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UNITED STATES CONSULAR REPORTS.

POUNDING AND POLISHING RICE

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IN

ENGLAND AND GERMANY.

CONTENTS.

ENGLAND. Report by Consul-General Waller of London.
GERMANY. Two reports by Consul Loening, of Bremen. Report by Consul Lang,
of Hamburg.

PUBLISHED BY THE DEPARTMENT OF STATE, ACCORDING TO ACT OF CONGRESS.

WASHINGTON: _
GOVERNMENT PRINTING OFFICE.
146 RI 1885.
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POUNDING AND POLISHING RICE IN ENGLAND AND
GERMANY.

POUNDING AND POLISHING RICE IN ENGLAND.
REPORT BY CONSUL-GENERAL WALLER, OF LONDON.

It is interesting to notice that in a pamphlet published in London in
1701, “On the importance of British plantations in America,” itis men-
tioned as a recent circumstance “ that a brigantine from the island of
Madagascar happened to put into Charleston, S. C., having a little rice
seed left, which the captain gave to a gentleman named Woodward.
From part of this he had a very good crop, but he was ignorant for some
years how to clean it. It was soon dispersed over this province, and by
frequent experiments and observations they found out ways of producing
and manufacturing it to so great perfection that it is thought to exceed
any other in value.” The seed of which the pamphlet speaks soon be-
came famous. It was exported to Java, Italy, Spain, and other coun-
tries, and now the finest East Indian rice is grown from this seed.

In the early part of the present century Great Britain was principally
supplied with this grain fromthe States of South Carolina and Georgia.

This trade, for a variety of reasons, has practically ceased, and now
England exports to the United States about 250,000 cwts. of rice an-
nually.

THE MANUFACTURE.

The manufacture—the pounding and polishing—of rice is nearly all
done in England, in the cities of London and Liverpool. The following
table of customs statistics shows the sources and amounts of supply in
the year 1884:

Cwts.

CONIAGAY oo. os cic tai lie mam SC nee edeee towete ewan ans < enboes aancsencen bee 117,180
EROUIATION Gos scsee o aes ete e envaiccre racic eee ae areal alO pa ints doiata Siew Gace 's 145, 735
Wall ye 2 eee Spa Boece ie Sow) niealeenlatemtee tet eyderd ie minianiawwie\s som eaisoes os =" 12, 120
AAA OLNiORIedat es seeete cece rein Siam eet tak tie asia aalun wala cies eo aris=/° 13, 035
IE PLPC LET hoe ot ee se oe inn ta eee eee iti a Seuicavawndtpe sees ce nenece 5, 338, 082
BLTAliA HOlhLOHIBE Lakeu ae ae oa ela sateen Re wae eiclamwcnwicita oe cow wecinede eae ais 65, 261
Reig ee ee ae ee ee ete OMe aS aeenore soe cnte nace cossescses 9, 970
PreiNiet oe ine cee ce ee lee ane ee onlin so miciceie hoc e.cewis eae censeceens 250, 714
PTyes Pint CENA) So oye ee ia nie ae ieee ee ae oie ele ie See avin cee civ ea cnlec veuale 486, 041
GUAR NINN a ace coins Uh Abc ake a kd see ad wea ng Soyo ns anne cee enw neces iy MP ngOOe
WILE OORITERIOS seas ae ea araei ys oe Cente na chatle aicisia'<i2 0 siniae acicimemar.cnes 9, 767
Total... ..- Me... RES odigtets eee Rive e inte nite oa aisle catia wcisclsicleis male a/e aldol 6, 579, 458

Nearly all of this was received, as usual, in a condition requiring prepa-
ration for the market, and about one-half of it will be consumed here,
3

4 POUNDING AND POLISHING RICE IN ENGLAND AND GERMANY.

PROCESSES.

The details of treatment may differ, but the general system of rice
pounding and polishing in the mills of England is substantially the same.
These processes, in their order and products, are shown in a general
way in this diagram, taken from a recent rice-trade publication.

