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ESTABLISHED BY EDWARD L. YOUMANS.

THE

POPULAR SCIENCE

MONTHLY.

EDITED BY WILLIAM | LM ANS.

VOL. XXXII.

MAY TO OCTOBER, 1888,

NEW YORK :
D. APPLETON AND COMPANY,
1, 3, asp 6 BOND STREET.
1888. ;,,

THE IMITATIVE FACULTY OF INFANTS. 253

ings, but acts spontaneously. If I clear my throat, or cough
purposely, without looking at the child, he often gives a little
cough likewise ina comical manner. If I ask, “Did the child
cough ?” or if I ask him, “Can you cough ?” he coughs, but
generally copying less accurately (in the fourteenth and fifteenth
months). The bow too tightly strained shoots beyond the mark.

Here, besides pure imitation, there is already understanding
of the name of the imitated movement with the peculiar noise.

This important step in knowledge once taken, the movements
imitated become more and more complicated, and are more and
more connected with objects of daily experience. In the fifteenth
month the child learns to blow out a candle. He puffs from six
to ten times in vain, and grasps at the flame meantime, laughs
when it is extinguished, and exerts himself, after it has been
lighted, in blowing or breathing, with cheeks puffed out and lips
protruded to an unnecessary degree, because he does not imitate
acenrately. For it can hardly be that a child that has never seen
how a candle can be blown out would hit upon the notion of
blowing it out. Understanding and experience are not yet suf-
ficient to make this discovery.

I find, in general, that the movements made for imitation are
the more easily imitated correctly the less complicated they are.
When I opened and shut my hand alternately, merely for the
purpose of amusing the child, he suddenly began to open and
shut his right hand likewise in quite similar fashion. The re-
semblance of his movement to mine was extremely surprising in
comparison with the awkward blowing out of the candle in the
previous instance. It is occasioned by the greater simplicity.
Yet. simple as the bending of the finger seems, it requires, never-
thelesa, so many harmonious impulses, nerve-excitements, and
rections of muscular fibers, that the imitation of simple
movements even can hardly be understood without taking into
account the clement of heredity, since unusual movements, never
performed, it may be, by ancvestors—say, standing on the head—
are never, under any circumstances, imitated correctly at the first
attempt. The opening and shutting of the hand is just one of
the movements by no means unusual, but often performed by
ancestors, Still, it is to be noticed that at the beginning the imi-
tation proceeded very slowly, although correctly. On the very
next day it was much more rapid on the repetition of the at-
tempt, and the child, surprised by the novelty of the experience,
observed attentively first my hand and then his own (fif-
teenth month).

Of the numerous more complicated movements of the suc-
ceeding period, the following, also, may be mentioned, in order
to show the rapid progress in utilizing a new retinal image for

SAFETY IN HOUSE-DRAINAGE, 293

yenerally regard all improved methods developed by the applica-
iion of scientific principles as dangerous innovations, interfering
with the ancient and time-honored traditions of their unpro-
pressive fraternity.

There is another and a stronger obstacle to scientific progress in

i SOIL-PIPE
DFEN TO AIR, TOP AND BOTTOM

sesaig-2287\\ 40 ainEMOKVaWY wmsoEg EEE MIM ‘erWOITLA ENTE TEI—T "OE

2
8
S
S
&
a

sanitary matters. This is to be found in the powerful influence of
sapital. In our large cities are the extensive wholesale establish-
ments of dealers in plumbing fixtures and supplies. The amount
of money invested in the stock and patterns for manufactur-
ing certain forms of plumbing appliances is enormous, These
articles are, many of them, extremely unsanitary and even danger-

AINU HOUSES AND THEIR FURNISHING. gon

yet which an Ainu man will resort to any expedient, or contain
ready money with which he might purchase the one thing essen-
tial to perfect happiness according to his light, he does not dare to
violate their sanctity.

Fro. 2.—Prax ov an Atnu Hooxs.

Back of the eastern dais, along the wall under the sacred win-
dow, were hung some very pretty mats with a curious, semi-
geometrical pattern picked out in brown and red. These served
asa background for one or two sets of open shelves, on which
were arranged a number of cups, plates, and other pieces of crock-
ery for every-day use. These were all of Japanese manufacture,
and had evidently been brought from the main island, for the
Ainu do not make pottery of any kind; nor is there any authentic
record of their ever having done so, though they have a myth
that in ancient times they possessed the art. but that all specimens
were destroyed, and the written instructions for making ware
were stolen from them. It may be remarked, parenthetically,
that this is entirely discredited by those who know most about
Ainu ethnology.

