Practical Treatise on Milling and Milling Machines

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Practical Treatise

on

Milling

and

Milling Machines

BS

3

Brown & Sharpe Mfg. Co.

Providence, R. I.

I*

U. S. A.

Copyright, 1914, by Brown & Sharpe Mfg. Co., Providence, R. I.

THE business now conducted by Che Brown & Sharpe Mfg. Co. was
founded in 1833 by David Brown and his son, Joseph R. Brown.
David Brown retired in 1S41, and the business was continued by
Joseph R. Brown until 185J, when I.ucian Sharpe became his partner, and
the firm of J. R. Brown & Sharpe was formed. The Brown & Sharpe Mfg.
Co. was incorporated in 1868.

The works are situated one-half mile from the business centre of Provi-
dence, and are within a few minutes' walk northwest from the railroad station.

The buildings are modern, and especially arranged to meet the require-
ments of the business. The seven main manufacturing buildings have a Hoar
space of about 580,300 square feet; the foundry building about 240,000 square
feet; the forging, hardening, centra! power plant and miscellaneous buildings
about 200,300 square feet. In 1853 the floor space occupied was 1800 square
feet; the present buildings have about 1,020,900 square feet of floor space, or
about 23J acres.

We are always glad to show visitors through our works.

^^ ^'/ .s^<

r~^

PREFACE

It is our purpose in publishing this book to present, in
as non-technical a manner as possible, information that
will assist the beginner and practical man to a better
understanding of the care and various uses of modern
milling machines of the column and knee and manufactur-
ing types.

CONTENTS

CHAPTER I Page

Classification of Milling Machines 11

CHAPTER n

Essentials of a Modern Milling Machine .... 21

CHAPTER HI

Erection and Care of Machine 37

CHAPTER IV

Spiral Head — Indexing and Cutting Spirals ... 47

CHAPTER V

Attachments 69

CHAPTER VI

Cutters 89

CHAPTER VII

General Notes on Milling, together with Typical Milling
Operations 105

CHAPTER VIII

Milling Operations — Gear Cutting 147

CHAPTER IX

Milling Operations — Cam Cutting, Graduating and Mis-
cellaneous Operations 175

TABLES 207

The Original Universal Milting Machine

The original universal milling machine was designed primarily for the purpose
o( forming the flutes in twist tlrills. Its wonderful capabilities, however, were
quickly recognized, and its use soon spread to other lines, until today we find that
there is an unusually large variety of machine shop jobs that can be done on a
modern machine of this type. Straight and angular pieces, and surfaces of an
endless variety of irregular contours, together with spur, bevel and spiral gears,
twist drills, etc., can be produced. Also such work as drilling, boring, planing,
rack cutting, slotting, cam cutting, graduating, etc.. can be successfully accom-
plished. In fact, the full variety of work that can be done on a universal milling
machine is still unknown, for new ways of using it are being constantly discovered.

INTRODUCTION

Milling is the process of removing metal with rotary cutters.
It is employed extensively in machine shops today for forming parts
of machinery, tools, etc., to required dimensions and shapes. A
machine designed especially for this purpose was in existence as early
as 1818, but little progress was made in the process until after the
invention of the universal milling machine (shown on the opposite
page) in 1861-62 by Mr. Joseph R. Brown, of J. R. Brown and
Sharpe. This was owing chiefly to the difficulties of obtaining
satisfactory cutters and of sharpening them. Shortly after this,
however, improvements in the methods of making cutters, the
invention by Mr. J. R. Brown of the form cutter which can be
sharpened without changing the cutting contour and the introduction
of the grinding wheel for sharpening cutters, removed the obstacles
that had so seriously hindered the early development of milling.

As the field of milling widened, the demands upon the machine
increased accordingly, and it became necessary to make certain
improvements to adapt it to the new conditions. But it is a note-
worthy fact that in all of the changes in design leading up to the
modern heavy type of universal machine, shown on page 44, none of
the fundamental ideas of the original machine have been lost. Parts
have been strengthened to better withstand heavier service, and
radical changes have been made in the method of driving the spindle
and feeds to accommodate the machine to modern requirements.

From a comparison of the original machine with a modern type,
the important changes that have been made are readily noted.

The column has been carried well above the spindle, and an
overhanging arm with a support for the outer end of cutter arbor
has been added. To further stiffen the arbor, arm braces have been
devised by the use of which the overhanging arm, cutter arbor, and
knee are all rigidly tied together. These braces on the smaller sizes
of machines consist of long slotted cross arms, while on the larger, or
heavy service machines, a different and heavier type is employed.

8 Brown & Sharpe Mfg. Co.

The table feed has been changed from the end of the feed screw
and carried up through the centre of the knee and saddle, thus allowing
the table to be swiveled through a much greater arc. Power feeds have
been applied to the transverse and vertical table movements, and
the old-style elevating screw for the knee that required cutting a
hole through the floor has been replaced by a telescopic screw.

Improvements have been made on the spiral head to make it
more rigid and convenient to operate; differential indexing replaces
to a large extent the compound method, and refinements such as
graduated index sectors, and an adjustable index crank have been
added.

Such conveniences as permanent handwheels instead of cranks,
adjustable dials reading to thousandths of an inch on the feed shafts,
and other improvements have been put on the machines from time
to time.

When the milling machine came into more general use, and its
possibilities in removing metal began to be appreciated, the demand
arose for the ability to make heavier cuts. These demands soon
demonstrated that the method of driving the feeds through belts
and cone pulleys from the spindle of the machine to the feed mechan-
ism, was inadequate. The first improvement was to substitute
chain and sprockets for the belt and pulleys and to use removable
change gears to provide a variation in the rate of feed. The next
step was to place all the change gears in a feed box wherein by simply
shifting levers, a wide variation of feeds could be obtained.

The main spindle drive has undergone radical changes. The
original machine had a four-step cone pulley mounted directly on the
spindle, and many of the smaller sizes of machines today are similarly
built. In order to get more power and a greater range of speeds,
back gears similar to those of a lathe were added.

Following these improvements came a radical change in the
whole driving mechanism of the machine. The value of feeds that
were independent of the spindle speeds had become well recognized,
and with the introduction of high speed steel, from which cutters
could be made that would take much heavier cuts at faster speeds,
and coarser feeds than had ever before been the practice, there arose
a demand for more powerful machines. The constant speed type of
drive was therefore originated. In this type of machine any combi-
nation of table feed and spindle speed is available, because both
spindle and feeding mechanisms are driven from the main shaft of

Brown & Sharpe Mfg. Co.

the machine, which revolves at a constant high velocity at all times.
The table feeds are therefore entirely independent of the spindle
speeds. A powerful drive is also transmitted to the spindle from
the driving pulley of large diameter and wide face on the main
shaft of the machine through a train of heavy spur gearing in which
are certain change gears that can be manipulated to give a wide
range of spindle speeds.

At the same time that the constant speed type of drive was
evolved, the machine was redesigned and made stronger throughout
in order to better fit it for the heavy cuts that had become the practice.

Later improvements have been the extension of the flat bearing
surface on the front of the column to the top, the application of a
friction clutch in the driving pulley with levers at the sides of the
machine for operating it, the automatic fast feed for quick movement
of the table, and other improvements of lesser importance.

It is not to be assumed that the constant speed type of drive
has been developed to the exclusion of the cone type, for there are
many pieces of work that can be done to good advantage on this
machine. The modern cone type of machine embodies all of the
previously mentioned improvements, except those relating particularly
to the constant speed drive, and there is still, and probably always
will be, a steady demand for this machine.

Two other types of machines known as Plain and Vertical Spindle
Milling Machines have kept pace with the development of the universal
machine.

Milling Machines of the Planer and Manufacturing types have
also' come into extensive use, the former producing a wide range of
work that is of too large dimensions for the previously mentioned
machines, and the latter manufacturing in large quantities small
duplicate parts of machinery, tools, etc.

With the improvements that have been made on the machines
and their equipment, milling has become indispensable in the modern
shop. Interchangeable pieces can be easily made, and work is pro-
duced at a low cost because of the continuous operation and inexpen-
siveness of cutters for a given amount of production. We, therefore,
recommend the milling machine to manufacturers desirous of obtaining
the best results at the lowest cost on all classes of work to which the
machine is adapted. And we trust that a careful reading of the follow-
ing chapters will be of material assistance in understanding the process
cf milling and how to use the machines.

Brown & Sharpe Mfg. Co.

Column and Knee Milling Machine of the Universal Style

Brown & Sharpe Mfg. Co. 11

CHAPTER I

Classification of Milling Machines

The existing types of milling machines are so numerous, and their
designs merge into one another to such an extent, that it is very
difficult to classify them definitely. But, taken as a whole, they may
be said to consist of two distinct groups, those adapted to a variety
of work, and those restricted to the performance of a single operation,
such as gear cutting, bolt head milling, thread milling, etc. While
this latter group embraces some valuable and interesting machines,
the class of work done is of a more or less special character, and little
can be learned from it of the general process of milling. For this
reason, and also from the fact that it would be practically impossible
to treat of every type in the limited space of this book, the first group
alone will be considered. The machines of this group are classified
in a variety of ways by different writers. We prefer to divide them,
according to general appearance and design, into three classes, com-
prising the column and knee type, manufacturing type, and planer
type. Such a classification brings out the characteristics of the
different machines, and their relation to one another.

Column and Knee Milling Machines

An illustration of a representative example of the column and
knee type of milling machine is shown on the opposite page. This
machine is the most recent of the three types named, having been in
existence about fifty years. The rapid strides, however, that have
been made within the past few years in the process of milling are
largely due to its versatility and convenience. Even with the most
expert cutter making, milling could never have obtained its important
position in the field of machinery and tool manufacture had it not
been for the column and knee type of construction.

The name, column and knee, is derived from the high, column-
like design of the main casting, and the likeness of the bracket which
supports the table to a knee or angle iron. The knee is adjustable
on the column so that the table can be set at different heights
to accommodate work of varying size. It can also be fed upward,

12 Brown & Sharpe Mfg. Co.

thus enabling vertical cuts to be taken. Provision is made for
movement of the table horizontally in two directions: one, longi-
tudinally, at right angles to the axis of the spindle; and the other,
transversely, parallel to the axis of the spindle. The combination
of these three movements is found only in the column and knee
machine, and it is due to the advantages derived from this con-
struction that the machine is superior to the manufacturing or planer
type for general milling purposes.

Several more illustrations of column and knee machines are
shown on succeeding pages of this chapter, where a further classifi-
cation is given.

Manufacturing Milling Machine

•

This type of milling machine is shown in the illustration on the
opposite page. It is a development of one of the earliest forms that
was built particularly for use in, the manufacture of small parts of
firearms, and has since been successively adopted for machining parts of
sewing machines, typewriters and other machines and tools. The
advantages it offers for this class of work are due to the stiff con-
struction and convenience with which it can be operated. These make
possible an exceptionally large production of first quality work —
factors of great importance in commercial manufacturing.

There are many minor variations of this type of milling machine,
but the general features are similar in all. In that shown on the
opposite page, the spindle is supported in bearings located in an
adjustable head that can be raised and lowered. The capacity of the
machine is rather limited as regards work of widely varying heights.
Furthermore, there is no transverse table feed, the only movement
transversely being obtained by a slight adjustment of the spindle.
These, however, cannot be considered disadvantages, as provision for
work of widely varying heights is not required, because all work done
is of comparatively small dimensions, and there is seldom any
nece'ssity for a transverse table movement.

The longitudinal movement of the table is at right angles to the
axis of the spindle. This movement is accomplished either automat-
ically or by hand by means of a rack and pinion on the under side
of the table. The pinion is driven from the spindle through a train

\ of change gears and a worm and wheel when the automatic feed

J is in action.

// A larger and improved style of manufacturing machine is shown

upon page 88. It embodies all the features of the machine illustrated

Brown & Sharpe Mfg. Co.

Milling Machine of Manufacturing Type

/■

^

14 ^ Brown & Sharpe Mfg. Co.

on page 13, but in addition is designed so that the spindle is more
powerfully driven and has a greater vertical adjustment. The table
is also provided with, a transverse movement. This machine is
therefore adapted to a somewhat wider range of work than the one
previously described.

Planer Milling Machine

The planer milling machine is designed for the heaviest classes
of slab and gang milling. It bears a marked resemblance to the
planer, from which it derives its name. The spindle is mounted in
bearings carried in a vertically adjustable slide similar to that of a
planer, and the table is in a corresponding position. This brief refer-
ence will enable one to easily distinguish these machines. And, as
the class of work performed is identical in character, only heavier
than that done on the column and knee type of machine, the same
principles are involved.

Returning to the column and knee type, we can subdivide it into
three classes, known as Plain, Universal, and Vertical Spindle
Machines. In the first two the spindle is supported in horizontal,
bearings that are fixed in the main casting of the machine instead of
being adjustable vertically, as in the case of both manufacturing and
planer types of machines. This is one of the points where the column
and knee machine is radically different from either of the other types.
As we have already explained, vertical adjustment in this type is
obtained by the movement of the knee upon the column.

Plain Milling Machine. The word plain when applied to any
milling machine is used to designate one in which the longitudinal
travel of the table is fixed at right angles to the spindle. Both manu-
facturing and planer types are therefore essentially plain milling
machines.

An illustration of a plain milling machine of the column and
knee type is shown on page 19. In this machine, the table has the
three movements: longitudinally, transversely, and vertically, that
have already been mentioned. Some machines have both automatic
and hand feeds for all three of the movements; others have
longitudinal and transverse movements so controlled and the
vertical is operated by hand; or the longitudinal movement alone is
operated both automatically and by hand, and the transverse and
vertical movements are made only by hand. Feed screws are used for
operating all of the table movements in many of the smaller sizes and
all of the larger machines, but in some of the smaller ones a rack and

^

Brown & Sharpe Mfg. Co. 15

pinion are employed for the longitudinal movement. The smallest
sizes of machines have no power feeds at all, and are called hand
milling machines. (See illustration on page 46.) In these, the table
and knee are moved by means of racks and pinions operated by levers.
They are convenient for manufacturing purposes on some classes of
small work, as they can be operated very rapidly.

It is the practice in the classes of work to which the medium and
larger sizes of plain milling machines are adapted to take heavy cuts
at fast speeds and coarse feeds. The rigid construction of the machine
enables this to be successfully done, and it is in this ability that the
chief value of the plain machine is found.

Universal Milling Machine. The Universal milling machine is
justly regarded by many to be the most important machine tool
employed today; for with it much of the work of the planer and
shaper — heretofore considered indispensable machines in every shop —
can be done with an appreciable saving of time. Spur, bevel and
spiral gears, twist drills, and all kinds of straight and taper milling
can also be economically produced.

It was first patented February 21st, 1865, by Mr. J. R. Brown,
of the firm of J. R. Brown & Sharpe, who designed it for the purpose
of milling the grooves in twist drills, but adopted it shortly after for
producing small spirals used in the manufacture of sewing machines.
(An illustration of the original universal milling machine is shown
on page 6.)

The cuts on pages 10 and 44 are representative of modern universal
milling machines. This style of machine is esvsentially the same in con-
struction as the plain milling machine, and the table has the same
movements. But, in addition, the table swivels upon the saddle and
can be set at an angle to the spindle in a horizontal plane. Also, it is
fitted with a mechanism known as a spiral head, for use in spiral
milling and indexing to obtain any required spacing on the periphery
of work. The introduction of the swivel renders the table a little
less stable than that of the plain machine, though in common practice
heavy cuts are taken. It is apparent, however, that the offices of
the two machines are in a way distinct. A universal machine
is the better for general shop purposes, but where continuous heavy
milling of straight cuts is to be done the plain machine is preferable.

Vertical Spindle Milling Machine. The vertical spindle milling
machine embodies the principles of a drilling machine. The spindle
and table are similarly located, and the cutter is mounted at the end

Brown & Sharpe Mfg. Co.

Vertical Spindle Milling Machine of Constant Speed Drive Type

Brown & Sharpe Mfg. Co. 17

of the spindle. The table on the milling machine, however, has a
series of movements that are not found on the drilling machine. For
such work as face milling, die-sinking, profiling, etc., the vertical
spindle machine offers many advantages over the horizontal style.
Some work can be fastened directly to the top of the table,
eliminating the use of special fixtures necessary for the same kind
of work on a horizontal spindle machine. Furthermore, the operator
is enabled to see his work at all times during operation and more
readily follow any irregularities in outline. This feature is especially
valuable in profiling, cutting odd-shaped slots, etc.

Not all vertical spindle machines are of the column and knee
type. There are several styles that have no provision for vertical
adjustment of the table, Also some vertical spindle machines have
two spindles instead of one, but th^se are more generally known as
profiling machines.

But the combination of the vertical spindle and column and knee
constructions has given the mechanical world an exceptionally valuable
machine tool. With it, all of the advantages of the vertical spindle,
together with those of the column and knee, are acquired. A modern
example of this style is shown in the cut on the opposite page. A fur-
ther convenience of this machine is found in the spindle head, which is
adjustable vertically, and can be fed by power, thus enabling drilling
to be conveniently done. With the adjustable spindle head and column
and knee construction, it is apparent that work of a wide range of
heights can be accommodated. Another style of vertical spindle
machine, where the spindle is driven by a belt, is shown on page 36.

Different Methods of Driving Milling Machines

Milling machines of the column and knee and manufacturing
types are either cone driven or gear driven. The latter class is more
commonly referred to as the "constant speed drive.'*

Cone Drive. In cone driven milling machines, the belt runs directly
from a stepped or cone pulley on the countershaft to one of like design
fastened, either directly to, or mounted on a sleeve on the machine
spindle. In one case the spindle is driven directly and only speeds
that are obtained by shifting the driving belt on the pulley steps are
available; while in the other an additional series of speeds is procured
by the employment of back gears. The cut on page 10 is of the
latter type, and the back gears referred to are enclosed at the front
of the column, where they are rigidly mounted closely together to
overcome torsion and cutter chatter. The feeding mechanism is

18 Brown & Sharpe Mfg. Co.

driven from the rear end of the spindle by a chain and sprockets,
and is subject to the speed variations of the spindle.

When the cone method of drive is employed for vertical spindle
milling machines, the belt usually leads from the cone pulley on the
countershaft to one on a shaft at the back of the machine. Power
is transmitted thence to the spindle on the lighter machines, by means
of a quarter-turn belt. An application of this method of drive is shown
in the illustration on page 36. The heavier machines are fitted with
bevel gears, and a vertical shaft from which the spindle is driven by
a chain and sprockets.

Constant Speed Drive. The invention of the gear type of drive, or,
as it is better known,, the '* constant speed drive,'* is, without doubt,
the most valuable improvement in design brought out in many years.
It is the result of a demand for a machine in which the feeds would
be entirely independent of the spindle speeds, and all speeds and
feeds would be self-contained, thus doing away with complicated
overhead works, or permitting the machine to be driven by a
constant speed motor. More power and greater convenience in
changing speeds and feeds were also important factors leading to the
development of this type of drive.

The introduction of high speed steel marked a new era in cutter
manufacturing, and brought about conditions that necessitated
machines of higher efficiency. This added impetus to the already
growing interest in a machine offering possibilities such as those of
the constant speed drive, and, early in 1904, the Brown & Sharpe
Mfg. Company placed the first constant speed drive machine upon
the market. From the beginning, it was conceded an important
improvement, especially for the larger sizes of heavy service machines,
where an abundance of power is required, and this has led to its
becoming almost universally adopted by milling machine manufac-
turers. Several examples of constant speed drive machines are shown
in this treatise, notably those illustrated on pages 16, 19 and 44.

The general features of this drive are as follows : the belt delivers
power to the driving pulley that runs loose on a sleeve on the main
shaft of the machine. By means of a friction clutch on the main
shaft, operated by levers at each side of the column, power is
transmitted from the driving pulley to a train of hardened gears
leading to the spindle, and in which there are certain change gears
operated by levers at the right-hand side of the column. The belt
and main driving pulley run at a constant high velocity regardless of

Bkown & Sharpe Mfg. Co.

Heavy Service Plain Mtllin]t Machine of Constant Speed Drive Type

20 Brown & Sharpe Mfg. Co.

the spindle speed, which is entirely dependent upon the ratio of
gearing that may be in mesh. The power at the spindle is therefore
constant, regardless of its speed.

The mechanism of constant speed drive vertical spindle machines
is essentially like that outlined above, except that a pair of bevel
gears and vertical shaft are introduced to transmit power to the
spindle head; from whence it is communicated to the spindle itselif
by spur gearing.

The feed changing mechanism is driven from the main shaft
by means of a chain and sprockets in all constant speed drive machines.
Hence it is completely separated from the spindle drive, in so far
as its speeds are concerned, permitting the full range of feeds to be
available for every spindle speed. Such an arrangement also permits
the table feeds to be rated directly in inches per minute, which is an
advantage in that it enables the production of a machine to be
ascertained at a glance.

Brown & Sharpe Mfg. Co. 21

CHAPTER II

Essentials of a Modern Milling Machine

It has been previously stated that the foremost advantages
attending the employment of the milling machine are, the production
of a great variety of work, and the exact duplication of pieces at an
economical cost. In order that these advantages may fully mate-
rialize, it is necessary that many requirements be fulfilled in the
design and construction of the machine.

These requirements vary to a certain extent with the style and
size of machine; taken as a whole, however, they are materially
the same. The machines must all be accurate, economical to operate,
and durable. Hence, these may be said to constitute the general
requirements of a milling machine. Those qualities upon which
accuracy is chiefly dependent are : thorough workmanship, especially
in aligning the working parts, and sufficient rigidity. In order to be
economical in operation, a milling machine must have ample ranges
of spindle speeds and table feeds, and plenty of power, so as to adapt
it to the many varieties of work. Further, its efficiency must be high,
and its parts must be conveniently arranged to allow quick manipula-
tion and ready adjustment. The third general requirement, durability,
is, to a great extent, dependent upon the design and quality of
materials that enter into the construction of a machine. It is also
influenced by several of the already-mentioned points that are essen-
tial to accuracy and economy. To particularize then, the require-
ments of a milling machine are thorough workmanship, correct
alignment of all working parts, sufficient rigidity, wide ranges of
speeds and feeds, ample power, high efficiency, durability, and con-
venience in design and operation.

Workmanship. It is stated above that the dependence of accuracy
upon workmanship in the building of a milling machine is of greatest
importance in connection with the alignments of the different working
parts. Correct alignments are most essential because they establish
exact positions of the various parts with relation to one another.
Any error in alignments is transmitted from one part to another until
it is finally communicated to the piece of work, where it is liable to be

22 Brown & Sharpe Mfg. Co.

multiplied. If the work is of the coarser grade, or mere roughing cuts
are being taken, a few thousandths of an inch over or under size do
not matter; but when finishing a piece that must come within close
limits of a pre-determined size, a very small error is often sufficient
to seriously impair its quality.

All of the important alignments in milling machines are obtained
by scraping, a process consisting of going over the different bearing
surfaces by hand with a chisel-like tool, and removing the highest
spots until a maximum number of bearing points is secured. Flat
bearings are scraped to conform to master surface plates and straight
edges, and the boxes of important cylindrical bearings are scraped
to fit the revolving piece, which is ground. This work necessarily
calls for much skill upon the part of the workman, and the care with
which scraping is performed largely influences the accuracy of the
resultant bearings.

Principal Alignments of Milling Machines. Broadly speaking,
the principal alignments of all milling machines are those of the
spindle and table. They are, of course, affected by various minor
alignments throughout the machine, but it is not essential to take up
each of these in detail. The alignments of the table on horizontal
spindle column and knee machines should be such that its upward
and downward movements will be perpendicular to the spindle axis.
Its longitudinal and transverse movements should be in horizontal
planes, the longitudinal being parallel to the face of the column on
plain machines, and on universal machines when the table is set at
zero; and the transverse at right angles to the column.

On universal machines, the table should also swivel in a horizontal
plane.

These alignments of the table and spindle of column and knee
machines are typical, and it is easy to understand from them what the
alignments of other types of milling machines should be.

While we have emphasized the importance of good workmanship
in scraping bearing surfaces, in order to obtain accurate alignments,
it must be understood that certain elements in design are largely
responsible as to whether the alignments remain accurate or not.
A bearing surface may be scraped ever so carefully, yet the lack of
sufficient weight in the casting, or of ample proportions of the bearing
surface itself, will quickly result in the alignments becoming inaccurate.
Thus it is apparent that if alignments are to be permanent, the pro-
portion of the different parts, including the bearing surfaces themselves.

n

Brown & Sharpe Mfg. Co.

23

must be ample to easily support the weight brought upon them.
The accuracy of alignments can be ascertained upon first operation
of a machine, but their permanency can be determined only after a
considerable period of service.

Rigidity. This requirement is of just as great importance to the
success of a milling machine as correct alignments. Any machine
tool must be rigid in order to produce accurate, well-finished work;

Brown & Sharpe Milling Machine, showing large base, thick walls

and internal bracing. The spindle bearings are mounted

directly in thick walls of column.

the milling machine must be particularly so. It is not until within
the past few years, however, that the real value of this essential has
been fully appreciated. This is owing to the fact that up to that
time the milling machine had not become so extensively used for
manufacturing purposes. In this field it must be capable of not
only producing accurate work of high quality, but of producing it
rapidly. The more rapidly a machine is operated, the greater is its
tendency to vibrate. This is further augmented by the use of cutters

24 Brown & Sharpe Mfg. Co.

made from high speed steel, for they can be made to take unusually
heavy cuts at fast speeds and coarse feeds. It is impossible to elimi-
nate all vibrations from even the very best types of machine construc-
tion, but they may be reduced to a minimum, or, in other words, to
a point where they will not afifect the accuracy of the work, if every
part is so constructed that it is capable of resisting heavy stresses, and

prop

Kn«e of Brown & Sharpe Milling Machine
illustrating the points mentioned above

The essentials in the design and construction of the column and
knee machine that serve well to illustrate the general points that
conduce to rigidity in all machines, follow:

First, the base must be large and heavy enough to provide a firm
foundation, and the walls of the column must be thick and strongly
braced, in order to support rigidly the weight of the working parts
and withstand the strains of operation. Especially is this true of the
front wall, which forms the basis of support for the table. If this is
not heavy enough and well braced, it will have a tendency to buckle
under the heavy loads it is required to support, which will not only
admit of vibrations, but also destroy the alignments of the machine.
Another point in connection with this front wall, or vertical slide, is
that it should be wide in proportion to the size of the machine, as the
wider a flat bearing, the more stable it is.

All shafts should be of large enough diameter to resist bending
and torsional stresses, and gears should be of ample size to give

Brown & Sharpe Mfg. Co. 25

strength and good wearing qualities, and to transmit the requisite
power to the spindle. Cylindrical bearings should be firmly sup-
ported, and the boxes should be as long as is consistent with a high
degree of efficiency. Those of the spindle are most stable when
mounted directly in the thick walls of the frame.

A heavy, well-braced construction is necessary in the knee in
order to overcome all tendency to vibrate or sag under the load of the
saddle and table during operation. It is also well, on the large
machines, to have the back of the knee that fits

ited
and
lere
ison
'een
e to
ring
surfaces, and still have the parts free to perform their
different functions. But weight has much to do with the stability
of the table, and in many cases vibrations have been practically
overcome by simply adding more weight to this part. It is im-
portant, therefore, that both the table and saddle be of sufficiently
heavy construction. Transverse braces, however, placed at frequent
intervals on the under side of the table often produce the required
rigidity without adding unduly to the weight. Efficient clamps on
the flat bearings of the knee, saddle and table also provide means
of rigidly fastening any one or two of the table movements that may
not be in use, and thus eliminating vibrations.

t Sharpe Mfg. Co.

Showing large overhanging arm,
STbor support, and arm braces
on large Brown & Sharpe
Milling Machine .

Another point that influences
largely the rigidity of the table is
the size of the flat bearing surfaces
in the saddle and on the knee. It is
essential that the table bearing in
the saddle be wide and suiiGciently
long to prevent too great an over-
hang when the table is at the ends of
its traverse, and the top of the knee
be of ample width to easily support
the weight placed upon the table.

Other features which conduce
to rigidity are: a large overhanging
arm with a support for the outer
end of the cutter arbor, and an
intermediate bearing on the larger
machines, also arm braces that firmly
tie the overhanging arm and knee
together.

Speeds and Feeds. It is rare that the conditions surrounding any
two jobs on a milling machine are the same. Sometimes the work
is of the heaviest class to which the machine is adapted, requiring
gangs of cutters operating at a comparatively fast speed and coarse
feed; again it is of a lighter type, requiring only one cutter operating
at a fast speed and fine feed. The shape of the piece sometimes
demands that the cutter be fed through faster or slower than would
ordinarily be done in milling a plain surface. Different materials
cannot be milled at the same speeds and feeds. Cutters of large
diameter are employed for some jobs, and to get the proper periphery
speed, they must be rotated at a slower rate than those of smaller
diameter. A finishing cut with the same cutter is usually taken at a
faster speed, and correspondingly lower rate of feed per revolution
of spindle than the roughing cut, in order to obtain a smoother finish.
All these, and many other conditions, make it necessary that a machine
have a wide range of spindle speeds and table feeds. Furthermore,
there must be many intermediate speeds and feeds between the
highest and lowest in the ranges. In many cases it is also advanta-
geous to have the speeds and feeds independent of one another, so
that the spindle speed may be changed without disturbing the rate
of table travel- This is possible in the constant speed driven machine.

Brown & Sharpe Mfc

Feed Changing Mecbaniam on Brown & Sharpe
Mllllnft Machine

28 Brown & Sharpe Mfg. Co.

and constitutes a particular point wherein this type of drive differs
from that known as the cone drive.

The cone drive machine is admirably adapted to all classes of
work where it is not necessary to use combinations of extreme speeds
and feeds. In these cases, however, it cannot fulfill the requirements.
For instance, it is impossible to obtain a coarse enough feed for a
cutter of very large diameter, because the feeding mechanism is
invariably driven from the end of the spindle, and is subject to the
speed variations of this part. Consequently, when a large cutter is
being used, the spindle is usually driven at its slowest speed, and the
fastest feed that is then available is not coarse enough. Likewise, a
correct combination of speed and feed cannot be had for a small mill,
as this should run at the fastest spindle speed, and, when it does, the
finest feed obtainable is much too coarse. The majority of work,
however, does not require such combinations, and when medium-sized
mills are used and work of ordinary classes is done, the cone drive
machine is very satisfactory.

Owing to the dependence of the feeds upon the spindle speeds
in the cone drive machines, it is necessary to rate them as so much
per revolution of the spindle. This requires that the feed being used
be multiplied by the spindle speed, in order to obtain the rate of
production in inches per minute — the most generally accepted
standard.

With the constant speed type of drive any combination of spindle
speed and table feed within the ranges of th^ machine can be obtained,
and thus the large, medium, or small sizes of cutters can all be run
at the most practical speeds and feeds. This is due to the fact that
the spindle and feeding mechanism are driven independently of each
other from the same main shaft, which revolves at a constant velocity
at all times. Feeds obtained in this manner can be rated directly in
inches per minute, a point that in itself constitutes an important
advantage.

On practically all of the Brown & Sharpe constant speed drive
machines, sixteen changes of spindle speed, and at least sixteen different
feeds are available, while some sizes have as many as twenty feeds. Their
range varies slightly in the different sizes of machines, but is such in
every case that the correct combination can be had for any cutter
that is used.

Power. A milling machine must have ample power, or its use is
exceedingly limited. This applies to all styles and sizes of machines.

Brown & Sharpe Mfg. Co. 29

but more particularly to the larger ones that are used in commercial
manufacturing, where an economical production means the taking of
heavy cuts at fast speeds and coarse feeds.

In driving machine tools, the power delivered to a machine
depends upon the diameters of tfie driving pulleys, and size and
velocity of the belt. A wide belt running at a high velocity on pulleys
of large and equal diameters develops the maximum power, and, as
its speed and width are lessened, its pulling ability decreases corre-
spondingly. Likewise, it transmits less power, as the pulley on the
machine exceeds in diameter the pulley on the driving shaft, for, when
the surface contact on the driver becomes smaller, the belt has a
tendency to slip.

Hence, in the factor of power is found another important difference
between the cone and constant speed drive machines, with the
advantage in favor of the latter.

The cone drive machine is very suitable for light and medium
work, such as the majority of milling consists of, but when it
comes to driving a large cutter through a heavy cut at a slow spindle
speed and coarse feed, the requisite amount of power is lacking.
This is due to the belt being upon the smallest step of the driving
pulley, where it runs at its slowest velocity, and has a small arc and
surface of contact.

On constant speed drive machines, the pulley is of the same,
or almost equal diameter to that on the overhead shaft, and runs at
a constant high velocity, irrespective of the spindle speed. Further-
more, a wider belt can be employed than on cone drive machines. As
a result, a maximum amount of power is delivered to the machine
pulley, and is transmitted through heavy gearing to the spindle, under
all conditions, thus fitting this style of machine particularly well to the
heavier classes of work. Another advantage of this drive is its par-
ticular adaptation to the application of a motor. The constant
speed type of motor, which is more economical, both in first cost and
in the amount ♦of power consumed, than the variable speed motor,
can be employed. This is also the most simple and compact form of
motor drive. When applied to Brown & Sharpe Machines, the
motor is mounted on a bracket at the back of the column, where it is
away from dust and chips of the table (see page 173). Furthermore,
by placing it in this position the floor space occupied by the machine
is not increased, as it is necessary to leave room behind the machine to
allow the overhanging arm to be pushed back when not in use.

30 Brown & Sharpe Mfg. Co.

Efficiency. Production costs are of vital importance to the shop
owner, and no one factor influences them to a much greater extent
than the efficiency of the different machines employed. Where this is
low, the amount of power consumed for which there is no apparent
return is higher than it should be, with the result that the cost of
production is increased. It is essential, therefore, that a high degree
of efficiency be attained in the milling machine, so that a maximum
amount of work may be produced for the power consumed.

In order to obtain the highest degree of efficiency in milling
machine construction, it is necessary that the utmost care be taken
in designing the different parts, selecting materials, and in the
quality of workmanship in building.

All parts must be proportioned in accordance with the functions
they perform. They should be heavy enough to resist any stress that
would tend to cramp operating movements. For instance, cylindrical
shafts should be lai^e enough in diameter to eliminate bending
tendency, for this will cramp them in the bearings, thus interfering
with their free revolution. Care must be taken, however, that the
different parts are not proportioned so heavy that they will be
cumbersome and thus produce excessive friction, which is detri-
mental to efficiency. It is here that the selection of materials is of
value, for often the weight of a part can be
made lighter by the use of a material of higher
tensile strength.

The size of bearing surfaces is of especial
importance to efficiency, as well as to permanent
alignment and rigidity. It is between them
that friction arises in operation, and in order to
reduce this to a minimum, their proportions
should be such that the parts may move freely
under the heaviest load.

Correct alignments of bearing surfaces are
as essential to efficiency as to accuracy, in order
that the working parts may move freely. Any
error in alignments tends to cramp or wedge the
moving parts.

Pointed Teeth of Simplicity of parts and the use of spur

Hardened gearing as far as possible are also elements that

Change Gear contribute largely to high efficiency.

Brown & Sharpe Mfg. Co. 31

Durability. The first cost of a milling machine, like any other
modern machine tool, is comparatively great, and to make its
employment economical, this cost must be spread over a long
period of service — in other words, the machine must be durable.
Strong design and the use of high quality materials throughout the
machine are most essential to durability.

Good workmanship is also an important factor. Seemingly
small details in construction should receive careful attention, for it
is these that many times give rise to serious trouble. The fitting of
different parts, and making of all alignments should be carefully
done, and means should be provided for taking up wear at any points
where it is apt to occur. In connection with the wearing qualities
of different parts, the selection of materials is an important factor;
parts that are subject to continuous usage, such as the change gears
in constant speed drive machines, should be made of a hard material
having good wearing qualities. In Brown & Sharpe machines, these
gears are made of steel and are hardened.

Where change gears are being thrown into and out of mesh
frequently by a tumbler arrangement, it is well to have the tops of
the teeth pointed, and the ends of teeth in sliding gears chamfered.
These features not only facilitate throwing the gears into mesh, but
also reduce the danger of teeth becoming bruised or broken, which
is apt to happen when gears with teeth of the ordinary shape are
thrown into mesh.

Rigidity is as essential to durability as to accuracy, since the
existence of vibrations causes very rapid wearing of parts. Hence,
every part should be of stable enough construction to resist vibrations
under all practical working conditions.

Beyond these points, and that of provision for lubricating all
bearing surfaces, the matter of durability is more especially a question
of the care devoted to the machine while in use. Its failure to be
durable because of lack of proper care cannot be attributed to any
faults in design or construction. The information given in the next
chapter on the care of milling machines is very important to those
who have charge of these machines.

Convenience. Much time is lost in operating a milling machine
that is inconvenient in any way for the workman to handle: therefore,
from the standpoints of economy and efficiency, convenience is a most
desirable quality. To be convenient, a machine must be so designed

Brown & Sharpe Mpr

Arrangement of Levers, Hand-wheels, etc., at front of
Brown & Sharpe Milling Machine

A, Transverse hand feed; B, Vertical hand feed; C, Longitudinal hand quick
return; D, Longitudinal automatic feed trip and reverse lever; E, Transverse
automatic feed trip lever; F, Vertical automatic feed trip lever; G, Longitudinal
movement clamp; H, Transverse movement clamp; I, Vertical movement clamp;
J, J, J, Knobs to disengage hand-wheels so that they are stationary when power
feed is in action; K, K, K, Adjustable dials graduated to thousandths of an inch;
L, Knob for stopping transverse and vertical feeding mechanism when only
longitudinal table

Brown & Sharpe Mfg. Co. 33

and constructed that work and tools can be readily placed in position
and removed from the table, spindle and table feed adjustments
easily made, and all working parts readily accessible.

As the station of the operator is at the front of the machine, all
controlling levers and hand-wheels for stopping and starting the
machine and the different table movements should be within reach
from this point.

The spindle speed and table feed changing levers of constant speed
driven machines are placed on the left-hand side of the column by
some builders, and on the right by others. This is more a matter
of choice than anything else, the chief advantage being in having
them conveniently grouped and so designed that the manner of opera-
tion is clear.

Arrangements for lubricating the various parts and making
adjustments to compensate for wear should be such that these can
be accomplished with a minimum loss of time.

Hand or Automatic Feed. It is essential that the table of all
milling machines used for manufacturing purposes, with the exception
of the very smallest of the plain type, be fitted with both hand and
automatic feeds. In the case of this exception, the work done is of such
a small character that the machine can be operated more rapidly by
hand than it could be if an automatic feed were applied. By the use
of automatic feeds, one operator is enabled to run several machines on
the majority of commercial work.

Tool room machines, and those used for miscellaneous milling,
should be fitted with both hand and automatic feeds, for, while much
of the work requires careful feeding by hand, there are, nevertheless,
many times when an automatic feed can be employed and the
mechanic can devote his attention to some other detail of the job
while a cut is being taken.

Oil Can or Pump and Tank. Every milling machine must be fitted,
with some arrangement for lubricating the cutters when working on
steel, or wrought iron. Either an oil can or a pump and tank are
employed for this purpose. For machines that are used for light
work and miscellaneous milling, an oil can is found satisfactory,
as the amount of lubricant used is small and a pump and tank com-
plicate the machine and make more for the operator to care for.
When heavy and manufacturing milling is being done, however,
and an abundance of oil is required, both to cool the cutters and

■4 Brown & Sharpe Mfg. Co.

Illustrations Showing Handy Control of Brown & Sharpe
Milling Machines

There are Friction Clutch Levers at No Exertion to Run the Table Back o

Both Sides of Machine for Con- Run It Up to Cut with Auto-

venlence of Operator matlc Fast Feed

Operator Does Not Have to Go Around Operator Clamps Overhanging Arm at
Table to Clamp Knee Both Bearings by this Single Lever

Brown & Sharpe Mfg. Co. 35

wash out chips, it is not always practical to supply it through the
medium of a can, as this cannot be made large enough to hold sufficient
lubricant to last long. By fitting the machine with a pump and a tank
to which the used oil returns by gravity, a copious supply is available
at all times. When it is not needed it can be shut off at the
spout and a relief valve in the piping returns the unused oil to the tank.

Brown & Shahpe Mf(

Vertical Spindle Milling Machine
with Spindle Driven by Belt

Brown & Sharpe Mfg. Co. 37

CHAPTER III

Erection and Care of Machine

Erection. A machine should be placed upon a level, and, if
possible, a solid floor or foundation. If the foundation is not firm,
undue vibrations will exist and possibly impair its accuracy and
durability. Either stone or concrete makes an excellent foundation
for the larger sizes. Neither of these can be used, however, when it
is desired to place a machine above the ground floor of a building, and
it is best, in this case, to locate it directly over a beam; not in the
middle of a bay.

Ordinary wooden shingles are commonly used in leveling a
machine. When the exact position has been determined, the fastening
screws or bolts should be screwed down until nearly tight. A spirit
level should then be used to test the top of the table, both longitudi-
nally and transversely. If the machine is too low at any corner, drive
a shingle under the base at this point to bring it up. When the table
is found to be level in every direction, the nuts, or bolts, should be
brought up solidly. It is well, even after tightening the bolts, to
test the surface of the table once more, as this tightening sometimes
throws the machine out of level again.

Counter -shaft. Putting up the counter-shaft, when one is
employed, is usually the first operation in installing a machine.
It is generally placed directly over cone drive machines because of
the interference of the driving belt with the upper part of the frame
if it is located very far at either side. With constant speed drive
machines, it is not necessary to place the counter-shaft directly over-
head. It may be placed diagonally so long as the belt does not
interfere with the overhanging arm when it is pushed* back.

The counter-shaft should be level and accurately aligned parallel
with the main, or driving, shaft. Where the beams are not uniform
enough to bring the stringers to which the counter-shaft hangers are
attached level, it will be necessary to shim between the feet of the
hangers and the stringers to make the shaft level. The holes in the
feet of the hangers are usually in the form of slots, which allow the
hangers to be slightly adjusted when aligning the counter-shaft with

38

Brown & Sharpe Mfg. Co.

fa

Brown & Sharpe Mfg. Co.

the driving shaft. In leveling and aligning the counter-shaft,
the practice to insert the bare shaft in its boxes and take i
ments from it. It is afterward removed, the pulleys put on and then
replaced in its bearings. When the hangers are securely tightened,
the shaft should revolve freely. About an eighth of an inch end play
is desirable on a counter-shaft. This can be obtained when placing
the hangers.

The shipper handles are
most convenient when they
come within easy reach from
the left front side of the ma-
chine, as this is the position
commonly taken by the work-
man to watch the operation.

Counter - shaft bearings
are lubricated in various ways.
In our particular type the oil

is raised from reservoirs in each hanger by means of rope wicks as
shown in Fig. 2.

As a rule it is not necessary to draw off and replace the oil in
counter-shaft reservoirs at very frequent intervals if a good machinery
oil is used. If the reservoirs are thoroughly cleaned and filled with
fresh oil once every year or so they rarely need much attention. It is
go<xl practice, however, to put in a little oil every three or four
months in order to insure maintaining the prdper level.

The arrangement of a three- friction pulley counter-shaft is shown
in Fig. I. Its operation is as follows: A movement of the shipper to
the right from the position in which it is shown, causes thimble A to
spread the friction levers or engage pulley C. Throwing the shipper
to the left until thimble A is about central between pulleys C and E,
causes thimble B to spread the friction levers or engage pulley D,
A further movement of the shipper to the left allows the levers of
pulley D to slip over onto the smaller diameter of thimble B, disen-
gaging the clutch of this pulley; at the same time thimble A spreads
the levers engaging pulley E.

Diameter of Pulley on Driving Shaft. To find the diameter
of pulley required on the driving shaft for driving the counter-shaft
at a given speed, multiply the required speed of the counter-
shaft in revolutions per minute by the diameter in inches of the
pulley on same, and divide the product by the revolutions per minute

40 Brown & Sharpe Mfg. Co.

of driving shaft. If, for instance, the speed of the main shaft in a
shop is 200 R. P. M., and it is required to drive a counter-shaft,
having a pulley 14 inches in diameter, 320 R. P. M., the diameter of
the main shaft pulley is found as follows:

320 R.P.M.X14" ^0/1'/^- . f u ' ^ ' u ^.
= 22.4 , diameter of pulley required on main shaft.

200 R. P. M.

When the counter-shaft has two or more pulleys whose speeds
differ, a separate calculation is required for each. And when no
counter-shaft is used, the calculation is the same as above, except
that the required speed and diameter of the machine pulley are
substituted for the diameter and speed of the counter-shaft pulley.

Importance of Keeping Machine Clean and Well Oiled. Many
workmen fail to appreciate the importance of keeping a machine
clean and well oiled, and we cannot emphasize this point too strongly.
Proper attention to these details influences the accuracy and efficiency
of a milling machine and prolongs its life, while neglect to attend to
these matters has ruined many a good machine.

Working parts most exposed to dust, dirt or chips, should be
frequently cleaned and oiled. Chips should not be allowed to collect
upon the surface of the table until they fall over the sides on to the
flat bearings on the top of the knee. Care should also be taken to
prevent chips and dirt getting between the knee and column, causing
scoring of these flat bearings and throwing the knee out of
alignment.

Oil tubes and channels many times become clogged with a gummy
substance, due to the accumulation of dirt in the oil, and also to decom-
position of the lubricant itself. This can be effectively removed
without injury to the bearing surfaces by flushing the tubes and
channels with gasoline or naphtha. It is well to do this occasionally
to insure free passage of oil to the bearings, for if the bearing surfaces,
especially cylindrical ones, run dry, they become roughed up, which
necessitates taking them apart, and entails considerable work before
they can be made to run satisfactorily again.

A machine that has been in active service for a period of a year
or two, should be thoroughly cleaned and inspected. To do this,
requires that it be taken apart to some extent, as it is impossible
to ascertain the condition of some of the more important bearing
surfaces in any other way. Also it is the only way in which one can
make sure that some of the oil channels that are not easily accessible
are not filled up.

Brown & Sharpe Mfg. Co. 41

Only good mechanics who thoroughly understand the construction
of the different parts should be permitted to take apart and reas-
semble a machine, owing to the liability of parts being put together
wrongly and alignments imperfectly made, if the work is intrusted
to less responsible persons.

Arbors and collars should be kept clean and care exercised that
chips do not get into the hole in the spindle or between collars.

Neatness about a machine is usually the mark of a good workman.
By assigning definite places to tools and attachments and returning
them immediately after using, he is able to know just where to look
for any one whenever he wants it. The time required to replace
tools in this way is more than offset by the advantage of being able
to readily find them again ; besides, the tidiness of a machine materially
adds to the appearance of a shop.

It is well to remember when applying oil that ordinary bear-
ings can hold only a few drops at a time and that this amount
applied at regular and frequent intervals is far more beneficial than a
flood of lubricant at irregular periods. It is a good practice to have
one man attend to the oiling daily in shops where the machines are
used by different workmen.

Kind of Oil. There are so many good machinery oils upon the
market that it is hard to specify any one as the best to use for lubri-
cating a milling machine. Any good coal or mineral oil can be used.
Never use an animal oil, as it will gum up the bearing surfaces, oil
channels and tubes, and have a tendency to retard rather than render
easy the movements of the different parts. It might also be said that
in buying machinery oil it is always safest to purchase a lubricant of
reliable quality instead of experimenting with the less expensive
brands. It is cheaper to buy good oil than to run the risk of damage
to bearings from overheating or scoring.

Care of Driving Chain on Motor Driven Machines. The care
of the driving chain on motor driven machines is important. It
should be kept clean, well lubricated and adjusted. To clean a
driving chain, remove it and immerse in a bath of kerosene or gasoline.
This will loosen up the gum and dirt, and by working the joints while
in the bath, foreign matter will come out. Remove the kerosene or
gasoline by soaking the chain in a very hot and fairly strong solution
of soda and water. Wipe dry and immerse in a bath of warm and
quite thick lubricating oil for several hours. This treatment should
be applied about every two or three months.

i2 Brown & Sharpe Mfg. Co.

A good quality of lubricant that is free from tendency to gum
should be used, and a generous quantity applied daily.

The tension of the chain is usually regulated by the adjusting
screws in motor bracket. It should run at a tension that might be
termed just a little too slack for a leather belt; that is, a slightly
greater sag should be allowed.

Adjustments. As bearing surfaces and parts wear, it becomes
necessary from time to time to make adjustments, and at all important
points convenient means are provided for doing this. Flat bearings
are provided with tapered gibs that are easily adjusted, and cylindrical
bearings, like those of the spindle, have ready means of taking up
wear. It is essential that any adjustment required be promptly

Fig. 3

made, for otherwise the accuracy of the machine is impaired.
Furthermore, parts wear much more rapidly as the lost motion
becomes greater. By a little examination and adjustment every now
and then, the efficiency of a machine can be maintained and its life
indefinitely prolonged.

Before proceeding to adjust or take anything apart, it is a good
plan to carefully study its principle of construction. Many times
this simple precaution will obviate considerable trouble.

The prevailing practice in designing spindle bearings is to have
the front bearing on the spindle tapered and the rear bearing straight.
On our machines the front bearing is adjusted by loosening check
screw N and tightening nut F, Fig. 3. This draws the spindle back
into the box, and as the bearing is tapered, the lost motion is taken up.

Brown & Sharpe Mfg. Co. 43

Should it become necessary, after running a machine for a number of
years, to obtain more adjustment in this front box, the spindle can
be removed and the washers between the spindle collar and the front
of the box can be reduced a little in thickness. The adjusting nut F
will then take care of the wear for another long period of time.
Nut K should not be disturbed, as this merely holds the box in place.
The rear box is split and fits in a taper hole in the frame. It is adjusted
by loosening nut L and tightening nut E.

Brown & Sharpe Mfg. Co.

Brown & Sharpe Mfg. Co. 45

Explanation of Levers, Hand-wheels, etc., on Brown & Sharpe

Constant Speed Drive Milling Machines

1. Friction clutch levers for starting and stopping machine.

( 2. Automatic feed trip and reverse lever for longitudinal movement of table.

«>3. Automatic feed trip lever for transverse movement of saddle.

4. Automatic feed trip lever for vertical movement of knee.

5. Lever for reversing all automatic feeds.
5 6. Hand-wheel for quick return of table.

-/ 7. Hand-wheel for transverse movement of saddle.

^ 8. Hand-wheel for vertical movement of knee.
9 and 10. Knobs for disengaging hand-wheels.

,11.. Adjustable dog for controlling length of table movement.

12. Adjustable dog for controlling length of knee traverse.

13. Safety dog for preventing table running too far.

14. Safety dog for preventing knee running too far down.

15. Spindle drive tumbler gear lever.

16. Knob for sliding the tumbler gear.

17. Quill gear lever.

18. Back gear lever.

19. Index plate of spindle speeds.

20. Feed drive tumbler gear lever.

21. Knob for sliding the tumbler gear.

22 and 23. Levers for moving change gears.

7 24. Lever for clamping overhanging arm.

25. Raising block for spiral head.

26. Change gears for spiral head.

27. Table stops for preventing longitudinal table movement.

28. Adjustable centre.

29. Centre rest.

30. Arbor holding nut.

31. Guard nut for spindle threads.

32. Chuck plate for spindle.
ZZ. Chuck.

34. Knock-out rod for spindle.

Zh. Differential indexing centre.

36. Collet.

37. Index plates.

Brown & Sharpe-Mfo. Co.

Hand Milling Machine

Brown Sc Sharpe Mfg. Co.

CHAPTER IV

Spiral Head— Indexing and Cutting Spirals

The mechanism known as the spiral head constituted one of the
fundamental parts of the original universal milling machine. Its
primary purpose was that of indexing and rotating work in con-
junction with the movement of
the table for cutting flutes in
twist drills. The great possibil-
ities it offered in cutting a large
range of spirals, and for doing
many other jobs, were soon
recognized and developed, until
it is now used for an endless
variety of operations. With it,
ordinary indexing to obtain
even spacing on the periphery
of pieces, as in cutting teeth in
cutters, ratchets, clutch gears,

gear wheels and flutes in Spj^^j j,^^^

reamers, taps, drills, etc., can

be quickly accomplished. Spiral forms of all common leads can be
accurately reproduced by its use.

The spiral head and foot-stock are furnished as a part of all
universal milling machines and can be applied, with few exceptions,
to plain and vertical spindle machines. Used in connection with a
vertical spindle milling attachment, on a plain machine, much the
same variety of work can be done as on the universal.

In construction, spiral heads of today embody the same principles
as the one on the original universal milling machine, but improvements
have made them more solid and convenient to operate. Likewise.
improvements have been made in the design and construction of the
foot -stock.

Since our spiral head is typical of these mechanisms, a description
of its various points may aid in understanding the methods of indexing
and cutting spirals. The head itself consists of a hollow, semi-circular

48 Brown & Sharpe Mfg. Co.

casting in which is mounted a spindle that is connected to an index
crank through a worm and wheel. Fig. 4 shows the construction
of this part. The head casting has dove-tailed bearings at each side
that fit the contour of a base plate, which can be clamped to the surface
of the table. The alignment of the head with the table longitudinal iy
is provided by means of a tongue on the under side of the base plate
that fits a T slot in the table.

The spiral head spindle passes through the head, and is held in
place by means of a nut at the small end. The front end is threaded
and has a taper hole corresponding to that of the machine spindle.

1^ j^

¥ii. 4

It is rotated by means of the worm wheel B, which is driven by the
hardened worm A that is located on the shaft to which the index
crank is fastened. In order to insure accuracy the worm threads are
ground after hardening. Through gearing, the index plate and worm
A can be driven together from the table feed screw when the index
pin is in position in any hole of a plate. When worm A is turned
by means of the index crank, indexing may be accomplished, and
when it is geared to the table feed screw, spiral milling, in addition
to indexing, is made possible. The cutting of the spiral is due to
the turning of the table feed screw, which through the interposition
of change gears between this screw and the gears that drive the shaft
carrying worm A, causes the spindle of the spiral head to rotate as

Brown & Sharpe Mfg. Co.

49

Fig. 5

the table advances, so that the cutter produces a spiral cut in the
work. For rapid indexing, when cutting flutes in taps, reamers, etc.,
the worm A is disengaged and the spindle turned by hand, the divisions
being made by means of the index plate C, which is fastened to the

nose of the spindle, and may be locked

by the pin D.

The spindle may be revolved con-
tinuously as when cutting spirals, or may
be securely locked after being revolved
a desired amount, as in indexing for
cutters, the teeth of gears, clutches,
ratchets, etc.

It is possible to swing the head in
its bearings so that the front end of the
spindle can be set to any desired angle
fron> 10° below the horizontal to 5**
beyond the perpendicular without throw-
ing the driving members out of mesh.

Graduations on the front edge of the head indicate the angle of

elevation to half degrees.

The design of the head is such that it permits unusually long and
wide bearings. Furthermore, it sets very low and can be so firmly
clamped to the base that the whole mechanism practically becomes
one solid casting. Hence, it provides a particularly rigid support
for the work, and that is a factor of much importance in the class of
work that is done upon this mechanism.

Index Plates and Change Gears. Three index plates are furnished
with the spiral head, and contain circles with the following numbers
of holes: —

Plate 1—15, 16, 17, 18, 19, 20.

Plate 2—21, 23, 27, 29, 31, 33.

Plate 3—37, 39, 41, 43, 47, 49.

The change gears that are furnished have the following numbers
of teeth: 24 (2 gears), 28, 32, 40, 44, 48, 56, 64, 72, 86, and 100.

