LIBRARY
OF THE
UNIVERSITY OF CALIFORNIA.
Class
PRACTICAL GUIDE TO
LATIN AMERICA
MEXICO, CENTRAL AMERICA, THE WEST INDIES
SOUTH AMERICA
THE
PRACTICAL GUIDE SERIES
PRACTICAL EUROPEAN GUIDE. By
M. D. Frazar
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PRACTICAL GUIDE TO LATIN
AMERICA, INCLUDING MEXICO, CEN-
TRAL AMERICA, THE WEST INDIES, AND
SOUTH AMERICA. By A Ibert Hale
i6mo, cloth, $1.00 net; by mail, $1.10
OTHER VOLUMES IN PREPARATION
SMALL, MAYNARD & COMPANY
PUBLISHERS, BOSTON
PRACTICAL GUIDE
TO LATIN AMERICA
INCLUDING
MEXICO, CENTRAL AMERICA
THE WEST INDIES AND
SOUTH AMERICA
PREPARATION, COST, ROUTES
SIGHT-SEEING
BY
ALBERT HALE, A.B., M.D.
Member of the Geographical Society of Rio de Janeiro. Author of
"The South Americans." Special Compiler International
Bureau of the American Republics
BOSTON
SMALL, MAYNARD &, COMPANY
PUBLISHERS
PRESERVATION f\4
COPY ADDED-
ORIGINAL TO Bt
RETAINED
DEC 1 ? 199a
Copyright, 1909
BY SMALL, MAYNARD & COMPANY
(Incorporated)
Entered at Stationers' Hall
TO
HON. JOHN BARRETT
DIRECTOR OF THE INTERNATIONAL BUREAU OF THE
AMERICAN REPUBLICS AND
FORMERLY UNITED STATES MINISTER
TO SIAM, ARGENTINA, PANAMA, AND COLOMBIA
FOR HIS EARNEST ENTHUSIASM
FOR PAN-AMERICANISM
THIS BOOK
IS RESPECTFULLY DEDICATED
190778
THE INTERNATIONAL BUREAU OF THE AMERICAN REPUB-
LICS is maintained by the twenty-one American Republics,
including the United States, for the development of Pan-
American friendship, peace, and commerce. It is an in-
dependent institution, controlled by a Governing Board
consisting of the diplomatic representatives in Washington
of these Republics, the Chairman of which is the Secretary
of State of the United States, ex offitio. It is located in
Washington, and, owing to the generosity of Mr. Andrew
Carnegie and the munificence of these Republics, there will
soon be ready for occupancy a beautiful building, suitable
to the purpose, for a permanent home there. Its Columbus
Memorial Library is one of the finest collections of Latin-
American literature in the world. The chief officers are a
Director and a Secretary, appointed by the Governing Board.
The special work in which the Bureau is engaged consists of
editing Handbooks on each Republic, issuing pamphlets on
subjects of particular interest, and publishing a Monthly
Bulletin containing the latest available authoritative informa-
tion about all these American Republics. Correspondence
on any subject within the scope of the Bureau is always
PREFACE
This little book could not have been written
without the aid of my sister, Senora Fanny
Hale Gardiner. Her wide acquaintance with
Spain, her travels in Mexico and Cuba, and her
knowledge of things Latin- American, in addi-
tion to many hours of labor generously given
to me, have all contributed materially to its
compilation.
It is not claimed that we have been in every
place mentioned, but most of them I know by
personal experience, and long association with
Latin America, together with my official posi-
tion in the International Bureau of the Ameri-
can Republics, have given me an extensive in-
timacy with this part of the western world.
Most of the numerical statements are taken
from trustworthy authorities; in some instances
they are, intentionally, simply approximate
equivalents, in others they are origmal com-
putations. If, however, corrections or addi-
tions occur to any traveller, it will be a favor
to myself to offer them freely. The blank
pages in the back of the volume may be used
for notes of this or any other nature, to be
forwarded to the publishers at the travellers
convenience.
PREFACE
Finally, I desire to acknowledge my indebt-
edness to the International Bureau of the Amer-
ican Republics for many courtesies received from
members of the Staff, and to commend that In-
stitution as a, wonderful storehouse of informa-
tion on all matters pertaining to America.
A. H.
CONTENTS
CHAPTER PAGE
I THE POINT OF VIEW 1
II PREPARATIONS 6
III ON LANDING 18
IV DESCRIPTION OF THE COUNTRIES, THEIR CHIEF
ClTIES AND WHAT TO SEE IN THEM .... 27
MEXICO 29
CENTRAL AMERICA 39
Guatemala 40
Salvador 43
Honduras 45
Nicaragua 47
Costa Rica 50
PANAMA 59
PANAMA CANAL ZONE 56
SOUTH AMERICA 59
Argentina 61
Bolivia 69
Brazil 75
Chile 87
Colombia . . , 95
Ecuador 100
ix
CONTENTS
CHAPTEB PAGE
Paraguay 105
Peru 110
Uruguay 117
Venezuela 123
CUBA 129
ISLE OF PINES 134
ISLAND OF SANTO DOMINGO 135
The Dominican Republic 137
Haiti UO
THE WEST INDIES, THE GUIANAS, AND BRIT-
ISH HONDURAS 144
PORTO Rico 146
BRITISH POSSESSIONS 148
Jamaica 148
Bermudas 150
Bahamas 151
Caribbees 152
FRENCH POSSESSIONS 155
DANISH POSSESSIONS 156
DUTCH POSSESSIONS 157
THE GUIANAS 157
BRITISH HONDURAS 160
V TABLES 162
Steamship Routes 162
Time Bell on Board Ship 169
X
CONTENTS
CHAPTER PAGE
Ports, Days of Travel, Prices, and Hotels . 170
Values of Foreign Coins 176
Comparative Tables of Metric and English
Systems of Weights and Measures . . . 179
American Diplomatic Representatives and
Consular Officers in Latin America . . 181
VI REGULATIONS FOR COMMERCIAL TRAVELLERS . . 190
Mexico 190
Central America 193
West Indies 199
South America 206
VII BIBLIOGRAPHY 225
INDEX OF PROPER NAMES IN DESCRIPTION OF COUNTRIES 235
XI
PRACTICAL GUIDE TO
LATIN AMERICA
CHAPTER I
THE POINT OF VIEW
THE traveller who sets out, on business or on
pleasure bent, to explore seas and lands as un-
familiar as those occupied by our sister repub-
lics to the south of us, from the Rio Grande
to Cape Horn, takes to his project with feel-
ings of wonder, curiosity, prejudice, or dread,
according to his temperament. He prolongs
his experiences or hurries through his ordeal,
he garners a wealth of information and recol-
lection, or he shuts his eyes to everything but
the necessities of his affairs, according to the
breadth and sympathy of his nature. But who
can question that the broader minded and more
sympathetic traveller reaps the greater harvest
and glides more smoothly over the obstacles in
his path?
" It is a pleasant pilgrimage in which the
journey itself is part of the destination," says
Dr. Van Dyke, a traveller who has enriched
himself and the world by his observations, and
his remark may be reenforced by the words of
1
GUIDE TO LATIN AMERICA
Robert Louis Stevenson, who said, " To travel
happily is better than to arrive."
To the experienced traveller this little homily
will be superfluous except in so far as it con-
tains for him the advice to refrain from odious
comparisons between the unsettled conditions
and methods of the new world and the estab-
lished and more advanced ones in older civi-
lizations. To the novice a few words of help-
ful suggestion may not come amiss, and may
show him how to see the advantages of the new
and to endure the absence of what he is used
to at home.
One cannot travel comfortably at sea with-
out getting one's sea legs on, to use a nautical
phrase, which means, of course, adapting one-
self to the motion of the vessel and, more than
that, to the cramped stateroom accommoda-
tions, the deck life, the meal hours and cus-
toms, the time expressed in bells instead of in
the figures on the clock face, — all of which
generally amuses rather than displeases the
traveller. Sea life over, there is much wisdom
in the application of the advice " to do in Rome
as the Romans do." If the customs of the
Romans have no interest for the dweller in
Springfield, why leave Springfield at all? Or,
if under compulsion, why not bring back
GUIDE TO LATIN AMERICA
to Springfield an intelligent understanding of
Roman customs which shall add something
to Springfield's sum of knowledge? Apropos
of this, it is not such a far cry from Rome to
Latin America, for in a very literal sense the
" Roman idea," as described by the late John
Fiske in one of his essays, dominates the laws
and customs of our sister republics. The Anglo-
Saxon American must especially remember that
it is a Latin civilization with which he is to
come in contact, to be explained only by an ac-
quaintance with Latin or Roman history in its
developments as Spanish, Italian, French, and
Portuguese. There has been an age-long antip-
athy between Latin and Teutonic peoples, due
largely to a lack of understanding, but let it
not be prolonged by ignorance into antagonism
expressed in contempt by each for the other.
No matter in what particulars we may hold
ourselves superior, the achievements of the
Latin races are monumental, both in material
and intellectual things, and were carried into
Germanic lands when these were inhabited by
peoples scarcely emerged from barbarism. They
were carried also into the wilds of the new world
and have left evidences that command the re-
spect and admiration of every fair and open-
minded traveller.
GUIDE TO LATIN AMERICA
When one of us announces in Europe that h(
is an American his statement is generally fol-
lowed by the query, " From North or Soutt
America? " Having no nominative of our own
we of the United States have adopted one whict
belongs to the whole western hemisphere, and
we claim an exclusive right to it which does nol
properly belong to us. Foreigners, not satis-
fied with this, often call us Yankees, withoul
any intended disrespect, and it is not worth
while for us to resent it or to try to explain
our local application of the term. We are guilty
of the same kind of mistakes, though we kno\v
it not. The European is correct in his chal-
lenge, however, and he has a broader outlook
over the western world than we, while the in-
habitants of our sister republics who call them-
selves Argentines, Chilenos, Colombianos, etc.,
proudly and properly assert that they, too, are
Americans.
Europeans know almost as much about Latin
America as about Anglo-Saxon America, but
although their knowledge may be based on com-
mercial acquaintance, even their merchant trav-
ellers have had time to note some of the beau-
ties of the southern continent, and many have
declared that the Andes surpass the Alps in
grandeur, that the Pacific channels along the
4
GUIDE TO LATIN AMERICA
Chilean coast equal the fiords of Norway, that
the Brazilian slopes offer mountain scenery like
that of Italy, while they find everywhere the
romantic atmosphere peculiar to Latin peoples,
together with the new-world history which is, in
its own way, as fascinating as that of Europe.
Of late, however, Latin America has been in-
vaded by tourists of all nationalities, but be-
cause of this recency no comprehensive guide
book has yet been issued, giving practical in-
formation about travel and sight-seeing there.
Mexico is pretty well covered by Baedeker (in-
cluded in the United States) and others; there
are good manuals in Spanish for Argentina and
Bolivia; for Rio de Janeiro and Sao Paulo in
French and Portuguese, besides which the rail-
road and steamship companies issue handsome
descriptive folders of their routes around and
through the republics ; but this present volume
is the first attempt to put into handbook form
those practical details covering all the republics
which the traveller, whatever his purpose, wishes
to have at instant command.
CHAPTER IL
PREPARATIONS
For Study. — Even the average well-read
man and woman know little of actual condi-
tions in Latin-American countries, and their
historical knowledge is generally limited to
Prescott's histories of Mexico and Peru, Irv-
ing's Columbus, some reports or magazine ar-
ticles on explorations in Yucatan, on the Ama-
zon, or among the Andes. No doubt, recent
events of national importance have aroused a
" nine days' wonder " at the pictures by pen
and camera sent home from South American
ports and from places where Pan-American
congresses have been held. The literature on
the subject is growing enormously, however,
and a list of the best modern publications will
be given on page 225, which the intending trav-
eller is advised to look over and select from
sometime before starting. Under the heading
of each country in this volume he will find a
few lines giving the main points in its history,
and a list of the principal cities with their par-
ticular points of interest. Blank pages at the
back of the book he will find useful for notes
on matters most interesting to him personally,
6
GUIDE TO LATIN AMERICA
which will help to fix them in his memory and
make them accessible for reference.
For the Voyage. — As most of the voyaging
to and from the southern republics is upon
warm and tropical seas, the heavy outfits for
protection against the cold and stormy weather
of the north Atlantic are unnecessary. If the
journey is to extend around the Horn, however,
such an outfit must be had in reserve or pro-
vided at Buenos Aires or Valparaiso. From
these points northward there is little danger of
cold weather, though there may be considerable
dampness and humidity.
Travel on the smaller and less formal steam-
ers running to Mexico and South America is
much lighter and less fashionable than on the
great trans- Atlantic liners, consequently there
is no elaborate dress and fewer evening func-
tions. Nevertheless, it is a prevailing custom
to " dress for dinner," at least to the extent
of a fresh waist on the part of the women and
a dark coat on that of the men. Women are
recommended to supply themselves with plenty
of shirtwaists, — there is no regular laundering
done on board even during a long voyage, —
a couple of silk waists, a nice skirt beside the
travelling dress, and a cape or cloak of light
weight for deck use. A silk scarf or a chiffon
7
GUIDE TO LATIN AMERICA
veil is more comfortable for the head than a
hat, even a soft felt being at times too warm in
a tropical sun and air. A dark parasol or um-
brella, a pair of dark glasses, and some silk or
cotton gloves will be found a grateful protec-
tion against the burning glare. Most well per-
sons cannot tolerate flannels in those latitudes,
but plenty of gauze and ordinary cotton under-
clothing is necessary, and a silk or light-weight
dark petticoat will be found more serviceable
than white skirts. A raincoat may be conven-
ient but is not indispensable ; a thin kimono,
slippers as well as low shoes, a small pillow for
the deck-chair, a bag for books, fancy work,
and sewing materials, a bottle of cologne and
one of camphor or smelling-salts are all de-
sirable. Rugs, shawls, sweaters, hot-water
bottles, etc., are superfluous for the average
voyager, though they may be considered for
a sensitive and delicate invalid. Men should
dress about as they would in warm weather
in a northern climate; however, on shipboard
low tennis shoes and neglige shirts are very
comfortable, and, in accordance with the cus-
tom followed by the officers on first-class liners,
white duck suits can be worn in the daytime,
although the coat, at least, must be changed
for one of dark cloth to wear after dark for
8
GUIDE TO LATIN AMERICA
the evening meal and for entertainments in the
ladies' cabin.
It is advisable for every traveller to have a
light bathrobe and slippers, for use both on
the steamer and in the hotels on shore, because
rooms with private baths are not common in
Latin- American hotels, while the closer to the
tropics one comes the more indispensable is the
bath.
Seasickness. — Nervousness, dread, and fa-
tigue have probably much to do with this mal-
ady, but it is useless to say that it is imaginary
and may be conquered by the will. There is no
absolute preventive, prevision, or panacea, but
doubtless a few days of simple fare, a mild
laxative, and a few hours' rest before boarding
the steamer may do much to ward off the at-
tack. The first day or two along the Atlantic
seacoast may be rough, but after that one need
not dread the high seas and winds that charac-
terize the voyage to Europe. In any case,
however, it is important to leave the stateroom,
get out on deck, and stay in the open air ; some
find a little acid fruit or a glass of Apollinaris
or other carbonated water good to take before
rising ; some breakfast on deck on tea or coffee
with toast or crackers. Do not overload the
stomach in the morning, and make it a duty to
9
GUIDE TO LATIN AMERICA
walk as soon as possible and several times a day
as an aid to circulation, digestion, and varia-
tion in the day's program.
Seasons and Weather. — It must be borne in
mind that the seasons south of the Equator are
the reverse of those we know in the north.
Christmas occurs in midsummer at Buenos
Aires, while July " 'round the Horn " means
frigid and antarctic temperature and storms.
In the tropics there are no seasons, but the
temperature depends on the altitude; wet and
dry seasons will be mentioned under the coun-
tries. July, August, and September is the hur-
ricane season in the West Indies, when travel
should be avoided if possible.
Tickets. — Having made choice of season,
destination, and steamship line or lines (a list
of which will be found on page 162), write or
call to engage passage, when a deposit will be
required which will be applied on the final pur-
chase, or refunded if due notice is given of
change of purpose.
Stateroom. — The selection of the stateroom
on modern vessels is not very important as all
are located nearly amidships, ventilation is ex-
cellent, and there are electric fans, lights, and
other comforts ; still, it is well to be near the
toilet and bathrooms and the stairways leading
10
GUIDE TO LATIN AMERICA
to the deck. The eastern or morning exposure
on tropical seas is to be preferred ; some choose
the western or land side in going to the West
Indies and Mexico on account of the stronger
breeze, but experience varies. As the berth is
numbered and registered on one's ticket, there
can be no confusion or dispute with the sharer
of one's stateroom, and an amicable division of
hooks, drawers, etc., will be easily made between
persons of average reasonableness and good
nature.
Deck Chairs. — At the time of engaging pas-
sage inquiry should be made as to deck chairs.
Some lines furnish them, but not all or always
of the lounging type ; some furnish none at all,
but the steamship companies will secure chairs
for which a rental is paid of one dollar or less
for the voyage.* To this one's name is attached
by a tag or a card inserted in a metal frame,
and the chair may be moved about the deck to
suit the traveller's comfort. On boarding the
steamer hand the receipt for the chair to the
deck steward, who will look after it and many
other comforts day by day, so that if he does
his duty he will call down blessings (and gratui-
ties) upon his head.
* All prices given in this volume are in United States cur-
rency unless otherwise stated.
11
GUIDE TO LATIN AMERICA
Place at Table. — The dining-room steward
should be consulted as to place at table, which
will always be the same and attended by the
same table steward. It is sometimes more im-
portant to be near an exit than to be at the
captain's elbow.
Bath. — The daily salt-water bath, hot or
(preferably) cold, is recommended as a stimu-
lant and as a luxury, and before breakfast
rather than later in the day, although this is,
of course, a matter of taste and convenience.
Arrangements as to hours must be made at once
with the bath steward or stewardess, and one
must take one's turn or lose it.
Baggage. — The steamer trunk is intended
to slide under the lower berth or sofa, and is
thus out of the way while always at hand. Bag-
gage should have the owner's name plainly
marked in paint. The steamship companies pro-
vide tags with which to designate one's pieces
of baggage for the stateroom or the hold.
Some ships provide a storeroom, where pieces
wanted, but too large for the stateroom, may
be reached ; but this is not general, and once
in the hold baggage is almost inaccessible.
Small and light trunks are better than large
ones, as in many ports the transfer to land is
made by tug or rowboat, and later the pieces
12
GUIDE TO LATIN AMERICA
are often carried long distances in push carts
or on the backs of men and donkeys, so that
one should be glad to spare them pain, and one-
self the misery of helpless pity. In fact, if the
traveller's path leads into the interior and over
a mountain trail, packages of more than one
hundred and fifty pounds will be refused, or if
carried at all the extra cost will be enormous.
Fees. — Fees on steamship lines running to
Latin-American ports average somewhat less
than on lines to Europe. Services which for a
week's voyage across the Atlantic are rewarded
with $2.50, are amply repaid with $2.00, in
going to Caribbean ports. In going to Rio or
Buenos Aires, a voyage of three weeks, $4.00 is
sufficient. Fees are payable at the end of the
voyage. There are approximately five stewards
who should be remembered by these sums or
less : the table steward, deck steward, bar and
bath stewards, and the stewardess. Reward for
other services depends upon one's demand.
Money. — United States money can be used
for fees and other necessities on all steamers
which depart from and arrive at United States
ports, but on European or local steamers ply-
ing between Latin-American ports such money
is accepted only at a discount. This loss may
be avoided by providing oneself with British
13
GUIDE TO LATIN AMERICA
gold, on which there is no discount when ex-
changed for local currency on any steamer or
at any port. A table of foreign moneys and
comparative values will be found on page 176.
Letter of Credit. — A letter of credit for
Latin- American countries may be obtained from
any first-class bank, which will also furnish in-
formation as to the use of it. This is by far
the simplest, safest, and best means of carrying
money. In case the tour is extended to interior
points not included in the list of banks given
in the letter, arrangements can be made with
the bank at the nearest point on the list whereby
money may be drawn through its own corre-
spondent. The International Banking Corpor-
ation sells letters of credit for countries border-
ing on the Gulf of Mexico and the Caribbean
Sea on the dollar basis, but as a rule letters of
credit are still sold through European banks
and with the face value in pounds sterling. It
is a fact to be deplored that the United States
has no direct banking exchange with South
America. The American Express Company is-
sues letters of credit as well as express checks
to Latin-American countries.
Passports. — Passports are not indispen-
sable, but as the cost is small ($1.00 each) it is
well to possess one. It often serves as a letter
14
GUIDE TO LATIN AMERICA
of introduction and may prove a safeguard
obtainable in no other way. Apply to the Pass-
port Bureau, Department of State, Washing-
ton, D. C.
Mail. — Mail may be safely addressed Care
Consul of the United States of America at the
point of destination. A list of these officers will
be found on pages 188, 189. The care of mail is
one of the duties of consulate officers. The post
offices in Latin- American countries are as a rule
admirably conducted, but letters from abroad
often go astray because the superscription is dif-
ferent in form from that to which local officials
are accustomed. For instance, a letter sent to
John Smith, Esq., is apt to be pigeonholed among
the E9s9 and an imperfect / might be mistaken
for a Y. If letters are expected poste restante
(General Delivery) present your card or your
name distinctly written, at the proper window.
It must be granted that the exchange of mail
between the United States and South American
ports is still very irregular and uncertain, and
there is a long interval, sometimes weeks, be-
tween the despatch of a letter and the receipt
of an answer. Consequently it is advisable for
a person going even to the near ports of that
continent to arrange with his family or busi-
ness associates before starting for the use of
15
GUIDE TO LATIN AMERICA
a mutual code and the registry of a cable ad-
dress at both ends.
Telegraph Code. — Such codes may be com-
piled individually or purchased for a small sum
from a code company or from many banks and
express companies. This may on occasion save
great expense and anxiety. For instance, in
case of requiring a reply to a letter from Buenos
Aires for which one must wait eight weeks or
more, the use of the cablegram for each word
of message and address might amount to a large
sum, while the use of the code and registered
address would reduce the expense to a minimum,
as well as furnishing immediate communication
with persons and affairs at home.
Languages. — The use of English through-
out the Latin- American republics is so common
that it is quite possible to make a tour without
understanding any other language. This ap-
plies merely to the possibility of getting what
one needs on railroads, in hotels, and in ordi-
nary sight-seeing. In case of business trans-
actions, however, a good knowledge of the lan-
guage of the country is necessary, or else an
official interpreter should be employed, who is
authorized to act as such by government ex-
amination. Spanish is the language of all the
republics, except Brazil, where it is Portuguese,
16
GUIDE TO LATIN AMERICA
and Haiti, where it is French. To some extent
French may be used everywhere, German in
parts of Brazil, Italian in Argentina. In
French, Dutch, and British Guiana, the corre-
sponding languages are used, and these with
Spanish are sprinkled throughout the West In-
dian Islands.
17
CHAPTER IH
ON LANDING
On Landing. — Landing facilities at Latin-
American ports are of many kinds, from access-
ible docks at which steamers tie, to transfer
by tug, rowboat, or lighter. It will be well for
the traveller to inform himself before starting
of the kind he may expect to find at his desti-
nation. This advice is especially offered to the
commercial traveller, who, if carrying goods or
samples, should have them packed in such a
shape as to be easily handled at that port in
order not to lose through excessive charges all
the profits expected from his venture. Every
year, however, the governments are making im-
provements at the various ports.
The price of landing, where the steamer does
not lie alongside the dock, is not included in
the price of the ticket. The steamship com-
panies will, as a rule, transfer passengers and
baggage to shore by their own tender, on their
own terms and at their own convenience, but the
traveller may save time by arranging instead
for transfer with one of the boats that come
alongside as soon as the anchor is dropped. A
party of four or more together may bargain
18
AMERICA
for transportation at the rate of about $1.50
apiece, including hand baggage; trunks had
better be left in the hands of the steamship
company for delivery at the custom house. The
ship's purser may be relied on for information
regarding these matters and others concerning
the port of arrival.
If the passenger goes ashore merely for sight-
seeing, expecting to return to the steamer at the
end of the day or evening, it will be wise to bar-
gain with his boatman for both trips at a fixed
price, otherwise he will be left in the lurch or
charged exorbitantly for the return passage.
Custom House Examinations. — The exami-
nation at the custom house is generally thor-
ough but courteous, and much liberality is
shown to the foreigner. No rule applicable to
all custom houses can be set down, but it must
be stated that all the Latin- American republics
have a protective tariff, and a large number of
articles are dutiable. If courtesy and patience
are mutual, however, no trouble need be ap-
prehended. Never offer a fee or a bribe to a
custom-house inspector, but, after the exami-
nation is overv (the actual handling and chalk-
ing being done by a subordinate official), a mod-
est gratuity to the latter will not give offence.
If the steamer ties to a dock, the examinations
19
GUIDE TO LATIN AMERICA
may generally be held at once, and the baggage
may be removed by a cargador (who is not an
expressman with a wagon but a little man with
a push-cart, with whom one must drive a bar-
gain) ; if the steamer remains in deep water
and baggage is transferred by tender, the
traveller is advised to go at once to his hotel,
and there engage a cargador to accompany him
to the custom house on that or the next day,
not forgetting to make a bargain with him
beforehand.
Storage. — No storage accommodations are
customary anywhere and, should it be necessary
to leave baggage for a time, special arrange-
ments must be made through the courtesy of
banks, hotels, or United States consuls.
Street-cars and Carriages. — All the large
cities of the republics are supplied with street-
cars run by electricity, although in some smaller
towns the mule-car still lingers. In Rio de
Janeiro trolleys are called " Bonds," and some
of these are for second-class passengers only.
Fares are about the same as in the United
States, somewhat cheaper, perhaps, for the first
zone, and increasing with the distance. This
zone system of measuring fares prevails through-
out Latin America.
Cabs are plentiful at a little higher price
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GUIDE TO LATIN AMERICA
than in Europe, but cheaper than in the United
States. They are sometimes of first and second
class, and sometimes too wretched for any class.
Many cities are encouraging the introduction
of taxicabs, but, except for calls and ceremonial
occasions, trolleys will usually be found con-
venient for every purpose.
Hotels. — Boarding-houses and pensions are
not to be trusted unless especially recommended.
Hotels are generally run on the so-called Amer-
ican plan, including three meals a day, but the
first consists of coffee and rolls often served in
the room. Hotels in the large cities are attrac-
tive and comfortable, but in smaller towns and
villages they are often bare, and sometimes
primitive and dirty. What we call comforts
are there luxuries not obtainable at any price
because not essential to native ideas of living,
and it must be remembered that in hot coun-
tries the more scant the furniture and draperies
the better. Nobody ever stays in a bed room
when not in bed, and if in some cases there are
no parlors, writing-rooms, and smoking-rooms,
there may be instead the patios or courtyards,
where one chats, writes, eats, and smokes in the
open air. Electric lights are in general use,
and if there be not running water in the rooms,
there are ample bathrooms in some part of the
GUIDE TO LATIN AMERICA
hotel. Heating apparatus is seldom found, and
in coast towns is unnecessary, but there is no
denying that in towns situated at high alti-
tudes, such as the City of Mexico and Bogota,
or in towns as far south as Buenos Aires and
Valparaiso, travellers from our northern states
suffer much from the lack of it.
Aside from railroad and steamship fares the
cost of living must be estimated at not less than
five dollars a day.
Clothing. — In this connection it must be
said that while thin gowns and suits will do
for tropical localities at sea level, the traveller
must be provided with heavier underclothing
and outer garments, and even rugs and hot-
water bottles, when his excursions lead him to
any altitude above four thousand feet. Trav-
elling on the table-lands is often very dusty and
the glare is painful to the eyes, against which
provide dark glasses and thick veils.
Railroad Travel. — While no countries of
Latin America are now entirely without rail-
roads, yet not all important places can be
reached by rail, and the mileage in even the
largest countries is much less than in the United
States and Europe. Chile, Argentina, Brazil,
and especially Mexico, have long trunk lines,
but travel will sometimes be found reduced to
GUIDE TO LATIN AMERICA
quite primitive conditions. The railroads of
Mexico, having been built and controlled mostly
by United States capital, are generally of stand-
ard gauge and run aisled and vestibuled trains.
Where European capital and control predomi-
nate, the gauge and type of car are somewhat
altered, but the European compartment car is
seldom seen. All roads run first- and second-
and some run third-class cars. Owing to the
habits of the humbler population, close contact
with them is often unpleasant, and the traveller
from our country is advised to keep to the first-
class coaches, some of which in any case are
none too clean or comfortable. Sleeping cars
run on all main lines and are as well conducted
as in the United States. Toilet accommodations
are found on all trains. Dining-cars are at-
tached to some trains, but meals are oftener
taken at way stations, where ample time is
allowed, the quality is good, and the price mod-
erate. Travel is slower than in the United
States. Ordinary travel may be reckoned at
twenty, express travel at thirty, miles an hour.
Express trains so called do not necessarily run
every day. The cost of travel may be reckoned
at five cents a mile, local rates, and at twice that
amount for stage or carriage routes. Informa-
tion even from the mouths of officials may be
GUIDE TO LATIN AMERICA
as much a matter of probability as of definite
facts.
Food and Drmk. — Coffee is drunk univer-
sally, but it will not taste like coffee at home;
the berry is the same as what we buy under
various misleading names, but it is treated dif-
ferently, being first burned, then made by the
drip process, and served black and strong, sel-
dom with cream, generally with hot milk, if
desired.
The tea of northern commerce is not much
used except by the English. There is a native
substitute for it called Yerba Mate or Para-
guay Tea, made from a variety of ilex or holly,
commonly used in South Brazil and contiguous
states.
Chocolate is a native of Mexico and has
become a favorite beverage throughout the
Americas. Cocoa, however, will not be easily
obtained.
Wines are chiefly imported, although a small
amount of native varieties is made in some
countries. Beer is manufactured everywhere.
Mexican pulque may be investigated, but is not
recommended. Water must be inquired into,
as in travelling everywhere, but Latin peoples
are proverbially clever about conducting moun-
tain and spring water to their towns, and many
GUIDE TO LATIN AMERICA
modern systems of reservoirs and filtration are
in use.
Fruits and vegetables are abundant and of
great variety, but not all palatable to a north-
ern taste. They should be sparingly indulged
in at first. Bread is of the kind known as
French or Vienna ; butter is usually obtainable
although not generally used. Meats are as a
rule served too abundantly, for it seems to be
taken for granted that the northern appetite
demands a strenuous fare. As almost all hotels
in Latin America are conducted by foreigners,
and they cater to foreign tastes, the traveller
is not likely to see too much of native dishes ;
some of these, however, are wholesome and de-
licious, and the traveller who never tastes them
has missed a pleasant experience.
CHAPTER IV
DESCRIPTION OF THE COUNTRIES, THEIR CHIEF
CITIES AND WHAT TO SEE IN THEM.
Seaports arc indicated by distances: those on the east
coast from New York or New Orleans, those on the west coast
from San Francisco or Panama. Interior towns are indi-
cated by altitudes. Exceptions to this rule can be noted by
the context.
MEXICO
AREA, 767,060 square miles, equal to region east of the
Mississippi, less the New England States. Population,
15,000,000; 18 per square mile. Railway mileage, 15,000.
A country of hot coasts and elevated table-
lands, brought to a high state of cultivation
and civilization by the Aztecs and other primi-
tive races who were conquered by the Spaniards
under Cortez, 1519—1521. Rapid colonization
followed, marked by monumental architectural
and engineering works, such as cathedrals, pal-
aces, municipal buildings, aqueducts, bridges,
etc., and the development of phenomenal min-
eral wealth, as well as the introduction of Euro-
pean plants and animals. Dreadful as were
the cruelties and oppression practiced by the
Spaniards, they were not an innovation to the
native population, for, as Mr. Flandreau says :
" Until the advent of the conquerors, this part
of the new world had been, for no one knows
how long, a slaughter-house of the gods. Spain
and the church continued a carnage of their
own in the name of God." To this the Spanish
government added greed and injustice against
which the colonial and native elements finally
united in resentment. The national awakening
of 1810 was, moreover, a part of the great
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GUIDE TO LATIN AMERICA
wave of revolt which spread throughout all
the Spanish-American possessions at that time.
Mexican independence was declared in 1821,
and a republican form of government estab-
lished in 1823, which, barring the imperial
fiascos of Iturbide and Maximilian, and other
vicissitudes, has prevailed until the present day.
Under the genius and strong hands of President
Porfirio Diaz, Mexico is a peaceful, progres-
sive, and prosperous nation, of twenty federated
states, two territories, and a federal district.
Mexico has more than fifty large cities and
towns at or above an altitude of 4000 feet ;
it has also many important seaports on both
coasts. It is connected with the United States
by several lines of rail and telegraph, and by
steamship lines between the ports on the At-
lantic, the Gulf of Mexico, and the Pacific.
The climate has only wet and dry seasons,
not well marked and depending more on alti-
ture than latitude. As it is north of the
equator, these seasons correspond relatively to
winter and summer in the United States. The
best time to visit Mexico is from January to
June.
CITY OF MEXICO, capital, D. F. (Distrito Federal).
Population, 400,000. Altitude, 7850
feet. Situated in the beautiful valley of Anahuac, surrounded
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GUIDE TO LATIN AMERICA
by mountains some of which are always covered with snow
(Popocatepetl, 17,748 feet, Ixtaccihuatl, 16,076 feet, Ajusco,
13,628 feet). Maximum summer temperature, 80° F.; mini-
mum winter temperature very near freezing point. Electric
trolley system. Telephone, etc. The Federal District has an
area of 578 square miles, eight times larger than the District of
Columbia, U. S.
Visit the Cathedral,* second largest in the world; other
churches ; national palace ; museum ; new post-office ; tomb of
Juarez in San Fernando ; cemetery of United States soldiers of
the war of 1847; tree of "The dismal night" (Noche Triste) ;
the Alameda (public park) ; Y. M. C. A. ; Paseo de la Reforma
bordered by handsome modern colonias or residence districts
on the way to Chapultepec. Suburban places of interest such
as the Castle of Chapultepec, Churubusco, San Angel, Gua-
dalupe, the Viga, and the Drainage Canal can be reached by
electric cars. The Senate meets in the National Palace, the
Deputies in the Iturbide Theater. The President lives in his
own private house.
Excursions may be made to:
(1) CUERNAVACA. Population, 9600. Altitude, 5428 feet.
This charming town and valley, a
favorite resort for the people from the capital, is reached by rail
over the pass of Ajusco. One descends to a level 2500 feet
lower than the city of Mexico and to scenes of richer char-
acter. Visit Palace of Cortez ; cathedral ; La Borda Gardens ;
and drive to the springs and to the estate still owned by Cortez'
descendants.
(2) CUAUTLA. Population, 6300. Altitude, 4267 feet.
Famous for its mineral springs, baths, and
sanitarium. Was scene of heroic defence by Padre Morelos in
* Not all large churches are cathedrals, this term being
applicable only to a church which is the seat of a bishop at the
capital of a diocese, not always corresponding in area with the
State. Mexico has twenty-two dioceses.
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GUIDE TO LATIN AMERICA
1812. The only town in the world where the railroad station
is in a church. Between here and Toluca are the famous mines
of El Oro.
(3) TOLUCA. Population, 30,000. Altitude, 8610 feet.
Beautiful scenery on the way. Visit Plaza
Mayor, State buildings, and church of Tercer Orden. Cele-
brated beer brewed here.
MORELIA. Population, 38,600. Altitude, 6396 feet.
Famous dulces or preserves made here.
Visit cathedral, Paseo, aqueduct, house of Morelos the patriot,
College of San Nicolas.
PATZCUARO. Population, 7200. Altitude, 7184 feet.
Hammered copper and lacquered ware
made here. Cathedral, first seat of Jesuit order in Mexico.
Lake Paizcuaro in the environs. This district is charmingly
described by F. Hopkinson Smith in "White Umbrella in
Mexico."
VERA CRUZ. Population, 30,000. 1978 miles from New
York. 790 miles from New Orleans. Chief
seaport on the Gulf of Mexico, approximately where Cortez
landed in 1519 and burned his ships. Modern harbor, dredged
and surrounded by stone moles, said to be the finest in the
western hemisphere. City recently drained, cleansed paved,
and lighted. Trolley, telephones, etc. Visit prison of San Juan
de Ulloa on an island in the harbor; plaza (music evenings),
church, and market.
Journey to the capital (via Mexican Railway) is a road of
wonders as far as the table-land. The traveller should stop at
the two following cities: —
(1) CORDOBA. Population, 8200. Altitude, 2952 feet.
Luxuriant vegetation and fruits. Rich
plantations of coffee, cane, and tobacco. Pullman cars from
here to junction on Tehuantepec Railroad.
GUIDE TO LATIN AMERICA
(2) ORIZABA. Population, 33,000. Altitude, 4028 feet.
Picturesque town at foot of Peak of Orizaba
(17,373 feet). Visit churches, market, cotton mills, coffee and
sugar plantations at JalapHla. Famous gorge and Valley of
Maltrata between here and Esperanza, after which the route
is monotonous and dusty. Plains chiefly productive of ma-
guey (pulque). Peak of Malintzi (13,516 feet) and others
frequently in view.
(Via Interoceanic Railway:)
(1) JALAPA. Population, 21,400. Altitude, 4532 feet.
Curious old-fashioned place, famous for pretty
women, bad weather, and the production of jalap. From here
trip to Valley of Coatepec.
(2) PUEBLA. Population, 99,000. Altitude, 7077 feet.
