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-^
h -
PRACTICE
IN
PARSING AND ANALYSIS
PRACTICE ^
IN
PAK8ING AND ANALYSIS
BY
HELEN ^RNOLD, A.B.
Tbachbb of English in the Agnes Jswin School
Philadelphia
"JSpeedjfinelg framed Heliflfjtetfj tfje eatss.'^
BOSTON : : :--.- :
LITTLE, BROWN, AND COMPANY- ^
1908 ; \v^^\ :: !■
916303
Ai^IOH, ;.LN<;--: AND
T;LL£N .- ..;;iNl.)Ali.;NS
R 1 y^:u L.
Copyright, 1906,
LiTTLB, BbOWN, and CoMPANT.
^/ rights rgstrvid.
)}
'•-» •* • prfnttrs
f*:^ «>PHHJLL A Co., Boston. U. 8. A.
•^
^-^
PREFACE
In preparing these exercises, the aim has been
to provide simple, abundant, and worthy material
for practice in the intermediate work of English
grammar. Besides a few proverbs, the extracts
^ supplying this material have been selected from
standard authors alone^ with constant avoidance of
difficult idioms and other irregular usages. In the
presentation of the successive constructions, the
^ strictest grading has been observed ; for, in order
to secure accuracy and thoroughness, not only the
^ details of sentence-structure are to be learned in
;^ progressive order, but also every word in every sen-
fence must be parsed, at least mentally, though not
"1 every word is necessarily recited. The exercises
y^ should be taken up in the order printed, except
^-c^ VII, VIII, and IX ; these three can be taught more
*5 readily after the development gained by some prac-
'^; tice in analysis of sentences. Especially is this
1 true of Exercises VIII and IX, which, indeed, if
> deferred sufficiently, may be quickly familiarized in
' sight-work in class. Nor until the first few very
^
vi PREFACE
easy sentences of Exercise XI have been studied
is the Method of Analysis important ; if this, too, is
deferred, the pupil will come to feel it a help and
not a burden.
The detached Parsing Card, which accompanies
each book, should be gradually mastered in the
closest connection with the exercises. In the
pupil's preparation of lessons out of class, the card
needs to be always at hand until it has been mem-
orized, but in recitation its use should be at first
discouraged and then forbidden. The duplicate
directions on page 87 are supplied for reference
only, in case of emergency, and should never be
used in general work, as by laying the card along-
side of the open book, the lesson can be taught
and studied more quickly and in a more orderly
manner than when pages have to be repeatedly
turned.
For obtaining the knowledge required to begin
the use of this book. Dr. Edwin A. Abbott's " How
to Tell the Parts of Speech " cannot be too strongly
recommended. Its clear, simple, and convincing
style appeals directly to children, often without the
guidance of a teacher, and its value to older pupils
for review and reference is equally apparent.
Among the many other admirable grammars con-
PREFACE Vll
suited while the introductions to the exercises were
under consideration, Dr. Abbott's " How to Parse "
has been the most helpful, and from it several
adaptations have been made, with permission of
the author. Grateful acknowledgments are also
here offered to fellow-teachers and other friendly
counsellors, whose suggestion and criticism have
been of service in many ways.
PRACTICE
IN
PARSING AND ANALYSIS
PRACTICE
IN
PAE8ING AND ANALYSIS
BY
HELEN ^RNOLD, A.B.
Tbachbb of English in the Agnes Jswin School
Philadelphia
"JSpeedjfinels franuH Heliflfjtetfj tfje zwol"
BOSTON
LITTLE, BROWN, AND COMPAlSfY- •
1908 : i:<^: -- v' V
^_. ' - • ■
\
4 PRACTICE IN PARSING AND ANALYSIS
>( 27. The buttercup catches the sun in her chalice.
28. Truth hath a quiet breast.
\ 29. Heaven from all creatures hides the book of fate.
30. A little leaven leaveneth the whole lump.
31. Truth loves open dealing.
X 32. One star differeth from another star in glory,
y 33. Above all things truth beareth away the" victory.
y 34. Far througli the memory ghines a happy day.
y 35. Great oaks from little acorns grow.
36. I know a bank where tfie wild thyme grows.
37. Every heart contains perfection's germ.
38. When the cat 's away the mice will play.
39. The ear trieth words as the mouth tasteth
meatr
40. At the door on summer evenings
Sat the little Hiawatha.
41. The green grass tiowetla. like a stream
Into the ocean's blue.
42. The c hildhood shows the man
As morning shows the day.
43. He shook the fragment of his blade,
And shouted " Victory ! "
44. Music, when soft voices die,
Vibrates in the memory.
45. Now the autum^ crisps the forest.
Hunters gather, bugles ring.
46. The early sunshine was already pouring its gold
upon the mountain-tops.
47. Far from the tumult fled the roe,
Close in her covert cowered the doe.
48. Sweetly over the village the bell of the Ange*
lus sounded.
/, 49. Under a spreading chestnut tree
. The village smithy stands.
SUBJECT AND OBJECT 5
/I 60. America has furnished to the world the charac-
• —
ter of Washingto n.
61. Along the bridge Lord Marmion rode ;
Proudly his red-roan charger trode.
62. The sunset smouldered as we drove
Beneath the deep hill-shadows.
63. The silent snow possessed the earth
And calmly fell our Christmas-eve.
54. His flaxen hair of sunny hue
Curled closely round his bonnet blue.
N( 66. She went by dale and she went by down
With a single rose in her hair .
y^ 66. They shook the depths of the desert gloom
With their hymns of lofty cheer .
"a^ 67. Behind the cloud the starlight lurks,
Throi^h showers the sunbeams fall.
68. Hither the busy birds shall flutter
With the light timber for their nests.
59. Fell here and there through the branches a
tremulous gleam of the moonlight.
^ 60. Like the swell of some sweet tune,
Morning risei^ into noon, \
Maj_glides onward into June.