PROCESS. PRODUCTS.
Cargo Rice:
Sticks, Stones, Refuse.
Sieve & Aspiraitor. Rice Dust.---________ iy
Rice.
Shelling Stones. Shelled Rice, Meal & Husk,

Se ee ee eee

ipo arena Rice & Husk.
Blower Husk..

Shelled Rice.

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ean

Decorticators, one or more Miaal.? i001) dsthasi erie Eas
shepard cai Cleaned Rice & Chaff.
ii tare To bande tah
Cleaned Rice.
Fine Meal..___-_______
Cleaned Rice.

ea cs anal % Cc h aff.

Blower.
Cleaned Rice.

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.

Polishers in succession. inset

Sieve. Fine Rice.

Smalls:

%,
Shae ee a ee &

Mixed Meal. <<... ----------
Meal Machine. Medium Meal

aT eS: Bice.

Sieve: Rice.
Meal Rice.

Brush Machine Offal.

& Aspirator. Points.
II. Smalls.

In describing these processes and the machines employed it may be
observed that for the sake of accuracy the technical and identical
language of experts and authorities on rice milling is often used in
preference to my own.

(1) Rice is generally elevated first to the top story of the mill, where
it is blown or aspirated to get rid of the dust that would otherwise soon
glaze the shelling stones and spoil their work. It is then sieved, either
through a six-sided wire screen, or preferably through a long sieve sup-

POUNDING AND POLISHING RICE IN ENGLAND AND GERMANY. 5

ported on wooden springs and worked transversely off a crank, to get
rid of sticks, straws, stones, &c.

(2) This being done, shelling-stones, resembling ordinary wheat-stones,
are used for removing “ paddy” or husks. This is sometimes accom-
plished, however, by passing the rice over a common form of sieve hav-
ing a jumping action or tapping motion at the bottom of it. In Bur-
mese rice mills, it is said, they use artificial stones made of emery and
magnesian cement. Four parts by weight of No. 18 emery are added

_ to one part of ground calcined magnesite (a rock carbonate of mag-

nesia), and tempered with a saturated solution of chloride of magne-
sium. This mixture is laid about 1 inch thick on the iron plates made
specially for the purpose; it sets ina few hours and becomes hard
enough for use in afew days. It is far more durable than the best mill-
stone, and it always keeps a sharp face, owing to the difference in hard-
ness between the emery and the cement that agglomerates it. Shelling-

’ stones covered with cork have been tried and given up in England.

In Italy a surface of hard wood set on end is sometimes used, like the
Burmese native hand-mills, but they are being gradually superseded by
the common shellers, either of cement or stone. The shelling-stones
generally used in the mills of London and Liverpool, a diagram of
which I am able to give here, are of the texture of *‘ peak,” not ‘* burr.’

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They are from 5 to 6 feet across, having a ‘“‘ swallow ” or cut in them of
about 2 feet 6 inches, and a “skirt” or plane surface of about 2 feet 6
inches. They are set horizontally, and usually about three-sixteenths of
an inch apart. This, however, varies according to the size of the grain
to be treated. They work at about, 120 revolutions per minute. The
centrifugal force impels the grain towards the periphery, and as it
passes through the narrow space at the working face the grain is tipped
up on end and the husk is cracked off. When the stones run true, with
good rice, the breakage is about 3 per cent. In some mills the rice is
shelled twice and winnowed twice.

(3) In the process of shelling, a meal or flour is made from the crush-
ing of the rice paddy and the three pellicles which, inside of the paddy,
inclose the grain. This meal is separated by a common screen scourer
or meal machines Within the last year, however, an improvement has
been made in this part of the process, not used, it is said, and perhaps
not known, in the United States. It is called the ‘‘conical flapping
brush,” an invention of Mr. 1. W. Gray, of Trinity Square, London. The
cone of this machine is covered with a wire case, through the meshes of
which the meal, by the operation of the flapping brushes, is made to pass

>

6 POUNDING AND POLISHING RICE IN ENGLAND AND GERMANY.

(4) The rice is now left with only the husks and the pellicles that
still adhere to the grain; otherwise it is perfectly clean. The husks be-
ing separated by the action of a common blast or exhaust, the pellicles.
are removed by the use of mortars. Ordinary mortars have been used
many years both in England and America. Recently the ‘‘ Gray mor-
tar” has come into use. It has an inner coating composed chiefly of
emery. Thecoating, it is said, adds to the activity or motion of the grain
in this cleaning operation, and greatly lessens the time required for it.
The rice passes from the mortars by valves at their base.