Graduated Index Sector. Without the graduated index sector,
much care must be exercised in counting the holes in an index plate
when indexing to obtain any given number of divisions. Such a
sector enables the correct number of holes to be obtained at each
indexing with little chance for error. It is shown in Fig. 5 and

50

Brown & Sharpe Mfg. Co.

consists of two arms which may be spread apart when the screw A
is loosened slightly. The correct number of holes may be counted
and the sector arms set to include them; or better, the graduations
on the dial may be used in connection with the tables given on pages
208 to 216. To set the sector arms by this last method, follow
down the column headed "Graduation" in the tables referred to,
until opposite the number of divisions that is desired. Take the
number that is found here and set the arms by bringing the left one
against the index pin, which should be inserted in any convenient
hole in the required circle, and moving the right one until the gradu-
ation corresponding to the number obtained from the table coincides
with the zero on the left arm. The correct number of holes
will then be contained between the two arms, and counting is
unnecessary.

When setting the arms by counting the holes, the left arm should
be brought against the index pin as directed above, and then the
required number of holes for each division should be counted from the
hole that the pin is in, considering this hole as zero.

Adjustable Index Crank. The index
crank of the spiral head is adjustable
circumferentially. This is shown in
Fig. 6. Many times it is desired to
make a delicate adjustment of the
work, or to bring the index pin to
the nearest hole without disturbing
the setting of the work. To adjust
the index crank after the work has been placed in position, turn
thumb screws A-A, Fig. 6, until the pin enters the nearest hole in
the index plate. To rotate the work relative to the index plate, both
the stop pin at the back of the plate and the index crank pin should
be engaged, the adjustment being made by means of the thumb
screws as before.

Throwing Worm Out of Mesh. When it is desired to turn the
spindle by hand and index work by means of the plate on the front
end of the spindle, it is necessary to disengage the driving worm A,
Fig. 4. To do this, turn the knob E, by means of a pin wrench
furnished, about one-quarter of a revolution in the reverse direction
to that indicated by an arrow stamped on the knob. This will loosen
nut G that clamps eccentric bushing H ; then with the fingers turn both
knobs E and F, at the same time, and the bushing H will revolve,

Fig. 6

Brown & Shakpe Mfg. Co.

disengaging the worm from the wheel. To re-engage the worm,
reverse the above operation.

Effect of Change in Angle of Elevation on Spindle. If the angle
of the spiral head spindle is changed during operation, the spindle
must be rotated slightly to bring the work back to the proper position,
for when the spindle is elevated or depressed, the worm wheel is rotated
about the worm, and the effect is the same as if the worm was turned.
Foot-stock. The foot-stock shown in Fig. 7 is for supporting pieces
of work that are milled on centres or the outer ends of arbors, and
pieces that are clamp>ed in a chuck. The centre is adjustable longi-
tudinally, and can be elevated or depressed by means of a rack V,
and pinion actuated by hex U. It can also be set at an angle out of
parallel with the base when it is desired to mill drills, taper reamers,
etc., so that it can be kept in perfect alignment with the spiral head

Fig. 7

centre. The advantage of this is readily appreciated from the fact
that by the use of centres that cannot be adjusted, work is apt to
become cramped at certain positions during its revolution, and, as
a result, even spacing cannot be obtained.

When set in any position, the centre is firmly held by means of
the nuts W, X and Y. Set Screw S prevents endwise movement
of the elevating pinion.

Two taper pins, one of which is shown at Z, are used to quickly
and accurately locate the foot-stock centre in line with the spiral head
centre, when the centres are parallel to the top of the table. They
may be loosened by twisting a little with a wrench.

Fig. 8 shows a gauge that is very handy to use for quickly
adjusting the foot-stock centre in line with the spiral head centre

52

Brown & Sharpe Mfg. Co.

when setting for taper work. It consists of a bushing that fits
over the centre in the spiral head and a blade, the bottom edge of
which is the same distance above the centre as the top of the foot-
stock centre.

^ ^

LgL ^04

TV
I >

..Jr:

Fig. 8

INDEXING

The first office of the spiral head is to index or divide the periphery
of a piece of work into a number of definite or given parts. This is
accomplished by means of the index crank and the index plates
furnished with the head; or, in the case of some of the more common
coarse divisions, by means of the rapid index plate fastened to the
nose of the spindle.

There are two practical and accurate methods of indexing, known
as Plain and Differential. A third method, known as the Compound,
was used extensively in the past, and is still employed by some shops
having machines that are not fitted for Differential indexing. The
chances for errors in making the complicated indexing moves, and
the fact that even when the moves are made correctly, exact results
cannot be obtained, causes the Compound method to be of little
practical value where accurate spacing is required. It has, as a result,
been largely superseded by the Differential method, by which the
same numbers can be indexed accurately, and with little liability of
errors in making the indexing moves.

Most spiral heads that are not fitted for Differential indexing can
be at a nominal cost, and the unusual simplicity and convenience of
this method in themselves are sufficient to warrant doing this.

By the Plain method of indexing, which includes rapid indexing,
using the plate on the spindle nose, all divisions up to 50, even numbers
up to 100, except 96, and many numbers that are multiples of 5
up to 380, besides many others, can be indexed with the three index
plates furnished. With the addition of the change gears furnished,
divisions obtained by Plain indexing, together with those that cannot
be obtained by that method, from 1 to 382, and many others beyond,
can be indexed by the Differential method.

Brown & Sharpe Mfg. Co. 53

Plain and Direct Indexing. Plain indexing on the spiral head is
very similar to indexing with ordinary index centres. It depends
entirely upon how many times the index crank must be turned to
cause the work to make one revolution. When this ratio is known,
it is an easy matter to calculate the number of turns or fractions of
a turn of the index crank to produce a given number of spaces on the
periphery of the work.

The worm wheel on the spindle contains 40 teeth and the worm
is single threaded, hence for every turn of the index crank, the worm
wheel is advanced one tooth, or the spindle makes iV part of a revo-
lution. This should be remembered, for it is used in all indexing
calculations on the spiral head. If the crank is turned 40 times, the
spindle and work will make one complete revolution. To find how
many turns of the crank are necessary for a certain division of the
work, 40 is divided by the number of the divisions which are desired.
The quotient will be the number of turns, or the part of a turn of the
crank, which will give each desired division. Applying this rule, 40
divisions would be made by turning the crank completely around
once for each division, or 20 divisions would be obtained by turning
around twice. When the quotient contains a fraction, or is a fraction,
it will be necessary to give the crank a part revolution in indexing.
The numerator of the fraction represents the number of holes that
should be indexed for each division. If the fraction is so small that
none of the plates contains the number of holes represented by the
denominator, both numerator and denominator should be multiplied
by a common multiplier that will give a fraction, the denominator
of which represents a number of holes that is available. On the
other hand, if the fraction is of large terms, it should be reduced so
that its denominator will represent a number of holes that is available.
For example, seven divisions are desired. 40 divided by 7, equals
Sf turns of the index crank to each division. There is no plate
containing so few holes as 7, so this should be raised. Multiplying
by the common multiplier 3, we have f x f = H. Hence, for
one division of the work, the index crank pin is placed in the 21
hole circle, and the crank is given 5 complete revolutions and then is
moved ahead 15 additional holes. 35 holes in the 49 hole circle might
also be used in place of IS in the 21 hole circle, as II is a multiple of
the original fraction t.

The tables on pages 208 to 216 give the correct circles of holes
and numbers to index for each division of all numbers that are obtain-
able by plain indexing, as well as those obtainable by the differential

54 Brown & Sharpe Mfg. Co.

method, and when these are used figuring, such as that above, is

unnecessary.

Indexing in Degrees and Parts of Degrees. When it is desired to

divide the circumference of a piece in this manner, it can often be

done by plain indexing. One complete turn of the index crank

produces ^ of a turn of the work, or -rs" ~^ degrees. Following

this method:

2 holes in the 18-hole circle ,= 1 degree.

2 holes in the 27-hole circle = ,^ degree.

1 hole in the 18-hole circle = i degree.

1 hole in the 27-hole circle =i degree.

Other odd fractional parts of a degree can be easily found by
dividing the number of holes in any given circle into 9 degrees. It
will be noticed that \ degree spacing cannot be obtained in this
way; but with differential indexing, as explained on page 57, it is
easy to get j degree and other fractional spacings.
Differential Indexing. Differential indexing enables a wide range
of divisions to be indexed.
With the change gears and
three index plates furnished
with the spiral head, it is pos-
sible to index all numbers, not
obtainable by plain indexing,
from 1 to 382; in addition,
many other divisions beyond
382 can be indexed. '

By this method , the index
crank is moved in the same
circle of holes, and the opera-
tion is like that of plain index-
ing. The spiral head spindle ^P*™' "«^<* Geared for Differential
and index plate are connected n ex ng
by a train of gearing, as shown above, and the stop pin at the
back of the plate is thrown out. As the index crank is turned, the
spindle is rotated and the plate moves either in the same or opposite
direction to that of the crank. The total movement of the crank
at every indexing is, therefore, equal to its movement relative to the
plate, plus the movement of the plate, when the plate revolves in the
same direction as the crank, or minus the movement of the plate.

Brown & Sharpe Mfg. Co. 55

when the plate revolves in the opposite direction to the crank. The
spiral head cannot be used for cutting spirals, when it is geared for
differential indexing, for when cutting spirals the head is geared to
the table feed screw.

To obviate the necessity of figuring out the change gears every
time a certain number of divisions is required, tables on pages 208
to 223 have been compiled. By use of these tables, all numbers
obtainable by differential indexing, together with those that can be
had by the plain method can be easily indexed. The tables also give
the correct circle and number of holes to be indexed, graduations for
setting of the index sector, and the proper change gears to use.

In order to select the proper change gears, it is first necessary
to find the ratio of the required gearing between the spindle and plate.
After this has been done, the correct gears can be found. The follow-
ing formulae show the manner in which this gearing is calculated.

iV = number of divisions required.

/f= number of holes in index plate.

n = number of holes taken at each indexing.

F= ratio of gearing between index crank and spindle.

x = ratio of the train of gearing between the spindle and the
index plate.

5 = gear on spindle. ) ^^ .

Gi = first gear on stud, t

G2= second gear on stud.) ^^ .

Txr f Driven.

>r = gear on worm. )

HV-Nn .^ y^,, . - ,,

X = :^ — if HV IS greater than Nn,

II

Nn-HV

X = ^j — if HV is less than Nn.

II

5 . .

x=7j^ (for simple gearing.)

x=-z:^ — ^ (for compound gearing.)

V is equal to 40 on the B. & S. spiral head, and the index plates
furnished have the following numbers of holes: 15, 16, 17, 18, 19, 20,
21, 23, 27, 29, 31, S3, 37, 39, 41, 43, 47, 49.

The gears furnished have the following numbers of teeth: 24
(2 gears), 28, 32, 40, 44, 48, 56, 64, 72, 86, 100.

In selecting the index circle to be used, it is best to select one
with a number having factors that are contained in the change gears

56' Brown & Suarpe Mfg. Co.

on hand, for if H contains a factor not found in the gears, x cannot
usually be obtained, unless the factor is canceled by the difference
between HV and Nn, or unless N contains the factor.

When HV is greater than Nn and gearing is simple, use 1 idler.

WhenHVisgreater than JVra and gearingiscompound,use no idlers.

When HV is less than Nn and gearing is simple, use 2 idlers.

When HV is less than Nn and gearing is compound, use 1 idler.

Select "m" so that the ratio of gearing will not exceed 6: 1 on
account of the excessive stress upon the gears.

A few examples are given herewith to illustrate the application
of the above formulae:
Example 1 :

N=59. Required H, n and x.

Assume H = $3, n = 22.

Then ,, (33X40)--(59X22) _,;_;^

We now select gears giving this ratio, as 32 and 48, the 32 being
the gear on spindle and the 48 the gear on worm, HV is greater than
Nn, and the gearing is simple, requiring I idler.
Example 2:

N = 319. Required H. n and x.

AssumeH = 29, n = 4.

Then »Jl "X-')-'»X-t°' -W-t.

When the ratio is not obtainable with simple gearing, try
compound gearing.

i can be expressed as follows:

ere are available gears.
HVis less than Nn and the gear-
is compound, requiring one idler.

lead Geared for 271 Divisions

Fig. 9 shows the spiral
head geared, simple gearing,
for 271 divisions. Referring
to the table on page 214, the
gears called for are: C, 56
teeth, and E, 72 teeth, with

Brown & Sharpe Mfg. Co. 57

one idler D. The idler D

serves to rotate the index

plate in the same direction

as the crank, thus in making

280 turns of the crank, nine

divisions are lost, giving the

correct number of divisions,

271. The sector should be set

to indicate ^ turns, or 3 holes |

in the 21 hole circle, and the

head is ready for 271 divisions,

the indexing being made the

same as for plain indexing. Fig. 10

Head Geared for 319 Divisions.

Fig, 10 shows the spiral head geared, compound gearing,
for 319 divisions- Referring to the table on page 215, the
gears called for are: C, 48 teeth; F, 64 teeth; G, 24 teeth; E, 72
teeth and one idler D, 24 teeth. The sector should be set to
sV turns, or 4 holes in the 29 circle; the head is then ready for 319
divisions.

Spacing for Quarter Degrees.

Example 3.

Required H, n and x for spacing i degrees, or 1440 divisions.
AssumeH = 33,n = l.

(1440X1) — (33X40) ^ 120 64X100
" 33 33 "'' 40 X 44

One idler is required.

The following table gives data required for spacing i° and i".
For fractional parts of degrees obtainable by plain indexing see
page 54.

11

$

11

° B

IS

No.

Hole

ll

Idlere

;

11

II

3 S

ii|ii

J"

33

A [
" 1

28
44

64
64

56

40

100
100

24
24

58 Brown & Sharpe Mfg. Co.

Aliquant or Fractional Spacing.

Example 4:

Required: A Vernier to read to tj degree or five minutes,
the scale being divided to degrees.

Each Vernier space can equal H degree.

11 X 1 11 4320 . , , . , ^^^,

4 r> V. ^^^ = T^T^ or -^rr- spaces m whole circle = 392tt spaces.

12X360 4320 11 '^

Assume i?=18, « = 2.

(392i^rX2)- (18X40) ^ 720/11 ^ 720 J_ ^ 40 ^ 64X100

18 18 11 18 11 40 X 44

One idler is required.

CUTTING SPIRALS.

Spirals that are most commonly cut on milling machines embrace
spiral gears, spiral mills, counterbores, and twist drills. Worms are
also cut with the aid of a vertical spindle or universal milling attach-
ment. Examples of some of these classes of work are shown in this
chapter; and in operations in chapters VIII and IX.

The method of producing the spiral movement of the work has
been described before, and the manner in which the head is geared is
shown in Figs. 11 and 12. The four change gears are known as: gear
on screw; first gear on stud (as it is the first to be put on); second gear
on stud; and gear on. worm. The screw gear and first gear on stud
are the drivers, and the others are the driven gears. By using different
combinations of the change gears furnished, the ratio of the longi-
tudinal movement of the table to the rotary movement of the work
can be varied ; in other words, the leads of the spirals it is possible to
cut are governed directly by these gears. Usually they are of such
ratio that the work is advanced more than an inch while making one
turn, and thus the spirals cut on milling machines are designated
in terms of inches to one turn* rather than turns, or threads per inch;
for instance, a spiral is said to be of 8 inches lead, not that its pitch
is 1-8 turn per inch.

The feed screw of the table has four threads to the inch, and
forty turns of the worm make one turn of the spiral head spindle;
accordingly, if change gears of equal diameter are used, the work
will make a complete turn while it is moved lengthwise 10 inches;
that is, the spiral will have a lead of 10 inches. This is the lead of
the machine, and it is the resultant of the action of the parts of the
machine that are always employed in this work, and is so regarded
in making the calculations used in cutting spirals.

Brown & Sharpe Mfg. Co.

59

SnoGiEarO^Stud

GearOmScrcw
Fig. 11

Showing Gearing When No Idler is Required

eMo.GEAROfiSruo

R On Worm

■Gear0n5crew
Fig. 12

Showing Gearing With Idler in Use

60 Brown & Sharpe Mfg. Co.

Principle same as for Change Gears of a Lathe. In principle,
these calculations are the same as for change gears of a screw cutting
lathe. The compound ratio of the driven to the driving gears equals
in all cases, the ratio of the lead of the required spiral to the lead of
the machine. This can be readily demonstrated by changing the
diameters of the gears.

Gears of the same diameter produce, as explained above, a spiral
with a lead of 10 inches, which is the same lead as the lead of the
machine. Three gears of equal diameter and a driven gear double
this diameter, produce a spiral with a lead of 20 inches, or twice the
lead of the machine; and with both driven gears, twice the diameters
of the drivers, the ratio being compound, a spiral is produced with a
lead of 40 inches, or four times the machine's lead. Conversely,
driving gears twice the diameter of the driven produce a spiral with
a lead equal to 34 the lead of the machine, or 2^/^ inches.

Expressing the ratios as fractions, the

Driven Gears _ Lead of Required Spiral

Driving Gears Lead of Machine

or, as the product of each class of gears determines the ratio, the head
being compound geared, and as the lead of the machine is ten inches,
, Product of Driven Gears _ Lead of Required Spiral ^,

Product of Driving Gears 10 '

the compound ratio of the driven to the driving gears may always
be represented by a fraction whose numerator is the lead to be cut
and whose denominator is 10. In other words, the ratio is as the
required lead is to 10; for example, if the required lead is 20, the
ratio is 20:10. To express this in units instead of tens, the ratio is
always the same as one- tenth of the required lead is to 1. And fre-
quently this is a very convenient way to think of the ratio; for example,
if the lead is 40, the ratio of the gears is 4:1. If the lead is 25, the
gears are 2.5:1, etc.

To illustrate the usual calculations assume that a spiral
of 12 inch lead is to be cut. The compound ratio of the driven
to the driving gears equals the desired lead divided by 10, or it may
be represented by the fraction ii. Resolving this into two factors
to represent the two pairs of change gears, Tff=2Xi. Both terms of
the first factor are multiplied by such a number (24 in this instance)
that the resulting numerator and denominator will correspond with the
number of teeth of two of the change gears furnished with the machine
(such multiplications not affecting the value of a fraction) f X2t = H.
The second factor is similarly treated: IXl = H, and the gears with

Brown & Sharpe Mfg. Co. 61

1 O / *7 O \y '2 O

72 and 32 and 48 and 40 teeth are selected. tk=^ (tt^tttt^I

10 \48X40/

The first two are the driven, and the last two the drivers, the numera-
tors of the fractions representing the driven gears. The 72 is the
worm gear, 40 the first on stud, 32 the second on stud and 48 the screw
gear. The two driving gears might be transposed, and the two
driven gears might also be transposed without changing the spiral.
That is, the 72 could be used as the second on stud and the 32 as the
worm gear, if such an arrangement was more convenient. The
following rules express in abridged form the methods of figuring
change gears to cut given spirals, and of ascertaining what spirals
can be cut with change gears.

Rules for Obtaining Ratio of the Gears Necessary to Cut a
Given Spiral. Note the ratio of the required lead to 10. This ratio
is the compound ratio of the driven to the driving gears. Example:
If the lead of required spiral is 12 inches, 12 to 10 will be the ratio
of the gears.

Or, divide the required lead by 10 and note the ratio between the
quotient and 1. This ratio is usually the most simple form of the
compound ratio of the driven to the driving gears. Example: If the
required lead is 40 inches, the quotient 40-t-IO and the ratio 4 to 1.

Rule for Determining Number of Teeth of Gears Required to
Cut a Given Spiral. Having obtained the ratio between the required
lead and 10 by one of the preceding rules, express the ratio in the
form of a fraction; resolve this fraction into two factors, raise these
factors to higher terms that correspond with the teeth of gears that
can be conveniently used. The numerators will represent the driven
and the denominators the driving gears that produce the required
spiral. For example: What gears shall be used to- cut a lead of
27 inches?

H=iXl=(IXM)X(IXl) = 3|^

From the fact that the product of the driven gears divided by
the product of the drivers equals the lead divided by 10, or one-tenth
of the lead, it is evident that ten times the product of the driven
gears divided by the product of the drivers, will equal the lead of
the spiral. Hence the rule:

Rule for Ascertaining what Spiral May be Cut kyy Any Given
Change Gears. Divide tei^^mies the product of the driven gears
by the product of the drivers, and the quotient is the lead of the
resulting spiral in inches\K one uKn. For example: What spiral

62 Brown & Sharpe Mfg. Co.

will be cut by gears, with 48, 72, 32 and 40 teeth, the first two being

used as driven gears? Spiral to be cut equals — ^ . — =27 inches

to one turn.

This rule is often of service in determining what spirals may be
cut with the gears the workman chances to have at hand.

The tables on pages 224 to 226 give the leads and approximate
angles of some spirals produced by the gears furnished with our
machines, and the combination of gears given in each case is such that
they will properly mesh with one another. The tables on pages 227
to 245 contain all the leads that can be obtained with any possible
combination of the change gears furnished, even though some of the
leads are not available for use on account of the gears interfering
or not reaching. Combinations of gears that are too small in diameter
to reach for right-hand spirals, can generally be used for left-hand
spirals, as the reverse gear is then required and will enable the gears
to reach.

As we have already mentioned, the two driving gears, or the two
driven gears of any combination can be transposed, but a driver must
not be substituted for a driven or vice versa. Four different arrange-
ments of the gears of any combination are thus possible, without
changing the ratio, and when one arrangement interferes, or will not
reach, the others should be tried. Thus, the gears to give a lead of
3.60" are: drivers, 100 teeth and 32 teeth; driven, 24 teeth and
48 teeth. By transposing the gears, the following four arrange-
ments may be obtained.

Drivers.

Gear on Screw

1st Gear on Stud

Driven.
2nd Gear on Stud

Gear on Worm

The first arrangement, however, is found by actual test to be
the only one available, owing to the interference of the gears in the
other combinations preventing their meshing properly.

When very short leads are required, it is preferable to disengage the
worm wheel and connect the gearing directly to the spiral head spindle
(using the short lead spiral attachment shown in the next chapter, or
the differential indexing centre) . Either of these methods gives leads
one-fortieth of the leads given in the table for the same combinations

1st

2nd

3rd

4th

100

32

100

32

32

100

32

100

24

24

48

48

48

48

24

24

Brown & Sharpe Mfg. Co.

63

of gears. Thus, for a lead of 6.160", the table calls for gear on worm,
56 teeth, 1st gear on stud, 40 teeth; 2nd gear on stud, 44 teeth; and
gear on screw, 100 teeth. Putting the 56 tooth gear on the spindle

instead of on the worm, gives a lead of =.154".

By either method, very short leads may be obtained without
excessively straining the mechanism, but the regular means of indexing
the work cannot be employed. An index plate is provided on the
short lead spiral attachment. A method that can be used for indexing

Fig. 13

when using the differential centre is to have the number of teeth in
the gear on the spindle some multiple of the number required to
be indexed. Swing the gears out of mesh and advance the gear on
spindle the number of teeth required to index the work one division
at each indexing. Thus, if 9 divisions are required with a lead of
.261", we select a lead from the table equal to about .261 "X 40 =
10.440", when the gear on worm (which will now be the gear on spindle)
is some multiple of 9, as 72. The nearest lead is 10.467", which

gives — ^ — = .2617" lead, giving an error of .0007". To index the

work, the gear on spindle is advanced ¥ = 8 teeth at each indexing.

64

Brown & Sharpe Mfg. Co.

Position of the Table in Cutting Spirals. The change gears
having been selected, the next step in cutting spirals is to determine
the position at which the table must be placed to bring the spiral
in line with the cutter as the work is being milled.

The correct position of the table is indicated by the angle shown
at A, Fig. 13, and this angle, as may be noticed from that figure, has
the same number of degrees as the angle B, which is termed the angle
of the spiral, and is formed by the intersection of the spiral and a line
parallel with the axis of the piece being milled. The reason the
angles A and B are alike, is that their
corresponding sides are perpen-
dicular to each other.

k^Z

Fig. 14

The angle of the spiral depends upon the lead of the spiral and
the diameter of the piece to be milled. The greater the lead of a
spiral of any given diameter, the smaller the angle, and the greater
the diameter of any spiral with a given lead, the greater the spiral
angle.

If the angle wanted is not found in the tables on pages 224 to 226,
it can be ascertained in two ways, graphically or more conveniently, by
a simple calculation and reference to the tables on pages 307 to 315. In
determining it graphically, a right-angle triangle is drawn to scale.

Brown & Sharpe Mfg. Co. 65

One of the sides which form the right angle represents the circum-
ference of the piece in inches, and the hypothenuse represents the
line of the spiral. The angle between the lines representing the
path of the spiral and the lead of the spiral is the angle of the spiral.
This angle can be transferred from the drawing to the work by a
bevel protractor, or even by cutting a paper templet and winding
it about the work as shown in Fig. 14. The machine is then set
so that the spiral or groove as it touches the cutter will be in
line with the cutter. Or the angle may be measured and the
saddle set to a corresponding number of degrees by the gradua-
tions on the base.

The natural tangent of the angle of the spiral is the
quotient of the circumference of the piece, divided by the lead
of the spiral. Accordingly, the second method of obtaining the
angle of the spiral is to divide the circumference of the
piece by the lead, and note the number of degrees
opposite the figures that correspond with the quotients
in the tables of natural tangents, pages 307 to 315. The
angle having been thus obtained, the saddle is set by
the graduations on the base.

This second method is more satisfactory, as it is
Fig. 15 more accurate, and there is less liability of error than

with the first. The saddle can be set to the proper angle, but before
cutting into the blank, it is well to let the mill just touch the work,
then run the work along by hand and make a slight spiral mark, and
by this mark see whether the change gears give the right lead.

Special care should be taken in cutting spirals that the work
does not slip, and when a cut is made it is well to drop the work away
from the mill while coming back for another cut, or the mill may be
stopped and turned to such a position that the teeth will not touch
the work while the table is brought back preparatory to another cut.

Setting Cutter Centrally. In making such cuts as are alike on
both sides, for instance, the threads of worms or the teeth of spiral
gears, care must be taken to set the work centrally perpendicular
with the centre line of the cutter before swinging the saddle to the
angle of the spiral.

Cuts that have one face radial, especially those that are spiral,
are best made with an angular cutter of the form shown in Fig. 15,
as cutters of this form readily clear the radial face of the cut,
keep sharp for some time and produce a smooth surface.

66

Brown & Sharpe Mfg. Co.

e

Fig. 16

Fig. 17

Brown & Sharpe Mfg. Co. 67

Twist Drills. The operation of milling a twist drill is shown in
Fig. 16. The drill is held in a collet, or chuck, and, if very long, is
allowed to pass through the spindle of the spiral head. The cutter
is brought directly over the centre of the drill, and the table is set at
the angle of spiral.

The depth of groove in a twist drill diminishes as it approaches
the shank, in order to obtain increased strength at the place where
the drill generally breaks. The variation in depth is conditional;
depending mainly on the strength it is desirable to obtain, or the
usage the drill is subject to. To secure this variation in the depth
of the groove, the spiral head spindle is elevated slightly, depending
on the length of the flute and diameter of the drill.

The outer end of the drill is supported by the centre rest, and
when quite small, should be pressed down firmly, until the cutter
has passed over the end.

The elevating screw of this rest is hollow, and contains a small
centre piece with a V groove cut therein to aid in holding the work
central. This piece may be made in other shapes to adapt it to
special work.

Another, and very important operation on the twist drill, is
that of '^backing off" the rear of the lip, so as to give it the necessary
clearance, to prevent excessive friction during drilling. In the
illustration, Fig. 17, the saddle is turned about one-half degree as
for cutting a right-hand spiral, but as the angle depends on several
conditions, it will be necessary to determine what the effect will be
under different circumstances. A slight study of the figure will be
sufficient for this, by assuming the effect of different angles, mills
and the pitches of spirals. The object of placing the saddle at an
angle is to cause the mill E to cut into the lip at c', and have it just
touch the surface at e'. The line r being parallel with the face of the
mill, the angular deviation of the saddle is shown at a, in comparison
with the side of the drill.

From a little consideration it will be seen that while the drill
has a positive traversing and rotative movement, the edge of the
mill at e' must always touch the lip at a given distance from the
front edge; this being the vanishing point, if such we may call it.
The other surface forming the real diameter of the drill is beyond
reach of the cutter, and is so left to guide and steady it while in use.
The point e, shown in the enlarged section, shows where the
cutter commences, and its increase until it reaches a maximum depth

68 Brown & Sharpe Mfg. Co.

at c, where it may be increased or diminished according to the angle
employed in the operation, the line of cutter action being repre-
sented by ii.

Before backing off, the surface of the smaller drills in par-
ticular should be colored with a solution of sulphate of copper, water
and sulphuric acid. This solution can be applied with a piece of
waste, and will give the piece a distinct copper color. The object
of this is to clearly show the action of the mill on the lip of the drill,
for, when satisfactory, a uniform streak of coppered surface the full
length of the lip from the front edge g back to e, is left untouched
by the mill.

The above-mentioned coloring solution can be made by the
following formula:

Sulphate of copper (saturated solution) 4 oz.

Water 8 oz.

Sulphuric acid 1 oz.

It is sometimes preferred to begin the cut at the shank end. By-
starting the cut in at this end, the tendency to lift the drill blank
from the rest is lessened.

The table given on page 324 is useful for determining the cutters,
pitches, gears and angles for twist drills.

Cutting Left-Handed Spirals. When giving directions for cutting
spirals in any of the foregoing pages, right-hand spirals are at all
times referred to. For the production of left-hand spirals, the only
changes necessary are the swinging of the saddle to the opposite side
of the centre line, and the introduction of an intermediate gear upon
the stud. Fig. 12, to engage with either pair of change gears for changing
the direction of rotation of the spiral head spindle.

Cutting Spirals with an End Mill. When spirals cannot be con-
veniently cut with side or angular milling cutters, as previously
described, it is sometimes convenient to use end mills, as for example,
when the diameter of the piece is very large, or the spiral is of such
a lead that the table cannot be set at the requisite angle, the work
is so held that its centre and that of the mill will be in the same
plane and the saddle is set at zero.

Brown & Sharpe Mfg. Co. 69

CHAPTER V

Attachments

A milling machine is, in itself, a most versatile tool, but when
equipped with a suitable set of attachments, the range of work that
can be done is greatly increased. Also there are often milling opera-
tions that can be performed without an attachment, but by using one
the jobs can be more easily and quickly done. Attachments are,
therefore, most desirable auxiliaries where a machine is not confined
to one manufacturing operation, but is used for general milling
purposes. And even in manufacturing, where a machine is kept on
one operation, an attachment can often be used to good advantage.

Broadly speaking, the variety of attachments for use on milling
machines is almost limitless. To fully realize this, one has only to visit
several shops producing different kinds of work on milling machines, and
observe the methods employed. Devices of every conceivable descrip-
tion will be seen in use in connection with the machines, and, while
many of them may be of a more or less special character and adapt-
able only to a particular operation, they are, strictly speaking, attach-
ments. Some of these devices, however, are so designed that quite
a number of different operations can be performed by their use, or
the same operation can be repeated on a variety of pieces. It
is these mechanisms that we are accustomed to regard more especially
as attachments, while those designed for single operations are almost
universally known in shops as fixtures. It would be useless to
attempt to treat of the latter, as their designs and purposes are as
varied as the different lines of mechanical work.

The efficiency of attachments, like machines, depends largely
upon their design and construction, and a poorly designed or built
mechanism of this type can seriously impair the quality of work and
thus defeat its own object.

Many forms of attachments designed for the same purpose will
be found, as it is necessary for every manufacturer to adapt attach-
ments to his machine. This is a matter of minor importance, however,
and a close examination will reveal that, as a general rule, the principles
of the different mechanisms are similar. This chapter is devoted to

li & SuARPE Mfg. Co.

Brown & Sharpe Mfg. Co. 71

our line of attachments, as typical of attachments in general, with
brief descriptions of their general designs and functions. From this
information it is hoped that the reader will be able to understand the
necessity for, and advantages of, these mechanisms.

Vises. While vises are furnished as a part of the regular equipment
of most milling machines, and for that reason are not styled as attach-
ments, notwithstanding this, they may be so properly classed.

Vises are useful for holding a large variety of small work while
it is being milled or planed. Numerous illustrations of their employ-
ment can be found in the examples of operations throughout chapters
VII and IX. It is essential that they be as rigid as possible, and
to this end should be built with well-designed, strong, close-fitting
parts. It is well to have them set low so as to bring the work close
to the table.

There are several styles of vises. Fig. 18 shows a Plain Vise,
for lighter operations. The bed and slide are of cast iron, while the
jaws are tool steel, hardened and ground. It is fastened to the surface
of the table by means of a screw that passes through the bed and
threads into a nut inserted in a table T slot. The head of the clamping
screw fits a counterbore in the vise bed, and is flush with the top of
the casting, so that it does not interfere with the movement of the
sliding jaw.

The vise shown in Fig. 19 is known as a Flanged Vise, and differs
little from the Plain Vise except in the method of clamping to the table.
A slotted flange is provided at each end for this purpose, and regular
T slot bolts with nuts and washers are employed. Also a pair of straps
are furnished for clamping the vise at the sides when this is necessary.

It is sometimes desired to mill angular or tapering work. A vise
provided with a swivel, and known by that name, is shown in Fig. 20,
and by its use this work can be readily done. The vise proper is of
the ^ame design as the plain vise, but the bottom of the bed fits
into a split ring in a base. This ring is tapered on the inside to
draw the bed to its seat, and holds it rigidly without disturbing the
alignment. The split ring is closed by either one of the two clamping
bolts at the side, two being provided for convenience in setting. The
entire circumference of the base is graduated to degrees, and the vise
can be readily swung to any angle to the table ways. The base is
provided with flanges for fastening it to the surface of the table.

Fig. 21 shows a Tool-Makers' Universal Vise, designed to meet
the requirements of tool-makers and machine shops where a great

72 Brown & Sharpe Mfg. Co.

variety of work is encountered. It is found of advantage for holding
irregular or angular pieces and forms, also in determining and
forming the edges for model parts of machines and work of a similar
class. Often this vise will take the place of an expensive fixture.
It can be set at any angle and the work placed in position or removed
without disturbing the set-
ting. It can also be easily
removed from one machine
to another and several oper-
ations performed without
removing the piece of work. ^
The base is double, and is
fastened to the table by

bolts, that fit into the table ^

T slots. It has two sets of
bolt slots to allow for mov-
ing the vise back when set
in a vertical plane. The
upper part is a hinged knee,
that swivels on the lower

part of the base, and it ^'*' ^'

can be set at any angle in a horizontal plane, graduations to degrees
indicating the position. The top section of the knee is hinged to
the lower part in such a manner that it can be set at any angle to
90° in a vertical plane, and clamped rigidly in position by the nut on
the end of the bolt forming the hinge and by the bolt at the joint
in the bracing levers. Graduations on a steel dial at the side of
the vise indicate the elevation of the knee. A swiveling movement
is also provided for the vise proper on the upper part of the hinged
knee, and it can be set and clamped at any angle to the axis of the
bolt forming the hinges.

Index Centres. These mechanisms are employed for obtaining
exact spacing of more common numbers of divisions upon the
periphery of pieces of work', such as in cutting the^ teeth of small
gears, ratchets and cutters, fluting taps and reamers, milling the
sides of nuts and heads of bolts, and various other purposes. They
are used principally upon machines not fitted with a spiral head,
for their functions in most instances can be equally well performed
by the latter, which also offers many additional advantages.

Like other attachments, their efficiency is largely dependent
upon their design, and it is important that they be exceedingly stiff,

Brown & Sharpe Mfg. Co. 73

in order that the work may be rigidly supported. They should
also be convenient to operate, so that indexing may be quickly
accomplished.

One of the simplest forms of index centres, known as Single
Dial Index Centres, is shown in Fig. 22. It consists of a head-stock
and foot-stock of solid construction. The spindle of the head-stock
is turned by means of the hand-wheel, and the divisions are indicated
on the periphery of an index plate fastened to the spindle near the
hand-wheel. There are holes in the back of the index plate corre-
sponding to the divisions on its periphery, and a hardened steel taper
pin is provided that is forced into the bushings of these holes by a

Fig. 23
spring, efficiently locking the spindle at any one of the divisions.
The small lever near the top of the head-stock withdraws the taper
pin when it is desired to index the work.

This style of index centres is found convenient whenever rapid
indexing is to be done, as in cutting teeth in sprocket wheels, mills, or
in milling grooves in taps, reamers and work of a similar kind.
They are built in two sizes, one to accommodate work up to 8 inches
diameter, and the other for work up to 12 inches diameter. The index
plates or dials furnished have 24 divisions, or holes, but special plates
having, for 8 inch centres, any number of holes up to 32, and, for 12
inch centres, any number up to 32, are sometimes made to order.

A common style of index centres, known as Plain Index Centres,
is shown in Fig. 23. The spindle of the head-stock is revolved by means
of a worm and wheel. The handle of the crank fastened to the worm
shaft constitutes an index pin, and indexing is accomplished by means
of a plate drilled with circles of different numbers of holes into which
the spring pin of the crank fits. Thus it will be seen that the princi-
ple of indexing with these centres is the same as with the spiral head.
For rapid indexing of the coarser divisions, the worm pan be thrown
out of mesh with the wheel and the spindle turned by hand; a circle

Brown & Shahpe Mfg. Co.

Fig. 23

of holes in the back of the worm wheel rim, and an index pin at the
top of the head-stock provide for indexing when this is done.

These centres are built in sizes to accommodate work up to 10
inches and 12 inches diameter respectively. The nose of the spindle
is threaded to receive a face plate or chuck. They are fitted with
index sectors similar to those of the spiral head, and the index crank
is adjustable so that it can be brought to the nearest hole without
disturbing the setting. The index plates furnished divide all numbers
to 50 and all even numbers to 100, except 96.

Fig. 24 shows a pair of Universal Index Centres. The resemblance
between them and the spiral head is marked; in fact, the foot-stock
is identical with that furnished with the latter mechanism. All
operations upon centres that do not require other than plain indexing
and where there is no spiral to be cut, can be performed with these
centres equally as well as with a spiral head.

These universal Index centres are built in six sizes, to accom-
modate work up to 6, 10, 12, 12J/^, 14 and 15 inches diameter.
Divisions are indexed by means of the index crank and plates, the same

Brown & Shabfb Mfg. Co. 75

as on the spiral head. The two smaller sizes are arranged for rapid
indexing of coarser divisions by disengaging the worm, and indexing
with the plate fastened directly to the nose of the spindle, as on the
spiral head. The index crank is adjustable and index sectors are
employed. The index plates furnished with the 6 inch and 10 inch
centres divide all numbers to 50, and all even numbers to 100, except
96; those furnished with the 12§ inch centres divide all numbers to
100 and all even numbers to 134.

Index centres designed for manufacturing purposes where econ-
omy and rapidity of production are important factors, often have more
than one spindle. Fig. 25 shows triple centres of this type. All three
spindles of these centres are indexed simultaneously, and one thumb
screw firmly clamps them all, consequently three pieces of work can

Pi£. 25

be finished in practically the same time it takes to machine one on
single centres.

The spindles are rotated by a ratchet operated by the lever shown
at the left of the head-stock. Indexing is accomplished byan index plate
which divides all numbers as follows: 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 10, 12, 14. 20,
and 24. The index stop pin is shown at the left of the head-stock.

Using all three spindles, work up to 2J inches diameter can be
taken; when only the two outside spindles are employed, work up to
5 inches diameter will swing.

Triple index centres of the design that has the index plate at the
side of the head-stock similarly to the spiral head are shown in Fig. 26.
Centres of this same general design, but arranged for rapid indexing
only, are also built.

The index plates furnished with these centres divide all numbers
to 50, even numbers to 100, except 96. When rapid indexing is desired,
the worm of the index crank is disengaged and the centres are turned
by means of a pinion actuated by the crank at the left of the head-
stock; an index plate and stop pin provide for the divisions.

Brown & Sbarfe Mfg. Co.

The centres swing, using three spindles, 4 inches; using the two
outside spindles, 8 inches.

Gear Cutting Attachment. The gear cutting attachment shown
in Fig. 27 is useful for cutting spur gears of all diameters up to and
including 16 inches, and is similar to ordinary index centres only in

mt. 27

that it will swing larger diameters. It is exceptionally rigid in con-
struction and, to further insure steadiness to the gear while being cut,
an adjustable rim rest is placed on the head-stock.

The worm and wheel of this attachment are accurately cut, and
the wheel is of much larger diameter than that of ordinary index
centres; consequently the possibility for error in spacing is materially
lessened. The worm and worm wheel can be disengaged and the
spindle turned by hand by means of the handle at the back, when
setting or testing work.

Brown & Sharpe Mfg. Co, 77

The index plates furnished divide all numbers to 100, all even
numbers to 134, and all numbers divisible by 4 to 200.

In addition to cutting gears, this attachment may be used
on jig work where accurate indexing is an essential element.
The spindle is threaded for the purpose of holding a chuck or
face plate.

Vertical Spindle Milling Attachments. Vertical spindle milling

attachments, including the Compound and Universal types, are used

for a wide range of light and heavy milling, such as key seating, T

slot cutting, spiral milling, face milling and work of a similar class;

in fact, almost any operation that can be performed with a vertical

spindle machine can be accomplished

with a horizontal spindle machine

when equipped with one of these

attachments.

In die sinking, as well as all kinds
of surface milling, the advantage of
having the work flat on the table and
in plain sight of the operator is readily
appreciated. For metal patterns and
similar work, these attachments are
especially valuable, as a line or template
can be followed very closely, thus reduc-
ing the hand finishing to a minimum.

It is very essential in designing

attachments of this kind, that ample

p, 2 provision be made for solidly clamping

the mechanism to the machine, and

unless this can be done, their value is greatly restricted. The method

of clamping shown in the accompanying illustrations is such that the

attachment becomes practically an integral part of the machine.

To be practical, the method of clamping must also be simple, for

much of the value of an attachment lies in the convenience with

which it can be put on and taken off the machine.

In all cases, the spindles of the attachments illustrated can be
set to any angle from a vertical to a horizontal position, the angle
being indicated by graduations reading to degrees.

Attachments of this kind are usually driven from the machine
spindle through bevel gears, but Fig. 28 shows one that is driven by

Brown & Sharpe Mfg. Co.

means of a worm and wheel, and Fig- 31 illustrates one where spur
gears are employed in addirion to l>e\-el gears-
Vertical Spindle Milling Attachments as ImuIi by us are di\nded
into two classes, light and hea\->\ With one exception, all of our
Machines can be fitted with both light and heavy styles.

Fig. 28 shows a light attachment for the smaller sizes of machines,
and Fig. 29 a heaw st\le for the same machines; those shown in Figs.
30 and 31 are respectively light and hea\-j- stales for the largx-r sixes
of machines. The spindle nose of the hea\y design attachments is
threaded to receive face milling cutters; on those intended for wry

Fig. 32

heavy work, such as that shown in Fig. 31, the end of the spindle has
a recess for arbors and collets that are clutch driven. The outer end
of this last attachment is provided with a bearing that is stiffly
supported by the arm braces.

Compound Vertical Spindle Milling Attachment. The com-
pound Vertical Spindle Milling Attachment, shown in Fig. 32 is
particularly applicable to a large variety of milling, because it can \k
set in two planes. (See illustrations.) It is especially advantaijcous
when it is desired to set the spindle at an angle to the table, as in
milling angular strips, table ways. etc.. for with the spindle in this
position, the full length of the table travel is available, and an ordinary
end mill, instead of an angular cutter, can be used for milling the angle.

80 BsowN & Sharpe Mfg. Co.

Universal Milling Attachment. Fig. $3 shows the Universal
Milling Attachment, and as its
name implies, it is fully universal
in regard to setting the spindle.
In addition to the large amount of
work already mentioned in connec-
tion with the Vertical and Com-
pound Vertical Attachments, this
mechanism can be used for many
other operations, because of the
fact that the spindle can be set at
any angle in both horizontal or
vertical planes. It is clamped to
. ,_ the face of the column and the

outer end is inserted in the arbor
Fig. 33 support to give additional stability.

Horizontal Milling Attachment. We have mentioned the advan-
tages to be derived from the use of vertical spindle milling attachments
on horizontal sptndle
milling machines, and it

is reasonable to suppose
that to a certain extent,
similar advantages are to
be gained by the employ-
ment of a horizontal mill-
ing attachment on vertical
spindle milling machines.
An attachment of this kind
is shown in Fig. 34, it is
designed for use upon our
No, 1 Vertical Spindle
Machine, and with it such
work as cutting spiral gears,
racks, milling keyseats.etc,
can be readily done. It is
simple in construction and
can be quickly attached to
the machine. F'S- 34

Circular Milling Attachments. Circular Milling Attachments
provide a means of economically doing such work as milling circles.

't Shahpe Mfg. Co.

segments of circles, circular slots, etc., on plain and irregular shaped
pieces. With the addition of one of these attachments, a vertical
spindle milling machine is fully equipped for ail varieties of straight

Fl£. 35
and circulai milling within its capacity. Likewise, one of these
attachments used in connection with a vertical spindle attachment
oilers similar advantages on a horizontal spindle machine. Fig. 35
shows an attachment that can be used on our universal, plain and
vertical spindle milling machines. The table is rotated by means of
a worm and wheel, and can be fed automatically in either direction by
power derived from the table feed screw, or direct from the feed box.
It can also be operated by hand when desired. For quick setting, the
worm is thrown out of mesh and the table turned to any position.
The table remains locked in position when the feed is stopped, but
when straight milling or drilling is to be done, an additional clamp,
operated by a lever at the
side of the attachment, is em-
ployed to further insure its
stability. The table is heavy
and has a wide bearing sur-
face; its circumference is
graduated to degrees. The
base is provided with an oil
rim.

A Circular Milling and

Dividing Attachment is shown

Fift. 36 in Fig. 36. This attachment

82 Brown & Sharpe Mfg. Co.
^__ .^^

*-T

is adapted 'for tuse upon
vertical spindle-machines,
or horizontal spindle ma-
chines in connection with
the vertical' spindle milling
and slotting attachments.
It has no automatic feed.
When used with the vertical
spindle milling attachment.
the machine is fitted for all
varieties of straight, sur-
face and circular milhng
within its capacity, and
with the slotting attach-
ment, for all kinds of
slotted work, such as die
making, making templates,
splining keyways, etc. Its
design embodies the same
features as the ones just
F'S- 37 described, and, in addition,

the index finger on the front of the attachment is adjustable to allow
readings to be taken from any convenient graduation, and an
adjustable dial graduated to read to 5 minutes, is fixed to the
worm shaft. An index table mounted on the front of the base gives
the degrees required for setting the table to produce work with 2, 3,
4, 5, 6, 8, 9, 10, 12, 15, 16, 18, 20 and 24 sides.
This is particularly valuable for use in connec-
tion with the slotting attachment.

High Speed Milling Attachment. Sometimes
it is necessary in doing such work as milling
keyways and slots, die making, etc., to use a
small cutter, which should be run more rapidly
than the fastest spindle speed available, other-
wise it limits the production and is liable to be
broken in feeding. In order to obtain correct
speeds for these small mills, high speed milling
attachments are employed. Fig, 37 shows one of
these attachments for use on a vertical spindle
milling machine, and Fig. 38 one designed for Fig. 38

Fig. 39

Brown & Sharpe Mfg. Co.

horizontal spindle machines. The construction

in each case can be readily understood, as it

consists of nothing other than a pair of gears

for increasing the speed and an auxiliary

spindle that drives the cutter.

Slotting Attachment. This attachment,

shown in Fig. 39, is largely used in tool

making, such as in forming box tools for

screw machines, making templates, splining

keyways, and work of a similar character.

The working parts consist of a tool slide that

is driven from the machine spindle by an

adjustable crank that allows the stroke to be

set for different lengths. The attachment can

be set at any angle between and 90°, either side of the centre line,

the position being indicated by graduations on the circumference of

the head. The tool is held in place by a clamp bolt, and a tool stop

that swings over the top of tool shank makes it impossible for the

tool to be pushed up.

Spiral Attachment for Cutting Short Leads. In cutting spirals

with a spiral head, as the lead becomes shorter and a higher ratio of

gearing becomes necessary, the stress upon the gears and mechanism

becomes greater. For this reason, it is impractical to cut spirals of

very short leads in this way. The spiral attachment shown in Fig.

40 is designed particularly for use when it is desired to cut short

leads; thos

easily obta

any part oi

Flft. 40
It consists of a centre which fits into the spindle of the spiral head.
The front end is provided with a plate loosely mounted, carrying a
driving dog, and an index locking pin which may be securely locked
to an index plate fastened to the centre. From the rear, or small
end of the centre, a train of gearing necessary to cut the desired lead
extends down to the table feed screw. By connecting the table feed

84 Beown & Skarpe Mfc., Co.

screw direct with the spiral head
centre in this manner leads are
obtained that are only one-fortieth
of the usual leads cut when the
gearing connects with the worm in
the spiral head. An explanation of
this method of gearing has already
been given on page 62. For method
of calculating change gears, see
pages 58 and 63.

Rack Cutting Attachment. An
attachment for cutting teeth in
racks is shown in Fig. 41. It can
also be used in connection with the
p, J, spiral head for cutting worms, on

Universal Milling Machines, as

shown on page 172, and for other miscellaneous operations.

The cutter is mounted on the end of a hardened steel spindle that

extends through the attachment case parallel to the table T slots.

This spindle is powerfully and smoothly driven from the machine

spindle by a train of hardened steel bevel and spur gears.

A vise, the construction of which can be plainly seen in the cut,

is furnished as a part of the attachment.

When cutting racks, some convenient means of indexing to
quickly and accurately space the teeth is necessary. Fig. 42 shows
an indexing attachment designed for this purpose. It consists of a
bracket that is fastened in the table T slot at the left-hand end. The
bracket carries a locking disk, together with change gears for gearing
to the feed screw. To index any required spacing, change gears are
selected that will produce one or more whole turns of the locking
disk. For each division the locking pin is withdrawn and the table

Brown & Sharpk Mfg. Co. 85

advanced by the crank on the feed screw until the pin drops into the
slot again, and locks the disk. This method of indexing is therefore
much easier than relying upon a dial such as ordinarily used for the
purpose.

Fig. 43

Tilting Table. A handy attachment, known as a Tilting Table,
is shown in Fig. 43. It is designed primarily for use in connection
with index centres when fluting taper reamers, taps, etc. In addition
to this work, many other kinds of taper pieces can be accurately
reproduced. Its general characteristics, the manner in which it is
fastened to the table, and the way that it is elevated, are all clearly
shown in the cut.

Cam Cutting Attachment. The Cam Cutting Attachment, shown
in Fig. 44, is used for cutting the race in either Face or Peripheral
Cams from a flat former. The former is made from a disk about
g inch thick, on which the required outline is laid out. The disk is
machined or filed to the required shape.

The table of the machine remains clamped in one position during
cutting, and the necessary rotative and longitudinal movements are
contained in the mechanism itself. The rotative movement is
obtained by a worm driving a wheel fixed to the spindle of the
attachment. The former is secured to the face of the worm wheel,
and as the wheel revolves, the former depresses a sliding rack that
in turn drives a pinion geared to another rack in the sliding bed of the
attachment, thus giving the necessary longitudinal movement. In the
cut the former is shown in position on the face of the worm wheel.

The attachment is sometimes driven automatically by means of
a round belt leading from a small jack-shaft to a three-step cone
pulley fastened on the end of the worm shaft. The pulley is clutched
to the worm so that either hand or Automatic feed may be used by
the simple movement of a lever. Illustrations of the use of this
attachment are to be found in chapter IX.

Scales and Verniers for Milling Machines. Scales and verniers
are useful on such work as boring jigs, fixtures, or wherever extreme

Brown & Sharpb Mfg. Co.

1^'

Brown & Sharpe Mfg. Co. 87

accuracy is required and it is necessary to make fine adjustments
of the table. The scales are graduated to 40ths of an inch, and the
verniers read to thousandths of an inch. A machine with all of the
table adjustments fitted with scales and verniers is shown in Fig. 45.

Spring Chucks. Fig. 46 shows an unassembled spring chuck. This
chuck is convenient for holding wire, small rods, straight shank drills,
mills, etc. The collet holder is of steel, ground to fit the standard
taper hole of the machine spindle, and has a hole its entire length.
The front end is fitted to receive a spring collet, which is held in place
by a cap nut that forces it against the taper seat and closes the chuck
centrally. A nut is provided for withdrawing the collet holder from
the spindle.

In addition to the attachments already mentioned in this chapter,
there are many minor fixtures frequently used in milling operations.
These are spoken of in connection with general notes on milling in
chapter VII.

Brown & Sharpe Mfg. Co.

Manufacturing Milling Machine

Brown & Sharpe Mfg. Co. 89

CHAPTER VI

Cutters

The development of the manufacture of milling cutters, and a
better understanding of their care and use, have resulted in a rapid
growth in the number and variety of milling operations, and a corre-
sponding increase in the sizes and varieties of cutters. It is evident,
therefore, that the selection, care and use of milling cutters are points
of utmost importance in attaining success in the process of milling.
The failure to obtain commercial results may often be attributed to
the fact that the wrong cutter has been used on a certain job, or even
if the right cutter has been chosen, the work has not been done under
the most favorable conditions.

Either the operator or the person in charge of the job should be
proficient in the selection and care of cutters, and capable of determin-
ing the correct speeds and feeds at which to operate them. No
theoretical knowledge of the design and manufacture of cutters is
necessary to aid in this work, although a general understanding of
these points is of material help. While we are able to give in the
following pages such information as applies in common to the running
of milling cutters, the most valuable experience will come only through
actual work at the milling machine.

Carbon and High Speed Steel. Milling cutters are made from
either of two varieties of steel, known as Carbon Steel and High Speed
Steel. Those made from High Speed Steel can be subjected to more
severe service than those made from Carbon Steel, and they are
especially desirable where large amounts of metal must be removed
rapidly, as in roughing out pieces of work. Cutter manufacturers
can usually furnish all styles and sizes in either steel. No fixed rules
can be given for their choice. The requirements of each job and
experience in the use of cutters must determine which steel is more
economical and will give the most satisfactory results.

Plain Milling Cutter. This is a common type of cutter found in
every shop, and may be described as a cylinder having teeth on the
periphery only and producing a flat surface parallel to its axis. It is
manufactured in a large variety of diameters and widths to meet

Brown & Sharpe Mfg. Co.

Plain Milling Cutter

Plain Milling Cutter with
Spiral Nicked Teeth

Side MUltng Cutter

End Mm with Straight Teeth

End Mill with Spiral Teeth

Shell End Mil] with
Spiral Teeth

Centre Cut End Mill

Two-Lipped Slotting End Mill

Metal Slitting Saw

T Slot Cutter

Inserted Tooth Face Milling Cutter with Taper Sleeve
and Drawing-In Rod

Convex and

Concave Cutters

with Teeth

can be sharpened

without

changing Form

i,onv« ana p^,„ C„„„

^°°°'™ Teeth CI. b.

ijUtters sharpened

*'"■ without

Pl.ln Milling ^^.„

Cutter Type Contour

of Teeth

92 Brown & Sharpe Mfg. Co.

different requirements in slab milling, cutting keyways in shafts, etc.
Saws for slitting metal and slotting screws are essentially plain mill-
ing cutters, although rarely regarded as such on account of their
extreme thinness.

Plain milling cutters J' or less in width are usually made with
straight teeth, while those above that width have teeth of a spiral form.
The object of the spiral is to give a shearing cut, reducing the stress
upon the teeth, and preventing a distinct shock when each tooth
engages the work as is the case with straight teeth. Consequently,
a spiral tooth cutter on wide surfaces produces much smoother results

Fl£. 47
than a straight tooth cutter. It requires less power to operate,
and, in relieving the cutter of strain, the tendency to vibrate or
chatter is reduced.

The teeth of cutters, especially those of a wide face, often have
notches or nicks cut in them, the nicks following each other alter-
nately. Cutters made in this manner can be run at coarser feeds
than those with plain teeth, for the nicks break up the chips, and help
to keep the cutters cool.

Side Milling Cutter. This type of cutter is like a plain milling
cutter with the addition of teeth on both sides.