61. Above in the light
Of the starlit night
Swift birds of passage wing their flight
Through the dewy atmosphere.
62. Up the beach the oceajL^lidfifch
With a whisper of delight, I
And the mooa in silence ^lidetn
Through the peaceful blue of night.
^63. The sky was blue and cloudless^ and the sliding
surface of the river held up, in smooth places,
a mirror to the heaven and the shores.
« '^ V^^^^
6 PRACTICE IN PARSING AND ANALYSIS
64. In fancy I can hear again
The Alpine torrent's roar,
The mule-bells on the hills of Spain,
The sea at Elsinore.
&&, The clouds in bars of rusty red
Along the hill-tops glow,
And in the still, sharp air the frost
Is like a dream of snow.
66. Her presence freshens the air,
Sunshine steals light from her face,
The leaden footstep of care
Leaps to the tune of her pace.
67. Clearly the blue river chimes in its flowing
Under my eye ;
Warmly and broadly the south winds are blowing
Over the sky.
68. From a radiant centre, over the whole length
and breadth of the tranquil firmament, great
shoots of light streamed among the early
stars.
69. The^inow-plumedjangel of the North t'
Has dropped T&ig icy spear ; ^
Again the moss^^arthj loots forth,
I ^ Again the streams ruish clearr
*^ 70. The breaking waves dashed high
On a stern anS rocdBoun'd coast, \
And the woods against a stormy skjil
Their giant branches tossed.
71. The melody of waters filled
The fresh and boundless wood ;
And torrents dashed and rivulets played,
And fountains spouted in the shade.
72. In the second century of the Christian Era, the
empire of Rome comprehended the fairest
SUBJECT AND OBJECT 7
part of the earth and the most civilized por-
tion of mankind.
73. Hedge-crickets sing, and now with treble soft
The red-breast whistles from a garden croft,
And gathering swallows twitter in the skies.
74. The appearance of Rip, with his long, grizzled
beard, his rusty fowling-piece, his uncouth
dress, and an army of women and children at
his heels, soon attracted the attention of the
tavern politicians.
75. The wild rose, eglantine, and broom
Wasted around their rich perfume.
The birch trees wept in fragrant balm ;
The aspens slept beneath the calm ;
The silver light, with quivering glance,
Played on the water's still expanse.
SUPPLEMENT
If you look again carefully at the subjects and
objects you have studied, you will see that the ob-
ject of a verb is a different person or thing from
the subject ; as, for example, in the sentence.
The velvet scabbard held a sword of steel,
" sword," the object of the verb " held,*' is a differ-
ent thing from " scabbard," the subject of the verb.
But sometimes a noun follows a stating verb, and
means the same person or thing as the subject ; as>
Fair play is o, jewel.
Such a noun is called a Supplement to the verb.
1. The supplement is a noun, or some word or
words used as a noun.
2. It is used after the verb in the position of an
object.
3. It differs from the object, because it is the same
person or thing as the subject, while the object is a
different person or thing from the subject.
EXERCISE n
SUPPLEMENT
1. Bread is the staff of life.
2. Flowers are the poetry of earth.
3. A good c onscience is a soft pillow.
4. Hunger is"the best sauce.
5. Fro crastination is the thief of time.
6. K'ece ssilLV is the mother of invention.
7. Hunger is a fierce dog.
8. Order is heaven's first law.
9. Diligence is the mother of good luck.
10. Brutus is an honorable man.
11. fwas a Viking old 1
12. Boston State-house is the hub of the solar
system.
13. Eacts__a re stubborn things.
,14. The bully^ is always a coward.
15. One maSrs meat is another man's goison.
16. Every ijyyaji is Sie architect of his own fortune.
17. Truth is truth to the end of reckoning.
18. Mine honor is my life.
19. Great truths are portions of the soul of man.
20. Progress is the law of life.
21. Anger is a short madness.
22. Flattery is the food of fools.
23. Afidictions are blessin|B6 in disguise.
24. A thing of beauty is a joy forever.
>
10 PRACTICE IN PARSING AND ANALYSIS
25. A good book is the precious life-blood of a master-
spirit.
26. To-day is yesterday's gupil,.
27. A little learning" is a dangerous thing.
28. Manners^are the shadows of virtues.
29. The proper study'oFmankind is man.
30. Sweet mercy is nobility's true badge.
31. Men at some time are masters of their fate.
32. Beauty is ijs own excuse for being.
33. Eternal vigilance is the price of liberty.
34. The better part of valor is discretion.
35. John Gilpi n was a^citizen
Of credit and renown.
36. The Alhambra is an ancient fortress or castel-
late3^alace of the Moorish tings of Granada.
y 37. The eagle is a bird of large ideas, he embraces
long distances ; the continent is his home.
38. A wise son maketh a glad father ; but a foolish
son is the heaviness of his mother.
The history of England is jpmphatically\the his-
tory of progress. J"*"'" '
40. She clad herself in a russet gown,
She was no longer Lady Clare.
41. Eighteousness exalteth a nation; but sin is a
reproach to any people.
42. The riches of the commonwealth
Are free, strong minds and hearts of health.
43. Virginia was the Cavalier of the Colonies, Mas-
sachusetts was the Puritan.
• 44. At times the small black fly upon the pane
^ — -. May seem the black ox of the distant plain.
■ 46. iThe successors of the old Cavaliers had turned
— ' demagogue^.; the successors of the old Round-
heads had tui^ed courtiers.
39.
l^ SUPPLEMENT H
r46w Ere the silver 8ickla. of that month
^■^ Became her golden shield, I stole from court
With Cyril and with Florian.
t^'47. A verse of a Lapland song
lis haunting! mv memory still :
^TAKoVgJwill is the wind's will, .
And the tKoughts of youth are /longJ long
thoughts.'^ *
RELATIVE PRONOUN
You have learned that the pronouns in the fol-
lowing sentences are called Eelative Pronouns, and
that they are Conjunctive ; that is, they act as con-
junctions as well as pronouns.*
1. >A. dog has been given to the children, who are
fond of pets.