(5) The rice is again winnowed by flapping cone brushes or blasts,
and the chaff that has escaped previous operations is finally got rid of,
and the grain is now ready for milling.

(6) Milling is generally done by the ordinary machine known as the
barley mill. The objection is made to this mill that its rotary motion
breaks the germ end of this brittle grain, and so alters its natural shape
and lessens its market value. It is being superseded here by a mill
that has an emery drum, with fans at its base to keep the grain cool,
and that is worked horizontally. I regret my inability to give a plan
of this machine. The inventor, with whom I conversed, reluctantly re-
fused it, and admission to the mills where it is used is not obtainable.

(7) The rice is now again screened or subjected to flapping brushes,
the meal made in the last process removed, and it is now ready for
polishing.

(8) Polishers generally consist of a sheep-skin-covered drum, that
revolves, inside of a fixed wire casing, about 1,800 feet to 2,000 feet per
minute at the periphery. The form mostly used is that of an inverted
frustum of a cone, a diagram of which is here given.

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The skin of a South-Down sheep is preferred for a cover, because of
its thickness of wool. Sometimes the rice, as it passes into the polisher,
is subjected to an infusion of indigo toned down with rice flour to a pale

POUNDING AND POLISHING RICE IN ENGLAND AND GERMANY. 7

blue. This gives the rice a bluish tint, that is liked better in England
than the natural creamy whiteness of the grain itself.

(9) On leaving the polishers the rice is usually again blown or aspi-
rated, and then separated into whole rice, broken rice, and rice of differ-
ent sizes.

(10) Recently, for certain markets—the English included—rice is
pressed through an oiling machine, to give it a smoother and glossier
surface.

In London there is a representative journal for almost every trade
and manufacture. ‘The Miller,” published at 24 Mark Lane, is the
name of the one devoted to the interests of rice millers and brokers.

THOMAS M. WALLER,
Consul- General.

UNITED STATES CONSULATE-GENERAL,
London, August 29, 1885.

POUNDING AND POLISHING RICE IN GERMANY.

REPORT BY CONSUL LOENING, OF BREMEN,

In reply to your communication of the 25th ultimo, directing me to
obtain information in regard to ‘‘ the method of pounding and polishing
rice in Germany,” I have to say that the information desired is very
hard to obtain, as the rice millers here closely guard the secret of their
process of cleaning and polishing rice, and have heretofore allowed no
one to visit their mills.

I have, however, been permitted to visit several rice mills, and wit-
nessed the cleaning and polishing, &c., of rice; but as lucid explana-
tions of the several processes have not been given me, I can only give
you a description of and report on what I actually have seen. My being
no practical rice miller will no doubt excuse all technical mistakes |
may make. I shall endeavor to treat each process separately, beginning
with

PRELIMINARY CLEANING.

The crude rice is almost all received here from India, and is of a
quality about 75 per cent. free of shell or busk.

This rice is passed through a mill (for cleaning and separating the
shell or husk from the rice) consisting of two* circular stone grinding-
wheels, 6 feet in diameter by 6 inches thick, revolving horizontally and
reversely upon each other.

The rice (shell and substance) product of this grinding process is con-
ducted on to a flat horizontal sifter 10 feet by 2.

The rice, shell, and husk, after being sifted of all fine dust, &c., fall
off this sifter on to a short trough or conductor, that empties them into a
bin or receiver; as the rice falls off this trough or conductor a strong
blast of wind blows the shell and husk away from the rice; there are
also, at the end “of this trough or conductor, magnets (inlaid in the
wood), to attract all particles of metal that may be in the rice.

*In some mills only one stone grinding-wheel is used.

