  are  inheritable,  yet  it 
was  manifest  to  thoso  not  prepCMMaed,  that  this  cauM  canrxH  with 
reason  bv  aaatgned  for  th«  greater  part  of  the  faeUn    Tlwngh  in  plania 
tltore  ore  some  characters  which  may  not  irrationally  be  ascribed  to 
tho  direet  effects  of  mixlifii.'il  functions  coosequenl  on  modified  circntn- 
Btottces,  yet  tbe  majority  of  tbo  traii«  presented  by  pliinU  nre  not  to 
be  thus  explained.     It  is  impossible  tlint  the  thorns  by  which  n  hriav 
ia  in  Urge  mcaaore  defended  against  browsing  animals,  can  have  \ic«»\ 
devclojied  and  moulded  by  tbo  contiuaons  exercise  of  their  protocviv 
actions',  for  in  tho  first  ]>laoc,  tbe  great  majority  of  tho  tbor>\R   »■« 


of 


innwo^initroctS^a^K^iboinlf 
how  cmn  ibow  Keda  wbicb  ooatain 
p«latobl«  to  birds,  bare  be«o  nuulo  to 
tbtiMiKtiotis  of  bird>  which  th«y  realm 
pluiDM  bomo  by  torno  w«d«,  ami  i^vinf; 
to  BOW  tbitioa*,  be  due  to  uiy  immedia 
tKmdiLionsy  Ck-arlv  in  Uww  and  in  coi 
Ktrauturo  rannol  have  boeD  directly  em 
So  (■  it  with  aninulii  to  t  largo  extcni 
lliaaf^  wc  have  pnn>f  that  by  rotigb  in 
to  i-xriU'^l  ait  tu  ]ir<>i)uoo  a  gn-ntty  thirl 
titoM  qnito  b(>niy  ;  and  titough  it  ia  i 
rtTcct  of  tJiii  kind  persbteDtlj  produce 
Endi  caaae  can  cxptaio  the  c«ni|««e 
annadillo,  or  the  imbrionird  cnvorJnt* 
thtw  animal*  urv  nu  niurc  oxpowcd  to  b 
ikoTCi  of  animalii  eovoivd  by  hair,  Tlio 
iIEatingiiiiili  tbo  bpudH  of  ilic  hombitU,  i 
from  any  reaction  againat  the  action  of  m 
were  thry  (-Icarly  protective,  there  is  no 
beads  of  tbesv  bints  need  prot«cl!oa  m« 
Irirda.  If,  led  by  the  evidcDiw  that  in  anil 
is  in  some  rases  alTerte<l  by  tbo  dcgrtH> 
ofl  imaitinable  thai  the  dcvi-lopmLiit 
tnal  growths  had  rvmilt^d  from  that 
BwperficinI  rircolation,  we  nhoiild  still  b© 
atrnclnn?  of  a  fpaihiT.  Nor  should  we 
tit»  nt  feathiTTi— the  orrata  of  variona 
enorrnoan,  the  nrrioanly  pla^^'d  plinne* 
ifttll  mon  obviotuly  ImpoMlbto  1>  It  to 
o»  the  colors  of  animals.     No  direct 


R  anil 
!*»  cm 

or^ 


I 


I 
I 


TMS  FACT0B3  OF  OSOAJfIC  EVOLUTION.       757 

for  UM.  tbcj?  nro  norvolcm  ud  non-TucDlar,  aod  heoce  ar«  incapable 
of  oudcfgoing  litiy  ohanges  of  straoturc  coDAcquont  on  GbaDg?«  of 
faDotioii. 

Of  these  few,  then,  who  rejected  tbe  belief  tlewribcd  \>y  Profcctor 
Huxley,  and  who,  wpousing  the  belief  in  a  continaouB  evolution,  liad 
to  account  for  this  evolution,  it  rausi  be  taid  that  tJioogfa  tbe  oauM 
assigacd  was  a  lm«  canw,  jvt,  evvo  admitting  tbat  it  operated  thnmgh 
«acc«Mivo  gvoeretion*,  it  left  unexplained  tbo  greater  part  of  th« , 
fnetM.  Obvioaal;-  tbe  facta  tbat  were  oongnionH  vritb  the  espoused 
viotr,  mono|>uIized  oontuionsneM,  and  kept  out  tlte  faotA  tltnt  were  in- 
OOngraona  with  it— conspicuous  though  many  of  them  were.  The  mis- 
judgment  vraa  not  unnatural.  Finding  it  impowible  to  accept  an^ 
doctrine  which  implied  a  breach  in  the  unifomi  course  of  natural  oau- 
MtloD,  and,  by  implication,  accepting  as  unquestionable  tbe  origin  and 

dopmenl  of  all  organic  fonnit  by  accumulated  modifications  natn- 
rally  caused,  that  which  appeared  to  explain  certain  claaecs  of  these 
modificatious,  vas  supposed  to  be  capable  of  explaining  the  rest :  tbe 
tendency  being  to  axsume  that  these  would  eventually  be  similarly 
accounted  for,  tliongfa  it  was  not  clear  bow. 

Returning  from  thii)  parcntbctio  remark,  wo  are  coi>cemed  bere 
chidfly  to  remember  tbat,  as  said  at  the  outset,  there  existed  tliirty 
yean  ago,  do  teoable  theory  about  the  gcncxis  of  living  things.  Of 
the  two  alternative  belief*,  oeitlicr  would  bear  critical  examination. 

Out  nf  this  dead  lock  ve  were  released — in  largo  measure,  though 
not  1  believe  entirely — by  the  Origin  of  Sptieitt.  That  work  brought 
into  view  a  further  factor  ;  or,  rather,  such  factor,  recognized  as  in 
operation  by  here  and  there  an  otwervcr  (as  pointed  out  by  &lr.  I>3r- 
-win  in  his  introduction  to  the  second  edition),  was  by  him  for  the  Bnt 
time  Keen  to  have  played  so  immense  a  ]>art  in  the  genesis  of  plants 
and  an  inula. 

I'boogh  laying  myself  open  to  the  charge  of  telling  a  tbric«-toId 
bde,  I  feel  obliged  Ihto  to  indicate  briefly  tbe  several  great  olaaitoa  of 
facta  which  Mr.  DarwinV  hypothenia  explains  ;  because  otberwisa  that 
-which  foltowa  would  scarcely  be  understood.  And  I  feel  the  lasa  faest- 
tatioD  in  doing  this  becauee  the  hypothesis  which  it  replaced,  not  very 
widely  known  at  any  time,  has  of  late  so  completely  dropped  into  the 
baokground,  tbat  the  majority  of  readers  are  scarcely  aware  of  iia 
exiateiKe,  and  do  not  therefore  undcntand  the  nlation  Ixjtwecu  Mr. 
Darwin's  succvssful  interpretation  and  tlie  preceding  unsuccessful 
attempt  at  inteq)retation.  Of  these  classes  of  facu,  four  chief  ones 
may  be  here  disttnguialied. 

In  tbe  first  plaoo,  auob  adjnntments  ati  tho«o  pxcmpliried  alwre  are 
made  compreheaaible.  Though  it  is  inconoeivablo  tbat  a  structure 
like  tbat  uf  tbe  pitcher-plant  conid  have  been  produced  by  aceomn- 
lated  effecta  of  funotioo  on  atnietnre  ;  yet  it  la  oonceivablo  that  no*  < 


758 


TBS  POPULAR  SCIEXCS  MONTntY. 


^ 


nre  selections  of  favorable  variations  migbt  haw  fwodneed  11 ;  uA 
the  like  holds  of  the  do  1«ss  remariuhle  apfiliance  of  the  Tenoal  Fly- 
trap, or  the  atill  more  astoaishiDf'  one  of  that  wat«r-pUDl  by  irUcI 
infant-lish  are  captured.  'i*hough  it  is  im]>ossible  to  imaf^ine  hov,  b] 
direct  iaflupoctt  of  IncrasMd  ua^  mch  dcmial  appendages  as  a  pom 
pioe's  quills  oonld  have  beea  dcTe]opc<)  ;  yet,  profiting  as  the  tnt» 
ben  of  a  epcniea  otbenrise  dcfeaiceleH  might  do  by  the  ittffncM  ei 
tbcir  hai»,  rendering  them  uupleaaant  moracla  to  eat,  it  i«  a  fcaoU 
soppooitioa  that  from  succetuve  Bur^-irals  of  individuals  thus  defend 
in  the  greatest  degrees,  and  the  conseqneot  growth  in  aacccaBire  ga 
eratioDS  of  hairs  into  bristles,  bristles  into  spines,  spines  into  quifl 
(for  all  these  arc  bomologooa),  tlit*  ehaiige  could  bBve  ariacn.  Id  lik 
lusnner,  the  odd  inflatable  bag  of  the  bladder-nosed  seal,  the  cui 
oua  fiahing-rod  with  its  wonu-libe  appendage  c&rrted  on  the  h«*d  o 
the  Uyphiut  or  angler,  the  spurs  on  tho  wings  of  certain  birds,  ft 
weapons  of  the  sword-fish  and  raw^fi^b,  the  wattles  of  fowls,  0 
nnmbcrless  snch  peculiar  stmctnm,  titough  by  no  possibility  explici 
)>lc  AS  duo  to  effects  of  use  or  disuse,  are  explicable  as  reaulting  &M 
natural  edcctioa  operating  in  ooe  or  other  way. 

Id  tho  aeeond  place,  while  showing  nsbow  there  bare  arisen  ceuM 
le«  modificationH  to  the  forms,  etruclures,  and  colors  of  each  part.  Mi 
Darwin  ha«  shown  us  how,  by  the  establishment  of  favorable  vani 
lions,  there  may  arise  new  parts.  Though  t)ie  first  step  in  the  pre 
daction  of  horns  on  the  heads  of  various  hL-rhivorous  animal*,  m 
have  been  the  growth  of  calloxitJrii  oonsequent  on  the  haVit  of  b«l 
ting — encb  callosities  thus  functionally  initiated  being  afterward  di 
reloped  in  the  most  advantagcoos  ways  by  selection  ;  yet  no  ezplou 
tioa  oui  be  thus  given  of  the  sudden  appcimnco  of  a  duplicate  wt  o 
horns,  as  oc<-.viionally  happens  in  sheep  :  an  addition  whicli,  where  i 
proved  hcnolicial,  might  readily  bo  made  a  permanent  trait  by  natan 
selection.  Again,  the  modifications  which  follow  use  aod  disuse  at 
by  no  poMibility  account  for  changea  in  the  numbers  of  veriebi* 
but  after  recognizing  spontaueoiu^  or  rather  fortuitous,  variatioa  si 
factor,  we  can  see  that  where  an  additional  vertebra  bcoo*  rasaltia; 
(as  in  some  pigeons)  proves  beneficial,  survival  of  the  fittest  mayatsl: 
it  a  constant  cliaracter ;  and  ihcra  may,  by  further  like  addidow*  fa 
produced  extremely  long  strings  of  vertebrw,  such  as  makes  ifco' 
us.  Similarly  with  tlie  mammary  glands.  It  is  not  an  mnvaaoMU 
supposition  that  by  the  effects  of  grcAtor  or  k-ss  function,  tnheiite 
ihrongh  suereseive  generations,  theae  may  Iw  etilargi-d  or  dimiBolw 
in  Mxo  \  but  it  is  ont  of  the  question  to  allege  such  a  canse  for  cfaangt 
in  thi'ir  nnmln'TS.  There  is  no  imaginable  explanation  of  these  lai 
the  eatabtiabroent  by  inheritaocc  of  spontaneous  variations,  such  MJi 
known  to  occur  id  the  human  race.  fl 

^  too,  in  the  third  place,  with  certain  alterations  in  tbeoonnlfl 
of  partx.     According  to  the  greater  or  smaller  doDiands  mad*  c^| 


rns  FACTOSS  of  organic  EVOLUTIOy. 


7S9 


ibat  liiab,  the  mniidca  moring  it  may  Iw  nngmeDteil  or  diminlsbed 
balk  ;  nod,  if  tbcre  is  inbertUuice  of  cbangc*  to  wixxigbt,  ibo  limb 
f,  in  coiine  of  geocnttioDs,  li«  rendered  larger  or  Rmallvr.    Bat 
cbaogM  in  tbe  urrani^iaeDU  or  attaehmenta  of  ronaolcs  qui  not  bo 
tbiu  aocount«Kl  for.    U  K  found,  especiallj  tX  tb«  extremitiea,  Utat  Uio 
y     rolationa  of  tcndonit  lo  bonex  and  to  one  snoUier  an  not  always  Ui« 
^^unw.    VariatioiiM  in  Uieir  niod(«  of  connexion  may  occasionally  prove 
^Ldranlagi-ous,  and  may  tbua  becofnc  catablisbod.    Here  again,  tltcn, 
^vnr«  liATo  a  olawi  of  sUuGtaral  (^hangoti  to  which  Mr.  Damrin's  liypotbo- 
^Lgia  giviM  UH  tb(!  kuy,  and  to  wbioh  there  is  no  other  key, 
^B      Ouce  more  there  are  the  pboDoneoa  of  mimicry.     Pcrhapn  in  a 
^■more  striking  way  than  any  otlM^rs,  these  show  how  traits  which  seem 
inexplioable  are  explicahlo  as  dne  to  the  more  freqnent  survival  of  in- 
(Urtdnals  that  have  varied  in  favorable  ways.     We  are  enabled  to 
anderstand  such  inarvollons  simnlattons  as  those  of  the  leaf-insect, 
UiOM  of  t)«clle«  which  "reacnbio  glitti>Ting  dow-drops  npon  the 
^^MTM  ;"  those  of  caterpillars,  whirli,  when  aotccp,  Htrctch  thvnuMilT«a 
^Bnut  so  aa  to  look  lilce  twigs.   And  wc  are  showii  liow  there  have  arisen 
still  more  aalonishiDg  imitations — those  of  one  insect  by  another.     As 
Sir,  Batos  has  proved,  tb^ro  aro  cases  in  which  a  species  of  butterdy, 
rendarod  so  UDpalatabIc  to  inscctivorons  birds  by  its  disagreeable  taste 
thai  (hey  will  not  catch  it, '»  Hiniulate<l  in  it«  colors  and  mnrkingw  by 
ft  spcdM  which  is  Rtruolurally  qnite  different — so  simnlated  that  even 
a  practised  entomologist  is  liable  to  he  deedrcd  :  the  explanation  be- 
ing that  an  ori^nal  slight  resembtance,  leading  to  occasional  loistakea 
on  the  part  of  birds,  waH  increased  (generation  after  generation  by  the 
^koore  fre<}ncnt  escape  of  the  most-liko  individuals,  until  the  likeness 
^hiscaint  thus  great. 

H(      Bat  now,  recognising  in  full  this  ptoctM  broagbt  into  clear  view 

by  Mr.  I>arwin,  and  traced  ont  by  him  with  so  mui^h  care  and  skill, 

can  we  conclude  th.it,  taken  atone,  it  accounts  for  organic  evolution? 

ttas  tbo  natural  selection  of  favorable  variations  been  the  sole  factor? 

On  critically  examining  tl»e  evidence,  we  sliall  find  reason  to  think 

^   that  it  by  no  means  explains  all  that  has  to  bo  oxpUinvd.     Omitting 

^bor  the  present  any  consideration  of  a  factor  which  may  be  disttn- 

^Klttiibed  as  primordial,  it  may  be  contended  that  the  above-named 

^Kfftotor  alleged  by  I>r.  Erasmus  Oarwin  and  by  Lamarck,  must  be  rM>- 

■  ognized  as  a  co-operator.     Utterly  innil^uale  to  expl.iin  the  major 

W  part  of  the  facts  as  is  iho  hypothesis  of  the  inheritance  of  functionally- 

produced  mod  iK cations,  yet  there  is  a  minor  part  of  the  fact^  very  ex- 

l«nsive  though  less,  which  must  be  ascribed  to  this  cause. 


When  discussiug  the  question  more  than  twenty  years  ago  (Pirinei- 
of  Bi«fogy,  %  1A6),  1  instanced  the  decreased  sise  of  the  jaws  in 
civilin^l  races  of  mankind,  as  a  cliange  not  accounted  for  by  the 
uiral  selection  of  favorable  variations  ;  sioco  no  one  of  the  decre- 


76o 


THE  POPULAJt  SCISXCS  MoyTutr. 


>een«lfli 


meats  by  which,  in  tbontandi  of  yvan,  this  redacUoa  has  been  < 
ed,  coalt]  bare  gtvvn  to  u  individusl  in  which  it  oooarrod,  such  td- 
T&BtJ^«  M  would  aaae  lus  ■arrival,  either  through  dimittisbed  cost  rf 
loeal  nutrition  or  diminiriwd  weight  to  b«  ctrried,  I  did  not  tbra 
exclude,  aa  I  might  hare  done,  two  other  imaginable  cauvns.  It  mf 
be  said  that  there  is  bome  orf^nic  conxl&tioD  between  iucreased  n» 
of  brain  and  docrcucd  nra  of  jaw  :  Camper'a  doctrine  of  the  facid 
sagic  being  nefenvd  to  in  proof.  But  tbia  argutnent  may  be  met  \ij 
pointing  to  ths  many  czsmplea  of  Bmall-jawcd  people  who  m  tlw 
nnall-braincd,  »oA  by  dtiog  not  infrequent  CMcs  of  individnik  !»■ 
foarluibla  for  tb«r  monlal  powcra,  and  at  the  same  time  dtvtingniihel 
by  Jawa  not  leaa  than  the  average  bat  greater.  Again,  if  aexnal  adco- 
tion  b«  named  as  a  posnble  came,  there  is  tbe  reply  that,  eren  sspp(» 
tog  such  slight  diminution  of  jaw  aa  took  place  in  a  single  generatioB 
to  hare  been  an  attnition,  yet  the  other  inccntiTea  to  choice  on  the 
part  of  men  bare  been  too  many  and  great  to  allow  tliia  one  to  wtigli 
in  an  adequate  degree ;  while,  during  the  greater  portion  of  the  period, 
ckotea  on  the  part  of  women  has  scarcely  operated  :  in  earlier  Uaa 
iWj  vtra  atolen  or  bought,  and  in  bit^r  times  mostly  coerced  by  pv- 
mUm.  Xkm,  recon»idcnti«n  of  the  facto  Anv*  not  show  me  the  iiiTt- 
Gdy  of  tbe  concloHion  drawn,  that  tbia  decrease  in  aixc  of  jaw  can 
I  had  BO  other  cause  than  oontinned  inheritance  of  thoM  dimiiM- 
coaaeqaent  on  diminutioDa  of  function,  implied  by  tbe  ase  of 

[  and  well-preparod  food.     Here,  bowerer,  my  chief  purpow  i« 
iaaM  an  iaatonoe  ahowing,  even  more  clearly,  tbe  connexion  betwKo 
I  of  function  and  change  of  Rtmeture.    Thia  instance,  allied  n 

to  tbe  other,  is  pre«ented  by  thoae  varieties,  or  rather  adi> 
.  of  doga,  which,  haying  been  booschoM  peta,  and  habliaaly 
laA  <»  aoft  food,  bare  not  been  called  on  to  use  their  Jaws  in  tearing 
9mA  cnoching,  and  bare  been  bat  rarely  allowed  to  use  tbem  in  cilcb- 
iag  pfvy  and  in  fighting.  No  inference  can  be  drawn  from  the  «iaM 
«f  ^  JawR  themtdrcH,  which,  in  tbcee  dogs,  hare  probably  bm 
akectemd  mainly  by  aelection.  To  get  direct  proof  of  the  decnaae  of 
tfaa  mosoles  concerned  in  closing  tbe  jawa  or  biting,  would  reqaiie  a 
Mriea  of  observations  very  difficult  to  make.  Unt  it  is  not  difficult  to 
gel  indirect  proof  of  this  decrease  by  looking  at  tbe  bony  Btractam 
with  which  thcM  mnsclcfl  are  conncctc<I.  Examination  of  the  eknlliof 
Mudry  indoor  dogs  contained  in  the  Museum  of  tbe  College  of  SB^ 
geoos,  proves  the  relative  Bmallness  of  saoh  parta.  Tbv  only  peg- 
dog^  akull  is  that  of  an  individual  not  perfectly  adult ;  and  ihongta  ili 
tnuta  are  ijuite  to  the  point  they  cannot  with  safety  be  taken  as  ari- 
deacsL  The  «kuU  of  a  toy-terrier  has  much  restricted  areas  of  inwr 
tMM  for  the  temporal  musclcit ;  hna  n'cak  Kygomatio  arches ;  and  hai 
•itramely  small  aitachmcnta  for  the  maaa«ter  muscIcvL  Still  nan 
aipuScaiit  is  the  eTidence  furnished  by  the  skall  of  a  King  CharlM^ 
ifaaiel,  which,  if  we  allow  three  years  to  a  generation,  and  iie^| 


TBE  FACTORS   OF  ORGANIC  EVOLUTION.        761 


I 


I 


mind  that  the  roricty  must  have  oxiirtci]  bcforo  Ciisrlot  Uie  Second's 
reign,  we  may  aasume  belong  to  Bometbiug  npproachiiig  to  th«  bun* 
dredth  generation  of  theae  bousebold  pets.  The  relalivn  bri-adth  be- 
tween the  onlcr  Hurfocn  of  the  zygomatic  arches  ta  coaspicuoiuly 
Bmall ;  tbc  narrowiiiiM  of  th«  temporal  fomeo  ia  also  striking ;  the 
sygomata  arc  v^ry  !tk'iid<Tr ;  the  temporal  muscles  hnvo  left  do  marks 
whatercr,  either  by  limiting  linea  or  by  tlic  clmraoter  of  tho  Harfaocn 
eovered  ;  and  the  places  of  attsobment  for  tliu  roaMMler  muaclu  arv 
very  feebly  developed.  At  the  Museum  of  Natural  History,  among 
Bkolla  of  dogs  there  is  one  which,  though  unuamed,  is  shown  by  ita 
Btnall  size  and  by  its  teeth,  to  bare  belonged  to  one  variety  or  other  of 
lap-dog*,  and  which  \\a»  the  siune  traits  in  an  equal  degree  with  the 
«kull  juHt  dcaoribed.  Here,  then,  wo  haro  two  if  not  three  kinds  of 
dogs  which,  similarly  leading  protected  and  pampered  lives,  show  tbat 
in  the  course  of  generations  the  parts  concerned  in  clenching  the  jawa 
bare  dwindled.  To  what  cause  must  this  decrease  be  ascribed?  Cer- 
tainly  not  to  artificial  Kelcction  ;  fur  mi.iHt  of  tbo  modifications  named 
make  no  appreciable  external  signs:  the  width  aerosa  the  Kygotnnis  could 
alone  be  perceived.  Neither  can  natural  selection  have  had  anything 
to  do  with  it ;  for  even  wcr«  there  any  struggle  for  existence  among 
dogs,  it  cannot  be  contended  that  any  advantage  in  the  alruggfe 
Id  he  gained  by  an  individual  in  which  a  decrease  took  place, 
my  of  nutrition,  too,  Is  excluded.  Abundantly  fed  as  such  dogs 
,  tho  conxtitutional  tendency  is  to  find  places  where  excess  of  ab- 
sorbed nutriment  may  be  conveniently  deposited,  rather  than  to  fiud 
places  where  some  cutting  down  of  the  supplies  is  practicable.  Kor 
again  can  there  be  alleged  a  possible  correlation  between  these  diminu- 
tions and  that  shortening  of  tho  jaws  which  has  probably  resulted 
from  selection ;  for  in  the  boll-dog,  which  has  also  relatirely  short 
jaws,  these  structures  concerned  in  closing  ihem  are  unusually  large. 
Thus  there  remains  as  the  only  conceivable  caubc,  the  diminution  of 
size  which  results  from  diminiHhvd  u«c.  Ttio  dwindling  of  a  little- 
exeretsed  part  has,  by  inheritance,  been  made  more  and  mora  marked 
in  mwcMsive  generations. 

Difficnities  of  another  cliii<s  may  next  bo  exemplified — those  which 
present  themselves  when  we  auk  bow  tliero  can  bo  cBcotcd  by  the 
aolection  of  favorable  variations,  such  changes  of  structure  as  adapt 
an  organism  to  some  useful  action  in  which  many  different  parts  co- 
operate. Hone  can  fail  to  see  bow  a  simple  part  may,  in  course  of 
generations,  be  greatly  enlarged,  if  each  enlargement  furthers,  in 
fomo  decided  way,  matntenanco  of  the  species.  It  is  easy  to  nnder- 
Ul&d,  too,  how  a  complex  piirt,  as  an  entirt'  limb,  may  be  increa<!cd  aa 
Eivbole  by  the  simnhaiieous  duo  incrca-te  of  iln  co-operative  parts; 
nnee  if,  while  it  is  growing,  the  channels  of  supply  bring  to  the  limb 
an  onaatuO  quantity  of  blood,  there  will  naturally  rcanlt  a  proportion- 


761 


TUS  POPULAR  SCtEKCS  XOXTHLY. 


aldj  gn«ter  nxe  of  all  its  oonpoaento— bones,  miwtlct,  i 
«!«.  Bat  though  in  owe*  liksthu,  the  oo-opatatirepatufonabga 
brge  complex  [Art  may  be  expected  to  Tsiy  together,  ziotbuig  imi 
that  they  aeeeeunly  do  bo  ;  u>d  we  have  proof  that  in  variow  ei 
eTm  wbn  olo«dy  united,  tbry  do  not  do  to.  Ad  example  ui  fnToh 
bjtboOT  blind  cnba  named  in  the  Onyin  i^f  Species  which  infa 
eatnn  dark  caves  of  Keotncky,  and  wbidi,  though  tbey  have 
their  efce,  bare  not  )o«t  the  foot-ttalks  which  carried  their  e;«& 
dm  lihiag  tbe  varieUes  which  have  been  pnxlncvd  by  pij^eoD-faaci 
Mr.  DanrtD  note*  the  fact  that  along  with  change*  in  length  of  1 
pcodnned  bjr  wleetion,  there  have  not  gone  proportionate  change 
length  of  Xjongaa.  Take  agun  the  ease  of  teeth  and  jaws.  In  a 
land  theae  bare  not  varied  together.  Ihiring  civiliulioo  the  ] 
have  decreaAod,  but  the  hmKIi  haw  not  docreascd  in  pro|>onii>n ; 
brace  that  prevalent  crowding  of  tlttin,  oftvn  remedied  in  childli 
by  extraction  of  sotoe,  and  in  ollm  ca»e»  caoving  that  imperfect 
velopment  which  is  followed  by  early  decay.  But  tbe  absenoo  of  { 
portioaate  vsrisUon  in  coH>pentive  parts  that  are  close  together, 
are  even  boond  np  in  tbe  same  ma;^  is  bent  seen  in  those  vaiutia 
doga  named  above  as  lUafltraiiDg  tbe  iahcritcKl  effects  of  diaoae. 
see  in  them,  as  we  see  in  the  human  laor,  that  diminntioD  in  the  j 
ha»  not  been  ao<-oinpiu)ii.-d  by  corrvxpocding  diminution  in  the  t*i 
In  tbe  calitioguc  of  the  College  of  Sorgeons  Mueeom,  tliore  are  appw 
to  tbe  entry  which  idGntiHos  a  Blenheim  Spaniel's  sknll,  the  word 
"the  teeth  are  closely  crowded  together,"  and  to  tbe  entry  concern 
the  skull  of  a  King  Charles's  f^paniel  the  words — **tbe  teeth  are  c)« 
packed,  p.  3.  is  placed  quite  tranercntcly  to  the  axis  of  the  skulL" 
is  farther  iMtewortbf  that  in  a  case  where  there  is  no  diminished 
of  the  jaws,  but  where  tliey  Lave  been  shortened  by  selection,  t  ] 
want  of  concomitant  variation  is  manifested  :  tlie  c«M  being  that 
tbe  bull-dog,  in  the  upper  Jaw  of  wbii^h  also,  "  tbe  prcnwlat*  .  .  ■ 
exoeasivdy  crowded,  and  placed  obliqaely  or  even  transversely  lo' 
long  axis  of  the  skull."* 

Tf,  then,  in  caacs  where  we  can  te»t  it,  wo  find  no  ooneonul 
variation  in  co-operative  parts  that  are  near  togvthiT — if  we  do 
find  it  in  parts  which,  though  belonging  to  different  tissaes,  an 
closely  united  as  teeth  and  jawa — if  wo  do  not  find  it  even  when 
co-operatii-e  parts  are  not  only  closely  united,  but  are  formed  o«l 
the  same  tiMue,  like  the  crab's  eye  and  its  peduncle  ;  what  diall 
•ay  of  co-operative  p«rt«  which,  beside*  being  composed  of  diffw 
tusuca,  are  remote  from  one  another?    Kot  only  are  we  forbid 


\3M 


*  It  U  protalita  that  Was  »bortCBiag  hu  moltod  sot  dlrtcUj  bet  ladfaecilr,  1  , 
•elcrtloD  of  Indirtrfutlj  ■hkh  mn  noted  for  wniidlj  of  boM ;  for  ibe  buIWoff*  t 
isrilj  tn  ihii  rftfpe^t  wnmt  >1iie  to  ttbrive  ihonnru  at  tha  >pp«r  Jsw,  glrlif  tbe  b 
hone  ttrui-iurc  •bkb.  tDiolTius  NOMt  ef  ibc  nofullfi,  misUm  ibe  dss  te  a 
h«stW«B  while  b«Ui^ 


TBS  JfACTORS  OF  ORQANIC  E70LUTI0K.       76} 


11     th«r 
Kdml 


:roe  that  they  raiy  to|i«th«r,  but  ve  are  wamnted  in  asserting; 
th«y  can  have  no  t«ndt>ncy  to  vary  togi^tJier.  And  what  aro  tbo 
tnplicationti  in  eiwci  irhorc  bcrvMo  of  »  Urncturo  oau  bo  of  no  aetrioe 
nnleu  tlioro  \»  concomitant  incrcaao  in  many  distant  etnictiir«H,  which 
have  to  join  it  in  performing  tbe  action  for  which  it  is  oaeful  ? 

A.1  far  back  aa  1804  {Ptincipies  o/Biotoffy,^  106)  I  named  in 
Uluatraiton  an  auimal  carrying  bcATf  liornti — tho  vxtiiKt  Irioli  elk  ; 
and  indicated  the  many  ohangM  in  bonv«,  munlea,  Mood-v«)weli, 
nerves,  compoHing  th«  forv-)>art  of  tbo  body,  which  would  be  rerjnired 
to  make  nn  iiii-ntnient  of  Hixe  in  nuch  bonis  advantBgcouB,  Here  let 
me  take  another  imttance— that  of  the  giraffe :  an  instance  which  I 
take  partly  becaoM,  in  the  sixth  edition  of  the  Oripin  of  Sprcia, 
Uaned  in  1872,  Mr.  Darwin  baa  referred  %o  tbii  animal  when  elToctB- 
ally  disposing  of  certain  argument*  urged  against  hi^  hypothost)).  llo 
there  says : 

■^In  ord«f  that  an  antmal  should  Miqutre  some  stracture  RpocUlly  and  largoty 

iloped,  U  Is  almott  indii<[ionnab1o  ihnt  iwrora]  otb«r  porta  ahonld  be  roodiAod 
id  e<Hulapl<ML  Altliuapli  ertr?  pnrt  of  tbo  body  Tariea  ^htly,  H  do«*  aot 
follow  Ihnt  th*  avoesnry  parts  sboald  aliraf  s  nry  In  tli«  right  diroctioa  and  to 
tba  right  ikgree"  (p.  170). 

And  in  tbe  summary  of  the  chapter,  be  reroarka  oooocniing  tlie  ad- 
justments in  the  same  quadniped.  ibat  "  the  prolonged  use  of  all  the 
ponti  Ingelher  with  inheritance  will  have  aided  in  an  important  man- 
ner in  iheir  co-ordination  "  (p.  199) :  a  remark  probably  having  refer- 
ence cbiedy  to  the  incrca«ed  maasireoeM  of  tbo  lower  pan  of  the  neok ; 
the  incrcaHtd  sixo  and  strength  of  the  tliomx  required  to  bear  tbe  ad- 
ditional burden  ;  and  tbe  iucroaitod  Mrengtb  of  tbe  foro-Iegit  required 
to  carry  the  gmter  weight  of  both.  But  now  I  think  that  further 
consideration  snfi^ieflte  tbe  belief  that  the  entailed  modlSoations  an 
much  more  niimerona  and  remote  than  at  first  appears  ;  aitd  that  tbe 
greater  part  of  tbiwo  are  such  ha  cannot  be  ascribed  in  any  degree  to 
,l)e  selection  of  favorable  variations,  but  must  be  ascri1>cd  exclusively 
'to  tbe  inherited  cffcctji  of  changed  fanetions.  Whoever  has  seen  a 
giraffe  gallop  will  long  rcmcml>or  the  sight  as  a  liidicroui  one.  Hie 
roiuon  for  the  strangeness  of  the  motions  i«  obvioux.  Though  the 
fOFO-liiabs  and  the  biud-Umhs  differ  ho  much  in  length,  y<a  in  gallop- 
ing they  have  to  keep  pace — m«i«t  take  c<iual  strides.  The  retmlt  is 
that  at  each  stride,  the  angle  wbieb  the  hiDd-Umba  dcoeribc  round 
their  centre  of  motion  is  much  larger  than  the  angle  described  by  the 
fore-limbs.  And  beyond  this,  a»  an  aid  in  equaliring  the  strides,  the 
hind  part  of  the  back  \»  at  each  stride  b«nt  very  mueb  downward  and 
forwanl.  Hcneo  tlie  bind-tiuartent  appear  to  be  doing  nearly  all  the 
work,  Nfivr  a  moment's  observation  shows  that  the  bones  and  mn*clc« 
rom]>osiug  the  hind-quarters  of  the  giraffe,  perform  actions  differing 
tn  oiM  or  other  way  and  degree,  from  the  actions  performed  by  tbe 
homoloeons  bonn  and  mnscles  in  a  mammal  of  ordinary  proportioDa, 


764 


THB  POPULAR  SC/Ji\YC£  MOXTHLY. 


^ 


and  from  tbora  in  the  anctstral  mammBl  vhu^  g>v0  origtD  to  i 
giraffe.  Each  fortlier  Uagv  of  tb«t  growtb  wbich  {urodDced  Uk  lai 
for<yquart«ra  and  iievk,  entailed  some  adapted  cbso^  in  eondrf 
tli«  nucDeroas  parts  composiog  the  hind -quart  era  ;  «dcc  any  failait 
the  adjiittmcnt  of  their  Kspeciive  Etrengiha  woald  entail  aoins  dfft 
in  sgwed  and  consequenl  \<tm  of  life  n-beu  chaacd.  It  needs  bM 
trmember  bow,  wbeo  oontiooing  to  walk  with  a  blistered  foot,ti 
taking  of  steps  in  such  a  modified  way  as  to  diminUh  pressure  on  t! 
son  point,  toon  produc«a  acluog  cf  mtwclec  which  are  called  is 
QDomal  n>;tluD,  to  soo  that  orer-atraining  of  any  one  of  tha  masdsi 
the  giraffe'*  bind-quartors  might  qaickly  iDCA)Micitato  (be  animal  «)M 
pDUing  out  all  ita  powera  to  escape ;  and  to  be  a  few  varda  bcUi 
otben  would  cause  death.  Hence  if  we  are  debarred  from  assanii 
that  oo-operative  partA  vary  together  even  when  adjacent  and  daw 
nnitfd — if  wo  am  still  more  debarred  from  assuming  that  with  i 
creased  length  of  fore-legs  or  of  neck,  therr  will  go  an  approprit 
change  in  any  one  rouHcle  or  houii  in  the  biad-<)UurterK  ;  how  entire 
out  of  the  quection  it  ia  to  assume  thai  there  will  simultaneouRly  Ul 
place  the  appropriate  changes  in  aU  those  many  components  of  tl 
hind-quaricrs  which  Eeveralty  require  re-adjuftmcnL  It  is  naeloat 
reply  that  an  increment  of  length  in  the  fonvlcga  or  neck  might  I 
retained  and  transmitted  to  posterity,  waiting  an  appropriate  varii 
tion  in  a  jMtrticular  hone  or  muscle  in  the  faiud -quart cm,  which,  ban 
made,  would  allow  of  a  further  increment.  For  b<-Hideit  the  fact  thi 
until  this  secoodary  variation  occurred  the  primary  variation  vonl 
bo  a  disadvantage  often  faUl ;  and  besides  the  fact  that  before  nc 
an  appropriate  secondary  variation  might  bo  cjcpocted  in  the  cost 
of  generations  to  occur,  the  primary  variation  would  have  died  ool 
tliere  is  the  fact  that  the  appropriate  variation  of  ono  bone  or  muss 
in  tl)«  hind-qnarten  would  be  asclras  without  appropriate  variatia 
of  all  the  rest — some  in  this  way  and  some  in  that — a  number  of  t\ 
propriat«  variation*  which  it  is  impossible  to  suppose. 

Kor  is  this  all.  Far  more  nnmerous  appropriate  variations  won) 
bfl  indireoily  neceswtaled.  Tbe  immense  change  in  the  ratio  of  for 
quarters  to  hind-quarters  would  make  requii>i(eacorTY«pondingchaa] 
of  ratio  tn  the  appliances  carrying  on  the  nutrition  of  (be  two.  Tl 
entire  vam-nlar  system,  ancrial  and  veinous,  would  have  to  nnda| 
auccessive  unbuildings  and  rcbuildings  to  make  its  channels  enri 
where  adequate  to  llie  local  requirements ;  sinco  any  want  of  adjai 
mont  in  the  blood-snpply  in  tbia  or  that  set  of  muscles,  would  tnU 
incapacity,  failure  of  speed,  and  loss  of  life.  Slwrcovcr,  the  ven\ 
supplying  the  various  sots  of  muscles  would  have  lo  W  proportionstcl 
changed  ;  as  well  ns  the  central  nervous  tracts  from  which  ihey  iww 
Can  we  suppose  that  all  these  appropriate  changes,  too,  would  * 
step  by  step  simultaneously  made  by  fortunate  spontaneous  vini 
ti^w^^  occurring  along  with  all  the  other  fortunate  spontaaeoa  nn 


THE  FACTORS   OF  ORG^iNIC  EVOLVTIOX.        765 


UoiihP  Conudering  how  iinmeDse  mast  be  lbs  Dumber  of  tlitito  ro- 
qatred  changes,  added  to  the  changes  above  enumersied,  the  obaiivcs 
against  any  adeqtuto  n^adjtutmonu  fortoitoiulj'  atifliog  must  be  in* 
finitj  to  ODC. 

If  tb«  effocbt  of  DM  and  disuac  of  parta  arc  inheritnblc,  then  any 
chang^i  in  the  fore  parts  of  the  giraffe  which  aSeota  tbe  action  of  tho 
hind-limbs  and  back,  vrill  siinitltancouRly  caupc,  by  tho  greater  or  lem 
eierciae  of  it,  a  ronioulding  of  each  component  tn  th<;  hind-limbs  and 
back  in  a  way  a<laptod  to  tbo  new  domanda ;  and  generation  aft«r 
generation  tbo  entire  atnictiire  of  tbe  bind-quartcTS  will  be  prognM» 
iveiy  fitted  to  the  changed  Btnicture  of  the  fore-quarters :  all  the 
applianoes  for  nutrition  and  innervation  being  at  the  same  time  pro- 
grctrively  fitted  to  both.  But  in  the  ahscoce  of  this  inheritance  of 
fanetionally-produced  moditic^itinns;,  tJiere  is  no  seeing  how  the  re- 
quired re-adjasttDent*  can  be  made. 

Yet  a  third  clau  of  diffietiUieM  stands  in  the  way  of  tho  belief  that 
the  natural  selection  of  useful  variationn  la  llie  sole  factor  of  organic 
BTolulion.  Tliis  claaa  of  diffioultios,  already  pointed  out  in  §  lAO  of 
the  Prin(^!plea  of  Jiiology,  I  cannot  more  clearly  set  forth  than  in  tho 
words  there  used.  Ilcncc  I  may  perhaps  bo  excused  for  here  quoting 
them: 


F|Mn  tiu  ISfs  itt  <Hiniiiar&tivdy  simple,  or  where  Burroundisg  drcam- 
INa4ir«moonofnnrtioii  miprnmolj  important,  tho  survival  of  thafitteat 
may  rendUj  bring  about  i!m  Bjiijropriute  slmtturat  eliange,  witlioiit  any  nid  frem 
iho  tmuomiHioQ  uf  fuuctiuDully-aci)  ill  roil  moJIflt^nlioiigi.  But  in  proportion  n* 
the  life  grows  conijilei — in  prniiortion  iw  a  li#allliy  eiiatcnco  esnnol  bs  seeurMt 
by  a  larg*  oniluvnieiiC  of  aiime  ono  jjuwi-r,  but  ileiuand«  many  powers;  in  ttie 
M»e  proportion  do  tbsro  sriM  obstnelc*  to  tbe  iDoreiuo  of  nny  pnrticalar  power, 
by  "iIm  preMrvntion  of  fuvored  ruoM  in  tlio  ntratifEle  fur  life:."  As  fast  as  the 
flMidtiH  are  multlpllixl,  so  fast  doe*  it  become  poaaiblo  for  tbe  xcTcral  mpmborH 
Af  aapeciM  to  hnvo  rarioua  kindd  uf  (upuriaritics  over  one  miothvr.  While  one 
■■TM  tta  lifu  by  b!b'lK>r  *pce<l,  another  does  tbe  like  by  clearer  virion,  nnotbcr  by 
keener  seent,  snotbrr  by  ijiiielcer  liparing.  another  by  greiit^r  ulrrngth,  another 
by  unnsnal  powur  of  eudurini;  cold  or  linnger,  anotbvr  by  spet^iul  sagacity,  an- 
other  by  special  timidity,  nnoUierby  npociul  eotirnjie;  and  others  by  other  bodily 
aad  mental  atlribnlofc  Now  It  is  Dnqui'itionsbty  Ime  that,  other  things  equal, 
Mch  of  thcae  attribute*.  ipvinK  it«  powessor  nn  extrs  ohanoe  of  life,  i*  llkoly  to 
b«  tnoamlUed  to  poncrlly.  But  there  (I'cnu  no  rcnwm  to  wppoae  that  It  will 
be  ilMraascd  in  subtciiuent  generations  by  nntural  st<l«ctIon.  That  it  may  bo 
thns  increased,  the  IndiriJunl.i  not  pomw.'uina  more  than  avenfo  endowments  of 
It,  miMl  Iw  more  frequently  kiilod  off  than  Individuals  liiglily  endowed  with  it; 
aad  tbi>  can  happen  only  when  tho  nitrihnto  ix  one  of  Rrenler  importance,  for 
iha  lime  being,  tliiin  most  of  tbe  oilier  attribute*.  If  those  luembun  of  the  spe- 
cies which  hitve  bnt  ordinnry  nhnrri  of  It,  nevcrthclou  eiirTiro  by  vlrtna  of  other 
••uperloritle*  which  they  severally  puswai ;  then  it  Is  not  easy  to  see  how  this 
particakr  attribute  can  be  developed  by  Dstnrol  nelection  In  tabteqncnt  ftenera- 
tions.    The  probatrillty  seeoM  niUior  to  be,  that  by  garaogeoetd*,  tUs  extra  en- 


Mm 


m 


DwolUns  fur  a  niomeDt  on  tfa 
ooIUh  doneribed,  lat  na  luk  botr 
of  tli«  muioal  Cftpolty.     I  will  no 
of  tiM  fTvftt  eompoBen.    I  will  m 
pT'-atc*  powvn  )»o««eaMd  by  B<n 
ii— lini,  iliiui  by  thoir  fsthcn,  we 
intiiriux]  dfucU  of  dftlly  excrdi 
fftttior*,  tbui  to  inborluuioo,  vlih 
iwd  whtrtbw  tb«  JiiTowd  muHical 
log  in  tboM  of  Johano  Sobutinti, 
pnotlov ;  bat  I  will  niM  the  mora 
tbat  omJoirtocnl  of  mmitnd  faculty 
p«aa*  at  Uirgti,  m  oom|tare(i  wiib  iIm 
IMMU  cUanW  «f  low  «r«(rM  cannot 
ration  ;  Mid  it  is  not  evidt-ut  thnt  lu 
nora  tniiai«al  jierveptiou  than  tlic  i 
lAgt  in  the  tttainteoftnrc  of  life  w  m 
riority  by  inheritauf*  nf  th«  Tiriatl 
of  bftnDiiny  T    We  cannot  snppow  I 
Is  rvlaiiri-ly  modern,  can  bave  ariseB 
enocOMivD  rnrintioun  inm-xsed  tb« 
and  miuit.'al  |irrformera  ;  for  on  tti« 
worldly  pr<>"(iiirity  was  not  siicli  as 
>lr«n  inlifrilin];  thoir  special  tniitJL 
OBM,  the  trurrivoni  of  Uh-m  a^di>d 
COM,  ean  hardly  W  hi'td  h>  '  '>^ 

uf  ilmoondanis  ;  and 
^■mi  been  ilir-mlt 


I 


TUX  FACTORS   OF  ORGAXIC  EVOLUTION.        767 

of  any  ona  bjr  tbe  natnral  wrlcctioD  of  a  vuiatloD  i»  oec(««arily  difB- 
cult.    Ilorc  it  is : 

"  Finally.  t&  tcdeftltU*  VoA  slmoft  lllitnftablo  TarinMIil;  in  th«  ana*]  rc«nlt  of 
donKalicatioD  kiid  oaltintiiMi,  irith  tbe  Mue  part  vr  organ  varjlDg  In  differ«iit 
iodiTidnal*  in  (liOVnot  or  even  Indlrectlfoppoiitv  wsjii  and  anthoaaint  voria- 
Uon,  U  tUOnglj  pronouncfd,  ninnllj  rvcnra  onl;  aft«r  loii([  intcfrala  of  time, 
anj  particular  varintioa  woulil  guLerallj  b«  loat  b;  crotriitfl,  revondoo,  and  Ui« 
aocidonlal  d«»tru«lioD  of  tiia  TsrjiQjj  indinduoli,  uuletw  airetullf  prcwrved  b; 
uian."— VqI.  ii,  S63. 

Kcmembering  tbat  mankind,  subject  as  th«y  are  to  this  doincfitl- 
(^ation  and  cultivation,  ar«  not,  like  <]onivAticatcd  animals,  under  an 
agency  which  picka  out  and  preserve*  particular  variations ;  it  reeolta 
that  there  most  uouslly  be  among  them,  under  the  influence  of  natural 
M-lcction  alone,  a  continual  diaappearanco  of  any  ns«fn1  Tariations  of 
particular  facaltiea  which  may  arbe.  Only  in  case*  of  rarintions 
wbich  are  specially  preservative,  as,  for  example,  (^at  ninning  during 
a  relatively  barbarous  stato,  ean  vro  vxpect  increiwo  from  natural  oe- 
lection  alonv.  Wc  t-annot  auppoM  that  minor  traitN,  ciemplitlcd  among 
otbcTv  by  the  aeHthetio  perception.%  can  have  bwn  evolved  by  natural 
neloction.  But  if  there  is  inheritance  of  functionally-produced  modi- 
fioationa  of  structure,  evolution  of  such  minor  truts  is  no  longer  inex- 
plicable. 

Two  remarka  made  by  Mr.  Darwin  have  implicationti  from  which 
the  aarae  general  conclnaioD  mast,  I  think,  be  drawn.  Speaking  of  tbe 
variability  of  animals  and  plants  under  domestication,  he  says : 

"ClianjtM  of  any  kind  in  tbu  ronililioiw  of  lifo,  cr«i  titromolir  iJight 
chaagM,  often  suffice  to  caoso  variability,  .  .  .  Animals  and  plaota  oontinQe  to 
ba  variable  for  nn  immcnae  puriod  nftcr  their  lirat  domwticatioD ;  ...  In  tho 
conrte  of  t!cae  tboy  can  be  linb1lnAl(.-d  to  oerlHEo  uLaiii^s,  m>  oa  to  beoomo  lets 
variabla;  .  .  .  Tlioro  ii  f^nd  oridcnco  tiint  the  power  of  cbnnK<id  oonditiraa 
■eennitilBleA ;  ao  that  two,  three,  or  more  generations  iiiu«t  be  oipused  to  new 
eoodttkns  before  nn;  effect  \%  viaiblo.  .  .  .  Some  variations  are  indnccd  by  the 
dbwat  aetion  of  the  surruunJing  comlitiuns  on  tho  vbole  orpuniuituo,  or  on 
ecrlata  parts  alone,  and  other  rorlalioiis  are  indnccd  indir«cttj  tlirongfa  the 
leprodnntive  •j'*t«in  twint;  el)c<iiil  in  tho  anmo  mnnner  oa  is  so  common  with 
orgaale  bein^cs  when  romoved  fhtui  their  natural  coodilions." — {AMinaU  and 
PiatiU  under  Doaifttkali^n,  vol.  ii,  270.) 

There  aro  to  be  rec<^nized  two  modes  of  this  effect  produced  by 
changed  conditions  on  the  reproductive  system,  and  conseqncntly  on 
offspring.  Siniple  arrest  of  development  in  one.  But  beyond  the 
variationa  of  offspring  arifing  from  imp<^rfectly-<lovelopod  rcprodno* 
tlv*  tyatema  in  parents — variationa  whioli  mnit  tie  ordinarily  in  the 
nfttnn  of  imperfections — there  arc  others  due  to  a  changed  balance  of 
fnnctions  caowyl  by  changed  conditions.  The  fact  noted  by  Sir.  Dar- 
win in  the  above  paxsagc,  tluit  "  the  power  of  changed  conditions  ac- 


^^m     mtit 


m 


^^^^^^^^      . 

to  tba  M*  nquirananu  of  the  Tarioti 
waliw  tlu)  vmriety  I««  fit  for  tbe  vmw  nqi 
vbicfa  malw*  it  uorv  fit  for  tbe  new  r«<)ii 
Ui«fM  (jDuMJocM,  It  wfioaa  to  pocbt  om  i 
olitag«l  ruMiitw  o<  orpM  db^  is  mom 
wlvM  In  ohugcd  preetivftiM  of  tbe  .. 
of  Utem  facu  h  emntMt  ba  da^ed  that . 
prodoed  M  inbaritoUe  vSaei — b«  tfa« 
it  may. 

Tliv  afcood  of  Uw  tvmarka  kbore  ad  _ 
win,  i*  conubad  a  U*  avriie^  daaliBr  « 
tlM  OrV^^4)««(a,F.ll4,Wa«;«: 

"Fi     hiilii  iiiiaiiliaitiai  h  ■  n  |  u^l  . 
BMt.  that  wlMA  iRslM  taiiailMi  h  a^r  4m  pa 
tbfMfk  aatsral  afaetlao,  atk«  rwiB  Uan 

Ab^  a  panDvI  natent«nt  ootitaiDad  ia 
mtalieatiw*,  vol  ii,  p.  SSO,  ram  Ikas : 

"OamlaM  ruintion  la  an  bafattwt  «ab<}ea 
anrflAad  tlimosb  eontii)u«d  »d*rtka,  attfaar  hy 
of  UieorpaaUatlon  will  be  mi  i   i  IiljliTraiillfli  II 
mOj  bOon  ttiNi,  wiU)  ow  JoibMImM 
awnr  iUhr  tram  eaoti  oifacr  \tj  wmtt  rfn^  «S 


D7  vUt  pnetee  doM  •  chaii^  pM 
nxxUrjIng  liti^r  fuadttona  lo  mb»  way  «r  di 

BiMWiT.  Ii  i*  ioilef.!.  imagtoabl*.  that  whtn 
■Icrinul  ei'rnDiUi.*o  which,  becoming  LrpJT,  I 
nceiHuI  malrml  fnjcn  tbv  geoenj  atoc^  tlir 
IB  dimtnialiing  Ibw  anciant  of  tbia  iiut«rikl 


r^ — ■•  -  ^- 


I 
I 


TUB  FACTORS   OF   ORGANIC  SVOIVTION.        769 

performed  by  tb«in  Imrc  to  constitute  a  moving  eq)iilibrium  ;  and  the 
fanction  of  oite  canoot,  by  alurAtion  of  tbe  atTucttira  performing  it, 
be  modified  in  def^'ee  or  kind,  without  modifying  thu  functions  of  tbo 
rcst^-«ome  appreciably  and  others  iDapjirvciably,  according  to  tbe 
direetneM  or  indirectness  of  tbeir  relations.  Of  ftoch  intcr-dependiyni 
chanf^es,  tbe  nonnal  ones  are  nAturally  inconspicuous ;  bat  iboee  which 
aro  partially  or  completely  abnormal,  Huflicicntly  carry  home  tbe  gen- 
eral truth.  TbuH,  unusual  ccrehral  excitement  a(TvcU  the  excretion 
through  ttie  kidneys  in  qnantity  or  quality  or  both.  Strong  emotions 
of  diaagreeable  kinds  check  or  arrest  the  flow  of  bile.  A  considerable 
obatscle  to  tbe  circnlation  offered  by  some  important  Btmcturc  in  a 
disoased  or  disordered  atate,  throning  more  strain  upon  the  heart, 
csuica  byitcrtrophy  of  its  muMular  widia  ;  and  this  change  which  is, 
so  far  as  concerna  the  primary  evil,  a  remedial  one,  often  entailii  mis- 
cbiefs  in  other  organs.  '*  Apoplexy  and  palsy,  in  a  scarcely  credible 
number  of  caees,  are  directly  dependent  on  byperti'opic  enlargement 
of  the  hearth."  And  in  other  ciueti,  ostbma,  dropsy,  and  epilepsy  are 
caused.  Now  if  a  result  of  this  inter>de|>cudcnoc  an  teon  in  the  indi- 
vidual organism,  is  tbal  a  local  modilicatlou  of  one  part  produce*,  by 
obanging  tbeir  functions,  correlative  modiiieaiions  of  other  parts,  then 
the  question  here  to  be  put  is — Aru  these  corrolalive  moditicatioit*, 
vbeo  of  a  kind  falling  witliin  normal  limits,  ioberitable  ornot?  If 
Ihey  are  inheritable,  then  the  fact  stated  by  Mr.  Parwin  that  "  when 
one  part  in  modiCed  through  continued  selection,"  "other  pans  of  the 
organitatiun  will  be  unavoidably  modified"  is  perfectly  intelligible : 
the«6  entailed  secondary  mod ificatJons  are  transmitted  juari/xura  with 
the  saccfssivo  modifications  produced  by  selection.  But  what  if  tbey 
are  not  inberltable?  Tlien  thcKc  tccondary  modificatioos  caused  in 
tbe  individual,  not  being  traoamitted  to  dcHCcndante,  the  descendants 
must  commence  life  with  organizations  out  of  balance,  and  with  each 
Iitcrcmcnt  of  change  in  tbe  part  aSccted  by  selection,  their  organiia- 
tiona  must  get  more  out  of  balant^e  —  mu§t  have  larger  and  larger 
amounts  of  reorganiauition  to  be  made  during  tbeir  lives.  Hence  the 
coDStitntion  of  the  variety  must  become  more  and  more  unworkable. 

Tlio  only  imaginable  alternative  is  that  tbe  re-adjuilmcnts  ara 
effected  in  course  of  time  by  natural  selection.  Uat,  in  tlie  first  place, 
as  we  find  no  proof  of  concomitant  Tariation  among  directly  co-opera- 
lire  parts  which  are  closely  united,  there  cannot  be  asMiiraed  any  coo- 
eomiiant  vartnlion  among  parts  which  are  both  indirectly  oo-opermlivo 
■ad  far  from  one  another.  And,  in  the  second  place,  before  all  the 
many  required  re-adjust  men  t«  could  be  made,  the  variety  would  die 
ont  from  defective  constitution.  Even  were  there  no  sucb  difficulty, 
**«  should  still  have  to  entortun  a  strange  group  of  propositions,  which 
would  stand  aa  follows:  1-  Change  in  one  part  entails,  by  reaction 
on  the  organism,  changt^s,  in  other  parts,  the  functions  of  which  are 
ocecssaiily  changed.    2.  Sucb  changes  worked  in  the  individual,  affect, 

fOC  IITUI. — <9 


770 


THE  POPULAR   SCI£. 


M 


ItouII 


in  some  wsf ,  the  rvprodnctiTe  de 
ttntitaa]  MmclttrM  when  tho  constitnti 
onxlv  dtstnrbMl.  3.  Bdi  the  changea 
thus  csused,  are  not  SDch  as  rvpnaa 
oliaagw :  the  inodi6caiJon9  conveyed 
lb  we  various  modificationfi  fnnctionall] 
parcnu.  4.  KeTtTtbcl««a,  while  tbe  t 
rc-catabUahed  tlirougb  inhcritsnceof  th 
OB  stnidoraa,  wrougbt  ibrougbout  the 
re-eetablisbed  by  the  inheritance  of  ten 
In  all  tbe  affected  orgaDs  without  Kfent 
"Sow  withoot  faying  tliat  acccptonc 
b  impMsible,  wc  may  certainly  uy  iba 

"  Bui  where  arc  the  dircet  proofs  l 
prodDced  modifications  takos  place?" 
by  those  who  have  committed  (bcm«el< 
terprctation,  "  Grant  that  there  are  dil 
mittcci  cfToctK  of  »M  and  dintsc  can  be 
nation  of  tbcm,  wc  mult  hare  good  « 
and  disuse  art  transmit  led."  M 

Before  dealing  directly  with  th™ 
indirectly,  by  pointing  oat  that  the  la 
be  accoantcd  for  witbovt  assuming  tha 
attention  and  rclactant  attention  load 
really  exlHt  in  nbandanec ;  n«  i«  well  il 
loric  implcmoiits.  Biaiw<'d  by  the  corT« 
were  to  be  found  on  the  Earth's  snrl 
fonoationB  of  very  recent  date,  geolo 
only  neglected  to  aevk  mnh  trace*,  bo 
pooh-pooh  thooc  who  Niid  they  liad  fo 
de  PerlhcK  at  length  nuccccdi-d  in  drai 
to  the  flint  implements  discovered  by  1 
of  the  Somme  valley ;  and  when  fieo\> 
tliHit  been  convinced  that  evidences  o 
found  in  formations  of  considcrabli-ag* 
for  them  ;  they  found  plenty  of  tbem 
to  take  an  instance  cloccly  germane  to 
faet  that  the  contemptuous  attitude  l« 
evolution  which  naturalists  in  ijeneral 
tion  of  Air,  Darwin'*  work,  prevented  i 
dinous  facta  by  which  it  is  supported, 
that  their  alienation  from  the  belief  1 
those  chanijes  of  almctoro  which  sr«  ] 
makes  naturalists  slight  ihe  evidence 
refuse  to  occupy  thcraaelrc*  in  scekl 


i 


1^ 


THE  FACTORS   OF  OROAXIC  £VOLUTIO.V.        771 

If  it  tw  iwliM  how  it  liappenn  that  there  have  been  recorded  multl- 
adinnu*  inxlaiivf!!  of  Tariatioos  fortuitously  aming  and  reappearing 
oir«priDj(,  while  there  have  not  bwn  recorded  instances  of  the  tnns- 
liaaion  of  changes  fanetionallj'  produced,  there  nrc  three  replica    The 
rrt  U  that  chaogn  of  the  one  r^lasa  are  many  of  them  con»picuoi]fl, 
while  those  of  the  other  claas  are  nearly  all  tnconapicnoua.     If  a  child 
I      ia  bom  with  six  fingeni,  the  anomaly  is  not  simply  obvious  but  so 
Blartling  a«  to  attract  much  notice  ;  and  if  this  child,  growing  up,  has 
tlx-dngered  de§cendanta,  ercrybody  in  the  locality  heara  of  it.     A 
■     pigeon  with  specially -cotorcKt  fealhem,  or  one  distinguished  by  a  bro«d> 
r      ened  and  upraised  tail,  or  by  a  pniiubernnce  of  the  neclc,  draws  atten- 
tion by  its  oddnc«a:  and  if  in  its  young  the  trait  is  repeated,  OCCO' 
tiionally  with   incn-ase,  the  fact   is  remarked,  and  tbcre  follows  the 
thought  of  eittaWisliing  the  peculiaiity  by  selection.     A  lamb  disabled 
from  leaping  by  the  shortness  of  itJt  legs,  could  not  fail  to  be  obscrred  ; 
,      and  the  fact  that  its  offspring  were  aimiUrly  short-legged,  and  had  a 
conwquent  inability  to  get   over  fences,  would   inevitably  become 
^^ widely  known.    Similarly  with  phnts.     That  this  flower  had  an  extra 
^■mmbvr  of  pcuU,  that  that  was  nnuitually  symmetrical,  and  tliat  an- 
^Bother  diflfcri'd  considerably  in  color  from  the  avcrugc  of  its  kind,  woidd 
^P^  easily  seen  by  an  observant  gardener  ;  and  the  suspicion  that  suoh 
anoraaties  are  inheritable  having  arisen,  ejtperimonta  leading  to  for- 
tlier  proofs  (hat  they  are  so,  would  frequently  be  made.     But  it  is  not 
titts  with  fnocttonally-prodaced  modifications.    The  seats  of  these  are 
■^n  nearly  all  cases  the  muscular,  ofc<eon<,and  nervous  systems,  and  the 
^Brisrem— parts  which  are  either  entirely  hidden  or  greatly  obscured, 
^^ofodifiration  in  a  nervous  centre  is  iiiaeeesxiblc  to  vision  ;  bonca  maj 
^"be  considerably  altered  In  size  or  shape  without  attention  being  drawn 
to  them ;  and,  covered  with  thick  coats  as  are  mort  of  the  animals 
open  to  conttnnoiis  ob^erration,  the  increases  or  decreases  iu  muscle* 
^^DUist  be  gn'at  iK-fore  they  become  externally  perceptible. 
^B      A  farther  important  dilTereneo  between  (be  two  iaqniriea  is  that 
^Ko  ascertain  whether  a  fortuitous  variation  is  inheritable,  needs  merely 
V  a  little  attention  to  the  selection  of  individuals  and  the  observation  of 
offspring ;  while  lo  ascertain  whether  there  is  Inherltaneo  of  a  fune- 
tionally-produced  modification,  it  is  requisite  to  make  arrangemcnta 
which  demand  the  greater  or  smaller  exercise  of  some  part  or  parts  ; 
and  it  U  difficult  iu  many  rases  to  find  ituch  arrangements,  troublesome 
^—to  maintain  (hem  even  for  one  generation,  and  still  more  through  auc- 
^Hessivo  generations. 

1^^  Nor  is  this  all.  There  exist  stimuli  to  inquiry  in  the  one  eaao 
which  do  not  exist  in  the  other.  The  money-interest  and  the  intereat 
of  the  fancier,  acting  now  separately  and  now  together,  have  prompt- 
^_  sd  multitudiDoua  individuals  to  make  experimental  which  have  brought 
|Hout  rlear  evidence  tliat  fortuitous  variations  are  inbcritpd.  The  eat- 
^'    tle-farMders  who  profit  by  producing  certain  shapes  and  qualities ;  the 


CootUcraWe  WM(;ht  attaofaM 
co»CTBd,  quiio  bv  no..i<l,.ni,  in  the 
IhM  crruuo  mi(icii,lly.p^ju^.<.j 
nun  erma  u  a  •i-ctioa  of  iho  »ciiu 
CTMlbg  MciUliilily  which   ..nd<.d 
ftftarwui)  cDius  oot  iko  ut.I»ot,..|.fo| 
|Jg»  which  Lad  tbiu  o«jairp.I  ni.  .J 
Ontmck  »uuM  pmdur^  a  (ii.  iuh.-riti 
it  hai^  iodovd,  l>«en  einw  .IIcrwJ  tj 
•Di  U»«  pbofMiDBna  of  the  kimt  J 
hera  DO  astficodrau  like  ibose  ia  Bn 
cring  the  Impnlwhitit;  thai  Oie  pbcn 
lo  bo  oothiDK  »oro  Uun  pbenomcua  i 
w^-  may,  unUI  then  b  good  prwof  to 
to  bii  rvMlu. 

ETtdeaen  not  of  thi*  directly  ox| 

of  eouidtinUe  weight,  w  f uttiUb*><l  bv 

b  fmof  Kiongh  Uuit  insuity  mluiui  of 

which,  b  one  or  other  way,  dpranpe  t 

of  this  or  ihAl  Vlnd  ;  aoU  no  .mo  qm 

insanity  in  mhoritaWc.    I>  it  aliepod  tt| 

«M«  b  that  which  tpoDUneonsty  ari« 

foUows  aoiiie  chronio  porvcnton  of  fut 

dow  Dot  (teem  a  rery  reaaonabli'  alli-j 

for  It  in  fflrtlicominR,  wn  may  fairly  at 

thi-r  iRiiipon  for  \xlu(  in  iIm  tnMBnl 

rbiiDKeBt 

Morpovfr.  r  (Ind  amoag  pli- 


^V        THE  FACTORS   OF  ORGANIC  EVOLUTION.        773 

■       Verification  of  lh«  rcafions  above  given  for  the  paacity  of  this 

f  direct  eridenco  is  yicKlod  by  contemplation  of  it,  for  it  is  observable 

that  the  C3HCS  named  sre  eases  which,  from  one  or  olb«r  cause,  bavo 

•  thrunt  (hi-in*e1ves  on  ob«ervatioii.  They  justify  the  )iuK]>i<:ion  that  it 
is  not  because  inch  eases  are  raru  that  many  of  them  cannot  bo  cited, 
bnt  simply  becatiBO  they  are  mostly  unobtnisive,  and  to  be  found  only 
by  that  deliberate  search  which  nobody  makes.  I  say  nobody,  but  I 
am  wrong.    t^ncccsKful  searcii  has  been  msdo  by  one  wbodo  compo 

ttcncc  ns  an  otiiiervcr  is  beyond  question,  and  whoso  txisiimony  is  loss 
liable  than  that  of  all  others  to  any  bias  toward  the  conclusion  tlut 
cuch  inheritance  lakes  place.  I  refer  to  the  author  of  th«  Origin  vf 
Upcciet. 


\ 
I 


Kow-a-dayt  most  iiatiiraliKts  arc  more  Darwinian  than  Mr,  Darwin 
himitclf.  I  do  not  mean  that  their  beliefs  in  organic  evolution  are 
more  decided ;  though  1  shall  be  supposed  to  mean  this  by  the  mass 
of  readers,  who  identify  Mr.  Darwin's  great  contribution  to  the  theory 
of  oi^nio  evolution,  with  tbo  theory  of  organic  evolution  ilwlf,  and 
even  with  the  theory  of  evolution  at  largi-.  Bi:t  I  mean  that  the  pa^ 
ticular  factor  which  he  first  recognized  aa  having  played  so  immcnK  a 
part  in  organic  cvolation,  baa  oome  to  be  regarded  by  bis  followers  as 
the  sole  factor,  though  it  was  not  so  regarded  by  bim.  It  is  true  that 
be  apparently  rejected  altogether  the  causal  agencies  alleged  by  ear- 
lier in<iuircrs.  In  the  Historical  Sketch  prerix<fd  to  the  Iat«r  editions 
of  his  OrtV/m  of  Specia  (p.  xiv,  note),  he  writes : — "  It  is  carious  how 
largely  my  grandfather.  Dr.  Krasnms  Darwin,  anticipated  the  views 
and  erroneons  grounds  of  opinion  of  Lamarck  in  his  'Zoonomia'  (voL 
t,  pp.  SOO-filO),  published  in  I7D4."  And  since,  among  the  vienii  (hug 
referred  lo,  was  the  view  that  changes  of  structure  in  organidms  arise 
by  the  inheritance  of  functionally  ■  produced  changes,  Mr.  Darwin 
aecms,  by  the  above  sentence,  to  have  implied  his  dishelicf  in  such  in* 
beritance.  But  ho  did  not  mean  to  imply  this  ;  for  his  belief  in  it  as 
a  cause  of  evolution,  if  not  an  important  cause,  ig  proved  by  many 
pMMgM  in  bis  works.  In  the  first  chapter  of  the  Origin  of  Specit* 
(p.  11  of  tlie  first  edition),  be  says  respecting  the  inherited  affects  of 
babit,  thai  "  with  animals  the  increased  use  or  disttse  of  porta  has  had  a 
marked  influence;'*  and  he  gives  as  instances  the  changed  relative 
weights  of  the  wing  bones  and  log  bones  of  the  wild  duck  and  the 
domestic  duck,  "  the  great  and  inherited  development  of  the  udders  in 
cows  and  goats,"  and  the  drooping  ears  of  various  domestic  animals. 
Here  are  other  passages  taken  from  the  latest  edition  of  the  work. 

**  I  thhib  there  eon  bo  no  doubt  that  nito  in  onr  domestic  ftoimst*  hsi  otrvn^- 
)«n»d  anil  enlsrsed  t«rtain  parts,  snd  disuse  diminirlivd  i)i«iu;  and  tliat  sudi 
|lBodllI<Mtionsareiobcrit«d"(p.  10S).  [.\nd  on  the  roltowins  pn^rtho  nlvesfiTe 
I  ftirther  rxsmplot  of  luch  HTeois.]  "  Hubit  in  prodix-ing  ooostitatkiDBl  pecuIUri- 
I  ties  aod  DM  in  streR^ening  and  diiiuir  in  weflkccbg  and  dimtDlsblng  organs, 


774  ^^^  POPULAR  SCtSXCE  MOyTOlT. 


1 


■fpcario  nun;  cum  to  tiaT«  b««o  potaal  iB  ifcitr  ifteU "  ffk  Uiy 

dbcwrfaf  ipocbl  OIMS  Kr.  ITixan  [4hmi  onrtib*  aAett  of  Ot  iMwd  i 
■ad  diauH  orpcrts,  whkU  I  Iibtc  alvaf*  iMiBfT»BJ  to  b*  li^Aj  imprmari,! 
U*a  UMMd  to  BIT  ■  TsriatkiM  nttdir  I>o(n«Mkaiio«  *  at  gmtar  L^ik  tlA. 
1  bcQere,  taj  otbcr  vntcr"  (p.  ITe).  ^  DttSR.  oa  ifc*  odMrhaad,  ■ill  Mew 
for  1)m  I<m  d«*etotioa  «aa4Ul<»  of  th*  wlioW  Mbrior  ImU  «r  tk  Mj,  iaeW 
the  Uicral  fins  "  (p.  188).  "  1  maj  ^tc  •boUmt  {■<■■»  «r  «  Mnc««t  «b 
appftmiU;  owe*  Ma  oriein  «icluft«lT  to  «h  or  luUt^  |^  188).  "b  tfft 
probaU*  IbM  diauM  ka*  b««ii  Um  naiii  acnit  in  f  Jwlag  w^bb  n&BcMn 
(pp.  400-401).  "OaihawholeiVeBi^r  cMichidelkthalai,«r««adte 
baro,  !■  loiM caaeSt  [ilijnil  ■  r  [iiiiliialili  |nil  !■  Ifca  ■iiiillliiiliBi  uniiiui 
Istion and lanietm ;  liiit  lliat  llii  iffii  ti  haia  iiflaii  IiiMlimlj  miiliiaijla 
and  MwwtimM  onraiasurad  bf,  Uia  luunl  nhetioa  o(  tetfa  vadada 

(^lu>.  _ 

In  bis  nl)«eq(i«nt  wori,  7%«  Variatitm  «f  AmumoU  imi  X 
timfcr  JDtmutlicaiion,  where  be  goc«  hilo  full  detail,  "iir.  Danria  p 
■aon  DUHTODS  illvstntiona  of  tba  inberited  effecU  of  bm  aad  £ii 
The  followtng  an  som«  of  tbe  oan,  quoted  fron  ToJoiaa  i  of  tbt  f 
editioB: 

TriMligofJorotHkatediabbb^bcwy*:— "ibewaatrfowqwIaaiH 
CBtl;  nedafiad  tba  proportional  kocli>  of  tiM  Baiha  In  iim|rMhiB  «tt 

b0(|j"(|i^1Iff).      ---  -■- ■---'- •  '-j-^y-f  MiioM|Boi||ill 

[Iba  bnia]  la  Iba  wtiala  orgaaisadoo  b  aal^act  t«  tba  k«  tf  daoaHakl 
fraMdlnaa"(^UB).  Ha  rmarica  tbat  ia  feiria  of  tba  oeMlri*  Mrfl'' 
HwatalaJ  kf  aa;  aaaiilca.  tba  radncUoa  oi  Ibair  »i^  bw  irila'i^' 
caaatd  bf  padaal  dtooaaL"  AlW  eaai|>arinf  «■•  af  tbaa^  tfca  ailii  bn 
TriMaa  d*Acaba,  with  tba  Earopcaa  water-Lea.  and  >ho*t^l^dllbabi 
ooaearatd  ia  tt^  an  Mnaller,  ba  add*— -  Ilvaca  !■  ibi  itiliiia  rfHaiMi 
ifadaa  aaarij  iL«  tana  cbaagaa  h*t«  octnmd,  oajf  canlad  a  Mdi  tatt« 
wttoardDMirtcdaA^aad  la  tbb  latttfcaaa  I  |rii^aaaoa>wa*|i 
TbatTbirbaTiTMattiilfrmn  till  Irwrnrliir  nf  rlii  TJ^iiaJ  tha  toiiiiail 
iCtbalcfi''(p|kSH-T).  ■■  Aa  wbb  «Aer  ]oardoMiaeata4  MOHl^  tta 
itect>«rtbadfc-Botb  bartaoAnd.  Tba  caUfpOlHl^  whaw  flaaad  m  a  ■ 
b Ml) -treat  oA^a  eom^l  tba  atiaaga  minka  oTdevostiat  tb  baaa  tf  Iba I 
MvUeb  tberara  f Mdac.  and  ecMayartlj  taffiawn;  bat  tWyMwi^ 
:  to  M.  Bobuft,  ol  acnn  cnwfiaE  ap  iba  tnak.  Ef^  iHi  iipw 
Uk  fcr  M.  ll«lia*  plaoad  asaaa  catacpBlMa  aa  a  tracMd* 
i«lv«aaal  abkUifaaat  attl  pcfbbad  tf  linii;  Oa^wm* 

Hera  an  am 

-laMaycaaa 
■■pM^a  atartad  tba  cpmipiadl^  parti  la  tba 
(••4  axUMM  tb«  tbia  arar  ftaOowa  ta  tba  eaanaaf  a 
<^  illMaalie  fawk  da^a^  Md  gaaaa  bat  afew«  k«.  _ 
1  la  Iba  >v%lbdr  power  affl^:  hr  wadoaat 
■  laka^btBaaTaaanlimat   .  .  .  Vkh 
ka<tb  ■<  Iba  Man^  tba  |riwlami  a<  to€««i«.  tba  la^Aaf  Aa 
,tb«liaciba/aawn«t  aa  naaavad  baa  t^  bat^rf 


i 


I  Tl 

'    B*A   aTI    mil  It « 


THE  FACTORS   OF  ORGANIC  EVOLUTION.        775 

sro  an  rcdoctd  rclAtivcIf  to  the  *ain«  pjirtt  in  tbe  ntld  pigeon.**  (After  dttail- 
iog  kiDilr«4]  (lliuioulioua  In  io*U  mi  Jui-kA,  Ur.  Durwln  udilsj  "The  d«cr(«ed 
weight  sod  »iz«  of  tho  tionrt,  in  Iha  for«i;oin}(  riuca,  ii  prolishlj  Um  iadirMt 
rwolt  of  tbij  r««<.-Uuti  of  Kiu  ireulieneJ  luiiiwli-B  ou  tito  boDM"  (pp.  297-6). 
"  XttlhDsloa  1ia«  abowD  thai,  with  tho  improrrd  mors  of  th«  pig,  th«  •horieoed 
log*  nnil  uont,  tb«  foi-ra  of  tliu  nrliculur  toud.Oca  of  Itio  occiput,  tuid  tli«  poni- 
Uou  of  the  jttwi  with  the  appur  L-aiiiDo  t«i^tb  projecting  in  a  most  aounuloDS 
maonM  in  front  of  tho  lower  onninci,  taa.y  be  attributed  to  tiicM  pari*  not  bar. 
iog  been  fully  eieroided.  .  .  .  Th«s«  modlSeallons  of  Mruoture,  whirb  are  dl 
Btrlctlf  Inherited,  cbftraclorize  •crerd  improvcil  brpcd^  to  that  thej  cannot 
IiRTo  been  derived  from  (tuj  lin^Ie  ilouiesltc  or  vrild  Ktuck.  With  rcspeol  t*>  c«t- 
tie,  ProfeMOT  Tumer  ha«  roraarkod  that  the  Inng*  nni)  liver  In  tho  troproTed 
br«0(I*  'are  found  to  be  coDsiclcmb!;  reduced  iu  aita  nlien  compared  with  tlioao 
pouMSMKl  bv  auiiiiuls  having  perfwt  liberty;'  .  .  .  Tb«  oan««  of  tbe  reduced 
lung*  in  htKblj-bred  nnimnU  which  lake  little oxcrciiw  ia  olirioun"  (pp.  2611-300). 
JAod  ou  pp.  301,  303,  and  303,  he  gives  fouls  «honing  the  I'ffeutd  of  u«e  and 
disoM  in  ehanffinfc.  nmo&K  domcutlc  auimalR,  tho  rharactor*  of  iho  eari^  tho 
lea^iH  of  tbo  iulestiues,  and,  in  Tariuud  way*,  the  nature*  of  the  luutiuota.J 

■      But  Mr.  Darwin's  ac]niIs«ion,  or  rathor  his  asscrtloD,  that  the  in- 

'llcritance  of  functionnll}--proi]uix-cl  modifications  hu  been  «  factor  in 

or^iiie  evolution,  \»  made  clear  not  bj-  tlic-to  piMMigCR  olono  and  by 

kiitdred  ones.     It  ia  made  clearer  still  by  a  passage  in  the  i>rcfa<:e  to 

^he  second  edition  of  his  I/ttecnl  of  Man.    lie  there  protentH  agaiost 

Rbat  current  version  of  iiis  vicvrs  in  which  this  factor  makes  no  app«ar- 

Imcc.    TIic  pa«Mgc  is  as  follows : 

"  I  may  take  Ibli  opportunity  of  remarLlftg  that  ray  oritics  A«qaontly  sssamc 
thai  I  attribute  all  chnnncs  of  rnrporeol  sirncturo  and  mental  power  cielnaiTtly 
to  tlto  natural  wlootion  of  audi  varialiona  a*  are  ofiea  called  spoiitaneoua ; 
wh«r«ss,  even  tn  the  first  edition  of  the  'Orljcin  of  Bpeeiea,*  I  diiiinctly  nntod 
that  Kreat  weight  must  be  attributed  to  tho  inherited  cflocte  of  use  and  dutuso, 
with  respect  both  to  tbc  body  and  mind." 

Kor  is  this  all.  There  is  evidence  that  Mr.  Darwin's  belief  in  the  effi- 
ciency of  ihiii  fatHor,  bccami-  stronger  as  ho  grew  older  and  aociiintf 
lated  more  evidence.  'I%o  firat  of  the  extracts  above  given,  taken 
from  the  mtlt  edition  of  the  Origin  of  ^^ciet,  runs  thus  : 

"  I  think  ihno  can  be  do  donht  that  use  in  our  doniMtio  anltuali  hs*  utrengili- 
eaed  and  euluri^d  certain  porta,  and  di»UM  dlmlniabed  them :  and  that  asoh 
tnoil  ill  cations  arc  Inlieriteil.'' 

Kow  on  turning  to  the  6r6t  edition,  p.  134,  it  will  bo  found  that  in- 
Hlead  of  Iho  words — "  I  think  there  can  be  no  doubt,"  the  words  (»igi* 
nally  u.tcil  were — "  I  think  there  can  he  little  doubt."  That  this  dellb- 
erat«  erasure  of  a  qualifying  word  and  suWtitulion  of  a  word  implying 
onqaali6ed  belief,  was  due  to  a  more  decided  recognition  of  a  factor 
originally  tioder-esti mated,  is  clearly  implied  by  the  wording  of  the 
ab<>veH]not«d  passage  from  the  preface  to  the  iMteent  ofJfan  ;  where 
be  saya  that  "  ctrcn  in  Uie  lirst  edition  of  the '  Origin  of  Species,' "  etc : 
^be  implicaiion  being  that  much  more  in  subsequent  cdi;iona,  a»d  tub- 


776  TBS  POPULAR  SCIENCE  MONTHLY. 

sequent  vrorka,  bad  he  insisted  on  Ibis  factor.     The  ebaag«  t 
catol  is  especially  aignific&nt  as  having  ocnuTPd  at  a  time  of  life  whc 
the  natonl  tendency  w  toward  fixity  of  opinion. 