2. Edith weeded her flower-bed, which she likes
to keep in order.
3. We climbed the hill that commands a beautiful
view.
You have also learned to prove this conjunctive
nature by separating each of the sentences above
into two smaller sentences, and then comparing the
separated sentences with the corresponding sen-
tences in the combined form.
1. A dog has been given to the children. The
children are fond of pets.
2. Edith weeded her flower-bed. She likes to
keep her flower-bed in order.
3. "We climbed the hill. The hill commands a
beautiful view.
When we are explaining sentences which, like
those above, are made up of smaller sentences^ it
* See Abbott's " How to Tell the Parts of Speech," page 95
and following pages.
12
RELATIVE PRONOUN 18
is more convenient to have a special name for the
smaller sentences, in order to distinguish them
from the whole sentence. This name is Clause.
Clauses, then, are the smaller sentences that have
been joined together to make a larger sentence.
So we may say that the Eelative Pronoun always
connects together two clauses, that is, the clause to
which it belongs itself, and another clause.
And you will see, if you look again carefully at
the examples above, and also at those in the fol-
lowing Exercise, that the noun or pronoun for
which the relative pronoun stands, and which you
have learned to call the Antecedent, is always in
the same sentence (but not in the same clause) with
the relative pronoun. This is not true of ordinary
pronouns, which may stand for nouns in other
sentences.
Thus we may say :
1. Who, Which, and That ^are Relative PrO'
nouns,^
2. A Relative Pronoun differs from an ordinary
pronoun in being Conjunctive.
3. It connects together Clauses, but not Sentences.
4. The noun or pronoun for which it is used is
called its Antecedent, and the relative pronoun and
its antecedent are always in the same sentence.
Another relative pronoun, what, is used dififer-
ently. In the sentence,
♦ Remember that who and which are also used interrogatively.
The word that is used as several different parts of speech.
14 PRACTICE IN PARSING AND ANALYSIS
I will tell you what I saw,
what may be expressed by that which, while the
meaning of the sentence remains the same. When
used in this way, what always includes in itself
these two pronouns ; the second one, which, being
the relative, and the other, that, being the antece-
dent. What is therefore called the Compound
Eelative.
EXERCISE III
RELATIVE PRONOUN
L- -I. Jfe gives twicej ighp gives quickly.
2. They laugh thit win.
3. They stumble that run fast.
4. Uneasy lies the head that wears a crown.
5. He jests at scars who never felt a wound.
6. The dog that snapped the shadow dropped the
± j^ bone. J
C--' •/7. The path is smooth jfchat leadeth on to dange;'.
8. J^ind word s are littje sunbeams | '' '' ' / '
TT^of oi^Q^kTe^a s they fall. ' • V ■
goo dlHvesl in that wood
)slopes /down^t o the sea.
Those who thint must govern those who toil.
11. We wandered to the pine forest
That skirts the ocean's foam.
12. The moon had climbed the highest hill
WhMk riseSj^C^f tijl a9urcey)f Dee.
I Th^^^Ma^^k d^iv^s after ^hemf. p
The smoEeTbMt rQM Tinto the skylhad lo^t its
^fr diSy hue and fa^^ a brightness upon it.t^
Se[t5&t wrestles with usj stren^hens our nerves
and shar^ns our skill. *^'
16. A slender wire the living light conveys
That startles midnight with its noonday blaze.
17. I have seen manners that make a similar im-
pression with personal beauty.
U 18. I love the old melodious lays
Which softly melt the ages through.
15
/ 16 PRACTICE IN PARSING AND ANALYSIS
\l9) ^^^ovedlthe brimming Hrav4|fliatjfewam K
Throufth ^iet ijrieaaows pound the miJJ.
S6> The beaffliies of the sunset hM/notyaded from
the"long light films of cloud rthat llj^ at peace
in the horizon.^ i
21. From Poets' Corner I continued my stroll towards
that part of the Abbey which contains the
sepulchres of the kings.
^2. Th ejtidej rippled on in waves offepaitlingjsilver,
ttiat imperceptibly, yetj rapidly j gained upon
the sand.
23. At the top of the woods, which do not climb
very high upon this cold ridge, I struck left-
ward by a path among the pines.
24. The trees in this secluded spot were .chiefly
beeches and elms of huge magnitude] which
rose like great hU|^ of leaves into the ^ir.
25. TheiCOck,}thatls thelirumpet'it^
Doth, mthlBrs^of tyjand sTirill-sounding throat,
^ y Awake the god of day.
* ^. |/^6. Here the red rays of the sun shot a broken and
•^^ discolored lightjthat partially hung upon the
shattered boughs and mossy trunks of the
trees.
27. The hand of the reaper
Takes the ears that are hoary,
But the voice of the weeper
Wails manhood in glory.
28. To him who in the love of Nature holds
Communion with her visible forms, she speaks
A various lg.nguage. , / '.
29. He: that loV^th a boob' will, never want a faithful
" ' friend, a wholesomd counsellor, a cheerful com-
panion, an effectual comforter.
RELATIVE PRONOUN 17
--\ ^ t^. ^«— — _ p,
30. ; The sun had ma steredjhe clouds, and fwas ghiij j r
inff through the boughs of the tall elms/ thl^'
oft^de a deep nest for the gardener's aottage. U-^'
(31. Pn^ tllPti thy words, the t houghts control
J X^t'o'er thee s wfeU l an d (throftgi / . — •
_ J ^pdensftn vithin thft soul
"And jahangre to purpose strong.
(^ Hundred^of Hrna Ajj Aa^]pH^s^|i nvt-flf^ni mA^ , wide-
branched oaksfij^ichpad witnessed^erhaps
the stately march of the Roman soldiery, flung
their gnarled arms over a thick carpet of the
most delicious greensward.
/^. teoldka st ibhafc |«MchJ is good.
34. <5enius does wnat it must, and Talent does what
it can.