8 POUNDING AND POLISHING RICE IN ENGLAND AND GERMANY.
CLEANING RICE.

Rice, after being separated from the husk or shell, and all extraneous
substances, by the process of ‘ preliminary cleaning” and sifting afore-
said, is subjected to a process of cleaning, which is done in a machine
consisting of a circular wheel (either of fine stone or composition) about
6 feet in diameter by 15 or 20 inches thick, fitting closely into and re-
volving horizontally inside a mill (box) lined on the top with smooth
steel and on the sides with smooth perforated steel.

The rice enters this mill at the top, and is turned out cleaned of the
yellow, mealy, coating common to all rice.

The rapid motion of this “ wheel,” while grinding and rubbing the rice
against the perforated steel sides of the mill, forces out the fine meal,
dust, and scrapings.

This process of cleaning is repeated several times until the rice is suf-
ficiently clean and white.

As the process of shelling and cleaning is by forcible grinding, some
of the grains of rice are unavoidably more or less broken and crushed.

These broken grains or granules must therefore be separated from
the rice by a process of

SIFTING.

This is done by means of a horizontal revolving cylinder sifter about
4 feet in diameter by 10 feet long, slightly inclined.

The sieves in this cylinder are of steel wire, divided into four or five
sections or sizes. Thus as the rice enters this revolving sifter the
smallest granules or particles of broken rice fall through the first sec-
tion of sieve (which is of the smallest size), and are collected separately ;
then the next larger grains are sifted through the next following sec-
tion, gathered separately ; and so on through four or five different sec-
tions and sizes of sieve until the whole grains only remain, fall off the
sifter, and are gathered separately.

By this process of sifting rice four or five different grades and classes
of broken rice or, 80 called, granulated rice is obtained.

POLISHING RICE.

Polishing is the finishing process of cleaning rice.

The rice obtained from the cleaning and sifting processes before men-
tioned, is carried into a “polishing machine” consisting of a roller
(truncated-cone shaped) covered with soft sheep skin, fitting closely into
and revolving horizontally in a cylinder the same shape, lined either
with smooth skin, or finely perforated smooth steel, or very fine ‘* gauze
sieve.”

The rice entering one end of this cylinder machine is turned out at
the other beautifully polished.

A fine quality of transparent rice is also produced here by a chemical
process and application of fine oil, presumably done by the same proc-
ess as polishing rice, with only the addition of oiled and chemical sub-
stances.

ALBERT LOENING,
Consul.

UNITED STATES CONSULATE,
Bremen, August 6, 1885.

POUNDING AND POLISHING RICE IN ENGLAND AND GERMANY. 9

GRANULATED RICE IN GERMANY.
REPORT BY CONSUL LOENING, OF BREMBN.

I have been requested by the consul-general at Berlin, under date
of July 25, to “ obtain information in regard to the method of pound-
ing and polishing rice here in Germany,” and I reported on that sub-
ject under date of August 6.

In addition to and in connection with the above-mentioned report I
have the honor to report to the Department on the subject of “ granu-
lated rice,” a commodity sold here in the market as Bruchreis (broken
rice), or, so-called, granulated rice, used here entirely by brewers and
starch manufacturers, and of which large exports have been lately
made from here to the United States.

As I have said in my report to the consul-general, rice is shelled,
cleaned, and polished by a process of forcible grinding, i in which grind.
ing operation some of the grains of rice are unavoidably br oken - more
or less fine, and are afterwards sifted through sieves of various sizes,
thus producing different grades and classes “of Br uchreis (broken rice)
or granulated rice.

As far as I have been able to observe in the rice mills here, I find no
special grinding process for manufacturing “ granulated rice,” although
it can be easily be done, and a prominent rice miller here proposes that
if the United States Treasury Department ‘object to his Bruchreis
(broken rice) as granulated rice, in the sense of the term, to submit it
again to a supplementary grinding process, although that would not
materially alter the appearance of the broken rice, as it had already
been broken and granulated by a special forcible ’orinding process”
in the shelling and cleaning aforesaid.