Side milling cutters are employed on a large variety of work, being
used often in pairs with a space between, as shown in Fig. 47. When
so used, they are known' as "straddle mills." In work that has to be

Brown & Sharpe Mfg. Co.

93

milled on two parallel sides at once, as milling the heads
of bolts, nuts, tongues, etc., straddle mills can be used
most advantageously.

These cutters are also made with interlocking side
teeth for milling slots to standard width. The teeth
interlock, as shown in Fig. 48, and the standard width
of the slot is maintained by packing washers between
the cutters.

Face Milling Cutter. This cutter may be likened to

a disk with teeth on the periphery and on one face.

It is fastened at the end of the machine spindle, and the

teeth on the flat face come in full contact with the work.

Fig. 48 while only a small length of the teeth on the periphery

act on the piece. There are cutters of this type made which have no

teeth on the periphery; an example of one is shown in Fig. 49.

End Mill. This type of cutter, like the face milling cutter, has teeth
on the periphery and at the end.

End mills are used for a large variety of light milling operations,
such as milling cuts on the periphery of pieces, cutting slots, and
facing narrow surfaces. They are made in four distinct styles, the
ordinary solid end mill, with either straight or spiral teeth, the end
mill with centre cut, the slotting end mill with two lips, and the shell
end mill with either straight or spiral teeth.

The ordinary solid end
mill has its teeth cut on
the same piece of steel that
forms its shank; in reality,
the space where the teeth
are cut is only a continua-
tion of the shank. The
shell end mill has a hole
through the centre so it
can be mounted on the end
of an arbor. This type

should be used whenever S Fig. 49

possible, because it is cheaper to replace when worn out or broken
than the solid mill. End mills with centre cut differ from the others in
that the end teeth are designed to cut at the inner ends, while these
teeth in ordinary end mills have no cutting edge at the centre. Centre

9

H

en

•

B

00

o

3

ea

©

3

^

3

' m

J

94 Brown & Sharpe Mfg. Co.

cut end mills are used for milling shallow recesses in a surface where
there has been no hole previously bored for starting the cut, for
milling squares on the ends of round shafts, and other similar work.
This form of mill has fewer teeth, and is, therefore, better adapted to
taking heavy cuts than the regular solid or shell end mills. Slotting
end mills with two lips, or cutting edges, are especially adaptable to
fast milling of deep slots from the solid where there has been no hole
previously drilled for starting the cut. In fact, these mills embody
both the principles of a drill and end mill. A depth of cut equal to
one-half the diameter of the mill can usually be taken from solid stock.
The best results are obtained by maintaining a high surface speed.

End mills with right-hand teeth usually have a left-hand spiral,
and those with left-hand teeth have a right-hand spiral. By having
the direction of spiral opposite to the faces of the teeth the thrust
of the spiral tends to force the shank of the mill solidly into the
spindle, although there is little danger of pulling out the mill when
the teeth and spiral are of the same hand.

T Slot Cutter. The T slot cutter has teeth upon its periphery, and
alternating teeth on the sides. The teeth are cut in the same piece
of steel that forms the shank, as in the case of solid end mills. In
making a T slot, an ordinary side milling cutter, or a two-lipped end
mill, is first used, and then the wide groove at the bottom is formed
with the T slot cutter.

Angular Cutters. Angular Cutters differ from the cutters described
above in that the teeth are neither parallel nor perpendicular to the
axis of the cutter, but are at some oblique angle. The cutter may
have more than one angle.

These cutters can be employed on a variety of work, as cutting
the edge of a piece to a required angle and milling teeth of cutters
and reamers. Where the nature of the work is such, as in dovetailing
a piece, that the cutter cannot be fastened to the arbor with a nut,
the cutters are furnished with threaded holes, or made solid on a
taper shank.

Form Cutters. Form Cutters constitute an important group,
their cutting edge usually being an irregular outline. Two styles
of form cutters are made. On one, the teeth are of the same
type as those of plain milling cutters, and are sharpened by grinding
on the tops. This, of course, changes the contour of the teeth and
the outline produced by them, which constitutes an objection to this

Brown & Sharpe Mfg. Co. 95

style where it is desired to maintain the original form. The other
style of cutter has teeth that are relieved so that they may be resharp-
ened repeatedly, or until the teeth are too slender to permit further
grinding, without changing the original form so long as the teeth
are ground radially on their faces. Illustrations of these two styles
are shown on page 91, and Figs. 50 and SI show the extent to
which the latter style can be ground without changing the form of
the teeth. Form cutters with teeth relieved so that they may be ground
on the faces without changing the contour, should be employed wher-

ever the requirements of work demand that the original form of the
cutter be maintained, as in manufacturing duplicate irregular pieces.

With this style of cutter, exact duplicate pieces of irregular out-
line can be produced far more cheaply than by any other method.
In fact, no invention has so revolutionized the manufacturing of
small parts of machinery and tools.

Concave and convex cutters, cutters for grooving taps, corner
rounding cutters, gear cutters, etc., are made with teeth relieved
so that they may be sharpened repeatedly without changing the
contour.

Concave and convex form cutters are also commonly made with
plain milling cutter type of teeth, but it is necessary to have special
grinding machines for them, and the concave cutters have to be made
interlocking to preserve the size of circle.

96

Brown & Sharpe Mfg. Co.

Fig. 52

T

Right Hand

Left Hand
Fig. 53

Brown & Sbarpe Mfg. Co. 97

Fly Cutter. The most simple form cutter is the fly cutter, shown
with its holder in Fig. 52. This cutter is very similar to a planer tool
but is held in an arbor and rotated instead of being clamped in a tool
head. It can hardly be classed with the cutters previously mentioned,
for it is rarely used outside of the tool room or in experimental shops,
but there it fills an important place. As it has only one cutting edge,
it mills accurately to its own shape, but it does not cut so fast or wear
as long as cutters with a number of teeth. It can be formed very
exactly to any desired shape at a comparatively small expense, and
thus may be used for many operations that otherwise would not bear
the cost of special cutters, as, for example, when one or two teeth of
special form are wanted in experimental work. The outlines of
several possible shapes are shown in connection with the figure.

Fig. 54
Right and Left-Hand Cutters. Cutters or end mills with taper
shanks and those which have end teeth, may be either right or left-
hand, according to the direction in which the cutting edges of the teeth
point. Taking an end mill for example, a right-hand mill is one which,
held in the hand with the teeth away from you, presents the cutting
edges of the teeth when revolved to the right or clock-wise. A left-
hand mill is one that, similarly held, presents the cutting edges of its
teeth when revolved to the left. Milling cutters having straight holes
can be used either right or left-handed as desired.

Inserted Teeth. Plain milling cutters above 8 inches diameter, side
milling cutters above 6 inches diameter, and face milling cutters, are
usually made with inserted teeth. The body of the cutter is of steel,
the teeth being held securely in place by various means. We employ
a bushing and screw for this purpose, as shown in Fig. 54.

1

98

Brown & Sharpe Mfg. Co.

The introduction of cutters of this style has done more for heavy
milling than any other improvement in the cutter line, for with them
the heaviest and fastest cuts can be taken, and should any of the teeth
become broken, it is not a question of a new cutter, but simply that
of replacing the broken teeth. The economy of this is of considerable
importance to a shop.

If, for any reason, it becomes necessary to replace the full set of
blades, or teeth, the new ones are clamped securely in position, and
afterwards sharpened to correct any slight difference in height.

Teeth are released by removing the screw and inserting an extrac-
tor that threads into the bushing, and has a long end that reaches to
the bottom of the hole in the cutter body. This extractor is shown
in position in Fig. 54. As the extractor is turned by means of a
wrench, the bushing is forced out and the tooth can then be removed.

Another type of inserted tooth face milling cutter that can
be easily made in any shop is shown in Fig. 49. The teeth in
this case are simply round pieces of steel inserted in holes made
in the cast iron body of the cutter, and held in place by set
screws. Sometimes two sets of teeth are put in these cutters.
With this arrangement on heavy work that is not wider than the
diameter of the inner circle of teeth, and which does not require close
limits, the outer circle of teeth can be set to take a roughing cut,
and the inner circle to take the finishing cut; thus work can be
finished milled at one traverse of the table. Or if an exceptionally
heavy roughing cut is to be taken off, the stress can be divided
between the two circles of teeth.

Method of Holding Face Milling Cutter. Considerable trouble
is often experienced in removing an ordinary
face milling cutter from the spindle of a milling
machine, and the cutter or the machine is
sometimes damaged.

The face milling cutter shown at the top of
page 91 and in Fig. 55 overcomes this difficulty.
The principle embodied in its construction is that
of a split sleeve, with a steep outside taper that
screws on the nose of the spindle, and over which
the cutter is drawn by a clamping plate and draw-
ing-in bolt. This causes the sleeve to contract and
firmly grip the spindle, giving a powerful and
efficient drive. The cutter is keyed to the sleeve. Fig. 55

Brown & Sharpe Mfg. Co. 99

When it is desired to use one cutter on machines of different
sized spindles, special sleeves are needed, the inside diameter
varying to fit the spindles, while the outside diameter fits the
cutter. This reduces the number of face milling cutters to be
kept on hand.

Quick release is obtained by means of the steep taper on the sleeve.
When the clamping plate is released, by loosening the drawing-in
bolt, the cutter is free. The split sleeve expands and can be easily
unscrewed from the spindle.

An additional advantage is found in the increased available
working space. There is no long hub, as the cutter is held close to
the spindle. The body of each cutter is made of steel, and the
blades of high speed steel.

Number of Teeth in Cutters. This subject has been discussed at
some length by various writers in books and technical papers.
Standard cutters have been found satisfactory for the majorit}'^ of
work. But in roughing out pieces, where the object is to remove
much material, and as fast as possible, cutters with fewer
teeth than the standard mill will be found better. It has also been
found that a short lead spiral on coarse tooth cutters adapts them
to a large range of work that is not of the heavier class. In the
extensive tests that we have conducted, such cutters show important
savings in horse-power required over those with a larger number of
teeth, and this, of course, is a good point in their favor.

Angle of Tooth Face. Single point tools such as those used on the
lathe and planer are usually given a slight rake; that is, the face of
the tool is undercut a few degrees from a radial line. A similar
practice is followed in setting the teeth in the body of large inserted
tooth cutters so that they have a certain amount of rake. A smoother
cut is gained and less power is consumed than would be with radial
teeth. For other cutters, however, it will be found that satisfactory
results as to finish are gained with cutters whose tooth faces are
perfectly radial. Practically all ordinary stock cutters with the above
noted exception have radial teeth.

The clearance or angle of the teeth back of the cutting edge is
also of considerable importance, and it will be taken up later in con-
nection with sharpening cutters.

Diameter of Cutters. It is well to use cutters as small in diameter
as the strength will admit. The reason is shown by Fig. 56. Suppose

100

Brown & Sharpe Mfg. Co.

the piece I D C J E is to be cut from I J to D E. If the large mill A
is used, it will strike the piece first at I when its centre is at K, and
will finish its cut when the centre is at M. The line G shows how

Fig. 56

far the work must travel to cut off the stock I J D E. If the
small mill B is used, however, the work travels only the length
of the line H. '^

Small mills are also preferable because they can do more and
better work than larger ones, as there is less possibility of their chat-
tering. Furthermore, they require less power and are not as expensive
as large mills. The advantage of small mills has been illustrated in
our own works, where a difference of i an inch in the mills has made
a difference of 10% in the cost of the work.

Temper of Cutters. A cutter is not necessarily too soft because
it can be scratched with a file. On the other hand, care should be
taken that cutters are not too hard or brittle, for trouble will quickly

Brown & Sharpe Mfg. Co. 101

arise from the teeth breaking. If there is any question as to the
temper of a cutter, it is better policy to consult with the cutter manu-
facturers than to attempt to correct it by drawing the temper, or
re-tempering.

Gang Milling. Gang Milling receives its name from the fact that
two or more cutters are placed together on an arbor and used at one
time. Sometimes plain milling cutters are so combined in order to
cover a wider space than the longest stock cutter. Again, form
cutters are used either with or without plain or side milling cutters.
The use of form cutters and plain milling cutters together should
be avoided whenever possible, on account of the difficulty of main-
taining relative diameters in sharpening the gang.

The value of gang milling is found in the fact that it reduces the
cost of production and insures accurate duplication of parts, in that
several operations can be performed simultaneously, and with one
setting.

It should be kept in mind that in this kind of milling, cutters of
the largest diameter, or those that take the heaviest cuts, should, if
possible, be used nearest the nose of the spindle, thereby reducing the
strain on the arbor. If several of the cutters are plain milling cutters,
it is well to use both right-hand and left-hand spirals in order to
equalize the end thrust of the arbor. When, in gang milling, the cutters
vary considerably in diameter, the inequality of the periphery speeds
may be overcome by having the cutters of large diameter made of
high speed steel, and those of small diameter made of the ordinary
carbon steel.

Speeds and Feeds. Speeds and feeds are of extreme importance
when considered in connection with the life and efficiency of a cutter
and volume of output. Little can be said, however, in the matter of
general rules to follow in determining correct speeds and feeds, owing
to the different conditions that exist in different shops, and, in fact,
in the same shop, where one set of rules will not always hold on like
jobs. The amount of power and rigidity in different machines, kind
of material, width and depth of cut, quality of finish required, and
many other factors, all enter into the question, and prevent the estab-
lishing of any definite rules. Sometimes the speed must be reduced,
yet the feed not changed, and vice versa; again both speed and feed
must be reduced or increased, as the case may be. Often the rate of
feed depends almost wholly upon the degree of accuracy and quality
of finish required. In general, work of a delicate character, requiring

102 Brown & Sharpe Mfg. Co.

an accurate finish, demands light cuts and fine feeds, and work of a
heavy character, where the principal object is to remove metal rapidly,
requires deep cuts and coarse feeds. On work that permits of heavy
roughing cuts, the finishing cuts should usually be light. The feed,
inasmuch as it governs the output of work, is of greater importance
than the speed of a cutter, and it is generally a safe rule to follow,
that the speed should be as fast as the cutter will stand, and the feed
as coarse as is consistent with good work. Much must be left to the
judgment of the operator as to the correct speed and feed to use for
the work in hand, and many cases will require repeated experiments
before the best results are obtained. When any difficulty is encoun-
tered in obtaining the right combination of speed and feed, it is well
to seek the advice of the foreman in charge of the job, or that of a
widely experienced milling machine operator.

The following surface speeds will serve to give an idea, or basis,
to work from. They may be varied slightly to suit the requirements
of the work in hand. Using carbon steel cutters: For brass, 80 feet
to 100 feet per minute; for cast iron, 40 to 60 feet per minute; for
machinery steel, 30 feet to 40 feet per minute; and for annealed tool
steel, 20 to 30 feet per minute, have been found satisfactory. With
high speed steel cutters for the same materials, the following speeds
are advocated: For brass, 150 feet to 200 feet per minute; for cast
iron, 80 feet to 100 feet per minute; for machinery steel, 80 feet to
100 feet per minute; and for annealed tool steel, 60 feet to 80 feet
per minute.

Useful tables for determining the number of revolutions per
minute to obtain the more common surface speeds of cutters of
different diameters, will be found on pages 325 and 326.

Sharpening Cutters. The importance of keeping all kinds of
milling cutters well sharpened must not be overlooked. It might be
supposed upon first thought that better economy in cutter wear would
be gained by regrinding no oftener than positively necessary. This
is not the case, however, as experience has shown that a dull cutter
wears more rapidly than a sharp one, and consequently one that is
kept in good condition by frequent regrinding will invariably outlast
one that is not so cared for. Besides, a dull cutter not only consumes
more power, but cannot be operated as rapidly or take as heavy cuts
as a sharp one, and the quality of the work is never so good. Too
frequently in shops today, the efficiency of milling machines is impaired
by the use of dull cutters, for no other reason than carelessness

Brown & Sharpe Mfg. Co. 103

and negligence on the part of the operator. Milling is never a com-
plete success where such conditions exist, and with the improved
grinding machines and convenient means of removing and replacing
cutters, there is no reason for limiting the capabilities of a machine
by using dull cutters. Grinding a cutter takes only a short time,
and the good results that are obtained, together with the economy
assured, more than compensate for the time expended in grinding.
Whenever possible, it is a good plan to have two sets of cutters, so
that one set can be reground while the other is in use; the milling
machine then need only be stopped long enough to change the
cutters.

Plain milling cutters, side milling cutters, end mills, etc., are
sharpened upon the tops of the teeth, while form cutters of all kinds
are sharpened upon the faces of the teeth. Modern cutter grinding
machines are necessary where many cutters are employed, and are
advantageous, even where there are only a few cutters used, for it
is nearly impossible to properly resharpen cutters, except with a
machine especially designed for that purpose. We illustrate at the
back of the book the cutter grinding machines we build that are
very suitable for use in connection with milling machines.

It is impossible to treat in detail the many points about resharp-
ening cutters without going to great length, but we issue a book and
booklet* devoted exclusively to the subject, one of which is furnished
with each of the machines mentioned above.

Clearance on Cutters. The clearance or relief of milling cutters
is the amount of material removed from the top of the teeth back of
the cutting edge to permit the teeth to clear the stock and not scrape
over it after the cutting edge has done its work. On form cutters,
the clearance does not have to be considered in resharpening. This
is because the teeth are so formed that when ground on the faces,
the clearance remains the same.

The angle of clearance depends upon the diameter of the cutters,
and must be greater for small cutters than for larger ones. The
clearance on the teeth of plain milling cutters should be 4° for cutters
over 3 inches in diameter, and 6° for those under 3 inches diameter.
The clearance of the end teeth of end mills should be about 2°, and it
is well to have the teeth a little hollowing, making them .001 or .002
inch lower near the centre than at the outside, so that the inner

*"No. 13 Universal and Tool Grinding Machine — How to Use It— What It Will Do," and
"Care and Use of the No. 2 Cutter Grinding Machine and- No. 3 Universal Cutter and Reamer
Grinding Machine."

104 Brown & Sharpe Mfg. Co.

ends of the teeth will not drag on the work. This can be done by
setting the swivel on the cutter grinder slightly away from 90°.

Vibration of Cutters. If the clearance of a cutter is too great,
vibrations are likely to occur in operation, and this should be corrected
by regrinding the teeth. "Chattering*' is a serious drawback to suc-
cessful milling, as it impairs the quality of the work, limits the capacity
and injures a machine, and reduces the life and efficiency of a cutter.
While it is impossible in many cases to eliminate it, every precaution
should be taken to reduce it to a minimum.

Brown & Sharpe Mfg. Co. 105

CHAPTER VII

General Notes on Milling, together with Typical

Milling Operations

Milling, as we have already explained, is a process that cannot be
governed by any fixed set of rules, but there are a few general instruc-
tions which, if carefully followed, will enable the machine to be more
efficiently operated and largely influence the success that is attained.
These we have collected in this chapter, and, in addition, show illus-
trations of a number of common milling operations to give an idea of
how various and widely different jobs can be set up.

GENERAL NOTES ON MILLING

Pickling Castings and Forgings. Due to the rapid cooling or
chilling of the outside of castings and forgings, a tough, hard skin, or
scale, forms that is very destructive to the cutting edges of the teeth
of milling cutters. There is also considerable of the moulding sand
left on castings, and this is likewise harmful to the cutting edges.
The sand can be removed and scale softened to some degree by the
process of pickling, and it is essential that this be done preparatory to
milling. Castings are usually pickled in the foundry, but it is well to
make sure that this has been done before attempting to mill them.
It is also an advantage in some cases to have castings rattled after
being pickled. Where they are small, and are to be finished rapidly,
they should be annealed.

For pickling castings, a solution of oil of vitriol, or sulphuric acid,
reduced with water to a specific gravity of 25 ° (Beaume hydrometer)
is recommended. The castings should be stacked on a bench over a
vat containing the solution, and the solution poured over them.

Castings should never be immersed in the pickling bath if they
are to be painted, because the iron is more or less porous, and the acid
that is absorbed in pickling will work out after the pieces are finished,
causing the paint to flake off. Furthermore, the pickle works better
when it is poured over the castings and then allowed to dry off before
another application of the solution.

106 Brown & Sharpe Mfg. Co.

The time required for the process is usually about a day, and the
solution should be poured over the castings from four to five times.

Forgings may be pickled by immersing in a solution of sulphuric
acid and water of 30° specific gravity (Beaume hydrometer) for a
period of from 3 to 12 hours, according to hardness of scale.

When either castings or forgings are pickled, they should be
thoroughly washed off with hot water, as this will wash out sand and
remove the acid better than cold water. The water may be con-
veniently heated for this purpose by injecting steam into the cold
water pipe.

Cutter Close to End of Spindle. In all milling operations, espe-
cially the heavier ones, care should be taken to have milling cutters
as near the nose of the spindle as practicable. This- will reduce to a
minimum any possible vibration and spring of the arbor. It also
brings the table close to the face of the column and ensures additional
rigidity. Other valuable points about cutters have been taken up in
Chapter VI, and it may be well to review these previous to starting
to operate a machine.

Fastening Cutter on Arbor. See that the ends of the collars and
washers are clean, for particles of dirt or chips between them will
cause the arbor to be sprung when the nut is tightened. Small
cutters can be held securely by the mere clamping effect of the
collars on each side when the nut is tightened, but medium and large
cutters should always be keyed to the arbor to prevent slipping.

Manner of Driving and Supporting Arbors. Milling machine
arbors are driven in several different ways, some of which are shown
in Fig. 57. In A, the arbor has a tenon at the small end of
the taper that fits a slot at the end of the taper hole in spindle, thus
giving a positive drive. The arbors at B and C are driven by the flat
clutch shoulder at the large end of the taper. The clutch shoulder
fits into a recess in the spindle nose -and a cap nut over the end holds
the clutch in place.

All milling machines are equipped with some support for the outer
end of the cutter arbor. The adjustable centre shown at A is one form
that is used for lighter classes, or work where an arbor with a flat tenon
is employed. The centre serves to support the outer end of the arbor
and helps to keep the flat tenon in place in the slot in the spindle.
Another form of support is shown at B. This support is a bronze
bushing mounted in the arm that extends down from the overhanging
arm, and is used where an arbor with clutch drive is employed. An

Brown & Shakpe Mfg. Co. 107

example of the use of arm braces that attend from the knee to the over-
hanging arm and carry the bronze bushing for the outer end of the
arbor is shown at C. These braces firmly tie the knee and overhanging
arm together, and give a stiff support for the arbor. They should be
used whenever the character of the work is heavy. This illustration
also shows the use of an arbor support for stiffening the arbor
between the cutters. This support should be used to bring a bearing
either between or as near to the cutters as possible.

Before tightening or loosening the arbor nut, when putting on or
removing cutters, be sure the arbor support is in position, so a bearing
is provided near the nut, otherwise the arbor is liable to spring.

Clamping Work. An operator should pay particular attention to
clamping work on a milling machine, for the success of milling is more
dependent on this than one would realize at first thought. It is an
easy matter to place clamps on some work in such positions that the
piece is sprung, consequently when the clamps are loosened and the
piece resumes its natural shape, the milled surface is found inaccurate.
Again, faulty clamping results in work becoming loosened during
operation, and not only impairs the accuracy of the piece, but many

108

Brown & Sharpe Mfg. Co.

Brown & Sharpe Mfg. Co.

109

times damages the cutters and machine. It is very essential, therefore,
that work be clamped solidly, but in such a manner that it is not
sprung.

An assortment of clamps or straps, together with jacks, a shim,
step block and clamping bolt, are shown on the opposite page. These
accessories form an important part of the equipment of a milling
machine, and are needed where a variety of work is done. Several sets
of each style of strap, and different sizes of step blocks and clamping
bolts should always be at hand for use on work of varied shapes.

Whenever clamping a piece to the table, the straps should be
placed squarely across, so as to have a full bearing at each end and, if
possible, at points where the work is solid beneath the strap to the
table. If it is necessary to place a strap over an overhanging part,
such as on the piece of work shown on the next page, some support
should be put between the overhanging part and the table, otherwise
this part is liable to be sprung or broken off.

Another point in connection with clamping such work is the
position of the clamping bolt. It should always be placed as near the
work as the slot in the strap or other conditions will permit, for in
this position it will exert the greatest leverage on the work and will
not require setting up so tightly.

When milling work held in a jig or fixture, it is advisable to
have the thrust of the cutter taken against the solid support, not
against the removable member, for in this case there is more tendency
toward vibrations that might loosen the clamping nuts.

When duplicate pieces are milled, using a fixture, care should
be taken to clean the bearing points each time before putting

1 -f i — n,^ — V
■■I J^

Tig. 58

\

no

Brown & Sharpe Mfg. Co.

O.

1 ^

IL

J

^222Z

J

Right

4 ^ w

f

T

I I

4 I

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Brown & Sharpe Mfg. Co.

Ill

a new piece of work in place. A narrow, stiff hair-bristle brush is
good for this purpose when milling cast iron, but one with wire bristles
is better for cleaning out steel or wrought iron chips. It is well to
clamp a piece lightly, then tamp it down at all bearing points with a
hammer; after which it can be solidly fastened.

Aside from these few general instructions on placing and clamping
work, little can be said, because the shape of a piece of work alone
determines how it may be best fastened. But a study of the methods
of clamping shown in the examples of work in this and succeeding
chapters will be of great value to the reader.

Sc^v.'t.

K

Fig. 59

Setting Vise. Light work is usually held in a vise, as it is more
convenient than any other method of fastening it to the table. To
set a vise with plain base so that its jaws are parallel to the spindle,
place an arbor in the spindle and then bring the vise jaws up to the
arbor. (See Fig. 58.) It can be set at right angles with the spindle by
a square placed against the arbor and the jaws. The front of the table
of the machine can also be used in setting the vise.

Swivel vises can be set by aid of the graduations on their base.

Direction to Move Work Under Cutter. Whenever possible, it
is advantageous to feed the work in the opposite direction from that in
which the cutter runs. (See A, Fig. 59.) Then the cutter cannot draw
the work in as it is liable to do when the table moves in the direction
indicated atB. Moreover, when the piece moves as shown at A, the

112 Brown & Sharpe Mfg. Co.

cutter teeth are first brought into contact with the softer metal, and
as the scale on the surface is reached, it is pried or broken off.

On the other hand, in milling deep slots, or in cutting off stock
with a thin cutter, or saw, it is sometimes better to move the work
with the cutter, as the cutter is then less likely to crowd side-wise
and make a crooked slot.

When the work is moving with the cutter, the table gib screws
must be set up rather hard, for the teeth of the cutter tend to draw
the work in, and if there is any lost motion in the table, the teeth may
catch and injure the cutter or work. A counter- weight to hold back
the table is excellent in such milling.

With vertical spindle milling machines, when a cutter is working
on a flat surface, it does not matter which way the table is fed, but
if the cutter is milling a side of a casting, as well as a flat surface, the
table should be fed in the opposite direction to that in which the cutter
revolves, for the reasons already mentioned.

Limits in Milling to Size. The limit for error in size to which work
should be milled depends entirely upon the character of the job. With
some work, a limit of one-hundredth of an inch is plenty good enough,
while many other pieces must be finished to within one-thousandth of
an inch of being exactly parallel or straight, as the case may be.

In milling to a given thickness or size, the most accurate results
are ordinarily obtained by straddle mills or side milling cutters; for
when only one side is milled at a time, and the piece has to be changed
from one side to the other, it is hardly practicable to work to a smaller
limit than two- thousandths of an inch. Side milling frequently
requires more attention to keep the work smooth than ordinary
surface milling.

Very accurate milling may be done and excellent surfaces obtained
by small end mills running at high speeds.

In all cases where roughing and finishing cuts are to be taken on
work, and precision is required, it is best to first remove most of the
stock with a coarse feed, leaving enough for a light finishing cut.
At a second operation, finish at a higher speed with a feed that will
give the required surface.

Some light work will spring when the scale and a thickness of the
metal are removed by the roughing cut. It is, therefore, advisable to
loosen the holding clamps and permit the piece to assume a natural
form before taking the finishing cut; otherwise, whatever inaccuracy

Brown & Sharpe Mfg. Co. 113

that might result from the foregoing cause would be present in the
finished work.

Remove Backlash or Lost Motion from Feed Screws. Back-
lash or lost motion is apt to be present in the feed screws and nuts of
any machine, especially in those that have been in use some time.
To obviate errors in making fine adjustments, the operator should be
very careful to eliminate all backlash before setting to the graduations
on the feed screw dials. This may be done by turning the hand-wheel
a quarter or half turn in the opposite direction to that in which the
adjustment is to be made, and then bringing the wheel back to the
point from which adjustment is to be made.

Use of Oil or Other Lubricant. Lubricant is used in milling to
obtain smoother work, to keep the cutters cool so that the teeth will
retain their cutting edges longer, and, where the nature of the work
requires, to wash the chips from the work or from the teeth of the
cutters. Oil is generally used in milling steel, wrought iron, malleable
iron or tough bronze, where a smooth finish is desired. A soda water
mixture can also be used to good advantage on these materials.

For very light cuts, oil should be applied to the cutter with a
brush; for heavier cuts, it should be allowed to drip freely upon the
cutter from a can, and on the heaviest cuts, a large supply of lubricant
should be supplied by means of a pump, which can be affixed to
the machine.

A good quality of lard oil is generally used, but any animal or
fish oils may be employed . An excellent soda water lubricant that is
less e'xpensive and cleaner to use than oil, can be made by mixing
together and boiling for one-half hour, J lb. sal soda, ^ pint lard oil,
§ pint soft soap and water enough to make ten quarts.

Cutting Cast Iron. In cutting cast iron, lubricant is seldom used,
as cutters do not usually heat very much, and the chips are so fine
that the use of a lubricant results in a sticky mass that clogs the
teeth of the cutter, and is difficult to clean from the work and
machine.

Compressed air can be used to some advantage on cast iron, and
will serve to keep the cutters cool and free from chips. In using
compressed air care should be exercised not to have too much
pressure, as it will scatter the dust and chips, which will fill bearings
and cause trouble.

Collars and Washers for Arbors. Collars sent with milling arbors
are not always the right thickness to bring cutters into the desired

114 Brown & Sharpe Mfg. Co.

position. In these cases, washers should be employed. The following
thicknesses are convenient: .001", .002", .004", .008", .016", and
.032", as these give all steps from .001" to .032".

The collars should be of uniform thickness, otherwise they are
likely to spring an arbor when they are clamped up.

Lead or Brass Hammer, and Brass Bar. Lead or brass hammers
are useful to drive arbors or collets into the spindle, and seat work in
a jig or vise. A steel hammer should not be used for these purposes,
as it will mar pieces. Short lengths of gas piping with a cap on the
protruding end make good handles for lead hammers.

A bar of brass or copper, f inch in diameter and five or six inches
long, will also be found useful to place against end mills, or the end of
small collets after the mills are in place. In this way the driving is
often more conveniently done, and any hammer may be used.

TYPICAL MILLING OPERATIONS

In the illustrations of milling operations given upon the following
pages, it should be understood that we have not attempted in every
case to show how a job should be rigged up for commercial manufac-
turing, as special fixtures designed solely for certain operations are then
employed. Our object is simply to show the novice how any number
of jobs he is likely to meet with daily can be best set up. If it is a
question of performing the same operation continuously, special
fixtures, by use of which the work can be more conveniently and
quickly handled, can be designed.

Brown & Shabpe Mfg. Co.

Milling a Groove in a Machine Part
In the illustration above, the work is of cast iron, in which a

groove \ inch wide is to be milled parallel with the hole. The
piece is held on an arbor mounted in a V block and clamped to the
surface of the table. Its overhanging end rests on a set screw tapped
into the base of a knee bolted to the table, and a bolt and strap clamp
the end firmly to the side of the knee.

A plain milling cutter } inch face, 2 inches diameter, is used, and
the table is fed longitudinally.

Brown & Sharpe Mfg. Co.

Surfacing Top of a Bracket

This is a simple and common milling operation. The cast iron
bracket is supported on an arbor that rests on V blocks at each end.
Bolts and straps hold the arbor and V blocks in place, and the pro-
jecting portions of the bracket are supported by small jack screws.
As the full width of surface is milled at one cut, the arm braces are
used to support the arbor. Also, the cutter is placed as near the nose
of the spindle as the work allows.

Because of width of cut, a plain milling cutter with spiral teeth,
6 inch face and 2j inch diameter, is used.

f & Sharpe Mfg. Co.

Cuttinft Slot In Vise Casttng

The operation shown on this page is that of milling a slot on the
bottom of the base casting of a milling machine vise, such as that
shown in Fig. 18. The casting is clamped directly to the table and
the farther end is supported on parallels.

An interlocking side hiilling cutter, J' wide, is used, and the
table is fed longitudinally. The value of the interlocking cutter is
apparent here, for it is essential that the width of slot milled be
maintained after the cutters have been ground. This is accomplished
by packing thin washers between the two parts of the cutter.

Brown & Sharfe Mfg. Co.

Milling T Slot In a Table

Milling a T slot consists, as we have already explained in Chapter
VI, of two separate operations. A straight slot is first milled to the
full depth with a plain milling cutter, which is ^'' wide in this case.
The work is then turned on edge and clamped to knees so that it is
square with the spindle. It is leveled by means of a surface gauge or
height gauge, measuring from the straight slot to the top of the table.

A standard i" T slot cutter is used, and the table is fed longi-
tudinally in the path of th« straight slot.

This job can be done to good advantage on a vertical spindle
machine, or with a vertical spindle attachment, using a two-lipped
end mill and T slot cutter.

Brown & Sharpe Mfg. Co.

Milling Ste«I Block for ParaUel Sides

This operation is, apparently, simple enough, but care must be
exercised if accuracy is required. The piece is supported on parallels
and clamped in a vise. In fastening it one must be careful to be sure
that there are no particles of dirt or chips between the parallels and
bottom of piece, and that it is tamped down so that it seats properly
when the vise is firmly clamped.

A plain milling cutter with spiral teeth is used, as this is best
where a finished surface is desired. A cutter with nicked teeth would
be better if considerable stock were to be taken off.

The table is fed longitudinally, and it should be noted that
lubricant is used upon the cutters.

i Skarpe Mfg. Co.

Milling S«at on Bottom of Bracket

The flat surface and V on a bracket can be milled in the manner
shown in this cut. The bracket illustrated is of cast iron, and is
clamped to the table by a bolt passing through a hole at the outer end
of the casting, and a strap and bolt near the middle of the piece.

A 60° angular cutter is used and the table is fed longitudinally.
A smaller cutter of the same angle can be used, but it will require
several cuts to finish the piece.

This job, and others of a similar character, can also be done to
good advantage on a vertical spindle milling machine or a horizontal
machine fitted with a vertical spindle attachment.

Brown & Sharps Mfg. Co.

Face Milling Surface of Spiral Head Casting
This operation illustrates the use of a face milling cutter with
inserted teeth for surfacing a piece of work.

The piece, which is of cast iron, is clamped to a knee to keep it
square with the spindle. A strap in front prevents it being pushed
away from the cutter, toward which there is a strong tendency.

The cutter is mounted directly on the nose of the spindle, and, in
feeding, the work is moved longitudinally from right to left, or so as
to force the work down against the table, rather than raise it. Only
one cut is taken over the surface.

Brown & Sharpe Mfg. Co.

Milling Three Surfaces at one Setting
An example of light gang milling is shown in the accompanying
cut. The two top surfaces and one end of the casting are being milled
simultaneously by the use of two plain milling cutters, and a larger
side milling cutter.

The two plain milling cutters are 2^" diameter, Ij" and J'
wide respectively; and the side milling cutter is 8" in diameter. To
equalize the cutting speeds due to the wide difference between the
diameters of the cutters, the large one is made of high speed steel,
and the small ones of carbon steel.

If only one or two pieces are wanted, this work can be done more
speedily with an end mill, as it takes more time to set up and adjust
the three cutters shown above than would be required for making
special settings with an end mill.

Brown & Sharpe Mfg. Co.

Milling Outline on Reverse Gear Plates on a
No. 2 B Heavy Plain Milling Machine

These plates are used on the spiral head to support the inter-
mediate, or reverse gear. Before milling, a hole is drilled at each end
of the plate, and then several plates are strung on rods. The ends
of the rods are allowed to protrude, and slots are cut in the vise jaws
to receive them. When one side of the plates is milled, the vise is
undamped and the plates are turned over, dropping the ends of the
rods again into the slots in the vise jaws. The other side of the
plates is then milled, producing the entire outline of several plates
at two cuts and insuring duplication.

The outline is cut from the solid, and the material is steel, hence the
cut is a heavy one. Lard oil or soda water is used as a cutting lubricant.

k Sharpe Mfg. Co.

Milling End and Slot In Spiral Head Worlc Drivers on a
No. 3 B Heavy Plain Milling Machine

Several of these work drivers are placed in the special fixture
shown and clamped by means of the set screws at the side and end.

The cutter at one traverse mills the curved end and the deep slot
in the plates. Then the set screws are slackened, each plate is reversed
in the fixture, and the other ends are milled to duplicate the first.

The middle cutter is 71" in diameter, and as the cut is taken from
solid steel, a heavy machine with rigid support for the cutter arbor
is required. Lard oil or soda water is used as a cutting lubricant in
this operation.

i Shahpe Mfg. Co.

Milling Bearing on Automatic Screw Machine Bed on a
No. 3 B Heavy Platn Milling Machine

It is the usual practice to put the caps on bearings, and bore them
out, but this operation shows how bearings can be milled to good
advantage. The caps can be milled at another operation so accurately
that it is only necessary to pass a reamer through the bearings after
the caps are put on to line them up exactly.

The cutter is made in two parts that are interlocking, and thin
washers may be packed between to maintain the correct diameter.

It should also be noted that the cutter has to be located at the
end of the arbor because of the high projection on the casting.

Brown & Shahpe Mf<

Milling Sides of Foot-atock for Spiral Head on a
No. 3 B Heavy Plain Milling Machine

This operation is of interest largely because the height of the sides

' milled is such that a gang of cutters of unusually large diameter is

required. Three castings are lined up, strapped to the table, and

milled at one cut. The outsides of the uprights are surfaced, and the

space between is cut to the required width.

The cutters employed are inserted tooth side milling cutters 12
inches in diameter. Teeth are set parallel with the axis in the outside
cutters, as their width is not great. In the middle cutter, which is
wider, the teeth are set at an angle to give a shearing cut, and are
nicked to break up the chips.

Bbown Sc Sharpe Mfg. Co.

Surfacing Bottom aad Sides of MUltng Machine Vise Base on a
No. 4 B Heavy Plain Milling Machine

The possibility of milling the deep sides of a casting, and at the
same time surfacing the bottom, is illustrated in this cut.

A special fixture is employed to hold the piece, which is supported
on three pins and located in position against stops. Set screws at
both ends of the fixture clamp the piece.

The two side milling cutters shown are 16 inches in diameter, and
the nicked tooth spiral cutter in the middle is 4 inches in djameter.

Only one casting can be milled at a time, owing to the distance
it takes for the large cutters to clear the work at the beginning and
end of the cut.

Brown Sc Shaspe Mfg. Co.

Milling Slide Seat of Vise on a No. 4 B Heavy
Plain Milling Machine

This is the second operation on the casting shown in the preceding
illustration. The cut is a simple, but heavy one, being 17 inches wide
and A of an inch deep.

Interlocking inserted tooth milling cutters, 8 inches in diameter,
are used, the large diameter being necessary because of the height of
the casting at the ends.

Where the end thrust on the arbor cannot be equalized, the
greatest thrust should be toward the spindle nose. Thus in the above
operation, two right-hand angle cutters are used against one left-hand,
and the greatest thrust is toward the spindle nose.

Brown & Shakpe Mfg. Co.

Surfacing Large Casting on a No. 4 B Heavy
Plain Milling Machine

An excellent example of heavy, plain gang milling is shown in
this illustration. The surface being milled is 15^' wide, and the
casting is held in a special fixture.

The table is fed longitudinally against the direction in which the
cutters revolve. As the cut is comparatively heavy, nicked tooth
cutters are employed, and it will be noticed that the thrust is
mostly toward the spindle nose.

For such work as this, where considerable power is required to
drive the cutters, the Constant Speed drive machine is superior to
the Cone drive tyj)e.

J & Sharpe Mfg. Co.

Cutting Slots in Circular Milling Attachment Table on a
No. 4 B Heavy Plain Milling Machine

Three parallel slots are cut in the top of this table by spacing
three cutters on the arbor by means of collars.

Considerable power is required for the operation, as the slots are
cut from solid stock to the depth of J of an inch, and A of an inch wide.

Specially shaped straps are necessary to fasten the work to the
table, in order to make use of cutters of small diameter.

The cutters employed are regular stocking cutters 6 inches in
diameter, and are rigidly supported on the arbor.

Brown & Sharpe Mfg. Co.

Face Milling Front of Grinding Machine Bed on a
No. 3 B Heavy Plain Milling Machine

Jobs similar to this are done on the planer in many shops, but by
setting the work up as shown, it is often possible to get a greater
production from the milling machine.

The bed is lined up against a parallel inserted in one of the table
T slots, so that there is no trouble lining up each successive casting.
The saddle does not have to be readjusted for depth of cut each time.
Straps at each end hold the piece on the table, and stops set in the
table T slots prevent the tendency of the casting to slip, due to the
action of the cutter.

t Sharpe Mfg. Co.

MiUlnft Ways on a Screw Machine Bed on a No. 4
B Heavy Plain Milling Machine

The value of gang milling, and the advantages of the milling
machine over the planer, are very apparent in this operation, for it
is essential that the ways on every bed be exact duplicates in width
and distance apart. Once the gang of cutters is accurately set, each
succeeding casting must necessarily be a duplicate of the first.

The bed has a boss cast on each end by means of which it is clamped
directly to the table. After milling, the two bosses are taken off.

The gang of cutters is composed of four side milling cutters, and
two plain spiral milling cntters with nicked teeth. The arbor is
firmly supported in the arm braces, and the arbor support is
employed to bring a bearing nearer the cutters.

i Shahpe Mfg. Co.

Surfacing Bottom of Screw Machine Bed on a No. 5 B
Heavy Plain Milling Machine

This illustration shows the possibilities of the milling machine
for doing work that might be termed in many shops as suitable for
the planer only.

The extreme weight, large size and powerful leverage due to the
large overhang of the piece, are all factors that serve to make this an
unusual milling job that requires a rigid machine.

The work and fixture together weigh over 1000 pounds, and the
piece as it is fastened to the table is 25' high, and extends 35" out
from the cutter.

Another unusual point is the size of the inserted tooth face
milling cutter, which is 26' in diameter.

Brown & Sharpe Mfg. Co.

Milling Pair of Grinding Machine Tables on a No. 5 B
Heavy Plain Grinding Machine

Where the size of machine and character of work permit, it is
very advantageous to mill more than one piece at a time. This
operation illustrates how two plain grinding machine tables are
milled simultaneously.

The two tables are held in a fixture, the essential features of which
are plainly apparent in the cut. There are two sets of cutters made
up of plain milling cutters and interlocking mills.

Another feature of this operation is the placing of the arbor
support between the two sets of cutters.

Brown & Sharpe Mfg. Co.

MiUlnft Saddle of Vertical Spindle Milling Machine
on a No. 5 B Heavy Plain Milling Machine

Milling machines are employed wherever possible in manufac-
turing parts of milling machines in our works. The operation above
shows one example of this.

The width of cut on this saddle is 17 inches, and A of an inch
of stock is removed, making a heavy cut.

The work is held in a special fixture, as it can be more firmly
clamped, and more quickly put in place and removed from the table.

All of the cutters have nicked teeth, and the larger ones have
inserted teeth. It should also be noted that end thrust on the arbor
is equalized by using cutters of both right and left-hand angle teeth.

BitowN & Sharpe Mfg. Co.

Heavy Gang Milling of MiUIng Machine Tables
on a No. 5 B Heavy Plain MilUng Machine

The job shown above is that of milling the cast iron tables of
small milling machines, and it is an interesting example, illustrative
of the economy of gang milling. The top of one table and the bottom
of another are milled simultaneously. The castings are held in a special
fixture, and when one cut is taken, the piece at the left is removed,
the one on the right turned over so that the ways on the bottom can
be cut, and a new casting is put on the right-hand side of the fixture.

The table is fed longitudinally from left to right, and the cutters
comprise four side milling cutters, one 9§", one 11^", and two 7}*
in diameter; five plain milling cutters, two 71", and three 41' in
diameter; and two slotting cutters, 611" in diameter.

Brown & Sharpe h

Cutting Two Grooves In Six Steel Cores at One Traverse
on a No. 5 B Heavy Plain Milling Machine

This illustration shows an unusually heavy milling operation,
consisting of cutting two grooves, each 1.17" wide and A* deep, in
six steel foldings at one traverse of the table.

Three sets of index centres of a special design are employed, and
two steel cores are mounted on the arbor on each pair of centres.

The cutters are of a special form to cut two grooves and the top
of the intervening space between the grooves.

For such a cut as this, a large arbor is required, and it must be
very rigidly supported; intermediate arbor supports are, therefore,
placed between the cutters.

Lard oil is used as a cutting lubricant.

Brown & Sharpe Mfo. Co.

Surfacing Face of a Grinding Machine Apron on a
No. 3 Vertical Spindle Milling Machine

A vertical spindle milling machine is peculiarly adapted to work
having a long projecting hub, or where it is necessary to surface off
some part inside, such as in gear cases. The operation above is typical
of such work, and shows a casting that must be milled all around the
outside edge.

The casting is clamped in a special fixture, and a shell end mill
is employed. The outline of the edge is followed by using the hori-
zontal and transverse table feeds alternately for the different sides.

Brown & Sharpb Mfg. Co.

Milling a Dovetail In Plain Milling Machine Saddle
on a No. 3 Vertical Spindle Milling Machine

The casting is held on a special fixture which has a slide corre-
sponding to the slide on the top of the knee of the milling machine.
The piece can be removed by simply loosening the gib.

The top plate of the fixture also swivels, so that one side of the
ways can be milled on an angle for a taper gib. Both operations are,
therefore, completed at one setting of the fixture, thus insuring the
surfaces being milled in relation to each other. A 50° angular cutter
is used for this operation.

Brown & Sharps Mfg. Co.

Surfacing and Milling Edge of Curved Casting on a
No. 3 Vertical Spindle Milling Machine

This illustration shows the use of a power-driven circular milling
attachment, in connection with a vertical spindle milling machine for
milling the surface and edge of a cutter carriage of an automatic gear
cutting machine.

The special fixture employed is more for the purpose of milling
the outside curved edge of the casting than for the operation shown.
It has a way cut to correspond to that on the back of the casting, and
an arbor inserted through two holes in the piece and into the centre of
the circular milling attachment insures the outer edge being milled
concentric with the holes.

All necessary movement is obtained from the circular attachment.

Brown & Srarpe Mfg. Co,

Cutting ■ Circular T Slot In Universal Milling Machine Saddle
on a No. 3 Vertical Spindle Milling Machine

The operation shown above illustrates another excellent example
of the use of the circular milling attachment in connection with a
vertical spindle milling machine, for cutting the circular T slot in the
saddle of a universal milling machine.

The piece of work is centred by placing it over a stud and bushing
inserted in the hole in the centre of the circular attachment table.
It is prevented from swinging by four bolts with washers, two of which
are ^own, and a strap from a stepped block across to the casting on
each side fastens it to the table.

The first, or plain, slot is cut out on a boring mill or can be milled
at the same setting shown above, using a two-lipped end mill, which
is then replaced by the T slot cutter.

Brown & Sharpe Mfg. Co.

An Interesting Use of a Circular Milling Attachment on the
No. 3 Vertical Spindle Milling Machine

Surfacing such a casting as this would ordinarily be done by
following the outline of the piece of work, using the longitudinal and
transverse automatic table feeds. But this necessitates shifting the
feeds at each corner of the casting. A better way was found when
the casting and fixture were clamped to the table of a circular milling
attachment and fed in a circular path beneath the cutter.

The shorter distance the mill has to travel, the time saved in
shifting feeds, and the fact that the operator does not have to give his
undivided attention to the job, are all important advantages.

The metal is J* thick. By the usual method, it is difficult to
secure the flat, oil-tight surface that is easily obtained in the way
described above.

1 & Sharfe Mfg. Co.

Milling GrooTea In Rim of Pulley on the No. 3
Vertical Spindle Milling Machines

Here a vertical spindle machine equipped with a circular milling '
attachment is shown milling belt grooves in the rim of a three step
pulley.

The pulley is easily fastened in place and a continuous cut is
taken around the rim, using the automatic feed of the attachment.
The knee is then lowered to bring the cutter at the right height for the
next smaller step and the table is moved longitudinally to get the
correct depth of cut. This operation is repeated for the smallest step
and the piece is finished.

This operation can also be done on a horizontal milling machine
when equip[>ed with both vertical spindle and circular milling
attachments.

Brown & Sharpe Mfg. Co.

Milling a Plain Surface on a No. 3 Vertical Spindle
Milling Machine

It is advisable in milling castings such as that shown, to do the
work on a vertical spindle machine, as it is much more convenient.
If a horizontal spindle machine is employed, and the work is clamped
to the table, plain cutters of unusually large diameter are required,
and when a face milling cutter is used, the work must be clamped to
a knee. This, too, is unhandy when the casting is somewhat unwieldy.

The piece of work illustrated is of cast iron, and it is fastened
directly to the surface of the table by means of straps extending from
step blocks to the casting and secured in place by bolts set in the
table T slots.

The face mill employed has inserted teeth. The table may be
fed longitudinally in either direction.

Brown & Sharpe Mfg. Co.

Face MilUng, Using Heavy Vertical Spindle Attachment on a
No. 4 B Heavy PUln MUling Machine

It will be seen from the above cut that in shops where the volume
of work does not warrant installing a vertical spindle milling machine,
the operation that would generally be done on that machine can be
done on a horizontal spindle machine equipped with a vertical
spindle attachment. The illustration shows the heaviest style of
attachment.

The operation is that of face milling a surface on a cast iron piece
which is held in a special jig upon the table.

The cutter is of the inserted tooth style, 9^' in diameter. The
table is fed from left to right on account of projections at end of
casting.

Bkown & Sharpe Mfg. Co.

Face Milling, Using Heavy Vertical Spindle Attachment on a
No. 4 B Heavy Plain Milling Machine

This operation is essentially the same as the one just described,
with the exception that the casting in the first instance was fastened
in a special fixture, while in this case it is clamped directly to the table
and the cutter is held on an arbor.

The method of clamping needs little explanation, as it is very
clearly shown in the illustration.

If it were not for the height of the hub at the right of the cutter,
this job could easily be done without the attachment with plain
milling cutters.

The cutter is 7^ * in diameter and has inserted teeth.

Brown & Sharpe Mfg. Co.

147

CHAPTER VIII

Milling Operations — Gear Gutting

We do not propose in this chapter to go deeply into the subject
of gearing, for it would be impossible to properly treat it in so limited
a space. Neither do we intend to describe the manner in which gears
are cut on automatic gear cutting machines designed especially for
that purpose. Our object is rather to give a few practical points
applying to the cutting of different kinds of gears on a milling machine,
and to show illustrations of how various gear cutting jobs and work
of a kindred nature can be set up. Anyone desirous of making a
detailed study of gears is referred to the many books now published
that are devoted exclusively to the subject, among which are our
"Practical Treatise on Gearing," and "Formulas in Gearing."

Gutting Spur Gears. The first things that it is necessary to know in
order to cut a spur gear, are the pitch, either diametral or circular, and
number of teeth required. These must be had in order to select the
correct cutter to use.

We make eight cutters for each pitch, as follows:

No. 1 cutter will cut wheels from 135 teeth to a rack

No. 2
No. 3

No. 4
No. 5
No. 6
No. 7
No. 8

(I

<<

(i

«i

(«

(«

II

<(

11

II

II

<<

<i

II

((

II

II

11

II

II

55

134 teeth

35

54 "

26

34 "

21

25 "

17

20 '•

14

16 '•

II

12

II

II

13

For those who require a finer division of the number of teeth to
be cut with each cutter than can be cut with the regular numbers
listed above, we can furnish half numbers in cutters from 2 to 8 pitch
inclusive, as follows:

No. IJ cutter will cut wheels from 80 teeth to 134 teeth

No. 2J

42

54 "

No. 3J

30

34 "

No. 4J

23

25 "

No. 5J

19

20 "

No. 6J

15

16 "

No. 7J

13

148 Brown & Sharpe Mfg. Co.

Care should be exercised that the teeth of a cutter selected are
ground radially and equidistant, for the teeth are so formed that
unless ground in this manner, the correct shape is not produced in
the work.

If a universal milling machine is employed, the table should be
set at exact right angles to the arbor by the graduations on the saddle.
This precaution does not have to be taken on plain machines, as the
table is fixed at right angles to the spindle or arbor.

Set Cutter Central. It is essential that the cutter be exactly central
with the axis of the gear blank, especially when the gear is to be run
fast, otherwise the gear will be cut *'oflf centre,*' and will run more
noisily in one direction than in the other. It may be set centrally
as follows: Set the table or the cutter on the arbor as nearly as
possible in position ; fasten the gear blank, or preferably an odd blank
of about the size of the gear to be cut, on an arbor and lock it in
position on the centres. Take a single cut, then remove the blank
from the arbor, turn it end for end and put it back on. Permit the
blank to remain loose on the arbor, and see if the cutter will pass
through the groove already cut without taking any stock off on
either side. If the cutter is not exactly central, stock will be cut from
the upper part of one side of the groove and from the lower part of the
opposite side of the groove. If this is found to be the case, the table
can be slightly adjusted to compensate for the error and another trial
cut taken.

Some of the gear cutters made by us have a line on the tops of
the teeth that is central with the form, and for ordinary slow running
gears, the cutter may be centred by bringing this line to coincide
with the centre in the spiral head or foot-stock.

Measure Blanks. Measure all gear blanks carefully. It is impos-
sible to cut correct running gears from blanks that are of the wrong
diameter unless the error is small. The amount of error allowable
in the diameter depends upon the pitch of the gear; the heavier the
pitch, the greater the allowable error. It is better to return to the
lathe any blanks that are oversize and throw away those that are
turned very much undersize. If blanks are only slightly undersize,
they can be cut by making allowance for the error in setting for
depth of teeth, and the resultant gears will run satisfactorily, though
not perfectly.

Secure Blank on Arbor. The next important step is to see that the
work arbor runs true and that the blank does not spring it when

Brown & Sharpe Mfg. Co. 149

«

forced or tightened. A good method of holding blanks is on arbors,
such as our milling machine cutter arbors, that have a taper shank to
fit the index spindle; the outer end of the arbor being supported by
the foot-stock centra. Another way of holding blanks is by means of
a shank arbor with expanding bushing, such as our gear cutting
machine "work arbors." A nut is located on the arbor at each end
of the bushing, one nut forcing the bushing up on the arbor and holding
the blank, while the other pushes the bushing off the taper and releases
the gear when finished.

If a common arbor and dog are used, care should be taken that the
tail of the dog is fastened between the set screws provided on the spiral
head, so there will be no backlash between the index spindle and work;
also see that the dog does not spring the arbor when it is clamped.

Set Knee for Depth of Cut. The depth of cut is regulated by the
height of the knee of the machine. To make this setting, the knee is
brought up until the cutter just touches the blank. Then the blank
is moved out from under the cutter and the knee is raised the number
of thousandths of an inch required for the depth of tooth, which can
be ascertained from the tables on pages 319 to 322, or by dividing,
the constant 2.157 by the diametral pitch.

When raising the knee, use the graduated dial on the vertical
hand feed screw for a guide to get the required depth, but be sure to
take out any backlash that may exist before making an adjustment.

Testing for Correct Depth. To make certain that the depth of
groove cut is correct and the size of teeth accurate, cut two grooves
into the face of the blank far enough so that the full form of the tooth
is produced, and then measure the resultant tooth at the pitch line for
thickness and the depth of the tooth to the pitch line. The correct
thicknesses of spur gear teeth of different pitches at the pitch line
are given in the tables on pages 319 to 322, or can be found by
dividing the constant 1.57 by the diametral pitch.