36. What he hath lost noble Macbeth hath won.
36. Lend thy serious hearing
To what I shall unfold.
37 What we gave, we have;
What we spent, we had;
What we left, we lost.
i
THE PASSIVE VOICE
In your definition of Verbs, what is the gram-
matical name of " anything ? " *
When the subject of a verb is doing something,
the verb is said to be in the Active Voice. When
something is being done to the subject, the verb is
said to be in the Passive Voice. Transitive verbs
can be changed from the active voice to the passive
voice by taking the object of the verb in the active
voice and making it the subject of the same verb
in the passive voice. Thus, if
Mary studied her lesson, then
The lesson was studied.
If A boy throws a ball, then
The ball is thrown.
The passive voice can be made only in this way ;
that is, by changing the form of a verb in the ac-
tive voice, so that its object becomes the subject of
the same verb in the passive voice. And so you
will see that only a transitive verb can have the
passive voice.
1. The passive voice is derived from the active
voice,
2. The object of a verb in the active voice becomes
the subject of the same verb in the passive voice,
3. Only transitive verbs can have the passive
voice,
* See Abbott* 8 " How to Tell the Parts of Speech,*' page 24.
18
EXERCISE IV
PASSIVE VOICE
1. The gentle mind by gentle deeds is known.
2. With home-life sounds the desert air was stirred.
3. The silvery mist was touched with the first rays
of the moonlight.
4. Lost time is never found again.
5. Small lights are soon blown out, huge fires abide.
6. A threefold cord is not quickly broken.
7. When clouds are seen, wise men put on their
cloaks.
8. Grand masses of cloud were hurried across the
blue.
9. A heart unspotted is not easily daunted.
10. My crown is called content.
11. Often I think of the beautiful town
That is seated by the sea.
\^} The(cam£X>f thei^rusaders Cas^surrounded^^
almost besieged by clouds of(Jight;tcavalry.
13. Weary hearts by thee are lifted,
Struggling hearts by thee are strengthened.
14. The sheep before the pinching heaven
^-v To sheltered dale and down are driven.
j^' His garb is humble ; ^ge'eji was seen
C&idijgarb with such a noble mien.
16. TEat country is the fairest which is inhabited
by the noblest minds.
19
20 PRACTICE IN PARSING AND ANALYSIS
17. The charities that soothe and heal and bless
Are scattered at the feet of man, like flowers.
18. All the hearts of men were softened
By the pathos of his music.
19. Small curs are not regarded when they grin,
But great men tremble when the lion roars.
20. Fair flowers that are not gathered in their prime,
Rot and consume themselves in little time.
^2i. Then peace was spread throughout the land,
The lion fed beside the tender lamb.
22. The frontiers of that extensive monarchy were
guarded by ancient renown and disciplined
valor.
23. The rock-built barrier of the sea was passed,
And I was on the margin of a lake.
Li4t. James ^was declaredj a mortal and bloody |enemyJ
a tyrant, a murderer, and a usurper.
25. Sad souls are slain in merry company;
Grief best is pleased with griePs society.
26, When faith is lost, when honor dies.
The man is dead.
*^ 27. When the lamp is shattered,
I The light in the dust lies dead.
^ 28. As shines the moon inlcl^^g^skies
She in her poor attire was seen.
29. Now is the winter of our discontent
Made glorious summer by this sun of York.
80. Through the intricate wildwood
A maze of life and light and motion
Is woven.
31. Their oaths are said,
Their prayers are prayed.
Their lances in the rest are laid,
They meet in mortal shock.
THE PASSIVE VOICE 21
3§. The shades of eve ccHne ^lowl y/dQWiu
The woods are wrapt iii5eeper| brow^
The owl awakens fronj hey dell.
The fox is heard upon the fell.
33. No longer autumn^s glowing red
Upon our forest hills is shed ;
No more, beneath the evening beam,
Fair Tweed reflects their purple gleam.
34. From the close-shut windows gleams no spark,
The night is chilly, the night is dark ;
The poplars shiver, the pine-trees moan.
My hair by the autumn breeze is blown.
^36. (flggggljjfoared theJswollenJborrent,
And the pasa (wa8 w rapped pn gloom,
When the jclansmenf roser^ogether
Fro mfch^ir} lair amidst the broom.
i
PARTICIPLE
Three kinds of verb-adjectives are formed from
verbs :
First, a verb-adjective that is just like other ad-
jectives ; as, " a sleeping child," " expected guests."
Second, a verb-adjective that is used as a part of
a stating verb ; as, " the child was sleeping," " the
guests are expected."
Third, a verb-adjective that is neither an ordinary
adjective nor a part of a stating verb, but one that
combines the uses of a verb and an adjective ; as.
The patient oxen stand,
Lifting the yoke-encumbered head.
The word "lifting" is this third kind of verb-
adjective, and is called a Participle. " Lifting " is
formed from the verb to lift, and qualifies " oxen "
as if it were an adjective; but the sense of the
sentence would be changed if you should put it
directly before its noun, as you can always do
with an ordinary adjective. " Lifting " also takes
an object, which an ordinary adjective cannot do.
So, you will see,
22
PARTICIPLE 28
1. A participle is formed from a verb, and, like
a verb, it sometimes takes an object
2. Like an adjective, it is joined to a noun in
sense, but it does not come directly before that noun.
3. It is called *' participle " because it participates
in the nature of the verb and of the adjective.
EXEECISE V
PARTICIPLE
iS My merry comrades call me, \sounding on the
bugle-horn. "^
2. From the stately elms I hear
The bluebirdiprophesying spring.
3. Wide waves theTeaglepIume,
Blended with heather.-
4. Little Jack Horner sat in a corner,
Eating his Christmas pie.
5?\ Thou comest, AutumB, heralded by the rain.
61 Hearken to yon pine- warbler
Singing aloft in the tree.
7. Toiling, rejoicing, sorrowing,
©Onward througl LJi fe he goes.