Daring  that  earlier  pmod  irtien  be  ith  diMOToring  tbe  multital 
nous  ca«ee  is  which  hia  ovn  hypothesis  afforded  solutEo&s,  aod  ntan 
tajieoasly  obacrviog  bow  uiit-rty  futile  in  these  oiultitudinovs  ean 
iraa  the  hypotheaia  propoanded  by  hif  grandfather  and  I.Bmarek,  SIi 
Parwin  was,  not  nnnaturally,  almost  betrayed  into  the  belief  thattb 
one  u  all-sufficient  and  the  other  inoperative.  But  in  the  mind  of  on 
■o  candid  and  ever  open  to  more  evidence,  there  naturally  came  a  n 
action.  Tlie  iuberitanee  of  functionally- prodneed  modifications,  whid 
judging  by  the  passage  quoted  above  concerning  tbe  viewn  of  tha 
earlier  inqoirers,  would  seem  to  bav«  been  at  one  time  denied,  ta 
wblob  OB  we  have  seen  waa  always  to  some  extent  recoj^nized,  camet 
be  rceognimd  mor«  and  more,  and  dclihcrateiy  included  as  a  fzctoct 
imponaaee.  ^ 

Of  this  reaction  displayed  in  the  later  writings  of  Mr.  Darwin,  le 
in  now  ask — Has  it  not  to  be  carried  further  ?  Was  tbe  share  in  oi 
ganic  evotntion  which  Mr.  Darwin  latlorly  nxsigned  to  the  transmisdn: 
of  modiflcationa  caased  by  use  and  di«u»e,  its  due  share  ?  Conridrn 
tion  of  tbe  groups  of  evidences  given  above,  will,  I  think,  lead  ui 
believe  that  its  share  has  been  much  larger  than  he  supposed  evoki 
his  later  day*.  A 

There  i*  6rTt  the  tmplicalion  yielded  by  cxtenst>'o  claaseaofPI 
nomena  which  remain  inexplicable  In  the  abMnen  of  this  factor.  II 
M  we  see,  co-operative  parts  do  not  vary  together,  even  when  few  v» 
cloM  togftlicr,  and  may  not  tliereforc  be  assumed  to  do  no  wlicn  mu; 
and  remote,  we  cannot  account  for  those  innumerable  change*  in  et 
ganuation  which  are  implied  when,  for  advantageous  use  of  somi 
modified  part,  many  other  parts  which  join  it  in  action  have  to  b 
modified.  , 

Further,  as  increasing  complexity  of  structure,  accompanying  in 
creasing  complexity  of  life,  implies  increasing  number  of  facultte^o 
which  each  one  conduces  to  preservation  of  self  or  deBceodaats ;  ■■( 
as  the  various  individuals  of  a  species,  (icvcrally  requiring  sonetluD] 
like  the  normal  amounts  of  all  tbe«c,  may  individually  profit,  here  l^ 
an  QnuKual  amount  of  one,  and  there  by  an  unusual  amount  of  another 
it  follows  that  \*,  the  number  of  faculties  beeomea  greater,  U  beeene 
more  difficult  for  any  one  to  be  further  developed  by  natural  Mlectioi 
Only  where  increase  of  some  one  is  prfdwninantli/  adTaotageoM  doa 
the  means  seem  adequate  to  the  end.  Espocially  In  tbe  ease  of  poMii 
which  do  not  subserve  self-prenorvalion  in  appreciable  degrees,  doe 
development  by  naiurnl  selection  appear  iraprsnticable. 

^t  is  a  fact  reeogni/ed  by  Mr.  Darwin,  that  where,  by  wlectioi 
throngh  successive  genemiionn,  a  part  has  been  tncreaaed  ordccreH|d 


I 


I 
I 

I 

I 


TBS  FACTORS   OF  ORGANIC  EVOLUTION.        777 


ite  reaction  upon  other  parts  «ntaiU  eliangra  iu  tbcm.  This  reaction 
is  cff«cUfd  through  the  changes  of  function  involrcd,  If  the  changes 
of  stniclnre  produced  by  such  changes  of  fanction,  nrc  inheritable, 
then  the  re-ad j 'iHt men t  »f  |MrU  throughout  the  organ ttini,  taking  placfl 
generation  after  generation,  maintains  an  approxiuatc  balance ;  btit  if 
not,  then  generation  after  generation  the  oTganiam  must  get  more  and 
more  out  of  gfar,  and  tend  to  become  unworkable 

Further,  as  it  is  proved  that  change  in  the  balance  of  functions 
regi8t«ra  iia  effects  on  the  reproiluctiro  elcmcnlri,  we  have  to  cbooae 
between  the  altcmatire^  that  tbv  registered  elfecta  are  irrelevant  to  the 
particular  modifications  which  the  organism  has  undergone,  or  that 
they  are  aucb  as  tend  to  produce  repetitions  of  thcso  mod  ill  cations. 
The  laat  of  these  alternatives  makes  tbc  facts  comprehensible  ;  but  ibo 
first  of  tbcm  not  only  leaves  us  with  sevemi  unsolved  problems,  but  ia 
incongruous  with  tlio  general  truth  that  by  reproduction,  ancestral 
trait*,  down  to  minute  details,  are  transmitted. 

Though,  in  the  absence  of  pecuniary  interests  and  the  interests  in 
hobbies,  no  such  special  experiments  as  those  which  have  cstablisbcd 
the  inheritance  or  fortuitous  variations  have  been  mode  to  nieertatn 
whether  fiinclionally-pniduocd  mod  ill  cations  are  inherited  ;  yet  certain 
apparent  instancesi  of  such  inhetitance  liavc  .forced  themselvea  on 
observation  without  being  sought  for.  In  addition  to  other  indications 
of  a  less  conspicuous  kind,  is  the  one  I  have  given  above — the  fact 
that  the  apparatus  for  tearing  and  mastication  has  decreased  with  de- 
crease of  its  function,  alike  in  civilised  roan  and  in  some  varieties  of 
dogs  which  lend  protected  and  pampcn-d  live*.  Of  the  numerons 
casos  named  by  3tr.  Darwin,  it  ia  obHervahlo  that  they  are  yielded  not 
by  one  class  of  parts  only,  but  by  most  if  not  all  classes — by  the  der- 
mal system,  the  tnnscular  syetetn,  the  osseous  system,  the  norvoua  sys- 
tem, tbo  viscera ;  and  ihnt  among  parts  liable  to  bo  functionally  modi- 
fied, the  most  numerous  observed  cascn  of  inheritance  are  furnished  by 
those  whi<'h  admit  of  preservation  and  cany  comparison — the  )ronc« : 
tliMe  caaea,  moreover,  being  specially  significant  as  showing  how,  in 
aondry  nnallied  species,  parallel  changes  of  atracture  have  occuried 
along  with  parallel  changes  of  habit. 

^^'^lat,  then,  shall  wc  say  of  the  general  implication  f  Are  wo  to 
rtop  short  with  the  admission  that  inheritance  of  funetionnlly-produoed 
modificatiouH  takes  place  only  in  eases  in  which  there  is  evidence  of 
It?  May  we  properly  assume  that  these  many  in«tancea  of  changes 
of  structure  caused  hy  change"  of  function,  occurring  in  various  tis- 
snes  and  various  organs,  arc  merely  special  and  exceptional  instances 
having  no  general  significance  ?  Bhall  vc  suppose  that  though  the 
evidence  which  already  exists  has  come  to  lieht  without  aid  from  a 
body  of  inquirers,  there  would  be  no  great  increase  were  due  attention 
devoted  to  the  collection  of  evidcnco  ?  This  is,  I  tbink,  not  a  reiaaona- 
ible  supposition.    To  roe  the  amrmMt  of  the  facU  suggests  the  belief, 


r:* 


TBS  POPULAR  SCTBNCB  ilOXTHLr. 


~A 


ennvljr  to  be  reaiatcd,  that  the  tnheriUDOs  of  foBctlotiaUy'prodiKtJ 
nodificatioDB  Ukn  pUce  univeraalljr.  Looking  at  pbyMological  plw- 
aomcoa  as  conforming  to  pbysicsl  prineipIeB,  it  U  difficult  to  eoDcctra 
that  a  changed  play  of  taguue  foreea  which  in  tDany  cases  of  differ- 
cot  kinds  prodgcca  an  inherited  change  of  stroctoro,  do^  not  do  thii 
in  all  caM*.  Tha  implicatioa,  very  itroog  I  think,  \»  that  tfao  acti«n 
of  etcry  organ  prodoeca  on  it  a  reaction  whicli,  tun^ly  not  aiicricg 
ita  rate  of  nutrition,  sometimes  loaves  it  with  dimiiuvhcd  natrition 
cooM<iacnt  on  diminished  action,  sod  at  other  times  incrt-a»i-«  its  m* 
tritloD  in  proportion  to  ita  increased  action  ;  that  while  generating  a 
modified  etmaenmt  of  frnKtaons  and  of  atructorea,  the  activities  ue 
at  the  Sana  time  impraeiing  thia  modified  vontentuM  on  the  sperm-wUt 
and  giTm-eellfl  whence  foture  individuals  are  to  be  produced ;  aod 
that  in  ways  mostlj'  too  small  to  bo  identified,  but  oocaalonall/  in  mon 
coospicuoos  na}-s  and  in  tho  course  of  generations,  the  resulting  modi- 
fleatioos  of  one  or  ocbcr  kind  thow  tbcinMlvcs.  Further,  it  seem  to 
ne  that  as  there  arc  ciitain  cxtendvc  claMin  of  phenomena  which  are 
toesplicable  if  wo  assnme  the  inheritance  of  fortuitooj)  variatioas  to 
\m  tba  tote  factor,  bat  which  become  at  once  explicable  if  wc  Mlmit 
the  talwntaBoeof  functior-allv-prodai-ed  chnnges,  we  arc  juMlGtd  la 
gaadading  that  this  inbcntanco  of  functional  I  y-p  rod  need  cliangcs  hu 
BOt  simply  a  co-ofermting  factor  in  ot^aoic  evolation,  bat  bat 
a  co-operating  factor  without  which  organic  evolution,  in  its 
'  forms  St  any  rate,  coold  never  have  tak^n  places 
Bb  tkia  or  be  it  not  a  warrantable  conclusion,  there  Is,  I  think, 
■i  ts—Lin  for  a  provisional  acrcptaoce  of  the  bypotbesb  tbot  ike 
I  of  Mse  and  ditniic  are  inheritable  ;  and  for  a  methodic  punoit 
i  with  tlic  view  of  either  CAtublishiog  it  or  disproving  iL 
ll  aeems  (carccly  reasonable  to  accept  without  clear  dcmoDstTalion, 
<Ae  MM  lliat  while  a  trivial  difference  of  structure  arisiog  sponta- 
ttumAr  t*  trannnwsible,  a  massive  difference  of  structure,  m^ntained 
fmrciakion  after  ^neration  by  change  of  function,  leaves  no  trace  in 
Considering  that  nnqnoMiontbly  the  motlilication  of  Stiaft- 
•  Vj  function  is  a  r^ra  caiua,  in  so  far  aa  concerns  tho  individual ; 
wU  cmmdering  the  number  of  facts  which  so  com|iviC'nt  on  obwrrtr 
9m  )Ik-  Darwin  regarded  as  evidence  that  transmission  of  sueb  modifi- 
I  takes  place  in  particular  camm  ;  the  hypothesis  that  snch  tnn^ 
I  takes  place  in  conformity  with  a  genent  law,  holding  of  all 
".uiHi  stmcturcs,  should,  I  tltink,  be  regarded  as  at  lesst  a  good  wwk- 
H^i^gfQtbesiii.  ^ 

Iht   wow  nippoKing  the   broad  concln«ion   above  drawn  lo  Iw 

grunt  ml-   SBppoejng  all  to  agree  that  from  the  beginning,  along  witi 

|ink«r»ta«cw  of  useful  variation*  fonuiton«ly  arining,  there  has  be<a 

WiNciteaca  <if  effects  produced  by  nut  and  disuse  ;  do  there  remain  do 

I  wf  usyuio  phenomena  unaccounted  for?    Tu  tbia  quMtlo^L 


BOTAXTAS  A  RECREATION  FOB  INVALIDS.    779 

tbtnk  it  miut  be  replied  that  there  do  remain  classes  of  organio  phe- 
nomena nnaccoanted  for.  It  may,  I  beliorc,  he  shown  that  certain 
cardinal  traiu  of  animaU  and  planla  nt  Urge  are  still  aaexplained ; 
and  that  a  further  factor  must  be  reuo^izcd.  To  show  this,  hovrorcr, 
will  require  another  paper. 


BOTiNY  AS  A  RECREATIOX  FOR  INVALIDS. 

Bt  Udu  E.  r.  AXDBEW3, 

ra  recent  number  of  "  The  Popular  Science  Monthly,"  the  writer 
of  an  intvTctiting  article,  ou  " Thoniiuvilte  as  a  \Vint«r  Resort," 
mentiont  iliu  waul  uf  public  amuttemcnta  there  as  a  subject  of  nrgrat 
from  a  hygienic  point  of  view.  The  criticism  ia  a  joat  one,  and  uufoT' 
tu n ate ly  applies  to  most  of  our  Southern  health  resorts — St.  Augustine, 
with  its  yacht  cluh  and  sea-bathing,  and  Jacksonville,  with  a  few  other 
cilios  large  enough  to  attract  theatrical  companies,  forming  pomible 
cxccjttions. 

luralids,  as  a  rule,  have  a  great  deal  of  leisure  on  their  band^— 
more  of  it  than  they  like — and  to  fill  this  time  pleasantly  ia  a  que&lion 
involving  a  good  deal  more  than  mere  amuwment.  The  importanoo 
of  mental  distraction  to  invalids  ia  a  fact  too  universally  recognised 
to  call  for  comment  hero,  my  object  in  this  paper  bung  merely  to  aa^ 
goat  a  mode  of  distraction  that,  in  my  own  «xpcricuco,  ba*  not  only 
been  attended  with  the  happiest  resulta  physically,  but  haa  proved  • 
Murce  of  intense  and  never-failing  pleasure.  I  allude  to  the  study  of 
botany— not  the  tiresome,  profitless  study  of  text-books,  hot  of  th« 
woods,  and  fields,  and  meadon**. 

The  bcauly  of  this  pursuit  ia  that  it  lakes  llto  student  out-of-doont, 
and  throat  and  lung  tronhlea,  as  has  boon  truly  said,  are  hou«<.»di«* 
cAseA.  I  am  speaking,  of  conrae,  lo  tbo«>e  who  have  beurun  to  fight  the 
enemy  before  he  has  captured  the  iuncr  defenses,  and  who  are  sup- 
posed to  be  strong  enough  to  do  a  reasonable  amount  of  walking,  and 
some  solid  thinking.  For  botany,  though  the  simplest  of  the  sciences 
nan  not  be  ma.itered  without  some  cITurL  Vou  are  met  right  at  the 
ihrcnliold  by  tbat  fearful,  technical  vocabulary  which  must  be  con- 
ijui-rud  before  advancing  a  single  ste|>— a  labor  so  formidable  and  re- 
pellent, when  undertaken  according  to  the  old  scbooUbook  method, 
that  1  do  not  wonder  so  many  have  shrunk  away  from  it  in  disgust 
or  in  despair. 

But  even  this  task,  apparently  aa  fcwmidable  as  learning  a  new 
tongue,  can  be  made  a  pastime  if  rightly  undertaken.  Don't  try  to 
learn  dcHnitions  or  commit  long  strings  of  names  to  memory  from  a 
hook,  but  get  some  simple  work  and  take  it  out  into  the  woods  with 
yoD.    Don't  worry  with  writing  schedules  or  trying  to  draw  ontlinus 


THE  FRENCH  PROBLEM  IN  CANAI>A. 


781 


I 


dnmb-bGlla  and  Indian  clubs  in  the  naino  of  exercise.  Pbysical  cier- 
cbe,  for  iu  own  sake,  is  intense  and  profitlesH,  and  often,  1  believe, 
pernicious  labor.  Give  yourself  a  motive  for  exertion,  and  it  tben 
becomes  exbilarating.  Tbc  study  of  plants  supplies  just  such  a  motive 
as  invalids  need.  It  is  too  uscIvms  (from  %  practiual  point  of  view) 
to  be  suggesdvo  of  labor,  »nd  yut  so  exceedingly  faM^inating  as  to 
make  yoa  ready  to  undergo  any  amount  of  labor  tu  tliu  [irusecuiion  of 
your  favorite  "  fad."    I  remember  once  exposiug  myself  to  a  terrible 

igvr  in  endeavoring  to  get  possession  of  a  raro  and  (to  me)  new 
t,  I  scarcely  thought  of  the  riak  then,  though  now  the  bare  rccol- 
leciion  of  it  makes  mo  sbndder.  This  enthusiasm,  n-bich  the  seieoca 
of  botany  awakens  in  all  who  devote  themselves  to  it,  is  not  its  least 
valuable  hygienio  factor,  for  a  little  gvnulue  eutliu-itaam  will  put  more 
life  into  a  sick  body  than  all  the  drugs  In  the  dispensary. 

After  all,  the  proof  of  the  pudding  is  in  the  eating,  and  in  conclu- 
sion I  can  only  urge  fellow-suScrers,  who  have  a  moderato  amount  of 
strength  and  patience,  to  try  my  simple  prescription.  As  an  old  negro 
nurse  once  wiid  to  mo  ancnt  some  "  doctor's  stuff,"  "  If  it  don't  do  you 
no  good,  it  won't  do  you  no  hann,"  and  will  at  least  prove  a  wholeaome 
diversion  from  the  imbecile  fancy-work,  and  still  more  imbecile  gempi 
tbat  make  eo  largo  a  part  of  the  daily  routine  of  life  at  most  resorts  of 
health  and  pleasure. 


mak< 
■  youi 

I 


I 


THE  FRENCH  PROBLEM  IN  CANADA. 

Br  UKOHGK  D.  CLARKE. 

THE  rapid  grovrtb  of  the  Frooch  population  in  tbe  Canadian  |u«f- 
inces  and  tbe  Xcw  England  States  has  given  rise  to  much  specu- 
lation as  to  the  future  of  the  race.  Thoughtful  men  in  the  Dominion 
see  in  its  steady  increase  and  aggressive  character  elements  of  dangvr 
to  the  stability  of  tbe  Confederation, 

II1C  last  census  returns  show  that  over  one  third  of  the  population 
of  Canada  is  of  French  origin,  while  in  the  Now  England  States  there 
is  a  large  and  growing  French- Canadian  element,  wedded  to  its  Un> 
gnage,  religion,  and  traditions,  and  controlled  to  an  extraordinary 
degree  by  it*  astute  and  admirably  orgnnlzerl  <'Iergy.  Quebec,  tliough 
a  province  in  a  British  colony,  is  us  thoroughly  French  as  it  was  be- 
fore the  oouquest.  A  oentury  aud  a  quartorof  DriUsh  rule  has  bad 
no  effect  in  Anglicising  the  race,  or  leavening  it  with  the  progreedvu 
ideas  which  pruvail  in  all  English-speaking  commnnities.  As  the 
Canadian  Prenoh  were  at  the  c»nqiiei<t,  their  deseendanls  remain  to 
this  day — a  race  isolated  and  apart  from  all  others  on  the  continent, 
baving  little  in  common  with  their  neighbon,  or  even  with  tbeir  kin- 
dred in  France.     While  the  great  tide  of  modern  progress  and  civili- 


7«t 


THM  POPULAR  SCIENCE  MONTttLT. 


sation  ts  sarging  werywbcre  clae  througb  tb«  oonttnent,  tti« 

of  Quebec  b  lite  one  sugnaDt  poo)  which  U  P«ver  rippled  by  i  fni 

•ning  current,  and  orer  which  hsnga  the  miasma  of  mediteral  sape 

stitlon. 

Tb«  oon-pn>gT«mive  charac1>;r  of  French  ciriluation  on  this  on 
tineot  ia  due  partly  to  th«  f«adal  institations  introduced  by  tb«  eari 
eetllrrB,  but  mainly  to  the  concooionn  gnntwl  by  tlic  riclon  to  tl 
vanqiii«bcd  when  Canada  became  a  British  colony.  By  the  tenn»( 
the  treaty  with  France,  and  by  the  Quebec  Act  passed  by  the  Imperii 
Parliament  on  the  ere  of  the  struggle  with  tbe  Thirteen  Colonies^  tli 
I-Vench  population  of  Canada  were  granted  tbe  fre<^  exercise  of  tb^ 
religion,  and  were  allowed  to  retain  tbetr  language,  cuKtoma,  and  la«i 
By  the  conqncst  they  Herarcd  all  the  pririlrgcs  of  Britiifih  citixendit] 
without  losing  nny  of  their  chcrUhcil  righis  and  privilegeii.  Throng 
the  prodigal  liWnilily  of  the  Britiiih  Government,  ihe  Chureh  of  Rod 
became  the  established  church  of  Quebec,  vested  with  all  the  powei 
which  it  possessed  in  France  in  tbe  days  of  the  "  great  monarch,"  i 
collect  tithes  and  enforce  its  decrees.  The  clergy  were  not  slow) 
avail  themselves  of  those  enormonsi  powers  for  their  own  aggraadb 
ment,  and  to  strengthen  their  influence  over  the  people.  The  poBe 
of  the  Church  from  the  first,  but  more  especially  of  late  yean,  lu 
been  to  isolate  its  people  from  their  Protestant  and  Engliih-speal 
ing  fellow^itiEens.  It  controls  all  the  public  schools  and  most  of  tk 
higher  educational  institutes  in  tbe  prorince,  and  from  their  chilJhoa 
it  instroeta  the  French  Canadians  to  Jc«lously  gnard  their  treaty  righ' 
— to  preserve  tbeir  language,  their  laws,  and  their  inHtilutions.  TI 
odocation  of  the  people  in  the  public  schools  consists  mainly  in  memi 
ruing  the  doctrines  and  dogmas  of  tbe  Church,  and  tbe  time  vbich 
devoted  in  the  free  schools  of  Ontario  to  ac<]uiring  secalar  knowledj 
is  spent  by  the  I-Veneh  children  in  derolion»l  exercises.  The  roan 
of  the  population  arc  kept  in  ignorance,  while  tbe  few  who  con  affoi 
to  attend  Ihe  colleges  are  trained  by  tbe  Jesuits.  Thas  the  prcM^  ll 
bar,  (ho  bench,  and  the  Legislature,  are  controlled  by  tbe  polpH. 

Among  their  public  roen  arc  some  of  tplendid  ability,  but  wil 
miads  narrowed  by  provincialism  and  race-prejudices,  and  wnrped  \ 
religions  bigotn,-.  Occasionally  one  among  them  ventures  to  exprei 
independent  opinion^  which  subject  him  to  tbe  censure  of  the  biAc 
of  tlie  diocese.  If  he  repents  and  abandons  the  error  of  hia  ways,  1 
is  received  hack  into  favor ;  if  he  pcrrists  in  his  independence,  he  mi 
expect,  at  the  verj-  next  etwiion,  to  be  relegated  lo  the  obscurity  < 
private  life.  Thus  the  control  of  l!»c  Chnrch  over  the  French  popnl 
tion  of  the  Province  of  Quebec  is  complete,  and  is  eonstantly  exercise 
to  prevent  their  amalgamation  with  other  races  on  the  eonrincnt.  [ 
termarriage  with  Prolcsiants  in  sternly  denounced,  and  early  mani^ 
arc  earnestly  advocated  from  the  pulpit.  Their  faithful  obedience  i 
tbcir  pastors  in  these  matters  is  proved  by  the  ccqios  retoma.      ^ 


TSS  FREycn  PROBLEM  AV  CAh'ADA.  783 

Darini;  tho  one  biindred  and  fifty  years  that  France  held  posses- 
Btoa  of  Canada,  tlio  population  incntiMd  bat  slowly.  In  1763,  four 
yesn  after  thv  voiiqut-iit,  it  was  estimated  at  about  05,000.  Vndvr 
Britt»h  rulo,  in  one  liun<lM?d  and  tweitty-fivo  yean  it  ban  grown  to 
about  l.r>00,000  in  Canada,  and  it  is  estimated  that  tbero  are  nearl] 
half  a  million  of  the  raw  in  iho  United  Stales. 

The  incrc^fle  of  population  in  the  IVivinct-  of  Qiiobco  ba«,  however, 
be«n  attended  with  some  dJHadvantage  aa  well  as  profit  to  the  Cliurcb. 
The  syittom  of  stibdividing  and  orer-cropping  farras  hoa  imjwveritihcd 
tbfi  soil  and  led  to  much  poverty  in  the  older  ooffitnanities.  Advent- 
nroua  oolonists  as  the  early  l-'rcnch  were,  their  descendant*  manifoat 
little  inclination  to  establish  settlements  in  thu  wildemoaa.  They  pre>l 
fer,  wh«t  erowdnl  out  of  their  oM  bonic*  on  the  banks  of  the  St. 
L«wrenee,  to  emigrate  to  the  New  England  State*,  where  they  can 
obtain  in  tlie  manufacturing  establiahmenta  employment  better  suited^ 
to  ibfir  taste  and  social  intitinet,  and  larger  remnncration  than  can  be 
had  in  their  own  country.  This  exodus  became  so  extensive  daring  a 
period  of  depression  some  sevco  years  ago  that  it  excited  alann  in 
the  minds  of  the  «'ec!r»ia»t,ical  nnil  political  Icjulcrs  of  the  province. 
The  Qnel"-c  Legislattin-,  which  i*  practically  contmlled  by  tho  clergy, 
and  the  Pominion  Parliament,  in  which  they  hold  tho  balance  of 
power,  voted  large  sums  to  repatriate  the  self-exiled  population,  but 
their  efforts  were  attended  with  anything  but  gratifying  results. 

About  that  time  the  Province  of  Manitoba,  which  had  been  parllyi 
oolonizcd  by  the  French  prior  to  the  purchase  of  the  Hudson  Bay 
Territories  by  the  Dominion,  waa  thrown  open  to  settlement  by  the 
establishment  of  railway  communication  with  the  Rod  River  Valley, 
A  determine*!  effort  wan  made  by  the  French -Canadian  leaders  to 
convert  this  land  of  proniiwc  into  another  Quebec,  in  which  the  French 
language,  French  laws  and  customs,  and  the  Roman  Catholic  religion, 
■hould  prevail  With  that  end  in  view,  through  the  influence  of  Sir 
George  Cartier,  Manitoba  was  originally  made  a  small  province,  in 
irbich  the  Fn-nch  half-breeds  had  a  largo  majority.  To  wean  them 
from  their  nomadic  habits,  and  to  give  them  an  influence  altogether 
disproportionate  to  their  namben  and  intelligence,  they  and  their 
children  were  granted  extensive  tracts  of  land  in  tho  Red  Rircr  Val- 
ley, and  large  inducements  were  held  out  to  tho  F^nch  Canadians  in 
the  United  States  to  locate  lands  nnd  settle  in  the  neighborhood  of 
their  Metis  kindred.  Some  were  |>eniuadi-d  to  repatriate  thcmwtlves 
and  assist  In  carrying  ont  the  dcHigns  of  their  Ica^lerx,  but  the  vaat 
majority  preferred  to  remain  in  the  roannfscturing  towns  of  New 
England. 

From  Ontario  a  steady  stream  of  settUTx  flowed  into  Manitoba,] 
and,  in  a  very  short  time,  the  hope«  of  Quebec  were  blighted. 
Frt-m-h  element  was  swamped  by  the  flood  from  Ontario.    TTie  con- 
trol nf  (he  province  packed  into  the  hands  of  tbe  Ontftrians,  the  boundar 


784 


THE  POPULAR  SCtENCB  MOSTHLY. 


^ 


not  of  tlic  proTtnce  vctv  enlarged,  Bi>d  UuiitotiA,  inatetd  of  becomli 
a  Mcood  Qucbi,-«,  {m>ini»es  la  be  a  new  aad  greater  Ontario. 

Balked  in  tlieirdulgn  to  capture  the  great  Ixorthwoet,  tbeFtoul 
Canadiau  Icadore  turned  tbeir  attentioD  to  tbo  easier  task  of  "  freeni 
out "  tb«  Email  Eoglwb-ept'aktng  clemvDt  in  Quebec.  Tlic  populalk 
oF  Bnti«h  origin,  outt>i>lp  of  Montreal,  waa  principally  id  th«  Kactci 
TowDHbipN  and  in  tbv  counties  nortb  of  the  Ottawa  Rirer,  and  iotmt 
about  ouc  sixtli  of  Uie  whole.  The  Frenvh  Canadians  were  offered  ii 
docemeou  to  settle  ou  tbe  wild  liind*  in  tbo  Eastern  Towntbips.  Coi 
sidcrabte  numbers  were  in  tbia  way  led  to  return  to  their  nalii 
land.  AVbercver  an  English -speaking  farmer  waa  foond  willing  to  pai 
with  his  proporty,  a  French -CnRadian  purchaser  was  always  at  band  I 
seoare  it.  Where  Kngllth-spcaking  uwnrn  of  unpatented  hiniltbi 
failed  tocomjily  with  any  uf  the  numerous  eoudilioua  of  settlL-OMil 
their  lots  were  conflsoaled,  no  refund  was  made  of  tbo  purebase-iooM 
or  compensation  allowed  for  improvementa,  and  they  were  resold  I 
French  Canadians. 

This  policy,  although  inaugurated  but  three  ai  four  years  )>«foi 
the  census  of  lb<l  was  tAkcn,  liad  such  a  marked  cifvct  that  tbe  rctnri 
attracted  attention  and  excited  much  comment  throughout  the  Donui 
ion.  AVhile  the  entire  population  of  tbe  ProTtneo  of  QueK-c  bad  ir 
creased  slightly,  but  6leadily,  during  the  decade,  the  Kuglibh-sjTaUii. 
population  had  remained  almost  stationary,  and  the  disproportioo  Ik 
twecn  tlio  two  races  had  become  more  marked.  And  this  had  oceoire 
ID  face  of  tbe  fact  that  there  liud  been  a  large  exodus  of  the  Fteoc 
popniation,  not  only  to  the  Xew  England  State-s  but  alM>  to  East  Oi 
tario,  where  tbey  filled  op  the  gaps  made  by  tbe  roovemont  of  the  Oi 
tario  farmere  to  the  Northwest.  The  English-speaking  population  ai 
bt'ing  steadily  rooted  out.  and  their  places  filled  by  settlers  of  Frenc 
origin.  Not  content  with  wresting  Quebec  from  ili«  conqueror,  tb 
French  Canadians  arc  spreading  into  New  Bniuawick  on  the  east  ui 
Ontario  on  the  west.  In  tbe  latter  province  they  control  two  eooi 
ties  aln.-ady,  and  will  soon  have  majorities  in  two  others ;  and  it  is  onl 
a  question  of  time  when  they  will  have  powetision  of  the  capital  of  th 
Dominion,  a  consummation  which  the  French- Cana<iian  merotwrB  < 
the  Dominion  Cabinet  are  endeavoring  to  hasten  by  filling  every  « 
cancy  in  the  civil  service,  so  far  as  they  can,  with  tbeir  countrymei- 

Tfac  rapid  increase  and  aggressiveness  of  the  French-Canadian  ncf 
coupled  with  their  determination  to  hold  ihemwivcs  aloof  from  th 
other  sections  of  the  population,  have  led  thoughtful  mm  to  deq^  « 
tliQ  fuiore  of  the  Dominion,  llie  hope  that  the  confederation  of  A 
provinces  would  bring  about  a  fusion  of  the  races  muat  have  died  on 
of  the  breasts  of  tbe  most  sanguine  who  have  watched  tbe  agitattoa  > 
Quebec  over  tlio  Korthwest  rebellion  and  the  execution  of  RieL  It 
French  thronghoul  tha  Dominion  have,  with  few  exception^  XCoA 
tbe  cause  of  the  rebel  half-bructhi  their  own,  and  osaltcd  their  fflM 


THE  FRENCH  PROBLEM  IN  CANADA. 


78s 


oeoaiy  i«sder  into  a  nstiotul  faero  and  a  maitfr.  Their  public  men, 
caating  asido  all  part]'  tics  and  patriotic  considerations,  have  formed 
themselves  into  a  prorincinl  party  whoso  object  is  to  aven^  the  dcatli 
of  the  late  rebel  leader,  and  (o  give  to  Quebec,  by  tbetr  uoitei)  aeLion, 
a  predominant  influence  in  tbe  Parliament  of  the  Dominion.  That 
their  unpatriotic  stand  mlt  lead  to  a  coalition  of  the  Knglish-epeakin^ 
majority  no  one  who  is  aware  of  the  violence  of  party  feelinr;  in  Canada 
will  expect,  and  the  only  hope,  in  the  opinion  of  many,  of  prMtcrring 
the  I>omtnion  from  the  dutattcr  of  Prencb  domination  tica  in  tbe  suc- 
cess of  the  Government  party  in  tbe  next  appeal  to  the  country,  or  in 
anneiation  to  the  United  States. 

The  facts  which  are  above  set  forth  have  caused  many  of  the  lead- 
era  of  pnblic  opinion  in  Canada  to  take  a  pesiiimistio  view  of  the 
future  of  the  Pnminion.  But  tlimt  arc,  on  tbe  other  eide,  indications 
that  a  brighter  destiny  awaits  the  Confederation. 

Tbe  self-exiled  Quebecera  in  the  New  England  States,  though  fol- 
lowed to  their  new  homes  and  carofntly  advii;ed  and  guarded  by  their 
clergy,  come  in  contact  with  a  population  which,  bre^l  under  repob- 
licAn  institntirin*,  has  alway*  manifested  a  mauly  independence  in 
spiritual  as  well  as  in  temporal  mattera.     The  hairitant  never  loses  his 

I  lovo  for  his  native  land,  but  residence  in  tbe  Great  Rcpublie  brigbtens 
his  Intelligence  and  gives  him  a  more  exalted  idea  of  his  importance 
ax  an  individual,  and  a  sense  of  independence  which  ia  wholly  foreign 
to  tbe  character  of  his  cotmtrymen  at  home.  These  men  revisit  their 
native  province  from  time  to  time,  carrying  with  them  their  new  aod 
advanced  ideas,  and  (hu«  they  are  leavening  tbe  masitcs  in  QndMMt. 
Railways  penetrate  localities  which,  until  recently,  were  as  isolatcvd 
from  the  rest  of  the  continent  as  if  they  had  been  situated  iu  the 

I  bean  of  Cbina.  Viators  from  tho  outside  world,  who  know  not  the 
curi  and  ignore  tbe  clergy  generally,  find  their  way  into  tho  mo«t 
remote  hamlets,  carrying  with  them  new  ideas  of  life,  Rven  the 
achools,  though  employed  by  the  clergy  more  to  prevent  tho  spread 
of  knowledge  than  to  impart  instruction,  by  teaching  the  youth  of  the 
country  to  read,  enable  them,  when  tho  opportunity  occuw,  to  en- 
lighten their  mindx  by  tasting  the  forbiildcn  fniits  of  litemtttre  pro- 
scribed by  the  Cburch.  Thu  growth  of  public  intolligcnoc  is  neces- 
sarily slow,  opposed  as  it  is  by  the  roost  powerful  organisation  tbe 
world  has  ever  known,  but  every  year  some  slight  advance  is  made, 
and  to  a  corresponding  extent  tho  power  of  tbe  Church  is  diminished. 
When  freed  from  coctcMiastieal  lymnny,  tho  French  race  in  Qnclwc 
possess  native  ability  and  <]nalitie«  which  will  make  them  a  valuable 
element  in  the  population  of  tbe  continent.  T^ieir  industry,  economy, 
frugxtity,  and  docility,  their  power  of  imitation,  and  their  dtsinclina* 
tion  to  tieeome  ciliiens  of  tbe  United  State*,  have  led  thdr  enemies  to 

i  brand  them  as  the  "Chinese  of  tho  East";  but,  with  those  valuable 

\  characteristics  of  tho  C<de-itial,  tbcy  combine  others  which  will  |Hac« 

I  VM.  XITHI.— SO 


gTDwtb  of  Uio  popaUtion  is  ezcvpiioi 
republic  lh«  progreu  b  i'tpii  let*. 
Fnuiro,  owing  to  fi«qacni  won  aod  I 
Uw  I'huirb,  tho  pDpQUtion  in  a  ccnti 
Qft,O00 ;  It  b  ottly  shipe  Uiey  have 
wu-rilnni  kad  anjojed  (ho  bleeainga 
lia»e  developctl  any  mmrked  povcr 
dred  and  tirenty  yeara  ondt^r  Brilisb  r 
8,000,O(X^  mnd  tliis  rapid  incrftwe  bn 
migrmtMB  TroiQ  rrance.  It  b  duo  «lii 
■ad  to  natnml  inoreus  >t  raast  b«  rett 
Tbe  growth  ot  tb«  Fnmch  popola 
rapid,  bat  not  pbenomrDaL  It  bean  i 
dinsry  eipansioa  of  ibe  Anglo-Saxoa  . 
Ciiudiu  Qmbeo  had  a  population  or 
colony  on  tbo  cost  side  of  tbo  Dctrol 
EngtUb-fpeakini;  inbabitanta  in  Oni 
Bnarly  S,000,Ooa  With  all  tbo  adva 
aod  a  bait,  th4  FrvDob  in  Oatario  do  : 
Mlire  Dominion  not  over  1,500,000,  on 
lliQ  weBt«ni  moTenient  of  th«  Ontario 
Um  spread  of  tbe  French  race  in  Onl 
waa  confined  almost  exolosively  to  la 
firma  in  their  mills  and  in  the  wooda,  i 
disposed  to  remain  pcnnancntly  awa] 
Chinese  on  the  Pad6o  couL  VHtili 
Uanitoba  and  (he  nutt  Nortbvest  Ten 
laoda  at  faome,  Qaobee  ta  making  bat 

Ua  woili  of  attUMtioa  OMvIa-  aaj  tM 


1 


TH£  FRENCH  PROBLEM  IX   CANADA. 

While  the  only  focuiid  bninah  of  the  Gatlio  rftco  is  tliat  whioh  i^ 
lubiU  Enaleni  Caaada,  the  UritUh  people  at  home  aod  abroJul  tutvo 
ditpl&yed  marvcIouB  powcri  of  expansion.  Every  yoar  populoua 
•wvma  leave  the  parvnl  hive,  yvt  tbcy  rto  vcarcely  tnisecd.  Despite 
ibfl  coaetant  drutt,  the  iMland  ra«cs  in  Europe  doublo  ovcry  (ifty-sui 
y«an  and  in  the  coloDit^f  fivcry  twenty-five  yean,  whercaa  tliv  popula- 
tion of  Francii  douhtcs  only  in  one  hundred  and  forty  yrjini.  Thv 
Tnoob  commenced  the  work  of  colonizing  America  at  the  ume  time 
M  the  Brills)),  yet  the  latter  havo  expanded  to  00,000,000,  while  the 
former  are  repreaented  by  a  Lotat  of  2,000,000.  The  wonderful  de- 
Tfllopment  of  the  I»lant]  racc!i  continues  to  follow  the  BriliHh  Bag  in 
•vwy  quarter  of  the  glc>l>c.  In  AusUalia,  New  Zealand,  South  Afri< 
and  olhor  colonies,  the  increase  ban  been  almost  as  marked  as  ou  th! 
contineut,and  in  strong  contrast  to  the  sterility  of  th«  French  at  bo: 
and  in  their  colonies  OTerywhore. 

1^  capacity  of  the  Island  races  to  absorb  foreign  elements  of 
population  hu  been  illiistratc<l  to  an  extraordinary  degree  in  the 
United  Stau-A.  The  lurjiliM  population  of  every  country  in  Europe 
pours  in  a  constant  slresm  into  the  republic,  bringing  with  it  cus- 
toms, languages,  and  Itlcas  of  govemoicnt  wholly  different  from  those 
whtoli  prevail  in  the  United  State*.  Yet,  in  a  short  time,  this  foreign 
man  is  aMiimtlai<:d.  Tito  aliena  become  naturalued  dtisens ;  they 
Rcquiro  very  soon  a  knowledge  of  the  preTailiag  language  and  the 
form  of  government.  In  a  few  years  they  are  Amoricanixcd,  and  the 
Koond  generation  speak  the  lauguage  of  the  continent  with  the  fla- 
enoy  of  other  natives,  and  arc  ss  thoroughly  American  citisens  as  the 
deeoendants  of  tho  IMgrim  Fathers.  In  Louiuana  a  population  of 
French  origin  have  found  it  to  tfacir  a^lvantage  to  adopt  the  English 
language  and  the  eustoms  of  the  people  among  whom  their  lot  is  cast. 

There  can  bo  tittle  doubt,  therefore,  that  (he  French  Canadians 
would  long  since  have  blended  with  the  dominant  race,  to  their  own 
great  benefit  and  tho  advantage  of  the  continent,  bad  it  not  been  for 
the  mistaken  policy  of  the  Uritish  Govcmment  over  a  century  ago,  and 
the  efforts  of  tho  Chnrch  of  Itome  to  prevent  a  consolidation  of  tho 
peoplo  of  Canada  into  one  nationality. 

In  view  of  tbeoc  facts  there  is  yet  some  hope  for  the  future  of  the 
Pomlnivii.  The  ditfiuion  of  knowledge  among  tho  people,  their  con- 
tact with  more  enterprising  and  advanc^l  communitti-w,  now  rondere<l 
practicable  by  the  development  of  railway  communication,  and  the 
investigating  spirit  of  the  age  which  priestcraft  can  not  wholly  sub- 
duo,  must  sooner  or  later  produce  changes  which  will  make  of  the 
Caoadians  a  homogeneous  population.  This  is  a  solution  of  the  prob- 
lem as  deflirable  as  the  only  other  one  that  has  beoa  saggested — a 
conlincntal  union  which  would  crush  out  at  once  and  forever  tbo 
aspirations  of  those  who  are  socking  to  eataUish  a  new  France  on 
Oa%  banks  of  the  St.  Lawrence. 


tm 


TUB  POPULAR  8CI&NCS  MONTHLY. 


ME.  GLADSTOKE  AND  GENESIS. 

Bt  PsonaoB  T.  n.  tlCXLEY. 

roontrorersy,  as  in  courtship,  Uic  good  old  rule  to  be  off  vitli 
old  b«fore  ooe  is  on  with  t^  Dew  greatly  commends  itwlf  to 
•mH  of  nxpedieocy.  And,  therefore,  it  appc«r«  lu  mo  desirable  1 
I  ihodld  preface  sticb  obsorrations  aa  I  may  have  to  olTcr  upoo 
cloud  of  argumvnu  (the  rclrvaocy  of  wbivb  to  the  i&aue  which  1  , 
Yeninred  lo  raise  is  Dot  always  obviooi)  put  forth  by  Mr.  GladitMH 
the  Janoaiy  omnber  of  this  review,*  by  an  endeavor  to  make  eteu 
mieh  of  OUT  r«adera  as  have  not  bad  the  adrantagc  of  a  forensic  «A 
lioD,  the  prcmnt  Dpt  rvsalt  of  the  diacosaioD.  fl 

I  am  quite  aware  that,  i&  undertakiDg  this  task,  I  run  all  toHJ 
to  which  tbii  man  who  prcitimcs  to  deal  jadicially  with  hU  own  ci 
la  liable^  But  it  is  exactly  bccsuvc  I  do  not  «liun  that  risk,  bu(,  rati 
earnestly  desire  to  be  judged  by  him  who  nomcth  aft«r  ue,  prorti 
that  be  has  the  knowledge  aod  impartiality  appropriate  to  a  Jod 
that  I  adopt  my  present  coarse. 

In  the  article  on  "  The  Dawn  of  Creation  and  Worfbip,"  f  it  wiS 
remembered  that  Mr.  Glodiitone  unn«ervedly  commits  himRcIf  to  th 
propositions.  The  flr^t  is  that,  according  to  the  writer  of  tii«  P<i 
tench,  the  "  water-population,"  the  "air-popnlation,"  and  the  "lai 
population  "  of  the  globe  were  created  sucoeniTcly,  in  the  order  nam 
In  the  aeeoDd  place,  Mr.  Gladstone  aatboritatively  a^scru  that  this 
part  of  his  "  fourfold  order ")  has  been  "  so  affimed  in  our  time 
■■taral  ■dence,  that  it  may  bo  taken  aa  a  demonstrated  couclngioa  s 
MUbCdied  fad."  In  the  third  ptaoe,  Mr.  Gladstone  argue*  that  t 
fMX  of  this  coincidence  of  the  Pentateachal  story  with  the  results 
aodan  ioTotigation  makes  it  "impoesible  to  avoid  the  conclwii 
fint,  An  dtbttr  this  writer  was  gifted  witb  facnlties  passing  all  ham 
•cpwiaio*^  or  dsa  his  knowledge  wax  divine."  And,  hnving  tcttJ 
to  bis  enm  satisfaction  llutt  the  first  "branch  of  the  allenintivc  i*  tn 
aoadul  and  unreal,"  Mr.  Gladstone  continues,  "So  stands  the  pkaj 
a  fcvalatiaa  of  tmth  from  God,  a  plea  only  to  be  met  by  queotioot 
tepiMrifaaity. 

I  aa  a  simple-minded  person,  wholly  devoid  of  subtlety  of  bit 
4*1^  fl»  (ku  I  willingly  admit  that  there  may  be  depllis  of  altenutti 
propDMtioiui  out  of  all  totindinga  attainable  bft 
Still,  there  are  a  good  many  people  who  suffer  uod 
limitation  ;  and,  for  once  in  my  life,  I  feel  that 
of  attaining  that  position  of  a  representative  of  avcn 
iffiira  to  be  the  modern  ideal  of  a  leader  of  m< 

F'TorUucb,  ISSS.     tSMat^plmcat  ivpnatnli 


Hit,  GLADSTONE  AND   GBITSSIS. 


789 


I 


I  make  frc«  oonfcHion  Uiat,  aTtcr  turning  the  matter  over  in  my  ^ 
minil  with  all  tlie  aid  derived  from  a  careful  ooiuiideratioQ  of  Mr. 
UUdfitooe'a  reply,  I  can  not  get  away  from  my  original  oonviction  that> 
if  Mr.  Gladstone'H  second  pr(i]>o«itton  can  bo  shown  to  bo  not  merely 
inacoarnte,  but  (lir«otly  contrtuliclory  of  faot^  known  to  vvery  on«  who 
in  acquainted  with  the  elcmenta  of  natural  scienoc,  the  third  proposi- 
tion collapseB  of  itaelf. 

And  it  waa  tliis  oonviction  wbicb  led  me  to  enter  apon  the  present 
diaoassioD.  I  fancied  that  if  my  respected  clientfi,  the  people  of 
average  opinion  and  capacity,  could  once  be  got  distinctly  to  conceive 
that  !klr.  QliL>lHtonc'«  view*  aa  to  tbo  proper  method  of  dealing  with 
gravo  and  dtfGuult  soieiitific  and  r«li|poua  problems  had  permitted  biia 
to  baito  a  Rolcmn  "  plea  for  a  revelation  of  truth  from  God "  upon  aa 
OlTOr  as  U>  a  matter  of  fact,  from  which  the  inlelligent  pergsal  of  a 
manual  of  paleontology  would  have  saved  him,  I  need  not  trouble  my- 
Hlf  to  oooapy  their  time  and  attention  with  further  comments  upon 
his  contribnlion  to  apologetic  literature.  It  is  for  othcni  to  judge 
whether  1  have  effioiwiily  carried  out  my  project  or  not.  It  ccruinly 
does  not  count  for  much  that  I  should  be  unable  to  find  any  flaw  in 

own  case,  but  I  think  it  counts  for  a  good  deal  that  Mr.  Gladstone 
to  have  been  equally  unable  to  do  so.  Ue  does,  indeed,  mako 
^r«at  pnrndc  of  authoriticH,  and  I  have  the  greatest  respect  for  those 
antborilies  vhoui  Mr.  Glndstono  mentions.  If  he  will  get  them  to 
aign  a  joint  memorial  to  the  ofTect  that  our  present  palcontological 
evidence  provea  that  birds  appeared  before  the  "  land-population  "  of 
torroatrial  reptiles,  I  shall  think  it  my  duly  to  reconsidt-r  my  position 
— but  not  till  then. 

It  will  be  observed  that  I  have  cautionsly  usod  the  word  "ap- 
pears "  in  referring  to  what  seems  to  me  to  bo  absence  of  any  real 
answer  to  my  eritioiama  in  Itlr.  Gladstone's  reply.  For  I  must  hon* 
estly  confess  that,  notvritlmtanding  lung  and  p.-iinfu]  strivings  after' 
o)«ar  insight,  I  am  still  uncertain  whether  Mr.  Gladstone's  "  Defense  " 
means  that  the  great  "plea  for  a  revelation  from  Qod"  is  to  be  left 
to  perish  in  the  dialectic  desert,  or  whether  it  b  to  be  withdrawn 
under  the  protection  of  such  skirmishers  as  are  available  for  oovoriog 
retreat. 

In  partioular  the  remarlcablo  dieqnisition  which  covers  pages  634—  \ 
6S7  of  Mr.  Gtadstooe's  last  contrihation  has  greatly  exorcised  my  mind. 
SocraU'a  is  reported  to  have  said  of  the  works  of  Heraclitus  that  ho 
wbo  attempted  to  oomprebend  t^m  should  bo  a  "Dclian  swimmer," 
but  that,  for  his  part,  what  he  could  nuderatand  was  so  good  that  he 
was  disposed  to  boliovo  in  the  excellence  of  that  which  be  fonnd  unin- 
telligible. In  endmvoring  to  make  myself  master  of  Mr.  Gladstone'! . 
meaning  in  tliese  page«i,  I  have  often  been  overcome  by  a  feeling 
analogous  to  that  of  Socrates,  but  not  quite  tbo  same.  That  vhioh  I 
.advrstand,  in  fact,  has  appeared  to  me  eo  very  much  tho  rw" 


79©  TBS  POPULAR  SCIBNCK  MOKTHLT. 


^ 


of  good,  that  I  havo  sometime*  pcnnJtted  mjKlf  to  doabt  tbo  ral^u 
tlut  which  I  do  not  undcntand.  jH 

In  thi«  pan  of  Mr.  Gladstone's  leply,  in  favt,  I  Bod  nothing  t 
which  tba  bearing  a|>an  my  arfni™eiiu  u  clear  to  roe,  excopt  tki 
which  relfttea  to  the  qoestion  whether  reptiles,  eo  f ar  u  tbev  areiq 
resented  by  tortoisM  and  the  great  majority  of  lixaida  sod  sukii 
which  are  l^nd- animals,  arc  creeping  things  in  tbc  sense  of  the  Peau 
teachal  writer  or  not. ' 

I  have  every  re-niwet  for  tho  nnger  of  the  Song  of  tbe  Thrr«  Cbi 
dren  (whoerer  he  rosy  bare  beeo) ;  I  desire  to  cast  no  shadow  o 
dottbl  u|>on,  but,  on  tbe  contrary,  marvel  at,  the  esactneu  of  Hi 
Gladstone's  information  aA  to  tho  considerations  which  "  affected  (h 
method  of  the  MosaJo  writer" ;  nor  do  I  rentare  to  doubt  that  tli 
inconvenient  intrusion  of  these  contemptible  reptiles — "a  family  falk 
from  greatocKi"  (p.  637),  a  miserable  decayed  aristocracy  reduced  t 
mere  " skolkera  about  tbe  earth"  (tAi'tf.) — in  consequence  apparent! 
of  diffionlties  aboat  tbe  occnpaiion  of  land  arising  out  of  tbe  eaitl 
boDger  of  their  former  aerfs,  the  mammals — into  an  apologetic  aigi 
meot,  which  otherwise  would  nm  qntto  Kmootfaly,  is  in  every  w^  t 
be  deprecated.  Still,  the  wrcichrJ  cri^atures  atand  there,  importt 
iiatcly  demanding  notice ;  and,  however  different  may  be  the  pnetie 
in  that  cont«nltoiis  atmosphere  with  which  Mr,  Gladstone  czprenc 
aod  laments  bis  familiarity,  in  tbe  atmosphere  of  acienoe  it  really  itc 
no  avail  whatever  to  sfant  one's  eyes  to  facts,  or  to  try  to  bnry  tbec 
out  of  sight  under  a  tumulns  of  rhetoric.  That  is  my  experience  c 
''the  Elysian  regions  of  Sctence,"  wherein  it  is  a  pleasure  to  me  t 
think  that  a  man  of  Mr.  Gliidstonc'fl  intimate  knowledge  of  Engfiil 
life  during  tbe  last  quarter  of  a  century  believes  my  philosophic  eiitl 
enoe  to  have  been  rounded  off  in  unbroken  eqaanimity.  ^k 

nowever  reprehensible,  and  indeed  contemptible,  terrestrial  re]ini 
may  be,  the  only  question  which  appears  to  me  to  bo  relevant  to  ^ 
arf^mcnt  in  whether  these  creatures  are  or  are  not  comprised  nade 
the  denomination  of  "  everything  that  oreepetb  npon  the  groond." 

Mr.  Gladstone  speaks  of  the  author  <A  the  fim  chapter  of  Genecii 
as  "the  Mosaic  writer" ;  I  eappose,  therefore,  that  he  will  admit  th» 
it  in  equally  proper  to  speak  of  the  author  of  T.ciHticus  aa  tbe  "Mmvi 
writer."  Whether  such  a  phmm  would  be  u»wl  by  any  one  who  \ai 
an  adeqnate  conception  of  the  assured  results  of  modem  Biblical  criti 
cism  is  another  matter ;  but,  at  any  rate,  it  can  not  be  dented  ihs 
Leviticus  has  as  much  claim  to  Mosaic  authorship  as  Genesis.  Then 
fore,  if  oue  wants  to  know  the  sense  of  a  phrase  used  in  flnifiin,  ii 
will  be  well  to  sec  what  Leviticus  has  to  aay  on  tbe  matter.  Benos^l 
commend  the  following  extract  from  the  eleventh  chapter  of  LcTJtif 
to  Mr.  Gladstone's  serious  attention  : 

And  those  are  they  which  are  nnclean  nolo  you  omong  tbe  crMpuig  tUaf 
Ibat  cfMp  upon  the  aarUi :  the  weaid,  aoi)  tbo  monx,  a&d  tbe  great  Ussrd  lAa 


MS.  QLADSTOXS  AND   QEUBSIS. 


791 


Ita  kind,  knd  tli«  gwko,  rad  Uio  Un4-Cfoco<IlI«,  and  the  autd-Uard,  and  tbe 
ebamalooii.  Theaa  an  Ui«jr  wliioh  an  unolaon  to  jou  amoDf  all  that  oroop  (v. 
M-31). 

The  merest  &iiaday<aobooI  cx«geaiB  tber«fore  suffice*  to  prove  ifait 
Tb«a  tho  "Moaaic  wriicr"  ia  Gvnoaia  i,  24,  apeaks  of  "creeping 
thing*"  he  meana  to  include  lixard*  nmong  tlivm. 

Tbta  being  so,  it  ia  agreed  on  all  hands  lUat  terrutrial  liznrdii,  and 
other  reptiles  allied  to  liurda,  occur  iu  thfl  Permian  slrata.  It  is  fiu^ 
tlKr  Agreed  that  the  Triassic  strata  were  deposited  after  these.  More- 
OTer,  it  is  well  known  th^t,  oven  if  certain  footprinu  are  to  bo  taken 
aa  Diiquestionable  evidence  of  the  exialcncc  of  birds,  they  arc  not 
known  to  occur  in  rocks  earlier  tbau  tho  Triaa,  while  indubitable  re- 
mains of  birds  are  to  be  met  with  onlf  much  later.  Uence  it  follows 
Uiat  natural  science  does  not  "af&nn  "  the  statement  that  birds  were 
made  on  the  fifth  day,  and  "everything  that  crecpctb  on  the  ground" 
Hon  the  Rixlh,  on  which  fttr.  Gladstone  njHU  his  order ;  for,  on  is  vbown 
,  by  LcviticQs,  the  "Mo^o  wrilcr"  includes  liiards  among  bia  "creep- 
ing things." 

Perhaps  I  have  given  mvaelf  saperflnoos  trouble  in  the  preceding 
argnment,  for  I  find  that  Mr.  Gladatono  is  willing  to  assume  (he  does 
not  say  to  admit)  tJiat  tlio  statement  in  tbe  text  of  Genesis  as  to  rop- 
liles  can  not  *'  in  all  points  be  suiUuned  **  (p.  6:20).  Rut  my  position  is 
Ibftt  it  c«n  not  be  sustained  in  any  point,  so  that,  after  all,  it  bu  pcr- 
hapa  been  a-H  welt  to  go  over  the  evidence  again.  And  then  Mr.  Glad- 
■tone  proceeds,  as  if  nothing  had  happened,  to  tell  us  that — 

fir•nuli^  groat  auhak«a  (act*  to  b»  woigbod.  First,  th«  fact  that  «B«h  a 
should  have  btea  n»ds  at  all. 
I  most  peoples  have  their  cosmogonies,  Ihia  "fact"  does  not 
mo  as  having  much  value, 
-..vnitl;,  the  fact  that,  inntead  of  dtr«tling  in  KCDfrrnlitiea,  it  haa  placed  Itaelf 
Bi>d«r  llM  Mvcro  coodltlooa  of  a  chrooologicwl  or<l«r  rcoeblBg  from  tbe  llr«l  NJnw 
tA  eliMlk  matter  to  the  cooMunmiited  production  ot  a  fair  and  soodly,  a  fur- 

rnlahcd  and  a  p<opl«d  world. 
I  This  "fact"  can  be  regarded  aa  of  value  only  by  ignoring  tbe  fact 
demonstrated  in  my  previous  paper,  that  natural  science  does  not  con- 
firm tho  order  asocrU^d  eo  far  as  living  things  are  concerned  ;  and  by 
npsctUng  a  fact  to  be  brought  Iu  light  proecnlly,  to  wit,  that,  tn  regard 
to  tho  rest  of  tho  Pentaloncbal  cosmogony,  prudent  acicnce  baa  very 
I     Uttlo  to  say  one  way  or  the  other. 

^P      Tbirdtx.  tbe  fact  tbst  Its  coimoironf  Ments,  In  the  light  of  the  ninetoonth  OOD- 
tnry,  to  drntr  more  and  more  of  counleosnco  from  tli«  bc«t  naturnl  philoMpby. 

I  have  alrcvly  quealionod  the  acciirncy  of  this  slatonont,  and  I  do 
^Bot  obocrvo  that  mere  repetition  adds  to  iU  value. 


79" 


TSB  POPULAR  SCISNCB  MONTfftV. 


^ 


And,  foartUj,  tlisl  ll  kudeacrnwd  Um  aMOMrif* Mrlgjw of  the  inp» 
In  Uut  ordn  whicli  geologiul  auLborltr  eonCniM. 


Sffll 


By  ooinpviiKHi  witL  a  sentence  on  page  627,  in  vrbich  a  &i 
onler  U  iuLstitQt«d  for  the  "  fourfold  order,"  on  wbicb  the  "  pic*  ft 
RereUtion"  was  origioally  founded,  it  appears  that  thrae  6ve  cat^ 
lies  are  "  plaota,  fiahea,  bird»,  mammali,  and  man,"  v-hich,  Hr.  Gl« 
atone  affirms,  "  arv  given  to  u*  in  Ovne^  in  the  order  of  Eooccain  1 
wbioh  tJwjr  aic  aliio  givi-n  by  the  latest  geological  authorities.^* 

I  mast  Tentore  to  demur  to  thia  statement.  I  showed,  in  my  pr 
viouR  paper,  that  there  is  no  r«uon  to  doubt  that  the  term  "great  m 
monitor"  (uM-d  in  Gencsi*  >,  21)  includes  the  mott  conepicaoiu  of  gra 
wa  BRimaU — namely,  whalen,  dolpbinti,  porpoiMca,  manatoe^,  and  A 
gongs;'  and,  as  these  are  indubitable  mam  mala,  it  is  tmpoMJblol 
affirm  that  manimals  come  after  birds,  which  are  said  to  hare  ba 
eireated  on  the  same  day.  Moreover,  I  pointed  out  that,  as  ibne  Get 
cea  and  Sirenia  are  rertunly  modified  land  animals,  their  ezisteneein 
plica  the  antecedent  existence  of  land  mammals. 

Furthermore,  I  have  to  remark  that  the  term  "  fiabes,"  as  nscd  ted 
nically  in  zoology,  by  no  moans  covers  all  the  moving  creatons  thi 
have  life,  which  are  hidden  to  "  fill  the  waters  in  the  seas"  ((tenetti 
SO-22).  Marine  mollaaka  and  Crustacea,  eehinodcrms,  corals,  sad  iar. 
minifera  are  not  technically  fishes.  But  they  are  abundant  in  th«  p 
toosoic  rocks,  ages  upon  ages  older  than  those  in  which  the  fint  Cf 
denccfl  of  tmo  fishes  appear.  And,  if  in  a  geological  book  Mr.  GIs< 
stone  finds  the  quits  tmc  statement  that  plants  appeared  before  flsbe 
ll  is  only  by  a  complete  misunderstanding  that  he  can  be  led  to  inis| 
ine  it  serves  hia  purpose.  As  a  matter  of  fact,  at  the  present  moian 
it  is  a  qneetion  whether,  on  the  bare  evidence  afforded  by  fouils,  tl 
marine  creeping  thing  or  the  mannc  plant  has  the  seniority.  No  cai 
tions  paleontologist  would  express  a  decided  opinion  on  the  raUte: 
But,  if  we  arc  to  road  the  Pcotateucbal  statement  as  a  scientific  don 
mcnt  (and,  in  spite  of  all  protects  to  the  contrary,  those  who  bring  I 
into  comparison  with  soicnce  do  seek  to  make  a  scientific  docnmval  o 
it),  thon,  as  it  is  quite  clear  that  only  terrestrial  plants  of  high  oigasi 
cation  are  spoken  of  in  verses  11  and  13,  no  paleootologiflt  would  hot 
tate  to  say  that,  at  proM-nt,  the  records  of  soa  animal  life  are  mil, 
older  than  those  of  any  land-plant  desoribable  as  "grass,  herb  yicUb; 
seed,  or  fruit-tree." 

Thus,  although,  in  Mr.  Gladstone's  "Defense,"  thv  "old  ordc 
paseeth  into  new,"  bis  case  is  not  improved.  The  fivefold  order  u  n 
more  "  affirmed  in  our  time  by  natural  science  "  to  bo  "a  demoMtrste 
conclusion  and  cftablishcd  fact "  than  the  fourfold  order  was.    Natm 

*  Boife  dolpiau  ud  dugo«^  oocnr  la  tlic  Ecd  Sm,  porpoiiM  ud  dAlphlas  in  ibt  Ma 
Mnucas;  to  Uat  Uw  "Monio  wrhct"  HMJ  «v"  b"*  bc«i  Mqulntad  Bllbi 


MR.  GlADSTONSl  AND  OEKESIS. 


793 


•deoee  appears  to  tne  to  cleolino  to  have  anytbing  to  do  with  either  ; 
Cbey  are  a«  wrong  in  dotail  as  tbey  are  mistaken  in  principle. 

Tber«  is  another  change  of  position,  (he  value  of  which  is  not  so 
apparent  to  mo  u  it  maf  well  Be«ni  to  be  to  those  who  are  unfamiliar 
with  the  subject  under  diecussioo.    Mr.  Gladstono  disoards  bis  ibree 
fCroaps  of  "wat«r  population,"  "air  popiilalton,"  aod  "land  popula- 
tion," and  snbstitut4.>s  for  tlicm  (1)  fishvs,  (2)  birda,  (S)  mammals,  (4) 
man.     Moreover,  it  is  tMruiocd  in  a  not«  that  "  tbc  higher  or  ordinary 
mammals"  alouu  were  knoim  to  the  "Moaaio  writer"  (p.  61fi).     No 
doubt  it  looks,  at  firat,  aa  if  something  were  gained  by  tkis  alteration ; 
for,  as  I  have  just  pointed  out,  the  word  "  fishes  "  can  be  used  in  two 
sen&cs,  one  of  which  has  a  dcveptivo  appearance  of  adjustability  to  the 
"Mosaic"  account.    Then  the  inconvenient  reptiles  are  banislicd  out 
of  sight ;  and,  finally,  the  qucstioD  of  the  cxMt  meaning  of  "  higher" 
and  "  ordinary  "  in  the  cauc  of  mammals  opens  up  the  prospect  of  a 
hopeful  logomachy.     But  wliul  i*  the  good  of  it  all  in  the  face  of  Lo- 
^—TtticuB  on  the  one  hand  and  of  paleontology  on  the  other  ? 
^m      As,  in  my  apprehension,  there  is  not  a  shadow  of  justification  for 
^Ptlw  suggestion  that  when   the  Pentatenchsl  wiiter  says  "fowl'*  he 
Vexolodes  bata  (which,  as  wo  shall  see  directly,  are  expreH«iy  included 
nnder  "  fowl "  in  Loviticu»),  and  as  I  have  already  ahown  that  b«  do* 
nonstrably  includes  reptil«s,  as  well  as  mammals,  among  the  oreepng 
things  of  the  land,  I  may  be  permitted  to  *par«  my  readers  further 
discussion  of  the  "  fivefold  orxler."    On  the  whole,  it  is  seen  to  b«  rather 
^inore  inconsistent  wiUi  Genesis  than  its  fourfold  predecessor. 
^H      But  I  have  yet  a  fresh  order  to  face.   Ur.  Gladstone  (p.  G34)  under- 
Hataods  *'  the  main  Htatementa  of  Genesis,  in  sucoessivc  order  of  tim^ 
^tbnt  without  any  measurement  of  iLit  divisions,  to  be  as  follows : 

^P      1.  A  period  of  tstid,  sntorbr  to  all  life  (v.  9  nnit  10). 

8.  A  perknl  of  v«gataUe  lifts  uittrier  to  sniioal  llfo(r.  tl  snd  12). 
S.  A  pcftod  of  aniical  life.  In  the  ord«r  of  fiibn  (v.  20). 
4.  AiMlbtr  stSfe  ef  aaitul  tiff.  In  th«  order  of  birds. 
i.  Another,  in  Ihe  order  of  hcwiti  (v.  S4  and  S5). 
IL  Lost  of  all,  msa  (t.  2«  nnd  27)." 


Mr.  Gladstone  then  trios  to  find  the  proof  of  the  ocoorrence  of  a 
itlmilar  sncceMion  in  sundry  excellent  works  on  geology, 

I  am  really  gricTcd  to  bo  obliged  to  say  that  this  third  (or  Is  it 
foanh  ?)  modification  of  tt>e  foundation  of  tlio  "  plea  for  Revelation  " 
originally  set  forth  Gatisfies  me  as  little  as  any  of  its  predeeessoni. 

For,  in  the  first  ptaoe^  I  can  not  accept  the  assertion  that  this  order 
la  to  be  found  in  Genesis.  With  respect  to  No.  8,  for  example,  I  bold, 
aa  I  have  already  said,  that  "  great  sea  monsters  "  includes  the  Ceta- 
oea,  in  which  case  mammals  (which  is  what,  I  suppose,  Mr.  Gladstone 
means  by  "  beasts  ")  eomo  in  under  bead  No^  8,  and  not  under  Xo.  5, 

Again,  *'  fowl "  are  said  in  Genesis  to  be  created  on  the  same  day  as 


7M 


TBS  POPULAR  SCtSNCS  UONTniY. 


^ 


fittie* ;  therefore  I  can  not  scci>pt  an  order  which  makes  birds  soce 
fisheB.  Ooce  more,  a*  it  is  <)nit«  oortain  that  tbv  term  "  fowl "  inda 
the  bat« — for  in  Lcviticua  xi,  Il^tD,  wo  read,  *'  And  thcM  shall  je  h 
in  abomination  among  the  fowU  .  .  .  the  heron  after  ■!«  kind,  and 
hoopoe,  and  the  bat  "—it  is  obvious  that  bata  are  alto  twd  to  h 
been  created  at  stage  Mo.  3.  And  aa  bate  are  maromaJa,  and  tbetr 
istcDce  obTiously  presapposce  that  of  terrestrial  "  beasta,"  it  is  qi 
dear  Uut  the  latter  could  not  have  first  appeared  as  No.  S.  I  ne«d 
repeat  mf  reasons  for  doubting  whether  man  catne  "  last  of  aU." 

As  the  latter  half  of  Hr.  Gladatone's  sixfold  order  thtu  shows  It 
to  be  wholly  nnautfaoriecd  by,  and  inconsist«nt  with,  tb«  plaio  langs 
of  the  Peniategch,  I  might  decline  to  discuss  the  admissibility  of 
former  half.  ^ 

But  I  will  add  odc  or  two  remarks  on  this  point  also.  D(^{ 
Gladstone  mean  to  say  that  in  any  of  the  works  ho  has  cited,  or 
deed  anywbero  else,  be  can  Bnd  scientific  warranty  for  the  sssol 
that  there  was  a  period  of  laud — by  which  I  suppose  be  meaaa  • 
land  (for  submerged  land  must  needs  be  as  old  as  the  sc|>arat^| 
ence  of  the  sea) — "  anterior  to  all  life  "  ?  ™ 

It  may  be  so,  or  it  may  not  be  so ;  but  where  b  the  ertde 
which  woald  justify  any  one  in  making  a  positivo  assertion  on  the  s 
jcct?  What  competent  paleontologist  will  affirm,  at  this  pits 
moment,  that  hv  knows  anything  about  the  period  at  which  life  4C 
sated,  or  will  assert  more  than  the  extreme  probability  that  such  on 
was  a  long  way  anteoedent  to  any  traces  of  life  at  present  knon 
What  physical  geologist  will  affirm  that  he  knows  wbcu  dry  h 
began  to  exi«t,  or  will  say  more  than  that  it  was  probably  very  m 
earlier  than  any  extant  direct  evidence  of  terrestrial  conditions  b 
eates? 

I  think  I  know  pretty  well  the  answers  irhicb  the  authorities  qao 
by  Sir.  Gladstone  would  give  to  these  qucetiona ;  but  I  leave  it 
them  to  give  them  if  they  think  fit. 

If  I  ventured  to  speculate  on  the  matter  at  all,  I  sbonld  say  ft 
by  DO  means  certain  that  sea  in  older  than  dry  land,  inasmuch  • 
•oU  terrestrial  surface  may  very  well  have  exi.ited  before  U>e  ea 

eool  enough  to  allow  of  the  existence  of  fluid  water.    And  in  I 

'  dry  land  may  have  existed  before  the  eea.    As  to  the  first  apf€ 

'  of  life,  the  whole  argument  of  analogy,  whatever  it  may  be  ve 
te  ^kch  a  case,  b  in  favor  of  tho  abeonee  of  living  beings  tmlol  Ic 
ibe  hot-water  seas  bad  consUtnted  themselves  ;  nnd  of  the  • 
appunraneo  of  aqoatio  before  terrestnal  forms  of  life.  1 
these  "  protoplasts "  would,  if  we  could  examine  tliem, 
among  the   lowt^st  microscopic  algs?,  or  fungi,  or  amc 

'  Awbtful  orgmniams  which  lie  in  tho  debatable  land  between  \ 

■M  plantA,  is,  in  my  judgment,  a  question  on  l*hieb  a  p^tf 

1  will  reserve  his  opinion.  fl 


MR.  GLADSTONE  AND   GENESIS. 


795 


» 


I 


I  think  that  I  haro  dow  disponed  of  tbone  parts  of  Mr.  Ghditone't 
defense  in  which  I  90601  to  discover  a  design  to  naaxM  liis  aolemn 
•'  pl«a  for  RcvclatioD."  Bui  n  grunt  deal  of  tho  "  Proem  to  OoDcaia  " 
remains  vliich  1  would  gl&dty  pMH  ovvr  in  lulonci*,  wora  such  a  course 
coosist«nt  with  the  respect  dae  to  so  dtsUngalsbcd  a  champion  of  tho 
"  reconcilers." 

I  hope  that  mj  clienta — the  people  of  aTersge  opinions — bavo  by 
this  time  some  confidence  in  me  ;  for,  when  I  tell  them  that,  after  all, 
Ur.  Gladstone  is  of  opinion  that  the  "  Moeiao  record  "  was  meant  to 
give  moral  and  not  scientific  iustruetion  to  thoc«  for  whom  it  was 
written,  they  may  bo  disponed  to  think  that  I  mnst  be  tnistfading 
them.  But  let  Ihem  listen  fnrther  to  whnt  Mr.  Gladstono  uiya  in  a 
compendious  bnt  not  exactly  correct  statement  respecting  my  opiniona : 

H*  hold*  tbo  writ«r  recpooiible  for  sdaDtiflo  pracUlon:  I  look  for  nothiog 
ot  the  kind,  btil  ssiiga  to  biin  a  statement  general,  wlilcb  admlu  exoet>UD[ia; 
I>o)n)Ur,  wbicb  alma  malBly  at  prodndDg  moral  ImpreHion;  siiromarj,  nklcb 
oaa  not  bat  be  open  to  more  or  lees  of  eriiioism  of  detail.  IIo  ibiul:*  It  b  « 
lectore.    I  Ihiak  It  is  a  semioB  (p.  SIS). 

f  I  note,  incidentally,  that  Mr.  Gladstone  appears  to  consider  that 
the  d^ereiida  between  a  lectaro  and  a  sermon  is,  that  the  former,  so 
far  as  it  deals  with  matters  of  fact,  may  bo  taken  seriously,  as  meaning 
exactly  what  it  says,  while  a  sermon  may  noL  1  have  quite  enough 
on  my  hands  without  taking  up  the  cudgels  for  the  clergy,  who  will 
probably  find  Mr.  Gla^intonc's  definition  unflattering. 

But  I  am  diverging  from  my  proper  bosiDeu,  which  is  to  say  that 
I  bare  given  no  ground  for  the  a^ription  of  these  opinions,  and  that, 
a  matter  of  fact,  I  do  not  hold  them  and  never  hare  held  them.  It 
:laHr.  Gladstone,  and  not  I,  who  will  have  it  that  the  Pentatouehal 
ooflmogony  is  to  be  taken  as  acienoc. 

Sly  belief,  on  tlie  coniniy,  is,  and  long  haa  been,  that  the  PcntO* 
teaohal  story  of  the  creation  is  simply  a  myth.  I  suppose  it  to  b«  an 
hypothesis  respecting  the  origin  of  the  universe  which  some  ancient 
thinker  found  himself  able  to  reconcile  witli  his  knowledge,  or  what  be 
thought  was  knowledge,  of  tho  nature  of  tilings,  and  therefore  assumed 
to  be  true.  As  such,  I  hold  it  to  l>o  not  merely  an  interesting  but  a  to»- 
erablo  monument  of  a  stage  in  the  mental  progrcM  of  mankind,  and  I 
find  it  diflicult  to  supprwe  that  any  one  who  is  ac(iuainte<l  with  tho 
ootmogonies  of  other  nations — and  especially  with  those  of  the  Egyp- 
ttnnH  and  the  Babylonians,  with  whom  tho  Israelites  wero  in  such  fre- 
quent and  intimate  commnnioation — should  consider  it  to  possess  either 
more  or  less  scieotiGo  importance  than  may  be  allotted  to  tboae. 

Mr.  GladMone's  definition  of  a  sennon  permits  mo  to  snspeet  that 
bo  may  not  soe  much  diSTerencc  between  that  form  of  disooumo  and 
what  I  call  a  myth  ;  and  I  hope  it  may  lie  something  moro  than  the 
■lowDoaa  of  apprehennon,  to  which  t  liave  confessed,  which  leads  mo 


796 


TBB  POPULAR  SCISNCS  MOSTBLT. 


^ 


I 


to  inugino  tbat  k  statement  wbieh  is  "  geoeni "  bat  "  >diiuu  cxo 
tiotw,"  whtcli  ia  "  popular  "  and  "  ftlou  munly  at  pruiucing  monl  1 
prcuion,"  "  snmmajy  "  and  therefore  open  to  "  criticism  of  detai 
unoiiDU  to  a  mytli,  or  perhaps  len  thao  a  tnjth.  Pat  aig«brued 
U  «Jiiic«  to  this,  a:  =  o+4+c;  always  renietabcring  that  then 
Dotbing  to  ahow  tbe  exact  ralae  of  citber  n,  or  b,  at  e.  It  in  tni«  tl 
a  is  oommonly  eapposcd  to  equal  10,  hat  there  are  exoepliont,! 
these  may  redam  it  to  6,  or  8,  or  0  ;  h  also  p<^alarly  meaoe  10,  \ 
being  c^irfly  naed  by  the  algebraist  >a  a  **  moral "  value,  yoa  caa  i 
do  much  with  it  id  the  addition  or  subtraction  of  mathematical  Talm 
e  also  b  quite  "  sammary,"  and,  if  yoa  go  into  the  details  of  vhici 
is  made  np,  many  of  them  may  be  wrong,  and  tbur  sum  total  equal 
C^  or  even  to  a  mtoua  quantity. 

Sir.  Gladstone  appears  to  wish  that  I  should  (t)  enter  upon  ai 
of  essay  eompetitioa  with  the  anlhor  of  the  I'entateucbal  coemogOli 
(S)  that  1  should  make  a  farther  statement  abont  some  element! 
bets  in  the  history  of  Indian  simI  Orirck  philosophy  ;  and  (3)  tha 
■boald  show  caoso  for  my  hesiution  in  aooepting  the  awertion  tl 
Gsftcns  ia  sni^ncd,  at  any  rate  to  the  extent  of  the  first  two ' 
fay  the  aebttlar  hypothesta. 

A  estam  mdso  of  hnmor  pnrcnls  mo  from  accepting  the 

1  vonld  as  aooQ  attempt  to  put  Hamlet^  soliloquy  I 
nesaalUe  shape.  But,  if  I  suppose  the  "Hofuc  writer"  to 
a  Mr.  Gladstone  does,  it  woald  not  bo  oonatstent  with  i 
I  of  rapect  for  the  Supreme  Being  to  imagine  llim  unable 
>  a  fonn  of  words  which  should  accurately,  or  at  Itnaat  not  inao 
OMljr,  express  His  own  meaning.  It  is  sometimes  said  that,  had  t 
slalcmenta  contained  in  the  first  chapter  of  Qenesla  been  Kientifica 
ttve,  they  would  hare  been  unintelligible  to  ignorant  people ;  but  h 
ia  the  matter  mended  iT,  being  scientifically  untrue,  tbey  most 
be  rejected  by  instructed  people  ? 

With  respect  to  the  second  suggestion,  it  woald  h«  presumf 
IB  me  to  protend  to  in«trnct  Mr.  Gladstone  in  maucra  which  lie 
much  within  the  province  of  Literature  and  ITistory  as  in  that  of  8 
eocc  ;  but,  if  any  one  desirous  of  further  knowledge  will  be  so  good 
to  torn  to  that  most  excellent  and  by  no  means  rocondite  source  of ' 
formation,  the  "  Encyclopiedia  Britannica,"  be  will  find,  under  the  X 
ler  £,  iho  word  "  Evotution,"  and  a  long  article  on  that  anbjccL  Ko 
1  do  oot  recommend  bim  to  read  tJic  fint  half  of  the  article  ;  hot  I 
Mcood  half,  by  my  friend  Mr.  Sully,  is  really  very  good.  He  will  tbi 
i»d  it  said  that,  in  some  of  the  philosophies  of  ancJent  India,  the  i^ 
<rf  eroladoo  is  dearly  expressed  :  "  Brahma  is  couceivcd  as  the  elen 
wtf-esistent  being,  which,  on  its  material  side,  unfolds  itself  to  I 
worid  by  gradually  condensing  itself  to  material  objocta  throng  \ 
tf*l»t»on9  of  other,  fire,  water,  earth,  and  other  elements."  A 
I  the  later  system  of  emanation  of  Sankhya  tbei«  is* aw 


1 


MB.  QLADSTOSE  ASD   GENESIS. 