One of the most picturesque, interesting, and
progressive cities of Mexico. Products : cotton cloth, pottery,
onyx, etc. Visit cathedral, best in Mexico ; other churches, the
old Paseo to the hill of Guadalupe, and excursion to the Pyra-
mid of Cholula. Puebla is the junction for Oaxaca.
OAXACA. Population, 35,000. Altitude, 5069 feet. Birth-
place of President Diaz and home of the late Presi-
dent Juarez. Handsome churches and other public buildings ;
tropical vegetation. Visit ruins of Mitta. Connection is to be
made here with the Tehuantepec Railroad.
MATAMOROS. Population, 8500. Gulf coast port on Rio
Grande, opposite Brownsville, Texas, with
rail connection to Monterrey.
TAMPICO. Population, 20,000. 2009 miles from New
York; 710 miles from New Orleans. Lies
several miles up the Panuco River. Splendid harbor.
Steamers tie to dock. Modern progressive manufacturing
and shipping city. Rail to capital via San Luis Potosf.
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GUIDE TO LATIN AMERICA
SAN LUIS POTOSl. Population, 61,000. Altitude 5786
feet. In center of silver mining region.
Named after famous Potosi in Bolivia. Handsome public
buildings and churches, aqueduct. To Aguascalientes junc-
tion on Mexican Central Railroad.
PUERTO MEXICO (Coatzacoalcos). Population, 5000.
2036 miles from New York; 812 miles
from New Orleans. Terminus on Gulf of Mexico of Tehuan-
tepec Railroad, opened by President Diaz in 1907. Twelve
hours (190 miles) to Pacific terminus at Salina Cruz. Modern
harbor facilities at both ends. Ships tie to docks. At Santa
Lucrecia, about half-way, Pullman coaches can be taken to
Cordoba on Mexican Railway to capital.
SAN GERONIMO, a station on Tehuantepec Railroad, be-
ginning of the Pan-American Railroad
southward to Guatemala.
FRONTERA. Population, 8000. 870 miles from New Or-
leans. Port of the State of Tobasco, the prod-
ucts of which are oil, woods, rice, cacao, and tobacco.
CAMPECHE. Population, 17,100. 1640 miles from New
York, 660 miles from New Orleans. Rail-
road connection with Merida.
PROGRESO. Population, 8000. 1520 miles from New
York, 542 miles from New Orleans. Port of
Merida, 30 miles inland by rail, center of trade and production
of sisal hemp and henequen.
MERIDA. Population, 43,000. Altitude, 26 feet. Fine
cathedral. An historic but modernized town.
Trolley, telephone, etc. Ruins of Uxmal 60 miles distant.
Flourishing plantations, celebrated ixile fiber.
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GUIDE TO LATIN AMERICA
VIJIA. Port of new Territory of Quintana Roo. Inhabited by
Maya Indians. Cabinet and dye-woods, gums and
resins. The Territory is a free zone.
LAREDO (Nuevo). Population, 5000. Altitude, 401
feet. Mexican terminus (on the Rio Grande) of
the Mexican National Railroad. Through connection from
United States to Mexico City via : —
(1) MONTERREY. Population, 63,000. Altitude, 2010
feet. Pleasantly situated historic city.
Called " Chicago of North Mexico." Large smelting works,
mineral springs. Junction for Matamoros. Visit cathedral.
Fine ride to Silla (Saddle Mountain).
(2) SALTILLO. Population, 25,000. Altitude, 5397 feet.
Fine climate. Manufactures of Zarapes.
Battlefield of Buena Vista near by.
CIUDAD PORFIRIO DIAZ (Eagle Pass). Population,
16,000. Altitude, 722 feet.
Mexican terminus (on Rio Grande) of Mexican International
Railroad to Mexico City via : —
(1) SABINAS. Population, 2500. Altitude, 1116 feet. Cen-
ter of coal mining. Pretty town, on fine river,
with extensive ranch life.
(2) MONCLOVA. Population, 15,000. Altitude, 1926 feet,
Picturesque Mexican town founded in
1685.
(3) TORREON. Population, 25,000. Altitude, 3721 feet.
Junction of International and Central
Railroads. Center of important and growing cotton region;
the Laguna District. Line from here to Durango. Pretty
town of Lerdo in neighborhood. Trolley, telephone, etc.
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GUIDE TO LATIN AMERICA
(4) DURANGO. Population, 43,000. Altitude, 6207 feet.
Cathedral town. Famous Iron Mountain
near by. Mining center. Will ultimately be connected with
the port of Mazatlan.
CIUDAD JUAREZ (Paso del Norte, El Paso). Population,
8500. Altitude, 3936 feet. Mexican ter-
minus of Mexican Central Railroad to Mexico City via : —
(1) CHIHUAHUA. Population, 30,000. Altitude, 4759
feet. Historic but progressive modern
city. Center of silver industry. Visit churches, mint, aque-
duct. Trolley, telephone, etc. Junction for Topolobampo on
Pacific coast.
(2) ZACATECAS. Population, 34,500. Altitude, 8013
feet. Trying climate. Picturesque but
dirty city. Important mining center. Visit reduction works,
potteries, market, cathedral.
(3) AGUASCALIENTES. Population, 40,000. Altitude
6181 feet. (Hot waters) fa-
mous mineral baths, fine farming country. Annual fair April
23. Trolley, telephone, etc.
SILAO, station for Leon (15 miles) : —
(4) LEON. Population, 64,000. Altitude, 6068 feet. Is a
cathedral town, has a variety of industries;
leather goods, rebosos. On the road to Silao is a pretty
causeway.
(5) GUANAJUATO. Population, 40,500. Altitude, 6759
feet. Medieval town with great
modern mining industries. Visit plaza, Exchange (now
prison), theater, Jesuit church, the Presa de Olla for the view,
mines descended by stone stairways.
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GUIDE TO LATIN AMERICA
(6) IRAPUATO. Population, 20,000. Altitude, 5656 feet.
Center of strawberry gardens where fruit
ripens every day in the year. Junction for Guadalajara.
(7) QUERETARO. Population, 38,000. Altitude, 6166
feet. Scene of many patriotic episodes
in Mexican history. Maximilian executed here, 1867. Visit
Hill of the Bells, cathedral, aqueduct, Hercules cotton mills.
GUADALAJARA. Population, 105,000. Altitude, 5185 feet.
Charming, modernized, clean, progres-
sive city. Fine cathedral, beautiful plaza with excellent music,
theater and other public buildings. Visit Gorge (Barranca) by
street car, San Pedro potteries, Falls of Jitancatlan and Lake
Chapala. Railroad completed to the Pacific coast, via
Colima.
COLIMA. Population, 21,000. Altitude, 1476 feet. In a
richly resourceful section of the country. In sight
of active volcano of Colima, altitude 14,120 feet. Has an ar-
caded plaza and some fine buildings. 56 miles to Manzanillo
on the coast by rail.
NOGALES (also in Arizona). Population, 9700. Terminus
of the Sonora Railroad to Guaymas.
ENSENADA, 507 miles from San Francisco.
MAGDALENA BAY, 992 miles from San Francisco. United
States Target practice grounds.
SAN JUAN DEL CABO, 1253 miles from San Francisco.
Ensenada, Magdalena Bay, and San Juan del Cabo are ports
of call in Lower (Baja) California.
LA PAZ. 1400 miles from San Francisco.
GUAYMAS. Population, 9000. 1510 miles from San Fran-
cisco. Terminus of Sonora Railroad to No-
gales, Arizona, via Hermosillo.
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GUIDE TO LATIN AMERICA
TOPOLOBAMPO. Population, 1500. Pacific port for
Chihuahua on the Mexican Central
Railway.
ALTATA. Population, 5000. 1224 miles from San Francisco.
Port of call for steamers on the Pacific coast.
Rail to Culiacan (38 miles), elevation, 5000 feet.
MAZATLAN. Population, 18,000. 1344 miles from San
Francisco. Prospective port for Durango.
SAN BLAS. Population, 3000. 1430 miles from San Fran-
cisco. Pacific port of call for Tepic (population
15,500; altitude, 2952 feet), and ultimately for Guadalajara.
MANZANILLO. Population, 10,000. 1544 miles from San
Francisco. Pacific terminus of railroad to
Colima and, in December, 1908, connection made to Guadala-
jara and thence to the Capital which is thus reached in thirty
hours.
ACAPULCO. Population, 6000. 1836 miles from San Fran-
cisco. Splendid natural harbor, prospective
port for Balsas, thence to the Capital. The difficulty of as-
cending to the table-land is very great, and at present the trip
can be made only on mules. Partially destroyed by earth-
quake in August, 1909.
SALINA CRUZ. Population, 6000. 2089 miles from San
Francisco. Pacific terminus of Tehuan-
tepec Railway.
38
CENTRAL AMERICA
Area, 204,329 square miles. Equal to size of France or size
of New Mexico and Arizona. Population, 4,292,000 ; 22 per
square mile.
This portion of the northern continent com-
prises five republics : Guatemala, Salvador,
Honduras, Nicaragua, and Costa Rica, and
the Colony of British Honduras. The Carib-
bean coast was discovered by Columbus in 1502,
and the country was subjugated by Alvarado,
the envoy of Cortez, in 1523. The rule he
established was continued, with little interfer-
ence from Mexico, during the whole vice-regal
period, but upon the proclamation of Mexican
independence in 1820 the Province of Guate-
mala called a council of her neighbors and they
decided to form a federation of states and to
throw off the yoke of Spain. Dissensions, jeal-
ousies, and rivalries have been a frequent bar
to their progress, but the idea of federation,
dissolved in 1847, has never perished, and the
late agreement (December 20, 1907) to submit
their differences to arbitration, may lead to
a union of purpose which will profit by the
social, political, and industrial advantages of a
geographic situation " where the crossways of
Occident and Orient, of Europe and Asia, are to
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GUIDE TO LATIN AMERICA
meet and a city yet undreamt of is to arise
which shall be the Alexandria of the future,"
according to the prophecy of Ampere. The
climate of Central America has only two sea-
sons, — wet and dry. The rainy season is
from May to November, depending upon the
altitude and proximity to the eastern coast.
Travel is better, therefore, during the months
of dry season, from November to May.
GUATEMALA
Area 48,290 square miles. Size of Louisiana. Population,
1,992,000; 40 per square mile. Railway mileage, 480.
This state declared its independence of
Spain in July, 1823, and withdrew from the
Central American Federation in 1847. Like
all the republics except Salvador it has ports
on two oceans. Its climate varies from that of
the tropics at sea level to that of the temper-
ate zone on the mountain slopes. It has a
rainy season from December to May on the
Caribbean side and from May to November on
the Pacific side. There are several active vol-
canoes: Fuego y Agua (Fire and Water), re-
spectively 12,197 and 13,487 feet, and Santa
Maria 10,535 feet, which in 1902 overwhelmed
the coffee plantations at its feet. In the same
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GUIDE TO LATIN AMERICA
year there was also a terrible earthquake, but
the country has rapidly recovered from the
damage done. There are twenty-two admin-
istrative departments within which lie four
lakes having fish-culture stations established
by an American. Coffee growing is mostly in
the hands of Germans and the product is
shipped to Germany. Timber, rubber, hides,
fruits (especially bananas), and sugar are
also exported. Wheat flour, iron and steel
manufactures are imported from the United
States, and cotton goods chiefly from England
and Germany, this last country having made
noticeable gains over the others in commercial
relations with Guatemala. The Pan-American
Railroad will enter Guatemala from Mexico on
the western slope of the mountains ; only a few
miles are needed to give through connection to
Mexico City and thence to the United States.
A transcontinental line was opened in January,
1908, running from Puerto Barrios on the Car-
ibbean Sea to Guatemala City, connecting there
with the Central to San Jose on the Pacific.
A line runs to the northwest from here to
Champerico, also on the Pacific, and this line
when extended will become a division of the Pan-
American Railroad.
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GUIDE TO LATIN AMERICA
GUATEMALA, capital. Population, 100,000. Altitude,
4878 feet. This city is rapidly being modern-
ized, and has trolleys, telephones, electric lights, automobiles,
good hospitals, fine parks, and public buildings, including a
cathedral. It is a delightful ride of about twenty-seven miles
over a good road to the picturesque ruins of the ancient capital
called Antigua, destroyed by an earthquake in 1773. Antigua
still has a population of 12,000, many of whom are engaged in
making carved cane heads, and dolls representing very accu-
rately national costumes and customs. Throughout the coun-
try is celebrated, especially in the capital, annually on the last
Sunday of October, the festival of Minerva, instituted by Presi-
dent Cabrera and his wife in 1898, as an encouragement and
recognition of the value of education. He erected also the
classic Arch of Minerva, and imported several prominent
educators from the United States to carry on his scheme of
education.
PUERTO BARRIOS. Population, 5000. 950 miles from
New Orleans. This port on the
Caribbean Sea is fast eclipsing the older port of Livingston.
The government in 1908 contracted with the Guatemala
Railroad Company for improvements in the harbor and sur-
roundings and for a supply of pure water. Steamers lie at
the dock. Direct connection nere by rail to Guatemala
City (192 miles).
LIVINGSTON. Population, 3800. 937 miles from New
Orleans. A port a few miles northwest of
Barrios. It lies at the mouth of the Dulce River leading into
Lake Izabal on which navigation by steamers of light draught
has been maintained. The center of a growing fruit industry.
Through Lake Izabal formerly passed the commerce to and
from the interior city of Coban.
COBAN. Population, 23,000. Altitude, 4000 feet. A pros-
perous, attractive, and characteristic town. West
of here is the department of Quiche, where native Indians of
that name still live.
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GUIDE TO LATIN AMERICA
QUIRIGUA. Village near a station on the Northern Railway,
near which are the famous ruins of the ancient
Quiche people, whose civilization rivaled that of the Aztecs.
SAN JOSE. Population, 1000. 2399 miles from San
Francisco. The largest business on the Pacific
side is done through this port. It has extensive quays and other
facilities for navigation, and is the terminus of the Guatemala
Central Railroad running to the capital, thus forming part of
the transcontinental system. Connection is made here also
with the other Pacific ports of the republic.
CHAMPERICO. Population, 1500. 2325 miles from San
Francisco. A port on the Pacific from
which a railway runs into the interior toward, but not yet com-
pleted to Quezaltenango.
QUEZALTENANGO. Population, 25,000. Altitude, 7605
feet. One of the most attractive cities
and the second largest in the republic. The center of a rich
and productive region. From here a line will soon be built to
the capital, and it will be on the line of the Pan-American
Railroad passing southward from Mexico.
OCOS. Population, 1000. 2310 miles from San Fran-
cisco. A port on the Pacific from which a railway
runs into the interior, tending ultimately toward the Mexican
frontier.
SALVADOR
Area, 7225 square miles. Somewhat smaller than Massa-
chusetts. Population, 1,707,000; 236 to square mile. Rail-
way mileage, 110.
Salvador is the most densely populated area
of America, on which account it may be called
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GUIDE TO LATIN AMERICA
the Belgium of the western hemisphere. Its
only coast line is on the Pacific Ocean. The in-
terior is rugged and mountainous, the highest
peak being the volcano of Santa Ana (altitude
7826 feet). The country is threaded with
£000 miles of good roads. The people are
engaged chiefly in agriculture, the products
being coffee, indigo, Peruvian balsam, and
sugar. The mining operations of 1903 were
valued at $3,500,000. It became an independ-
ent republic in 1839 and is divided into four-
teen administrative departments. There are six
cities of over 15,000 inhabitants.
SAN SALVADOR, capital. Population, 60,000. Altitude,
2102 feet. A pretty and healthful city.
Street-cars, telephones, etc. Connected with the seaports by
rail. It will be on the line of the Pan-American Railroad,
through Santa Ana.
SANTA ANA. Population, 49,000. Altitude, 2122 feet.
Twenty-five miles from the capital.
ACAJUTLA. Population, 1500. 2461 miles from San
Francisco. Terminus of San Salvador Rail-
way to capital (66 miles). A pier and warehouses are being
constructed. Pacific port with direct steamer connection to San
Francisco and Panama.
LA LIBERTAD. Population, 3000. 2497 miles from San
Francisco. Good harbor. Railway and
trolley projected toward interior towns.
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LA UNION. Population, 4500. 2601 miles from San
Francisco. Pacific port close to the frontier of
Honduras, across the Bay of Fonseca from Amapala in the
latter republic.
HONDURAS
Area, 46,250 square miles. Size of Mississippi. Popula-
tion, 745,000 ; 16 to square mile. Railway mileage, 100.
This state was organized as a republic before
the dissolution of the federation in 1839. It has
sixteen administrative departments, a new one
on the north coast, called Atlantida, being de-
voted entirely to banana growing. The capital
of this district is La Ceiba, which has several
miles of private railroad for the development
of the fruit industry. The Spanish descendants
of pure blood are few in number and there are
over 90,000 uncivilized Indians. Education is,
however, free, compulsory, and entirely secular.
There is a great scarcity of labor, yet a large
amount of bananas, cocoanuts, coffee, cabinet
woods, and cattle are exported. The republic
has great mineral resources as yet but little
developed. Travel is accomplished mostly by
mule or ox-cart. Honduras is primarily a
mountainous country, with several large rivers
emptying into the Gulf of Honduras. The
Wanks (Coco) River is the longest in Central
45
GUIDE TO LATIN AMERICA
America (350 miles) ; for a greater part of
its length it is the international boundary be-
tween Honduras and Nicaragua. The coast line
on the Caribbean side is 400 miles ; that on the
Bay of Fomeca (Pacific side) 70 miles.
The Bay Islands, five in number, lie off the
north coast, having a population of about
4700. Fruit growing is the chief industry.
The English language is commonly used as the
islands were held under British sovereignty
until within fifty years. Roatan is their chief
port, and is said to have a delightful climate.
To these islands the Carib Indians were de-
ported from St. Vincent by the British in 1796,
whence they have found their way to the main-
land and established a number of settlements
near Trujillo.
TEGUCIGALPA, capital. Population, 35,000. Altitude
3200 feet. This town has, since 1880,
superseded Comayagua as the seat of government. It is in the
center of a mining district and has a university and a cathedral.
Telephones and telegraphs, but no public conveyances. There
is an excellent macadamized road from here to the new port of
San Lorenzo on the Pacific, over which electric motors are
planned to run, covering the entire journey of 100 miles in a
day. A railway is projected, and a concession has recently
been granted to connect the capital with a port on the Gulf of
Mexico.
PUERTO CORTEZ. Population, 3200. 970 miles from
New Orleans. From here a railway
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GUIDE TO LATIN AMERICA
runs 56 miles into the interior to Pimienta, from which it is by
mule a five days' journey across the mountains to Tegucigalpa.
LA CEIBA. Population, 3000. 890 miles from New
Orleans. A center of the fruit industry, con-
nected with New Orleans by regular steamers. Terminus of
railway for banana plantations.
TRUJILLO. Population, 3000. 900 miles from New
Orleans. Has a cattle trade with Havana, and
exports also hides, medicinal plants, and rubber.
DANLI. Population, 9000. Altitude, 2300 feet. Situated
about 150 miles southeast of the capital, on a fair
road with a beautiful bridge (best in Honduras) of four arches
over the Rio Grande. Seat of a recently established agricul-
tural school (1908), in the midst of a fine agricultural and
mining region.
AMAPALA. Population, 4400. 2597 miles from San Fran-
cisco. On the island of Tigre in the Bay of
Fonseca ; 20 to 30 miles to the branch ports on the mainland of
Aceituno, La Brea, and San Lorenzo, this last to be connected
with the capital by rail.
NICARAGUA
Area, 49,200 square miles. Size of New York State. Popu-
lation, 600,000; 12 per square mile. Railway mileage, 200.
According to Las Casas this region was one
of the best peopled of Central America at the
time of the conquest, but was decimated by the
cruel methods of the Spaniards. To this day
the population is inadequate to the development
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GUIDE TO LATIN AMERICA
of the resources of the country, and there is
great scarcity of labor. Indians and mixed
races predominate but the number of Europeans
is increasing. The republic since withdrawing
from the federation in 1839 has been divided
into thirteen departments, the newest one, Ze-
laya, comprising the Mosquito Reserve to which
Great Britain by treaty in 1905 relinquished
all claim. This department has about 7000
square miles of the most fertile land in Central
America and 150 miles of coast line on the
Caribbean Sea. The entire length of the Nica-
raguan coast on this sea is 300 miles directly
north and south (on the same longitudinal
parallel with Detroit), while on the Pacific, in-
cluding the southern shore of the Bay of Fon-
seca, it has 225 miles. Since its independence
Nicaraguan history has been marked by four
notable events : the British invasion of 18475
the filibustering expedition of the American
William Walker in 1855, the arbitration of the
boundary dispute with Costa Rica by President
Cleveland in 1888, and the beginning of the
Inter oceanic (Nicaragua) Canal in 1889.
Humboldt called this country the land of
lakes, and this natural feature seemed at first
to assure the canal project by this route. Lake
Nicaragua is 92 miles long, the largest lake in
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GUIDE TO LATIN AMERICA
Latin America, Lake Managua is 32 miles
long. Coffee, bananas, gold, mahogany, rub-
ber, and cattle are the chief exports.
MANAGUA, capital. Population, 35,000. Altitude, 143 feet.
On the southern shore of Lake Managua.
Managua is connected by a railway of 90 miles with Corinto on
the Pacific, and by a line of 32 miles with Granada on Lake
Nicaragua. It has an Industrial, Commercial, and Scientific
Museum, and a Bureau of Chemical Analysis for Foods and
Drugs, established in 1908.
LEON. Population, 60,000. Altitude, 345 feet. The cathe-
dral city and at one time the capital. On the rail-
way, 20 miles from Managua.
GRANADA. Population, 12,000. Altitude, 173 feet. An-
ciently disputed the seat of government with
Leon. Has a mule tramway.
CORINTO. Population, 2000. 2671 miles from San
Francisco. Has a well protected harbor on the
Pacific, and a steam tramway.
CAPE GRACIAS. Population, 1000. 950 miles from New
Orleans. A banana port with regular
steamer connection to New Orleans.
SAN JUAN DEL SUR. Population, 1000. 2779 miles
from San Francisco. A small
but deep harbor.
BLUEFIELDS. Population, 5000. 1992 miles from New
York. 1186 miles from New Orleans. On
a lagoon, 100 square miles of water. Jetty and custom house.
Steamer connection with New York and New Orleans. The
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port of entrance for the Mosquito (Carib) Reserve. Sixty-five
miles north of Greytown.
SAN JUAN DEL NORTE (Greyt&wn). Population, 2000.
2069 miles from New York.
1257 miles from New Orleans. The harbor has been dredged
and a breakwater built so that ocean vessels can be received.
There are horse cars in the town. This is the eastern ter-
minus of the Nicaragua Canal. Steamers run from here up
the San Juan River into Lake Nicaragua. The western
terminus of the canal, when finished, is to be located at Brito
on the Pacific, 140 miles from San Juan del Norte.
COSTA RICA
Area, 23,000 square miles. Not quite as large as West
Virginia. Population, 360,000; 15 per square mile. Rail-
way mileage, 225.
Columbus, on being presented with some bits
of gold on this coast, gave it the name of Costa
Rica. There are at present some gold mines
worked by American capital, but the riches of
the country are derived from coffee and bananas.
Almost anything, however, can be grown in
Costa Rica, owing to the graduation of climatic
conditions from the coasts to the mountain sum-
mits, the highest of which is the extinct volcano
of Irazu (11,000 feet). This is the only spot
in the western hemisphere from which both
oceans can be seen at once. The exports of the
country exceed its imports in value since 1894,
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GUIDE TO LATIN AMERICA
and its coffee plantations are models of excel-
lence, all of which speaks well for the industry,
peaceableness, and good sense of its people. It
has been an independent republic since 1839,
and is now divided into five provinces and two
coast districts. Among the inhabitants are
about 8500 aborigines and 6300 foreigners.
Immigration is encouraged by the sale of lands
on easy terms. It has extensive steamship con-
nections with the United States and Europe,
and an interoceanic railroad (almost completed)
which, however, is not intended to compete with
those at Panama and Tehuantepec, owing to
heavy grades and narrow gauge, but it is built
over a beautiful country whose healthy and
invigorating climate is now attracting many
visitors from the Panama Canal Zone for recu-
peration from the tropic heat of that section.
SAN JOSfi, capital. Population, 40,000. Altitude, 3816
feet. A beautiful, clean, modernized city,
with fine climate, attractive public buildings, including an
opera house, one of the finest in the western hemisphere, a
cathedral, and many handsome private residences. There are
several squares, in one of which is a monument commemorating
the deliverance of Central America from the raids of William
Walker, the filibuster, in 1857. Electric trams, lights, and
telephones. The city is on the line of the interoceanic railroad,
103 miles from Limon on the Caribbean Sea and 67 miles from
Puntarenas on the Pacific Ocean. The summit of the railroad
is at an altitude of 5040 feet, two miles west of Cartago.
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GUIDE TO LATIN AMERICA
CARTAGO. Population, 7000. Altitude, 5000 feet. On the
slope of Mount Irazu, a favorite resort for peo-
ple of the capital. It has electric lights, telephones, etc., and
will soon have trolley connection with San Jose. Here the
foundations have been laid for the palace of the Central Ameri-
can Court of Justice, presented by Andrew Carnegie. There
are mineral springs and a sanitarium in the neighborhood.
LIMON. Population, 5000. 1287 miles from New Orleans.
2017 miles from New York. A thriving port on the
Caribbean Sea, with seven steamship companies, two large
wharves, terminus of the Costa Rica Railway and branches,
wireless telegraph, trolleys, and other electrical improvements.
PUNTARENAS. Population, 5000. 2916 miles from San
Francisco (spelled as one word to distin-
guish it from the Chilean Punta Arenas on the Straits of Magel-
lan). Pacific terminus of the almost completed railway west
from San Jose. Better natural harbor than Limon but fewer
facilities. Passengers landed in lighters.
PANAMA
Area, 33,800 square miles. Size of State of Maine. Popu-
lation, 360,000; 11 per square mile. Railway mileage, 50.
The northern coast of this country was
viewed in its whole length by Columbus in
1502, while seeking in vain for the strait which
he conjectured should somewhere connect the
northern and southern or eastern and western
oceans. At that point on the coast where the
little river Belen enters into the sea, the natives
gave him some bits of gold secured from the
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GUIDE TO LATIN AMERICA
mountains which they called Veraguas. This
name was embodied in the title given to his
grandson by the Spanish crown. At the mouth
of the River Atrato, now in Colombia, Balboa,
after establishing the town of Santa Maria de
la Antigua (named for a much venerated image
in Seville), set out on the first of September,
1513, to cross the mountains, assured by the
Indians that the sea was on the other side. He
reached the summit of Pirre, after many hard-
ships, on the 26th of September, 1513, and, at
about ten in the morning, standing " silent upon
a peak in Darien" beheld the waters of the
Pacific. There he raised a cross made of the
trunks of trees surrounded with stones, and
carved the names of his sovereigns upon the
trees about it. May the Republic some day
commemorate the spot by a suitable monument.
The waters were really the Gulf of San Miguel,
sometimes called Darien of the South, to dis-
tinguish it from the Gulf of Darien on the
Atlantic side, which indents also the coast of
Colombia.
The mountains of the Isthmus are a part of
the vertebral range connecting the Andes with
the mountains of Costa Rica. The highest is
Picacho, 7054 feet, in the district of Chiriqui.
The isthmus is about 480 miles long from east
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GUIDE TO LATIN AMERICA
to west, and between 37 and 110 miles wide
from north to south. It formed part of the
federation of Colombia at the time of the revolt
against Spain in 1821, and finally asserted the
independence of the state in 1903, when it ceded
to the United States the facilities for the con-
struction and maintenance of the Panama Canal.
There are only two seasons, the rainy and dry.
On the Pacific side the dry months are January,
February, and March. On the Atlantic side
the so-called dry months are February, March,
and April; the hottest months are August,
September, October. The Republic of Panama
is divided into seven provinces : Bocas del Toro,
Chiriqui, Veraguas, Santos, Code, Colon, and
Panama. The Canal traverses the last two. In
the eastern part of Panama, formerly called
Darien, amid the mountains of Pirre, are the
ancient gold mines of Cana. The only railroad
on the Isthmus is the Panama, 47 miles from
coast to coast, completed in 1855. The soil is
of great fertility. Bananas are the most im-
portant crop, coffee next, and there is a good
trade in hides.
It is interesting to note that the first Pan-
American Congress was called to meet at Pan-
ama in 1823 by General Simon Bolivar.
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GUIDE TO LATIN AMERICA
PANAMA, capital. Population, 36,000. 3277 miles from
San Francisco ; 47 miles from Colon. The seat
of government for the Isthmus was removed from Santa Maria
de la Antigua in 1521, but nothing marks the site of its first
location on the Pacific except an old tower, the ruins of the
original town being covered by tropic vegetation. (Can be
reached by boat along the shore or on horseback, five miles.)
The present city was founded and fortified in 1674. Its
most noteworthy sights are the cathedral, the bishop's palace,
and a few famous ruins. It has hospitals, schools, banks, and
hotels of modern type. Trolley, electric lights, good water, etc.
Besides some local industries, a central school for the manufac-
ture of panama hats has been established in the vicinity.
(Panama hats are chiefly made in Ecuador.) It is the
Pacific terminus of the Panama Railroad, and has cable com-
munication with the west coast of both North and South
America. A new harbor is being built, called Puerto Ancon,
within which is La Boca (The Mouth), the Pacific terminus of
the Canal. Steamers from here direct to San Francisco, stop-
ping at intermediate ports in Central America and Mexico.
Steamers also to all Pacific ports of South America. An ex-
cursion may be made to the island of Taboga, 12£ miles south,
on which Pizarro organized his famous expedition to Peru.
The island is rocky but has fertile spots which produce pine-
apples, said to be the best in the world. It has a delightful
climate and good water and is a resort for the people of
Panama. It is the birthplace of the Rose of Lima, the only
American saint in the Roman calendar.
DAVID. Population, 12,000. Altitude, 100 feet. An at-
tractive town, on the Pacific side, port, PedregaL
320 miles by sea from the capital, celebrated for its healthy
climate. A proposed railway will connect it with Panama.
Highway to Bocas del Toro, Atlantic port.
EL REAL DE SANTA MARIA. Population, 1500. 100
miles east of Panama on
the Pacific side. Port on the Gulf of San Miguel for the gold
mines of Cana, now worked by French and English capital.
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COLON. Population, 15,000. 1981 miles from New York;
1380 miles from New Orleans. Atlantic port once
called Aspinwall in honor of one of the founders of the Panama
Railroad which has here its northern terminus. The name of
Aspinwall was officially discarded, however, in 1890, in favor
of Colon. There is a statue of Aspinwall and a Protestant
church, the finest edifice in the town. On a point of land made
by the French is Cristobal (population, 4500), marking the
entrance to the Panama Canal and the residence of the em-
ployees. Here are also the de Lesseps houses and the statue
of Columbus presented by the Empress Eugenie in 1866.
Steamers to the principal ports, direct, of the United States and
Europe. Cable, telegraph, wireless, etc.
Climate hot and humid with much greater rainfall in the
first quarter of the year than at Panama, although a steady
breeze from the Caribbean makes life tolerable. Excursions
may be made to :
(1) Monkey Hill (Mt. Hope), the old foreign burying
ground. (Carriages.)
(2) San Lorenzo, fort at the mouth of the Chagres River
(reached also by boat from Gatun).
(3) Portobelo, 25 miles east of Colon, with good, natural
harbor, guarded by two castles at the mouth and two more at
the back, built in the time of Philip II. The government has
made provision for the preservation of these historic ruins and
that at Chagres as well.
BOCAS DEL TORO. Population, 10,000. 1450 miles from
New Orleans. A modern town,
center of an enormous banana industry, 200 miles west of
Colon.
PANAMA CANAL ZONE
Population, 50,000. A strip of territory 10
miles wide, extending 5 miles on each side of the
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GUIDE TO LATIN AMERICA
center line of the Canal, and about 45 miles
long, ceded to the United States in 1903 by the
Republic of Panama, and governed by the Presi-
dent of the United States, directly or through
persons appointed by him. The Isthmian Canal
Commission consists of seven members with
headquarters on the Isthmus and an office in
Washington. (The Panama Railroad Company
is not a part of the organization of the Isth-
mian Canal Commission.) There is a civil
government with courts, police, and schools,
and there are hotels, clubs for men and women,
churches, recreation halls, etc. The cities of
Colon and Panama belong to the republic,
but in matters of sanitation are subject to the
jurisdiction of the United States. The health
conditions of the Zone are excellent; there has
been no case of yellow fever or plague since
1906.
The Atlantic side of the Isthmus is low ; the
interior presents great irregularity, narrow val-
leys, and steep hills, one near Culebra having
a height of 660 feet, and all covered with trop-
ical jungle; the Pacific side is more broken
along the shore. Five miles from Colon is
Gatun, site of the famous dam. Ten miles from
Panama is Culebra, where the great cut through
the hill is made, and the seat of the Department
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GUIDE TO LATIN AMERICA
of Construction and Engineering. Other towns
are Empire and Gorgona. The Canal is to be
about 50 miles in length, with a summit eleva-
tion of 85 feet, 5 locks, and a minimum depth
of 41 feet.
58
SOUTH AMERICA
ARGENTINA
Area, 1,135,840 square miles, one-third the size of the
United States proper. Population, 6,500,000; 5J per square
mile. Railway mileage, 15,500.
The first knowledge of this portion of the
South American continent came through the
explorations of Soils in 1515 and Magellan in
1520 in the Rio de la Plata, or River Plate as
it is anglicized. Charles V sent out an official
expedition in which were many of his German
subjects, who landed and took possession in his
name of the spot whereon now stands the capi-
tal of the republic. But the wretched govern-
ment dictated from Madrid, the conquest of
Spain by Napoleon, and the successful revolu-
tion of the United States influenced the people
of the River Plate to believe that they could
conduct their own affairs, and resulted in their
declaration of independence of Spain May 25,
1810. Dissensions ensued, however, to the ex-
tent that in one year (1820) there were twelve
changes of government, and subsequent wars
with Brazil and Paraguay disrupted the coun-
try. The present constitution was adopted in
1862, since when insurrection has been less and
less frequent, so that now all fear of serious
revolution may be dismissed.
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The Argentine Republic is divided into 14
provinces and 10 territories, among which are
included what was once known as Patagonia
and part of Tier r a del Fuego. The Atlantic
coast line is 1,600 miles long. Situated almost
entirely in the temperate zone, the climate varies
from very warm in the north to quite cold in
the south, and it is asserted that Europeans of
all localities can here pursue the life they are
accustomed to without risk to health. On its
Andean boundary the country is mountainous,
thence sloping gradually to the southeast, in-
tersected by rivers emptying into the Atlantic.
There are forests of valuable woods in the
northern parts, and vast treeless plains (pam-
pas) in the central and southern parts covered
with rich grasses which have been the basis for
the development of the pastoral industry that
gives Argentina a leading place among the na-
tions of the world. The vegetation includes
sugar-cane, cotton, and the vine; wheat, corn,
linseed, etc. Argentina is already one of the
world's granaries, although only one-tenth of
the arable land is under cultivation. Manufac-
tures for home consumption are increasing:
meat packing, breweries, sugar refineries, flour
mills, dairy products, furniture, clothing, etc.
The country is thinly populated. Immigra-
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GUIDE TO LATIN AMERICA
tion is encouraged by offers of land with ocean
passage paid, maintenance for a year (with im-
plements, animals, seeds, etc.), to be refunded
to the state on easy terms. Although the in-
dividual immigrant is welcomed, the principal
means adopted to people the soil is by the es-
tablishment of colonies, hundreds of which can
be found throughout the republic in prosperous
condition. The immigrants come from all parts
of Europe, the largest number being from Italy,
so that Italian is heard almost as commonly as
Spanish.
Commercial and financial affairs are notice-
ably in the hands of the English, who thereby
have a remarkable influence on the national life.
Railroads were first introduced in 1853, and at
the present time Argentina has the largest mile-
age of any country in America south of the Rio
Grande. The Transandine Railway, the first in-
teroceanic road in South America, was begun in
1873 and is to be completed in 1911, e. £., united
at the summit of the Andes by a tunnel now
being bored at a height of 10,460 feet. The
length of this railroad from coast to coast
(Buenos Aires to Valparaiso) is 888 miles, with
the longest " straight " in the world, the rails
running 175 miles in a direct line, or with one
curve £06 miles, through Argentine country. The
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Andean scenery is unsurpassed in grandeur, a
view being had near the summit of Mt. Aconca-
gua (23,892 feet), the highest peak in America
and one of the highest on the globe. At the al-
titude of 18,796 feet on the boundary between
Argentina and Chile these republics unveiled,
March 13, 1904, the statue of " Christ of the
Andes," thus happily terminating three quarters
of a century of boundary disputes. The journey
will be accomplished in thirty-eight hours ; at
present there is an interval of four hours by
coach or mule, which makes it practically one
of forty-eight hours. Until the tunnel is com-
pleted this trip can be made only during their
summer, — October to May, — otherwise the
traveller who must go to the west coast from
Buenos Aires will have to go through the Straits
of Magellan, a journey averaging ten days. All
telegraph lines are controlled and some oper-
ated by the government ; cables are in the hands
of private companies.
The educational system, modelled on that of
the United States, is compulsory and free as
far as the universities, three in number. The
people are great travellers, cosmopolitan, in-
dustrious, and ambitious, and, as a whole, have
preserved the characteristics of modern Europe.