Announced by^ljthe trumpets of the sky,
^ Arrives the snow.
S^ Cheered by the ^oo^ man's words, Evangeline
labored and walfeflT *****
10. The snake lies rolled in the cheerful sun.
11. The path wended through water-meadows, trav-
ersed by little brooks.
12. The cattle are grazing.
Their heads never raising.
13. The clustered spires of Frederick stand,
^^^ Green-walled by the hills of Marylandt, j
flSj Scattered^erk and there are two or ^reg dusky
^Jy figures,^ft9la in mantles of fur.
1 He followed through a lowly anjJjM way,
Brushing the cobwebs with hia^td^t^ pl pme.
^i
PARTICIPLE 25
16. The staghounds, weary with the chase,
Lay stretched upon the rushy floor.
17. The fire, with well -dried logs supplied,
Went roaring up the chimney wide.
^8J Storm ed at with shot and shell,
^oldmthey rode and well.
19. KeHected in the crystal pool,
Headland and bank lay fair and cool.
20. Daisies and buttercups give way to the brown
waving grasses, tinged with the warm red sorrel.
21. The robin and the bluebird, piping loud,
Filled all the blossoming orchards with their glee.
I Looking up the dell, jjou saw a brawling brook,
issuing in foamy haste from a covert of under-
good.
Phewthe black slave-ship swims,
sighted with human forms.
We sat and talked until the night.
Descending, filled the little room.
^SS^^The white dew on the new-bladed gr gg fgj^
Just piercing the dark earth, hung/^Sen^^
The stone hut was made a soft nfflrtor her,
^^ lined wifelTSowny patience. ""
f2W The river, reflecting the clear blue of the sky,
glistened and sparkled as i^ flowed jiwseiesal^
A^^ft^eap he could feel his scabbard of steel
cHfiiting his stallion's flank.
29. He rose at dawn, and, fired with hope,
Shot o'er the seething harbor bar.
Every kingdom divided against itself is brought
to desolation.
lie war, that for a space did fail,
^o^ trebly thundering swelled the gale.
26 PRACTICE IN PARSING AND ANALYSIS
32. New-born flocks in rustic dance
Frisking ply their feeble feet.
33. Swarms of minnows show their little heads,
Staying their wavy bodies 'gainst the streams.
34. Dotting the fields of corn and vine,
Like ghosts the huge gnarled olives stand.
35. Following the windings of the beach, they
passed one projecting point or headland of
rock after another.
36. My soul to-day
Is far away,
Sailing the Vesuvian bay.
37. The old order changeth, yielding place to new.
38. All sat mute,
Pondering the danger with deep thoughts.
39. A spirit haunts the year's last hours,
Dwelling among these yellowing bowers.
40. Moderation is the silken string running through
the pearl chain of all virtues.
41. Pale ocean in unquiet slumber lay,
And the wild winds flew round, sobbing in their
dismay.
42. One good deed, dying tongueless.
Slaughters a thousand waiting upon that.
43. Ambition, ruled by reason and religion, is a virtue.
44. Every nolDle life leaves a fibre of it interwoven
forever in the work of the world.
45. History is philosophy teaching by examples.
46. My strong imagination sees a crown
Dropping upon thy head.
47. His reasons are two grains of wheat hid in two
bushels of chaff.
48. I beheld proud Maximilian, kneeling humbly on
the ground ;
PARTICIPLE 27
I beheld the gentle Mary, hunting with her hawk
and hound.
49. Proud Maisi^ is in the wood,
Walking bo early ;
Sweet Eobin sits on the bush,
Singing so rarely.
50. Dip down upon the northern shore,
sweet new-year, delaying long.
51. O'erhead the unmolested rooks
Upon the turret's windy top
Sit, talking of the farmer's crop.
b2. In the market-place of Bruges stands the belfry
old and brown ;
Thrice consumed and thrice rebuilded, still it
watches o'er the town.
53. All the sloping pastures murmured, sown
With happy faces and with holiday.
54. The gray-eyed morn smiles on the frowning night,
Checkering the eastern clouds with streaks of
light.
55. As we drove into the great gateway of the inn, I
saw on one side the light of a rousing kitchen
fire beaming through a window.
56. Take her up tenderly.
Lift her with care ;
Fashioned so slenderly,
Young and so fair.
57. That belt of battlements studded with square
towers, straggling round the whole brow of the
hill, is the outer boundary of the fortress.
f/)8. iHencei in Wlencejand in sorrow, toiling still with
Ibusjihand,
Likean bmigran1(J^WanderedJ seeking for the
better land.
28 PRACTICE IN PARSING AND ANALYSIS
59. Our hero turned to a little oaken wicket-door, well
clenched with iron nails, which opened in the
courtyard wall at its angle with the house. ^
60. From my study I see in the lamplight,
Descending the broad hall-stair,
Grave Alice and laughing Allegra,
And Edith with golden hair.
61. A wild and fitful melody, rising and falling with
strange thrilling cadence, was borne upon the
breeze.
62. The vessel now tossed
Through the low-trailing rack of the tempest,
is lost
In the skirts of the thunder-cloud.
63. The rocky summits, split and rent,
Formed turret, dome, and battlement.
64. The hearth's decaying brands were red,
And deep and dusky lustre shed,
Half showing, half concealing all
The uncouth trophies of the hall.
y5^ While tfTWt> Iittle bark glides down the bay,
Wafting the stranger on his way again,
M6rn^;)genial influence roused a minstrel gray.
6o^ Secluded from the town by the rising ground,
which also screened it frgifttlie northwest
wind, the house had a ^litary^ nd sheltered
ijpearanc^_
67. .They'were^-Qow Lnear the centre of a deep but
narrow bay or recess, formed byvtwoj)rojecting
capes of high and inaccessible rock, which shot
^.-^ out into the sea like the horns of a crescent.
6SyJln a deep curve of the mountains lay a breadth of
green land curtained by ^entl^ tree-shadowed
slopes leaning towards the^ifocky heights.