In the northeastern corner of the house—which, next to the
eastern window, is held sacred—on shelves, some of them covered

THE GROWTH OF JELLY-FISHES. 587

elegant creature, with a bell like cut-glass, and long, waving ten-
tacles. Its movements are so instinct with grace that an admirer
of the lines and curves of Nature could desire no better or more
fascinating occupation than the observation of an aquarium
stocked with a few specimens of this attractive jelly-fish. The
drawing is accurate, so far as mere shape goes, but no drawing
can represent its jewel-like brilliancy or the elegance of its move-
ments. Its chief interest to us, however, centers in its life-history,
which is very different from that of Dysmorphosa. Its proper
home is the deep water of mid-ocean, not the shallows near shore;
and it has no attached stage of development, but floats or swims
at all periods of its life. The eggs are thrown out into the water,
and each one soon develops into the embryo which is shown,
highly magnified, in Fig. 3.

This embryo, which is a planula adapted for floating instoad
of swimming, is a hollow sphere, the walls of which are formed of

{

Fre. 7, side view, and Fig. 8, a broad view of a young Lirlope: 5, awim-bell; d, stomach; ¢, mouth:
‘Si larval tentacles ; g, long tentacles of adult; A, short tentacles of adult; ¢, arvas of ailueslou;
, otocyata ; 7, radial canals,
two spherical shells, an outer one, a, which forms the surface of
the body, and an inner one, c, which lines the central cavity, the
two being separated from each other by a gelatinous layer, b,
which serves to float the embryo in the water. The central cavity
has at first no opening to the exterior, and the two shells are
concentric, but they soon approach each other at a point, a’,end

and other assailants «
find many flatterers ¢
and the reactionary, b
persuade the world t
standpoint of the midd
they ever succeed in apy
ing the march of scienc
of a scientific philosophy

PETITIONS FOR
Tur vicissitudes of th
rise every year to more ¢
versy as to the propriety
of petitions for changes in
and we notice discussions
acter now in progress in di
ters. It is ill arguing again
that have almost the force
and we have no wish to s¢
thing calculated to check
of a religious spirit. The n
ever, is probably incrensing
year of those who are dispo:
the question referred to m
of evidence, and in the few
have now to make, gt is thi:
sively that we havg in view
Among the things we |
subject is the facy that. in

5 2
they attach tl
she carries them till th
enough to deceive an €
recognize a mother wl
Large lycosas adorned ¥
Africa, and some parts
congeners of cold and t
tage over them of a long
They dig a cell in the gr
Ticade of crossed thread
the tarantula, concernin
ous but fictitious stories +
The smaller rivers o1
spider, the Argyronetus a
was a considerable surpris
it and first described it. 1
river near Mans, when, he
ful sight: bubbles of air,
swim around me and fol]
were not determined by tl
of the air, declared that th
became astonishment wh
spiders whose bodies were
ward, Lignac obtained sev
made a closer study of the
is the water, they are, like
sequently they need aa~-

vuer 1 the MONnKeys.

BIRD |

EVERAL writers h
assemblies of birds
as formal “trials in co
the transactions noticec
by competent observati:
character, and reveal a
son describes regular a
cies—“ crow-courts” they
intervals in the Shetland
for the business is selecte
and consequently the ear
a day or two till the oth
court opens in a formal m
arraigned at the bar. A
by the assembly, and jud
whole court. As soon as
blage, “ judges, barristers.
two or three prisoners at
them.” As soon as the ext
all its members disperse q
The Rev. Dr. J. Edm
trial by rooks which he 1
ago. He was ridin~ -*

SKETCH O.

OUSSINGAULT, sa
rigorous processes
agricultural questions, la
solid ground. When he
groping in infantile effort:
able to see the processes
employed everywhere; hi
ments, taught in all the
enough of itself to guide
them to success.” M. E. 1
labors and publications uj
they were the real point of
cultural movement which ]
years.” We find his life,
great in works wholly of
been unusually full of inci¢
JEAN BAPTISTE JOSEPH
in Paris, February 2, 1802, a
father, a modest tradesman
Collége Louis le Grand, wit
ing him to science; but or
the laboratory of Thénard :
attracted toward chemistry
the scientific courses, and

INDEX.

Across Greenland (Miscellany)
Adze, A Jadeite, from Mexico (Miscellany).
Agricaltare, Lines of Progress in (Miles)...
Ain Houses and their Furnishing (Goodrich).
Ainu, The, of Yezo, A Study of (Goodrich).
A Living Mystery............