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BUENOS AIRES, capital. Population, 1,200,000. 5868
miles from New York. In a federal area
about the size of the District of Columbia, U. S. The
growth of this city surpasses the cities of Europe and every
city of the United States except Chicago, to which it may be
compared in many ways. One of the cleanest and healthiest
cities in the world. Has an extensive park system, beautiful
avenues and public buildings, docks and harbors under national
control, continually enlarged and improved to meet growing
needs. On the Plaza de Mayo face the government buildings,
the government palace, House of Congress, the Bourse, cathe-
dral, and municipal buildings. The Avenida de Mayo is the
main artery of the city, radiating from which are the business
and shopping streets. The residence district is toward the ex-
tensive Palermo Park. The out-of-door life is much like that
of Paris. Electric lights, trolleys, motor cabs, etc. Buenos
Aires is the great railroad center and the largest port of the
republic. Daily steamers to Montevideo across the river (10
hours). Fashionable seaside resort is Mar del Plata (popula-
tion, 10,000), 250 miles from the capital, with all modern
attractions.
LA PLATA. Population, 70,000. 40 miles by rail from
Buenos Aires. Handsome modern city with
all improvements, university, and museum of antediluvian
species. Fine docks, built to supplement those of Buenos
Aires.
BAHIA BLANCA. Population, 25,000. 450 miles by rail
from Buenos Aires. At the head of the
bay of the same name, and near to Puerto Belgrano, the national
military port. The great shipping center for the southern part
of the Province of Buenos Aires and contiguous provinces.
Has a great commercial future. Modern city with all im-
provements.
ROSARIO. Population, 120,000. 200 miles by rail from
Buenos Aires. Second port in the republic, well
built and modern, active commercial spirit, railroad center for
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GUIDE TO LATIN AMERICA
the West and North. Fine modern docks for the increasing
grain and cattle shipments. Regular steamer connection with
Buenos Aires, 223 miles.
SANTA FE. Population, 30,000. 305 miles from Buenos
Aires. An old city becoming modernized.
Connected by train ferry, first in South America, 37 miles
across the river, with Parana.
PARANA. Population, 30,000. Capital of the Province of
Entre Rios, said to be the garden of the republic.
Contains some of the colonies founded by Baron Hirsch. Rail-
road across the province to the town of Concepcion.
CONCEPClON. Population, 10,000. 150 miles from Buenos
Aires (by boat). Contains a national col-
lege much favored by famous Argentines.
CORRIENTES. Population, 20,000. 850 miles by river,
from Buenos Aires. On the River Parana,
40 miles below the junction with the Paraguay. A growing
commercial city. Steamers from here up the Parana to the
River Iguazu upon which are the famous Falls of the Iguazu,
rivalling Niagara. The River Iguazu forms part of the boun-
dary between Argentina and Brazil. Throughout this region
the Yerba Mate (Paraguay tea) is gathered wild in the woods.
POSADAS. On the Parana, opposite the Paraguayan city of
Encarnaci&n. Is terminus of projected railroad
southward to Buenos Aires.
SAN LUIS. Population, 12,000. Altitude, 2500 feet. On
the line to Chile, 500 miles from Buenos Aires.
Location of Carnegie Observatory.
MENDOZA. Population, 30,000. Altitude, 2376 feet.
Founded, 1561 ; destroyed by earthquake, 1861.
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GUIDE TO LATIN AMERICA
Modern in appearance, with good public buildings and a tram-
way. It is a station of the Argentine Great Western Railway,
635 miles from Buenos Aires, and the starting point of the
Transandine Railway. Vineyards abound in the neighbor-
hood. Wine on a large scale is manufactured. Railway con-
nection from here northward to San Juan.
SAN JUAN. Population, 12,000. Altitude, 2093 feet. On
the slopes of the Andes, 90 miles north of Men-
doza. Hot, dry climate. The city lies in an irrigated oasis
covered with vineyards and orchards. It owes its fame to
having been the birthplace of President Sarmiento, sometimes
called the "Lincoln of South America." Contains an elegant
school building named for him. (See Bibliography.)
CORDOVA (Capital of the Province of Cordova, called
"Argentine Switzerland ") . Population, 60,000.
Altitude, 1401 feet. Contains the oldest university in the re-
public; has an astronomical observatory and a cathedral.
Four miles above the city is the San Roque Dam, the largest
work of the kind in South America, supplies power for several
industries, irrigation, and power and water for the city.
Modern improvements. 415 miles from Buenos Aires, on the
way to Tucuman and the Bolivian frontier.
TUCUMAN. Population, 45,000. Altitude, 1400 feet.
Reached by two routes from Buenos Aires
(about 775 miles), one via Cordova (change), the other direct
via Santiago, near which is Moisesville, a flourishing Baron
Hirsch colony. One of the most picturesque points in the
republic, and the cradle of Argentine liberty, as the declaration
of independence was signed here July 9, 1816. It has broad
paved streets, a cathedral, and handsome modern public build-
ings. Abundance of water and foliage. Is surrounded by
groves of orange and lemon, and is the center of sugar planta-
tions. Rainy season from December to March. Promises to
become a great city on the route to Bolivia via Jujuy.
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JUJUY. Population, 10,000. Altitude, 4010 feet. A flour-
ishing town in colonial times but now dormant, al-
though mines of iron, coal, salt, and petroleum are being
opened. Situated on the Rio Grande, across which is one of
the finest bridges in the country. Mineral waters abound.
The railway extends beyond here well into Bolivian territory,
and within a short time the line will be completed in this
direction into La Paz.
PUERTO MADRYN, SANTA CRUZ. Two seaports, the
former 250 miles,
the latter 500 miles, south of Bahia Blanca. Though but small
settlements at present, they have a commercial future, when
the vast southern territories of Chubut and Santa Cruz are
opened. The governor has arranged with a German syndicate
to colonize five pastoral tracts in the neighborhood during the
next five years. There is a railway from Puerto Madryn to
Rawson (south). This will ultimately be extended north and
south to connect with main trunk lines.
A port of call for steamers passing through the Straits of
Magellan is located on the Argentine portion of Tierra del
Fuego.
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BOLIVIA
Area, 729,000 square miles. Equal to all States east of Mis-
sissippi, exclusive of New England. Population, 2,268,000;
3 per square mile. Railway mileage, 500.
This republic occupies the heart of South
America, and contains within its vast area a
tract of the highest inhabited land on the globe
except Thibet. This extraordinary table-land
is an upheaved parallelogram of about 6500
square miles (nearly as large as Massachusetts)
and an average elevation of 14,000 feet. Its
surface is largely covered with layers and de-
posits of salt, as though once the floor of an
inland sea, yet it bears upon it the most elevated
body of soft water in the world, Lake Titicaca,
fed by Andean snows. The heat is excessive
during the summer (our winter) and much
snow falls at the opposite season. Electric
phenomena are frequent, with hurricanes, det-
onations and cracklings in the air, strange col-
ored atmospheres and mirage. The aboriginal
inhabitants (progenitors of the Incas) adjusted
themselves to these unusual conditions by hard
struggles which developed all their capacities,
and they left notable monuments and hiero-
glyphs around and upon the islands of Lake
Titicaca. This region was known to the dis-
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GUIDE TO LATIN AMERICA
coverers as Alto Peru, but, as a Spanish colony,
comprised also the rich and fertile slopes that
follow the great rivers to the Amazon and the
Plate. It was annexed to the viceroy of Buenos
Aires for one hundred years before the revolt
of 1810, from which time it was in a state of
insurrection until 1825, when independence was
finally declared. It was named in honor of Gen-
eral Simon Bolivar, the " Washington of South
America."
Bolivia is completely hemmed in by Brazil,
Paraguay, Argentina, Chile, and Peru, and
has no seaport, but, by treaties with the last
two republics (confirmed 1908), free transit of
goods, whether of export or import, is granted
through the Pacific ports of (1) Mollendo
(Peru), rail to Pwno on Lake Titicaca, 330
miles, then fifteen hours by steamer to Huaqui,
thence 60 miles by rail to La Paz; (2) Arica
(Chile), at present by rail 40 miles to Tacna,
and by mule the remainder of the distance, 225
miles to La Paz; (3) Antofagasta (Chile), by
rail via Oruro, 730 miles, three days to La Paz.
(An effort is to be made to shorten this trip
by running faster and continuous trains.) Be-
sides these routes Bolivia may be entered (4)
via the Amazon and the Madeira rivers — over
the railway now under construction — to the
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GUIDE TO LATIN AMERICA
junction of the Madeira and Beni rivers at Villa
Bella, the Bolivian custom house ; from here to
La Paz is about 1000 miles of rough frontier
travel, part way by water. A railway is pro-
jected, its construction is begun and about 308
miles are surveyed: (5) via the rivers Plate,
Parana, and Paraguay, through Corrientes,
Asuncion (in Paraguay) to Corumba (1850
miles north of Buenos Aires), in Brazil, thence
by a small river (81 miles) to Puerto Suarez, the
Bolivian custom house ; thence by mules or oxen
to Santa Cruz (population, 20,000), 800 miles.
A railway is surveyed between Puerto Suarez and
Santa Cruz and will soon be under construction.
From Santa Cruz to La Paz, a very difficult and
irregularly travelled road (800 miles) goes to
Cochabamba (population, 22,000, altitude, 7750
feet, has a university, cold climate) ; from here
it is 110 miles by stage to Oruro, but a railway
already begun will cover the distance in 130
miles to Oruro ; here connection is made with
the railway in operation to La Paz, 160 miles ;
(6) from Buenos Aires through Rosario, Tucu-
man, Jujuy (Central Northern Railway} , to
Quiaca on the Bolivian frontier (1200 miles) ;
from here the railway is building through Tu-
piza to Uyuni (177 miles) on the line of the
road already in operation to Antofagasta and
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GUIDE TO LATIN AMERICA
La Paz. In spite of the apparent vagueness of
this description, these routes are travelled by
the commerce of Bolivia every day, and it is diffi-
cult to keep pace with the railroad construction
as it is actually completed.
Mining is the only industry which has become
national in its proportions, and the mineral
wealth of Bolivia challenges any other in the
world. Of tin alone Bolivia produces more
than Cornwall and Australia combined. The
amount of cattle, hides, rubber, Peruvian bark,
and cocaine is growing noticeably. The fauna
and flora of this country are of unusual vari-
ety and character, including the vicuna and
llama (species of camel), the alpaca and the
chinchilla, the condor, ostrich, flamingo, and
parrot, the alligator, boa, cochineal, and silk-
worm, and many highly medicinal as well as ali-
mentary plants. Bolivia is the most thinly
populated of all the American States. The gov-
ernment offers great inducements and liberal
legislation to immigrants, and has made some
attempts to found industrial colonies. The re-
public is divided into nine departments and one
territory. Since the Constitution of 1880 was
adopted, there has been but one revolution
(1892) ; the policy since then, favored by fqr-
eign interests, has been progressive and liberal.
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This is one of the few governments in the world
without a foreign debt.
LAPAZ, capital. Population, 63,000. Altitude, 12,307
feet. Highest capital in the world ; the actual seat
of government, although Sucre is officially the capital. The
upper class is very cosmopolitan, but there are 40,000 Aimard
Indians who will not speak Spanish. Worth seeing are cathe-
dral, residence of the President, House of Congress, and head-
quarters of army. Center of mining, particularly tin district.
Terminus of railroads, completed or projected.
SUCRE. Population, 21,000. Altitude, 9625 feet. Founded
1538, as La Plata or Charcas, but renamed in 1839
after a general famous in the wars of liberty. Agreeable and
healthy climate; has a university, cathedral, theaters, gov-
ernment building, and beautiful suburbs. No railroad con-
nection as yet, but reached by stage (200 miles from either
Oruro or Uyuni).
POTOSL Population, 27,000. Altitude, 15,380. During
colonial period boasted 160,000 inhabitants, and
was the greatest mining center of the world. Its best buildings
are now in ruins, though it has a handsome mint, and a costly
church called La Matriz. There is a metallurgical museum,
but the majority of its mines are abandoned, except those of
tin which are being worked abundantly. No railroad; 125
miles from Uyuni by stage, on the line of the projected railroad
to Sucre. Another railroad is surveyed direct to Oruro, 200
miles.
UYUNI. Population, 5000. Altitude, 12,007 feet.
Founded, 1889; an outfitting and shipping center
on the line of railway to Antofagasta. Lying on the edge of one
of the most productive and varied mineral districts in Bolivia.
A waterless oasis on a salt pampa.
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ORURO. Population, 16,000. Altitude, 12,117 feet. A
decadent town, once with 70,000 inhabitants, now
reawakening to modern life. Another mining center. On the
rail route from La Paz to Antofagasta.
TUPIZA. Population, 5000. Altitude, 9843 feet. Situated
52 miles north of Quiaca (the frontier custom
house between Bolivia and Argentina). Most important place
in southern Bolivia. Beautiful surrounding country with great
agricultural possibilities. Within sight of Guadalupe, the
Pike's Peak of Bolivia, 18,870 feet.
TARIJA. Population, 9000. Altitude, 6500 feet. Situated
85 miles directly east of Tupiza, or 85 miles north-
east of Quiaca. Beautifully located, and promises to become a
great center for the future agricultural settlements of Bolivia.
74
BRAZIL
Area, 3,218,130 square miles. Equal to Continental
United States and two-thirds of Texas besides. Population,
20,000,000; 6 per square mile. Railway mileage, 13,000.
This vast country, lying almost wholly within
the tropics, with a coast line more than 4000
miles long, was discovered by Pinzon, one of the
companions of Columbus, and afterwards by
Americus Vespucius. It occupies practically one-
half of South America and touches every country
in it except Chile. It may, for purposes of analy-
sis, be divided into (1) tropical Brazil : embracing
the Sao Francisco and Amazon river-basin, char-
acterized by hot lowlands, monsoon winds, great
rainfall, unexplored forests, sparse population,
and undeveloped territory, yet even now yield-
ing enormous wealth in rubber, cacao, nuts, to-
bacco, and sugar ; (2) central Brazil: compris-
ing all the coast between the ports of Bahia
and Santos, and the high plateaus running back
as far as the Parana River and its tributaries,
within which the climate is more temperate, the
population more numerous, centering in the cap-
ital, the industries more varied and important ;
it is the great coffee-producing region, not only
of Brazil but of the world, and the diamond
fields are very profitable; (3) southern Brazil:
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GUIDE TO LATIN AMERICA
including the territory south of the Tropic of
Capricorn, a plateau sloping southward, pro-
ducing yerba mate (Paraguay tea) and cattle,
and is the seat of German immigration.
In the population of Brazil, the Portuguese
and mixed race predominate, but there are now
millions of Italians and Germans to offset the
two million negroes and a few hundred thousand
Indians at the lower end of the scale. With in-
creased immigration of skilled Europeans the
manufactures, which were earlier limited to those
making use of the abundant raw material (as
sugar refineries, smelting, leather goods, cigars,
etc.), now include glass, paper, wine and beer,
matches, cotton goods, and ship-building. The
rapid increase in the coal, iron, and steel im-
ports is a measure of the industrial activity.
Development along other lines is even more as-
tonishing, as when one considers the traffic and
commerce of the Amazon upon which a half-
dozen steamship lines from Europe and America
now penetrate 1000 miles to Manaos and 1300
more to Iquitos (in Peru). Railroads now pen-
etrate from the coast towns to the interior, cities
are being modernized, harbors improved, and
the riches of soil, forest, and mines systematic-
ally exploited as never before.
The republic was proclaimed in 1889, after
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GUIDE TO LATIN AMERICA
sixty-seven years of imperial government fol-
lowing severance from Portugal, which, in the
era of discovery, claimed the territory under
the papal bull of 1493, dividing the new world
between the Spanish and Portuguese. The re-
public now comprises twenty states, a federal
district, and the Acre territory recently pur-
chased from Bolivia. The exercise of " states'
rights " is greater than among us, and the
states are more loosely federated, but, although
there have been dissensions, the union seems to
work in admirable harmony. Slavery was abol-
ished in 1888 without violence or opposition.
The first railroad in Brazil was opened for
traffic in 1856, and was named in honor of its
promoter, Viscount Maud. This was a private
enterprise, but very few of the railroads of the
country have been constructed without govern-
ment aid. Three states of Brazil have no rail-
roads at all. Rio de Janeiro is the center of the
most extensive system (4500 miles), and is con-
nected with that in the State of Sao Paulo
(8000 miles). From Sao Paulo to Corumbd on
the Bolivian boundary a concession has been
granted for a line that will connect with the Pan-
American route. From Sao Paulo, also, rapid
construction is now in progress southward to
connect with the Uruguayan system on the bor-
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GUIDE TO LATIN AMERICA
der of the state of Rio Grande do Sul. The in-
terior railroad, now under construction around
the rapids of the Madeira River, is an extension
of the fluvial route to the Andes (see Bolivia).
Most of the railroads, however, are parallel lines
built from seaports to the interior, and these
have been joined only between the ports of
Natal, through Recife and Maceio.
The best months to visit Brazil, especially the
more populated and industrial areas contigu-
ous to Rio de Janeiro and Sao Paulo, are those
of our northern summer (their winter), that is,
during the dry season, from April to October.
RIO DE JANEIRO, capital. Population, 900,000. 4778
miles from New York. In 1555
French refugees settled upon one of the islands of the bay, but
were dislodged by the Portuguese in 1567. It was the seat of
the Portuguese government, but did not become the capital of
the country until the establishment of the empire in 1808. Its
growth was slow until tramways, introduced in 1868, opened
up suburban districts, and the city now covers an enormous
area running up the valleys, along the shores, and on to the
hills. The city is in a federal district covering 538 square
miles, nearly eight times larger than the District of Columbia.
The old town of narrow and ill-paved streets has been re-
modelled with broad avenues and all modern improvements,
and is to have one of the finest systems of docks in South
America (now under construction) on the most spectacular
bay in the world.
Visit Avenida Central, Rua Ouvidor (as unique as Piccadilly
or the Rialto) Jardin Botanico, Canal Mangue, National Mu-
seum, Portuguese Library, National Library (Camoens), the
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GUIDE TO LATIN AMERICA
Telegraph Office (formerly Imperial Palace), Misericordia
Hospital, Church of Candelaria, and many others among the
beautiful sights of Rio. Many of the older buildings are
worthy of the traveller's study, but the institutions occupying
them are to be transferred to modern buildings on the Avenida
Central, along with the National Opera House, Monroe Palace,
etc. The handsomest residence quarters are the Cattete, Laran-
geiras, Botafogo. The American visitor is especially recom-
mended to call at the Y. M. C. A., where the hospitality and
ready service offered will contribute much to his enjoyment of
the city (Rua Quitanda 39). Rio has a very complete trolley
system, and electricity in all ways is liberally used. From the
capital well equipped express trains run twice a day, with
sleeping-cars at night, 310 miles to Sao Paulo (which see, page
82). The chief excursion is to —
PETROPOLIS. Population, 20,000. Altitude, 2750 feet.
Take steamers (first class in every particu-
lar) at foot of Avenida Central, one hour, and railway up the
mountain. Fine views. Popular watering-place and residence
of diplomatic body.
The Federal Government proposes at some future day to re-
move the national capital inland to the center of the republic
on a splendid site in the State of Goyaz, but even when this is
done, Rio de Janeiro will always remain the principal port and
the center of industrial and social life of Brazil.
MANAOS. Population, 50,000. 1000 miles from Para. On
Rio Negro a few miles above its junction with the
Amazon. Fifty years ago a mud village, now a great port with
modern docking facilities and storage houses for the immense
trade of the region, rubber. Cathedral, magnificent theater,
tramways, electric lights, and all modern improvements.
PARA (Eelem is the real and local name). Population,
200,000. 3000 miles from New York. Atlantic port
of Amazon region which was opened to commerce by Dom
Pedro in 1866. Streets straight and clean, fine squares, and a
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GUIDE TOLATIN AMERICA
park of virgin Amazon woods called "El Bosque." Cathedral,
Goeldi Museum, and Zoo. Sawmills and shipyards. Great
commercial and industrial activity. Splendid new docks in
process of construction. Climate rainy. Railroad from here
eastward to Braganza. Another railroad projected toward the
south and the west to reach finally into the State of Goyaz.
MARANAO (San Luis, or the English Maranham). Popu-
lation, 40,000. 3272 miles from New York.
On an island first settled by the Dutch. Named St. Louis by
the French in 1610. Sometimes called the Brazilian Athens.
Bad port.
PARNAHYBA. Population, 10,000. 3422 miles from New
York. Small sheltered anchorage in the
Bay of Tutoya. Custom house and port department. River
navigation 100 miles to the capital of the State of Piauhy,
Therezina (founded 1852), population, 25,000.
CEARA (Fvrtaleza). Population, 50,000. 3646 miles from
New York. Vessels of small draft lie alongside wharf.
A very pretty city, barren country. Is the seat of a naval ap-
prentice school, a gymnasium, fine market building, gas, tele-
phone, and horse cars. Is the terminus of a small network of
railways.
NATAL. Population, 16,000. 3846 miles from New York.
Near Cape San Roque, the easternmost point of
South America. Poor harbor, but defended by the enormous
Santos Reys fortress on the natural reef. Railway connection
from here overland to Pernambuco and Maceio.
PARAHYBA (CabadeOo). Population, 10,000. 3640 miles
from New York. A small second-class city,
the capital of the state of the same name, a sugar port. Once
called Frederikstad, when governed by the Dutch. Terminus
of railway system running into interior.
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PERNAMBUCO (Recife). Population, 125,000. 3696 miles
from New York. Though settled by the
Portuguese in 1536 it bears the impress of the Dutch occupa-
tion having been governed for twenty-seven years by the Dutch
West India Company under Prince Maurice of Nassau. The
proper name of the city is Recife (the reef), being separated
from the outer ocean by a natural wall of rock. At present
steamers of large draught anchor outside, but $8,000,000 have
been devoted for harbor improvement works. There are
several interior canals giving to the city the name of the Bra-
zilian Venice. Very interesting is the street-car ride to the
inner town where there are fine churches and public buildings.
Another pleasant ride is along the shore to Olinda. Center of
railroad system into tributary country, extending northward as
far as Natal (trains only twice a week) and southward as far as
Macew (trains twice a week) ; these lines may be used by the
business man, but as a rule it is pleasanter for the traveller to
make the journey along the coast by local steamers. Details
can be found only by personal inquiry on the spot.
MACEIO. Population, 37,000. 3800 miles from New
York. Lighthouse in the middle of the town.
No docks. Tramways, electric lights. Two short railroads into
interior. Navigation on the lake which adjoins the town.
Cotton and sugar mills.
BAHIA (Sao Salvador). Population, 250,000. 4096 miles
from New York. Third town of importance in the
republic. On the sheltered Bay of All Saints. Landing safe
and agreeable. Harbor improvements to cost $8,000,000 to be
completed in 1912. There is an upper and a lower town, con-
nected by cable cars and elevators. The lower town is the
shipping quarter, deserted at night, but the upper town is lively
and interesting. Beautiful rides along the shore by trolley.
Center of tobacco industry. The dye-wood called Brazil and
the navel orange are both natives of this part of the country.
Extensive railroad system radiates into the interior, connection
on one being made with the Sao Francisco River and the ad-
joining territory.
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GUIDE TO LATIN AMERICA
VICTORIA. Population, 20,000. 4518 miles from New
York. Bay permits the entrance of transatlantic
steamers, and fine harbor improvements are under way. A
picturesque city, rapidly growing modern. Above the town
on a hill 400 feet high is an interesting old convent founded in
1558. The town is on an island, opposite to which on the main-
land is a quaint city by itself. Two railroads start inland from
here ; one will connect with the Leopoldina Railway and thence
to Rio de Janeiro, the other due west to Diamantina in the
State of Minas Geraes, center of the diamond district of Brazil.
SANTOS. Population, 41,000. 5005 miles from New York.
227 miles south of Rio. One of the best ports on
the Atlantic ; vessels go alongside the quays, complete docking
facilities. Greatest coffee shipping port in the world, season
between August and January. Beautiful seaside resort of
Guaruja, reached by tram. The climate is hot and moist, but
with modern hygienic improvements the one-time prevalent
yellow fever is entirely wiped out. The traveller need not stay
in Santos overnight, but may use the railroad up the moun-
tain 35 miles, a beautiful scenic ride, with numerous trains a
day, to Sao Paulo.
SAO PAULO. Population, 300,000. Altitude, 2500 feet.
The capital of the State of Sao Paulo and the
second city in Brazil, and the most modern in the republic.
Visit all public buildings, fine railway station, cathedral, new
opera house, attractive residence quarter, Mackenzie College
(American), and make excursion to Light and Power Com-
pany's works (25 miles to village of Parnahyba on the Tide
River}. Sao Paulo is the center of the immense coffee region of
Brazil, and from the city radiate 3500 miles of railway. South-
ward a line is building to connect ultimately with the State of
Rio Grande do Sul. Sao Paulo has 75 miles of trolley, all
modern improvements, and is rapidly developing into the in-
dustrial center of Brazil. One of the towns in the interior
worth a visit is —
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CAMPINAS. Population, 40,000. 66 miles from Sao Paulo.
A fine, modern, commercial, but also educa-
tional, city in the midst of coffee plantations. School of Arts
and Trades; handsome building for the Italian Beneficent
Society.
r
PARANAGUA (Antonina is a smaller port a few miles up the
bay). Population, 8000. 5128 miles from
New York. Of importance only as the chief port of the State
of Parana and the terminus of the railway for the interior
capital, a distance of 65 miles: —
CURITYBA. Population, 40,000. Altitude, 2670 feet. A
peculiar characteristic of the scenery of this
State of Parana are the pines (Araucaria braziliensis), the
archaeological remains, and the cascades of the Parana River.
This is one of the most beautiful regions of South America, and
should certainly be visited. This road has many bridges, tun-
nels, and turns, and is a great credit to Brazilian engineers by
whose skill alone it was built. The city is modern, elegant,
and attractive. One half the population is European. Has
growing industries. Is the seat of a fine Presbyterian church
(American), and its schools are noteworthy. From all this re-
S'on a great deal of yerba mat6 and fruit is exported to the
iver Plate.
DESTERRO (Flvrianapolis). Population, 27,000. 2500
miles from New York. On the way are passed
two smaller and merely local harbors, Sao Francisco and
Itajaliy, of importance chiefly because they are the ports of de-
barking for the interior cities of Joinvitte and Blumenau,
famous in the history of the German colonization of South
Brazil. Desterro lies on an island about two miles from the
mainland. Although it is a quiet, old-fashioned place, it is
extremely picturesque and reminiscent of Italy. One of the
local relay cable stations between Buenos Aires and Rio de
Janeiro.
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RIO GRANDE DO SUL. Population, 15,000. 687 miles
from Rio de Janeiro. A danger-
ous sand bar separates the ocean from Lake dos Patos, on which
the city lies, but the government has contracted for a complete
modification of the entrance so as to make it a safe and com-
modious harbor, entered by deep draft vessels and suitable for
the increasing commerce of the south of Brazil. A wind-
blown, sandy place, but healthy. The city is the location of the
Protestant Episcopal Missionary Bishopric, and has a modern
church with a theological seminary attached. In this neigh-
borhood are settled many Germans, but in Pelotas (up the river,
reached both by boat and railway), the center of the jerked beef
industry, there are more. From Rio Grande the traveller may
proceed southward by boat and stage (primitive enough) into
Uruguay; or westward by rail to Bage, thence by stage until
the railway is finished to Rvbera on the Uruguayan frontier, and
by train to Montevideo ; or, further by rail to Uruguayana and
southward by rail along the Uruguay River to Montevideo.
Northward, through the Lago dos Patos (200 miles), twenty-
four hours by steamer, is the capital of the state, the city of
Porto Alegre.
PORTO ALEGRE. Population, 100,000. A busy, prosper-
ous place, half German, half Brazilian,
fine public and private buildings, all modern improvements.
Boat and train service to interior, and westward through Santa
Maria to Uruguayana and Montevideo.
Interior cities. Little attention need be
given to these, since the traveller will not have
much opportunity to visit them unless his mis-
sion calls him there especially, but several de-
serve mention, partly because it is necessary to
indicate the methods of travel in order to reach
them, although railroads are developing so rap-
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idly that many of these cities will be brought
into the railroad zone within a few years, partly
also to dispel the belief that they are primitive,
imadvanced, and slothful ; the contrary is true,
and it can be stated beyond dispute that many
of these cities are noted, as is Manaos up the
Amazon, for beauty, modernity, and municipal
completeness.
OURO PRETO. Population, 20,000. Altitude, 3500 feet.
The old capital of the State of Minas
Geraes, the most densely populated in Brazil. Was founded in
1698, it might be said on gold ground. Has electric illumina-
tion, good schools, a mining college, and other marks of prog-
ress. Here originated the movement for independence in 1789
by the martyr patriot Tiradentes. The city is now on a branch
of the Central Railway, with regular communication from Rio
de Janeiro.
BELLO HORIZANTE. Population, 20,000. Altitude,
2400 feet. Made to order by the
government in 1894, since when it has been the capital of the
State of Minas Geraes. A fine, artistic city in every respect,
with some of the most beautiful public buildings in Brazil.
Electric improvements of all kinds. Reached by a branch of
Central Railway from Rio de Janeiro.
DIAMANTINA. Population, 15,000. Altitude, 3500 feet.
Center of diamond mining region; dia-
monds discovered in 1727. On the bank of a pretty river, and
at the foot of a mountain, 5960 feet. 500 miles north of Rio de
Janeiro, reached at present by rail to Curvello on the Central
Railway and thence by mule over a mountain trail, but soon
to be connected with the capital and also with Victoria, by
rail.
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GOYAZ. Population, 13,000. Altitude, 1700 feet. Capital
of state of same name. In a vine-growing district ;
wine of national reputation. Reached by days of hard travel
over the plateau, but in this neighborhood it is proposed some
day to locate the interior national capital.
CORUMBA. This is the Brazilian frontier near Puerto
Suarez (see Bolivia). Head of steam naviga-
tion on the Paraguay River, and the only way (except an al-
most impossible trek across the interior of Brazil, through
which a survey has recently been made) is to go by boat from
Buenos Aires. The trip is one of 4000 miles from Rio, and
service is maintained by the Brazilian government as a matter
of national pride. The city, in many respects, is quite to be
compared with Manaos, its twin sister on the Amazon. About
300 miles above this city is the capital of the State of Motto
Grosso: —
CUYABA. Population, 30,000. Altitude, 1800 feet. This
city lies in a direct line from Rio de Janeiro, 875
miles. Exports meat, cattle, and forest products. Electric
lights.
86
CHILE
Area, 290,000 square miles. Nearly equal to California,
Oregon, and Washington. Population, 3,250,000; 11 per
square mile. Railway mileage, 3250.
The coast of Chile, twice as long as the Paci-
fic coast line of the United States, was discovered
and skirted by Magellan, but his successor, FaZ-
divia, planted the first town in 1541, at Santa
Lucia, now Santiago. As a Spanish colony
Chile was a dependency until 1810, which is the
year celebrated as that of her declaration of
independence, although fifteen years of struggle
ensued before she secured her freedom. The
Republic of Chile now comprises 23 States and
the Territory of Magellan, which includes that
part of Patagonia and of the island of Tierra
del Fuego which fell to her share in the division
between Chile and Argentina. Chile is 2700
miles long, and varies in width from 106 to 250
miles. The climate ranges from cold winter at
the Straits of Magellan to torrid heat at the
boundary of Peru. The seacoast is bathed by
Humboldt's Stream (cold) which tempers the
northern heat, and the slopes of the Andes show
graduated temperatures up to the snow line.
The most notable geographical feature of Chile
is the so-called Longitudinal Valley, lying be-
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GUIDE TO LATIN AMERICA
tween two parallel mountain ranges running
north and south, about 500 miles long by 30
wide. In this are included many important
towns and flourishing industries ; farming,
dairying, manufacturing, etc. On the coast
Chile counts 15 major and 38 minor ports. The
major ports admit international commerce; the
most important will be mentioned in detail here-
after. Besides these, there are 39 custom houses
or dry ports between Chile and her neighbors.
Chile has many short parallel rivers running
from the coast range of mountains to the sea,
some of them navigable for several miles, some
of them, however, waterless for a part of the
year. Owing to the sudden and steep rise of the
Andes of the eastern range, among which there
are fifty peaks over 15,000 feet high, the rivers
descending from it are short, rapid, and full of
cataracts, which are being made useful for hy-
draulics, electricity, and irrigation, and their
control is a matter of necessity, to the inhabit-
ants as well as to the railroads, which must cross
them on expensive bridges such as the Malleco
(1250 feet long, 300 feet above the bed of the
stream, costing $1,000,000). In railroad trans-
portation Chile is one of the most advanced
countries in South America. The Longitudinal
Valley Railroad runs the whole length of the
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GUIDE TO LATIN AMERICA
valley with branches to several of the ports,
though the service has not kept pace with the
growing commerce. It is also intersected by
the Transandine Railroad from Valparaiso to
Buenos Aires, described in the section on Ar-
gentina. The majority of the lines are owned
by the government. The first railroad in South
America, from Caldera to Copiapo, was con-
ceived and put into execution by the Yankee
William Wheelright (Newburyport, Mass.), in
1851, with the intention of crossing the Andes,
a project that will some day be carried out.
Chile has studied the varieties and possibilities
of her territory with remarkable thoroughness
and accuracy, and has rendered great service
to navigation by her charting and channel-
ing the Straits of Magellan. Immigration is
encouraged and liberal terms are offered to set-
tlers. The soil and climate are favorable to
Europeans. One-half the population is engaged
in agriculture. There are no negroes in Chile,
and the Araucanian Indians are a hardy and
superior race. The nitrate (northern) regions
are a source of enormous wealth, and minerals
play a chief part in the economic development.
The best time to visit Chile is during our
winter months, when the climate there resem-
bles that of our Middle States in summer.
GUIDE TO LATIN AMERICA
SANTIAGO, capital. Population, 400,000. Altitude, 1700
feet. Situated at the head of the Longitudinal
Valley, on both sides of the Mapocho River, 115 miles from
Valparaiso, by rail, and on the line of the Longitudinal Valley
Trunk Railway. Numerous trains to all points every day.
Streets straight and wide, fine buildings, much damaged by
earthquake August 16, 1906, since largely rebuilt. House of
Congress very fine, also cathedral and monuments. Beautiful
gardens of Alameda, Cousino Park, Agricultural Park, espe-
cially Santa Lucia Hill, Forest Park, famous race-course, and
many public squares. Trolleys with women conductors. Much
rain and cold during June, July, and August. English and
other foreigners make a cosmopolitan population.
VALPARAISO. Population, 150,000. 3200 miles from
Panama. Largest town on Pacific coast
except San Francisco (California), and was an equally fine city
prior to the earthquake of August 16, 1906. A dangerous, open
narbor on which $50,000,000 are being spent in improvements,
including a dry dock. There are two floating docks and a gov-
ernment mole with hydraulic machinery, but for her extensive
commerce the facilities are inadequate. Handsome streets on
the water front, and on the hills which are reached by seven ele-
vators. It is a fortified port, and has a naval as well as a scien-
tific school. Locomotive and steamship building yards, and
factories of machinery, wagons, etc. Water supply good, drain-
age excellent, electric car and light service. Large German
colony, and many Italians, French, and Scotch. Trolley con-
nection with seaside towns of Vina del Mar and Miramar
(combined population, 11,000). Railroad from Valparaiso
to Santiago (Pullman cars), passing towns of Quittota (popula-
tion, 10,000) and Llai Llai (population, 3000, distance from
Valparaiso 51 miles, and 65 miles from Santiago), junction for
Transandine Railway to Argentina via Juncal, San Felipe,
and Santa Rosa de los Andes. (Agricultural, fruit raising
and canning district.) See Argentina for description of
Transandine Railway.
Islands of Juan Fernandez belong to this province. Tra-
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GUIDE TO LATIN AMERICA
ditionally, the islands of "Robinson Crusoe." Valuable for
their fisheries. Reached by trading vessels only.
Valparaiso is the objective point of all Chilean commerce;
consequently this Guide gives the chief ports, beginning at the
north toward Valparaiso, and then southward from it.
ARICA. Population, 3000. 1932 miles from Panama ; 1268
miles from Valparaiso. Harbor commodious and
sheltered ; two wharves. Source of wealth, transit commerce
with Bolivia (which see) and export of borax, copper, and sul-
phur. Railroad to Tacna (population, 12,000), thence to
La PaZy 300 miles by mule (railroad is at present under
construction).
PISAGUA. Population, 5000. 1960 miles from Panama.
No docks, landing difficult. Center of nitrate
industry. Minor port, Junin.
IQUIQUI. Population, 45,000. 2000 miles from Panama.
^Most important northern port, but a modern
bonanza mining town built of frame and corrugated iron. Good
anchorage, several wharves and machinery for rapid loading.
Methodist Episcopal school. Railroad to interior. Minor
ports, Caleta Buena, Punta de Lobos.
TOCOPILLA. Population, 5000. 121 miles from Iquiqui.
Railroad connects the town with nitrate re-
gion of Toco. Minor ports, Gatico, HuaniUos.
ANTOFAGASTA. Population, 20,000. 2128 miles from
Panama. On the Tropic of Capricorn,
situated exactly on the Pacific as Sao Paulo on Atlantic. Open
port, rough landing through surf. Wharves for unloading.
Port of entry for Bolivia (which see). Railroad finished 575
miles to Orur o, thence to La Paz. Minor port, Caleta Coloso.
TALTAL. Population, 7000. Ill miles from Antofagasta.
Nitrate shipping port, well sheltered. Minor
port, Paposa.
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GUIDE TO LATIN AMERICA
CALDERA. Population, 3000. 2335 miles from Panama.
Fronting on a fine, big bay. Terminus of first
railway constructed in South America, planned by William
Wheelwright as a transandine line; reaches at present
Copiapo, the ultimate destination is Tucumdn, Argentina. At
present commerce of little importance. Minor port, Ckanaral.