797 


larksd  approiuli  to  a  mstertalifttio  doctrine  of  eToInUofi."  What  lit- 
|tla  knowledge  I  hare  of  tbe  tnatl«r — chiefly  derived  from  tlittt  very 
itmctiTe  book  "  Dio  Reli^on  dot  Buddha,"  by  C  F.  Koeppen,  aup- 
'plementod  by  Il&nly's  tnterosting  worka — Icado  mo  lo  think  thnt  Mr. 
Sully  might  havo  fpokcn  mooh  mon!  strongly  u  to  tb«  evolutionary 
obaraoUir  of  Indi&n  philosophy,  and  especially  of  that  of  the  Buddhista, 
Bat  the  qacntion  Is  too  larf^  to  be  dealt  with  incidentally. 

And  with  respect  to  early  Greek  pbitoaophy  •  the  seeker  after  ad- 
ditional enlightenment  need  go  no  further  than  the  same  excellent 
storehouae  of  information : 

TheMrirlooiaaphrndUi^iiMlvdiBg'nuilM.AaaxiiiiaDdor,  rbiJ  Ansilnienes^ 
Nek  to  exiiUln  the  world  ta  geaaralad  onteraprimoTdld  matter  which  ivatlbo 
HUM  tlma  th*  nnivenitd  sopport  of  thing*.  Thi*  lubgrtAnco  it  antloweil  with  a 
fMcraliro  or  trvumutotive  foroe  bj  lirlue  of  wl>lch  it  pnrMs  into  q  soccgmIod 
offonas.  Tbe7thB>roa«mbl«  modem  avolutiaDisls, since  thejreKsnl  the  world, 
Jm  Tith  lu  inflaiui  varietr  of  loonna,  as  iwutng  frora  a  simple  inoJo  of  matt*r. 

^1  Further  on,  Mr.  Sully  rcmnrkR  that  "  ReracUtas  dcsorree  a  promi- 
Bsent  place  in  the  history  of  the  idea  of  CTolutioii,"  and  lio  states,  with 
perfect  justice,  that  Ileraolitua  has  foreshadowed  some  of  the  special 
peculiarities  of  Mr.  Darwin's  views.  It  U  indeed  a  very  straiigo  cir- 
oumsUutce  that  the  philosophy  of  the  great  Ephesian  more  tlian  adum- 
brates the  two  doctrines  which  haTO  played  leadini;  parts,  the  one  In 
»t1)e  development  of  Christian  dogma,  the  other  in  that  of  nataral  sci- 
ence. The  fonner  is  the  ooneeptton  of  the  Word  {Xiyvi)  which  took 
Its  Jewish  shape  in  Alexandria,  and  ita  Christian  form  f  in  that  Gos- 
pel  which  is  usually  referred  to  an  Epbesian  touroe  of  some  five  cent- 
uries later  date  ;  and  the  latter  b  that  of  the  struggle  for  eiistcnce. 
The  saying  that  "  strife  is  father  and  king  of  all  "  {iraktfLM  irnVrwr  /tJy 
wanff)  ttrn,  rivrw  8)  fiamXtvt),  ascribed  to  Heraclitus,  would  bo  a  not 
Inappropriate  motto  for  the  "  Origin  of  Species." 

I  have  referred  only  to  Mr.  Sully's  article,  because  his  authority  Is 
quite  sufficient  for  my  purpose.  But  tho  consaltation  of  any  of  the 
more  elaborate  historic  of  Greek  philosophy,  such  as  the  great  work 
of  Zollor,  for  example,  will  only  bring  out  the  same  faot  into  still  more 
striking  prominence.  I  have  professed  no  "  minute  acquaintance  " 
^  vith  cither  Indian  or  Greek  philosophy,  but  I  have  taken  a  great  deal 
Bof  pains  to  seonre  that  snnb  knowletlgc  as  I  do  possess  shall  be  accu- 
rate and  trustworthy. 

In  the  third  place,  Mr.  Gladstone  ap]>ears  to  wish  that  I  should 
diKUM  with  him  the  question  whether  the  nebular  bypothcsiA  is  or  is 
not  conflrmatory  of  the  Pontatouchal  account  of  tho  origin  of  things. 
Ur.  Gladstone  appears  to  he  prepared  to  enter  upon  this  campaign 

*  I  mU  ootluiig  stKRil  "  tb«  gifaUr  DUinlMir  o(  (cbools  of  Greek  pluioMphj,''  m 
Hr.  GIsdMoM  tiapltM  OmI  I  did,  but  oipMsslj  ipefco  of  ths  "  fouxlDrt  ol  Omk  pU- 
tes»ph;." 
^     1 9»o  Hcfaus,  "  Di«  Ubra  Tea  Logos,"  p.%tl»tt. 


79« 


THE  POPULAR  SCIEXCE  MONTHLY, 


thisbJI 


with  a  ligbt  heart.  I  coofeu  I  am  not,  and  my  reason  for  this 
wardoew  will  doabtkaa  anrpriw  Ur.  GlailEtotie.  It  ia  that,  nths 
mora  than  a  qoarter  of  a  c«ntnry  ago  (namely,  in  Pcbniary,  18M), 
when  tt  «aa  my  duty,  as  President  of  ihv  Gvulo^ical  Soc-ioly,  to  it- 
liver  lite  AnnireKiu-y  Addrcaa,*  I  choaa  a  topto  which  inToWed  a  to; 
careful  atudy  of  the  remarkable  ooamo^;oiucal  epeculation  orifpnallf 
promulgated  by  Immanuel  Kant,  and  eubeequoDtiy  by  Laplace,  wbkt 
ia  now  koowa  as  tbe  nebular  hypothesis.  Witli  the  help  of  such  Uttlt 
acquaintance  with  the  principle*  of  physics  and  astronomy  as  I  haJ 
gained,  I  endeavored  to  obtun  a  clear  undcniAnding  of  this  Bpecob- 
tion  in  all  its  bearing!.  I  am  not  sure  thai  I  succeeded  ;  but  of  t^ 
1  am  cenaln,  that  the  problems  involred  are  very  difficult,  even  for 
those  who  posaeas  the  intellectual  discipline  requiute  for  dealing  witli 
tbem.  And  it  was  this  conviction  that  led  me  to  express  my  desire  to 
leave  the  discussion  of  the  question  of  the  aafcrtcd  harmony  betwser 
Qcnesis  and  the  nebular  hypottic-tiit  to  experts  in  tbe  appropriau 
branches  of  knowledge^  And  I  think  my  course  waa  airise  one  ;  but, 
as  3ilr.  GladatODO  evidenily  doca  not  understand  bow  there  can  be  aaj 
hesitation  on  my  part,  nnlesa  it  arises  from  a  coovtction  that  be  iu| 
the  right,  I  may  go  so  far  as  to  set  out  my  diSicnItiea.  ^ 

They  are  of  two  kinds— ezegctical  and  Hcicntific.  It  appe&rs  to  nr 
that  it  is  rain  to  discuss  a  supposed  coincidence  between  Genc*i*  and 
acicnoe,  unless  wo  havo  first  actUed,  on  tbe  one  hand,  wbat  Genesii 
says,  and,  on  the  other  hand,  wliat  science  says. 

In  the  first  (dace,  I  can  not  find  any  coneeosus  among  Kbiicsl 
acholars  as  to  the  mesniog  of  the  words  "  In  the  beginning  God  cr» 
•ted  tbe  heaven  sod  the  earth."  Some  aay  that  the  Ilcbrvw  word 
^ro,  which  is  translated  "  create,"  means  "  maile  out  of  nothing, 
venture  to  object  to  that  rendering,  not  on  tbe  ground  of  acholarihif^ 
bat  of  common  senses  Omnipotence  itself  can  sorely  no  more  make 
something  "  ont  of "  nothing  than  U  can  make  a  triangular  einb. 
What  is  intended  hy  "  made  out  of  nothing  "  appears  to  be  "  caused 
to  come  into  existence,"  with  the  implication  that  nothing  of  the  now 
kind  previously  existed,  it  is  further  usually  asanmed  that  *'  the  heav- 
en and  tbe  earth"  means  the  material  labstance  of  the  univonb 
Uence  the  "  Mosaic  writer  "  is  taken  to  imply  that,  where  nothing  of 
a  materia]  nature  previously  existed,  this  substance  appeared.  That 
Is  perfectly  conceivable,  and  therefore  no  one  can  deny  that  it  may 
have  happened.  But  there  are  otber  very  aatboritatira  critics  who 
say  that  the  ancient  Israelite  t  who  wrote  tbe  passage  waa  not  Hkslj 
to  have  been  capable  of  such  abstract  thinking,  and  that,  as  a  natter 
of  philology,  Aoro  is  commonly  used  to  signify  the  "  fashioning," « 

"  BqnlsM  h  -U;  8«mu,  hAitvmm,  and  B«tiF1r^"  1C70. 

f '■Asc*Mi,*daabtl«N,b«  Ui  Midqui^niiMt  M*  b«  cnezersud.    Fat. 
th«r«  li  DO  praer  ihu  tbe  "  H-M^o  "  eosBteeeoT  wu  kaora  (o  ifae  braeUia  «t  SdiMMA 
tina. 


I 


U 


MB.  OLADSTONS  AND   QENESia. 


799 


"  fotming,"  of  ihat  wbkh  already  exisU.  Now,  it  appears  to  mv  thai 
tlw  Mtentifio  investigator  ia  wbolly  iaooDipetent  to  say  anytbing  at  all 
abont  tho  Bist  origin  of  tho  material  universe.  'I*he  whole  power  of 
faia  orgaooa  vaDtshcs  when  he  hna  to  i>t<>p  U-yon<l  the  cb«n  of  natural 
caowa  and  sffecta.  No  fonn  of  the  nebular  bypotbcns  that  I  know  of 
ifl  neocHaarily  connected  with  any  view  of  tbe  origination  of  the  nebn- 
lar  (abftance.  Kant'a  form  of  it  expressly  eupposes  that  tbo  nebular 
material  from  which  one  stollar  syst«m  atarta  may  be  nothiug  but  tbe 
disintegrated  aubstanco  of  a  stellar  and  planetary  eygtcm  which  has 
jtut  come  to  an  ond.  Tbcrcfor^,  eo  far  aa  I  can  soc,  one  who  believefl 
that  matter  hu  oxiHU-d  from  all  cU'mity  luu  just  aa  much  right  to 
bold  llio  nebular  hypotbeflts  as  one  who  iK'lierea  that  matter  raino  i&to 
«xi>t«n«o  nt  a  tpecificd  opooh.  In  other  wordit,  the  nebular  hypothocLs 
and  the  creation  hypothesis,  up  to  this  point,  neither  confirm  nor  opposo 
,      one  another. 

■  Next,  wo  r«ad  in  tho  reviaers*  Tcrsioo,  in  wbicb  I  suppose  tho  nlti- 
niat«  results  of  critical  Echolarebip  to  bo  embodiod  :  "  ^Vnd  the  earth 
vaa  waste  [withont  form,  tn  the  authorized  vention]  and  void.'*  Most 
poopto  Mem  to  think  that  tbtn  phraseology  inlcnds  to  imply  that  tlto 

kmalter  out  of  which  the  world  wuh  to  be  formed  was  a  veritable  "  chao«  " 
devoid  of  law  and  order.  If  this  interpretation  is  oorrcel,  the  nebular 
bypotho»is  can  have  nothing  to  say  to  It.  The  scientific  thinker  can 
Itot  admit  the  abMnoe  of  Uw  and  order,  anywliere  or  any  when,  in 
nature.  Sometimes  law  and  order  are  patent  and  viftible  to  our  lim- 
ited vision  ;  sometimea  tbey  are  bidden.  But  every  particle  of  tbe 
matter  of  the  moat  fantastic-looking  nebula  in  the  heavena  ia  a  realm 
of  law  and  order  in  itself,  and  that  it  is  ao  i^  tbe  esMOtial  condition 
of  the  poMibility  of  solar  and  planetary  evolution  from  the  apparent 
ohaos.* 

"  Waste  "  is  too  vague  a  term  to  be  worth  eonsidcralion.  "  With- 
out form,"  intelligible  enough  as  a  metaphor,  if  taken  literally,  ia  ab- 
ffurd  ;  for  a  material  thing  existing  in  space  must  have  a  superficies, 
andif  it  has  a  superficies  it  has  a  form.  The  wildest  streaks  of  mam's- 
tail  clouds  in  tbe  sky,  or  the  most  irregular  heavenly  ncbulso,  have 
surely  just  as  much  form  ta  a  geometrical  telnbcdron ;  and  aa  for 
"void,"  how  can  that  be  void  which  ia  full  of  matter?  Ait  poetry, 
theae  lines  are  vivid  and  admirable  ;  aa  a  scientific  statement,  which 
tbey  must  be  taken  to  be  if  any  one  is  justified  in  comparing  tbcm 
with  another  scientific  statement,  tbey  fail  to  convey  any  intelligible 
conception  to  xaj  mind. 

The  account  proceed! :  "  And  darkneas  was  upon  the  face  of  the 
deep."  So  bo  it ;  but  where,  then,  is  tbe  likeness  to  the  celestial 
nebu1»,  of  tbe  exiatence  of  which  we  sboald  know  nothing  unleas 

■  WhM  JcrtmUh  (It,  U)  tKjt,  "  I  b«licl(l  tho  e&rlli,  Mwl,  to,  It  «ta  wuie  att4  toU," 
be  oerulnlj  dots  not  N«m  to  iinpljr  tbu  Hie  form  uf  tlia  aartli  ns  l«iS  dtinilo,  et  Its 
nbitanea  Icn  otBd,  (hu  Mbn. 


8oo 


THE  POPULAR  SCISJfCS  MONTHLY. 


^ 


thcj  shone  witb  &  Ugbt  of  their  ownf  "And  tb«  spirit  of  God  mof 
npOQ  ifa«  fac«  of  the  wAten."  I  have  met  with  no  form  of  th«  n«U 
hypothesis  which  involvM  anything  analogous  to  this  procces. 

1  hive  e^d  cnoagh  to  explain  some  of  the  difficulties  which  ir 
in  TBj  mind  when  I  try  to  asoertain  whether  there  is  any  foondsti 
for  the  contention  that  the  ststrmcnU  contained  in  the  first  two  TCfi 
of  Gmcos  are  sopporled  by  the  nebular  bypotbena.  Tbe  result  d« 
not  appear  to  mo  to  be  exactly  farorable  to  that  contention.  T 
nebular  hTpotheus  aaenmes  the  eiistencQ  of  matter  having  defio 
properties  as  its  foundation.  Whether  sach  matter  was  created 
f«w  thousand  years  ago,  or  whether  it  has  existed  through  an  «lai 
Mrka  of  metjunoTpboses  of  wbicb  our  present  universe  is  onlyl 
last  stage,  arc  alternatives,  neither  of  which  ia  scieutifieally  untenat 
sad  neither  leicntifically  demonstrable.  But  science  knows  nothi 
of  any  stage  in  which  the  oniverso  could  be  sud,  in  other  thai 
metaphorical  and  popular  sense,  to  be  formless  or  empty,  or  in  i 
respect  less  the  neat  of  law  and  order  than  it  ia  now.  One  might 
well  talk  of  a  freah  laid  lien's  egg  being  "  without  form  and  TOt 
becaose  thv  chick  therein  ta  potential  and  not  actual,  as  apply  ei 
terms  to  tbe  nebulous  mass  which  cootaJDa  a  potential  solar  system. 

Until  some  further  enlightenment  comes  to  mo.  then,  I  conf 
myself  wholly  unable  to  undentand  tbe  way  in  which  tbe  nebn 
hypotbcsis  is  to  be  oonrerted  into  an  ally  of  the  "  Mosaio  writer."  * 

But  Sir.  Gladstone  informs  ns  that  Professor  Dana  and  Profeai 
Guyot  are  prepared  to  prove  that  the  "  first  or  cosmogonical  portioB 
the  Proem  not  only  accords  with  but  tenches  the  nebular  bypotbcaia. 

*  la  looking  Ihreqgh  tbo  dFligbltol  tuIuidp  rMentlr  publiib«d  b;  tba  Astraam 
Rajsl  for  Ireland,  a  da;  ef  l<ro  ago,  I  Bad  Iho  rollo*in$:  nnarks  oa  ih*  Mb> 
hjpolkcri^  which  I  ahtFuld  bat«  bten  gl*d  l«  qitoU  b  nj  tut  It  I  liad  IcDO«a  d 


"Ker  can  it  bcercr  more  Ihui*  >|iv<;iilfttion ;  it  «w  not  tw  tSUbUlbtd  bji 
don,  w>r  can  it  Im  pr«x«(]  bj  culcuiaiion.  Ii  is  ncntj  a  c«ii}(cutfe,  more  or  Ihs  |li 
Ebic,  but  pcrfup*,  in  lono  decree,  nMMMrilj  Itm,  U  vm  pttMrni  laws  of  btal.  M 
«ad«T«taiuI  tbvm,  »dmil  ol  the  titmae  applioulon  hor«  rf^uirod,  aiul  if  lb*  prra««nl « 
arihlnp  bu  rrlgncd  far  xifflcitot  time  witboul  tbe  inWrrtatioa  of  wj  iitfluuiMitpi 
ent  known  to  tu." — "  The  Siorf  of  the  Htarens."  p.  006. 

Would  an;  pnuknt  adrocatc  bnv  m  plt«,  rithfr  for  or  a^riaU  rat«UliO(^  nfoe 
ooiadilcoco,  or  nut  ol  ocancidonve,  of  llio  dcdaialicns  «1  tb«  Utt«r  witb  tlis  mcfisnt 
«[«n  hrpolhvaia  tbua  guardcdijr  dwh  itiUibjMiMltenoiilMl  «ip«ttf 

f  iWacnpt  10  orfw'f  m  "  TVorn  fT  r-«vjai"(ptt>IM«d  in"  I^piiSar  Saam  U» 
lf"_frrMirdt,I8S6). — Ileua  *Ith  utitranion  (bat  la  ABerica,iibrToth«sUM*of  ( 
Io^mI  knowledge  bate  bew  so  gr<iatl;  tnlnrfied,  Ibc  biiriaass  of  the  roconeOM'  hss  b 
Idtsn  Into  ihc  hands  «f  Mi«ntl«u:  Dr.  Duia.  ProtcMor  of  Oootogy  hi  Tsl*  Oalb 
••4  Dr.  Arnold  Guv<ii,  Proforaor  of  n*olo{[r  aad  Phjdcal  GcogMpb;  la  Ksw  hr—J  4 
)cc«t  Bolb  of  ibue  autborilir*,  il  nppcRii,  haic  adborvd  tbroqgb  a  lops  car««r,  aarf  i 
■dhsr*  vUh  iacrcDscd  roaDdunof,  to  Ihn  Id»  of  a  nbataatisl  bannoa;  b«iw(«n  *A 
nd  lb*  Uwaie  text.  Prtrfvwor  Dann'i  Inint  tract  hu  reonMljr  appeared  lBtb«''Blb 
Skcva"  for  April,  l.^sn.     lIc  (hlnk*  the  oMoDM  donbtfol  aa  to  tha  prieriq 

tonr  (he  leir  or  toartupinn  maiomitl]  (p.  SUJ;  b)K  strong  for  an  abowlsat  ■ 


JfR  OLADSTONE  AXD   OEXSSIS. 


Sol 


hen  U  tio  one  to  whoae  nutliorlty  on  geological  qnesllona  I  niii  more 
lily  dupoeed  to  bow,  th^ii  that  of  my  eoiiiient  friend  Professor 
Dana.  Uat  I  am  familiar  with  what  he  has  previously  taid  on  thi£ 
topic  in  bid  veil-known  and  standaid  work,  into  which,  Etnmgety 
enough,  it  does  not  seem  to  liaro  occum-d  to  Mr.  Gladstono  to  look 
boforo  b«  sot  out  upon  hii  ])rvi»Mit  undertaking  ;  and  unless  Profcwor 
DanaV  Iat«st  oouiribulion  (wliioh  I  kavo  not  yet  met  wiUi)  takes  up 
altogether  new  ground,  I  an  afraid  I  shall  not  be  able  to  extricate 
myaelf,  by  ita  help,  from  my  present  difficulties. 

It  ia  a  very  long  timo  frinct;  I  began  to  tiiink  about  tLo  relations 
between  modem  scientifically  asccruinvd  truths  and  tlie  cosmogonical 
sp«caIations  of  tlic  writer  of  Gcnc»ii ;  and,  a«  I  think  that  Mr.  Glad- 
atono  might  liave  be«n  able  to  put  bis  case  wilb  a  good  deal  more 
foroe  if  hu  had  thought  it  worth  while  to  consult  the  last  chapter  of 
Professor  Dana's  admirable  "  Manual  of  Geology,"  so  I  think  he 
might  have  been  made  awar«  that  be  was  undertaking  au  Qntorpriso 
of  which  he  bad  not  coantod  tho  cost,  if  h«  tiad  chanced  upon  a  di«- 

I    cussion  of  tbo  subject  which  I  published  in  18T7.* 

^K    Finally,  I  should  like  to  draw  tho  attention  of  those  who  take 

^Bt«re«t  in  tbeM  topies  to  the  weighty  n'ords  of  one  of   the  most 

^named  aitd  moderate  of  Biblical  critics  : 

~  X  propoa  de  oette  prtmUre  p«^  de  la  BlUc^  cm  a  ooutDau  d«  nos  Jonrs  de 
dlssnter,  i  perto  do  vno,  sur  I'accord  da  r^cit  moselque  aveo  loe  saUoMs  nata- 
relles;  C(  cocnme  C(Jlc*-ri,  tout  iHotgnfes  <ia*ftl«a  tout  «acore  do  la  porfootion 
absotn*.  onl  r«adii  populalraa  at  «b  <)iielq<io  aorte  Irritragabtes  on  certain  aombr« 
de  fail*  giniraux  ou  de  tbiaea  foBdaoiOntalea  de  la  eosmtdogla  et  de  la  g6olo(ilo, 
o'eat  t«  teite  aaerA  qa'oo  a'Arertw  i  torturer  pour  )e  faire  ooBOorder  aT«o  ces 
donaJM.f 

TxA9is.~-[PertbenlIr  to  tUs  tnl  page  of  the  BihK  it  liu  boon  caHtoinnrv  in 
our  da;i  to  (ImmuI  to  sa  ostramo  oo  tbo  aocord  of  tbo  Motalo  redtul  uith  tlio 

ptanilikindw  Aiotoperi(Ml{p.SlS)!  uxl  he  koldn,  with  ProfufOfCayol,  that  tbaSrst, 
ar«MBKipnilaaI,portioaottl>e''PtD«ra"niAont7  w9cotdaiilib,tnit  tc>Gha«,tlie  nebular 
tiTpotbesIa  (p,  va). 

It  ia  a  nUvf  M  find  that  tlio  lnin1«n  at  thii  ■rguTnrai  it  nhitrd  irlUi  wtmeMca,  wUo 
ore  eaaipetont  and  uBaoapretcd  on  th«  BclcmiBii  ilitc;  uul  wlio  will  not  bo  UnbU  to  a 
tvpetltlaanxtrufumaMMKiof  aaoldolijtciloii:  "  ThU  pmjJt,  vMctt  hmmlh  not  lAt  ltt», 
H  «MmW  (»>u  John,  ill,  40). 

Hr.  Manh,  Vnltmt  of  PaliMiKoIci^  in  Vnle  Collagt^  hoUi  ("  OmiUMdoDlea,"  1880^ 
p.  W\  on  tb«  grouad*  ol  Qtt  wiile  dilTennroi  bcisccn  the  ArA/Mfltrf  and  the  oth«r 
tjpoa  o(  Mrljr  liinli,  Uial  th«  oommoa  auxmua  wu  rcmoM  nnd  probabtf  TiXaoitAe.  Ho 
alwadbntu  to  llio  otdvr — 1.  lUplila);  S.  [Utda;  3.  MomiailsL  (It  maj  bo  mil  torrtcr 
to  Sir  a  Ljiwll,  "  IMndplon  of  Oeulosr,"  toL  Ifi,  p.  110,  on  the  teaaana  vbjr  bird-rtcaaiue 

r  •omelimBa  nrv.) 

In  lay  pungei  i«(t<Ting  to  g«ologkal  mutt*,  I  irould  *A  the  ttader  to  mhailtuto 
rily  tot  ntfttriim.   The  UXUi  impliei  &  cooimuit;  ot  acrte*,  vhleb  U  sot  faund  bi  llw 

Rltlle  TCOord,  Aaee  It  ii  ttn>k«ii  bj  (lie  Bbecncc  ol  refermoe  to  the  iorectolintMol  IbS 
i]aa*ola.  and  tbe  npUloa  of  the  tncMaoio  rooka, —  if*.  E,  O. 

'  Lattutv*  on  ErUiitiuu  dolircrtd  in  Ni-w  YoAl    (JUocrivas  AddreaSM.) 

t  Beva,  ••  L'DlatcIre  MnU  «i  la  XM,"  i,  3?». 
vet.  szntL— 01 


Bos 


TBS  POPULAR  SCmXCS  UONTSLT. 


tutsral  MlvnoM ;  cod  u  tbo  Uiter,  ^trj  tar  foidovw]  from  nbMlvu  pnt 
M  Um-7  itill  or«,  liaT«  tvodcml  pnpnlBr,  gnil  tUvt  a  wanner  tniiUpnUUi, 
tain  Ufltnbcf  ot  general  facU  or  fuDdann-orat  thvaw  of  oomdoIokt  ud  (mIi 
b  ths  nercd  taxt  that  tfaor  rtrira  to  tortsN  In  order  to  mBka  ii  bitm  villi 
dau.] 

Iq  my  paper  on  the  "  loterproteri  of  Nature  and  tJio  In 
of  Gi-iii-«i>>,''  while  freely  nrailing  myself  of  tbr  ri^liLs  of  a  tdi 
oriljc,  I  «n<]i.>«TorGd  to  kwp  the  excreesion  of  my  viown  well 
those  boonds  of  couru'Hy  wbicb  nro  set  by  Eclf-r«Kf)<>ct  and  rui 
tion  for  otberfl.  I  uo  therefore  glad  to  be  favored  with  Mr. 
stone's  wrknowledgment  of  the  miccew  of  my  cfforta.  I  unly  i 
llmt  I  cotild  accept  all  tha  prodnctd  of  Mr.  Gbditono'e  grai-lixu  w, 
cialion,  but  tberv  U  one  about  vhich,  aa  a  matter  of  iton«tty,  I 
tate.  Id  fact,  if  I  bad  «xpr<«a«d  my  meaning  bettor  than  I  mi 
bare  done,  I  doubt  if  thia  pvtioular  proff<;r  of  Mr.  GladHoae'a  tfa 
VOtild  have  been  made. 

To  my  mind,  whatever  doctrine  profoatM  to  he  the  reenlt  of  tlx 
plioation  of  tlio  neccpted  mlesof  bduotlvo  and  deductive  logic  t 
fiubject-malter,  and  acocpts,  witbiD  the  limits  vbirli  ii  t,eu  u>  il 
the  supremacy  of  rea»on,  i»  science.  '^Vbetber  tlie  Hubjwt-maUcr 
sUts  of  realitic«  or  nuroalitici<,  tratba  or  faUeboods,  ia  qoita  aiM 
qucHtion.  I  conceive  Ibal  ordinary  geometry  is  Bciettre,  bv  rtaua 
its  methodj  and  I  also  beUove  that  it4  axioiss,  dcfiiutionB,  ajKl  OM 
sions  arc  all  true.  I  fowever,  there  is  a  geomrlry  of  four  dfrosw 
vhEdi  I  also  believe  to  be  science,  becao^e  its  method  profeesei  U 
MrioUy  Bcicntifio.  It  is  truo  that  1  can  not  conceive  four  dlniMH 
in  space,  and  therefore,  for  roe,  the  whole  afFur  is  unrwU.  But  1 1 
ktioirn  men  of  great  intvllectnal  powers  who  seemed  to  have  no  i 
eidty  either  in  conceiving  thero,  or,  at  any  mt«,  in  imngiuitig  bnw  i 
cotild  conceive  them,  and  therefore  fonr^imenitioned  yeometry  «i 
under  my  notion  of  science.  80  I  tbink  sj«trotogy  is  a  iteieoi'c,  in  m 
as  it  profcMlM  to  reason  logically  from  principles  estAblbbed  by  Jua 
dnctive  uelbodik  To  prevent  misunderstanding,  perhaps  I  bad  Ix 
add  that  I  do  not  belicvo  one  wbtt  in  astrology  ;  but  no  more  do  I 
Itcvc  in  Ptotemaio  astronomy,  or  in  tlio  catastro]i>iio  geology  of 
youth,  attJiongh  tbeee,  in  their  day,  claimed— and,  to  my  mind,  ri 
claimed — the  nnmo  of  science.  If  nothing  is  to  he  called  acieoM 
that  which  is  exactly  tme  from  beffinntng  to  end,  1  an  afraid 
very  little  soience  in  the  world  out«ido  matheniatics.  Among  the 
cal  sciences  I  do  not  know  that  any  oould  claim  more  lluia  that 
tme  within  certain  limits,  so  narrow  that,  for  tbo  proMnI  at  aay 
they  may  bo  neglected.  If  such  !•  tht  ouo,  I  do  not  am  wbei 
lino  is  to  bo  drawn  between  exactly  true,  partially  truo,  and 
nntnie  form«  of  science.  And  what  I  have  aaid  alMnt  tbe  ear 
theology  at  tbo  end  of  my  paper,  leaves,  I  think,  no  doubt  as  to 
cMegoiy  in  wbiob  I  rank  it.     For  all  that,  I  think  it  would  b« 


r 


COMMEA^TS  ST  PROFESSOR  HEXRY  DRUifMOXD.  8oj 


only  anjust,  bnt  almost  imp«rtinc<iit,  to  rcfiiAC  the  name  of  »cicnc«  to 
ihfi  "  Suiama  "  of  St.  Tliomas  or  to  tho  "  IiiEtitutM  "  of  Calvin. 

In  conclusion,  I  confess  th&t  my  eupposcd  "uDJa<lc<I  appeUtc"  for 

'  the  eort  of  controverny  in  wliicli  it  nvcilvil  not  Mr.  (iladiitone's  ex- 

I  doclarnttori  to  toll  us  he  is  far  better  pra<:tice<l  tbiiQ  1  am  (tbougb 

3j,  u'iUiout  nnoiUvr  vxprcH  declaration,  no  one  would  have 

'so^ctcd  Uiat  his  controversial  firea  aro  bumiiig  lov)  is  already 

satiated. 

In  "ElyBium"  we  conduct  scientific  discussions  in  a  different  me- 
dium, snd  we  arc  liable  to  threntcnini^s  of  asphyxia  in  that  "atmos- 
phere of  contention "  in  which  Mr.  Glailstono  bas  been  able  to  live, 
H  alert  and  vigorous  beyond  the  common  race  of  men,  as  if  it  wore 
pnrcsC  mountain  air.  T  truKt  tliat  ho  may  long  continue  to  seek  tnith, 
under  tha  difficult  conditiona  he  has  cboeen  for  tho  search,  with  un- 
abated energy — I  had  almost  said  fire : 

"  May  ajie  not  wither  Iilm,  nor  ooatom  stale 
ilii  in^nito  vnriot}r." 

But  Klysium  suits  my  loss  robust  eonstitutJou  1>c(tor,  and  I  I»vg  leave 
to  retire  thither,  not  sorry  for  my  experience  of  the  other  region — no 
one  should  regret  experience — but  determined  not  to  repeat  it,  at  any 
rat«,  in  reference  to  tho  "pica  for  Revelation. "—A7ncte««cA  Cmtvry. 


COMMENTS  Br  PROFESSOR  HENRY  DRUITMOJTD. 

SCIKINC'E,  Religion,  Philology,  and  History  have  now  unsheathed 
their  most  richly  cbaecd  blades  in  this  famous  tournament.  So 
goodly  a  fight  has  not  in-cn  fcen  for  many  a  day  ;  and  whether  one 
regards  the  dignity  of  the  combatants,  or  the  gravity  and  delicacy  of 
the  cause,  it  is  not  possible  to  await  the  iaeme  without  the  keenest  in- 
terest. Meanwhile,  a  voice  may  be  permitted  on  behalf  of  a  group 
among  the  spectators  who  have  not  yet  been  heard  in  this  controversy, 
but  whose  modest  reluctance  to  interfere  seems  only  equaled  by  their 
right.  In  arenas  more  obticure,  but  not  less  worthy,  they  too  faave 
fought  this  fight ;  and  as  a  humble  camp-follower,  and  from  convic- 
tion that  the  thing  must  now  be  done,  ralher  than  as  oni^  possessing 
the  right  to  do  it,  I  would  venture  to  state  the  case  on  their  account. 

Mr.  Huxley  interposes  in  this  question  because  he  is  moved  by 
the  violence  being  done  in  high  places  to  natural  science.  This  third 
party  is  constrained  to  speak  because  of  a  similar  violence  done  to 
theol(^ca]  acienee.  Were  the  reconcilers  of  Oeol<^  and  Geaesia 
equal  in  insight  to  their  last  and  most  distinguished  champion,  and ' 
did  Mr.  Gladstone  himself  realize  the  full  meaning  of  his  own  conces- 
uons,  little  further  contribution  to  this  c(MitroverBy  might  perhap*  *•* 


804 


TBS  POPULAR  sen 


1« 


oftU«d  for.    Ani),  w«ro  th«  0)>|KitM)nU  i 
in  epirit,  m  n.>«i>e<itful  to  beliefs,  umI 
quoatioD  at  iesQe  as  Mr.  TIuxIe-jt,  do  oi 
Willi  »  phuluix  of  recoQcileni  on  the 
t)li«lter  untenable  poeitioDa  oodor  th< 
Mr.  Ubdfitono,  an<l  with  qiiiuii>AdoD 
exa};gcriitc  and  niUintcrprct  the  tri 
clearing  of  the  ground  is  neocMtnr]-.    Tl 
And  iiiimltcble  cbaiily  of  Mr.  Gladstd 
far  vith  many  minds  to  remove  the  j 
ceived  the  first.    Ncvcrthelces,  so  powe 
whicli  nianjr  oame«t  studrats  of  mod« 
rmeon  wholly  to  abandon  oas  not  bu 
kind.     And  tliougb  tbcae  nro  now  id 
ce«Mona  and  ampler  Btstemcnt  of  llic  t 
deliberately  involves  himself  with  the 
far,  however,  is  ho  in  advance  of  moet 
rolnctantly  Raid  hero  against  tho  stani 
no  acMO  applieft  to  liiiii.    This  mtii 
makea  it  a  pleasure  to  pretnlHo. 

It  will  be  reeognixed  by  every  on« 
are,  as  the  title  of  Mr.  Ilnxley's  anf 
of  Qcnceis  and  the  Interpreters  of  tit 
protcn  of  Geuffsu  ?  We  answer  by  a 
of  Xature  ? 

We  reopeclfully  point  out  to  iSi.  J 
oomgle  reforenoo  to  the  interpreters  j 
he  OSes  the  term  "  the  Interpreters'*  ii 
"the  interpreters"  of  N^aturef  Mr. 
himself.  And  who  are  "  the  interpi 
Mr.  Gladstone  would  be  the  last  to  d 
the  legitimate  (|uestion  lie  between  mi 
encef  And  in  perfect  fairness 
paper  have  read,  ".Some  int. 
interpreters  of  Nature  "  f  Tb 
not  press  it.  But  in  view  of 
Huxley's  artielo^  and  in  spite  of  all  pro 
assault  upon  the  Biblical  rocords,  w 
point  out  the  real  terms  of  tbe  antt 
justly,  that  Mr.  Uuxley  is  not  rcapoi 
uncdneated.  And  in  ordinary  eiroua 
to  define  so  earefully  the  real  limits 
But  tJie  cireumstances  here  are  quite 
widely  general  knowledge  of  science 
vidoal  tbeorista  in  that  department  ha 
Ibeology.    Theology,  in  this  relaUoa 


OifMSyrs  BY  PROFSSSOR  ItESRY  DRVUMONJ).  805 

trvatmont.  Any  TUionniy  in  uken,  nnd  tbat  notoriousljr  by 
men  of  •cicDCP^  u  llic  r«|>r«M.'nt«tivo  of  tliv  Hjstoin.  Ami  it  is  time 
for  tbcology  to  bti  relieved  of  tbe  irresponsiblQ  faroni  of  •  hundretl 
■ciolisla,  wbo»c  goerrillft  warfare  bas  so  long  alienated  tlitnking  men  In 
all  departmenta  of  knowledge.  That  there  is  a  "  science  of  theology  " 
Mr.  Huxley  himself  admits.  It  has  exponents  in  Itritain  and  Germany 
as  woll-flqutppiid  in  leaniing,  in  sobriety,  in  balance  of  mind,  ami  in 
the  poncKsion  of  tfa«  Koionlific  nj'irit,  a«  the  boM  of  t]te  int«r])r4^toni  of 
Kalore.  When  tbese  men  tpcalc  of  itcience,  it  Is  with  reape«tful  rcli- 
anco  upon  tbe  best  and  uoat  recent  authorities.  Tliey  complain  that 
wben  scicoM  speaks  of  them  it  accepts  poEittom  and  etatementa  from 
any  ijnaner,  from  books  which  bavo  beon  for  years  or  cenltirios  o»t- 
grown  ;  or  from  po]>u]ar  tcacbeni  whom  sdcntifio  tbeology  anweariedly 
reptidiatof.  To  tbeoto^ool  nolonce  the  whole  andvrh-ing  tlu-ory  of 
tlia  roconcUcrK  in  as  exploded  as  Batbybins.  And  Mr.  Iluxley'ii  inter- 
ference, however  mnch  they  welcome  it  in  tbe  interest  of  popular 
tbeology,  is  to  tfaem  the  amusing  performance  of  a  layman,  tbv  rsliM 
of  whieh  to  scientific  theoloj^y  is  about  tbe  same  as  would  be  a  rcfnta- 
UoD  of  the  Ptolcmaio  iwlronomy  to  modem  physics,* 

This,  however,  to  Home  minds  may  have  to  be  made  plain,  aud  wc 
may  briefly  devote  dotmiIvcs  to  a  alateincnt  of  ibe  case. 

II10  progress  of  opinion  on  this  whole  subject  is  marked  by  three 
pbaaes :  First,  until  Ibe  present  century  tho  first  chapter  of  Genesis 
WM  aocept»d  aa  a  veritable  cosmogony.  This,  In  the  circumstances, 
was  inevitable.  Tha  bypotbceis  of  L.iplare  was  not  yet  in  the  field  ; 
paleontology,  Fracastoro  notwithstanding;,  bad  produced  nothing  ex- 
cept wliat  every  on«  knew  was  Uie  remains  of  the  Noachiaii  Deluge ; 

*  Of  coufw,  ta  MminMilariN  orilttn  bjr  tijipTto  iar  poimltr  u»c«,  the  HinilL-tnniiUi(7 
c*iilcn«e  from  natiml  sokoM  !«  tomclint'f  farmsll;  cIIliI  iu  tiatiug  tlio  mm  ii|ir»in»l  (be 
rccoDcUpN  gensntlr.  Fratn  on*  of  iho  niMi  recent,  u  wutl  u  inoM  abl*^  of  (hw«  we 
q»o(«  the  loUoalRH  paiMC*^  la  >U«h  Ur.  Huilej  U  uiticiiMiUil  In  io  mujr  wordiL  It  it 
bcra  BMn.  BM  calj  lh*l  itioologj  "hue*  4II  ihia  btforr,"  but  bow  M[n|^leti>l*  It  bw 
■bsadoaMl  the  iwdUi^n  tgalnU  wliloh  Ur.  Iluilcjr'i  couiiter-*ia(«incDt8  m«  dirMtod: 
"  Tlu*  asmilTD  It  nai  careful  to  follow  il;o  BCUial  ofitt  ia  wUoh  Uf«  ap^ouod  em  tbo 
globo:  It  alftnn*,  e. );.,  thai  fnitMrec)  fiiitril  before  lb*  lua  wm  mode;  admot  taa  l«ll 
IM  of  DO  «uch  Tcgrtuion.  It  l<JIa  ■at  iliat  (ho  Irinlr  w«ro  cre«il«il  In  the  flflh  Aaj,  the 
rtptlk*  la  tite  dxtb ;  Nature  hrm^K  14U1  s  dIRcKnt  tal4^  and  auuTM  nf  Ilial  HMplog 
lUafa  apiiMrod  before  tbo  fljlng  fowl.  Bat  tbs  moM  oiQtindnf  prooC  of  Ibe  nipvd- 
ISMMBM  of  •cicnUflc  Mcniacf  ibown  bj  tbti  arltrr  i«  foiiad  In  the  fa«l  thai  fn  lli«  Mooad 
chapler  bo  ^tos  ■  dllTtttBt  aMDunl  fniia  that  irhlch  ho  ba«  gtvcn  in  tbo  ficut,  and  an 
•COO«nl  Imcsadlable  with  phrdtal  (■«■.  ...  He  rcpioacau  II10  crution  of  num  aa 
fuccedhig  Ibe  envlioa  of  the  lowtr  aulnuil* — an  order  which  both  Ibo  flrat  chapter  and 
ph7<lctl  adoioe  bhw*  u*  wu  not  tin  actoal  order  ohnvmA.  .  .  .  Ii  tctitat  U>  uo,  there- 
fore, a  aiacaken  and  dangeroos  altonpt  vblch  U  ofien  modo  lo  rMondlo  tho  aoMact  of 

[ilifiital  beta  gtrcn  hero  wltb  tliU  giren  In  Katuio  hcrcclf.  Then  aoeonnu  diiagrM  ia 
tha  date  OT  diitanoe  fion  iIm  |>menl  lime  to  whieh  the  work  of  creation  l«  lulgneil,  in 
Ui<  longth  ol  llmo  whkh  the  prcparathm  of  the  world  for  man  U  wld  to  bare  occupied, 

tafi  la  the  order  in  wMrli  Hta  li  IntNiduoed  bio  (he  world."— "  Genetif,"  by  Usrou 

Ha,D.D.    Edlnbar^ti,  T.  k  T.  Clatk,  ISGS. 


8o6 


THE  POPULAR  SCISSCB  MONTRLY, 


ftnd  gootog^,  even  with  Bnffos  bcbind  it,  bad  so  little  la  njr 
that  A  liiiit  from  the  Sorbonne  was  suiHcieiit  to  qanich  wh 
li(tht  it  had.  The  kcumi*  of  the  world,  therefore,  was  Iffi  | 
and  tho  moat  mvcbanica)  thcorjr  of  creation— a  puivly  anthi 
phio  thing  anil  not  mally  in  ibo  ucred  pago  at  nil — wua  en 
nccDpicd. 

Piviientif,  iH  the  Boiences  gailierod  volatne  aod  foctui'd  tl 
on  th«  p«Al,  a  n«w  Torsion  of  creation  was  spclldil  oitt  from  ■ 
eea  and  fttara.  Accepted  at  Rnt  tentatively,  even  by  mpn  a 
it  is  Dot  to  bo  wondenrd  at  th»t  tlii-otugtans  were  for  a  time  t 
to  give  up  th«  reading  which  luul  hold  tho  grotttiil  no  Ion 
tbeirefore  adopted  tho  polioy  which  Is  always  followed  in  id 
cumstance»— compromise  and  adjastroeot  Thus  intfrvpned  < 
repnum  of  the  reconcilers,  De  Luc,  Kurtx,  Pye-Smith.  Hnj; 
Chalmers,  Aod  a  hundred  otheni  whom  we  nc«d  uot  nninr.  ' 
who  HiH-aks  of  the  labors  of  tliess  workers  withont  r««pM 
Acquitintancc  whli  tho  m«tbodn  by  which  Irutli,  or  error,  is  um 
It  was  nocvRMary  that  tjint  mine  Hhonld  be  worked,  and  wa 
Whatever  faitdamental  error  uuderlay  it,  it  wam  ilone  with  n 
with  ooarage,  often  with  learning  and  with  elo<]iionr«.  A  wh<] 
tare  sprang  up  aroand  the  roconstmction,  and  one  good  end  wa 
secured ^«cience  was  ardently  studied  by  the  Church.  Hat  th 
of  Ihfl  new  meEbo<t  was  a  foregone  eonclnsion,  lod  those  who  I 
this  iballow  era  one  by  one  ran  aground.  This  was  a  moment 
-H>ne  of  thocio  moments  which  always  come  when  truth  1 
making,  and  which,  honestly  acocpled,  lead  to  new  dcparltini 
direotios  where  the  tnie  light  is  altimately  fonnd.  The  ww 
the  harmonists  accepted  the  situation,  though  Home  of  then 
know  whore  next  to  turn.  But  delivcranoc  swiftly  came,  and 
unlooked-for  qiinrlcr. 

For  meanlitne  in  Germany  and  England,  in  a  wholly  4l 
department  of  tlieology,  another  science  was  at  work.  ApcHJ 
any  questions  of  doctrinal  detail,  tho  young  science  of  Hibliei 
citm  was  beginning  to  iniiniro  into  the  compoiiiiion,  meaning, ) 
and  urns  of  tb«  taered  books.  It  dealt  with  these  books,  b  I 
instance,  simply  as  Utrraturc  Qneslious  of  age,  aiitfaonbtp,  i 
erary  form  were  for  the  first  timo  investigated  by  qtuUifled  i 
And  the  ToBult  of  these  labors — labors  in  the  tmost  M'nse  SL-ira 
th.1t  these  sacred  writings  are  now  regarde«I  by  theohi^ry  from  a 
ohangc^l  Mand-point,  Now  from  this  stand  puint  (he  pmhleii 
reconciliation  of  Cicnesis  with  geology  simply  dlttppean.  Thi 
ble  soientifie  solntion,  the  poeaibility  or  imF>o«tibility  of  a  bar 
the  very  statement  becomes  an  absurdity,    llio  tpi'-  ' 

aa  irrelevant  tu  that  of  the  Mnior  wrangler  who  aak"  ^ 

"  I'anidiJM!  Lost "  was  meant  to  prove.   This  )■  of  oounie  the 
od  of  dealing  with  old  UtMnrk*.    BoMni  In  arfUiwiil,  tbcy  w: 


COMMSXTS  BY  PROFESSOR  HENRY  DRUMMOyD.  807 

riw)  ngaiu  ;  oalgrown,  tli«y  are  forever  dtad.    And  this  ia  the  hal)- 
murk  of  nil  true  science,  that  it  destroya  bj-  fiUfilliag. 

Hoirever  it  may  have  escaped  rccognitioo,  it  is  certain  that  tbeot- 
Offy  has  bvon  ut  work  for  »otuc  time  now  with  methmjH  of  itKiuiry 
similar  lo  thoM  «tn|>lo]red  by  natural  ncience.  And  it  baa  already  |nr- 
ttally  tiuovoedM  !u  working  out  a  reconBtrnction  of  tome  important 
(IcpartmeQls  from  the  »tanJ-point  of  development.  If  the  etudent  of 
science  will  now  apply  to  theology  for  ita  Bible,  two  very  dilFerent 
bookd  will  be  laid  luforc  bim. 

'i*l)c  one  i»  th«  Bible  aa  it  waa  acc«]>tcd  by  our  forefalliom ;  the 
otht-r  la  the  Bible  of  modem  theology.  The  bookii,  the  obaptera,  the 
\CTtv*,  and  the  words  are  the  same  ia  each,  yot  in  the  meaoing,  the 
interpretation,  and  the  way  in  which  they  ire  looked  at,  they  are  two 
entirely  diatinct  Bibles,  llie  diHlinction  between  them  in  one  which 
■cience  will  appreciate  tlic  monu'iit  it  m  tttated.  In  point  of  fact,  tbo 
one  is  constructed  like  the  world  according  to  tb«  old  co«n)<^^i«a  ; 
tba  other  ii  an  evolulion.  The  one  reprcHenta  rerclation  m  having 
bdcn  ]>roiluccd  on  the  creative  hy])otbefiiji,  the  l>iTine-fiat  bypotbeais, 
till.'  rcaily-uiade  hypotheBis  ;  the  other  on  the  slow-growth  or  evolution 
theory.  This  last — the  Bible  of  development — is  the  Bible  of  modem 
acienlific  theology.  It  is  not  less  anthoritalive  than  the  first,  but  it  ia 
dilTercRtly  authoritative  ;  not  U-nh  inspired,  it  is  yot  differently  impircd. 

From  iis  scan<l-poIiit  the  Bible  has  not  been  made  in  a  day,  any 
more  than  the  earth  ;  nor  have  ita  ]>artK  bef  n  introduced  mechanically 
into  the  minds  of  certain  men,  any  mora  than  tlw  celU  of  their  brain. 
In  uttering  it  tbey  have  not  spoken  as  mere  antomata — the  men, 
thongh  inspired,  were  authorg.  This  Bible  has  not  been  given  inde- 
pendently of  time,  of  place,  or  of  eircumstance^  It  is  not  to  be  read 
without  (he  philosophic  sense  which  diatingaishes  the  provisional  from 
the  eternal ;  the  hiBloric  sense,  which  soparates  the  local  from  th« 
nniversal ;  or  the  literary  sense,  which  reoogniEcs  prose  from  podry, 
imagery  from  science.  The  modem  Bible  is  a  book  whose  parts, 
though  not  of  ane<|u.al  value,  are  seen  to  be  of  different  kinds  of  value ; 
where  the  euual  In  dtxtinguiNhed  from  the  essential,  the  subordinato 
from  tlie  primal  end.  This  Bible  is  not  an  oraolo  which  linti  been 
erected  ;  it  baa  grown.  Hence  it  is  no  longer  a  mere  wonl-book,  nor 
a  compendium  of  doctrines,  but  a  nursery  of  growing  truths.  It  Jdl 
not  an  even  piano  of  proof-tcxl*  without  proportion  or  eniphasia,  <  " 
light  and  shade,  but  a  revelation  viirifil  as  Xalure,  with  the  diviiK-  '• 
its  bidden  parts,  in  its  spirit,  its  tendencies,  ita  obscnritics,  and  ! 
omissions.  Like  Nature,  it  has  aucoessive  stiata,  and  valley  and  hi), 
top,  and  mist  and  atmonphcre,  and  rivers  which  arc  flowing  still,  and 
hidden  ores,  nnd  hero  and  there  a  place  which  is  desert,  and  fossils  too, 
wboM)  crude  f ormH  are  the  HteppingHrtones  to  higher  things,  f  >«I, 
this  Bible  ia  like  tlto  world  In  wbidi  it  ia  found,  natural,  bin 
giblo  in  form  ;  myaterioaa,  tnaoratable,  divine  in  origin  aol 


8o8 


TBE  POPULAR  SCISXCE  JtOXTHLY. 


^ 


Witb  to  liviiig  a  book,  tbeology  baa  ^sia  bocome  living.  A  vluli 
cloud  of  probleoui,  porplexitiea,  anomKlie*,  and  doabu  fall  before  it 
Ko  formal  indictment  is  drawn  afiainal  older  views  ;  difficulties  an 
not  exanuDod  and  anavcTGd  in  dot^.  Before  tbe  new  Btand-point  tht] 
dis^ipcar  of  tboBtRClvvM.  Men  who  arc  in  revolt  ngainal  many  cmdi 
breatba  agun  b  tliia  largvr  almospUcni  and  bclivvc  afmh.  taii<f]rB^ 
tboir  reaaon  and  lcc«|)ing  their  ti'lf-rvspeoL  For  •cirntifio  tbe<dogyK 
nion)  pledgM  itMlf  to-day  to  tba  interpretatioDS  of  tbe  Bible  of  i 
thoneand  years  ago  than  doe«  soienoe  to  tbe  tmerprctationa  of  Natan 
ia  the  time  of  Pythagoras.  Nature  is  the  same  to-day  as  in  the  tw 
of  Pythagora*,  and  tho  Bible  ia  the  same  to-day  as  a  thousand  jcui 
■go.  But  tliv  Pythagorean  interpretation  tif  Natorc  is  not  more  tm 
poaslblu  to  the  modem  mind  than  are  many  ancient  iutcrprclatioco- 
those  of  Genens  among  others — to  tbe  scientiSc  theologian. 

This  is  no  forced  attempt,  obserre,  to  erade  a  scientific  difficult: 
by  nfinnrammi  so  vital  as  to  make  the  loss  or  gain  of  tbe  positioB  o 
no  importance.  This  change  is  not  the  product  of  any  destnctiv 
criticism,  nor  is  this  transformed  book  in  any  icnso  a  mutilated  Bibli 
It  ia  the  natural  result  of  the  application  of  ordinary  critical  method 
to  documents  which,  sooner  or  later,  mnst  have  aubroittcd  to  tbe  pK 
ocas  and  from  irhich  they  have  never  claimed  exemption.  ^ 

But  to  return  to  Genesis.  Those  modem  critics,  believing  oel 
believing,  who  have  studied  tbe  Bibltcal  books  as  literattirc — studio 
them,  for  instance,  as  Professor  Doprdcn  lias  studied  Shakespeare 
cmcur  in  pronouncing  tlie  Bible  abwluiely  free  from  natural  seiseoi 
They  find  there  history,  poctrj-,  moral  philosophy,  theology,  livcaJD 
letters,  mystical,  devotional,  and  didactic  pieces  ;  bnt  science  tbcmi 
none.  Natural  objects  arc,  of  coone,  repeatedly  referred  to,  and  vif 
nnsnrpasaed  sympathy  and  accoiacy  of  obsenaiion  ;  bat  neither  in  tl 
intention  of  any  of  the  innumerable  autbont  nor  in  the  executioot 
th«r  work  is  there  any  direct  trace  of  Hcientific  teaching.  Could  1^ 
ODe  nith  any  historii;  imaginatioo  for  a  moment  expect  that  tbd 
wouitt  have  bcvn  ?  Therxi  was  no  acience  then.  Scientific  questka 
vrcETtt  not  even  atkcd  theu.  To  have  ^ven  men  science  woold  notool] 
hare  been  an  anachronism,  but  a  source  of  mytttification  and  coofuciei 
all  along  the  line.  The  almost  painfnl  eilencc-^indeed,  the  absolol 
sti-riHty^j>f  (he  Bible  with  regMvl  to  science  is  so  markod  as  to  hat 
led  men  to  qucaiion  the  very  bcneficenoe  of  God.  Why  was  not  lb 
nsfl  of  tbe  stars  explained  to  navigators,  or  cbloroform  to  snrgeou 
Why  is  a  man  left  to  die  on  tbe  hill-side  when  the  medicinal  ptas 
which  could  save  him,  did  he  hut  know  it,  li«.-s  at  bis  feet  ?  What) 
it  to  early  man  to  know  how  the  moon  was  made  ?  What  he  waoUt 
know  is  how  bread  is  made.  How  fish  arc  to  \ie  caught,  fowls  snared 
beasts  trapped  and  their  skini  unncd — these  are  htA  problems.  Donbl 
less  tlicre  are  v^lid  reasons  why  the  Bible  does  not  contain  a  tc«liM 
logical  ditliuuary  and  a  pbarmacopcBia,  or  anticipate  tbe  "J 


COMMEyTS  BY  PROFESSOR  HE^fRY  DRUMMOND.  809 


Wco}. 

^ptedU  Britonnica."     But  tliat  it  <Ion  not  iofom  us  on  th«se  practical 
matters  in  siirvly  a  valiil  argmiiom  wliy  we  iihould  not  i'xp«ct  it  to 
Kinstnict  tho  worlil  in  geology.     Mr.  Huxley  ia  juirticolu'  to  ]>oint  ont 
Hto  iM  ttiAt  ibv  bat  and  the  pt«rodiotyl  inuat  be  cIaMifii>I  under  the 
B^wingcd  fowl  "of  G«nest)i,  while  at  a  stretch  be  bclierej  the  cook- 
roach  mig;Iit  also  be  includetl.    But  we  should  not  wonder  if  the  narra- 
tor did  oot  thJJik  of  thin. 

SciootiOc  men,  npporonlly,  need  thia  warning,  not  lc««  llinn  those 
■whom  they  pnoiib  for  neglecting  it.  llow  ignonnlty,  often,  tlio 
genius  of  llto  Bible  iti  oooiprebended  by  those  irho  are  loudest  in  their 
denunoiationa  of  Jta  positions  otherwise,  is  typically  illustrated  in  Uio 
following  paaaage  from  IlacckeL  Having  in  on  earlier  paragraph 
shown  a  general  harmony  between  tho  Moaalo  voMnogony  und  his  own 
theory  of  creation,  he  procceiU  to  extract  out  of  GeneHtfi  nothing  Icm 
than  th«  erolntiofl  theory,  and  that  in  iu  last  and  highenl  dcvdop- 
meobi : 

Two  p«at  and  frnidiimental  IiImr,  coinmOD  abo  to  the  non-miraculoiu  th«orjp 
of  dotdopaMnt,  tue«t  a*  In  Uila  MomIo  li;potbe»l9  oS  enattou  wllh  surprUng 
elwmMB  and  dmiiHcilr— the  idM  of  tvporation  or  dtStreetiatioo,  and  the  Idea 
of  prc^jnarire  d«ve!opiDCBl  or  porfcctlng.  Althongti  Uom*  look*  upon  thft 
rMnli4  uf  the  great  kws  of  orgaale  derdopment ...  u  the  direct  actiona  of  a 
e«iiMTUOliD(  Creator,  jet  la  bis  theorf  there  Il<e  bidilen  the  ruling  lil«it  ef  a  pro* 
graMivc  derdopnieot  and  a  dilfereBitutlon  of  the  origlnalljr  simple  ustuv.* 


I 


With  the  next  brealh  tbiA  interpreter  of  Gcnosig  exposes  "two 
great  fundamental  errors'*  in  the  same  chapter  of  the  book  in  which 
he  has  JHsl  diaoovcrod  the  most  tcientitlc  pbasei  of  the  evolution  hy- 
pothesis, and  which  lead  him  to  express  for  Closes  "  jiitt  wonder  and 
odminttion."  What  can  bo  the  matter  with  this  singular  book  ?  Why 
la  it  icicnee  to  Haeckel  one  minute  and  error  tho  next  ?  ^Vhy  are 
llaeokel  and  Mr.  Huxley  not  agrc-ed,  if  it  i>  iwience?  Why  are 
Haeckel  and  Mr.  Gladstone  agreed,  if  it  ia  religion  T  If  5[r,  Huxley 
does  not  agree  with  Haockol  why  docs  he  not  agree  with  Mr.  Gladstone  ? 

George  AlarDonald  baa  an  exquisite  little  poem  called  "Baby's 
Calochlam."    It  ocoum  among  bi«  children's  pieces  : 

There  did  yon  coino  from,  baby  dear  \ 
Oat  of  tlie  everywliwc  into  licrs, 

Where  diil  yoii  (ret  yonr  ey«*  so  Woe? 
Out  of  the  skj  IU  1  oiiinn  through. 

Where  did  you  g«4  tlist  litilo  tcsri 
I  fooad  !t  waiting  wlieo  1  got  hero. 

Where  did  you  pet  Hint  pwu-ly  «kr) 
God  rpokc,  and  it  came  out  to  bear. 

Bow  did  they  all  Jiial  come  tu  bo  yon? 
God  tliougfat  abODt  i»e  and  so  1  grew. 

•  Bafdial,  '■  BlelMy  ot  CreaOoo,-  toU  i,  |>.  SB, 


8to 


THE  POPULAR  SCIBSCS  MQSTULT, 


r»r  iu  purpom  what  could  b«  a  fiovr,  or  «vi»n  n  rooro  true,  u^ 
of  titii  matter  than  thu  f    Witlwut  a  word  of  UtertU  truth  in 
would  convey  to  tlitt  cliildV  mind  cxarlly  the  right  imprcimioti. 
OODceivo  of  the  IhmkI  iiuntv  )>aniiihiu(;  it  from  thi<  iiarecr)-  aa  ealcu 
to  ini»Ivu()  tho  children  as  to  the  origiu  of  bine  eyes.     Or  ituaipn 
nanxiry  gorerncas  who  haa  |>afised  lliv  Sootb  Kensington  examio 
iu  Mr.  Huxley's  "l'hysiolo|ty"  infunuing  Wx  yuyxU  that  ean 
"«ame  out"  at  all,  and  that  hearing  waa  really  iluoc  inttide, 
fibers  of  Corti  and  tb«  t^pitbcltnl  amngvnieuu  uf  tbo  maculHi  aen 
Is  it  coac«ivablc,  on  the  otbrr  hand,  that  the  panab  clorgTmas 
defend  the  record  on  tho  gronnd  ihsl  "the  every whcro"  wua 
flophical  presentation  of  the  Ahuighty,  or  that  "  God  thought 
me"  eontaiued  tbo  Hegelian  IdeaT    And  yet  tbia  is  prerisoly 
interpreters  of  Gt-nt-sts  and  ioterprvlCfV  of  science  do  with  the 
Genceia  ia  a  prcitciiUtioD  of  ono  or  two  great  elementary  trutha  t 
ofaildbood  of  the  world.     It  can  only  be  read  aright  in  tho  npi 
which  it  was  UTitten,  with  its  original  purpose  in  view,  and  it«  ori 
audience.    What  did  it  mean  to  them  f    What  woald  they  ondeii 
by  it?    What  did  tbcy  need  to  know  ami  not  to  know? 

To  expand  the  L-onxtrnctive  anKwt-nt  to  these  queationi  in 
does  not  fall  within  our  province  here.     AVhat  wo  linvo  to  a 
that  a  seientific  theory  of  jbe  uiiirerse  formed  no  part  of  the  « 
writer's  inti-ntlon.     Dating  from  the  ehildhooil  of  the  worldt 
for  children,  and  for  that  child-spirit  in  man  which  reroaina  undu 
by  time,  it  takca  color  and  ^hape  accordingly.     Iu  object  iji  purr 
l^oit^  t]te  point  being,  not  how  certain  tbinga  were  made,  bot 
God  made  them.     It  \t,  not  dedicated  to  acienoc,  but  to  tho  aouy 
ia  a  sublime  theology,  given  in  view  of  ignorance  or  idolatry  or  ■ 
theiam,  telling  tho  woniliipfnl  youth  of  the  world  that  the  heM 
and  the  earth  .tnd  every  creeping  and  flyin;;  thing  were  made  by  fl 
'Wliat  wDrld-spiril  teaches  men  to  finger  its  Quid  numbers  like  a 
eataiogae,  and  discuss  its  days  in  terms  of  geological  fen 
What  bliodneaa  pursue*  them,  that  they  mark  the  things  be  maile 
with  their  mnaenm-labcb,  and  think  they  have  exhausted  tia  conli 
tioii  when  they  have  never  even  boen  within  sight  of  it?    This  b 
even  alheiiun.    It  ia  simple  ilUterateness. 

The  first  principle  which  must  rule  our  reading  of  this  book  i 
elementary  canon  of  all  literary  criticism,  wbteb  decide*  that  ai^ 
tcrprctation  of  a  part  of  a  book  or  of  a  literature  mtut  be  oootr 
by  the  dominant  pur|>o««  or  nito>f(^of  the  whole.  Ami,  when  kw 
vcstigatoi -that  dominant  purpose  in  the  e«M  of  llin  llible,  he  Hn 
reducing  itself  to  one  thing — religion.  No  matter  what  view  is  I 
of  the  composition  or  nuthonihip  of  UtD  Hvenl  books,  tbia  fci 
aeoures  immediate  and  universal  recognition. 

Usli  s'U  M  «(tt  ainai  {uj*  L«i)orra8at),  ma  daioaBil«ra-t-OB  p<-iil.4Ui,  Oft 
VDjei-r»Ds  n&Sfilrstioa  lUvliM  d«a  JkrivaiDi  quf  ont  fslt  i»U«  arr.hAiJi^ 


k 


co^Msyrs  by  phofsssor  bexrv  drujimoxd.  bh 

* 

seoonn  loniAtnTvt  doat,  oonune  clir£t!Dn,  vons  dens  U«  croiro  |tnldi«l  Ohl 
D«D«  I'Mprit  Kb*oliutMBl  Bonreoa  qui  aniino  L«iir  DnrratioD,  Uod  que  ta  fatma  ea 
loit  FMtte  prMqsa  d«  tost  point  U  nitiBo  qw  eliM  kt  p«nplM  roltlu.* 

[TitAiciu — But  If  tt  Is  M,  I  maj  b«  atktd,  wbore,  tboo,  do  jou  ••«  tbc  dirini) 
iaiipintioii  of  th«  writer*  who  maide  tbis  uobsologj,  die  sapematura)  aid  hj 
which  yoa,  m  a  Climluui,  niutrt  belioro  tbey  were  goidcdl  Kboret  In  tbo 
abwiatelj  new  apirit  tliat  animate*  their  namtloo,  altbengli  the  fora  or  it  i&aj 
iUU  b«  In  almoM  evcrj  point  Um  mum  u  with  the  noighboriag  pvoploh]  j 

A  Bccond  ])rinci[ilc  is  cxprouixl  with  Bueh  appot>itenc>ft<i  to  tke  pres- 
ent purpose,  hj  an  Knglisb  commontator,  that  lilfl  vorda  nuy  be  givcii 
ftC  length : 

Tfaere  ia  a  ptinejple  fre<iiutitlj  Inalsted  on,  Narceir  denied  bj  hny,  fH  rcooic- 
ntnd  with  Bofflcleot  deoraeH  by  few  of  th*  advoostee  of  roTelation,  which,  if 
fkilljr  and  praclinilf  recog&i»d,  would  bare  eared  tbemeelvee  inuoh  porpl«xit7 
and  texatlon,  and  the  eaneo  tbor  have  at  heart  the  dl^^ruw  with  which  It  baa 
been  covnroJ  b;  the  futile  allenipts  tliat  I^avo  bvcn  luarlc,  tlirough  proviiiooal 
and  ubiftin;  iBterpretadone,  to  reociucile  the  Hoaale  Oenesie  with  the  rapidlj- 
edraiiotngftTldeaof  phfiiicaleciriic^.  The  principle  referred  to  ia  this:  tnattere 
wbieh  are  dUcorernble  lij'  biuoAn  rcaai>n,  ivnd  the  meaiia  of  inveMigatioo  which 
Ood  has  pnt  within  tbo  reach  of  man'*  (acultloa,  are  not  the  proper  snbjeota  of 
DiTlne  rercUtion ;  and  mBtloni  which  do  not  concern  morals  or  bear  on  man's 
((itrittiBl  rvUtiooa  toward  God,  are  not  within  the  province  of  rvreak'd  roligiun.tj 

H*T«  lici*  the  whole  matmr.  It  is  iiiTolTcil  in  th#  mrrc  meaning  of 
rcvelntion,  and  proved  by  its  whole  exprojwion,  thitt  it«  tubjcct-mattcr 
il  thM  vbioh  men  could  not  find  out  for  tbemselvc*.  lilcn  could  find 
oot  the  order  in  which  tlio  world  was  made.  What  they  could  not 
find  ont  VM,  ibnt  Go<]  made  it.  To  ihio  Aaj  they  have  not  found  that 
out.  Even  aomc  of  the  wiMxt  of  onr  contompararics,  after  trying  to 
find  that  out  for  half  n  lifetime,  have  been  forced  to  give  it  up.  Hence 
the  tmc  function  of  revelation.  Nature  in  Oeneois  baa  no  link  with 
goology,  seeks  none  anJ  needs  none  ;  man  has  no  link  with  biology^  and 
mlBAea  none.  What  he  really  ticcdii  and  really  misses — for  be  can  get 
it  nowbcTO  elM^— Gme^ia  givcA  biin ;  it  links  Xaturo  and  man  with 
their  illakor.  And  Ibis  ia  llie  one  bigb  *cn«(^  in  which  Gcnc«a  can  be 
Raid  to  be  aoientilie.  The  scientific  man  munt  go  there  to  complete  bia 
ioicnce,  or  it  remains  forever  incomplete.  Lei  him  no  longer  rvfort 
tbitbcr  to  attack  wliat  ia  not  really  there.  What  ia  really  tberc  he  can 
not  attack,  for  be  can  not  do  witliont  it.  Nor  let  religion  plant  po&i- 
ttona  tJiere  which  can  only  keep  science  out.  Then  only  can  the  inter- 
pmten  of  Nature  and  the  intcrpretera  of  Gcnesin  under»tand  each 
other. — A'ineieentA  Ctntury.  I 


•  ••  Lo)  Orlglnet  de  rillRotiA-  Pr6f.,  xtUI.  \  Qumit,  "  Ooneiie,''  pp.  IS,  13. 


8is       ^     TBS  POPULAR  SCIENCE  MOXTBIT. 


THE  lUND-TVOKK  OF  BCnOOL-CHILDREX  • 

Dr  BEBECCA  O.    BICKOFF.  ^ 

AN  eihibitioD  of  eliildrcn'a  bood-work  was  held  la«t  spring  id  oi 
of  the  public  schools  of  TonlccrK.  Th«  large  aseemblf-rooB' 
the  •chool*boii«e  wu  fiUvd  witb  Unca  of  tatilcN,  upon  which  were  d 
played  the  variona  articles  to  be  cxlubitcd.  The  room  wa«  bandMow 
decoralod,  and  the  tflblcs  went  daintily  corered  and  adorned  vi 
bDDchci  of  flowers.  For  each  clus-TVom  in  tfa«  hottse  there  wa«  I 
apart  one  or  more  table*  upon  which  vaa  pJaool,  under  tbe  dirtolii 
of  the  claas-teaoher,  the  work  of  that  class,  the  wbolo  prcacptim  il 
appearance  of  a  rery  successful  and  pretty  fair.f  S 

While  this  exhibition  was  giren  in  the  school-boose,  and  aadM 
direction  of  the  school  enporintcndcnt  and  teachers,  with  the  miKti< 
and  encouragement  of  the  school  board,  and  tboagb  the  work  n 
done  \>f  pupils  of  (he  school  only,  none  of  tbe  things  were  made 
tbe  school,  excepting  the  colored  paper  busy>work  of  tbe  yovi^ 
children  and,  of  course,  tbe  drawing.  All  the  other  things  were  ma 
ta  home,  and  espreealy  for  this  exhibition.  Too  much  credit  can  i 
bo  given  to  the  leacbcre  who  undertook  and  carried  forward  this  ( 
terprittc,  it  being  vnlirely  outaido  of  tlio  regular  school-work.  TV 
were  many  difficulties  to  orcrcome.  Kumber^  of  tbe  children  wi 
sure  they  could  not  make  aoylhing  ;  but,  by  converKations  with  thi 
•boat*wIiat  they  bad  done  or  seen  done,  and  what  they  would  like 
do,  by  constant  curoumgement  to  at  least  attempt  something,  s 
advice  as  to  ways  and  means,  and  especially  by  enlisting  the  pride 
the  pupils  in  tlii*,  which  waa  to  ho  peculiarly  thtir  exhibition,  iM 
pendent  of  school  inatructioD,  most  of  the  children  were  induced 
undertake  something. 

The  next  difficalty  was  to  prevail  npon  Ihem  to  perecver^l 
oompleite  tbe  thing  commeacod,  many  of  them  bcginninf;  a  half-ooS 
Ihioga  before  completing  one.  This  failing,  so  eoramon  to  all, « 
well  dealt  with  by  this  exhibition,  in  that  the  necessity  to  have  : 
article  ready  by  a  given  day  forced  the  child  to  cxennse  hit  01 
wUI-power  in  deciding  npon  and  completing  some  one  tbing,  and  tb 
became  a  good  moral  lesson.  TTw  greatest  care  was  taken  by  i 
teaclicn  to  impress  upon  tho  children  tlw  credit  of  honest  woi 
Tbey  were  advised  to  oontult  with  relatives  and  friends  as  to  wh 

*  X  rrpart  upoii  lh«  Yonken  tndiuuk]  BsblbMon  of  CUMran's  Wotk,  raid  M( 
the  Comnillicc  ot  IcdiDtrics  of  Ihc  Indiunisl  BdocMion*!  AModstiaa  of  N«*  Ttnk. 

f  The  ctUhltlm  bcre  dMcritwd  vu  givni  in  Wbool  N'o.  S,  a(  whSeh  HUs  Dtw 
prinupal.  lo  fbom  and  i«  btr  aMistut  iMchen  i;mt  credit  is  dan.  Similar  czhitWt 
mre  prcn  the  prvTloni  ;««i-,  in  tlii*  (cfcool  utd  slss  bt  Mfcool  Xo.  fi,  of  *Ueh  IG 
CpcoMT  b  priadpsl,  and  t^ai  cndli  I*  du*  lo  hor  md  hor  uidftaBU. 


THE  BAND-WORK  OF  SCHOOL  CHILDREN.      8ij 

to  make  and  how  to  make  it,  but  were  honor-bouDd  to  refraiu  from 
accc]>li]ig  any  belp  in  tbo  work  itHclf ;  and  it  ia  believed  by  all  in- 
tereated  in  Uic  cxbibittoii  tliitt  llio  cxceptionit  to  Blrict  honesty  and 
truibfidoMg  in  regard  to  the  making  of  tlie  arlicliw  wurc  very  nre. 

Tlio  «xhibitioa  was  open  during  the  day  and  evening,  iiiid  the 
psUoDs  and  friends  of  tlio  scbools  came  in  hundreds  to  aee  iu  Yoar 
committ«e  were  among  tho  vtBitors,  and  were  so  deeply  impressed  with 
ibe  important)  of  this  oxhibitioo  in  relation  to  the  work  of  our  Abso- 
ciittion  that  wo  dotvrmincd  to  mnk«  a  list  of  tht  li^trtnt  kindt  ofllunga 
exhibited,  and  the  ages  of  the  children  who  made  tbem,  witli  a  view 
of  forming  from  tbia  li-it  some  estimate  of  what  children  can  make 
Aod  like  lo  make  at  different  stages  of  growth  and  developmoul.  It 
ia  one  of  the  ums  of  thia  As£uciaUo»  to  form  a  graded  system  of 
manual  trainin;^.  and  «iii-h  data  u  can  b«  obutluud  from  cshibitions  of 
this  kind  wotiM  bo  iiiv.-iliiahto  for  that  paipoac.  Superintendent  Gor- 
ton having  pramiit«d  as  ample  facilities  for  making  the  lilt  at  another 
visit  when  the  rooms  would  not  be  so  crowded,  we  gave  oannelvca  up 
to  listening  to  the  comments  of  the  visitors  ;  and  their  lively  intereiit 
and  intelligent  appreciation  of  the  exhibit  convinoed  ns  that  it  needa 

Panch  exhibitions  to  create  a  pnblio  Kciitiment  in  favor  of  a  more- 
t  In  thia  direotJOD.  Many  parenta,  desiring  to  give  help  and  sym- 
y  to  their  children  in  their  school-work,  find  thenwlvcs  nt  a  dis- 
intage.  It  is  seldom  that  even  a  vell-edncaled  and  intelligent 
parent  is  conversant  with  the  last  new  methods  of  the  Mbools,  and  his 
suggestions  and  help,  not  being  in  accwd  with  Ihem,  are  looked  upon 
by  the  children  as  incomwt  or  old-fashtomKl.  I'hus  many  fatbcm  and 
motbon  are  made  to  feel  at  time*  that  tl>oy  are  cnt  off  from  taking 
part  in  tbeir  children's  education.  Bat  here,  in  this  exhibition,  ia  some- 
thing that  bridges  the  gap  botwcon  home  and  school,  aomething  the 
partnt  knows  alt  aWut — how  that  bread  was  mixMl,  that  garment 
fashioned,  that  ladder  whittled  out,  that  little  wagon  painted.  Not 
only  can  they  anderstand,  but  they  themselves  were  the  teachers. 

•  This  oan  become  a  great  power  for  good  to  the  community  through 
the  avenues  both  of  tlio  school  and  the  home. 

Wc  subjoin  a  lltit  in  which  are  noted  down  only  those  articles  most 

oharacteriHtic  of  the  grade  in  which  they  were  found,  and  in  each  grade 

tho  ng«  of  the  children  Is  given.    There  were  some  remarkable  and 

jL  elaborate  toys  and  fancy-work  showing  skill,  ability,  even  genius  for 

f  Invention  and  great  application  and  perseverance  ;  but  these  wen)  the 

efforts  of  children  having  special  capacities  or  unusnal  opportunities. 

'—  It  is,  of  cooreo,  a  great  gain  to  the  community  that  those  having  par- 

B  tionlar  aptitudes  for  industrial  ponuits  should  be  encouraged  and  cal- 

tivnted  ;  but  this  Association  has,  bcfidwi  this  practical  aim,  another 

which  is  broader  and  mow  far-reaching,  and  that  is,  to  find  piinci- 

plet  by  which  manual  trwoing  may  be  adapted  to  large  clasaes  of 

ordinary  children.    The  wonderful  things  that  remarkable  diildren 


814 


TSB  POPULAR  SCIEXCE  .VOyTULV. 


can  Ao  itfaoir  u<  where  gnat  nicvesaes  lie,  but  wbat  w«  tao«t  oinkI  h 
|>n:Bi.*Dt  uro  the  oonimoa  things  showing  ds  how  and  where  th«  malti 
id<1m  of  ohildren  walk,  or  niUier  stamUe,  along.  And  we  woald  hoi 
respectfully  suggest  tb«  advUabilitj  of  wcBriofc  Hm-b  liet^  from  eshi' 
bitioDs  of  this  IcicxI  that  may  be  b«lil  in  dttf^rrnt  eectioaa  of  the  ooqQ' 
try,  tu  l>o  lcc-|>t  among  the  (v«ordji  of  lhi«  Aiwociattoa  for  r«femie<| 
until  W4I  shall  have  obtained  data  Hoffloicnt  to  gnldo  us  in  onr  work 
In  such  a  collection  Iht-re  will  doubtloM  bo  nnrb  worthU-M  nutarii 
and  n>any  dDplicat«a,  but  will  not  the  raggettivo  factn  bo  wonh  tin 
tronble  of  gnthuring  tfa«ni  ?  That  a  thing  ts  many  tlmoa  dupllcatv 
by  children  of  the  auno  ago  will  indicato  it  as  oomctliiDg  niiird  tf 
that  ago ;  thai  at  certain  otbiT  agi-»  the  work  is  below  thu  averap  « 
to  nnniber  of  aiticlu,  or  uns&lt«d  U>  the  growth  of  the  childnra,  vil 
indicate  a  want  of  proper  occupation  or  true  dcrelopmcnt  of  ohildni 
of  that  age. 

Ainong  the  epecioiena  of  the  work  of  tbe  fint  year  in  ar-huol,  hj 
diUdrcn  five  or  wx  year*  old,  we  obBerrcd,  in  tbe  girU'  di-fiartmat,  i 
doll'tf  mnff  of  whiu)  fur  ;  dolls'  aproM.  oiu]  of  silk  trimmed  with  bm 
dre«»cd  dolldi ;  a  doU'M  bonnet,  crc<lilubly  mado  np  of  acrafis  of  fo; 
lace,  utd  ribbon,  and  a  tiny  feather ;  a  doll's  apron,  with  high  Mek; 
long  eleeres,  and  a  yoke  ;  a  cushion  and  a  lamp-mat  in  colors ; 
laoe-work  of  different  kinds ;  a  child's  apron,  and  a  chitd'a  potticott. 

Among  tho  most  noteworthy  articles  in  tbe  boys^  departnM»t 
a  boat  boltowM  out,  with  ruddvr  and  seats  ;  a  bob-sled,  made  by  mtt 
ueoling  two  tiny  sleds  by  a  strip  of  board,  which  was  fattened  will 
two  screws  and  nuu ;  a  cuho  of  wood,  with  a  number  of  sqttarea  w 
graved  on  each  face  ;  bow  and  arrow ;  a  laddt-r  of  ihirtefti  stc-iM 
evenly  adjusted  ;  a  rake,  made  of  two  pieoea  of  other  toy*,  with  hiU 
of  iron  wire  for  teeth — ^ihe  wood  had  split  in  tbe  making,  and  wai 
mended  with  screws  ;  a  screen  window  ;  a  chair  and  table,  apparently 
made  from  kindling-wood  with  a  penknife  ;  a  wagon,  made  of  a  roe^h 
box,  with  ends  of  spools  for  wheels ;  a  toy  pomp,  quite  equal  to  iboM 
of  \x»  kind  that  oio  eold  in  the  shops,  with  ^ont  and  handle  corrrotly 
inacrtod. 