Allen, Grant, Gourds and Bottles.
‘America, The Name of (Miscellany). .
American Association, Officers of the (Miscellany)...
American Association, The Cleveland Meeting of the (Editorial
Andaman Island Myths (Miscellany) ..............00ce00+
Andrews, Eliza F., Education and the Employment of Children
Animal and Plant Lore (Bergen).................

Animals as modified by Environment (Steere).
Antagonism, Grovo............
Ant, The Occidental (Miscellany)
Arctic Alaska (Howard)..........
Argyll, The Duke of, A Groat Confession.
Arnold, Matthew (Editorial)
Ashley, Charles S., Industrial Adjustments (Correspondence)
Asphalt, The Beet (Misccllany)..........
Atkinson, Edward, The Surplus Revenue.
Atmospheric Phenomena, Worship of (D’Alviella)
Audubon Monument, The (Miscellany).
Auk, the Great, The Home of (Lucas)...

Baird, Spencer F., Sketch of
Baldness, Theories of the Cause of (Rogers), (Correspondenco).
Bean Oard (Miscellany).
Bees as Weather Indicators ny
Benton, Joel, The Earned Decrease es. the Unearned Increment...
Bergen, Mrs. Fanny D., Animal and Plant Lore. .
Bert, Paul, Sketch of................000+ 0+ . 401
Bird Courts of Justic
Bissell, Mary Taylor, M.D., A Correction {Corrompondess*):
Blanchard, M. Emile, Spiders and their Ways...
Bodington, Mra. Alice, Curiosities of Evolution . :
Books noticed:

Adams, H. B. Seminary Libraries and University Extension.

Agassiz, Alexander. Three Cruises of the Blake.

VoL, xxxim.—55

INDEX, 867

Books noticed :

Foster, Rev. John O. Our Standard-Beare:
Fonlke, W. D. Slav or Saron..
Frye, A. E. The Child and Natars
Funk and Wagnalls. First Edition of
Galloway, Robert. Fundamental Principles of Chemistry.
Gerhard, W. P. The Drainage of a House..
Goddard, F. B. Furniture and the Art of Furni
cer's Goods
Goode, G. Brown. Geographical Review of Fisheries, ote.
icf American Fishes...............0005
Gouley, J. W.8. Tho Diseases of Man...........0665
Grabfild, J. P., and Burns, P. 8. Chemical Probloms..
Grandgent, C. i. Italian Grammar...... .
Gray, Asa. Synoptical Flora of North Amerie:
Gunton, George. Wealth and Progreas............. &
Hall, G. Stanley. American Journal of Psychology
Hampson, Thomas. The American Anthropologist.
Heilprin, Angelo. The Geological Evidences of Evolution
Hemiup, M. R. Law of Heat
Henry, Charles. Various Points in the History of Mathew ‘ies.
Henslow, Rev. George. The Origin of Floral Structures.
Hill, D. J. The Social Influence of Christianity
Hill, G. A. Lessons in Geometry:
Holcombe, Dr. iam HT, Qondensed Thoughts about C1 ii i
Science.
Holden, E. Hand-Book of the Lick Observatory
Hornaday, W. T. Free Rum on the Congo.
Haghes, Alfred. Geography for Schools x
Hutton, Rey. J. Simon of Montfort and his Cause...
Hyde, Mary F. Practical Lessons in tho Use of English .
Ingram, J. K. A History of Political Economy. .
Ireland, G. H. Preventable Causes of Diseases, et
and Workshops...
Jacobson, Angustus. Hig!
Johonnot, James. Stories of other Lands
Jones, CO. C. Negro Myths from the Georgia Coast.
Joyne, E. 8, German Gramm:
“Judge's Young Folks”
Kelley, William 1). The Old South and the New
Kerr, Norman. Inebricty 3
Lackawanna Institate, Proceedings and Collections.
Laing, Samuel. Agnosticixm and Christianity...
Le Conte, Joseph. Evolution and its Relation to Religious Tene

Leffmann, Henry. Tanner's Memoranda on Poisons... .
Levi, Leone. International Law
Lewis, A. H. Critical History of Sunday Legislation.
Lincoln, D. F. Sanitary Conditions of School-Houses.
Linderfelt, Klas August, VolapOk.............65
Complete Volapak Dictionary.
Lindley, Walter, and Widney, J.P, California of the South.