A contiguous port is Carizal Bajo, with minor ports, Huasco,
Pena Blanca, Sarco.
COQUIMBO. Population, 10,000. 2500 miles from Pan-
ama. Fine bay, good anchorage. Minerals
chief exports, with agricultural products. Railroad to Serena,
capital of province of same name, second city founded in Chile.
Minor ports, Guayacan, Tongoy, ToUoralillo, Puerto Oscuro.
Ports south of Valparaiso.
San Antonio is a minor port at present, but is intended ulti-
mately to relieve Valparaiso of excess commerce; for that
reason, large improvements are projected to make it a first-
class shipping station. Constituci6n (population, 8000) is
built along the bank of the Maule River a mile from its mouth,
and has important local trade.
TALCAHUANO. Population, 16,000. 240 miles from Val-
paraiso. Military and commercial port
on a large bay within which are situated also the minor ports
of Tome, Penco, Lirquen, and San Vicente. Best harbor on the
Chilean coast. Dry dock for war vessels completed 1895.
It has a naval station and Naval School, sometimes called
the Annapolis of Chile. Rail connection (15 miles) with
Concepci6n.
CONCEPCION. Population, 51,000. 415 miles from
Santiago, by rail. Third largest city
in Chile. After being several times destroyed by earthquake
is now rebuilt with wide streets and modern edifices, cathedral.
Coal mining region.
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GUIDE TO LATIN AMERICA
CORONEL. Population, 7000.
LOTA. Population, 10,000. 258 miles from Valparaiso.
Twin ports lying alongside a great vein of coal and
copper. Steamers coal here for Panama or Montevideo. In
Lota is the famous Cousino Park and clwieau, the pride of
Chile. Owned by the Cousi'no family who control all the coal
in the region.
VALDIVIA. Population, 12,000. 555 miles from Santi-
ago via Antilhue by rail. On both sides of
the river of the same name, navigable for small vessels to towns
in the interior. Engaged in tanning, brewing, and ship build-
ing. A prosperous, busy place. United by steamer (11 miles)
to the seaport of Corral.
CORRAL. Population, 2000. 2979 miles from Panama.
Situated on a sheltered bay. Shipping port for
Chilean cereals. All this region was settled by the Germans in
1848; it has industrial colonies, tanneries, breweries, etc.
The chief town is Osorno, connected with Valdivia by rail (65
miles) to the north, and by a newly constructed line south to
PUERTO MONTT. Population, 6000. 1362 miles from
Valparaiso by sea. On the Gulf of
Reloncavi; port of importance and industrial center. Ter-
minus of the Longitudinal Railroad, 22 miles south of Lake
Llanquihue — largest in Chile, with steam navigation — where
is a German colony founded by the government in 1853. Cen-
ter of timber and lumber industry ; wheat and cattle.
ANCUD. Population, 5000. On the shore of the largest island
of the province of Chiloe, which is composed of
archipelagoes and innumerable islands; from here southward
to the Straits of Magellan are the Chilean Fiords, in the
Chilean Patagonia.
GUIDE TO LATIN AMERICA
PUNTA ARENAS. Population, 20,000. 3982 miles from
Panama. 6890 miles from New York,
via Atlantic Ocean. Southernmost town in the world, but
only as far south as Dublin in Ireland is north. The only city
in South America where skating and sleighing are regular
amusements. Bright, brisk, new town, good wharves and ware-
houses, growing cattle and sheep, and fur industries. A free
port, no custom house, active place of exchange, the world's
cross roads, between East and West. Seat of territorial govern-
ment for the territory. Chilean naval station, wireless and
coaling station for ships of all nations. Some gold mining from
the Island of Tierra del Fuego across the Straits.
94
COLOMBIA
Area, 465,714 square miles. Twice the size of Texas. Pop-
ulation, 4,280,000 ; 9 per square mile. Miles of railway, 500.
Colombia, like most of the other South Amer-
ican republics, declared her independence of
Spain in 1810, although not till 1819 did Gen-
eral Bolivar's decisive victory assure her free-
dom. It was his dream to establish a Latin-
American Federation like that of the United
States, and under the title of The United States
of Colombia he combined the present republics
of Venezuela, Colombia, Panama, and Ecuador,
but the union ceased at his death in 1830. The
pomegranate in the shield of Colombia refers
to the first name bestowed on this region by the
Spanish discoverers, New Grenada ; under vari-
ous other names this republic has led a troubled
existence, definitely resuming again the name
of Colombia in 1863. There are now fifteen
departments, a federal district, and four terri-
tories. The present progressive administration
promises a future full of prosperity.
Three chains of the Andes cross the western
or Pacific side, while toward the east roll vast
plains called llanos, suited to stock raising and
agriculture. The chief exports are coffee, to-
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GUIDE TO LATIN AMERICA
bacco, and cattle, but the mineral products are
enormous, although the methods of production
are antiquated. It is estimated that the mines
of Colombia produced more gold in a single fifty
years of Spanish occupancy than had been
mined in all the world prior to the time of
Columbus. Here originated the myth of the
Golden Man {El Dorado) which the Spaniards
were ever seeking. Gold is found in every de-
partment, silver in several, also iron, lead, mer-
cury, and platinum, of which last only Russia
exceeds in output. Coal is so abundant that it
could supply all America if other sources failed.
The emerald mines of Muzo, seventy-five miles
from Bogota, belong to the government, and are
said to yield a million pesos worth of stones an-
nually. The pearl fisheries and salt mines are
also government monopolies.
Colombia has a coast line of 500 miles each
side of the Isthmus, well indented with good har-
bors, also many navigable rivers, the chief of
which is the Magdalena, which steamers ascend
800 miles. By a decree of 1906 all travellers
are required to present passports, but the gov-
ernment concedes many privileges to immigrants
and settlers. The railways of the country are
at present a series of isolated lines, running be-
tween the larger towns, but as they have been
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GUIDE TO LATIN AMERICA
recently brought under more systematic man-
agement the result will be to connect them one
with another and to make a uniform system.
Colombia is the nearest portion of South Amer-
ica to the United States, the distance from Car-
tagena to Tampa being less than from New
York to St. Louis by land. The best time to
visit Colombia is between December and May.
The coast region has seasons resembling those
of the tropics along the Caribbean Sea, but in
the interior there are four seasons, two wet and
two dry, while on the plateau rain comes irreg-
ularly all through the year.
BOGOTA, capital. Population, 120,000. Altitude, 8564 feet.
Founded in 1538. Situated on a level plain, sur-
rounded by mountains with fine scenery and a beautiful cli-
mate. Social conditions unusually pleasing. Has four parks,
a cathedral, an interesting national museum, and a university.
Has a Protestant church nearly fifty years old. Telephone,
telegraph, trams, and cabs. Fine drives and rides in the
suburbs. There are coal and iron side by side at Pradera,
where a bessemer plant is in process of erection. Excursion to
the Chorro Milagroso (wonderful spring). Three short rail-
roads center in Bogota: (1) To the River Magdalena, 120
miles, at the town of Giradot. (2) To the Falls of Tequendama,
15 miles ; the falls are 475 feet, but the body of water is not so
great as at Niagara. (3) To Nemocan, 30 miles, via the salt
mines at Zipaquira.
SABANILLA (Puerto Colombia). 2223 miles from New
York. Port of entry for Barrannuilla, at the
mouth of the Magdalena River. English dock, with fine wharf.
Railroad across the bar to Barranquilla, 17 miles.
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GUIDE TO LATIN AMERICA
BARRANQUILLA. Population, 40,000. 740 miles to Girar-
dot by river. About fifty steamers, stern-
wheel type, go from there up the river. Foreign trade here
is more than half that of the republic. Sanitation recently
received much attention. Trade winds from November to
April temper the heat agreeably. Used only as a place of
transfer from ocean to river steamer.
CARTAGENA. Population, 27,000. 2283 miles from New
York. Oldest city and best harbor of the
republic. Remarkable old Spanish fortifications. Railroad to
Calamar on the Magdalena, 66 miles, where connection is
made with steamers for up stream.
DORADA. On the Magdalena River, 600 miles above
Barranquilla, point of transfer from boat to rail
for 40 miles to Beltran, where transfer again to boat, 100 miles
to Girardot. Between here and Facatativd the road rises
8500 feet, hence passes over a level plain to Bogota.
MEDELLIN. Population, 50,000. Altitude, 8839 feet.
Second city in size of the republic. Most im-
portant commercial and mining center. Has cotton factories
and a school of mines. Well built, modernized town, opera
house, telephones, etc. Will be in time connected with Puerto
Berrio on the Magdalena ; at present it is necessary to go by
mule to Providencia, 90 miles, and thence 65 miles by rail-
way to Puerto Berrio. Or to Buenaventura on the Pacific, via
Cali, a road under construction.
BUENAVENTURA. Population, 4000. 355 miles from
Panama. The gateway to the rich
State of Cauca, equal in extent to California. A railway is
under construction to the interior, aiming ultimately to reach
Bogota.
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GUIDE TO LATIN AMERICA
SANTA MARTA. Population, 9000. 2287 miles from New
York; 1500 miles from New Orleans.
Good harbor on the Caribbean Sea, with healthy climate.
General Bolivar died here in 1830. A growing center of the
banana industry, also coffee and ivory nuts. A railroad 93
miles to Fundadon.
99
ECUADOR
Area, 116,000 square miles. Size of Arizona. Population,
1,500,000 ; 12 per square mile. Railway mileage, 300.
Ecuador, like Peru and Bolivia, had a pre-
Columbian history when her inter- Andine region
was the seat of the Incas and of the kingdom of
Quitu, who for centuries developed a civiliza-
tion which is the marvel of archaeologists. The
Spaniards made their appearance at Tumbez
(Peru) in 1532, and took possession of the city
of Quito in 1534, making it subject to the su-
preme court of Lima. The colonial despotism
ended in 1822, when Ecuador was joined to the
Colombian Confederation (dissolved in 1830).
The last constitution was adopted in 1897, and
the republic now consists of sixteen provinces,
five maritime, twelve inter-Andine, and the Ori-
ent which includes all the territory east of the
Andes, probably the richest of all, but into
which civilization has scarcely penetrated. As
indicated by its name the Equator bisects this
republic, not quite in the middle between its
northern and southern boundaries but very near
to the capital. The greatest length of the coun-
try from north to south is about 520 miles, its
greatest width from east to west about 740
miles. Its Pacific coast line with all wdenta-
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GUIDE TO LATIN AMERICA
tions is about 2000 miles, while the Brazilian
boundary passes through an uninhabited wilder-
ness. The great chain of the Andes is here re-
duced to two ridges close to the sea, connected
by transverse ridges or nudos on the table-
lands between which most of the inhabitants live,
surrounded by some of the highest snow peaks
in the world. (There are 25 of more than
12,000 feet in altitude, the most famous of
which are Cliimborazo, 20,500 feet, and Goto-
paxi, 19,613 feet.)
The climate resembles a perpetual spring,
and the products are to a great extent those of
the temperate zone. It is very hot on the coast
and the Amazon slope is hot and steaming, but
there are two seasons, the rainy from December
to May, and the dry from June to November,
often interrupted by dangerous and heavy hail
storms. The population, settled as beforesaid
on the table-lands and the coast, is really more
dense than its proportion to the total number
of square miles, because, leaving out the unin-
habited Amazon basin, it aggregates more
nearly 33 per square mile. The white race bears
a relative proportion of 40 per cent, the In-
dians 60 per cent (in a primitive and subject
state) ; the negro element is scarcely worth
reckoning, only 2500 being found in a condi-
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GUIDE TO LATIN AMERICA
tion of servitude on the abolition of slavery in
1868.
There are 91 rivers of two systems, — those
flowing eastward to the Amazon, those descend-
ing to the Pacific, some of each being of con-
siderable size and commercial importance, and
marked by wonderful scenery. The forest pro-
ductions — cacao, palm-nuts, dye-woods, rub-
ber, and Peruvian bark, as well as coffee, sugar,
hides, and straw hats — form the chief exports
of the country. The straw hats mentioned are
those known as Panama, or Jipi-japa, from the
town of that name (population, 7000), the
center of the production of the fine grass or
toquilla from which they are made. This grass
is not exported but is used in handicraft and
cottage industries, such as the manufacture of
hats, baskets, and hammocks.
The central system of railroads, known as
the American, runs from Guayaquil to Quito
and is finished. The Pass of Palmira is at
10,650 feet and it crosses the flanks of Chim-
borazo at 12,000 feet. Three extensions are
projected from the main line: one of 120 miles
to the Curaray River (a branch of the Ama-
zon), whence connection will be made with
Iquitos (Peru) and the Atlantic; another is
south from Huigra, 92 miles to Cuenca, through
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GUIDE TO LATIN AMERICA
a central valley, cultivated and well populated ;
the third is north from Quito to Ibarra, 100
miles. No definite program for these lines is
established.
The best time to visit Ecuador is during the
dry season, from June to November.
QUITO, capital. Population, 80,000. Altitude, 9371 feet.
Ancient, historical, little modernized, except for
the use of electricity and some local industries. Has a cathe-
dral, a university, and a Plaza Mayor said to be one of the
finest squares in South America. Before the time of the Span-
iards, the center of Inca civilization. Is now connected by
rail (15 hours, 290 miles) with Guayaquil.
GUAYAQUIL. Population, 75,000. 842 miles from Panama.
Founded, 1535, 60 miles from the open Pa-
cific on the Guaymas > River. Custom house and quarantine
station on Island of Puna in the bay ; steamers anchor midway,
and unload by lighter. Extensive plans for harbor improve-
ments and sanitation. Good water supply system, also elec-
tricity in general use. City built of bamboo and cane covered
with plaster, many times destroyed by fire. After Valparaiso,
it is the most populous port on the west coast of South Amer-
ica. First ocean craft ever built on Pacific coast launched at
Guayaquil, where boat-building is to some extent carried on.
Duran, on opposite shore of the river, is the terminus of
American railroad to Quito, 290 miles.
GALAPAGOS ISLANDS, dependency of State of Guayaquil
since 1885, eleven in number,
situated about 500 nautical miles from the coast. Uninhab-
ited at time of discovery save by gigantic turtles, whence their
name. Present English names given to islands in recent times
by Captain Cowley, — Albemarle, Indefatigable, Chatham,
Abingdon, etc. Total area, 225 square miles. Chief town
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Floriana, founded 1831. The islands are not a source of rev-
enue, although there are abundant and choice fisheries, and a
violet dye-moss (orchilla) is collected from the rocks. The
government invites settlement and offers facilities for the ex-
ploitation of the islands.
CUENCA. Population, 40,000. Altitude, 8600 feet. Third
city of Ecuador. Center of southern commerce.
In a rich agricultural and stock region. Of great local impor-
tance, many fine public buildings and brisk trade. Cuenca is
to be the terminus of the Ecuadorian trunk railway, that will
be extended southward, 92 miles from Huigra on the Guayaquil
and Quito main line. When this railroad is finished it will be
300 miles to Quito ; from which northward a survey has been
made, 100 miles to Ibarra.
IBARRA. Population, 10,000. Altitude, 7530 feet. Fourth
city in Ecuador. Founded, 1606. Center of
northern commerce. Lies in a rich mineral region. Distant
from nearest port, Patton or San Lorenzo, 60 miles. Has a
cathedral and public library. Northern junction of Ecua-
dorean link in Pan-American Railroad.
ATACAMES. Population, 2000. 750 miles from Panama.
In Province of Esmeraldas where Spaniards
found emeralds and gold. Inhabitants mostly negroes, de-
scended from cargoes of slaves from Africa, who in 1623 es-
caped their ships and established themselves at this point after
killing the native Indians. The Indian village here was the
first which Pizarro saw having settled streets and a large popu-
lation. The inhabitants now a days raise fine tobacco, and
are skilful in making straw hats and hammocks. Good
harbor.
104
PARAGUAY
Area, 57,722 square miles. About the size of California.
Population, 636,000 ; 4 per square rnile. Railway mileage, 175.
Paraguay has had, perhaps, a more dramatic
and even tragic history than any other of the
South American republics, and the unimportant
place she now occupies among them is out of
proportion to her sufferings and her struggles
in maintaining her national entity and spirit.
After the first discovery of this region by Sebas-
tian Cabot in 1527 and the founding of a fort
at Asuncion by the Spaniards ten years later,
her virgin plains and forests were traversed only
as a thoroughfare between Buenos Aires and
Peru until the advent of the Jesuit missionaries
in 1609. This clever and devoted Order met
with remarkable success, not only in the educa-
tion of the natives whose language (Guarani)
they reduced to writing, but also in making them
proficient in agriculture and many of the arts
of civilized life. In 1767 the Jesuits were ex-
pelled from all Spanish dominions, their good
works flagged for lack of intelligent direction,
and the misfortunes of Paraguay culminated in
" the terrible war of 1865—1870, which reduced
the republic to the wreck of a nation, although
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GUIDE TO LATIN AMERICA
placing its people at the same heroic level as
the Greeks of Marathon and Thermopylae."
The movement for independence from Spain
coincided with that which swept over the rest
of South America, but was here accomplished
without bloodshed, and maintained by a series
of dictatorships under Dr. Francia, his nephew
Lopez, and the latter's son, covering a period
from 1811 to 1870. The last named, defying
the triple alliance of Brazil, Uruguay, and Ar-
gentina, preserved the territory intact, but at
the cost of $315,000,000 and many thousand
lives, including his own. At the close of the
war, however, a new constitution was framed,
the national boundaries have since been estab-
lished, and the republic divided into two sec-
tions, one on each side of the River Paraguay ;
the eastern has twelve departments, the western
(called the Chaco), governed by the Minister of
War, is almost uninhabited save by Indians and
cattle. The population, while still inadequate to
the territory, is increasing with encouraging ra-
pidity. Immigration is invited and the govern-
ment has established six industrial colonies, the
most important of which is Villa Hayes, so named
in honor of the President of the United States,
who, in 1878, adjudicated a large part of the
Chaco disputed by Argentina to Paraguay.
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GUIDE TO LATIN AMERICA
The Indians of the Chaco are legally under
the care of an English Mission that conducts
educational and industrial work, and is untaxed.
There are only three towns but many ranches,
in the Chaco, together with saw-mills and other
scattered industries. The great yerbales or tea
forests are now largely in the hands of capital-
ists and exploitation companies. Other agricul-
tural products of Paraguay are sugar, cotton,
tobacco, maize, coffee, and timber. There are
manufactures of cotton goods, of wine and beer,
tanneries, potteries, and cigars. Lace making,
taught the natives by the Jesuits, has achieved
a perfection that is admired even in Europe.
The foreign commerce of Paraguay is largely
reshipped at Buenos Aires and Montevideo, not
all ocean-going vessels being able to ascend as
far as Asuncion, but a noticeable tonnage regis-
ter is nevertheless carried from that harbor di-
rectly to foreign ports without transshipment,
especially to Brazil, Germany, and England.
The rivers Parana and Paraguay are full of
steamers trading not only with local towns but
also with those still higher up, in Bolivia and
Brazil. (Puerto Suarez and Curumbd, which
see.)
The climate of Paraguay is dry and warm,
the hot months being December, January, and
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February, the cold months embracing May to
September, when it rains but never snows. The
country is sometimes called the Sanitarium of
the River Plate, and people from the south re-
sort there for health and recreation.
ASUNCI6N, capital. Population, 52,000. 1000 miles north
of Buenos Aires, four to five days by steamer.
Lies on east bank of River Paraguay. Has good wharves and
there are large harbor works under construction. River traffic
is heavy and at times forty vessels flying the flags of all nations
(except those of the United States) are anchored here. Fine
steamers, electric lighted and with all modern conveniences, ply
between here and Buenos Aires and Montevideo daily. Most
imposing building is the Arsenal in which Lopez once em-
ployed over three hundred men, and which turned out small
steamers, cannon, bells, stoves, etc. There is a cathedral, a
university, and a public library. A theater modeled after La
Scala in Milan is still unfinished since Lopez's time. The
mausoleum of the Lopez family is also worth visiting. The
streets are broad and straight, many electric lighted, and plans
are under way to change the two street-car lines into trolleys.
Several pretty suburbs (tram connection) and attractive villas
are near by, as well as the Agricultural School and Model
Farm. Eighteen miles up the river, on the opposite or Chaco
shore, is Villa Hayes.
VILLA HAYES. Population, 1000. Founded originally as
Villa Occidental by the Jesuits in the
eighteenth century, has a mixed population of Swiss, French,
Italians, Germans, and Spanish, engaged in agriculture and
stock raising.
, VILLA RICA. Population, 30,000. 90 miles (by rail) east
from Asuncion. Center of agricultural dis-
trict, pretty town with many German colonists engaged in
cultivation of tobacco, cotton, and oranges.
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ENCARNACI6N. Population, 8000. 70 miles by road from
Villa Rica. Founded in 1614, but really
a new town, brought into activity by river traffic and its pro-
jected terminus of the Paraguayan Central Railway. Lies
opposite Posadas on the River Parana. When this railway
is finished, no time will be lost in connecting Posadas with
Buenos Aires, thus giving through rail transportation with the
greater part of the River Plate basin.
CONCEPCI6N. Population, 25,000. 135 miles above
Asuncion, on the river. Founded in 1773.
Second city in importance in the republic. Port of entry and
delivery. Headquarters of English missionary society active in
Chaco opposite.
109
PERU
Area, 695,700 square miles. Size of Texas, New Mexico,
Arizona, Nevada, and Utah. Population, 4,500,000 ; 6 per
square mile. Railway mileage, 1500.
The history of the Inca civilization of Peru
was five centuries old when Pizarro appeared
(1531), and had it not been for dynastic dis-
sensions among the Incas he would probably
not have found conquest so easy. The lowborn
swineherd was unable, in spite of his genius for
leadership, to appreciate the remarkable evi-
dences of a civilization differing from that of
Europe, and by treachery, violence, and cruelty
overcame the inhabitants and took possession of
the government, but not until some fifteen years
after his death was the country " pacified."
The Spanish colonial viceroys had for their ob-
ject the exploitation of the wealth of this region
for the benefit of the Spanish crown, irrespec-
tive of any benefit to posterity or humanity.
The inhabitants, which must have numbered five
or six million at the time of discovery, were
reduced to about six hundred thousand in
1796. These, with the descendants of Spaniards
and the mixed races, all despised by the official
class, succeeded in throwing off the yoke of
Spain in 1821, and the battle of Ayacucho in
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1824 put an end to the Spanish dominion, not
only in Peru but in all of South America. Since
the achievement of independence Peru has had
eight constitutions and many civil as well as
international wars, but seems now to have en-
tered upon an era of peace and development.
The republic is divided into 22 departments of
which 10 are on the seacoast. The configura-
tion of the country is much like that of the
other Andean republics, consisting of a coast
zone varying in width from 20 to 80 miles, an
inter-Andine or sierra region, approximately
300 miles wide, and the montana or eastern
slope, covered with forests running to the boun-
daries of Brazil and Bolivia. The coast zone,
although mainly of a desert character, is the
most developed, not only in commerce on ac-
count of its ports, but also in agriculture and
in industries established in the valleys of the
rivers descending from the Andes, in which by
means of irrigation the Inca people had brought
the land to a state of productiveness comparable
to that of the Vega of Granada. The mountain
region is, of course, the mining region. The
very name of Peru is synonymous with gold,
and the " ransom of the Inca " has become as
proverbial as the " wealth of Ormus and of
Ind." Besides her minerals Peru has wonderful
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riches in rubber, guano, alpaca wool, cotton,
and petroleum, the last having been noticed as
far back as 1691 by vessels passing the north-
ern extremity of the coast, but only lately ex-
ploited, and now in the hands of a London com-
pany. The eastern or forest region and river
valleys are as yet but little known. Experi-
ments in wireless telegraphy over this vast arid
densely wooded section are being carried on by
a German company. Electric power is gen-
erated from many of the Andine torrents and
is much in use. Telephones, long-distance as
well as local, are generally installed.
The first railroad was begun in 1851, and
was later carried through by the American en-
gineer Henry Meiggs, who, besides building
several other roads, gave much attention to the
improvement and sanitation of the capital, and
became to Peru what Wheelwright was to Chile.
The railroads with few exceptions are the prop-
erty of the government, although operated by
English companies. Most of them have termi-
nals on the coast, but there is a trunk line from
north to south on the highlands, partly com-
pleted, which will form a link in the Pan-
American system.
The winter months, June to November, on
the coast, are often marked by drizzling rains,
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but there are no virulent fevers as on the humid
eastern slope. All the climates of the world may
be found among the Andes, depending on alti-
tude, but heavy rains are frequent from May
to October, while the dry season corresponds
to our winter months. The best time, therefore,
to visit Peru, is from October to May.
LIMA, capital. Population, 140,000. Altitude, 499 feet.
Pizarro founded the town in 1535, and made it the
capital instead of Cuzco. On the same day he laid the founda-
tions of the cathedral within which his body is now entombed.
The University of San Marcos was founded in 1551, and claims
to be the oldest in America. It was reorganized in 1861, and
the courses are now free. Well worth visiting are Exposition
Park, said to be the most beautiful in South America, and
other fine avenues and promenades adorned with statues to
Columbus, Bolivar, to the Second of May (a national holiday),
Bolognesi, and San Martin. There are numerous handsome
public buildings, and it preserves the air of the old vice-regal
days better than any other city in South America. The climate
is deliciously temperate. The city is situated on a fertile plain
intersected by the River Rimac, which, rising at an altitude of
17,000 feet, reaches the sea after a short course of only 80
miles. There are many pleasant suburbs and seaside resorts
within easy reach, and it is rapidly becoming a modern capital,
and merits its name of the Pearl of the Pacific. It is connected
by steam and trolley lines and a fine wagon road of ten miles
with Callao.
CALLAO. Population, 32,000. 1337 miles from Panama.
At the mouth of the River Rimac, with fine
system of government and floating iron dock, custom house and
other good public buildings. Ships of all nations from English
to Chinese (except American) in port. Many business men pre-
fer to live at Lima, ten miles inland, on the Oroya Railway,
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GUIDE TO LATIN AMERICA
which having its terminus at Callao ascends to the mining town
of Oroya, 138 miles, at an altitude of 12,179 feet. This is one
of the engineering marvels of the world. Oroya is the junction
on the trunk line ; from here a railway runs northward through
a mining region, 87 miles, to Cerro de Pasco, 14,200 feet.
TUMBEZ. Population, 1000. 900 miles from Panama.
100 miles south of Guayaquil. On the Bay of
Guayaquil, just across the boundary from Ecuador. Here
Pizarro landed and began the conquest of Peru. It is a small
port of the second class with custom house, and growing in im-
portance, largely on account of its proximity to the petroleum
fields. Tumbez lies in a green oasis ; from here southward
the coast is generally barren and gray.
PAITA. Population, 6000. 849 miles from Panama. Fine
harbor and good wharves but landing made by row
boats. Chief industries, potteries and straw (Panama) hats.
Market for petroleum and cotton from the interior. Barren
environs, never rains. Railroad to Piura, 60 miles (15,000
population). From here a railway will ultimately be finished
across the Andes to the Maranon River, whence fluvial naviga-
tion will connect the Pacific with Iquitos on the Amazon.
ETEN is a port of the first class, but disembarkation
is accomplished by crane and basket. Is a few
miles from the town of Chiclayo, center of sugar and rice indus-
try. Depot for guano from Lobos Islands. (Railroad.)
PACASMAYO. Population, 3500. 1031 miles from Pan-
ama. First-class port, and the beginning of
the old Amazon trail across the mountains. Landing by
native row boats; good jetty. Large shipments of sugar and
oranges.
SALAVERRY. Population, 1000. 1130 miles from Pan-
ama. Fourth port of Peru in point of trade.
Railroad to Trujillo (ten miles), which has a university and
remains of the old civilization. A pretty town.
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PISCO. Population, 2000. 1149 miles from Panama. The
first port of importance south of Callao. Bay
sheltered by islands. Town lies a mile from beach with which
it is connected by mule tram. Railroad to lea (40 miles), in a
region celebrated for its wine and brandy, and variety of fruits,
especially watermelons.
MOLLENDO. Population, 6000. 1771 miles from Pan-
ama. One of the worst harbors on the
Pacific, but of importance as being the terminus of the railways
of southern Peru, the port of entry for Bolivia. It is also near
to the nitrate fields. Harbor improvements under way. The
railroad runs from here to Puno on Lake Titicaca, the entire
distance being 330 miles, and the trip takes three days, be-
cause no trains are run at night.
AREQUIPA. Population, 35,000. Altitude, 7560 feet. Sta-
tion 106 miles from Mollendo. Chief city of
southern Peru, founded by Pizarro in 1540. Has a university
and schools of arts and agriculture. Lies at foot of Mount
Misti (20,013 feet), on which is the Harvard Astronomical
Observatory. Extensive trade in wool in alpaca and sheep,
and in vicuna skins.
PUNO. Population, 5000. Altitude, 12,540 feet. On Lake
Titicaca, terminus of railroad from Mollendo,
custom house and port of transshipment for Bolivia (which
see).
JULIACA. Altitude, 12,523 feet. Station on Mollendo rail-
way for branch line to Sicuani, 125 miles, whence
by a new line, just completed with the rails, to Cuzco.
CUZCO. Population, 26,000. Altitude, 11,079 feet. Sa-
cred, historic Inca capital, seized by Pizarro, 1534.
Interesting Inca remains, and old university, one of the four
of Peru. The railroad is to be extended 150 miles to the
northwest, to meet the line from Cerro de Pasco, Huancayo, via
famous battle-field of Ayacucho.
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IQUITOS. Population, 20,000. 1265 miles from Lima;
1300 miles from Manaos ; 5750 miles from New
York. Founded by Peruvian government in 1858 as strategic
outpost. Is now the third port of Peru in foreign commerce,
and center of the rubber trade. All the product goes via the
Amazon to the Atlantic. The possession of this port gives
Peru the unique advantage of having an outlet to both east and
west coasts of South America. Steamers ascend the Maranon
from Iquitos 425 miles, thus coming within 400 miles of the
Bay of Paita (which see).
116
URUGUAY
Area, 72,210 square miles. Size of New England, plus part
of New Jersey. Population, 1,112,000; 14 per square mile.
Railway mileage, 1450.
The first explorers. Soils, Magellan, and
Cabot, made fruitless attempts to found settle-
ments east of the Uruguay River, the natives
of this region offering a more determined resist-
ance to the invaders than those in other parts
of the River Plate basin. Not until 1624 was
permanent foothold gained at Soriano on the
banks of the Rio Negro, but even this was dis-
puted and menaced by the Portuguese, who
finally established a rival settlement at Colonia
in 1680 and drove a thriving trade with Buenos
Aires. They were ousted, however, in 1724,
following which Montevideo was founded, but
the Portuguese never relinquished their claim
to the country, and when the empire was pro-
claimed in Brazil Uruguay was compelled to
become its southernmost province. This being
disputed by Argentina, England was asked to
mediate in 1828, and the result was the creation
of the oriental republic of Uruguay, sometimes
called the Banda Oriental. Internal dissensions
followed, and these, with war of the triple alli-
ance against Paraguay (1865—1870), kept the
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GUIDE TO LATIN AMERICA
country in a state of disturbance until within
recent years. The old factional bitterness be-
tween Blancos and Colorados has, however,
much diminished of late, and the republic seems
to have entered upon the path of constitutional
and commercial progress.
It is divided into nineteen departments, within
which are but few large cities ; instead, there
are countless small towns and villages, many of
them of recent settlement, much like the prairie
towns of our middle Western States. With the
same pastoral and agricultural opportunities,
Uruguay has devoted the major part of the
land to cattle to the neglect of grain. It can-
not be said to be thickly settled though the land
is largely owned and divided into farms and
estates, some of great extent. The need of
labor is being supplied by recent immigration,
in which Italians lead, and there are several in-
dustrial colonies planted by the government
many years ago.
Lying within the temperate zone, with a well
watered territory, in which the elevations do
not rise above 2000 feet, with a coast line on
the Atlantic and River Plate of 350 miles, and
a river boundary on the Uruguay of 270 miles,
the republic is admirably situated and ripe for
great development. There are but few bays
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UNIVERSITY
or
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or harbors, that of Montevideo being the most
important, but the Uruguay River, which is
from five to six miles wide as far up as Fray
Bent os (The Liebig establishment), supports
much ocean-going traffic, and vessels of lighter
draught go 300 miles farther and for some
distance up the Rio Negro. The vegetation
ranges from the palm to the pine, although the
country has no dense forests. Flowers and
fruits are of the finest, while wheat, yerba, and
dairy products, cattle, jerked-beef, hides, and
seal-skins are among the abundant products of
the country.
The railroads are all built and owned by
English capital and radiate from Montevideo,
northeast to Minas, Trienta y Tres, with ulti-
mate destination, Lake Merim on the frontier
between Uruguay and Brazil ; northward to
Rivera, on the Brazilian frontier, and westward
to Colonia, Mercedes, and ports on the Uru-
guay River.
The climate of Uruguay is mild and healthful ;
on the uplands frosts and sometimes snow occur
in July and August ; on the lowlands it may
be very hot in February. There is sufficient
rain in all seasons, but more in May and Oc-
tober. Consequently, the best time to visit Uru-
guay — although it is pleasant at all seasons
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GUIDE TO LATIN AMERICA
— is during our winter months, from October
to June.
MONTEVIDEO, capital. Population, 350,000. 5768 miles
from New York. Best harbor on the
River Plate, which at this point is about fifty miles wide. The
Bay of Montevideo is six miles wide, with the hill or Cerro
(Monte) on the west, which gives its name to the city. There
is an extensive system of moles and docks, but the harbor works
are not yet completed, and the port is inadequate to its com-
merce at present. The city is noted for salubrity and cleanli-
ness. It has all modern improvements, good hotels, handsome
public buildings, including cathedral and the great Solia
Theater. The people are hospitable and charming, and the
women are famous for their beauty. Excursion to Pocitos, a
delightful seaside resort, a few miles along the shore, now con-
nected by trolley with the city. Ramirez, a nearer and there-
fore more frequented bathing-place, has fine municipal baths
at a remarkably cheap rate.
From Montevideo across to Buenos Aires, 125 miles, fare
$6.00, gold, including a fine dinner, berth, and morning coffee,
is an easy night's run. The trip can be made by daylight, but
offers nothing of interest. The steamers of the Mihanovich
Line make the journey from 6 p. M. to 5 A. M., and offer a
comfort quite comparable to those on Chesapeake Bay.
MALDONADO. Population, 3000. 60 miles east of Monte-
video. Founded, 1763. Old tower on
Island of Gariti fortifying harbor. There is a naval station
and handsome church, second largest in the republic.
COLONIA. Population, 5000. 150 miles (by rail) west of
Montevideo; 30 miles to Buenos Aires.
Founded by the Portuguese in 1680. Has had a sanguinary
history. Old fortifications demolished in 1859. Large light-
house on the island of Faralon. Has growing commercial
importance, and modern harbor works under construction.
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MERCEDES. Population, 10,000. 30 miles from the Uru-
guay River up the Rio Negro. 188 miles
from Montevideo by rail. Picturesquely situated, has some
good buildings, considerable river traffic. Important position
on the Rio Negro, which is 350 miles long, and divides the
republic into two equal parts, navigable for 25 miles above the
town. Near by is the village of Soriano (population, 1000),
oldest settled place in Uruguay, founded, 1624.
FRAY BENTOS. Population, 10,000. 200 miles to Monte-
video. Sometimes called Independencia,
a well-built town, founded in 1859, its activity depending upon
its proximity to the Liebig Extract of Beef Company, founded
in 1861 by English and Belgian capital under the guidance of
the celebrated chemist, Baron von Liebig. Its development has
surpassed all early expectations and plans, and the present great
establishment has been called the World's Kitchen, and has
laboratories and stockyards furnished with the most scientific
and hygienic appliances. The whole neighborhood is a great
stock-raising country, but in addition it draws its material
from all Uruguay, much of Paraguay and Argentina, whose
port of Concepridn (which see) is nearly opposite on the Uru-
guay River. The company has here wharves of its own at
which it loads steamers direct for Europe. A projected line
will soon give direct rail connection with Montevideo.
PAYSANDU. Population, 15,000. 300 miles by rail north-
west of Montevideo, on the Uruguay River,
founded, 1782. Head of ocean-going navigation on the River
Uruguay. Third city of the republic ; harbor visited by foreign
vessels. There are four flourishing suburbs of industrial char-
acter. The city has all modern improvements.
SALTO. Population, 16,000. 375 miles from Montevideo
by rail. Head of coasting navigation on the River
Uruguay. Is the second city of the republic and lies opposite
the Argentine city of Concordia. Founded, 1852. Modern
city. From here, the railway from Montevideo, through the
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junction of Rio Negro (Paso de los Twos), follows the east
bank of the Uruguay to the frontier town of Santa Rosa where
the River Cuarem joins the Uruguay, thence to the Brazilian
city of Uruguayana. From here a railway is recently in oper-
ation eastward across the State of Rio Grande do Sul through
Santa Maria to Porto Allegre (which see).
Another way of reaching Uruguay from the north is to go
by coach from Bag6, Brazil (which see), — railway surveyed,
— two to three days to the northernmost town of Ribera.
RIBERA. Population, 4000. 355 miles from Montevideo.
Terminus of the Uruguay Central Railway, oppo-
site the Brazilian town of Santa Ana do Livramento. This is
one of the prettiest towns in the republic. A center of mining
interests, chiefly gold. (Cunapiru Company.) In this region the
Italian patriot Garibaldi gathered the experiences that led
later to his great triumphs in his native laud.
VENEZUELA
Area, 593,940 square miles. Twice the size of Texas, plus
Georgia. Population, 2,650,000 ; 4$ per square mile. Railway
mileage, 500 miles.