By cutting only part way across the face of the blank the trial
grooves can be quickly made and measured. If, on the other hand,
the grooves are cut across the full width of the face, there is liability,
under some conditions, of more stock being taken from these grooves
when the actual cutting is commenced and the cutter is allowed to
pass through, the same grooves a second time, thus making these
grooves too deep.

Chordal Thickness of Gear Teeth. When accurate measurements
of gear teeth are required, it is necessary to work to the chordal

150

Brown & Sharpe Mfg. Co.

figures, (' = thickness of tooth and
5' = distance from chord f to top
of tooth (See Fig. 60).

These dimensions vary from
the standard dimensions of tooth
parts shown on pages 319 to 322.
The fewer the number of teeth in
the gear, the greater the variation.

The Table of Chordal Thick-
ness (* and Distances from Chord
to top of Tooth J* on page 323
gives these dimensions for gears of
1 diametral pitch. To obtain ("and
s" for any diametral pitch, divide
the figures given in the table
opposite the required number of
teeth, by the required diametral
pitch.

Example: Find t" and s' for
a gear 5 diametral pitch, 23 teeth.

1.5696 -^ 5 = .3139 = i".

1.0268 -^ 5 = .2054 = s'.

Pl£. 60

To obtain (" and j" for any circular pitch, multiply the figures
given in the table opposite the required number of teeth, by the
addendum s (taking s from the Table of Tooth Parts, pages 319 and
320).

Example: Find t" and s* for a f " circular pitch gear, IS teeth.
1.5679 X .2387 = .3743 = ('.
1.0411 X .2387 = .2485 = s'.
If number of teeth required is
not shown in table, take the nearest
number of teeth.

An accurate and convenient tool
for taking the measurements of gear
teeth is shown in Fig. 61. With this
gear tooth vernier, the distance from
the top of the teeth to the pitch line,
and thickness at the pitch line, can
Fig. 61 be accurately determined.

Brown & Sbakpe Mfg. Co. 151

Another tool, Vernier Caliper, No. 573, by use of which the
bottom diameter of the teeth may be accurately measured to determine
the depth of grooves, is shown in Fig. 62.

The depth of grooves may be ascertained when there are an
even number of teeth by cutting two grooves opposite each other
on the circumference of the blank and calipering the diameter from
the bottom of the grooves, then computing the depth. When the
number of .teeth is uneven cut one groove and caliper the diameter
from the bottom of the groove to the opposite side of the blank. In
this last case be sure that the blank is of the correct diameter and
runs true, otherwise the measurement will not be correct, unless
allowance is made for these points.

Indexing. Indexing gear blanks is essentially the same as indexing
any other work, and the instructions in Chapter IV are complete on

Fig. 62
this subject; therefore it is unnecessary to make any additional
remarks here upon this point.

Cutting Two or More Gears Simultaneously. If the holes in the
blanks are straight, and the hubs do not project beyond the face, a
immber of blanks may be fastened together on a gang arbor and
several gears cut ata time. Care should be taken, however, if this is
done, to see that the sides of the blanks are exactly parallel, otherwise
when the arbor nut is clamped , the blanks will spring the arbor, causing
it to run out and making it impossible to produce accurate gears.
Cutting Bevel Gears. The teeth of bevel gears constantly change
in pitch from their large to small end, and for this reason it is impos-
sible to cut gears whose tooth curves are theoretically correct, with
rotary cutters having fixed curves, such as those used for cutting these
gears in a milling machine. The cutter employed must be of a curve
that will make the correct form at the large end of the tooth, hence it
will necessarily leave the curve too straight at the small end. It is,
therefore, the practice to cut the teeth as nearly correct as possible.

w

Fig. 63

152 Brown & Sharps Mpg. Co.

and then finish the gears by hand, filing the small ends of

the teeth to get the correct curve.

Pitch of Bevel Gear. The pitch of a bevel gear is always

considered as that at the largest end of the teeth.

Data Required to Cut Bevel Gears with Rotary

Cutter. Pitch and number of teeth in each gear.

The whole depth of tooth spaces at both large and
small ends of teeth.

The thickness of teeth at both ends.
The height of teeth above the pitch line at both ends.
The cutting angle; the angle to set spiral head on
milling machine, and the proper cutter or cutters.
Scratch Depth Line on Blank. Before placing the blank on
machine, measure the length of face, angles and outside diameter of
blank, and, if all dimensions are correct, place the blank on the arbor
and fasten it securely in place; then scratch the whole depth of space
at large end with a depth of gear tooth gauge similar to that shown
'in Fig. 63.

Selection of Cutter for Bevel Gears. The length of teeth or face
on bevel gears is not ordinarily more than one-third the apex distance,
Ab, Fig. 64, and cutters usually carried in stock are suitable for this
face. If the face is longer than one-third the apex distance, special
thin cutters must be made.

Rule for Selecting Cutter. Measure the back cone radius a b for
the gear, or b c for the
pinion. This is equal to
the radius of a spur gear,
^.y— the number of teeth in
/ which would determine
the cutter to use. Hence
twice a b times the dia-
netral pitch equals the num-
ber of teeth for which the
gutter should be selected for
;he gear. Looking in the list
[iven on page 147, the proper
for the cutter can be found.
, let the back cone radius a b
id the diametral pitch be 8.

,-H

Brown & Sharpe Mfg. Co. 153

Twice four is 8, and 8 x 8 is 64, from which it can be seen that the
cutter must be of Shape No. 2, as 64 is between 55 and 134, the
range covered by a No. 2 cutter.

The number of teeth for which the cutter should be selected can
also be found by the following formula:

^ Na

Tan, OC = -:r=T

N
No. of teeth to select cutter for gear =

Cos, OC

Nb
No. of teeth to select cutter for pinion = -^r^—

Stn, OC

If the gears are mitres or are alike, only one cutter is needed; if

one gear is larger than the other, two may be needed.

Setting Cutter 6ut of Centre. As the cutter cannot be any thicker
than the width of space at small end of teeth, it is necessary to set it
out of centre and rotate the blank to make the spaces of the right
width at the large end of the teeth.

The amount to set cutter out of centre can be calculated with

the table on page 324 and the following formula:

^ Tc factor from table
Set-over = -z 5

P = diametral pitch of gear to be cut.

Tc = thickness of cutter used, measured at pitch line.

Given as a rule, this would read: Find the factor in the table
corresponding to the number of the cutter used and to the ratio of
apex distance to width of face ; divide this factor by the diametral
pitch and subtract the quotient from half of the thickness of the
cutter at the pitch line.

As an illustration of the use of this table in obtaining the set-over,
take the following example: A bevel gear of 24 teeth, 6 pitch, 30
degrees pitch cone angle and \\'^ face. These dimensions call for a
No. 4 cutter and an apex distance of 4 inches.

In order to get the factor from the table, the ratio of apex distance

.4 3.2

with length of face must be known. This ratio is ^-^ = -J-, or

about -y. The factor in the table for this ratio with a No.. 4 cutter

is 0.280. Next, measure the cutter at the pitch line. To do this, refer
to the regular "Table of Tooth Parts*' on pages 321 and 322, and
get the depth of space below pitch line s + f. This depth of space
below pitch line can also be found by dividing 1.157 by the diametral

154 Brown & Sharpe Mfg. Co.

pitch. In the case of 6 pitch s+f — 0.1928 inch. The thickness
of the cutter at the pitch line is then found to be 0.1745 inch. This
dimension will vary with different cutters, and will vary in the same
cutter as it is ground away, since formed bevel gear cutters are
commonly provided with side relief. Substituting these values in
the formula, the following result is obtained:

Set-over = — ^-^ -^ — = 0.0406 inch, which is the required

dimension.

After selecting a cutter and determining how much to set it out

of centre, proceed as follows:

Set the cutter central with the spiral head or universal index
head spindle, as the machine may be equipped.

Set the head to the proper cutting angle.

Set the index head for the number of teeth to be cut, placing the
sector on the straight row of holes that are numbered to start with .

Set the dial on the cross feed screw to the zero line.

Scratch the depth of both the large and small end of the tooth to
be cut in the blank.

Index and cut two or three grooves or centre cuts to conform to
the lines in depth.

Set the cutter out of centre the trial distance, according to the
formula on the previous page, by moving the saddle and noting adjust-
ment on the cross feed screw dial.

Rotate the gear in the opposite direction from that in which the
table is moved off centre (Fig. 65), until the side of the cutter nearest
the centre line of the gear will cut the entire surfaces of the approaching
sides of the teeth.

After making one or more cuts in accordance with this setting,
move the table the same distance on the opposite side of the centre
and rotate the gear in the opposite direction from that in which the
table is moved until the cutter just touches the side of a tooth at the
small end and cuts the entire surface of this side the same as the other.

Cut one or more spaces and measure the teeth at both large and
small ends, either with a gear tooth vernier or with gauges made from
thin pieces of metal and having a slot cut to give the correct depth
and width at the pitch line.

If the teeth at the large end are too thick when the small end is
correct, the amount to set the table out of centre must be increased.
On the other hand, if the small end is too thick when the large end is

Brown & Sharpe Mfg. Co.

Table Hoveo InThis Distcnw
Tor This Cin:

I

156 Brown & Sharpe Mfg. Co.

correct, the amount the table is set out of centre is too great. In
either case, the settings must be changed, and the operations of cutting
repeated, remembering that the blank must be rotated and the table
moved the same amount each side of centre, otherwise the teeth will
not be central. It is well to bear in mind that too much out of centre
leaves the small end proportionately too thick, and too little out of
centre leaves the small end too thin.

The adjustment of the cutter and the rotating of the blank are
shown in Fig. 65, which shows the setting, so that the right side of
cutter will trim the left side of tooth and widen the large end of the
space. The table has been moved to the right and the blank
brought to the position shown, by rotating it in the direction of the
arrow; the first out of centre cut was taken when the cutter was set
on the other side of the centre.

After determining the proper amount to set cutter out of centre,
the teeth can be finished, without making a central cut, by cutting
round the blank with the cutter set out of centre, first on one side and
then on the other.

To prevent the teeth being too thin at either end, it is important,
after cutting once around the blank with cutter out of centre, to give
careful attention to the rotative adjustment of the gear blank, when
setting the cutter for trimming the opposite sides of the teeth. If by
measurement, both ends are a little too thick, but proportionately
right, rotate the gear blank and make trial cuts until one tooth is of
the correct thickness at both ends. The cutting can then be con-
tinued until the gear is finished. Teeth of incorrect thickness may be
more objectionable than a slight variation in depth.

The finished spaces, or teeth, as already mentioned, are of the
correct form at the larger ends, and the teeth are of the correct thick-
ness their entire length, but the tops of the teeth at the small ends
are not rounded over enough. It is, therefore, generally necessary to
file the faces of the teeth slightly above the pitch line at the small
ends, as indicated by the dotted lines F F, Fig. 66. In filing the
teeth, they should not be reduced any in thickness at or below the
pitch line.

When cutting cast iron gears coarser than five diametral pitch,
it is best to make one central cut entirely around the blank before
attempting to find the correct setting of the cutter or rotation of the
blank for correct thickness of teeth ; and it is generally advantageous
to take a central cut on nearly all bevel gears of steel.

Brown & Sharpe Mfg. Co. 157

Gutting Spiral Gears. In Chapter IV, we have gone into the
subject of cutting spirals thoroughly, and, inasmuch as spiral
gears are essentially cylinders having a succession of spiral grooves
evenly spaced on their periphery, many of the points we have treated
apply equally well to cutting them.

An important point in cutting these gears is the selection of the
proper cutters to use. It is impossible to give in concise form any set
of rules for doing this that will be readily understood, and anyone
who desires to cut spiral gears, should make a far more complete
study of the subject of spiral gearing than we can possibly give in this
book. It is treated upon in our '* Practical Treatise on Gearing,*' and
** Formulas in Gearing,'* both of which books are extremely useful to
the practical workman.

One point that it is well to remember is that in calculating spirals,
the angle should be figured as that at the pitch line of the teeth, and
not that on the surface or periphery of a gear.

Spirals of any angle to 45 ° can be cut in all of our universal mill-
ing machines with the cutter mounted in the regular way, and the
swivel table swung to the proper angle, while those of an angle up to
53° with the axis, can be cut in some of our universal machines. If,
however, the required angle is greater than that to which the table can
be set, a vertical spindle milling attachment is required, and the
adjustment for the cutting angle is then done with the attachment.

u>^^^ ^# — '-^

Fig. 67

To Set Cutter Central. It is essential that the cutter be set central
with the work centres, and it may be done as follows: First, set the
table, or attachment, in case the latter is used, to the correct cutting
angle. Take a trial piece. Fig. 67, which is simply a cylindrical piece
with centre holes in the ends, and mount it on the work centres, dogging
it to the spiral head spindle. Draw, or scratch the line B C on the
side of the arbor at the exact height of the work centres, and then
revolve the arbor one-quarter of a turn by means of the index crank;
that is, bring the mark B C exactly on the top of the piece. Now,
start the machine and raise the knee until a gash is cut on the top
of the piece. This gash shows the position of the cutter, and if a and

158 Brown & Sharpe Mfg. Co. .

b are equal, the cutter is centred with the trial piece, which will, of
course, bring it central with the work.

The same method is employed when using a vertical spindle
milling attachment, except the scratched line is left at the side of the
piece where it is at the exact height of the centres. The gash is then
cut and examined as described above.

Test Settings and Index Gears. Before cutting a blank, it is well
to raise the knee until the cutter will just make a slight trace on the
work to see if the lead obtained by the change gears is correct. If the
material in the gear blank is expensive, it is sometimes advisable to
make a cast iron blank to experiment with before cutting into the
expensive material.

Fastening Blanks. Spiral gears are more liable to slip in cutting
than spur gears. Small blanks may be dogged to the spindle, but the
dog must be far enough from the blank so that it will not interfere
with the cutter. For blanks that are more than three or four inches
in diameter, it is better to use a taper shank arbor held directly in the
spindle; and for still heavier work, the arbor may be drawn into the
spindle with a threaded rod.

Cutting Teeth. In cutting the teeth, either the cutter should be
stopped after cutting each groove and positioned so that the teeth
will not scrape the sides and bottom of the groove, the table being
returned by hand ; or the knee should be dropped so that cutter will
clear the groove just cut, and then run the table back to the starting
point. Most mechanics prefer to stop the machine, for in dropping
the knee, there is more liability of error, as the depth of cut has to be
set for each groove, and this also takes more time than it does to stop
the machine.

The remaining pages of this chapter are devoted to illustrations
and descriptive data of gear cutting and similar operations on milling
machines. These operations show how different gear cutting jobs
can be set up, and are given simply as suggestions for those not
familiar with this class of work.

k Sharpe Mfg. Co.

Cutting a Spur Gear, Using the Spiral Head
Cutting a spur gear on a milling machine is a comparatively
simple operation, as can be seen from the illustration. No special
rigging whatsoever is required. The blank in this case is fastened on
an ordinary lathe arbor mounted on the centres and do^ed to the
spiral head spindle.

In commercial manufacturing, gears such as that shown would
be produced in quantities on automatic gear cutting machines, but
where only an occasional gear is wanted, such as in replacing a broken
one, it is advantageous to cut it on a milling machine. A new gear
for a machine can usually be secured in this manner far quicker than
it can be ordered and delivered.

Brown & Shahpe Mfg. Co.

Cutting a Large Spur Gear, Usinft Gear Cutting Attachment
This operation shows the use of the gear cutting attachment
described in Chapter V, The gear being cut is too large to be
accommodated by the spiral head centres without using raising blocks,
and then the results are not as satisfactory as can be gained by using
this attachment.

The gear is supported similarly to that on the opposite page.
The advantage of a rim rest is illustrated, and it should also be noted
that where the cut is as heavy as that shown, it is advisable to use the
arm braces to give added stiffness to the cutter arbor. The table is
fed from left to right, or so that the cut is against the rim rest.

Brown & Sharpe Mfg. Co.

Gashing Teeth In Worm Wheel

Finishing a worm wheel on a milling machine requires two sepa-
rate operations. First, the operation of gashing the teeth, shown
above, is performed; and then the teeth are hobbed, as shown in the
illustration on page 162.

In gashing the teeth, the blank is dogged to the spiral head spindle,
and the swivel table is swung to the required angle. The vertical
feed is used and the teeth are indexed the same as in cutting a spur
gear. Most of the stock is removed in gashing, only enough being
left to allow the hob to take a light finishing cut.

Brown & Sharpe Mfg. Co.

Hobblng Teeth In Worm Wheel

The work is set up practically the same as in the operation of
gashing the teeth, only the dog on the arbor is removed and the swivel
table is set at zero. The worm wheel revolves freely on the centres,
being rotated by the hob.

The wheel can be hobbed to the right depth by using a steel rule
at the back of the knee to measure a distance equal to the centre
distance of the worm and wheel from a line marked "Centre," on the
vertical slide to the top of the knee. This line on the vertical slide
indicates the position of the top of the knee when the index centres
are at the same height as the centre of the machine spindle.

k Shahpe Mfg. Co.

Cutting Teeth In Bevel Gear

The illustration on this page shows a milling machine set up for
cutting the teeth of a bevel gear.

The gear is held in place by a split bushing that is expanded in
the hole. The spiral head is elevated to the proper cutting angle and
the table is fed longitudinally from left to right.

In setting off centre to trim the sides of the teeth to the proper
thickness, the table is adjusted the required amount on the knee and
then the blank is rotated by means of the index crank, as previously
explained.

Brown & Sharpe Mfg. Co.

Cutting Teeth In Spiral Gear

The machine is shown, in the illustration above, set in position
to cut a left-hand spiral gear of 45" angle.

The gear is mounted in the same manner as in several previous
operations, but instead of remaining stationary as the table advances,
it is rotated by means of the required change gears to give the correct
lead to the teeth. The table is fed longitudinally from left to right.

A right-hand spiral gear of the same angle may be cut in the same
manner by setting the table to 45" the other side of zero and leaving
out the intermediate or reverse gear.

Brown & Sharpe Mfg. Co,

CutHnft Spiral Teeth in MiUlng Cutter
This operation shows the arrangement for cutting teeth in a

right-hand spiral milling cutter.

The work is 6 inches long and 3 inches in diameter, and an angular

cutter 3 inches in diameter is employed. An angle of llj" is desired,

and the saddle is accordingly, set to that angle and the head is geared

to give a lead of 48".

The work is mounted on an arbor that is dogged to the spiral

head spindle, and care is taken that there is no lost motion between the

spindle and work.

Brown & Sharpe Mfg. Co.

Gashing a Hob

While this is not strictly a gear cutting operation, it is set up and
performed in practically the same manner, the principal difference
being in the shape of cutter used. Many hobs are gashed spirally,
and this is done in a similar way to cutting the teeth in a spiral gear.

In this operation, the cut is heavy and it is advisable to use arm
braces, so that a coarser feed can be employed and the work done
more quickly.

The table is fed longitudinally from left to right. Oil is used on
the cutter and is collected and strained in the pan below the work.
An oil pump equipment can be used to good advantage on such jobs.

k Sharpe Mfg. Co.

Cutting Teeth In Spiral Gear, Ualnft Compound Vertical Spindle
Milling Attachment

This operation shows the use of a compound vertical spindle
milling attachment in cutting a spiral gear.

-It will be noticed that where this attachment is used, the swivel
table is set at zero and the angle of the spiral obtained by swinging
the head of the attachment. The cutting is also done on the side,
instead of the top of the gear.

In cutting left-hand spirals, the cutter would be at the back of
the blank, the head of the attachment swung to the other side of zero,
and an intermediate gear would be introduced in the train to reverse
the direction of rotation.

>j & Sharpe Mfg. Co.

Cutting a Short Lead Spiral Gear, Using a
Vertical Spindle Milting Attachment

When the table cannot be swung to the required angle, a
vertical spindle attachment may be used. The attachment is swung
90" up from zero, and the required angle of the spiral is then obtained
by the swivel table.

Where the lead is as short as that above, it is better to employ the
special attachment shown in Chapter V, for the ratio of gearing of the
spiral head is such that severe stresses are brought to bear upon it in
feeding the work. If, however, the job is set up as above, it is neces-
sary to feed the work by hand.

i Sharpe Mfg. Co.

MlUinfi Rack Teeth in Cylindrical Shaft
Sometimes it is required to mill a few rack teeth in a cylindrical

shaft or plunger, and where a rack cutting attachment is at hand, this

can be readily done. If one is not convenient, however, the work can

be done in the manner shown above.

The shaft is supported on a parallel and clamped in a vise, and

the teeth are indexed by means of the graduated dial on the cross feed

screw.

Before indexing, care should be taken to remove backlash from

the screw.

Brown & Sharps Mfg. Co.

Cuttiag Teeth In Rack, Using Rack Cutting and
Indexing Attachments

The method of cutting a steel rack, using the rack cutting and
indexing attachments described in Chapter V, is clearly shown in this
illustration.

The rack is fastened in the vise of the attachment, and the teeth
are indexed by the indexing attachment.

The automatic transverse table feed is used and the direction of
cut is from the back of the rack toward, the front, that is, against the
direction in which the cutter rotates. Oil is used as a lubricant.

t Shahpe Mfg. Co.

Cutting a Worm Thread, Uslnfi Rack Cutting Attachment

Another use of the rack cutting attachment on a universal
milling machine is illustrated in this operation. It is especially
serviceable for cutting short lead spiral gears, when the angle is such
that they cannot be cut on the milling machine in the usual way.
An advantage of the rack cutting attachment over the vertical spindle
milling attachment for this purpose is that work of smaller diameter
can be accommodated, or a smaller cutter can be used.

The cutting is done on the top of the work, and oil may be led
to the cutter from the can shown.

Brown & Sharpe Mfg. Co.

Cutting Blade Grooves In Bodies of Inserted Tooth Cutters

Nine of these steel cutter bodies are placed together on an arbor
and clamped solidly by a nut at the end. The arbor is then driven
into the spiral head spindle and the foot-stock is put in place. To
give the proper rake to the front of the blades, the saddle is set so
that the cutter does not come directly over the spiral head and foot-
stock centres. As the number of grooves cut is 20, indexing can be
conveniently accomplished with any index plate.

A side milling cutter 5 inches in diameter and is" wide is used,
and the grooves are cut to a depth of I",

Brown & Sharpe Mfg. Co.

t Sharpe Mfg. Co,

Brown & Sharpe Mfg. Co. 175

CHAPTER IX

Milling Operations — Cam Gutting, Graduating,
and Miscellaneous Operations

Gam Cutting. Face, peripheral and cylindrical cams of all
ordinary sizes can be cut upon a milling machine, and a far
more satisfactory job can be obtained than is possible by drilling
around the outline on a cam blank, breaking it off and then milling
or filing to a line.

When it is required to cut several cams of the same outline at
frequent intervals, it is an advantage to add the cam cutting attach-
ment, illustrated and described in Chapter V, to the equipment of the
machine. The formers that are required to produce the different cams
can be preserved, and it is then only a matter of a few minutes* time
to set up the machine to cut any number of cams for which a former
is at hand.

Another method that is often followed, in cutting peripheral cams,
especially those for use on automatic screw machines, is that of using
the spiral head and a vertical spindle milling attachment. Illustra-
tions of this are shown on pages 185 and 186. The spiral head is geared
to the table feed screw, the same as in cutting ordinary spirals, and the
cam blank is fastened to the end of the index spindle. An end mill is
used in the vertical spindle milling attachment, which is set in each case
to mill the periphery of the cam at right angles to its sides, or, in other
words, the axes of the spiral head spindle and attachment spindle
must always be parallel to mill cams according to this method. The
cutting is done by the teeth on the periphery of the end mill. The
principle of this method is as follows: Suppose the spiral head is
elevated to 90°, or at exact right angles to the surface of the table
(See Fig. 68), and is geared for any given lead. It is then apparent
that, as the table advances and the blank is turned, the distance
between the axes of the index spindle and attachment spindle becomes
less. In other words, the cut becomes deeper and the radius of the
cam is shortened, producing a spiral lobe, the lead of which is the same
as that for which the machine is geared.

176

Brown & Sharpe Mfg. Co.

Fig. 68

Fig. 69

Brown & Sharpe Mfg. Co.

177

Fig. 70

Now, suppose the same gearing is retained and
the spiral head is set at zero, or parallel to the surface
of the table (See Fig. 69). It is apparent, also, that
the axes of the index spindle and attachment spindle
are parallel to one another. Therefore, as
the table advances, and the blank is
turned, the distance between the
axes of the index spindle and
attachment spindle remains the
same. As a result, the periph-
ery of the blank, if milled, is
concentric or the lead is 0.

If, then, the spiral head is
elevated to any angle between X |
zero and 90 (See Fig. 70), the
amount of lead given to the
cam will be between that for
which the machine is geared and 0. Hence it is clear that a
very large range of different leads can be obtained with one set of
change gears, and the problem of milling the lobes of a cam is reduced
to a question of finding the angle at which to set the head to obtain
any given lead.

In order to illustrate the method, of obtaining the correct angle,
drawings of two cams to be milled, and data connected with same,
are given in Figs. 71 and 72.

It is first necessary to know the lead of the lobes of a cam, that is,
the amount of rise of each lobe if continued the full circumference of
the cam. This can be obtained from the drawings as follows: For
cams where the face is divided into hundredths, as those shown:
multiply 100 by the rise of the lobe in inches and divide by the number
of hundredths of circumference occupied by the lobe. For cams that
are figured in degrees of circumference: multiply 360 by the rise of
the lobe in inches and divide by the number of degrees of circumference
occupied by the lobe. Taking Fig. 71 for example, we have a cam of
one lobe which extends through 91 hundredths of the circumference,

100 X .178'^

and has a rise .178*".

91

= .1956 lead of lobe, or .196'',

which is near enough for all practical purposes.

178

Brown & Sharpe Mfg. Co.

Fig. 71

As a .196" lead is much less than .67", which is the shortest lead*
regularly obtainable on the milling machine (See Table of Leads,
pages 227 to 245), the change gears that will give a lead of .67 " may be
used, and then the angle of the head can be adjusted so that a lead of
.196" will be obtained on the cam lobe with these change gears. The
rule for this is:

Divide the given lead of the cam lobe by a lead obtainable on
the machine, and the result is the sine of the angle at which to set
the head.

Continuing the calculation for the lobe of the cam in Fig. 71, we
therefore have: .196"

.67

= .29253

Hence, .29253 is the sine of the correct angle. Turning to the Table of
Sines and Cosines on pages 298 and 306, we find that .29253 is very near

• By the use of the short lead spiral attachment, illustrated and described in Chapter V, much
shorter leads than .61" are obtainable.

Brown & Sharpe Mfg. Co.

179

Fig. 72

.29265, which is the sine of an angle of 17° and 1'. As the spiral
head is not graduated closer than quarter degrees, it will be satisfactory
to elevate the head just a hair over 17°; then, with the gearing for a
lead of .67'^, a lead of .196*" will be obtained.

The minute errors between the actual lead .1956'' and .196'', and
in the sines and angles of this calculation can be safely ignored, as it
is not possible in practice to work very much closer than we have
outlined.

The portion of the periphery of the cam from 91 hundredths to
zero, represents a clearance of the cutting tool prior to the beginning
of the throw. It is usually milled to a line, or drilled, broken out,
and filed.

In Fig. 72, we have a cam with two lobes, one, A, having a rise
of 2.493" in 47 hundredths, and the other, B, having a rise of 2.443"
in 29 hundredths. On cams such as this, where ;it is necessary to
remove considerable stock, it is usually the practice to*first outline

180 Brown & Sharpe Mfg. Co.

the approximate shape of the lobes on the blank and drill and break
off the surplus stock.

Following the same method of figuring to find the lead of the

lobes on this cam, we have: -r^ = 5.304*" lead for lobe A,

100 V 2 ^^Y
and 29 " ^'^^^' ^^^^ ^""^ '^^^ ^•

Where there are two or more lobes on a cam, the machine is geared

for a lead slightly longer than the longest one required, which in this

case is 8.424"', then the other lobes are milled without changing the

gears. Referring to the Table of Leads, we find a lead of 8.437",

which is slightly larger than 8.424*'. This gearing is, therefore,

accepted, and it is required to find the sine of the angle at which to

set the head for lobe B.

8.424

^' ^^ = .99846 sine of angle at which to set head. Looking at

the Table of Sines and Cosines, .99846 is found to be the sine of an
angle of 86^ and 49'. The head is, therefore, set at a trifle over 86 J®.

When lobe B has been milled, the head is set for lobe A.

* ^^ = .62865 sine of an angle at which to set head. Referring

again to the Table of Sines and Cosines, we find that .62865 is very
near to .62864, which is the sine of an angle of 38** and 57'. The head
is, therefore, set slightly under 39° for this lobe.

The other portions of the periphery of this cam are formed up
either by filing to a line before the blank is put on the milling machine,
or by milling to the line after the lobes have been formed.

Whenever possible, the job should be set up so that the end mill
will cut on the lower side of the blank, as this brings the mill and table
nearer together and makes the job more rigid. It also prevents chips
from accumulating, and enables the operator to better see any lines
that may be laid out on the face of the cam.

When the lead is over 2 inches the automatic feed can be used,
but when the lead is less than 2 inches the job should be fed by
hand, with the index crank, as shown on page 185.

By the use of the calculations just given, we have compiled tables
on pages 246 to 297 that give a wide range of leads from to 20*" that
can be obtained with the spiral head in the manner described. These
tables will be found useful, as they give all data and settings without
the necessity of figuring.

Brown & Sharpe Mfg. Co.

181

Graduating* Another use to which the milling machine may be put
is that of graduating flat scales and verniers.* It is possible to obtain
very accurate results, and when required, odd fractional divisions
can be easily spaced.

This operation requires the use of the spiral head and a single
pointed graduating tool which is held stationary in a fly cutter arbor,
mounted directly in the spindle, or can be fastened to the spindle
of a vertical milling or rack cutting attachment. The scale to be

Fig. 73

graduated is clamped to the surface of the table parallel to the table
T slots. No power is required for the operation, as the lines are cut
by moving the table transversely under the point of the tool, and this
can be easily done by hand. The spiral head spindle is equal-geared
to the table feed screw as shown in Fig. 73, and indexing for the
divisions required is accomplished by means of the index plates,
the index crank being turned in the usual manner for each division.

It has already been explained that one turn of the index crank
moves the spiral head spindle tV of a revolution, and if equal
gearing is employed between this spindle and the table feed screw,
the feed screw will likewise make ?V of a complete revolution. The
lead of the feed screw being .25", it is apparent that one turn of the
index crank will advance the table an amount equal to .25" X A,
or .00625".

Suppose it is required to graduate a scale with lines .0218" apart.
Now, if one turn of the index crank moves the table a distance of

*A method of obtaining fine divisions on a circular plate is mentioned under Differential
Indexing in Chapter IV.

182 Brown & Sharpe Mfg. Co.

.00625", it will take more than one turn to move the table a distance

of .0218''. Hence,

.02180 ^ .00305

.00625 .00625

Taking the remainder, .00305 ", and referring to the tables on pages

316 to 318, we find that it is very near .0030488, which is the distance

the table will be moved by using the 41 hole circle in one of the index

plates furnished and indexing 20 holes. The error between the actual

remainder and the amount given in the table is so small that it can

be safely ignored.

Therefore, to graduate a scale with divisions .0218 of an inch
apart, an index plate having a 41 hole circle would be used and the
crank would have to make three complete turns and then be advanced
20 holes in the 41 hole circle for each division.

It should be remembered in graduating that care must be
exercised to prevent backlash between the index crank and table feed
screw. To this end, the crank should always be turned in the same
direction.

If required, the ratio of gearing between the spiral head spindle
and the table feed screw can be changed, but this complicates the
operation somewhat and should be resorted to only when it is impos-
sible to get accurate enough results with the method described. . Upon
referring to the tables on pages 316 to 318 and noting the extreme
fineness in divisions that it is possible to obtain, it is apparent that
there is little occasion to change the ratio of gearing.

Accurate graduating can also be done by using scales and verniers
such as illustrated and described in Chapter V.

Illustrations of cam cutting, and many miscellaneous milling
operations will be found on the following pages, and a careful study
of the cuts and descriptions may be of value to the reader.

i Shabpe Mfg. Co.

Cutting a Cylindrical Cam, Using Cam Cutting Attachment

For cutting a cylindrical cam, the head is bolted to the bed
parallel to the table and the cam blank is supported on an arbor
mounted on the attachment centres and dogged to the spindle. The
table is raised to a point that brings the attachment centres at the
same height as the axis of the spindle.

A spiral end mill is used for this operation and the necessary
movement to feed the work is obtained from the attachment, the
table remaining clamped in one position.

This view of the attachment shows very clearly the former on
the outer end of the head.

Brown & Sharpe Mfg. Co.

Cutting a Face Cam, Usintf th« Cam Cutting Attachment
In this operation the head of the attachment is bolted to the bed
at right angles to the table and the cam blank is fastened to the
attachment spindle by means of a bolt. A peripheral cam would be
milled in the same manner. The necessary rotative movement is
obtained by hand feed, and the longitudinal movement to give the
proper lead and shape to the cam is produced by the cam former and
the mechanism of the attachment, as described in Chapter V.

A spiral end mill is used. The machine table remains clamped
in one position.

Brown & Sharpe Mfg, Co.

Milling a Cam, Usintf Spiral Head and Vertical
Spindle Attachment

The cam blank is mounted on an expansion arbor inserted in the
taper hole of the spiral head spindle.

Suitable change gears are selected to give the approximate lead
and the spiral head is elevated to obtain the exact lead ; the vertical
attachment is then set to bring the end mill parallel with the axis
of the cam. Where such short leads as this are being milled, there
is great stress brought upon the spiral head gearing in attempting to
use the automatic feed. For this reason the extended crank is
fastened over the regular index crank and the job is fed by hand.

Milling Screw Machine Cam, Showing Use of Extension
for Spiral Head

This shows the milling of a cam of long leads where the blank
must be cut well tip to the axis in one place. It is impossible to bring
the spiral head spindle and the vertical attachment spindle near enough
together to accomplish this deep cut when the spiral head is located
in its usual position at the end of the table. The extension for the
spiral head is designed to overcome this difficulty, and by using it the
spiral head is located some distance in froni the end of the table.

The cam in this case has three lobes, each having a different
lead. Change gears to mill the longest lead are selected and then
the angles of elevation of the head and attachment are changed to
obtain the shorter leads while using the same change gears.

I Shabpe Mfg. Co.

Milling Slot in Bushing, Using High Speed Milling Attachment

This operation furnishes a good illustration of the use of the high
speed milling attachment. The end mill is only §" in diameter, and
where such small mills are used, it is necessary to run them at much
higher speeds than are ordinarily obtainable on the machine, other-
wise the finest feeds, either by power or hand, present material to
the cutter faster than the teeth can remove it, and as a result, there
is constant danger of breaking the mill. With the high speed attach-
ment, the machine spindle speeds are multiplied so that suitable
speeds to combine with the available feeds are obtainable.

The bushing being slotted is fastened in the vise at a proper
height to bring the slot central.

Brown & Shabpe Mfg. Co.

MlUing Bearing Surfaces and Splitting Ring
This operation presents an example of light gang milling on
work of an interesting character. The ring is required to have two
flat bearing surfaces, one at each side of the projection on the top,
and to be split midway between these bearings. AH three operations
are performed simultaneously by the method shown.

The ring is fastened to a knee by means of a nut and large washer
in the centre, and clamps at each side prevent the piece from opening
when cut through. When these pieces are milled in quantities a
fixture is employed to hold them.

Two side milling cutters and a slitting saw comprise the gang.

Bkown & Sharps Mfg. Co.

Milling Bolt Heads

The illustration above shows a method of milling the heads of
square and hexagonal bolts, using a chuck on the spiral head spindle
for clamping the work. It also furnishes a good example of the use
of a pair of side milling cutters as "straddle mills." Two sides are
finished at a cut, therefore completing a square bolt head with two
cuts and a hexagonal one with three cuts.

In indexing the work, the worm of the spiral head is thrown out
of mesh and the divisions are obtained from the rapid index plate on
the spindle nose.

As the material is of wrought iron, oil is used in cutting.

Milling Angle on Block, Using Universal Milling Attachment

This operation is given chiefly to illustrate a use of the Universal
Milling Attachment. This attachment may be set in a vertical,
horizontal, or angular position without removing any part of it from
the machine. Thus the opposite side of the piece of work shown can
be milled without removing it from the vise. The table is simply
moved to the left and the head of the attachment is swung to the
required angle on the opposite side of the vertical.

In this manner both sides are milled so that they are exactly
parallel to one another.

■J & Sharpb Mf(

MlUinC Angular Gib, Using Compound Vertical Spindle
Milling Attachment

Angular cutters are not always at hand that will produce the
proper angle on angular strips, gibs, etc., and when this is the case,
the value of a Compound Vertical Spindle Milling Attachment can be
appreciated. This attachment can be swung to mill a wide variety
of different angles, using an ordinary end mill. It can be used to mill
an angle on a long gib, similar to that shown above, or the head can
be removed, turned quarter way around and put back in place, and
used to mill an angle on a piece where, for some reason, it is advan-
tageous to feed the table transversely.

Brown & Sharpe Mfg. Co.

MUllng autch Teeth

This operation is very similar in the way it is set up to the one of
Milling Bolts previously described. The character of the cut, however,
is lighter and the arbor is supported at the outer end on a centre,
whereas in the other operation, the end of the arbor runs in the miter
bearing. A cutter of special form is used, and one tooth is finished
at each cut, the cut beginning at the outside of blank and finishing
in the centre.

Indexing in this case is accomplished with the regular index
plates and crank as the number of teeth required cannot be indexed
with the plate on the spindle nose.

Brown & Srarpe Mfg. Co.

Milling End Teeth in End Mill

When it is required to mill end teeth in an end mill, it may be
done as shown in the illustration above.

The mill is held by its shank in a collet that is inserted in the
spiral head spindle. The spiral head is adjusted to an angle to give
the correct form to the teeth.

An angular cutter is used and the table is fed longitudinally.
Indexing is accomplished with the index plates and crank in the usual
way.

Oil is used, as the material of the end mill is tool steel.

Brown & Sharpe Mfg. Co

Milling Squares for Wrench on Reamer Shank
A reamer of the type illustrated is necessarily rather long and
cannot be accommodated on centres as a shorter piece would be. It
is, therefore, passed through the hole in the spiral head spindle and is
clamped in the chuck, while the wrench end Is supported by the foot-
stock centre.

An end mill is used and the work is fed vertically. To prevent
longitudinal movement of table, the small clamping lever shown on
the front of the saddle is set up. Where there are many pieces to be
done, a more permanent method of fixing the table is by means of
stops that fasten on to the V bearing at the bottom of the table and
come against the side of the saddle.

Brown & Sharpe Mk

Milling Tenon on Collet

A taper plug having a centre hole at the large end is driven into
the hole in the collet, which is then mounted oa the spiral head centres.
A dog on the taper plug locks the collet to the spiral head spindle.

An end mill is used and the cutting is done with the teeth on the
periphery. The rapid index plate is used to index the work and the
table is fed longitudinally.

The table feed trip dog is set to insure milling both sides to the
same length.

If a quantity of this work is to be done, formed straddle mills
would be employed with an entirely different arrangement.

Brown & Shakpe Mfg. Co.

Milling Flutes In Taper Reamer

There are times when a shop requires a reamer of special size that
cannot be procured readily, and in such cases one can be turned up
and the flutes cut in the manner shown above. The spiral head is
set at the angle of taper and the foot-stock centre is adjusted to
correspond with it. The reamer blank is then mounted on the centres
and dogged to the spiral head spindle.

A stock cutter, known as a reamer fluting cutter, is used and the
table is fed longitudinally.

The procedure is the same for milling a straight reamer, except
that the spiral head and foot-stock are set at zero.

Brown & Sharfe Mfg. Co.

Gutting a Spiral with End Mill

When a spiral slot with parallel sides is required an end mill
should 136 employed and the job set up as shown above.

The spiral head centres are brought to a level with the centre
of the machine spindle.

The table is at right angles to the spindle and the angle of the
spiral is obtained by the combination of change gears used.

Either right or left-hand spirals can be cut in this way by
simply leaving out or interposing an intermediate gear in the train
of change gears.

Bbown & Shabpe Mfg. Co.

Cutting Slots In Screw Machine Tool, Using Slotting Attachment

The screw machine tool is held by its shank in a vise, and the
slotting attachment is set at an angle so as to give the proper
clearance to the cutter that is intended for use in the slot. A hole is
drilled for starting the slot.

In slotting work, all necessary movements of the table are made
by the hand feed.

The swivel vise is very useful in connection with the slotting
attachment, for the work can be swung to any angle or indexed, if it
is desired to make a special shaped slot.

Bhowh & Shabpi

Slotting Square Hole In Extension Wrench

In this operation the piece of work is too long to be set in a vertical
position; it is, therefore, passed through the spiral head spindle and is
clamped in the chuck. The slotting attachment head is then set so
that the tool moves in a path parallel to the top of the table.

The ability to swing the head from a vertical to a horizontal
position is one of the features of the B. & S. attachment.

The piece of work is indexed by means of the rapid index plate.
All necessary movements of the table are made by hand.

Brown & Sharpe Mfg. Co.

MUling nutes of Twist DHII

This operation is very similar to that of cutting a spiral gear.
The drill blank is mounted on the spiral head centres and fastened to
the spindle with a dog. The spiral head is geared for the required
lead and the necessary angle is obtained by swinging the swivel table.

As the character of the cut is heavy, the arm braces are employed
to give additional rigidity to the arbor. A stock cutter of special
form, known as a twist drill cutter, is employed and oil is used in
cutting.

More complete information on this subject can be found in
Chapter IV.

Brown & Sharfe Mfc. Co.

Sawing Flat Stock

When it is necessary to saw a piece of flat stock, it may be strapped
directly to the table in a position so that the line where it is to be cut
comes over a slot.

A metal slitting saw is used to split the piece and the table is fed
in the same direction to that in which the saw revolves. This prevents
the tendency to raise the work from the table and wedge the cutter;
also for the cut to run out of a straight line. In feeding the table in
this manner, every precaution should be taken to eliminate backlash
from the feed screw.

Milling Semi-Circle in Top of Spiral Head Base

The casting is clamped directly to the table, as clearly shown in
the illustration, and the knee is raised so that the top of the piece is in
a line with the axis of the cutter.

A shell end mill is used and the table is fed transversely, bringing
all the cutting upon the end teeth of the mill.

When a mill is used in this manner, it is well to grind the teeth
on the periphery a little smaller at the back end, as this has a tendency
to prevent chattering.

Brown & Sharpe Mfg. Co.

Boring Holes in Jig

The use of a scale and vernier in connection with a boring bar is
shown in this operation boring holes where accurate spacing is required.
Finer adjustments can be obtained in this way than are possible using
the dial on the longitudinal hand feed screw.

The work is strapped to the table, and the boring bar, which is
in reality a kind of fly tool, is held in a collet inserted in the spindle.
Scales and verniers can also be furnished for the transverse and
vertical movements of Brown & Sharpe milling machines.

Brown & Sharfe Mfg. Co.

Milling Curved and Flat Surfaces at one Setting of Work, Using
Vertical Spindle and Circular Milling Attachments

A combination of a vertical spindle and circular milling attach-
ment is shown in this operation. With these two attachments,
practically the same variety of work can be done as on a vertical
spindle milling machine of equal capacity.

The job being done consists of milling a flat surface on the top
of a piece and a curved surface at the end of it. The piece is set over
a bushing inserted in the centre of the circular milling attachment
table. The work is fed in a circular path by means of the hand-wheel,
and when the flat cut is finished, the machine table is raised for
milling the curved surface, but the work is not disturbed.

With a vertical spindle milling machine, only the circular millii^;
attachment is needed.

Bkown & Sharfe Mfg. Co.

Planing on a Milling Machine

This illustration shows a comparatively unusual operation on the
milling machine. Planing can be done on any milling machine by
clamping the spindle and moving the table by hand ; but on our con-
stant speed drive machines, the spindle can be clamped and the
power feeds for longitudinal movement of table are still available.

The special device for clamping the spindle consists of a split ring
that screws on the threaded nose of the spindle, over which a bracket
is clamped to the column. A bevel sleeve contained in the bracket
closes the split ring on the spindle when the three bolts are tightened.

A fly tool is used, and If power feed is utilized, the table is usually
fed at its fastest feed. The work is fed upward or transversely by means
of the vertical or transverse hand feeds — often both are employed.

Brown & Sharpe Mf<:

Drilling Holes In Bushintf

A method of drilling holes in round pieces of work where they
are required to be exactly spaced is shown in this operation.

The bushing is held in ihe spiral head chuck and is indexed in
the regular way, or with the rapid index plate, if the number of holes
required can be obtained by the latter.

An ordinary twist drill, held in a spring chuck, is employed and
the table is usually fed by hand. A collet can be employed for a drill
having a taper shank.

TABLES

Brown & Sharpe Mfg. Co.

INDEX TABLE 2 to

50

Plain & Differential Indexing

il

li

!!

i
1

°S

li

l!

i

II

li

i

ft

if

1

1

2

Any

10

13

39

3 4

H

26

39

■«

106

40

Any

1

3

39

•3-i

6s

H

49

•H

,69

i7

27

■S

9S

4t

41

s

3*

33

•1»

65

21

= i!

170

28

49

■«

83

4a

21

«

9'

i8

■3S

6S

15

39

■«

13s

21

■*

8S

43

43

«

13-

4

Any

10

33

"«

132

*9

29

■«

75

44

33

«

17*

5

Any

8

18

■S

>32

30

39

■ a

«S

45

27

»

21*

6

39

««

132

i6

20

'6

98

33

■M

>5

18

■^

21 •

33

'H

13a

17

'7

= *

69

18

■s

6S

46

23

s

172

i8

<ia

13*

18

27

'«

43

3'

3"

' n

36

47

47

i5

168

7

49

s«

140

18

*is

43

32

20

'A

48

48

18

s

»6S

21

sa

14Z

19

'9

^ -ij

19

33

33

■*

41

49

49

s

161

8

Any

5

20

Any

s

34

'7

■A

33

5°

2a

t

158

9

27

4»

88

21

21

.»

18*

35

49

'A

a6

18

4*

87

12

33

'g

161

21

■J

z8

TAB

C IHDIOATI
Ha FOR ARMS
SECTOR WHEN

"A," EKOEPT
ES MAHKED •

lO

Any

4

23

83

■ s

147

36

27

.*

"

MOV

"

33

3 8

126

«4

39

.«

'3J

18

■li

21

"

39

3§

65

33

■g

13*

37

37

■*

'5

OAB

33

3«

65

18

'H

132

38

19

■li

9

CW

18

ill

6S

'5

'°.

i^

118

39

39

Ikl

3

J!J

Brown & Sharpe Mfg. Co.

209

INDEX TABLE 51

to 92.

NUMBER OF
DIVISIONS

INDEX
OIROLE

No. OF TURNS
OF INDEX

z

§

i

a

1

NO.I HOLE

GEAR ON
SPINDLE

IDLERS

NUNIBER OF
DIVISIONS

INDEX
OIROLE

NO. OF TURNS
OF INDEX

z

<

§
i

a

Oz

NO.I HOLE

ZIU

IDLERS

1ST GEAR
ON STUD -

2nd gear
ON STUD

NO. 1
HOLE

IS

1ST GEAR
ON STUD

2 NO GEAR
ON STUD

NO. 1
HOLE

NO. ^

HOLE

5^

17

14
17

33*

24

48

24

44

69

20

12

20

118

40

56

24

44

52

39

^

152

70

49

28
49

112

53

49

^

140

56

40

24

72

21

12
21

"3

21

4f

14^

56

40

24

72

71

27

^

110

72

40

24

54

27

20

37

147

18

10

IS

109

72

40

24

55

33

H

144

72

27

£5

1 10

56

49

la

140

18

10
15

109

21

£5
21

142

73

49

28
49

112

28

48

24

44

57

49

35

49

140

56

40

24

44

21

12
21

Ji3

28

48

24

44

21

"5
21

142

56

40

24

44

74

37

ao

37

107

58

29

20
59

136

75

15

8

105

59

V

39

26
39

132

48

32

44

76

19

10

■19

103

33

22
33

132

48

32

44

77

20

10

20

98

32

48

44

18

ii

132

48

32

44

78

39

20
39

101

60

39

26
39

132

79

20

10

■35

98

48

24

44

33

22
■33

132

80

20

10

98

18

12

15

132

81

20

10
20

98

48

24

24

44

61

39

26

39

132

48

32

24

44

82

41

20
41

96.

33

22
33

132

48

32

24

44

83

26

10

20

98

3^

48

24

44

18

ii

132

48

32

24

44

84

21

10

21

94

62

31

!?

127

85

17

^

92

63

39

26
39

132

24

48

24

44

86

43

20

43

9L

33

22
33

132

24

48

24

44

87

IS

7
15

92

40

24

24

44

18

12

18

132

24

48

24

44

88

33

33

89

64

16

i

^23

89

27

12
27

88

72

32

44

65

39

39

121

18

.^

87

72

32

44

66

33

20
33

120

90

27

12
27

88

»

67

49

28
49

IT2

28

48

44

18

8
78

87

21

12
21

"3

28

48

44

91

39

18

91

24

48

24

44

68

17

10

f7

116

92

23

H

86

I

210

Brown & Siiarpe Mfg. Co.

INDEX TABLE 93 to 125.

NUMBER OF
DIVISIONS

INDEX
OIROLE

NO. OF TURNS
OF INDEX

Z

i

<

K

z

<2

Oz

NO.l HOLE

GEAR ON
SPINDLE

IDLERS

NUMBER OF
DIVISIONS

INDEX
OIROLE

No OF TURNS
OF INDEX

Z

<

a'

NO.I HOLE

GEAR ON
GPINDLE

1 IDLERS 1

18T GEAR
ON STUD

2ND GEAR
ON STUD

NO. 1
HOLE

No. 2
HOLE

I8T GEAR
ON STUD

2NO GEAR
ON STUD

No. 1
HOLE

«3
IS

93

27

12
27

88

24

32

24

44

114

39

13

39

65

24

48

44

18

h

87

24

32

24

44

33

II
33

65

24

48

44

94

47

20
47

83

18

6
18

65

24

48

44

95

19

8
f5

82

"5

23

8

68

.

96

49

21
49

83

28

32

24

44

116

29

10

29

68

21

9
21

8S

28

32

24

44

117

39

13

39

65

24

24

56

97

20

8

78

40

48

44

33

II
33

65

24

24

56

q8

49

20
49

79

18

6
18

65

24

24

56

99

20

8
20

78

56

28

40

32

118

39

'3

39

65

48

32

44

100

20

8
20

78

33

II
33

65

48

32

44

lOI

20

8
ao

78

72

24

40

48

24

18

6
18

65

48

32

44

102

20

8
20

78

40

32

24

44

119

39

13

39

65

72

24

44

103

20

8
ao

78

40

48

24

44

33

II
33

65

72

24

44

104

39

11
39

75

18

6
£8

65

72

24

44

105

21

8
21

75

120

39

13
39

65

106

43

16
43

73

86

24

24

48

33

II
33

65

107

20

20

78

40

56

32

64

24

18

^

65

44

108

27

10
37

73

121

39

13
39

65

72

24

24

109

16

16

73

32

28

24

44

33

II

33

65

72

24

24

44

1 10

33

12

33

71

18

h

65

72

24

24

44

III

39

*3

39

65

24

72

32

122

39

>3

39

65

48

32

24

44

33

II
33

65

24

72

32

33

11
33

65

48

32

24

44

18

6
IB

65

24

72

32

18

^

65

48

32

24

44

112

39

13
39

65

24

64

44

^23

39

19

65

24

24

24

44

33

II

33

65

24

64

44

33

II
33

65

24

24

24

44

18

6

78

65

24

64

44

18

6
18

65

24

24

24

44

"3

39

13

39

65

24

56

44

124

31

10
31

63

33

.11
33

65

24

56

44

125

39

13

39

6S

24

40

24

44

18

h

65

24

56

44

33

II
33

65

24

40

24

44

18

^

65

24

40

24

44

■

Brown & Sharpe Mfg. Co.

211

INDEX TABLE 1 26 to 168.

NUMBER OF
DIVISIONS

INDEX
CIRCLE

NO. OF TURNS
OF INDEX

z

i

QEAR
ON WORM

NO.I HOLE

GEAR ON
SPINDLE

IDLERS

NUMBER OF
DIVISIONS

INDEX
CIRCLE

No. OF TURNS
OF INDEX

Z

<

i

<
K

GEAR
ON WORM

NO.I HOLE

QEAR ON
SPINDLE

IDLERS 1

IST QEAR
ON STUD

2ND QEAR
ON STUD

No. 1
HOLE

No. 2
HOLE

I8T QEAR
ON STUD

2NO GEAR
ON STUD

NO. 1
HOLE

No. 2
HOLE

126

39

13
39

65

24

48

24

44

143

49

14

49

55

28

24

24

44

33

33

6s

24

48

24

44

21

^

56

28

24

24

44

18

6

IS

65

24

48

24

44

144

18

h

54

'

127

39

13

39

65

24

56

24

44

145

29

i

54

33

i»
33

65

24

56

24

44

146

49

49

55

28

48

24

44

18

6

65

24

56

24

44

21

6
21

56

28

48

24

44

128

16

^

61

147

49

£4
49

55

24

48

24

44

129

39

11

65

24

72

24

44

21

h

56

24

48

24

44

33

XI

33

65

24

72

24

44

148

37

12
37

53

18

6
IB

6S

24

72

24

44

149

49

11

49

55

28

72

24

44

130

39

12

39

60

21

_6
21

56

28

72

24

44

131

20

6
ao

58

40

28

44

150

15

4
IS

52

132

33

10
33

59

151

20

±
20

48

32

72

44

133

49

49

55

24

48

44

152

19

19

51

21

6
21

56

24

48

44

153

20

J.
20

48

32

56

44

134

49

14
49

55

28

48

44

154

20

1
ao

48

32

48

44

21

^

56

28

48

44

155

31

8
31

50

135

27

27

58

156

39

10
39

50

136

17

4

57

157

20

5

ao

48

3*

24

56

137

49

49

55

28

24

56

158

20

h

48

48

24

44

21

6

21

56

28

24

56

159

20

I

48

64

32

56

28

I3S

49

49

55

56

32

44

t6o

20

J.
20

48

21

Jl

21

56

56

32

44

i6i

20

20

48

64

32

56

28

24

139

49

LI
49

55

56

32

48

24

162

20

1-
20

48

48

24

24

44

21

^

56

56

32

48

24

•63

20

5

20

48

32

24

24

44

140

49

14

49

55

164

41

10
41

47

21

6
21

56

165

33

8
33

47

141

18

^

54

48

40

44

166

20

A.
ao

48

32

48

24

44

142

49

14
49

55

56

32

24

44

167

20

^

48

32

56

24

44

21

^

56

56

32

24

44

168

21

5

2X

47

9

212

Brown & Sharpe Mfg. Co.

INDEX Ti

^BL

E 1 j69 to 2

:14.