188
421
186
563
418

ing; Marketing; Gro-

INDEX. 869

a7

# Books noticed : ress

: Sturtovant, E.L. Report of New York Agricultural Experiment Sta-
tion, 1887 0.2... .eee sees seen ee . 876

Swedenborg, Emanuel. The Soul..
Tanseig, F. W. Tho Tariff History of the United States
Thompson, D. G. The Religions Sentiments of the Haman Mind.
Van Dyke, Henry. The National Sin of Literary Piracy
Varona, Enrique José. Conferencias Filoséficas
Vanghan, V.C. Hoalthy Homes and Foods.
“ “ Ptomaines and Leucomaines...
Von Richter, Prof. Victor. Inorganic Chemistry. 183
Von Rosenberg, Leo. The Vosberg Tunnel...... .. 975
Wadsworth, M. E. Peridotites, Gabbros, Diabases, and Andesytes of
Minnesota. 7)
White, A.D, European Schools of History and Politics. 565
Whitman, C.0. Tho Journal of Morphology. 565
Wilson, James Hi. China...... 184
Wilson, J.C. Fever-Nursing.... +. 976
Winchell, N. H. Report of Geological and Natoral History Survey of
Minnesota, 1886.

275
-. 852

. 270
187
420
418
853

563
186
Woodward, C.M. The Manual Training Schools +. 418
ir, Sea-sido and Way-sido.

Wright, T. F. Tho Realities of Heaven
Botany as it may be taught (Halsted)
Botoondos, Tho (Miscellany). .
Boussingault, J. B., Sketch of.
British North Borneo (Miscellany).
Brooks, W. K., The Growth of Jelly-Fishes.
Buckland, C. T., F.Z.8., Something about Snakes.

Caddis-Fliea, Metamorphosis of (Miscellany)...
Census-Work, Training for (Miscellany)...
Champion, A Philstine (Editorial).
Chomistry-Teaching, Some Principles of ( incellany),
Children, Education and the Employment of (Andrews)
China, Tho Demand for Scientific Books in (Fielde), (Correspondence)
Chinese Grass-Cloth (Miscellany).

Chinese Mortuary Customs, Some (Fielde
Chiriquians, Relics of the (Miscellany). .
Chloroform, The Discoverer of (Miscellany).
Cities, Anglo-Saxon, The Dullness of (Miscellany).
City Life, Injurious Influences of (Platt). .
City Life, More Ills of (Fernald), (Correspondence)
Clarke, Prof. Frank Wigglesworth, Expert Testimony.
Cliffs, Types of (Miscellany)..............5
Climate, The Moral Influence of (Oswald)
Coal-Mine Explosions, Watering the Floors as a Preventive of (Miscellany).
Combinations of Capital and Labor, Philosophy of (Miscellany).
Commercial Depression, The Philosophy of (Noble)..
Confession, A Great (Argyll)........ Oreececanscees

pia Fait ba pprverenrs

Daubrée, Prof. G. A., Under,
Dawson, G. M., Customs and
Decrease, The Earned (Gari:
Decrease, The Earned, os, the
Diamond, the, The Matrix of
Discoverer, The, of Chlorofor.
Drift-Sands and their Formati
Dynagraph, The (Miscellany)...

Earth, the, What is known of

Easter Eggs, The Meaning of (

Eaton, Virgil G., How the Opi

Economic Disturbances, Hon. 1
Economic Outlook, The (Wells.
Economic Outlook (Morris), (Cc
Editor's Tablo..............05
Education and the Employment
Education for Mothers (Jenks),
Education not a Function of the
Electricity, Execution by (Misce
Emerson, Prof. Edward, Man in
End of the World, Preparation 1
Equality or Protection (Morgan!
Ethics and Economics (Mathews
Evolution, A Difficulty regardin
Evolation, Curiosities of (Bodin,
Evolution, Relation of, to Mater
Exhaustion from Rowing Conte

Bene

ee

INDEX, 871

Fiever, O., The Flame of ¢ Oandle............
Fish-Ponds (Miscellany)....... a
Flame, The, of a Candle (Fievez)
Flower-Farming (Miscellany)... .
Fog-Signals (Purinton), (Correspondence)...
Foot-print, Human, An Ancient (Miscellany) .
Forest Cultivation, Profits of (Miscellany)...
Forestry in Switzerland (Miscellany).

Games of tho Greek Islanders (Miscellany).
Garrison, Georgo P., The Earned Decrease (Correspondence) .
Gauss, Carl Friedrich, Sketch of.....
Genealogy of Man, The Last Stages in the (Topinard)...
Geography and ite Related Sciences (Miscellany)...
Geological Survey, the, Organization of (Miscellany).
Geological Tourist, The, in Europe (Lane). .
Glacial Moraine, The English (Miscellany)
Good, Arthur, Writing- Machines for the Blind
Goodrich, J. K., A Study of the Aina of Yezo.