Columbus discovered the coast of Venezuela
on his third voyage in 1498. A settlement was
made in 1510 on the Island of Cubagua, but
Cumand, founded in 1520, is the oldest city in
Venezuela and the oldest continuous settlement
in the western hemisphere. The Spaniards
waged war with the savage aborigines (Caribs)
till 1567, when, on offering submission, most
of these were put to death. The Indians at
the present day comprise about ten per cent of
the population. Up to 1806 Venezuela was
loyal to the Spanish crown, when dissatisfaction
began openly to manifest itself and the republic
was declared July 5, 1811, followed by ten
years' war. Finally General Simon Bolivar, the
Liberator, met the Spanish army on the plains
of Carabobo June 25, 1821, and overwhelm-
ingly defeated it. The union of northern re-
publics was then formed, which lasted until
Bolivar's death in 1830.
Venezuela as now constituted is divided into
thirteen states and five territories, and a federal
district of five departments: Libertador, con-
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taining the capital, Vargas, Sucre, Guaicai-
puro, and the Island of Margarita.
The republic lies wholly within the tropical
zone, has a coast line of 1390 miles and more
than a thousand rivers, the Orinoco having the
third largest stream and basin in South Amer-
ica. It rises at an altitude of 4500 feet and
spreads over an immense territory, some of its
tributaries uniting with those of the Amazon
to form a continuous network and navigable
waterway to the sea. Add to these 204 small
lakes besides the larger lakes, Maracaibo and
Valencia, and a well-watered and luxuriant land
presents itself to the imagination, backed by an
Andine wall on the west from 10,000 to 15,000
feet high. Among these heights are the cold
temperatures, with scant vegetation, descending
to the well-wooded, milder table-lands or mesas,
upon which rests the prosperity of the country
in health, energy, and productiveness. The hot
lands, but little above the level of the sea, and
amid the morasses of the river deltas, try the
constitution and the soul of man, though well
adapted to cattle.
The immense watershed of the Orinoco with
its numerous navigable affluents affords ample
means of communication in the southern and
eastern part of Venezuela. Railroad lines are
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therefore located between ports of the northern
coast and a few towns in the central highlands.
Travel is chiefly along the coast, but the great
interior valley at the head of which lies Caracas,
is relatively well supplied with railroads.
The rainy season is from April to October,
during which the coast and the lowlands should
be avoided ; but in the elevated valleys, where
the greater proportion of the population dwells,
the climate is healthful and agreeable all the
year round.
CARACAS, capital. Population, 73,000. Altitude, 3018 feet.
Founded by the Spaniards in 1567, sacked by
the English in 1580, and partially destroyed by the terrible
earthquake in 1812. Rebuilt with streets at right angles, well
paved and lighted, and numbered much like those of Washing-
ton, D. C. There are broad and shaded aveunes, squares with
handsome statues, most prominent among which are those of
Bolivar and Washington. The public buildings are costly, in-
cluding the cathedral, Pantepn, University, and two theaters, as
well as elegant private residences. Excellent water supply,
electric lights and trolleys, telephones, and facilities for a large
commerce. Visit Calvario (IndependenciaPark), Vargas Hos-
pital and grounds, Paraiso, a residential suburb on the banks
of the Guaire River, and make excursions to El Encanto
and Encantado, where are interesting grottoes. Railroad 22
miles to La Guayra.
LA GUAYRA. Population, 14,000. 1845 miles from New
York. Backed by lofty mountains is one
of the most picturesque ports in the world. Breakwater, cost-
ing $5,000,000, has assured a safe and commodious harbor,
and the foreign as well as the coasting trade is very consider-
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GUIDE TO LATIN AMERICA
able. There is an interesting fort above the city. The town is
worth studying for the day, but the traveller will do well to pass
on to the capital, or to Macuto.
MACUTO, a bathing resort three miles to the east, to which a
steam tram occasionally runs. Here is an at-
tractive hotel and fine salt-water baths, much frequented by
the aristocracy of the capital, and well worth visiting. Here
Amias Preston, an English filibuster, with four hundred men
landed in 1580, scaled the precipitous mountains, sacked Car-
acas, and returned safely to their ships. The adventurous
traveller is advised to make this climb if he has good wind, as
it affords some of the most magnificent mountain and sea views
in all South America.
The scenic railroad route commended to trav-
ellers is as follows : from La Guayra to Caracas,
thence by the German (Gran Venezuela) Rail-
way through Valencia, thence to Puerto Cabello.
This trip is part of the winter excursions of-
fered by several steamship lines in the cruise of
the West Indies and Caribbean. The most in-
teresting places are:
LA VICTORIA. Population, 8000. 37 miles from Caracas.
A pretty, clean, and healthful city. Five
miles beyond which is the village of San Mateo.
SAN MATEO, celebrated for its heroic defence during the
war for independence. Near by, reached
either on foot from the railway station or by carriage from La
Victoria, is the hill on which lie the ruins of the estate (ingenio)
of Bolivar. This is worth visiting as the view up and down the
Valley of the Aragua is one of the most fascinatmg in the coun-
GUIDE TO LATIN AMERICA
try; its historical associations are also to be noted. (Bolivar,
see Bibliography.)
VALENCIA. Population, 40,000. 137 miles from Caracas;
34 miles from Puerto Cabello. One of the
most important centers of the republic, surrounded by fine
plantations, and not far from the battle-field of Carabobo,
near the shore of Lake Valencia, a beautiful bit of water on
which there is steamer traffic. The town has manufactures,
street-car service, a theater, etc.
PUERTO CABELLO. Population, 14,000. 1910 miles
from New York ; 65 miles by sea
from La Guayra. Has handsome buildings including the finest
custom house in Venezuela, and old fortifications. Is well
lighted and supplied with good water. Harbor naturally safe
and secure — modern docks — so that ships are proverbially
anchored by hairs (cabellos).
MARACAIBO. Population, 50,000. 2195 miles from New
York. On western shore of Lake Mara-
caibo from which there are four channels to the sea. At the
time of the discovery the aborigines were living in huts on
piles over the water, and the Spaniards called the place Little
Venice, hence, Venezuela. The harbor is extensive and safe
and ships the product of the neighboring districts as well as
part of Colombia. The lake has a brisk interior navigation, and
at its head are terminals of railways leading into the State of
Tachira and another into the State of Trujillo. Maracaibo
has a university and ship-building yards; it has modern im-
provements and is one of the most progressive cities in the
republic. Business men use the route through Maracaibo to
the town of Cucuta in Colombia. Some of the best known
asphalt deposits are near Maracaibo.
CIUDAD BOLIVAR. Population, 12,000. 600 miles from
the mouth of the Orinoco. 2500
miles from New York. Founded, 1764, as Angostura or the
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GUIDE TO LATIN AMERICA
Narrows, from that feature of the river. In 1846 was renamed
in honor of the patriot general. Has a cathedral, theater,
beautiful park, and various manufactures. Reached from
Trinidad.
CUMANA. Population, 1000. 2040 miles from New York.
Founded, 1520; 100 years before Plymouth,
87 before Jamestown, and 45 years before St. Augustine.
At the mouth of the Manzanares River, the finest along this
coast. Well known asphalt deposits of the republic are in this
neighborhood. Opposite here, 24 miles across the channel, is
MARGARITA ISLAND. Population, 20,000, the chief
settlement on which is Asund6n
(1524). The people are engaged in fishing, pearl diving, hat
and hammock weaving, and needle work. The soil is arid,
fresh water scarce, climate dry and healthful.
CARUPANO. Population, 12,000. 2000 miles from New
York. Important port visited by steamers
from Europe and the United States. Ships cacao and mineral
products.
BARCELONA. Population, 13,000. 1985 miles from New
York. The port, called Guanta, has a fine
harbor where vessels lie at the wharves ; improvements in the
docks and city are under way, and railroad is constructed to
the coal fields, twelve miles in the interior.
There are three important asphalt deposits in Venezuela:
Pedernales Island off the Gulf of Paria, Cumand, and
Maracaibo.
128
CUBA
Area, 44,000 square miles. Size of Pennsylvania. Popula-
tion, 2,056,000 ; 46 per square mile. Railway mileage, 2330.
" The Pearl of the Antilles," discovered by
Columbus, was first colonized by his son Diego,
who founded the towns of Baracoa (1512),
Santiago and Havana (1515). Search for
gold having proved disappointing, the colonists
turned their attention to the cultivation of the
indigenous tobacco, and of sugar-cane imported
from the Canary Islands. Having exterminated
the natives, they imported negroes. Cuba's
golden age was in the years between 1763
(when, after the English capture of Havana,
the island was restored to the Spanish) and
1834. The rich soil yielded full harvests of
tropical products, the island became a center
of ship-building, and vessels laden with valuable
cargoes sailed from every port. On the down-
fall of Napoleon, when the Spanish dynasty was
restored to its throne, a series of rapacious gov-
ernors were sent to Cuba armed with despotic
authority and privileges. Then began an era
of oppression and injustice seldom paralleled in
history, which led to resentment and revolt cul-
minating in the war of 1898, too well known to
need further comment. Since independence the
GUIDE TO LATIN AMERICA
growth of Cuban commerce shows clearly the
revival of economic life and prosperity. A
greater variety of products as well as a develop-
ment of communication and shipping facilities
and the introduction of foreign capital is in-
creasing the wealth of the island republic.
The island is 730 miles long, 90 miles wide at
the eastern end, and not more than 20 in the
west. The coast line measures about 2000
miles, dotted with more than 1300 coral or
mangrove islands, which are obstacles to navi-
gation, yet the ports are numerous and excel-
lent. The eastern end is mountainous (the Pico
del Turquino rising abruptly from the sea to
a height of 8600 feet), and is rich in minerals
but little exploited. The middle portion con-
sists of broad, undulating, w£ll-watered plains,
while the western section becomes hilly again
and has altitudes of 2000 feet.
The tropical conditions of Cuba are modified
by its insular situation ; there is ample rain-
fall, considerable humidity, continuous trade
winds. The wet season is from May to Octo-
ber, when showers occur daily from 10 A. M.
to sunset, but the nights are clear; August is
the hottest month. The winter is mild, clear,
and equable; January is the coldest month.
The mean temperatures are from 71° F. to
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GUIDE TO LATIN AMERICA
82° F. with a maximum of 100° F. and a mini-
mum of 50° F.
Cuba is divided into six provinces, the west-
ernmost, Pinar del Rio, producing the famous
tobacco ; Havana and Matanzas raising the
most sugar; Santa Clara sugar, tobacco, and
coffee ; Puerto Principe cattle and truck gar-
dening, and Santiago coffee and minerals.
There are nine chief ports on the north coast
and six on the south, and but few towns of any
size in the interior. Cuba is so well advertised
and supplied with guides that more detailed in-
formation is unnecessary here, but some men-
tion of the railroad systems is as follows:
(1) United Railways from Havana through Matanzas to
Santa Clara, 184 miles, with branches to Cardenas and Sagua
on the north, to Batabano and Cienfuegos on the south. (Other
minor branches.)
(2) The Cuba Railroad, connecting at Santa Clara with the
United Railways, runs east to Santiago, 360 miles. Through
trains leave Havana every night, reaching Santiago the follow-
ing evening ; leave Santiago every morning to arrive at Havana
the following morning. Observation cars are attached to day
trains. This has a branch to AntUla, a new port on the north,
founded by Sir William Van Horn.
(3) The Western Railway, from Havana to Pinar del Rio,
109 miles through the tobacco district of Vuelta Abajo. The
Cuban Agricultural Experiment station is twelve miles from
Havana.
HAVANA, capital. Population, 236,000. 1226 miles from
New York ; 96 miles from Key West. The first
capital of Cuba was Baracoa (1512), the second Santiago
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GUIDE TO LATIN AMERICA
(1518). In 1582 the seat of government was transferred to
Havana on which was later bestowed the title of " Key of the
New World," and " Bulwark of the West Indies." At the en-
trance to the harbor are the Morro castle (Morro in Spanish
means snout) and Cabanas Fortress, with La Punta Barracks
and the Malecon Promenade on the opposite shore. Wreck of
the II . S. S. " Maine ;J prominent in the harbor. On all sides
busy wharves, docks, customs and storage houses, upon slightly
rising ground which, illuminated at night, looks like the circle
of an amphitheater. Visit the cathedral (from which the bones
of Columbus were removed to Spain after the war of 1898) ;
the governor's palace on the Plaza de Armas ; the shopping
streets, Obispo and O'Reilly ; market ; parks and promenades,
and the suburbs of Vedado, Jesus del Monte, and Marianao,
where General Fitzhugh Lee resided, with bathing beach and
yacht club; and the Toledo sugar plantation. Regla is the
railroad terminal and shipping point across the harbor. Ha-
vana is to-day one of the cleanest cities in the world, having
excellent water supply and all electric improvements, a uni-
versity and modern school system, fine hotels, and is unsur-
passed as a winter resort.
MATANZAS. Population, 40,000. 54 miles from Havana
by rail. Harbor on a bay five miles long, pro-
tected by a coral reef. Town is on a hill-slope crowned by the
church of Monserrate and is intersected by two rivers, the
Yumuri and the San Juan. Central Plaza (music twice a week)
surrounded by principal buildings. Beautiful villas and resi-
dences in suburbs of Versalles and Pueblo Nuevo. Excursions
to caves of Bellamar (admission, one dollar), and to the Valley
of Yumuri. Try a volante (Cuban carriage).
CARDENAS. Population, 25,000. 30 miles east of Matan-
zas. Founded, 1839. Many American settlers.
Asphalt deposits and sugar plantations.
NUEVITAS. Population, 12,000. Picturesque harbor, and
growing trade with the United States. Port
for interior town of Camaguey.
GUIDE TO LATIN AMERICA
CAMAGUEY, also called Puerto Principe. Population,
60,000. 343 miles from Havana by rail.
Camaguey is the capital of the province of the same name,
founded, 1515 ; it was removed inland for fear of pirates. The
short railroad from Nuevitas is the oldest in Cuba. Town is
ancient and quaint in appearance, but has been transformed
into a winter resort by Sir William Van Horn who has con-
verted the old cavalry barracks into the finest hotel on the
island. Center of cattle-raising district.
SANTIAGO. Population, 45,000. 540 miles from Havana
by rail. Reached also by steamers from Ha-
vana, Batabano, and Cienfuegos, as well as from New York
and New Orleans. Morro castle at entrance to harbor where it
is only 180 feet wide ; here Hobson sank the " Merrimac."
Inner bay six miles long and three miles wide. Town built on
steep hillsides. Coloring in architecture and in nature bril-
liant and unusual. See central plaza surrounded by principal
buildings, cathedral, Filarmoma Theater, shopping streets,
Marina and St. Tomas; outside the town, Santiago school
(built by General Wood and Mr. H. L. Higginson). San Juan
Hill, the surrender tree, El Caney, etc. Iron and copper region.
CIENFUEGOS. Population, 30,000. 195 miles from Havana
by rail. Six miles from the sea on a roomy
harbor. Founded, 1819, by a Louisiana planter, is modern in
character and one of the most enterprising towns in Cuba.
Near by are the Terry and other sugar plantations. The Cuban
Central Railway serves the whole of Santa Clara Province
across to Sagua on the north coast, and at Cienfuegos has the
finest pier on the island where ships of ocean draught lie at
the wharves.
BATABANO. Population, 7000. On south coast, 25 miles
from Havana. (Sometimes called Surgidero.)
Terminus of railway from Havana, and starting point of
steamers for Isle of Pines (twice a week), and of a coasting-
line for Santiago. Sponge fishing one of chief industries.
133
GUIDE TO LATIN AMERICA
ISLE OF PINES.
Area, 1214 square miles. Population, 3500. 600 miles
to Mobile.
Situated 38 miles south of the coast of Cuba
with which it is connected by cable and boats.
Principal towns are Nueva Gerona and Santa Fe
in the northern part which is hilly and health-
ful ; the southern part of the island is lower and
swampy. The climate is delightful. There are
many American settlers and the hope has been
entertained that the island would be declared
a United States possession, but all claim thereto
has been relinquished to Cuba by a late treaty.
It will become in time, however, a thoroughly
populous and popular American settlement. It
has direct steamer communication with Mobile,
Alabama.
134
ISLAND OF SANTO DOMINGO
This was the Hispaniola of Columbus, the
first vision of hope fulfilled after the perilous
voyage over unknown seas, though it did not
prove to be the India of his quest. It was the
first land in the new world to be colonized, the
worst governed, the most troublous, and the ear-
liest lost to Spain. It was invaded on the west
by the French about 1530, and that part was
ceded by Spain to France in 1697. The east-
ern part was ceded to France in 1785. The
boundary between what are now the two in-
dependent governments — the Dominican Re-
public and Haiti — runs in a zigzag line from
the Bay of Mancenillo on the north to Cape
Rojo on the south, following a line of moun-
tains with eight or more high peaks like sentry
towers. The island is a huge mountainous
mass, much of it inaccessible and little of it
well explored. The highest peak is Loma Tina
(9420 feet), northwest of the city of Santo Do-
mingo. The two divisions are notably different
in vegetation and climate, owing to varying
winds and rainfall, but both are well-watered
by numerous streams. The heat at Port au
Prince is probably greater than at any other
place in the West Indies, especially from April
135
GUIDE TO LATIN AMERICA
to October, the rainy season. There are some
places on the island where it never rains at all.
It is about 400 miles across the island from
east to west, and 160 from north to south.
The east coast is indented by the great Bay
of Samand, which, during the administration
of General Grant, was under consideration for
purchase by the United States, and the west
coast by the Gulf of Gonawe, in which lies the
island of that name, 44 miles long.
136
THE DOMINICAN REPUBLIC
Area, 18,045 square miles. About the size of New Hamp-
shire and Vermont. Population, 610,000; 38 per square mile.
Railway mileage, 150.
This part of the island, after having been
ceded by Spain to France in 1785, returned to
Spanish control from the downfall of Napoleon
to 1822, when it united with Haiti. Owing to
Haitian aggressions, however, it asserted inde-
pendence in 1843 to 1861, when for a second
time it claimed Spanish protection. Since 1865
it has been an independent republic. In 1907
a convention was signed between the United
States and the Dominican Republic for the pur-
pose of securing peace and development to the
latter by intrusting the administration of cus-
toms to United States officials, thus cutting off
pecuniary inducements to revolution, and the
contracting of unnecessary debts with foreign
nations. The revenue is devoted to public works,
such as improvement of ports, construction of
railroads, building of bridges, irrigation plants,
sanitation of cities, etc. Travel and transpor-
tation are at present by mule over difficult
roads ; except for some private tracks, there
are but two railways, though others are build-
ing or projected.
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GUIDE TO LATIN AMERICA
The laws are very liberal to foreigners ;
American capital to a considerable amount is
already invested and great interest is aroused
in that direction. In the southwest and the in-
terior the rainy season is from April to No-
vember, while in the extreme east it begins and
ends a month later. It is hot and humid on the
low lands, but among the mountains cold enough
for frost. The republic is divided into twelve
governmental departments, the interior ones
being almost uninhabited.
SANTO DOMINGO, capital. Population, 20,000. 1535
miles from New York. Founded,
1496, as Isabela, by the brother of Columbus. The inner walled
city covers about 200 acres, but the newer town is spreading
beyond. Its cathedral was founded in 1514 ; within it is a fine
modern monument commemorating the sepulchre of Columbus.
Until the cession of this part of the island to the French in 1785
the bones of the discoverer rested here, but were then removed
by the Spaniards to Havana. Since that time other remains have
been discovered in this cathedral, which it is claimed with con-
siderable show of justice are those of the great Admiral. There
is a handsome bronze statue of Columbus in this city, a new
congressional palace, and other improvements. The port has
no superior for safe and commodious anchorage, although a
bar obstructs the entrance.
The republic has six open ports besides the capital. Azua,
the most important on the south, 83 miles west of San Domingo ;
rains scarce but wells and streams abundant. Barahona, 150
miles west of the capital, coffee the best on the island ; fine
cabinet and dye-woods. Samand City on the bay of the same
name, 75 miles north of the capital, and on the northwest sec-
tion of this bay.
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GUIDE TO LATIN AMERICA
SANCHEZ. Population, 3000. 1355 miles from New
York. Terminus of the railroad to La Vega
(82£ miles), with branch to San Francisco Macoris (9 miles).
PUERTO PLATA. Population, 17,500. 1255 miles from
New York. Good anchorage and ex-
tensive trade in tobacco. Railroad to Santiago de los Cabal-
leros, the most important interior town (42 miles), distant
from the capital 160 miles, which is to the southeast.
SANTIAGO is in the center of the finest agricultural region
of the republic. Population 12,000; altitude
2000 feet. It is one of the oldest cities of the new world ; it
has been attacked by French buccaneers, burned by fires,
shaken by earthquakes, and destroyed by revolutions. Its
plaza, in which a market is held, is surrounded by modern
buildings. Large tobacco trade, mostly in hands of Germans.
139
HAITI
Area, 10,204 square miles. Size of Vermont. Population,
1,400,000 ; 137 per square mile. Railway mileage, 50.
The western portion of the island, while under
Spanish and French rule, was, of course, a white
colony, rapacious, rich, and luxurious, served
by an African slave population driven to work
but otherwise left to practice the primitive and
savage customs of their native land. Many of
these, with the mulattoes, who became in time
numerically important and were gifted with
superior intelligence, were carried by the French
commanders, d'Estaing and Rochambeau, to
serve in the American war of independence.
When fired by the news of the French revolu-
tion they spread a determination for freedom
throughout the island. The whole black popu-
lation responded and fought till all the whites
were murdered or driven from Haiti, and the
higher class mulattoes were sold as slaves to the
Spaniards of the eastern section of Santo Do-
mingo. Among these blacks, however, arose a
master spirit, Toussaint Louverture, who, but
for the treachery of France, might have sub-
dued the savagery of his people and brought
them forward on the road to civilization. He
was succeeded by Dessaline " The Emperor "
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GUIDE TO LATIN AMERICA
and by Christophe the tyrant who built the pal-
ace of Sans Souci. Independence of France was
proclaimed in 1804 and has not since been con-
tested, although not till 1862 did the United
States recognize it. Education has always been
generously encouraged, and many of the wealthy
send their children to France and speak excel-
lent French. Religious freedom has always been
guaranteed. The Roman Catholic Church, in
1869, undertook missions here and several Prot-
estant denominations have feeble settlements.
But the people are either devoted to Freema-
sonry or practice a secret " Voodooism," hard
to understand or influence.
Coffee is the measure of the prosperity of the
republic (mostly shipped to France and Bel-
gium). Logwood, mahogany, and sandalwood,
cotton and cacao are abundant, but native indo-
lence has delayed agricultural and commercial
possibilities. Negroes from the United States
have several times been invited to immigrate,
but the experiments have not been so successful
as have those from Jamaica. The present gov-
ernment, while showing tendencies toward a mili-
tary despotism, yet contains principles of a
liberal character ; the laws and forms of pro-
cedure are based on those of France. The re-
public is financially prosperous and has no quar-
141
GUIDE TO LATIN AMERICA
rels with foreign nations. It is divided into five
departments and has eleven ports of entry, vis-
ited by more lines of steamships than any other
island in the West Indies. Interior communica-
tion is difficult, though railroads and improved
post roads are projected. The country is moun-
tainous though not so high as to reach the frost
line.
The rainy season is from April to October,
but in the interior the rains run into the winter
months. Contrary to conditions in the Domini-
can Republic, there are many populous towns
in the interior; for example, Leogane (popula-
tion, 30,000), Mirebalis (25,000), Gros Morne
(22,000), etc.
PORT AU PRINCE, capital. Population, 60,000. 1367
miles from New York. At the head
(eastern end) of Gulf of GonaYye ; volume of business as great
at that of any port of its size in the world. Not attractive in
appearance; dilapidated wharves, ill-paved and unlighted
streets. National palace and most other structures of wood.
Fires frequent; earthquakes not unknown. Hottest place in
the West Indies, but not unhealthy; good water supply.
Pleasant resorts on the mountain side at elevations from
5000 to 6000 feet, as at the old French town of PeticmviUe
(15,000). Railroad from capital to Lake Assiel, 28 miles.
CAPE HAITIEN, or "The Cape." Population, 30,000.
1288 miles from New York. A pictur-
esque town on the northern coast, second in size in the re-
public. In French times called "Little Paris." Center of
prosperous district and increasing business interests. Heat
GUIDE TO LATIN AMERICA
modified by trade winds. Nine miles south into the interior
is the town Milot, in the vicinity of which are the imposing
ruins of the palace of Sans Souci, and citadel of La Ferriere,
built by Christophe at an elevation of 5000 feet, and destroyed
by an earthquake. Railroad to Grande Riviere, 15 miles.
PORT DE PAIX. Population, 10,000. Good harbor backed
by a rich country. He de la Tortue oppo-
site the fort, first point occupied by the French, 1530 ; famous
for its mahogany. Railroad from this port through the valley
of Trois-Rivieres to Gros Morne, thence through the great
central plain to the River Artibonite.
MOLE ST. NICHOLAS. Population, 12,000. Columbus
landed here but it was not
settled till 1764. In spite of its superb harbor, which has been
called the " Gibraltar of the new world," immense sums of
money have been spent on its forts and walls, although they
are now in ruins.
AUX CAYES. Population, 25,000. On the Caribbean side
of the lower arm surrounding the Gulf.
Once most populous and thriving town. Harbor improvements
under way.
JEREMIE. Population, 35,000. A little town inside the
Gulf, noted as the birthplace of Alexandre
Dumas the Elder. Exports excellent cacao.
143
THE WEST INDIES, THE GUIANAS,
AND BRITISH HONDURAS
The West Indies, now divided among various
dominant nations or exercising a degree of in-
dependence, have a claim to be considered under
the general title of Latin America, since they
were discovered by Columbus and his successors
and belonged collectively to the Spanish crown
for a hundred years or more. The first landfall
of Columbus was at Watling's Island in the
Bahamas, now belonging to Great Britain ; a
monument was raised there to commemorate the
fact during the Columbian year of 1892 when
everything connected with the great discov-
erer's first voyage was investigated, written up,
and photographed. The results are preserved
in the Columbus Memorial Library of the Inter-
national Bureau of the American Republics,
Washington. Historical facts relating to the
several islands or groups of islands will be
mentioned in the proper place, but informa-
tion is easily obtained, and the steamship com-
panies supply instructive folders describing
the islands and ports touched in their routes.
Winter is the best season to visit the so-called
American Mediterranean. In summer all have
144
GUIDE TO LATIN AMERICA
to bear the brunt of the cyclonic storms or
hurricanes.
The West Indies may be grouped as follows :
Greater Antilles: Cuba,
San Domingo: Dominican Republic and
Haiti,
Porto Rico,
Jamaica (see British possessions).
British :
Bermudas.
Lesser Antilles: Bahamas,
Caribbees : Leeward Islands and Windward
Islands,
Barbadoes,
Trinidad,
Tobago.
French :
Guadeloupe,
Martinique, etc.
Danish :
St. Thomas,
St. Croix,
St. John.
Dutch :
Cura9ao, etc.
Foreign possessions also are the Guianas and
British Honduras.
145
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PORTO RICO
Area, 3435 square miles. One-twelfth the size of Cuba.
Population, 1,025,000; 300 to the square mile. Railway
mileage, 200.
Fourth and least in size of the Greater Antil-
les, Puerto Rico was discovered in 14*93 and first
colonized by Ponce de Leon, 1509. It was a
crown colony of Spain and, under the modern
Spanish constitution, enjoyed equal rights with
the people of the peninsula. It was therefore
fairly loyal and contented until by the chance
of war it came into the possession of the United
States, 1898. It is a purely agricultural col-
ony, formerly devoted exclusively to coffee.
Americans have increased the sugar product by
developing the neglected lowlands and by mod-
ern methods ; corn also is now grown in suffi-
cient quantities for export, and rice, tobacco,
and fruits are increasing in production and
quality.
The interior is mountainous (highest peak,
3680 feet), well wooded and well watered, and
hardly a point on the island is thirty miles from
tide-water. There are few good harbors on its
coast line of 360 miles. The railroads will soon
encircle the island, and there are 511 miles of
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GUIDE TO LATIN AMERICA
first class macadam roads, two highways cross-
ing the highland from north to south. Nine
steamship lines visit Porto Rico from the United
States and Europe. The rainy season is from
April to November. The climate is warm, but
it is said to be more equable and healthful than
any other in the West Indies. The best time
to visit is from January to May.
SAN JUAN, capital. Population, 35,000. 1428 miles from
New York. Old town on an island connected
with the mainland by bridges. Has the usual Morro castle on
a rocky point toward the sea. Inner harbor a broad and beau-
tiful bay on which the United States government is expending
$750,000. Interesting fortifications, parade grounds, and
house of Ponce de Leon where his ashes are preserved. Streets
wider than in Havana and well shaded; plaza, cathedral,
university, modern graded schools, electricity, trolleys, etc.
Railway terminus.
PONCE. Population, 30,000. 1539 miles from New Orleans.
Situated on the south coast, 90 miles by fine Mili-
tary Road across the island from the capital. It lies two miles
from its port of Playa, which is spacious and deep, but not well
protected by nature. Fine residences and gardens and outlying
plantations.
MAYAGUEZ. Population, 20,000. 118 miles from San
Juan by rail. Third city in commercial im-
portance, lies on the west coast at the foot of a well cultivated
valley, connected by rail with other parts of the island and by
steamer with New York.
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GUIDE TO LATIN AMERICA
CULEBRA,
VIEQUES, also called Islas de Pasaje, small islands lying
thirteen miles east of Porto Rico. Culebra has
but a few hundred population ; it possesses a fine harbor, and
is a United States naval base. Vieques is larger and has a
population of 6000, devoted to sugar growing.
BRITISH POSSESSIONS
JAMAICA
Area, 4207 square miles. Half the size of New Jersey.
Population, 850,260.
Name derived from the Indian word Xaymaca
(X = sh), meaning island of fountains. Su-
perb Blue Mountain ridge of the eastern por-
tion, highest peak 7860 feet, declines toward
the plains around Kingston and the west. The
vegetation of the island is famous, as is also the
scenery. Discovered 1494, and captured by the
English fleet sent out by Cromwell in 1655, by
which time all the natives had disappeared ; the
Spaniards migrated to Cuba and English col-
onization began, since when it has remained
loyal to the British crown. These early colo-
nists took considerable interest in the buccaneer-
ing sports of the age, and Port Royal was the
headquarters of Morgan the Corsair, 1660.
Slavery was abolished in 1883, the owners being
liberally remunerated, but it resulted in the ruin
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GUIDE TO LATIN AMERICA
of the plantations, as the landlords became af-
flicted with absenteeism and the free negroes
abjured farm labor and segregated themselves
in small villages that are hardly more than
market places. Jamaica has passed through
the disasters resulting from dependence on a
single crop (sugar) and is now diversifying and
increasing her products. The sugar is now
chiefly made into the rum which makes Jamaica
famous. Fruits, especially oranges since the
great frost in Florida, 1895—1896, and bananas,
ginger, tobacco, and Peruvian bark are success-
ful. The island has fine roads and bridges, and
there is a railway eastward from Kingston to
Port Antonio, and westward to Montego. A
good steamer circumnavigates the island once
a week. Kingston is one of the centers for com-
munication with all ports of the West Indies and
the Caribbean Sea, and the traveller may change
here from New York or European steamers to
almost any of the local places he may wish to
visit.
KINGSTON, capital. Population, 50,000. 1475 miles from
New York. Hot and unattractive, faces an
extensive harbor to the south. Naval station of Port Royal,
most important British stronghold in West Indies except St.
Lucia. Destroyed by earthquake in 1863, as was Kingston
in 1907. City is clean and well lighted. Newcastle barracks
on eminence 1000 feet above, where are many English villas
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GUIDE TO LATIN AMERICA
and gardens and the residence of the governor. Westward,
15 miles, is Spanish Town, once the capital, with ornate public
buildings, and Mandeville, a beautiful mountain resort. Con-
stant Spring is also a favorite resort.
PORT ANTONIO, chief town on the north coast, harbor
with narrow entrance, beautiful vegeta-
tion on mountainside, a fine modern hotel and villas. Many
beautiful drives, one to Bath on east coast. Connected by rail
with Kingston and with New York direct.
Dependencies of Jamaica: Turk's Island, famous for its
salt, sponges, and pink pearls; Caicos Islands, turtles and sea-
birds' eggs ; and Caymans, dye-woods, phosphates, and fruits,
has a wonderful cave extending under the sea, but no good
harbors.
BERMUDAS
Area, 20 square miles. 667 miles from New York; 580
miles east of coast of North Carolina.
These islands were discovered in 1515 by Juan
Bermudez and rediscovered in 1609 by Sir
George Summers, whence they were sometimes
called the Summer Islands, but Ben Jonson
called them the Bermudas, and Shakespeare
" the still vexed Bermoothes." They were set-
tled by order of James I in 161£, and were made
a coaling and naval station in 1809. There are
360 islets, some so close as to be connected by
bridges. They are of coral formation, some
have elevations of £60 feet, covered with rich
150
GUIDE TO LATIN AMERICA
vegetation and much juniper used for lead pen-
cils. There is no fresh water but rain water,
yet the precipitation is sufficient for raising
early vegetables and Easter lilies for the New
York market. Four thousand acres out of
twelve thousand are cultivated. The climate
is mild and equable with a mean temperature
of 70° F. Capital, Hamilton (population,
£250), strong British garrison and important
naval base. Huge iron dry dock ; cable to
Halifax, Turk's, and Jamaica. A favorite
winter resort.
BAHAMAS
Seven hundred islands and innumerable rocky
islets, stretching between Florida and San
Domingo for 780 miles ; they are wind-blown
piles of sand and shell, the shallow waters
round about so beautiful with sea-growths as
to be called sea-gardens. Only 31 islands are
inhabited ; some were settled by Tories and
Royalists who fled from the mainland at the
time of the American Revolution. Waiting's
Island was Columbus9 first landfall; Andros,
Great Abaco, and Harbor Islands, are the most
thickly populated, but the seat of government
is at
151
GUIDE TO LATIN AMERICA
NASSAU, New Providence Island. Population, 12,500. 940
miles from New York. Reached also in winter by
boats from Miami, Florida (185 miles). Favorite winter resort
for English and Americans ; clean, attractive, with good hotels.
Pleasant sports of all kinds. Cable communications with
Florida, Bermudas, and Halifax.
CARIBBEES
Windward and Leeward Islands. These form
a continuous group stretching in a semi-circle
from the eastern end of Porto Rico to Trini-
dad. Those nearest to Porto Rico were sighted
by Columbus in 1494, and the long procession
of white reefs suggested the legend of the eleven
thousand British maidens martyred with St.
Ursula at Cologne. Hence he named them the
Virgin Islands. They now belong to Great
Britain with the exception of three which will
be mentioned as Danish possessions. The next
group includes Antigua, St. Kitt's, Nevis (birth-
place of Alexander Hamilton), Barbuda, Mont-
serrat, and Dominica, followed by the French
group to be mentioned in due place. All these
are mountainous and exposed to the full fury of
cyclonic storms. These are known as the Lee-
ward Islands, and are divided into five presi-
dencies, the seat of government being at St.
John on the island of Antigua (population
152
GUIDE TO LATIN AMERICA
9262). Other towns in the Leewards are Ro-
seau, on Dominica, Basse Terre, on St. Kitt's,
and Charles town, on Nevis. Most of the islands
are connected by cable. The Windward Islands
comprise St. Lucia, St. Vincent, and Grenada.
St. Lucia (area 233 square miles, population
52,682), chief town Castries, largest British
coaling station in West Indies, and has a strong
citadel on a landlocked harbor. In these waters
the British fleet annihilated the French in 1782
and established British supremacy in the West
Indies. St. Lucia is 24* miles from Martinique
and 21 miles from St. Vincent, which has a pop-
ulation of 50,000, 95 per cent being colored.
There were formerly many Carib Indians who
became so troublesome that in 1796 they were
deported to the Bay Islands of Honduras. The
chief town is Kingston. Grenada consists of
hundreds of reefs, rocks, and islets, locally called
the Grenadines, extending from St. Vincent for
a distance of 60 miles. The largest island
(Grenada) is a mass of wooded cones support-
ing a lake 3200 feet above the sea. The chief
town, St. George, is the seat of government for
the Windward group, and has a common court
of appeals, but each island has its own institu-
tions and separate laws and tariff.
Barbados. — Area, 166 square miles ; popu-
153
GUIDE TO LATIN AMERICA
lation, 200,000; 1825 miles from New York.
One of the most densely peopled spots on
earth. The people are mostly negroes with
a large proportion of coolie (East Indian)
labor. Chief city and capital is Bridgetown,
a busy trading center. This is a port of
call for many transatlantic and South Ameri-
can vessels, and here the passenger can find
steamers cruising around the West India Islands
and to most ports in the Caribbean Sea. It
has a delicious climate, is a favorite resort for
North and South Americans, and is the only
place outside the United States ever visited by
George Washington.
Trinidad. — Area, 1754 square miles ; larger
than Rhode Island. Distance from New York,
1945 miles; population, 290,000; 85 miles of
railway. Lies immediately north of the mouth
of the Orinoco. The general surface is level or
undulating, though on the north coast there is
an elevation of 3100 feet. Columbus, who named
it from three peaks he noticed, Cortez, and Sir
Walter Raleigh, all visited the island. On the
southwest coast is the famous asphalt lake, 90
acres in extent, with the port of La Brea. Capi-
tal is Port of Spain on a fine harbor facing Vene-
zuela. The government house is surrounded by
the famous Botanic Gardens, situated six miles
154
GUIDE TO LATIN AMERICA
from the port with which it is connected by
street-cars, and at an altitude of 400 feet.