In  the  aeeond  xihoal  year,  tho  ehildren  of  which  were  sis  or  si-rra 
years  old,  (h«  boys  exhibited  a  rake,  more  laboriously  made,  ttot  sbnw 
ingksa  inj^ouity  than  the  rake  previously  mentioned  ;  several  lsii> 
ders,  of  different  pattemt,  but  with  steps  of  noiform  length  and  »\f 
ing  eorreet  in  all ;  an  invention — a  gun  made  from  two  triaDguIsi 
picecs  of  unplaced  board,  a  pic«o  of  oM  buckel-liix)!!,  and  the  top  ofl 
an  old  pepper-box,  with  a  little  stick  for  a  projectile ;  a  ti|>«an— ^ 
box  with  two  old  fumiture-roUera  for  wheels,  two  acrews^  two  an 
slrip«  of  wood  to  hold  the  tongne,  and  two  hiu  of  twine  scnrlog 
hinged  to  tbe  tail-board ;  a  shapely  keel-boat,  of  sharp  model,  will 
roast,  sail,  and  pennant,  standing  in  two  irapporting  blocks,  and  lb 
whole  easily  held  in  a  lady's  hiuid  ;  a  hondwine  bracket,  »ad«  by  i 


C'UE nAXJ>-\VORK  OF  SCIIOOL-CIIILi>/i£.V.  815 
boy  too  old  for  fais  cIms,  who  wu  enpposed  to  bo  simple- 
minded.  A  boy  who  was  huto  lio  could  not  tnako  anytbin;;  brought  s 
win)  luiDgiDg<bjL»kct  filled  with  vood-tnow  anJ  tnroA  and  a  bluMombg 

The  girls'  work  of  this  grade  begins  to  show  the  effect  of  training 
at  home,  and  is  more  ooaventional  than  that  of  tho  boys,  Th«  eped- 
waeoB  incladed  white  undprg»nncnt«,  neatly  made  and  trimiucd  ;  aproiw 
of  Tkrioua  stylM ;  knitud  dolla'  hoods,  Uco  and  crochet  work  ;  btiby's 
olotluM,  eraxy-work  mata,  dressed  doUs,  bean-bags,  pen-wipera,  aj>d 
pio-ciMblooa. 

Of  the  third  school  yi^ar,  tho  children  being  seven  and  eight  years 

told,  the  girls'  work  did  not  dilTur  materially  from  that  lust  dc*cribed. 
In  tho  boys'  dcpartmciK,  wh<-clbarrows  appeared  to  l>v  a  tpveialty,  bnt 
wo  found  also  uw-buekN,  boditleadsi,  boot-Jacks,  a  gnnboal,  a  crosii  of 
^ood  mounted  for  wax-work,  a  fort,  and  mounted  drawings;  many 
bouses,  made  of  common  pasteboard,  with  doors,  bay-windows,  dor 
mer-viodows,  and  porticoes  ;  a  boat,  noticeable  for  its  neat  om,  ud 
its  row-locks  made  of  black  drcct-eyes. 

In  the  producu  of  the  next  two  years,  by  children  from  eight  to 
ten  yean  old,  while  tho  boys'  work  was  still  mainly  con6iicd  to  toys, 
that  of  the  girls  appeared  to  be  (^wing  more  proctinl.  Fride  in 
execatioa  wna  shown  in  both. 

SoyJ  work:  A  velocipedv,  small  hut  complete,  wiUi  Itubs,  spokes, 
felloes,  and  tires  r»pr«aeDtod  by  lioM  of  black ;  a  sabetsotial  aod 
nenlty  finisliud  wi^n ;  clolhcsdtorscs,  stcp-tadders,  saw-hucks,  easelsi 
ocean- steamers,  and  catamarans,  seemed  to  be  faroritcs ;  several  fort« 
were  exhibited  ;  a  onriona  vase  was  ingeniously  made  from  a  tomato- 
can,  with  a  largo  black  spool  serving  as  |>GdeI^taI,  the  whole  decorated 
with  gilt  paper  and  bright-colored  pictures. 

GirW  vork:  Sofs-cusliions,  pillow-slutms,  aprons ;  a  white  Mother 
Hnbbard  dress  ;  utachinc-work,  tucking,  lace,  darned  socks,  splashttrs, 
ft  qtiilt,  orazy-work,  albums  of  alampa,  and  pictures. 

In  the  sixth  aod  seventh  years,  representing  children  from  ten  to 

fonrtcen  years  old,  all  the  work  was  elaborate  and-  well  done,  but  waa 

partictiMtod  in  by  a  smaller  proportion  of  the  pupils.    The  work  of 

I     the  boys  was  less  prominent  lliim  lliat  of  the  girls,  but  was  more  prac- 

Ktical  than  in  previous  years, 

H       The  boys'  icorXr  comprised  chiefly  cabinet-work  (hoofc-coMis,  casoIs, 
Hebecker-boards,  a  table),  a  door-mat  of  coffee-sacking  tufted  with  rope- 
wds. 

The  ffM^  vwk  included  excellent  plain  sewing,  exemplified  in 
children's  dreMCs,  flue  aprons  aod  aiMlerwear ;  fancy-work  (painted 

krds^  embroidered  baoner-scrcena,  lace,  a  Drib-i)uilt,  an  embroidered 
bIo4carf) ;  bread,  cakes,  pit^klcs,  etc,  Tlicro  were  many  hundreds 
'  of  other  articles  in  the  exhibition,  a  large  majority  of  them  creditable 
i^productions,  and  all  representing  earnest  effort. 


TUB  POPULAR  SCIEXCB  3iOXTULY. 


816 


One  of  the  noticeable  fcstnres  of  lli«  exhibition  was  an  1 
decline  in  originality  of  inrcntion  and  spootaneitj  of  ihoaght  afta 
tbe  fint  year  ur  two  at  »cbool.  Pndc  in  tlio  ezeention  of  good  vori 
McmH  to  liSTC  bven  rxliibit«d  moat  promineDtlj  in  tho  uiiilille  period. 
Aa  the  girls  ^ew  older  and  irere  traioed  in  boasehold  aud  needle  aad 
fancy  work  at  borne,  their  prodocts  exhibited  more  Tariety,  but  nol 
more  novelty,  and  tlicy  continued  to  contribnte  specimena  till  thai 
htgh«M  ago  at  schooL  Bat,  while  nonie  work  wM  famished  by  gitli 
of  over  foorteon,  very  little  wa«  exhibited  by  boys  of  corresiwDilin] 
age.  They  foood  themselTce  too  vosldUed  Xn  make  good  ttpecisicM 
and  were  too  prond  to  exhibit  poor  once.  Another  fact  deaerrinf 
notice  ia  that,  in  the  work  of  the  boys  daring  tbe  first  yean  of  kIioo) 
tbero  were  apparent  a  love  for  color  and  a  skill  in  nsing  it  for  d«coni 
tiOQ  and  design,  eqnal  to  that  displayed  by  the  girU ;  while  b  tbi 
later  yean  the  nao  of  color  becomes  exceptional  with  the  boys,  ba 
still  coDtinoes  to  |««Tail,  with  evidences  of  increased  skill,  in  the  woij 
of  the  girls. 

When  a  few  days  ago  we  were  requested  to  prepare  this  rrpM 
Superintendent  Gorton  was  consnlted,  and  from  him  it  was  leanw 
that  this  Yonkera  experiment  was  of  two  yean'  growth,  snd  that  ibi 
idea  originated  in  Uount  VemoD.  The  fint  exhibition  of  the  kind  m 
held  in  till!  public-school  house  of  that  village  nine  ycani  ago,  id 
with  tbe  exception  of  two  years  tbe  exhibitioDs  have  since  been  rifa 
Urty  continuini.  The  parents  and  citizens  have  always  taken  greii 
interast  in  tbem,  the  diildrvn  hare  enjoyed  and  felt  pride  in  tban 
and  the  teaobers  have  cheerfally  done  the  extra  work.  The  presM 
principal  of  tbe  school,  Mr.  Charles  Nichols,  heartily  approrce  then  a 
a  soarco  of  good  moral  iDflaeoce. 

As  results  of  an  investigation  of  this  subject,  your  oommittd 
wonld  sura  up  as  advantages  accruing  from  the  exhibition  of  tb 
bone-work  of  cliililren  through  the  mc^lium  of  the  schools :  A  bring 
ing  together  of  the  home  and  the  sclioul,  thus  condncing  to  a  bettf 
aequaintaitce  between  tbe  pan-nis  and  tho  teachers ;  giving  to  Ui 
teaeber  a  better  knowledge  of  the  child's  home  inflacncet  and  wi 
ronndings,  thus  enabling  bim  to  exercise  a  more  intelligent  care  on 
tbe  development  of  the  child's  moral  character ;  giving  to  tbe  pareU 
a  better  inxtght  and  new  interest  in  the  schools  and  their  mauagemal 
with  au  overflowing  of  the  moral  influence  of  school  training  iBli 
booiea  where  intelligent  discipline  is  unknown ;  a  greatly  incieaati 
respect  in  all  quarters  for  handicrafts  ;  the  diffusion  of  the  priiKn|( 
that  in  the  liberal  education  of  tho  individual  a  development  of  laMi 
ual  skill,  as  well  as  a  hannontons  unfolding  of  the  mental  faenhtM 
should  be  looked  after,  and  that  iheae  react  favorably  on  each  ^U 
in  various  ways.  H 

Tbe  facu  were  made  clear  that  some  children  are  capodalljfl 
dowed  with  native  capacity  for  mechanical  contrivances,  which  nfl 


TBS  TEETH  OF  THE  COItlSG  itAN. 


8l7 


loilatton,  cncotiragi;ini'»l,  ami  opportnnUj^  for  durolopioeiit,  in  Ulo 
k  of  which  tlivJr  luwfuliK'Ss  wilt  Im  iiu]>airt:d  for  lif« ;  Uial  somo 
ildreo  are  endowed  with  great  capacity  in  this  direction,  while  tbej 
VG  but  little  in  any  other  ;  that  the  happiness  of  every  family  maj 
promoted  by  the  disposition  and  ability  on  the  part  of  its  varioua 
embers  to  adapt  the  material  rcKoarecs  within  their  control  to  iho 
nrcnicncc  and  comfort  of  all ;  that  by  th«  cultivation  in  early  child- 
hoo<l  of  a  tMte  for  manual  employment  tlicre  would  be  found  is  al- 
moHt  every  individual  aptiladea  for  hand-work  of  one  kind  or  another, 
wbiob  woold  aSord  pleaaursble  purauits  in  hours  not  occupied  with 
the  Bcriocu  affairs  of  life,  and  which  would  contribute  to  his  happi- 
icsa  as  well  as  promote  his  pecuniary  welfare  ;  tlutt  aucli  oocnpaUona, 
Is  from  thv  mail)  punuits  of  Hfo,  would  aid  in  forming  good  babita 
and  good  morals  ;  that  the  ohildreo  of  the  poor  eapeciolly  need  aooo- 
thing  to  occupy  their  time  and  attention  oat  of  sohool-boars,  whereby 
they  may  b«  withdrawn  from  the  demoralizing  influences  of  the  slreeu ; 
that  it  will  bo  wise  for  thi«  Atwociation  to  promote  the  homt  indtutriti 
of  oliildrcn  by  all  moans  in  tl>oJr  power,  one  of  the  most  cSectivc  being 
public  L'xluliitionn,  where  a  comparison  of  the  rexults  of  iJtc  industries 
uf  the  children  may  be  made  ;  that  by  such  esbibitioiia  we  tthall  not. 
only  educate  the  ehild-contributors,  but  that  they  will  also  educate  ub 
d  tlio  community. 


THE  TEETH  OF  THE  COMING  MAN* 


Br  OSCAR  SCIUtlDT. 

iKltcmative  as  to  whether  man  was  created  or  developed  can 
no  tonj^r  be  raisod,  now  that  we  are  exercising  the  free  tme  of 
reason.  Man's  dentition  has  to  be  judged  from  our  experiences 
lo  in  the  mammaliau  group.  Ilenoc,  finrt  of  all,  it  ia  a  roduoed 
ontition.  True,  ««  do  not  know  the  definite  stage*  by  which  it  was 
attuned  in  man,  any  more  than  we  do  iu  the  oaae  of  the  anlliropomor- 
phoids,  and  all  the  other  apes  of  the  Old  World,  but  we  shall  not  hcai- 
ite  to  maintain  that  iho  anceslore  of  man  posaessed  a  fuller  nnmber 
^f  teoth,  as  long  as  deductions  arc  joatificd  from  the  oheerration  of 
Dta.  Our  teeth  have  dccr(.-a&ed  in  number  during  the  Goorse  of  our 
log! oo-noO logical  developiui-'nl ;  we  have  toat  on  either  ludo,  above 
and  below,  two  incisors,  two  premotarsj  and  one  molar.  By  tliia  we 
transfer  ourselves  back  to  those  periods  from  which  tbe  jaw  of  the 
[  otocyon  ba«  been  preserved,  naumr,  our  eminent  odontologisl,  in  a 
I  roeent  work  which  wc  have  n-jn-atedly  referred  to,  has  sucx^cesfuUy 
■^followed  and  painted  out  cas<.-9  of  atavism  or  reversion  in  tho  human 

j^f     *  rroia  "  Tha  Hainin&lla  ia  Ifadt  ficlstloo  to  Ftimcral  Tbat*."    B;  Omw  ScfanUl. 
FX**  Yfltk:  D.  Applcton  k  0<x,  IBM. 
^.  Tot,  xsvin. — M 


mem 


THE  POPULAR 


818 


jaw,  by  tn^ing  axe*  of 
Uons  met  with  w  ibe  jawv  in  ft  1 
tboae  poniona  ot  the  Jaw  in  Uie  an 
dJMppetfed  in  tbe  ooone  of  sgM. 

If,  in  fonncr  IsmM,  more  t«eth  1 
wtM  perfecting  itself  into  man,  we  1 
are  oompelled  in  a  purely  scicotific 
come  to  a  ctand-«tiU  in  this  part 
furtbpT  TvductioD  ic  to  b«  aniidpai 
•o-«aII«d  "  penbtenl  apede*,"  but  hi 
Ho  Tsries  aa  regarda  dentition.  Im 
point,  this  maoh  is  certain,  that  tb< 
t«etb  roost  fre^iaentlf  concern  tbe  w 
ODter  incisors.  We  do  not,  of  «oii 
baa  applied  to  th«  actual  and  comple 
interfrrcDoe  with  (b«  tooth  cutting  t 
of  tbc  necessary  space.  However, 
shortening  of  tbe  ^w  stands  in  dir 
of  Uic  dentition.  A  prediction  of  1 
by  Cope :  the  bwer  racee  of  men  % 

,       ..2.1 

ent  day,  incison  ;^,  cantnes  — ,  prcm 

lectaally  bigbcr  ncoi  will  be  dUlin] 

..1.1 

tDoisors  ^,  caninea  -r, 


and 


incison  Y>  caninea  ■=, 


We  agT«e  witb  this  in  ao  far  tl 
denlitioB — where  tbe  di$appearanoi 
teeth — can  be  bronght  into  connect: 
many  proofs  of  this  have  been  give 
Still,  this  higher  faculty  of  rcsieta 
neoesaarily  accompanied  by  an  incr 
bility  and  a  perfecting  of  tbe  inti 
bare  a  more  powerful,  and  hence  ft 
of  the  rapacioas  animal  than  iu  th< 
form  of  dentition.  Tot  who  would 
ally  higher  than  dogs  ?  ft  is  tbe 
b«Ban  races.  Sfodiflcalions  in  the 
T<*BT  ■»  surely  na  man  can  not  rid 
«vw  though  they  may  be  felt  to  1 
4»«MaIltctuai  and  moral  domain — 1 
not  dependent  npon  tlit 
The  correlation  ia  not 
I  direction.  The  roan 
iKlentiGc  pursuits, 


luita,  aa^ 


BARTllQUAKBS  IN   CSNTRAL  AMSBICA.  819 


•the  noblitr  Mtil  more  rafioed  cRJojriiKintB  of  lif«,  b  not  improving  th« 
nitniaionu  for  Uw  acquiitition  of  bio  food ;  thiiy  dvtiTionUo  in  hts 
handjt — a  comlition  which  fSmt  began  to  nutku  tta  npprartnoc  with  tbo 
inventiou  of  cooking.  Tbv  reduction  of  the  hnman  dentition — which 
bw  been  of  advantage  to  the  Rpecies  in  \\»  strnggle  for  csi«t«rice— hsa 
further  iocrvascd  and  chanted  lo  a  kind  of  at.iFism  or  n-vonion,  einoe 
reiuon,  aoqinrcl  with  iprtch,  hiu  mitdu  innn  more  and  mum  indcpoud- 
ent  of  the  dirt>ct  offccM  of  bin  nnturiLl  HurruuadingH. 

Henco  It  ts  not  merely  from  a  purely  KoOlogical  point  of  view  that 
aa  inference  ia  formed  regarding  the  futare  change  of  the  buman  race. 
Moroorer,  we  cherish  the  hopo— which  is  justified  by  scientific  cxpori- 
MK«s — and  the  belief,  which  rests  upon  the  ume  fotindatioii,  and  thoM 
conrlncv  ns  of  tbe  Kurc  ndvani-c  of  humanity,  and  of  the  gradual  and 
general  diffusion  of  morality,  culture,  and  well-being  among  th«  van* 
OOfl  racGB  of  man. 


EAETHQUAKES  m  CENTRAL  AMERICA. 

Br  M.  M  UONTESSUS, 
at  MX  luraciaouaKo^aaaae  oaaaaf  M«ar  a  tta  ultam*. 

CENTRAL  A^t£RICA  ii  probably  tbe  region  of  iLe  globe  In 
which  the  manifciitalion!!  of  Tolcftiiio  Rnd  acinmio  pbenomena 
are  mo«t  frequent  and  conlinuoua.  During  my  residence  of  four 
yearn  at  Smi  SalvadOT,  1  have  been  able  to  write  tbe  deuiled .  history 
of  twonty-thrcc  hundr«d  and  thirty-two  earthquakes,  ono  hundred 
ftnd  thirty-Kren  volcanic  oruptionN,  twcnty-Mvcn  ruins  of  imponant 
town*,  and  the  formation  of  three  new  voloanocn.  Geographically, 
Central  America,  founded  on  the  C'ordtller%  of  tbe  Andcn,  forms  a 
connecting  link  between  the  two  great  continental  masses  through 
thr«e  sacoouive  iMhmuses,  those  of  Panama  or  Uarien,  lEabal,  and 
Tehnantcpoc.  It  descenda  to  the  Atlantic  in  two  targe  wcdgG»,  end- 
ing Id  Capes  Qraciaa  4  Dion  and  Catoeba,  and  r«su  abruptly  on  tbe 
nearly  rectilinear  coast  of  the  PaoiSc,  Tlie  base  of  the  Cordillera  U 
of  primitive  formation,  nod  its  wc«tcm  flank,  with  which  wo  aro  oon- 
cemcd,  is  formed  of  Miocene  and  Pliocene  attata,  t«rminating  with 
Quaternary  and  modem  alluvions  and  more  or  less  recent  volcanic 
flova. 

Parallel  with  tJiin  axis  runs  the  remarkable  string  of  votcanoea 
which,  from  Cliiriqui  in  the  State  of  Panama,  to  Soconusco  in  Mexioo, 
eludes  not  less  tJian  one  hundred  and  forty-three  volcanic  mountaina 
or  crnten,  thirty  of  which  are  active,  or  have  been  within  tbe  three 
hundred  and  sixty-three  years  that  separate  as  from  the  Spanioh  Coa- 
qtwst.  Tbey  do  not  present  tbemsclve",  as  is  generally  believed,  upon 
a  ctraigbt  line  or  along  a  volcanic  fanll^  nor  even  on  a  line  brcken  at 


8io 


TH£  POPULAR  SCISKCS  MONTHLY. 


two  or  thr«e  poinM,  but  in  a  kxhi  having  borders  parallel  to  Ow 
cout,  vitb  an  avcrago  width  of  aboDl  tliirtj  mUos.     lliiii  foi 
wilM  from  th«  fact  ihM  Ci^iitril  America  Itns  hail  tbrvo  *ua 
Hborae,  recording  aa  many  periods  of  least  nuiviturnt  in  tin-  i 
of  thu  CordiU«T»,  to  uacb  of  which  corrvupODds  a  Kno  uf  coDli 
neous  vokanoov.    Tlie  most  ancient  «boi«  was  of  the  Miocca* 
wben  a  vjtMsa  of  trachytic  tuii)  baitaltic  eruptions  look  ptaoo ; 
tbo  llioccue  rose  the  chain  of  tlw  largest  nnmber  of  extinct  rah 
while  in  tho  Quutcrnaij  and  modem  periods  appeoix-d  tho  line 
tng  votoanoe*  and  of  otben  that  have  einco  become  oxtincL    fl 
{wrent,  then,  tlial  the  volcaoio  forc«  hai  alwajra  bcea  near  ibe  N 
the  ooeaa,  and  has  mored  Bnccasiwljr  from  the  cast  to  iho  w 
to  be  at  only  a  Bbori  distancA  from  it,  aa  the  Cordlllenu  In  tiu 
grcwivfl  elevation  earrwd  the  xhofe  farther  in  that  diroctioo. 
vieirn,  ineoDtMtablo  to  me,  arc  plainly  rood  on  the  strata  of  the  i 

Thd  ayatem  of  Tolcanoea  is  completed  bv  a  chain  of  lakns  a 
iug  with  them.  The  principal  lakes  arv  those  of  Alanagna  and 
ro«ds  of  FoDseca,  tlio  latter  uf  wbiob  has  been  pal  in  oommDOi 
with  tlie  ocean  by  means  of  some  rulcanic  conrulsion.  IIm 
Nieoja  and  Cbiriqui  seem  to  me  to  be  of  tho  same  origin.  Tl 
of  the  Kystem  ia  surely  one  of  Ibe  mo«t  remarkable  ag; 
lakes  and  volcanoes  in  the  world,  and  strikingly  reminds  as, 
grander  scale,  of  that  of  ibo  lakes  of  Limagne,  IsmItv,  aad 
with  the  chain  of  the  fnt'js  of  Anvcrgne,  whioh  would  corrospOl 
the  chain  of  tbo  MamtbioA.  Starting  at  the  roads  of  Fomwca,  ill 
of  lakoB  and  rolcaiiocs  coniinucs,  the  former  dimtnisliiDg  in  trapo 
to  San  Salvador  and  Guatemala.  I  am  not  speaking  of  the  no 
ploturosqno  crater-bkea  which  we  meet  everywhere' in  (Vntral  Al 
and  whioh  I  regard  as  an  accident  of  no  parttcntar  imi>ortaooSk 

A  phenomenon  well  worthy  of  attention  may  to  ubserrvd 
foot  of  the  chain  of  volcanoes  near  Aboaebapan,  in  San  Sslvai 
tho  Aiisales,  some  three  or  four  hnndrcd  conical  liraneU  ad 
over  a  space  uf  ahont  three  eqaani  leagues,  their  dlamcUra 
leg  from  three  or  four  metrw  to  ibirly  or  thirt'y-Av«  metm 
which  occur,  at  abort  intorralM,  oniptioiii  of  v^wrs,  boiling  vat 
ar^Ilaoeona  mud  of  many  coloni.  They  are  grooped  by  doan 
oloso  together,  and  poison  the  plain  with  their  acid  and  suliill 
emasatloiw.  The  gronnd  around  them  resounds  under  the  feet 
traveler,  hot  only  along  lines  which  seem  to  bo  immi-dialrly  01 
snbterranean  channels  through  which  the  hoi  water  and  gas 
culato. 

From  this  mnltiplicity  of  rolcanocs  it  results  that  the  groni 
seata.aeomplieated  net-work  of  ancient  and  modem  lava-Aowi 
ing  one  another,  volcanic  alluvions,  bods  of  cinder*  and  lufwj 
lands,"  and  an  extraordinary  tbcrmn]  activity.  Therra  also  fu 
remarkable  frequency  of  earthquaked  and  aubterraneaD  noiwM^ 


EARTHQUAKES  IN  CENTRAL  AMERICA         811 

thoi.  1  MtimaM  Ibo  avcngo  nnmber  of  shocks  felt  annually  in 
Central  America  at  two  bundrdd  and  Sfty.  Several  conoIaRtoiM  may 
bo  drawn  from  th*  Mndy  of  ilie  twcnly-llirco  liuiidrci)  and  thirty-two 
eArth<iuakeH  that  have  l>«eu  registered  Hince  the  conqueitt.  V'vax,  oon* 
tmry  to  tbo  opinion  f^nerally  prevailing  from  Chili  to  Mozioo,  the 
tremors  occur  about  alike  through  the  vhole  fear,  and  not  prineipally 
at  the  traneitioiiB  between  the  rainy  and  dry  HrnsonB.  ISat,  to  |>ctoeive 
this  clearly,  it  >>  neccH«ar}-  to  leave  out  of  the  accoiiDt  soma  acriM  of 
LMarthqnnkos  that  mawk  the  truth,  «uch  aii  that  of  Deovnibcr,  1679,  at 
^Ban  Balvadur,  in  which  inor«  than  i»eveii  hundred  shooka  oceurr«d  in  ten 
Vdaya,  and  which  was  the  prelude  to  the  ap]>earance  of  a  new  volcano 
"in  the  center  of  l^ke  Ilopango.  With  this  precaution,  a  lendonoy  to 
equality  may  be  observed  between  the  several  months,  and  I  am  satis- 
fied that  a  term  of  four  years  will  be  sufficient  to  malci.-  this  equality 
ilain.  The  same  may  be  said  of  the  ntumlio*.  Thv  moxinium  of 
aplioiu  nppewa  to  ocoar  in  July.  Klago  ptila  it  in  Augaat  for  the 
rbole  globe.  Tbo  coincidence  whieh  the  same  author  has  predicated 
tWMn  the  maxima  of  aurorte  horcalea  and  eun-spotii  and  of  volcanio 
ind  MJflnio  manifestations  has  not  been  historically  verilied  In  Central 
America.  The  minnto  study  of  twenty  years  of  obser^'ntions  at  tbc 
Institute  of  Guatemala  and  my  own  olwcrrationa  at  Ran  Salvador 
biiTO  proved  to  me  that,  if  the  movemcntJtof  the  crust  of  the  earth  are 
ooniwoted  with  those  of  the  barometer,  the  law  of  the  relation  u 
deeply  bidden.  I  do  not  deny  it,  but  I  have  observed  nothing  analo- 
gons  to  what  Scrope  believes  be  baa  extablbhnd  for  Stromboli,  and 
Waltersbaneen  for  Etna.  Earthquakes  and  ntumboa  are  apparently 
more  freqnont  at  night  than  in  tlic  daytime.  1  say  apparently,  becanae 
it  may  bo  that  manifestations,  quite  perceptible  in  the  stillness  of  the 
night,  pMS  nnobaerved  amid  the  buMtle  of  the  day.  From  wliat  I  have 
•ocn,  I  think  I  can  affirm  that  the  signs  of  terror  given  by  domcMiO 
animals  are  more  marked  the  longer  the  shock  lonto,  and  that  m'lthont 
reference  to  its  intensity. 

While  I  do  not  tbtnk  th.it  it  is  i>o>»ibte  In  tbe  present  state  of 

knowledgo  to  predict  enrthqiiakcs,  I  believe  that  the  phenomena  are 

frequently  connecter!  wiili  nn  inil<^(innti!c  aggregation  of  atmotphcric 

^condittona  which,  subjected  to  many  ymnt  of  Study,  might  lead  to  the 

^biscovery  of  some  law.     This  is  so  true  that  persona  who  bavo  livod 

ilong  in  the  country  often  say  when  they  meet,  without  knowing  why, 

"  There  will  be  an  cartliiguakc  tonJay  "  ;  and  they  are  seldom  mistaken. 

Townf  In  Central  America,  situated  near  active  voleanoes,  have  muoh 

less  to  fear  than  those  which,  being  in  tbe  dangerous  xonc,  are  more 

distant  from  them.    Tliis  may  he  proved  by  tbe  local  history.    Onate- 

maU  was  destroyed  scren  time«,  between  in4t  and  177S,  while  it  was 

near  the  extinct  volcano  of  Agna  ;  but  it  has  not  suffered  since  1T7D, 

when  it  was  removed  to  it«  prMcnt  position  near  the  active  volcano  of 

Fne^  of  which  forty-four  eruptions  faavo  taken  plnec    ImIco,  bailt 


8» 


THB  POPULAR  SCtENCS  MONTHLY. 


OD  tbe  flsaJu  of  Izsloo,  %  rolcaao  which  bu  bad  sinoe  iu 
ITiO  an  eruption  about  ever;  tveoty  minut«B  and  twentf-ooe 
flnfcle  ooes,  baa  n«T«r  been  dwtrojod,  dot  bare  Saata  AiiDa,  San 
piel,  and  Maaaja,  on  tho  Btopw  of  tbe  TolmnoM  of  tbe  same  nai 
which  have  bad  reaiwdivdjr  aeret),  ten,  and  aiz  great  crnptiona 
Salrador,  which  \%  built  on  the  slopes  of  Quetxaltcpec,  baa  boao  wli 
datrojred  foart«i>n  timee,  the  last  time  on  tbe  l&th  of  March,  1873l  ' 
Tolcano  may  be  regarded  as  extinct,  for  it  has  had  only  one  entf 
HincG  tbe  conquoat,  that  of  tbe  30tb  of  Sq>teaiber,  1659,  when  the 
den  flew  lis  for  as  Comayi^aa,  the  capital  of  Hondoras,  and  tba  I 
fonned  the  immenae  "bad  land"  {ehet/n^  of  Qaotsaltepec  and  bo 
tbe  Indian  city  of  Kejapa.  Tbe  priiHipal  of  tbe  eight  cntcra  of  Q 
aaltepee  (or  Saa  Salvador  as  it  is  otherwise  called)  is  retnarkaUe 
ha  perfect  regularity  and  il«  size,  six  bttadred  metres  in  diameter 
depth.  The  bottom  is  occupied  by  an  almost  inaccessible  lakCL 
appcAnnce  of  the  Tolcano  of  I^ko  llupanga,  in  187d-*90,  proh 
aaved  San  Salvador  from  a  fifteenth  detraction.  Omoa  and  Jnca 
built  on  tbe  alopea  of  the  extinct  Tolcanoea  of  tbe  aamc  mtmca,  1 
destroyed  on  tbe  4tb  of  August,  1860^  and  tbe  3J  of  October,  1£^ 
In  a  work  pnbliah«d  by  tbe  OoTSmmcDt  of  San  Salvador  on  **  El 
qoalces  and  Volcanio  Eruptions  in  Central  America,"  in  which  1 1 
given  a  detailed  bistory  of  the  pbcnomena,  T  have  been  able  to  *I 
from  original  documentit,  that  the  destruction  of  Guatemala,  OD 
night  of  the  tOihaml  11th  of  September,  I&tl,  wasduc,  not  to  an  c 
ttOD  of  mad  from  the  extinct  volcano  of  Agoa,  as  some  authon  siip{ 
but  to  the  mpturo  under  tbe  weight  of  the  water,  assisted  by  an  cs 
qtulce,  of  the  walls  of  iu  crater,  wbicb  bad  bc^^n  filled  by  tbe  czti 
dinary  rains  of  tho  preceding  days.  Tlie  empiion  of  Pacaya,  on 
18th  of  February,  1651,  and  tbe  ruin  of  Guatemala,  irbich  it  < 
sioned,  were  accompanied  by  the  spectacle  of  frightened  wild  anil 
Gcoming  to  seek  the  protection  of  man,  as  tbey  did  alco  during 
eruption  of  Coseguina  on  tbe  30tb  of  January,  1835.  The  year  I 
witnessed  tbe  rise  of  Izalco— "  tho  LighthooK  of  the  Pacific  " — a  n 
niftcent  volcano,  whose  eruption*  have  since  followed  one  another 
inten^ptedly  aboot  every  quarter  of  an  hour,  with  explosions  that 
frequently  heard  for  ten  leagues  around.  The  great  eruption  of  C 
gnina,  on  the  20th,  Slat,  33d,  and  23d  of  January,  1635,  perhaps  m 
the  most  formidable  eruptions  mentioned  In  history,  the  cinden  f 
which  flew  as  far  as  to  Vera  Crux,  Havana,  Caricsv,  and  Bogoti, 
beaid  over  the  same  circle  of  ncrenteen  hundred  miles  in  diaiw 
Tbe  irell-provcd  ooiiicidcooc  that  these  eruptions  began  on  the  a 
day  with  those  of  the  Chilian  volcanoes  of  Aconcaipta  and  Ca 
TSilo,  all  three  situated  in  the  chain  of  the  Andes,  ia  too  leraarki 
lOl  10  attract  nttoution.  Tbe  environs  of  the  active  volcano  of 
^MBbe  from  the  1st  to  tbe  SOth  of  April,  ld50.  witne«wd  tbe  at 
«Me<lhe  new  volcano  of  Las  Pilas,  now  extinct. 


A 


THIS  GUMS    OF  THE  NATIONAL  MUSEUM.        8aj 

A  fftct  mnarkcd  bj^  Humboldt  lui  accompanying  the  carlhiiuAko  of 
th«  4tb  of  Nov^aber,  \199,  &t  Cumana,  vraa  alao  ubscrved  at  Guate- 
mala on  tbo  8(h  of  Deoembflr,  1969.  I  r«fer  to  a  tuddeo  and  oon^d- 
erable  deviation  of  tb«  magoetio  ne«dl«,  irliiGb  still  coDtiDuos,  I'o 
aooount  for  it,  I  propoao  (h«  ttieory  of  «  change  by  tbe  ithock  in  the 
dispoBitioD  of  the  neighboring  Mrata. 

A  series  of  more  thao  mtod  hundred  Mhocks  bHwceo  Uie  SOtli  and 
Slit  of  I>ccember,  1679,  two  of  which  were  diaastroua,  and  wbicb 
oatuod  much  alarm  at  San  Salvador,  waa  the  prelude  to  the  appear- 
ances in  tbe  nei({bboring  Lake  of  Ilopango,  of  a  new  but  opberoenil 
Toloano,  wiioso  mace  caused  the  lake  to  ovcrHow  iu  bank«  and  to  pro- 
daoe  a  terrible  inundation  in  tbe  valley  of  tbo  Kio  Jiboa.    The  event 
had  hevii  made  the  mibject  of  a  detailed  and  very  interesting  atady  by 
Measre.  Goodyear  and  RockHlroh.     I  will  only  observe  respecting  it 
that  two  hundred  and  thirty-seven  ciplosiona  took  place  on  the  4Ui  of 
Marobf  1880,  between  twenty-fire  minutes  past  nine  and  twenty  min- 
ntea  p*»t  ton  in  tbe  morning,  aod  eight  hundred  and  Dincty-aeven  «x- 
plocions  botwMn  eighteen  minutes  past  •even  in  the  evouing  of  the 
following  day  and  Mveoleon  minutes  paat  throo  on  tbe  next  morQiog, 
The  rttumbot  beard  at  Son  Salvador  axnl  In  Colombia  on  ibo  27ib 
of  AagQst,  18S3,  were  doubtless  the  echo  of  th«  eroption  of  Kraluitoa. 
1  am  Milisfied  that  if  such  a  work  as  I  have  pcrformod  for  tho  small 
fnutloD  of  Cvolrftl  Aiaurica  were  done  for  the  whole  system  of  tbe 
BCordiUeras,  from  Cn|ic  Horn  loBehring  Strait,  and  if  the  different 
^E^veramenta  would  eatabliHh  metcorologico-sciiimio  observatories,  like 
■  the  one  I  have  directed  for  four  ye*!*  at  San  Salvador,  it  would  b« 
poesible,  in  this  borne  of  volcanic  activity,  to  form  some  sound  theory 
of  these  tnloresting  and  terrible  pbeaomcna,  and  perhaps  lo  lind  some 
meMM  of  annouDolng  them  beforehand,  as  we  predict  storms  on  the 
Atlantic. — D^nthtctl/or  tKt  Popular  SHmcc  Mimthtif  fromtitt  2U- 
I      vue  Hcientifiqius. 

HrrWE  collection  of  gems  exhibited  by  tbe  Xattonat  Museum  at  tbe 

^P  A^    Cinoinnati  and  New  Orleans  Eipositions  is  now  on  exhibition  at 

tl»«  rooms  of  the  Hai<euin  iu  Wa)>hiiigtt>R.    This  much-needed  accession, 

representing  a  small  part  of  the  appropriation  for  the  World's  Fair, 

promisee  to  be  ooe  of  the  most  attractive  and  inatmetive  features  of 

^^Uw  museum.     Tlio  largo  ntunber  of  ri&iton  who  examined  the  ooUec- 

^■tlon,  both  at  the  faim  and  in  its  present  location,  can  testify  to  its  inter- 

HMtJDg  obaracter.    Although  a  mere  l>cginning,  it  is  tbe  most  oomplvU 

Hpubllo  collection  of  genia  tn  the  United  States.    It  is  contained  In  tVO 


-•»•- 


THE  GEMS  OF  THE  NATIONAL  MUSEUM. 

Bt  OEOBOE  F.  KI7NZ. 


8h 


THE  POPCLAR  SCISSCB  MOSTULT. 


flat  pltt^glus  rxhtbiUoii-««ei,  Um  gtnit  being  seally 
printed  Ubels,  and  amnged  on  velvet  fads  with  a  silh-rope  bori 
Tba  direnity,  brilUaBoe,  and  richness  of  Kature'a  bri(;Iitest  colon ' 
placed  render  the  whole  effect  %  very  attractive  and  pleasing  ( 
Tbe  oollectioD  be^oa  witli  a  Boito  of  glaM  modds  of  th«  bistor 
diatnondr,  followed  bj  a  srricM  of  diamonds  in  Uivir  natanl  *t 
among  vliich  is  an  intenvUng  ocUhedroo,  ttigbtccn  camts  in  w«igl 
These  speoiniens  are  good  illaatratioos  of  tbe  form  from  South  Afr 
though  of  Utile  commercial  value  aa  gems.  One  dosen  oUkt  ctji 
from  on«  qnart«r  to  one  carat  in  weight  complete  a  representadve 
of  form  and  occurrence  in  that  rrgion.  Xcxt  wc  have  s  very  neU 
of  a  doxim  more  cryMaU,  small  but  clioico.  principally  from  India 
Brazil,  and  formerly  belonging  to  tb«  Mallet  colJecltoD.  One 
these  is  a  perfect  cabe,  a  form  peculiar  t«  Braxil,  while  anolbe 
twinned  parallel  to  tbo  octahedron.  Another  stone  of  one  can 
only  half  cot,  and  for  comparisoo  wo  have  a  stone  of  about  thj 
weight  completely  rat.  fl 

Among  the  sapphires  we  find  a  cnrat,  oblong  stone  of  datk-l 
oolor,  from  the  Jcnks  mine,  Macon  County,  North  Carolina,  whicli 
yielded  a  few  fair  sapphires,  yellow,  violet,  and  blue,  and  a  few  rub 
some  of  tbe  fioeet  of  which  were  in  the  Leidy  collection  ;  also  the  I 
stones  found  here,  tbe  dark-brown,  astcriatcd  sapphires,  desni 
in  "Transactions  of  the  New  York  Academy  of  Sciences,"  Bbi 
1863,  and  two  other  cnt  stones  weighing  from  four  to  eight  est 
llkese  all  »how  a  xlight  bronze  play  of  light  on  the  dome  of  the  ct 
chon  in  ordinary  light,  but  onder  artiRcial  light  they  all  show  4 
defined  atars,  being  really  asterias  or  star-sapphires,  and  not  cst*»fi 
as  would  seem  at  first  glance.  There  are  also  two  cut  stones,  S 
blue  and  light  green,  weighing  one  and  two  camt«  rp«pectivclr,  wlii 
for  light-colored  sappliret,  are  perhaps,  when  cut,  brighter  than  Ui 
from  any  other  locality.  The  cutting  of  one  of  these  gem»  has  gi' 
it  a  remarkable  luster.  They  are  found  in  tbe  sluicc-boxce  at  i 
near  Helena.  Slontana.  Following  are  two  broken  crystabt  of  ifae  di 
green  sapphires  from  tbe  quite  recent  find  at  the  Hills  of  Preei 
Stoniii  in  Siam,  beantifulty  dichn>ilie,  being  green  and  blue  wl 
viewed  in  different  axes.  An  asteria  of  good  blue  color,  measni 
nearly  one  inch  iicroiiK,  a  )>eauiiful  two^cirat  mby-asteria,  and  a  m 
thrm-quarter-carat  ruby,  of  fair  color,  complete  tbe  corundum  gtm 

*  GciDB  are  BnwrslI)'  bought  snd  iold  b;  tbe  vciKiit,  caQed  *  Mrof,  *hkb  i«  Mpi 
tbool  S'leS  tray  grdnii.  It  I*  Dauiill;r  diiidcd.  hovertr,  iM«  ton-  dUMwnd  or  \ 
frtf 01^  esch  of  whlfA  b  'TII3S  nt  a  irue  tpi-'^  Fnctioiu  of  •  cam  are  abo  knoai 
Coarth*,  •i^Uii;  liitMntbs,  t}ilrt7.ii«ond9,  uid  ntlj-founliB.  The  wri^  ol  Utt  t 
r«nn«ri:r  dUTfral  sU-htlr  In  (Hffcrcnt  cou^lri<^  ud  lUs  di<rernt]r  huJIy  led  a  *j*ll 
at  Pkrialui  Jcvrlrrv.  pldsmUbl,  U)d  Efni-doJi^n,  la  18*1,  to  pfOpcoe  B  Mudsfd  a 
m*  vu  (utuoqurailjr  (oaGmod  by  ■□  ■mncfinviit  betwna  ths  dlu»oiid.i»rre)uai 
Leatai,  Puii^  snd  Amttcrdain,  Btiog  tha  naUarm  value  at  tbe  Asn»raJ{<)  <u«t  ■! 


TUB  OEMS   OF  THE  NATIO!fAL  MUSEUM.        815 


The  Minoa  of  tptoels  la  well  cbosen  and  varicolored  :  it  consisU  of  11 
loDg  two-oanU  stone  of  *moky-bluo  color ;  an  obloog  almaDdSnc-colored 
■tOD«  of  ihive  carats,  an  inky  Htonc  of  on«  and  a  half  earal,  a  half- 
oarat  mby  ii|)i»ol  of  fair  color,  a  pretty  mbiccllc  of  three  quartern  of  a 
oarat,  and  a  suit«  of  crystals  of  the  raky-«otored  spinel  from  Ceylon 
and  Uurmab.  We  have  also  a  cut  Alexandrite  (so  called  aft«r  the 
Czar  Abiandcr  I),  from  tho  oHfrinal  Kttesian  locality.  ThU  is  of 
fair  color,  but  the  wonderful  Coylonese  genu  of  rccrnt  ycant  have 
really  given  to  this  phenomenal  variety  of  vbrysobcryl,  which  changes 
from  green  to  red  under  arlificial  light,  il«  present  high  rank  among 
gems.  There  i^  a  nix-cantt  typical  chrysoberyl,  finely  out  (the  chryso- 
lite of  the  jeweler),  truly,  i\A  the  name  indloates,  golden  beryl,  and  a 
dark-green  one  of  that  shade  repeatedly  sold  a«  Alexandrite,  thoogh  ft 
does  not  change  color  by  artificial  light.  A  set  of  botod  rough  fng* 
mcaia  from  Brazil  i«  instractive  by  comparison. 

Among  the  beryls  wo  liave  a  flawed  emerald  of  ten  carats,  that 
well  illustrates  the  typical  color,  m  docs  a  peor-sliaped  drop  of  abont 
tbe  same  weight  and  quality.  There  is  also  a  erystai  that  has  been  in 
the  insfiiution  for  many  years,  labeled  from  New  Meiico.  It  is  evi- 
dently not  from  that  locality,  for  no  other  such  occurrence  is  on 
record,  and  we  mnst  suspect  that  the  label  is  a  miBiwmer,  since  tbe 
crystal  has  nnmistakable  signs  of  Muso  (New  Granada)  origin.  An 
eincnld  ciyatal  two  inches  long,  one  of  a  scries  of  minerals  brought 
by  PrufMsor  J.  1>.  Dana  from  Pern  when  with  the  Wilkes  Kxplor- 
ing  Hai)edition,  is  hUtorirally  interesting.  It  WM  parchastd  by  him 
in  tbe  streets  of  Callao.  In  the  same  Acrica  are  two  good  cnt  beryls, 
one  six  carau  in  weight,  of  a  light-green  color,  another  one-carat 
ligbt-tiiuu  one  from  Itoyalston,  Maaaaobmwtta,  and  perhaps  the  finest 
apeoimen  ever  fonnd,  at  the  Portland  (Connccticnt)  quarries,  fifteen 
oaiata  in  weight,  and  of  encb  a  rich,  deep  ooa-bluo  color  as  almost  to 
,  rival  in  splendor  iliu  matchless  thrco-carat  Brazilian  bla«4tooe  that  is 

rthe  same  ease. 
A  fine  blue  crystal  from  Moume  Mountain,  Ireland,  is  interesting 
for  its  locality  and  deep  color.  Hlonehnro,  Maine,  has  contributed  a 
two^arat  white  cut  atone  and  n  similar  fragment ;  while  Siberia  is 
rvprcavnted  only  by  a  common  white  stone  of  about  six  rarnts'  weight. 
Next  comes  a  series  of  the  emerald- ye  How  and  yellowish -green  va- 
rieties of  spodumene  (variety  fliddenite),  embracing  lithta  emerald  So 
tbe  rough,  and  three  cut  stones  of  (he  same,  weighing  from  a  quarter  to 
three-quarters  of  a  caral,  and  varying  in  color  from  green  to  yellowish- 
green,  from  8tony  Point.  North  Carolina  ;  also  a  quarter-carat  light- 
yellow  and  a  one-carat  goldcn-ycIlow  spodumeno  of  the  variety  resem- 
bling chrysoberj-I,  deacrihed  by  Piwini.of  Pari",  in  "Comples  Rendns" 
for  1877,  from  Brazil  Tlic  while  cut  phcniikite  of  tlirce  earatit'  weight, 
from  Rassia,  is  of  rare  occurrence,  hut  haa  recently  been  found  at  two 
Lloealities  in  Colondo. 


8i6 


TBE  POPULAR  SCISA'CJt  MONTBLY. 


^ 


Thft  toarm^tnes  indnds  x  dark-red  gem  (rolwlltta)  of  nx  car 
weight,  and  good  color ;  two  Ugbt-red  ooeit  of  od«  baJf  oorat  «Mb,a 
Gd«  diu-k-L>lu«  Mto  (indicolite)  of  three  oiglitlu  c&nt ;  four  longbol 
gtven  (called  Braalian  emeralds)  of  two  carats  each ;  a  balf -carat  wl 
■cJiroite ;  two  oliTO-grocD  stooes  of  two  carats  each  ;  and  two  aecti 
of  green  cryetab  that  have  rod  centers.  This  difference  of  oo)or 
twe«o  the  onter  and  inner  crystals  is  pconliar  to  toarmalinca,  as  mi 
M  three  colon  being  found  in  one  ciy*taL  All  thane  arc  from  I 
lU.  The  wcU-knuwn  domestic  localittn  are  represented  hf  an 
long,  laMe-cut,  lighl-greeu  atone  from  Paris,  Oxford  Coanty,  31^ 
thai  ODOC  hc-ld  a  cun-ipitmuuii  place  in  the  collection  of  Dr.  Joa 
Lddy,  which,  unfortunuwly,  had  to  bo  scattered.  From  Aoh 
Maine,  a  locality  <iaite  re«ciitly  discoTered,  we  have  a  one-carat  \ 
indicoliie,  two  laTendcr-colored  atonea  of  one  carat  cacb,  a  K 
cmerdtJ-grecn  stone  of  three  qnarters  of  a  carat,  and  as  handaoae 
an  emerald  by  artificial  light,  and  al<>o  a  snito  of  several  dOM*  lo 
crystals  of  various  colors.  The  nciglibonng  two-carat  yeUc 
tlire«-carst  ycUowish-brown  cut  itonc!)  are  from  Ceylon, 
two-inch  graM-green  crystxl  and  otie-inch  bluish-green  crystal 
part  of  the  tra«inir*  brought  home  by  IVofesaor  I>ana  from  lh«  Wij 
Expedition  of  183ft-'-l^  M 

A  six-carat  blue  and  two-cant  aberry-colcn^  topaz  from  SH 
are  exceedingly  brilliant,  but  the  domestic  reputation  is  well  sostaii 
bf  libs  cutBamon-tinted  fifLei'n -carat  cut  atone  from  Pike's  Pi 
Oilotado^  which  is  not  Kiiqtassod  in  beauty  by  the  brilliant  white  fi 
enu  (SIbus  Novaa)  from  Minaa-Qcraes,  in  BroaL  A  t.«nt*  of  op 
that  ^T«beeo  "heated,"  follows,  varying  in  color  from  dark  pink  t 
ing  into  white  according  to  the  degree  uf  calorilicatioa. 

Among  tbo  garnets  are  ten  flat,  brilliant  cnt  ttones,  foor  I 
bnncles;,  and  six  rowcolored,  from  Bohemia  ;  six  TyroIcM  rod  \ 
nets,  two  eaaouitea  (usually  fiotd  as  hyacinths  by  the  jcwetenX  I 
csimts  and  a  quarter  carat  from  0«jIon,  and  a  scries,  cut  and  Dw 
from  New  Mexico,  vrhieb  furnishes  the  Gncxt  garnets  in  the  worid 
point  of  color.  In  addition  to  thme  wo  notice  a  two-carat  demaot 
(green  garnet  or  Uralian  emerald)  from  Bobrowska  River,  SyaM 
in  the  t'rala,  and  a  brownish-green  one-cant  stone  from  the  « 
locality.  ^k 

From  New  Slexiro  wo  have  a  fine  yellowish-groen  perifll 
elinae,  called  chrytolitc  by  the  mincralogisl,  hut  not  by  the  jewe 
■d known  as  ".fob's  Tcant"  locally  (from  their  piit«d,  tcai>4ike 
fanoee),  wbilo  the  Orient  is  represented  by  a  beaatifol 


Fna  the  nrcons  or  jargoooa  wo  may  ainglo  oat  for 
■kB  of  small  cut  etoncs.  yeitowi«h-browa,  pink,  blniah-grecn,  i 
■■■,lfccbU«r  color  being  often  prodaced  by  h«*ting.  StOMi 
fcVrf  III!  at  one  time  o^ed  for  incnuting  watohea,  wbie 


1 


I 


I 


THE  OEMS   OF  THE  NATIONAL  MOSBUil.        Itf 

told  u  diamond -incmeled.    Koxt  w*  obtcrrA  ft  fine,  rich,  Iiya> 
ciitth-color«d  %<tvx  (thv  Iniv  hyu-iotli  of  thu  mbcralogiitt),  a  long,  two- 
carat  grvco,   a  yellovMli*gre«D,  ami    a   browni^li-greoD    ilirM-caratJ 
atone,  all  from  Ceylon.    Tbe  two  carat  axiDiU)  from  Uauphiuy  is  one' 
of  the  rarest  of  gems.     A  rix>oarat  yellowUh-grron  epidale  from  tli« 
Knip|K>nwaiid,  the  well-knotrn  locality  in  l^rol,  itboulii  be  montionod.. 

llcr«,  too,  in  %  ono-fourtb-cornt  idoeiMO  from  Ala,  in  Picdiuont.1 
Tbis  mineral,  wbicb  rocoivcd  tb«  tminu  vcauvlanite,  because  it  b  found] 
among  tho  formations  in  tlio  lava  at  Veaiiviua,  is  sold  by  tbe  Neapoli- 
tan Jewoltra,  and  uai-d  lo  make  tbe  letters  I  and  V  in  the  manufaciure 
of  initial  or  sei>tiinental  pieces  of  jewelry,     'llio  same  mineral  is  found 
at  Sandford,  Maine,  and  other  localities  hero,  but  rarely  in  gem  form. 

lolilit*  (dichroito,  oordierit«),  or  wat^ii^sappbiro  (lopAir^^'aaH), 
u  it  it  also  called,  is  liero  scvo  in  the  form  of  a  flat^ut  stone,  of  two 
oarata*  weight>  from  Ceylon,  and  n  cube,  on^fourtb  inob  square,  from 
Bodenmais,  Bavaria.  These  are  not  comparable  with  one  found  at 
Uaddam,  Connecticut,  that  waa  worn  as  a  charm  by  tho  Into  Dr.  Tor- 
rey.  I'bts  stone  has  diohroitic  properties :  if  viewed  in  oiw  direction 
it  appears  btno  ;  if  in  another,  pore  white. 

The  five-carat  titanite,  or  yellow  sphenc,  is  from  the  Tavctcbtbal, 
in  the  Tyrol.  This  gem  ahowi  the  play  of  colont  peculiar  to  thv  dia- 
mond. Specimens  hare  also  been  found  at  Bridgewater  Station,  Penn- 
•ylvania.  lliere  are  tJiree  long,  yellowish^browa  andalnsitee,  of  two, 
one,  and  tbree-founha  of  a  carat  weight,  at  times  eo  diohroitio  that 
they  have  been  offered  in  London  as  Alexandiites.  llieee  are  from 
Braeil,  wborc  fine  green  ones  are  also  obtained. 

Next  in  order  is  a  light-grc«n  diop^ide,  from  lie  Kalb,  New  York,  \ 
s  locality  whieh  has  yidded  twcnty-oarat  goms,  of  rich  oily-green 
odor,  equal  to  the  on«<«nt  oat  stone  from  Ab,  in  Piedmont. 

A  small,  long,  one^arat  cyanite,  from  Ruasia,  is  noteworthy,  m  la 
ftlao  tbe  suite  of  opaU,  consisting  of  two  noble  cnl  stonca,  from  llan>  j 
gary,  and  a  polished  slab  of  the  tight  matrix  from  the  saune  place,  ] 
boaatifnily  mottled  with  opalescent  spots ;  a  set  of  over  twenty  gemst 
white,  yallow,  and  brown,  from  Qner^taro,  Mexico ;  and  two  fair, 
noble  opali  from  Honduras,  together  with  a  one-inch,  lusterlcns  cut 
stone ;  three  pieces  of  blue  opal,  in  tbe  impnre  brown  limonile,  or 
irooatone  matrix,  from  tbe  Baricoo  River,  Queensland,  Australia, 
termed  opalioe  by  tbe  jewelers,  and  also  a  cut  (tone  from  the  same 
locality.  ' 

Of  turquoise,  we  have  a  bluish-green  piece,  one  inch  and  a  half 
long,  cut  into  a  flat  csbochon  stone,  from  I»s  Cerrilloe,  New  Mexico, 
a  fine  suite  of  the  mineral  in  tbe  matrix,  recenlly  brought  on  by  Major] 
J.  W.  Powell,  from  New  Mexico,  and  a  set  of  twenty-four  gema  front] 
Persia,  showing  all  tbe  characteristic  gradations  of  color  between  blue 
and  green ;  »  carious  half-inch  caboobon  cut  stone,  and  a  pieoe  one 
inch  long  In  tbe  matrix,  from  Arabia,  nolicoable  for  tbe  pleasing  con- 


8a8 


TBS  POPULAR   SCIENCE  UOjrTffLY. 


tract  of  the  blnuli-grMm  itone  on  tito  bockgroand  of  tbe  r^n^nl■u 
oolored  matrix. 

nimintitc  M  exhibited,  oat  in  ttie  form  of  balls  and  in  s  cut  loUgU 
tnd  ■  cut,  one-caritt  rutilo,  from  Aleunilcr  Coaniy,  Norib  CaroUlM 
thcae  80  eloe«ly  rescmblfl  tb&  black  diamond  lii  color  and  luitcr  m 
htTC  been  laiKtakcn  for  it  wht-n  firet  found. 

A  dark,  itlmosi  block  hyiMinilicDe,  from  Norway,  iihowB  a  plcodi 
bronxo-likc  reflecUod  ou  the  dome  of  the  eabocboii.  One  itf  thr  m 
imtniotlve  of  the  Bori«8  ia  a  quantity  of  gem-gravel  from  CVylon,  m 
taioing  appbinii  of  Torioos  colon,  chryttubcryl,  circon,  qnortx,  >| 
otbcr  gtmiM. 

A  a*ri«i  of  the  American  atone,  Thompaonlte,  foand  »i  iiebhlo 
the  T^lcv  Superior  region,  prcnentji  nomi,"  fine  cut  lltOR(■t^  with  the  cireli 
from  oiic  fourth  to  thrte  fuurlht  of  an  inch  acroas.  A  fi*w  larg*,  pt 
isbed  piecen  meaxnre  orer  one  inch  across.  Some  umall  pabbit* 
Ijntonite  found  with  the  ThompBonite  are  also  polished. 

The  quarts  amy  is  very  inatmctiTo  :  it  begins  with  a  two-ood 
half  •inch  Jap«i>cse  crystal  ball,  and  an  eagle  M-iil  tbrco  ibrb«a  liigj 
of  Riiiwian  cutting ;  cut  oilrinr*,  raimgOTm,  and  the  ao-called  m^li; 
Baxon,  or  Spaniith  topox,  eleven  of  the  dark-purple  omctbyata  (roi 
Siberia,  ofK-a  wrongly  eallcd  Oriental  ameihyHts,  and  a  Mt  of  tif' 
from  linzil,  show  all  the  clmn^a  from  light  pink  to  dark  purple; 

Perhaps  tbe  most  unique  gom  of  the  collection  i«  a  piece  of 
thyat  that  was  found  at  Wehatcr.  North  Carolina,  and  depo«it«d  Im* 
by  Dr.  II.  S,  Lucaa.  Tbe  present  form  ia  jael  mob  aa  would  \tt  nod 
by  a  lapidary  in  roughly  ehaping  a  atone,  preliminary  to  cutting 
polishing  it.  It  now  measorea  seven  centimetres  in  lenp;tfa,  aU  no 
timotns  in  width,  four  centimMrr*  in  ibickneaa,  and  wetftba  IM'i 
grammea.  It  was  turtle-Bhaped  wbcn  found,  and  this  was  raid  to  liavi 
been  the  work  of  prchiatoric  man.  Thia  abnpc  waa  unfortonately  d* 
atroycd  by  chipping  it  to  it»  prtaenl  form.  It  la  perfectly  traaapuiM; 
being  alightly  uiioky  and  pale  at  one  end,  and  it  aUo  ham  a  smoky  Hnol 
in  the  center.  Tbb  coloring  ia  pe«iiliar  to  tho  ametfayat,  bowetn 
There  are  also  a  three-quarter-incb  yellowish  quaru  cat's^ye  fi 
Ceylon,  and  a  three-carat  groen  on«  from  Hoff,  Bavaria,  and  a  nsti«' 
Indian  necklace  from  Ceylon,  composed  of  numeroug  yellnwish  qiuru 
aat's.«yo  heads  of  aboal  Uirce  carats  each. 

We  have,  then,  a  beautiful  aeries  of  the  brown-qoartr.  calV-WMt 
BO-callcd  crocidolite  cat's-eyea  (also  called  tiger-eyes),  in  fina  alab^ 
balls,  buttons,  etc.,  which  ia  renlly  a  combination  of  crocidoUta  ftbtr 
coated  with  (luartit.  This  inca-iing  rendcra  It  harder  Iban  tukoltff* 
orocidolito,  which  ia  to  bo  seen  here  together  with  It^  AH  theao  i 
from  Sooth  Africa.  Su|>erb  rutilated  quarts  (sagenite,,fUeJU'  "- 
Venna-hidr  stone,  or  Ix>ve'a  arrows),  in  the  mugb  ond  In  < 
aro  from  North  Carolina.  Ubode  Island  t-ontribttloa  blai-k  h.  ■■ 
b)a<lcs  in  qnarlx,  and  green  acLiunlite  in  tbe  aano  (the  1'h — - 


TBS  OEMS  OF  TBS  NATIONAL  MUSEUM.       819 


^Bt«n«  of  Dr.  Jaokioa).  Tbo  ftctiaollt«,  wben  in  Ktraight  lajen  in  Uie 
^Hguu-U,  occasioitullj  fomu  a  quarlz  cM'a-eye,  if  cut  across  tbe  fibers. 
^B^  Tbo  targ«  pieces  of  blnek  oayx,  ohryaopraM,  i-arneliaa,  and  sardo- 
^^yx,  the  Ecnc6  of  agates,  of  Tariotu  colon,  aro  cut  into  a  variety  of 
forms  ;  the  fioe  tbree-iocb-tqnare  slab  of  "gold  quaru.,"  of  tho  jowol- 
en,  ia  from  Grass  Valley,  California. 

Fine  Avanturino  qaartz,  with  tpangles  of  mica  in  a  rii<b  rt^diiib- 
brown  quarix,  from  RuHxia,  taHM  of  which  are  often  worth  tbotiunda 
of  dollars;  nod  a  fino  green  avauturino,  called  imperial  jade  by  the 
CbineM,  and  more  esteemed  by  them  thttti  any  of  the  true  jaites  du- 
serre  attention.  The  series  of  fiftvon  soiall  Indian  mocba-tttonn  Is 
very  attnciire ;  tho  black,  mos»-like  markings  are  relieved  by  th« 
rod  s]>ots  in  tlm  gray  bo<ly  of  the  Htonc,  thus  prvseutiug  a  surface 
beautifully  divcmifici].  A  rich,  brown,  speckle]  jasper  ia  worthy  of 
notice.  'Ilic  two  cut  mulilavitcs  (Moravian  bottle-glaai),  about  one 
inch  across,  are  of  rare  occarrence.  Thoy  aro  transparent,  dai^-grvim 
obsidians,  from  Moravia,  for  which  wortliloss  grccti  bottle-gla»  bu 
^  aomotimcs  Ixicn  sold. 

^P  Tlie  two  sun-stonea  from  Norway— tbo  largest  one  and  a  half  inch 
^^long,  the  other  a  three-quarter- inch  cut  cabochon — aro  indeed  fine,  but 
,.  a  cut  stone  of  the  same  material,  over  one  inch  long,  from  Dvlawano 
^^C'ounty,  I*<^nnBylvania,  is  nearly  equal  to  them.  Labradoritvs  arc  fully 
^■represented,  some  puliHhed  pieces  being  over  one  foot  acTX>ss,  and  a 
Dombor  showing  tlto  beautiful  chatoyant  oolon  to  perfection. 

Atobcr,  yellow,  transparent,  and  ciont.-uning  flics  nod  other  inscota, 
^^b  proaeot  iu  the  form  of  cut  stonCH  and  boads. 

^H  A  rich,  dark-brown  out  aragonile  from  California,  and  tbo  bean- 
^rtiftil  green,  00 pper-oolored  Smilhsonite  (a  zino- ore),  from  Laurium, 
^P  GrMCo,  demand  special  ootice.  One  is  a  cut  caboction  over  one  inch 
high,  the  other  an  ideal  piece  of  the  natural  roinent!.  We  olH«r\-o  also 
a  line  polialiud  malachite  from  Siberia,  and  a  dish  of  tho  highly  prized 
dark-btuo  fluorite  from  Derbyshire,  England,  where  it  is  familiarly 
known  OS  "  blue  John."  Vases  of  this  material  have  often  hci'ti  M>ld 
tta  over  one  thonsand  dollars.  A  slab  of  the  Persian  Upijt-lazuli,  and 
iMia  of  tho  white-veined  variety  from  the  Peravian  Andes,  well  rc(tre- 
sent  tliia  speoivs.  A  jade  pendant,  throo  inches  Ion;;  and  of  ^ood  color, 
Is  one  of  the  son  ma^lo  in  Germany  to  sell  in  Xew  Zealand  as  genuine 
■boriginal  workmanship,  AUo  a  flat  vase  mode  of  a  light-green  Clit- 
ocaa  Jade,  and  one  of  the  small  braci^lets  of  the  same  material,  which 
are  pat  on  the  anna  of  girls  in  early  ohildlioud,  and  allowed  to  remain 
tliere  until  the  natural  growth  of  the  arm  flxra  them  so  tightly  that 
tbty  can  not  be  removed  over  the  hand.  A  rich  yellow  flower  chis- 
41mI  out  of  serpentine,  about  four  inches  by  two,  \a  very  pretty,  aa  is 
aoariotia,  fanciful,  dragon-like,  tale  omamcnl  from  Southern  India. 
Red,  white,  and  mottled  agolmatolilu  (Chiooso  figure  -  stone),  from 
ClUns,  is  intcneting. 


•so 


T3S  POPULAR  SCIBXCS  MONTHLY. 


One  of  ih«  finest  spcciin«n«  of  ib  kind  in  the  lTttit«d 
magnificent  aix-bj-fonr  «lab  of  lumaolwllc  ("fire-marble")  of  fo 
origin,  in  which  the  eotor  of  the  origioal  ■bclU  ui  wt>  deepened  i 
ioten^fied  ibst  it  livali  th«  fioeot  Sre-opaL  Thi4  comes  from  the « 
exbauMed  locality  of  Caiintbia,  Germasy.  Of  alabavtrr,  ve  h: 
white,  yellow,  aDd  cinnsnion-gray  slabs  ;  of  foaail  coral,  ■  fine  i 
from  Iowa  City.  The  oolite  Umectono  from  Bristol,  KngUod,  ii  ei 
ons ;  the  surface  is  highly  polished,  praecnting  a  white  field  flecl 
with  dark-red.  Bestds  of  gypaura  satin  «par  and  a  three-incfaj 
the  same  material  are  from  Bideford,  Eitgland. 

The  collection  ends  with  an  eigbt-by -three  slab  of  catlinite  | 
pjK'-atone),  from  Coteiu  du  Fraine,  Pipeatone  County,  Mil 
1'he  head  delineated  on  it  was  carred  by  a  Washington  aculpur]!! 
came  into  the  mnMura  with  the  Abert  eollcctioo,  vhtoh  was  pi 
to  the  masenm. 

To  the  energy  of  Professor  F.  W.  Clarke  is  due  the  credit  of  f« 
ing  thia  moat  tntercatiDg  series  of  gems. 


a  necj 

[ij| 


THE  WIIIPPDJG-POST. 


Br  LEWIS  nocmiEiMeB. 


"\  1  f  UKN  men,  under  the  impetus  of  tlio  indignation  aa.  _ 
V  V  Uiat  arc  occauoned  by  the  commission  of  erimo  that  bear  i 
stamp  of  deliberate  cruelty  or  atrocity,  undertake  to  apply  whst  i 
popularly  deemed  adequately  severe  remedies,  their  action  genen 
embodies  results  that,  to  the  mind  of  those  vereod  in  matters  of  asc 
or  goTemmental  science,  are  as  mischievous  in  tlieir  tendency  Ml 
evils  sought  to  be  remedied.  Tt  not  infrequently  happens,  in  caita 
firioKS  of  deep  atrocity,  iliat  eitiiens  resolve  to  avertffe  the  frroug  i 
Btediatcty,  by  li/nehiny  the  offender.  The  folly  and  wrm^  i(  f 
method  of  meting  oat  punishment  in  a  civilUed  community  an  ■ 
■mTcrsally  conceded  by  calm- thinking  and  iniclligcDt  meo.  Agi 
it  win  bappen  that  this  same  spirit  of  iiupatieoee  at  the  slow  prooti 
tt  bw  and  of  distrust  in  the  ordinary  legal  methods  of  pqmyhmi 
ler  stma  will  find  it«  expression  in  an  equally  wrong  and  iUo^ 
,  to  wit,  the  adoption  of  Ufftsltitton  providing  cruel  medN 
for  certain  crime*,  in  the  bi-licf  that  the  evil  of  tl 
L  fMrpetratJon  may  he  remedied  in  that  way.  Upon  leflccti 
Aw3  W  foond  that  both  methods  have  their  ori^n  in  the  same  a 
VWH«aw*ption  of  the  scope  and  object  of  punUAmftu for erin»4. 
((hiihvihe  di'Mgnation  "  cruel  piinivhments,"  I  include  all  snch  { 
4i»  In  siaaa  as  are  designed  to  inflict  direct  physical  saffeii 
^  ctrotimstances  of  ignominy.     The   wbipping-poil 


TSS   WSIPPIXa-POST. 


631 


» 


m  szimplo.  The  intlicUoa  of  snob  penatti««  prococds  upon  the  thoory 
of  retatiation,  wid,  for  tbU  tumod,  is  improper  an<)  vicious.  Th«  le^U- 
maUfrovinoe  of  all  Uwb  rclaliog  to  penalties  for  crime  ia  punishmtnt 
•imply.  Anything  that  is  infiiotcd  beyond  this,  wbcUier  againtl  lav, 
as  by  mob  violence,  or  by  kffuiation,  as  in  iho  auo  of  retaliatory  p«n- 
i&binents  eic«c<ls  thi?  logitimata  scope  of  penalties  for  crime.  Thcro 
may  bo  »cript'tr<tlj/reixdeni  to  ihv  contrar}-,  but  we  must  not  adopt  as 
»  divine  proocdent,  applicable  to  all  nations,  those  rale«  tc-liich  wore 
laid  down  for  a  particular  people,  in  a  remote  and  barbamua  age. 
Many  things  that  are  failhleM,  treacherous,  unnatural  and  cruel,  6nd 
a  scorning  eanetion  and  prvoodcut  in  tlio  Movaio  lav.  Ponbhment,  in 
ita  proper  acceptation,  means  tlio  prote«tioD  of  society,  as  represented 
<y  the  Stale,  against  the  inroads  of  the  individual  upon  ita  velfare, 
or,  as  it  is  called  in  criniinal-Iav  phrase,  "  the  peace  of  the  State."  It 
is  only  when  the  enoroachmcnta  of  the  individual  upon  the  rights  of 
others  amount  to  a  public  teronff  that  they  are  punisliablo  criminally, 
and  then  it  in  only  the  wrong  to  sockty,  and  not  the  sin,  that  is  cogniz- 
able by  tlio  tribunals. 

Looking,  then,  at  pnnishmeot  in  that  light — viewing  it  aa  designed 
menly  to  conserve  the  public  welfare,  "  the  peace,  government,  an<l 
dignity  of  the  State,"  as  it  is  technically  expressed  in  every  fonnal 
indiotment  for  crime  in  Maryland — by  what  eonsidcrntion  shonld  we 
be  guided  in  dctennining  the  true  policy  10  b«  purtued  in  lh«  applica- 
tion of  pnnisfamcntti?  Surely,  not  the  narrow  one  of  (at  all  haaards) 
»uppreMi{ng  the  particular  crime.  Crime  can  not  be  stamped  out  by 
any  heroic  methods  of  treatment.  Sin  and  crime  are  inevitable  condi- 
tions incident  to  our  present  state  of  social  adTaaoemeaC,  just  as  dis- 
ease is  a  factor  of  our  physical  being.  He  would  b«  deemed  an  un- 
skillful physician  who  diroot«d  all  his  eSorts  toward  the  driving  away 
of  a  particular  malady  without  regard  to  the  effect  of  hiscourso  of 
treatment  upon  the  general  system  of  the  patient.  A  like  want  of 
skill  in  statesmanship  is  exhibited  when  the  legislator  proposes  such  a 
remedy  as  that  enacted  in  llaryland  for  wife-beating,  to  wit,  the 
whipping- post,  without  weighing  the  effect  of  the  introduction  of  that 
■on  of  remedy  upon  the  constitution  of  the  body  politic. 

The  arguments  advanced  in  support  of  this  legislation  areaaplaaal- 
bte  and  as  apt  to  impress  the  popoUr  mind  as  they  are  fallacious  uA 
illogical.  The  crime  of  the  brutal  wife-bcat*r  affords  an  excellent 
topic  for  detrlaniation  and  invective,  and  people  of  generous,  high  im- 
palao  are  very  pmnc  to  yield  their  cooler  judgment  in  such  matters  to 
•pedous  rhetoric  The  purpottc  of  this  paper  is  to  discuss  the  question 
from  ■  logical  stand-point,  free  from  all  declamation  or  sentimeutal- 
ism,  in  which  the  discussions  of  such  4|uettiona  too  frnguently  abound. 

N'ow,  firstly,  let  it  bo  borne  in  mind  that,  in  (he  disoussion  of  a 
qtUMtioa  of  punishment  for  crime,  wo  deal  with  public  interests.  Mere 
,iatiafulion  to  the  Individual  upon  whom  the  crime  is  perpetrated  Is 


63" 


TBS  POPULAR  SCISNCS  MOSTBtV. 


not  to  bo  coiwiilorod.  nor  ut  th«  raattvr  of  Lbu  wulfarci  of  tlio 
to  control  our  xction  in  cicaling  with  criiiu;.  UoUi  JntvrtMta  m 
lo  tlwi  of  tlic  Stiittt,  wbivti  ia  iho  iiijurcil  party,  Thu  cmini 
<{Utii)tly  comiuittvd  in  fonuiug  a  juilgnieDt  M  to  Uiu  (luniiJtB 
for  any  crime  ariBe,  on  Uie  oue  haDi),  froai  an  oxccm  of  bo«UV 
toward  the  offender,  which  obscures  oui-  view  of  thn  nral  rod 
oomptishod  by  hU  punishmcot,  and,  on  tbc  other  batid,  thv 
bent  uf  IctUng  iiym|athy  and  cxceM  of  kindly  fc«liog  abut  < 
uur  vi«w  ibo  dciuaiidti  of  public  Juitlicv. 

In  traveling  through  lb«  dark  matM  of  human  frailty  ai 
It  would  \>e  difficult  to  liud  an  object  tnore  aocntingly  dvvoid 
nobler  buinan  instinct  than  tlie  cruel  wife-beal*r,  fur  wlioeu  i 
recent  Maryland  aututo  has  revived  the  lasli  and  whlpping-fKMt 
indt-cd,  it  bo  that  loMbsomo  specimen  front  the  list  of  crioi 
whoui  buiuauity  acenis  to  have  «unk  to  it*  low»t  ebb,  the 
b«ater.  ilut,  let  us  proceed  to  an»vcr  tlio  roal  qoeetioa  w! 
pantBbincnt  of  the  wife-bcater  rab«a  for  solution.  Don  Mxifti 
lavs  have  been  broken  and  must  be  vindicated,  upon  the  wb< 
or  doc«  it  lose  by  the  method  of  panishmcnt  under  diMJ 
Graiiti-d  that  tbc  vbipping-post  Hill  stamp  out  the  orime 
beating  in  our  midst,  dooa  the  gain  justify  the  price? 

To  itluBtralc  my  meaning  clearly,  I  lay  down  the  followi: 
Hilion,  wbtch  will  not  Iw  gainuid  by  any  one  verMd  in  m: 
social  Mience.     If,  in  tbc  oaM  of  any  given  offense,  no  [>unii) 
be  meted  out  to  the  offender  could  l>c  devised  that  would  bo 
in  deterring  others  from  committing  tbc  like  offense,  then 
oonld  not  rightfully  punish  at  al),  however  heinous  the  offense:. 
Because,  in  the  language  of  an  eminent  and  conservative  vrib 
this  subject,  "  the  end  of  punisbmeiit  la  not  by  way  of  atonw 
expiation  of  the  orimo  conuniUed,  for  that  must  bo  left  to  tha 
terniinalion  of  a  Supreme  Being,  but  as  a  precaution  againa) 
offooees."     Unless  the  punishment  ran  bo  madi^  elTectivu  fur  t 
MTvation  of  the  peace  of  the  State,  we  are  not  justified  in  i 
It,     From  this  tfao  fnrtlivr  proposition  followa,  that  the  Suta 
flict  no  further  or  gr<-at<;r  puniahmont  than  is  nbs  '  <  .«ui 

attain  that  end,  ibe  protection  of  itociety.     Do  tli-  i^sta 

and  are  they  advanced  by  the  infliction  of  laebes  vpott  wife-bei 

It  may  safely  be  staled  that  a  husband,  before  he  beata  bU 
the  brutal  extent  that  is  contemplated  by  tbc  ■tatulo  antb 
lashes,  has  already  sufficiantly  shown  his  evil  charactrr  to 
wife  that  be  is  no  fit  husband  for  her  to  dwelt  with  aiul  enabh 
procure  the  separation  to  which  the  Uiw  eniiUes  bcr.  If  111 
done,  all  occasion  for  any  soch  crime  would  bii  avoided,  and  t 
would  1h-  protected,  and  society  protected.  But,  inutit  a  wifr, 
because  her  husband  b  a  brute,  Mok  a  divurca,  and  thus  Iim 
ad  husband,  aiKl,  moreover,  deprive  her  children  of  thuir  bui 


Tffs  wsippiira^posT. 


833 


I 


r 


T  fatlK^r's  vupport  ?  Should  tlic  hnit«  not  rntlicrr  be  flogged  and 
miulc  to  Ih-at  the  panubtneat  wlitcb  is  hit  due,  in.ii«ad  of  punlahJDj 
hi*  teift  find  cltHdren  by  a  separation  f  ITicse  questions,  which  I  hare 
lioinl  nxkcd  frequently,  I  eball  endeavor  to  answer.  A  separation  is 
a  hard  remedy.  Tlirongh  no  fault  on  their  part,  tlio  man's  irifo  And 
children  Huffcrtiittvrly.  If  the  whip  ping- pout  could  obvialv  all  thtv, 
ibal  would  \k  an  argnment  strongly  in  its  favor;  but  what  are  tlio 
rwnll«  of  losbing  the  inan  ?  I  will  detail  them.  1.  Yon  deprive  him 
of  his  eitiicnahtp  ban,  and  banish  him.  He  can  never  relnrn  to  tJio 
community  in  which  he  lived  and  face  his  former  acquaintoinccs.  2. 
All  bis  UMfulness  as  a  member  of  society  is  destroyed.  All  the  good 
that  was  ever  in  him  is  driven  oat.  With  every  lash  yoa  war  his 
aoal  and  instill  hatrc<]  and  blttcmcKs  that  can  n«ver  be  effaced.  He, 
thenceforth,  becomes  a  liapleda  wanderer  and  an  outcast,  with  no  tied 
or  aspirations  in  common  with  bis  fellow-men.  3.  liis  wife  is  divorctti, 
practically,  without  the  benefit  of  a  regular  divorce.  Why  so?  Be- 
caose  tbe  man,  after  being  lashed,  will  never  again  return  to  her.  You 
may  amurodty  assnme  Ihii^  But  that  iit  not  all.  4.  flis  children,  most 
innocently  and  nnctoK-n'cdly  of  all,  will  nnCfer  keenly.  Kot  only  nro 
they  deprived  of  tbeir  father,  who  will  l«ave  home,  and  friends,  and 
uaefolneM  behind,  but  they  will  be  spoken  of  and  treated  slightingly 
by  their  youthful  companions  as  the  children  of  the  man  who  has  been 
tlogjced,  and  the  stain  will  cling  to  them  until  the  grave  has  closed  over 
tbeir  remains.  The  very  things  to  be  deprecated  and  avoided  are  thus 
broogbt  at>out  by  the  whippingpost.  Accoixling  to  a  natural  though 
Dot  just  impulse  of  our  human  nature,  the  very  wife  whose  husband 
baa  been  flogged  on  her  account  will  meet  with  a  degree  of  ecorn, 
however  undeserved.  The  State  has,  in  no  ca»c,  the  right  thus  prac- 
tically to  dfttroy  a  citizen. 

Apart  from  all  thc-sc  c<;nKidcration8,  the  deraoralining  efFeet  and 

talining  tendency  of  a  public  lashing  should  alone  operate  to  con- 
demn sach  legislation.  While  wife-beating  may  be  snppreswd,  mieh 
exhibitions  as  were  witncssod  in  Baltimore  recently  sow  seeds  that 
will  crop  out  in  other  direcliomt  and  pnxlucc  a  harvest  of  crimen  This 
is  a  natural  law,  well  understood  by  students  of  penal  science.  No 
oxbibition  can  have  a  worse  tendency  tlian  the  public  treatment  of  a 
hnman  being  in  a  manner  that  ignores  his  claim  to  consideration  as 
mtch.  The  recent  exhibitions,  as  rclntc<l  in  the  local  newspapers,  of  a 
sheriff  walking  through  the  streets  of  B.-il{imoTe,  "jauntily  dressed,"  in 
procession  with  bis  "  staff,"  and  reported  as  feding  in  "elegant  trim  " 
for  his  job,  windows  being  rused  all  along  the  route,  wotseo  and  children 
rushing  to  pavements  and  casements,  were  a  sad  commentary  opon  our 
"  improved  "  lan-s.  The  fruits  of  those  exhibitions  will  onlweigli,  En 
tbeir  evil,  all  the  posriWe"  reformation  "hoped  for  from  snch  legislation. 