NUMBER OF
DIVISIONS

INDEX
OIROLE

NO. OF TURNS
OF INDEX

z

p
<

<

s

z

Oz

NO.I HOLE

GEAR ON
SPINDLY

IDLERS 1

NUMBER OF
DIVISIONS

INDEX
OIROLE

NO. OF TURNS
OF INDEX

z

P
<

i

<

S

lli^

Oz

NO.I HOLE

GEAR ON
SPINDLE

IDLERS

I8T GEAR
ON STUD

2ND GEAR
ON STUD

NO. 1
HOLE

NO. 2
HOLE

I8T GEAR
ON STUD

2ND GEAR
ON STUD

NO. 1
HOLE

NO. S

HOLE

169

20

4

48

32

72

24

44

187

27

A
27

43

72

48

24

56

24

170

17

4
17

45

18

4
18

43

72

48

24

56

24

171

21

21

47

56

40

24

44

188

47

10

47

40

172

43

10

43

44

189

27

6
27

43

32

64

24

44

^73

27

h

43

72

56

32

64

18

f8

43

32

64

24

44

18

4

IS

43

72

56

32

64

190

19

4
»9

40

■I-74

27

*

43

24

32

56

191

20

4
20

38

40

72

24

1 T

18

^

43

24

32

56

192

20

4
20

38

40

64

44

175

27

*

43

72

40

32

64

193

20

4
20

38

40

56

44

18

4

IB

43

72

40

32

64

194

20

4
20

38

40

48

44

176

27

27

43

72

24

24

64

195

39

8
39

39

18

^

43

72

24

24

64

196

49

10
49

38

^77

27

^

43

72

48

24

197

20

ao

38

40

24

56

18

4
IS

43

72.

48

24

198

20

4

38

56

28

40

32

178

27

27

43

72

32

44

199

20

±
20

38

100

40

64

32

18

fs

43

72

32

44

200

20

±
20

38

179

27

A
27

43

72

24

48

32

201

20

4
20

38

72

24

40

24

24

18

^8

43

72

24

48

32

202

20

4
20

38

72

24

40

48

24

180

27

27

43

203

20

4
20

38

40

24

24

44

18

4
18

43

204

20

4
So

38

40

32

24

44

181

27

h

43

72

24

48

32

24

205

41

8
41

37

18

4
18

43

72

24

48

32

24

206

20

±
20

38

40

48

24

44

182

27

27

43

72

32

24

44

207

20

4
20

38

40

56

24

44

18

i^

43

72

32

24

44

208

20

4
20

38

40

64

24

44

^83

27

^

43

48

32

24

44

209

20

±
20

38

40

72

24

44

18

4

x8

43

48

32

24

44

210

21

4
21

37

184

23

i.
23

42

211

16

3
16

36

64

28

44

185

37

f7

42

212

43

43

35

86

24

24

48

186

27

6.
27

43

48

64

24

44

213

27

27

36

72

40

44

18

4
i8

43

48

64

24

44

214

20

±

20

38

40

56

32

64

24

Brown & Sharpe Mfg. Co.

213

INDEX TABLE 215 to 270.

NUMBER OF
DIVISIONS

INDEX
CIRCLE

No. OF TURNS
OF INDEX

z

<

i

<

a

GEAR
ON WORM

No.rHOLE

IDLERS

NUMBER OF
DIVISIONS

INDEX
CIRCLE

No. OF TURNS
OF INDEX

z

P
<

i

<
K

GEAR
ON WORM

NO.I HOLE

OEAR ON
SPINDLE

IDLERS 1

I8T GEAR
ON STUD

2nd OEAR
ON STUD

NO. 1
HOLE

No. 2
HOLE

I8T GEAR
ON STUD

2ND GEAR
ON STUD

NO> 1
HOLE

No. 2
HOLE

215

43

43

35

•

245

49

1
49

30

2l6

27

27

36

246

18

1
18

32

24

24

24

44

217

21

A
21

37

48

64

24

44

247

18

J
18

32

48

56

24

44

218

16

i

36

64

56

24

44

248

31

^

31

219

21

4
21

37

28

48

24

44

249

18

3
18

32

32

48

24

44

220

33

33

35

250

18

A

18

32

24

40

24

44

221

17

3
»7

33

24

24

56

251

18

fs

32

48

44

32

64

24

222

18

18

32

24

72

44

252

18

^8

32

24

48

24

44

223

43

8
43

35

86

48

24

64

24

253

33

J.

33

29

24

40

56

224

18

J.
18

32

24

■

64

44

254

18

^

32

24

56

24

44

225

27

27

36

24

40

24

44

255

18

3
15

32

48

40

24

72

24

226

18

.i

32

24

56

44

256

18

A
x8

32

24

64

24

44

227

49

8
45

30

56

64

28

72

257

49

8
49

30

56

48

28

64

24

228

18

A

32

24

48

44

258

43

43

31

32

64

24

44

229

18

h

32

24

■

44

48

259

49

1
49

26

24

72

44

230

23

A
23

34

21

3
21

28

24

72

44

231

18

J.
18

32

32

48

44

260

39

39

29

232

29

5
29

33

261

29

A
29

26

48

64

24

72

^33

18

h

32

48

56

44

262

20

J.
20

28

40

28

44

234

18

4

32

24

24

S6

263

49

8
49

30

56

64

28

72

24

235

47

47

32

264

33

5

33

29

«

236

18

18

32

48

32

44

265

49

1
49

26

56

40

24

72

237

t8

^s

32

48

24

44

21

A
21

28

56

40

24

72

238

18

i

32

72

24

44

266

49

J.
49

26

32

64

44

239

18

A.
18

32

72

24

64

32

21

A

21

28

32

64

44

240

18

A
18

32

267

27

4
27

28

72

32

44

241

18

A
18

32

72

24

64

32

24

268

49

J.
49

26

28

48

44

242

18

.i

32

72

24

24

44

21

3
21

28

28

48

44

243

18

d

32

64

32

24

44

269

20

3

20

28

64

32

40

28

\

24

244

18

^

32

48

32

24

44

270

27

A
27

28

214

Brown & Sharpe Mfg. Co.

INDEX TABLE 271

to 310

NUMBER OF
DIVISIONS

INDEX
CIRCLE

No. OF TURNS
OF. INDEX -

z

h
<

<

s

1!

NO.I HOLE

GEAR ON
SPINDLE

IDLERS

NUMBER OF
DIVISIONS

INDEX
CIRCLE

NO. OF TURNS
OF INDEX

Z

<

i

<

s

Oz

NO.I HOLE

V ki

1 IDLERS

■

1ST QEAR
ON STUD

2nd QEAR
ON STUD

NO. 8
HOLE

1ST QEAR
ON STUD

2NOOEAR
ON STUD

QEAR 01
8PINDLI

HOLE

NO 8

HOLE

271

49

L
49

26

56

72

24

287

49

L

49.

26

24

24

24

44

21

3
2i

28

S6

-

72

24

21

3
31

28

24

24

24

44

272

49

49

26

S6

64

24

288

49

49

26

28

32

24

44

21

21

28

S6

64

24

21

1.
21

28

28

32

24

44

273

49

1

49

26

24

24

56

289

49

h

26

56

24

24

72

24

21

J.

21

28

24

24

56

21

J.
21

28

56

24

24

72

24

274

49

49

26

56

48

44

290

29

4.

39

26

21

J.
21

28

56

48

44

291

15

2

Is

25

40

48

44

275

49

49

26

56

40

44

292

49

49

26

28

48

24

44

21

21

28

56

40

44

21

J.

21

28

28

48

24

44

^76

49

49

26

S6

32

44

293

15

2

»s

25

48

32

40

56

21

21

28

56

32

44

294

49

49

26

24

48

24

44

277

49

49

26

56

24

44

21

3
21

28

24

48

24

44

21

3

21

28

56

24

44

295

15

2
rs

25

48

32

44

278

49

49

26

56

32

48

24

296

Z1

J.
37

26

2L

3
21

28

56

32

48

24

297

33

33

23

28

48

24

56

279

27

i
27

28

34

32

24

44

298

49

49

26

28

7^

24

44

280

49

i

26

21

_3
21

28

28

72

24

44

21

J.
21

28

299

23

J.
23

25

24

24

56

281

49

49

26

72

24

56

24

24

300

15

2
15

25

21

21

28

72

24

56

24

24

30*

43

43

26

24

48

24

44

282

43

43

26

86

24

24

56

302

16

Jlr

24

32

72

24

283

49

49

26

S6

24

24

44

303

15

2
15

25

72

24

40

48

24

21

2t

28

S6

24

24

44

304

16

tl

24

24

48

44

2S4

49

49

26

S6

32

24

44

305

15

ft

25

48

32

24

44

21

21

28

56

32

24

44

306

15

2

«5

25

40

32

24

44

2«5

49

.^

26

56

40

24

44

307

15

15

25

72

48

40

56

24

21

J.

21

28

56

40

^4

44

308

16

2
I6

24

32

48

44

286

49

JL
49

26

S6

48

24

44

309

»S

2.
15

25

40

48

24

44

21

3
21

28

56

48

24

44

310

31

4
31

24

Brown & Sharpe Mfg. Co.

215

INDEX" TABLE 31 1 to BBS

NUMBER OF
DIVISIONS

INDEX
CIRCLE

NO. OF TURNS
OF INDEX

<

s

NO.I HOLE

GEAR ON
SPINDLE

IDLERS

NUMBER OF
DIVISIONS

INDEX
CIRCLE

NO. OF TURNS
OF INDEX

z

GEAR
ON WORM

NO.I HOLE

QEAR ON
SPINDLE

IDLERS

I8T GEAR
ON STUD

2ND OEAR
ON STUD

NO. 1
HOLE

NO 2
HOLE

1ST GEAR
ON STUD

2ND GEAR
ON STUD

NO. 1
HOLE

NO. 2
HOLE

3"

16

^

24

64

24

24

72

339

27

J.
27

21

24

56

44

312

39

5

39

24

18

18

21

24

56

44

313

16

2
i6

24

32

•

28

56

340

17

2
17

22

3M

16

16

24

32

24

56

341

43

43

21

86

24

32

40

315

16

2
16

24

64

40

24

342

27

3
27

21

32

64

44

316

16

2
16

24

64

32

44

18

18

21

32

/

64

44

317

16

2.
16

24

64

24

44

343

15

2
-5

25

40

64

24

86

24

318

16

16

24

56

28

48

24

344

43

43

21

319

29

2Q

26

48

64

24

72

24

345

27

J.
27

21

24

40

56

320

16

2
16

24

18

2
18

21

24

40

56

321

16

2

x6

24

72

24

64

24

24

346

27

3
27

21

72

56

32

64

322

23

J.
23

25

32

64

24

44

18

^

21

72

56

32

64

323

16

2
16

24

64

24

24

44

347

43

43

21

86

24

32

40

24

324

16

16

24

64

32

24

44

348

27

-3
27

21

24

3^

56

325

16

2
16

24

64

40

24

44

18

&

21

24

32

56

326

16

r6

24

32

24

24

44

349

27

J.
27

21

72

44

24

48

327

16

16

24

32

28

24

44

18

18

21

72

44

24

48

328

41

4i

23

350

27

27

21

72

40

32

64

329

16

^

24

64

24

24

72

24

18

2

78

21

72

40

32

64

330

33

4
33

23

351

27

3
27

21

24

24

56

331

16

2
16

24

64

44

24

48

24

18

2

21

24

24

56

332

16

2
x6

24

32

48

24

44

352

27

3
27

21

72

24

24

64

333

27

4

21

24

72

44

18

18

21

72

24

24

64

18

2
18

21

24

72

44

353

27

3
27

21

72

24

24

56

334

16

2

24

32

56

24

44

18

2
18

21

72

24

24

56

335

33

4
33

23

72

48

44

40

24

354

27

3.
27

21

72

48

24

33^

16

16

24

32

64

24

44

18

JL

18

21

72

48

24

337

43

43

21

86

40

32

56

355

27

3_
27

21

72

40

24

33^

16

■ik

24

32

72

24

44

18

2
78

21

72

40

24

>,

216

Brown & Sharpe Mfg. Co.

INDEX TABLE 356 TO 382

(NUMBER OF 1
DIVISIONS 1

1 INDEX 1
CIRCLE 1

NO. OF TURNS
OF INDEX

<

IC

QEAR 1
ON WORM 1

NO.I HOLE

QEAR ON 1
SPINDLE 1

1 IDLERS

NUMBER OF
DIVISIONS

INDEX 1
OIROLE 1

NO. OF TURNS 1
OF INDEX 1

z
S

i

QEAR
ON WORM

NO.I HOLE

QEAR ON
8PIN0LB

IDLERS

I8T QEAR
ON STUD

2ND QEAR
ON STUD

NO. 1
HOLE

NO. 2
HOLE

I8T QEAR
ON STUD

2NOQEAR

ON STUD

.M MM

i

356

27

i

21

72

32

24

374

27

27

21

72

56

32

64

24

18

h

21

72

32

24

18

2
18

21

72

56

32

64

24 1

357

27

3
27

21

72

24

44

375

27

J.
27

21

24

40

24 44'

18

2
78

21

72

24

44

18

A

21

24

40

24 44|

358

27

3
27

21

72

32

48

24

376

47

^

19

1

18

h

21

72

32

48

24

377

29

k

19

24

24

56

359

43

A.
43

21

86

48

32

ICO

24

378

27

h

21

32

64

24 44

360

27

1
27

21

18

2
£S

21

32

64

24 44

18

^

21

379

20

2
20

18

48

56

40

72

361
362

19

'9

19

32

64

44

380

19

2
19

19

27

h

21

72

28

56

32

24

381

27

4

21

24

56

24 44

18

2
78

21

72

28

56

32

24

18

2
IB

21

24

56

24 44

3^3

27

27

21

72

24

24

44

382

20

2
20

18

40

7^

"^ ,

i8

2
78

21

72

24

24

44

•

364

27

3
27

21

72

32

24

44

18

h

21

72

32

24

44

365

20

2
20

18

32

48

24

56

366

27

3
27

21

48

32

24

44

18

h

21

48

32

24

44

3^7

27

h

21

72

24

24

56

24

18

f.

21

72

24

24

5?

24

368

27

27

21

72

24

24

64

24

18

A

21

72

24

24

64

24

369

41

tr

18

32

56

28

64

370

37

^

20

371

21

2
21

18

32

56

24

64

372

27

i

21

48

64

24

44
44

18

2

IS

21

48

64

24

373

20

2
20

18

40

48

32

72

,

Brown & Sharps Mfg. Co. 217

INDEX TABLE

Plain and Differential Indexing for Divisions

from 383 to 1008

Many of these divisions can be obtained by plain indexing and
differential indexing, using the gears furnished with the machines.
By the addition of eight special change gears all divisions from 383
to 1008 may be indexed.

The special change gears required have the following numbers
of teeth: 46, 47, 52, 58, 68, 70, 76, 84.

218

Brown & Sharpe Mfg. Co.

INDEX TABLE 383 TO 488

Sj

z

C K

z

NO.I HOLE

z u

, Idlers

%»

CD

z

C K

Z

No.l Hole

z u

Idlers |

kS

^ .J

= S

Ol

K o

So

Oft

kS

w u
?* J

?a

OS

!Eo

So

<>o

MBEI
VI8IC

is

O k.

'4

H

o

=1

do

N U

6o

MBE

VISK

Is

Ok.

5|

2^

2?

c z
2E

o o

. -J
o o

|5

\0

20

6«

z

O*

«l

Is

68*

zz
44

zz

|5

20

6«

z

id

O

40

48

to
24

O<0

72

1

383

40

436

24

384

20

■h

40

64

44

437

23

A

32

64

44

385

20

■id

32

48

44

438

21

A

28

48

24 44

386

20

vV

40

56

44

439

43

A

86

24

24

72

24

387

43

A

32

56

28

64

440

33

A

33

388

20

^

40

48

44

441

21 't^

32

64

24

44

389

20

^

40

44

56

442

20 i.

40

56

24

72

24

390

39

^

443

20 I i^

40

48

24

86

24

391

20

A

48

24

40

72

444

21 if

56

48

24

64

24

392

49

5

T7

445

33 A

64

32

44

40

24

393

20

ik

40

28

44

446

33 ^3

44

24

24

48

394

20

id

40

24.

56

447

21 1 A

28

72

24

44

395

20

A

64

32

44

448

20. it,

40

64

24

72

24

396

20

■id

56

28

40

32

449

33 /j

64

32

44

72

24

397

20

id

64

24

40

32

450

33 A

44

40

24

32

398

20

id

100

40

64

32

451

33 u\

24

24

24

44

399

21

ii

32

64

44

452

33 ir\

44

48

24

40

400

20

id

1

453

33 A

44

52*

24

40

401

21

ii

56

32

24

76*

454

49 A

56

64

28

72

402

21

ix

28

48

44

455

49 A

28

40

32

64

403

20

i-d

64

24

40

32

24

456

21

A

56

64

24

72

24

404

20

ijj

72

24

40

48

24

457

33

A

44

68*

24

40

405

20

id

64

32

24

44

458

33

A

44

72

24

24

406

20

id

40

24

24

44

459

27

A

24

48

24

72

407

20

id

40

28

24

44

460

23

A

408

20

id

40

32

24

44

461

33

/i

44

28

24

72

24

409

20

id

40

24

32

48

24

462

33

A

32

64

24

44

410

41

A

463

21

A

56

64

24

86

24

411

21

^T

28

24

56

464

33

s'a

44

48

28

56

24

412

20

id

40

48

24

44

465

33 1 is

44

24

24

100

24

413

21

ii

48

32

44

466

49 ! ,\

56

48

28

64

414 21

ix

56

32

44

467

33 A

44

48

32

72

24

415 20

iji

32

48

24

44

468

39 T,\

28

48

24

56

416 20

iis

40

64

24

44

469

49 A

28

48

44

417 1 21

ix

56

32

48

24

470

47

A

418; 20

id

40

72

24

44

471

49

A

56

32

28

76*

1

419

33

A

44

28

24

72

472

49

A

56

32

28

72

420

21

ii

473

33 A

48

64

32

72

24

421

20

id

48

56

40

72

24

474

49; j\

56

32

28

64

422

20

40

44

32

64

24

475

49 A

56

40

28

48

423

21

Ti

72

24

56

48

24

476

49 A

56

64

24

424 ! 43

A

86

24

24

48

477

27 ir

24

48

24

56

425 > 21

ii

72

48

56

40

24

478

49

A

56

24

28

64

426

21

ii

56

32

24

44

479

49

z\

56

32

28

44

427

20

id

40

48

32

72

24

480

49, ^

56

32

28

40

428

20

id

40

56

32

64

24

481

37 ij

24

24

56

24

429

21

ii

28

24

24

44

482

33

A

44

56

24

72

430

43

■h

483

49 A

56

32

44 1

431

21

ix

72

44

28

48

24

484

49 ; A

56

24

28

32

432

20

id

40

56

28

64

24

485

23 1 is

46*

24

24

100

24

433

20

in

40

44

24

72

24

486

27

A

32

56

28

64

434

21

ir

48

64

24

44

487

39

A

24

72

52*

44

435

21

in

28

40

24

44

488

33

A

44

64

24

72

24

Special Gears:

46, 47, 62, 68. 68, 70, 76. 84

* Special Gear

Brown & Sharpe Mfg. Co.

219

INDEX TABLE 489 TO 594

r

^ ^

CD

Z

z

NO.I HOLE

Z u

Idlers

OS

z

C X

Z

NO.I HOLE

Z u

Idlers 1

1 o =:

1

MBER

Vision

IS

O k.

OS

'I

Gear
Stud

Gear
Stud

0^

60

M U

do

MBER
VISION

U

orTu

F iNDE

OS
US

Gear
Stud

1 Gear
Stud

II

do

.J

oo

1 z^

23

6"

z

O*

46*

58*

Is

32

64

zi

zz
24

|5

39

6°

z

A

o
52*

•s

44

Is

32

0(0

64

zz

zz
24

1489

542

1490

49

i4

543

27

A

72

24

48

32

24

491

33

■is

44

68*

24

72

24

544

15

A

40

56

24

64

492

41

I'r

28

48

24

56

545

15

A

32

44

24

64

493

29

A

32

64

24

72

546

39

A

32

64

24

44

494

39

A

32

64

44

547

27

A

72

32

48

56

24

495

27

iV

32

40

24

64

548

27

A

72

32

48

64

24

496

49

A

56

24

28

32

24

549

27

A

72

48

24

24

497

49

A

56

32

24

44

550

15

A

32

40

24

64

498

27

A

48

56

24

64

551

29

A

32

64

44

499

49

A

56

24

28

48

24

552

27

A

72

24

24

64

24

500

49

A

56

32

28

40

24

553

49

A

28

48

24

72

24

501

49

A

56

32

28

44

24

554

27

A

72

56

48

64

24

502

49

A

56

32

28

48

24

555

15

A

24

72

44

503

23

A

46*

64

32

86

24

556

15

A

24

44

40

64

504

49

A

56

64

24

24

557

15

A

40

32

24

86

505

49

A

56

40

28

48

24

558

27

A

48

64

24

44

506

49

A

56

32

28

64

24

559

39

A

24

72

24

44

507

39

A

24

24

56

560

43

A

86

40

32

64

508

49

A

56

32

28

72

24

561

27

A

72

56

32

64

24

509

49

A

56

32

28

76*

24

562

27

A

72

44

24

64

24

510

49

A

56

40

28

64

24

563

29

A

58*

68*

44

511

49

A

28

48

24

44

564

43

A

86

24

24

56

512

49

A

56

44

28

64

24

565

15

A

24

56

44

513

27

^

32

64

44

566

43

A

86

24

24

44

514

49

A

56

48

28

64

24

567

15

A

32

44

40

64

515

27' ^

72

32

24

100

568

15

A

40

32

24

64

516

43 1 A

32

56

28

64

569

29

A

58*

44

24

517

49 A

56

48

28

72

24

570

15

A

32

64

44

518

49

A

28

64

24

44

571

43

A

86

28

64

32

519

27

^1

72 56

32

64

572

15

A

40

28

24

64

520

39

A

,

573

15

A

40

72

24

521

27

A

72 76*

48

64

574

41

A

32

64

24

44

522

29

A

48

64

24

72

575

15

A

24

40

44

523

27

A

72

68*

48

64

576

15

A

40

64

24

524

27

iV

72

32

24

64

577

43

A

86

32

64

44

24

525

27

iV

72

40

32

64

578

15

A

48

44

40

64

526

49

A

56

64

28

72

24

579

15

A

40

56

44

527

31

A-

32

64

24

72

580

29

A

528

27

ift-

72

24

24

64

581

15

A

48

32

40

76*

529

27

A

72

44

48

64

582

15

A

40

48

44

530

15

A

24

56

32

64

583

27

A

72

64

24

86

24

531

27

A

72

48

24

584

15

A

48

32

40

64

532

27

nV

72

32

48

64

585

15

A

24

24

56

533

27

iV

72

32

48

56

586

15

A

72

48

40

56

534

27

yV

72

32

44

587

29

A

58*

28

24

44

535

27

A

72

32

48

40

588

15

A

40

32

44

536

39

A

52*

64

24

44

589

15

A

72

44

40

48

537

27

A

72

28

56

32

590

15

A

48

32

44

538

29

A

58*

56

24

72

591

15

A

40

24

44

539

49

A

28

48

24

56

24

592

16

A

24

72

44

540

27

A

593

15

A

72

28

40

48

541

39

A

52*

56

32

48

24

594

33

2
3 J

32

56

28

64

Special Gears:

46. 47. 62. 68. 68, 70. 76. 84

* Special Gear

220

Brown & Sharpe Mfg. Co.

INDEX TABLE 595 TO 700

Number OF
Divisions

H« INDEX

cn Circle

Ml No. OP Turns

=^ OF INDEX

z
oz

72

No.l Hole

z u
cz

2s:

0(0

24

Idlers

Number of
Divisions

xS
16

(0

z

Ok.

6°

z

Z
OZ

64

No.l Hole

z w

H

0(0

32

Idlers 1

"

55

u ?

1

nO

^ u

44

MU

"o

55

Is

24

Mu

44

595

648

596

15

A

72

24

40

32

649

33

A

72

48

24

597

33

A

44

56

24

72

650

16

A

64

40

24

44

598

16

tV

64

56

24

72

651

16

tV

64

44

24

24

599

43

A

86

44

24

84

24

652

16

A

32

24

24

44

600

15

^

653

33

A

72

28

44

48

601

29

A

58*

56

48

72

24

654

16

tV

64

56

24

44

602

43

A

32

64

24

44

655

16

iV

64

40

32

48

24

603

15

tV

72

24

40

24

24

656

16

tV

24

24

24

44

604

16

tV

32

72

24

657

18

tV

32

48

24

56

605

15

A

72

24

24

44

658

16

A

64

24

24

72

24

606

15

A

72

24

40

48

24

659

16

A

64

24

24

76*

24

607

15

iV

72

28

40

48

24

660

33

A

608

16

T»f

32

64

44

661

16

^

64

56

48

72

24

609

15

^

40

24

24

44

662

16

iV

64

44

24

48

24

610

15

A

48

32

24

44

663

17

tV

24

24

56

611

15

iV

72

44

40

48

24

664

16

tV

32

48

24

44

612

15

tV

40

32

24

44

665

49

A

56

40

24

44

613

16

I'y

64

48

32

72

666

18

A

24

72

44

614

15

tV

72

48

40

56

24

667

16

tV

64

48

32

72

24

615

15

^

24

24

24

44

668

16

tV

32

56

24

44

616

16

A

32

48

44

669

33

A

44

24

24

24

617

33

ifV

44

32

24

86

670

33

A

72

48

44

40

241

618

15

A

40

48

24

44

671

33

A

72

48

24

24

619

16

i*f

48

28

32

72

672

18

A

24

64

44

620

31

A

673

16

A

48

44

32

72

24

621

15

■^

40

56

24

44

674

33

A

72

56

44

48

24

622

16

T*S

64

24

24

72

675

33

A

44

40

24

24

623

16

A

64

24

24

68*

676

16

A

32

72

24

44

624

16

A

24

24

56

677

18

A

48

32

24

86

625

15

A

24

40

24

44

678

18

A

24

56

44 1

626

16

A

32

28

56

679

49

A

28

44

24

40

627

15

A

40

72

24

44

680

17

A

628

16

l*!

32

24

56

681

33

A

44

56

24

24

629

16

tV

64

44

24

682

33

A

48

64

24

24

630

16

tV

64

40

24

683

16

A

32

86

24

44

631

16

tV

64

28

56

72

684

18

A

32

64

44

632

16

T*y

64

32

44

685

18

A

24

56

48

40

633

16

A

64

28

44

686

15

A

40

64

24

86

24

634

16

tV

64

24

44

687

18

A

24

,

44

48

635

15

tV

24

56

24

44

688 ; 16

A

24

72

24

44

636

16

A

56

28

48

24

689

39

A

24

48

24

56

637

49

8

24

24

56

690

18

A

24

40

56

638

29

TsV

48

64

24

72

24

691

18

A

48

32

24

58*

639

33

A

44

28

32

64

692

18

A

72

56

32

64

640

16

A

693

18

A

32

48

44

641

33

A

44

32

48

76*

694

17

A

68*

56

24

44

642

16

A

72

24

64

24

24

695

18

A

72

24

24

100

643

16

A

64

28

56

24

24

696

18

A

24

32

56

644

49

l\

56

32

44

697

17

A

24

24

24,

44

645

15

tV

24

72

24

44

698

18

A

72

44

24

48

646

16

tV

64

24

24

44

699

18

A

48

56

44

647

16

A

64

28

24

44

700

18

A

72

40

32

64

Special Gears:

46. 47. 62. 68. 68. TO, 76. 84

* Special Gear

Brown & Sharpe Mfg. Co.

221

INDEX TABLE 701 TO 806

' o

hi s

■ «

z >

|5

Index
Circle

No. OP Turns
OP Index

Gear on
Worm

No.l Hole

Gear on
Spindle

Idlers

Number OP
Divisions

Index
Circle

No. OP Turns
OP Index

Gear on

WORM

No.l Hole

Gear on
Spindle

Idlers |

1ST Gear
ON Stud

2ND Gear
ON Stud

No. 1

HOLE

No. 2
HOLE

1st Gear
ON Stud

2ND Gear
ON Stud

No. 1

HOLE

No. 2
Hole

701

17

tV

68*

48

32

56

24

754

21

A

28

32

24

86

702

18

A

24

24

56

755

20

A

32

72

44

703

19

A

24

72

44

756

18

A

32

64

24

44

704

18

A

72

24

24

64

757

20

A

40

86

44

705

18

iV

48

40

44

758

20

A

48

56

40

72

706

18

A

72

56

24

759

33

A

24

48

24

72

24

707

18

A

72

52*

24

760

19

A

708

18

A

72

48

24

761

39

52*

32

48

76*

709

18

A

72

44

24

762

18

A

24

56

24

44

710

18

A

72

40

24

763

21

A

24

44

24

48

711

18

tV

64

32

44

764

20

A

40

72

24

712

18

A

72

32

24

765

18

A

48

40

24

72

24

713

18

tV

72

28

44

766

20

A

40

68*

44

714

18

tV

72

24

44

767

39

A

48

32

44

715

18

iV

72

32

64

40

768

20

A

40

64

44

716

18

iV

72

28

56

32

769

19

A

76*

32

64

72

24

717

18

tV

72

24

64

32

770

20

A

32

48

44

718

33

A

44

58*

24

64

24

771

20

A

40

58*

44

719

17

A

68*

52*

24

72

24

772

20

A

40

56

44

720

18

A

773

20

A

40

24

32

72

721

21

A

24

64

32

68*

774

18

A

24

72

24

44

722

19

A

32

64

44

775

20

A

32

40

44

723

18

A

72

24

64

32

24

776

20

A

40

48

44

724

18

A

72

28

56

32

24

777

21

A

24

72

44

725

18

A

72

24

48

40

24

778

20

A

40

44

56

726

18

A

72

24

24

44

779

20

A

32

28

40

48

727

18

A

72

28

24

44

780

39

A

728

18

A

72

32

24

44

781

20

A

48

24

40

76*

729

18

A

64

32

24

44

782

20

A

48

24

40

72

730

20

A

32

48

24

56

783

20

A

48

24

40

68

731

17

A

48

56

28

72

24

784

20

A

40

32

44

732

18

A

48

32

24

44

785

20

A

32

24

56

733

18

A

72

52

44

24

786

20

A

40

28

44

734

18

A

72

56

24

24

787

20

A

48

24

40

52*

735

18

A

48

40

24

44

788

20

A

40

24

56

736

18

A

72

24

24

64

24

789

20

A

48

24

40

44

737

33

A

24

56

32

64

24

790

20

A

48

24

44

738

41 ^

32

56

28

64

791

20

A

64

24

40

48

739

18 A

72

24

24

76*

24

792

20

A

56

28

40

32

740

37 A

793

39

A

48

32

24

44

741

18

A

48

56

24

44

794

20

A

64

24

40

32

742

21

A

32

56

24

64

795

20

A

64

32

56

28

743

20

A

40

48

32

76*

«

796

20

A

100

40

64

32

744

18

A

48

64

24

44

797

20

A

100

24

64

40

745

.18

A

72

24

24

100

24

798

21

A

24

48

44

746

20

A

40

48

32

72

799

39

A

52*

32

48

76*

24

747

18 V

.A

32

48

24

44

800

20

A

1

1

748

18 V

A

72

64

32

56

24

801

21

A

28

52*

44

749

19

A

76*

44

24

802

21

A

56

32

24

76*

1
1

750

18

A

24

40

24

44

803

20

A

100

24

64

40

24

751

19

A.

76*

24

32

48

804

21

A

28

48

44

752

18

A

72

48

24

64

24

805

20

A

64

32

56

28

24

753

18

A

48

44

32

64

24

806

20

A

64

24

40

32

24

Special Gears:

4e. 47. 62. 68. 68. 70. 76. 84

* Special Gear

222

Brown & Sharpe Mfg. Co.

INDEX TABLE 807 TO 912

OS

(0

z

C X

Z

No.l HOLE

z Ul

Idlers

02!

w
z
oe X

Z

No.l Hole

z w

IDLXRS 1

1

•

MBER
VISIO^

Xj

n

Ok.

OZ

Gear
Stud

Gear
Stud

do

CM U

do

MBER

Vision

n

Ok.

OZ

'4

Gear
Stud

Gear
Stud

EAR
IPINDL

o o

do

15

^^

o«

O

&s

i^

oio

zx

zz

z5

v^

d«

O^

•s

Sg

o»

zx

zx

20

z

64

*-

32

40

28

24

43

z

^

wO

807

860

A

808

20

jV

72

24

40

48

24

861

21

A

24

24

24

44

^

809

20

sV

64

24

40

48

24

862

21

A

72

44

28

48

24

810 1 20

^

48

24

24

44

863

20

A

40

56

32

72

24

811

20

jV

64

32

40

44

24

864

21

A

28

32

24

44

812

20

^

40

24

24

44

865

21

A

56

32

48

100

24

813

21

A

56

24

24

72

866

20

A

40

44

24

72

24

814

20

is

40

28

24

44

867

21

A

56

24

24

72

24

815

20

it,

32

24

24

44

868

21

A

48

64

24

44

816

20

is

40

32

24

44

869

43

A

86

24

48

72

24

817

43

A

24

48

44

870

21

A

28

40

24

44

818

20

is

40

24

32

48

24

871

43

A

86

24

24

44

24

819

39

A

24

48

24

44

872

20

A

40

48

24

72

24

820

41

A

873

21

A

56

48

24

44

24

821

20

A

32

28

40

48

24

874

23

A

32

64

44

822

21

Ar

28

24

56

875

43

A

86

40

48

72

24

823

39

A

52*

32

24

86

24

876

21

A

28

48 24

44

824

20

is

40

48

24

44

877

23

A

46*

24

24

86

825

21

A

56

40

44

878

43

A

86

24

24

72

24

826

21

A

48

32

44

879

43

A

86

24

24

76*

24

827

20

A

40

24

32

72

24

880

43

A

32

64

86

40

124

828

21

A

56

32

44

881

43

A

86

48

32

56

24

829

21

A

72

24

28

44

882

21

A

24

48

24

44

830

20

A

32

48

24

44

883

21

A

48

32

28

86

24

831

21

A

56

24

44

884

20

A

40

56

24

72

24

832

20

A

40

64

24

44

885

43

A

86

24

24

100

24

833

20

A

40

44

32

48

24

886

20

A

40

48

24

86

24

834

21

A

56

32

48

24

887

43

A

86

48

32

72

24

835

20

A

32

56

24

44

888

21

A

56

48

24

64

24

836

20

A

40

72

24

44

889

21

A

24

56

24

44

837

21

A

72

24

56

24

890

43

A

86

40

24

72

24

838

43

Q

86

44

24

48

t

891

23

A

46*

58*

44

839

43

A

86

48

32

56

892

43

A

86

48

24

64

24

840

21

A

893

43

86

44

24

72

24

841

43

86

24

24

76*

894

21

A"

28

72

24

44

842

20

^

48

56

40

72

24

895

43

A

86

56

40

100

24

843

21

A

72

24

56

24

24

896

20

A

40

64

24

72

24

844

20

A

40

44

32

64

24

897

23

A

24

24

56

845

20

A

32

72

24

44

898

23

A

46*

44

56

846

43

A

86

24

24

56

899

23

A

46*

28

32

48

847

21

A

72

24

24

44

900

43

A

86

64

40

100

24

848

43

A

86

24

24

48

901

23

A

48

24

46*

76*

849

21

A

56

24

24

44

902

43

A

86

56

24

72

24

850

21

A

72

48

56

40

24

903

43

A

24

48

24

44

851

21

A

72

24

28

44

24

904

47

A

47

72

24

852

21

A

56

32

24

44

905

43

A

86

72

40

100

24

853

43

A

86

28

24

906

47

A

47

68*

24

854

20

A

40

48

32

72

24

907

23

A

48

24

46*

52*

855

21

A

56

40

24

44

908

49

A

56

64

28

72

856

20

A

40

56

32

64

24

909

23

A

48

24

46*

44

857

21

A

72

24

28

68*

24

910

49

A

28

40

32

64

858

21

A

28

24

24

44

911

23

A

46*

48

64

24

859

21

A

56

32 48

76*

24

912

21

A

56

64

24

72

24

Special Gears:

46. 47. 62. 66. 66. 70. 76. 84

tBOLT FOR 1st and 2ND STUD GEARS IN NO. 2 HOLS

* Special Gear

Brown & Sharpe Mfg. Co.

223

INDEX TABLE 913 TO 1008

u„

(0

5**

No.l Hole

Idlers

o»

z

NO.I HOLE

Idlers |

1

\J Zl

..ex

Z

z u

O 2

C X

Z

z u

1

MBER
VI8I0P

Index
Circle

ofTu

FlNDE

EAR O
yVORM

Gear
Stud

Gear
Stud

EAR O

6o

M U

do

MBER
VISION

n

ofTu

FiNDE

OI

'4

Gear
Stud

Gear
Stud

EAR O

>pindl

^ u
do

M U

do

|5

23

6<'

48

24

Is

46*

28

zz

zz

|5

49

z

56

"o

Is

32

zz
44

zz

913

966

914

23

A

48

24

46*

24

967

23

iV

46*

47*

24

48

24

915

21

A

56

48

24

100

24

968

49

A

56

24

28

32

916

21

A

'28

32

24

76*

24

969

21

^

28

48

24

86

24

917

49

A

28

72

44

970

23

A

46*

24

24

100

24

918

21

^\

28

64

32

52*

24

971

23

iV

46*

48

32

68*

24

919

47

A

64

48

47*

56

972

27

^

32

56

28

64

920

23

^

973

49

A

56

32

48

24

921

21

^T

32

48

28

72

24

974

23

A

46*

48

32

72

24

922

49

A

56

58*

28

64

975

27

^

24

40

24

56

923

49

A

56

48

28

76*

976

23

^

46*

48

24

56

24

924

49

A

28

64

44

977

23

A

46*

48

32

76*

24

925

21

^T

28

40

24

68*

24

978

23

Th

46*

58*

32

64

•

24

926

21

ih

56

64

24

86

24

979

47

A

47*

48

32

52*

24

927

23

ih

48

24

46*

28

24

980

49

A

928

21

h

28

44

24

64

24

981

27

jV

24

44

24

48

929

23

ij

32

24

46*

24

24

982

47

A

47*

48

32

56

24

930

49

A

56

32

28

100

983

23

A

46*

56

32

72

24

931

49

A

24

48

44

984

23

A

46*

48

24

64

24

932

49

A

56

48

28

64

985

23

A

46*

52*

40

100

24

933

23

^

48

24

46*

52*

24

986

29

A

32

64

24

72

934

23

i^j

46*

24

24

28

24

987

49

A

56

24

48

32

24

935

49

A

56

40

28

72

988

23

A

46*

48

24

68*

24

936

49

A

56

44

28

64

989

49

A

56

24

28

24

24

937

49

A

56

32

28

86

990

27

A

32

40

24

64

938

49

A

28

48

44

991

49

A

70*

40

56

44

24

939

21

^

28

44

24

72

24

992

49

A

56

24

28

32

24

940

47

A

993

49

A

70*

40

56

52*

24

941

23

7h

46*

28

32

48

24

994

49

A

56

32

24

44

942

49

A

56

32

28

76*

995

49

A

56

24

28

40

24

943

23

ih

24

24

24

48

996

27

A

48

56

24

64

944

49

A

56

32

28

72

997

49

A

70*

40

50

68*

24

945

49

A

28

40

44

998

49

A

56

24

28

48

24

946

49

A

56

32

28

68*

999

27

A

24

72

44

947

49

A

56

44

28

48

1000

49

A

56

32

28

40

24

948

49

A

56

32

28

64

1001

49

A

28

24

24

44

949

23

^

46*

24

24

58*

24

1002

49

A

56

32

28

44

24

950

49

A

56

40

28

48

1003

49

A

56

32

28

46*

24

951

49

A

56

32

28

58*

1004

49

A

56

32

28

48

24

952

49

A

56

64

24

1005

27

A

72

48

24

100

953

49

A

56

24

28

72

1006

23

A

46*

64

32

86

24

954

49

A

56

32

28

52*

1007

49

A

56

24

28

72

24

955

23

^V

46*

40

32

56

24

1008

49

A

56

64

24

24

956
957

49
49

*

56
56

24
32

28
28

64
46*

958

49

A

56

32

28

44

959

49

A

28

24

56

960

49

A

56

32

28

40

961

47

A

47*

24

32

56

24

962

49

A

56

24

28

48

963

23

A

46*

24

24

86

24

964

23

A

46*

44

24

48

24

965

49

A

56

24

28

40

Special Gears:

46. 47. 62, 68. 68. 70. 76. 84

* Special Gear

Brown & Sharpe Mfg. Co.

z

1

^

i

h l

!; i

t: =

1

i
1

i

5

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^

T

^'

5.

W

SI

;

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l^ j

11 -

i

s

1?

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i* f s

a

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3i

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■»

>_i^ ;;^^

^.

? ffiSSft^J

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5i?53SSSS5gga!3SSSS22SS222

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.;::i,'r..°i-,

1.085
1.240
1.333
1.400
1.500
1.600
1.706
1.800
1.920
2.035
2.171
2.292
2.450
2.605
2.778
2.946
3.140
3.333
3.552
3.771
4.019
4.267
4.537
4.861

M1H3S HO H*ia

SSgSSgSSSSSKggKSSKSgSSKK

..*. .o ...D ..=

aSSS3S!3SSiSS3SSS3KSSSSSS!SS

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..o,..o..„ 1 3;3;s;ss;8S8;ss3i9;s$$8;3;!s$«E:2ss{

Brown & Sharpe Mfg. Co.

225

M oooomro 1-4
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C4h

ia|ao

C9|«

H|ao

O^(^i-4O00OV)^(^<-4O0vQ0t^OV)^f«)f0M»-«OOk

l/)rO^OOO£^V)^rOi-400kOO£^OV)^rofOM^OOOv
ro ro ro ro <*< c< c< c< Cj <*< Qj i-< i-<i-<^^,-<^^i-<>^piM^

rO^OOOt*.'0^ro<SOOvOOt*.OlO^<*5fOM^»-<OOiOk
rOrOroC<C*iC<C*iNC^C^^^^^i-«^i-«i-«^^^ p^

C400vt^0^roM^OkOOt^OV)^^eOC4^<-400^0kOO
rOrONNMC<C»i<MC<»-i^i-<^»-i^i-if-l^^i-<^

OOvt^Ol/)eO(^^OkOOt^OV)^^fOM«-i^OOOiOOOO

rOM(^(^MCMC>l(^<-4i-4^i-4i-4^«-li-4i-4^i-4^^^

Okt^\0^fO(^^OOOt^010^^rO(^i-4^000vQOaO£<«

^*.o^^o^^^o^oo^*•ov)^^foc^^^oo>o>0^oo^«-^-

0^roM*-lOvOOt*Oi0^rO'OC<^^00>0>OOOOt^t*'>0

HM «NH|«i-l|NHNH'*HtNH«H«»N' iH|M«|'«*lH|'*HN HiN «;•* •-•JCl

^f0^OOk00t^Ol0^f0r0M«-iOOOk0vQ0 00t^t^OO

C4i-4OOk00t^^iO^r0MM«-iOO0^Q000£^t^t^OOlO

^0«00t^OiO^^r0(^^^O0v0«0000t^£<«OOOlOlO

OkOOt^OiO^eOC^M^OOOkO^OOt^t^t^OOOiOiO^

t^OV)^rorOMi-4000vOvOOOO£^£^0>OOV)«0^^^

iH)«»l^«W ihNi-i|n«|'*i-(W«|^ r^N He* H'* «!'*•-'!■* h|«i-(|'* csJ^ihJ-* rs ■*

l0^rof)C4^000\O^OOOOt^t^>0>0>OlOlOV)^^^r»)

rO<*5C<i-«OOOvOvOOOOt*»t*0>OV)iO»Ol/5^^^rorO'*)

l-«•-^00>0>0000^*•t*>O^OOl010V)^^^^^0**)^oco^^

OO^OOOOt^t^O>0^iOiOl/)^^^^rOrOrororoc>IC4C4

oo^*.t^0^0l0l0^o^^^^^o<*5^o^oro^^^^^^^^^^c^c^

t^\0>OV)iom^^^^rororororOC4C4C4CM(^C4M^^

OlOV)1/)^^^^rOCOrorOC4MC4C4C4MMM<-i^^i-4

i0^^^^rorOcorOC4C4MMC4MM^^^^^^<-4^

^<*5rocOrOfOC^C<NC<C<NC^^i-«^f-«i-«i-«»-i^i

«|-*n|-* H|N H-* H-« «|'*«|-* H« H|N Hies hI'* H-* H'*

rO<MC<C<C<C^C^C^i-«i-«i-«i-«^^i-«i-«^

C< CM

«l-*n|^H|MHNiH!-*H|'*i-<|-*H|-n

Nuni 3NO ox

S3HONI Ni aV3-|

oot*•lnt*.l-«^o^^^o^l-«^^^ot*•^l-«p^t*•^*o^oo^^

mOV)i-«\Ot^t^t^OCMGOO>OC^m<-iOOvV)^OrOW)C4

■ ••••••••••••••••••••••a

(^^V)t^OOO(^^t^Oki-4^t^OrOt^OrOQO<-iiOroaV)

^^^ac^c^^^^o^ofOfo^o^^^v)lOlo>ooo^*.^*.ooooo>

Mauos NO uvao

«5^^^^U)^^t^^^r0^^r0^^^MrO^r0^M

anxs NO uvao qnz

anxs NO uvao xsi

wuoM NO uvao

CM ^ O pO >0 C4
t^O OOOOQOt^

OpOOOOOOOOMO
OOOOOOOOOOOOt^QO

8SS

Brown & Sharpe Mfg, Co. 227

TABLE OF LEADS

This table contains all the leads that can be obtained with any
possible combination of the change gears furnished with Universal
Milling Machines made by Brown & Sharpe Mfg. Co., even though
some of the leads are not available for use on account of the gears
interfering or not reaching. Combinations of gears that are too
small in diameter to reach for right-hand spirals can generally be used
for left-hand spirals, as the reverse gear is then required and will
enable the gears to reach. For further information regarding the
use of these tables, see Chapter IV.

228

Brown & Sharpe Mfg. Co:

TABLE OF LEADS, .670" TO 2.182

DRIVEN

DRIVER

DRIVEN

DRIVER

DRIVEN

DRIVER

DRIVEN

DRIVER

DRIVEN

DRIVER

DRIVEN

I
DRIVER '

LEAD IN
INCHES

GEAR |1*TQEAR

ON ON
WORM STUD

2N0QEAR

ON

STUD

GEAR

ON

SCREW

LEAD IN
INCHES

GEAR

ON
WORM

1 ST GEAR

ON

STUD

2H0GEAR

ON

STUD

GEAR

ON

SCREW

LEAD IN
INCHES

GEAR

ON
WORM

1 ST GEAR

ON
STUD

2NCGEAR GEAR |
ON ON 1
STUD SCREW

.670

24

86

24

100

1-527

24

44

28

IOO

1.886

24

56

44

IOO '

.781

24

86

28

100

1-550

24

72

40

86

1-905

24

56

32

72 1

.800

24

72

24

100

1-556

28

72

40

IOO

1-919

24

64

44

86

.893

24

86

32

ioo

I 563

24

86

56

IOO

1.920

24

40

32

IOO

.900

24

64

24

100

'.563

28

86

48

IOO

1.925

28

64

44

IOO

1

.930

24

72

24

86

1.595

24

56

32

86

1.944

24

48

28

1

72

•933

24

72

28

IOO

1.600

24

48

32

IOO

1.944

28

64

32

72 i

1.029

24

56

24

IOO

1.600

28

56

32

100

1.954

24

40

28

86

1

I

1.042

28

86

32

IOO

1.600

24

72

48

IOO

1.956

32

72

44

IOO

1.047

24

64

24

86

1.607

24

56

24

64

1.990

28

72

44

86

1.050

24

64

28

IOO

1.628

24

48

28

86

1-993

24

56

40

86

1.067

24

72

32

IOO

1.628

28

64

32

86

2.000

24

40

24

72

1.085

24

72

28

86

1.637

32

86

44

IOO

2.000

24

48

40

IOO

1.116

24

86

40

IOO

1.650

24

64

44

IOO

2.000

28

56

40

IOO

1. 196

24

56

24

86

1.667

24

56

28

72

2.000

32

64

40

IOO

1.200

24

48

24

IOO

1.667

24

48

24

72

2.009

24

86

72

IOO 1

1.200

24

56

28

IOO

1.667

24

64

32

72

2.030

24

44

32

86

1.200

24

64

32

IOO

1.674

24

40

24

86

2035

28

64

40

86

1. 221

24

64

28

86

1.680

24

40

28

100

2.036

28

44

32

IOO

1

1.228

24

86

44

IOO

1.706

24

72

44

86

2.045

24

44

24

64

1

1.240

24

72

32

86

1.711

28

72

44

IOO

2.047

40

86

44

IOO

1.244

28

72

32

IOO

1.714

24

56

40

IOO

2.057

24

28

24

IOO

1.250

24

64

24

72

1.744

24

64

40

86

2-057

24

56

48

IOO

1.302

28

86

40

IOO

1.745

24

44

32

100

2.067

32

72

40

86

1.309

24

44

24

IOO

1.750

28

64

40

IOO

2.083

24

64

40

72

^•333

24

72

40

IOO

1.776

24

44

28

86

2.084

28

86

64

IOO

1.340

24

86

48

IOO

1.778

32

72

40

IOO

2.084

32

86

56

IOO

1-371

24

56

32

IOO

1.786

24

86

64

IOO

2.093

24

64

48

86

1-395

24

48

. 24

86

1.786

32

86

48

IOO

2.093

24

32

24

86

1-395

24

56

28

86

1.800

24

64

48

IOO

2.100

24

64

56

IOO

1-395

24

64

32

86

1.800

24

32

24

IOO

2.100

28

64

48

IOO

1.400

24

48

28

100

1.809

28

72

40

86

2. IOO

24

32

28

IOO

1.400

28

64

32

IOO

I.8i8

24

44

24

72

2. 121

24

44

28

72

1.429

24

56

24

72

1.823

28

86

56

IOO

2 133

24

72

64

IOO

1-433

28

86

44

IOO

1.860

28

56

32

86

2.133

32

72

48

100

1.440

24

40

24

IOO

1.861

24

72

48

86

2.143

24

56

32

64

1-447

28

72

32

86

1.861

24

48

32

86

2.143

24

48

24

56

1.458

24

64

28

72

1.867

28

48

32

IOO

2. 171

24

72

56

86

1.467

24

72

44

IOO

1.867

24

72

56

IOO

2.171

28

48

32

86

1.488

32

86

40

IOO

1.867

28

72

48

IOO

2.171

28

72

48

86

1.500

24

64

40

IOO

i-«75

24

48

24

64

2.178

28

72

56

IOO

1.522

24

44

24

86

1--75

24

56

28

64

2.1 82

24

44

40

IOO

Brown & Sharpe Mfg. Co.

229

TABLE OF LEADS, 2.188" TO 3.080"

DRIVEN

DRIVER

DRIVEN

DRIVER

DRIVEN

DRIVER

DRIVEN

DRIVER

DRIVEN

DRIVER

DRIVEN

DRIVER

LEAD IN
INCHES

GEAR

ON
WORM

l<T GEAR

ON

«TUD

2N0GEAR

ON

STUD

GEAR

ON
8CREW

LEAD IN
INCHES

GEAR

ON
WORM

\" GEAR

ON

STUD

2M0GEAR

ON

STUD

GEAR

ON
SCREW

LEAD IN
INCHES

GEAR

ON
WORM

|8T GEAR

ON

STUD

2N0QEAR

ON

STUD

GEAR

ON
SCREW

2.188

24

48

28

64

2.500

24

48

28

56

2.800

24

24

28

100

2.193

24

56

44

86

2.500

38

56

32

64

2.800

32

64

56

100

2.200

24

48

44

100

2.500

24

64

48

72

2.800

24

48

56

100

2.200

28

56

44

100

2.500

24

48

32

64

2.812

24

32

24

64

2.200

32

64

44

100

2.500

24

32

24

72

2.828

38

44

32

72

2.222

24

48

32

72

2.514

32

56

44

100

2.843

40

72

44

86

2.222

28

56

32

72

2.532

28

72

56

86

2.845

32

72

64

100

2.233

40

86

48

100

2.537

24

44

40

86

2.849

28

64

56

86

2.233

24

40

32

86

2.546

28

44

40

100

2.857

24

48

32

56

2.238

28

64

44

86

2.558

32

64

44

86

2.857

24

56

48

73

2.240

28

40

32

100

2.558

28

56

44

86

2-857

24

28

24

73

2.250

24

40

24

64

2.558

24

48

44

86

2.865

44

86

56

100

2.274

32

72

44

86

2.567

28

48

44

100

2.867

86

72

24

100

2.286

32

56

40

100

2.571

24

40

24

56

2.880

24

40

48

100

2.292

24

64

44

72

2.593

28

48

32

72

2.894

28

72

64

86

2.326

32

64

40

86

2.605

38

40

32

86

2.894

32

72

56

86

2.326

24

48

40

86

2.605

40

86

56

100

2.909

32

44

40

100

2.326

28

56

40

86

2.618

24

44

48

100

2.917

24

64

56

72

2-333

28

48

40

100

2.619

24

56

44

72

2.917

28

64

48

72

2-333

24

40

28

72

2.625

24

40

28

64

2.917

28

48

32

64

2.338

24

44

24

56

3.640

24

40

44

100

2.917

24

32

28

72

2-344

28

86

72

100

2.658

32

56

40

86

2.924

32

56

44

86

2.368

28

44

32

86

2.667

40

72

48

100

2.933

44

72

48

100

2.3ftl

32

86

64

100

2.667

32

48

40

100

2.934

32

48

44

100

2.381

24

56

40

72

2.667

24

40

32

72

2.946

24

56

44

64

2.386

24

44

28

64

2.674

28

64

44

72

2.950

38

44

40

86

2.392

24

56

48

86

2.678

24

56

40

64

2.977

40

86

64

100

2.392

24

28

24

86

2.679

32

86

72

100

2.984

38

48

44

86

2.400

28

56

48

100

2.700

24

64

72

100

3.000

24

40

28

56

2.400

32

64

48

100

2.713

28

48

40

86

3.000

24

40

32

64

2.424

24

44

32

72

2.727

24

44

32

64

3.000

24

32

40

100

2.431

28

64

40

72

2.727

24

44

28

56

3.000

40

64

48

100

2.442

24

32

28

86

2.727

24

44

24

48

3.000

24

40

24

48

2.442

28

64

48

86

2.743

24

56

64

100

3030

24

44

40

72

2.442

24

64

56

86

2.743

32

56

48

100

3.044

24

44

48

86

2-445

40

72

44

100

2.743

24

28

32

100

3055

38

44

48

100

2.450

28

64

56

100

2.750

40

64

44

100

3.055

24

44

56

100

2.456

44

86

48

100

2.778

32

64

40

72

3.056

32

64

44

72

2.481

32

72

48

86

2.778

24

48

40

72

3056

28

56

44

72

2.481

24

72

64

86

2.778

46

56

28

72

3.056

24

48

44

72

2.489

32

72

56

lOO

2.791

28

56

48

86

3.070

24

40

44

86

2.489

28

72

64

100

2.791

32

64

48

86

3-080

28

40

44

100

230

Brown & Sharpe Mfg. Co.

TABLE OF LEADS, 3.086'' TO 3.896

H

DRIVEN

DRIVER

DRIVEN

DRIVER

DRIVEN

DRIVER

DRIVEN

DRIVER

DRIVEN

DRIVER

DRIVEN

r

DRIVER

LEAD IN
INCHES

GEAR

ON
WORM

tt^GEAR

ON

STUD

2NPQEAR

ON

STUD

GEAR

ON
SCREW

LEAD IN
INCHES

GEAR

ON
WORM

1 IT GEAR

ON

STUD

2MDGEAR

ON

STUD

GEAR

ON
SCREW

LEAD IN
INCHES

GEAR

ON

WORM

I'T GEAR 2M>> GEAR GEAR ,
ON ON ON
STUD STUD SCREW >

3.086

24

56

72

100

3.349

48

40

24

86

3.637

48

44

24

72

3.I0I

40

72

48

86

3.360

56

40

24

100

3.646

40

48

28

64 ,

3.IOI

32

48

40

86

3.360

48

40

28

100

3.655

40

56

44

86 1

3.I"

28

40

32

72

3.383

32

44

40

86

3.657

64

56

32

100 1

3."i

40

72

56

100

3.403

28

64

56

72

3.663

72

64

28

86 .