Tobago, properly Tabaco, twenty miles from
Trinidad, much resembles that and Barbados in
geological formation. It was politically united
to Trinidad in 1899. Said to be the island of
Robinson Crusoe. Chief town, Scarborough.
FRENCH POSSESSIONS
Guadeloupe and Martinique, with the lesser
islands of Deseada, Marie Galante, St. Bart's,
and half of St. Martin, occupy a commanding
and central position in the West Indies. The
decline in economic conditions, due to the aboli-
tion of slave labor, has not been entirely relieved
by the introduction of coolies, but the single
crop system is now augmented by tobacco and
fruits, and people look hopeful and thrifty.
Guadeloupe, with an area of 1160 square miles,
has a population of 190,000, and is rated as a
department of France, and has therefore a rep-
resentative in the French House of Deputies.
( This is the case also with Martinique, these two
forming the only portion of the foreign West
Indies not being governed as territorial pos-
sessions.) The capital is Pointe a Pitre on a fine
harbor. Martinique, area, 380 square miles,
155
GUIDE TO LATIN AMERICA
population, 203,780, is, like its neighbor, com-
pletely mountainous and volcanic, culminating
in Mont Pelee, of recent dreadful activity. The
vegetation is prodigious, the animal life vigor-
ous ; the only good harbor is at Fort de France,
which is a French garrison and naval station.
The Empress Josephine was born here. Visited
by French, British, and German steamship lines.
Interior connection over fine coach roads. The
other islands are dependencies ; St. Bart's was
acquired from Sweden in 1887. One half of St.
Martin's is Dutch.
DANISH POSSESSIONS
St. Thomas, formerly the commercial metrop-
olis of the West Indies, now ranks after Bar-
badoes and Trinidad. Its prosperity declined
after the abolition of slavery in 1848. St.
John's is within gunshot, and St. Croix is due
south (near Porto Rico), the largest island but
not the most important. The trade with Den-
mark is small, being mostly with the United
States, and English is the language spoken.
The seat of government is at Charlotte Amalia,
more commonly known as St. Thomas, built
upon hillsides with picturesque and many col-
ored architecture. The harbor is a circular
156
GUIDE TO LATIN AMERICA
basin with floating dock and coaling station,
visited by many lines of steamers.
DUTCH POSSESSIONS
Curasao. — Area, 210 square miles ; 1770
miles from New York, 50 miles from the coast
of Venezuela, although it is an all-night's run
to La Guayra. Population, 30,000. Some of
the inhabitants are farmers, but most of them
are engaged in commerce — not to say smug-
gling. This is a free port and is used as an ex-
change depot for all the West Indies. All lan-
guages spoken. The famous orange-peel liqueur
is not made here but in Holland, although it is
a favorite beverage in Curacao. The capital is
Willemstad, a charming old Dutch town on a
fine harbor, residence of the governor of the
Dutch West Indies possessions, which further
include the small islands of Saba, St. Eustache,
Oruba, Bonaire, and half of St. Martin's, 300
miles away.
THE GUIANAS
Guiana or Guayano is a name in various forms
found everywhere in the Orinoco and Amazon
157
GUIDE TO LATIN AMERICA
basins. This vast tract came to be called the
Island of Guiana, out of which the imagination
of Sir Walter Raleigh carved the Kingdom of
Guaya. At the breaking up of the Spanish
colonial dominions this tract was vaguely di-
vided between Brazil and Venezuela, but pirati-
cal expeditions by English, French, and Dutch
from Antillean harbors to the mainland resulted
in claims by their respective mother-countries
to the territories now known as British, Dutch,
and French Guiana. The boundaries are gradu-
ally becoming demarked, as that between the
British portion and Venezuela settled in 1899,
and between France and Brazil settled in 1900.
The whole region, however, is uniform in phys-
ical features, natural history, ethnography, and
climate.
British Guiana. — Area, 90,277 square miles ;
population, 295,000. Includes the settlements
of Demerara, Essequibo, and Berbice, named
from three rivers. There are over 100,000 East
Indian coolies and 4000 Chinese employed in
the production of sugar and in gold-mining.
There are 94 miles of railway and considerable
river and canal navigation. The capital is
Georgetown (population, 54,000), 2194 miles
from New York.
Dutch Guiana, or Surinam. — At the Peace
158
GUIDE TO LATIN AMERICA
of Breda, 1667, between England and the
Netherlands, this region was assured to the
Netherlands in exchange for the New Nether-
lands in North America. It has an area of
46,000 square miles, divided into sixteen dis-
tricts, with a population of 76,000. Paramaribo
is the capital (population, 35,000), 2409 miles
from New York.
French Guiana, or Cayenne. — Area, 30,500
square miles; population, 12,600. There are
few settlements in the interior, few roads, and
little agriculture, only about 9000 acres being
under cultivation. Gold-mining is becoming
more important. The capital, Cayenne (2624*
miles from New York, population, 12,300), on
an island at the mouth of Cayenne River, con-
tains a local college, museum, and library, and
has a steamer once a month from Martinique.
A penal settlement was established here in 1855
and now contains 7000 convicts. Devil's Island,
the prison of Captain Dreyfus, lies off this coast,
about thirty miles from the capital. The colony
has a deputy in the French Parliament.
159
GUIDE TO LATIN AMERICA
BRITISH HONDURAS
Area, 7562 square miles. Size of Connecticut. Population,
35,000.
This territory was ceded to England by Spain
in 1760, but the Spaniards have made subse-
quent raids from Guatemala. The first British
inhabitants were castaways, perhaps buccaneers,
wrecked on the coast in 1631, but by 1671
Belize was a thriving town. This name was
once applied to the whole country and was prob-
ably derived from Wallace, a famous freebooter.
The territory has a seaboard of 180 miles with
a dozen rivers affording natural highways into
the interior. Chief of these is the Belize, rising
in Guatemala, 150 miles from the sea with the
present capital at its mouth; its breadth at
Orange Walk, ninety miles from the sea, is 187
feet, while at the haulover or outlet it is 600 feet ;
it divides the country into two fairly equal parts,
the northern a dead level of an unhealthy char-
acter, the southern a higher table-land crossed
by the Coxcomb Mountains (highest peak, Vic-
toria, 3700 feet). A railroad is projected from
Belize to the Peten province of Guatemala.
This colony was subordinate to the government
of Jamaica until 1884, when it was made an in-
160
GUIDE TO LATIN AMERICA
dependent province. There are four ports of
entry, chief of which is
BELIZE. Population, 9200. 827 miles from New Orleans.
Seat of the governor. A clean, healthy, wooden
town, surrounded by salt marshes. For two hundred years
the center of the mahogany trade, but fruit is becoming a great
article of production and export. Connection with the in-
terior is by trails or roads, such as the Western, to the Guate-
malan frontier, and the Northern, to Corosal at the extreme
north, and one of the four ports of entry of the province.
Stann Creek, 33 miles south of Belize, is the third, and Punta
Gorda the fourth. St. George's Cay, an island eight miles from
the coast, is a favorite resort.
Public lands are open to purchase and set-
tlement south of the Belize River. Immigration
is encouraged and desired. All but about five
hundred of the present population are colored.
161
CHAPTER V
STEAMSHIP ROUTES
S.S. Lines. Flag.
* LAMPORT & HOLT LINE.
301 Produce British and
Exchange, Belgian.
New York.
* LLOYD BRAZILEIRO.
(Brazilian S. S. Brazilian.
Line. )
78-82 Wall St.,
New York.
(Frederick J.
West, Inc.)
* HAMBURG- AMERICAN LIKE.
45 Broadway, German.
New York.
Atlas Service
to Gulf and
Caribbean
ports ; South-
American Ser-
vice to South
America.
* ROYAL MAIL STEAM PACEIT CO.
Sanderson & Son, British. New York.
22 State St., New
York.
(R. M. S. P. also,
Mala Real.}
Port of departure. Destination.
New York.
New Orleans.
New York.
New York.
BRAZIL.
URUGUAY.
ARGENTINA.
(Barbadoes,
north bound).
BARBADOES.
BRAZIL.
URUGUAY.
ARGENTINA.
BRAZIL.
ARGENTINA.
BARBADOES.
JAMAICA.
COLOMBIA.
PANAMA
(Colon).
COSTA RICA.
NICARAGUA.
HAITI.
VENEZUELA.
COLOMBIA.
PANAMA
(Colon).
WEST IN-
DIAN and
CARIBBEAN
PORTS.
N. B. These
steamers con-
tinue on to
Southampton
where they con-
nect with R. M.
S. P. steamers
bound for ports
in South
America.
162
GUIDE TO LATIN AMERICA
Flag. Port of departure. Destination.
S.S. Lines.
PRINCE LINE (Lim.).
Paul Gerhard & British.
Co., 361 Prod-
uce Exchange,
New York.
BARBER & CO. (Incorp.).
Produce Ex- Foreign,
change, New
York.
NORTON LINE S. S.
Norton & Son, British.
Gen'l Agents,
Produce Ex-
change, New
York.
THE TWEEDIE TRADING CO.
97 Broad St., Foreign.
New York.
AMERICAN RIO PLATA LINE.
Howard Howl- British,
der and Part-
ners, 24 State
St., New York.
HOUSTON LINE.
Ill Produce
Exchange,
New York.
British.
WEST INDIA STEAMSHIP CO.
302 Produce
Exchange, New
York.
British and
foreign.
New York.
New Orleans
occasionally.
New York.
Baltimore.
New York.
Other ports
occasionally
for freight;
on return
voyage call
at Boston,
Philadelphia,
and Balti-
more.
New York.
Occasionally
Fernandina
and Gulf
ports.
New York.
Loads also at
Baltimore
and Savan-
nah.
New York.
New York.
BRAZIL.
URUGUAY.
ARGENTINA.
URUGUAY.
ARGENTINA.
URUGUAY.
ARGENTINA.
BRAZIL.
URUGUAY.
ARGENTINA.
URUGUAY.
ARGENTINA.
BRAZIL.
ARGENTINA.
Accepts freight
for all ports in
Atlantic,
Gulf, and
Caribbean
waters.
163
GUIDE TO LATIN AMERICA
S.S. Lines. Flag. Port of departure.
Destination.
*THE BOOTH STEAMSHIP CO.
Booth & Co., British.
88 Gold St.,
New York.
New York.
BRAZIL
(North).
PERU
(Iquitos).
WEST IN-
DIES (Bar-
badoes).
* PANAMA R. R. STEAMSHIP LIKE.
24 State St., American. New York.
New York.
PANAMA
(Colon).
*COMPANIA TRANSATLANTICA.
Emilio Tomasi, Spanish.
Pier 10, East
River, New
York.
New York.
CUBA
(Havana).
MEXICO
(Vera Cruz).
*MUNSON STEAMSHIP LIKE.
82-92 Beaver Cuban.
St., New York.
New York.
CUBA.
*WARD LINE now NEW YORK
SHIP CO.
Pier 14, East American.
River, New
York.
AND CUBAN
New York.
MAIL STEAM-
CUBA.
MEXICO.
NASSAU.
* PENINSULA AND OCCIDENTAL STEAMSHIP CO.
Jacksonville, American. Port Tampa CUBA.
Fla., also 71 and Key
Broadway,
New York.
West, Fla.,
Knights' Key,
Fla.
*THE NEW YORK AND PORTO RICO STEAMSHIP CO.
12 Broadway, American. New York, PORTO RICO.
New York; New Orleans.
619 Common
St., New Or-
leans, La.
INSULAR LINE (Incorp.).
Wm. E. Peck & American. New York. PORTO RICO.
Co., 116 Broad
St., New York;
Richard Meyer,
New Orleans,
La.
164
GUIDE TO LATIN
AMERICA
Destination.
S.S. Lines. Flag. Port of departure.
* BERMUDA-ATLANTIC STEAMSHIP CO.
21-24 State St., New York. BERMUDA.
New York.
* ROYAL DUTCH WEST DTDIA MAIL.
17 State St., » Dutch. New York. HAITI.
New York. VENEZUELA.
BR. WEST
INDIES.
TRINIDAD.
DUTCH
GUIANA.
BARBADOES.
* CLYDE STEAMSHIP CO.
(West India British. New York.
Line), 12
Broadway.
New York.
* QUEBEC STEAMSHIP CO. (Um.).
A. E. Outer- British. New York,
bridge & Co.,
29 Broadway,
New York.
DOMINICAN
REPUBLIC.
WEST IN-
DIES: ST.
THOMAS, ST.
CROIX, ST.
KITTS, AN-
TIGUA, GUA-
DELOUPE,
MARTINIQUE,
DOMINICA,
ST. LUCIA,
BARBADOS.
BRITISH
GUIANA.
BERMUDAS.
*NEW YORK AHD DEMERARA STEAMSHIP LUTE.
L. W. & P,
Armstron,
Wall St.,
York.
• 106
ew
New York.
*RED "D" LIHE.
82 Wall St., American.
New York.
New York.
165
BRITISH
GUIANA.
FRENCH
GUIANA: Cay-
enne, steamers
connect with
above for
Demerara.
PORTO RICO.
VENEZUELA.
CURACAO.
GUIDE TO LATIN AMERICA
S.S. Lines.
Flag. Port of departure. Destination.
NEW YORK Aim PACIFIC STEAMSHIP CO. (Lim.).
W. R.Grace & British. New York. CHILE.
Co., Hanover PERU.
Square, New ECUADOR.
York.
THE WEST COAST LINE.
(operated by British, New York.
Wessel, Duval & usually. occasionally
Co.), 25 Broad Norfolk and
St., New York. Philadelphia.
CHILE.
PERU.
AMERICAN-HAWAIIAN STEAMSHIP CO.
Dearborn & American. New York. MEXICO
Lapham, Gen'l (Coatza-
Agents, 10 coalcos, —
Bridge St., New Puerto
York. Mexico).
HUBBARD-ZBMURRAY STEAMSHIP CO.
Mobile, Ala. Norwegian. Mobile, Ala.
SPANISH
HONDURAS
(Puerto
Cortez).
* UNITED JFKUIT CO.
(Main Office, American.
131 State St., English.
Boston), 17 Norwegian.
Boston,
New York,
New Orleans,
COSTA RICA
(Limon).
PANAMA
Battery Place,
Mobile, Balti-
(Colon, Bocas
New York; 321
more, Phila-
del Toro).
St. Charles St.,
delphia,
GUATEMALA
New Orleans,
Charleston.
(Puerto
La.
Barrios,
Livingston).
COLOMBIA
(Santa
Maria).
HONDURAS
(Puerto
Cortez). BR.
HONDURAS
(Belize).
JAMAICA
(Kingston, Port
Antonio).
166
GUIDE TO LATIN AMERICA
S.S. Lines.
Flag. Port of departure. Destination.
*ISLE OF PINES TRANSPORTATION & SUPPLY CO.
(Isle Line). Mobile. ISLE OF
PINES (Cuba).
* ATLANTIC AND MEXICAN GULF STEAMSHIP CO.
82-92 Beaver Foreign. Mobile. MEXICO:
St., New York New Orleans. (Progreso,
City; also James Yucatan).
Gibboney &
Co., Mobile,
Ala.; W. J.
Hammond
Co., Ltd.,
New Orleans,
La.
MARKLEY MILLER & CO.
Mobile, Ala. Mobile.
ORR, LAUBENHEIMER CO.
J. B. Dartch, Mobile.
Mobile, Ala.
CENTRAL AMERICAN STEAMSHIP CO.
Norwegian. New Orleans.
Mobile.
MEXICO
(Frontera, Ta-
basco, Laguna,
Campeche).
BR. HON-
DURAS
(Belize).
GUATEMALA.
HONDURAS.
*THE BLUEFIELDS STEAMSHIP CO. (Lim.).
Norwegian. New Orleans.
NICARAGUA.
* SOUTHERN PACIFIC CO.
Atlantic Steam- American,
ship Lines
(Morgan Line).
New Orleans.
CUBA
(Havana).
* MEXICAN- AMERICAN STEAMSHIP CO.
J. H. McFar- Norwegian. New Orleans. MEXICO
Galveston (Vera Crua,
(via Port Tampico).
Arthur, Tex.).
lane, Manager,
Room 400,
Pen-in Build-
ing, New
Orleans, La.
167
GUIDE TO LATIN
AMERICA
Destination.
S.S. Lines. Flag. Port of departure.
COMMERCIAL TJOTOW WAVIGATIOH CO.
Galveston, Tex. Norwegian. Galveston. CUBA
(Havana).
UNITE!) STEAMSHIP CO.
Mosle &Co.,
Galveston, Tex.
Galveston. CUBA.
*WOLVIH LIKE TEXAS CITY-MEXICO STEAMSHIP CO.
Texas City, MEXICO (Vera
Tex. Cruz, Coatza-
coalcos,
Progreso).
* PACIFIC MAIL STEAMSHIP CO.
Home Office,
New York;
Gen'l Offices,
384 Flood
Building, San
Francisco, Col.
American. San Francisco.
PACIFIC
PORTS:
Mexico,
Guatemala
Salvador,
Honduras,
Nicaragua,
Costa Rica,
Panama.
EOSMOS LINE.
Lendal M. Gray, German.
Manager, Union
St. Wharf No.
2 (Pier 19),
San Francisco,
Cal.
San Francisco.
Seattle, Ta-
coma, and
Puget Sound
ports, and
occasi9nally
San Diego.
PACIFIC
PORTS:
Mexico,
Guatemala,
Salvador,
Honduras,
Nicaragua,
Costa Rica,
Panama,
Colombia,
Ecuador,
Peru, Chile.
Uruguay:
(Montevideo).
* JEBSE1? LINE.
Baily Building,
Seattle,
Wash.
Vancouver
and Seattle.
168
All ports south
to Panama.
GUIDE TO LATIN AMERICA
S.S. Lines. Flag. Port of departure.
* PACIFIC STEAM NAVIGATION CO.
Compania British. Panama.
Sud America Chilean.
de Vapores,
Panama;
United States
Office, No. 9
Broadway,
New York.
* PERUVIAN STEAMSHIP CO.
Callao, Peru, Peru. Panama,
and Panama.
Destination.
PACIFIC '
PORTS:
Colombia,
Ecuador,
Peru,
Chile,
Uruguay.
Fast steamers
from Peruvian
and Ecuadorian
ports to Pan-
ama.
* Lines marked by a star [*] have special provision for first-class
passengers.
Time Bell on Board Ship."*
The day at sea commences at noon, and not
at midnight as on shore.
THE SAME BELLS ABE FOB A.M. AS FOB P.M.
IBell
2 Bells,
3
4
5
6
7
8
12.30
1.00
1.30
2.00
2.30
3.00
3.30
4.00
4.30
5.00
5.30
6.00
6.30
7.00
7.30
8.00
8.30
9.00
9.30
10.00
10.30
11.00
11.30
12.00
169
GUIDE TO LATIN
s
AMERICA
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174
GUIDE TO LATIN AMERICA
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GUIDE TO LATIN AMERICA
The values given above need explanation to prevent error in
any reckoning the traveller may make in converting foreign
money into equivalent values of United States money. First,
it must be noted that the sign $ is very generally used in Latin
America, but it must not be taken to represent the dollar.
The correct word for the sign is peso, and the peso is the unit
of value in most of the Latin-American republics, but the
peso differs in value from one country to another. Hence this
note as an interpretation of the table.
Argentina. — The gold peso (peso oro) has the value given
and is the unit of value generally employed in foreign exchange,
and in official computations likely to be quoted in interna-
tional statistics. The commercial peso, however, is the silver
or paper peso (designated as national money, i. e.9 M/N).
This is legal tender. The paper or silver peso is usually em-
ployed in all common civil transactions. It is this peso which
the traveller will always be called upon to handle. Its legally
established relation is such that $2.27 M/N = $1.00 gold (Ar-
gentine), which in United States gold may be estimated at
forty-five cents for ready calculation.
Bolivia. — The boliviano is now on a gold basis, and the
government is rapidly displacing all other tokens of value.
Brazil. — The gold mUreis is not seen in circulation. Its
pkce is taken by paper money. The paper milreis has fluctu-
ated greatly in value, but both government and business are
trying to maintain it as closely as possible to an exchange of
fifteen pence (15d., English = 30 cents, United States). For
ready calculation three milreis may be reckoned as a dollar.
In commercial reports the gold milreis standard is sometimes
used and is then so stated, otherwise paper is meant. In any
case the sign $ precedes three ciphers to the right, as, 10 mil-
reis are written 10$000. A canto = 1000$000.
Chile. — Here the gold peso is the unit, but the silver or
paper peso is the current medium of exchange. Its value fluc-
tuates but has recently remained close to twelve -pence or
twenty-five cents, United States.
Colombia. — The paper peso is here quite distinct from the
gold peso. Paper is the common currency but a paper peso
(dollar, erroneously so called) has recently been established
178
GUIDE TO LATIN AMERICA
to be equivalent to one cent gold. Thus one hundred paper
pesos =• $1.00 gold.
Paraguay. — The paper peso is disturbed by fluctuation.
Its value may be estimated about nine cents, gold, United
States.
Peru. — The libra is legally the same as the English sov-
ereign.
Cuba. — Uses United States currency, but Spanish terms
and coins may be applied commercially.
Haiti. — The paper peso equals about 25 cents.
Dominican Republic. — Uses United States currency and
terms, but local pesos are still current.
Mexico. — The peso is equivalent to fifty cents, United
States.
Central American Republics. — The Costa Rica colon has
its normal value always. The paper peso of the other repub-
lics fluctuates between 10 and 20 cents gold.
Venezuela. — The term peso is equivalent to four bolivares,
and a five-bolivar silver coin is called a peso fuerte. The
traveller must not pay a peso fuerte when only a peso is asked.
COMPARATIVE TABLES OF METRIC AND ENGLISH SYSTEMS OP
WEIGHTS AND MEASURES.
Metric into English, English into Metric.
Grams. Ounces.* Ounces.* Grams.
1 - 0.03 1 - 7
2 = 0.07 i - 14
3 = 0.10 f = 21i
4 = 0.14 1 - 28J
5 = 0.17 2 = 57
10 = 0.35 4 = 113
15 = 0.53 5 - 142
25 = 0.88 8 = 227
50 = 1.76 10 = 283
100 - 3.53 12 = 340
16 (1 Ib.) = 454
179
GUIDE TO LATIN AMERICA
Kilograms. Pounds.*
Pounds.* Kilograms.
1
2
5
10
20
25
50
100
112
2240 (ton)
0.454
0.907
2.270
4.540
9.070
11.340
22.680
45.360
50.800
1016.000
also called ton(elada),
Spanish.
Millimeters. Centimeters. Inches.
1 = ^ . 0.0394
2 . | - 0.0788
5 « J _ 0.1969
10 « 1 ~ 0.3937
Centimeters. Meters. Inches. Inches. Centimeters. Millimeters*
1
5
10
20
25
50
75
100
- 0.39
- 1.97
- 3.94
- 7.87
- 9.84
= 19.69
- 29.53
- 39.37
Meters. Yards. Feet. Inches.
0. 6.35
1. 2.70
- 1. 9.05
= 2. 5.40
- 5. 0.80
- 12. 7.00
- 25. 4.00
- SO. 5.00
Yards. Meters. Centimeters.
1 -
5 =
10 -
20 -
25 =
50 -
75 =
1
5
10
21
27
54
82
0
1
2
2
1
2
0
5
10
7
0
oi
1 -
2 -
3 -
5 -
10 -
25 =
50 -
0. 91i
1. 83
2. 74
4. 57
9. 14
22. 85
45. 72
* Avoirdupois.
180
GUIDE TO LATIN AMERICA
Meters. Yards. Feet. Inches.
100 - 109 1 1
500 - 546 2 5
1000 - 1093 1 11
Kilometers. Miles.
1
2
3
8
10
25
50
- 0.62
- H
- «
- 5
- 6t
- 15*
- 31
Liters. Pints,
i = 0.44
J = 0.88
f - 1.32
1 - 1.76
Yards. Meters. Centemeters.
75 - 68. 58
100 - 91. 44
Miles.
j:
2 -
5 =
Meters.
.201
.402J
.804*
1.206f
1.609
3.218
8.045
10 - 16.090
Liters.
1 gill (i pint) - 0.1420
1 pint (4 gills) - 0.5679
1 quart (2 pints) - 1.1359
1 gal. (4 quarts) - 4.5435
AMERICAN DIPLOMATIC REPRESENTATIVES
IN LATIN AMERICA.
Argentine Republic.
BUENOS AIRES: Minister
Bolivia.
LA PAZ: Minister
Brazil.
Rio DE JANEIRO: Ambassador
SANTIAGO: Minister
Chile.
181
GUIDE TO LATIN AMERICA
Colombia.
BOGOTA: Minister
Costa Rica.
SAN JOSE: Minister
Cuba.
HABANA: Minister
Dominican Republic.
SANTO DOMINSO: Minister
Ecuador.
QUITO: Minister
Guatemala.
GUATEMALA CITY: Minister
Haiti.
POET AU PRINCE: Minister
Honduras.
TEGUCIGALPA: Minister
Mexico.
MEXICO CITY: Ambassador
Nicaragua.
MANAGUA: Minister
Panama.
PANAMA CITY: Minister
182
GUIDE TO LATIN AMERICA
Paraguay.
ASUNCION: (See Uruguay.)
Peru.
LIMA: Minister
Salvador.
SAN SALVADOR: Minister
Uruguay.
MONTEVIDEO: Minister (also for Paraguay)
Venezuela.
CARACAS: Minister
AMERICAN CONSULAR OFFICERS IN MEXICO.
MEXICO CITY: Consul General
ACAPULCO: Consul
AGUASCALIENTES : Consul
CHIHUAHUA: Consul
CIUDAD JUAREZ: Consul
CIUDAD PORFIRIO DIAZ: Consul
DURANGO: Consul
ENSENADA: Consul
FRONTERA: Consul
GUADALAJARA: Consul
HERMOSILLO: Consul
LA PAZ: Consul
MANZANILLO: Consul
MATAMOROS: Consul
MAZATLAN : Consul
MONTERREY: Consul General
NOGALES: Consul
NUEVO LAREDO: Consul
183
GUIDE TO LATIN AMERICA
PROGRESO: Consul
SALINA CRUZ: Consul
SALTILLO: Consul
SAN Luis POTOSI: Consul
TAMPICO: Consul
TAPACHULA: Consul
VERACRUZ: Consul
ALAMOS :
CAMPECHE:
CANANEA:
COATZACOALCOS:
GUANAJUATO:
GUAYMAS:
LAGUNA DE TEBMINOS:
OAXACA: f Consular Agents
PARRAL:
PUEBLA:
TLACOTLAPAN:
TOPOLOBAMPO:
TORREON:
VICTORIA:
ZACATECAS :
AMERICAN CONSULAR OFFICERS IN THE
WEST INDIES.
Cuba.
HAVANA: Consul General
CIENFUEGOS: Consul
SANTIAGO DE CUBA: Consul
ANTILLA:
BARACOA:
CAIBARIEN:
CARDENAS :
MANZANILLO :
MATANZAS:
NUEVITAB:
SAQUA LA GRANDE:^
Consular Agents
184
GUIDE TO LATIN AMERICA
Dominican Republic.
SANTO DOMINGO : Consul General
PUERTO PLATA: Consul
AZUA:
MACORIS :
MONTE CRISTI:
SAM ANA:
SANCHEZ:
Consular Agents
Haiti.
PORT AU PRINCE: Consul
CAPE HAITI EN: Consul
Aux CAYES:
GONAIVES :
JACMEL:
JEREMIE:
MIRAGOANE:
PETIT Gk)AVE:
PORT DE PAIX:
Consular Agents
AMERICAN CONSULAR OFFICERS IN
CENTRAL AMERICA.
Costa Rica.
SAN JOSE: Consul
PORT LIMON: Consul
PUNTA ARENAS: Consular Agent
Guatemala.
GUATEMALA CITY: Consul General
CHAMPERICO: "\
LIVINGSTON:
Ocos : f Consular Agents
SAN JOSE DE GUATEMALA:!
185
GUIDE TO LATIN AMERICA
Honduras.
TEGUCIGALPA: Consul
CEIBA: Consul
PUERTO CORTES: Consul
AMAPALA:
BONACCA:
ROATAN :
SAN JUANCITO:
SAN PEDRO SULA:
TELA:
TRUXILLO:
Consular Agents
Nicaragua.
MANAGUA: Consul
CAPE GRACIAS A Dioa: Consul
BLUEFIELDS: Consul
CORINTO: Consul
:)
Panama.
PANAMA CITY: Consul General
COLON: Consul
Salvador.
SAN SALVADOR: Consul General
186
GUIDE TO LATIN AMERICA
AMERICAN CONSULAR OFFICERS IN
SOUTH AMERICA.
Argentine Republic.
BUENOS AIRES : Consul General
ROSARIO: Consul
Bolivia.
LA PAZ: No consular officer maintained in the republic.
Brazil.
Rio DE JANEIRO : Consul General
BAHIA: Consul
PARA: Consul
PERNAMBUCO: Consul
SANTOS: Consul
CEARA:
MACEIO :
MANAOS :
MARANHAO:
NATAL:
Rio GRANDE DO SUL :
SAO PAULO:
VICTORIA:
•Consular Agents
Chile.
IQUIQUE: Consul
PUNT A ARENAS : Consul
VALPARAISO: Consul
ANTOFAGASTA:"
ARICA:
CALDERA:
Consular Agents
COQUIMBO :
TALCAHUANO: „
187
GUIDE TO LATIN AMERICA
Colombia.
BOGOTA: Consular General
BARRANQTJILLA: Consul
CARTAGENA: Consul
BUCARAMANGA:"!
CALI:
HOKTDA^" ^Consular Agents
MEDELLIN:
SANTA MABTA:J
Ecuador.
GUAYAQUIL: Consul General
BAHIA DE CARAQUEZ:!
ESMERALDAS: f Consular Agents
MANTA: J
Paraguay.
ASUNCION: Consul
Peru.
CALLAO: Consul General
IQUITOS: Consul
CERRO DE
ETEN:
MOLLENDO:
PAITA:
SALAVERRY:
Consular Agents
Uruguay.
MONTEVIDEO: Consul
188
GUIDE TO
LATIN
Venezuela.
AMERICA
LA GUAIRA: Consul
MARACAIBO: Consul
PUERTO CABELLO: Consul
CABACAS:
BABCELONA:
CARUPANO:
CIUDAD BOLIVAB: VConsular Agents
COBO:
TOVAB:
VALEBA:
NOTE. — In writing to a Consul, the letter should be ad-
dressed Consul of the United States of America, at using
the personal name only when the individual, not the officer, is
intended.
189
CHAPTER VI
REGULATION FOR COMMERCIAL TRAVELLERS
'Mexico
ADMISSION OF SAMPLES
THE following samples of merchandise are
admitted free of duty: (1) Those having no
commercial value; (£) pieces of textiles not ex-
ceeding 20 centimeters (7.9 inches) in length,
although having the full width of the cloth, and
all parts of articles which cannot be sold; (3)
samples consisting of entire articles, such as
manufactures of any material, dry goods, hard-
ware, handkerchiefs, mufflers, socks, shirts, etc.,
provided they are cut or perforated to destroy
their commercial value; (4) samples of wines,
brandies, or liquors contained in receptacles hav-
ing a capacity of not more than 40 centiliters
(0.84 of a pint), the weight of the liquid not
exceeding 400 grams (0.88 pound), and pro-
vided the total net weight or the total volume
of the samples sent by one party to one con-
signee does not exceed 5 kilograms (11 pounds)
or 5 liters (5*4 quarts), respectively. In all
190
GUIDE TO LATIN AMERICA
other cases samples of dutiable goods must pay
the regular duty.
The duty on samples need not be paid in cash
if the commercial traveller declares his inten-
tion to the customs officers to reexport the
samples upon his departure from the country.
In the latter case he is required to furnish a
deposit or a bond for the amount of the duty
and is furnished with a certificate describing in
detail the articles imported, and the duty on
each article, as well as the period within which
the samples must be reexported. The reexpor-
tation may take place through any custom
house in the country upon the presentation of
the above certificate, when the deposit will be
returned or the bond canceled upon the identi-
fication of the samples. Commercial travellers
are usually allowed six months for reexporting
their samples, but the period may be prolonged
up to two years upon application to the director
of customs. The certificate issued by the cus-
tom house through which the samples are im-
ported should always be carried by the traveller
and presented upon demand of the various offi-
cials, and takes the place of consular invoices
when travelling on foreign ships between ports
of the republic.
191
GUIDE TO LATIN AMERICA
TEEATMENT OF COMMERCIAL TRAVELUEES.
The treatment of commercial travellers is sub-
ject to the legislation of the respective states,
hence there is no uniformity in this regard
throughout the republic. The latter is also
true of some of the states where the taxes im-
posed upon commercial travellers differ from
municipality to municipality. In some of the
states the laws, having become obsolete, are but
rarely enforced. It is stated that in some states
foreign commercial travellers evade the payment
of taxes by registering at hotels as having
arrived from some town within the state.
An additional charge of 20-25 per cent of the
state tax is levied in some of the states for the
Federal revenue.
192
CENTRAL AMERICA
British Honduras
Commercial travellers are required to procure
a license subject to a fee of $10 per annum.
The regulations in force as to treatment of
their samples are as follows: On arrival a list
is furnished the customs officer of all samples
carried by the traveller, and the duty is paid in
cash, or its payment guaranteed by a bond.
On departure the list is checked. Unsold sam-
ples are free of duty, while those sold or un-
accounted for are subject to duty, which is
deducted from the deposit. Samples of no com-
mercial value are not subject to payment of
duty. There is no time limit for the expor-
tation of the samples.
Costa Rica.
Commercial travellers desiring to open a
sample room for exhibiting goods must obtain
a license from the municipal authority of the
town where the exhibit is to be made.
Samples are subject to payment of duty at
the time of importation, but if a declaration is
made to the effect that they are to be reexported
193
GUIDE TO LATIN AMERICA
a certificate is issued which entitles the traveller
to a refund of the duties on the samples re-
exported within a period of three months from
the date of importation. The wharfage and
theater dues, amounting to seven-tenths of a
cent (United States) per kilogram, are not re-
funded. Instead of paying duty in cash a
satisfactory bond for the amount due may be
given to the customs officials who will cancel it
if exportation takes place within the legal
period. If the samples are not reexported
within three months, duty must be paid.
Guatemala
There are no laws or regulations in Guate-
mala concerning the treatment of commercial
travellers.
Samples are subject to payment of regular
duty unless they can be made valueless by being
cut or perforated. If the traveller declares his
intention to reexport the samples, he may fur-
nish a deposit or bond for the amount of duty,
which is canceled upon exportation within two
months. Failure to export the samples within
that period leads to forfeiture of the bond or
deposit.
194
GUIDE TO LATIN AMERICA
Honduras
Honduras has no laws or regulations regard-
ing treatment of commercial travellers or as to
entrance of their samples. The customs tariff
states that samples of no commercial value in
small pieces are free of duty. This is inter-
preted as meaning pieces of a few inches in
length of cotton or other fabrics.
It has been the custom on arrival of a com-
mercial traveller to examine and appraise his
samples, assessing duties, he then giving bond
(usually guarantee of some local merchant) for
payment in case that on his leaving the country
reexamination proves that he has sold any of
said samples ; otherwise bond (or guarantee) is
canceled and samples taken from the country.
Nicaragua
Commercial travellers of all nationalities
visiting Nicaragua are accorded uniform
treatment, as to the nature of which no com-
plaints have up to the present time reached this
consulate.
The admission of samples is governed by
Article 170 of the customs ordinances, as
195
GUIDE TO LATIN AMERICA
amended by Article 44 of the amendments of
1904, viz. : —
" Merchandise that is introduced as samples
is subject to payment of duty, excepting only
dress goods in small pieces and other objects
which in the judgment of the administrator of
customs have no commercial value.
" The introduction of samples in general,
however, will be permitted without duty upon
the traveller furnishing a bond satisfactory to
the administrator of customs to guarantee the
payment of the import duty in case that he
does not reship them within a reasonable time,
which will be stipulated by the same adminis-
trator. The bond authorized will specify the
origin, kind, gross weight, and all other par-
ticulars which the custom-house employees be-
lieve necessary."
Commercial travellers who are unknown, and
hence unable to furnish the required bond guar-
anteeing the payment of the import duty on
samples provided they do not reship them, may
deposit with the customs officials the amount of
the duty, accepting a receipt therefor.
Upon presentation of documents showing
that the samples have been reshipped the de-
posit is returned.
196
GUIDE TO LATIN AMERICA
Panama
There are no laws in Panama relating to
commercial travellers. Samples are admitted
free of duty subject to the following regula-
tions : All foreign commercial salesmen arriv-
ing at ports in the republic, and bringing
samples with them, must immediately on arrival
notify the treasury office at the port of dis-
embarkation and make a declaration of said
samples. A landing permit will then be issued,
provided the necessary documents are presented.
Foreign salesmen bringing such goods into the
republic will deposit in the treasury a bond
covering the value of the duties of 10 per cent
on their invoiced value, according to the cer-
tified invoice of the Panamanian consul or a
sworn declaration of the importer. This bond
will be returned on the presentation of a custom-
house certificate stating that no part of the
samples have been sold by the salesman during
his stay in the republic.
The custom-house certificate must be made
out on the official stamped paper of the re-
public, of the value of $1.90 Panamanian cur-
rency (95 cents gold).
197
GUIDE TO LATIN AMERICA
Salvador
Travelling salesmen from all foreign coun-
tries are allowed to seek business in Salvador
without paying any taxes or imposts whatever.