Another  consideration  is  the  following :  No  roan,  by  any  act  of 
[bis,  can  forfeit  or  Io«e  his  human  nature>.     We  are  all  created  to  one 

VOL.  UTIU.-^) 


uca 


i.^  soimrcM  mostslt. 


Miwu  cMingn 
A*  Stttc  ikMoi 

I  kMyb^^Wfarf  all  ri 

VwaRiny,  ve  do 
JB  tile  iiun 

J  fram  grace,  wei 
astara  or  forM|| 

t9  a^k.  Hot  can  joa  eopeV 
ftn  tix-at  larh  men  after  tbeir  • 
hnnalitj  wHli  brauljtf .  u  tb«ir  plea ;  ; 
fiar  srila  that  irill  not  Ticld  to  mild  m 
tlwt  mkIi  pmubmenta  do  not  foltill  III 
aB  toDW  and  the  t«Btimoiiy  of  the  mod  i 
"^jAyaadon*  in  al)  countries  mi{;bt  be  appeal 
Wli^  Bttdcr  English  lair,  two  hundred  djff«*( 
•>i  tka^'  aeoording  to  a  great  writer  on  criati 
iM%  ilawniag  the  name  of  offense*,"  were  piniiuhi] 
w«fe  wbij^wd,  Booorged,  piliorivd.  hug) 
roaatcd  alive,  crime  was  not  lew  fnquH 
*'■»  rialatiii  with  U-w  ado  than  to-day.     Tbevaye 
.^^  ■hi|i[iing,  ind  similar  ptinuihini<nt«  have  bad  tbeir  d 
ateBskcd  by  *  generation  that  wiUKwed  the  wm 
tt  an  ha  fall-blown  beaotj-,  demonatr»tea  ita  km 
U  iJm  minds  of  thoM  best  amjuainted  irilh 
Oiaa  is  inherent  in  <iur  dcfcctirc  civilicalioa,  SI 
«y  tba  march  of  civilisation  in  any  such  patent  wi 
-  'HtBtnal  law  is  not  a  panacea  to  mfteo  the  hnu 
:   ius  reached  a  certain  liei(;ht  or  alato  of  dcnk 
Mcnme  are  con  co  mil  ants  of  that  state.     While  (Tin 
i,  it  nn  not  be  wiped  out.     Ilaman  nature  ia  so  co 
«  iWTolt  at  the  deliberate  infliction  of  pain  spoa 
*o^  indeed,  than  at  any  violence  or  bratality  ooi 
BfeaJw  in  the  beat  of  paa§ion.     Any  punishment  ih 
•rnac  of  a  commanity,  ae  all  cruel  puninhnwnua 
,   uis  short  of  its  mark  and  fails  sign&Uy  to  prodn 
alwnys  arising  from  the  administration  of  «i 
::ing  iH  tlu!  outcome  of  a  stato  of  society  ik 
-r  of  equal  degree  of  whieb  the  goneral  pobB 
tvformatory  work  among  criminal*,  arc  cotirti 
■s  the  ofTeoBe  is,  briitalily  witt  not  be  sopprem 
b*  advanced  one  shade  nor  society  benefited  < 
m  tvtaliatory  jmnisbments.    That  kind  of  proece 
I  ^  tfwn  obi 


SKSTCH  OF  MUrOENS.  «jj 


SKETCn  OP  nUTGENS. 


Hn^TO  naau  in  th«  bisuuy  of  Ktiencn  ut  asMciaUd  with  more  material 

■  _L^  adraDoe,  or  with  ndvancca  in  more  Tarious  directiona,  than  tbat 
of  Havfcena.  To  hira  we  owe  iiuportant  improvcinents  in  the  tcl«- 
acope,  which  in  bis  time  was  a  Terjr  crado  instnimcnt ;  the  diiooverf 
of  the  first  satellite  of  Saturn  and  of  the  nature  of  bis  ring ;  th<!  ac- 
cepted throty  of  the  cbaracU-r  of  the  surface  of  the  moon  ;  the  uodn- 
latnr;  theory  of  light,  which  hml  to  watt  till  our  day  to  be  veiitied  or 

tcTCD  BOceplcd  ;  the  theory  of  the  pendnlnm  and  of  the  properties  of 
the  oyoloidal  curve ;  oontlnuoua  fractions ;  with  Newton,  the  dete^ 
mination  of  the  Khnpe  of  the  ew4b  ;  the  knowlc<dge  of  tfafl  proportiM 
of  double  Tvfractioii  aud  poUiixation  ;  many  oilier  dbooTerio*  of  priMV 

■  tieal  use  or  theoretical  value  ;  and  a  few  ingenioos  speonlatlons  which 
H  IttTe  boon  used  to  lend  sttraction  to  some  works  of  popular  sc(ooc«. 

■  CHU9nA:t  UtrroExs  van  Ziivi.ioiiKif  was  born  at  the  Hague, 
April  H,  1G39,  and  died  June  8,  IflWi.  Ho  ws*  tho  second  son  of 
Constantino  llnygcnx,  secretary  and  counwlor  of  three  succeMiro 
Frinoes  of  Oninge,  who  was  also  a  diatinguubed  Dutch  poet  and 
writor  of  T-atin  ver^i-s.     His  grandfather,  too,  was  a  secretary  to  the 

(great  William  the  Silent ;  and  his  elder  brother  Consiantine,  serving 
in  the  eorreeponding  capacity,  accompanied  Prince  William  Benry  to 
England,  where  he  went,  in  IS**.*^  to  become  King  William  IIL 
Ilis  earlier  instruction  was  alU^ndei)  to  by  bis  father,  who,  remark- 
ing  tbe  signs  of  prcirotsc  in  him,  tAugbt  him  music,  arithmetic;  and 
geometry,  and,  when  thirteen  years  old,  mcchanicjt     At  fifteen,  ho 
vaa  pven  an  instructor  in  mathematics ;  at  sixteen,  he  was  sent  to 
Leyden  to  study  law  under  Vinnius  ;  and  ho  attend^  ihe  University 
ji      at  Breda  from  1640  to  1648.   In  these  cities  he  enjoyed  the  inatnictiona 
H  of  tbe  skilled  geometricians,  Fmn^ois  Scbootea  and  Jean  Pell,  and  his 
B  fine  essays  in  that  branch  of  mathematios  were  so  fortunate  as  to  at- 
f  tnot  tbe  altentJon  of  Descartes,  who  wrote  concerning  it :  "A  littl* 
while  ago  Professor  Schooten  sent  me  a  tract  by  the  second  son  of  M. 
de  Ziiyltchcm,  touching  a  mathematical  invention  which  he  bad  sought 
ont ;  yet  ho  did  not  find  in  it  what  he  was  looking  for  (and  this  was 
not  strange,  for  be  was  seeking  what  no  one  has  ever  yet  found)  ;  but 
lie  went  at  it  so  straightway  that  I  am  sure  ho  will  Iwoome  rxcollcDt 
in  that  science,  in  which  I  hardly  ever  soo  any  one  who  knows  any- 
tbiog."    Haygens  also  had  nnboiioded  admiration  for  the  great  pbi- 
losopbcr,  bnt  ncvc-r  enjoyed  tbe  privilege  of  meetinK  him. 

The  prediction  of  Oc«cartes  was  very  speedily  fulfilled,  for,  within 
a  few  years  after  his  graduation,  having  taken  a  short  journey  with 
Uonry,  C*ount  of  Nassau,  Huygcns  began  tbe  aoriea  of  labora  and  pub-, 
Uoations  that  have  made  his  name  immortal,  with  bis  theorem),  lo 


83« 


TU£  POPULAR  SCI£ 


1051,  on  the  quadrfttnro  of  the  hvporb 
it  with  «  criliciBm  of  Ptro  Gregory  di 
game  aiibjvct,  ftiii],  tUroo  yvain  aftvrwr 
nutgDituOc  of  tbc  clrclo  {de  aireali  rrxn 

In  1065  be  v«Dt  to  Franee,  and  ra 
Protoatnnt  Aoademy  at  Aagem.    Re[ 
with  his  brot]»er  iu  thu  maoafsotare 
these,  an  objcctiro  of  twolro  feet  focal 
satellite  of  Hatum  (Uio  «uth  jn  the  oh 
the  fact,  after  tlie  mamwr  of  hia  tiine,< 
tn  tho  Gzcitement  altending  bis  aobten 
upon  the  glsiis  ttsell'  by  the  aid  of  whit 
afterward  tuado  gtaeiMM  with  one  bum 
and  two  hundred  aud  ton  fmt  of  f 
inclosud  in  a  tctoooplo  tube  on  accou 
long  an  instnimoBt  would  bo  «ubjeC' 
kind  of  framework  Bupport^  while  the 
eye-glass  in  hand.     Tbe  oecesnity  oi 
ancea  has  happily  been  dispeoMd  witli 
log  telescopes.  j 

In  1054,  IIuygotH  pabUshcd,  in  TH 
lion  of  [irolMtbilitics,  for  which  PaacdJ 
way,  aiid  whinli  waa  translated  into  li 
to  bo  inscrlod  as  an  appendix  to  hifl 
illtt«lJation  of  the  lUofulncM  of  algebraj 
the  escapement  of  watches  and  clocks.  I 
tlw  synchronism  of  the  motion  of  pend 
begun  to  btaiI  ihemBelTe«  of  it  in  tinll 
know  of  no  better  way  of  using  tbe  p« 
to  koop  tlH-m  in  motion  and  count  (J 
nedod  Ihcm  with  clock-work,  very  mi 
made  the  whole  operation  automatic. 

In  10S9,  having  constructed  an  ob^ 
distance,  Iluygeos  tnmod  hts  atteotEi 
had  peroeived  but  dimly,  discovered 
cJemonta,  and  predteted  its  temporarj 
diction  which  his  fellow-astronoaiien  i 
was  made,  with  great  admiration  for 
im  account  of  these  ob»ciTBtiona,  "Sy 
acribc't  the  nebula  in  Orion,  and  the 
nounoed  that  the  fixed  ntan  had  no 
known  hl«  device  for  meainring  the  a[ 
an  iQcipienl  micrometer.    He  diacon 
f^atiirn,  and  did  not  seem  to  care  to  lo 
priMs  in  this  direction  was  bound  by 
there  wits  a  relation  hetweon  the  nam 


SK£TCU  OF  HOrGKKS. 


«37 


^ 
I 


tbPTO  were  nlready  tiix  planets — M«rcniy,  Veoas,  Eartb,  Mars, 
Jnpitcr,  nnil  Salum  ;  and  six  itatcllitcs— oii«  for  the  Eanh,  four  for 
Jugtiler,  and  one  for  SaUim.  Tins  fanny  di<I  not,  bowcvcr,  prevent 
bia  af(erward  accepting  Caiwmi'H  dbvovery  of  four  other  satellites  of 
Sttlom,  and  speculating  from  il  upon  tlie  poaaibility  of  there  b«ing 
Btill  others,  citlior  between  some  of  those  already  discoTcred,  ot  be- 
yond the  nrbita  of  alL 

Iliiyg^^nt,  baring  now  attained  a  very  high  and  extensive  repat*- 
lion,  viflitcd  Prance  and  Kngland  in  1600  and  IGOl.  Ilu  explained  his 
method  of  grinding  leosn  to  the  Mcicolifie  men  of  England,  and,  find- 
ing ihem  occupied  with  the  rec«ntly  introdu<:c-d  air-piim[i,  took  back 
trilb  bim  tbo  idea  of  that  tu^trument  when  ho  returned  to  UolUud, 
after  two  yearit  to  dereJop  it  and  improve  upon  it.  Remarking  in 
Itis  vxjierirnentH  (he  close  adherence  of  two  plates  of  poliafaed  metal  in 
vaeuo,  be  conceived  that  it  waa  du«  to  the  nin«  canie  as  that  wbtcb, 
operating  at  still  eloMt  qnarters,  prodooM  «obe«ion.  At  about  the 
same  period  be  developed  a  role  for  estimating  tbe  height  of  a  plii«e 
by  tbe  IocaI  pressure,  and  reciprocally,  for  ealctUating  the  prvssurv  at 
A  ^ven  plaoo  from  its  elevation  a1)ove  the  aea.  He  was  made  a  mem> 
ber  of  the  Royal  Society  of' London,  and  communicated  to  it  the  solu- 
tion of  tbe  law  of  impact  of  bo<lics,  at  which  Descartes  had  made  an 
nnsucooasfnl  aUompt  His  own  aolution  involved  tlie  laws  of  motion, 
and  of  action  mod  reaotion,  io  tbe  main  as  they  are  now  understowl, 
and  contained  the  germ  of  the  law  of  the  oonservation  of  forces. 

In  106A  he  accepted  an  invitation  from  Colbert  to  go  to  Paris  and 
rt^de  in  the  Biblioih&qae  Itoyale.  There  be  wrote  hia  treatises  on 
dioptrics  and  the  law  of  percussion,  in  a  literary  style  which  won  from 
Nflwton  the  remark  that  it  more  nearly  approached  the  style  of  the 
snoients  than  tbut  of  any  otbcrmodem  author.  Subsequently  he  com- 
posed tho  greatest  of  hi^  workn,  ihi;  "Horologium  Osoillalorinm," 
wblofa  was  publiaiicd  in  1673,  and  baa  been  pronounced,  with  the  ex- 
ception of  Newton's  "  Principia,"  tbe  flneat  work  on  the  exact  sciences 
of  tbe  seventeenth  century.  In  tbe  dedication  of  this  work  to  King 
Loaia  XIV,  he  roveaIc<l  tho  dominant  characteriatio  of  bia  mind,  mak- 
ing it  tbe  great  object  of  nil  hiit  researches  to  find  out  useful  things,  to 
promote  the  knowledge  of  nature,  and  add  to  the  comforts  of  living, 
"  I  shall  not  waat«  any  time,  great  king,"  be  «^d,  "  in  domon«trating 
to  you  the  UMfolneea  of  these  things,  for  my  antomatons  (clocka) 
placed  in  your  apartments  will  impress  you  every  day  witb  tbe  regu- 
larity of  their  indications  and  the  confeqnences  they  promise  yoo  in 
the  progress  of  astronomy  and  navigation.**  The  6rst  chapter  of  this 
work  was  devoted  to  the  dcecripUon  of  pendulnm-clocks  ;  the  aeoond 
chapter  embodied  a  sliidr  of  the  motion  of  a  gravo  body  noring 
along  a  given  curve,  in  which  was  establiflhed  the  tantochronlma  of 
motion  in  a  cycloid.  Id  the  ibiid  chapter,  concerning  tbe  evolution 
and  dinwrnion  of  linear  cnrves,  waa  introduced  the  idea  from  which 


THE  POPVLAB  SCIsycX  UOHTULT, 


he* 


838 


the  author  dednccd  Uie  tfaeorf  of  erolntes.    In  tbe  fourth 
detvnDinol  the  center  of  ovulation  of  a  pendulutn,  and  coRK-qncii 
the  Ivogth  of  till.'  eimple  i»ocfaroD<Hn  pradolnm ;  and  in  tb«  fifili  dn 
t«r  wiu  estimated  the  measurv  of  the  ccotrifagal  forc«  in  circ: 
tioD. 

We  next  find  Huygena  deroing  tb«  applicatioii  of  the 
spring  to  cIook-tDovemeutA,  and  malting  pocket  watchea  aod  sea  du 
nometvrB  povible,  and  tlien  dtspating  for  the  priority  of  the  LDTCBti 
vitb  ifa«  Abb6  Hantcf^Ile^  "one  of  tboto  Kcbcmiis  who  begin  «v«i 
thing  and  finiifa  nothing." 

HuygCM  tnraod  bis  attention  to  ihu  study  of  tbe  propertia 
G^t  and  weight  and  of  the  magnet,  and  commnnicated  bis  reeulti 
the  French  Academy  and  the  Koyal  Society.  Ilia  theory  of  light* 
the  one  wbicb  is  now  generally  aeceptod  after  haring  alept  for  a  111 
dred  and  fifty  years.  Double  refractioo  attraoted  hi«  attention,  ai 
b«  explained  that  it  waa  oocwioned  by  an  ellipsoidal  form  given  te  t 
ligbt-wavei),  while  in  ordisary  refraction  the  wavea  were  spberie 
To  accoant  for  gravity  he  accepted  the  Cartesian  vorticee^  and  n 
powd  that  those  bodies  which  were  too  unwieldy  to  keep  ap  wilb  t 
motion  of  the  oatatde  circles  were  forced  to  fall  back  into  the  imwre 
eles,  where  the  motion  waa  slower,  tbns  ap|>roiaching  the  center.  Go 
■idcrisg  the  piwfwmeiia  of  terrottrial  gravity  exhibited  in  the  vaii 
tiona  of  the  oeeillatJona  of  the  pendnlunt,  he  concluded  that  tbe  m 
was  a  spheroid  and  not  a  sphere.  Ue  accounted  for  tnagnetimi  to 
paper  wbicb  baa  never  been  published,  by  a  theory  that  bat  not  c 
diircd.  He  left  France  in  1681,  some  say  on  acoonnt  of  the  EdiM 
Naatex,  otlier*  becwaae  hia  h<--alt1i  waa  bad  and  he  needed  a  chng 
At  home  in  Holland  he  oonitrueted  an  automatic  plaoetariDin  toR 
resent  the  motions  of  the  solar  system,  and  in  doing  it  discovered  tl 
theory  of  oontinooos  fractions. 

In  the  mean  time  a  revolution  was  taking  place  in  tbe  wotU  1 
mathematics,  through  tbediitcoTcry  of  tbe  differential  caknliu  by  La 
nitz,  a  philosopher  who  hu  said  of  his  intercourse  with  Unygetu,  ton 
ten  yeSTK  previous  to  tbiit  time  (1673  and  16*3),  that  it  opened  a  M 
world  to  hi  in  and  made  him  feel  like  another  man.  The  oM  oft! 
new  method  would  have  greatly  facilitated  the  calculations  Haygai 
was  making,  but  be  had  become  skilled  in  tbe  old  ways,  imperfect  1 
ibey  were,  and  not  always  of  nniversal  application,  and,  being  looei 
to  change  his  method  readily,  continued  to  employ  them.  But,  aft 
a  discussion  of  the  mcrita  of  the  new  system  in  correspoodenoe  wii 
Leibnitz,  he  came  to  a  full  appreciation  of  it«  ^-aluc,  which  he  eiprcM 
freely  by  saying  that  he  observed  "with  aurprise  and  admiration  tl 
extent  and  fmitfiilness  of  that  art ;  on  whatever  Hide  In:  turned, 
discovered  new  usos  for  it ;  and  conceived  it  destined  ti>  infinite 
and  speculation." 

The  " Cosmotheoros,"  or  "Observer  of  the  World,"  which 


item 

>wfl| 


SKETCH  OF  JWrGSXS. 


»39 


» 


ft 


pnblialiod  till  ftftor  the  dcuttli  uf  Uuygeui,  wma  cliidly  n  trcatuo  on 
th«  Iiabitability  of  other  worlds  tliaa  oun,  *nd  wu  miu-kud  1>)-  vuriouN 
and  ing«niouH  ii[>crulationt>,  of  *  ohBisoter  from  irhicb  bia  otber  wurkH 
were  almost  eatirely  fret-.  In  tbis  vork,  af(cr  expressing  bia  belief  in 
the  exifitenoe  upon  tb«  pUnvtR  of  living  bodies  in  do  way  iDferior  to 
tliOM  on  tbfl  canli,  lie  added  :  "  What  obligva  mo  lo  believe  also  that 
tbera  Is  a  nUional  auimal  in  tlie  planets  is  that,  if  there  ia  not,  the  earth 
would  have  too  great  advantages  (while  it  is  one  of  the  smallcct  of  tbo 
planets)  and  would  be  too  mocb  elevated  in  dignity  (while  it  in  neither 
the  nearest  to  the  mm  nor  the  moat  dietant  from  it)  over  the  otber 
ploiietx,  if  !t  had  an  animal  to  much  Huiirrior  to  all  that  they  have.  .  .  . 
Finally,  U  it  reaaonablo  to  snpjxw;  that  thu  heavenly  bodiea  among 
wbiob  oar  eArtb  oocnpies  ao  modest  a  rank  have  been  created  only 
in  order  that  we  other  little  men  may  enjoy  their  light  and  eontem- 
plate  their  sitnation  and  motion  ?"  lie  also  gave  some  vivid  pictnrM 
of  tbe  eccnery  of  tlip  heavens  as  oboervod  from  tbo  different  planets, 
paraphrnMis  of  which  bad  wide  cdroulation  in  an  English  work  of  popu- 
lar astronomy  of  the  last  generation.  In  observing  the  moon  bo  mado 
a  Btudy  of  its  mountaina  and  plains,  and,  retuarlcing  that  the  latter 
vera  loo  rough  to  be  lakes  or  oceans,  concluded,  what  Is  now  generally 
b^ercd,  that  the  moon  has  no  bodies  of  water ;  also  that  it  has  no 
atmosphere — none  nt  least  that  rises  above  the  valleys. 

At  tlw  beginning  of  tlic  year  ItitiO,  Huygcns  lost  bis  facultiM — 
an  afflielion  he  had  suffered  once  before  while  residing  In  Paris,  but 
from  which  be  bad  recover«d  after  removal  to  bis  native  laud,  lliis 
time  the  affliction  was  permanent,  except  for  a  few  lucid  intervaU 
which  be  employed  in  making  testamentary  dispoattioos  of  his  prop- 
arty,  and  in  con»igning  the  care  of  bia  maDOlcripts  to  his  friends  BUr- 
oher  de  Voider  and  Bernard  Fullen. 

Like  his  illustrious  contemporaries  Desoartes,  Leibnitz,  and  Xewton, 
Uuygens  was  never  married.  IIo  is  described  as  having  had  a  good 
figure,  and  been  possMsed  of  a  noble  and  elevated  <-hiiraclcr.  lie  was 
affable  and  frank  in  his  dispo«tion,  and  gave  a  warm  welcome  to  ia- 
qniring  yoang  men,  whom  he  was  always  ready  to  direct  in  tbe  way 
of  discovery.  It  was  thu*  that  Li-ibiiitx  oame  to  htm  and  received  tbe 
inspiration  of  which  we  have  quoted  tbe  acknowladgmeot.  Though 
qualified  by  birth  and  fortune  to  sbine  in  society,  and  constrained  to 
figtire  there  for  a  part  of  bia  life,  be  preferred  retreat,  and  passed  all 
of  his  time  that  ho  could  in  the  country,  immersed  iu  his  studius  anil 
oxperimeots. 


840 


THE  POPULAR  SCIEXCB  MOXTULT. 


EDITOR'S  TABLE, 


Toe  oLtDSTosB-BuxLtx  comto- 
riaar. 

WK  jiold  Um  ooukUnbk  iptoo 
ia  t»r  prcaent  nninber  wblob  U 
iMoomrjr  to  coQiplot*  Um  ^aouMkiB 
betwMn  Ifr.  Glad«oo«  and  Protowor 
lluxlo;  M  tli«  cliior  ptrliM,  on  tlie  wl- 
cotilic  Ntatti*  of  Um  PeiiUt«iMilk,  in  iu 
claims  to  embody  and  anltcliMl«  In  an 
eztrwrdlMTT  iiuuia<r  Um  $mt  rooulU 
of  mod«ni  8d«iic«.  Mr.  Gladston*  v- 
fOM  that  til*  •taUmonte  auido  tbon- 
maui»  ot  7«w«  tgo  in  tb«  liook  ot  G«o«- 
*lt  In  ttt(ud  to  Uw  BiBSBar  ukd  order 
tn  wbicb  thi*  earth  mmI  ita  living  tribm 
w«ra  prodoM^  confona  lo  ramaricftlily 
to  Um  ftiati  rcnilu  of  tnodvm  ici*!)- 
tlflo  Koearcli  m  to  form  b  powerfnl 
■rftnmcDt  in  faror  of  Um  dmno  in- 
■pimlion  of  tho  old  Jftwkh  cbrooidcft. 
ProfiMor  Uuikf  taket  ia)u«  with  this 
ooDcIuaioD,  mainUinlng  that  ibvre  b 
nothing  Uka  tJi*  vondorfal  agrtvmtot 
alleged,  >s  lainclMit  to  conatKnto  a 
"plea  (or  a  feT«latioD  from  God,"  bnt 
tiutt,  on  the  other  haod,  the  disagree- 
iBODt*  holweeB  th«  two  rcoonts  are  ao 
great  as  to  be  irre<>uneilable. 

TUa  b  an  old  and  hard-coQt«8t«d 
coDtrov«nf.  At  fint,  and  for  n  looi; 
period,  the  Bibl«,  as  a  paranionot  and 
infaUibl«  antboritf,  iwcame  a  powtrfiii 
in«tn)m«nt  in  the  bands  of  bigotry  and 
intol<«anc«  for  tba  repreMlon  of  m- 
enceu  For  •  loon  time  the  facta  ot 
obaervfitloD  and  the  prooft  of  experl- 
isenl  were  of  but  litUe  woigbl  before 
the  aathoril/  of  Borlptara  texte.  Itut 
theologiau  at  Irnirth  diicoveted  that 
this  wa«  niitenaUe  end  indeed  daa- 
geron*  (Toand;  an,  to  plant  Ui*  Bibla 
•qnarelr  in  the  patbwar  of  adTaodiig 
eoience,  woald  t>e  certain  to  deetroj  its 
i)illn«nc«.  Tlio  tend  at  last  had  to  be 
ciTco  to  the  (luths  of  obaervation  and 
«xpoHciK«.  ngainrt  wbicb  It  waa  of  no 
luM  an/ longer  to  quote  Sttflpture.    EInl 


then  eama  tba  taak  of  rwnMjnHk 
cal  ttatoiBonts  with  eeimtiSe  traih^ 
for  ■  Itiog  |>«riod  an  imncoM 
iagenultjr  HUtI  toaniUiit  *"  csr*Mli 
akow  that  tlie  BIblo  u  is  per(*a 
mbny  with  mcicDOo,  and  tliat  all  Ha 
ftrlkioR  and  important  rawlli  «n 
foiiud  ibrrc,  oiprcaaed  Of  ImpM. 
n«ltli«r  could  thiiiptmDdbstnalnlal 
stkd  after  g«n«ratioiM  of  hnated 
tb*  great  oontroTcra^  gradaallj 
itself  hj  the  general  aacqitaM*  ol 
priiMsipte  tbat  Ibi:  DILU  «m  mI  | 
to  t<«eh  aeUtnccs  atid  is  tbareta 
to  b«  judged  bj  aoleatifie  Ml 
neD««,  tko  pTMcnt  dtocnMioB 
DOW  ntUier  anomaloBs— ibe  raitn 
sn  Hnllciuated  rot^oc^-wbioh  deri* 
chief  btore«t  from  the  cmtmni  Ai 
ter  of  the  pailiM  angaged  ia  it 
GladetOM  bi,  bowevej-,  an  old  naa. 
Ihoagh  itfD  tn  {treat  forM,  b*  n 
M4ils  Ideas  and  pliaaoa  of  tfaon^tt 
thi«  ({UMtion  that  were  far  raore 
aorbing  aod  aaoeodnnt  half  a 
ago  thoB  thoj  an  now. 


A  consBBPomsar  of  Iha  ■•  Sew  1 
Titii««"NiiiniDplhpfuRclionaof  the 
p«r(nt«nd««i  of  Public   InstnetioaJ 
the  ^to  of  New  York  as  foUowi; 

The  (lutU*  impoMd  iqwa  tk*  ettM 
q«ii«  a  nun  ef  ediMMbn  and  or  |i«Mtm| 
la  iMaaflKtieftlr  dlMhaqt*  IhMu.  Tto  a 
itM.  wbkli  «fwl*d  the  dSm,  ^a^amtm 
tics  M  oonddenlils  Imatfe.  U  |l»a  tUs 
(N  gaaewl  MfNttnienildnoe  ef  Un  {« 
MtMolaef  lbs  Stale.  It  r^iiabM  hla  m  < 
ibcm,  10  laqnli*  Inio  Qurlr  wiuiaaium,  j 
adrlMaaildli<Ntlji  n«ud  u  tbalr  ooana 
iDMntMkn  idJ  dUnH'n*-  It*  sn^ 
sndiUnribuMa  ihi  |i>iblt«  maDor*  ar 
■Ud  br  ilw  f*»t»  Tni  tb*  eufijiurt  ef  ■ 
•xmiIda*  iIib  lujiiilnDaiUTjr  sffMlnH 
M<U  to  all  Uw  dtMriou  bjr  Uw  HitenJ  0 
tatMloucn.  Mil  M«*  xi  n  tluu  eaeb  dlurt 


SDITOR'S   TABLE. 


841 


t  qNrt  in  proponkniM  tban^  M»d  Au  ikt 
MOW  U  •ipcndiid  by  ^  tro»>»««  Hid  pHd 
bjr  tit*  ■01""''°"  °f  (^  town*  aMOTiliiig  to 
!■«.  Oct^ns  idTtcM  Mtd  dit*<tion  lo  Khool 
oSaan,  la«chm,  md  ialabiUnU  npOD  til 
qoarttcMi  ariaing  siwUr  Um  nbool  lam.  H* 
lahlbbw  nilw  lal  ngultfkini  ooimn^nK 
■FpMl*.  hmn  and  dcoldn  «U  (fipMli  iavolv- 
Ing  Mk«ol  ooUnranlMi,  ud  U*  dmbion  i* 
tnaL  Its  u  oluf)t*>l  wilb  >J>e  ctoenU  eoa- 
trot  mkI  in*na4ti««»t  of  Uicbcn'  butltale* 
in  th*  TMloat  ««auli>,  I*  uitfamlMd  to  «iii- 
j\aj  iuuwMm  l»r  tb«  IsalinUa  and  to  [lay 
diMB,  and  totaituy  tbaaooaunu  roraxpaoae* 
hiouini  by  tbu  Sohool  Comoiiailonon  Ia<x>Q- 
duMblf  ttw  Mina.  lit  It  nqi^rad  to  TtttlUie 
hiMiiwlft,  *nd  wlritt  asd  diraal  aoDttnlng 
Ikttr  imfitf  maiiiitaMat. 

Ua  maltta  appointownM  oT  fitatt  popll*  lo 
Ite  lauituUan*  fcr  tha  laitraMion  of  Iho  •itaf, 
danb,  md  blind,  ud  tia»ni\j  tuptirUca 
tba  MMM^mMOt  "f  (beta  Innlltutlaiu.  Ha 
•Kabllabcd  rult*  and  nfuUtlont  ooncaniliig 
diatrht-MbiMl  lllinriot^  HatpportionttmonE 
tha  eouDtit*  tba  BBiatMr  of  pupila  In  iba 
fllata  Konnal  Sebool  to  ahitti  atnb  It  wlitlad. 
Ha  btaabtiva  of  tha  Indian  Saboola,  aatploT* 
looal  ^tnto  M  fUlnriiiUlld  tbato,  and  cl*o 
Aractoia  in  n^Hd  to  Iha  trtotioa  and  re- 
paln  «f  Ifadr  acted-bonN*.    II«  it  an  m> 

tfttio  IMinbw  of  Um  Di»rd  of  ICe^nU  tad 
^aifmaa  «f  the  CommitlH  on  TcwJirn' 
Cbvaco  la  tbe  Aoadamiaa.  D*  it  alto  «a  »■ 
^fMa  mambur  of  tba  Beard  of  Tnutaoi  of 
Conitll  tJaiv«rMt7,  «f  Sjiaciua  Cidw>^, 
of  tba  1dl4t  Atrium,  and  of  tbo  Pftoplo't  Col- 
tlga,  and  eliainnaa  nftbs  ExeaolivaCoiiiniit- 
Waaf  tba  Albiay  Stata  Normal  Sdiool.  Ha 
i«  nlco  diantod  vitb  tba  gaMaal  raiiarrialon 
of  Iba  Slato  Konnal  ScbooU  at  BrecJiport, 
Bidblo,  OeiTtlaad,  Fndonla.  OaMtao,  Oai««- 
^  nd  Fotadun.  Ha  nativoi  and  oomidloa 
Iha  oiatniMa  of  tlie  raporta  fftm  all  tho  icbool 
dtitricl*  in  tb«  ftaio.  Tho  aalorjr  of  tho  t<u- 
t^naiandvot  b  flr«  tbouiand  dollare.  md  ha 
hw  adoputy,  nod  iaal  lowed  (o  eiDpl^iraforce 
of  olarita,  whoeo  wKrojaU  lalarioi  iball  not 
tataad  niut  tbouitnii  d>>lluii  a  jtai. 

Thi*  ia  a  T017  oxtatidTg  lUt  of  du- 
ties oA  reaponalbUitlM  to  be  iotniiU)d 
to  HIT  on*  AuMlonary  hj  HvB  ttU-for- 
efning  peopla  of  •  (treat  State,  eapeotallr 
OB  ■  Mbjeet  ao  «sUiMtte  tfid  tnportAnt, 
and  w«ina7  Kid  aodoawtiond  eocul, 
aa  that  of  e>luMtioo.  One  vonM  tliliik 
that  an  intvUtirrnt  aad  ind«p«tidont 
coiBRivsItr  would  be  enniawliat  aorupa- 
looi  about  parting  with  tbo  control  of 


it*  dilldnD  In  tho  maltn  of  InMinetloii, 
and  would  pmlerto  atluod  le  tliat  mat- 
ter themaelvea,  ratlMr  tba&  to  be  mnoh 
anperintended  bj  »aj  diMant  ofllce- 
bolder  wbo  happviM  to  be  tlmit  tato 
tb«  poailioB  wboK  bo  otn  nignlat«  tba 
aobooU  of  iba  8tat«.  But  tbo  Superln- 
tcndont  ol  Poblio  Inatruotion  b  the 
h«ad  (ai9ln«er  of  that  vaat  polItl«al  ma- 
cJiioo  which  ha*  cntno  to  tupereed*  oil 
private  agMicjr  Ln  the  forica^on  of  the 
minds  and  characien  of  tbo  joang  m> 
for  a*  it  i*  poaaiUo  for  aehools  lo  do  it 
We  M7  "  pblltioal  ioaohbt«,*'  beoAoM  tho 
grcnt  work  of  carrjinR  on  primaij  odo- 
cation  In  thi*  ooontrj  ia  being  ateadll]r 
und  rnfiidt;  awallow«d  np  in  the  Kolf 
of  politlM.  Indeed,  the  fuodameDtnl 
reatona  irtTon  for  tho  cxIntoBce  of  ovr 
conunoo-Bfhool  ajit^ni,  and  avowedly 
the  role  Toaeone  for  wbloh  It  c«o  bo 
main  tallied,  are  polilioal.  It  U  tT**}f 
admitted  that  I  be  Stato  has  no  other 
wflrrnat  for  tokicit  In  hnnd  tho  inrimo- 
tion  of  the  70110^  tliaa  to  fcliapo  theni 
aa  cliUend  ia  aoeofdanoe  with  the  po- 
liticnl  sTstoia  wo  have  adoptod.  M  a 
conaeiiaeDoa,  tfaobnriBOMof  admlnlater- 
Ing  edoeatloB  la  heeoming  a  prominent 
part  of  poUtlca,  and  nppntntniucla  in  all 
the  bert>paid  potitioim  are  bi'lng  more 
and  moro  detumln^d  b;  the  oommnn 
tnRacncea  of  pclitioal  munipulalioB  and 
Intrigue.  The  Inflaenoe  of  this  rtate  of 
thinga  upon  toaofaon  wbo  are  now  all 
goverwDeot  ofBee-hotdera  la  a  chapter 
of  tho  nobject  that  cm  not  be  hero  dealt 
with,  but  ia  ftiU of  interoK.  Ourobjeot 
lanowFltnpIf  to  call  attention  to  a  con- 
apicoona  illimlriilion  of  the  oontrol  of 
psrtisan  politics  over  our  whole  «5itoin 
of  State  iuatmction. 

No  Intelligent  person  will  ionj  that 
tho  general  aubjcot  of  nluoation  la  ooe 
of  great  compleiily  and  grMt  diffl- 
ctilt<r,  and  that  to  oontrol  It  wbcl^  and 
traprore  Ita  ptaotlcal  tnethoda  Is  a  task 
requiring  much  abiltif,  long  and  pn^ 
fooBd  ilevotlon  to  il«  ftaadaineBtal  qnoa- 
tiona,  and  a  wide  and  varied  experioiee 
la  edac&tlonal  work.  But  rerj  few  nt«n 


M 


TBS  POPULAB  SCISNCS  itOHTaLY. 


«ui  be  GMsd  conblBlne  tli«  nr«  qoall- 
fl(«llgiM  iM«d«d  tit  m  &UW  nii|>criaMsd- 
•nt  of  EdiMBtwo;  %\  Iha  Tcry  b«*t 
tliCM  qnalUcBtloD*  eui  0DI7  be  mcdiw) 
Ib  k  partial  dcgrctt,  but  tbumakM  It  all 
tb«  mora  Btwaaary  tli«t  no  aSbn  shall 
bo  aparad  to  MOUfo  Uie  boat  talent  a«ut- 
abl«  lor  ao  rMfioiiiiibU  &  trnrt.  It  ka 
naadlcM  to  mj  that  tlib  daonbla  ob- 
ject U  iinponibla  BBdor  the  poUtkial 
Hyimc  iflto  wbleh  our  pofraUr  adoc*- 
ttoo  liaa  BOW  paaaad.  Tba  mperifl* 
Unitnej  ot  acbooli  of  tb«  8Ut«  of 
Kew  York  has  baooBie  a  foot-baO  «f 
partfcMB  betion  asiong  the  )>olilUau 
of  tfaa  Xew  York  IxRulsturo.  Tlia 
fanner  Sui«riiil«ii<leBt  rvaiguod  aotne 
veoka  affo,  to  l<ka  a  tnora  protttabia 
oAoe;  mmI  tt>«  l«mporar;r  <*ciuiib«iit  of 
tb*  plaoo  w-il]  Ticala  tbe  ottoa  In  April, 
to  b*  •Dcceadad  bj  wboanaoaror  ih« 
La^atttre  appolnfj^  A  eroird  of  ap- 
pBeaota  of  all  aorta  ara  aftar  tlio  placa, 
lobbrllig  and  iairigviiig  is  Alban;  bj 
an  tba  ni«Biu  UiM  an  nveMaary  to  a«- 
core  "  «u«oeM  "  in  tba  aerBrablo  for  a  de> 
nrabia  posltloB.  That  a  cooipeleDt  man 
will  bo  ap]ioiittod  nador  thcao  circnm- 
•tuMW  la  TirtoallT  Inpoaalbk,  for  no 
iharwigUr  compotont  «kd  aalf -roapect- 
lag  miB  would  oBter  tbe  tiMs  of  eompe- 
tition  BBdcr  ih«a«  ciiDBinalamoML  Tbo 
appoiBtee  will  win  becanaa  be  or  bk 
ftiaoda  caa  b««t  ell  oosipetitloo  Ib  tb« 
qualiooable  nrt*  bj  wbieh  politkUa* 
are  lBBueoc«d,  and  tbe  roMlt  will  be  1»- 
gltintalo — aitaUira]  ootcoma  of  tbe  ty%- 
torn  l>j  whi«h  tliu  iuBiructiOQ  of  the 
joiiD);  has  bocn  hroogbt  n&der  political 
and  Ihtrefore,  of  eonns,  ondor  partitBii 
rontrol. 

Anothorfrioinpllficntionof  theinfla- 
riKW  of  politics  upon  edooatjon  b  »eeii 
ia  th«  "Uliur  mil,"  which  pn>po«cs 
tbst  Ooncrcu  shall  make  a  gift  of  shv- 
•Qtj-Mrcn  mill  ion  dolknk,  tobediriilod 
amoDX  the  StatM  of  Ibu  I'uioiu  to  bctp 
tben  rnaintain  (h«ir  schools.  The  i>a«- 
Mae  of  tlii>  bill,  M  w«  wrilu,  i«  said  to 
b«  nncortaiii;  bat,  wbothvr  it  pnu  or 
not,  tt  haa  had  ao  exleiuive  a  backiog 


«t  to  wen  Uhntnu  tb« aort oil 
which  poUliciana  wooM  bri 
spoil  edueatlon.  TbolaodMui/l 
education  a  obaritr,  and  to  I 
aohool-boBMa  Into  tbo  aana  oatf) 
with  poor-honaca,  ia  ■nffideiMlr  ■d 
but  thia  mcaaurc,  \>j  ao  wim 
fuctcfa  of  ooiutitnlional  pom,  m 
give  tbe  aUmp  of  oatWnlit]-  Ift' 
obaritr  poUrj.  Tbe  cchoaw  piH 
npm  tbo  peenliarlr  American  aMa 
tko  that  aoTthlng  can  be  don*  1 
mooaj,  and  that  the  Central  Got 
nMBlbaa  oal/  to  aeatter  iniOkiBacM 
•nd  an  tbo  poople  will  be  aten 
But  tbe  aaauBpttoa  ia  Uae :  ibtre 
Uilnga  whleb  no  BBovnt  of  moMf 
do,  while  tbe  evil*  of  ita  lattihdiMi 
tloD  are  Dot  onlj  palpable  aad  ecu 
bat  m*;  roaolt  in  tho  abaolota  di 
of  ih«  ot^t  tueoded.  Tbal  ika 
Iribnlioa  of  tbia  M<r«ot7-«am  wA 
lafs«aa  anoog  tbe  State*  wouUbt 
faoDdly  tojniioaa  to  tbe  lounM 
popular  education  doo*  not  adini 
a  doubt ;  ai»d  tbo  Amorlaan  Om| 
woold  bavo  to  tnake  the  expcfit 
but  ooco  nioro  to  paraljxe  aad  im 
tba  exiatlnit  cotnmon-aebool  17m 
the  coanlrf.  For,  bj  tbe  Ttaahi 
all  oxporicoca  and  lite  ver;  MCM 
of  ihiniEt,  those  who  eX|<«ot  to  bebd 
will  dopoMl  npOB  help,  and  pot  C 
leaa  effort  to  help  thcmselrtm.  T 
ever  Itaants  the  lotorett  takea  bf 
enia  and  dlizcoa  in  ibe  workag 
character  of  the  aobools,  whatenr  t 
to  dimioith  thoir  direct  rofpoiuib 
in  regard  to  tbetn,  and  to  weakts 
•CDS*  of  obligation  to  make  mcr 
for  (he  iDBtnetlon  of  th«  jomaq,  Ml 
a  detDoraUdnf  and  deodlj  blow  at 
(pri&ga  and  laceBtire*  of  all  tdncad 
Improvenwnt.  Our  people  bare  ji 
leoTB  that  ono  of  tbo  higbeat  biB 
of  a  popniur  Mluoational  ajvtea  ) 
traininji  psr«Dt«  and  oitiaeitttotka 
cient  diaohurge  of  tlKor  aocHl  dn 
and  a  ostioaa]  policy  wbicb  tmdm 
tbcM  obliKatiuna  can  not  bo  too  *i 
I7  reprobated. 


LITERARY  A'OTICSS. 


«43 


Oct  nmiien  m  ramioded  tltat  oa« 
o(  tba  matt  important  Kiratiflc  piip«n 
Uut  hMTo  apiiMrwl  in  *'Tbft  Popular 
Selmc*  UonUily"  Rim:*  lit  Mtoblbfa- 
nmt  b  IbiU  \ij  U«rbcrt  fipenoer.  In  thu 
'prMcnt  number,  «>ii  "Th*  Faclore  of 
Organic  Evolutioa,"  It  b  a  poiinlAr 
|Mp«r,  bat  it  will  demand  dow  Blt«a- 
lioB  to  apiMvciRte  it*  •isnificonco  kod 
lU  (oroe.  The  biologioal  qneatioB*  dta- 
oiHMd  ore  (Wduneatol  ta  orguiia  «ro- 
lutliMi,  or  Ui«  tbeorr  ■>(  detccnt  *rith 
Tarjulooa,  umI  Ur.  ^liponoer  bria)^  into 
elMFiUM  MpecU  of  tlw  sal^l  apoD 
wbMib  tlwrv  )uM  liiiborto  1m«b  in  nob 
ooofoaloD  of  Uiougtit.  Uia  root  qu4«> 
tion  M  M  to  lli«  import  and  Talao  of 
tba  prlnclpla  of  Datural  aeleeUoa  eoD- 
trilmt«d  bjr  Ur,  Dnririn.  and  Iho  <l«c4»- 
loa  of  wliich  must  fix  Mr.  IWnin'a 
pomuBaBt  plac«  in  relation  to  the  doc* 
triao  of  erotiition.  Th«  nuad  of  a  ibor- 
oaghIa*«at(gstioD  hare  ia  shown,  on  the 
oa«  hand,  hj  iha  contoaanl  Dnii«<tU<d&oaa 
)&  ragard  to  Ihe  limit*  of  lb«  doctrine 
of  natural  aelectlon,  gad  how  IW  It  i« 
•apaUeof  aaeonnting  forarolutian  ph«- 
ponMoa — an  nncertalotf  *Iiar«d  jiromi* 
■Motljr  b;  Mr.  Darwin  hinuolf:  and,  on 
tho  other  hand,  by  1I14  cxa^^guraled  uud 
•xtraragAnt  claimii  that  hare  \s»vn  ninilo 
for  thla  principle  u  heitifi  all  llwra  b 
of  avolntloa,  and  that  Ur.  iHrwia  U, 
of  ooursa,  tta  founder.  No  mnn  wa«  ao 
eap^la  of  dsaliog  with  thin  *ubji«et  a« 
Herboft  Spencer,  and  it  will  bo  a  mnt- 
Ur  of  general  oonjiratulatlon  that  be 
baa  aeen  fit  to  tnke  it  up  in  th«  bter- 
«ata  of  adcDce  and  of  Justioe^  But, 
quite  avido  f^om  all  pcr«ontil  bearing 
o(  lli«  dllcwaion,  It  will  be  fonD<l  of 
the  bififaett  Intoroat  as  a  stad/  in  tlie 
progreta  of  laodern  blologf. 


If aa.  RicNorr  describe*  in  another 
plaee  in  thin  nambur  an  exhibition  ol 
baod-work  mad*  <rat  at  aebool  b;  ebil- 
dren  of  fron  five  and  riz  to  fSwirtoen 
y«ar%  and  draws  varlooa  aDggeMiTo 
ooQctDaloBt     from      Ihe     experltnee. 


Among  tbeae  is  the  lulloirlng  TMonrk : 
"  Oao  of  th«  BoticMtUa  feaUro*  of  tii« 
exblUtton  WM  aa  apparent  decline  bi 
ori^nalitr  of  iavontion  and  tfooXmatVij 
of  tliought  after  the  liisl  jou  or  two 
at  eohooL"  The  inforooc?,  of  coorao, 
i*  that  tho  iKhonl  oxortcd  an  anfavora- 
blu  liitlu«noi)  upuD  tlie  miuiuiil  prac4ioe. 
This  could  not  noil  bo  otlivrwiso,  as  the 
idvol  of  tbe  lobuoU  it  lucutol  oultiva- 
IloD  \ij  boolu,  aud  not  by  the  oiorciN 
of  the  aclire  powers;  and,  aa  Uie 
icbooU  are  mauliinet  run  \>j  viibal 
meUioda  and  hacked  by  old  bcH>kiiJi  sii- 
penUtiuii%  the  child  brought  under 
tlwlr  Influonoe  will  very  naturally  and 
very  ^luickly  leao  any  tnteroit  it  may 
bare  preriouely  acquired  in  mnnasl  ef- 
fort*. The  two  RyRtcm*  are  antago- 
ni«ic,  and  we  do  out  bollere  it  U  poa- 
eihl«  to  graft  any  thorongh  or  valnabla 
plan  of  lec^Loicol  study  on  our  pabtlo 
aohools  as  at  prnont  or)[anlied.  The 
toohnical  aysteiu  niort  b«  indepoodeat- 
ly  dereloped,  and  will  force  Ita  way 
through  or  otcv  the  narrow,  unpracti- 
cal ayilcni  that  now  ha»  the  fiold. 

LITERARY  NOTICES. 

Aa  iNnoorimoN  ro  tint  Btcot  of  Citor- 
latav.  By  Lu  Roiuk,  ProfcuM  of 
ilimlnry  In  Ihc  Jehnii  Uopkiun  Uiilitf- 
*lty.  American  8deno«  tterite,  Ktw 
YoA;  H«i>T  Bolt  *  C«.  T9.  aS7. 
rticr,  11.40. 

This  It  not  of  the  ou«a  in  vlUoh  the 
bam  anaouDoemnil  of  the  ■uibor'a  xttxan 
got*  far  to  cscabliih  ikv  chancier  of  hia 
perfonnance^  IVofcseor  Rcnucn  eouU 
make  no  otlwr  than  an  eierllenl  book  en 
Iho  aubjvot  of  eheniitry.  Br  i*  a  matter 
of  (he  subject,  thoraoghly  familiar  vilh  iu 
latest  derelcpmants^  a  dear  iMuker,  and  a 
ladd  writer,  and  b*  baa  be  side*  had  mudi 
praetleol  experience  as  a  loaohor  of  tba  sd- 
tsito. 

The  meihoJ  of  PrefoMor  RmiMCi's  week 
li  ibui  dlatlncUy  preeented  by  the  auUior. 
Ho  brtiins  his  preface  byrtmatWag:  "In 
preparing  this  book  I  boTo  tt>dt«To««d  le 
keep  In  mind  the  1*n  thai  U  Is  IMendnl  for 
IboM  who  am  bf^oning  the  aVsdy  el  ehcm- 


fl+4 


TUB  POPULAR   SCIENCS  MOA'TBLV. 


IMC7.  InMMd  «t  pnwulMi;  •  Urgs  Brnbar 
vt  [ku.  Bad  Uiua  uv«rbu(4M>lag  Um  an- 
dent'*  wiail,  1  han  pnatUad  a  msUIot 
naniber  Uuu  la  vtual  lit  alatMoUrr  o«<tiMa 
ia  nbonlM;  i  tail  1  hu*  bata  tanfal  u 
aeleoi  (or  uvuuenl  fucU  NbtUaoM  and 
pact)  pbtMMnana  a*  nmntA  ta  ma  bMt  niltad 
lu  ska  aa  liulglit  IbIo  tbc  natuK  o(  tlMial- 
eal  ««<liHi.  Cfualt;  ibo  mind  la  bm  allovad 
to  (Iwdl  lot  mj  length  of  tina  ofcat  anjr 
<«a  lUog,  and  ilMi  to  btrcaw  naltf  oe- 
qnalued  bMi  tt,  bat  h  IhirM  on  aod  b 
aoctt  bcwIlikrMi  in  ih«  pITorl  to  cotBfirduad 
abal  b  prcicDtcd.  1  can  not  but  baHare 
that  It  U  mnoh  botUr  (0  d*cU  kas*  °i>  a 
law  a«b}t«t<,  ptwrUid  ibcM  aubjecta  are 
pfopon^  acMciciL 

"Tbe  <kaip  la  fnqnntljr  made  that 
•■r  alamontaiy  text-booka  oa  cbamlauj  af« 
nat  tilMHfi»,  tbal  It  to  a«j,  ibat  not  MMiJb 
ama*  ia  laU  apan  tha  telaliana  whicb  ciUt 
baiwtta  tbe  pheoooiena  eooMdortd— (ba 
trMtmcnt  la  xitA  B.Titano.Lk'.  The  itndcat 
li  tADgbt  a  Uttlo  about  oxfEco,  a  Uttlo  abool 
bydngcn,  a  little  aboat  nltragen,  etc :  and 
thn  a  liitle  about  polaaluni,  a  Uitle  about 
<%i!ciui»,  etc.,  and  be  U  left  limptj  to  «««- 
d(«  ahetber  tboro  la  an;  oomioeilcni  bMwecn 
tba  Bometoaa  facta  olhTed  (or  atDdy.  li 
nun  be  acknowladged  ibal  Ibere  aia  aartooi 
dlOeulliea  in  the  vaf  of  a  pintlf  adeotific 
tnatount «(  ehemlatry,  but  I  tblak  that  It 
la  qnlta  pooriUe  la  treat  the  anbjeoi  more 
edmliBaallr  iban  la  coatonaiT,  and  tbu>  to 
make  it  eailer  ot  eoniptcbaaalon  to  Ibe  ata- 
denc  I  have  nada  an  effort  in  tbla  dtrro- 
tion  la  the  book  hero  olTaifd  to  the  public" 

ProtMaar  Banuwn'a  lamarit  abom  the 
dUBoult}>  ki  Iha  waj  of  a  paralj  adcntUc 
treatinnil  at  <tuinii«ir}r  bera  appliaiv  ai  va 
(Bppote,  to  the  dilBruU;  U  pnaWing  It  la 
bagkutrr*  Id  tba  ttudy,  aad  la,  al  aaarae, 
tmo;  but  »•  ha*e  oontUtnbla  doebl 
whether  tbe  dUHniH*  (•  to  bo  mot  hir  aaj 
attempt  (0  make  tlio  irorfc  ot  tba  btf^nar 
mora  adtnilQe.  1'>(iri  iba  quality  of  hia 
book  vc  muat  Inlcr  that  Pro(eMor  Rtmata'a 
"bq-lnncr"  la  a  pupil  adrancnl  tocionttd- 
erable  maturity  ol  mind,  aufltdcnt  to  doa) 
>l<h  eonoeptkin*  of  aoino  complrill)^  and 
toeipr«h«DSTenca».  It  b  oaaniped  that  ha 
«*loi«  the  labonloiT,  goea  la  ««rk  hbsa«l[, 
and  haa  auch  atrength  «[  tboaicbc  Ibai  a  tn" 
aumpica  would  be  fuAdoil  to  taBriBafiM 


hIa  »Mi  tba  aaNMMiaJ  limn'iMMa 
prbudplca  of  tba  atriane*.  Iki  da 
-dllloaltj  "  in  (be  oaaB,  »•  tbiak,  bs 
lUga  «f  natal  ertt«th  haa  hm  | 
«b*B  »ai«  akoMaiUr}  Mnmabaa 
nb)atft  auaM  ha*v  baen  waWka 
aomo  prapanlkia  affOfdcd  r<ot  ibatd 
IrcatmcM  upoa  mUeb  tba  pralaa 
poaM  to  oBMr.  Tba  cblkl  la,  b 
ataead;  faininar  •iib  muf 
Domana,  ai  farta  of  obaemitiua  aa4 
eoce^  allliooffb  bv  doea  iwt  k>n  iM 
ara  diesJair;.  Tbe  more  lathaa)  1 
aeema  to  ua  10  be^  naaddanOj  I 
faa«k,  and  occuji;  the  |ra|ri)  at  tril 
ntft  ot  ilitTpln-  obavimlana  and  1 
aaeata  thai  ahBll  aoqufitt  bloi  b  • 
degree  slth  tlio  propenba  ad 
a»dthalridmplarTaaictio«w,«libaMai 
kg  la  graap  pataciiaaa  ibai  laa  ba 
bandbd  al  a  Ut«r  ataga  Tlib  aoaM 
ol  eouiac,  a  gradJag  of  tba  fobjaal, 
inlniductiaa  lo  U  aa  a  pan  uf  pHMi 
catkin. 

Cuaa-Ixmwts :  Thrfr  SdaHaat  aa 
OlhcT  anil  10  OuTcmnml.  Jl 
Wrong*  and  Bxviadkaa  la 
lb*  Paople  abwuld  do  (oe 
By  tbe  ainlKw  of  "Confiei  b 
and  U(«  "  tad  ••  tlefomu  :  thSi  D 
Ibe  and  P<i»»n>iliihi*'  .Vo-  \,a 
Appbuo  ItC^    JV  171.    rna^ 

Bowicrat  wv  tna;  ngard  Ifca 
of  Iha  anaai7Maaa  antbor  ol  iba  f 
boek.  CM  tUug  la  la  b«  aaU  la  bb  b 
fala  Tbara  have  enly  been  Kocbad  bf  di 
ale  aad  compiaheaaiTe  atadjr,  [lb  a 
l>,  at  aaj  niia,  not  to  be  rlaaaid  aU  | 
producu  of  haatf  a|>osnbtb»  aa  aada 
jfiOa  a-hkli  are  now  ao  abwndalit.  0 
gaa  irrll  at  tbe  b«|tbinbig  a(  phaaiai 
Ini|rir7,  bj  wriliatc  aa  otigiaal  t«ha 
Ihoae  neccaaarr  coalUru  and  anaafu 
In  natata  aad  life  which  put  Untu  w 
can  bo  aoetnHplbbrd  bi  tba  Tarlnna  f 
«(  action  In  abldi  «c«i  ar«  «i«af« 
»aa  a  atoat  wholMaaia  and  aoalad  b 
plloai,  a«d  that  It  exHud  aa  Bob  1 
tba  and  InMceat  b  piataOtl  aefdawvd 
ahalknmaaa  a(  tboajtbl  aatd  loalab  at 
gwce  of  upeolatfain  with  aUiii  fa 
lad  ladal  pdijacta  are  traaiad  In  U 
larta  and  by  tbe  praaa.  Tba  aMb«^ 
«a  -nafanaai  Uiab  UUkHltba  ari  I 


LITERARY  X0TICB3. 


Hs 


ilhiM,"  VIM  4a  ciwulm  aod  BpplioUtoo 
llw  prinaplw  of  lh«    flnt  trcatiw  to 
I  pmoiial  q«Milnw  ud  noMim 
.  an  occupiiBg  lb*  gMMnl  ■iicntioa 
pnblk.    Thkl  dltooMdoti  M  lo  Ibo 
jTltMtat  book  C«  "ClM«-lliUMUa,"«hlvli, 
InJetd,  WM  cdgliMll;  iMMikd  to  be  pnb- 
■  IMwd  41  •  pkrt  «il  Um  toIudio  on  "  lU- 
h"  M  •  final  •((pIkBilon  of  bli  *jit«iiu 


Kntofihriwi,  tha  ■Mkn't  otlxhi*]  md- 
Ib  tho  uilMMflalMii  of  iLlnn  uid  Ik* 
limit*  t»  aecMDplUiiDGnt  wUcli  Iboso  an- 
I  bnpl}',  iMfD  to  bare  been  nMI^ 
ricDI  t«  ceatraliM  the  b4u  of  Imd- 
or  the  powtf  o(  pnosttcelTOd 
M.  Be  iToir*  that  Ibo  rcaolt*  ot 
■tndica  brisg  bin  iaio  "acrord  wtili 
praad  moTamenu  of  Itions'''  '^  '>"• 
in  tliit  oooDlrr  anil  in  Eiuopc";  and 
of  Umm  h«  ivftn,  flnt  and  in  puticuLu, 
U  "  Ibo  ampUfiealion  of  goicramrat  fmio- 
tioat " — (liat  I*,  ho  Joint  the  an  Tiling  cra«d 
flf  tksM  irbo  ara  looking  for  wlralion  from 
■odd  otU*  to  the  polilUiana.  Fbr,  mj  vliat 
«•  will,  the  fact  Mm^na  thai  what  wo  havo 
acUallir  to  den)  with  u  goTfnimeiU  la  rim- 
ply  the  men  wbo  hma  pomwian  of  politi- 
cal pomtr,  and,  imdM  our  nprMoniaiSTO 
•yntm,  iho;  art  Iho  Mkcloil  Mul  lucoMaful 
donagoguoaof  lliooanuiuiiitj.  Ou(l«||i«U- 
Mn^  Bi  a  tnaM,  «lu>  codMlMM  tba  workinK 
poww  of  gotcnmaoi,  aea  MtthoF  tho  wis* 
tncD  nor  iha  good  men  of  aoctoty,  but  inon 
who  BM  iBcaoqiatcnt  for  Uiolr  taik — oiait 
wttboui  kiiovlodjto  of  ih«  aubJcoU  opon 
which  thi-f  arc  required  to  act,  fonlld  aiul 
■inbltkia)  (df-Mskcn,  In  ihorl,  olD<!o-lioU- 
•r*  and  pdltldani  aho  hare  beat  all  rlTiiU. 
Th*  "  ampIIScatlon  ol  Roiarnmuut  luno- 
iIoM  "  n«au«,  tbcrctot*^  ympJ;  oamn^tting 
■um  ud  more  the  great  faiiaroMa  of  Mai»> 
17  to  Inoompewot  and  untruxirortbv  bawJ*. 
OornalbMOondenuu/iiHMi/aifv,  and  makca 
Ibe  Mfioua  miiuke.  uiubI  irlih  ilia  partj  of 
tatViferoKt^'oI  aOlniuag  that  It  1>  a  "  do- 
iwihing"  poHcj:  wbetciu  that  li  ihq  only 
•clio«l  we  now  haTo  which  aim>  to  bold 
govatfinif nt  to  its  (uprcmc  "ork  of  luJmia- 
iatcring  Jnitioe  la  •ocioi'r.  tlut  that  tyM 
obJoM  i«  DOW  M  onriaid  *i1h  addtd  **  fano- 
dMw"  H  l«  ho  boiM  oot  of  ri^  and  for- 
gottcK,  M  lint  tlwae  wtio  demand  tbai.  llnii 
■11,  goTManwnt  ab^ll  oiifarM  it  Msung 


citizen*,  aM  charKOd  wElli  bolng  la  faror  of 
"doing  nothlt«." 

The  pNM«t  Tolonio  U  profoondlj  *jni- 
pMbetlc  with  tho  notda  of  tho  maMca  of 
tbe  people,  and  it  rloaca  nlih  a  \aj  Totna- 
ble  vHaj  on  motal  tdimtiou  in  cmt  primaiy 
Mboolfi,  wlilcli  ougbi  la  be  utcualTel;  read. 

PMwtna  iH  pHiLOiaruT.  By  Jobs  Bifc 
con,  auiboe  of  "Stdvnco  of  ]dlnd"t 
"Qroath  and  Gradm  of  Intclligaico." 
New  York  :  G.  7.  rutnnm'*  Son*.  Pp. 
333.    FriM.  |l,eo. 

Th  moi*  obaoure  and  rcfracloij  pi«b> 
leini  in  philoaophj  ar«  bn«  dealt  oitb  in 
•  aerlM  of  cauy^  oaoh  of  quite  luoderai* 
length.  To  Iho  praaumptlon,  nowodaTi  to 
■in-n];,  that  luch  oolloctknu  o(  attldcl  an 
apt  to  originate  b  ibo  Idea  of  "gathering 
up  orerjthlng,  that  nothing  bo  loai,"  (ho 
author  npllc  that  In  thin  caae  the  work 
ii  oicutlally  now,  m  but  one  (May,  that  on 
"Liberty,"  ban  ap|«amd  cl*C"lli'ti<,  Kblli 
that  hii  bocu  iQiuGH'liiit  BiodlildL  riie 
dlivuiaioiu  hare  been  kept  within  marked 
limits  of  brcrity,  tbe  writer  aunm  lu,  with 
ibc  Tlew  of  accuting  as  cxpbdt  aUUmrail 
of  a  few  fundamemal  prinelpltM,  and  u 
■Tcdd  tho  eirlla  of  •leowtra  Blabonitioit 
which  are  10  Inddtot  to  ay attcnatic  Iwotlxo 
on  phiioiophy. 

D*.  BaMon  Iwa  ban  twriowri  ■  eon* 
■Idenblo  numbex  ef  (ho  moM  knotty  qua»> 
tjona  that  bare  been  held  m  at  the  toun- 
dallou  of  philoTCphy,  and  that  bare  for 
many  agct  eieroiiHd  the  ingeouiiyof  i^iccu- 
laliio  inquin-ts.  Amoo^  the  problenu  oon- 
■Iderd  will  be  found  "Tho  Holatlrity  of 
Eoowlodee,"  "  Sponlanolly  and  I'aoiallon," 
"Freodom  of  Will,"  "  (roiwciouiintw  and 
iJIMW,"  "CnironalUy  of  U»,"  -Being," 
and  "  Final  Cauata."  Tho  author  «e«iu*  to 
hat*  but  liitl*  iTnpalhy  with  itraae  who 
bold  Ibat  the  hamoB  mlnil  U  abut  out  from 
any  laal  •olullon  of  Iheao  pnblcma.  Uu 
belaa«i  to  (be  btBlthmaUitKbool  of  hiKb- 
phytlc*,  which  Niliu  llw  cffotU  of  the  em- 
pirical or  fcSeotUk  party  to  stt  limiia  to 
ksowladga  ■nd  u  the  ponon  of  iba  mind. 
!■  hi*  ei«^y  on  "  Tbe  HtlBtirlly  of  KdowI- 
edge,"  wbila  not  u  all  denying  tho  ptii^ 
riplo,  he  eoadema*  tbe  aweeping  oondualone 
that  many  liare  been  diti>0Md  to  draw  from 
It,  aaylng,  "  Uelatiriiy  a*  ■  lelf^rldtM  1 


t^  TUX  rOftTLMM 


LITBHARY  N0TICS8. 


847 


I  jUMWin  MtltQdt,  liiid  b«lt«r  rrr  to 
lookbg  UiMllr  vA  fatonbl;  it  ■  p«ople 
«1mm  h«UM  lad  coMonw  h*  It  atMiiit  U 
MMdy.  Il  I*  hoinaB  aaMra  (he  >mM  oi«r 
to  niiit  KlTcnwoUdia;  •Bd.wbeNooe 
la  ptDwliag  •boat  sHk  Mi  ejM  darfccncd 
by  the  opaqaMI  of  oowrMWd  praTbuiial 

gl>iM«v  )w  I*  npOlkd  Ml  «U  udea  \  Dothing 

la  MocMtble  lo  him ;  be  cu  nrrlj'  get  inot« 
thtn  •  aoporilcUl  (tkooe  at  twUcrt,  whcr«- 
M,  If  W  irlo*  boncatlf  to  Mck  ont  tli« 
beiur  aUtiliutM  ol  ■  iwopl's  be  li  oot  onl; 
iMleo«i«  W  pnKced  Willi  anj  iDrutlgiltloa 
Im  wlikM  I*  uoke;  «rca  ouium*  •nd 
w*^  IbM  ipptv  offensiTo  are  fully  re- 
VaM  to  Mm,  knovioft  that  he  dill  not 
wHUaUy  dbdoct  and  rcndar  mors  poluful 
what  It  ■(  tlu!  oatwt  Hlmiitnl  on  all  haoda 
U  bt  taiL'  In  thli  ■pirii.  which  should  be 
appUad  to  otlicr  ittidiia  aa  well  u  thoM  of 
Mdal  nutoiDt,  lh«  author  hu  endeuionKl 
t«  Hire  Ml  acmunt  of  Japaneao  homct  and 
tboir  anmuBdlega.  Be  might  hme  lakca 
tha  hatt  of  the  posfeat  people  or  the 
faoiiMO  of  the  wctlthy,  at  hi*  (n-««,  bat 
bM  ps«<(tT«(l  to  malia  hla  ponvl  dMcrip- 
tlou  icIkIo  to  lh«  hamca  of  Uii  middle 
cl—toi,  villi  ooouloDal  refermoea  to  Ihoao 
(A  llw  Usber  aDrd  lowtr  ocdcn.  Wo  hoTC 
aliiMilj  ilnwii  ttpon  the  inailer  of  the  book 
(or  an  vtloltf  iu  mir  March  ouiiibvr.  F'ui^ 
llier  than  to  refer  to  that  anicio  at  a  gen- 
•e*l  ladkoiioa  of  the  way  tn  wbleb  the 
•nbjoet  b  tnwini,  we  will  uj  that  In  ihe 
book  Uie  larioiu  Item*  of  bouaehotd  maii- 
^emeal,  roomo,  fumliuni,  utrnail*,  tool«, 
galewaT*,  objorU  of  art,  ma,  art  tmied  in 
detoil  in  Mdiona,  whiob  ar«  mc«0);niph»  in 
tli«d«l<M,  and  a/loratd  with  real  Itlunira' 
Amh)  and  lliat  we  Bnd  here  and  there 
hfaiU  ratatln  lo  comparallre  tconomr.  im- 
thetla,  tad  morali,  that  point  ib«  wa;  to 
iiutrKtlvo  IhoDght. 

Twi  New  AonioitLTOtx ;  on,  Tm  Wimu 
im  CiMiM,  By  A.  S.  Coi-t  Sew 
Yoik:  AngtMa'  fobUthlng  Comfaqr, 
SSS  Broadway.     Pp.  3M. 

Ua.  CoLi  donlboa  in  thla  Tolnme  • 
ayalnm  of  draioase  and  atU-lrrlgslion  wtiltfc 
ba  h««  darbwd  and  uiu  al  hit  bUI>sMc 
bome  In  Allepuiy  Coaaiy,  Now  Totk,  tran 
which  h«  elalaw  to  bare  oMafaitd  aMo*- 
iahloK  rtMlia  ht  aa   inprorod  oondllka 


of  the  aoll,  lodepeodmao  of  fffiag  fk«ala 
aad  lumiDcr  dnmeht,  and  greatly  IncMMod 
yield  and  qualby  of  erapi^  Tbe  ayium 
oontlita  In  ooaatruoUng  along  tha  hllUhfo 
a  Krles  of  poralltl  dtslM  cf  contidcnbto 
>Iir,  and  of  dop(h  reaching  lo  below  the 
f  roal-IIar.  The  dralni  are  filled  with  atonct 
logarly  ihmwn  bi,  and  coTatd  wUb  flat 
■tooo*  haTlnf;  abote  them  maieriil  for  alft- 
Ing  the  lolld  mattcri  from  the  walcr.  Orer- 
Bow  drvlm  are  pnxvled  at  aullable  pointa 
for  cooTeylng  any  euct*  of  water  lo  tbe 
oeit  lower  drain  hi  the  aeriei.  Theae 
draina  collect  all  the  water  from  rslo,  toow, 
and  dew  depoalicd  upon  the  land  abo*« 
Ihcm,  and  act  aa  reacnoln  to  hold  U  lUt 
ft  la  drawn  out  by  tbe  needi  ot  Ihe  aoll  In 
tbe  dry  ««&«□□.  From  ihr  ogicratlon  of  bU 
(jitem  Ur,  Cole  dalnH  to  baio  realised  K 
fourfold  increaie  of  cerral  rropa.  wtlh  cor. 
reaponding  Improrenieni  in  aUc.  flavor,  and 
prod  union  o(  frulli  aad  Trgclablta;  abto- 
lute  freedom  train  dlitaae,  capedtUy  from 
fungoid  ftflbttiona:  acenrlty  a^alait  ipdng 
and  antnma  fratta,  with  coDsidcraUe  pro- 
1cm(»li')n  of  tho  ■hbou  ;  the  oonreraion 
of  hard-pan  into  good  aoil ;  preTention 
of  Boil'waihtng ;  effeotual  aceorlty  ^atnat 
drooghti  and  the  tonnadon  of  apringa. 
The  plan  aa  doanibed  li  partleularly  appll- 
eablt!  lo  bllUide  land. 

Paici-I.iirT  or  Pi7Bi.ic4no]n  or  ni  J<«tTii- 
BOKiAir  Iit»TiTi!T>«M,  July,  1889.  Waih- 
Ineton;  Ooiemmentrtliitins-Officc.  !>. 
ST. 

Tula  lirt  include*  only  the  pnblteatiinia 
of  the  Iniititution  (I84T  lo  1^88)  wUcb  tU 
be  fomiihed  al  the  prloea  named.  The  pnb. 
UolioDi  not  mentiuDed  are  out  of  priaL 
The  lilleB  are  giien  u  they  ooour  in  the 
order  In  which  the  warka  were  orlginaHy 
publlahed,  clatailied  acoirdlng  to  their  tub- 
Jectt,  by  auihore.  and  aeoordinf;  lo  the  [«r- 
tlcvlar  aortca  lo  which  Ibey  belmii;.  W«  are 
iKformed  ihal  aO  gratuttoua  dUiributk 
IndJTlduaU  haa  lieen  diicontiaued ;  b 
" Smithaonian  Contributlona"  id>1"| 
hitieout  CoUeetiooB  "  are  prcwnted  R 
lie   Uhratiea   antalDiog   ia.rvxi   rd 
Icameil  lodrtiM  of  the  fini  «hua,  and 
pabllc    UbrariM,    praperly    leeo 
wbera  a  lat^  dlairioi  would  b 
uiuppllcd. 


848 


TUS  POPULAR  SCJBNCB  MONTULT. 


UCTEBif  JITI05U.  t/CVeSTOVi  SKBIES. 
vol.  UlL 

Tsi    UtwiuLii    a  iMKiB   Bw.tnow   to 

Pumtu.  Tiiua.    Dr  OitCAS  Scawnr. 

N««   Y<nk:   D.  AffilMai  k  C&      Pp. 

SOB,  wjih  fUlT^cM  Wnxlctiu.    Prtw, 

tl.a4L 

Tua  i«  th«  Iwt  work  of  Iho  ranenbU 
ProfaMor  «f  ZoUcf;  la  lb*  I'ldTfnitjat 
StMibm^  dM  Mm  «t  U*  dtatk  kBrtng  ar- 
ilted  data  lu  poUlcMkn.  Am  ihtn  hM 
tiMM  %  pcM  •dnaca  in  iMcat  jMn  of  osr 
knewMp  cf  tbe  maHOalia,  Mpcdkll;  in 
nlBtian  to  pria«>nt  coofidaaai  ii  nil 
kMvB.  ui  Or.  E«tHUt  in  thit  tcIudm  bM 
i«7  ■btr  wmwImJ  dm  noM  hnportut 
Mmlu  g<  nMU  f«ni«fc  ia  lUi  field.  B« 
poblhtai,  Mw*  jMn  i^i^  >  tvIomb  in  thia 
Mriw  MiUIcd  "DodriM  of  ll«*caai  ud 
DarwiiBi^*'  vUob  fau  mH  »ilh  diimIi  favor 
u  A  (OBUitwIkni  to  B>o(Iani  pbEhaopbieal 
Iriolagr*  The  pratot  book  ii  on  tbr  mud* 
Eds  of  apgaUion,  aad  ta  olfcnid  b}'  lb* 
HMbor  M  •  nppkfMBt,  nuedlag  «p  tk* 
dMnMlon,  uliile,  M  Ike  Mine  time  U  ha* 
Ito  dnncter  of  *  Kpuate  UMliac^  Tko 
■Wkwatya;  "It  "ill  b«  toand  lo  eoniun 
ptvob  «f  the  ncniait;,  Uw  tntli,  ud  tk« 
nlM  of  Ownnum  m  Hut  loundMia*  for 
Ih*aiwt7  ot  JMBWit  wlUih  *  Bmitri  fitdd, 
ud  it  tnt^  4am  to  th«  naM  rmwoi 
iImml  Wldila  lh«M  limiU  lb«  noric  i* 
coaiplote  In  tlMlt ;  f nr,  alihoagh  th«  ttudont 
•t  nauual  Uttorj  mftf  bate  bcvomo  ac- 
qnalnlad  sMi  istctodiig  b^uebia  of  th* 
•ctual  tdatet,  MUl  (be  (ubjeot  hu  not  bo- 
furv  bc«n  pnavDtvd  la  ro  campKbeadTe  ■ 
cuimicr  or  is  w>  con'niicDt  ■  form." 

rBoTsmoM  trtut  ftss-Tta^  Tbe  Sd- 
entifia  Validitr  uul  Btfonon^  OperatiDU 
of  DpfcwiTE  Du^M  In  tbe  Cnlted  SiaMiL 
By  Btunr  U.  ttor*.  Kcw  Tork :  D.  Ap. 
ficUm  k  Co.    Pp.  4Ul     IVIoa,  (S. 

Tut  Utc  ofllclal  brad  of  the  Ooniinnti- 
vealth  of  Pcnntjltmnla,  Gavpmor  IIojl,  hai 
hero  *kbamt<il  a  pmltj  luUd  booh  on  tbo 
geamA  rabjcct  of  (rMdom  ead  natriotion 
In  commprot.  Tbo  author  I*  a  iirnttictlnn- 
isl,  and  ban  in-!tieii  hta  toIudm  iu  Ibo  intri^ 
Mt  of  that  partr.  It^  lone  I*  eoDtiVTcnlal 
and  UtiIj,  iThat«Tpr  way  be  laid  of  Iw  ar- 
BUmnita,  and  the  adfaereol*  of  the  "  IVnn- 
l^lTBiila  S7«teni  **  will  be  aunt  u>  gut  ureal 
MmfoTt  out  of  Ica  ptruial.  GoTOmor  HotI 
U  nn  aotagonui  of  free  trade,  tnd,  u  free 


tmle  la  grModcd  la  ikc  jtbdfimd 
liiical  coddom;,  Gonnor  Doyt  b  riM 
•MMtooin  of  poUllMl  •comnnf ;  dU 
iHSe  |Mii1ia>  of  Ua  book  ia  dnowd  l« 
ortdiiiaK  Ik*  "aa-ealM  Mtann"  ef  «■ 
A*  we  «iiIc*M«nd  th«  Oorankor,  !■  • 
to  think  Ikat,  a«  Ear  ••  bm**  aiilani 
propcrtf  Bi«  ooBMmed,  Ibii  «orM  «aa  E 
amh  Wo  big.  It  ibovU  hftte  been  k 
if  Mt  to  tba  iMvadnrie*  «t  Ptnn^ 
then  eerlainlr  to  Ike  bouaJiriii  rf' 
Voiltd  Suteii  «bd  b*  Uiiiikl,  100, av 
lef  ahoitU  be  to  «omet  tbia  blodi 
Dtrld^maUnf  brtgaoriaft  a^tUitVi 
tbeae  Badcnal  Unit*.  Ha  idea  iffN 
b*  Ikat  for«i^  lt»da  b  aot  pntakbi 
thai  >•  oas  mak«  ntore  mooc;  hj  t 
abet  In  nisoiig  ounctrea  and  >Enirii| 
other  natioe*.  Tba  key  to  the  phiki 
of  hb  book  b  found  in  ita  oodi 
void*,  wldeb  mn  tboee,  pTen  >ith  Ikl 
pbMb  of  italic*:  "  7%«  Mrarrr  m  m 
ofyowMwy  emr  murwroio  iaiAiifrtaa*  I 
««rrrt««a/y  nation  an  Ub  ^foMLlbl 
■*  aJhoK  inalv  otrf  t/kt  taort  w*  AaK  Iti 
diMt  aniamy  Mr  malm."  Iha  mtm 
It  i>  BcoeesaTy  to  break  do«B  "fdl 
rconomjr"  and  get  It  out  of  tbenf  Ii 
•■IBcicntlj'  apparmt. 

Ite  Rantwo  am  Kuiaeai^rT  or  Ml 
Buftoa :  Cappln,  L'pbam  k  Co.  Pp. 

Tnn  volume  contain*  a  pk^ogn 
report  of  tbt'  addn«««a  and  dbenNkM 
«ara  bad  at  t«o  mictinp  of  patdbq 
IMtrta,  In  oonDnribin  *ith  the  •ctiMtC 
iitiaj  F^nnara  Meetinga,  wbidi  wtm 
In  Boatoa  May  T  and  14,  ISSS.  Tbe 
jecu  fpodaUj  oansUeied  pectda  tolh 
UbUthiDcni  of  the  b«t(  bnicda;  Ibc  4 
tin  of  (««h  br<«d,  *a  as  fg  and  lok 
duoer ;  tbe  ear*  and  pratt  «f  tk*  « 
and  tbe  great  aad  tncacaak^  lalat  ol 
poulirj  faitereat  M  fMoen  and  lk«  en 

Scuti-n  FVnm,  un  0«*n  En«« 
Toa  mt  TRxiTiuurr.  Bf  T.  Gtw 
CoanocR,  M.  D.,  of  Si.  Le^    Pp 

Tm  author  in  tU*  paper  calb  ttM 
10  otttiuo  ikerapontloal  maaiv**  fin 
treatmeDloftbediMMc,  "■kieb.Ifao 
lirtJ;  ne>  to  eonw  of  tbo  ptafaa^i^ 
but  UUl*  nted  by  aaanj,  and 
ara«tgcoMTahae." 


'.  jL  A.  Lambmo, 
;  IM»."  PltMbwR.  Pp.  «. 
I  eeau  •  ttnmbtr,  fl  k  jxar. 