3.117

24

44

32

56

3.409

24

44

40

64

3.667

40

48

44

100 t

3.125

28

56

40

64

3.411

32

48

44

86

3.667

44

40

24

72

3.125

24

48

40

64

3.41 1

44

72

48

86

3-673

24

28

24

56

3.126

48

86

56

TOO

3.422

44

72

56

100

3.684

44

86

72

100 1

3.140

24

86

72

%

3.428

24

40

32

56

3.686

86

56

24

100 .

3-143

40

56

44

100

3.429

40

28

24

100

3.704

32

48

40

72 1

3.150

28

100

72

64

3.429

40

56

48

100

3.721

24

24

32

86 '

3.175

32

56

40

72

3-438

24

48

44

64

3.721

64

48

24

86

1

3.182

28

44

32

64

3.438

28

56

44

64

3.721

64

56

28

86

3.182

24

44

28

48

3.488

40

64

48

86

3.733

48

72

56

100

3.189

32

56

48

86

3.488

40

32

24

86

3.733

56

48

32

100

3.189

24

28

32

86

3.491

64

44

24

100

3.733

64

48

28

100

3-^90

24

86

64

56

3.491

48

44

32

100

3.733

28

24

32

100

3.198

40

64

44

86

3.492

32

56

44

72

3.750

24

32

24

48

3.200

38

100

64

56

3.500

40

64

56

100

3.750

34

32

28

56

3.200

24

100

64

48

3.500

28

32

40

100

3.750

28

56

48

64

3.200

M

24

32

TOO

3.500

28

40

32

64

3763

86

64

28

100

3.214

24

56

48

64

3.500

24

40

28

48

3.771

44

56

48

100

3.214

24

32

24

56

3.520

32

40

44

100

3.772

24

28

44

100

3.214

24

28

24

64

3.535

28

44

40

72

3.799

56

48

28

86

3.225

24

100

86

64

3.552

56

44

24

86

3.809

24

28

32

72

3.241

28

48

40

72

3.552

48

44

28

86

3.810

64

56

24

72

3-256

24

24

28

86

3-556

40

72

64

100

3.810

32

56

48

72

3.256

24

86

56

48

3.564

56

44

28

100

3.818

24

40

28

44

3.256

32

64

56

86

3.565

28

48

44

72

3.819

40

64

44

72

3.267

28

48

• 56

100

3.571

24

48

40

56

3.822

86

72

32

100

3.273

24

40

24

44

3.571

32

56

40

64

3.837

24

32

44

86

3.275

44

86

64

100

3.572

48

86

64

100

3.837

44

64

48

86

3.281

24

32

28

64

3.582

44

40

28

86

3.840

64

40

24

100

3.300

44

64

48

100

3.5S8

72

56

24

86

3.840

32

40

48

100

3.300

44

32

24

100

3.600

72

48

24

100

3.850

44

64

56

100

3.308

32

72

64

86

3.600

72

64

32

100

3.850.

28

32

44

luo

3.333

32

64

48

72

3.600

72

56

28

100

3.876

24

72

100

86

3.333

28

56

48

72

3.600

48

32

24

100

3.889

32

64

56

72

3.333

28

48

32

56

3.618

56

72

40

86

3.889

56

48

24

72

3.345

28

100

86

72

3.636

24

44

32

48

3.889

24

24

28

7^

3.349

40

86

72

100

3.636

28

44

32

56

3.896

24

44

40

S6

Brown & Sharpe Mfg. Co.

231

TABLE OF LEADS, 3.907" TO 4.778

//

DRIVEN

DRIVER

DRIVEN

DRIVER

DRIVEN

DRIVER

DRIVEN

DRIVER

DRIVEN

DRIVER

DRIVEN

DRIVER

LEAD IN
INCHES

GEAR

ON
WORM

IHGtAR

ON

STUD

ZMPGEAR

ON

STUD

GEAR

ON
SCREW

LEAD IN
INCHES

GEAR

ON

WORM

i*TGEAR

ON

STUD

2MDGtAR

ON

STUD

GEAR

ON
SCREW

LEAD IN
INCHES

GEAR

ON

WORM

l"GEAR

ON

STUD

2"0GEAR

ON

STUD

GEAR

ON
SCREW

3907

:28

40

48

86

4.200

48

64

56

100

4.480

56

40

32

100

3.907

56

40

24

86

4.200

56

32

24

100

4.480

64

.40

28

100

3-9"

44

72

64

100

4.200

.28

32

48

.100

4.500

72

64

40

100

3-920

28

40

56

100

4.200

72

48

28

100

4.500

48

40

24

64

3-927

72

44

24

100

4.242

28

44

32

48

4.500

24

32

24

40

3.929

32

56

44

64

4.242

28

44

48

72

4.522

100

72

28

86

3-929

24

48

44

56

4.537

56

48

28

72

3-977

28

44

40

64

4.242

24

44

56

72

4-545

24

44

40

48

3.979

44

72

50

86

4.253

64

56

32

86

4546

28

44

40

56

3.987

24

28

40

86-

4.264

40

48

44

86

4.546

32

44

40

64

3.987

40

56

48

86

4.267

64

48

32

100

4-548

44

72

64

86

4.000

24

40

32

48

4.267

48

72

64

.100

4.558

56

40

28

86

4.000

28

40

32

56

4.278

28

40

44

72

4-567

72

44

24

86

4.000

24

24

40

100

4.2S6

24

28

24

48

4.572

40

56

64

100

4.000

24

40

48

72

4.286

24

28

32

64

4.572

32

28

40

100

4.011

28

48

44

64

4.286

32

56

48

64

4.582

72

44

28

100

4.019

72

86

48

100

4.300

86

56

28

100

4-583

44

64

48

72

4.040

32

44

40

72

4.300

86

64

32

100

4.583

44

32

24

72

4.059

32

44

48

86

4.300

86

48

24

100

4-584

32

48

44

64

4.060

64

44

24

86

4.320

72

40

24

100

4.584

28

48

44

56

4.070

28

32

40

86

4.341

48

72

56

86

4.651

40

24

24

86

4.070

40

64

56

86

4.341

56

48

32

86

4.655

64

44

32

100

4.073

64

44

28

100

4.342

64

48

28

86

4.667

2S

40

32

48

4.073

56

44

32

100

4.342

28

24

32

86

4.667

40

24

28

100

4.074

32

48

44

72

4.361

100

64

24

86

4.667

.56

40

24

72

4.091

24

44

48

64

4363

24

40

32

•44

4.667

48

40

28

72

4.091

24

32

24

44

4.364

40

44

48

100

4.667

40

48

56

100

4.093

32

40

44

86

4.365.

40

56

44

72

4.675

24

28

24

44

4.114

48

28

24

.100

4.375

24

24

28

64

4.675

48

44

24

56

4.114

72

56

32

100

4.375

24

32

28

48

4.687

40

32

24

64

4-125

24

40

44

64

4.375

56

48

24

64

4. 688

56

86

72

100

4135

40

72

64

86

4.386

24

28

44

86

4.691

86

44

24

100

4.144

56

44

28

86

4.386

44

56

48

86

4.714

44

40

24

56

4.167

28

48

40

56

4.400

24

24

44

100

4-736

64

44

28

86

4.167

40

64

48

72

4.444

64

56

23

72

4.736

56

44

32

86

4.167

32

48

40

64

4.444

24

24

32

72

4-762

40

28

24

72

4.167

24

32

40

72

4.444

64

48

24

72

4.762

40

48

32

56

4.167

56

86

64

lOO

4.465

64

40

24

86

4.762

40

56

48

72

4.IS6

72

64

32

86

4.466

48

40

32

86

4-773

24

32

28

44

4.186

48

32

24

86

4.477

44

32

38

86

4-773

56

44

24

64

4.XB6

72

48

24

86

4.477

56

64

44

86

4-773

48

44

28

64

4.186

72

56

28

86

4.479

^

64

24

72

4-778

-

86

72

40

100

232

Brown & Sharpe Mfg. Co.

TABLE OF LEADS, 4.784'' TO 5.733

DRIVEN

DRIVER

DRIVEN

DRIVER

DRIVEN

DRIVER

DRIVEN

DRIVER

DRIVEN

DRIVER

DRIVEN

DRIVER

UEAD IN
INCHES

GEAR

ON
WORM

1ST GEAR

ON

STUD

2NDQEAR

ON

STUD

GEAR

ON
SCREW

LEAD IN
INCHES

GEAR

ON
WORM

I'TQEAR

ON

STUD

2"eQEAn

ON

STUD

GEAR

ON
SCREW

LEAD IN
INCUES

GEAR

ON
WORM

1*TOEAR2N«GEAR GEAR
ON ON ON
STUD STUD SCREW

4.784

72

56

32

86

5.II6

44

24

24

86

5-358

64

66

72

100 1

4785

48

28

24

86

5-II9

86

56

24

72

5-375

86

64

40

100 t

4.800

48

24

24

100

5-120

64

40

32

100

5-400

72

32

24

100

4.800

56

38

24

100

5-133

56

48

44

TOO

5.400

72

64

48

100 1

4-8oo

64

32

24

100

5-134

44

24

28

100

5-413

.64

44

32

86 1

4.800

72

48

32

100

5.142

72

56

40

100

5.426

40

24

28

86

4.813

44

40

28

64

5-143

24

28

24

40

5-427

40

48

56

86

4.821

72

56

24

64

5.143

24

40

48

56

5-444

56

40

28

72

4.849

32

44

48

72

5-156

44

32

34

64

5-455

48

44

28

56 '

4.849

64

44

24

72

5-i6o

86

40

24

100

5-455

32

44

48

64 '

4.861

40.

32

28

72

5-168

100

72

32

86

5469

40

32

28

64 I

4.861

56

64

40

72

5-185

28

24

32

72

5-473

86

44

28

100 1

4.884

48

64

56

86

5-186

64

48

28

72

5-486

64

28

24

100 1

4.884

72

48

28

86

5-186

56

48

32

72

5-486

48

28

32

ioc 1

4.884

48

32

28

86

5-195

32

44

40

56

5-486

48

56

64

100

4.884

56

32

24

86

5-209

100

64

24

72

5-500

44

40

24

4S

4,889

32

40

44

72

5.210

64

40

28

86

5-500

44

40

32

64

4.898

24

28

32

56

5-210

56

40

32

86

5-500

40

32

44

TCW> 1

4.900

56

32

28

100

5.226

86

64

28

72

5.500

44

40

28

56

4.911

40

56

44

64

5-233

72

64

40

86

5-556

40

24

24

72

4.914

86

56

32

100

5-236

72

44

32

100

5-568

56

44

28

64

4-950

56

44

28

72

5-238

44

38

24

72

5-581

64

32

24

86

4.950

72

64

44

100

5-238

32

48

44

56

5-581

56

28

24

86

4.961

64

48

32

86

5-238

44

56

48

72

5581

72

48

32

86

4.961

64

72

48

86

5-250

24

32

28

40

5-582

48

24

24

86

4.978

56

72

64

100

5-250

56

40

24

64

5.600

56

24

24

xoo

4.984

100

56

24

86

5-250

48

40

28

64

5-600

48

24

28

xoo

5.000

24

24

28

56

5-256

86

72

44

. 100

5-600

64

32

28

xoo

5.000

24

24

32

64

5-280

48

40

44

100

5-625

48

32

24

64

5.000

48

32

24

72

5303

28

44

40

48

5-625

72

48

24

64

5.017

86

48

28

100

5-316

40

28

32

86

5-625

72

56

28

64 1

5-023

72

40

24

86

5316

40

56

64

86

5-657

56

44

32

72

5.029

44

28

32

100

5-328

72

44

28

86

5-657

72

56

44

100

5.029

64

56

44

100

5-333

40

24

32

100

5657

64

44

28

72

5040

72

40

28

100

5-333

64

40

24

72

5.698

56

32

28

86

5074

40

44

48

86

5-333

32

40

48

72

5-714

48

28

24

72

5.080

64

56

32

72

5-333

40

48

64

100

5-714

24

28

32

48

5.088

100

64

28

86

5-347

44

64

56

72

5-714

24

24

32

56

5091

56

44

40

TOO

5-348

44

32

28

72

5-714

64

48

24

56

5091

28

40

32

44

5-357

40

28

24

64

5730

40

48

44

64

5-093

40

48

44

72

5-357

40

32

24

56

5-733

86

48

32

xoo

5-105

28

48

56

64

5-357

40

56

48

64

5-733

86

72

48

TOO

Brown & Sharpe Mfg. Co.

233

TABLE OF LEADS, S.TSS'' TO 6.767

DRIVEN

DRIVER

DRIVEN

DRIVER

DRIVEN

DRIVER

DRIVEN

DRIVER

DRIVEN

DRIVER

DRIVEN

DRIVER

t

LEAD IN
INCHES

GEAR

ON

WORM

1*TGEAR

ON

8TU0

2N0GEAR

ON

STUD

GEAR

ON
SCREW

LEAD IN
INCHES

GEAR

ON
WORM

1«rGEAR

ON

STUD

2NDQEAR

ON

STUD

GEAR

ON
SCREW

LEAD IN
INCHES

GEAR

ON
WORM

larOEAR

ON
STUD

2NoaEAR

ON

STUD

GEAR

ON
SCREW

5-75^

72

64

44

86

6.089

72

44

32

86

6.417

44

40

28

48

5-759

86

56

24

64

6.109

56

44

48

100

6.429

24

28

24

32

5.760

72

40

32

100

6.II2

24

24

44

72

6.429

48

28

24

^

5.788

64

72

56

86

6.122

40

28

24

56

6.429

48

32

24

36

5.814

100

64

32

86

6.125

56

40

28

64

6.429

72

48

24

56

5.814

100

56

28

86

6.137

72

44

24

64

6.429

72

56

32

64

5.814

100

48

24

86

6.140

48

40

44

86

6.450

86

64

48

100

5.818

64

44

40

100

6.143

86

56

40

100

6.450

86

32

24

100

5.833

28

24

24

48

6.160

56

40

44

100

6.460

100

72

40

86

5.833

32

24

28

64

—

6.465

64

44

32

72

5.833

56

32

24

72

6.I7I

72

56

48

100

6.482

56

48

40

72

5.833

48

32

28

72

6,172

72

28

24

100

6.482

40

24

28

72

5.833

56

48

32

64

6.202

40

24

32

86

6.512

56

24

24

86

5.833

56

64

48

72

6.202

64

48

40

86

6.512

64

32

28

86

5.847

64

56

44

86

6.222

64

40

28

72

6.512

48

24

38

86

5.848

44

28

32

86

6.222

56

40

32

72

6.515

86

44

24

72

5.861

72

40

28

86

6.234

32

28

24

44

6.534

56

24

28

100

5.867

44

24

32

100

6.234

64

44

24

56

6.545

48

40

24

44

5.867

64

48

44

100

6.234

48

44

32

56

6.545

72

44

40

100

5.893

44

32

24

56

6.250

24

24

40

64

6.548

44

48

40

56

5.893

44

28

24

64

6.250

40

32

24

48

6.563

56

32

24

64

5.893

48

56

44

64

6.250

40

32

28

56

6.563

72

48

28

64

5.912

86

64

44

100

6.255

86

44

32

100

6.563

48

32

28

64

5.920

56

44

40

86

6.279

72

64

48

86

6.578

72

56

44

86

5.926

64

48

32

72

6.279

72

32

24

86

6.600

48

32

44

100

5952

100'

56

24

72

6.286

44

40

32

56

6.600

72

48

44

100

5.954

64

40

32

86

6.286

44

28

40

100

6.645

100

56

32

86

5.969

44

24

28

86

6.300

72

32

28

100

6.667

64

48

28

56

5.969

56

48

44

86

6.300

72

64

56

100

6.667

32

24

28

56

5.972

86

48

24

72

6.343

100

44

24

86

6.667

32

24

24

48

5.972

86

56

28

72

6.350

40

28

32

72

6.667

48

24

24

72

5.972

86

64

32

72

6.350

64

56

40

72

6.667

56

28

24

72

5.9S0

72

56

40

86

6.364

56

44

24

48

6.667

64

32

24

72

6.000

48

40

28

56

6.364

56

44

32

64

6.689

86

72

56

100

6.000

48

40

32

64

6.364

24

24

28

44

6.697

100

56

24

64

6.000

48

32

40

100

6.379

64

28

24

86

6.698

72

40

32

86

6.000

72

48

40

100

6.379

48

28

32

86

6.719

86

48

24

64

6.016

44

32

28

64

6.379

64

56

48

86

6.719

86

56

28

64

6.020

86

40

28

100

6.396

44

32

40

86

6.720

56

40

48

100

6.061

40

44

32

48

6.400

64

24

24

100

6.735

44

28

24

56

6.061

48

44

40

72

6.400

48

24

32

100

6.750

. 72

40

24

64

6.077

100

64

28

72

6.400

56

28

32

IDO

6.757

86

56

44

100

234

Brown & Sharpe Mfg. Co.

TABLE OF LEADS, 6.766'' TO 7.883

If

DRIVEN

DRIVER

DRIVEN

DRIVER

DRIVEN

DRIVER

DRIVEN

DRIVER

DRIVEN

DRIVER

DRIVEN

1 DRIVER

1

LEAD IN
INCHES

GEAR

ON
WORM

I'TQEAR

ON

STUD

2NDGEAR

ON

STUD

GEAR

ON

SCREW

LEAD IN
INCHES

GEAR

ON
WORM

l"OEAR

ON

STUD

9I0OEAR

ON

STUD

GEAR

ON
SCREW

LEAD IN
INCHES

GEAR

ON
WORM

i'TQEAR 2MOEAR GEAR '

ON ON ON

STUD 6TOD SCREW

6.766

64

44

40

86

7.159

72

44

28

64

7-525

86

32

28

100 1

6.784

100

48

28

86

7.J63

56

40

44

86

7.525

86

64

56

100 !

6.806

56

32

28

72

7.167

86

40

24

72

7.543

48

28

44

100 j

6.818

40

32

24

44

7.167

86

48

40

100

7-576

100

44

24 72 I

6.818

48

44

40

64

7.176

72

28

24

86

7.597

56

24

28 S6 ,

6.822

44

24

32

86

7.176

72

56

48

86

7.601

86

44

28 j 72

1

6.822

64

48

44

86

7.200

72

24

24

100

7.61I

72

44

40 86 1

6.825

86

56

32

72

7.268

100

64

40

86

7.619

64

48

32

56

6.857

32

28

24

40

7.272

64

44

28

56

7.619

64

56

4S

72

6.857

64

40

24

56

7.273

32

24

24

44

7.620

64

28

24

72

6.857

48

40

32

56

7.273

64

44

24

48

7.620

48

28

32

72

6.857

48

28

40

100

7.292

56

48

40

64

7.636

56

40

24

44

6.875

44

24

24

64

7.292

40

32

28

48

7.636

48

40

28

44

6.875

44

32

24

48

7.292

40

24

28

64

7.639

44

32

40

72

6.875

44

32

28

56

7.310

44

28

40

86

7.644

86

72

64

zoo

6.880

86

40

32

100

7.314

64

28

32

100

7.657

56

32

28

64

6.944

100

48

24

72

7.326

72

32

28

86

7.674

72

48

44

86

6.944

100

64

32

72

7.326

72

64

56

86

7.675

48

32

44

86

6.945

100

56

28

72

7.330

86

44

24

64

7.679

86

48

24

56

6.968

86

48

28

72

7.333

44

24

40

100

7.679

86

56

32

64

J

6.977

48

32

40

86

7-333

48

40

44

72

7.680

64

40

48

100

6.977

100

40

24

86

7-334

44

40

32

48

7.700

56

32

44

100

6.977

72

48

40

86

7-347

48

28

24

56

7.714

72

40

24

56

6.982

64

44

48

100

7-371

86

56

48

100

7-752

100

48

32

86

6.984

44

28

32

72

7-372

86

28

24

100

7-752

100

72

48

86

6.984

64

56

44

72

7.400

100

44

28

86

7.778

32

24

•28

48

7.000

28

24

24

40

7.408

40

24

32

72

7.778

56

24

24

72

7.000

56

40

24

48

7.408

64

48

40

72

7.778

48

24

38

72

7.000

56

40

32

64

7.424

56

44

28

48

7.778

64

32

38

72

7.000

56

32

40

100

7-442

64

24

24

86

7.792

40

28

24

44

7.013

72

44

24

56

7.442

48

24

32

86

7.792

48

44

40

56

7.040

64

40

44

100

7.442

56

28

32

86

7.813

100

48

24

64

7.071

56

44

40

72

7-465

86

64

40

72

7.813

100

56

28

64

7.467

64

24

28

100

7-815

56

40

48

86

7.104

56

44

48

86

•

•

7.818

86

44

40

100

7.106

100

72

44

86

7.467

56

24

32

100

7.838

86

48

28

64

7. Ill

64

40

32

72

7-467

64

48

56

100

7.855

72

44

48

100

7.130

44

24

28

72

7.500

48

24

24

64

7.857

44

24

24

56

7.130

56

48

44

72

7.500

56

28

24

64

7.857

44

28

24

48

7.143

40

28

32

64

7-500

48

32

28

56

7.872

44

23

32

64

7.143

40

28

24

48

7.500

72

48

28

56

7-875

72

40

28

64

7.143

40

24

24

56

7-500

72

48

32

64

7.883

86

48

44

100

Brown & Sharpe Mfg. Co.

235

TABLE OF LEADS, 7.920'^ TO 9.302'^

DRIVEN

DRIVER

DRIVEN

DRIVER

DRIVEN

DRIVER

DRIVEN

DRIVER

DRIVEN

DRIVER

DRIVEN

DRIVER

LEAD IN
INCHES

GEAR

ON
WORM

t«» GEAR

ON

STUD

ZM»OEAR

ON

STUD

GEAR

ON

SCREW

LEAD IN
INCHES

GEAR

ON
WORM

" GEAR

ON

STUD

2NDGEAR

ON

STUD

GEAR

ON

SCREW

LEAD IN
INCHES

GEAR

ON

WORM

•T GEAR

ON

STUD

Z/U'GEAR

ON

STUD

GEAR

ON

SCREW

7.920

72

40

44

100

8.333

48

32

40

72

8.772

48

28

44

86

7.936

100

56

32

72

8.333

100

40

24

72

8.800

48

24

44

100

7-954

40

32

28

44

8.334

40

24

28

56

8.800

64

32

44

100

7-955

56

44

40

64

8.361

86

40

28

72

8.800

56

28

44

100

7-963

86

48

Z2

72

8.372

72

24

24

86

8.838

100

44

28

72

7-974

48

28

40

86

8.377

86

44

24

56

8.839

72

56

44

64

7-994

100

64

44

86

8.400

72

24

28

100

8.889

64

24

24

72

8.000

64

32

40

100

8.400

56

32

48

100

8.889

56

28

32

72

b.ooo

32

24

24

40

8.400

72

48

56

100

8.889

48

24

32

72

8.000

64

40

24

48

8.437

72

32

24

64

8.909

56

40

28

44

8.000

64

40

28

56

8.457

100

44

32

86

8.929

iOO

48

24

56

8.000

56

28

40

100

8.484

32

24

28

44

8.929

100

56

32

64

8.000

48

24

40

100

8.485

64

44

28

48

8.930

64

40

48

86

8.021

44

32

28

48

8.485

56

44

32

48

8.953

56

32

44

86

8.021

44

24

28

64

8.485

56

44

48

72

8.959

86

48

28

56

8.021

56

48

44

64

8.506

64

23

32

86

8.959

86

32

24

72

8.035

72

56

40

64

8.523

100*

44

24

64

8.959

86

64

48

72

8.063

86

40

24

64

8.527

44

24

40

86

8.959

86

48

^3

56

8.081

64

44

40

72

8.532

86

56

40

72

8.960

64

40

56

too

8.102

100

48

28

72

8.534

64

24

32

100

8.980

44

28

32

56

8.II9

64

44

48

86

8.552

86

44

28

64

9.000

48

32

24

40

8.140

56

32

40

86

8.556

56

40

44

72

9.000

72

40

24

48

8.140

100

• 40

28

86

8.572

64

32

24

56

9.000

72

40

28

56

8.145

64

44

56

100

8.572

48

28

32

64

9.000

72

40

32

64

8.148

64

48

44

72

8-572

48

24

24

56

9.000

72

32

40

100

8.149

44

24

32

72

8.572

72

48

32

56

9.044

100

72

56

86

8.163

40

28

32

56

8.594

44

32

40

64

9.074

56

24

28

72

8.167

56

40

28

48

8.600

86

24

24

100

9.091

40

24

24

44

8.182

48

32

24

44

8.640

72

40

48

100

9.II5

100

48

28

64

8.182

72

44

24

48

8.681

100

64

40

72

9-^34

72

44

48

86

8.182

72

44

28

56'

8.682

64

24

28

86

9.137

100

56

44

86

8.182

72

44

32

64

8.682

56

24

32

86

9.143

64

40

32

56

8.186

64

40

44

86

8.682

64

48

56

86

9.14^

64

28

40

100

8.212

86

64

44

72

8.687

86

44

32

72

9.164

72

44

56

100

8.229

72

28

32

100

8.721

100

32

24

86

9.167

44

24

24

48

8.229

72

56

64

100

8.721

100

64

48

86

9.167

44

24

28

56

8.250

44

32

24

40

8.727

48

40

32

44

9.167

44

24

32

64

8.250

48

40

44

64

8.730

44

28

40

72

9.167

48

32

44

72

8.306

100

56

40

86

8.750

28

24

24

32

9.210

72

40

44

86

8.312

64

44

32

56

8.750

56

32

24

48

9.214

86

40

24

56

8.333

40

24

24

48

8.750

56

24

24

64

9.260

100

48

32

72

8.333

40

24

32

64

8.750

48

. 24

28

64

9.302

48

24

40

86

236

Brown & Sharpe Mfg. Co.

TABLE OF LEADS, 9.303'' TO 10.477'^

DRIVEN

DRIVER

DRIVEN

DRIVER

DRIVEN

DRIVER

DRIVEN

DRIVER

DRIVEN

DRIVER

ORIVEM

I
1 DRIVER,

LEAD IN
INCHES

GEAR

ON
WORM

1«T0£AN

ON

STUD

2OII0EAR

ON

STUD

GEAR

ON
SCREW

LEAD IN
INCHES

GEAR

ON
WORM

IITQEAR

ON
STUD

2N0QEAR

ON

STUD

GEAR

ON
SCREW

LEAD IN
INCHES

GEAR

ON
WORM

1*TOEAR

ON

STUD

2M0OEAR GEAR
ON ON
8TUO SCREW

9-303

56

28

40

86

9-675

86

64

72

100

lO.IOI

100

44

32

72

9-303

64

32

40

86

9.690

100

48

40

86

10.159

64

28

32

72 ,

9-303

100

40

32

86

9.697

64

48

32

44

10.175

100

32

28

86 i

9-333

64

40

28

48

9-697

64

44

48

72

10.175

100

64

56

^ 1

9-333

56

40

32

48

9-723

40

24

28

48

10.182

64

40

28

44

1

9-333

56

24

40

100

9-723

56

32

40

72

10.182

56

40

32

44

9-333

56

40

48

72

9-723

100

40

28

72

10.186

44

24

40 72 1

9-334

32

24

28

40

9.741

100

44

24

56

10.209

56

24

28 64 1

9-351

48

28

24

44

9-768

72

48

56

86

10.209

56

32

28 1 48

9-351

72

44

32

56

9.768

56

32

48

86

10.228

72

44

40

64

9-375

48

32

40

64

9.768

72

24

28

86

10.233

48

24

44

86

9-375

100

40

24

64

9-773

86

44

24

48

10.233

56

28

44

86

9-375

72

48

40

64

9-773

86

44

28

56

10.233

64

32

44

86

9-382

86

44

48

100

9-773

86

44

32

64

iO.238

86

28

24

72

9-385

86

56

44

72

9-778

64

40

44

72

10.238

86

48

3a

56 i

9.406

86

40

28

64

9-796

64

28

24

56

10.238

86

56

48

72

1

9.428

44

28

24

40

9-796

48

28

■32

56

10.267

56

24

44

100

9.429

48

40

44

56

9.818

72

40

24

44

10.286

48

28

24

40

9.460

86

40

44

100

9.822

44

32

40

56

10.286

72

40

32

56 .

9.472

64

44

56

86

9.822

44

28

40

64

10.286

72

28

40

100 1

9-524

40

23

32

48

9.828

86

23

32

100

10.312

48

32

44

6* 1

9-524

40

24

32

56

9.828

S6

56

64

100

10.313

72

48

44

^ ,

9-524

48

28

40

72

9-844

72

32

28

64

10.320

86

40

48

100

9524

64

48

40

56

9.900

72

32

44

100

10.336

100

72

64

86

9-545

72

44

28

48

9.921

100

56

40

72

10.370

64

24

23 72

1

9-546

56

32

24

44

9-923

64

24

32

86

10.370

56

24

32

72

9-546

48

32

28

44

9-943

100

44

28

64

10.371

64

48

56

72

9 547

56

44

48

64

9-954

86

48

40

72

10.390

40

28

32

44

9-549

100

64

44

72

9.967

100

56

48

86

10.390

64

44

40

56

9-556

86

40

32

72

9.968

100

23

24

86

10.417

100

32

24

72 1

9569

72

28

32

86

10.000

56

28

24

48

10.417

100

48

28

56 1

9-569

72

56

64

86

10.000

48

24

28

56

10.417

100

48

32

64 1

9-598

86

56

40

64

10.000

64

32

24

48

10.417

100

64

48

72 1

9.600

72

24

32

100

10.000

64

32

28

56

10.419

64

40

56

86

9.600

56

28

48

100

10.000

56

28

32

64

10.451

86

32

28

72

9.600

64

32

48

100

10.000

48

24

32

64

10.451

86

64

56

72

9.600

72

48

64

100

10.033

86

24

28

100

10.467

72

32

40

86

9.625

44

32

28

40

10.033

86

48

56

100

10.473

72

44

64

100

9.625

56

40

44

64

10.046

72

40

48

86

10.476

44

24

32

56

9-643

72

32

24

56

10.057

64

28

44

100

10.476

44

28

32

48

9-643

72

28

24

64

10.078

86

32

24

64

10.477

48

28

44

72 '

9643

72

56

48

64

10.080

72

40

56

100

W.477

64

48

44

5^^ '

Brown & Sharpe Mfg. Co.

237

TABLE OF LEADS, 10.600'^ TO 12.272*'

DRIVEN

DRIVER

DRiVEM

DRIVER

DRIVEN

DRIVER

DRIVEN

DRIVER

DRIVEN

DRIVER

DRIVEN

DRIVER

LEAD IN
INCHES

GEAR

ON
WORM

ItTQEAB

ON

STUD

2II0QEAR

ON

STUD

GEAR

ON
SCREW

LEAD IN
INCHES

GEAR

ON

WORM

1>T0EAR
ON

STUD

2M0OEAB

ON

STUD

GEAR

ON
SCREW

LEADIM
INCHES

GEAR

ON
WORM

1>TQEAfl

ON

STUD

afUQQAB

ON

STUD

GEAR

ON
SCREW

10.500

56

32

24

40

11. Ill

48

24

40

72

11.667

64

32

38

48

10.500

48

32

28

40

11.111

56

28

40

72

11.667

56

32

48

72

10.500

72

40

28

48

11.111

64

32

40

72

11.667

56

24

32

64

XO.5OO

56

40

48

64

II. Ill

100

40

32

72

11.688

72

44

40

56

10.558

86

56

44

64

11.137

56

32

28

44

11.695

64

28

44

86

10.571

100

44

40

86

II. 160

100

56

40

64

II.719

100

32

24

64

10.606

56

44

40

48

II. 163

72

24

32

86

1 1. 721

72

40

56

86

10.606

40

24

28

44

II. 163

56

28

48

86

11.728

86

40

24

44

10.631

64

28

40

86

II. 163

72

48

64

86

".733

64

24

44

100

10.655

72

44

56

86

11.163

64

32

43

86

"•757

86

32

28

64

10.659

100

48

44

86

II. 169

86

44

32

56

11.785

72

48

44

56

10.667

64

40

48

72

11.198

86

48

40

64

11.786

44

28

24

32

10.667

64

24

40

100

11.200

56

24

48

100

11.786

48

32

44

56

10.667

64

40

32

48

11.200

64

32

56

100

11.786

48

28

44

64

10.694

44

24

28

48

11.225

44

28

40

56

11.825

86

32

44

100

10.694

56

32

44

72

11.250

72

24

24

64

11.852

64

24

32

72

10.713

40

28

24

32

11.250

72

32

24

48

11.905

100

28

24

72

10.714

48

32

40

56

11.250

72

32

^8

56

11.905

100

48

32

56

10.714

48

28

40

64

".313

64

44

56

72

11.905

100

56

48

72

10.714

100

40

24

56

11.314

72

28

44

100

11.938

56

24

44

86

10.714

72

48

40

56

11-363

100

44

24

48

11.944

86

24

24

72

■10.750

86

40

24

48

11.363

100

44

28

56

11.960

72

28

40

86

10.750

86

40

28

56

11.363

100

44

32

64

12.000

48

24

24

40

10.750

86

40

32

64

1 1. 401

86

44

28

48

12.000

56

28

24

40

10.750

86

32

40

100

11.429

32

24

24

28

12.000

64

32

24

40

10.800

72

32

48

100

11.429

64

28

24

48

12.000

72

40

32

48

10.853

56

24

40

86

11.429

64

24

24

56

12.000

72

24

40

100

10.859

86

44

40

72

11.429

48

24

32

56

12.031

56

32

44

64

10.909

72

44

32

48

"454

72

40

28

44

12.040

86

40

56

100

10.909

56

28

24

44

11.459

44

24

40

64

12.121

40

24

32

44

10.909

48

24

24

44

"■459

44

32

40

48

12.121

64

44

40

48

10.909

64

32

24

44

11.467

86

24

32

100

12.153

100

32

28

72

10.913

100

56

44

72

11.467

86

48

64

100

12.153

100

64

56

72

10.937

56

32

40

64

11.512

72

32

44

86

12.178

72

44

64

86

^0.937

100

40

28

64

11.518

86

28

24

64

12.216

86

44

40

64

JO.945

86

44

56

100

11.518

86

32

24

56

12.222

44

24

32

48

10.949

86

48

44

72

11.518

86

56

48

64

12.222

48

24

44

72

10.972

64

28

48

100

11.520

72

40

64

100

12.222

56

28

44

72

11.000

44

24

24

40

"•574

100

48

40

72

12.222

64

32

44

72

1 1. 021

72

28

24

56

11.629

100

24

24

86

12.245

48

28

40

56

11.057

86

56

72

100

11.638

64

40

32

44

12.250

56

. 32

28

40

11.111

40

24

32

48

11.667

56

24

24

48

12.272

72

32

24

44

238

Brown & Sharpe Mfg. Co.

TABLE OF LEADS, \2.272'' TO \A.3^2,

DRIVEN

DRIVER

DRIVEN

DRIVER

DRIVEN

DRIVER

DRIVEN

DRIVER

DRIVEN

DRIVER

DRIVEN

I 1
.DRIVER

!

LEAD IN
INCHES

GEAR

ON

WORM

1ST GEAR

ON

STUD

2HDGEAR

ON

8TU0

GEAR

ON
SCREW

LEAD IN
INCHES

GEAR

ON
WORM

1«T GEAR

ON

STUD

2NDQEAR

ON
STUD

GEAR

ON
SCREW

LEAD IN
INCHES

GEAR

ON
WORM

1*1 GEAR 2M0GEAR GEAR,

ON ON ON '

STUD STUD SCREW |

12.272

72

44

48

64

12.900

86

32

48

100

13.566

100

48

56

86 .

12.277

100

56

44

64

12.900

86

48

72

100

13.611

56

24

28

43

12.286

86

28

40

100

12.963

56

24

40

72

13.636

48

32

40 1 44

12.286

86

40

32

56

I2.9S7

100

44

32

56

13.636

100

40

24 44

12.318

86

48

44

64

13.020

100

48

40

64

13.636

72

44

40

48

12.343

72

2S

48

100

13.024

56

24

48

86

13.643

64

24

44

86

12.375

72

40

44

64

13.024

64

32

56

86

13.650

86

28

32

72

12.403

64

24

40

86

13.030

86

44

32

48

13.650

86

56

64

72

12.444

64

40

56

72

13.030

86

44

48

72

13.672

100

32

28

64

12.468

64

28

24

44

13.062

64

28

32

56

13.682

86

40

28

44

12.468

48

28

32

44

13.082

100

64

72

86

13.713

64

40

48

56

12.468

64

44

43

56

13.090

72

40

32

44

13.715

64

28

24

40

12.500

40

24

24

32

13.096

44

28

40

48

13.715

48

28

32 1 40

12.500

48

24

40

64

13.096

44

24

40

56

13.750

44

24

24

32

12.500

56

28

40

64

13.125

72

32

28

48

13.750

48

24

44

64

12.500

100

40

24

48

13.125

72

24

28

64

13.750

56

28

44

64

12.500

100

40

28

56

13.125

56

32

48

64

13.760

86

40

64

100

12.500

100

40

32-

64

13.125

72

48

56

64

13.889

100

24

24

72

12.542

86

40

28

48

13.139

86

40

44

72

13-933

86

48

56

72

12.508

86

44

64

JOO

13.157

72

28

44

86

13.935

86

24

28

72

12.558

72

32

48

86

13.163

86

28

24

56

13.953

72

24

40

86

12.571

64

40

44

56

13.200

72

24

44

100

13.953

100

40

48

86

12.572

44

28

32

40

13.258

100

44

28

48

13.960

86

44

40

56

12.600

72

32

56

100

13.289

100

28

32

86

13968

64

28

44

72

12.627

100

44

40

72

13.289

100

56

64

86

14.000

56

24

24

40

12.686

100

44

43

86

13-333

64

24

24

48

14.000

48

24

28

40

12.698

64

28

40

72

13.333

64

24

28

56

14.000

64

32

28

40

12.727

64

32

28

44

13-333

56

28

32

48

14-025

72

44

48

56

12.728

56

24

24

44

13.333

56

28

48

72

14.026

72

28

24

44

12.728

48

24

28

44

13.333

64

32

48

72

14.063

72

32

40

64

12.732

100

48

44

72

13.393

TOO

56

48

64

14.071

86

44

72

100

12.758

64

28

48

86

13.393

100

28

24

64

14.078

86

48

44

56

12.791

TOO

40

44

86

13.393

100

32

24

56

14.142

72

40

44

56

12.798

86

48

40

56

13.396

72

40

64

86

14^04

100

44

40

64

12.800

64

28

56

100

13.437

86

32

28

56

14.260

56

24

44

72

12.800

64

24

48

100

13.438

86

24

24

64

14.286

40

24

24

28

12.834

56

40

44

48

1 3.438

86

32

24

48

14.286

48

24

40

56

12.834

44

24

28

40

13.469

48

28

44

56

14.286

64

32

40

56

12.857

72

28

32

64

13.500

72

32

24

40

14.286

100

40

32

56

12.857

72

24

24

5^

13.500

72

40

48

64

14.318

72

32

28

44

12.857

72

28

24

48

13.514

86

28

44

100

14.319

72

44

56

64

12.858

48

28

24

32

13.566

100

24

28

86

14.322

100

43

44

64

Brown & Sharpe Mfg. Co.

239

TABLE OF LEADS, 14.333'^ TO 16.914''

DRIVEN

DRIVER

DRIVEN

DRIVER

DRIVEN

DRIVER

DRIVEN

DRIVER

DRIVEN

DRIVER

DRIVEN

DRIVER

LEAD IN
INCHES

GEAR

ON
WORM

1«TGEAR

ON

STUD

2N0GEAR

ON

STUD

GEAR

ON
SCREW

LEAD IN
INCHES

GEAR

ON
WORM

|tT GEAR

ON

STUD

2N0QEAR

ON

STUD

GEAR

ON
SCREW

LEAD IN
INCHES

GEAR

ON
WORM

tSTGEAR

ON

STUD

2N0GEAR

ON

STUD

GEAR

ON
SCREW

14-333

86

40

32

48

15238

64

28

48

72

15.989

100

32

44

86

14-333

86

24

40

100

15.239

64

28

32

48

16.000

64

24

24

40

14-333

86

40

48

72

15-239

64

24

32

56

16.000

48

24

32

40

14.352

72

28

48

86

15.272

56

40

48

44

16.000

56

28

32

40

14.400

72

24

48

100

15.278

44

24

40

48

16.042

56

24

44

64

14.400

72

28

56

100

15.279

100

40

44

72

16.042

56

32

44

48

14.400

72

32

64

100

15.306

100

28

24

56

16.043

44

24

28

32

M.536

100

32

40

86

15.349

72

24

44

86

16.071

72

32

40

56

H-545

64

24

24

44

15.357

86

28

24

48

16.071

72

28

40

64

14-545

48

24

32

44

15.357

86

24

24

56

16.125

86

32

24

40

14-545

56

28

32

44

15-357

86

28

32

64

16.125

86

40

48

64

14-583

56

32

40

48

15.429

72

40

48

56

16.204

100

24.

28

72

14-583

56

24

40

64

15-429

72

28

24

40

16.204

100

48

56

72

14.583

100

40

28

48

15.469

72

32

44

64

16.233

100

44

40

56

14.584

40

24

28

32

15.480

86

40

72

100

16.280

100

40

56

86

14.651

72

32

56

86

15.504

100

48

64

86

16.288

86

44

40

48

14.659

86

44

48

64

15.504

100

24

32

86

16.296

64

24

44

72

14.659

86

32

24

44

15.556

64

32

56

72

16.327

64

28

40

56

14.667

64

40

44

48

15-556

64

24

28

48

16.333

56

24

• 28

40

14.668

44

24

32

40

15.556

56

24

32

48

16.364

72

24

24

44

14.694

72

28

32

56

15.556

32

24

28

24

16.370

100

48

44

56

14.743

86

28

48

100

15-556

56

24

48

72

16.423

86

32

44

72

14.780

86

40

44

64

i5-.'>84

48

28

40

44

16.456

72

28

64

100

14.800

100

44

56

86

15-625

100

24

24

64

16.500

72

40

44

48

14.815

64

24

40

72

15.625

100

32

24

48

16.500

48

32

44

40

14.849

56

24

28

44

15.625

100

32

28

56

16.612

100

28

40

86

14.880

100

43

40

56

15.636

86

40

32

44

16.623

64

28

32

44

14.884

64

28

56

86

15.677

86

32

28

48

16.667

56

28

40

48

14.884

64

24

48

86

15.677

86

24

28

64

16.667

64

32

40

48

14.931

86

32

40

72

15.677

86

48

56

64

16.667

100

40

32

48

14.933

64

24

56

100

15-714

44

24

24

28

16.667

100

40

48

72

14-950

100

56

72

86

15.714

48

24

44

56

16.722

86

40

56

72

15.000

48

24

24

32

15.714

64

32

44

56

16.744

72

24

48

86

15.000

56

28

24

32

15.750

72

32

28

40

16.744

72

28

56

86

15.000

72

24

24

48

15-750

72

40

56

64

16.744

72

32

64

86

15-000

72

24

28

56

15.767

86

24

44

100

16.752

86

44

48

56

15.000

72

24

32

64

15.873

100

56

64

72

16.753

86

28

24

44

15.000

56

28

48

64

15.874

100

28

32

72

16.797

86

32

40
56

64

15-050

86

32

56

100

15.909

100

40

28

44

16.800

72

24

100

15-150

100

44

32

48

15.909

56

32

40

44

16.875

72

32

48

64

15-151

100

44

48

72

15.925

86

48

64

72

16.892

86

40

44

56

15.202

86

44

56

72

15.926

86

24

32

72

16.914

100

44

64

86

240

Brown & Sharpe Mfg. Co.

TABLE OF LEADS, 16.969" TO 20.20 ""

DRIVEN

DRIVER

DRIVEN

DRIVER

DRIVEN

DRIVER

DRIVEN

DRIVER

DRIVEN

DRIVER

1

1 DRIVEN DRIVER

1

LEAD IN
INCME8

GEAR

ON

WORM

I»T GEAR

ON

STUD

2M0GEAR

ON

STUD

GEAR

ON
SCREW

LEAD IN
INCHES

GEAR

ON

WORM

1"GEAR

ON

STUD

2NDGEAR

ON

STUD

GEAR

ON

SCREW

LEAD IN
INCHES

GEAR

ON

WORM

1*7GEAR2i>03EAR G£AR
ON ON OH
STUD STUD SCREW

16.969

64

44

56

48

17.918

86

32

48

72

19.091

72

24

28

44

16.970

64

24

28

44

17-959

64

23

44

56

19.096

100

32

44

72

16.970

56

24

32

44

18.000

72

24

24

40

19.111

86

40

64

72 1

17.045

100

32

24

44

18.181

56

23

40

44

19.136

72

28

64

St> 1

17-046

100

44

48

^4

18.181

64

32

40

44

19.197

86

32

40

56 1

17.062

86

28

40

72

18.181

100

40

32

44

19.197

86

28

40

64 I

I7.IOI

86

44

56

64

18.182

48

24

40

44

19.200

72

• 24

64

1 100

17.102

86

32

23

44

18.229

100

32

28

48

19.250

56

32

44

40

17.141

64

32

48

56

18.229

100

24

28

64

19.285

72

32

48

56

17143

64

28

24

32

18.229

100

48

56

64

19.285

72

28

48

64

17.144

48

24

24

28

18.273

100

28

44

86

I9.2S6

72

28

24

32

17.144

72

28

32

48

18.285

64

28

32

40

19-350

86

32

72

100

17.144

72

24

32

56

18.333

56

28

44

48

19-380

100

24

40

86

17.144

72

48

64

56

18.333

64

32

44

48

19-394

64

24

32

44

17.188

100

40

44

64

IS.367

72

28

40

56

19.444

40

24

28

24

17.200

86

32

64

100

18.428

86

28

24

40

19.444

56

24

40 j 48

17.200

86

28

56

100

18.428

86

40

48

56

19.444

100

40

56

72

17.200

86

24

48

100

18.476

86

32

44

64

19480

100

28

24

44

17-275

86

56

72

64

18.519

100

24

32

72

19.480

100

44

48

56

17.361

100

32

40

72

18.519

100

48

64

72

19.531

100

32

40

64

17-364

64

24

56

86

18.605

100

40

64

86

19.535

72

24

56

86

17-373

86

44

64

72

18.663

100

64

86

72

19545

86

24

^

44

17442

100

32

48

86

18.667

64

24

28

40

19.590

64

28

48

56

17.442

100

48

72

86

18.667

56

24

32

40

19-635

72

40

48

44

17-454

64

40

48

44

18.667

64

40

56

48

19.642

100

40

44

56

17-500

56

24

24

32

18.700

72

44

64

56

19.643

44

28

40

32

17-500

48

24

28

32

18.700

72

28

32

44

19,656

86

28

64

100

17-500

72

24

28

48

18.750

100

32

24

40

19.687

72

32

56

64

17-500

56

24

48

64

18.750

72

24

40

64

19.710

86

40

44

48

17-550

86

28

32

56

18.750

72

32

40

48

19.840

100

28

40

72

17.677

100

44

56

72

18.750

100

40

48

64

19.886

100

44

56

64

17.679

72

32

44

55

18.770

86

28

44

72

19.887

100

32

28

44

17.679

72

28

44

64

18.812

86

32

28

40

19.908

86

24

40

72

17.778

64

24

32

48

18.812

86

40

56

64

19934

100

28

48

86

17.778

64

24

48

72

18.858

48

28

44

40

20.00

72

24

32

48

17.778

64

28

56

72

18.939

100

44

40

48

20.00

64

24

24

32

17.858

100

24

24

56

19.029

100

44

72

86

20.00

56

24

24

28

17.858

100

28

32

64

19.048

40

24

32

28

20.07

86

24

56

100

17-858

100

28

24

48

19.048

64 .

24

40

56

20,09

100

56

72

64

17.917

86

24

32

64

19.048

64

23

40

48

20.16

86

48

72

64

17.917

86

24

28

56

19.090

56

32

48

44

20.16

86

32

48

64

17.918

86

24

24

48

19.090

72

44

56

48

1

20.20

100

44

64

72

Brown & Sharpe Mfg. Co.

241

TABLE OF LEADS, 20.20'' TO 24.55

If

DRIVEN

DRIVER

DRIVEN

DRIVER

DRIVEN

DRIVER

DRIVEN

DRIVER

DRIVEN

DRIVER

DRIVEN

DRIVER

LEAD IN
INCHES

GEAR

ON
WORM

1 ST GEAR

ON

STUD

2NDGEAR

ON

STUD

GEAR

ON

SCREW

LEAD IN
INCHES

GEAR

ON
WORM

1"0EAR

ON

STUD

2MDGEAR

ON

STUD

GEAR

ON
SCREW

LEAD IN
INCHES

GEAR
ON

WORM

1»0EAR

ON

8TU0

2"BGEAR

ON

STUD

GEAR

ON
SCREW

21.43

100

28

24

40

23.04

86

32

48

56

20.20

72

28

44

56

21.48

100

32

44

64

23.04

86

28

48

04

20-35

100

32

56

86

21.50

86

24

24

40

23.04

86

28

24

32

20.36

64

40

56

44

21.82

72

44

64

48

23.14

100

24

40

72

20.41

100

28

32

56

21.82

100

28

44

72

23.2b

100

32

64

86

20.42

56

24

28

32

21.82

64

32

48

44

23.26

100

28

56

86

20.45

72

32

40

44

21.82

56

28

48

44

23.26

100

24

48

86

20.48

86

48

64

56

21.82

72

24

32

44

23.33

64

32

56

48

20.48

86

28

48

72

21.88

100

40

56

64

23-33

48

24

28

24

20.48

86

38

32

48

21.88

100

32

28

40

23.33

64

24

28

32

20.48

86

24

32

56

21.90

86

24

44

72

23.38

72

28

40

44

20.57

72

40

64

56

21.94

86

28

40

56

23-44

100

48

72

64

20.57

72

28

32

40

21.99

86

44

72

64

23.44

100

32

48

64

20.63

72

32

44

48

22.00

64

32

44

40

23.45

86

40

48

44

20.63

72

24

44

64

22.00

48

24

44

40

2352

• 86

32

56

64

20.74

64

24

56

72

22.00

56

28

44

40

2357

72

28 44

48

20.78

64

28

40

44

22.04

72

28

48

56

2357

72

24

44

5&

20.83

100

32

48

72 1

1

22.11

86

28

72

100

2357

48

28

44

32

20.83

100

24

32

64

22.22

100

40

64

72

20.83

100

24

28

56

22.22

40

24

32

24

23.81

100

48

64

56

20.83

100

24

24

48

22.22

64

24

40

48

23.81

100

28

48

72

20.90

86

32

56

72

22.32

72

24

64

86

23.81

100

2S

32

48

20.90

86

24

28

48

22.32

100

32

40

56

23.81

100

24

32

56

20.93

100

40

72

£6

22.32

100

28

40

64

23.89

86

32

64

72

20.95

64

28

44

48

22.34

86

44

.64

56

23.89

86

28

56

72

20.95

64

24

44

56

22.34

86

28

32

44

23.89

86

24

48

72

20.95

44

24

32

28

22.40

86

32

40

48

23.89

86

24

32

48

21.00

56

32

43

40

22.40

86

24

40

64

24.00

64

40

72

48

21.00

72

40

56

48

22.50

72

24

48

64

24.00

72

24

32

40

21.00

72

24

28

40

22.50

72

24

24

32

24.00

56

28

48

40

21.12

86

32

44

56

22.50

72

28

56

64

24.00

64

32

48

40

21.12

86

28

44

64

22.73

100

24

24

44

24.00

100

56

86

64

21.21

56

24

40

44

22.80

86

48

56

44

24-13

86

28

44

56

21.32

100

24

44

86

22.80

86

24

28

44

24.19

86

40

72

64

21.33

100

56

86

72

22.86

64

24

24

28

24.24

64

24

40

44

21-33

64

24

32

40

22.86

48

24

32

28

24.31

100

32

5&

48

21.39

44

24

28

24

22.86

64

24

48

56 !

24-31

100

24

28

21.39

56

24

44

48

22.91

72

44

56

40

2443

86

32

40

44

21.43

100

40

48

56

1 22.92

100

40

44

43

24.44

44

24

32

24

21.43

72

23

40

48 1, 22.92

44

24

40

32 ,

1

24.44

64

24

44

48

21.43

72

24

40

56

22.93

86

24 1 64

1
100 ;

2454

72

32

48

44

21 43

48

28

40

32

23.04

86

56

72

48

2455

100

32

44

56

242

Brown & Sharpe Mfg. Co.

TABLE OF LEADS, 24.66" TO 31.11"

DRIVEN

DRIVER

DRIVEN

DRIVER

DRIVEN

DRIVER

DRIVEN

DRIVER

DRIVEN

DRIVER

DRIVEN DRIVER

LEAD IN
INCHES

GEAR

ON
WORM

1ITGEAR

ON

STUD

2N0GEAR

ON

8TUD

GEAR

ON
SCREW

LEAD IN
INCHES

GEAR

ON
WORM

t'TGEAR

ON

STUD

2N0GEAR

ON

STUD

GEAR

ON
SCREW

LEAD IN
INCHES

GEAR

ON
WORM

1«T GEAR 2MOGEAfl GEAR '

ON ON ON

STUD 8TUO SC«C\»

24-55

100

28

44

64

26.52

100

24

28

44

28.57

100

56

64

4<

> 1
f 1

24-57

86

40

64

56

26.58

IOC

28

64

86

28.57

48

28

40 24

24-57

86

2S

32

40

26.67

64

28

56

48

28.57

64

32

40

28 ;

24.64

86

24

44

64

26.67

56

24

32

28

28.57

100

28

32

40 ,

24.64

86

32

44

48

26.67

48

24

32

24

28.64

72

44

56

32 :

24.75

72

32

44

40

26.79

100

48

72

56

28.65

100

32

44

48 ^

24.88

100

72

86

48

26.79

100

32

48

56

28.65

100

24

44

64 ,

24.93

64

28

48

44

26.79

100

28

48

64

2867

86

40

64

48

25.00

72

24

40

48

26.79

100

28

24

32

2867

86

24

32

40

25.00

48

24

40

32

26.88

86

28

56

64

29.09

64

24

48

44

25.00

56

28

40

32

26.88

86

.24

48

64

29.09

64

28

56

44

25.00

100

24

24

40

26.88

86

24

24

32

29.17

100

40

56

48

25.08

86

24

28

40

27.00

72

32

48

40

29.17

56

24

40

^ ,

25.09

86

40

56

48

27.13

100

24

56

86

29.17

100

24

28

40

25.13

86

44

72*

56

27.15

100

44

86

72

29.22

lOO

56

72

44

2514

64

28

44

40

27.22

56

24

28

24

29.32

86

48

72

44 ,

25-45

64

44

56

32

27.27

100

40

48

44

29.32

86

32

48

44 ;

25.45

56

24

48

44

27.27

72

24

40

44

29.34

64

24

44

40

25.46

100

M

44

72

27.30

86

28

64

72

2939

72

28

64

56 ,

25.51

100

28

40

56

27-34

100

32

56

64

29.56

86

32

44

40

25.57

100

64

72

44

27.36

86

40

56

44

29.76

100

28

40

48 ,

25.60

86

28

40

48

27.43

64

28

48

40

29.76

100

24

40

56 1

25.60

86

24

40

56

27.50

56

32

44

28

29.86

100

40

86

72 !