PARTICIPLE 29
69. On the hearth the lighted logs are glowing,
And, like Ariel in the cloven pine-tree,
Groans and sighs the air imprisoned in them.
70. The midday sun is shining on the armor in the
gallery, making mimic suns on bossed sword-
^ hilts and the angles^ polished breastplates.
^y Like warp and woofyainiestinies
Are woven fast,
Linked in sympathy like the keys
_,..,^ Of an organ vast.
(72^ On gve^ side the seven gables pointed |[^ajply)
towards the sky, and presented the aspectoTia
whole sisterhood of edificesbreathing through
the spiracles of one great^^EimneJ>
73. Thick with towns and hamTels studded, and
with streams and vapors gray.
Like a shield embossed with silver, round and
Ovast the landscape lay.
he lark, springing up fro m the reeking bosom
of the meadow, toweredgwa^intb the bright
fleecy cloud, pouring (^rtn^orrents of melody.
76. Willows whiten, aspens quiver.
Little breezes dusk and shiver.
Through the wave that runs forever
By the island in the river
Flowing down to Camelot.
76. Multitudes of dense white fleecy clouds
Were wandering in thick flocks along the moun-
tains.
Shepherded by the slow unwilling wind.
77. An abundant supply of water, brought from the
mountains by old Moorish aqueducts, circu-
lates throughout the palace, supplying its
baths and fish-pools, sparkling in jets within
80 PBACTICE IN PARSING AND ANALYSIS
its halls, or murmuring in channels along the
marble pavements.
78. The Gothic cathedral is a blossoming in stone,
subdued by the insatiable demand of harmony
in man.
79. The great August moonlight,
Through myriad rifts slanted,
Leaf and bole thickly sprinkles
With flickering gold.
80. The perfume of new-mown hay and the breath
of roses came mingled with the distant music
of bells, and the twittering song of birds, and
a low surf -like sound of the wind in summer
woods.
81. I remember the black wharves and the ships,
And the sea-tides tossing free ;
And Spanish sailors with bearded lips.
And the beauty and mystery of the ships,
And the magic of the sea.
'^^ Like the flaming sword, turning (igyery> gyay, that
guarded the gate of Paradise, vj^ashin^ton^
example is the<JieftS.on) shining at the opening
of our annals and lighting the path of our
^ national life.
;(83./ Sweetened with the summer light.
The full-juiced apple, waxingover-mellow,
^^^ Drops in a silent autumn gi ^ j )
^^) A dewdrop, falling on the^nd^ea-wave,
Exclaimed in fear, " I perish in this grave ! "
But, in a shell rec eived, <jSaD drop of dew
Unto a pearl of^jS-rvellousTjaeauty grew.
,^o) At weary bay ^^TshSt^e^ band,
Eyeing their foemen,f6ternl^stand ;
"ir "banners stream like tattered sail
PARTICIPLE 31
That flings its fragments to the gale,
And broken arms and disarray
Marked the fell havoc of the day.
86. In the summer or autumn evenings, when the
glow of the setting sun fell upon the oak and
chestnut trees of the adjacent forest, the old
house, partaking of its lustre, seemed their fit
companion.
87. Far away on each hand stretch the rich pastures,
and the patches of dark earth made ready for
the seed of broad-leayed green crops, or touched
already with the tender-bladed autumn-sown
corn.
88. The heights by great men reached and kept
Were not attained by sudden flight ;
But they, while their companions slept,
Were toiling upward in the night.
89. Things done well
And with a grace, exempt themselves from fear.
90. The forest cracked, the waters curled.
The cattle huddled on the lea ;
And, wildly dashed on tower and tree,
The sunbeam strikes along the world,
91. All the little boys and girls,
With rosy cheeks and flaxen curls,
And sparkling eyes and teeth like pearls.
Tripping and skipping came merrily after
The wonderful music with shouting and laughter.
92. Hither the busy birds shall flutter,
With the light timber for their nests.
And, pausing from their labor, utter
The morning sunshine in their breasts.
93. Time doth transfix the flourish set on youth,
And delves the parallels in beauty's brow.
32 PRACTICE IN PARSING AND ANALYSIS
94. The ocean is a wilderness reaching round the
globe, wilder than a Bengal jungle and fuller
of monsters, washing the very wharves of our
cities and the gardens of our seaside resi-
dences.
95. From hills that looked across a land of hope,
We dropt with evening on a rustic town
Set in a gleaming river's crescent curve.
98. Another heaven hallowed and deepened the pol-
ished lake, and through that nether world the
fishhawk's double floated with balanced wings,
or, wheeling suddenly, flashed his whitened
breast against the sun.
97. The shepherd shifts his mantle's fold,
And wraps him closer from the cold ;
His dogs no merry circles wheel.
But shivering follow at his heel ;
A cowering glance they often cast,
As deeper moans the gathering blast.
98. A fabric huge ^
Rose like an exhalation, with the sound
Of dulcet symphonies and voices sweet,
Built like a temple where pilasters round
Were set and Doric pillars overlaid
With golden architrave.
99. A parapet's embattled row
Did seaward round the castle go ;
Sometimes in dizzy steps descending,
Sometimes in narrow circuit bending,
Sometimes in platform broad extending,
Its varying circle did combine
Bulwark and bartizan and line
And bastion, tower, and vantage-coign.
APPOSITION
A noun added to another noun, for tha sake of
description or explanation, is said to be in Apposi-
tion to that noun. " Apposition " means " standing
alongside of," or " placed near." Often the noun in
apposition stands next the other noun ; as,
Katharine, queen of England, come into the court.
Here " queen " is in apposition to " Katharine."
Often, also, the noun in apposition may be sepa-
rated by other words from the noun it describes,
though it is always somewhere in the same sentence.
The appositive noim is much like the supplement ;
the difference between them is that the supplement
is brought into connection with the other noim by
the help of a verb, while in the case of the apposi-
tive the connection lies wholly in the meaning,
without the use of a verb to bring it about.