Some rice millers here claim that their process of cleaning rice is at
the same time intended as a special process of granulating rice.

I also have the honor to forward herewith to the Department fifteen
tin boxes containing samples of rice, numbered, marked, and labeled as
follows, with explanation and description of each:

No. 1. Raw rice as received from India, about 75 per cent. free of shell.

No. 2. Rice after the grinding process of “preliminary cleaning” or
shelling.

No. 3. Rice after the “cleaning” process (half polished).

No. 4. Polished mittel (middle) table rice.

No. 5. Polished table rice.

No. 6. ‘* Transparent” or oiled table rice (finest quality).

No. 7. Bruchreis (broken rice) or granulated rice, classed here as Nos.
2 and 3 (smallest).

No. 8. Bruchreis (broken rice) or granulated rice, classed here as No.
1 (small).

No. !'. Bruchreis (broken rice) or granulated rice, classed here as No.
0 (coarse).

No. 10. Bruchreis (broken rice) or granulated rice classed here as No.
00 (very coarse).

No. Al. Husks (shells) the result of shelling and sifting.

No. 12. Rice meal or flour obtained in cleaning process, classed here
as No. )

No. 13. Rice meal or flour obtained in the cleaning process, classed
here No. 2.

No. 14. Rice meal or flour obtained in the cleaning process, classed
here as No. 1. .

146 RI——2

10 POUNDING AND POLISHING RICE IN ENGLAND AND GERMANY.

No. 15. “ Rice-meal flour,” a special manufacture from the broken or
granulated rice.

There are four rice mills in Bremen, and large capital is invested in
the business.

I am told that the profit in rice milling is in the advantageous dis-
posal of the “waste,” such as broken or granulated rice, rice- meal flour,
We.

The cost of cleaning and polishing rice is such as to allow very little,
if any, margin of profit on ‘table rice.” ;
ALBERT LOENING.
UNITED STATES CONSULATE,

Bremen, August 10, 1885.

POLISHING RICE IN HAMBURG.

REPORT BY CONSUL LANG, OF HAMBURG.

I have the honor, in response to your letter of the 28th of July, 1885,
to present herewith such information as to the method of pounding and
polishing rice in Germany as I have been able to gather.

At present the “ Nagel” mill is most in use in Hamburg, although
several others are in activity. This system is constructed ‘by a Ham.
burg engineer, Mr. Nagel, jr.

It comprises all manipulations needed to clean the raw rice, to pestle,
shell, and polish, and to assort it.

(1) The cleaning is done by exposing the grist to a moderate current
of wind, caused by a ventilator, and by passing it over or through a sys-
tem of sieves.

(2) The cleansed grist is now shelled and partly broken by running
it through two systems of grinding or mill stones. One of the latter is
cylindrical, and contains a hard millstone of 6 feet or 6 feet 7 inches
diameter. Through this operation a quantity of rice flour is received,
and therefore the whole mass has to be sieved again.

(3) The most important process of polishing the rive is done very
differently, and every manufacturer has his own system, which he keeps
secret. The general principle, however, isa wooden cylinder revolving
in a wooden mantle, between which the rice has to circulate and to be
rubbed. The Nagel machine does it in the-following manner:

The mantle is made of wire work, thus offering a rough surface, in or-
der to retard the grains on the way downwards; the revolving cylinder
is furnished with brushes, which clean and polish the rice. Some millers
color their rice with fluid mdigo, by suspending a basin containing the
fluid over the cylinder and allowing it to drop slowly into the ey linder
of rice.

In other mills the mantle is made of wood and the cylinder filled with
small pieces of sheep-skin nailed on its surface, or the mantle is made
of stone and the eylinder of wood without any cover on the surface.

(4) After leaving the polishing cylinder the rice passes over a system
of sieves, which assorts the grains as follows: Full grains and broken
grains; and the latter into small, middling, and coarse broken grains.
A Nagel machine cleans and polishes 5,400 kilograms within twelve
hours.

WM. W. LANG,

UNITED STATES CONSULATE, - Consul.

Hamburg, August 20, 1885.

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