25.67

56

24

44

40

27.50

48

24

44

32

29.86

86

24

40

48 '

25.71

72

24

48

56

27.50

72

24

44

48

29.90

100

28

72 86

25.71

72

56

64

32

27.64

86

40

72

56

30.00

56

28

48

32

25.72

72

24

24

28

27.78

100

32

64

72

30.00

72

32

64

48

25.80

86

24

72

100

27.78

100

28

56

72

30.00

72

28

56

48

25-97

100

44

64

56

27.78

100

24

48

72

30.23

86

32

72

64

1

25.97

100

28

32

44

27.78

100

24

32

48

30.30

100

48

64

44

26.04

100

32

40

48

27.87

86

24

56

72

30.30

100

24

32

44

26.04

100

24

40

64

27.92

86

28

40

44

30.48

64

24

32

28

26.06

86

44

64

48

28.00

100

64

86

48

30.54

100

44

86

64

26.06

86

24

32

44

28.00

64

32

56

40

30.56

44

24

40

24

26.16

100

32

72

86

28.00

56

24

48

40

30.61

100

28

48

56

26.18

72

40

64

44

28.05

72

28

48

44

30.71

86

24

48

56

26.19

44

24

40

28

28.06

100

28

44

56

30.71

86

32

64

56

26.25

72

32

56

48

28.13

100

40

72

64

30.72

86

24

24

28

26.25

72

24

56

64

28.15

86

28

44

48

30.86

72

28

48

40

26.25

72

24

28

32

28.15

86

24

44

56

3i-oi

100

24

64

86

26.33

86

28

48

56

28.29

72

28

44

40

31.11

64

24

56

48

26.52

100

44

56

48

28.41 100

32

40 44

31-11

56

24

32

24

Brown & Sharpe Mfg. Co.

243

TABLE OF LEADS, 31.11" TO 41.99'^

DRIVEN

DRIVER

DRIVEN

DRIVER

DRIVEN

DRIVER

DRIVEN

DRIVER

DRIVEN

DRIVER

DRIVEN

DRIVER

UEAD IN
INCHES

GEAR

ON
WORM

1«TGEAR

ON

STUD

2N0GEAR

ON

STUD

GEAR

ON
SCREW

LEAD IN
INCHES

GEAR

ON
WORM

^*1 GEAR

ON

STUD

2NDGEAR

ON

STUD

GEAR

ON
SCREW

LEAD IN
INCHES

GEAR

ON
WORM

IIT GEAR

ON
STUD

2M0OEAR

ON

STUD

GEAR

ON
SCREW

3I-II

64

24

23

24

3409

100

44

48

32

37.50

72

24

40

32

3125

100

28

56

64

34.20

86

44

56

32

37.63

86

32

56

40

3125

100

.24

48

64

34.29

72

48

64

2d

37.88

100

24

40

44

31.25

100

24

24

32

34.29

72

24

64

56

38.10

64

24

40

28

31.27

86

40

64

44

34.29

64

32

48

23

38.18

72

24

56

44

31.35

86

32

56

48

34-29

72

24

32

28

38.20

100

24

44

48

31.35

86

24

56

64

34.38

100

32

44

40

38.39

100

40

86

56

31-36

86

24

28

32

34.55

86

32

72

56

38.39

86

28

40

32

31-43

64

28

44

32

34.55

86

28

72

64

38.57

72

23

t 43

32

3M3

48

24

44

28

34.72

100

24

40

48

38.89

56

24

40

24

31.50

72

32

56

40

34.88

100

24

72

86

38.96

100

23

48

44

31.75

100

72

64

28

34.90

100

56

86

44

39.09

86

32

64

44

31.82

100

44

56

40

35.00

72

24

56

48

39.09

86

28

56

44

31.85

86

24

64

72

35.00

56

24

48

32

39.09

86

24

48

44

31.99

100

56

86

48

35.00

72

24

23

24

39.29

100

28

44

40

32.00

64

28

56

40

35.10

86

28

64

56

39.42

86

24

44

40

32.00

64

34

48

40

35.16

100

32

72

64

32.09

56

24

44

32

35.18

86

44

72

40

39.49

86

23

72

56

32.14

100

56

72

40

35.36

72

32

44

28

39.77

100

32

56

44

32.14

72

28

40

32

35.56

64

24

32

24

40.00

72

24

64

48

32.25

86

48

72

40

35.71

100

32

64

56

4O.OC

64

28

56

32

32.25

86

40

48

32

35.71

100

24

48

56

40.00

64

24

48

32

32.41

100

24

56 •

72

35.72

100

24

24

28

40.00

56

24

48

28

32.47

100

28

40

44

35.83

86

32

64

48

40.00

72

24

32

24

32.58

86

24

40

44

35-83

86

28

56

48

40.18

100

32

72

56

32.73

72

32

64

44

36.00

72

32

64

40

40.18

100

23

72

64

32.73

72

28

56

44

36.00

72

28

56

40

40.31

86

32

72

48

32.73

72

24

48

44

36.00

72

24

48

40

40.31

86

24

72

64

32.74

100

28

44

48

36.36

100

44

64

40

40.72

100

44

86

48

32.74

100

24

44

56

36.46

100

48

56

32

40.82

100

23

64

56

32.85

86

24

44

48

36.46

100

24

56

64

40.91

100

40

72

44

33.C0

72

24

44

40

36.46

100

24

28

32

40.95

86

23

64

48

33-23

loo

24

32

40

36.67

48

24

44

24

40.95

86

24

64

56

33.33

100

48

64

40

36.67

64

24

44

32

40.96

86

24

32

28

33.33

64

24

40

32

36.67

56

24

44

28

41.14

72

28

64

40

33.33

56

24

40

28

36.86

86

23

48

40

41.25

72

24

44

32

33.33

48

24

40

24

37.04

100

24

64

72

41.67

100

32

64

48

33-51

86

28

48

44

37.33

100

32

86

72

41.67

100

28

56

48

33-59

100

64

86

40

37.33

64

24

56

40

41.81

86

24

56

48

33.79

86

28

44

40

37.40

72

23

64

44

41.81

86

24

28

24

33.94

64

24

56

44

37.50

100

48

72

40

41.91

64

24

44

28

34.09

100

48

72

44

37.50

100

32

48

40

41.99

100

32

86

64 •

244

Brown & Sharpe Mfg. Co.

TABLE OF LEADS, 42.00"^ TO 74.65

//

DPtlVEN

onvER

DRIVEN

DRIVER

DRIVEN

DRIVER

DRIVEN

DRIVER

DRIVEN

DRIVER

DRIVEN DRIVER

LEAD IN
INCHES

GEAR

ON
WORM

1ST GEAR

ON

STUD

2N0GEAR

ON

STUD

GEAR

ON
SCREW

LEAD IN
INCHES

GEAR

ON
WORM

tSTGEAR

ON

STUD

2N0QEAR

ON

STUD

GEAR

ON
SCREW

LEAD IN
INCHES

GEAR

ON
WORM

1*1 GEAR 2N0GEAR| GEAR '
ON ON ON
STUD STUD 6CRE*'

42 00

72

24

56

40

48.00

72

24

64

40

56-31

86

24

44

2S ,

48.38

86

32

72

40

57.14

100

28

64

40 ,

(

42.23

86

28

44

32

48.61

100

24

56

48

57-30

100

24

44.

^ 1

42.66

100

28

86

72

48.61

100

24

28

24

57-33

86

24

64

40 i

42.78

56

24

44

24

48.86

100

40

86

44

58.33

100

24

56

40

42.86

100

28

48

40

48.89

64

24

44

24

58-44

100

28

72

44

1

42.86

72

24

40

28

49."

100

28

44

32

58.64

86

24

72

1
44

43-0O

86

32

64

40

49-14

86

28

64

40

59-53

100

24

40

28

1

1

43 -oo

86

28

- 56

40

49.27

86

24

44

32

59-72

86

24

40

24

43-00

86

24

48

40

49-77

100

24

86

72

60.00

72

24

64

32

4364

72

24

64

44

50.00

100

28

56

40

60.00

72

24

56

2S ,

43-75

100

32

56

40

50.00

100

24

48

40

60.00

72

24

48

24

-

43-98

86

32

72

44

50.00

72

24

40

24

60.61

100

24

64

44

44.44

64

24

40

24

50.00

100

32

64

40

61.08

100

32

86

44

44.64

100

28

40

32

50-17

86

24

56

40

61.43

86

28

64

32

-1

1

—t
1

-4

-i

44.68

86

28

64

44

50.26

86

28

72

44

61.43

86

24

48

28

44-79

100

40

86

48

51.14

100

32

72

44

62.22

64

24

56

24

44-79

86

24

40

32

51.19

86

24

40

28

62.50

100

24

72

48

45-00

72

28

56

32

51-43

72

28

64

32

62.50

100

28

56

32

■45-00

72

24

48

32

51-43

72

24

48

28

62.50

100

24

48

32

45-45

100

32

64

44

51.95

100

28

64

44

62.71

86

24

56

32 :

45-45

100

24

48

44

52-08

100

24

40

32

63-99

100

28

86

4S '

45-46

100

28

56

44

52-12

86

24

64

44

63-99

- 100

24

86

56

4561

86

24

56

44

52.50

72

24

56

32

64.29

100

28

72

40

45-72

64

24

48

28

53-03

100

24

56

44

64.50

86

24

72

40

1

1

1
j

1

45-84

100

24

44

40

53-33

64 •

24

56

28

65.48

100

24

44

28

4592

100

28

72

56

53.33

64

24

48

24

65.70

86

24

44

24

46.07

86

28

72

48

53-57

100

28

72

48

66.67

100

24

64

40
40

46.07

86

24

72

56

53-57

100

24

72

56

67.19

100

32

86

46.07

86

28

48

32

68.18

100

24

72

44

46.67

64

24

56

32

53-57

100

28

48

32

68.57

72

24

64

28
32
24

46.67

56

24

48

24

53.75

86

24

72

48

69.11

86

28

72

46.88

100

32

72

48

53.75

86

24

48

32

69.44

100

24

40

46.88

100

24

72

64

53-75

86

28

56

32

69.80

100

28

86

44

47-15

72

24

44

28

54-85

lOO

28

86

56

70.00

72

24

56

24 1

'3-n

47-62

100

28

64

48

55-00

72

24

44

24

■71.43

100

28

64

47-62

100

24

64

56

55.28

86

28

72

40

71-43

ICO

24

48

28

47.62

100

24

32

28

55-56

100

24

32

24

71-67

86

24

64

32 1

47-78

86

24

64

48

55-56

100

24

64

48

71.67

86

24

56

j8__
24

47-78

86

24

32

24

55-99

100

24

86

64

71.67

86

24

48
56

47-99

100

32

86

56

55-99

100

32

86

4S

72.92

100

24

47-99

100

28

86

64

56.25

100

32

72

40

74.65

lOD

24

86

Brown & Sharpe Mfg. Co.

245

TABLE OF LEADS, 76.00" TO 149.31''

DRIVEN

DRIVER

DRIVEN

DRIVER

DRIVEN

DRIVER

DRIVEN

DRIVER

DRIVEN

DRIVER

DRIVEN

DRIVER

LEAD IN
INCHES

GEAR

ON
WORM

1ST GEAR

ON

STUD

2N0GEAR

ON

8TU0

GEAR

ON
SCREW

LEAD IN
INCHES

GEAR

ON
WORM

liTGEAR

ON

STUD

2110GEAR

ON

STUD

GEAR

ON
SCREW

LEAD IN
INCHES

GEAR

ON
WORM

16TGEAR2H0QEAR

ON ON

STUD STUD

GEAR

ON

SCREW

75.00

100

24

72

40

76-39

100

24

44

24

7O-79

100

28

86

40

1

1

80.00

72

24

64

24

1

(

80.36

100

28

72

32

1

80.63

86

24

72

32

1

1
1

81.44

100

24

86

44

1

81.90

86

24

64

28

i

83.33

100

24

64

32 1

-

83.33

100

24

56

28

83-33

100

24

48

24 1

_

83.61

86

24

56

24 1

1

89-59

JOO

24

86

40

92.14

86

24

72

28 i|

1

1

1

93-75

100

24

72

32 ,1 ■ i i

1 1

95-24

100

24

64

28 .

t

1 !

1

95.56

86 ■ ^4

64

24

1

1

1
1

95-9^

100

28

86

32 ,'

1

97.22

100

24

56

24

1

1

1

107.14

lOO

24

72

28

1

107.50

86

24

72

24

'

III. II

100

24

64

24

1

|i 1

1 11 .98

100

24

86

32

1

1'

1 25.001 100

24

72

24

1

127. 9S1 100

24

86

28

1

1

149-31. 100

24

86

24

i

1

1

t

1

1

!

1 ■

1

ii

1

i

1
1

1

;

.

1

1
1

1 1

1

1

1

1
' ■ 1

1

1

1 1

11'',

1

1

1 ' 1 : 1

1 1

II

1

1

1

1

1
1

1

246 Brown & Sharpe Mfg. Co.

TABLES OF LEADS FOR CAM LOBES

Obtained with Spiral Head and a Vertical Spindle
Milling Attachment Set at an Angle

The method of using the Spiral Head and a Vertical Spindle
Milling Attachment for cutting the lobes of cams is described in
Chapter IX, and the following tables have been worked out to
enable the machine to be set up without the necessity of figuring the
leads and settings.

In compiling these tables, we have employed the same combi-
nations of change gears as those in the ''Table of Approximate Angles
for Cutting Spirals,** all of which will reach without interfering.
The practical leads obtainable with each set of change gears have
been grouped together so that when a machine is set for any lead, and
it is desired to change to another lead, the operator can quickly
determine whether the required lead is available without changing
the gears already on. As this is often the case in this work, the
saving in time that is effected is readily appreciated.

A selection of leads from to 20'' is listed, and it should be under-
stood that these are the leads or amount of rise in a complete circle,
not the amount of rise of a lobe in a fractional part of the circum-
ference. From the amount of rise of the lobe it will be necessary
before using these tables to calculate the lead or rise if the lobe were
continued the full circumference. This is easily found as explained
on page 177.

In using these tables to set up a machine to mill any required
lead, the column under the heading "Approximate Lead" is first
followed down until the range of leads is found which embraces the
required one. Then follow the horizontal line across until the nearest
dimension to the exact lead required is found. At the top of the
column containing this dimension will be found the required combi-
nation of change gears, and in the next two columns at the right, and
in line with the dimension selected, will be found the angles at which
to set the spiral head and vertical milling attachment.

Example: Required, the change gears and angles at which to set
the spiral head and vertical milling attachment for a lead of .1476".

Brown & Sharpe Mfg. Co. 247

Following down the first column we find .145-50, which, embraces
the required lead. Following this line across horizontally we find
.1474", which is sufficiently near to .1476" for all practical purposes.
At the top of the column containing .1474" is the proper combination
of change gears, 24, 86, 32, and 100, and in the two columns at the
right and in line with .1474" are the necessary angles; 9^° for spiral
head, and 80^° for vertical milling attachment.

When the machine is already set for a given lead and it is desired
to know whether another required lead can be obtained without
changing the gears, proceed as follows:

Example: Machine is set with a combination of gears, 24, 72,
32, and 86, and a lead of .1080" is required.

Follow down the column of exact leads that are given under the
combination of change gears for which the machine is set until .1081"
is found. This is sufficiently near to .1080" for all practical purposes.
Hence it is possible to obtain this lead without changing the gears,
by setting the spiral head at 5° and the vertical milling attachment
at 85°.

In milling cams in this way an angle of greater than 80° with the
spiral head, which is the greatest angle listed in these tables, should
be avoided to prevent going beyond the range of the spiral head.

A vertical spindle milling attachment with offset spindle, like
that shown on page 77, is preferable for this work, as it will reach
nearer to the spiral head spindle when milling small cams with the
heads set nearly vertical.

We also manufacture an extension by the use of which the spiral
head can be moved farther in on the table to bring the spiral head and
vertical spindle attachment spindles nearer together. This extension
is furnished on special order.

The standard end mill is of sufficient length for practically all
leads on ordinary screw machine cams, for long leads usually extend
over only a partial turn of the cam.

The mill should be of the same diameter as the roll to be used
with the cam, and, in laying out the cam, work from the centre of
the roll.

248

Brown & Sharpe Mfg. Co.

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298

Brown & Sharpe Mfg. Co.

NATURAL SINES AND COSINES *

/

I

2

3

4°

1

Sine

Cosine

Sine

Cosine

Sine

Cosine

Sine

Cosine

Sine

Cosine

.00000

x«

.01745

.99985

.03490

.99939

.05234

.99863

.06976

.99756

60

X

.00029

.01774

.99984

.03519

.99938

.05263

.99861

.07005

.99754

59

2

.00058

.01803

.99984

.03548

.99937

.05292

.99860

.07034

.99752

58

3

.00087

.01832

.99983

.03577

^936

.05321

.99858

.07063

.99750

57

4

.00116

.01862

.99983

.03606

.99935

.05350

.99857

.0709a

.99748

S6

5

.00145

.01891

.99982

.03635

.99934

.05379

.99855

.07121

.99746

55

6

.00175

.01920

.99982

.03664

.99933

.05408

.99854

.07150

.99744

54

7

.00204

.01949

.99981

.03693

.99932

.05437

.99852

.07179

.9974a

53

8

.00233

.01978

.99980

.03723

.99931

.05466

.99851

.07208

.99740

52

9

.00262

.02007

.99980

.03752

.99930

.05495

.99849

.07237

.99738

51

10

.00291

.02036

.99979

.03781

.99929

.05524

.99847

.07266

.99736

SO

II

.00320

.99999

.02065

.99979

.03810

.99927

.05553

.99846

.07295

.99734

49

la

.00349

.99999

.02094

.99978

.03839

.99926

.05582

.99844

.07324

.99731

48

13

.00378

.99999

.02123

.99977

.03868

.99925

.05611

.99842

.07353

.99729

47

14

.00407

.99999

.02152

.99977

.03897

.99924

.05640

.99841

.07382

.99727

46

15

.00436

.99999

.02181

.99976

.03926

.99923

.05669

.99839

.07411

.99725

45

i6

.00465

.99999

.02211

.99976

.03955

.99922

.05698

.99838

.07440

.99723

44

17

.00495

.99999

.02240

.99975

.03984

.99921

.05727

.99836

.07469

.99721

43

i8

.00524

.99999

.02269

.99974

.04013

.99919

.05756

.99834

.07498

.99719

42

19

.00553

.99998

.02298

.99974

.04042

.99918

.05785

.99833

.07527

.99716

41

20

.00582

.99998

.02327

.99973

.04071

.99917

.05814

.99831

.07556

.99714

40

21

.00611

.99998

.02356

.99972

.04100

.99916

.05844

.99829

.07585

.99713

39

22

.00640

.99998

.02385

.99972

.04129

.9991 5

.05873

.99827

.07614

.99710

38

23

.00669

.C0998

.02414

.99971

.04159

.99913

.05902

.99826

.07643

.99708

37

24

.00698

.99998

.02443

.99970

.04188

.99912

.05931

.99824

.07672

.99705

36

25

.00727

.99997

.02472

.99969

.04217

.99911

.05960

.99822

.07701

.99703

35

26

.00756

.99997

.02501

.99969

.04246

.99910

.05989

.99821

.07730

.9970X

34

27

.00785

«9997

.02530

.99968

.04275

.99909

.06018

.99819

.07759

.99699

33

28

.00814

.99997

.02560

.99967

.04304

.99907

.06047

.99817

.07788

.99696

3a

29

.00844

.99996

.02589

.99966

.04333

.99906

.06076

.9981S

.07817

.99694

31

30

.00873

.99996

.02618

.99966

.04362

.99905

.06105

.99813

.07846

.9969a

30

31

.00902

.99996

.02647

.99965

.04391

.99904

.06134

.9981a

.07875

.99689

^

32

.00931

.99996

.02676

.99964

.04420

.99902

.06163

.99810

.07904

.99687

a8

33

.00960

.99995

.02705

.99963

.04449

.99901

.06192

.99808

.07933

.99685

27

34

.00989

.99995

.02734

.99963

.04478

.99900

.06221

.99806

.07962

.99683

a6

35

.01018

.99995

.02763

.99962

.04507

.99898

.06250

.99804

.07991

.99680

as

36

.01047

.99995

.02792

.99961

.04536

.99897

.06279

.99803

.08020

.99678

24

37

.01076

.99994

.02821

.99960

.04565

.99896

.06308

.99801

.08049

.99676

33

38

.01105

.99994

.02850

.99959

.04594

.99894

.06337

.99799

.08078

.99673

aa

39

.01134

.99994

.02879

.99959

.04623

.99893

.06366

.99797

.08107

.99671

31

40

.01164

.99993

.02908

.99958

.04653

.99892

.06395

.99795

.08136

.99668

ao

41

.01193

.99993

.02938

.99957

.0468a

.99890

.06424

.99793

.08165

.99666

'S

42

.01222

.99993

.02967

.99956

.04711

.99889

.06453

.99792

.08194

.99664

x8

43

.01251

.99992

.02996

.99955

.04740

.99888

.06482

.99790

.08223

.99661

X7

44

.01280

.99992

.03025

.99954

.04769

.99886

.06511

.99788

.08252

.99659

x6

45

.01309

.99991

.03054

.99953

.04798

.99885

.06540

.99786

.08281

.99657

X5

46

.01338

.99991

.03083

.99952

.04827

.99883

.06569

.99784

.08310

.99654

14

47

.01367

.99991

.03112

.99952

.04856

.9988a

.06598

.99782

.08339

.99652

X3

48

.01396

.99990

.03141

.99951

.04885

.99881

.06627

.99780

.08368

.99649

xa

49

.01425

.99990

.03170

.99950

.04914

.99879

.06656

.99778

.08397

.99647

II

50

.01454

.99989

.03199

.99949

.04943

.99878

.06685

.99776

.08426

.99644

xo

51

.01483

.99989

.03228

.99948

.04972

.99876

.06714

.99774

.08455

.9964a

9

52

.01513

.99989

.03257

.99947

.05001

.99875

.06743

.99772

.08484

.99639

8

53

.01542

.99988

.03286

.99946

.05030

.99873

.06773

.99770

.08513

.99637

7

54

.01571

.99988

.03316

.99945

.05059

.99872

.06802

.99768

.08542

.99635

6

55

.01600

.99987

.03345

.99944

.Q5088

.99870

.06831

.99766

.08571

.99632

5

56

.01629

.99987

.03374

.99943

.05117

.99869

.06860

.99764

.08600

.99630

4

57

.01658

.99986

.03403

.99942

.05146

.99867

.06889

.99762

.08629

.99627

3

58

.01687

.99986

.03432

.99941

.05175

.99866

.06918

.99760

.08658

.99625

a

59

.01716

.99985

.03461

.99940

.05205

.99864

.06947

.99758

.08687

.99622

X

60

.01745

.99985

.03490

.99939

.05234

.99863

.06976

.99756

.08716

.99619

/

Cosine

Sine

Cosine

Sine

Cosine

Sine

Cosine

Sine

Cosine

Sine

/

8^

f

8^

5°

8;

7^

8(

3°

8

5°

* Courtesy of The International Correspondence Schools.

Brown & Sharps Mfg. Co,

NATURAL SINES AND COSINES

:s

300

Brown & Sharpe Mfg. Co.

NATURAL SINES AND COSINES

/

10°

11°

12°

13°

I.

4"

/

Sine

Cosine

Sine

Cosine

Sine

Cosine

Sine

Cosine

Sine

Cosine

.17365

.98481

.1908X

.98163

.20791

.9781S

.22495

.97437

.24192

.97030

60

I

.17393

.98476

.19109

.98157

.20820

.97809

.22533

.97430

.24320

.97023

59

a

.17422

.98471

.19138

.9815a

.20848

.97803

.22553

.97424

.24249

.97015

58

3

.17451

.98466

.19167

.98146

.20877

.97797

.22580

.97417

.24277

.97008

57

4

.17479

.98461

.19195

.98140

.20905

.97791

.22608

.97411

.24305

.9700X

56

5

.17508

.98455

.19224

.98135

.20933

.97784

.22637

.97404

.24333

.96994

55

6

.17537

.98450

.19252

.96ia9

.20962

.97778

.22665

.97398

.24362

.96967

54

I

.17565

.98445

.19281

.98124

.20990

.97772

.22693

.97391

.24390

.96980

53

8

.17594

.98440

.19309

.98118

.21019

.97766

.22723

.97384

.24418

.96973

52

9

.17623

.98435

.19338

.9611a

.21047

.97760

.23750

.97378

.24446

.96966

51

xo

.17651

.98430

.19366

.98107

.21076

.97754

.22778

.97371

.24474

.96959

50

IX

.17680

.98425

.19395

.98101

.21104

.97748

.22607

.97365

.24503

.9695a

49

la

.17708

.98420

.19423

.98096

.2113a

.97742

.22835

.97358

.24531

.96945

48

13

.17737

.98414

.19452

.98090

.21161

.97735

.22863

.97351

.24559

.96937

47

14

.17766

.98409

.19481

.98084

.21189

.97729

.22892

.97345

.24587

.96930

46

IS

.17794

.98404

.19509

.98079

.21218

.97723

.22920

.97338

.24615

.96923

45

i6

.17823

.98399

.19538

.98073

.21246

.97717

.22948

.97331

.24644

.96916

44

^l

.17852

•98394

.19566

.98067

.21275

.97711

.22977

.97325

.24672

.96909

43

i8

.17880

.98389

.19595

.98061

.21303

.97705

.23005

.97318

.24700

.9690a

42

19

.17909

.98383

.19623

.98056

.21331

.97698

.23033

.97311

.24728

.96894

41

ao

.17937

.98378

.19652

.98050

.21360

.97692

.23062

.97304

.24756

.96887

40

ax

.17966

.98373

.19680

.98044

.21388

.97686

.23090

.97298

.24784

.96880

39

22

.17995

.98368

.19709

.98039

.21417

.97680

.23118

.97291

.24813

.96873

38

23

.18023

.9836a

.19737

.98033

.21445

.97673

.23146

.97284

.24841

.96866

37

24

•'f°F

.98357

.19766

.98027

.21474

.97667

.23175

.97278

.24869

.96858

36

25

.18081

.98352

.19794

.98021

.21502

.97661

.23203

.97271

.24897

.968SX

35

26

.18109

.98347

.19823

.98016

.21530

.97655

.23231

.97264

.24925

.96844

34

^

.18138

.98341

.19851

.98010

.21559

.97648

.23260

.97257

.24954

.96837

33

a6

.18166

.98336

.19880

.98004

.21587

.97642

.23288

.97251

.24982

.96829

32

39

.18195

.98331

.19908

.97998

.21616

.97636

.23316

.97244

.25010

.9682a

31

30

.18224

.98325

.19937

.97992

.21644

.97630

.23345

.97237

.25038

.9681s

30

31

.18252

.98320

.19965

.97987

.21672

.97623

.23373

.97230

.25066

.96807

29

32

.18281

.98315

.19994

.97981

.21701

.97617

.23401

.97223

.25094

.96800

28

33

.18309

.98310

.20022

.97975

.21729

.97611

.23429

.97217

.25122

.96793

27

34

.18338

.98304

.20051

.97969

.21758

.97604

.23458

.97210

.25151

.96786

26

35

.18367

.98299

.20079

.97963

.21786

.97598

.23486

.97203

.25179

.96778

25

36

.18395

.98294

.20108

.97958

.21814

.97592

.23514

.97196

.25207

.96771

24

3'

.18424

.98268

.20136

.97952

.21843

.975S5

.23542

.97189

.25235

.96764

23

38

.18452

.98283

.20165

.97946

.21871

.97579

.23571

.97182

.25263

.96756

23

39

.18481

.98277

.20193

.97940

.21899

.97573

.23599

.97176

.25291

.96749

2X

40

.18509

.98272

.20222

.97934

.21928

.97566

.23627

.97169

.25320

.96742

ao

4X

.X8538

.98267

.20250

.97928

.21956

.97560

.23656

.97162

.25348

.96734

19

4a

.18567

.98261

.20279

.97922

.21985

.97553

.23684

.97155

.25376

.96727

18

43

.18595

.98256

.20307

.97916

.22013

.97547

.23712

.97148

.25404

.96719

17

44

.18624

.98250

.20336

.97910

.22041

.97541

.23740

.97141

.25432

.96712

16

45

.18652

.98245

.20364

.97905

.22070

.97534

.23769

.97134

.25460

.96705

IS

46

.18681

.98240

.20393

.97899

.22098

.97528

.23797

.97127

.25488

.96697

14

^l

.18710

.98234

.20421

.97893

.22126

.97521

.23825

J97I20

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13

48

.18738

.98229

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.97515

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la

49

.18767

.98223

.20478

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.97508

.23882

.97106

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.96675

IX

50

.18795

.98218

.20507

.97875

.22212

.97502

.23910

.97100

.25601

.96667

10

51

.18824

.98212

.20535

.97869

.22240

.97496

.23938

.97093

.25629

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1

52

.1885a

.98207

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.23966

.97086

.25657

.96653

53

.18881

.98201

.20592

.97857

.22297

.97483

.23995

.97079

.25685

.96645

7

54

.18910

.98196

.20620

.97851

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-97476

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.97072

.25713

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6

55

.18938

.98190

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5

56

.18967

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57

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I

60

.19081

.98163

.20791

.97815

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.97437

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.96593

/

Cosine

Sine

Cosine

Sine

Cosine

Sine

Cosine

Sine

Cosine

Sine

/

7<

?^

7i

^°

7;

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3

302

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NATURAL SINES AND COSINES

/

20°

2]

[°

22°

23°

24

/

Sine

Cosine

Sine

Cosine

Sine

Cosine

Sine

Cosine

Sine

Cosine

d

.34202

.93969

.35837

.93358

.37461

.92718

.39073

.92050

.40674

.91355

60

I

.34229

.93959

.35864

.93348

.37488

.92707

.39100

.92039

.40700

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59

2

.34257

.93949

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.93337

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3

.34284

.93939

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57

4

.34311

.93929

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.93316

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.92675

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56

5

.34339

.93919

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55

6

.34366

.93909

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.93295

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54

7

.34393

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.36027

.93285

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8

.34421

.93889

.36054

' .93274

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52

9

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51

10

.34475

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.34503

.93859

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.93243

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49

13

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48

13

.34557

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.36190

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.92576

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.91902

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.91200

47

14

.34584

.93829

.36217

.93211

.37838

.92565

.39448

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46

IS

.34612

.93819

.36244

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45

l6

.34639

.93809

.36271

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.37892

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.91868

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44

17

.34666

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.36298

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42

19

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41

20

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40

21

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39

22

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.91799

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38

23

.34830

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.93116

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.91787

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37

24

.34857

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.91775

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36

25

.34884

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.91764

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35

26

.34912

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.39768

.91752

.41363

.91044

34

27

.34939

.93698

.36569

.93074

.38188

.92421

.39795

.91741

.41390

.91032

33

28

.34966

.93688

.36596

.93063

.38215

.92410

.39822

.91729

.41416

.91020

32

29

.34993

.93677

.36623

.93052

.38241

.92399

.39848

.91718

.41443

.91008

31

30

.35021

.93667

.36650

.93042

.38268

.92388

.3987s

.91706

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.90996

30

31

.35048

.93657

.36677

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.38295

.92377

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.91694

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190984

29

32

.35075

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.92366

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.91683

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28

33

.35102

.93637

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27

34

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26

35

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25

36

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24

37

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23

38

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22

39

.35266

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21

40

.35293

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20

41

.35320

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19

42

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18

43

.35375

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17

44

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16

45

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46

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47

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13

48

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12

49

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II

50

.35565

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.37191

.92827

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.92164

.40408

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10

SI

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.92816

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9

52

.35619

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8

53

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6

55

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5

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57

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2

59

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I

60

.35837

.93358

.37461

.92718

.39073

.92050

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.91355

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/

Cosine

Sine

Cosine

Sine

Cosine

Sine

Cosine

Sine

Cosine

Sine

/

6<

?°

6f

^°

6:

7°

6(

S°

6

5°

Browk & Sbarpb (

NATURAL SINES AND COSINES

fS

■^,

304

Brown & Sharps Mfg. Co.

NATURAL SINES AND COSINES

/

30°

3^

t°

32°

33°

34°

/

Sine

Cosine

Sine

Cosine

Sine

Cosine

Sine

Cosine

Sine

Cosine

e

.50000

.86603

.51504

.85717

.52992

.84805

.54464

.83867

.55919

.82904

60

X

.50025

.86588

.51529

.85702

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.84789

.54488

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59

a

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S8

3

.50076

.86559

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.85672

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.84759

.54537

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57

4

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.84743

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S6

5

.50126

.86530

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.53115

.84728

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55

6

.50151

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.8471a

.54610

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54

7

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.53164

.84697

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S3

8

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S3

9

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.86471

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•?3724

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SI

10

.50252

.86457

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.85567

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.83708

.56160

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SO

XI

.50277

.8644a

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.53263

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.8369a

.56184

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49

12

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48

13

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47

14

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46

15

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45

i6

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44

17

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43

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19

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41

20

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40

ax

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39

aa

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38

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37

a4

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36

as

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35

26

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33

28

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33

29

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31

30

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30

3t

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33

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33

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34

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36

35

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36

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39

.50979

.86030

.52473

.85127

.53951

.84198

.55412

.83244

.56856

.82264

31

40

.51004

.86015

.52498

.8511a

.53975

.8418a

.55436

.83228

.56880

.82248

30

41

.51029

.86000

.52522

.85096

.54000

.84167

.55460

.8321a

.56904

.8223 X

19

42

.51054

.85985

.52547

.85081

.54024

.84151

.55484

.83195

.56928

.82214

18

43

.51079

.85970

.52572

.85066

.54049

.84135

.55509

.83179

.5695a

.82198

17

44

.51104

.85956

.52597

.85051

.54073

.84120

.55533

.83163

.56976

.82181

16

45

.51129

.85941

.526-1

.85005

.54097

.84104

•55557

.83147

.57000

.82165
.83148

X5

46

.51154

.85926

.52646

.85020

.54122

.84088

.55581

.83131

.57024

14

47

.51179

.85911

.52671

.85005

.54146

.84072

.55605

.83115

.57047

.83133

13

48

.51204

.85896

.52696

.84989

.54171

.84057

.55630

.83098

.57071

.83115

13

49

.51229

.85881

.52720

.84974

.54195

.84041

.55654

.83082

.57095

II

SO

.51254

.85866

.52745

.84959

.54220

.84025

.55678

.83066

.57119

!83o8a

10

SI

.51279

.85851

.52770

.84943

.54244

.84009

.55702

.83050

.57143

•S"^§

9

52

.51304

.85836

.52794

.84928

.54269

.83994

.55726

.83034

.57167

.82048

8

53

.51329

.85821

.52819

.84913

.54293

.83978

.55750

.83017

.57191

.82033

7

54

.51354

.85806

.52844

.84897

.54317

.8396a

.55775

^3001

.57215

.82015

6

55

.51379

.85792

.52869

.84882

.54342

.83946

.55799

.8a985

.57238

.81999

S

56

.51404

.85777

.52893

.84866

.54366

.83930

.55823

.8a969

•57^3

.81982

4

57

.51429

.85762

.52918

.84851

.54391

.83915

.55847

.82953

.57^86

.81965

3

S8

.51454

.85747

.52943

.84836

.54415

.83899

.55871

.8a936

.57310

.81949

a

59

.51479

.85732

.52967

.84820

.54440

.83883

.55895

.8a920

.57334

.81933

I

60

.51504

.85717

.5299a

.84805

.54464

.83867

.55919

.83904

.57358

.81915

e

/

Cosine

Sine

Cosine

Sine

Cosine

Sine

Cosine

Sine

Cosine

Sine

/

59°

si

5°

57°

si

5°

51

5°

Brown & Sharpe Mfg. Co.

305

NATURAL SINES AND COSINES

/

35°

36°

37°

38°

39^^

/

Sine

Cosine

sine

Cosine

Sine

Cosine

Sine

Cosine

Sine

Cosine

e

. .57358

.81915

'^1

.80903

.60183

.79864

.61566

.78801

.62932

.77715

60

z

.57381

.81899

.80885

.60305
.60328

.79846

.61589

.78783

.62955

.77696

59

a

.57405

.81882

.58826

.80867

.79839

.61613

.78765

.63977

.77678

58

3

.57429

.81865

.58849

.80850

.60351

.79811

.6x635

.78747

.63000

.77660

57

4

.57453

.81848

.58873

.80833

.60274

.79793

.61658
.6168X

.78729

.6303a

.77641

56

5

.57477

.81832

.58896

.80816

.60298

.79776

.78711

.63045
.63068

.77623

55

6

.57501

.81815

.58920

.80799

.60321

.79758

.61704

.78694

.77605

54

7

.57524

.81798

.58943

.80783

.60344

.79741

.6i7a6

.78676

.63090

.77586

53

8

.57548

.8178a

.58967

.80765

.60367

.79723

.61749

.78658

.63113

.77568

52

9

.57572

rj

.58990

.80748

.60390

.79706

.61772

.78640

.63135
.63x58

.77550

51

10

.57596

.59014

.80730

.60414

.79688

.6x795

.7862a

.77531

50

II

.57619

.81731

.59037

.80713

.60437

.79671

.61818

.78604

.63180

.77513

49

13

.57643

.81714

.59061

.80696

.60460

.79653

.61841

.78586

.63303

.77494

48

13

.57667

.81698

.59084

.80679

.60483

.79635

.61864

.78568

.63335

.77476

47

14

.57691

.81681

.59108

.8066a

.60506

.79618

.61887

.78550

.63348

.77458

46

15

.57715

.81664

.59131

.80644

.60529

.79600

.61909

.78532

.63271

.77439

45

i6

.57738

.81647

.59154

.80627

.60553

.79583

.61932

.78514

.63293

.77421

44

17

.57762

.81631

.59178

.80610

.60576

.79565

.61955

.78496

.63316

.77402

43

i8

.57786

.81614

.59201

.80593

.60599

.79547

.61978

.78478

.633.18

.77384

42

19

.57810

.81597

.59225

.80576

.60623

.79530

.6aooz

.78460

.63361

.77366

41

ao

.57833

.81580

.59248

.80558

.60645

.79512

.63034

.78442

.63383

.77347

40

ai

.57881

.81563

.59272

.80541

.60668

.79494

.62046

.78424

.63406

.77329

39

22

.81546

.59295

.80524

.60691

.79477

.62069

.78405

.63428

.773x0

38

a3

.57904

.81530

.59318

.80507

.60714

.79459

.6209a

.78387

.6345X

.77292

37

24

.57928

.81513

.59342

.80489

.60738

.79441

.62115

.78369

.63473

.77273

36

35

.57952

.81496

.59365

.80472

.60761

.79424

.62138

.78351

.63496

.77255

35

a6

.57976

.81479

.59389

.80455

.60784

.79406

.62160

.78333

.63518

.77236

34

^

.57999

.81462

.59412

.80438

.60807

.79388

.62183

.78315

.63540

.77218

33

28

.58023

.81445

.59436

.80420

.60830

.79371

.62306

.78297

.63563

.77199

32

29

.58047

.81428

.59459

.80403

.60853

.79353

.62329

.78279

.63585

.7718X

3X

30

.58070

.81412

.5948a

.80386

.60876

.79335

.63351

.7836X

.63608

.77163

30

31

.58094

.81395
.81378

.59506

.80368

.60899

.79318

.62374

.78343

.63630

.77144

29

32

.58118

.59529

.80351

.60933

.79300

.62297

.78225

.63653

.77125

28

33

.58141

.81361

.59552

.80334

.60945

.7928a

.62320

.78206

.63675

.77107

27

34

.58165

.81344

.59576

.80316

.60968

.79264

.62342

.78188

.63698

.77088

26

35

.58189

.81327

.59599

.80299

.60991

.79247

.62365

.78170

.63720

.77070

25

36

.58213

.813x0

.59623

.80282

.61015

.79229

.62388

.78152

.63742

.7705X

24

37

.58236

.81293

.59646

.80264

.61038

.79211

.624 11

.78134

.63765

.77033

23

38

.58260

.81276

.59669

.80347

.61061

.79193

.62433

.78116

.63787

.77014

23

39

.58283

.81259

.59693

.80230

.61084

.79176

.62456

.78098

.63810

.76996

21

40

.58307

.81242

.59716

.80213

.61107

.79158

.62479

.78079

.63832

.76977

30

41

.58330

.81225
.81308

.59739

.80195

.61130

.79140

.62502

.78061

.63854

.76959

19

42

.58354

.59763

.80178

.61153

.79122

.62524

.78043

.63877

.76940

18

43

.58378

.81191

.59786

.80160

.61176

.79105

.62547

.78025

.63899

.76921

17

44

.58401

.81174

.59809

.80143

.61199

.79087

.62570

.78007

.63922

.76903

16

45

.58425

.81157

.59832

.80125

.61223

.79069

.62592

.77988

.63944

.76884

15

46

.58449

.81140

.59856

.80108

.61245

.79051

.62615

.77970

.63966

.76866

14

47

.58472

.81123

.59879

.80091

.61268

.79033

.62638

.77952

.63989

.76847

13

48

.58496

.81106

.59902

.80073

.61291

.79016

.62660

.77934

.64011

.76828

12

49

.58519

.81089

.59926

.80056

.61314

.78998

.62683

.77916

.64033

.76810

II

50

.58543

.81072

.59949

.80038

.61337

.78980

.62706

.77897

.64056

.76791

10

SI

.58567

.81055

.59972

.80021

.61360

.78963

.62728

.77879

.64078

.76772

9

52

.98590

.81038

.59995

.80003

.61383

.78944

.62751

.77861

.64100

.76754

8

53

.58614

.81021

.60019

.79986

.61406

.78926

.62774

.77843

.64123

.76735

7

54

.58637

.81004

.60042

.79968

.61429

.78908

.62796

.77824

.64145

.76717

6

55

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.80987

.60065

.79951

.61451

.78891

.62819

.77806

.64167

.76698

5

S6

.58684

.80970

.60089

.79934

.61474

.78873

.62842

.77788

.64190

.76679

4

57

.58708

.80953

.6011a

.79916

.61497

.78855

.62864

.77769

.64212

.76661

3

58

.58731

.80936

.60135

.79899

.61520

.78837

.62887

.77751

.64234

.76642

3

59

.^755

.80919

.60158

.79881

.61543

.78819

.62909

.77733

.64256

.76623

I

60

.58779

.8090a

.60x83

.79864

.61566

.78801

.62932

.7771S

.64279

.76604

f

Cosine

Sine

Cosine

Sine

Cosine

Sine

Cosine

Sine

Cosine

Sine

/

5^

1°

5:

5°

5-

2^

51°

5<

D°

306

Brown & Sharpe Mfg. Co.

NATURAL SINES AND COSINES

/

40°

41°

42°

43°

44°

/

Sine

Cosine

Sine

Cosine

Sine

Cosine

Sine

Cosine

Sine

Cosine

.64279

.76604

.65606

.75471

.66913

.74314

.68300

.73135

.69466

.71934

60

I

.64301

.76586

.65628

.75452

.66935

.74295

.68331

.73116

.69487

.71914

59

3

.64323

.76567

.65650

.75433

.66956

.74276

.68342

.73096

.69508

.71894

58

3

.64346

.76548

.65673

.75414

.66978

.74256

.68264

.73076

.69529

.71873

57

4

.64368

.76530

.65694

.75395

.66999

.74237

.68285

.73056

.69549

.71853

S6

5

.64390

.76511

.65716

.75375

.67021

.74217

.68306

.73036

.69570

.71833

55

6

.64412

.76492

.65738

.75356

.67043

.74198

.68327

.73016

.69591

.71813

54

7

.64435

.76473

.65759

.75337

.67064

.74178

.68349

.72996

.69612

.71792

53

8

.64457

.76455

.65781

.75318

.67086

•74159

.68370

.72976

.69633

.71772

52

9

.64479

•76436

.65803

.75299

.67107

.74139

.68391

.72957

.69654

.71752

51

10

.64501

.76417

.65825

.75280

.67129

.74120

.68413

.72937

•69675

.7173a

50

IX

.64524

.76398

.65847

.75261

.67151

.74100

.68434

.73917

.69696

.7171X

49

13

.64546

.76380

.65869

.75241

.67172

.74080

.68455

.72897

.69717

.71691

48

13

.64568

.76361

.65891

.75222

.67194

.74061

.68476

.72877

.69737

.7167X

47

14

.64590

.76342

.65913

.75203

.67215

.74041

.68497

.72857

.69758

.71650

46

15

.64613

.76323

.65935

.75184

.67237

.74023

.68518

.72837

.69779

.71630

45

i6

.64635

.76304

.65956

.75165

.67258

.74003

.68539

.72817

.69800

.71610

44

'2

.64657

.76286

.65978

.75146

.67280

.73983

.68561

.72797

.69821

.71590

43

i8

.64679

.76267

.66000

.75126

.67301

.73963

.68583

.72777

.6J842

.71569

42

19

.6470X

.76248

.66023

.75107

.67323

.73944

.68603

.72757

.69C62

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4X

30

.64723

.76229

.66044

.75088

.67344

.73924

.68634

.72737

.69883

.71529

40

31

.64746

.76310

.66066

.75069

.67366

.73904

.68645

.72717

.69904

.71508

39

23

.64768

.76193

.66088

.75050

.67387

.73885

.68666

.72697

.69925

.71488

38

33

.64790

.76173

.66109

.75030

.67409

.73865

.68688

.72677

.69946

.71468

37

24

.64813

.76154

.66131

.75011

.67430

.73846

.68709

.72657

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.71447

36

as

.64834

.76135

.66153

.74992

.67452

.73826

.68730

.72637

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.71427

35

36

.64856

.76116

.66175

.74973

.67473

.73806

.68751

.72617

.70008

.71407

34

37

.64878

.76097

.66197

.74953

.67495

.73787

J58773

.72597

.70029

.71386

33

38

.64901

.76078

.66218

.74934

.67516

.73767

.72577

.70049

.71366

32

29

.64923

.76059

.66240

.74915

.67538

.73747

.72557

.70070

.71345

31

30

.64945

.76041

.66262

.74896

.67559

.73728

:688ls

.72537

.70091

.71325

30

31

.64967

.76033

.66284

.74876

.67580

.73708

.68857

.72517

.70112

.7130S

29

33

.64989

.76003

.66306

•7*?57

.67602

.73688

.68878

.72497

.70132

.71284

aB

33

.65011

.75984

.66327

.74838

.67623

.73669

.68899

.72477

.70153

.71264

27

34

.65033

.75965

.66349

.74818

.67645

.73649

.68920

.72457

.70174

.71243

26

35

.65055

.75946

.66371

.74799

.67666

.73629

.68941

.72437

.70195

.71223

25

36

.65077

.75927

.66393

.74780

.67688

.73610

.68962

.72417

.70215

.71203

24

37

.65100

•75908

.66414

.74760

.67709

.73590

.68983

.72397

.70236

.71182

23

38

.65123

.75889

.66436

.74741

.67730

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.69004

.72377

.70257

.71163

23

39

.65144

.75870

.66458

.74722

.67752

.73551

.69025

.72357

.70277

.7114X

31

40

.65166

.75851

.66480

.74703

.67773

.73531

.69046

.72337

.70298

.71131

20

41

.65188

.75832

.66501

.74683

.67795

.7351 X

.69067

.72317

.70319

.71100

19

42

.65210

.75813

.66523

.74664

.67816

.73491

.69088

.72297

.70339

.71080

x8

43

.65232

.75794

.66545

.74644

.67837

.73472

.69109

.72277

.70360

.71059

X7

44

.65254

.75775

.66566

.74625

.67859

.73452

.69130

.72257

.70381

.71039

16

45

.65276

.75756

.66588

.74606

.67880

.73432

.69151

.72236

.70401

.71019

15

46

.65298

.75738

66610

.74586

.67901

.73413

.69172

.72216

.70422

.70998

14

47

.65320

.75719

.66632

.74567

.67923

.73393

.69193

.72196

.70443

.70978

13

48

.65342

.75700

.66653

.74548

.67944

.73373

.69214

.72176

.70463

.70957

13

49

.65364

.75680

.66675

.74528

.67965

.73353

.69235

.72156

.70484

.70937

IX

50

.65386

.75661

.66697

.74509

.67987

.73333

.69256

.72136

.70505

.70916

XO

51

.65408

.75642

.66718

.74489

.68008

.73314

.69277

.72116

.70525

.70896

9

52

.65430

.75623

.66740

.74470

.68029

.73294

.69298

.72095

.70546

.70875

8

53

.65452

.75604

.66762

.74451

.68051

.73274

.69319

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Brown & Sharpe Mfg. Co.

309

NATURAL TANGENTS AND COTANGENTS

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Cotansr

Tansr

/

74°

73°

72°

71°

7<

>«

Brown & Sharpe Mfg. Co.

311

NATURAL TANGENTS AND COTANGENTS

f

20°

21°

22°

23O

24°

/

Tans:

Cotang

TanflT

Cotanff

Tanff

Cotansr

Tansr

Cotansr

Tansr

Cotansr

.36397

2.74748

.38386

2.60509

.40403

2.47509

.42447

2.35585

.44523

2.24604

60

I

.36430

2.74499

.38420

2.60283

.40436

2.47302

.42482

2.35395

.44558

2.24426

59

a

.36463

2.74251

•♦§3

2.60057

.40470

2.47095

.42516

2.35205

.44593

2.24252

58

3

.36496

2.74004

.38487

2.59831

.40504

2.46888

.42551

2.35015

.44627

2.34077

57

4

.36529

2.73756

.38520

2.59606

.40538

2.46682

.42585

2.3482s

.44662

2.23902

56

5

.36562

2.73509

.38553

2.59381

.40572

2.46476

.42619

2.34636

.44697

2.23727

55

6

.36595

2.73263

.38587

2.59156

.40606

2.46270

.42654

2.34447

.44732

2.23553
2.23378

54

7

.36628

2.73017

.38620

2.58932

.40640

2.46065

.42688

2.34258

.44767

53

8

.36661

2.72771

.38654

2.58708

.40674

2.45860

.42722

2.34069

.44802

2.23204

52

9

..16694

2.72526

.38687

2.58484

.40707

2.45655

.42757

2.33881

.44837

2.23030

51

10

.36727

2.72261

.38721

2.58261

.40741

2.4S4SI

.42791

2.33693

.44872

2.3a8s7

50

IX

.36760

2.72036

•35754

2.58038

.40775

2.45246

.42826

2.33505

.44907

3.22683

49

13

.36793

2.71792

•^Sz®'

2.57815

.40809

2.45043

.42860

2.33317

.44942

2.225x0

^

13

.36826

2.71548

.38821

2.57593

.40843

2.44839

.42894

2.33130

.44977

2.33337

47

14

.36859

2.7130S

.38854

2.57371

.40877

2.44636

.42929

2.32943

.45012

3.22x64

46

15

.36892

2.71062

•3000a

2.57150

.40911

2.44433

.42963

2.32756

.45047

2.2x992

45

i6

.36925

2.70819

.3892X

2.56928

.40945

2.44230

.42998

2.32570

.4508a

2.2x8x9

44

17

.36958

2.70577

•^ss

2.56707

.40979

2.44027

.43032

2.32383

.45117

2.2x647

43

i8

.36991

2.7033s

.38988

2.56487

UI1013

2.4382s

.43067

2.32197

.45152

2.21475

42

19

.37024

2.70094

.39022

2.56266

.41047

2.43623

.43101

2.32012

.45187

2.21304

41

ao

.37057

2.69853

.39055

2.56046

.41081

2.43422

.43136

2.3x826

.4522a

2.2x132

40

21

.37090

2US9612

.39089

2.55827

.41ns

2.43220

.43170

2.31641

.45257

2.20961

39

t2

.37123

2.69371

.39122

2.55608

.41149

2.43019

.43205

2.31456

.45292

2.20790

38

33

.37157

2.69131

.39156

2.55389

.41183

2.42819

.43230

2.3 1 271

.45327

2.30619

37

U

.37190

2.68892

.39190

2.55170

.41217

2.42618

.43274

2.31086

.45362

2.30449

36

45

.37223

2.68653

.39223

2.54952

.41251

2u|24l8

.43308

2.30902

.45397

2.20278

35

26

.37256

2.68414

•39257

2.54734

.4x285

2.42218

.43343

2.307x8

.45432

2.30ia6

34

27

.37289

2.68175

.39290

2.54516

.41319

2.42019

.43378

2.30534

.45467

2.X9938

33

aB

.37322

2.67937

.39324

2.54299

.4x353

2.4I8I9

.43412

2.30351

.45502

2.X9769

32

29

.37355

2.67700

.39357

2.54082

.41387

2.4x620

.43447

2.30167

.45538

2.19599

31

30

.37388

2.67462

.39391

2.53865

.41421

2.4x421

.43481

2.29984

.45573

2.X9430

30

31

.374M

3.67225

.39425

2.53648

.41455

2.41223

.43516

2.29801

.45608

2.I9261

29

32

.37455

2.66989

.39458

2.53432

.41490

2.41025

.43550

2.29619

.45643

2.X9092

36

33

.37488

2.66752

.39492

2.53217

.41524

2.40827

.43585

a.29437

.45678

2.X8923

27

34

.37521

2.66516

.39526

2.53001

.41558

2.40629

.43620

3.29254

.45713

2.18755

26

35

.375.S4

2.66281

.39559

2.52786

.41592

2.40432

.43654

2.29073

.45748

2.18587

25

36

.37588

2.66046

.39593

2.52571

.41626

2.4023s

.43689

2.28891

.45784

2.18419

24

37

.37621

2.6581 1

.39626

2.52357

.41660

2.40038

.43724

2.28710

.45819

2. 1825 1

23

38

.37654

2.65576

.39660

2.52143

.41694

2.3984X

.43758

2.26528

.45854

2.1R084

33

39

.37687

2.65342

.39694

2.51929

.41728

2.39645

.43793

2.28348

.45889

2.17916

31

40

.37720

2.65109

.39727

2.51715

.41763

2.39449

.43826

2.28x67

.45924

2.17749

30

41

.37754

2.64875

.39761

2.51502

.41797

2.39253

.4386a

2.27987

.45960

2.X7582

19

42

.37787

2.64642

.39795

2.51289

.41831

2.39058

.43897

2.27806

.45995

2. I 74 16

18

43

.37820

2.64410

.39829

2.51076

.41865

2.38863

.43932

2.27626

.46030

2.17249

17

44

.37853

2.64177

.39862

2.50864

.41899

2.38668

.43966

2.27447

.46065

2.17083

16

45

.37887

2.63945

.39896

2.50652

.41933

2.38473

.44001

2.27267

.46101

2.16917

15

46

.37920

2.63714

.39930

2.50440

.41968

2.38279

.44036

2.27088

.46136

2. 1 675 1

14

47

.37953

2.63483

.39963

2.50229

.42002

2.38084

.44071

2.26909

.46171

2.16585

X3

48

.37986

2.63252

.39997

2.50018

.42036

2.37891

.44105

2.26730

.46206

2.16420

12

49

.38020

2.63021

.40031

2.49807

.42070

2.37697

.44140

2.26552

.46242

2.16255

XX

SO

.38053

2.62791

.40065

2.49597

.42105

2.37504

.44X75

2.26374

.46277

2.16090

xo

SI

.38086

2.62561

.40098

2.49386

.42139

2.37311

.442x0

2.26196

.46312

2.15925

9

52

.38120

2.62332

.40132

2.49177

.42173

2.37118

.44244

2.26018

.46348

2.15760

8

53

.38153

2.62103

.40166

2.48967

.42207

2.36925

.44279

2.25840

.46383

2.15596

7

54

.38186

2.61874

.40200

2.48758

.42242

2.36733

.44314

2.25663

.46418

2.15432

6

55

.38220

2.61646

.40234

2.48549

.42276

2.36541

.44349

2.25486

.46454

2.15268

5

56

.38253

2.61418

.40267

2.48340

.42310

2.36349

.44384

2.25309

.46489

2.I5IO4

4

57

.38286

2.61 190

.40301

2.48132

.42345

2.36158

.44418

2.25132

.46525

2.14940

3

58

.38320

2.60963

.40335

2.47924

.42379

2.35967

:JJ^

2.24956

.46560

2.14777

a

59

.38353

2.60736

.40369

2.47716

.42413

2.35776

2.24780

.46595

2.146x4

I

60

.38386

2.60509

.40403

2.47509

.42447

2.35585

.44523

2.24604

.46631

2.I445I

/

Cotans:

Tansr

Cotansr

Tansr

Cotanfi:

Tansr

Cotans:

Tansr

Cotansr

Tansr

/

69°

6i

5°

6;

.°

6(

)

6j

-0

>

312

Brown & Sharpe Mfg. Co.