+ Ainu Houses and their Furni
Gourds and Bottles (Allen)...........++
Greece, Life in tho Islands of (Miscellany)
Grove, Sir William R., Antagonism
Gutode, M. L., Whistles Ancient and Moder

Haberlandt, Prof. G., Mosses and their Water-Supply.
Halsted, Prof. B. D., Botany as it may be taught..
Hand-Work, The Threo Grades of (Miscellany). .
Harley, G. M. D., Tho Effects of Moderate D:
Heliotropism (McMillan).
Heredity, Some Laws of (Miscellany)
Herter, Dr. Christian, Hypnotism: what it is and what it is not.
“High Altitude,” The, Cure for Consumption (Miscellany)......
Hill, Rev. Thomas, 1). D., The Parlor-Game Cure
Hispaniolan Smokers (Miscellany)......
Home, The, of the Great Ank (Lucas)
Honse-Drainage, Safety in (Hoyt).
Housekeeping, Practical, Chemistry in (Miscellany).
Howard, W. L., Arctic Alaska............
Hoyt, William E., Safety in House-Drainage
Hygienic Living (Miscellany)
Hypnotism: what it is and what it is not (Herter).

Imitative Faculty, The, of Infants (Preyer)..
Indian, the American, The Future of (Mays)
India Paper (Miscellany)............000006
Industrial Adjustments (Ashley), (Correspondence)
Infanta, The Imitative Faculty of (Preyer)..... z
Infiltration, Purification of Sewage by (Miscellany).
Insecta, An Exhibition of (Miscellany)..........

INDEX. 873

PaoR
. 280
548

Natural History and Fables, Some Old (Miscellany).
Negro, the, The Fatare of ..
Nias, The [land of, and its People (Sunderman). 288
Noble, H. G. 8., The Philosophy of Oommercial Depression. . 159
Wotee ss onksadeciseina vr agieagsaaaaiewacansea 148, 286, 480, 575, 719, 868

Octroi, The, at Issoire (Jordan)...
“One Glass,” A Fatal (Miscellany)
Opium-Habit, How the, is acquired (Eaton)
Orinoco, The Hend-Waters of the (Miscellany).
Oswald, Felix L., M. D., The Moral Influence of Climate.
Outlook, The Economic (Wells).

“ (Morris), (Correspondence).

Packard, Alpheus Spring, Sketch of (Kingsloy).
Parlor-Game Oure, The (Hill)..........--..
Peabody Museum, Tho, of American Archmology (Miscellany).

Perforated Stonos from Oulifornia (Miscellany). 569
Petitions for Rain (Editorial). 703
Petroleum Emanations, Effects of, on (Miscellany). 863
Philosophy, Tho, of Commercial Deprossion (Noble)... 189
Philosophy, Teaching, in the Public Schools (A Teachor) 509
Plant-Lice and their Insect Enemies (Miscellany)... . 279
Platt, Walter B., M.D., Injurious Influences of City Life.. . 484
Popular Miscellany........0sssececceeeeceeeeees 188, 278, 423, 568, mi, 856
Population and the Food-Supply (Mead), (Correspondence)...

Poultry-Yard, Mental Traits in the (Karr).......

Preyer, Prof. W., The Imitative Faculty of Infants
Paychology, Tho Teaching of (Janot).
Parification of Sewago by Infiltration (Miscellany)
Purinton, Frank M., Fog-Signals (Correspondence). .

Railways as Fosterers of Trade (Miscellany)...
Railway Work, Half a Century of (Miscellany).
Reading, Systematic, for Teachers (Miscellany).
River-Swamps, Origin of (Miscellany).........
Robin, The American, and his Congeners (Trotter).
Rock-Crystal, A Remarkable Specimen of (Miscellany). .
Rogers, G. O., Theories of the Causes of Baldness (Correspondence).
Running Amok (Miscellany)

Safety in House-Drainage (Hoyt)
Saint Nicholas, The Slavic Feast of (Miscellany).
Salt-Beds, The, of South America (Miscellany).
Sanitation among the Negroes (Miscellany).
Scientific Books, The Demand for, in Chin:
Scientific Teaching, The Value of (Miscellany)... .
Sensations, The, of freezing to Death (Miscellany)
Sexes, The Relation of the, to Government (Cope)
Siberians, Native, Capacity of (Miscellany).
Six Hundred Shots a Minute (Miscellany). .

THE

POPULAR SCIENCE

MONTHLY

CONDUCTED BY E. L. AND W. J. YOUMANS.

VOL. XXVI.

NOVEMBER, 1884, TO APRIL, 1885.

NEW YORK:
D. APPLETON AND COMPANY,
1, 3, axp 6 BOND STREET.
1885. .

GLICK
SEP 14 1967
NYPL