I  ne*  Dunlns,  ■pproptUu  lo  tb« 
wepa  of  tlM  "BiMoriol  Re- 
I  VMteni  I^nMftrniia,  PrfniH- 
dlo,"  vhloh  llw  Mlllof  brfcns  la 
The  pnbBiatiim  it  btvnilcl  to 
lltni  n-laUne  lo  Uio  pM(  liUUrf 
ma  CkHmMc  Cbnnh  io  ihb  coua- 
maktt  lb«  pKCNM  of  Ouholle 
■Miuhr,  ^ng  proOMdIogi  and 
■ocittiM :  ui  rvpriMlaM  «ri|l>*' 
ooamenU,  rvijlMai*,  blMn,  cle.  • 
tin  AifxraotM*  for  bript  blstori- 
nqnlrit*.  Mid  tcjiIIm,  «Uh  book 

^tn  Ra.iai<n.  By  BnniT 
%BCKn^  S<rm  Yotht  funla, 
^  and  lIulbcfL  Vut  I.  Pp. 
■ilai^  BO  eMU.    Put  II.    Pp. 

lalnrMl  |il>7*lctl  fact  of  tTol«> 
lUtil  w  a  iboetj  ot  lb*  iliriH 
tnailon."  nyt  Mr.  BMcher,  "b 
M  uaiunlly  mi  <iiiipt;  lllit  Bnnjr 
loch,  IbU  H  U  RTUcruUjr  trittd 
bo  i««ni  la  UiciDwItM  to  Ihtc 
ovi  (rom  hope  and  from  the 
r  luficlf,  wbik  finding  no  nev<} 
g  mj  IJcs  ol  lti«  diiiDv  iwrvoo- 
■0  of  nc«  tight  opoD  bio  nHMle 
',  I  han  hkikd  the  eiolulJooftrj 
wllh  Joy.  Soma  ot  the  *t]>iio*- 
prindplte  lo  the  liM  at  ilcidup- 
Tc  to  KJoM  t  oChon,  (houKti  not 
111  In  Ihe  pWtM  flaU  «f  «cf«n- 
eifSQ  potbapa  Ml  trm  pronlii* 
«■  probable;  liut  tba  andoKjIiiK 
U*  ot  Nature  (that  I*,  •  rtfiiilar 
tbo  £*iuo  action),  I  accept  aiid 
Uk  Mod  toe  it"  Ut.  II«Klu>r 
Aat  be  hta  hi  bd  bom  for  Bfi7 
Nt  kMBh(  It,  praacUng  a  doc- 
vloUSB  in  lu  appIlcatkiD  lo  a 
owtli,  and  DO*  tarvcntljr  bcUcrci 
loctrfM  b  bria(lng  "to  Qk  aid 
trulb,  aa  H>t  forth  in  the  iJf c  nu) 
t  Jmu*  Chriil,  a  a««  and  paw- 
iill;  In  line  ■ti>i  oth«r  naxliod 
)l»  of  Ood'a  pravidonoe  )■  bb 
or  lira  Tcan  he  taa  preached 
e  appUndoa  of  tUi  prioc^ilo  lo 
L  xsTin.— H 


UTEBABY  NOTICES. 


8+9 


pntctlal  MpcAa  «f  CluiMlaa  life.  Tbeae 
dlMMMaca  af«  IncorporaMd  in  thcae  l«o 
ptna  of  a  alngle  work.  la  Oa  em  put 
ar«  piacvd  ciglit  acnnons,  ditoiiteiag  the 
b«aHiigi  «f  Uie  CTolulMiiatf  pluloaoplijr  on 
•ome  of  (be  fiimlaBtBtal  ilartrlnea  of  Ilia 
Chriiiiau  (aiih — Ike  dirtiw  natiin^  tlic  qoM- 
tioQ  of  liiioiaD  ainf  u1iio*i>,  th«  InapintioB  of 
the  Bible,  ibo  diifaie  prorldciicd,  and  tor- 
related  fubjocti.  Uio  accend  {Mil  aMiaina 
(ighiMii  taraioaa,  poiarttnn  vol  Uie  ipacifle 
application  of  Iboao  gwaral  princlplo^  and 
tbcmiag  iIm  main  tliwa  aloop  wiileh  Ur. 
Baedwr  baliei'aa  "  Ibo  mahi  oourw  ol  tint 
old  *ip  will  largaij  ba  laid." 

IxrtMmcnn  bOAKrTT.  By  Alli»3JcLjk« 
IUhiliox,  of  Nov  Yolk.    Pp^  a. 

b  this  paper  y  gircD  a  Madf  of  a  r^ 
mariublo  phaic  of  motbid  affeMiona,kno«n 
lo  tlw  Franch  w  /otii  Ju  dmdi  and  to  Ihe 
Oennaiu  m  OmMitult,  which  rarica  In  io- 
unaitT  fron  mere  morbid  acrrouaiew  or 
weenitldty  to  ptuith*  inaaniiy.  It  I«  do- 
aeribod  aa  a  owiiStion  of  tnind  wlikh  la 
maaUMted  bj  a  moil^  feeling  of  duubt 
ud  cnDMtiuant  iulcfiiloa  under  the  moM 
ordinal^  drcnmatanoca,  when  both  the  doulil 
and  lnd<tcl*Ioa  are  uimaaoDBblo  in  die  ei- 
ircrae,  bul  Ihc  tndlTtdual,  under  the  man- 
daio  ot  aa  Impcratin  voneepUon,  ^di 
minv  or  Iim  lo  Ua  dlaordond  emotinw.  It 
appcan  mndcr  nmincrou*  aspect*,  fomc  of 
wlilcJi  are  lUoitratcd   \>j  the  itUilon  of 


0»  mr  Ihriumnurr  ot  CtiT»r*i.LW»TiOTi 
xn  Tiw  Intti'K*  KocKa  c»  Wjunoi,  Xk- 
T4tii,  Ur  Ah;iou<  Huoi'k  and  J«wcra 
P.  iDKixiitL  Wuhiniriini:  Oareaunant 
PriiuiDe-Offlcc.    Pp.  *  1. 

Im  Kudjing  Ihe  la<rai  from  Ike  Paefte 
ococt  TOlcanMa,  tbe  nulhora  aero  aimck 
with  inatnalble  gndalkoii  in  tlie  micro- 
ftnwtnre  m  the  i;roiiiid-mafa  of  rtK&a  ot 
the  MWiie  miiieml  OMnpeallion  from  a  pni*- 
Ij  fflaMT  form  l»  «m  wholty  crjitalliDa, 
and  oorrtapixHllBg  lo  a  ftne-gralned  ennko- 
porphTTy.  ThB7  were  conTlncad  by  iha 
ohaio  of  mlcnucoplcal  CTldcnce  Ihai  ibe 
r!4ibt  and  «7*ta1llnc  mkt  were  limply 
liicciiromo  form*  ot  the  same  matrina.  Tki« 
puiphlM  ithraa  Ibe  aocoaM  of  Uw  aipcri- 
ueua  and  Iniaallptiiwiai 


8;o 


TUB  POPULAR   SCISXCE  UOXTniV. 


^icnoK'n  OwTtoTw  Am  PoMAMNt  Gn. 
Ut  Willuh  U.  Jiqcn,  LirvUnaal  U. 
a  N**7.  Krw  Tnth  :  U.  P.  rutnuft'i 
Bmu.     rji.  4(1.     I>ric«,  CO  ecnl*. 

In  kit  i»|<nr  oo  "  ilia  UoeUort,"  pnU 
tlihrl  in  ■  KotM  nUMbsr  of  " Tht  C<cl- 
nf7,"  Captain  KHtMon  nwto  ■  reference  to 
U«  ftpplloKim  of  •abnarinc  brttller;  to  ihc 
OcBtnijrM,  ■  Tnuel  of  vtr  (viUlIj  unond 
l»  atuok  bowl  Mt  U  ilntt  range.  Is  the 
prcMnt  work  an  axamlnatlon  b  mwkot  tW 
futinMri»«  gUB  and  projt«tllc  U>  ilio  earTj* 
tag  of  wblcli  O^rtaln  Erirawro  adapt*  Ike 
plan  of  Ml  TcucI;  and  the  oradniioa  U 
iwariiod  that  the  Innnior  "t*  able  l«  pi«- 
MttI  tu-daj,  a>  the  produel  of  U*  Hudj,  ap- 
jiUnlioB,  and  uicdMjftltol  akiU,  a  tfp«  o( 
w«apon  fc«  (ubnuifine  warbn  well  to  Uw 
tnui  la  totpcdo  experiamna." 

TXk  BTotrTtnM  or  RimATKH.  By  Jiwn 
UoRftti  WntioK,  Ph.  D.  Sow  Yofk: 
(I.  P.  Pwum'*  Sana.    Pp.  M.    Price, 

TBw  OMay  li  dv>dir«d  la  Iw  anb-lhle  l« 
lie  A  rritiqiio  of  eooAlcllns  oplntonf  eon- 
ctmloc  ilie  Old  TcMamoiit.  Ai  ag»ln*t  the 
popalar  cvncejiilon  of  ikiil  r«Tclatkin  wbiA 
floil  {*  eoncelrrd  aa  batkig  nmda  la  the 
lUtilc  ibai  It  U  MmMUng  iDractljr  ■*  biased 
<loBD  "  from  •  Dtrino  Anlbor,  andlheicfore 
tuperlor  to  (be  prettnafoo*  of  trilMam,  the 
anlbor  malnialed  •  oeMVption  abiiti,  wUle 
li  rceard*  t«velatia«  a*  dhlne, "  *ie*a  It  aa 
a  growth  wlihla  tb*  ««rM,  an  voCielka,  m 
hm  tbaa  bmnankj  Itaelf,  and  no  loM  Ihaa 
Kan  hhntelr  a  worfc  «f  Ood,  whlla  aW  a 
pbCBonieMM  of  the  ordetlr  d*Ttlepmrat  <if 
the  world,  and,  •«  auch,  •  l^lilakM  objeei 
of  Rdsntillo  orillctm." 

8TLt*nrii  or  TunniTcnOK  ifr  DiouWT,  with 
Itrf*mni'r4  to  Potinni  of  InfomalloK. 
llv  D«-ai  Vau^  AIMoa  Oelkg*,  WohU 
g»a.     Pp.U. 

Tbk  KjUabua  la  hriMded  to  femlA  a 
hrfpf  ikvletan  or  abatiaet  of  all  that  b  toi»- 
ptehended.  in  the  calalogvc  of  ItM,  naJpr 
tiie  tern»  Itioliif^.  STMnoatic  ZoOloxf,  aiMl 
Pb^iiolagiaal  BoUnj— oiecpi  Hue  iba  bo- 
tanhMl  part  la  to  be  ^too  I*  a  tappkntnit- 
M7  ■ftlabn*.  Tbe  work  will  (ontial  wf  tbc 
CTwinatloa  of  iliHcn  t^iw-foma  «f  anl- 
mab,  a«d  a  lent  Dnaiber  of  |>lanl*.  la  Uw 
pbtloaoftloal  order  of  OMifileilif  of  d«Mh 


opntBt.  Tbd  euaUBt  I*  «i^ 
lert  bl*  own  malarial  what  it 
to  Mtidv  and  ofaaerre  the  oh^M 
aoUvof  all  bsOibacrr«a,aak«a 
lag;  and  embody  ibe  h»««la 
tolned,  and  no  otlier,  la  a  will 
Hatcncnt. 

Ituu-WMtoiioit.  Bjr  OnMwi 
Kow  Tor*;  f".  Applcuv 
Vie.     Pri<»,  76  onta. 

"  Utat-nottorsut  'ban 
•er<«a  of  "  EnffUth  WcrlMa 
Andrew  Laop,  of  wbi^b  thr  ) 
ton  are  Ibe  Araerinaa  pulilbdi 
riM  will  coiuUt  of  than  llw» 
of  iafliMOce  and  dlatlMtkm,  p 
cnl,  in  rarioua  walki  of  life, 
ph;  wilt  bo  Intruatad  la  a  *1 
aoqualolml  wllli  lb*  falatorfi 
whkfa  hia  licro  Ilrnl,  and 
KjmpAtbj  "iUi  ItU  t«b)oct  1 
Tolwae  it  U  Mimdxai  to  aii  t 
of  on«  of  Ibo  noat  dbtlaipil 
aoldma,  by  a  wHtrr  abo  la 
in  the  Bald  «f  Utcruj  and 
ihMdtM. 

tlonnrou)  Rutamca  rm  nt 
DlManna  or  thi  llrvk 
Br  Fnix  L.  (>•w*u^  U.  D. 
Powler  ft  Wolb  Vo.     Pp. 

Da.  0*«rAl.D  La  DO  «tr*a^ 
of  the  "  Moalblr  " ;  h«  In  nlbt 
lar  fikad  to  ihetn.   AodtlMaa 
he  laj*  dowa  la   "UoaMbuM 
am  tbe  aawe  wblcti  be  bar  ann 
maeh  tI^  and  polal,  and  wlib 
lait  gnof  of  iljile.  In  llw  haat 
hai  fxan  time  to  lima  ooattH 
pi^ta.     la  fact.  If  wo  nad  t{ 
Uicae  health   papen  —  tboea 
nnifcr  the  h«ad  uf  "  B*wmIIi« 
—are  tbe  baiia  fnm  whM 
■-  IIaa»ehoU    RniBodka '    he* 
iimMed. 


FlfTTr 


8i*le  OAo*.*    Pp.  33»,  wlib 

Tna  report  t«  maitlj  latvn 

eenmni  ol  tli*  Biat«  nlMnJ 

arMallMi  at  llw  Ktw  Orlaaiia 

wbMi  lb*  plana  refer. 


m 


IITSBARV  A^OTIC£S. 


8S' 


Ab  IDitoriMi  KoreL   Bv 
TOUTM.    New  York :  W.  & 
T«a  nliuitc*.     Fp.  SSi 

ttl  wmoMsil  •tUntlon  on 
(uM  of  ttu)  author,  stio, 
rr»  «aiiJildrnliIa  tinM  held 
icial  potlilou  oudcr  tb«  Em- 
,,  Ntiiwl  from  pablle  ti(c 
Ktl«(Ut«a  to  llletnture.  Uc 
U  nMM  prominent  ItuMlaD 
torji  nUiw*  to  that  pnlod 
Ic  «•»,  from  IS03  to  leOT, 
the  PeMc  of  TIMt,  and  in- 
Mrrenl  of  the  prominent 
u  time.  Tlie  present  etU- 
trmoalkUon,  Itio  *lory  h*r- 
■rUlaW  from  Biuaiui  into 
luuiui  iadjr,  and  tbsa  into 
BfU. 

BoTiNT  or  nut  RoctT 
Imiom.  Bjr  JouN  U.  Ctonu 
Tctk ;  IcUou,  BLulcmaa, 
,    Pp.4S0. 

«  Uktbilppl  Valley  pnlrio 
t  Mtbor  of  Ihb  "  Uaniial," 
wclI4«fiacd  6DrM :  Ono  Ea 
>»Ii>pv:  aiwiher  U  Koxlcan 
■uSng  ftem  tho  flnat  Ba«in 
■  Utiico,  Wi-Mem  TciM, 
Dto  U«iico  1  the  Ihicd  is  [he 
nigioEkaitontliD;;  eutward 
the  prairitK."  The 
dMOripttrel^  proviiled 
llifl  "  Uotan;  of  Culi- 
jr  ol  Ihe  Groat  Batin  i* 
Xij  Stnno  Wntmn  anJ 
tio  ihini  region  waa  im- 
!  In  Profn«»«r  Porwr^ 
Flora  of  Coiorado,"  •  firat 
aboDt  tea  j^utr  api, 
le  I*  an  allrinpl  to  turiiUh 
itlon  of  tba  aubjMt 
at  tliat  tlmo,  and  (o 
adrancv  and  Improro- 
K  !»  Inwndfd  to  ooi^r 
lo,  Wyominic.  Montana, 
WeMera  N'ehraaka,  and 
III  It  ar«  aUo  iiiclu<l«l 
■lie  oonllj^oiui  flora,  run- 
part  of  tlio  Indian 
1  Toiai,  Xarthom 
Arlxona,  and  Eaalem  Utah 
BKcpt  tbrlr  owa  pooUlw 


planu.  In  Utah  the  tanga  ii  Mrriod  «MU 
nanl  bf  the  Uinlah  and  Waliaatcl)  Uouiit- 
aine,  wtoM  plaaia  are  intcadtd  u  b«  i» 
dnded.  thlt  oditlos  «■)!;  claiioa  to  be  k 
oompilallon,  and  an  onlsriv  arrangement 
anil  alftiag  «f  acattcrod  mai«dBl  — an  ar- 
raugvmoni  and  alftlnff  that  were  grMtl; 
Dtodnl,  for  much  of  ibe  material  wta  pnii> 
tioallj  Ioacc«wlble. 

BtcDin  noH  ma  IIiolooicjil  Limhutort 
or  Jdhhh  lloF«iii«  Uxivitiuitt.  Ualli- 
tnorc:  N'>vu,l  UtKnM.  U.  D,,  F.  U.  !•., 
and  W.  K-  Baouaii,  editor*.  Vol,  lil, 
NoL  I  to  4.  rp.  Slfl,  dldi  Twelve 
Plana.  Prica  per  voluma,  t«.  llo 
ptlae  af  lingla  nuoiber*  vario*  vlih  llie 
*ia«. 

Trat  MuiUe*.  Ixued  (ram  time  to  lBn^ 
omtrin  the  nojaritf  of  the  original  ttitt^ 
liSo  paper*  pnblUhed  hj  meinbera  of  tho  RU 
ulogicai  Dopanmuiit  of  the  Unlreniiiy.  Tliey 
•riU  be  groiipod  into  TOlumet  ei  atraul  Ura 
hundred  page*  oaoh.  Tho  nuiubon  b*fara 
lu  oontain  elervn  papna,  ^viti];acooQol*  of 
upedal  retrarchM  into  iniieua  facta  of  *pe- 
ciai  sLnioture  and  fundiun.  Amun^  llio 
papen  of  mo^l  gvnerai  iiiloniit  an)  thoto 
0*  Mr.  W.  IL  llo<cll,  on  "  Tho  Origin  of 
tlie  Fibrin  formed  tn  tlie  Coagulation  of 
Blood,'*  and  or  Mr.  II.  O.  li^jer,  "  On  the 
Action  of  t'aibolic^  Acid,  .itropia,  and  Oon- 
Tallarla  on  thn  ll^arl.  Kith  miiiid  tJtuwrra- 
lloni  un  the  InQurncr  of  Otyffnniiiml  and 
Koa-oxTKenatAil  Illood,  and  of  BlEiod  In 
VaHnui  Di^roea  ot  Dilation,"  both  of  «luch 
are  to  So.  S. 

Tut  linnoixiti  PimcRAini  n  m  lone- 
KxcK  uroM  Tua  AuMtioxii  HrtmiL  Bjr 
the  Risht  Iterennd  C.  F.  KosnitfiHt, 
D.  O.  Kew  YorU :  G.  P.  Putoam'*  Sooa. 
Pp.  4a.    Price,  to  ctnta. 

This  papn,  bjr  tbe  Ptrotealaat  Ei^Mnpnl 
BUIiop  of  Ulitoitri,  b«loi]g*  to  the  Mrlm  ot 
tho  Anieeloan  lllaiorioal  AMOciatiotL  Tli* 
aubjixt,  a*  ilio  awbor  lerlawl  ll  btttflf,  bo- 
anam  a  nrj  broad  «a»— mu«h  tUfcr,  prob- 
ably, than  matt  mdora  arc  at  tho  baglik- 
nlng  read;  to  uippoM  it  t«  be  In  ths  llW 
pUcc,  Iho  piirchjii«  vol  acknoakdQed  to 
be  citn-Tuaalliiitlonol,  but  llim  no  ou^  In 
Ccinf:ra<a  o*  nut  ot  it,  omiM  m;  anjthlag 
about  Ibat  naltor  while  h  wsx  anilic  Htllo- 
mcnt,  for  tear  at  ^Ting  France  a  prMeit 
for  tthbdnwing  from  Ibe  barsalL     Tba 


BS» 


TBJS  POPULAR  SCIENCE  3I0XTBI.T. 


■oqaMUim  of  m  Urge  a  territotj  in  th) 
SunhoivM  diMnrbed  tbo  bUjuiuc  «t  Uia 
couKUy,  e«i*ed  dbeoatcnt  in  Nrw  Ea(;ltiul, 
Mill  Jevolopcd  k  ipirit  «f  wMMion.  A  cob- 
Molkiti  U  tnoed  between  moiC  at  Uie  )«■ 
tulu  of  Die  imrebMe  md  thi:  BrilWi  Woek- 
•ito  MM  and  oar  ombugo  Inn.  X  gnu 
InfiMM  WM  given  to  tb«  mor— w«  of 
p«puh4lca  nmtwud.  Hinadft^  KlMnw 
(«r  enrthnxrlag  ^tnteb  power  Id  Sonlli 
AaNtka  and  Burr'i  eofuplncT  wen:  (mI  b; 
h.  rho  TciKS  rcTeladan  feUonxU  ia  dae 
lima,  bading  to  tbe  eeiMoquanote  of  an- 
naiBilDn,  tbo  Heilora  War,  and  IIn  aoqnl- 
•liloa  of  CalUbrnla.  From  thi*  oame  a  ran 
Mota^too  of  wealth,  Ike  begtanlag  of  tin 
era  of  large  ferVanaa,  end  an  <«llre  dimge 
In  AaMttMn  HtMi  ot  lUo,  wllli  a  mt  la- 
cnoie  In  ilir  awcrp  aad  eoofw  of  Amerkaa 
poScf.  FanlM  wltk  the  eulkr  flagoi  of 
ihew  erente  wu  Ibe  laUng  tktpe  of  tbe 
Uooroe  doctrine,  InroMng  among  ita  eon- 
Kquenoea,  (lie  Olajtoo-Oulwer  Tna^,  tbe 
iMlllficatJca  or  tbe  Frcncb  ecbemca  aBjakut 
Ucifto,  and  ttio  ungatvdl  pniWcBa  of  tbe 
fMwv  twpootlng  btcTowwiii  tnuiaparta- 
tim  orer  th«  lMhmu&  ODwr  «iinBc(|waoca 
whidi  hare  iMulMd  or  nr«  onccglne^  mnde 
poeaible  bj  Ibe  at^iaUitkin  of  Loublana,  are 
ktnwd  at,  but  not  coa^tneil  in  detail ;  but 
MWOfA  la  brw^bt  foTwant  (0  Hbow  that  tbo 
IhenwIaoDOonwUt^mueh  nlgbt  bo  •>  riiwn, 

A  BinoaT  w  Qmtxv  Limunnts.  B/ 
W.  Sawun.  Tiandated  br  Hni.  F.  C. 
Ouojlton,  and  MtlWd  tn  RXu  Hollor. 
Nov  Yoi^:  Cbario*  Snibnet^  Soas. 
Two  rolumoe.    Fb.  401  asd  4>S.    Prtoo, 

Thx  anlbor  of  dda  hnportaiu  biiloi;  b 
rMognfted  aa  aa  aoeompllihed  pbUologlit 
and  a  comixtcnt  Iheraiy  critic,  and  aj  poa- 
w«*lng  at  (bo  umo  ibno  Ibo  K"t  of  atlncl- 
Itd  popular  mpoaldon,  thoa  barliiK  tbo 
ilirec  taoat  dedmble  qanfllha  for  U*  uftder- 
taking.  The  period  eoebraoed  In  lu  roriaw 
begtaa  with  tbt  earileet  writing*,  aod  n- 
t«nd*  to  the  death  of  OopiW.  Tbn  Ant 
diapter  tntcea  the  tool*  of  Gcmian  nailon- 
■lii;  back  lolbepettod  preceding  tbe  Arjan 
togiantloa,  and  pata^ria  ■  plcUie  of  (H 
ImeHeotnal  condUlon  at  Itw  line  It  became 
kaowB  to  the  Bomann.  n*  aeooad  dinptet 
RMta  of  Ibe  riae  and  drreloiaaenl  of  tlw 
Geraaa  htniipMk  In  tbe  •peoh  o(  (Im 


nlgMitotM,  nod  dsrisf  tto  M 
period )  ifaw  iblrd  <<iBp««r  of  lb* 
KaminaOM,  iba  MMSIM  OU  nil 
I>«Tkidot  Uw  CarloohigilM*  nl 
Th»  •woaedlne  fb**  ebajitaiin 
to  Ibe  oUMlnl  poriod  of  On  U 
Ottmm  IttIc  uu)  ople  poMr, 
from  about  tbe  eJernMb  to  tb* 
tbo  f  oartoostfa  ciatmy.  Tbe 
t«n>  bekui*  th«  iwxt  tbrro 
porloil  of  trmatftkiQ  tMu  MtUe 
man  lu  Stm  Blgb-Ooman,  to  nh> 
tnaaalatiuB  of  tbe  Dlblo  hetotfl 
uatiring  four  ohapK^  aiw  dm 
period  Ib  wliicb  wo  liT«^  to^nnfa 
okae  of  tlu>  Thirtj  Ymtb*  wmj 
capod&l  aiivntloM  to  Ibr  itc**! 
IjTte  aad  ofiic  ih>cit7,  fi«ia  Vmi 
OoMba.  Tlw  wlioto  i«  aapylew 
tbn  chroBotogiotl  Ublo  n(  aMbt 
mrj  work*  and  p*bbu,  a  UbI 
appmllit,  and  on  oxcelleM  todra 

Xn,  WW**.  AM  -vn  01 

BMW.    Ur  111'  -.MBm 

an  tntroiWiloi.  ...  >  -....^1 IL 
iiOLL.  New  Yoriii  The  IX 
Coin]iaDr.      |^.  IM. 

Bbrdic  n  cluininoriAli:  IbUO 
Colonel  InscnoU,  iliic  booh  ooai 
lecture*.  Tbu  flm  kItm  tba  i 
roluBw;  tbe  aecoiul  la  on  ' 
AleBaBMnt":  Ibo  IhtrtI  la  oa  • 
Fmu  aad  neoloflc*]  nethnt.* 
tbor  iprakl  from  III*  puhd  of 
ganU  tbe  toMUnga  o<  ib*  BM 
dooiriuea  and  ptBotleaa  of  tba  < 
fatdlag  women  na  all  «raBx.ui 
at  (he  bottom  vt  all  Urn  iMM 
•be  bolierea  wobui  Iiaa  anAn4 
tiaa  Itad*.  Tb*  ihM  loenit*  n 
pUo*  to  eertala  qiedBc  dalmi 
been  Mtdo  that  die  Cburcb  birtn 
to  tbe  rierattea  of  wuaiaB'*  Ufa  ■ 

)Ckb*»i'^  **ii  r*int  XSnij 
m]  Tnitii  In  Naditr.  It;  Cnx 
•or  Poarra.  Nr»  Yoih'  ik 
nan'a  8on*.    I>.  svs.     fibis 

Tn  mbor,  aa  ih»  tinala  of  t 
rc;ai4*  «aUcr  to  Ixi  lamr, 
endloM  dJT«rtll)'  of  *p(>llcatli« 
tuie  aad  naata.  "  Fonv,  IraHi,  b 
lore,"  bo  aaja.  "  ar«  tho  fiior  •pH 
iIm  Bfalcb  In  lliolr  nnlu  ImmM 


1 


LITERARY  XOTICES. 


8S3 


hidwd  1^  do  Mt  moqiituu,  all  ■owrial 
forau  otf  bdag.  TImm  qiiriwal  KkliliM 
M«  ror*al«d  dlr«<nlj  to  Urn  vpttit  i>f  tau, 
4liita  the  fenai  •ritliiA  wbicli  tlujr  am 
ftwLtlncd  tro  laade  knomi  to  lilm  iluougli 
lil«  phfiloal  DtgoM  at  p«r«CTiti(ni.''  It  it 
Ummsli  ilic  toMgiaitiaa  ut  Ham  aaA  «an^ 
Uioil  tnlhi  "  tlitt  tba  mitkl  b^ocnn  able 
lo  iwnxJre  the  bunoa;  that  ei]tt*  brtwMa 
raaMo  and  faith."  Th«  aaihur  ba4  aodcav^ 
MCil  to  rmeb  tb«M  trnllu  aiid  (o  dww  lhl» 
hATisra;  b;  tlM  aht,  prioiarilr,  of  mwbul- 
cal  aclcDtfo  asd  llie  aaaloBlu  whick  it  af- 
(ttnU. 

FWKni  At^rit  RmifR  or  tnit  r>rii»D 
Srins  UiOLoOUTAL  SoaTTT,  ISSi-'SB, 
Ity  J.  W.  PowaLL,  DiivoiOT.  WMhini;- 
toQ :  fi«TcniTn«iit  PriiUiDg-Ullioch  I'p. 
47S,  w!>h  t'Uiu. 

Tk(  oixniloiD*  of  the  mnvj  bat's  bt«n 
«it«niM  wtt  the  caaicn  part  of  ibrc  Tmicd 
Suua,  wmIm  tlM  autborilj  «1  a  proiliioa 
la  tbo  appnpriation  act  of  lgS3-'^S,  re- 
ft«lring  li  to  nwke  ■  goologic^  mip  of  ilic 
ITnliad  Eutoi.  nio  ganont  nup  ii  lo  W 
mada  oo  a  aealc  of  Ti-Ar..ir.  <"  four  milvi  lo 
th«  aiiMM  Inch.  Ikaidu  the  gvncnl  re- 
purl  of  the  prograH  of  the  vock  of  tfai> 
mtftf  and  Ui«  admiaiiltatiro  rrpoita  of 
Ibo  ho»fa  of  ditblotaa  (ainbrndug  gKloip'r, 
pa[M«Malcigii\  aod  cbaioio  worhk,  ibe  pnw- 
eBt  t«liuM  (oalaint  paport  on  "  Uawaiiui 
VokwuM,"  b;  ClannM  Edward  thitton ; 
"The  Uiaiog  GcoUgj  of  tha  fiurak*  Dif 
triol,  K«ntAs''b7  J.  &  Curtll;'  "Popular 
fUhclM  n«*rdl«)t  '^  IVvduu*  Mvial  Or« 
Ocpwlla,"  by  Albm  WIlUun*,  Jr.;  "Tho 
FttMfl  (MMMm  <d  S'ortb  Araeclca,"  hj  Dr. 
durlM  X  Whiu;  and  "A  GroloKlal 
RcocoaalaHooo  la  Southata  Oregon,"  by 
brMd  C.  RmmII. 

gcMAl,  WULTV.      The  Solo  faclon  and 
KJtacI   Ratio)  in    it*  Aoqulrement  >nd 
ApponloaiDFnt.      By    J.    K.    t«oii.L«. 
K«o  Yort :  Tlic  Tralh^Sccker  Coiupany. 
pp,  »M.    rrlof,  II. 
Twa  profoawd  puipoao  of  tbi*  book  l« 
to   diract   lnii«In'  to  i|aaMIoiut  Intlmuoly 
reUlad  ui  all  hiunan  life  and  tttploymcni. 
Tbo  author   aanuara  ihal  "  <r«  are  ll<rtat; 
oiMler  a  afdcm  of  capiuEiiio  aggncdlx* 
meM  or  eonianrclal  nonarcblsm,"  und  1^' 
"our  poUlical  a«Mn<f  off«r  no  notlunR  b. 
what  li  moM  ddwln  oad  oaaHadlolo*;, 


irhtl«  atrrilclj  bowing  to  the  dnaaadi  of  a 
■lomlnaat  plulocrac^."  On  the  Mbcr  band, 
wo  \an  the  Idtna  of  iha  Kurapean  radioali 
atft,  **  with  wigg«Mleai  «>t  rvicjutlon  and  of 
ineaaona  of  itdbnt  rangin|  ti«m  aiwfoli> 
lun  (a  Iba  control  of  udal  Indualry  by  tb« 
aiaia,"  Ho  Iblnk*  Ibora  miiM  bo  mdm 
aaUnal  rclatlOQ  bvlvoon  tho  worker  and  Ilia 
aoll,  Mine  pitadpU  nf  1>«  wlilch  wU)  ((*« 
an  equUabto  ahiire  of  ihc  pradocta  ol  lodiu- 
try  10  <adi  who  •bore*  tha  labor,  and  a  jiut 
prlndplo  of  agrotmcat  and  oonacDi  In  it- 
gaid  to  aucb  pradnnlon  and  dlrUon;  and 
rodcaTOM  to  dliooKr  thoae  prloolptt*. 

UirauL  BaaoDsoaa  or  rai  UNmo  SiaTni, 
Calendar  Tean  ISSS  and  lUt.  ]iy 
ALnntr  WtLUum,  Jr.  WaaUngton: 
Rorerameat  Piinilne-OfflM.  Pp.  1016. 
Price,  M  eonta. 

Tuui  mlami'  U  tho  iccoad  of  the  torlci. 
While  It  boin  the  ruho  llllo,  with  th«  ex- 
rcpilonof  th*  dale,  a*  (he  fonnofrolama 
which  eoTorcd  (ho  calendar  year  181)3,  It 
i>  not  a  rTfirinl,  vt  iocodiI  tdltloa  ot  (tiat 
report.  Tho  (ablfsi  of  pnxlaallan  ara  rc- 
gi'en;  but  it  tiaa  been  tlio  endeavor  loaraiit 
ai  far  aa  pouiUe  •  i^roductlaa  of  the  do- 
leiiptiTe  matter.  VTUlo  aome  of  the  main 
lapin  iIImiuh^  in  the  former  TolamB^  oon- 
rcnung  whieh  nothlns  new  hai  been  bnniEbt 
out,  are  omitted,  other  nbjccia,  wbSeh  vers 
not  adequBloly  dlaooMed  before.  Bte  now 
dealt  irilh  at  muitderabla  lenpth.  A  con- 
■iderabla  niinibi>r  of  (bo  arlictr-s  appur  m 
(|iecijal  con(r!butioni^  vith  the  author*' 
naRUMattaehed. 

Tiu  Gnm  iRum*  aim  Titkut  arrni  ras 
War.  Dt  IIeskt  U.  Viild,  D.  D.  Htm 
York;  C'harlsa  Scribacr'a  Son*.  I^ 
X28.    PlicOitLaUL 

1^1  i«Klan  of  which  thii  book  ^reatbe 
auihof'i  t1ew«  of  iniTTl  i*  not  only  one  of 
tha  Hatal  of  Ibn  earth  in  ila  aoenory,  but  i* 
Abo  pr*don)iiiantly  rich  ui  aMedadona  nf 
profaoo  and  aacrad  bUtory  and  UUnUm 
anil  arl,whMiaro  regarded  b;  the  najcrtty 
of  reading  peo^  with  the  warmett  Inter. 
•M.  It  is  alto  bemming  (lie  aovne  of  *(ii^ 
ring  moTomont*  of  p«o(cr«M  and  palttical 
looouirueiion,  and  thereby  a  cantor  of  great 
miniomponuy  tnte(*i>L  In  dtHttilibg  it  aa 
t  whok  anil  to  It*  diltsrecit  parta.  Dr. 
t  ,  Icid  luu  an  cy*  lo  all  Uimo  polnu  of  inler' 


»S4 


THE  POPULAR  SCISyCS  XOXTBLT. 


Mt,  Mid  ^*t«  W  Mcb  ita  due  place.  Th* 
book  cmUIm  (kap««i«  oa  the  bluid  oC 
C7pn«:  Iha  ibMTM  ol  A^  Hbor;  lb* 
AnliiptUgft;  HUiTr««i  Kii;l«»»  >m1  Tru;; 
CoiuUBiiDoyla  uid  ilw  Aauricut  miailo— 
ud  MdMola :  ui  tb«  aStin  hbI  pf"*!"*" 
uf  Tarlwr  >nil  (ha  m*  auiat,  niik  hlMaria* 
ol  tkt  WP1  avBiiU  tini  k»ra  lad  tv  (o 
IimIHh^wiw  or  aiMOOaBy  ol  iha  laUtr. 

Wmmiuii  Eacun.  pi««  (be  Fnatk 
c<  r.  S«aai4,  wUh  OrigiMl  ClupUf* 
added  br  fUousp  Wuinsu.  New 
y«rk!  CWlea  Stribocr*!  Soom.  Pp. 
lOa,  «1lb  (iCI-faf*  Uhucntloai.    Price, 

Tvtii  b  •  ToloBa  nt  Iba  "  UiMtnUod 
Ulini7  of  W««det^''  •>(  »l<kb  the  f«b. 
DibtM  ai«  twiilag  ■  iM»  and  dwap  odiiiocL 
It  ralato*,  rack  eloer  bci«i  complMa  to 
knU,  a  aunlMr  of  tbc  noU  »*iT«kia 
weifMa  ot  persoaf  frea  rilnma  dtniiar,  of 
wUeh  UMocT  U  ruD,  bechtfnf  «lih  the 
wtttjat  AritumaDea  iba  Mawialan.  eS4  m. 
c;.  ai  Mlued  b;  Pu>aaia^  nA  doalnx  triah 
ibe  caeafca  «t  Loaia  XapolecB  fra*  &»> 
and  JiMca  Stapfcnw,  the  Psnlan,  fram 
KdinMad  Prtun.  la  It  we  And  the  oait*. 
tJTe  of  ike  d«)irrrf  ot  iW  twclre  prieaU  bj 
OtDMnj  Sakii-ULUire. 

Iki  apiwiAS  jucn  Tunux  ScruitAan. 
Bj  Ciuiii.E>  SinKiT-  Pp.  Wl.  with 
Hap*.    TiiK  Lliti-T  llixoTDtuKiL     By 

EltWABB    £.     JlOBUI.        Pp.     S».    wiih 

Uapa  and  Flau.  few  Yurk:  Chule* 
Soribotr'a  Sao*.  Price,  tl  eail- 
TiUBi  Tolimta  b«lrag  lo  the  ■ctici  ot 
"  Rpodu)  ol  Uittprj,"  a  aeriM  tbc  parposc 
ot  wliicb  i*  lo  tclvci  anil  preseot  in  a  tepa* 
rata  Tulmne.  complpte  in  iuelf,  ■  group  of 
oTtfiU  of  iiurh  tmporlBiKv  a>  lo  mlitlv  li  lo 
Iw  ■t>K*nlc()  u  an  epocK  la  the  telKlioa 
of  aalhon  tor  llio  tcTcnl  toIiibnb^  (t8>nl 
ha«  bvtD  had  to  the  apodal  qualifintioaa  ol 
the  wrtWir  fur  the  portnjal  of  the  particu- 
lar potlod  anigni'l  lo  him.  The  tormtr 
rolinoD  aiabrwiet  thai  period — while  the 
hklMj  cd  Oteeoe  »u  Hill  tubstantiaU;  Iha 
hMoiT  of  (be  world — wbno  Athifti  bad 
(ailed  (o  weld  her  aiMordaai  Mlghbor  dOce 
inu  aomctblnfi  llko  naiienaJ  Hii*;,  and  iho 
aopaiiiiicnt  •■■  aboiii  to  bt  lakea  ap  hj 
Ike  ndtr  Mate*  of  Apana  aod  Tb«bM  la 
HNoaaloo,  to  end  la  a  eoniaicin  downfall 
the  kaeU  «f  Ibo  UaofdiKiiui  cun- 


Giccoe had  Mill  i^nati 
din*  of  Sparta  and'  ThebM.  wd  Saa 
Ihm  her  lime  of  uaef  olan*  wai  ■■ 
liallt  oriv.  1Wa<*lame  Aowitta 
naa  nd  ike  apaad  of  tbe  dtdba. 

n*  aeHwd  eotiMM  ia  •  IqgitJ  an 
Ifcaof  ikt  aane  aothor'a  "ApalA 
and  rvlalaa  to  a  period  wbUh  wal  h 
BcMib  peUllat.  and  waa  not  widou 
bat  daoda  fai  ibe  wan  of  other  wa 
WhOe  tba  aa«e  of  Ihe  epodi  k  < 
(ma  BoBllak  falaloiT.  MBB  at  i^  a^ 
tba  IWkiah  wan,  tbe  War  <f  A*  1 
civoccMna^  Aaaon  a  tvyM^^  aaa  aiflj  i 
■atlem  mtt  OM  nioall;  tiaataf  h 
aebaol  UMoriea.  Oae  «r  Iha  bdm  m 
ablv  traturM  Motina  ia  the  litaai; 
njiliMa,  amuos  the  «ub}«rta  of  alU 
UilniiU,  Nowtoa,  Ibe  pocU  ul  Mi 
of  Ibe  period.  Dr.  Joknagn,  Roomm 
TcJtatre,  ffiogiapUM  of  ike  paKtat 
acun  art  abo  (Ina,  and  the  aeeoM  • 
lUag  kaowa  u  ■•  Ud)  'tonj-tn  '  taa 
feijfoU. 


Bttxtmi  oe-  nn  trnm>  !(tiTn  8m 
cu.  SDaTKT.  Kuii.7  toU.vawtk 
TttL  IL  WaahkiKtoa :  Gom^mt 
tosOSca.     P^SW,  ailbPhlM 

Xo.  T  Is  a  (atalofrae  of  g(ol0(tMl  I 
ot  America,  Norib  aad  Scclb,  inm  If 
leei.  contdni^  9JM  iltiM  ama|>dh 
papUnl  and  <kraMlo|hal  erdo,  h;  r 
■atcoa  aord  JoIib  Belknap  Banoa;  I 
it  a  paper  'Oa  SecoadarT  toluy 
UiBcnl  Fmgnicnu  la  Otlaln  Kodo,*! 
D,  Irriag  aod  C:  R.  Van  Bbi,lB  i 
aomclhing  Bke  a  07MaIll«e  powlk  «f 
ttab  b  tndioaud ;  Kol  >  b  "  A  Bcp 
Work  done  to  tbe  Waahtoglea  Uhai 
ijiirint: the  Fiacal  Tf-ar  tSSS,  ISM.'tf  I 
narhraiMlT.  M.Chauid;yalO'i)"0 
t^mbnan  Fanau  of  Kottk  AmcdMi' 
lalliig  parcicuhrlj  to  Ihe  &L  AhB  b 
lion.  New  Bniaxrick.  ud  ib*  Bui 
AtxIUllM,  b;  C.  n.  n'alnit :  NVlIb 
the  Qoaianiaiy  and  Beotat  MoONnal 
Gmm  Baito,  wiik  Dcwrriplba*  at 
Foma,"  h;  R.  EUawonb  CUl  Mi  C 
Gilbert;  Ko.  IS  b  "a  CrrMaUnpi 
8lu4r  of  the  TblaoIHa  of  Lake  U^m 
br  Bdward  &  Daaa:  Ho.  IS  b  a  *« 
the beuadailia of  Ibo  rnlicdSaaMa 
(bcaerenl  Staita  aad 


LITERARY  XOTICES. 


85s 


» 

I 


I 


Ualortcal  kocoaiu  of  llie  lerrllotUI  tfau^W, 
by  Uiinr?  UaaouU ;  and  Xo.  U  U  a  |Miiar 
an  the  "ItiyiivAl  UunMoralka  of  (ha 
|rMM■lrbaltl^'*  Ota.,  by  Cail  Uuti*  utA 
ViMtait  SininUL  Kxucfii  «bm  (ptctel 
pruTMon  hu  bem  mwU,  lb*  I'nMad  8UIM 
Goalagiod  itemjy  bu  iw  ovplw  «t  lU  pob- 
BMtkni  for  i;nluUa«u  lUttribailuo:  Uu 
cuplM  of  OMWI  ul  U*  worfci  u«  «n  Mb  M 
fair  |iik(ia,tlM  mmuj*  rMuUinj  frgoi  wlilcli 
■re,  to  wxonlanM  «ltb  ta  wl  uf  OuaRroM, 
mnrrtd  tow  Uu  TnMiu;  o(  Ibt  lulled 


> 


t1I.D.  rn«MM.!I.J.    rp.  ^  vitt  I IM*. 

UwivMUntI  CotnililiL  ■■r  ■■  AoHrtcu- 
TjmHiii-  llilhnlTrt.llintTii  *'r     T>.m 

■MM  ■ia.ltuulk  »(■■    )>  IK    On  T>lt|*nO(  ij*- 
tMMk     >T  Ifafcaar  AiOMB.P«lb««f.TBttm<- 

BwUmd  <f  lb*  flaOU*  BmMj  of  Xdvnl  Bcl- 
r*r«*.  w.  (■  Btiml.  M,  D.  CgrraiooBilliif  fon- 
UfT.     VM.  V,  »  !.»««. 

Th>  HIII4)'  or  iW  Xtbuil  t^(iMCk    rp.  ;. 

ttiA—  all  lilt  UtMu* ""''"'<  >DFn<iet).    Iti-K 

»r  iKi.t.1  <t,  ifUiiM.  u  i> .  Pbitk&ivbu. 

{i*M<M>lb>>M«*rKuunVli«lata.  B^Im- 
Mr  K.  W«r«.    l-p  t. 

IVanWUM  or  tk«  Pfmiwtal  Bdonllml  Amo- 
IMM  vl  MonSaM*.  HlBuMi.  X.  llt&17.  Ibll- 
tu.  »HT*UiT.    P^  » 

■Hh  t>*talu^  l-MMk.  Mugtlilr.  J.P.flhwn 
BUM  wl  PnpittMr,  mUMUfwt,  r».  I>  \ 
«l>T«r. 

allM*  Hid  <M1  (Tinn  «a  KnwUQMnl  Pr 
T.J.IWMI.TDM0.O.    W». 

llaMla  if  1)^  CbMlnl  ftada^  af  ITaiUnrKiii. 
X«  I.    ,v.lM<«l*.»MnMnr.    n>.». 

TMwIawT  BnllMbi,  Acrtolmnl  <Mkc*  «r 
UlebKH    !>.<■ 

S*w  T*f  k  r  Homr  lonuruH*  0«nl>«r-    rp.  *. 

Tba  Mlbotor  mri»r  fcr  Ho  PiMmCM  at 
BtpAi,  riuci.  Md  rkiuiDI  riaon.  \Aiaa-M :  Ci.  jl, 
Mn«nn.    fyil. 

rarMUa  nd  Niikny  ntbmm.    Mj  Clurlc* 

ir,  iitU,  t>.a-   ■"<•-  v«i>t  »«cMr  ■u  pm^'h) 

lUiHalM.     l'p,UL    tanaiL 

Mobn  AreuT  la  Viuuut  Dibua,  Br  Vlll> 
■■■t  II,  Jt^ifh  H.  ».  N»7.  ^'o  Verk:  a  r. 
raUMa'i  iuM.    I"!",  tt.    *■>  ™nt* 

Tto  pMi-BxUm  tmbmiMig  i-f  fVMM*.  Br 
Oonn  n.  UlilH.  U.  1)  1>  K  TUa  lUtiilMlMi 
rt  <>(nw  ti  Olircai  rUoU  Bi  Un.  J  U.  An- 
don  *n4  ti,  U.  M  UUlir.    IV  ^ 

KifW  Ml  Uwbsr  loipnimm  CasitnCliii  M 
Tiuet:4H*.  AU.  !C*r(niVr  IT  1>*A  l*n>»r<IIirg>, 
W.  U  JiBiIua.  THokuH.     I'p.  M 

Tiia  I-HMn  «<  Moltktl  tij  OiirW  Vumti 
ftlDddifl.  Kam  Oom  loo.:  "  Aw  MuU-  Itw 

Lotunfem  ■CbUHwOanv.  OMf*:  rn- 
cu  niiiuaf  OwfUf.    (V  lA 

E^MirtlM  ti  Jifu.  WMMwtM!  Bvnsr 
HonUM.    Pp-M- 

A  TbHiim  •<  milinum  DUdpMITW* ;  i*!  A 
Ktv  l4'  If  TkMUB-CtaMMrr-  Bf  tl«>rp>  f. 
ll*(«ar.    I'p.  II. 


Rtunatiba  OiMHDlni  AcitattwriSipcrt- 
MM  tuilM  tor  H».    M.-Rurn     1^  UM. 

mctauBNaM.  Bril»n>r.  Kdh  Wub- 
iBt""  -  Ofwamat  l*TUiiIiwii(Iins,    ly  Ml 

BnusM  Collnilun  uF  llinenti.  (nun  KuUn  Iqr 
PntHor  <l*>tiHd  TOO  Kal*.  Ilx<imr(*  r.  Kuu 
ItHTvk.    1>II. 

JtMMt  or  Ihr  latofMtlOM)  KrMrlsU  EiUh 

M  MHra-KntteH,   tv  n.  •mb  riMc*. 

Kfpwt  or  a*  rMhotoA^  DnMOnnit  «f  )t«ikl 
fWwa  Haafllit  fur  tb>  iHMg,  PtDHjInBlftl 
l'P«  Su. 

Ktpvl  nr  H*w  Tot  HU*  StftnnMm.  n>  1 
■Ak     l*t>  M,  Mib  rUM.  ' 

Ob  lb*  Mo««iiin>l'<ran  U  CblM,    Or  IX  J. 

BfpMt  or  9ln  Twt  AnkoWml  KxHrtnMOt 
RmIIw.    Vf.»ii. 

DdIIMIs  of  lb*  TbIM  HUIm  (ItnlMlnl  Sorrrr. 
Km.  UlonLHBMIUUiit  VtUlll.  U'MU>cl>«i 
On<«mtDrrt|  rrlJiIliif-^JQlfA    Tfk  UT. 

Eniluilon  ;  A  'fraxett  r*nllcl.  D]t  CbtHri  r>l 
IVMDt.  LI..  O.  KcvTnk:  JotaiV.XmllCMfl 
V*iV'     IV  1<^     DO  nou. 

E**T  Lmkhh  Ii  BmIIut  f'^'Dr*-  Br-IoMVkJ 
VIlKo.  M.  D.     rUUdalpbU:  p.  BtaklMoi, Sot. V^ 

c*    I'p,;*    11. 

Our  im  tt,t.  *  Kbt*L     Hr  Oalp  HthnUl.' 
Xtw  r.rk :  WUum  t>.  Oowlitftn.     1^,  DA 
rm  MMcftaU  ltd  lAitr  AdBUMlbmi,     Bv 

■Dm  CbiUHB  NhMu  Rr  EfiM  Kittula. 
Kn  y«rk :  VdOnn  IL  <Miiib>nw.     1^  lit. 

RtrbbH.  Rr  Onnai-  Owir  KobfrUot.  IMh^i 
b(V(h  ud  LoDilao:  WTUUiui  lUKkncd  A  BOSA,' 

llotiiUal  RUIan  ud  Ibolt  I>iiitH.  lirE'iV. 
R.  I.biv.  FblUdpali:  I'.  BUkMitii.A>in,AC<b 
I>.1M.    %i. 

Kgniltb  Truhlnfi  Id  tU  PrvlMUal  fbiirrbtL 
Kfw  York  :  K-THibak  A  (UDt.   ^[1  ItK.  wierotk 

TU  6cbnii|.|U>HD  C^SBi.  CUboIM  titKV. 
IXCnff.  ;iHb  (dllhu.  lHmnf.*.X.:  M.1t. 
Bu4hb.    Pp.  III.    mrtaU. 

Tba  AdiNirtMk*  *■  A  lUdlb  BWM  EdIM 
by  J0H|>b  W.  «leU»f,  Si*  Tort:  O.  P.  P«. 
MD'r  AMW    Pp.  IW,     II. 

Tb*  Uto  and  U*bJu>  er  OoMw  Edlu4  br  F. 
B;.Sacib<ni.    Suaius:  TackiwrACa.     IVAM. 

Eraluiluo  TRKti  toohitlnB.  Bt  An>  Z.  Kiod. 
Saw  Tark:  Jiaita  l-aU  A  Co.    Tf  ti^    flM. 

What  DoM  Bbbn  Taxbt  Bv  JehB  Maul 
nivkW  K*v  Yak  :  Uiarba  da<Uiw'*  Sou.  Vt, 
VSt,    'atmta. 

WhHT  u«  W>,  giMI  wbltbn  Tandlnir )  Br  lb* 
KtT.  U.  Il>n>|-.  IkiaUii:  I'gTltAnrkimk  l> 
IM     »<v«lk 

Pa««T  a*  A  IC*iitn*nuilf*  An.  Br  Q«rro 
LaaalBC  braiosd.  Rnr  Vnb:  O.  P.  ruiuau'i 
Eoai.   Pp  At.  |l.m 

An  Apadta  Ctuiolrn  tn  I)ii  W>m  Midr*.  9t 
JoliB  a.  Bouik*,  Kiw  ^srk;  CIihMi  »<r1MH^ 
Su-a.    IV  III.    II. 

Tk*  IhinHflKa  *r  tba  Katttre  ruM  MaM. 
BrU.H.  rmNb.    nilaiWptalai  J.  a  UpiloeNt 

O).   l■^  im.   H- 

A  T*c1-B«rik  Df  loiwsiBlr  Oiriiiiiln.  Dr  Ptd. 
hawVlc«*rT«iKI«t>t>r.  Tnulal-d  bi  i:4nr  f . 
Hniiifi.  riiUadripUa:  P.  BlakMM^  »m  A  Lb.  J^^ 
tm.    II. 

BrpHI  or  Oia  eii«ml(*toD*t  ar  BrlanOoa.  IMA> 
H  Wiablivlaai  (ia*t«ain*OI  mnHw  ■  Utte*. 
I'p.  MA 

ftmd'a  VUMol  UtawT.  Ko.  t.  Mt  IW 
Taan"  iBjPriHgmniL  Bi  fnfirlo  rainn  Pp,  •*  . 
!(«  1:.  IhlUa  llaraM't  PAnimar^  Ht  L»d  Dr- 
tto.   t>.  IM.    tl»  it  AnMUHfnpkj  Ol  Vt^mM 


8;6 


TBE  POPULAR  SCISXCE  UOXTHIT. 


Til'-  I  T--  '  •-  ■'-     WvMaaidb 

VMm  af  Arm  S«*«n.    Sir  AMftaa 


TkM  VMm  af  Ar«M 
W.  Oradr.    X«i>  Yak:  I 


Tb.   rWmtM  urt  riftmr  ladntitH  at  Oa 

n  aM  en -itk  tiT  ruM 


POPUUR  MISCELUNY. 

nt  SUdf  af  iMerltu  UarufM— 
Dr.  Dl  G.  BridMn  Iim  pMblfabed  hi  rMcom, 
•Udb*tMiM);ddli>N«dbdinraiheFaD. 
wjXnait  HlalHfnl  Bode^.M  lb*  Mmit- 
uao  af  iteajtoe  Aawrifa  l^ynty.  B*- 
f  crrlBK  to  the  prvttdiwiil  pko  «hkk  li  glran 
u  bagiu|t«  Id  ih»  itnij  at  aOattii^,  W 
*bo»  th«  Itt  MadyUlMAkdnlr  *M«alial 
la  tba  etliBologg;  d  Anierio^  ta- **  tu(iMf« 
I*  khMM  onr  oalf  dav  lo  dlM*nr  Hit 
kindilp  of  ihoM  couMkaa  acMUnd  bcrtca 
*bo  rauned  ib«  foraiU  of  ihU  broad  ca»- 
tincaA."  nrougb  iba  Aid  d  thb  nad; 
kloMk  Dr.  Bctetm  MifN  *a  bt*  alnad; 
rcwbed  Ifaa  poaftir*  kaowUid^  Ibat  mat 
of  ilie  •!«•  of  Somlk  l^aifrr.  Iacl«iliii|t  fhe 
■rhok  of  lb*  Woa  Udka,  ■■*  wxatfiei  bjr 
three  giaai  familia*  of  oatioms  not  odc  of 
■tUeh  had  foniMd  an?  hafMrbnt  aottltncM 
on  dia  Kittlicm  eonihaat.  Bj  dtnUar  *H- 
dene*  wc  Ino*  thai  tbn  trflw  whkb  ficated 
Pens  «Im«  ke  UbM  od  tbo  itic  of  Phlla- 
delpbia  na  a  nKnbar  of  cm  vam  tutilj — 
Iha  AlgOMialit  audc— whoaa  Tarioiii  clan> 
eilotiidtd  from  CiM«Una  lo  lAbradnr,  lad 
from  Uia  njltnunaal  tape  of  Keofouaii- 
Unil  la  th(-  ptoka  of  the  Rodj  MousUiac, 
OT«r  SO'  >.f  latititdt  aad  tO'  et  longitiiila. 
Wa  abo  kaonr  Ibal  the  pKi*^nl  (miit  of 
tnipalka  to  tha  uortlirra  oonttnrnt  bu 
bam  from  mjrth  to  tmiih,  and  tbat  Ihli  b 
tnia  dS  ibo  more  aaarlj  driUwd  u  wall  aa 
of  dw  mora  aarafjc  tribea.  Butfutfcrttah 
nal  lororaailan  b  onlj  a  put  of  icbsl  thnt* 
laiigiugDS  are  cajtable  ot  ili*cliuinft,  for 
>b«n  tigbtl;  DDcd  ib«7  mar  raraal  tho  famcr 
lifvot  (ha  aborljitna  and  iha  origin  of  bl* 
eiiMomi,  Um,  miprntliilnni,  aju)  rallsioiu. 
T*i  lb,'  Bumbcr  of  (hon:  "rbo  are  ^nag  ab 
ImiioQ  to  the  ttndf  of  them  !■  amaD.  In 
GcnnaBT  there  •»  Von  TfchniS,  *bo  bu 
p<ibH«hnl  a  ralump  on  the  "(^uinhiia  of 
Peru";  D[.  Stoil,  who  mtlcea  a  ■pcnl&llf  of 


tbo  language*  a€  Goaiemala; 
Flatamann;  "ftj*  Pfrifnaor 
tor;  tarraaea,  iha  Oonnt  dri 
Ludaa  Jbdam,  aad  a  frv  oibrr  *iatel 
•bn*  MiiaonaevTa  ba*  psbUrbrd  a  (a 
mrBilal>la  ttrita  at  Anieriran  rnmm 
1b  ib«  UniKO  Staua  ae  baio  ih*  iantfl 
tbBM of  Iba  Boraan  of  l^aokKT:  Dr.Jl 
GBmai;  Shaa,  who  br^aa  a  'Ubnn 
icaaiimn  UnpiUiic* " ;  Hr.  UonrtioBil 
Dr.  J.  HaBcioai')  TrunibuU;  l>r.  VmIA 
ton  Hutbrvai  tht  AbM  Cuwi,aul«ba 
all  of  vImbi  bar*  wnrkvd  wItboM  itn 
or  Iba  bojie  ol  rcvaid,  iriihoM  am 
•tliDnlaa,  aod  afanoat  trilboal  tacapUi 
Dv.  Bfflntott  *ii*nV«  diax  aosna  of  ov  e 
li^ra,  loorari  aodcdta,  or  famaa  tt  i 
race  should  offer  btdneeutnu  Ik  lUi  iMi 
and  aika  ibe  portiMtt  namioi^  'ft 
«e  Wtc  feUoiriiUpa  and  piultatonh^ 
abuadaneo  for  th«  taacbInK  of  the  dead  li 
gn^ea  and  dead  reUgfotMof  laethtrfaR 
•pbtn^  and  not  one  tor  Inatracdon  ta  Ih 
tettgnea  of  our  om  bad  «Ucb  Un  lo 
thooaand  proper  naina  fotai  «,  all 
■rotd*  we  repeat  daUj,  and  vbaae  MMd 
b  aa  iBpottaat  to  the  pUIoacfddt  Hatj 
*pee«b  aa  aa;  of  tba  dbbctt  vd  Gram 
Indbt" 

Thr  8aBlbn«  UalU  af  Cbdal  Mi 
—Once  Ut.  n.  CaniU  Lcab  dMoa 
bb  tracing  of  the  tcnnlnal  gbdal  nsd 
aereaa  PccniiyKuiia,  mumIm  hM  kl 
nllod  bit  iliUcreot  obnnu*  U  aM  I 
peaied  lo  ibem  local  crUenoea  tt  |Im 
actba  fat  ibc  rc^oa  MVtb  of  the  Uae  fi 
bj  Unb  Blemi  lacli  apoc*  hate  ben  p 
tlenbrl;  mcadoacd,  «na  of  abicb  it 
far  aonth  aa  WaM  FUkddpUa.  llr.l# 
ba«  made  paraoad  ennlattbm  at 
ibcM  placva  for  ibe  pntpeaa  of  «a«R<i 
big  whether  tbe  cnppoaed  cridcaov  * 
real,  sod  mbCh,  la  the  paper  wUcb  ht  I 
pabliihcd  OD  the  (ubjMt,  >j  tbe  NmIi 
bit  IniMtlpukoa,  that  be  hai  fowdai 
■m  to  dtango  hb  dednilioo  of  tbt  uad 
Hno.  In  «T*(7  hwtaiwa  be  ha*  (otad  p 
tiTc  crldcnoc  of  (tladal  actloa  antbC 
Ihnl  the  narha  rvllod  opOB  l^lhM  1 
bare  luppoacd  luch  aedoa.  In  mpptlt 
Ihctr  rie**,  oan  be  unpl;  aoooaarlfd  ta 
eff«cta  ttf  water,  or  of  acmoopberie  or  M 
ly^MMaea  tban  that  of  ebcUl  ics. 


POPULAR  illSCELLAyr. 


8S7 


gniTel  depodt  U  VoM  mUil*l|itila.  «liliA 
llr.  C.  B.  Ball  hM  rcgaAid  ■■  ■  f;lariil 
monlM^  "i>  ideniUal  with  ibmx  wUA  «» 
ant  all  aloOK  tba  Del«nr«  [rom  TraitMi 
to  WlbninffloD."  Eren  M  tbt  Wind  Otp, 
onlr  a  than  dlalaBai  aautli  of  bit  moniau 
Ul■I^,  Mr.  Lo«ri  ilid  Mil  bm  ■  ■lagia  HntclMd 
or  Ifanapottfd  tMniihr,  nor  aiijr  ttris  or 
ntlier  «ifn«  f>(  fl»dati«M,  although  tb«ae 
■crv  abaailant  thrco  ntioa  aaa;,  «hero 
llwjr  tud4(Blr  itoppcd 

■ukrla  ud  S>nrttal  Luritoa.— Tha 

pcaUIr*  JwBwitialiiiti  (if  lIio  toiporUiit 
(W(OT*c«  ef  bMWrial  |-n]vtli9  in  turpnl 
tariona,  laja  Dr.  H.  0.  Uarcj,  of  Bucion, 
la  an  a4dr«u  before  a  tcMiea  «( tb«  Aniera 
loan  Mwlltal  AModatian,  mnild  letga  no 
lengM  mntiag.  Iia  reoogniiioa  in  tbe  «n>. 
hnlon  of  fk«  ■jMcou  gf  modcfn  wound- 
li«aui>«nl  ii  agiparcnl,  jct  Dr.  Hirer  ii 
nadjr  to  adiajt  tlM  "manj  quoMlon*  of 
graat  nagnhade  romaln  aoMitkd,  thalnanr 
wbj*oto  coDiicffod  thcrcalih  are  ihraud«d 
!»  lloulll  and  obacnril^r,  and  that  many  Hclild 
of  paat  pTomiae  Ttaiatn  jct  for  uiplora- 
Hon.  Whilo  thia  tnay  Uniptr  our  ml,  aud 
auaa  ua  u  axamlM  vtik  doubU  caution 
o«r  proDibiM  and  eonoluaioiu,  U  can  iwt  Uiu 
Icat  inlmuhta  «Tei7  thougbiful  atndunt  to 
bcUer  «adMTiir  aod  nnowod  ctttn."  Tho 
■oo  eonnnonljr  bold  idoaa  o[  anllaeptio  mir- 
BCt7,aaeontitUnf;ar  cubAlle  add  applfol 
aa  ipraf,  or  la  droitias,  ar«  bfllvrcil  lo  bf 
"uol  odIj  *Mp«r<l«lal  aud  lulilcKJiafC  l>ut 
dlallncllf  lueonvc*  aad  tnjurioua,"  Eucit 
IntpcrfMi  kwywlidcaolanf  •droiilUlrMli* 
niuat  harr  lU  fralUB)  oolj  la  evil,  hailing 
to  a  dlitniM  In  Dtctfaoda,  at  tiM  btM  oelj 
half  undcrMood,  and  tlio  rcmlu  oblalnvd, 
whora  pnMonloa  bi  wouada  haa  not  bcpn 
■MUfad,  ar«  faiadr  ripontd  In  proof  that 
aalbeptle  •orgcij  (■  eelj  tho  (aahioB  of  th« 
bour.- 

Dfptli  of  rrMM  IreUa  SolL— Gmnal 
Sir  J.  n.  Uttroy  oMauiualMtad  to  iho  Bfiu 
lab  .^awirtaltow  at  lla  kal  moMlag  th«  re- 
M1b^  M  nw,  of  raaaawhw  to  aaoertidn  the 
depth  of  iha  peiaaMMiljr  ffown  aofl  Iniha 
Ateila  rvElaH  of  Shoria  and  DriiU  Nonh 
Ai—rfca.  Tho  dtpih  ol  tho  "poptiwU 
|tT«iBd.lt«,"  M  It  U  i4tl«l,  hiu  beta  foond 
Ki  Iv,  tu«F  Vakwlak,  (IllMria,  ibtM  bnndred 


and  ri^t]M<ro  (Mt.  Bnt  frw  actual  tMa» 
urenionta  have  boaa  t«ronl«l  In  Konh 
Amoriia,  for  tho  poopla  *bo  poMma  a  par. 
potwlljr  l^oMB  Mil  do  nM  Bke  lo  apoak  ol 
It,  for  ftaf  ihu  U  maf  b«  t«prdnl  a*  a  itlg> 
ma  Rffdnrt  Ihcir  elinata.  Tb«  gnatnt 
tUdmaaa  of  "gnMBd-ke"  ^rt  actually 
ncanred  In  Amortm  ia  fottirJIiv  t«rt,  •• 
UMajRiWl  bj  Sir  Jolm  Ritbardtan  la  bll- 
todo  »4'  Vf  and  lon(i;iludc  IW  IS'  «•«(. 
lliBre  I*  |;aod  roaaon  to  bi>U«To,  bowa««r, 
thai  wtOdn  tba  AiMlo  Cbelc  ia  America  ■ 
IhlEknoM  ef  Kmtiad'lea  to  attainod  mueh  ex- 
ocodbig  Ibat  al  Takuub.  IJMiiiooanl  F.  H. 
Bay,  tr.  8.  A^  aank  a  pit  near  Ptdnt  Jtar- 
mm.  In  1883,  lo  a  d<plh  of  Ihiiiy-eight  foc4. 
At  twcnly-c^lit  fnit  from  tho  raifaoe  tho 
loDpoialuro  of  tho  toll  «raa  I  i'  I'alu'. ;  a»d 
It  «a*  Ilia  aanxo  at  lhlrtjr«i^i  fott.  V(b- 
Ini:;  the  anil  of  Incrnaao  of  icinpamtilro  per 
uoii  of  df]nh  tiiidi-rground  at  I'  Falir.  f«* 
aiitf  Jgur  fivi,  I.lniiuiitDnt  Aay  prorialonal- 
IjroDmpuiod  the  tola!  ihlckaoMof  Ibi  UoaL 
about  ibirlcwn  hundred  froU  Thu  drplh  (« 
vthicli  iliD  suDnDcr  thaw  rrai'bot  and  It*  ralo 
of  progroa  ars  mora  variabl?,  for  ibajr  at* 
more  dependent  on  tho  acuon  and  ihc  ox- 
(KMura  tlian  Iha  dopth  of  tho  frown  aoli, 
Thff  muM  KToally  tnfluraoo  Uhi  a-;rt«iJlural 
capatillltlni  of  Iho  placo.  In  aonia  ttapoMa 
the  ribtonco  of  •  freotn  tlnlnin  idmIb^ 
gKxind  mi;  ba  MSinlod  »a  raiher  aa  a^ 
Taota^  Iliaa  othanrbo.  Tho  ooqilaf  of  ibo 
turrii««  aoU  lAIch  It  eSccu  appear*  lo  ba  a 
prmidon  lo  caqntetwct  the  laMwo  bntlag 
puoer  of  tho  aun  hi  the  aanuncr  inonlha, 
and  (0  leouo  n  lupplj  of  auiituie  lo  tho 
lOMa  of  0«rMla  what  the;  moat  nqrire  ft ; 
*o  iDiidi  to  thai  Omen)  Ldroj  bdlewa 
tlial  apioBllural  eiporkoco  in  the  Kortli' 
■0*1  souU  b«  ia  faror  ot  irtalolng  It.  orm 
if  it  Koro  pcMlbla  (o  got  rid  of  It. 

Tho  Traifh  ef  •  filerw.— A  t  tb*  mart- 
log  of  tbo  Hofai  HcbMotosliBl  Eodsir 
bold  Noromber  IBth,  Ur.  Otmn  lUrtlM 
read  •  paper  on  "  Tbe  ^rpbeea  Origia  of  ih* 
Wcatbar  over  the  BtUih  Ulna  faitog  (bt 
Second  lUir  of  October.  ItU,"  ahkh  md- 
bodkJ  Ibe  Int  dallj  tnclng  >Uch  baa  boon 
nada  of  a  rtorm  fmot  the  PacMe  Oeeaa  lo 
Eoiopo.  The  antbor  ibowod  hj  ncaaa  of 
daily  iharta  thai  •  typhana  n^ueh  orlidnalMt 
the  rhUlpipIae  blanJa  on  ^ptcmbar 


858 


TBB  POPULAR  SCI 


i 


SiLh  pManl  am  iufVk  Mil  Hip  Alnllu 
AitUpob^,  oaO  oiHTtd  Uw  Vaiwil  Huu* 
Ocwliif  lOtk.  CnMdne  ttw  Knoll;  UoonUla 
nuige,  it  pnKccdMl  ihrociRh  Ui<t  Nurlliimi 
BmUb  tnd  Cuutla  to  LalimW  and  Ua*l* 
Snh.  ljnlb«AilBUteltwM>elaadwifa 
ink  b;  BMlhtr  dituirbum  «bM  Ud  «*«e 
«p  fi«M  dw  Atlurth  ttofdo^  tlw  JnaMfoo 
of  tbe  mo  bdas  foUoved  br  ■  <c«Mtie«  of 
progKMlr*  nwremmt  trom  tba  IMh  (0  Ito 
aath.  DarfnB  tUi  pcfM  1  MrtM  pfe 
■Mch  pHMd  «hi»g  tbo  WHithem  eoontloi 
of  Bigluid  00  the  m«ra)iig  nT  tlw  Mtb— « 
•lonn  tiM  tarKattlae  ^  ■Mcb  mu  ihtwn 
M  bo  tmpottiilil*  *M  r««MiI.  Foltoidne 
ia  iIm  Mliacr  lUi  uoniilM  pamii  crckse 
raadied  Ihc  Freiwli  omM  m  Hie  STUi,  U» 
•dront  Iwiog  inkik«d  17  tiokM  Rtke  ud 
viue«iT»  Mwdi  vm  Uw  Hbete  of  VToMw* 
■ltd  UfDlnl  Eurofw  ddiI  Algtri*.  PMii*( 
Ibraiq^  l*niiiOT  iftd  Ibe  XolliitlRndM,  llw 
dktiirbwiM  ihowed  (ipMCil  «iluMi*ika,Md 
ub  N'uirvinlMr  IM,  In  iIm  Ilaim  (1  quIvU; 
diipaiMd,  tivit  aemMfilWhlnf;  a  Jowntjr  of 
RMt*  Umu  (iilMii  tliouMsd  intlH  tu  ihlrt;- 

rrliflplM  of  IMMiT  Rut— Writla]) 
■boui  "Th*  llituM  of  lloUdiTi,''  Dr.  An- 
drew Wllfon  taatak*  that  itcrc  Li  a  wlto 
■wtbod  td  »p(sdlag  ««t  Idnrv  time,  u 
ibtn  b  a  fooliib  a&d  bod;.«cariBg  ImUm 
ol  tkaUng  wiih  It.  ll<st,  in  lb*  haSdaj 
•coM^  dec*  nM  niMm  abcoln*  iMmMM, 
but  NfOH  of  iho  faMllSo^  powvn,  ind  ««»■ 
efgl«a  wblck  at*  octf aarilv  Gicncd  In  our 
dall;  ataodation*.  It  tmZudM  and  mtlin 
■UonuLM  for  tbe  brining  Idio  pin;  of 
fi««h  niucta,  n««  Ihonghti,  and  no'd  ci- 
[irricncci  of  men,  dtlif,  ifKirtt,  and  lur- 
roiutdlAg*  U  lorsA  To  tbt  btingkug  Into 
pla}'  ol  thoM  now  fMultJM,  little  oanl  I* 
our  UBoal  omplujmtaU,  U  addtit  the  «i«u- 
liu  of  lbs  |i<ue  ail  and  frcah  •enwrjHDong 
vhi^b  tht7  arv  nwtad.  Hmm  w«  onder- 
■taiul  tlial  Imtiiiaj  nM  Implita  btaltbr  ae- 
tiiit;  of  pow*n  hUcI^  but  fof  the  Ofpof 
tiinil;  it  alTurda,  «oaU  be  ■p4  to  lit  dor- 
nunt  atnl  uoiuod.  In  thia  (ir«  of  tbe  ob- 
Joet  of  rMi  H  wotU  1m  a  iborangh  ndsialn 
for  a  bu*T  (nan  not  aa  IntaGd  to  bur;  bin- 
•elt  in  Mm*  dull  rwort  wbarv  he  nill  lin*- 
I>1;  lanKui'li.  withoiM  iha  tlifhIeM  ipMk  of 
inicTtsi  beiiv  ovoiiod  bf  bb  Mmradiaet. 


I 


POPULAR  mSCHLLANy. 


«S9 


bf  her  pow*  knil  ularicr;  ibt  ajnboU  uul 
Mcrtd  kgefHl*  «f  lb*  MidMit  UtcnUr*,  lb« 
oripAkl  mftha  wbkh,  btving  undngooe  ■ 
Hri«a  of  lnLnif««tiuitioiui,  liatu  gtitrod  ■ 
IdmIwU  In  ibc  pvpoter  eonocpUcd  wd  be- 
cone  (tUy  nwhs,  Ite  iiitIIm>  ite  priut- 
U*n  (mriDt  o(  ohWi  •»  fiud  bf  llw  ducl^t- 
girii  In  the  AnsfclMr  bM4«li«b,  ar*  Uw 
MOM  u  ar«  rc|>rr«*nt«l  In  Isgcadarj  fotn 
In  Ibc  rojal  fffti'ali,  knd  u  nujbawlu 
Hanoi  b<  asjr  rtolwr  at  th«  pake*  of  King 
Norodom  I  of  OunbwKk.  WklU  «  diuLr  of 
wonts  rhant  lb*  laSMd*  boan  tho  andml 
Morail  potcea,  Mfaar  BcMn  rikntl;  fclRB,  b 
poMwiM  rvIlRlouiljr  p(«acribcd  hf  tradition. 
Ibo  motion*  ItKif  ara  aoppoMd  (o  tt*\  and 
t(w  dlCsit^l  phaoM  of  (be  drama  n>|>t«. 
^  Mntd.  Tboii,  thitf  lotorpn:!,  bf  Ibo  auno 
B  BlUtndM  aa  vara  (ajcniTod  upea  Ihe  atoiie 
~  two  tbouMsd  Tear*  ago,  tb*  mjiha  and 
primttiTD  bcUrf*  Uiat  irwre  lUal  In  iha  ImaAl- 
DAttonof  Iha  Ar^anaBhcB  tbcjflnit  «merol 
IboMBlank. 

h 

■        Eftdi  of  tittd  on  nrrobF*.— Up.  J.  J. 

BOoImma  and  Pf^fouor  J.  G.  UcKcndrlrk 

^|wn«  bMn  nakbs  ripnimenii  an  tha  ofTfcU 

of  mM  upem  niicraphjtc     WKb  a  niochan- 

leal  tnetet  timj  produoed  a  cold  of  SO'  bo- 

lor  wn,  and  lo*er.  lo  whicb  ihej  rspoicd 

patre*ttbl«  >abiiaii«M  for  rarloui  Iciigttha 

of  tl«M ;  then  ihe  aame  *ubi(aD«9  w«i«  o- 

pCMcd  Ui  ik*  ooodlliona  of  icmpcmtur*,  eUi, 

nndcr  »hidh  pnltrftction  ii  derelcipnl.  Bad 

IIm  r««iilu  iistvatiierttA.    Tbo«ipoiimcsU 

Vol*  made  with  meata,  froh  asd  cannod, 

idne,  milk,  brer,  ab,  eicat-Jnlop,    muml. 

bed  rrgctabt«  iofudoni^  putrptjing  Suldi^ 

phlinoui  isfiuioo*  of  meal  with  gnip«.*u. 

BV,  (to,  fai  «ipoiui«  l«  oold  at  from  80*  to 

ISO*  batow  lon^  for  from  a  fo*  hour*  to  a 

buwlrad  hoiin  or  xa-sn.     Tlie  nmilta  vera 

hi  evriT  eaw  lubiluiUtlr  >bi*  raTnc.     Tli« 

putrofactin)  pvocwi  was  checked  mid  miuto 

•lower  Cora  (im«,  but  In  no  caw  vero  ihn  iiii< 

.  tm-ofpMbnM  M  tboniugliljr  doalnTcd  bin 

ibaipatnraelloniettn  agaiii  after  a  groaUr 

or  tvM  tonsih  of  otpoMiK  u  a  l«iii|wratur« 

faranblo  lo  !l    Tlie  «onaln*Iae  of  the  ci- 

pwluouMr*  waa  Ihal  lb*  dtgroc  of  raid  Uirj 

tmplojol  nay  parhaj*  be  eMopeteni  to  do- 

■troy  B*l*(t<  deTalo|)«il  Mxaaimu,  lyu  nol 

U  klQ  (be  cmn«.     A  «al<l-b1oo(M  nclninl 

— •  fros— «aa  ftocon  wild  by  a  baJf-boui'* 


•xpoonn  (o  a  Itoiptntun  «f  from  —10*  to 
—la',  but  raeotcnd  ««  boinc  tliawed  out, 
ubilo  afwr  twenty  minuka'  eipoMite  to 
—  IW  It  fallix)  to  rMOTor.  A  warmJiloadod 
animal— k  rabU* — waa  not  frana  by  an 
hoi)r'<M|ioau«lo — loo*,  bni  lu  boiBly  !«»- 
p*ntiui*  bctamo  reduced  from  00°  to  ii'. 

BeMocnr;  In  ib»  IIIf;h-S4k*»lr~lD  a 
report  on  city  aeboob,  the  lal«  )Ir.  Julin  D. 
Pbllbtlek  aoeounta  fw  tfao  npU  growA  ot 
public  ««MlnMM  in  faror  of  tbo  Ugh-Mbiw^ 
whieb  hai  not  been  ttnflned  to  any  one  aeo- 
(ion  of  the  counlTT.  by  obacrriDg  that  those 
kIiooIb  Dntarnlly  Gml  faiiM  in  a  dcmocntie 
community,  bnvuae  ihty  are  the  nwrt  ituty 
democratie  o(  all  out  iiulilutianA.  "Kotb- 
Ing  ii  morv  MmmoD  than  to  ro  piipik,  rep- 
relenting  Ihe  ritremta  in  the  trncial  tctiii, 
uitia^  aide  by  aide  In  Ifao  Uf^h-achtMl  olkao- 
a.  1  liATe  ircFn  Ihe  ton  of  ibe  cultundand 
wealthy  merdunt  and  the  aon  of  a  Twy 
poor  bnmijiirani  goinf*  lof^er  fiiim  tbo 
eaae  otan  in  the  ftaniBur^diool  to  the 
Mme  olaaa  in  Uw  hifth-ochoeJ,  Ihe  femer 
■pending  Ua  pockel-money  to  buy  ihe  rDcjut- 
rile  onlfil  of  cloihm  and  booki  (ur  the  hl- 
tei.  I  ha>o  aeen  yoonR  ladka  ceming  from 
familiia  of  Ihe  fital  ruiik.  Dot  only  ia  »■ 
*pri;l  10  cullurv  uid  wtollb,  but  alM  in  r^ 
Kpu-t  to  anorptnl  pteleoaiont,  paAiing  the 
Ihtw-y (nja  oonne  la  the  i^'rb'  bi^h-aehool 
rideby  Mdf  with  the  dtughier  of  the  taburcr 
ami  the  washer- womaiL  In  a  lubuitMn  town 
I  hare  leni  the  daughter  of  a  wealthy  manib 
faelurer  procuring  by  *utiteriptlo«i  Ihe  fnnda 
to  enable  a  olaumal*,  tho  worthy  aon  of  a 
poor  Iruh  farmer,  to  obtain  the  clothing 
Dpedfol  to  mtHit  it  pra<ticaMe  for  lum  to 
perform  the  part  asiignod  bim  on  g^diuii. 
!ng-day.  At  iblaHmofohooloa  grodoatlo^ 
day  I  hoTc  beord  Ibo  MilntatoT;  oddnM  by 
the  dnu|[lit«r  of  an  Eogli-h  Immierunl  )a- 
Imrer.  abo  can  neither  read  n^ir  wrii<%  ami 
Ibe  lateiliototy  by  the  daui-bler  ot  tho 
•realthiot  enpitalist  In  town,  while  the  nuMt 
nieritorioiii  perfantsanee  on  Iho  ooMuion 
wai  by  a  (SiitM  of  the  young  man  retenoil 
to.  nit  youos  min.  it  miy  be  added,  wbtt 
ha*  been  during  the  Bit  or  At  ytnni  alnto 
his  Rrnduallon  moil  iiidiitlrlomly  at  woth 
on  bii  (alhor'i  Ilillo  fann,  la  aa  afdmt 
friend  of  i)i<i  IiI^Ii-mIiodI,  anil  ho  regacda 
the  'IdrA  thul  rdutsUon  uiiHu  a  man  for 


8fio 


TBE  POP  CIAS  SCISyCB  ^OSTBLY. 