NATURAL TANGENTS AND COTANGENTS

X

a
3
4
5
6

7
8

9

10

II
la
13
14
IS
i6

\i

19

20

21
22
23

a4
35

a6

27
28
29

30

31
33
33
34
35
36
37
38
39
40

41
43
43
44
45
46

47
48

49
SO

51
52

S3
54
55

56
57
58

59
6o

25

Tans:

.46631
^6666
.4670a
.46737
.4677a
.46808
.46843
.46879
.46914
.46950
.46985

.47021
.47056
.47093
.47128
.47163
.47199
^7334
.47370
.47305
.47341

.47377
.47413
.47448
.47483
.47519
.47555
.47590
.47626
.47663
.47698

.47733
.47769
.47805
.47840
.47876
.47913
.47948

.47984
.48019

.48055

.48091
.48127
.48163
.48198

.48334
.48270
.48306
.48342
.48378
.48414

.48450

.4S486
.48521
.48557
.48593
.4S629

.48665
.4S701
.48737
.48773

Cotans:

2.X44SX
2.14388
2.14125

2.13963
2.13801

2.13639
3.13477
2.13316

3.13154
2.12993
2.12632

2.xa67x
2.X251X
2.x 2350
2.12190
2.12030
a.11871
2.11711
2.11552
2.1 1392
2. XI 233

2.1 1075
2.10916
2.10758
2.10600
2.X0443
a. 10284
2.10126
2.09969
2.098 II
3.09654

2.09498
2.09341
2.09184
2.09028
2.08873
2.08716
2.08560
2.08405
3.08250

2.08094

3.07939
2.0778s
2.07630
2.07476
2.07321

2.07167
2.07014
2.06860
2.06706
2.06553

2.06400
2.06247
2.06094
2.05942
2.05790
2.05637
2.05485

2.05333
2.05182
2.05030

Cotanfi: Tans:

6?

2&

Tanff

48773
48809
.48845
48881

48917
48953
48989
49026
49063
49098
49134

49x70
49206
49242
49278
493 IS
4935X
49387
49423
49459
49495

49533
49568
49604
49640
.49677
49713
49749
49786
49822
49858

49894
49931
49967
50004
50040
S0076
SOI 13
S0149
50185
50222

50258
50395

S0331
50368
S0404
50441
50477
50S14

sosso
50587

50623

50660
50696
50733
S0769
50806

S0843
50879
50916

S0953

Cotans:

2.05030
2.04879
2.04728

2.04577
2.04426
2.04276
2.04125

3.03975
2.03825

3.03675
2.03526

2.03376
2.03227
2.03078
2.02929
2.02780
2.02631
2.02483
3.02335
2.02187
2.02039

2.01891
2.01743
2.01596

2.01449
2.01302

2.01 155
2.01008
2.00862
2.00715
2.00569

2.00423
2.00277
2.00131
.99986
.99841
.99695
.99550
.99406
.99261
.99116

.98973
.98828
.9868^
.98540
.98396
.98253
.98110
.97966
.97823
.97681

.97538
.97395
.97353
.97111
.96969
.96827
.96685
.96544
.96402
.96261

Cotang Tans:

63°

27'

Tans: Cotanfi:

50953
50989
51026
51063
51099
51136
51173
51209
51246
51283
51319

5x356
51393
5 1430
51467
51503
51540

51577
51614
51651
51688

51724
5 1 761
51798

51835
51872

5 1909
51946
51983
52020

52057

52094
52131
52168
52205
52242
52279
52316
52353
52390
53427

52464

52501
52538

52575
52613
52650
52687
52724
52761
52798

52836

S2873
52910

52947
52985
53022

53059
53096
53134
S3 1 71

Cotanfi:

.96261
.96120
.95979
.95838
.95698
.95557
.95417
.95277
.95137
.94997
.94858

.94718
.94579
.94440
.94301
.94162
.94023
.93885
.93746
.93608
.93470

.93332
.93195
.93057
.92920
.92782

.92645
.92508
.92371
.92235
.92098

.91962
.91826
.91690
.91554
.91418
.91282

•91147
.91012
.90876
.90741

.90607

.90472

.90337
.90203
.90069

.89935
.89801

.89667
.89533
.89400

.89266

.89133
.89000
.88867
.88734
.88603

.88469
.88337
.88205
.88073

Tans:

62

28^

Tans: Cotans:

53171
53208
53246
53283
53320
53358
53395
53432
53470
53507
53545

53582
53620
53657
53694
53733
53769
53807
53844
53882
53920

53957
53995
54033
54070
S4I07
54145
54183
54220
54258
54296

54333
54371
54409
54446
54484
54522
54560
54597
54635
54673

547"
54748
54786
54824
54862
54900
54938
54975
55013
55051

55089
55127
SS165
55203
55241
55279
55317
55355
55393
55431

Cotang

.88073
.87941
.87809
.87677
.87546
.87415
.87283
.87153
.87021
.86891
.86760

.86630
.86499
.86369
.86239
.86109

.85979
.85850
.85720

.85591
.85463

.85333
.85204
.85075
.84946
.84818
.84689
.84561
.84433
.84305
.84177

.84049
.83922
.83794
.83667
.83540
.83413
.83286

.83159
.83033
.82906

.82780
.82654
.82528
.82402
.82276
.82150
.82025
.81899
.81774
.81649

.81524

.81399
.81274
.81150
.81025
.80901
.80777
.80653
.80529
.80405

Tans:

61

29'

Tansr

5543X
55469
55507
55545
55583
55621

55659
55697
55736
55774
SS8l3

55850
55888
55926

55964
56003

56041
56079
56117
56156
56194

56232
56270
56309
56347
56385
56424
56462
56501
56539
56577

56616
56654
56693
56731
56769
56808
56846
56885
56923
56962

57000

57039
57078
57116
57155
57193
57232
57271
57309
57348

57386
57425
57464
57503
57541
57580

57619
57657
57696
5773S

Cotans:

.B040S
.80261
.80158
.80034

.79911
.79788
.79665
.79543
.79419
.79396

.79174

.790SX

.78939
.78807
.78685
.78563
.78441
.78319
.73198
.78077
.77955

.77834
.77713
.77593
.77471
.7735X
.77230
.77110
.76990
.76869
.76749

.76629
.76510
.76390
.76271

.76151
.76032

.75913
.75794
.75675
.75556

.75437
.75319
.75200
.75082
.74964
.74846
.74728
.74610
.74493
.74375

.74257
.74140
.74022

.7390s
.73788

.73671
.73555
.73438
.73321
.73305

60
59
58
57
S6
5S
54
53
53
51
50

49
48
47
46
45
44
43
42
41
40

39
38
37
36
35
34
33
33
31
30

39
26

27
26

25
24
33
22
2X
20

X9

18

X7

16

IS
14
13

13

II

XO

9
8

7
6

5

4
3

3
X

Cotans: Tansr
60°

A

k

Bbown & Shakpe Mfg. Co.

NATURAL TANGENTS AND COTANGENTS

TulK CoUns Tug CoEuiB 1
.1S148T
.61608

i.|ia8t .

X

•,Si

.63646
.65668

.6a<yi
.68i;3
.68.,.
.689^

1:69879
..69766

1.696S3

i:6m38

1.64148 .
1,64041

•13816

i3?l9
i:63>8s

.63748

.591(8

I!?

I S.68ig6

1*863

1.46178

nai

::^

''-'— ri Tsnc |Ca«>nc Tuk

314

Brown & Sharpe Mfg. Co.

NATURAL TANGENTS AND COTANGENTS

/

35°

36°

37°

38°

39°

/

Tans:

Cotaxisr

Tan^T

Cotansr

Taziff

Cotazifi:

Tanff

Cotansr

Tans:

CotaniT

.70O2Z

I.428Z5

.72654

x.37638

.75355

z. 32704

.78za9

1.27994

.8097B

X. 23490

60

X

.70064

z. 43736

.72699

X. 37554

.7S40Z

z. 32624

.78x75

X. 2791 7

.81037

z. 234x6

s

2

.70107

z. 43638

.7^743

1.37470

.75447

1.32544

.78222

Z.3784I

.8Z075

X.23343

3

.70151

z.42550

.72788

X.37386

.75402

z. 32464

.78369

z;37764

.8zz33

z. 23270

5^

4

.70194

z. 42463

.73832

1.37302

.75538

z. 32384

.78316

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1.37x34

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1.37050

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1.31507

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z. 26774

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Z. 23249

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z. 3605 1

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1.218x4

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1.35637

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1.3079s

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35

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1.35389

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1.19175

/

Cotans:

Tazisr

Cotang:

Tans

Cotazifir

Tazig

Cotansr

Tazzsr

Cotaxisr

Tansr

/

5^

t°

5:

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52

J°

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[°

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Brown & Sharpe Mfg. Co.

315

NATURAL TANGENTS AND COTANGENTS

/

40°

4^

t°

42^

43°

44^

/

Tanff

Cotanff

Tan?

Cotanff

Tanff

Cotans:

Tans:

Cotang:

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Cotang:

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1.19x75

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1.11061

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1.07337

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X. 03553

60

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1. 1910S

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1.07174

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1.03493

59

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1.1903s

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58

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1. 033 1 2

56

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X.14699

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55

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X.X8754

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1. 03 1 93

54

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1. 03 1 33

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1.18614

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1.10543

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1.06738

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1.03073 <

52

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1.18544

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1.14430

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1. 18404

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49

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1.18334

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1.03833

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I. 18264

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X. 14 163

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1.03773

47

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46

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X. 14028

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43

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41

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1.05994

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1. 021 17

36

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31

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1.05378

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X. 01 76 1

30

31

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1.09067

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z. 01703

39

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X. 0525s

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28

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X. 01 583

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4

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1. 00000

/

Cotansr

Tans

Cotang:

Tang

Cotanff

Tang

Cotang:

Tang:

Cotang:

Tang:

/

4<

f

4

^°

4:

7°

4(

)°

4.

-0
3

316

Brown & Sharpe Mfg. Co.

INDEX MOVEMENTS OF SPIRAL HEAD

FOR

LONGITUDINAL GRADUATING ON A MILLING MACHINE

Movement

•

w

w

Movement

•

w

w

Movement

•

w

Movement

•

w

u

OF

o

o

c

OF

Zi
o

o

c

OF

o

o

c

OF

A

o

Table

Z
1

o
49

Table

Z

5

o
49

Table

I

6
49

Table

z
5

6
19

.0001275

.0006377

.0011479

9

.0016447

.0001330

1

47

.0006410

4

39

.0011574

5

27

.0016581

13

49

.0001454

1

43

.0006465

3

29

.0011628

8

43

.0016666

4

15

.0001524
.0001603

1

41

.0006579

2

19

.0011718

3

16

.0016768

11

41

1

39

.0006649

5

47

.0011824

7

37

.0016892

10

37

.0001689

1

37

.0006757

4

37

.0011905

4

21

.0017045

9

33

.0001894

1

33

.0006944

3

27

.0011968

9

47

.0017241

8

29

.0002016

1

31

.0006944

2

18

.0012096

6

31

.0017288

13

47

.0002155

1

29

.0007268

5

43

.0012195

8

41

.0017361

5

18

.0002315

1

27

.0007353

2

17

.0012500

4

20

.0017442

12

43

.0002551

2

49

.0007576

4

33

.0012500

3

15

.0017628

11

39

.0002660

2

47

.0007622

5

41

.0012755

10

49

.0017857

6

21

.0002717

1

23

.0007653

6

49

.0012820

8

39

.0017857

14

49

.0002907

2

43

.0007813

2

16

.0012930

6

29

.0018144

9

31

.0002976

1

21

.0007979

6

47

.0013081

9

43

.0018292

12

41

.0003049

2

41

.0008012

5

39

.0013158

4

19

.0018382

5

17

.0003125

1

20

.0008064

4

31

.0013257

7

33

.0018518

8

27

.0003205

2

39

.0008152

3

23

.0013298

10

47

.0018581

11

37

.0003289

1

19

.0008333

2

15

.0013513

8

37

.0018617

14

47

.0003378

2

37

.0008446

5

37

.0013587

5

23

.001875

6

20

.0003472

1

18

.0008621

4

29

.0013722

9

41

.0018896

13

43

.0003676

1

17

.0008721

6

43

.0013888

6

27

.0018939

10

33

.0003788

2

33

.0008929

7

49

.0013888

4

18

.0019021

7

23

.0003826

3

49

.0008929

3

21

.0014031

11

49

.0019132

15

49

.0003906

1

16

.0009146

6

41

.0014113

7

31

.0019231

12

39

.0003989

3

47

.0009259

4

27

.0014422

9

39

.0019396

9

29

.0004032

2

31

.0009308

7

47

.0014535

10

43

.0019532

5

16

.0004167

1

15

.0009375

3

20

.0014628

11

47

.0019737

6

19

.0004310

2

29

.0009469

5

33

.0014706

4

17

.0019818

13

41

.0004361

3

43

.0009616

6

39

.0014881

5

21

.0019947

15

47

.0004573

3

41

.0009869

3

19

.0015086

7

29

.0020161

10

31

.0004630

2

27

.0010081

5

31

.0015152

8

33

.0020271

12

37

.0004808

3

39

.0010136

6

37

.0015202

9

37

.002035

14

43

.0005068

3

37

.0010174

7

43

.0015244

10

41

.0020485

16

49

.0005102

4

49

.0010204

8

49

.0015306

12

49

.0020833

13

39

.0005319

4

47

.0010417

3

18

.0015625

5

20

.0020833

5

15

.0005435

2

23

.0010638

8

47

.0015625

4

16

.0020833

11

33

.0005682

3

33

.0010671

7

41

.0015957

12

47

.0020833

9

27

.0005814

4

43

.0010776

5

29

.0015989

11

43

.0020833

7

21

.0005952

2

21

.0010869

4

23

.0016026

10

39

.0020833

6

18

.0006048

3

31

.0011029

3

17

.0016128

8

31

.0021277

16

47

.0006098

4

41

.0011218

7

39

.0016204

7

27

.0021342

14

41

.0006250

2

20

.0011363

6

33

.0016303

6

23

.0021552

10

29

Brown & Sharpe Mfg. Co.

317

INDEX MOVEMENTS OF SPIRAL HEAD

FOR

LONGITUDINAL GRADUATING ON A MILLING MACHINE

MOVCMENT

or
Table

w

W

z
17

u

o

c

6
49

Movement

. OF

Table

•

u

Z

9

u

o

c

O
21

Movement

OF

Table

•

a

z
21

o

6
41

Movement

OF

Table

•

z
29

u
.J
o

oe

6
49

.0021682

.0026785

.0032014

.003699

.0021738

8

23

.0026785

21

49

.003205

20

39

.0037038

16

27

.0021802

15

43

.0027028

16

37

.0032095

19

37

.0037163

22

37

.0021875

7

20

.0027174

10

23

.0032197

17

33

.0037234

28

47

.002196

13

37

.0027243

17

39

.0032257

16

31

.003750

12

20

.0022059

6

17

.0027344

7

16

.0032327

15

29

.003750

9

15

.0022176

11

31

.002744

18

41

.0032408

14

27

.0037793

26

43

.0022436

14

39

.0027618

19

43

.0032607

12

23

.0037878

20

33

.0022607

17

47

.0027777

8

18

.0032738

11

21

.0038043

14

23

.0022728

12

33

.0027777

12

27

.0032895

10

19

.0038112

25

41

.0022866

15

41

.0027925

21

47

.0033088

9

17

.0038195

11

18

.0022959

18

49

.0028017

13

29

.0033164

26

49

.0038265

30

49

.0023027

7

19

.002806

22

49

.0033245

25

47

.0038305

19

31

.0023148

10

27

.0028125

9

20

.0033333

8

15

.003846

24

39

.0023257

16

43

.0028225

14

31

.0033431

23

43

.0038564

29

47

.0023438

6

16

.0028409

15

33

.0033538

22

41

.0038692

13

21

.0023649

14

37

.0028717

17

37

.0033654

21

39

.0038794

18

29

.0023706

11

29

.0028846

18

39

.0033784

20

37

.0038853

23

37

.0023809

8

21

.0028963

19

41

.0034091

18

33

.0039063

10

16

.0023937

18

47

.002907

20

43

.0034273

17

31

.0039246

27

43

.0024038

15

39

.0029167

7

15

.0034375

11

20

.0039352

17

27

.0024192

12

31

.0029256

22

47

.0034439

27

49

.0039475

12

19

.0024235

19

49

.0029337

23

49

.0034482

16

29

.003954

31

49

.0024306

7

18

.0029412

8

17

.0034574

26

47

.0039636

26

41

.002439

16

41

.0029605

9

19

.0034722

10

18

.0039773

21

33

.0024455

9

23

.0029762

10

21

.0034722

15

27

.0039894

30

47

.0024622

13

33

.002989

11

23

.0034885

24

43

.0040064

25

39

.002471

17

43

.0030094

13

27

.0035063

23

41

.0040322

20

31

.00250

8

20

.0030172

14

29

.0035156

9

16

.0040443

11

17

.00250

6

15

.0030241

15

31

.0035255

22

39

.0040541

24

37

.0025266

19

47

.0030303

16

33

.0035325

13

23

.0040625

13

20

.0025339

15

37

.0030406

18

37

.0035474

21

37

.00407

28

43

.0025463

11

27

.0030448

19

39

.0035714

12

21

.0040759

15

23

.002551

20

49

.0030488

20

41

.0035714

28

49

.0040817

32

49

.002564

16

39

.0030524

21

43

.0035904

27

47

.0040948

19

29

.0025736

7

17

.0030586

23

47

.0035984

19

33

.004116

27

41

.0025862

12

29

.0030611

24

49

.0036186

11

19

.0041223

31

47

.0025915

17

41

.003125

9

18

.0036289

18

31

.0041666

22

33

.0026164

18

43

.003125

10

20

.0036339

25

43

.0041666

14

21

.0026209

13

31

.003125

8

16

.0036585

24

41

.0041666

18

27

.0026316

8

19

.0031889

25

49

.0036637

17

29

.0041666

12

18

.0026515

14

33

.0031915

24

47

.0036765

10

17

.0041666

10

15

.0026596

20

47

.0031978

22

43

.0036858

23

39

.0041666

26

39

318

Brown & Sharpe Mpg. Co.

INDEX MOVEMENTS OF SPIRAL HEAD

FOR

LONGITUDINAL GRADUATING ON A MILLING MACHINE

MOVEMCNT
OF

Table

•

w
Jk

z
33

u

Jk

o

oe

O

49

Movement

OF

Table

•

u

Jk

z
31

u

Jk
u

c

O
41

Movement

OF

Table

•

z
36

u

oe

O

Movement

OF

Table

•

z

w
.J
u

c

o

.0042091

.0047256

.0052327

43

.0057433

34

37

.0042152

29

43

.0047299

28

37

.0052365

31

37

.0057692

36

39

.0042232

25

37

.0047349

25

33

.0052419

26

31

.0057874

25

27

.0042338

21

31

.0047414

22

29

.0052635

16

19

.0057927

38

41

.0042553

32

47

.004762

16

21

.0052884

33

39

.0058142

40

43

.0042685

28

41

.0047796

13

17

.005303

28

33

.0058187

27

29

.0042765

13

19

.0047873

36

47

.0053125

17

20

i)058336

14

15

.0042971

11

16

.0047968

33

43

.0053194

40

47

.0058466

29

31

.0043104

20

29

.0048074

30

39

.0053242

23

27

.0058512

44

47

.0043268

27

39

.0048384

24

31

.0053364

35

41

.0058599

15

16

.0043368

34

49

.004847

38

49

.0053572

42

49

.0058674

46

49

.0043477

16

23

.0048613

14

18

.0053572

18

21

.005871

31

33

.0043562

23

33

.0048613

21

27

.0053781

37

43

.0058825

16

17

.0043605

30

43

.0048782

32

41

.005388

25

29

.0059027

17

18

.004375

14

20

.0048912

18

23

.0054057

32

37

.0059122

35

37

.0043883

33

47

.0048989

29

37

.005417

13

15

.0059215

18

19

.0043922

26

37

.0049202

37

47

.0054348

20

23

.0059294

37

39

.004398

19

27

.0049244

26

33

.0054434

27

31

.0059375

19

20

.0044119

12

17

.0049345

15

19

.0054486

34

39

.0059455

39

41

.004421

29

41

.004942

34

43

.0054522

41

47

.0059524

20

21

.0044354

22

31

.0049569

23

29

.005469

14

16

.0059598

41

43

.0044643

15

21

.0049677

31

39

.0054848

43

49

.0059782

22

23

.0044643

35

49

.0049745

39

49

.0054878

36

41

.0059841

45

47

.0044871

28

39

.005

16

20

.0054924

29

33

.0059951

47

49

.004506

31

43

.005

12

15

.0055148

15

17

.0060188

26

27

.004514

13

18

.0050308

33

41

.0055238

38

43

.0060346

28

29

.0045213

34

47

.0050402

25

31

.0055555

24

27

.006048

30

31

.0045259

21

29

.0050532

38

47

.0055555

16

18

.0060607

32

33

.0045452

24

33

.0050596

17

21

.0055746

33

37

.0060812

36

37

.004561

27

37

.0050676

30

37

.0055852

42

47

.0060898

38

39

.0045732

30

41

.0050785

13

16

.0055925

17

19

.006098

40

41

.0045835

11

15

.0050876

35

43

.0056035

26

29

.0061052

42

43

.004592

36

49

.0050928

22

27

.0056088

35

39

.0061171

46

47

.0046055

14

19

.0051022

40

49

.0056123

44

49

.0061224

48

49

.0046194

17

23

.0051136

27

33

.005625

18

20

.00625

1

.0046296

20

27

.0051281

32

39

.0056403

37

41

1

1
1

.0046371

23

31

.0051474

14

17

.005645

28

31

.0046473

29

39

.0051627

19

23

.0056546

19

21

•

.0046512

32

43

.0051721

24

29

.005669

39

43

.0046543

35

47

.005183

34

41

.0056816

30

33

.0046875

15

20

.0051861

39

47

.0057065

21

23

.0046875

12

16

.0052083

15

18

.005718

43

47

.0047195

37

49

.0052296

41

49

.00574

45

49

Brown & Sharpe Mfg. Co.

319

TABLE OF TOOTH PARTS

CIRCULAR PITCH IN FIRST COLUMN

NE

37
39
27
41
43
29
15
31
47
16
49
33
17
18
37
19
39
20
41
21
43
23
47
49
27
29
31
33
37
39
41
43
47
19
1

Circular
Pitch.

Threads or

Teeth per inch.

Linear.

Diametral
Pitch.

ThickncBS of

Tooth on
Pitch Line.

Addendnm
and Module.

Working Depth
of Tooth.

Depth of Space

below

Pitch Line.

Whole Depth
of Tooth.

Width of

Thread-Tool

at End.

X Width of
1 Thread at Top.

P'

1"
p'

P

t

8

D"

3+f

D"+/

P'X.3095

2

1

2

1.5708

1.0000

.6366

1.2782

.7366

1.3732

.6190

.6707

If

8
15

1.6765

.9375

.5968

1.1937

.6906

1.2874

.5803

.6288

H

4

7

1.7952

.8750

.5570

1.1141

.6445

1.2016

.5416

.5869

H

8
13

1.9333

.8125

.5173

1.0345

.5985

1.1168

.5029

.5450

li-

2
8

2. 0044

.7500

.4775

.9549

.5525

1.0299

.4642

.5030

ih

10
S3

2. 1855

.7187

.4576

.9151

.5294

.9870

.4449

.4821

li

8
11

2.2848

.6875

.4377

.8754

.5064

.9441

.4256

.4611

li

?
4

2.3562

.6666

.4244

.8488

.4910

.9164

.4127

.4471

1^

10
21

2.3936

.6562

.4178

.8356

.4834

.9012

.4062

.4402

H

4

6

2.5133

.6250

.3979

.7958

.4604

.8583

.3869

.4192

1^

10

-nr

2. 6456

.6937

.3780

.7560

.4374

.8154

.3675

.3982

if

8
9

2.7925

.5625

.3581

.7162

.4143

.7724

.3482

.3773

1^

10
17

2.9568

.5312

.3382

.6764

.3913

.7295

,3288

.3563

1

1

3.1416

.5000

.3183

.6366

.3683

.6866

.3095

.3354

u

.1^

3.3510

.4687

.2984

.5968

.3453

.6437

.2902

.3144

T
«

li

3. 5904

.4375

.2785

.5570

.3223

.6007

.2708

.2934

«

1^

3. 8666

.4062

.2586

.5173

.2993

.5579

.2515

.2725

i.

s

If

3.9270

.4000

.2546

.5092

.2946

.5492

.2476

.2683

8
4

li

4.1888

.3750

.2387

.4775

.2762

.5150

.2321

.2515

11

18

1*

4.5696

.3487

.2189

.4377

.2532

.4720

.2128

.2306

a

8

If

4.7124

.3333

.2122

.4244

.2465

.4577

.2063

.2236

5
8

^ 6

5.0265

.3125

.1989

.3979

.2801

.4291

.1934

.2096

8
5

If

5.2360

.3000

.1910
.1819

.3820

.2210

.4120

.1857

.2012

7

If

5.4978

.2857

.3638

.2105

.3923

.1769

.1916

le

If

5.5851

.2812

.1790

.3581

.2071

.3862

.1741

.1886

320

Brown & Sharpe Mfg. Co.

TABLE OF TOOTH PARTS— Continued

CIRCULAR PITCH IN FIRST COLUMN

Gironlar
Pitch.

Threads or

Teeth per incJi

Linear,

Diametral
Pitch.

Thickness of

Tooth on
Pitch Line.

Addendum
and Ifodnle.

Working Depth
of Tooth.

Depth of Space

below

Fitch Line.

Whole Depth
of Tooth.

Width of

Thread-Tool

at End.

Width of
Thread at Top.

P'

1"

P

t

8

D"

«+/

D\f.

P'x.aoBS

P'x.3851

+

2

6.2832

.2500

.1592

.3183

.1842

.3433

.1647

.1677

4
9

H

7.0686

.2222

.1415

.2830

.1637

.3052

.1376

.1490

7
16

2f

7.1808

.2187

.1393

.2785

.1611

.3003

.1364

.1467

8

7

2f

7.3304

.2143

.1364

.2728

.1578

.2942

.1326

.1437

8

5

2f

7.8540

.2000

.1273

.2646

.1473

.2746

.1238

.1341

8
8

2f

8.3776

.1875

.1194

.2387

.1381

.2575

.1161

.1258

4

11

2f

8.6394

.1818

.1158

.2316

.1340

.2498

.1126

.1219

1

3

9.4248

.1666

.1061

.2122

.1228

.2289

.1032

.1118

6
16

Si-

10.0531

.1562

.0995

.1989

.1151

.2146

.0967

.1048

8
10

Si

10.4719

.1500

.0955

.1910

.1105

.2060

.0928

.1006

8

7

8i

10.9956

.1429

.0909

.1819

.1052

.1962

.0884

.0958

1
4

4

12.5664

.1250

.0796

.1591

,0921

.1716

.0774

.0838

8

9

4i

14.1372

.1111

.0707

.1415

.0818

.1526

.0688

.0745

1

5

5

15.7080

.1000

.0637

.1273

.0737

.1373

.0619

.0671

8
16

51-

16.7552

.0937

.0597

.1194

,0690

.1287

.0680

.0629

8
11

5f

17.2788

.0909

.0579

.1158

.0670

.1249

.0563

.0610

1
6

6

18.8496

.0833

.0531

.1061

.0614

.1144

.0516

.0559

8
13

6i

20.4203

.0769

.0489

.0978

,0566

.1055

.0476

.0516

1
7

7

21.9911

.0714

.0455

.0910

.0526

.0981

.0442

.0479

8
15

7i

23.5619

.0666

.0425

.0850

.0492

.0917

.0418

.0447

1
8

8

25.1327

.0625

.0398

.0796

.0460

.0858

.0387

.0419

1

9

9

28.2743

.0555

.0354

.0707

.0409

.0763

.0344

.0373

_1-
10

10

31.4159

.0500

.0318

.0637

.0368

.0687

.0309

.0335

1
16

16

50.2655

.0312

.0199

.0398

.0230

,0429

.0193

.0210

1

20

62.8318

.0250

.0159

.0318

.0184

,0343

.0155

T0I68

Brown & Sharpe Mfg. Co.

321

TABLE OF TOOTH PARTS

DIAMETRAL PITCH IN FIRST COLUMN

Diametral
Pitch.

Circular
Pitch.

Thickness
of Tooth on
Pitch Line.

Addendum
and Module.

Working Depth
of Tooth.

Depth of Space

below

Pitch Line.

Whole Depth
of Tooth.

P

P'

t

s

D"

s+f.

D" + /.

H

6.2832

3.1416

2.0000

4.0000

2.3142

4.3142

H

4.1888

2.0944

1 . 3333

2.6666

1.5428

2 . 8761

1

3.1416

1.5708

1.0000

2.0000

1 . 1571

2 . 1571

iH

2.5133

1.2566

.8000

1.6000

.9257

1.7257

13^

2.0944

1.0472

.6666

1.3333

.7714

1.4381

IH

1.7952

.8976

.5714

1 . 1429

.6612

1.2326

2

1.5708

.7854

.5000

1.0000

.5785

1.0785

■ 2M

1.3963

.6981

.4444

.8888

.5143

.9587

23^

1.2566

.6283

.4000

.8000

.4628

.8628

2H

1 . 1424

.5712

.3636

.7273

.4208

.7844

3

1.0472

.5236

.3333

.6666

.3857

.7190

3K

.8976

.4488

.2857

.5714

.3306

.6163

4

.7854

.3927

.2500

.5000

.2893

.5393

5

.6283

.3142

.2000

.4000

.2314

.4314

6

.5236

.2618

.1666

.3333

.1928

.3595

7

.4488

:2244

.1429

.2857

.1653

.3081

8

.3927

.1963

.1250

.2500

.1446

.2696

9

.3491

.1745

.1111

.2222

.1286

.2397

10

.3142

.1571

.1000

.2000

.1157

.2157

11

.2856

.1428

.0909

.1818

.1052

.1961

12

.2618

.1309

.0833

.1666

.0964

.1798

13

.2417

.1208

.0769

.1538

.0890

.1659

14

.2244

.1122

.0714

.1429

.0826

.1541

322

Brown & Sharpe Mfg. Co.

TABLE OF TOOTH PARTS— Continued

DIAMETRAL PITCH IN FIRST COLUMN

Diametral
Pitch.

Circular
Pitch.

Thickness
of Tooth on
Pitch Line.

~- or the
Addendum
or Module.

W orking Depth
of Tooth.

Depth of Space

below

Pitch Line.

Whole Depth
of Tooth.

P.

P'.

t.

s.

D".

8 + f.

D"4-/.

15

.2094

.1047

.0666

.1333

.0771

.1438

16

.1963

. 0982

.0625

.1250

.0723

.1348

17

.1848

.0924

.0588

.1176

.0681

.1269

18

.1745

.0873

.0555

.1111

.0643

.1198

19

.1653

.0827

.0526

.1053

.0609

.1135

20

.1571

.0785

.0500

1000

.0579

.1079

22

.1428

.0714

.0455

.0909

.0526

.0980

24

.1309

.0654

.0417

.0833

.0482

.0898

26

.1208

.0604

.0385

.0769

.0445

.0829

28^

.1122

.0561

.0357

.0714

.0413

.0770

30

.1047

.0524

.0333

.0666

.0386

.0719

32

.0982

.0491

.0312

.0625

.0362

.0674

34

.0924

.0462

.0294

.0588

.0340

.0634

36

.0873

.0436

.0278

.0555

.0321

.0599

38

.0827

.0413

.0263

. 0526 .

.0304

.0568

40

.0785

.0393

.0250

. 0500

.0289

.0539

42

.0748

. 0374

.0238

.0476

.0275

.0514

44

.0714

.0357

.0227

.0455

.0263

.0490

46

.0683

.0341

.0217

.0435

.0252

.0469

48

.0654

.0327

.0208

.0417

.0241

.0449

50

.0628

.0314

.0200

.0400

.0231

.0431

56

.0561

.0280

.0178

.0357

.0207

.0385

60

.0524

.0262

.0166

.0333

.0193

.0360

Brown & Sharpe Mfg. Co.

323

TABLE GIVING CHORDAL THICKNESS OF GEAR TEETH (f)
AND DISTANCE FROM CHORD TO TOP OF TOOTH (s")

NUMBER
OF TEETH

t*

S*

NUMBER
OF TEETH

t*

S^

NUMBER
OF TEETH

t*

S'

94

5707

1 .0066

6

5529

1. 1022

50

5705

1.0123

95

5707

1.0065

7

5568

1.0873

51

.5706

1. 01 21

96

5707

1.0064

8

5607

1.0769

52

5706

1. 01 19

97

5707

1.0064

9

5628

1 .0684

53

5706

1.0117

98

5707

1.0063

10

•5643

1. 0616

54

.5706

1.0114

99

5707

1.0062

1 1

.5654

1.0559

55

.5706

1.01 12

100

5707

1. 006 1

12

5663

1-0514

56

.5706

I.OIIO

101

.5707

1.0061

13

.5670

1.0474

57

.5706

1.0108

102

5707

1 .0060

14

5675

1 .0440

58

.5706

1.0106

103

5707

1.0060

15

5679

1 .04 1 1

59

5706

1.0105

104

'5707

1.0059

16

.5683

1.0385

60

.5706

1.0102

105

5707

1.0059

17

.5686

1.0362

61

.5706

1.0101

106

5707

1.0058

18

.5688

1.0342

62

.5706

1. 01 00

107

•5707

1.0058

19

.5690

1.0324

63

5706

1 .0098

108

5707

1.0057

20

.5692

T .0308

64

5706

1.0097

109

5707

1.0057

21

.5694

1.0294

65

.5706

1.0095

1 10

5707

1.0056

22

.5695

I.O281

66

.5706

1.0094

1 1 1

.5707

1.0056

23

.5696

1.0268

67

.5706

1.0092

1 12

■5707

1.0055

24

.5697

1.0257

68

.5706

1. 009 1

1 13

•5707

1.0055

25

.5698

1.0247

69

•5707

1.0090

1 14

•5707

1.0054

26

.5698

1.0237

70

■5707

1.0088

1 15

5707

1.0054

27

5699

1.0228

71

•5707

1.0087

1 16

5707

1.0053

28

5700

1.0220

72

•5707

1.0086

1 17

-- —

5707
5707

1. 00 53

29

.5700

I.0213

73

5707

1.0085

1 18

1.0053

30

5701

1.0208

74

•5707

1.0084

1 19

5707

1.0052

31

5701

1. 01 99

75

5707

1 .0083

120

5707

1.0052

32

.5702

1.0193

76

.5707

1.0081

121

■5707

1.0051

33

5702

1.0187

77

5707

1.0080

122

5707-

1.0051

34

5702

I.0181

78

5707

1.0079

123

•5707

1.0050

35

.5702

I.OI76

79

•5707

1.0078

124

■5707

1.0050

36

5703

I.OI7I

80

5707

1.0077

125

•5707

1.0049

37

•5703

1.0167

81

■5707

1.0076

126

•5707

1.C049
1.0049

38

5703

I.0162

82

5707

1.0075

127

•5707

39

5704

1.0158

83

5707

1.C074

128
129

•5707

1. 00-1 8
1.0048

40

5704

1.0154

84

5707

1.C074

■5707

41

.5704

1. 01 50

85

5707

1.0073

ISO

•5707

1.C047

42

5704

1.0147

86

5707

1.0072

131

.5708

1.0047

43

5705

I.OI43

87

.5707

1.007 1

132

.5708

1.C047

44

5705

1.0140

88

•5707

1.0070

133

.5708

1.0047

45

5705

I.OI37

89

5707

1 .0069

134

.5708

1.C046

46

5705

I.OI34

90

5707

1.0068

135

.570S

1.0046

47

5705

I.OT3I

91

5707

1 .0068

48

5705

1. 0129

92

5707

1.0067

49

5705

I.OI26

93

5707

1 .0067

324

Brown & Sharpe Mfg. Co.

TABLE FOR OBTAINING SET-OVER FOR CUTTING

BEVEL GEARS

RATIO

OF APEX DISTANCE TO WIDTH

OF FACE =

APEX
FACE

No. OF

3

3V4

3>A

3%

4

4V4

4V2

4V4

5

5>A

6

7

8

Cutter

1

1

1

1

1

1

1

1

1

1

1

1

1

1

.254

.254

.255

.256

.257

.257

.257

.258

.258

.259

.260

.262

.264

2

.266

.268

.271

.272

.273

.274

.274

.275

.277

.279

.280

.283

.284

3

.266

.268

.271

.273

.275

.278

.280

.282

.283

.286

JS87

.290

•

.292

4

.275

.280

.285

.287

.291

.293

.296

.298

.298

.SOZ

jJ05

.308

.311

5

.280

.285

.290

.293

.295

.296

.298

.300

.302

.307

t^09

.313

.315

6

.311

.318

.323

.328

.330

.334

.337

.340

.343

.348

.352

.356

.362

7

.289

.298

.308

.316

.324

.329

.334

.338

.343

.350

.360

.370

.376

8

.275

.286

.296

.309

.319

.331

.338

.344

.352

.361

.368

.380

.386

TABLE OF CUTTERS, PITCHES, GEARS AND ANGLES

FOR TWIST DRILLS

Diameter of
Drill

Thickness of
Cutter

Pitch in
Inches

Gear on
Worm

First Gear
ON Stud

Second Gear
ON Stud

Gear on
Screw

Angle of
Spiral

A

.06

.67

24

86

24

100

16** 20'

i

.08

1.12

24

86

40

100

IQO 20'

A

.11

1.67

24

64

32

72

19 *» 25'

i

.15

1.94

32

64

28

72

21'>

A

.19

2.92

24

64

56

72

20^

f

.23

3.24

40

48

28

72

21 o

A

.27

3.89

56

48

24

72

20** 10'

.31

4.17

40

72

48

64

20** 30'

9

.35

4.86

40

64

56

72

20**

i

.39

5.33

48

40

32

72

20** 12'

\\

.44

6.12

56

40

28

64

19** 30'

f

.50

6.48

56

48

40

72

20**

W

.56

7.29

56

48

40

64

19** 20'

.62

7.62

64

48

32

56

19** 50'

\%

.70

8.33

48

32

40

72

19** 30'

1

.77

8 95

86

48

28

56

IQO 20'

1]

.85

9.33

56

40

48

72

20** 40'

Brown & Sharpe Mfg. Co.

325

TABLE OF CUTTING SPEEDS

rr. PKR

MINUTE

15

17.5

20

22.5

25

27.5

30

35

40

45

50

55

DIAM.

REVOLUTIONS

PER

MINUTE

V;^

917

1070

1222

1375

1528

1681

1833

2139

2445

2750

3056

3361

h's

458

535

611

688

764

840

917

1070

1222

1375

1528

1681

3/16

306

357

407

458

509

560

611

713

815

917

1019

1120

.V*

229

267

306

344

382

420

458

535

611

688

764

840

Vl6

183

214

244

275

306

336

367

428

489

550

611

672

^'/»

153

178

204

229

255

280

306

357

407

458

509

560

Vl6

131

153

175

196

218

240

262

306

349

393

437

480

i'^^

115

134

153

172

191

210

229

267

306

344

382

420

t/,«

91.7

107

122

138

153

168

183

214

244

275

306

336

^/,*

76.4

89.1

102

115

127

140

153

178

204

229

255

280

Vs

65.5

76.4

87.3

98.2

109

120

131

153

175

196

218

240

1

57.3

66.8

76.4

85.9

95.5

105

115

134

153

172

191

210

IVs

50.9

59.4

67.9

76.4

84.9

93.4

102

119

136

153

170

187

IJA

45.8

53.5

61.1

68.8

76.4

84.0

91.7

107

122

138

153

168

IVs

41.7

48.6

55.6

62.5

69.5

76.4

83.3

97.2

111

125

139

153

IV2

38.2

44.6

50.9

57.3

63.7

70.0

76.4

89.1

102

115

127

140

iVs

35.3

41.1

47.0

52.9

58.8

64.6

70.5

82.3

94.0

106

118

129

IV4

32.7

38.2

43.7

49.1

54.6

60.0

65.5

76.4

87.3

98.2

109

120

iVs

30.6

35.7

40.7

45.8

50.9

56.0

61.1

71.3

81.5

91.7

102

112

2

28.7

33.4

38.2

43.0

47.7

52.5

57.3

66.8

76.4

85.9

95.5

105

2V4

25.5

29.7

34.0

38.2

42.4

46.7

50.9

59.4

67.9

76.4

84.9

93.4

2V2

22.9

26.7

30.6

34.4

38.2

42.0

45.8

53.5

61.1

68.8

76.4

84.0

2V4

20.8

24.3

27.8

31.3

34.7

38.2

41.7

48.6

55.6

62.5

69.5

76.4

3

19.1

22.3

25.5

28.6

31.8

35.0

38.2

44.6

50.9

57.3

63.7

70.0

3V4

17.6

20.6

23.5

26.4

29.4

32.3

35.3

41.1

47.0

52.9

58.8

64.6

3V2

16.4

19.1

21.8

24.5

27.3

30.0

32.7

38.2

43.7

49.1

54.6

60.0

3V4

15.3

17.8

20.4

22.9

25.5

28.0

30.6

35.7

40.7

45.8

50.9

56.0

4

14.3

16.7

19.1

21.5

23.9

26.3

28.7

33.4

38.2

43.0

47.7

52.5

4V2

12.7

14.9

17.0

19.1

21.2

23.3

25.5

29.7

34.0

38.2

42.4

46.7

5

11.5

13.4

15.3

17.2

19.1

21.0

22.9

26.7

30.6

34.4

38.2

42.0

5V2

10.4

12.2

13.9

15.6

17.4

19.1

20.8

24.3

27.8

31.3

34.7

38.2

6

9.5

11.1

12.7

14.3

15.9

17.5

19.1

22.3

25.5

28.6

31.8

35.0

6V2

8.8

10.3

11.8

13.2

14.7

16.2

17.6

20.6

23.5

26.4

29.4

32.3

7

8.2

9.5

10.9

12.3

13.6

15.0

16.4

19.1

21.8

24.5

27.3

30.0

7V2

7.6

8.9

10.2

11.5

12.7

14.0

15.3

17.8

20.4

22.9

25.5

28.0

8

7.2

8.4

9.5

10.7

11.9

13.1

14.3

16.7

19.1

21.5

23.9

26.3

8V2

6.7

7.9

9.0

10.1

11.2

12.4

13.5

15.7

18.0

20.2

22.5

24.7

9

6.4

7.4

8.5

9.5

10.6

11.7

12.7

14.9

17.0

19.1

21.2

23.3

9V2

6.0

7.0

8.0

9.1

10.1

11.1

12.1

14.1

16.1

18.1

20.1

22.1

10

5.7

6.7

7.6

8.6

9.5

10.5

11.5

13.4

15.3

17.2

19.1

21.0

11

5.2

6.1

6.9

7.8

8.7

9.5

10.4

12.2

13.9

15.6

17.4

19.1

12

4.8

5.6

6.4

7.2

8.0

8.8

9.5

11.1

12.7

14.3

15.9

17.5

13

4.4

5.1

5.9

6.6

7.3

8.1

8.8

10.3

11.8

13.2

14.7

16.2

14

4.1

4.8

5.5

6.1

6.8

7.5

8.2

9.5

10.9

12.3

13.6

15.0

15

3.8

4.5

5.1

5.7

6.4

7.0

7.6

8.9

10.2

11.5

12.7

14.0

16

3.6

4.2

4.8

5.4

6.0

6.6

7.2

8.4

9.5

10.7

11.9

13.1

17

3.4

3.9

4.5

5.1

5.6

6.2

6.7

7.9

9.0

10.1

11.2

12.4

18

3.2

3.7

4.2

4.8

5.3

5.8

6.4

7.4

8.5

9.5

10.6

11.7

15

17.5

20

22.5

25

27.5

30

35

40

45

50

55

326

Brown & Sharpe Mfg. Co.

TABLE OF CUTTING SPEEDS— Continued

FT. PER
MINUTE

60

65

70

. 75

80

90

100

110

120

130

140

150

DlAIM.

REVOLUTIONS

PER

MINUTE

\¥

3667

3973

4278

4584

4889

,V8

1833

1986

2139

2292

2445

2750

3056

3361

3667

3973

4278

4584

Vl6

1222

1324

1426

1528

1630

1833

2037

2241

2445

2648

2852

3056

eV*

917

993

1070

1146

1222

1375

1528

1681

1833

1986

2139

2292

5/16

733

794

856

917

978

1100

1222

1345

1467

1589

1711

1833

i/»

611

662

713

764

815

917

1019

1120

1222

1324

1426

1528

Vl6

524

568

611

655

698

786

873

960

1048

1135

1222

1310

i/2

458

497

535

573

611

688

764

840

917

993

1070

1146

\'^

367

397

428

458

489

550

611

672

733

794

856

917

2/*

306

331

357

382

407

458

509

560

611

662

713

764

Vs

262

284

306

327

349

393

437

480

524

568

611

655

1

229

248

267

287

306

344

382

420

458

497

535

573

iVs

204

221

238

255

272

306

340

373

407

441

475

509

1V4

183

199

214

229

244

275

306

336

367

397

428

458

IVs

167

181

194

208

222

250

278

306

333

361

389

417

IV2

153

166

178

191

204

229

255

280

306

331

357

382

iVs

141

153

165

176

188

212

235

259

282

306

329

353

PA

131

142

153

164

175

196

218

240

262

284

306

327

iVs

122

132

143

153

163

183

204

224

244

265

285

306

2

115

124

134

143

153

172

191

210

229

248

267

287

2V4

102

110

119

127

136

153

170

187

204

221

238

255

2V2

91.7

99.3

107

115

122

138

153

168

183

199

214

229

2^4

83.3

90.3

97.2

104

111

125

139

153

167

181

194

208

3

76.4

82.8

89.1

95.5

102

115

127

140

153

166

178

191

3V4

70.5

76.4

82.3

88.2

94.0

106

118

129

141

153

165

176

3V2

65.5

70.9

76.4

81.9

87.3

98.2

109

120

131

142

153

164

3V4

61.1

66.2

71.3

76.4

81.5

91.7

102

112

122

132

143

153

4

57.3

62.1

66.8

71.6

764

85.9

95.5

105

115

124

134

143

4V2

50.9

55.2

59.4

63.6

679

76.4

84.9

93.4

102

110

119

127

5

45.8

49.7

53.5

57.3

61. 1

68.8

76.4

84.0

91.7

99.3

107

115

5V2

41.7

45.1

48.6

52.1

55.6

62.5

69.5

76.4

83.3

90.3

97.2

104

6

38.2

41.4

44.6

47.8

509

57.3

63.7

70.0

76.4

82.8

89.1

95.5

6V2

35.3

38.2

41.1

44.1

470

52.9

58.8

64.6

70.5

76.4

82.3

88.2

7

32.7

35.5

38.2

40.9

43.7

49.1

54.6

60.0

65.5

70.9

76.4

81.9

7V2

30.6

33.1

35.7

38.2

40.7

45.8

50.9

56.0

61.1

66.2

71.3

76.4

8

28.7

31.0

33.4

35.8

38.2

43.0

47.7

52.5

57.3

62.1

66.8

71.6

8^2

27.0

29.2

31.5

33.7

36.0

40.4

44.9

49.4

53.9

58.4

62.9

67.4

9

25.5

27.6

29.7

31.8

34.0

38.2

42.4

46.7

50.9

55.2

59.4

63.6

91/2

24.1

26.1

28.2

30.2

32.2

36.2

40.2

44.2

48.3

52.3

56.3

60.3

10

22.9

24.8

26.7

28.7

30.6

34.4

38.2

42.0

45.8

49.7

53.5

57.3

11

20.8

22.6

24.3

26.0

27.8

31.3

34.7

38.2

41.7

45.1

48.6

52.1

12

19.1

20.7

22.3

23.9

25.5

28.6

31.8

35.0

38.2

41.4

44.6

47.8

13

17.6

19.1

20.6

22.0

23.5

26.4

29.4

32.3

35.3

38.2

41.1

44.1

14

16.4

17.7

19.1

20.5

21.8

.24.5

27.3

30.0

32.7

35.5

38.2

40.9

15

15.3

16.6

17.8

19.1

20.4

22.9

25.5

28.0

30.6

33.1

35.7

38.2

16

14.3

15.5

16.7

17.9

19.1

21.5

23.9

26.3

28.7

31.0

33.4

35.8

17

13.5

14.6

15.7

16.9

18.0

20.2

22.5

24.7

27.0

29.2

31.5

33.7

18

12.7

13.8

14.9

15.9

17.0

19.1

21.2

23.3

25.5

27.6

29.7

31.8

60

65

70

75

80

90

100

110

120

130

140

150

Brown & Sharpe Mfg. Co.

Tell Us Your Cutter Difficulties

It matters not whether they are problems of accuracy, production,
or length of service. We have probably faced the same situations
at some time or other and can readily remedy your troubles. We
developed the extensive line of

B. & S. CUTTERS

by experience and study of not only our own requirements, but those
of our customers.

The services of our experts in making and running of cutters
are always at your command.

B. & S. Cutters fulfil the requirements of quality, accuracy and
service. They are carefully made and rigidly inspected in every
way before going into stock.

Hardening of cutters is one of the most important sicps in their
manufacture. After years of experience we have perfected this
process to a point where dependable uniform temper and long wearing
qualities are assured.

We carry in stock at all times over 40 styles and 3800 sizes of
cutters.

If your work requires special form cutters, send us a drawing
or sample and we will gladly submit estimate of cost of cutters.

IVrilefor Our Cutter Catalogue

Brown & Sharpe Mfg. Co,

No. 2 Cutter
Grinding Machini

Don't Let Your

Sharp Cutters Give Faster
Production

Sharp Cutters Consume
Less Power

YOU can sharpen cutters on a cyiin
I

drical grinding machine or on a lathe,
but it requires too much time to rig up.
and ties up a machine that might be more profitably employed.
Ask us for special circulars of our cutter grinding machines.

No. 2 Gutter Grinding Machine

Capacity: Cutters, 6' diameter; 6' length; saw3, 24' diameter.

No. 12 Universal and Tool Grinding Machine

Capacity; Centres swing 12' diameter; take 18' length.

] and Tool Grinding Machine

Brown & Shabpe Mfg. Co.

Cutters Get Dull

Sharp Cutters Produce Better
Surfaces

Cutters Kept Well Sharpened
Wear Longer

A CUTTER grinding machine provides ^^ 3 Universal

a quick and easy means of sharp- Cittter and Reamer

, ^, f u .. Grinding Machine

ening cutters. In the course of a short

time it will pay for itself in any shop. Your production will be
greater and your cutter bills less.

No. 3 UniverBa) Gutter aod Reamer Grinding Machine

No. 13 Universal and Tool Grinding Machine

Capacity: Centres swing 8' diameter; take 24J^' length.

No. 13 Universal and Tool Grinding Machine

330 Brown & Sharpe Mfg. Co.

Publications

Treatises

The following books are sent by mail on receipt of prices listed.

Construction and Use of Automatic Screw Machines

Edition of 1914

This book is published to assist those who are not familiar with the construction
and use of the Automatic Screw Machine. Illustrated. Cardboard covers, price,
50 cents.

Construction and Use of Universal Grinding Machines

Edition of 1913

This work describes the construction and use of Universal Grinding Machines
as made by us. Illustrated. Cardboard covers, price, 25 cents.

Use of Plain Grinding Machines

Edition of 1913

This work describes the construction and use of Plain (^rinding Machines, as
made by us. Illustrated. Cardboard covers, price, 25 cents.

Practical Treatise on Gearing

Edition of 1907

This book, with its tables and illustrations, is written for those who wish to
obtain practical explanations and directions in making Gear Wheels. Cloth covers,
price, $1.00; Cardboard covers, price, 75 cents.

Formulas in Gearing

Edition of 1913

This work supplements the "Practical Treatise on Gearing" and contains
formulas for solving the problems that occur in gearing. Cloth covers, price, $1.50.

Hand Book for Apprenticed Machinists

Edition of 1907
This book, illustrated, is for learners in the use of Machine Tools. The present
edition has been carefully revised and enlarged. Cloth covers, price, .50 cents.

Catalogues and Booklets

Any of the following catalogues or booklets are mailed free to
any address on receipt of request:

General Catalogue (Pocket size, blue covers) Gear Catalogue
Milling Machine Catalogue Small Tool Catalogue

Cutter Catalogue Gauge List

Points About Grinding Wheels and Their Selection

(50-Page Booklet, Pocket Size)

Brown & Sharpe Mfg. Co.

331

INDEX

ines

ne

Under

Adjustable Index Crank
Adjustments ....
Alignments of Milling Machines
Angle of Tooth Face on Cutters
Angular Cutters
Arbors, Method of Driving
Attachments ....
Cam Cutting ....
Cam Cutting Attachment
Care of Driving Chain on Motor
Care of Machine
Centres, Index
Circular Milling Attachment
Classification of Milling Machi
Clearance on Cutters
Column and Knee Milling Machi
Cone Drive
Constant Speed Drive
Counter-shaft .

Cutter, Direction to Move Work
Face Milling
Fly .
Plain Milling
Side Milling
T Slot
Cutters,

Angular
Clearance on
Diameter of
Form

Right and Left
Sharpening
Temper of
Cutting Bevel Gears
Spiral Gears
Spirals
Differential Indexing
Drive, Cone

Constant Speed
End Mill ....

Erection and Care of Machine
Essentials of a Modern Milling Machine
Face Milling Cutter
Fly Cutter
Form Cutters .
Gang Milling .
Gear Cutting Attachment

Hand

Driven Machines

50
42
22
99
94

106
69

175
85
41
37
72-76
80
11

103
11
17
18
37

111
93
97
89
92
94
89
94

103
99
94
97

102

100

151

157
58
54
17
18
93
37
21
93
97
94

101
76

332

Brown & Sharpe Mfg. Co.

Gears, Cutting Bevel

Spiral
Spur
Graduated Index Sector
Graduating

High Speed Milling Attachments
Horizontal Milling Attachment
Index Centres

Crank, Adjustable
Plates and Change Gears
Sector, Graduated

Indexing

Inserted Teeth in Cqtters
Limits in Milling to Size
Lubricant ....

Manufacturing Milling Machine
Methods of Driving Milling Machines
Milling Machine, Column and Knee

Manufacturing

Plain

Planer

Universal .

Vertical Spindle
Machines, Classification of

Oil, kind of

Original Universal Milling Machine

Pickling Castings and Forgings .

Plain Milling Machine

Planer Milling Machine

Rack Cutting Attachment

Scales and Verniers

Side Milling Cutter

Sharpening Cutters

Slotting Attachment

Speeds and Feeds .

Spiral Attachment for Short Leads

Spiral Head

Spirals ....

Spring Chuck .

Spur Gears, Cutting

Steel, Carbon and High Speed

Straddle Mills ....

Tilting Table

T Slot Cutter

Universal Milling Attachment

Machine .
Vertical Spindle Milling Attachment

Machine

V Ad\^d a • • • • •

151

157

147

49

181

82

80

72-76

50

49

49

52

97

112

113

12

17

11

12

14

14

15

15

11

41

6

105

14

14

84

85

92

102

83

26 and 101
83
47
58
87
147
89
92
85
94
80
15
77
15
70