Those having samples must pay duty on
same or give bond to do so in case samples are
not taken from the country within a certain
time. On taking samples from this country the
bond is released or the money paid for duty is
refunded.
Travelling salesmen from the United States
receive the same treatment as those from other
foreign countries.
198
WEST INDIES
British West Indies
Antigua. — There are no special regulations
relating to commercial travellers. They are not
subject to the payment of any license fees pro-
vided they confine themselves to the solicitation
of orders from samples and do not carry goods
for sale.
No duty is paid on samples if they are re-
exported when the traveller leaves the island.
Upon arriving at the colony a deposit in cash
or in the form of an approved bond is left by
the traveller with the customs authorities for
the amount of duty chargeable on the samples.
Upon leaving the island the duty on articles sold
or unaccounted for is deducted from the deposit
and remainder returned to the traveller.
Bahamas. — The regulations governing the
treatment of commercial travellers and the ad-
mission of samples in this colony are similar to
those in force in Antigua.
Barbadoes. — Regulations similar to those
of Antigua.
Dominica. — Regulations similar to those of
Antigua. Samples must be reexported within
199
GUIDE TO LATIN AMERICA
three months in order to entitle the commercial
traveller to a refund of duties. Duties paid on
goods other than samples are refunded if re-
exported within twelve months.
Grenada. — Regulations similar to those of
Antigua.
Montserrat. — Regulations similar to those
of Antigua.
St. Christopher-Nevis. — Regulations similar
to those of Antigua.
St. Lucia. — Regulations similar to those of
Antigua.
St. Vmcent. — Regulations similar to those
of Antigua.
Trinidad and Tobago. — Regulations similar
to those of Antigua.
Virgin Islands. — Regulations similar to those
of Antigua.
Jamaica
No trade license is required nor any fees
imposed on commercial travellers in Jamaica.
Samples having a commercial value are entitled
to a reduction of £5 per cent from the regular
duty if remaining on the island. The amount
of the duty plus 10 per cent thereof is deposited
in cash with the customs authorities on arrival
200
GUIDE TO LATIN AMERICA
at the colony, the amount being refunded to the
traveller when leaving the colony for all samples
reexported by him. If the samples brought
happen to be " cut " or of no commercial value,
no deposit is necessary.
Cuba
Commercial travellers on entering Cuba are
treated in the same manner as ordinary trav-
ellers, and at present are not required to pay
a license fee in any of the provinces.
Under the Spanish regime the general Gov-
ernment required a license fee and gave author-
ity to commercial travellers to transact business.
This regulation was repealed under the first in-
tervention and the matter turned over to the
different municipal councils. Under this sys-
tem each municipal council could fix the fee to
be charged and authorize the grantees to trans-
act business for one month, when the fee was to
be renewed. This, however, imposed an unnec-
essary hardship on the commercial traveller,
and as a matter of fact now no fee is charged
or collected, although there has been no repeal
of the regulation.
201
GUIDE TO LATIN AMERICA
ADMISSION OF SAMPLES
The following sections of the customs tariff
of Cuba provide for the free admission of cer-
tain samples : —
§ 326. Samples of felt, wall paper, and tissues when they
comply with the following conditions :
(a) When they do not exceed 40 centimeters in length,
measured in the warp or length of the piece, even when such
samples have the entire width of the piece. The width shall,
for tissues, be determined by the list, and for felts and wall
paper by the narrow border which has not passed through the
press.
(6) Samples not having these indications shall only be ad-
mitted free of duty when they do not exceed 40 centimeters in
any dimension.
(c) In order to avoid abuse, the samples declared for free
entry must have cuts at every 20 centimeters of their width,
so as to render them unfit for any other purpose.
§ 327. Samples of trimmings in small pieces of no commer-
cial value or possible application.
In the case of other samples only a partial
remission of the duty is provided for in the fol-
lowing note to section 321 of the tariff : —
NOTE. — No other samples than those provided for in § 326
and § 327 are admitted free of duty; provided that ordinary
and usual commercial samples, imported by bona fide com-
mercial travellers in their baggage, after examination and
identification by the custom-house, upon reexportation within
three months after the date of their importation, are entitled
to a refund of 75 per cent of the duties paid thereon, if upon
GUIDE TO LATIN AMERICA
presentation, at the custom-house for reexportation said
samples shall be positively recognized and identified as being
those upon which duty has been paid, and provided further
that the appraised value of said samples shall not exceed $500.
Danish West Indies
All foreign commercial travellers receive the
same treatment in these islands. No duty is
charged on samples unless they are offered for
sale.
Dutch West Indies. — Curasao
Commercial travellers are allowed perfect
freedom to transact business in this colony.
Samples are admitted free of duty, provided
they are not sold in the colony.
Dominican Republic
No special laws seem to exist regarding the
treatment of commercial travellers or as to the
admission of the samples which they bring. The
practice in the custom houses is to determine
the amount of duties which the samples would
pay; to require from the owner the payment
of duty or a bond for this amount, which bond
must be given by a local merchant to the satis-
203
GUIDE TO LATIN AMERICA
faction of the interventor of the custom house,
and, when the owner returns, to collect from him
the value of what he has sold. The custom
houses ordinarily allow for this purpose a
period of ninety days.
French West Indies
The laws and regulations in force in France
are generally applied also throughout the col-
onies and dependencies of the republic,
Haiti
There are no laws relative to the treatment
of commercial travellers. However, according
to the tariff for professions or industries an-
nexed to the law of August 3, 1900, relative to
the administration of direct taxes, enforcement
of which is renewed each year, a commercial trav-
eller pays a "patent" of $100 (100 gourdes)
per annum. By virtue of Article 63 of the law
of August 11, 1903, on the withdrawal of the
paper money he pays $50 for a license tax (to
wit, one-half of the fee for a patent). The ap-
plication for the license should be made on
stamped paper of the value of 4 gourdes.
There are no regulations relative to the ad-
204
GUIDE TO LATIN AMERICA
mission of samples. Generally they are admit-
ted free of duty, according to the judgment of
the custom-house authorities. Thus any quan-
tity of shoes may be admitted if they are all for
the same foot, or not more than two pairs ; dry
goods when they are in quantities not over 1
aune (45 inches) ; liquids in 1 dozen one-eighth
or 1 dozen twelve-sixteenth bottles, etc.
205
SOUTH AMERICA
Argentina
Inciso 13£ of the Ley de Patentes fixes the
license tax for commercial travellers in the cap-
ital and the national territories at $500 a year,
while each province fixes its own tax which varies
from $400 to $3000 M/N. ($1 M/N = 42.6
cents United States currency.) While the mini-
mum tax in the city of Buenos Aires is $500
M/N a year, many get out of this by declaring
themselves " corredores " (brokers), thereby
paying only $50 M/N. This is all, however,
according to arrangements made with the offi-
cials in charge of this business and depends to
a great degree upon the way they view the mat-
ter at the time or their disposition.
Many commercial travellers avoid the pay-
ment of any tax at all by doing business
through some house already established in the
city. All commercial travellers, regardless of
nationality, receive equal treatment. The license
fees charged by the various provinces are as
follows : —
Pesos M/N. Pesos M/N.
Buenos Aires, not in- Salta * 1680-3000
eluding the capital . 400 Cordoba 600
* Also issued for half year.
206
GUIDE TO LATIN AMERICA
Pesos M/N, Pesos M/N,
Santa Fe . . . . 400-600 Corrientes 505
Entre Rios 600 San Juan 1 960
Mendoza .... 600-2000 Santiago del Estero . . 500
Jujuy 200 Rioja 100
Tucuman .... 800-2000
It is impossible to give the exact license fee
payable in each province, as it entirely depends
upon the class of business, and the official in
charge is the sole judge in this matter.
ADMISSION OF SAMPLES
Samples without commercial value are passed
by the Argentine customs without payment of
duty, while those of value are either stamped or
marked in such a way as to render them unfit
for sale, or are charged with import duty, which
is refunded if they are reexported within six
months.
Bolivia
Commercial travellers in Bolivia are liable
only to the payment of a municipal tax, the
amount of which is fixed by the different munici-
palities in the republic. The receipt for such
payment serves as a license to the traveller to
t Monthly licenses also issued.
207
GUIDE TO LATIN AMERICA
conduct his business within the area of the de-
partment of which the municipality which col-
lects the tax is the capital. The tax varies also
according to the class of goods in which the
traveller deals, but in no case does it exceed the
sum of 300 bolivianos (about $115). There are
eleven departments and territories in Bolivia.
Brazil
Commercial travellers are not required in
Brazil to have any special documents, such as
passports, legitimation papers, or certificates.
On entering the country they have no formali-
ties to comply with, and may bring with them
samples, which are subject to the ordinary
tariff duties, as will be seen below.
While no license is required by the Federal
Government from commercial travellers, yet if
the latter do not wish to confine themselves to
solicitation of orders and desire to be in a posi-
tion to enforce contracts through Brazilian
courts, it is necessary for them to register.
Without registration a firm or individual is
not able to bring suit to enforce a debt, and per-
sons buying of an agent who has not been reg-
istered pay for their goods or not as they
choose, the agent being without legal remedy if
208
GUIDE TO LATIN AMERICA
he sells goods before being registered. As a
means of avoiding such expense and for other
reasons, a large number of travelling represent-
atives establish relations with some local house
which is registered, as all commercial houses
must be in Brazil, and after selling his goods
he turns the business over to the local concern,
which, in accordance with an understanding
had in that respect, makes the collections and
assumes the responsibilities of the business. In
this manner the tax in some of the larger places
is avoided. In many portions of the republic
such a plan is not possible, and it is necessary
to take out the license required by the state law.
COMMERCIAL, TRAVELLERS UNDER LOCAL LAWS
In most of the states and in several munici-
palities a license has to be procured by commer-
cial travellers, the fees being fixed, as a rule, in
the annual budget law. They are therefore apt
to change from year to year. The taxes and
fees in the states and municipalities in regard
to which the department has obtained official
information are as follows : —
Federal District. — In the Federal District
commercial travellers are subjected to the taxes
imposed by decree No. 5142, of February 27,
209
GUIDE TO LATIN AMERICA
1904, which regulates the collection of taxes on
industries and professions.
The exercise of commerce by foreign trav-
ellers is subject only to notification to be given
to the Recebadoria, which determines the amount
of license-fee taxes up to 1000 milreis ($600).
The latter is determined in conformity with the
provision of the above decree and of No. 3622,
of March 26, 1900, subject to the following
conditions : —
A. If the commercial travellers confine them-
selves to carrying with them samples of mer-
chandise to serve as a basis of orders or ship-
ments they are not subject to any tax.
B. If they make their residence in Rio de
Janeiro and show their samples to customers,
they have to pay a tax on industries and pro-
fessions, and must pay the fixed tax of 80 mil-
reis ($24) and the proportional tax of 10 per
cent on the rent of the place occupied by their
trade.
C. If they do not confine themselves to mere
samples, and maintain warehouses or carry
stock, they are regarded as wholesale mer-
chants, on whom the taxes vary in conformity
with the nature of the article which they sell.
D. If in cases B and C the article dealt in
should be subject to a consumption tax, then, in
210
GUIDE TO LATIN AMERICA
addition to the tax on industries and profes-
sions, the registration license in connection with
said consumption tax must also be paid.
In the taxes above mentioned are not included
municipal taxes.
Alagoas. — By virtue of decree No. 820, of
January 4, 1905, commercial travellers in that
state pay an annual tax of 50$000 ($15). No
municipal taxes are required.
Amazonas. — By the budget law in force, the
taxes to which commercial travellers of firms
domiciled abroad, bringing samples, are sub-
ject to in that state are 400$000 ($120) in the
capital; 200$000 ($60) in the suburban zones,
cities, and villages of the interior; 150$000
($45) on rivers navigable by steamships, and
100$000 ($30) in the other zones of the state.
Bahia. — The tax formerly levied has been
recently abolished, owing to the general evasion
of payment of the tax.
Ceara. — The tax collected by that state has
varied from 200$000 to 500$000 ($60-$150)
in the different years included from the period
of 1898 to the present date. The present tax
of 300$000 ($90), with 50 per cent additional
by virtue of Article 2 of law No. 877, of Feb-
ruary 11, 1907, is collected on foreigners as
well as natives.
GUIDE TO LATIN AMERICA
Goyaz. — The tax to which commercial trav-
ellers are subject in that state is 200$000 ($60)
for each commercial house they represent, be
they foreign or native, when selling by means
of samples, catalogues, or by whatever other
means.
Para. — There is no state tax on commercial
travellers. The tax of 1 : 000$000 ($300) col-
lected in Belem since 1900 is a municipal one
and applies to strangers and natives alike.
Consul Pickerell reports a reduction of the
municipal tax on commercial travellers in the
city of Para, which went into effect in 1908.
The tax has been fixed at $100, which, with
the percentage charged for hospitals, stamps,
and other fees, brings the total charge to
$118. The consul warns travelling men not to
try to do business until after they have se-
cured their license, as the penalty for evasion
is confiscation of samples, together with a
heavy fine.
Parahyba. — Under the budget law in force
commercial travellers are subject to a tax of
100$000 ($30) and 20 per cent additional.
Parana. — Law No. 596, of March 24, 1905,
provides for a tax of 1000 milreis ($300) on
commercial travellers, in addition to the tax on
industries and professions ; the same tax has
212
GUIDE TO LATIN AMERICA
to be paid by local merchants if they represent
commercial houses not located in that state.
Persons attempting to evade the payment of
the tax are subject to a fine equal to three
times the amount due.
Piauhy. — The budget law in force does not
contain taxes of any sort payable by commer-
cial travellers. In the first municipality visited
by peddlers a tax of 150$000 ($45) is collected,
and 100$000 ($30) in any other which they may
visit. The municipality of Therezina, capital
of the state, also imposes a tax of 50$000 ($15)
" on the merchants who make commercial tours
with samples."
Pernambuco. — In accordance with article
No. 26 of Table B of the budget law in force,
that state collects from commercial travellers
the fixed tax of 200$000 ($60).
Consul George A. Chamberlain reports that
the municipal tax of 150$000 ($45 United States
currency) on commercial travellers visiting the
city of Pernambuco has been abolished. This
exemption does not apply to peddlers or to
travellers accompanied by actual goods other
than samples.
Rio Grande do Norte. — This state does not
collect a tax on commercial travellers, either
foreigners or natives.
GUIDE TO LATIN AMERICA
Santa Catharina. — This state does not col-
lect any tax on commercial travellers.
Sao Paulo. — No state tax is levied on com-
mercial travellers. Most of the municipalities
have placed a prohibitive tax on peddlers.
Sergipe. — No state tax is levied on commer-
cial travellers, the former tax having been re-
cently abolished, as it was found to be largely
evaded.
The bureau has no official information as to
license fees in other Brazilian states, but is
credibly informed from other sources as to the
following states : —
Espirito Santo. — There is no state tax. In
the city of Victoria there is a municipal tax of
500 milreis ($150). In other cities the tax
varies from 50 to 250 milreis ($15 to $75).
Maranhao. — A fixed tax of 62.5 milreis
($18.75) and 5 per cent additional is levied on
commercial travellers.
Mat to Grosso. — The latest available infor-
mation for that state is for 1902, when the
state tax was 600 milreis ($180) for commercial
travellers representing one firm and 1000 mil-
reis ($300) if representing more than one.
There are, moreover, municipal taxes of 150
milreis ($45) in the city of Corumba and 50
milreis ($15) in Sao Luiz.
214
GUIDE TO LATIN AMERICA
Minas Geraes. — No state or municipal taxes
are said to be levied here.
Rio Grande do SuL — State tax, 150 milreis
($45). Municipal taxes: Porto Alegro, 200
milreis ($60) ; Pelotas, 200 milreis ($60) ;
Bage, 400 milreis ($120).
ADMISSION OF SAMPLES
Samples brought by commercial travellers are
subject to payment of duty, which is not re-
funded when taken out of the country. The
only exception is in the case of samples the duty
on which does not exceed 1 milreis (30 cents),
which are admitted free.
Samples are allowed exemption from the ex-
pedient e duty of 10 per cent, of which article
No. 560 of the custom-house laws treats.
The trunks in which samples are usually
transmitted and to which they are tributary
must pay duty, but in view of a complaint al-
ready presented the Ministry of Foreign Rela-
tions has asked the Treasury Department, on
the 4th of April, 1907, to urge on the National
Congress to pass the necessary legislative act
for their free admission. It is recommended
that commercial travellers who have already
paid in one port in Brazil the customs duty
215
GUIDE TO LATIN AMERICA
on samples obtain a pass from the custom house
of that port, in order that the samples may be
allowed free entry in the next port.
By virtue of decree No. 1103, of February
21, 1903, all merchandise sent from a foreign
country for consumption in Brazil must be ac-
companied by consular invoices, whether it
comes by sea or by land. But such documents
are dispensed with when the commercial value
of the samples in the exporting port does
not exceed $50 United States currency, includ-
ing the expenses of freight, commission, pack-
ing, etc.
In case of dissatisfaction with the decision
of the appraiser who passes upon the samples,
an appeal can be made to the inspector of the
custom house. From him the appeal can be car-
ried to the fiscal delegates of the respective
states, and finally to the minister of fazenda
(treasury) in Rio de Janeiro. For the customs
dispatch it is more convenient that an official
mediator be present, and it is in the interest of
the commercial traveller to secure in the most
practical manner the services of an experienced
arbiter — for example, a friendly merchant re-
siding in the place.
216
GUIDE TO LATIN AMERICA
Chile
Commercial travellers are admitted to Chile
without any restrictions, and may travel and do
business without special permission or license.
Samples of merchandise may be admitted to
the country without the necessity of immediate
payment of customs duties, provided these sam-
ples do not consist of entire pieces of fabrics
or complete sets of articles which would take
from them the character of samples. Duties
must be eventually paid on the goods if they
remain more than six months in Chile. If within
six months they are shipped to another port of
the republic or to a foreign port no duties
need be paid. In lieu of the payment of the
duties at the time of disembarkation a note is
given to the custom house for the amount due,
according to the tariff law, payable in six
months' time. If the samples do not leave the
port within six months the customs officials of
that port proceed to collect on the note.
Colombia
Commercial travellers are not required to pay
any license fee or tax in order to do business in
217
GUIDE TO LATIN AMERICA
Colombia. While no licenses are required, all
travellers on arrival in the country must pre-
sent a passport from their home government,
viseed by the Colombian minister or consul ac-
credited to the country or port of embarkation.
Samples in small parts of no commercial
value and not exceeding 25 kilos in total weight
are admitted free of duty. If in excess of that
weight they are subject to duty, unless ree'x-
ported within twelve months. It is customary
for the commercial traveller to give a bond to
the customs authorities for the amount of duty
due, which is canceled at the time of the re-
exportation of the samples within twelve months
from the date of their importation. Upon the
expiration of that period duty must be paid on
all samples still remaining in the country. Sam-
ples may be exported through ports other than
the port of entry.
Passengers' baggage, up to the weight of
150 kilos (830.69 pounds) per person, is ad-
mitted free of duty, provided it is clearly ap-
parent that the goods are for their personal
use, and are presented by the traveller in per-
son at the custom house on entry into the
country. Any excess of said weight, not ac-
companied by a consular invoice, is dutiable as
the most highly taxed class in the tariff.
218
GUIDE TO LATIN AMERICA
Consul-General White has the following to
say on the subject of transportation: —
At present and until transportation facilities
are much changed and improved, all perishable
goods destined for the interior of the country
should be so packed as to exclude moisture, and
in bundles not exceeding 125 pounds in weight,
for convenient transportation on mule back, by
peons, or in canoes.
All merchandise that is transported via the
Magdalena River is subject to a temperature
of at least 100° Fahrenheit for a period of
about ten days, and articles, such as photo-
graphic films, pharmaceutical preparations, etc.,
are often ruined through insufficient or negli-
gent packing. Goods destined for the interior
are exposed to the downpour of tropical rains
and may accidentally be submerged in crossing
mountain streams or in careless handling in
canoes. Merchandise may now be forwarded
from the Magdalena River to Bogota via the
Cambao Cart-Road, but even by this route there
is no assurance that it will not be damaged by
water.
Ecuador
There is no special law in Ecuador respecting
commercial travellers. No license is required?
219
GUIDE TO LATIN AMERICA
and samples are admitted free of duty, pro-
vided a written guaranty, signed by some re-
sponsible firm of the port of entry, is presented
to the collector of customs to the effect that
the samples will be reshipped within a specified
time, either three, six, nine, or twelve months
from date of entry.
Advertising matter and samples of no com-
mercial value, whether brought by the traveller
or sent by post or freight, are admitted free of
duty.
In addition to that, commercial travellers
enjoy the right, in common with all other trav-
ellers, to bring with them up to 150 kilos (330
pounds) of personal baggage.
GUIANA
British Guiana
No licenses, fees, or taxes are required from
commercial travellers visiting the colony. The
following regulations have reference to admis-
sion of samples of commercial travellers : —
1. "Commercial travellers" shall mean and include any
person who satisfies the comptroller of customs that he is
soliciting orders for goods on behalf of business people outside
of the colony.
220
GUIDE TO LATIN AMERICA
2. Commercial travellers shall be entitled to obtain a pro-
visional permit for the possession of any articles imported by
them into the colony which the comptroller of customs is satis-
fied are bona fide samples.
Dutch Guiana (Surinam)
No license has to be taken out by commercial
travellers, other than those dealing in spirits,
who must pay the tax levied on dealers in spirits.
Samples of no value are admitted free of duty.
Those having commercial value are inspected by
the customs officials, and security has to be
given for the payment of import duties. On
exportation the goods are again officially in-
spected, and import duty for any that have
been sold is deducted from the security. There
is no limit of time fixed for the exportation of
the samples.
French Guiana
The laws and regulations in force in France
are generally applied also throughout the col-
onies and dependencies of the republic.
Paraguay
Commercial travellers are divided into three
classes, according to the volume and importance
GUIDE TO LATIN AMERICA
of their business, paying taxes of 1200, 800,
and, 550 pesos, respectively (about $100, $75,
and $45).
Samples having value pay duty, but the
amount of the duty may be deposited in cash,
the only method accepted by the custom-house
administration, to be returned to the party,
provided the samples thus guaranteed are ex-
ported within a reasonable time fixed by the
administration.
Peru
There are no restrictions or taxes on com-
mercial travellers in Peru. They are allowed to
enter with their samples on presenting to the
custom house through a responsible agent an
official request to pass so many packages of
samples. These are examined and appraised
by the officer named, and then a bond is pre-
sented by the agent, who undertakes to pay the
amount of the duty leviable in respect of any
of the samples that may not be reshipped within
the term specified, which is generally ninety
days. This process will cost the commercial
traveller from $2.50 to $5, according to the
number of packages he brings, and he is then
free to go where he likes with his samples, with-
222
GUIDE TO LATIN AMERICA
out being obliged to give an account of them
in any part of the interior he may wish to visit.
The responsible local agent, before giving the
bond to the custom house, usually satisfies him-
self as to the status of the traveller, who, be-
sides his business card, should bring a letter of
recommendation to some known resident in the
port through which the traveller enters the
country.
Should a commercial traveller enter Bolivia
through Mollenda with his samples and not re-
turn to Peru, he must send a certificate, signed
and viseed by the Peruvian consul at La Paz, to
the effect that the said samples have entered
Bolivia. The responsibility of the agent at
Mollendo then ceases and he can withdraw the
bond he has given, there being no duties leviable
in Mollendo on articles in transit to Bolivia.
In the municipality of Arequipa commercial
travellers are obliged to take out a license, the
cost of which is about $12 United States cur-
rency per quarter.
Uruguay
Commercial travellers pay a license of $100.
This amount entitles the traveller to a license
for an entire year, but no reduction is allowed
GUIDE TO LATIN AMERICA
to those remaining in the country only a part
of the year.
Samples of dutiable goods are allowed free
temporary importation, the commercial traveller
furnishing a bond or deposit for the amount of
duty, which is returned when he leaves the
country.
Venezuela
There are no laws in Venezuela concerning
the treatment of commercial travellers, and no
restrictions in regard to the introduction of
samples.
Samples of no value are admitted free. Those
subject to duty are admitted free subject to
their reexportation from the country.
CHAPTER VII
BIBLIOGRAPHY
SOME of the most recent publications on
Latin America.
(See also Handbooks and Monthly Bulletins of the Inter-
national Bureau of American Republics and its Catalogue of
the Columbus Memorial Library, Washington.)
GENERAL.
Panama to Patagonia. By Charles M. Pepper. (West Coast.)
A. C. McClurg & Co., Chicago. 1906.
The South Americans. By Albert Hale. (East Coast.)
Bobbs, Merrill & Co., Indianapolis. 1907.
The Other Americans. By Arthur Ruhl. Scribner, New
York. 1908.
With the Battle Fleet. By Franklin Matthews. B. W.
Huebsch, New York. 1909.
History of South America. By C. E. Akers. Murray, London.
1904.
South American Struggle for Liberty. By Hezekiah Butter-
worth. Doubleday & McClure, New York. 1898.
South America. By F. G. Carpinter. Akron, Ohio. 1900.
Between the Andes and the Ocean. By William E. Curtis.
Herbert Stone & Co., Chicago. 1900.
Latin America, the Land of Opportunity. By Hon. John
Barrett. 1907. I. B. A. R.
South American Republics. By Th. C. Dawson. Putnam.
1903.
Mountains and Forests of South America. By Paul Foun-
tain. Longmans, Green & Co., New York. 1902.
A Commercial Traveller in South America. By Frank
Wiborg. McClure, Philips & Co. 1905.
225
GUIDE TO LATIN AMERICA
A Continent of Opportunity. By Francis Clark. 1908.
Fleming H. Revell, New York.
Exporters' Encyclopedia. 80 Broad Street, New York.
Central and South America and the West Indies. By A. H.
Keane, edited by Sir Clements Markham. E. Stanford,
London. 1901.
MEXICO
Appleton's Guide to Mexico.
Janvier's Guide to Mexico. Scribner.
Baedeker's Guide to Mexico. (Bound with United States.)
Scribner.
Awakening of a Nation. By C. F. Lummis. Harper. 1899.
Archaeological Tour in Mexico. By A. F. Bandelier. Cup-
pies & Co., Boston. 1881.
The Aztecs. By L. Biart. A. C. McClurg, Chicago. 1900.
Viva Mexico. By C. M. Flandrau. Appleton. 1908.
Mexico as I Saw It. By Mrs. Alex. Tweedie. Macmillan.
1901.
Maker of Modern Mexico. By Mrs. Alex. Tweedie. John
Lane. 1906.
Mexico of Twentieth Century. By P. F. Martin. 2 vols.
Edward Arnold, London. 1907.
Hon. Elihu Root in Mexico. (Spanish and English text.)
Morales y Caballero. City of Mexico. 1908.
Mexican Year Book: Official. Brentano, New York.
A White Umbrella in Mexico. By F. Hopkinson Smith.
(Guanajuato — Silao — Queretaro — Aguas Calientes — Zacatecas
— City of Mexico — Puebla — Toluca — Morelia — Patzcuaro — •
Tzintzontzan.)
Old Mexico and Her Lost Provinces. Harper. 1883.
The Cruise of the Excelsior. By Bret Harte. Harper. 1883.
The Mother of California. By A. W. North. (Lower Cali-
fornia.) Harper. 1908.
Siege of Cautla, Bunker Hill of Mexico. Knickerbocker
Press. 1893.
Mexican Paintings and Painters. By R. H. Sanborn. 1891.
Spanish Colonial Architecture. By Sylvester Baxter. 1904.
226
GUIDE TO LATIN AMERICA
Through Southern Mexico with a Naturalist. By Hans
Godow. Scribner. 1908.
Bird Lover in Mexico. By C. W. Beebe. 1905.
Mexican Trails. By S. D. Kirkham. Putnam. 1909.
CENTRAL AMERICA
In and Out of Central America. By Frank Vincent. Apple-
ton. 1896.
Three Gringos in Venezuela and Central America. By R. H.
Davis. Harper. 1896.
Around the Caribbean and across Panama. By F. C. Nich-
olas. Caldwell & Co. 1903.
Republic of Costa Rica. By J. B. Calvo. Rand, McNally
& Co. 1890.
Glimpses at Guatemala. By Maudesley. Murray, London.
1899.
Appleton's Guide to (Mexico and) Guatemala.
Honduras, the Land of Great Depths. By C. Charles. Rand,
McNally & Co. 1890.
Geographical Sketch. By A. K. Moe. Government Print-
ing Office, Washington. 1904.
British Honduras (Belize). Bristowe & Wright, Edinburgh.
Nicaragua, Key to the Pacific. By A. R. Colquhoun. 1895.
Nicaragua and Its People. By J. W. Walker. A. C. McClurg.
1905.
Salvador Illustrated. By Marie Robinson Wright. L' Artiste
Publishing Co., New York. 1893.
Four Centuries of the Panama Canal. By W. F. Johnson.
Henry Holt, New York. 1906.
Panama. By Tracy Robinson. 1908. Star and Herald
Office. Panama and New York.
Panama Canal Work and Workers. By F. L. Waldo. New
York. 1907.
Panama Patchwork. By J. S. Gilbert. Star and Herald,
Panama and New York. 1907.
Central (and South) America, etc. By A. H. Keane, edited by
Sir Clements Markham. Vol. II. E. Stanford, Lon-
don. 1901.
227
GUIDE TO LATIN AMERICA
ARGENTINE REPUBLIC.
MulhalFs Handbook to Argentina. Published in Buenos
Aires.
A Baedeker for Argentina in Spanish. By Martinez. Penser,
Buenos Aires.
The South Americans. By Albert Hale. Chaps. III-VL
1907.
Argentine Year Book. By J. Grant & Son. Buenos Aires.
(Annual. )
Over the Andes. By Mary Crommelin. Macmillan, New
York. 1896.
Through the Heart of Patagonia. By H. H. Prichard. Ap-
pleton. 1902.
The Gold-diggings of Cape Horn. By J. R. Spears. Putnam.
1895.
The River Parana and Falls of Iguazu. By W. S. Barclay.
London Geographical Journal; reprinted in the Bul-
letin of the International Bureau of American Repub-
lics, February, 1909.
Facundo Quiroga, Story of. By Domingo T. Sarmiento.
(Translated from the Spanish by Mrs. Horace Mann,
with sketch of life of Sarmiento, President of Argen-
tina.) Kurd & Houghton. 1868.
BOLIVIA
The Bolivian Alps. By Sir M. Conway. Harper. 1901.
Bolivia, The Central Highway of South America. By Marie
Robinson Wright. Barrie & Sons. Philadelphia. 1907.
Panama to Patagonia. By C. M. Pepper. (Bolivia, Chaps.
XVH-XXI.)
Guide to Bolivia (Spanish). By Luis Crespo. La Paz.
BRAZIL
The New Brazil. By Marie Robinson Wright. Barrie & Son,
Philadelphia. 1901.
228
GUIDE TO LATIN AMERICA
The Pampas and the Andes. By N. H. Bishop. Lee &
Shepard. 1883.
Notes of a Botanist on the Amazon and Andes. By Richard
Spruce. Macmillan. 1909.
Expedition to the Madeira and the Mamore. By N. B. Craig.
Lippincott. 1907.
The Land of To-morrow. By Major J. Orton Kerbey. W. F.
Brainerd, New York. 1906.
Brazil To-day. By Arthur Dias. (English ed.) For sale at
Laemmert's Bookstore, Rio Janeiro. 1905.
A Summer Journey to Brazil. By Alice R. Humphrey. Bon-
nell, Silver & Co., New York. 1900.
The South Americans. By Albert Hale. (Brazil, Chaps. XI-
XIV.)
CHILE
Aconcagua and Tierra del Fuego. By Sir M. Conway. Cas-
sell & Co., New York. 1902.
Over the Andes to Chile. By Mary Crommelin. Macmillan,
1896.
Panama to Patagonia. By C. M. Pepper. (Chile, Chaps.
XII-XVIII.)
Chile, History, etc. By G. F. Scott Elliot. Scribner. 1907.
Republic of Chile. By Marie Robinson Wright. Barrie &
Son, Philadelphia. 1904.
COLOMBIA
Colombian (and Venezuelan) Republics, etc. By Win. L»
Scruggs. Little, Brown & Co., Boston. 1905.
The Golden Man. By A. F. Bandelier.
Colombia. A Land of Great Possibilities. By Hon. John
Barrett. I. B. A. R.
Republic of Colombia. By F. Loraine Petre. E. Stanford,
London. 1906.
Panama to Patagonia. By C. M. Pepper. (Colombia,
Chaps. I-III.)
229
GUIDE TO LATIN AMERICA
ECUADOR
Travels amongst the Great Andes of the Equator. By Edward
Whymper. Murray, London. 1892.
Panama to Patagonia. By C. M. Pepper. (Ecuador, Chap.
PARAGUAY
Paraguay, By Wm. Mill Butler. Paraguay Development Co.,
Philadelphia. 1901.
History of Paraguay. By C. A. Washburn. Lee & Shepard,
Boston and New York. 1871.
Nights on the Rio Paraguay. By A. Amerlan. Translated
from the German. Buenos Aires. 1902.
A Vanished Arcadia. By R. B. Cunningham. London. 1901.
PERU
Peru, Its Story, etc. By Geraldine Guinness. Morgan Scott,
London. 1909.
Panama to Patagonia. By C. M. Pepper. (Peru, Chaps.
V-VI.)
Over the Andes to Chile and Peru. By Mary Crommelin.
Macmillan. 1896.
Andes and Amazon. Life and Travel in Peru. Scribner.
1907.
Land of To-morrow. By J. Orton Kerbey. (Chapters on
Peru.) 1906.
Peru, History of Coca, with Account of the Incas. By W.
G.Mortimer. J. H. Vail & Co. 1901.
Peruvian Antiquities, Rivero and Tschudi. (Translated from
Spanish by F. L. Hawks.) Putnam. 1893.
Old and New Peru. By Marie Robinson Wright. Barrie &
Son, Philadelphia. 1909.
230
GUIDE TO LATIN AMERICA
URUGUAY
South American Sketches. By R. Crawford. Longmans,
Green, New York. 1898.
The South Americans. By Albert Hale. (Uruguay, Chaps.
VII-X.)
VENEZUELA
A Naturalist in the Guianas and Venezuela. By Eugene
Andre. Scribner. 1904.
Venezuela, a Land where it is Always Summer. By Wm. E.
Curtis. Harper. 1896.
Three Gringos in Venezuela, etc. By R. H. Davis. Harper.
1896.
Venezuela (and Colombian) Republics. By Wm. L. Scruggs.
Little, Brown & Co., Boston. 1905.
The South Americans. By Albert Hale. (Venezuela, Chaps.
XV-XVIII.)
Bolivar, Simon, Liberator of South America. Life, published
by Clayton, London. 1876.
THE GUIANAS
A Naturalist in the Guianas. By Eugene Andre. Scribner.
1904.
Guide to British Guiana. By J. Rodway. Boston. 1898.
Twenty-five Years in British Guiana. By H. Kirk.
Dutch Guiana. Palgrave, London. 1876.
British Honduras. Handbook by Bristowe & Wright, Edin-
burgh. 1892.
CUBA
Standard Guide to Cuba. Foster & Reynolds, 1 Madison Sq.,
New York. 1907.
Cuba and the Cubans. By L. E. Levy. (Translated from
Spanish by Laura Guiteras.) Levy type Company,
Philadelphia. 1896.
231
GUIDE TO LATIN AMERICA
Collins' Guide to (Nassau, Mexico and) Cuba. Ward & Co.,
New York. 1899.
Cuba in War Time. By R. H. Davis. R. H. Russell, New
York, 1897.
Cuba (and other Islands of the West Indies) . By Robert T.
Hill. Century Company, New York. 1898.
The War with Spain. By Henry Cabot Lodge. Harper. 1902.
Cuba (West Indies, and Central America). Vol. II. By A. H.
Keane. Edited by Sir Clements Markham. E. Stan-
ford, London. 1901.
To-morrow in Cuba. By C. M. Pepper. Harper. 1899.
Industrial Cuba. By Robert P. Porter. Putnam. 1899.
Campaign of Santiago. By Col. H. S. Sargent. McClurg,
Chicago. 1909.
Isle of Pines. By De B. R. Keim. Government Printing
Office, Washington. 1906.
Cuba: Population, History and Resources (including Isle of
Pines). Published by U. S. Bureau of the Census, 1909,
Washington.
WEST INDIES
(Cuba and) Porto Rico, etc. By Robert T. Hill. Century
Company. 1898.
West Indies (Porto Rico), etc. By A. H. Keane. Vol. II.
Edited by Sir Clements Markham. E. Stanford, Lon-
don. 1901.
Porto Rico and her Resources. By F. A. Ober. New York.
1899.
Our Island Empire. By R. Morris. Philadelphia. 1899.
SANTO DOMINGO (Dominican Republic, Haiti).
(Cuba, Porto Rico and) the West Indies. Chapters on these
republics. By Robert T. Hill. Century Company.
1898.
West Indies (and Central America). Vol. II. Chapters on
these republics. By A. H. Keane. Edited by Sir
Clements Markham. E. Stanford, London. 1901.
232
GUIDE TO LATIN AMERICA
Haiti, Her History, etc. By J. N. Leger. Neale Publishing
Co., New York and Washington. 1907.
Toussaint, Louverture, Life.
JAMAICA, etc.
The New Jamaica. By E. B. May hew. Walbridge, New
York. 1890.
Handbook for Jamaica. By Roxburgh. E. Stanford, London.
1900.
Jamaica, the New Riviera. By J. Johnson. Cassell, London,
1903.
The Bahamas. By G. B. Shattuck. Macmillan. 1905.
The Bermudas. Stark's Guide. J. H. Stark, Boston. 1897.