M9t  ad^bor  M  tiU>  tt"*^  <"■*'*  '■*^  l* 
■  ■•■of  ita  Mae  ■adnMlIt]' lad  ia  iinil- 
1u  iliiiMilMiiiw.  who  «b««cd  ■■•  w]ih  M 
UlUt  fdd*  t«a  rtrcv  mc4>l«  'hkh  •  na 
nd  ■  da^Ur,  aow  wwUif  logitlwt  b  IIm 
■§■•  JwehrtoiT,  obUincd  at  Uib  Mgb- 
iAooL  •&«,'  idd  I,  -1  hm<e  jut  b«n 
naJlw;  Ifceaitth^  af  m  nun  of  iMrang 
nd  hdhKMQ  BCwJtPwing  ibc  tm  hlgb- 
•cho(il,ui  MgnlBcUiBt  bthoaUba  >!»(■ 
UMd.*    -Tl iii/lmiplliit.  'Iiiwi[ilii 


T»o  5»ii  XMlud  SnaUlUir— Ilr.  J.  n. 

\jaTj  Kkbolit,  *bUc  cijilariDg  tbe  "  fUttg 
Oamii;  "  of  ^e«  ZialMid,  PMoaided  la  ••- 
Hofing  tt*  Uboocd  TotaaA  of  Toagulaa^ 
«U^  tW  Jlanb  csMdAer  k  Moribge  to 
aptmwk.  ncthMn-oInwetlMtiiMiko 
h  fotBt  mllcnitrlj  an  klaost  «aai|il«M  dr- 
de,  riong  fnn  •  Icrd  {dsUu  cfccart  t,000 
fwlolioTctham;  ahilc  the  bwningncmit- 
ais  tHoU,  of  wendMfftllj  ojumwIiIhI  pro- 
poidoM^  tiMi  boa  ifc«  boUoM  of  u  u- 
Unil«*  bMtnAt  d^HMioD  in  lb«  rtfj 
OlBMr  of  lUl  p«a  drdo  of  osM«  Bud  d- 
ttan  omlcn.  At  7,000  tMt  aboiw  tbo  on 
il«  tn*elcT  wM  oUc  M  Isok  vr»  fb«  bat, 
qotktag  «dge  of  tbe  cmcr.  «bkb  U  drcs- 
Im;  Bcuir  ■  mUe  u>  drcuiBfraeacs^  and  400 
fcetdwfh  WithiaitvwBnallfrarteacr 
enter,  fnud-ohapcd,  lad  Mpuucd  fran 
tbe  larger  one  ool;  b]r  ft  iiarM*  «np  or  rUlp, 
Ai  tbe  batMnD  «(  tb*  ertlcr  trera  ocMtcnd 
■iMnt  bi^^  rodif  'M|I(^  <^««  th«  Uif« 
Bmupm  of  «bldi  }Hi  of  «MB  tnimt  foMb 
«ilb  ■  noHnc,  Mrawhlug  ooiM  (hu  (cbiiod 
(ram  ibe  dqxha  below  with  a  valUag  oDiuuL 
"  Boi  iprfaei  ocnt  op  ritwm*  of  bolUag 
water,  whidi.  ntmlng  over  ihc  kAm  and 
lodng  tbosfclm  la  ibf  tint  *ai^  w«i«  Hnt 
bllb  IMO  tbe  air  afaia  io  Um  fonn  «f  coik 
tax  )rt«  «f  vapor,  Uinlature  tOMa  of 
^ik.  (Bokiog  mud  roM  up  fa  ererr  diroo- 
tin,  vliOe  eroaod  an  wai  a  aMItiloit  f*"d 
■■■a  of  almoal  nMbin)  *<A\.  In  v^trj  dU 
I  WM*  large  dtiKMiui  uf  pur*  '}rOa^ 
r,  amna  «f  wUeh  aaaamtd  a  rotk-likc 
Ai  «Aer  pkcce  It  fonned  a 
Ibo  naamlng  nnh,  nnd  when 
I  aetio*  WB«  IcH  tntiniw  ihe  ir'li- 
crynab  oorered  the  pound 
:  « t«UA  boot."    FVm  the  top  of  Uic 


Bti^bedng  ptU  neenulo  of 
«,2Mf«t«  aboT«  thefM,  "agJorisoK 
boMi  upOB  lb*  rWw.  f«afc 
peak  froB  the  daullnf  ciimae  aT  uf*, 
cadi  loiverfag  maaa  of  lodi,  ttated  of  ■  xd- 
dbb  bne,  Btaadlaff  evt  dcartTddfacd  ladMt 
tbe  n^rt-bloe  Arj.  Iirnwillalilj  bMBtfk 
where  ve  Rood  *ma  a  atecp  prerifiw  alU 
(en  pafpewUeaAarij  ftar  hMdwJi  o(  IM 
befciw,  aad  benealli  tbla  apdn  waa  a  wr- 
"*****  drcio  Of  jiQpd  roco  wftta^  Ac 
omllaa  of  a  gipniie  CMtn,  Wed  la  he  Ma 
vtib  nunr,  whidi  wu  faiiwnl  vtto  ^m 
uf  p**'  deptb."  Adjoining  dnl  piM 
nraiBlainia  theOnetapa  DcB(il.<ir''dt««n 
cf  «end  Mod,"  forming  taie  of  Ibo  mm 
onima  fwatiUM  o(  tbe  rcptm,  aUtfa  co««i 
a  large  arva  of  counit;.  **  In  la^Bcr  b  b 
pardiad  aad  dried,  aail  gfrea  file  onlr  M I 
few  nuaiad  Alpine  ptaola  i  and,  h  ib«  •bw 
■DMlw,  wbea  tha  aoowa  nm  it,  li  i>  bad 
lUDoBlt  aad  daoceriMa  lu  tnrrrte.  Ibi 
dMCrt  at  tha  aarikor  la  oonpaaed  Wbil] 
of  a  drroall  nf  acnria,  wtih  rawM  UMa 
aad  tiadiftle  bowUtra  abOTw,  while  b  *•■< 
placaa  riae  cnanooaa  lan>rUp*-  ^  <» 
fiiimalliaii  It  would  appear  m  U  Roeptka 
wbea  fa)  a  atatc  of  actliitr,  had  dbpilnrtd 
ha  aboirtTof  a*bc«  lad  laraonriUcaik 
icgloa ;  aad  h  wodd  aba  apptat  Ai^il 
tbe  period  at  wldch  tbU  encadaedtpMltiH 
«f  aeoiia  oeetirteJ,  tlwre  aniM  have  ka 
growing  wpoa  iU>  vcrj  ipot  aa  cucwin 
fomt;  for  a«  we  code  oreriliediwiTat 
paoBo  wc  found  tbe  Naodaa  of  nontoa 
Ucea,  wbkk  bad  ben  wrerted  into  (te' 
mal.  ai  it  were,  at  ibc  tfae  wbta  thai 
aahna  twcpt  «Tcr  tlw." 

Pratrtnao  antart  Balaria.— V#  \m 
alnadj  notictrd  tbe  di»cu*vt7,  br  I'rofaa 
on  KMa  and  TeouaiajM^nidetli,  of  ih 
badeiial  gFm  of  Malaria  in  tbe  eeU  al 
the  BoMoa  Campagaa.  TbiaditeOM;* 
pane  of  tbe  diefnkal  Ibnctaa  «f  the  Ml 
gin  of  HUariB,  and  ndtnaa  manbia  fioi 
tbe  (ti^n  of  bring  lia  dlrea  prndtotM 
There  ate:,  in  fact,  marakra  wbm  (biM  i 
DO  Malarial  diatar«,  and,  on  the  other  )aaj 
dbeaae  tagee  where  ib«re  arc  no  muika 
Tbe  malarial  gcna,  howcrer,  leqoirtaaM 
tain  degree  of  axdattore  for  lia  dairiapinM 
and.  aa  the  tDorabea  aSted  It,  otira  naia 
uid  bacteria  are  bron^ 


POPULAR  MISCELLAXr. 


861 


llkd*  to  be  •gnc.  Th«  latltM  lolabiiuu 
of  tbc  Oimpai^  dcvod  It  cf  diMwe  bj 
dnUiiK  It  N  itrr  Umi  Uw  bacMri*  «oiiM 
not  thrWc  fa  U.  Thb  b  cowMtnd  imfna*' 
ttiKblc  ai  pn^eiu,  ud  out  BMnn  IdvmU- 
ipton  Lave  turned  ibdr  antnltaw  to  lb« 
b«M  pmplijfaclki  a^oM  oMlaritl  palm. 
Ttar  nltonal  qidatoe  ii  loodi  bat  Ifant  m« 
iib>tcttoiM  lo  iu  wiMiai  tiM,  Hid  ■wwrie, 
ckuiloutlr  ailwjphwwil,  b  p^ggiWiil  u 
pMtcfmblcL  IN«rfMor  TaaiB^.CtvMU 
noonuBml*,  at  an  abanwlin  prefilgrlactic 
dwowkm  of  Itrana.  Ttia  plastatioB  of  On 
•uaalfptan  ayfMMi  lo  baTe  faBtd.  New 
8oMc^  al  Um  "Tra  FcnUnc^"  «bc>«  eun- 
IjrpMMnM  bare  been  gn>ni  villi  a  apedal 
Tie*  t«  MitKng  the  qiuMtioD  of  tbdr  nrtnt, 
botb  ibe  monk*  >ho  iahatit  (be  laananWty 
and  lb«  voilunan  whoa  Uwr  cmplo;  liare 
•nfferad  m  ■och  a«  others  In  mm  •aob 
met,  abcii  Uic  CbiDpagna  waaoooipanthc); 
f(ce  (toni  malaria,  Ibe  inhabliaota  and  Mt- 
vaattot  Uie**Tre  Fontane "  eKBeied  awre 
thaa  Ae  laat.  Year  betm  bat,  PraAaM* 
Tomnuui'CTiiiktli  adtbed  ibe  ItaUaa  0«t» 
cmnent  to  drain  and  wnt  vitb  luH  Ibe 
gnmiidt  of  tbc  Palaae  Salriati  on  tbu  Lcm- 
i;ara,  wbcM  ilw  h*  fnilitary  eoUege  baa 
bica  ballL  TUa  >u  ibne.  The  raaolt 
waa  ihat  no  caae*  of  uabrial  ferer  oo- 
eurrod.  vtiile  on  the  otber  lUe  of  Ibe  rgad 
tboK  ««re  teronl  Uiat  ewM  fauUy. 

iMTtU  af  the  f.it  iMd  Ut  Bnlm— la  a 
paper  on  Ibo  "  Ittttrti*  of  lb«  Efv  and  iba 
Brain."  Ur.  JteNa  HcKeaii  Chltall,  tt  ibe 
troivendiy  of  Latpdo,  dbaniii^  b  ibw  of 
Ibe  nanlia  td  «»|HiiiftwiM  *Ucb  be  baa 
nMd<^  ibat  part  of  ihepiweainf  atSMilon 
nUeh  coaecma  (b«  dae  a  light  «ut  warh 
OB  (be  rvdna  In  order  that  •  awwalloa  ttaj 
be  ettiud.  The  Ufne  b  lo  a  aentUttabb 
eatoni  dipeadwt  00  the  ntMie  of  tbo  ob- 
ject and  Ibe  lalMiliy  of  ibe  Ufihc  ]i  t«. 
rlea  *iUi  tbe  aerctal  eolom  Onaga  pnt 
the  qvickeat  lafiteaefaa,  and  jeSav  U  bard]; 
bcUod  It :  not  ootue  blir,  ni],  and  prMo ; 
whUe  tbe  mint  b  l«>i  MtHilire  to  violet 
Ugfat.  the  diM  fee  whkt  ta  fren  tv«  to 
tbfcc  tl*e«  aa  bog  m  fee  ompa.  Vbn 
bnfi-U^t  b  MbatlliKed  for  ihiUcbt,  Ibe 
ihne  nqolrcd  for  pcrottiinft  tb«  eulon  be- 
OOOMa  bojiitr,  and  iba  onlf  r  b  ehajced  to 
o(an|<,  tvd,  rcUa>,  Tbbt,  and  Ua«.  Ynun 


the  btouiij  «f  eobrod  Ggbt  raibi^  the 
tawe  IfiMiuw  hi  wiibmetical  pwETuwdMi  ae 
tbe  hUoritjr  deoiaaaa  \m  gtewatrieal  pv- 
pettdon.  Anilbd  ta  tbt  diadneaoii  of 
wKd*  and  Icttcn,  tbe  eipettotMB  aheired 
thai  Benan  lelten  are  mote  qoulilj  pn^ 
cdred  tbaa  Oennan  leiun.  ami  Uiat  the 
ttnw  b  riightl;  abutter  fur  wvrdi  ibaa  tor 
bttcr^  bn  bngcr  for  bnger  rue  votdi, 
and  for  wnrila  In  ■  fnrtica  bigiiaflr  The 
■lafibat  geeawnbJ  fonaa  of  (be  btttn 
«ecB  Ibe  wnbat  lo  •«•  1  all  enumcnM  on  tbe 
bluraUndar;  and  It  bdo«b(ful  whether  It 
b  ^Tant^cmw  lo  uae  tbe  lUn  ItDce  or  1*0 
TarlMWeot  IcnerrbpdMlofr  Durpandift- 
tkn-Bvfci  are  bard  M  aec,  and  Mr.  CMlcU, 
bcUcrbg  ihem  lo  be  uadcai,  mifg/Ma  (bat 
tbc;  migbt  be  replaecd  bf  apaoea  bttwecs 
ibc  vord*  proponiosxie  lo  Ibe  InpvelaMe 
oftbapauae.  Setncnf tbebttcn.aiSa»d 
C,«»hidtofeca6PlwfnHttniaetwa;  «tb- 
era.  u  O,  Q,  0,  and  Cs  are  Gable  lu  toot*- 
■Im  br  theb  rimilarit;  of  (om ;  ahib  B  b 
"oecdbMlr  Obfibb,"  Tbe  e«d«*  td  db- 
tineltaa  fee  tbe  tmall  biteta  b  d,  b,n,  g, 
b,  b,  pt  w,  a,  1,  j,  t,  T,  I,  r,  o,  t,  n,  a.  x,  r.  «, 
i,  K,  e,  a.  Tbe  kuera  tn  tligbil;  more 
diAcnh  to  gwp  thaa  the  snadicn,  tat 
metj  wiblwaihw  of  Hnnbece  tnake*  a 
nuHbcr  thai  ^iw  "mrm."  Km  a*  naaj 
■ocdii*  leUera  OM  be  paeped  ai  one  time, 
bol  ihR*  Ifaaoi  aa  laaaf  btiata,  wbcn  ibaj 
make  vMda,  and  t«be  aa  maaj  word*  «bM 
Iber  RMka  a  atolence,  aa  «beii  (ber  tMre 
no  eeaaiettbn.  The  tanianca  b  taken  op 
a«  a  vbob :  If  It  b  not  graxpn^  banlly  aey 
of  Uu)  *onb  tfo  nad  i  l(  It  b  gratpcd,  tba 
•onb  ajipearntydbtlBM;  andthbbkbo 
Ibe  CMO  >ben  tbe  obaatw  ecMiraeu  aa 
)maglna<7  emt»«e  fnm  tbe  tneee  be  taj 
ubrn  «p.  Tlie  peiMmal  eqnadooa  oet* 
important  facton  U  all  Ibc  etpetbaBwM. 
bat  tbe;  did  m(  maieriallr  aOegl  lb«  n- 
ntiM  »a  wYteUtt, 

He  Prabbm  af  t«aiaa  fiewac*.— The 
diipoaitlan  of  ibe  aaita^  of  UnMfcs  hat 
been  made  tb*  mbjett  «f  tba  nperl  of  a 
Tojal  OQwenlialoB,  bu  atBI  tenebe  neail; 
ai  daiV  aa  ever.  Ae  one  pain  •■  wUdi 
all  are  a|nf«d  b  that  (bo  prcaent  metbed  of 
tiin^  the  aewage  and  rabtall  of  tbe  etnela 
bio  the  fiTn  Dtar  Ok  dl*  b  n|wth(M<blB 
fM«  tttrj  point  of  vbw,  but  b  b  abMat 


NOr£S. 


S63 


m  rq^Ur  part  o(  Ibe  rvatiM.  Ilia  fcUi 
att  left  frwn  lime  to  lime  far  lltm  or  fcnr 
jtmt»,bj  rcitatioa,  tn  gran.  I&  the  iiunmer 
■uwIIh,  fitiul«  Mnt&u,  or  thi  dkughten 
at  ibe  hrmer,  knd  Itw  <aule  hi|h  U]i  ia  the 
fjtti.  liTiag  ia  tmlirt  ut  etUntv  "lum  tiitj 
pt«f«re  dbMte  *ad  biMur.  Hat  thia  ImI*- 
dm  of  the  TOuag  ironOD  b  Mowtliira*  •!- 
tended  w'nb  mHoiu  mcMl  diMdraaUcN; 

The  Orsl-narresL— nio  moat  produc- 
tin  mni-btdt,  mliivh  alM  yield  tbo  bal 
and  liamlaMiMBI  oont*,  arc  on  tbo  Algcrinn 
OaaM,  aail  have  bwa  Anliod  upoii  alnco  tbo 
^idla  at  Uio  aUtMnlli  tuaVay.  Other 
beda  ar«  on  llie  (oaiu  of  SIdlj.  i^rdiain, 
Conlca.  S[wn,  tli^  il«l*ailc  blaDil.i,  and 
doiMUf.  Uorn  tbui  fire  bandlvd  llalian 
TMmIi^  *ilh  4,S>]0  mm,  arc  cognged  in  tbo 
flWalSthnfTi  and  dlloct  anoaa.!!;  tC.UOU 
mogtaauDca  at  mral,  tbo  Taluo  of  vbirli  ia 
gilMlai«^at  t,20o.o>ii)bn!<(M'<,D0O).  Bc- 

ridM  thcaf.  S3.()0()  kll»grunniri,  worth  Ifil).- 
OW  1ir«  ((rtO.UHOJ,  arc  mllcvtod  in  Frtnoh, 
Bf«(iiab,  and  oibor  boata,  making  tbc 
ailiiiU  anitaal  produot  "iSfiOO  kilogrtunmea, 
Ml  lia  ralue  >,1^.<**>>  ^">  ((1,1(0,000). 
fk*  taiM  *Uch  tfae  GaremnieDt  exacts  tor 
(be  privUt)^  ot  fiiblog  on  the  Afrinn  cotJit 
■wnimt  to  I.IOQ  lire  a  boat  in  Ihe  summer 
■nd  halt  an  miicli  In  the  winti^r,  and  this, 
taking  tnio  coDaldctaiioD  the  fill  and  Jnn. 
gar  at  tbe  lUherj,  redaeea  tlia  prnOta  to  a 
«)«|U)  modfst  rate.  Batlmalinft  tbe  irrosa 
rttam  par  b^at  at  HfiOO  lin.  and  tlio  coRt 
at  tftas  Mn,  *«  tuT*  a  not  profit  at  1  ,Dt)T 
t)t«  <t!m.44).  ThriT*  arc  aomo  liily  oaiab- 
ttthmenla  ia  Italj  where  coral  ii  worked  up, 
fatt<r  ot  nhtvh  an  In  Torro  del  Greco,  and 
U  «bicb  P.'iW  baodf,  cbieliT  women  aiirl 
chlldNd,  are  cmplc^ed.  The  prindpal  mar- 
ket* to*  iho  oorat  ar«  tiermatir.  ED):land, 
Bulla,  Auatria,  I(im^i7,  and  Poland :  and 
•naMerabU  iiuHilliiM  art  aent  Co  Haalrai 
•■d  Calcutta. 

AdiailacM  «t  Law  Ctlllnn.  —  Rooma 
*ilb  law  Mllop,  or  with  cdtingi  erta  *)l]i 
tliu  vlaJo'-to^  at«  more  toadil;^  and  00m- 
plcul;  icniilaied  iban  tboaoritb  higb  «i1- 
Inga,  Tbe  ieakage  of  air  which  it  alwaya 
getat  *">  kv^ix  all  paru  of  Iho  air  ia  niolion 
fal  aaelt  rooBi*,  wlu-rvaa  it  lb*  (viling  t) 
f,  onljr  Iho  lowtr  |iart  ol  the  air  ia 


moTed.  and  aa  IsnaUd  lake  ol  foal  and 
boi  air  li  left  floating  In  Ibe  apace  nborc  tbo 
■Indoa-topa.  To  hare  tbo  rumnis  of  fmh 
air  diculaik^  onljr  U  the  lower  patis  oif  tbe 
nMo,  *blle  tlie  upper  portion  ol  tbe  air  b 
loft  miaffoctal,  i*  reallj  the  worst  waj  of 
*«t)tilal)ng ;  for  tbe  ata^ant  aunoaphcrte 
lake  imder  Ihe  wiling,  although  nirtianltaa, 
kotpa  actively  at  work  under  the  taw  of  tlia 
diffutioo  ot  gasea,  foalliig  the  freah  cur> 
rmla  circulating  tteneatb  It.  Willi  low  tell- 
inga  aad  higb  wiaJoaa  no  aucb  aocuinula- 
lion  ot  air  ia  poaaibia ;  fnr  the  whole  height 
<4  Ibe  room  ia  awei>l  by  ibc  onrrontt  aa  the 
dual  ot  tlie  floor  ii  awept  wtlli  a  broiHii. 
Low  nllioga  bare  also  lb«  ad*aiiUi(e  of  an- 
ablio^  Ihe  room  tu  bo  srarmed  with  Imi  ei- 
IH-nd^urv  ot  beat  and  loaa  cMt  for  fuel 


NOTES. 

A  Bisa  of  meri-urj — ron«i«in^  of  the 
fiitpliiin't  and  chloride,  with  dto[ii<(>t  metal- 
lic mcntiirr,  in  a  KiQp^i''  of  ([Uorla — which 
npptam  to  linre  dccti  "orltol  in  aiiclMit 
lliDCs,  baa  bccrn  rcdincoTorcd  at  {JcbupJilaA- 
IcQu,  ii»r  litilgrade,  in  Sorvia. 

AnnmoNat  tntcrrst  will  bfi  gtr^n  to  (ho 
oonilng  moaclng  at  the  liritidh  AaMtlilioo 
nl  Birmingham,  to  be  oiwDed  Si-piombor 
Itt,  bjr  the  exblbltlon  of  locnl  nmniifaci- 
ure*  which  la  to  be  held  In  connection  with 
It.  h'liiiDur  riblbilloaa  bant  baon  h«M  on 
roeb  uf  the  tbtM  prorious  occMiunf  '•lien 
Iho  Aaaoeialloa  meiiuBirtiiin|-baiD,in  1«K8. 
IMQ,  and  IBCA;  and  it  is  inid  ihnt  nil  ot 
■be  InicmatioBal  and  other  ei bib iilont  which 
bare  ^«e  been  held  had  ilirlr  origin  and 
piliuo  tnodol  in  Ihe  drat  ot  thni>« ;  and  Ihal 
thonraat  Intcntatloniil  Exbibltioti  of  l^^l 
vaa  aiiCRMtcd  to  Prince  Albert  by  hit  *ii4t 
to  Birniin|;bam  in  IMt.  Tbc  eomlng  eahE- 
bition  will  be  mote  eitenaicc  and  raried 
than  any  ot  the  prcTlou*  one 

M.  R.  RiTifcaa  baa  divmrered  a  new  Fta- 
lion  or  wurkebop  of  ilie  nenliiliic  apn  In  the 
wooil  of  Ciatnarl,  near  the  gotn  nt  Paiia. 
tic  hoa  reooTcred  from  It  nearly  nine  hun- 
dred llltila  (froni  nodule*  in  ehalk).  cut  or 
brokan  by  ijw  band,  all  of  which  lay  on  or 
near  tlie  aurfacc  of  Ihe  ^^und.  Amont; 
them  are  piems  ot  pnliibcd  baiebeia.  >crap- 
ara  (cone  vcfjr  bandaome  onna),  bladw^ 
pohria,  and  two  or  ibtao  Utile  poliaheia, 

AarinciiL  lilhoeraphio  ttonaa  are  maa- 
iitactiirtd  is  Fnnlifort  hy  H.  RommImI 
freni  cement,  wfaloh  I)  pit  tor  iIia  |><inm« 
throng  a  eourao  of  cory  car«I-4l  ■unuipuk' 


864 


TUS  POPULAR  SCI 


TM  Art  School*  ot  tfa»  Hctronatn 
MvMHD  Mc  now  cMablUhcd  uodcr  iVk  In- 
tw^laWMporvlrfoinot  Hr.  John  ^VuU  Riiiii- 
•Mi.iir  Uie  PatIi  tfvlinol  of  Kw  Aru.mi  IM 
But  Tlilnjr-lDUrtli  KuvM.  Et^it  cvcinm  ia 
llw  fae  MU,  il«(«t«llvD  iroik,  ntid  ioixImo- 
le*l  4ni«lDg  ara  laiighi  bj-  w  muiir  lb- 
■Irwtani,  U  iiikM  for  lirllla*  nnglas  trcai 
$10  lo  (In  iwr  term  (Octotw  fi,  IU.>,  to 

Thk  PiFi>«or  o(  Ibc  ObwrrMorT  of  Hm- 
Vknl  r«11i'gr,  bisUe*  recM^log  In  lit*  ankMl 
Np«n  (ho  praKT««*  of  Uw  repiUr  woril  ot 
tha  (ilMcrvaliHT,  il««tiritiM  (bt  obMrralkM 
ot  Pr«f«Mr  W.  H.  D«Tta  nd  Mr.  A.  Mo- 
A<1i«  on  th<  height  wwl  mkxHj  ot  tiona*. 
The  otetrrcn,  MMlootrig  thctnMlTC*  M  dit- 
(cront  «paH,  and  oanmantcailaf  b*  tola- 
pbonc;  muWftook  to  Bofco  rfmuhaanHUi  ■»• 
nmlli  olMwrrailuiu  umo  idiafinil  (wjalit  in 
the  dowU  About  tu««  hwidml  ^in  u( 
■«Muita  wm  nMik  In  th*  apriog  ot  IHBti, 
vUh  geaerMf  tUiittelory  rawh*.  Tho  al- 
thudM  ilrt«nnlB«d  rarlod  from  S.0O0  (o 
S$,0»0  f««1 1  for  altilililM  liM  itwA  8,000 
fMt  UietaralioD  txrlwECBdw  inuasun^wa* 
MtnJIj  iritlibi  five  per  fvni  ot  Iht  hpieht. 
In  one  ItMbwcr,  nsnulaclTe  obwrvailniu  of 
k  ilaglo  cubdIiumJohiI  utiawrd  Iw  biM  lo 
ba  4,M>0  foM  U|;h ;  itx  »ununit  rn#«  traot 
tho  btuKlit  of  *,'M  lo  that  of  1,800  f«rt  al 
Dio  rat«  uf  SliO  tMl  a  rotDuld,  Bhllo  tl«» 
cJnud  ddfud  to  (oatli  43'  toM  at  tlw  raU  of 
l»(>aiv-»ci'i-n  uiJ  a  batf  toUm  ob  bonr. 

"  BowLvn  Uaeuoi "  U  what  Ptofetaor 
J.  B.  ToiM  ciila  ecfUlA  ttpati  formed  hf 
pUIng  bewU«n  wbUh  £m  ba*  aba(v*«d 
on  Miw  lidgM  la  Dakota.    One  it  a  p- 

Ctlo  figure  ot  a  litrtle  about  fifwoa  tvvt 
L.  Another  fpechnro  it  a  flsnro  of  ■  , 
uaJtc^  on*  huiulMd  and  Ivcnti  jiam  laii|r,  ' 
cooipawd  liko  tho  fonMV  of  bo«  IJin  ttoin 
lour  M  nix  litcliM  La  diamewr.  "  The  rj«* 
uc  BMidi  note  eiprtuiire  than  il  ironid  at 
dm  aem  pmiilblr  lo  isak«  Ihcm  aiib  uioh 
mktertal  Thc<r  barr  IlifroUj  a  'ftonjr' 
KIAN.**  Few  liinilar  fljpirt*  hate  txru  ittn 
olavwhoro  (haa  at  IImo*  two  ukak  biii  tau 
oaaM  are  i-il«d  ef  ftnietnna  dwaing  gn>' 
metrleal  dtsigaa.  Bud*  tketdMot  aalnwb 
on  ■  (niallti  acale  are  alao  bond  nrnt  Plpo- 
*li>iir.  illnnctots.  cbltipod  ot  pochtd  on  llic 
unicnith  iiurFan*  of  tho  Tt4  quaruttc.  In 
ihMO  ibe  turtle  Is  a  favoril*  Spirt.  Sml- 
larif  i^ule  Heono.  but  quila  Smperf Ml.  vwre 
notictil  nn  Wolf  Creek,  louIbweM  ot  Sridet* 
•ralor,  Dakota. 

A  BTBcuL  oManltiM  of  the  Prfaoo  Aa. 
aodatlun  of  Kew  York,  ofipoiaied  to  evnin. 
Inc  tbe  qnrsilDn  ot  iho  bc«t  modo  of  ein- 
ploilnp;  ronrtctJabor,  haa  fonaMlatM  li* 
eDDcluririni  in  rtxoludnn*  wUtfe  mi  fonb 
that  ilif  biuliftt  UM  of  eiofllmca  \a  anv 
sjrsMM  ol  «un>)ct-labor  i»  to  be  I««ik1  b)  tbe 


3 


SUPPLEMENT. 


DAWN  OF  CREATIOX  A^'D  OF  WOKSmP. 

BKfLT  TO  DR.  UirtLUt. 
By   WILLIAM  E.  0LAD8T0KE. 


UOKO  noMkl  •rorira  on  iha  oiigia  and 

bUwij  of  rollKlniu  bjr  ditclnj^iibcd 

Milton,  •  nonwrhu  MMpt«aou«  pl«c«  may 

I  ««Brd«(l  U  Ilia  "  pMUgemtoM  ilc  i'Uit- 

dn  4m  ri«ll(tloiu,'  1>T  Dr.  IttTlDc.  Tro. 

'  In  Uw  Callrsr  of  Ftbum.  Knd  Dlbbcn 
Z.«eMT«r  la  ISH.  Th«  rolume  hu  been 
tnuwUud  Into  Bngllth  bj  Ur.  Squire,  knil 
Iti*  iraBMUilon "  oenta  (anh  wiifa  &U  th« 
•diiaU^,  ntid  It  b  giCKl,  wfaioh  out  be 
eonfomd  hj  an  InuodootloQ  from  the  pen 
of  ProfoMor  Ub(  UOtler.  1(  appean,  it  I 
maj  fmamno  t«  ipcak  ot  It,  to  be  tharao. 
lerlaod,  nmocs  otbcr  merits,  bj  markel  In- 
pfiQli^  and  acuteneaa,  breadth  of  &el<), 
pr«al  fcUcf  ij  of  phnse,  erid^ni  oaador  of 
tnloDtlon.  an<l  atrndaiit  co«rU*T. 

VliMbar  ila  «m(mU  are  piopttl; 
placdl  MMpniifvmnia  maj  at  odco  b«  unt*- 
tkoed ;  f«r  evKil;  die  proper  olRoe  of  prih 
l^fwnwM  la  (»  prwenl  prdindaarlo*,  and 
not  Ntulu.  8och  la  not,  bowerer,  ibo  aim 
ol  lUa  voTk.  It  ttarU  from  aMundng  Ibo 
»ab]et<lTe  off^n  of  all  Telipion^  «hioh  am 
vievod  aa  ao  nan;  anawora  to  lh«  nil  dI  • 
Mrongbmnaii  appetite  for  ihai  kind  of  (ood, 
M»d  are  oiamioed  as  ihe  WTora)  rarleUHof 
OM  and  the  Mme  apecl«fk  Tim  oondiuloDa 
«f  oppoiCnf  iDqulrtta,  hemtrtr,  are  not  left 
M  be  OMituled  tijr  a  colleotlon  of  facta  and 
UMlMaalM  dr*«ft  from  bUlorical  IsTorllffa. 
tia«,  but  ar*  thtuat  out  of  Ibo  waj  bcfor*- 
kand  fn  ib«  pivfaoe  (for,  afier  all,  pr^t- 
fomtt*  MS  b«  nolldoit  but  a  Ion  bomrlj 
phfiM  for  a  preCa«o).  Tbeae  ln(|u}rrr«  are 
no  manj  piWondcn^  abo  haro  obitmctcd 
the  paaaaeeoT  Ibo  rijlilfal  hHr  tobli  throoo, 
•nd  Atj  an*  to  be  pat  niniinnrilj  out  at  Ibo 
way,  aa  dlriiubcra  ot  ihe  pnbUc  peace.  Tlw 
mMbod  ^mued  ap^^eai*  to  tw  not  to  ■llov 
Uk*  fact*  and  arxaarau  to  diipoap  of  ihom, 

•  tn  kU  "  Pralatnsfu  *•  (bt  nin«T  of  ttOt- 
loni."  Mr  nItHmcn  itmchaM  ir>»Oit  true- 
UUoa  tf  Ur  Iqnk*  <WllltaiM  *  KmcM^  UN). 

foi.  xxTtn. — SO 


bat  lo  MDdomi)  thmi  bofaro  tlie  eanw  in 
heard,  t  do  ucx  knoK  hon  to  rcoinidlo 
thii  mtlliod  aitb  Dr.  FEjtHU'i  dooktMloo 
that  hd  alma  (p.  t{)  at  proM«diiig  ia  a 
">iri[Ttlj  ■dsBtUo  aplilt."  It  ml^i  be 
held  Ihal  nidi  a  cplrit  r«qtdn)d  iba  tegiJw 
prMtnuiioD  of  Ibe  eridenoe  b«(oiti  Ike  d»- 
Ktvr/  ot  (hi!  vordici  upon  it.  In  aii;  mm  I 
rcuture  to  obtcrre  tbrat  titeae  are  not  tniljr 
prolrj>'>mnia,  but  tpili^mma  lo  a  QiMofj 
of  Religiana  doI  yet  plated  before  ua. 

The  Sr«t  mttDj  whom  Dr.  lUilila  dit- 
poU^e*  i*  IL  de  Bonild,  m  ib«  oham^oo 
of  thedooMaalbat 'In  the  ve^faegiiwlng 
of  the  human  laoe  the  eroalNo  power  no- 
TMled  to  ih*  fint  noa  b;  eupemaiiontl 
moaoi  ib«  eMontJal  prlndplee  el  re)10oua 
truth,"  logclber  with  **  laogoa^a  Mul  even 
the  art  of  writing"  (pp.  34.  SA). 

Id  pasting.  Or.  EUTitle  ob^rrea  that 
"  the  rrtigioDi  achooli,  wbkb  maiiitdn  Ihn 
tnilh  ot  a  ptimltllo  rcretallon,  ar^  culdoj 
bj  a  Tcr7  evident  ibcoiofllcal  Intrrtsl " 
(ibid,);  Ibo  rroicrtant,  lo  fortilf  the  ao. 
thorltjoftho  BibUi  aad  tha  RotoaaOuh- 
olio,  to  prop  Ibe  IntalUbllltj  of  the  Chorefa. 

Il  h  doabtlcM  true  thai  Ihp  doctrine  ot 
a  prlmltlTo  rsrolatioit  umdi  to  forllfj  Ibo 
aothoritj  of  religion.  Dm  U  II  not  t^alljr 
Inie,  and  fqaallv  obrknit,  that  the  dei^ 
ot  a  prMiirc  rcTrkiloa  tcods  to  undermine 
it?  and.  It  ae^  sdgbt  tt  sol  bo  retorted 
upon  ihe  Mbool  of  Dr.  R^IIlo  Ibftt  tho 
acbool*  which  dcoj  i  primitiro  r«irelMion 
*.T*  giiidod  b;  a  *eT7  eiidMI  atiti-llioolo(;ical 
Iniortol t 

AgaiiiM  Ihi*  aii1ae<>itl«t  [>r.  Rirllla  oty 
ierTM,  jiulir  dJto  (p.  87),  Ihal  an  appeal  lo 
Ibo  «uptniaiai*l  It  ftr  m  Inadrnktlblot 
Uial  •  dlTitw  rerebiioii,  oontalninK  ibe 
Bubtitnt  doctrtnto  of  ihe  parent  tufilmtloo, 
(■iron  to  toas  at  an  ago  iadcdniloly  roBOUi 
and  tn  a  tilatn  of  "  abmlulo  Ipioranot^*  1* 
•- Infiultol;  bard"  to  Imagfaie;  tbal  II  l«  itel 


HA  TSM  POPULAR  SC 


I 


«M«a  •«•<   ka>*a< 


•;{f)*«kiiMW 


^  hi 


Mita  Mm  •(: 


Ma<M*«Mk.<lte:B»i9r^  ' 


>»»MLl«iltf»HMIiqi.BK. 


XU»  li  •  aiMi^M  «IU  I  4i  Mt 


r  ai  mij  rn^i 

«hUI4iMtfl 


ifi 


)MillM»«Mbto«^fa«*«Ayi^ 


I  ^  h  Mi  MMttjt.    IFpw 
r  ^  Pi^  «IU  va^  ^M*« 


*-«*l 


■  -  AMii«J.- |M  I,  *«.  «,  1 1 


liST. 


HAWJf  OF  CREATION  AUD  OF  WQRBBIP.       867 


I  of  CtMcdm,  which,  *■  ttr  u  I 
Mcn,  thiro  hM  bcva  no  *cr(or^  n- 
awir.  It  liulMd  U7  (Admtor,  10  rcfitl. 
RArllte  ob««rTO«  ibkl  nj  TMm  bittc 
■ubjMled  Co  "(air  prafoimd  erill- 
*■  bjr  Sf  O.  Coi  fai  hia  h«rD«l  work  on 
'^ITM  mrtboloKT  (l^  4IX  That  b  Indesd 
R  «cry  atilo  critldfoa;  but  It  U  ■ihlrtaNd 
entlf^  la  Uw  ual«nu<nM  of  n;  MrfiMt 
|iIoiBcrte  wolk.*  Now,  aiHin  fiom  the  4)ua^ 
OB  whcibw  thooe  alaUniMit*  ha*«  been 
ll]p  onderctood  (whkh  I  «tia  not  kdmh), 
I  vUcti  fa«  atudia  U  bcToad  and  out- 
tot  Iho  propofltloa  «hlrh  I  hato  glren 
Td  Sir  O,  Cot  bu  Dol  att(iiTi|it«i]  to 
'AAt  the  qnnlioin  ■bollwr  tli«ru  <•■•  ■ 
prioiiiiie  reTFiitiiiD,  or  whctbor  it  majr  be 
1  In  Homer.  And  I  maj  raj  that  I  am 
olf  M  1itil«  Miiilled  otth  the  p(t<4*a 
Ib  *Uoh  mj  g«DOT*l  oonaluflmi*  ««f« 
[Idallf  tlMhed  ibM  I  hate  oat  repriatod 
rittll  not  reprint  ihe  irorlt,  which  hu 
beooRM  T«t7  rmre,  only  ■fipearlng  now  and 
Dmo  b  tome  catalogue,  ami  at  a  hlRh  price. 
Vlwn  thore  •!«  rcprmeMallrva  tlTloj;  and 
ftwake,  >bx  dieiurb  ibc  aiiltH  of  the  dead? 
la  Uu*  woiki^  tnaehJiiK  from  16M  to 
I97S,  f  I  biTcooMfMaol  10  th»  modification 
of  ta.t  rcKulta,  and  bavo  aueed  the  caic  ia 
tetmi  whifh  appMr  to  m«,  ntiog  the  com- 
■DOM  (Amto,  to  be  tlicN  yli'kin]  bj  Iho 
la^llmtto  *luilf  of  rompkratlvo  religion. 
SM  wh;  Aonld  thottc,  who  think  It  a  Muod 
BHlhod  of  oomptraliTE  iv!!{;Ion  to  mUch 
together  the  Vcdi*,  tho  N'orto  liigMdi,  and 
Ike  KgJTIiui  remains,  ihlok  It  to  W  no 
prooou  of  oomparaiire  >«tlgloa  to  bring 
l4igMh#r,  not  ragiielj  and  lona^lr,  but  iu 
•MKhinf!  deUil,  certain  tradition*  of  the 
book  of  Ooncsis  and  Iboae  recordfd  in  the 
Uemerlo  pocm^  and  to  argue  thai  their 
tMHabUacM  maf  affgid  proof  of  a  Mmmm 
orifl^  without  an;  aniidpaiot^  anaumplien 
M  lo  what  that  orlgrlu  maj  bo  T 

It  wlii  hardlj  oidte  lurpriiw,  afm  what 
hM  no*  bOM  wriuon,  when  I  nj  I  am 
■iwlite  10  aco*T>l  aa  mine  anjr  one  of  tho 
pniKMlllani  wMA  Dr.  Rjttllc  (ppL  41, 43) 


'"am«ta*«aIIeBHru«tba  lt«M>t«  A(.k- ■ 
t«li.    OilM,ltta. 

*  -JMlrMi  U  It*  Pnlnmlt;  sf  Cdlnhn^ib- 
nfumr.  IWl;  'Jnfwmi  UoBll*  lIlKmiau, 
lami  "  rrtn»*f  MvmxKaanllUii.limi;  t*i>C' 
'  ~xmt  rtt«m  to 'Jarattaa  MobJI"  y.  \. 


tfflliataa (o mck  (I)Ido  uMbold  lbaither« 
wa«  a  *■  aTUomaUc  "  or  willful  comption  of 
a  prtmitiM  reli^OD.  (3)  I  do  cot  bold  that 
all  tlie  urtholo^t*  arc  dun  to  aoj  mch 
oomptlon  a^UiMlio  or  oihciwito.  (8)  I 
do  not  bold  that  no  patt  of  them  ifinini; 
out  «f  tlw  dtlfioition  of  auuTal  facta.  (4> 
I  do  not  bold  that  tlie  Idea*  codtcjoI  Ib  Iho 
Booh  of  OanMia,  or  in  on^  Otbrcv  tradi- 
tion, vera  ilmk>ped  in  tho  form  of  dogma, 
aa  U  Mid  br  SIf  0.  Cox,*  or  in  "  >ii  gttai 
4o«rtaM"  ai  to  oonoeiTed  b;  Dr.  RtHllo ; 
and  <9)  I  am  M  far  from  CTcr  bailaK  h«ld 
tliat  tliore  wm  a  "prindtlTO  onhodoij" 
KTOaled  lo  Ihe  Brtt  men  (p.  43)  that  I  hoTO 
carefully  (rout  the  Qrnt  rcftrnd  not  to  do- 
Tabipd  doctrine,  but  to  rudimeotarr  indl. 
cMloo*  of  what  aio  now  deretopod  and 
oaubllahod  Initha.  go  that,  slihoi^  Dr. 
lUvillo  aaba  ma  tor  proof,  I  deolioo  to  oop- 
plj  proof*  of  what  I  diabolievo.  What  1 
ham  npplled  proofa  of  la  tho  appearwnoe 
In  tb*  PoKni  of  «  number  ot  tiuia,  iocon- 
i;inotu  In  Tarlova  dcgtoea  wHh  Ibeir  im- 
mcdlaio  enrifonmcat,  but  harit^  auch 
marktd  aad  rlumottri'tic  reaemblanoM  to 
tho  Uebraw  tradition  m  to  reqi^n  of  n^ 
Id  the  chanoter  of  rational  Inqatror*,  the 
admiaaion  ot  ft  commaa  orlniii,  jut  an  tho 
marking  whirb  nc  (omctliuM  Mt(M  Dpoa 
ibl  ooata  of  faoriM  and  dankoj^  ara  bold 
lo  tequiro  tlie  admlurion  of  their  rclntloo- 
■hip  to  Ihe  icbrn. 

It  thui  appear*  that  I)r.  Itirllla  ha*  dU- 
char^  hU  pUloI  in  tho  air,  for  mj  Homotlo 
propoailioiu  iovolio  no  aummpllon  a*  lo  • 
reTclation  contained  in  iha  Book  of  Qonotla, 
while  he  baa  not  a  pnfmto  eontoaiad  VJ 
■Lalementa  of  an  hinorioal  reUtlonahip  be- 
tween lome  Iniiliiionii  of  iliai  book  ani 
those  of  the  Homeric  pocmi.  But  I  will 
no*  brit^reiuninc  U)  tiic  maancr  ia  wblob 
Dr.  R^Tille  hoadh*  tbo  Book  ot  Gcoc•i^ 
and  <3)  the  maonor  In  which  ho  ondcrtakca, 
bf  waj  of  apedmcn,  lo  cooitmo  tbn  mf- 
tholo^  of  Uomcr,  and  cnlut  (t,  bj  comparl- 
ton,  in  the  aupport  of  hii  ■num  ol  Inter- 
pr«talJon.  And  firit  with  the  Gnt-Damcd 
of  Iheae  two  anbieeta. 

Bnitrini;  ■  protcat  againat  aatigoing  to 
the  Book  "a  iSctalarial  auihorilj,"  thai  b, 
I  preaume,  agaiosi  lla  eontalidng  a  Mrioo 

■  •Irraa  UflMtti'  «ol.ti  ^  •>> 


d«mSi»wi^w?il5lyS5a3SBnM^ii^ 
U  U  tkmj  *m  Mb)Mt  la  op  di^mtc.     I^M 
•M. 

Ju  to  lfc«  Ami  U  mrobaUra  are  riglit 
la  tMr  JiutemcM,  )■■'>  ■*■>•  tMin  to  iIm 
world  bf  ih«  raeaii  nftaioo  ul  iLs  OU 
TwtaHaM,  Ua  "  flnaamnu"  U,  ia  iliu  Ho- 
bm  ori^twl,'  W  >  wilitl  null,  but  an  ei- 
p«D«ft  A*  M  U»  BKHDil  (a),  it  U  iM(  mU 
In  thi  wctvil  tetl  Uwl  tli«  Man  wrra  uMile 
Mild?  (or  ilic  Ktv  nt  ilw  tank ;  (t)  it  is  ume 
thai  DO  nilivr  ua*  ia  BMnUmed.  But  «« 
tamt%  btn  laquira  *Wi  wia  th«  pmyoo  o( 
lh«nan»Uref  Not  t*  roar  cmmk  pUoio. 
phm,  but  10  funbk  onBnafjr  mm  iHlh 
M(ne  iJm  of  what  tl>e  CreUor  had  doo*  i* 
tlw  waf  of  iinniiltnp  for  tbMD  a  hoMa  and 
glvtog  ibfln  a  pikM  111  iiatiini.  Tlia  adian- 
tafi  Klbidal  b;  Ok  tun  t«  ihoni  ii  naiMd 
alnif,  Ibcy  hatinf;  im  hiMfnt  ia  nay  otbar 
pvipcve  for  ohicli  ibc  Man  na;  nlf(. 

UKaueniun  Ihal  iheaiai*  at*  «UI«d 
to  haTa  b««a'*ci«alod''  after  tiio  carlh  ia 
BMifc  atft«HL  Bn  b»r«  li  bcooniM  mow- 
•ar;  Im  ot  aU  u  notfca  Um  ftdial  \»  ihii 
part  ol  ilw  IndiMiatin.  In  (ha  lugniqp  of 
Dr.  BMIle,  the  Boak  tfittiat  ef  tbe  ctMtlaii 
«f  lh«  (UraaftM  iba  fonnaika  o(  Ibe  earth. 
Saw,  eoilMHl^r  «flia«gh,  Ihe  Booh  mj»  noth- 
ing diber  of  tbc  "(pmailM''  of  th>  earth, 
oraf  tha  "eroatloa"  of  tbe  Man.  It  Mfi 
imtm tnt  Um  tbM "ia  Uii> btstnitln;: find 
(he  liraTvn  aad  Iha  aanL  ' 


Owl 


DAWN   OF  VRBATIOS  AND    OF  WORSHIP.        B69 


(v.  \\  of  irhldi  aturr  tlio  ftnt  «ala«t  w« 
hoar  no  mom,  vcic  Indinlrd  the  lle>*Ail7 
bodln?  In  tnjcBM!  ■bitballcrfaidean- 
roTiul  li  niM  llic  cBllIsg  Into  eii(l«noe  of  ibc 
*uii  uitl  moap,  bM  tbe  HiigHMtil  to  (!icm 
of  &  rarulu  jiIbm  and  otUt  mp«(iiclT, 
Kill)  %  Ugbt^tteg  poiner.  b  llicro  ikc 
■mnllcil  iBCoiudncncy  la  a  MaMttMM  which 
plaeoi  iho  enicrccaoe  of  our  Unil,  and  lu 
Mpatatloa  tram  the  k*.  (ad  the  OMtntNaco- 
nent  «f  ni^abto  lUc,  before  the  find  aad 
fuU  eoao«ntmtioa  of  light  upon  Ibc  (un,  ma& 
h*  r«fleeUoa  on  the  01000  uid  the  plnnet*  f 
In  tbe  fntduti  aeTcnDoc  of  other  clcmmt*, 
would  not  Uie  aormtue  ot  the  tnmliWM 
bodjr,  or  foT«e,  be  gmlu*!  alwf  And  ofcjr, 
l(7t  me  a«k  of  Dr.  IUtUIo,  m  (here  wodU 
pbmljr  tie  light  diffiued  before  then  wu 
Hgirt  eoncenltslod,  vliv  *°'7  "ot  that  ligttt 
dllAiMd  Iwre  been  lufflcUU  for  the  parinan 
of  TegrtatlonT  Thcrv  <ru  liA,  thcro  via 
•traoapliere,  there  wu  noliture,  thcro  niu 
UglM.  ^Vhit  mon:  wuld  be  rMjulted  !  Ncni 
we  ^  beyend  our  eoDtUot  expeticnoe  to  ho 
■wai«  thai  the  proocB  of  notation,  thouRfa 
it  miT  bo  oMpendod,  i«  not  anvMod,  when, 
thrviigh  Iho  posaeaee  of  dood  and  npor, 
*m'(  glabe  bnxaiiM  la  lu  bvlribtet 
MOM  obtcrrattoai  apply  to  the  IlKht  of 
the  planouj  wUlc,  >i  to  tho  other  Rani, 
iudi  *i  w«e  llien  perocptltilo  10  tlm  hiiiDoa 
vj^  w«  know  noibliift,  Ttk-  iilaiiets  being 
lumlnoni  bodlm  onlv  throu){h  Dio  ni'tioti  dt 
Ihe  Ma,  eoald  not  bo  lamliuni  iincil  aucb  .1 
degKo  of  light,  or  of  ll'^ht-forcc,  vaa  ko- 
canwlalcd  upon  or  in  llio  >un  aa  to  luako 
dum  Innlnoiii,  iBsiittil  of  bolnj 
*  Bilf  oi  H  tbv  noon, 
Vbu  rtM  dCHtu  U*  Dlchi 
tid  n  b*r  rMUt  lolatluur  an,'  • 

I*  K  ml,  Iben.  the  ftci,  ihu*  r«r,  that  Ibe  tm- 
paaelunait  tA  the  Hook  ha*  fallen  to  the 
gtWBidr  Tbcr«  rcmatna  10  tdd  oalf  one 
nnurii,  tb«  propriolr  of  whieh  h,  I  (hank, 
hidbpBtkbla.  fMtj  oompnbnutoo  and  Im- 
preadve  feree  am  tho  objocta  (*  be  aimed  M  in 
a  MmpoiUloo  at  eoeo  papular  and  funiBai7 ; 
bul  (hcM  laa  no*  alwajn  be  bad  without 
•omo  depaitoni  fnxa  nomrnte  el«Ml£eallDn 
and  tin  onlcr  of  n^nuto  detail.  ]|  M«m* 
^Knuidi  ntore  raij  to  JualK;  tho  InoKuago of 
^F  (ha  opening  vend  of  Oennt*  Ibwi,  for  ax- 
ampb,  the  wnTonkM  nasn  bf  whUi  w« 


\      thf^ 

■  the 
V  ■uch 


I 


aflrm  that  iba  tus  rl«M,  or  nqmu  ■bon 
Uie  borfaon,  aad  aeu,  or  duciwJi  b«l»w  ll, 
aben  ■>  know  parfacity  well  that  ho  dor* 
nelthcc  the  one  nor  Ibe  other.  A*  to  Iho 
Iblnl  char^  «f  idaiilde  error,  thai  ths 
Tt^*uhla  ktnudaai  apfcaied  before  ll  oouU 
bo  Mbjeetcd  to  the  aedon  of  Mlar  light,  11 
ha*  bocn  rirtnallr  d(apo*«d  of.  It  tho  11)^1 
DOT  ipproptlat^l  10  ttie  tun  alone  waa 
grtduallj  gathsriof  lowaid  and  round  Itbn, 
WI17  ma;  it  not  hara  performed  hi  proper 
oMeo  I*  oonttUnitiog  to  (ffteatJan  when 
once  (he  neceMUT  dv^tee  of  KTeranoe  be- ; 
twtcn  aolld  and  Ouid,  brtwevn  wet  and.' 
dry,  had  been  effected  f  And  this  b  ]u«t 
trhai  hod  been  doMflbed  in  the  formation 
of  tho  firmament,  and  the  aepantica  of  bnd 
from  oca. 

Uutv  tlnRiihir  aUtl  teem*  to  b«  the  neit 
obAcrntloD  olliiTcd  bf  Dr.  Rftiile  in  U* 
oocaiMmnd  labor  lo  lolUfy  U)  TCOikra,  liw, 
ihni  there  !•  no  rorelalion  in  tienotia,  and 
•ctoadlf  liiu,  U  th«r«  be,  U  I*  one  which 
hiu  no  aeriouB  or  reletanl  n)Miiiii|.  ]]c 
oomei  lo  the  nFmatkobla  nprtatlon  In  v. 
30,  "  Let  ui  luko  man  in  our  own  ima^." 
Tliere  bai,  it  appoai*,  bora  niuoli  diSenowa 
of  opinion  nren  omons  the  Jewu  ««  thn 
meaning  of  thb  TerM.  The  Almi^tjr  ad- 
dremca,  aa  Huiu  think,  IIii  own  powcn ;  »» 
othcn  Ihink,  Iho  anjieli ;  oihcn,  the  rattk : 
other  wrlleti,  Mpedolly,  m  It  appear*,  0«i^ 
muu.  biive  tindentood  lhl>  lo  be  a  plutal 
of  dignity,  nftct  UioituuuiFT  of  kln^iL  Otb- 
tra.  of  tho  nillonalUlnff  atbool.  ouw«h« 
the  wonl  Elohla  to  be  a  rclle  of  potylhoUm. 
The  ancient  Ohriattan  Intorpntor*,*  from 
Ibe  Apoalle  Bamaba*  onward,  And  In  lhe»e 
word*  an  bidlatloo  of  ■  pluialliy  In  llio 
Dltine  Cnlcy.  Dr.  RJTille  (p.  4S)  boldi 
that  tills  i*  "(Imply  the  royal  plutaliuedin 
itebivw  w  la  nany  other  language*,"  or 
«Ue,  and  more  probably,  (b«l  It  li  na  ap;»eal 
Ui  tho  Ben4  EloUm  or  aogcli.  But  is  not 
Ihi*  Utter  meuriog  a  direct  assautt  upon  tlia 
■upreme  truth  of  the  I'nity  of  <!od  ?  If 
be  obooaM  the  (ormtr,  from  whnica  doM  he 
deriTO  hi*  knowledgo  that  tbi*  "  loyal  plu- 
ral "  w**  u*rd  in  Hebrew  T  Will  the  royal 
plural  acvount  for  (Oon.  iii,  :3> "  wbott  llM 
nan  Is  beoomoaf  oveof  oa'T  aud  wonbl 

*  Oo  th<i  ri|iFHMait,  I  r>IW  (CiIa  tctb*) 
DtniUfy  >r  lIMop  lltroM  llniwii*.  lllilMp  1 
nriAi*  aa  launMtBf  BK  of  tntlniaaMa. 


tfO 


TBS  POPC'LjIS   SCISXCS  MOXTHLY. 


^ 


nnrge  Ac  SwoMa.  If  M^toc  of  ChatlM  &>!■ 
■mrd  **  tk*  vmm  I*  teooiM  m  om  of  v^T 
iM**  IntiakiM  to  cooTer  ft  ffapUr  or  •  plu- 
ral mtuung  T  Cu  <ra  £«pt«T«  iW  mmt- 
tlM  of  1Iuh«p  HanH  BnviM,  dul  tUi 
plnalilT  of  di^tr  it  tadnvvB  U  lb*  t«»- 
puga  of  EeripMnr  haA  fsnbvr,  it  w« 
make  lb*  *1ol«ii  Mfuiafiaan  dui  lb*  Cbri*- 
Uaa  Cburcli  *ith  iu  a*»  tojm  U  irtoDg  aad 
Or.  Hi* iUe  rijth*,  «od  IbM  (b«  vocdi  «*n) 
>ol  BMUt  Id  connjr  lb*  Uc«  of  pluraliij, 
jM,  if  th(^;  bar*  b««n  Mcb  u  to  bad  tU 
Cb>ltu«fan  10  •••  in  ib«tt  lU*  Idm  (bnafh 
180O  jMn,  bow  cu  b*  IM  mr*  IbM  thtr 
dbl  not  ooQTaj  a  llk«  ilipdAoailini  lo  tW 
•wllMt  bMi«ii  or  nadoM  of  tbc  Buob  of 

n*  NM  of  Dr.  RMIla'*  crltldmi  li  dU 
NC<«d  raiher  lo  ibo  ilgalHEaaeD  or  prapri- 
itj,  Ihan  Id  tb«  (nub.  of  th«  r«coiiL  It  U 
BOt  aoBBiwy  U  r«flo«  bii  Naiarin  la  dc^ 
lall,  bas  M  will  b«lp  Um  rndtr  lo  jmlp  bow 
lar  OTCB  a  perfoctl;  upright  nwiobfr  of  tbo 
•dialifio  nA  ooBpaniUTo  tdiool  can  ia- 
dulge  aa  laeaaarioui  liiM,  if  nuii'oe  b«  laboa 
!■  •  dsglo  laalattM  of  U*  uuthod  of  oeo^ 
patin^  UtMoipanaucrtbtrUio  i>d  puU 
of  llwpradJMioaUMi  thoMvdof  ibawonuii 
ahall  bruia*  iba  b«ad  t&  tb«  MrpiM,  aiul 
Ibal  (h«  rirrx*^^  abalt  bniin  Ih*  brel  of  tlic 
•eod  of  tlie  womoa  (iii,  \S) ;  anil  lie  con- 
otjm  Uie  head  aod  tfa*  heel  to  be  aa  modi 
upon  a  par  la  their  rcUtioa  to  tlis  fwidtiea 
and  tb«  rltalit;  of  a  man  that  he  fUi  flod 
ben  DOtliinf  tv  indicate  uhleli  (IibU  gM  th* 
bMUr,  or,  to  bis  own  words,  "on  wliicb 
rid*  shall  bo  ilin  final  rioUnr  "  (p.  4»).  til. 
Paul  Mcmi  ta  bar*  lalicn  a  difforoot  itow 
vbcn  he  vniM,  "  ibo  tiod  nf  pvac*  (ball 
brubeSaun  nnikt  joorfuui  thortlf  "(Ben. 

HorMrpr,  "our  amlior''  (io  Dr.  Bi- 
tID*^  ptiiav)  ia  ocncurod  hxAOM  ho  "  labra 
ipeetal  caro  lo  ptunt  out "  (p.  44)  "  Ihal  the 
fc«  pdr  arc  aa  jct  Miaiigtra  to  ihc  nraat 
dMrtaiT  aotloia  of  moralltjr,"  loaMnneb 
aa  (bff  atr  Boclotliod,  jct  without  ihomo; 
MT.fton,axlia  fHUB«lj  Bayn,  "  wlthont  lh« 
ImM  ibaf"  In  what  Uio  niuralit*  of  the 
fc«  |^(nM(((«<l.  tUi  ■■  hnr^lj  ibo  plan 
But  Ivl  ci  luppoae  for  a  mo- 
thelr  momUty  *«*  (Implf  the 
'  «(  a  little  rluid,  the  UDttoiolopod 
•(  obeolcnw,    witboul    dUtiscU; 


tonnal  ooaaeptlooi  of  aa  eiUoI  orila 
•tudard.  b  it  not  plua  lim  their  M 
vooU  bare  been  csMU<r  wbaa  Aa] 
deaeribe*  (Gen.  U,  IS),  and  Ttt  lialhl 
teniae  obefieDoe  lo  dieir  Fiatbtr  tad  Oi 
Um7  wodtd  eertainl;  ksre  bad  a  go^ 
B»  M7  ra  «paiiiig  In^  «f  metalitf  f 
tbia  propoaiiiOB,  Ufcen  aloM^  I17  m  m 
doaa  >«iiM  10  ibe  oaK.  Dr.BMIkn 
pnibab^  p«t  Blade  wftb  ImSBireDeeed 
Moipl  all  that  dFprttd«  apoa  tbe  dgpa 
lb«  Fall.  Asil  TCt  Itnnn  oaa  be  aa  ■ 
mioaal  liln,  no  idea  nora  palpabl;  i 
laiBid,  wh«tlt«r  by  ptiiloaotih;  or  b}  of 
<«M.  NasH'l*.  ibii  Uea:  tbal  thanan 
aioa  of  ho,  iIibI  ■*,  ib«  art  «[  dtlihoai 
braakiag  a  knovn  law  of  da^,  IdJhm 
nattiro  aad  contfioeitiaa  of  lb*  b«^  < 
eoDMdi*  11  ll  Injurca  Ibai  aiinra  la 
ranstaqt  It,  la  alUff ng  Iba  prefwHea  of 
parti  and  powan^  tn  intredDdag  aa  iaa 
dUerdlraDd  rabatlioB  »f  iba  \a<m^ 
ibo  Ughar,  too  nounifnl);  wnM|aa< 
irtib  that  diaordar  aad  tvMKoa  ^nM 
wiihoDt,  at  toward  Uo^  of  wback  O*  I 
ria  wat  tbe  fooaiain  brad.  Soib  li^  I 
Uare,  the  laagnap  of  CSiriflin  tbeeb 
and  la  partkular  of  SL  AugwiiDft  aa*«l 
primo  ■MMTS.  On  ibia  malttr  I  ^VW^ 
that  Dr.  R4rtlli^  wban  i«d^Dg  iha  ail 
of  Goaoala,  }iidge«  bin  wilboM  k^mI  M 
fuBdaswital  id«a>  aad  aini*.  eat  at  ■! 
•a*  to  eoanvf  that  bef oca  liBalnK  nua 
a  boliy  motaJlf  aad  pbyaicdtf  baba 
aad  noblf  pure  la  orarj  ttoelt; ;  mA  i 
by  and  from  Ua  dnalnit  tba  wall  of* 
found  a  proper  and  naieaaaiy  ;lKe  la  a 
tuic  whiiA  before  wa*  only  op«n  to  IbaM 
of  duty  aad  of  trremioo^ 

One  fBrUxr  obocrratloa  ealy,  Di. 
tille  aeema  to  "•oore  one"  wbea  le  i 
(C«n.  It,  «a)  thit  Sctb  bad  a  aon,  aad  I 
"thm  bepin  loefi  to  call  as  iboaameal 
Lord":  "but  not,"  he  add*,  "at  tbem 
o<  a  recorded  tertlatien.'*  Bm  at  h« 
bu  f eond,  or  oocaed  W  taA,  tba  b<^ 
of  rcli^ea,  and  tbnl  begiantag  wiiffi^ 
not  roTcaledL  So  bajnily,  frcna  tba  Bni 
pcct  of  the  text,  doee  be  gatbtr  a  i«W 
laslage.  whidi,  opon  the  ■O^rtcal  lat* 
wouU  bare  dii9a;>pearod  llJfce  dew  io 
■Doming  aaii.  lie  aiSDi>ea  tbe  rodn 
of  a  tail  which  baa  been  tbe  nAjta 
aT«r7  Uad  of  4|«eation  aad  fi^al^  tee 


DAWy  OF   CREATION  AND   OF  WORSHIP.        871 


dUag  apfiuwMljr  igrtcd  on  being  Uuit  liii 
InleipfetMkiii  \t  Bliotlf  oicludcd.  Upon  a 
djapuled  original,  aod  ■  dtapu(«J  iai«Tprel». 
tkm  nt  the  dlipnl«d  original,  he  fotmd*  a 
rignlAeMkni  In  Sat  coDirwUMioa  to  Uw 
wbol*  of  Ike  fonnsr  namllTe,  to  ElahiM 
BStl  JdioTiM  alike;  «Uoh  nurulr*,  if  it 
wpnasnU  aajrUiiiy;.  Npr«M«U  a  coaiiauit; 
ot  Mtiiv  ncBpmnl  rdRikm  botoMn  Uod 
mJ  OMa  both  baforo  and  after  the  trojit- 
(trwihw  Xiit  1(1  rornllon  dUfoniDoes  of 
Intulatloa,  vlilcli  oiWDlJaltj  ctianse  tlic 
mMnlng  of  Uio  wonlii^  ibo  leu  lucK  1* 
^Ton  bf  Ibe  doobk  auilwrilir  of  the  Sunari- 
M«  rnitM«ilcli  *  DnJ  of  tlic  Scp(uiij;lol  In 

ibe  itaEukr  amiitKT,  Hhich  of  ii*clt  nhciIlT 
«lt«U«p  the  «iwBtni(ticin  of  Dr.  mville.  I 
do  not  enkr  upon  the  dilSculI  quoation  of 
oonSctiag  aiMboritioa,  but  I  urso  that  it  U 
unMJa  to  bulM  an  important  oooduaioa  u[Kai 
■  Krio«]l;  coelTOT^rtad  noding.t 

Then  a  notliing,  then,  in  the  <TitIdima 
of  l>r.  HivlUo  bill  what  ntlwr  Modi  t«  omi- 
bm  Ibao  to  Impair  tha  olil-faihlonfld  boliof 
ihU  tbtM  b  •  rvrrialion  tn  tho  Iteok  ot 
OoDMif.  Willi  hii  arpiinont  oiiulite  this 
pTOpofltioa  I  baT«  Bot  dealt.  1  make  do 
Moumption  m  t<i  obu  i*  tatmtil  a  verbal 
iMpirtiton.  anil,  of  <«iirws  l^  admitting  ihu 
v>rfe<ir,  1  KiT«  up  Iho  almoliiU  lnl«frit]r  of 
tlw  taxi.  Upon  (he  prra uroabta  ag*  ot  tbo 
txtoh  anil  (u  coiDpiUiIon  I  do  not  aiitcr — 
not  o«n  to  cniiiiuc  ibr  opiiilm  «hlch  brtnjpi 
It  do«n  bvloir  (lie  0^  of  Sotomon— bajrond 
obccnlng  that  la  crar^  pnge  It  appcara  from 
IniemU  eridenoo  to  belong  lo  a  rtmolc  an- 
Ibiub*.  I^tst*  t*  here  no  qucillon  of  tha 
chteaolosjr  or  ot  the  date  of  lutn.  or  of 
knooiodgB  «r  Ignoiaiioe  in  the  ptimltlTo 
■aa;  or  wbnli«r  the  olometit  of  panbla 
vnton  IU«  an^  porttoa  of  tbo  natnllto ;  orr 
vhollwf  cTcrjr  itaitinDnl  of  faM  conialnad 
In  the  text  of  the  Book  ton  eow  bo  ttoM 
gooil.  It  l>  raongh  tor  mjr  preaenl  purpoa«i 
io  poiat  to  the  oMmogon;,  and  the  (ouifiilil 
RUoccwIon  of  llio  living  or];*nlnn(,  u  m- 
tlral;  hannooliing;  noeordlng   to  prewni 

*  Bm  niitiio  rf  WliHl>Hlti*4  -  OsmniiintarT." 
t'tklit*i1<n*d.toa*II«  li  >n>eaw*<t.  tn  ttntt 
•itran*  ■•  Itx  ftiplawlal.  b^  Ibt  nlctg  »l  lh«  n- 
rat  rtrtitia.  ta  Iha  -QuirUttj  Katt**'  Ar  0*- 
Mtf.  Bto.  R).  T^ii  railvn  af  lb*  Oil  TaacaiMM 
■IHa<rHftM.  p.Tli  a«t  !iitlr«eMM«taiin«w 
dtaaat;  lh*r  ti4r>  *M  iiUb  ih*  UiaoMde  IMI  m 


aCa  rwMi^  «w 


•  *r  IbaMcHMMtkiDa- 


knawledge,  oilh  belief  tn  a  n«olaiiao,  and 
■«  pMMMipg  (0  (ha  rvjoctot  of  lliat  boUtf 
a  prolilon,  whidi  dttoajubt  tolutlua  al  lil« 
baod«,  and  wbidi  b«  baa  not  yvv  boco  ablo 
to  soIvol  VThatber  tlii*  raTelatton  «m  ooo- 
v«f«d  to  tba  ancMlOT*  ot  Iha  vbola  hotnan 
i«ce  nlio  bara  at  tha  (iina  or  ilaao  oilMad, 
t  do  not  lmo>,  and  the  Scripture*  do  mx 
appear  [o  make  (he  afflnnatlon,  0T«ti  It  thaj 
do  not  conro;  ocrtala  tndioBliout  whL-li 
favor  a  oeauarjr  opinion.  Agnls,  whether 
it  oantaina  the  »bo1c  of  the  ksoviedge 
apooinlljr  rouduafod  lo  tbe  patent*  o(  (be 
Noachioo  isoM,  najr  be  rery  doubtful ; 
tfaaugh  ot  MUFW  great  caution  muil  be  ci- 
«r«htad  In  regard  to  the  paitkulan  of  a«; 
priniaval  trblltlnn  not  drrivfd  from  tho 
text  o(  the  caitlot  among  tha  tacrod  book*. 
I  hava  tliua  far  couflnd  nijMiIt  to  robuttlnj 
objection*.  But  1  will  no*  add  rame  potl- 
tJrc  cantlilcmtloEui  ahleh  appear  to  mo  lo 
aunaln  (be  ancient  and,  at  1  am  prnuadcd. 
impregnabte  beUef  ot  ChrieUaaa  ami  of 
Jcwa  mnMTobg  tbe  liupirKtion  of  the  Book. 
1  offer  thtm  lu  one  *bullj  iloadtuia  ot  thai 
kind  of  kaowtodge  "Uch  oarriee  aulboritjr, 
and  *ha  Bpeaki  derlratlTcIf  n*  beat  be  can, 
tliet  lialcnlng  lo  teaoUeni  of  rapnla  and 
tuch  M  pnetioa  rational  malliod*. 

I  undtvaMnd  tho  atagta  ot  the  majestie 
procoM  dmeribcil  in  tlie  Book  of  UooMii  to 
b«  in  gencr*!  ontUnc  u  folio"* : 

1.  Tbe  point  of  departure  i*  the  fonnlesa 
iau\  oreotcd  by  GoJ,  out  of  "bl^ih  the 
earth  vas  shaped  and  (vnatiiuted  a  tiling  of 
iodiiidual  eilWenee  (rpraca  I,  2\ 

S.  The  detaehment  and  calleotAov  of 
tight,  leaticg  in  durkncm  aa  It  procoeded 
the  (till  tliaotic  mut  from  which  it  "aa  do- 
laelied  (vcrea  >-A).  The  narraiiru  aiuiga- 
ioj;  a  tpaoe  of  time  lo  «Mh  proeiM  appcan 
to  tliow  that  eaeh  mat  gradual,  not  iastaa- 
taooona. 

R.  Tha  datachmnit  ot  light  front  ilarb- 
neH  ia  tuUowod  bf  tb«  d*(*cluncin(  of  iie( 
from  irj,  and  of  aolid  from  liquid.  In  ilio 
fltwamect,  and  on  the  fac4  of  (he  tarlh. 
Bach  of  thoea  operation*  owupic*  a  "  da;  " ; 
and  the  coniUtlon*  ot  TCgatablo  life,  a* 
knoirn  to  ua  bj  Mpcriesoe,  bdng  bo«  pro- 
tided,  the  order  ot  (he  vegetable  kingdom 
bad  btgim  (verM*  4-lS). 

-1.  Meit  eomc*  the  prctentaUon  lo  lU  of 
the  ht«Ttnl7  bodIa^  ami,  moon,  t»A_ 


«7» 


THS  POPULAR  SCISKCS  MONTBtY. 


^ 


Ib  ihdr  Anal  fomu,  wben  dia  oomplecim  of 
tba  p«>oee«  «(  H^rt^cUcctiso  ml  cddcoi- 
tradoB  !■  l)«  ■mi,  and  Ibe  due  (Wring 
of  tbe  inUTTcniBg  *pacH,  liad  nubM  th> 
o«ln]  «ri>  to  lUonwutc  ni  boUmMbfract 
•^  *Ith  idkcted  ight  (t(i«m  14-19). 

S.  Bo  far.  n  h«**  twa  I>b»7  onl?  mlli 
(ha  aJ>tBiwit  «f  naWrfal  aKBuaaa.  Wc 
M«  aniTa  at  Ilia  dcro  of  BBJamri  being  \ 
aadapwc  baauiiM  wtwa  Ub««aHcad 
■a  afciBdel  reeoinmenc^Natat  tka>«tk, 
lor  Ilia  naipaatcmalkaiaagttelalndaeed. 
GodcnaUil— 

(a)  Tl«  vM•^pop•UUaa; 

(A)  Tlia  air-pofditioiL 
And  tb^  rM«lt»  BU  bCMdidSoB  (*(»« 

ft.  PomUaf  tUs  nsular  pragitariM 
Aa  towar  to  Um  ba|b«r,  from  tba 
to  tha  eoEBplei,  iba  Wit  now  ^rca 
oa  ika  «wk  of  ik«  tiiih  -(bj,"  itlikli  wp- 
Vte  At  l>ni<  [iffpilirlrm,  air  biiJ  «atn 
Wriac  alraadf  1nc«  auppUed.  Urn  ia  it 
rttii  ia  ■  Hbfitiiie*,  uiil  lb«  tcauJika 
tato  («)  aii^  to  (4  Maa,  Ilka  tba  mini- 
d^  (ran  iaaalmiia  to  aoitaalr,  to  agta 
nBihiil  u  a  irrnl  oooaiioo,  a  Mad  of  r» 
For  lliii  purpoae  tlio  aotd 
t"l*BtUrltiM«mp1o]r«d.  "Ood 
■■B  la  lli*  o«n  imagp,"  and  ODoe 
t  Ba  pia  bmodiction  to  ifai*  Iha  fatal 
1  <A  BU  band*,  aad  nidairol  onr  nra 
a4A  ib  Ugh  doaluka  Am  vtut  liicd  and 
t  did  aot  lite  (Tarwa  2«-3l). 
I  do  not  dvtn  oD  tka  ocaaaitoa  of  the 
HwlgfUj  (rcoD  the  enBilnR  anil  01, 1 )"  fin- 
"  work,  «Uch  li  tbc  "  rett "  and 
Ifco  MTnith  "da;."  tMcaaM  It  in- 
aaother  order  of  moddentUMA 
Bi^  ghMlnic  bad  at  the  namiirc  Hhirh 
■^  hnua  tbc  SiM  chafitcr,  I  oB^r  perhaps 
•  pN^duul,  an-l  in  an;  caM  no  more  ifaui 
%,  mnark.  IT  «o  liow  it  a*  popu- 
Art,  it  Ii  ijapilarlr  tiriil,  for- 
I  «ffMt|itc ;  if  «n  take  it  as  a  poem, 
«k  Mted  avblimc.  No  itodiIit  if  it  b«- 
I  and  rcappei,T(d  ia  lbs  glori- 
I  ot  llie  nrbn>>  pfoplo,*  pop- 
Kte  •  great  d(>;rcc,  the  aame  onkr  of 
m^'^  ^^  Book  of  GcoMli. 
^  *»  ^aaUoo  la  cot  hci«  of  a  loftj 


poem,  or  a  ikatf  oDj  cPBItretttd  samtf 
It  il  >hellicr  satnnl  ackoM,  In  ll»  )Ml 
*x«TCiM «f  ita  U^  caQiag  toauMiaab 
floib  thai  iho  ■cdu  «(  Ood  ct?  aot  i^ 
«bat  we  bar*  lowl!;  bcGottd  lo  ba 
Word,  aad  UU  tBOilMr  tsle;  or  >b«Aa 
Ibto  iteal— Wh  wtary  of  ChriaUan  [wp 
It  MbMBBdafly  aAeta  baek  Aa  «■!* 
aomtd  «hid,  before  it  etkudaaafon 
(rent  fortii  iaui  all  lasda. 

FhU,  lookii^  lannlj  at  Ibe  btUr  | 
lion  of  tbe  nanMire,  whkb  do*cnb<a 
CKBiion  of  tiring  oifaaitaii,  and  ■tkK 
detaib,  OD  aona  of  vldcb  <aa  in  t«(m 
■be  SqHoag^t  aocni*  to  tv;  ften 
Hcbicv,  tbtrc  b  a  grand  fearf  old  difW 
Mt  forth  io  aa  orderly  latwlon  of  di 
»^  loltow* :  OD  the  Utb  dajr— 

1.  Tba  vater^popuUtloa ;  ^1 

2.  noair-popuhtioa:  ^| 
ud,  on  tba  tiilb  da;, 

S.  Tb«  laiid-pcipBlation  of  aawali; 
4.  tba  Ubd-populaiioii  iTHfiMiMnl 


Xov  tbb  ataw  foorfold  oidf*  if  an 
ftoed  to  bare  baoa  ao  alBtntd  ia  o«  i 
b;  natnral  acitnoe,  that  it  may  be  tafctf 
a  dwnonKraiad  oenchuiaa  aBd 
tKt.  Th*B,  I  Mk,  bow  oBma 
not  to  caid  on  tho  irord,  liow  ■ 
tber  of  tho  Ural  olaptcr  of 
know  that  otder,  u  pcaacH 
whieb  natnnl  (dcaea  baa  mdy  vUIm 
proeot  ccnnuy  tor  ihu  KiM  lime  dif 
of  Ibe  bowcJ*  of  tlic  earth  T  It  iiaai 
impoaaible  to  avoid  ibo  iiaiiMiiM.  I 
tbal  either  tbl*  uriUT  aaagifwd  with  bi 
de*  pMitig  aU  bwaaa  •xparicoc^  ari 
Ul  kwntcdge  araa  dlriMi.  TUBntbM 
of  Uw  altortutire  U  tml;  amni—l  ^  ( 
real.  Wc  kooir  tha  apberv  viibin  flfe 
hitinan  inqnuy  leiU.  Wo  bno«  the  bd|l 
to  which  tbe  '"'-''''— t  of  g«niM  aajM 
Vr'o  liBOB  thBt  [■  cntalB  omm  gnlM  i 
tMpaua  arifw ;  aa  Botocr,  for  oMf 
In  hto  Bcoounl  ot  tbe  owBct  ot  Ihe  f< 
■inds  bt  MB^lonM.  Bat  vt%  ia  Ai 
uiLidtmtiODA,  marrdooa,  and,  m  to  ija 
linpotU  aa  the.r  are,  getttua  eaa  Mt  ma 
troin  one  inoiorabto  Uo.  It  BMt  M 
■naleriili  of  aeaae  at  riptriMea  to  « 
with,  add  B  aoC  #t£  from  abMee  to  B 
lu  fllclil;  aBd  genloa  cu  no  oort  i 
apart  from  hdm  at  Uaat  ot  tba  moUi 


DAWN   OF  CREATION  AND    OF   WORSHIP.        873 


led  b;  inqtrirr,  wl»t  vc  (he  maUiiU  of 

1  iiuM  of  tlio  Mrth.  (baa  U  couU  Htam 

''    a  4riral«,  or  aanlUlaw  ■  UM.'* 

'"*    So  kuikI*  tha  pica  tor  ft  renkltM  of 

'  'utb   from  (l»d,  *  p\m  00)7  lo  bn  met  bj 

lantioalBfi  lu  paaAiUltr;  Uul  U,  an  Dr. 