33
EXEECISE VI
APPOSITION
1. Alfred, king of the Saxons,
Had a book upon his knees.
2. I have tribute from the Finns,
Whalebone and reindeer skins.
3. Here Alfred, the truth-teller,
Suddenly closed his book.
4. Fairest of all the maids was Evangeline, Bene-
dict's daughter.
6. In came Mrs. Fezziwig, one vast substantial
smile.
6. The lighthouse lifts its massive masonry,
A pillar of fire by night, of cloud by day.
7. At anchor in Hampton Koads we lay.
On board of the Cumberland, sloop-of-war.
8. He is dead, the beautiful youth.
The heart of honor, the tongue of truth.
^. I Strode) with a ^nartial) air Miles Standish, the
Puritan Icaptain.l
10. He passed into the chamber of the sleeper,
The dark and silent room.
11. Henry, king of England, come into the court.
12. They bring me sorrow touched with joy.
The merry, merry bells of Yule.
13. He wandered away and away
With Nature, the dear old nurse.
14. The black bat, night, has flown.
15. I pray thee, Rosalind, sweet my coz, be merry.
84
APPOSITION 35
16. Here comes Bassanio,hrour most noble kinsman.
17. Underneath day's azure-ey^s^
Ocean's nursling, Venice lies.
18. He put his trembling hands to his head, and gave
a wild ringing scream, the cry of desolation.
19. Oft shall the pilgrim lift the latch
And share my meal, a welcome guest
20. There the blithe bee his fragrant fortress builds.
The freeborn wanderer of thy mountain air.
21. Long at the window he stood and wistfully gazed
at the landscape,
Washed with a cold gray mist, the vapory breath
of the east wind.
22. I met a lady in the wood,
Full beautiful — a fairy's child.
23. My winged boat,
A bird afloat.
Swims round the purple peaks remote.
24. Not far away we saw the port,
The strange, old-fashioned, silent town.
The lighthouse, the dismantled fort,
The wooden houses, quaint and brown.
25. The drawbridge dropped with a surly clang.
And through the dark arch a charger sprang,
Bearing Sir Launfal, the maiden knight.
26. Some dappled mists still floated along the
peaks of the hills, the remains of the morning
clouds; for the frost had broken up with a
smart shower.
27. Next Marmion marked the Celtic race.
Of different language, form, and face,
A various race of men.
28. Now the bright morning star, day^s harbinger,
Gomes dancing from the east.
36 PRACTICE IN PARSING AND ANALYSIS
29. Each at his back — a slender store —
His forty days' provision bore.
30. A blithesome brother at the can,
A welcome guest in hall and bower,
He knows each castle, town, and tower.
31. Here when art was still religion, with a sim-
ple, reverent heart.
Lived and labored Alljrecht Dtirer, the evan-
gelist of art.
32. She was a phantom of delight
When first she gleamed upon my sight,
A lovely apparition.
33. The knight also bore, secured to his saddle, with
one end resting on his stirrup, the long steel-
headed lance, his own proper weapon.
34. Tauler, the preacher, walked, one autumn day,
Without the walls of Strasburg by the Ehine,
Pondering the solemn miracle of life.
36. The lark could scarce get out his notes for joy,
But shook his song together as he neared
His happy home, the ground.
36. Our acts our angels are, for good or ill
The fatal shadows that walk by us still.
37. Othere, the old sea-captain,
Who dwelt in Helgoland
To King Alfred, the lover of truth,
Brought a snow-white walrus tooth.
Which he held in his brown right hand.
38. No longer courted and caressed.
High placed in hall, a welcome guest.
He poured to lord and lady gay
The unpremeditated lay.
39. At the door on summer evenings
Sat the little Hiawatha;
APPOSITION 37
Heard the whispering of the pine trees,
Heard the lapping of the waters,
Sounds of music, sounds of wonder.
40. Every sound is sweet ;
Myriads of rivulets hurrying through the lawn,
The moan of doves in immemorial elms,
And murmuring of innumerable bees.
INFINITIVE
All verbs that make a statement must, as you
have learned, have a subject about which the state-
ment is made. But a verb may be used also with-
out a subject ; as, to come, to have walked. This is
called the Infinitive Mood of the verb, and you will
see that it is used in one of three different ways.
1. The day begins to dawn.
2. Leaves have their time to fall,
3. I am glad to hear it.
In the first of these sentences, the infinitive " to
dawn " is used as a noun, the object of the stating
verb " begins." In the second, it is used as an ad-
jective, qualifying the noun "time;" that is, "time
to fall" is equivalent to "falling time." In the
third sentence, "to hear" is used as an adverb
modifying the adjective " glad," showing on what
account or why " I am glad."
EXEECISB Vn
INFINITIVE
1. The lights begin to twinkle from the rocks.
2. To will is to do.
3. Music hath charms to soothe the savage breast.
4. To choose time is to save time.
6. I come to bury Csesar, not to praise him.
6. Cease to do evil, learn to do well.
7. The perfection of art is to conceal art.
8. He robs Peter to pay Paul.
9. To give quickly is to give doubly.
10; Fools who came to scofiP remained to pray.
11. If you have tears, prepare to shed them now.
12. The stars come forth to listen
To the music of the sea.
13. They that stand high have many blasts to shake
them.
14. To cultivate kindness is a great part of the busi-
ness of life.
15. I trust to live and die in the faith of the re-
formed Church of England.
16. As the king rode in at his castle gate^
A maiden to meet him ran.
17. Still achieving, still pursuing,
Learn to labor and to wait.
18. Men fear death as children fear to go in the
dark.
19. To err is human, to forgive divine.
40 PRACTICE IN PARSING AND ANALYSIS
20. The reward of one duty is the power to fulfil
another.
21. I chatter, chatter, as I flow
To join the brimming river.
22. The tawny-tipped corn begins to bow with the
weight of the full ear.