The West Indies (and Central America). Vol. II. By A. H.
Keane. Edited by Sir Clements Markham. E. Stan-
ford, London. 1901.
Cuba, Porto Rico, and the West Indies. By Robert T. Hill.
Century Company. 1898.
Guide to West Indies and Bermudas. Dodd, Mead & Co.
1906.
The Bermudas. By A. Heilprin. Philadelphia. 1889.
Mont Pelee and the Tragedy of Martinique. By A. Heilprin.
Lippincott. 1903.
Two Years in the French West Indies. By Lafcadio Hearn.
(Tobago) Crusoe's Island. By F. A. Ober. Appleton. 1898.
Crusoe's Island. By J. R. Brown.
In the Footsteps of Columbus. By F. A. Ober. Lothrop,
1893.
Our West Indian Neighbors. By F. A. Ober. 1904.
See Ober's Lives of the Discoverers: Cortez (1905), Columbus
(Harper, N. Y., 1906), Amerigo Vespucci (Harper,
1907), Magellan (Harper, 1907), John and Sebastian
Cabot (Harper, N. Y., 1908), etc.
Camps in the Caribbees. By F. A. Ober. Boston, 1886.
Collin's Guide to Nassau (Mexico, etc.). Ward & Co., New
York. 1899.
INDEX OF PROPER NAMES IN
DESCRIPTION OP COUNTRIES
INDEX OF PROPER NAMES IN
DESCRIPTION OF COUNTRIES
Abaco, Great, 151.
Abingdon, 103.
Acajutla, 44.
Acapulco, 38.
Aceituno, 47.
Aconcagua mountain, 64.
Acre territory, 77.
Africa, slaves from, 104, 140.
Agua, Fuego y, volcanoes, 40.
Aguascalientes, 34, 36.
Aimara Indians, Bolivia, 72.
Ajusco, 31.
Albemarle, 103.
Alexandria of the future, 40.
All Saints bay, 81.
Altata, 38.
Alto Peru, Bolivia, 70.
Alvarado, 39.
Amapala, 45, 47.
Amazon, 70, 75, 76, 79, 85, 86,
101, 102, 114, 116, 124, 157!
America. See Central, South.
American capital, 138.
American Mediterranean, 144.
American railroad, Ecuador, 102.
American Revolution, 151.
American saint, Rose of Lima,
55.
Americus Vespucius, 75.
Ampere, prophecy of, 40.
Anahuac, valley of, 30.
Ancon. See Puerto Ancon.
Ancud, 93.
Andes, 53, 63, 64, 67, 78, 88, 89,
95, 101, 110, 111, 114.
Andes, Christ of, statue, 64.
Andes, Santa Rosa de las, 96.
Andros, 151.
Angostura, 127.
Annapolis of Chile, 92.
Antigua, Colombia, 53.
Antigua, Guatemala, 42.
Antigua island, 152.
Antilhue, 93.
Antilla, 131.
Antilles, Greater & Lesser, 145,
146.
Antilles, Pearl of, 129.
Antofagasta, 70, 71, 72, 73, 91.
Antonina, 83.
Aragua valley, 126.
Araucanian Indians, 89.
Araucaria Braziliensis, 83.
Arequipa, 115.
Argentina, 61-68, 70, 73, 87, 89,
90, 106, 117, 121.
industrial colonies, 63, 66, 67,
68.
railroads
Central Northern, 71.
Great Western, 67.
Transandine, which see.
Argentine Switzerland, 67.
Arica, 70, 91.
Artibonite river, 143.
Asphalt lake, Trinidad, 164.
Asp in wall, 55.
Assiel lake, 142.
Asuncion, Paraguay, 71, 105,
107, 108.
Asuncion, Venezuela, 128.
Atacames, 104.
Athens, Brazilian, 80.
Atlantida, 45.
Atrato river, 53.
Australia, 71.
Aux Cayes, 143.
Ayacucho, 110, 115.
Aztecs, 29, 43.
Azua, 138.
Bage", 84.
Bahamas, 144, 145, 151-152.
Bahia Blanca, 65, 68.
Bahia (San Salvador), 75, 81.
Balboa, 53.
Balsas, 38.
Banda Oriental, Uruguay, 117.
237
INDEX OF PROPER NAMES
Baracoa, 129, 131.
Barahona, 138.
Barbadoes, 145, 153-154, 155.
Barbuda, 152.
Barcelona, 128.
Barranquilla, 97, 98.
Barrios, Puerto. See Puerto
Barrios.
Basse Terre, 153.
Batabano, 133.
Bath, 150.
Bay Islands, 46, 153.
Belem. See Para.
Belen river, 52.
Belgian capital, 121.
Belgium, 141.
Belgium of western hemisphere,
44.
Belgrano, Puerto. See Puerto
Belgrano.
Belize, 160-161.
city, 161.
river, 160.
Bello Horizonte, 85.
Bells, hill of, 37.
Beltran, 98.
Berbice, 158.
" Bermoothes, the still vexed."
150.
Bermudas, 145, 150-151, 152.
Bermudez, Juan, 150.
Bessemer plant, 97.
Blancos and Colorados, 118.
Blue Mountains, 148.
Bluefields, 49.
Blumenau, 83.
Bocas del Toro, 54, 55.
Bogota, 97, 98.
Bolivar, Cindad. See Cindad
Bolivar.
Bolivar, Gen. Simon, 54, 70, 95,
99, 113, 123, 124, 126.
Bolivia, 67, 69-74, 77, 91, 100,
107, 111, 115.
industrial colonies, 71.
railroads, 70-72.
Bolognesi, 113.
Bonaire, 157.
Botafogo, 79.
Botanical gardens
Rio de Janeiro, 78.
Trinidad, 154.
Braganza, 80.
Brazil, 61, 70, 71, 75-86, 106,
107, 111, 117, 119, 158.
dye wood, 81.
industrial (German) colonies,
83.
railroads
Central, 85.
Leopoldina, 82.
Maue\ 77.
Bridgetown, 154.
British Guiana, 158.
British Honduras, 39, 145, 160-
161.
British invasion of Nicaragua,
48.
British maiden martyrs, 152.
British possessions, 144, 145,
148-155, 158-159, 160-161.
Brito, 50.
Brownsville, 33.
Buena Vista, 35.
Buenaventura, 98.
Buenos Aires, 63, 64, 65, 66, 67,
70, 71, 83, 86, 89, 105, 107,
108, 109, 117, 120.
"Bulwark of the West Indies,"
132.
Cabadello, 80.
Cabanas fortress, 132.
Cabot, Sebastian, 105, 117.
Cabrera, President, 42.
Caicos islands, 150.
Calamar, 98.
Caldera, 89, 92.
Caleta Buena, 91.
Caleta Caloso, 91.
Cali, 98.
California, 98.
California, Lower, 37.
Callao, 113, 115.
Camaguey, 132.
Camoens library, 78.
Campeche, 34.
Campinas, 83.
Cana gold mines, 54, 55. m
Canal Commission, Isthmian, 57.
Canals. < See under their names.
Canary islands, 129.
Candelaria church, 79.
Cape Gracias, 49.
INDEX OF PROPER NAMES
Cape Haitien, 142-143.
Capricorn, Tropic of, 76, 91.
Carabobo, 123, 127.
Caracas, 125, 126.
Cardenas, 131, 132.
Carib Indians, 46, 50, 123, 153.
Caribbean Sea, 40, 41, 42, 46, 48,
51, 52, 97, 99, 126, 143, 149,
154.
Caribbees, 145, 152-154.
Carizal Bajo, 92.
Carnegie, Andrew, 52.
Carnegie observatory, 66.
Cartagena, 97, 98.
Cartago, 52.
Carupano, 128.
Castries, 153.
Catete, 79.
Cauca, 98.
Cayenne city, 159.
Cayenne (Guiana), 159.
Cayenne river, 159.
Caymans, 150.
Ceara (Fortaleza), 80.
Ceiba. See La Ceiba.
Central America, 39-52.
Central American Court of
Justice, 52.
Central American Federation,
39-40.
Cerro de Montevideo, 120.
Cerro de Pasco, 114, 115.
Chaco province, 106-109.
Chagres river, 56.
Champerico, 41, 43.
Chanaral, 92.
Chapala lake, 37.
Chapultepec, Castle of, 31.
Charcas (Sucre), 72.
Charles V, 61.
Charlestown, 153.
Charlotte Amalia, 156.
Chatham, 103.
Chicago, growth compared with
Buenos Aires, 65.
"Chicago of North Mexico," 35.
Chiclayo, 114.
Chihuahua, 36, 38.
Chile, 64, 66, 70, 75, 87-94, 112.
railroads, 88, 89.
See also Transandine, Longi-
tudinal Valley.
Chilean Fiords, 93.
Chiloe, 93.
Chimborazo, 101, 102
Chinese, 158.
Chinese ships, 113.
Chiriqui, 53, 54.
Cholula, pyramid, 33.
Chorro Milagroso, 97.
"Christ of the Andes," statue.
64.
Christophe, 141, 143.
Chubut, 68.
Churubusco, 31.
Cienfuegos, 131, 133.
City of Mexico. See Mexico,
City of.
Ciudad Bolivar, 127.
Ciudad Juarez, 36.
Ciudad Porfirio Diaz, 35.
Cleveland, President, 48.
Coatepec, 33.
Coatzacoalcoa. See Puerto
Mexico.
Coban, 42.
Cochabamba, 71.
Code, 54.
Coco (Wanks) river, 45.
Colima, 37, 38.
Colima volcano, 37.
Cologne, 152.
Colombia, 53, 95-99, 127.
federation of, 54, 100.
railroads, 96, 97, 98, 99.
Colombia, Puerto. See Saba-
nilla.
Colon province, 54.
Colon city, 55, 56.
Colonia, 117, 119, 120.
Colonies, industrial, Hirsch, 66,
67.
See also under the countries.
Colonies. See possessions of for-
eign countries.
Columbia, District of. See Fed-
eral Districts.
Columbus, 39, 50, 52, 56, 75,
96, 113, 123, 129, 135,
138, 143, 144, 151, 152,
154.
Diego, 129.
tomb of, Havana, 132.
tomb of, Santo Domingo, 138.
239
INDEX OF PROPER NAMES
Columbus Memorial Library,
144, 225.
Comayagua, 46.
Concepcion, Argentina, 66, 121.
Concepcion, Chili, 92.
Concepcion, Paraguay, 109.
Concordia, 121.
Congress, Pan-American, 54.
Constant Spring, 150.
Constitucion, 92.
Copiapd, 89, 92.
Coquimbo, 92.
Cordoba, Argentina, 67.
Cordoba, Mexico, 32.
Corinto, 49.
Cornwall, 71.
Coronel, 93.
Corosal, 161.
Corral, 93.
Corrientes, 66, 71.
Cortez, 29, 32, 39, 154.
palace and estate, 31.
Puerto. See Puerto Cortez.
Corumba, 71, 77, 86, 107.
Costa Rica, 39, 48, 50-52, 53.
railroad, interoceanic, 41, 42.
Cotopaxi, 101.
Court of Justice, Central Ameri-
can, 52.
Cousino Park, 90, 93.
Cowley, Captain, 103.
Coxcomb mountains, 160.
Cristobal, 56.
Cromwell, 148.
Crusoe, Robinson, island, 91, 155.
Cuautla, 31.
Cuba, 129-133, 145, 148.
railroads, 131, 133.
Cubagua island, 123.
Cucuta, 127.
Cuenca, 102, 104.
Cuernavaca, 31.
Culebra, Panama, 57.
Culebra, Porto Rico, 148.
Culiacan, 38.
Cumand, 123, 128.
Curasao, 145, 157.
Curaray river, 102.
Curityba, 83.
Curvello, 85.
Cuyaba, 86.
Cuzco, 113, 115.
Dam, San Roque, 67.
Danish possessions, 145, 156.
Danli, 47.
Darien, 53, 54.
David, 55.
Demerara, 158.
Denmark, 156.
D'Estaing, 140.
Deseada, 155.
Dessaline "the Emperor," 140.
Desterro (Florianapolis), 83.
Detroit, parallel, 48.
Devil's Island, 159.
Diamantina, 82, 85.
Diaz, Ciudad Porfirio, 35.
Diaz, Porfirio, 30, 34.
birthplace, 33.
Dismal Night (Noche Triste),
tree of, 31.
District of Columbia. See Fed-
eral Districts.
Dom Pedro, 79.
Domingo, San or Santo. See
Santo Domingo.
Dominica, 152, 153.
Dominican Republic, 135, 137-
139, 142, 145.
railroads, 137.
Dorada, 98.
Dos Patos lake. See Merim.
Dreyfus, Captain, 159.
Dublin, 94.
Dulce river, 42.
Dumas, Alexandre, 143.
Durango, 35, 36, 38.
Durango, Iron mountain, 36.
Dutch, 80, 81, 157, 158.
Dutch Guiana, 158-159.
Dutch possessions, 145, 157.
Dutch West India Company, 81.
Easter lilies, Bermuda, 151.
Ecuador, 55, 95, 100-104.
railroads, 102, 103.
El Caney, 133.
El Dorado, the Golden Man, 96.
El Encanto, 125.
El Oro mines, 32.
El Paso, 36.
El Real de Santa Maria, 55.
Empire, Panama, 58.
Encantado, 125.
240
INDEX OF PROPER NAMES
Encarnacidn, 109.
England, 107, 117, 159, 160.
English, 63, 119, 125, 129, 148,
152, 156, 158.
English capital, 55, 63, 119,
121.
English mission, Paraguay, 107,
109.
English ships, 113.
Ensenada, 37.
Entre Rios, 66.
Episcopal Missionary Bishopric,
84.
Esmeraldas, 104.
Esperanza, 33.
Essequibo, 158.
Eten, 114.
Eugenie, Empress, 56.
Facatatiya, 98.
Faralon island, 120.
Federal Districts
Argentina, 65.
Brazil, 78.
Colombia, 95.
Columbia, U. S., 31.
Mexico, 31.
Venezuela, 123.
Federations
Central American, 39-40.
Latin-American, 95.
of Colombia, 54 95.
Fiords, Chilean, 93.
Flandrau, C. M., 29. See also
Bibliography.
Floriana, 104.
Florianapolis. See Desterro.
Florida, 149, 151, 152.
Fonseca bay, 45, 46, 47, 48.
Fort de France, 156.
Fortaleza. See Ceara.
France, 135, 137, 141, 155, 158.
Francia, Dr., 106.
Fray Bentos, 119, 121.
Frederikstad. See Parahyba.
Freemasonry, 141.
French, 90, 108, 135, 139, 140,
141, 142, 143, 153, 158.
French Guiana, 159.
French House of Deputies, 155,
159.
French naval station, 158.
French possessions, 145, 155-156,
159.
French Revolution, 140.
Frontera, 34.
Fuego, Tierra del. See Tierra
del Fuego.
Fuego y Agua, volcanoes, 40.
Fundacion, 99.
Galdpagos islands, 103-104.
Gariti island, 120.
Gatico, 91.
Gatun, 56, 57.
Georgetown, B. G., 158.
Germans, 41, 61, 68, 76, 83, 84,
90, 93, 107, 108, 112, 126,
139, 156.
"Gibraltar of the New World,"
143.
Girardot, 97, 98.
Goeldi museum, 80.
Golden Man (El Dorado), 96.
Gonaive gulf, 136, 142.
Gorgona, 58.
Goyaz, 79, 80, 86.
Granada, Nicaragua, 49.
Granada, Vega of, 111.
Grande Riviere, 143.
Grant, General, 136.
Great Abaco, 151.
Greeks, 106.
Grenada, New. See New Gren-
ada.
Grenada, West Indies, 153.
Grenadines, 153.
Greytown, 50.
Gros Morne, 142, 143.
Guadalajara, 37, 38.
Guadalupe, Bolivia, 74.
Guadalupe, Mexico, 31, 33.
Guadeloupe, W. I., 145, 155.
Guaicaipuro, 124.
Guaire river, 125.
Guanajuato, 36.
Guanta, 128.
Guarani Indians, 105.
Guaruja, 82.
Guatemala, 34, 39, 40-43, 160,
161.
railroads, 41, 42, 43.
Guatemala City, 41, 42.
Guaya, kingdom of, 158.
£41
INDEX OF PROPER NAMES
Guayacan, 92.
Guayano, 157.
Guayaquil, 102, 103.
Guayaquil bay, 114.
Guaymas, 37.
Guaymas river, 103.
Guiana, island of, 158.
Guianas, 144, 145, 157-159.
Haiti, 135, 137, 140-143, 145.
Haitien, Cape, 142-143.
Halifax, 151, 152.
Hamilton, Alexander, 152.
Hamilton, Bermuda, 151.
Harbor islands, 151.
Harvard astronomical observa-
tory, 115.
Havana, 47, 129, 131-132, 133,
147.
Hayes, President, 106.
Hayes, Villa. See Villa Hayes.
Hercules cotton mills, 37.
Hermosillo, 37.
Higginson, H. L., 133.
Hirsch, Baron, colonies, 66, 67.
Hispaniola, 135.
Hobson, Lieut. R. P., 133.
Holland, 157.
Honduras, 39, 45-47, 70, 115,
153.
railroads, 45-47.
British. See British Hon-
duras.
Huancayo, 115,
Huanillos, 91.
Huaqui, 70.
Huasco, 92.
Huigra, 102, 104.
Humboldt, 48.
Humboldt's Stream, 87.
Ibarra, 103, 104.
lea, 115..
Iguazu river and falls, 66.
He de la Tortue, 143.
Inca, ransom of the, 111.
Incas, 69, 100, 103, 110, 115.
Indefatigable, 103.
Independencia, 121.
Ind, wealth of, 111.
India, 135.
Indian, East, coolies, 154, 158.
International Bureau 'of the
American Republics, 144.
225.
Iquiqui, 91.
Iquitos, 76, 102, 114, 116.
Irapuato, 37.
Irazu mountain, 50, 52.
Iron mountain, Durango, 36.
Isabela, 138.
Islas de Pasaje, 148.
Isle of Pines, 133-134.
Isthmian Canal Commission, 57.
Isthmus of Panama. See Pan-
ama.
Itajahy, 83.
Italian Beneficient Society, 83.
Italian language, 63.
Italians, 63, 76, 90, 108, 118.
Italy, 63, 83.
Iturbide, 30.
Iturbide theatre, 31.
Ixtaccihuatl, 31.
Izabal lake, 42.
Jalapa, 33.
Jalapilla, 33.
Jamaica, 141, 145, 148-149, 151,
160.
James I, 150.
Jamestown, 128.
Jeremie, 143.
Jesuits, 32, 36, 105, 107, 108.
Jipi-japa, 102.
Joinville, 83.
Jonson, Ben, 150.
Josephine, Empress, 156.
Juan Fernandez islands, 90-91.
Juanacatlan falls, 37.
Juarez, home of, 33.
tomb of, 31.
Cindad, 36.
Jujuy, 68, 71.
Juliaca, 115.
Juncal, 90.
Junin, 91.
"Key of the New World," 132.
Kingston, 148, 149-150.
La Boca, 55.
La Borda gardens, 31.
La Brea, Honduras, 47.
242
INDEX OF PROPER NAMES
La Brea, Trinidad, 154.
La Ceiba, 45, 47.
La Ferriere, 143.
La Guayra, 125, 127, 157.
La Libertad, 44.
La Matriz church, 72.
La Paz, Bolivia, 68, 70, 71, 72,
73, 91.
La Paz, Mexico, 37.
La Plata, Argentina, 65.
La Plata, Bolivia, 73.
La Plata river. See Rio de la
Plata.
La Punta barracks, 132.
La Scala theatre, 108.
La Union, 45.
La Vega, 139.
La Victoria, 126.
Laguna district, 35.
Larangeiras, 79.
Laredo, 35.
Las Casas, 47.
Latin-American Federation, 95.
Lee, Gen. Fitzhugh, 132.
Leeward Islands. See Carib-
bees.
Leogane, 142.
Leon, Mexico, 36.
Leon, Nicaragua, 49.
Lerdo, 35.
Lesseps, de, 56.
Libertador, 123.
Liebig, Baron von, 121.
Liebig establishment, 119, 121.
Lima, 100, 113, 116.
Lima, St. Rose of, 55.
Limon, 51.
"Lincoln of South America,"
67.
Lirquen, 92.
Livingston, 42.
Llai Llai, 90.
Llanquihue lake, 93.
Lobos Islands, 114.
Loma Tina, peak, 135.
Longitudinal Valley, 87, 88,
90.
Longitudinal Valley Railroad,
88, 90, 93.
Lopez, 106, 108.
Lota, 93.
Louisiana planter, 133.
Maceio, 78, 80, 81.
Mackenzie College, 82.
Macuto, 126.
Madeira river, 70, 78.
Madryn. See Puerto Madryn.
Magdalena Bay, 37.
Magdalena river, 96, 98.
Magellan, explorer, 61, 87, 117.
Magellan, Straits of, 52, 64, 68.
87, 89, 93.
Magellan territory, 87.
Maine, U. S. S., 132.
Maldonado, 120.
Malecon promenade, 132.
Malintzi, peak, 33.
Malleco bridge, 88.
Maltrata, 33.
Managua, city, 49.
lake, 49.
Manaos, 76, 79, 85, 86, 116.
Mancenillo bay, 135.
Mandeville, 150.
Manzanares river, 128.
Manzanillo, 37, 38.
Mapocho river, 90.
Maracaibo, city, 127, 128.
lake, 124, 127.
Maranao (San Luis or Maran-
ham), 80.
Maranham. See Maranao
Maranon river, 114, 116.
Marathon, 106.
Mar del Plata, 65.
Margarita island, 124, 128.
Marianao, 132.
Marie Galante, 155.
Martinique, 145, 153, 155-156,
159.
Massachusetts, size of table-land
of Bolivia, 69.
Matamoros, 33, 35.
Matanzas, 131, 132.
Mate". See Yerba Mate*.
Matto Grosso, 86.
Mau^, Viscount, 77.
Maule river, 92.
Maurice of Nassau, Prince, 81.
Maya Indians, 35.
Mayaguez, 147.
Maximilian, 30, 37.
Mazatlan, 36, 38.
Medellin, 98.
243
INDEX OF PROPER NAMES
Mediterranean, American, 144.
Meiggs, Henry, 112.
Mendoza, 66-67.
Mercedes, 119, 121.
Merida, 34.
Merim (Dos Patos) lake, 84, 119.
Merrimac, U. S. S.f 133.
Methodist Episcopal school, 91.
Mexico, 29-38, 39, 41, 43.
railroads
Central, 34, 35, 36, 38.
International, 35.
Interoceanic, 33.
Mexican, 32, 34.
National, 35.
Pan-American, which see.
Sonora, 37.
Tehuantepec, which see.
Mexico, City of, 30-31.
Mexico, Gulf of, 30, 32, 34.
Miami, 142.
Mihanovich steamers, 120.
Military Road, Porto Rico, 147.
Milot, 143.
Minas, 119.
Minas Geraes, 82, 85.
Minerva festival, 42.
Miramar, 90.
Mirebalis, 142.
Misericordia hospital, 79.
Misti, mountain, 115.
Mitla, 33.
Mobile, 133.
Moisesville, 67.
Mole St. Nicholas, 143.
Mollendo, 70, 115.
Monclova, 35.
Monkey Hill, 56.
Monroe Palace, 79.
Mont Pelde, 156.
Monterrey, 33, 35.
Montevideo, 65, 84, 93, 107, 108,
117, 119, 121.
Montserrat, 152.
Morelia, 32.
Morelos, Padre, 31, 32.
Morgan the Corsair, 148.
Morro Castle, Havana, 132.
Porto Rico, 147.
Santiago, 133.
Mosquito Reserve, 48, 50.
Muzo emerald mines, 96.
Napoleon, 61, 129, 137.
Nassau, Bahamas, 152.
Nassau, Maurice of, 81.
Natal, 78, 80, 81.
Nemocan, 97.
Netherlands, 159.
Nevis, 152, 153.
New Grenada, 95.
New Netherlands, 159.
Newburyport, 89.
Newcastle barracks, 149.
Nicaragua, 39, 46, 47-50.
canal, 48, 50.
lake, 48, 50.
railroads, 49.
Noche Triste (Dismal Night),
tree of, 31.
Nogales, 37.
Nueva Gerona, 134.
Nuevitas, 132, 133.
Oaxaca, 33.
Ocos, 43.
Olinda, 81.
Orange Walk, 160.
Oriente province, 100.
Orinoco, 124, 127, 154, 157.
Orizaba city, 33.
peak, 32.
Ormus, wealth of, 111.
Oroya, city, 114.
Oroya railroad, 112, 113.
Oruba, 157.
Oruro, 70, 71, 72, 73, 91.
Osorno, 93.
Ouro Preto, 85.
Pacasmayo, 114.
Pailon, 104.
Paita, 114, 116.
Palermo park, Buenos Aires, 65.
Palmira pass, 102.
Panama
canal, 51, 55.
canal zone, 51, 56-58.
city, 55.
congress, Pan-American, 54.
hats, 55, 102, 114.
isthmus of, 52-54.
railroad, 54, 55, 56, 57.
republic of, 51, 52-57, 93, 95.
Pan-American congress, first, 54.
244
INDEX OF PROPER NAMES
Pan- American railroad, 34, 41,
43, 44, 77, 104, 112.
Panuco river, 33.
Paposa, 91.
Para (Belem), 79.
Paraguay, 61, 70, 71, 105-109,
117, 121.
industrial colonies, 106.
railroad, Central, 109.
Paraguay river, 106, 107, 108.
Paraguay tea. See Yerba
Mate".
Parahyba (Cabadello), 80.
Paraiso, 125.
Paramaribo, 159.
Parana city, 66.
Parana, falls of, 83.
Parana river, 66, 71, 75, 83, 107,
109.
Paranagua, 83.
Paria, gulf, 128.
"Paris, Little," 142.
Parnahyba, 80, 82.
Paso del Norte, 36.
Patagonia, 62, 87, 93.
Patzcuaro, 32.
lake, idem.
Paysandu, 121.
Pearl of the Antilles, 129.
Pearl of the Pacific, Lima, 113.
Pedernales island, 128.
Pedregal, 55.
Petee, Mont, 156.
Pelotas, 84.
Pefia Blanca, 92.
Penco, 92.
Pernambuco (Recife), 78, 80, 81.
Peru, 55, 70, 87, 100, 105, 110-
116.
Alto, 70.
railroads, 112, 113, 114.
See also Oroya Railroad.
Peruvian bark, 44, 72, 102, 149.
Peten, 160.
Petionville, 142.
Petropolis, 79.
Philip II, 56.
Piauhy, 80.
Picacho mountain, 53.
Piccadilly, 78.
Pike's Peak of Bolivia, 73.
Pimienta, 47.
Pinar del Rio, 131.
Pines, Isle of. See Isle of Pinea.
Pinzon, 75.
Pure", 53, 54.
Pisagua, 91.
Pisco, 115.
Piura, 114.
Pizarro, 55, 104, 110, 113, 114,
115.
Plata, Mar del, 65.
Plata, Rio de la. See Rio de la
Plata.
Plate river. See Rio de la Plata.
Playa, 147.
Plymouth, 128.
Pocitos, 120.
Pointe a Pitre, 155.
Ponce, city, 147.
Ponce de Leon, 146, 147.
Popocatapetl, 31.
Port Antonio, 149, 150.
Port au Prince, 135, 142-143.
Port de Paix, 143.
Port of Spain, 154.
Port Royal, 148, 149.
Porto Alegre, 84.
Porto Rico, 145, 146-148, 152,
156.
Portobelo, 56.
Portugal, 77.
Portuguese, 76, 78, 117, 120.
Posadas, 66, 109.
Potosi, Bolivia, 72.
Potosi, Mexico. See San Luis
Potosi.
Pradera, 97.
Presbyterian church, 83.
Preston, Amias, 126.
Protestant church, Bogota, 97.
Providencia, 98.
Puebla, 33.
Puerto
Ancon, 55.
Barrios, 41, 42.
Belgrano, 65.
Berrio, 98.
Cabello, 126, 127.
Colombia, 97.
Cortez, 46.
Madryn, 68.
Mexico, 34.
Montt, 93.
245
INDEX OF PROPER NAMES
Puerto (continued)
Oscuro, 92.
Plata, 139.
Principe, 131.
Suarez, 71, 86, 107.
Pullman cars, 32, 34, 90.
Puna island, 103.
Puno, 70, 115.
Punta Arenas, 52, 94.
Punta de Lobos, 91.
Punta Gorda, 161.
Puntarenas, 51, 52.
Pyramid of Cholula, 33.
3uere"taro, 37.
^uezaltenango, 43.
^uiaca, 71, 73.
3uich6 Indians, 42, 43.
iuillota, 90.
^uintana Roo, 35.
^uirigua, 43.
3>uito city, 100, 103, 104.
3uitu, Kingdom of, 100.
Railroads. See under countries.
See also Oroya, Pan- American,
Tehuantepec, Transandine,
Longitudinal Valley, Sonora.
Longest "straight in the
world, 63.
Raleigh, Sir Walter, 154.
Ramirez, 120.
Rawson, 68.
Recife. See Pernambuco.
Regla, 132.
Reloncavi gulf, 93.
Rialto, 78.
Ribera, 84, 119.
Rimac river, 113.
Rio de Janeiro, 77, 78, 79, 81.
83, 84, 85, 86.
Rio de la Plata, 61, 70, 71, 83,
109, 117, 118, 120.
Sanitarium, 108.
Rio Grande, Argentina, 68.
Honduras, 47.
Mexico, 33, 35.
do Sul, 78, 82, 84.
Rio Negro, Brazil, 79.
Uruguay, 117, 119, 121.
River Plate. See Rio de la
Plata.
Roatan, 46.
Robinson Crusoe. See Crusoe.
Rochambeau, 140.
Rojo cape, 135.
Roman Catholic missions, 141.
Rose of Lima, 55.
Rosario, 65, 71.
Roseau, 153.
Royalists, 151.
Russia, 96.
Saba, 157.
Sabanilla (Puerto Colombia),
97.
Sabinas, 35.
Sagua, 131, 133.
St. Augustine, 128.
St. Bart's, 155, 156.
St. Croix, 145, 156.
St. Eustache, 157.
St. George, Grenada, 153.
St. George's Cay, 161.
St. John, Antigua, 152.
St. John's, 145, 156.
St. Kitt's, 152, 153.
St. Louis. See Maranao.
St. Lucia, West Indies, 149, 153.
St. Martin, 155, 156, 157.
St. Nicholas Mole, 143.
St. Thomas, West Indies, 145,
156.
St. Ursula, 152.
St. Vincent, 46, 153.
Salaverry, 114.
Salina Cruz, 34, 38.
Saltillo, 35.
Salto, 121.
Salvador, 39, 40, 43-45.
railroads, 44.
San. See San Salvador.
Samana bay, 136.
Samana city, 138.
San Angel, 31.
San Antonio, 92.
San Bias, 38.
San Felipe, 90.
San Fernando cemetery, 33.
San Francisco, Cal., 90.
San Francisco Macoris, 139.
San Geronimo, 34.
San Jose", Costa Rica, 51, 52.
Guatemala, 41, 43.
246
INDEX OF PROPER NAMES
San Juan, Argentina, 67.
Porto Rico, 147.
de Ulloa prison, 32.
del Cabo, 37.
del Norte, 60.
del Sur, 49.
hill, 133.
river, 50.
San Lorenzo, Ecuador, 104.
Honduras, 46, 47.
Panama, 66.
San Luis, Argentina, 66.
San Luis Potosi, Mexico, 34.
See Maranao.
San Marcos University, 113.
San Martin, General, 113.
San Mateo, 126.
San Miguel gulf, 63, 55.
San Pedro potteries, 37.
San Roque cape, 80.
San Roque dam, 67.
San Salvador, 44.
San Salvador. See Bahia.
San Vicente, 92.
Sanchez, 139.
Sanitarium of the River Plate,
108.
Sans Souci, 141, 143.
Santa Ana city, 44.
volcano, 44.
Santa Clara, 131, 133.
Santa Cruz, Argentina, 68.
Santa Cruz, Bolivia, 71.
Santa Fe, Argentina, 66.
Santa Fe", Isle of Pines, 134.
Santa Lucia, 87.
Santa Lucia hill, 90.
Santa Lucrecia, 34.
Santa Maria, volcano, 40.
Santa Maria, El Real de, 55.
Santa Maria de la Antigua, 53, 55.
Santa Marta, 99.
Santa Rosa de Lima. See Rose
of Lima.
Santa Rosa de los Andes, 90
Santiago, Argentina, 67.
Chile, 87, 90, 93.
Cuba, 129, 131, 133.
Santo Domingo, 139.
Santo Domingo, 135-136, 140,
145, 151.
city, 135, 138.
Santos, Brazil, 75, 82.
Santos, Panama, 54.
Santos Reys fortress, 80.
Sao Francisco city, 83.
river, 75, 81.
Sao Paolo, 77, 78, 79, 82, 83, 91.
Sarco, 92.
Sarmiento, President, 67. See
also Bibliography under Qui-
roga.
Scarborough, 155.
Scotch, 90.
Serena, 92.
Seville, 53.
Shakespeare, 150.
Sicuani, 115.
Silao, 36.
Silla (Saddle) mountain, 35.
Smith, F. Hopkinson, 32. See
also Bibliography.
Solis, explorer, 61, 117.
Solis theatre, 120.
Sonora railroad, 37.
Soriano, 117, 121.
South America, 60-128.
South America, Lincoln of, 67.
Washington of, 70.
Spanish discoverers, 93. See
also under their names.
Spanish Town, 150.
Stann Creek, 161.
Sucre, 72, 124.
Summer Islands, 150.
Summers, Sir George, 150.
Surgidero, 133.
Surinam (Guiana), 158.
Sweden, 156.
Swiss, 108.
Switzerland, Argentine, 67.
Tabaco. See Tobago.
Taboga island, 55.
Tachira, 127.
Tacna, 91.
Talcahuano, 92.
Taltal, 91,
Tampa, 97.
Tampico, 33.
Tarija, 73.
Tegucigalpa, 46, 47.
Tehuantepec railroad, 32, 33,
34, 38, 51.
247
INDEX OF PROPER NAMES
Tepic, 38.
Tequendama falls, 97.
Tercer Orden church, 32.
Terry plantation, 133.
Therezina, 80.
Thermopylae, 106.
Thibet, 69.
Tigre island, 47.
Tierra del Fuego, 62, 68, 87,
94.
Tiete river, 82.
Tiradentes, 85.
Titicaca, lake, 69, 70, 115.
Tobago, 145, 155.
Tobasco, 34.
Toco, 91.
Tocopilla, 91.
Toluca, 32.
Tome, 92.
Tongoy, 92.
Topolobampo, 36, 38.
Tories, 151.
Torreon, 35.
Tottoralillo, 92.
Toussaint Louverture, 140.
Transandine railroad, 63, 67, 89,
90.
Tree of Noche Triste (Dismal
Night), 31.
Treinta y Tres, 119.
Trinidad island, 128, 145, 152,
154-155.
Trujillo, Honduras, 46, 47.
Peru, 114.
Venezuela, 127.
Tucum&n, 67, 71, 92.
Tumbez, 100, 114.
Tupiza, 71, 73.
Turk's Island, 150, 151.
Turquino, Pico del, 130.
Tutoya bay, 80.
Ulloa, San Juan de, prison, 32.
United States,
administration of customs in
Santo Domingo, 137.
educational system in Argen-
tina, 66 ; in Guatemala, 42.
naval base, Magdalena Bay,
37; Culebra, 148..
recognition of Haiti, 141.
ships of, 108, 113.
United States (continued)
soldiers of Mexican War
cemetery, 31.
United States of Colombia. See
m Colombia.
University of San Marcos, 113.
Uruguay, 77, 84, 106, 117-122.
industrial colonies, 118.
railroads, 119, 121, 122.
Uruguay river, 117, 119, 121.
Uruguayana, 84, 122.
Uxmal, 34.
Uyuni, 71, 72.
Valdivia, city, 93.
explorer, 87.
Valencia, city, 127.
lake, 124, 127.
Valparaiso, 63, 89, 90-92, 93,
103.
Van Horn, Sir William, 131, 133.
Vargas, 124.
Venezuela, 95, 123-128, 157, 158.
railroads, 125, 126.
Venice, Brazilian, 81.
Little, 127.
Vera Cruz, 32.
Veraguas, 53, 54.
Vespucius, Americus, 75.
Victoria, 82, 85.
Victoria peak, 160.
Vieques, 148.
Viga canal, 31.
Vijia, 35.
Villa Bella, 71.
Villa Hayes, 106, 108.
Villa Occidental, 108.
Villa Rica, 108, 109.
Vina del Mar, 90.
Virgin Islands, 152.
Voodooism, 141.
Vuelto Aba jo, 131.
Walker, William, 48, 51.
Wallace, freebooter, 160.
Wanks (Coco) river, 45.
Washington, D. C., 57, 125,
144.
Washington, George, 125, 154.
"Washington of South Amer-
ica," 70.
Watling's Island, 144, 150.
248
INDEX OF PROPER NAMES
Yerba Mate* (Paraguay tea), 66,
76, 83, 107, 119.
Y. M. C. A., City of Mexico, 31.
Rio Janeiro, 79.
Yturbide. See Tturbide.
Yumurf, 132.
West Indies, 135, 142, 144-157.
Wheelwright, William, 89, 92,
112.
Willemstad, 157.
Windward Islands. See Carib-
bees.
Wood, General, 133.
World's Kitchen, Liebig estab-
lishment, 121.
Xaymaca, 148.
Zacatecas, 36.
Zelaya, 48.
Zipaquira, 97.
Zone, Panama Canal, 51.
249
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