•«ln>o4i  t  tM«  obMrvod  iriUi  ptu  loroc  !■  o 

It  work.  \ij  iMK^ilhiB  thai  a  Bdng, 

(a  »akn  man,  U  Doablo  to  comnutii- 

)  «ltli  tho  nvaioro  lie  ha*  niad«.    I(,  on 

*^a  otbor  band,  ilic  ob}cct«r  coBllne  bimMli 

m  k  fiMrtty  Mfiatlre  [.oalilon,  and  wtt  Die 

^■tdan  of  proaf  on  ItiOM  who  bclloTO  la 

^Brelaliaii,  it  b  obilooa  lo  rtpty  bj  a  rcf- 

^ftniM  lo  Ihe  adnal  ronaUtutinn  of  1hla|:«. 

I^d  lh*(  oaMtitutiim  bom  normal  or  mnr- 

»ll7  imdiKurt»«rf,  It  tuiRhi  liaTo  botio  hold 

,    ibal  Mtelailon  a*  an  nrfniMrMAm,  an  addl- 

.  (lou  lo  our  notuTBl  fiouliio,  would  ItaeU 

lut*«  boon  a  dUtuibanofk    Gul  the  dioloib. 

^  kfioo  baa  In  Inilh  btcn  artatad  In  (he  ollior 

alo  of  Iho  boJanm  bf  departare  from  tbo 

premc  WUl,  bj  (ho  i>trff3uK!on  of  >la : 

ition,  M  B  apeciiLl  remedy  tot  & 

I  cffi,  U  a  contrltnilion  toward  tym- 

y.  Mid  toward  roatoraUoo  of  tho  oiisi- 

IcqaiHbciom. 

Thus  far  onTj  tbt^  rourMil  tuonulon  of 
livlnjt  order*  haa  bnn  naiiccd.    Bui  anong 
tlio  ptnon*  Oif  very  lii;^li  authorilf  in  nat- 
ural adouo  qnoWd  b>  Dr.  Rootvh.t   abo 
lictd  the  gcDOral  orcoidanoo  of  tbo  Mouio 
ojEnnogOD;  with    (ho  rwulCa    of    modora 
lM|irir7,  ar«  Oavlor  and  fetlr  Joint  [ItnoIi«l. 
^3be  word.4  of  Curicr  *how  lio  coaorir«<l 
■bat "  er«r7  daj  "  fro*h  couflimiitlon  (roui 
Hhe   purely  bicmaii  KHiro*  aocnrd  lo  (ho 
^pwdlt  of  ScKpiiiTe.    And  *Cnca  hi*  *1iit,  tor 
^%e  ou  DOI  nAW  b«  nllod  a  rtoent  authorllj, 
thii  oiiinlon  apfMar*  10  hare  )«e«l*«d  aono 
rsmtrtiablo  IDnitradoni. 

Half  a  OMtarjp  teo.  Dr.  Wbewdl  %  dlfc 

I «  hB»»w»iu«i  wm  >iiM  BBnwrr  di«t"  K 

I  Tr^l  n.  wlat  luKUf*  wUdi  hbdAi  bw« 
(tluaHralijf  u,daelan*  tlut  '(IidIib 
r  MMWai  Bart  Ibui  kb»lBKIh>aHari»l(;  hut 
'tiMi  (htra  nol  to  Imit  tat  U  M  uw.' 

t  ~  IMradiradaa  bt  a*  Now  TMUnMt,"  7.  la. 
Uumr.  INO, 

t  -  MM  nA  yuor.'  pp.  1,  ii^  Tb*  woidi  of 
Citltr  Av*:  "  U<qrv«<  bftt  ant  «Id»  Xoonoiratita 
UakrlHOra.  dtna  OfmMlwII  nit  )>d«  Tv*  Id 

«iB»»i  ■  «»>waf  OWN*"  "'•*••  bHinift  iiu- 

Tto  iltftonUai  nlM>r.l4bB  Ilrrwli4n>  In  IHtL 
l«M.  ^  HI  *»W 


coiMd,  nadt*  tho  nama  of  i)m  nebnlar  h;-. 
potbtab,  tbat  theory  of  rotatioa  wldoh  had 
b««a  fndieaud  b;  Htmcbal.  and  mom 
latfil^  BnHht  by  I^laee,  ai  Ibt  probabla 
method  ilitou^  *hle4  the  mltr  vjMtm  hai 
takfo  he  tetio.  Cartfullj  alMalidnc  at 
that  «aif7  dalo,  from  a  format  }iidEmenl  on 
the  bypotboali,  be  appoaia  lo  dbeoM  H 
with  favor ;  and  bo  aboin  that  thii  by- 
polbMrin,  ahicb  aaeunaa  "a  hoBlBBlBc  of 
th«  prMint  Hale  of  thing*,"*  la  hi  no  way 
adTorw  v>  iho  UoMie  ocnaogooy.  Tlie 
(hear;  haji  rtodred  marked  support  front 
oppoaltc  quartcn.  In  ibe  "  Vealicea  of 
(Valioa  "  It  I«  frankV  adopted  i  the  -nrf 
corloiu  oipnlmool  of  Prafciaor  Plateau  li 
il«tailed  al  IpukiIi  oa  Ita  bohalf ;  f  and  Ibe 
author  oontUr^  wlih  Laplace,  that  tlie 
toftcal  1<u!it,  on  whicb  namboldt  In  hie 
"  Koimo*  "  hai  dvell  at  large,  mtj  be 
a  retiiniint  of  t)io  lumlaotn  atmotpbnic 
arlp.lnuUf  dltTuH-sl  aronnil  tlio  aon.  Dr. 
Uot^ul,  lu  bis  Torjr  ablo  argpimont  on  tbo 
Uoauic  record,  iiuoitd  t  Huniboldt,  Ptaff, 
anil  Ulldlor— a  famoHi  Goitnan  utronomer 
— «■  ndhi-iog  to  it.  It  ipptar*  on  tlio 
whole  lo  l>o  in  peateatioa  of  ilio  field ;  and 
IlcCaul  obicnet  g  that,  "  hud  It  been  de- 
llmd  lor  the  cipreo  purpo<o  ot  romorliig 
tho  Duppaird  dllScultioi  of  iho  Mocale  rre- 
ord,  It  couM  hanlW  hiio  been  more  to  the 
parpnic."  Ercn  It  wo  oone«ln>,  with  Dr. 
ItJTillr.  that  the  ■*  eimlloin."  Ibo  firet  gift 
of  aeporale  exUIeaen  to  the  pUnota,  U 
declared  to  bare  been  aubiequmt  to  that  ot 
ibo  earth,  Uiero  Mcmi  to  bo  no  known  law 
which  eieluden  auoh  a  aupponllan,  Mpo- 
ela1l;r  with  ropcct  M  tho  Isr^r  and  tunrt 
diaiaat  of  iheir  number.  Thtoe.  it  la  to  be 
noticed,  ar«  of  groat  rwiljr  a«  oompaivd 
w^lb  the  earth.  Whf  thoutd  it  b«  declared 
Impouible  that  (hej  ahould  haro  taken  a 
longer  lime  in  oondeaaaUoa,  ttko  in  ihia 
point  to  ibe  oaneU,  wliieh  still  ceatinne  in 
a  ataU  of  exoHBlni  rarity  t  Wuiof  apaeo 
fbrbida  me  to  onter  luia  farther  aplaaa- 
tion :  bui  ]t  Mqi^rM  mnoh  inara  Mrioaa 
oltort*  and  objecUoo*  than  thoM  el  Dr. 
lUdlle  to  confute  the  aulemrnt  that  tiaa 
oxKoaion  ot  knowledR*  and  of  Inquiry  baa 
oonBrmed  (ho  Houlo  record. 


•  WTv«r»a  ep  p(r.  ^  ten 
t  -V»ite»e,-  (*«_  pp.  11-IS, 
;  -  Aid*  (*  Fkllh,"  p.  UO. 


llUd. 


874 


THE  POPULAR  SCI£aVCS  MOXTULT. 


Ob>  irodd.  bovent,  !■(««  (he  'djiT*" 
el  GoimU.  We  do  not  bmt  the  nUiorkr 
•(  Sei^iRin  hnpMcftod  on  ibe  griMwi  ikM 
k  Md^  l«  du  hMi^tsj  c^M  lad  oan, 
h*Mlt,  UM*,  Mid  t(«t ;  aaj.  OTcn  ibt  cat»- 
^lT%f  ef  ths  fauHAs  bdsc.  Thii  ^^Jiur  ml 
I  u  maUe  M  amfciMaai  slir  anj  db- 
to  lb*  cndit  a<  the  MMmd 
b(«aiLi»,  to  d««crib« 
Ik*  order  aad  wmxMA-n  (Usn  of  ilw  M- 
*)■«  vwfeiBK  IbNC  hat*  bfcs  dktdb«l*4 
tMo'dq*."  Wlwt  «u  the  lUig  nt^ind 
la  «Hcr  Id  «sk«  fUt  grwt  pruwiiM  of 
•otttaid&pMeMd  bpnnJTe*  Soretril 
waa  M  dbiribata  Uw  putt  a<b  into  aaow 
tBMgnl  CttAm  e<  line,  htting  (he  duv> 
acMref  -— — '"-g  atanflM*  In  turiC,  c<  ■ 
nralulMi,  «r  eaUM  sad  nlsm.  Thn« 
W*  b«l  ihtM  iDoh  dlTUoM  hnlnrtj 
kaova  M  nsa.  Of  tta*  tha  da;  vat  Uw 
DOM  tandliM  M  hianiio  pcrtfpUou ;  aad 
pnMb^o*  thie  aeeem  iu  flpmiitatiw 
kateliMd  tabt  f oond  la  pnfihMk •exU. 
M,  Mwdt  H  lat|*li  pnvadea  andcot  aarf 
(Km  Iba  object  in  neir. 
■I  hanSlT  be  qpeelimei. 
b  sot  apfear  that  ibe  "  d«>,"  aurc 
dsa  alAcr  nawth  or 
}«arfraa«bM  pneedM  lad  ahal  fidfcm, 
«aa  qifr«f>lMtl7  fkaan  te  the  pafpoM  «f 
«wq^  Iba  Um  iCdeiriipacat  I7  pi^- 
dMhih*fMM«Uditbeba>koetofa** 

I  wtmvm»  M  the  Uat  ptrAn  •(  Nf 
^  aUcb  b  to  Mla>  Dr.  BMD*  inw  Ui 

Mart.  Iba  flew  irtr  or  Girck  idlglM  iIhb, 
f«  hi  hai  imiiMm  1  ibocawol  all  loflf' 
t«<M.aaddifaeM*f  tbm  «bb  av«l  fcdi- 
I17.  OfM^oAirfTMatbMibeOlrapt. 
M.ll  iiJilliiiiiiiMiltiiii  h  nil  III  ninh. 
M  I  havo^btyo^  ilkblWi,»0Mbaite 
.  i^  aif  arfaM  to— 1«^  ■■ 
•■Iba 

r.fciniiiini.*f 


xlhcWdtiM 
tbciMd| 


In  tba  mda  be  follow*  < 
th«  polar  tbeoiT.  la  bb  videtf  «if* 
enibtacea  no  nuire  than  "the  Rlipcn 
nataio"  (pp.  M.  lOOX  aad  he  Wdt  IM 
t«li^aa  ha*  <|>f«iiK  tnm 
ab>oeU  ndUe  and  BouiUe. 

HI*  Snrt  vmKj  b  apea  i 
hare  foond  to  be  oae  ol 
and.  ao  l«  flpaek,  irmlacible  lAaiMlA 
the  Otrmpiui  mTtbdpgj'-  la  Iht  lyi 
•TMam  Ucm-lM^  at  Hdkart,  ■■;«  Dr. . 
rillo  ia  pt  M,  b  -a  bFia«s«J.>^'*» 
of  cUUtaa,  tbr  terror  «<  Bra"!  lo^  ■ 
got  UKj  kaa  of  idrntilj,  ba  beraan  ii 
OiMk  qMtm  "  the  gnat  Uv^TK,  (te  ti 
uf  HoiuWn,  the  pcaMmfcer,  Ibi  Ebm* 
I  ua  ihwpl;  iniprataod  with  the  dia^  I 
Lark*  in  lh«M  wimaur?  and  eair  mMi 
and  1  aiU  oSer  a  im  wanle  SiM  a 
Gratk  DcfadM  yfcnerallr.  neit  <w  lb* 
urrir  pnamtaliai  of  the  <AaiaGta', 

Dr.  L  SdiBhh  hai«nlrib)ited  trU 
prat  DIctlenaj;  a  Ui^  and  lanM  » 
on  Uaradoa— am  anide  whitb  oaf  ih 
b*«alMatnattoe.  t'alike  Oc.  B«4i 
■bott  tbo  nauar  U  *o  daar,  bt  EhA  I 
Hlf  aat  at  U*  daplh  ta  alMmpilt » 
with  thb  Ughlj  InMnpBoai  ifeaia 
abieb  aweie  va  at  ao  nanj  pciaB^  1 
whgl«k  But  be  pcttrlru  In  the  BcMcd 
QrcNa  a  tnixiujx  of  fabvloat  and  tail 
and  the  ^jFtUol  haA  b 
to  hba,  a  tMMpbMd  Xd 
la  wewMilly  Gmd^*  lie  Kfa 
■"a  »  MjrtbobeiM  *■  a^  Ul 
aa  the  beat  tNMlMa  « 
nl^M,  "hMb  of  wUch  TC^id  the  bi 
a  p««);  Crv«k  duiactcr."  Aa*  Db 
tflb  oppaara  u  be  in  coaflKl  with  Ike  I 
he  aMlwriilea,  «ben  bedoeaagtM* 
bMHnrtr^aaam  ^ 

B««OT  btowif  Mr  bar*  fdtS 
•lilT.  •bkfc  Or.  aAiOt  doM  aat  ■ 

ia  art  ^*fca,t  ««<■*  aM^  *a  Ctra 
pada    TUa   a'fcba,  baaawf,  it  HI 

aa-h>^ 


2>AWJr  OF  CS£ATJOJf  AND  OF  WOSSSIP.       87s 


H)f  ta  t&c  woe  prcdIcaiMDt,  u  tbo  mbm 
of  1^'  I*  •Mlgned  10  bin :  It  U  In  vnQlog 

WUh  OB  Mrlk,  ha  la  lAMnuiumaM.t  An. 
^■MftunlMit  •  <lo*i  of  Bwyala  o^^  >htcb 
wMh  Ooni«r  eomincinlf  mm  orimM.  Q*  la 
pntta*,  for  tw  mrandod  Itori,  tbo  apcdally 
AchUu  icod'J-^H ;  |  >n<l  ha  b  trowkcrauii, 
(or  ho  killvd  IphiiiM,  hi*  bo«t,  tn  otdor  M 
otrrf  idt  bla  honv*.^  A  aliod  dunctrr, 
BO  (loubl,  ar  h«  voiild  not  baTo  bad  DtM 
f«rkpoitlwr;  but  tlioM  vUcli  1  baro  itated 
■M  wma  of  iLn  dlfllcullka  which  Dr.  Ri- 
ffll«  cpiiell;  rido*  orar  to  doKritic  blo)  u 
kv^m,  pMOKMlw,  mhI  lUiomor,    Dot  1 

Sm^j  eTaijtblAg,  irlUi  Dr.  B^tUIp,  ud, 
ladotil.  vitb  liU  Mhool,  hia  to  b«  prMicd 
fata  Ui«  amloo  of  ibt  Mkr  ibcotr ;  aMl,  if 
tiM  aTlJoaoo  «4I)  not  bear  h,  •*  nniiji  ibo 
vflrso  for  tha  otldatiMt.  Thu>  Ulna,  lor- 
tared  In  tha  lator  Groak  *piiea  cm  ■  *bod, 
which  l«  mmetlinaa  («pM*aatod  a*  a  burn- 
ing «h«ol,  U  inada  (p.  100)  to  ba  the  nm ; 
tha  lodiLnarr  irbaaa  (pltodof  and  bmcAMiaca 
hdd  nndeml  bim,  Mcotdliig  to  (ba  thtor;, 
(Iw  OcMar  et  all  Ar7>n  vonibip.  A  Mrry 
VM 10  pul  Mm  to;  bai  lal  lli>l  pwfi  Kow 
tin  ooca'lon  thai  lapplica  >a  Iilon  uid  a 
bvitdnK  wtinil  ftrailabto  fdr  aolartam  —  k 
■fxwm  ohlcb  pridca  Iwelf  aborc  all  Ihloei 
on  It*  «4blbIUag  tbe  primiiirc  itatc  ot 
ihlngi — !■  that  liion  had  loreil  unlawfuUj 
th«  wifo  a(  Zcuti.  Ami  firit  tit  lo  thv  whiwl : 
We  hear  of  it  in  nnilar :  **  bol  an  a  vln^d 
not  a  burning  wheal.  Tlilt  "lolar"  ftatura 
aptiear*,  I  h«l3«T^,  iio<>h*ra  Wa  In  tb«  latui 
•nd  mom  dtfaottl  and  aduIt«rBt<^if  mjibologj. 
Kelt  Id  to  the  punUhmroL  it  h  of  a  more 
TOp(Ct*bU  aailqiillT.  Rot  aanitf  hood  (hoiitd 
Mnlj  b«  tak«n  ot  iho  fa«c  that  Iha  oldau 
■udMriiy  upon  tilon  In  Hotiar;  and  that 
noner  alford*  no  piM  far  a  burning  or  anj 
athorwhwl,  far.MOORlin^  toUin.ft  fnM«ad 
ot  liia«*«  loTing  tha  w[f«  of  Zoni^  It  wa* 
Zont  *ha  loTod  lh«  wife  of  lilon. 

KrTom,  maxtjed  without  tiMimony  In  a 
MaUseo,  comiaecily  rwiuir*  man^  icnttoiiaa 
In  eonfuu  UiKn.    I  win  noi  da^U  on  minor 


I  -  II,"  »,  IW. 

""r»ik,-n.». 


t-M.-al.WT. 
l-CM.'nl.M. 
1-0«,-iU,M-IU. 
t»-ll."ilT.llT. 


or  thoM  pnrd;  ttndAt) ;  for  mete 
fandoi,  afaicb  nuj  be  admired  or  tbc  r«. 
vorw,  arc  ii»ptl|«b1o  to  tb*  dsKb  of  argu. 
ment,  aad  Ihna  are  lMrdl7  aubjecu  foi  con- 
futation. AbM  m^^ara  aaaamw,  I  con- 
tinua  to  iMod  tbo  Held  of  Qnok  m7iliol<f7, 
btcauae  It  Ii  tha  farorilo  ipoTting-frouud  of 
tha  rietiulikU  d  tbe  tolar  tbM*y. 

W«  ate  told  (p.  BO)  thU  hccanu  wbtm 
with  ronnded  badta  uaj  hara  tha  appcar- 
anoe  (but  quatj)  of  bone*  or  dioep  throw- 
lag  Ihanxclna  tuisniluoiutjr  upon  cma  an- 
oUior,  thorrtoM  "b  nuuMmo  rBgton*,  tho 
god  of  the  1k|ahl  elomoDt,  PoKldon  or  Xop- 
lunc,  b  the  br«odcT,  protHlor,  and  Uaincr 
of  lioreta."  Then  wbj  U  be  not  abo  the 
brcnlcr,  prolcclor,  and  tminor  of  •boep? 
The}'  har«  iiuiie  aj  ^cd  a  oiaritlmo  tlilo; 
acootding  to  lbs  &ae  line  of  Ariooto: 

"Vaigu4i>TU|«r  our«t  fna  mosldol." 

I  ntn  Blto^lber  ikcptlcal  about  thoao 
rounded  bucks  of  borata,  wUeh,  tool*.  It 
■ccnu,  tliaa  oiher  bicks.  bommc  oow|^cu- 
01U  like  a  watc  Tbc  iPAcmbliinoc,  I  be. 
Here,  baa  conunaol;  buen  drawn  between  tha 
bone,  u  ngnrdi  hi*  maac,  and  the  foam- 
tl[>pDd  waTO,  which  ari)  allU  aomctimni 
called  whilD  hone*.  Bui  we  hara  hrro,  at 
b««,  a  MM  ef  a  gioai  luperarucliira  built 
upon  a  alight  tlmmdation:  wben  It  b  at- 
tempted, on  tho  ^Rrandwotb  of  a  maro 
■imilo,  having  rrfarano*  to  a  auw  of  aca 
which  in  the  lloJllcrranaaa  b  nu>  the  rak 
but  thrj  mra  oiocptlon,  to  framv  an  tipla- 
nation  of  the  cIom,  perradlnf;,  and  alnioal 
profounil  rclailoD  of  tha  UoTmrlo  Poaoldon 
to  tho  horae.  Long  and  mratol  lnraMl|^ 
(ton  baa  diown  me  that  ibt*  b  an  rlbnlcol 
rttalton,  and  n  kcT  tn  Important  puw  of 
lh»  ethnograph;  of  Tlonicr.  Rut  iho  proof 
of  tbia  piopoaillon  would  rniulre  an  hm; 
of  Itaeir.  t  will,  tbcrafotr,  onlf  nttn  to 
Iho  reaaon  which  lead*  I>r.  RiTtUo  to  eon- 
RiTuot  this  (kl  mc  fDi)  caitle  In  tb«  atr.  It 
b  bMau»e  be  Ihinks  be  J*  aeconnting  here- 
by for  a  fact,  which  would  Indeed.  If  ntab. 
liahod,  be  a  atartling  one,  Ihat  the  god  of 
ibo  liquid  *lcniMil  tbould  ako  be  Ibe  god 
of  tbo  horw.  We  oro  dealbi;  now  tepe- 
dslif  wlih  (he  Homnio  Paacidoii,  for  it  it 
In  llomvr  thai  the  rolatioo  to  the  horu  b 
dCTtlapod ;  and  ih»  nj  to  a  tn«  oiplnno- 
tloa  b  opened  wben  wo  obMrra  that  the 


»76 


TBS  POPULAR  SCIENCE  MONTHLT. 


■lie 


BoBcrto  PomUm  It  «Mt  tlw  b^  of 
Build  elMBtt  M  as. 

TIm  Inith  b  Uwt  Ibe  MymplM  ui 
ndkig  e^da  of  HooMr  uc  not  eif«»liL 
Bam  fcnr  «f  ihcM  biw  tbe  unrka  of  luriBf 
liwn  tlaawitol  in  ocbtr  ijmciim;  bui,  m 
"^■*^^"  lUo  Ae  llfttiii  hiiTM,  the; 
■f«  dinHled  «f  ibeir  dcncstal  tanrc*. 
In  tlw  cue  of  Pcaddon,  tbcra  b  no  *ign 
Ihu  he  «T«r  hal  Aim  iIhiw<iI  fWww. 
Xte  rips  H«  uaufdiowl  tbtt  he  bid  been 
wocAlped  M  ■•prenw,  W  ibe  &ii»- FMcMoo, 
bf  onUln  nan  •nd  Id  ocrtala,  rlv,  is  (ar 
(OBtbau,  mvitiMa.  Ceftatnl;  be  hu  ■ 
■fwdol  itluita  to  tbe  Mk  Odcv,  tnil  ontc 
00)7,  do  wr  bear  oi  hii  hating  a  babitalian 
nadm-  vater*  ll  h  In  "IL,"  iiii,  where  be 
fetcbee  hb  bone*  frem  b,  la  rtfair  to  ibe 
n«jaB  (ilalo.  He  MfM*  10  bsT«  been  an 
babit^  abeeBtee;  tbe  pnMMjpe,  he  inlgbt 
be  called,  of  that  tlUUmd,  ni-faTond 
cba.  We  bMT  of  Um  h  SewMfarMC,  on 
tbe  iMpnett  UoobuIw^  a«  Tieltlef  the 
Bthlopkaaf  «b»  mnblptd  bhn,  a>d  the 
teek  of  whoa*  affarind*  he  iirerrmd  at 
«udt  thttM  10  the  Meleir  e<  lb«  CWjruiplaa 
god*  d«b«tia|-  en  HeBorto  albbm ;  ibooch, 
■ben  ««  are  ia  the  anoe  of  ibe  Ouier 
OMgnpb;,  we  find  hia  actually  pmldtag 
li  BB  OtjiiplM  MMcoblr  flwrhed  wicb  fer- 
«!(«  uw»ciMku4  How  eoiDpan  wtib  ibii 
cn*t  nuBdau  flpira  ibe  tnw  cktDMUl 
pHb  of  Bomer:  fnt  UeMoe,  •  woer- 
•ble  ipir«,  obo  dwell*  appro|>rtucl7  b; 
tb«  farlbeMg  bound  of  rartJi,  the  bonk 
*A  the  OMnn-iirrr,  and  who  is  IM  WB- 
moaed  |  eroo  lo  die  Rrwt  Oljni|dan  u- 
fomblr  oT  the  T*«DiIeth  Itoofc  ;  and  snv 
couUy,  the  fTijbcknl  of  tho  wa,  whnm  onljr 
fnn  Ibe  r*u«DTnilc  of  IiU  XeroU  dangb- 
un  >•  bfio*  M  h**«  botn  called  HtMiii^ 
and  who,  when  leferffMC  la  made  to  fab* 
■nd  to  hie  Inin,  is  on  rAchecoulein*!  tobc 
foond  fai  (me  and  the  Hme  [ilaee,  tbe  detfi 
etccjaea  ot  tbe  Uc^tenanMn  witen.  It 
Dr.  Bfrillc  illll  doubta  who  wna  for  Homer 
Ibe  cImmiiI*]  god  of  water,  let  him  note 
Ibt  bet  that  while  iwroi  ii  old  Oretk  tor 
wf.  Bcro  [>,  dowD  to  this  f*rj  Ai.j,  tbe  peo 
ple'a  word  for  loafrr.  Bui,  conclii>a>«  m 
are  tboM  omuidenuiona,  Ibttr  ton*  «tll  be 


•-li,-«lii.i:.«l 


l-H.-i,«w:««i,8i 


wet  fbliy  ^pprecMtod  vvj  wj  1 
hare  dwetj  oblBfTrd  Ibtf  B^af^  ■ 
iktvigle  ^Mea  I*  raMhrial)'  iiiMii 
Nals^woEtblp^  cxeept  h  it*  biweB  1 
■DoM  DolotleM  onkn,  ead  (bet  wboi 
bn  lo  de«l  wbb  a  Xalioe-powa  fd  td 
pretcMieoe,  encfa  ••  tbe  Wam^gnd  ■< 
be,  be  t*  apil  to  puna*  «  meibed  <d  ^ 
>aK■re«io•^  b;  loail  banitbiMM  gr  e< 
wue,  ibat  apace  nay  be  left  hta  10)% 
wpoD  bis  wMnl  tJM  goff^coQi  and  h^ 
ll^Qwa  of  Ua  *"**"''"*'^**  i^iVc^ 

As  a  Bor^ccn  peefoem  ibe  neM  t 
ble  opefMiod  Is  •  few  eMoad^  *d1 
onbroli:^  cafan.  eo  dote  tbe  (cfaeol  <d 
RMIki,  at  kaat  iritbla  tbe  lloMsk 
dsct,  mar&bal,  Ubrl,  and  UaawiBk 
pBwnaagre  ibat  ai«  fomd  ibut.  late 
ing  OB  tbo  "  log,"  by  wUcb  Dt  U 
aafa  Ben  was  repnacBtcd  for  BgH^  *I 
(|iit«t|y  dcwribtTd  aa  tbe  'Qor*  ef 
•UniiigU«T«i"(p.?9)L  FertbhM 
tbH^  M  baiielf  fsade,  I  an  avm  « 
awborii;  wbaiover  soong  tbe  Gml 
*a»ewUt  foraUable  ACndt;  far  u 
Ihaa  ■oiariMe^  M  we  Are  di^bg  wb 
eninratlr  Crock  oeaoepllon.  BsffU 
rather  lalo  euiboritf,  m;*.*  ibe  d 
a»c«g  Ibe  uatf.  aa  all  dcitke  ai^ 
mM,  n  ^jlUa.  I*  do :  but  ^ree  no  b 
doatlifaorttf  Idestii*  orof  qweemUpk 
■dqU,  rtoMly  dtepiitol,  majsatedi 
oga  BekiBiiait  rrfera  ibe  aaMe  H 
Latin  Arm,-  Curltiu}  ud  Prrllerg  t 
Sankrlt  mar,  mra&ing  tbe 
WeUwr.l  with  otbvn,  to  wfaal  \ 
more  obrio**  form  of  f^  the 
Rfitilie.  I  pnouiBr^  enakto  eboioe  ll 
Gaaivkiil  mar.  Siicb  otTTookigiM,  he* 
am,  tbovgb  greatly  10  farar  wlib  tbe  ■ 
iaU,  aiuM  mcertain  guldea  to  Gnek  I 
pteUtJoD.  Tliecffociaf  uoetiBgtOtbl 
thai.  If  •  ddir  hu  in  taota  fon^ai 
i^loTfjatcai  liad  a  wnalB  placo«4 
nnd  if  ihb  ptaoe  or  oAm  ha*  bcM  all 
to  >uii  Uio  ciigcadc*  of  a  canpoiM 
tholoi^,  ihe  Greek  ides  btotanjail 
eelvcd.  If  w«  take  the  prMMioe  «l 
Bamnrfc  ApoOo,  w«  xanj  wMi 


le  («9! 


•BBlth.-IUIr«*,- 141.  ■ 

t  SMU->  >  IHrt..-  an. '  Baa.-*  fl 
t-dHHb.KtfnMl.-p-ll*- 
t  rMbr.  -OilMh.  UjiVJ,-  \  in. 
I  -  Oiierb.  OMwMm,- b  MMl , 


lun ;  but  wo  art  lantkd  al  oom  fa  the  »b- 
lani  eoiucqiMnTC  that ««  lu?a  fM  a  Sun 
Jrtadf,*  aivl  tliat  lh«  t«o  an  Joikt  acMra 
D  a  Mcnc  of  ibc  aigbth  OJyauy.f  Slrangt^ 
bdocd,  «ill  be  the  clffci  uf  *,\iti\i  a  Rjritwa 
t  apiktlid  la  oar  own  mm  al  wnw  ilaic  la 
ha  far-off  tutur*i  (or  tl  will  bo  thovn, 
■lN>  mUa,  tbat  Ibm  vetc  m  prl«na,  but 
■ly  pntbri«rfi,  la  auj  portloB  ol  Wcaun 
krilHMdoia ;  that  our  dnka  wtrs  *implj 
jMNiab  loading  iia  la  wari  that  me  broke 
or  bat  4l  cliibi  (n  ikc  arcnlag  <rorrfIiKr  U 
ml  a  oorapitadan  «(  d(r'*'*")  i  <u>^  c^Oi 
MtflMji  ihu  one  ol  ibc  nobleat  and  nioal 
iunova  «[  l!n);Ilih  bosMi  puTtood  habitu- 
Of  th*  bninblo  ooeupatlon  of  a  ]Hg-ilrirer. 
The  cbirattCT  of  tl«ra,  or  Utri,  baa 
•odrcJ  from  ttoiocr  a  full  ooJ  elaborate 
Isralopinotii.  Tbore  U  la  It  abaolulcl;  no 
nee  whatercr  of  "(be  iiuccn  of  tiic  ibln- 
»g  bcsTeo."  In  the  aoUan  uf  the  "  Oilj»> 
ey  "  ih«  ba>  no  ihore  al  ftll— •  fact  abm- 
iMetr  MMCOOUiULbl*  if  bor  fuiioiion  wu 
me  for  which  thcTOjagot  uf  tlut  poom  give 
Mcb  iDora  «oop«  ihAD  \»  mppU»d  b;  ibe 
'lllaJ."  n«[wl!»|tliat  Ibmlinoquocti 
i(  beaven  in  llie  Achai&n  Bjatem;  cor 
onld  tbei«  be  witboiit  alt«iing  iti  wbole 
jeniu.  Il  i«  a  eurioua  tmsdontal  tact  that, 
Jtboogb  llomer  raoognliM  lo  tome  oiteat 
■nuil;  in  Iha  slon  (I  nfet  to  Otion  aiu3 
kaeoOie^  both  of  tliuin  fonqga  pertou- 
ige*  of  the  Oui«r  Oeognphj),  ha  MT«r 
ma  approiUaalM  to  a  petMolficaUan  of 
ha  real  (|uc(id  of  bi»aTon,  namely,  the 
BOO*.  Tbtre  happoiut  to  be  oae  marked 
■riilmt  of  the  action  of  llora,  iiiii<;h 
(and)  in  rather  ludimua  oontrut  with 
U*  lao(n(  ((ueentliip.  On  en*  of  the 
icnrtca*  whOD,  ia  rinot  of  lior  birth  and 
Ulton,  ihe  tieralMa  aome  auprome  pre- 
ogithe,  Aa  iSimu  the  ana  (wirel;  aot  m 
a  bar  hinl  and  anatar)  to  ««i,  aad  he  ru- 
acUailr  obejikt  Ilor  «hara«i«r  baa  noi 
in)r  proDouaOMl  inonletamaata;  Uoxhibila 
wUo  attd  paMion ;  It  1«  pcrtaded  toteaae); 
tilh  t«i\^  and  aotiantllam ;  aba  b  bcyoDd 
iQ  other*  the  Aobalaa  goddni,and  it  ii 
vtaMtMUy  ImpaWd  M  bar  bj  Zau  thai 
iha  woald  cat  tbe  Trojaoa  U  *Im  «oiiU,  am) 
lot  tbem  whbODt  nqiiUfng  In  ibe  Bm  la- 


DAW^  or  CRSATIOJf  AND   OF  WORSHtP.       877 


Btaaoo  anr  callaaij  procaM.*  I  buaUj 
pwtaai  agabM  laaulinc  and  4ii4curt]^  ifali 
work;  ajpUn  what  grrat  Walu*  SooU 
would,  I  Itiiak,  lia>e  tailed  "nnuhackorln;; 
and  mbiguigUag  *'  It,  aiur  Ibe  raanncr  of 
NIool  Uoaehal,  irbcn  be  put  an  cad  lo  bit 
wtfe  Alliu  f  al  llio  ipot  af  (crvanl  maiked 
b/  Ui  Dainc  Why  blur  tlio  plclnni  ao 
dbaigtd  alibo  wlih  bnagiaaiive  power  and 
Uflorie  Mcaniws,  b;  tlw  riulcut  obtnuDon 
of  Ldeai^  wbloh,  whatcrer  foroe  tlie;r  ma^ 
bnTG  bad  among  otbcr  peoples  or  ia  other 
ii}«ic«ii«,  k  ««a  one  of  tha  ouiii  purpoaea 
ot  llomcr.  In  bli  nuLrrcknu  tlicutgio  «mIi, 
to  ciprt  Irom  ill  bl^  place  in  tbe  order  of 
ideal,  and  from  oTer;  oornor,  erer;  Io(t  and 
over;  odiar,  ao  lo  apeak,  of  bit  Oljmpaan 
palncMt 

If  tlic  Hera  of  Ilemor  U  lo  own  a  rcla- 
tlonahip  DUtude  the  Acbaiaa  iTilem,  like 
that  of  Apolto  to  tbe  lun,  tl  It  uadaabtedlj 
ariib  Oaia,  ibe  earth,  that  -It  eaa  be  moM 
tasilir  eaiabliiibod.  Iha  all-produoisj;  fun^ 
lioQ  of  GiUa  \a  Ihe  Thtogoor  «I  Healod  % 
aod  her  maina^  wlib  Ouraaoa,  Ibo  bear- 
oa,  olio  boi  o  portinl  telailou  lo  Zt^ui,  podou 
to  Oern  ai  llic  mojciillc  aucocsior  who  in 
Ibc  Oljmpliu  K^hoiuD,  a*  the  f;iciit  molber 
and  EUardlan  ot  mAtcrnilj,  liorc  aa  nmilogi' 
nl  rowinblaiiec  lo  the  fcmilc  hfocl  of  one 
or  mote  of  Ihe  IVIa'igian  or  arcUalu  thcogo- 
nln  tbai  it  bad  dcpoicd. 

1  bare  now  done  with  the  Inaimcnt  ot 
detailt,  aod  I  mual  not  4|uU  ibem  without 
earing  that  there  are  aome  of  Ibc  ebaptera, 
and  maajr  of  the  neatcncva,  of  Dr.  lUrlUe 
which  appear  to  me  to  dcierre  our  tbanki. 
And,  niach  a*  1  differ  from  bim  ooaeendas 
an  eoonllal  part  of  Ibe  biatorle  baait  of 
religion,  I  tnwl  that  notUng  whieb  1  bara 
Mid  can  appear  lo  Impulc  lo  blia  angr  bca- 
litllf  or  lodlffcrcaac  to  Ibe  oobataan  of 
rcll^on  Itaclt. 

I  mak>\  icidced,  ao  quoallon  that  tbe 
nakr  iboorr  ban  a  moit  impotlant  plaoe  ia 
■olting  (be  problems  prcicated  bf  maaf  or 
aome  of  the  Aryan  nli^oui  hot  whether 
It  eiptuDs  iheir  fini  iaeeption  i»  a  toullj 
diflercnt  mutter,  ITbeu  it  ii  nithltailT  ap- 
plied, in  tbe  teeth  ol  cridoneu,  to  them 
all,  in  tbe  laM  taiort  II  atlOai  taota,  and  rc- 
docai  obaorration  and  naaoolnic  lo  a  mock- 


•  •M-b*a.~ 


t"(>L.''mi.im 


fU,-rrtH«t»W. 


•"n."l»,». 


t-tlMfttrMluaiiiu." 


t  -naat,"  II4-1M. 


878 


TUS  POPULAR  SCIESCS  JiOXTUir. 


ff.  Sr  Gcor^  Cm,  Hi  atilt  ulracu^ 
tiMH  npM  tin  (iliiiiMdoa  ihu  lom*  «u 
pwtloalu  nsllMfd  b  do*  uaUibb  tor  all 
Om  tdwBMta*,  ted  uki,  Vhj  »e«  adaiii 
te  Ibt  OfMk  *j>u«n,  tar  Uio  Ania  ij*. 
Uaa  at  Uff*^  peitep*  for  a  mill  >Mn- 
mie»,  "m  (tear  ud  dmpti  nptuutloe," 
nudrit,  tlM  mUt  theotyT*  Tbr  pUb 
M«*0  10  ihtt  qioMiioa  h,  ihM  lltb  nst 
not  b*  doM;  bMMc^  tf  k  i«  doac^we  4e 
tut  CoHov  ih«  Ckctt,  Dor  an  M  bf  tham ; 
Ink,  lo  «e  ibe  tcBtrkaUe  (tirue  of  jBtday- 
ldB,t  we  riilc  tbcm  iloim.  «e  twapit  Ifam 
init*  foot.  Uiutkiiiil  lu>  long  boca  Mm 
hwliv  wiik  •  nee  of  pmctUioMn^  vfaMO 
(WDWir  torbMt  to  nuoe,  oad  whoM  ri^glo 
aadWne  b  ofike  oraHaUe  to  deal  ■!& 
«r«7  «ne  of  Ibe  UtooMml  BginiM  «f  dbwwc 
nm  wo  Mnl;  mtaj  oouroM  to  whkfc  the 
oU  nOgisaa  on  rafenlilo,  Wc  hare  lolor 
wonUp,  Mtlh  wonhipt  aMnwnniii  war.  ' 
Alp,  tbo  vwtUp  oT  oaiowb,  the  wonUp  ! 
of  mil  poven,  the  oonUp  of  abMnctiMi*, 
tke  woiiriiip  «l  the  dead,  (be  fwd  aal  pol-  | 
tilting  venbip  «t  bodllj  aguu,  w  «Uo- 1 
rpRoil  to  tbe  wori^  aad  «^ecUlh  in  tbo 
Eait ;  Uit,  bol  not  baM,  I  nIll  dum  tcrml- 
DOl  Bontliip,  the  iwaoilrihli  and  moat  lot- 
porlHt  *dionM  orblcth  grav  vp,  pntiapa 
ItM  OD  iho  MIe,  Is  ooaoocttNi  vllfa  the 
MOMS  mMd  for  tnaiUng  boondafka,  which 
iada  ba  principal  iiprtaraWtlTa  In  Ibe  god 
Ilcmea.  aad  whidi  U  ^aj  ^"t^  tmetd 
■nd  cihiUtcd  io  Ae  trti  TOloma  of  die 
work  of  IL  Dolaurv  %  on  aodonl  MUgiooa. 
But  none  of  Iheae  dicoiDfUBcM  dla- 
cTti£i  or  impair  (be  proof  Ihu  In  the  Booh, 
of  stild)  Graofb  tt  tba  ^wdng  aeolioa, 
ibetv  b  cosre^  ip««itl  hsowledge  to  bwoi 
Ibe  apedal  nMd  ncr]r*htie  *o  palpable  la 
Ibo  Mate  and  hinlofT  of  ooi  ram  hr  io> 
donl  am  I  (ran  averting  that  Ibii  pmimt 
^t,  at  that  an.*  p(o«c*a  knows  to  ni^  db- 
potea  of  afl  tha  preblna,  titbtr  in«olobb 
or  nD«oI*od,  bf  wbkb  w«  an  anrTOoadod ;  of 

"tha  hmOta  mJ  ih*  aijtmj 

Bat  I  orn  mr  Mrpriie  not  onl;  at  the  (act, 
but  at  tbo  manoN  in  wUdi  in  tbb  daj, 

■  •  MtUoIoct  ttArtm  KMIooi,'*  I,  tl 
;>a>iav4(»«u;aiMii(i«abIa«ari.ia  «p|*il 

«■»]■  Mnlini.     t•n^t,  isto. 


wtitcn,  ■  bote  Bome  b  l«^an,  I 
In  tbBnol«r  and  abouadine  b 
oolf  pwt  away  fiom  Iben^  a 
or  tnio  tbo  rei7  gulf  of  mgaiha  Bail 
tba  wwptloti  of  a  Ddtj,  an  Mlii^  nd  1 
rsU^IMIr.  Of  tbb  bolirl,  which  taBl^ 
i«Aod  tba  doobra,  aad  wiped  away  ibt  tani. 
and  foiiad  pndamce  (or  tbe  (oouarpd  • 
nan;  a  «aBi7  waaderer  an  eulh,  «UA 
among  iba  b«at  and  gnatcat  of  our  ace  bi 
btta  Be;<teilbad  b^lboM  >bo  had  it,  indM 
boccd  nd  ao^gfat  for  hj  thoae  wbi  hid  « 
not,  wa  aright  auppooo  ttai  if  at  bi^  •■ 
had  dbcotvred  that  it  was  b  Ibt  G^<( 
tmtb  «nlcB*bJr,  ibat  the  oecwibbd  •■(■ 
mo^  of  nsan  wa*  wvrlhleaa,  aad  ibtf  Vi 
•bdon  waa  but  t<Mf,  v<n  at  inA  tb  it 
Otarlw  of  BooaroBOg  woold  bo  loactelrf 
to  tbis  IrtcTiarablo  loo.  laauad  of  lldk  k 
b  with  a  }oT  aad  csullatian  that  Blfb  il- 
noot  recall  tbr  (raatic  orgfao  of  iW  Om- 
nanne,  Ibat  tbb,  at  lean  at  irw  *l|kt,  Mttfe 
and  **— ■*>*itii*»  oabmltT  b  aflDOptBl,ad 
recotdeJ  aa  a  g»ln.  Odo  rrocat,  an^  h 
■n^  w^a,  reapecied  wrtt*^-B  ««a«a  hag 
woo4  to  vuhlp  crord  mn  aaibr*  dbilHp 
rxooH  of  cargo  hi  a  nana,  and  paadig  d 
longth  ino  (om>l  aihrbot— rrJoloatiW 
boradf  Okibe  cpen,  freehand  "brrajam- 
mon  al  hiHiaadi7."  .Another,  ab»  a  mm. 
and  dnlbg  oalj-  whb  the  WMUnp  1^ 
manif  eaiatioaa  cf  God,  And*  •  b  (be  Am? 
ofaphjdcal  erohrtloBaartetntjydtuhfrf 
by  Xr.  Darwfai,  aad  Kettaod  with  titwaw 
(aror,  both  an  cmaadpatlea  fron  ctior  ad 
a  nardij  in  kind.  She  irjofaca  to  Aiak 
tbit  atw  at  Ian  Darwin  "idiowo  BbMio 
barmooloua  ahi^  and  makn  tbr  (alwi 
•iride  ponlble  bj  tbo  pa«t  odTanct^"  En- 
hdon,  that  b  phndcal  rroblbB,  'iBdi 
abor  b  to  *b«,  bbj  bo  tnia  (I&e  tbr  mIw 
theotj),  may  be  doUfthttDl  aad  tmStM, 
la  lu  right  ploM;  bwt  are  wo  tiaBf  WA- 
dcntaod  that  rarictica  of  aalind*  bfoa^ 
aboal  throng  dooMadeatloD,  ibawaitaf  «f 
orgaaa  (tbr  '"»*"*t.  tbo  lalb  of  ntco)  bf 
dbnae,  that  nattral  atboHon  and  the  •*■ 
tHbI  of  Oo  flttaat,  all  En  the  phjdcat  tidv, 
nhiUt  to  at  ibc  ^r**!  araann  of  cnaliK 
Iheaamand  oroifr  o(  life,  ao  thai  aiad lad 
^Mt  arc  dcibraMd  from  ihrir  old  npma- 
acf,  and  no  loogrr  ia*n«i|rn  b*  right,  M 


■  1  da  ■■!  qmu 


tat  I  nftr  t*  •  Hcy  "' 


CMtiMklgtai 


I  •««ar  BoatWr  pntillcA 


DAWN  OF  CREATION  AND    OF   WORSHIP, 


879 


id  ■omewhere  by  chariij  «  place  u- 

tiiem,  u  qipeiidagGS,  pcrfaapa  onl; 
■escences,  of  the  m&teriml  oreatloDF 
□d  that  Evolatioii  in  ila  higbelt  [onn 
t  been  a  thing  herelalora  unknoitQ 
iTj,  (a  philosophy,  or  to  theology.  I 
1  that  it  was  before  the  mind  of  Saint 
lien  he  tau^t  that  in  the  fuUneaa  of 
od  Bent  forth  His  Son,  and  of  Euse- 
■hen  he  wrot*  the  "Preparation  for 
ispel,"  and  of  Aoguatine  when  he 
icd  the  "  City  of  God  " ;  and,  beauti. 
1  splendid  as  are  the  leaaons  taught 
iral  objects,  thej  are,  for  Christen- 
:  least,  infinitely  beneath  the  lubtime 
ng  of  the  great  drama  of  human 
in  which,  through  long  ages,  Greece 
Jung  ready  a  luiguage  and  an  intel- 

tjpe,  and  RoEoe  a  framework  of 
nd  an  idea  of  law,  such  tliat  in  them 
}  be  shaped  and  fashioned  the  des- 
[>f  a  r^enersted  world.  For  those 
jlieve  that  the  old  foundations  are 
en  still,  and  that  the  fabric  built 
bem  will  loolc  down  for  ages  on  the 
;  wreck  of  many  a  modern  and  boasl- 
ary,  it  ]»  difficult  to  see  aaytbing  but 
tion  in  the  destmctiie  temperament 
leads  to  the  notion  tbat  to  subetitute 

niecbiniBm  for  tbe  hand  of  God  in 
urs  of  life  is  to  enlarge  the  scope  of 
al  agency ;  tliat  to  dismisa  the  high- 


est of  all  Insidratlons  is  to  elevate  the  ttrain 
of  human  thoaghl  and  lite ;  and  that  each 
of  ua  Is  to  rejmca  that  our  Kreral  units  are 
to  ba  disintegrated  at  death  into  "  conntlesa 
millions  of  organisms " ;  for  such,  it  seems, 
ia  the  latest  "  revelation  "  delivered  from 
the  fragile  tripod  of  a  modem  DelphL  As- 
suredly on  the  minds  of  those  who  believe, 
or  else  on  the  minds  of  those  who  after  this 
fashion  disbelieve,  there  liea  some  deep  Jo- 
didal  darkness,  a  darknesa  that  may  be  felt. 
Whilo  disbelief  in  the  eyes  of  faith  ia  a  soro 
calamity,  this  kind  of  disbelief,  which  re- 
oouncet  and  repadlatea  with  more  than  sat- 
IsfacUwi  what  b  brightest  and  best  in  the 
Inberitanoe  of  man.  Is  asloundii^  and 
might  be  deemed  incredible.  Nay,  some 
will  say,  rather  than  accept  the  fiimsy  and 
hollow  conaolatioiis  which  it  makes  bold  to 
offer,  might  we  not  go  back  to  Bolat  ado- 
raUon,  or,  with  Goetha,  to  tbe  hollows  of 
OlympoaT 

■■  W«DD  dl«  Talk*  aprdtit, 
Warn  dig  AmJu  lltLbt, 
Ellen  wLr  dso  sJtaa  OutUm  lu."  • 

TainsLaTiov. 

"  WheD  tha  ipaAl  gVttsr, 
When  tbe  uhee  glow, 
We  ipeed  u  to  the  old  eodt," 

Nlnelttnlh  Cmttay. 

*  "BrsDt  von  Oarinth." 


h 


r 


t- 


INDEX  TO  VOLUME  XXVia 


TOL.  ZITOL — SB 


INDEX. 


I 


P1«S 

Abbott,  Cb*riiM  C^  IL  D. CSS 

AooUniUixiitioD HT 

As^llzed  Wood  of  ArlMM MS 

Agricnltural  OoUegw,  I'opalArUJDg. SS8 

AlukA,  Tlifl  Xailvo  Tribetof SM 

A]l«D,Gruit rs,  $84,  BM 

AU  ih«  WotM  Akin vn 

Amoricna  Ilinlorr,  A  K«w  FUld  ol , t71 

AnaatliMia,  Local,  ProlvngBtioo  of. MS 

AiUMtbatio*,  Ancient , , E?l 

Axtiofjt  A  Signtfteaat , 

AndMir»,Mi«  E.F 

Af«9,  tlie  Haa-lilte,  Eitornil  Form  of 780 

A(bor-P*y tS» 

Arctic  Exi'Iorotioo,  Opponng  Viowi  of 4SJ 

AivtH  Soil,  Kruico,  Depth  of 

Art,  the  Toachcr'i,  How  to  Exalt , , 

AMOcnntion,  the  Aneriean,  Cberaiitrjr  at. , ]M 

AMOclatioD,  the  AiDerloaa,  Phydoi  at. 18S 

AnooiBtiuD,  tho  Amtrioao,  Mecbonical  Science  at. 140 

AaMtcfatiom,  the  American,  Ueologfat. SSI 

Aatodadoa,  tb«  Britith 141 

Aaraoom;,  Women  in. 6U 

Anditioo,  Colored 717 

Ract^ria  And  Snreicol  I.«Moni. 

Batha,  Vapor-  and  IIot-Atr it 

Beeober'a  Poaltlon  oo  Evolution 

Bo«t-Bogar,  Prodaction  of,  in  Oermanjr 424 

Blologfcal  Teachtng  in  Co11t«e(. 677:. 

Birds,  Arctic,  Tbo  Social  Lif«  of 

Kthop'a  Ring  around  tho  San. 

BUndUen'a  DrMRu. »l 

B1aDd«nt,  CathoUo,  A  Oatbolie  nn lU  ' 

Booka  notioed ; 

"  Modern  8dcDoo  and  Modem  Tliought "  (Laliig) II 

"  PrahUtork  Flahlng  "  (Ran) Iflt 

'■  Town  Oootogjr  "  (Hoilnrin) 137 

"  Proeeedlog*  and  Trantaotlona  of  Iba  Ro.ral  Sodet;  of  OtMNla  " 138 

"Tfaa  Copp«r-boar!og  Bock*  of  Lake  Soperior**  (Irring) 13» 


Ml 


lifDEX. 


-  OU«-llM0n(e  Flora  of  V(rpiua''(Foalite^ 

-HmQ-P.  Iiitoi"for  I8M  

••Oa«BWcialOtfUMA]ul7^"(AlMi). 

•■[MMHi*''(L]rBUIl) 

-li«»«(T««i"(WlMtr). 

-  DMnirtin  AiMrioi "  (BrvckcU) 

-67Mhaae&lgabrt*'<CuD) 

-T««i^»l«!hiM«"  (Abbou) 

"  Baeat  Progre*  (n  D^Batoo-EIntrio  M«cliiiM»  "  (Tbomfn*)...  j 

"SudU-SamrlBt"  (WiBdow) 

**  Tbo  EtMnt-EBgiDe  ladidUor  "  (Le  Via). 

•■ncngmvof  Um  Barth  "  (Robert*) 

"  IlMllbr  FotwdaUani  for  Hobmi  "  (Brovn). 

•■Ki|»orth«DoiaiiiIoaur  Canada"  (Laageil))) ....J 

*■  Sotoa  frota  th«  PbjHolopeal  l^abontorr  of  tba  Usiranl^  ct  Vtao' 

ajltUM  "  (Rasilotpb  anil  Dixati). 

**  Aattieaa  NanfMiMT  Atunta]"  (AyorA  Son). 

■*IIo«to<lrmiaIIoaM"(WBriBg). 

"  BaDoouiRg  "  (Hay) 

-The  Lock  Jav  of  lBtBata'*(UartigaB) 

"Maltlins  and  U«  Wort"  (Bonar}. 

'*B«ponat  SnilhaooUs  loaCitntioii,  1883" 

••Clwk«-piilW) 

•>Sil**rL«adD«pMitoorEiirti[a,  X  erada  "  (Cnrlia). 

*■  HHnoin  of  Um  Kalkwal  Academy  of  Sdenc«s  " 

"DiiMMraU''  (llarrii) 

"  PaleootologT  of  tbe  Eiin^a  DUtriM  "  (Waloott) 

**  Manual  of  Pbonngraitlky  "  (FlUiUD  and  Iloward) 

"  Chemical  Problomi "  (SttniBUt-) 

"  EnrcltM  (or  traoalaUiig  Into  Ocnnan  "  (Lodcoiaa). 

•'ATwuBookoB  Nowiag " (Woek«) 

"  Tbo  ^ivAj  of  Polilical  Eoonomy  "  tLansbliii). 

"PbUo*>phloS«lM''(MeCorfi). 

■*  Report  OB  tbo  Illaaiiiuting  Qaality  of  Ofla  "  (Oaitle) 

"Ilio  Aaoio  S.ntcoi "  (WhUaey  aad  Wadsvorth) 

"TlioGriBik*  SWcn"  (Biraoy) 

"  Beport  of  MaMaeboMUa  Agrimltnral  EiiicritDoat  Stailoa  "  (OoM^ 

nann) :^H 

^■PUcor-UiBeaaiid  UiDtDf-DiUtica  "  (WilHaina) ^| 

"  Infliuoec  o(  the  Proprietor*  in  fooadlag  the  StaU  of  If«ir  Jwa^* 

(ScoU) 

"Naiural  Oo-oinUiialion  a»  erinoed  in  Organic  Eroltttion  "  (FraaerV--- 

*'  Po)ju]ntion  by  &$m  "  (Laadsbenc) .^ 

^-ThoMmtiaKofGoIcI  and  Silrer  "  (VilU«M) jk 

"ThoModiflcaUonof  Planuby  C)lmaM''(Orasier). Wk 

"  R«port  of  Naw  York  Bnroaa  of  Statioioi  of  Labor  for  1881 "  (P*dt) 
**  PbooMlo  Toxt-Booka  "  (Harob,  Vicktoy,  Bonit,  Leigb,  Loofby,  aad 

Pllman) 

"ZoSIonieWbiil  and  2oa»omia"  (Kilt) 

-  Tbo  TclituntopM  &blp-Bail«ay  "  (CotUmU) 


^  \                                 IXDSX.  g83 

VKp^n  •t  ih«  Amwieaii  tOitarioa]  AMOobllon,"  Nm.  1  and  S 979 

BudiiM  In  General  Ilittor;.  ota  "  (WliUc). tn 

EOcieixur  and  Uumion  of  lacBodeMMtnt  EI«ctrk  Luupa  " 970 

TnuMoctions  of  Um  Academy  of  ScUncf,  Kaaiu  Oty,  Mlwoori  **. . .  971 

Tli«  lIoMi«r  NBtQraUfit"(Jc(tiCBUid  Troutot). SM 

AliiH  and  If oUKxIa  of  ih0  Towlibg  04*  Phjrfrica"  (Wead> S60 

EccUaiaitM«lIa*tilaliaiu"  (.SpeuMr). ,.,..,,,,,,,,.,  41fl 

Ptir«ical  Eipraadoo "  (Vanter) 411 

R«Mnl  Ainwicaa  SocialiKD  "  (EI7) i. 414 

Ftaotiog  Tr««8  la  Scfaoat-QroaadB,"  «lo. 414 

OScM  of  Elttetridtjr  in  tbe  EorUi"  (E'hitbrMk) 415 

Origin  of  SpeolM  "  (PbUlirook) 41ft 

Nia^nra  Park  lUastrxtod"  (Rhino].-. 415 

lIbU)r<r  and  yanageoMiit  of  Land  GraoU  for  EducatioD  "  (Kaiiilit).  415 

Olt;  Bcboot  g^atODDS  la  Uie  Ualud  8uiea"  (PliUbfktk) 416 

'nioBoj»'aiidGLTU*Plioj"(tt'hit») 41« 

Twonl7-&T«  Yean  wiUi  tbo  Iomim  "  (Pntnam) 41C 

The  Co-«i>«rsUve  Cocninotiveallti "  (Oranlond) 415 

The  HloodCoTtnant "  (Truiubiill) 41T 

Ulad-Oiire  on  a  HaUrUl  Baals  "  (TUoocnli) 417 

Methods  of  Resoarcb  in  Microioofiieal  Anstomr  aad  Embryology  " 

(WliitnuQ) 418 

lUtMtl  on  ForMiry  "  (EftloMon) 418 

Tlw  G«niuui  Verb-Drill  "  (DrB.T»priHg) 418 

l^ctsreson  Roiue-Drainage  "  (Putnam) 418 

Guide  to  SanlUry  nooso  InspcctloD  "  (G«rtiard), 418 

UarvcU  of  Animal  Lite  "  (Uold«r). 419 

Rudder  Gmigw  "  (Stockton) 410 

Tho  LaM  llMtiiv  "  (MattbDvs) 410 

Tlin  Comwoaweallh  of  Oeor)(U  "  (U«ndor«on)L 419 

life  and  Correspondaoco  ot  Louis  Afssslz  "  (Agasdi). 555 

SdtoUQc  Thoina  "  (Abbot). 608 

PolftjBtbMia  and  IncorpontioQ  la  Americas  Langaogee  "  (Brtnton)  069 

CouaBinUaeoai  Marriagt*  "  (WttbiDglon) B59 

Bad  Tiiiwa"  (Wallace) ftB9 

OrtiprMsore  to  Scbools  "  (RobertaoD) 5B0 

ijaaiiary  Sdoneo  a&d  Public  Ilygicne  "  (Robertaon). ftSO 

Amorioan  CoaaUtntlons  "  (DavU) 500 

Report  of  Noir  York  AgncnkDral  Experimmt  Stalioo  " MI 

ItotUn  Popular  Tala  **  (Crane) OQI 

TooYunTelo  tbe  Jauglo"  (lloraaday) 681 

Jonmal  of  the  AtnttricaB  Akadtorf " (Wilder) Ml 

A  Politloal  Criui*  "  (Gibson) , BM 

SomotbinK  obont  Natural  Gn*  "  (Thurvton) 183 

A  Iforlal  Antipatby  "  (llolniM) 088 

Uilk  Aiialystiand  In&nl  FecdinK "  (Meijn). 081 

ATrit-BuokorUediMiaiea)iKry"(Bartl«7) 088 

8«»e  Holme  SioTiea" 088 

A  WlKVlof  Firo  ■■  (Batoa) 088 

Bitd-Wnj-a  "  iMlller) 688 


nrpKx. 


-a^'.ai   t  iT«M^tti*.T#ta-. 


irrtiMn  III!   iiiiM.  iTI 

i«ri 
"  iriiMtfrhw  iTij  -  s&  4.. 


"TWftiiiiiwrfii    in    '(wiaM) — 

■SrfcfcMrfhMfMiiihnrim'qM) „. 


WDES.  S8f 

Boots  QotlMd :  iwsJ 

"!<4«t«Uineralog;*t  of  CWironiia,  Report  " HO'] 

"  Wm- and  Peace  "  (TolaloJ) 881 ' 

i"Botaaj'of  lbeRock7UountdnR(cioB"(Coalt«r). 8S1  ' 

'■  Biologieal  &taidi«*,  Jobiw  Uopklu  UnlvenH^  "  (Uartln  awl  Brooks)  8S1 

"TTio  LovitUiM  PardiMO  "  (RutmUoo) 691 

"  Blitor7  of  Gertnan  LUeraturO"  (Soli«r«i% 869  J 

—^  "  Ifan,  Women,  and  6od«  "  (GardMtM-) 8Bt| 

■  "  Heebanica  and  Faith  "  (Purtcr) 8B>  J 

^  •'  Roiwrt  of  Um  United  SUUa  G«oU«loal  Snrray  "  (Powell) wa  j 

"Sodal  Wcnllh  "  (logaiU) Bfi£j 

"  Hlaenlltwoiirccs  of  Uie  United  SlatM"(Vili;aiiM) n] 

"■niaGrofliI4aBiU"<FieW) W\ 

"  Vonderfbl  EKapea  "  (BornanI  aod  Whitinj;). SSi 

"  Tbo  Sp«rUn  and  Tboban  Bttprctaaoiea  "  (Sankcf) BB4 

"Tho  Early  UnnoveriBBo "  (MotTtii) 6fi4 

"  BaDetiiM  of  tbo  Cniled  State*  tiaologieal  Surntr  ", SM 

Botan;  a*  a  Rocroatioa  for  loTallda ¥79 

Bwhm,  Dr.  Alfred  E SOft 

BrMgaa,  Iroiu  l.imlM  of  Strtaa  on 142 

BneUa&d,  Frank,  Sketch  of 401 

Bnnnah,  The  Fine  Arte  In 718 

Barrodglii,  Jiibo 407 

Battoar.C  O «» 

"  OuiaOa,  The  French  Probtom  b TBI   ■ 

Carli«k.  The  Biahopof 946] 

Utflyte,  Uamoo**  Intarpretatkn  of S94  I 

Otfpontar,  Dr.  W.  B.,  Sketch  ot «8Sj 

Ottbmerc,  Uetal*worUo«  Art  In Um 

Catbolle,  A,  onOatbolio  Blunctcr* Ut^ 

OrftiBga,  Advaotagta  ofLov 803 

ObenlMry  at  tiie  Am^riean  Aaaooiation , 188 

CttenlalTy,  New  Problcnw  in 141 

Cfrilixatiiio,  Tbe  Inflnuica  Oif  InraotJons  upon 474,801 

Clwke,  George  II 7W 

Olnatcti,  Local,  of  Exposarc TIB 

Clover,  CoM^rnlng. , ,,,,  fl 

Cold,  Effecta  of,  on  Microbea 8BI 

OolIoRaa,  BMoKieal  Toachlag  in Cff 

Color  in  Aninala,  Origin  of. 84.i 

^  Colorado  ai  a  VLaIn-  Sanit&riara 86Er 

■  ColoTK,  Tbo  Hnrmonj  of. 414 

'  Common  Bchoo1^  6cleii«e  b UO-i 

Commnul  RodatiM "^4 

Oongottbo,  IfeieorotoKr  ot 4St 

ConfOh  The  Valna  of  tba. 070 

Conneeticot,  Ofiter  Cultore  Id WTj 

ControTOTRj,  Tlie  Gladfttooe-Iluxlejr , ,,  Wfl 

Coral-Uarrtat,  Tbo 8«8l 

1^  CacporatioM  and  tbelr  Eraploj^ 9)8  J 


886 


INDEX. 


Correspondenoe 

Cosmogony  and  Physics,  Qindoo... 
Oroation  bikJ  of  Worsliip,  Dawn  of, 
Oolture,  UenUl  Progress  and 


D'AJyiella,  Tlie  Count 

Damaralanil,  Medtaul  Practice  in. 

Dancing  as  Pliysionl  TraiDing 

Daris.  W.  M 


'\ 


A 


■A 


Dawn  of  Creation  and  of  Worsliip ,^, 

Democraoy  in  tha  Uigb-School ■• >.,.■.. ...... v-4| 

Do  Montoaaus,  U 

I)a  Voriguy,  Henry 

Dewey,  John,  Ph.  D 

Dinner,  A  Chinese,  in  High  Life 

Disc  ri  mi  nation  in  Railvraj  Rates 

Dreams,  Blind  Men's 

Drnmmiind,  Professor  Henry,  Comments  bj 

Dust  in  Roiini' •r>n'] 

Dynamiters!  the,  Whoslinil  try J| 

Ead»i,  James  B.,  Sketch  of 

Eiirthqnake,  An,  ExperieoM. 

Eartbqualce-proof  Buildings 

Earthquakes  in  Coatral  Am»rit.'a . • 

East  Rivor  and  UoU  Gale,  Tha  Tmprovement  of 

Eddy,  Wiliiam  A 

Editor's  Table 122,  209,  410,  554,  69! 

Kducation,  Ilifi-hcr,  Health  and  8ei  in 

Ediiratiuii,  Hin'ier,  The  Problem  of 

Education  in  pDlillcs 

Edacalion,  Moral,  A  Case  in 

i  Eduratltin,  Negro,  Twenty  Years  of . 

Efjgort,  Professor  C.  A 

Egleston,  N.  H ... 

Ellis,  T.  S.,  M.  R.  C,  S 

Elm-tenf,  The,  Iteetle 

Employes  and  Employers 

Encrinite.".  Living 

EntBr|iriac,  Individual,  in  Scientific  Research 

Evolution,  Heecher's  Poaition  on 

Evulution,  Organic,  The  Fiietors  of. T5^ 


Furlow,  Prijfas.<or  W.  fl 

I'eet,  Tho  Physiology  of  tlia . . 

Fish  out  of  Water 

FisU,  Dr.  f^nmud  A 

?'lowcr,  The,  or  Ihe  Leaf 

Flower,  W.  II..  F.  R.  S 

Flying-Fish,  Tlie  "  Flight  "  of. 


moBX. 


B87 


I 


i 


I 


^ 


fljing-MacliiBM I 

FoNMtf  WhntU  a  Real U7 

fortiUj  Cooipvaa,  Tbo  AraericAD 261 

fWau  ia  tb»  PiuiSc  RogioD Ut 

roimoMD  Skctcb,  A Wi 

BVoedom,  SvleaiUie. 40U 

FmHb,  Tbo,  Problem  In  Caiutk. T0M 

Obrici,  a,  Tlis  niktor;  of.  , , . .  S8f 

OeiM,  Tbe,  of  tba  Natiounl  MgsomiL ,. ,,.,.  SU 

Omeait,3ir.  UUdatau  and fM 

G«MHa,  Proaoi  to 414 

Oanoits  Tli«  InWqmten  ol,  ud  tlw  InterpcoUra  of  Kunf  0 44t 

Oaolofical  CoogNM^  Tbo  iBtoroational SMJ 

Ooolegy  at  the  Anerican  Aiuooiutioa SM' 

Gonaiiiatlofi,  ToaipMotor*  of. 871 

OlM>«t,TbeI>MU&oi>rtli« 410 

Olaolal  ActioB,  TlieSoutherD  Lliuita  ol 8U 

(>lailNloive-Ili»l<»7,  The,  CoDtroronj 8W 

OUilaUiao,  Ur_  and  Q«iMii> TSa 

GI«d>toii«,  WilKatn  E , 414,  8M  4 

Halo,  Iluralio. SM 

tluid- Work,  Tbo,  of  Scboot-Ubildrea 8)3,  841 

lUrtitLBiin,  Robert. TS4 

HhUIi.  ItiAtinirt  u  a  Ouldo  to. i......  filT 

II«t1  (into,  Tbu  Improvement  of  Eo«  River  onil 4n 

RiTMlltr,  Somo  AatwM  of 149.) 

l!«wilt,G.  C S68 

Hlgh-Scliool,  The,  DitaDvnAj  Ld 88S 

Hindoo  Uoamogon;  oml  PbjrKieo. 4M 

Hodliainier,  Lowla. 8S0 

HoDCj'Dce,  Viaioa  of  tbo 14tu 

Horrfoj.  v..  F.R.C.8 lOO] 

HooM-BDlldlng,  JapaneM -. MU 

BcHuelcMjiinf,  Fanuljr  Scboola  of ttM 

Ilovard,  Cliarles  P. l|d 

Uaman  Rciuoiiu,  ProbUtoric,  in  U«xloo> tfff" 

Ilainv,  John  F U 

Uflxl«]r,  Proftuor  T.  U 449,788 

nnrxviia,  8kotck  of. 885 

Rjatt.  Profeawr  AIpli«Q«,  Rkclch  of. SSI 

tlydroi'li^bta,  loocolallon  againat tSf 

Ioo-CaT«,  A  Now  Zoaland STO 

Iniliana,  Tbo,  of  Mount  Ri>numn L B8B 

Inortla  of  1I14  Eyu  and  lbs  Brain ML^ 

Infinnjr  in  tlia  Cilj 4 f-f  MM 

InoculalloB  against  njtlropliohla KM  ] 

loKct  UalMU SWj 


888 


IXDSX. 


Ibm«U,  NcDter. ■...■,.>..., 

luliMrt  ■•  «  a«id»  to  SmIUi ..<,.....« > 

iMtmnMnu.  Two  Woodfrfnl 

iMWpMan,  TIm,  afGMtdianl  tku  latarpmwm  of  Salara.... 

lanliil*,  BoUnyMa  BcenMloafor 

laraittoBt,  TUe  InfloMo* of,  npoB  OlrtUiaHnti. 41 

iBTottng,  TIi«  Art  of 


Jaeobi,  Pr.  KorfPtHnsm*........ 

Jafianew  Baiu«.&iiil<Jinf 

Jfwi,  tbc,  RaM  CW*eUri«tici  of. 
JoriM,  B«fanii  of 


K«tmg,J.  U 

Kwdall,  n«r.  \l«nrf. 

Kinft  D.  B 

Knooladg*,  lDi«0«ctaal,  Mvolmlad  B«p«litloa  nd. 
Kdrc,  Graise  F. 


^u 


.... 


Uin;.  S.,  M.P. 


Laa)riiBg«9i,  AmerinD,  Tke  Stndf  of.............................. 

Laming,  Gcrrit  t. <.....,.-.,. 

U«,  lI«<)lBTal  Englidi , 

Iawm,  Sir  John  Bannet,  Skatebof 

L—f.  Tbt  y\ovtT  or  tli«. 

LaAfiKir*!!.  Dr.  A 

Lepper,  CbarlM  H 

Lftiley.  Pre>tB«>f  J.  P 

Utararr  Notiora ISS,  i7S,  «11,  BS«, 

•  LnnaiJaa,  AFraeGoloBf  of. 


HaeUBtt.  A  Tlitnktii; 

Ifataria-FacUdiM  ia  Uasritiat 

llakria,  ProlecUoo  agaiiHt 

Man,  Tertlarr,  IL  da  MoKillH  OB 

Uan-like  Apeak  tb«.  Eit«nia]  Fona  of. , 

Mastj  Dru^  F«w  B«cD«dle» 

Marehal.lL  Pant 

Kati.w,T.  W 

XanritiiM,  Malaria- Kaeloriaa IB 

Majr.  Helarieti,  Ph.D 

MoFJro;,  Jolin 

Mechaaktal  tMpD««  at  the  AnMriMD  AaMciallott 

Modlmal  Eniliah  U<r 

H«dtoal  Pmclioe  In  DomaraUikd. 

IfenUI  ProfTiaa  and  Culcare 

ll«(«ordi)ffical  Sodstv,  Tlia  Naw  Eaglaad. 

Mazioo,  An  EemeiDic  Smd*  of 

Mexico,  Prabiatorlo  Uumna  JUmains  la 


•  •■••••«  ■••-*••••»*»»•  vvv-a 


I 


IJfDSX. 


Hkmbw,  Effects  of  OoW  on 

UlliUocy,  European,  TLe  li>creMiii)t  Cotm  of. S9 j 

HUk,  Ho».  IsuJDted 4SI 

Modern  8c*oi>c«  aad  Hodom  Tlioofbt. , ., If 

Uolttore,  Uo«r  Wooda  pn»err«. 

KoatrMl.  ntf  Epidemle  at ,, STO' 

If OOM,  Tlw  Qaauraarjr,  of  New  Jenoj flS 

Wwrl^  Cbulca 817,; 

Monw,  Vrottma^  a 

Uotor  CuoU-n,  Tlie,  uid  tli«  Will 100 

Uoantalo-FnroibK  in  Norway BAS 

MoastaiDti,  Two  Ncir  Zeoluiil , 660 

Uiusb&b  VaUpy.  tli«,  SoItLakMoI 428 

Kmmiii.  Tbe  NttioMl f  [7 

Hmtnni,  tbe  Nalioiul,  Qtm»aL 628 

HtMtaDin,  Edootckiail SSft 

Uo^el,  Tlie,  u&SocUl  Force MS 

Nataral  nclnbip 877 

NalsiA  TU  UDirormlljr  of , 948 

K■tu^^  Til*  Uairormity  of,  unua 4ff! 

KewGotnf«,  Life  In SSS 

K«wtoD,  General  John 48B 

Nonconf oral  Icy 867 

Vorirar,  UonuUia-FariBuig  in 662 

NotMi. 143,  2«7,  430,  674,  710,  8C8 

OiffiBft  Dr.  v.,  F.  R.  SI 886 

OrgBiilo  Erolatioo,  Tho  Fitckir*  of. 764 

Ornanioiit,  ArolitlcctunJ,  acJ  Doacing-GirU,  fiymbolbtn  of. 606 

Owald,  Fellr  1^  M.  n BIT 

OTrtar-Cnltora  b  ConDOoUeal 86T 

Pdlwi,  Co«id6  B. 40S- 

Palmer,  CbariM  B. , «Ofl 

Partj  Govtrameot STI 

Pa»t«ar,  U.  LonU 4, 98)||| 

Pcekhani,  GraM^M.D 688^ 

FliOt«|Tap!i7  In  Color,  The  Frotil«in  of 581 

Pfafikn  at  tlia  Amoricao  AMoolflllon 18fl 

Pbfilolaglca]  ExperiinvDt,  L'n«  anO  Nature  of 4U 

Pbjalofa)far,Tba,«ribaFoM... 860 

Flautf  tbe  Traii»-N«|>tunian,  Tb«  Searoli  for Tl^ 

PlaaU  urotrinfc  at  Sira&tn  lleSgLia .^ ^41 

Playfair,  Dr.,  00  Stnto  t!«ifiaco ,..f. ...  IflP 

PUyfalr,  Sir  Ljon 4...  87,  «8 

PU^rair,  ftir  Ijoa,  Sketch  of A lltj 

PolltlcB.  EduMtlon  In. , MM 

pApolar  Uaedlanj' 188.  !«I.  4W,  BU.  718,  Bttd 

FopolarijdBg  Agrioultoral  College* saii 


PoK^  Sftriagi  Bob 

?-■«::=* 

E>«*hii£t  LeAtj'a  AMrtm 

IV;xi;i<-«  lloncj.  Tbe  Origia  td. 

-  Pn^di^nMr"  TIm  Seal  Natora  ( 

Pro^ii]  to  Gencu 

i'uliuiii-JacalH,  Dr.  Hmtj.... 

HailiTftj'  RfttM,  IK«criiniB>tio> 
KcUtton*  of  tiling*,  Ih*  StQ< 
RcligioD,  The  ScientiSe  Bui 
KepeiitioB.  HMbaakal,  aad 
lietinoni  Woods,  DonUlit^ 
Keat,  Iloliilij,  Prindplo  c 

Kickoff,  R«baoc»  D. 

lUog,  Biihop*!,  ■roond  tkc 
Rood,  FnifMwrO.  N.... 
Konimft,  llonat,  TIm  ladi 

S«lt  L>ke*  of  lb*  Hnn^ 
Boiene«  in  Conmun  Sohi 

Sobmidt,  Omv 

Scbool-ChUdrea,  TIu  Em 
iSdence  in  Ito  UhM  i^: 
BoieacB,  HoAbib,  ibI  Ko 
Sdence,  Relatlou  ti,  to 
S  K'ntifif  Be«nrclt,  Im!' 

-  :i:;;;ti.-Stu.ly.  TlicS 
>v-.va_-..',  l.oinloii,  The 
y  .K.  ^'..j.'.  viK  raisp,  kt 
^■iv:  ■' .  A  Furmoian, , 

^Tl./.^.  C!  aiincey 

~     ■.;>".  Tlie  New  Eo^ 

^ iri-tic.  Frozen,  1 

>■   -  nr.  llfrtiiTt 

^: . .  r.  An  ASi:ctii)Qa' 
M  .   ..Itj  in  :^rEtciiU  01 

--:i.-.  Triv-  New 

■":  r:...  a.  Thir  Travcb 
>::.-*.  L::ail5  of.  OD  1: 
>:  :iv  ■■v.t  of  School. . 
>;i'  i-ii  in  Lifo,  Condi 
Sjn-hca!:np  Apparatu 
>i:.V''"7-  "Kaeos"  in. 

Tarr,  Hiilph  S 

T^..';ip.in,  State,  Ilcccr. 
Toaibor'*  Art,  the,  lli> 
Tocth,  The,  nf  the  Cor. 
Tfk'Si'oipo,  Till'  Ki'frac; 


INDEX.  891 


TA*B 


Tflmperfttare  of  Qerminatioii S74 

TanEjok,  H.J 490 

Ttubetans,  the,  Home- Life  of 112 

Thomasville  as  a.  Winter  Resort 188 

ThoDght,  Sjgtems  oJ,  SUbilitj  in 701 

TubKCCO,  More  dboat  the  EfEects  of, E68 

Tomado-PredictioD,  FrogreGs  in SOT 

Toroado,  The  GeneeiB  of  a 400 

Trees,  Bistribation  of|  in  Oanada 714 

Trees,  Estimating  the  Age  of- 424 

Tcrkistan  Desarta,  the,  Bands  of 673 

UnifoTmit;,  The,  of  Nature,  again 407 

Tarietiea,  The,  of  the  Hnman  Species. SIS 

Yirchow,  Professor  Rudolph COT 

Wallace,  Alfred  Rnssel 631 

Weather- Lore,  AnimaL B3B 

Wells,  David  A 721 

Whale,  the.  Origin  of 288 

Whipping-PoBt,  The 830 

Will,  The  Motor  Centers  and  the 100 

Women  in  Aatronomj 6S4 

Wood,  Agatised,  of  Arisona 863 

Woods,  how  they  preserve  Moisture. 429 

Words  and  Things 672 

Workmen's,  A,  Sdentifio  Class 140 

Yonmans,  E.  L 188 

Yonmans,  Eliza  A 863 

ZaU,  Poetiy  and  Reality  in 717 


BSD  OF  TOL.    XXTtn, 


r 


J 


J