23. Alone remained the drowsy squire
To rake the embers of the fire.
24. A cold silvery mist had veiled the afternoon,
and the moon was not yet up to scatter it.
25. Teach me to feel another's woe,
To hide the fault I see.
2^, Kenneth attempted to speak, but was unable to
express himself distinctly.
27. Sir Launf al flashed forth in his unscarred mail,
To seek in all climes for the Holy Grail.
28. There, in a meadow by the river's side,
A flock of nymphs I chanced to espy.
29. Thither the miser crept by stealth,
To feel of the gold that gave him health.
30. The redbreast loves to build and warble there,
And little footsteps lightly print the ground.
31. Woods begin to wear the crimson leaf.
And suns grow meek and the meek suns grow
brief.
32. Still in thy right hand carry gentle peace.
To silence envious tongues.
33. Trained abroad his arms to wield,
Fitz-James's blade was sword and shield.
34. Finding soon another road
Beneath his well-shod feet.
The snorting beast began to trot.
35. I come from haunts of coot and hern,
I make a sudden sally,
INFINITIVE 41
And sparkle out among the fern
To bicker down a valley.
36. As I bent down to look, just opposite
A shape within the watery gleam appeared,
Bending to look on me.
37. The goodman wipes his weary brow,
The last long wain wends slow away,
And we are free to sport and play.
38. To earth they sprang, their swords they drew,
And lifted high their shields, and flew
To win the narrow pass.
39. Mistress Gilpin, careful soul.
Had two stone bottles found
To hold the liquor that she loved,
And keep it safe and sound.
40. Once to every man and nation comes the moment
to decide.
In the strife of Truth with Falsehood, for the
good or evil side.
41. The king is come to marshal us, in all his armor
drest.
And he has bound a snow-white plume upon his
gallant crest.
42. Now the herald lark
Left his ground-nest, high towering to descry
The Moon's approach.
43. The heather on the mountain's height
Begins to bloom in purple light ;
The frost-wind soon shall sweep away
That lustre deep from glen and brae.
44. The trees were not yet in full leaf, but had
budded forth sufficiently to throw an airy
shadow, while the sunshine filled them with
green light.
40 PRACTICE IN PARSING AND ANALYSIS
20. The reward of one duty is the power to fulfil
another.
21. I chatter, chatter, as I flow
To join the brimming river.
22. The tawny-tipped corn begins to bow with the
weight of the full ear.
23. Alone remained the drowsy squire
To rake the embers of the fire.
24. A cold silvery mist had veiled the afternoon,
and the moon was not yet up to scatter it.
25. Teach me to feel another's woe,
To hide the fault I see.
26. Kenneth attempted to speak, but was unable to
express himself distinctly.
27. Sir Launf al flashed forth in his unscarred mail,
To seek in all climes for the Holy Grail.
28. There, in a meadow by the river's side,
A flock of nymphs I chanced to espy.
29. Thither the miser crept by stealth,
To feel of the gold that gave him health.
30. The redbreast loves to build and warble there,
And little footsteps lightly print the ground.
31. Woods begin to wear the crimson leaf,
And suns grow meek and the meek suns grow
brief.
32. Still in thy right hand carry gentle peace,
To silence envious tongues.
33. Trained abroad his arms to wield,
Fitz-James's blade was sword and shield.
34. Finding soon another road
Beneath his well-shod feet,
The snorting beast began to trot.
35. I come from haunts of coot and hern,
I make a sudden sally,
INFINITIVE 41
And sparkle out among the fern
To bicker down a valley.
36. As I bent down to look, just opposite
A shape within the watery gleam appeared,
Bending to look on me.
37. The goodman wipes his weary brow,
The last long wain wends slow away,
And we are free to sport and play.
38. To earth they sprang, their swords they drew,
And lifted high their shields, and flew
To win the narrow pass.
39. Mistress Gilpin, careful soul.
Had two stone bottles found
To hold the liquor that she loved.
And keep it safe and sound.
40. Once to every man and nation comes the moment
to decide.
In the strife of Truth with Falsehood, for the
good or evil side.
41. The king is come to marshal us, in all his armor
drest,
And he has bound a snow-white plume upon his
gallant crest.
42. Now the herald lark
Left his ground-nest, high towering to descry
The Moon's approach.
43. The heather on the mountain's height
Begins to bloom in purple light ;
The frost-wind soon shall sweep away
That lustre deep from glen and brae.
44. The trees were not yet in full leaf, but had
budded forth sufficiently to throw an airy
shadow, while the sunshine filled them with
green light.
42 PRACTICE IN PARSING AND ANALYSIS
45. With a single drop of ink for a mirror, the
Egyptian sorcerer undertakes to reveal to any
chance comer far-reaching visions of the past.
46. In May, when sea-winds pierced our solitudes,
I found the fresh Ehodora in the woods,
Spreading its leafless blooms in a damp nook,
To please the desert and the sluggish pool.
47. Far from the madding crowd's ignoble strife,
Their sober wishes never learned to stray ;
Along the cool sequestered vale of life
They kept the noiseless tenor of their way.
48. Time's glory is to calm contending kings.
To unmask falsehood and bring truth to light.
To stamp the seal of time in aged things,
To wake the morn and sentinel the night.
49. As we rode along,
Down the dark of the mountain gap.
To visit the picket guard at the ford,
Little dreaming of any mishap,
He was humming the words of some old song.
60. To gild refinM gold, to paint the lily.
To throw a perfume on the violet.
To smooth the ice, or add another hue
Unto the rainbow, or with taper light
To seek the beauteous eye of heaven to garnish.
Is wasteful and ridiculous excess.
"IT" AND "THERE"
Instead of saying "To walk is pleasant," we
sometimes wish to put the subject " to walk " at
the end of the sentence. Then we need to put in
some little word at the beginning, to prepare the
way for the subject of "is." So we say, "It is
pleasant to walk." This " it " is called the Prepar-
atory It.
The word there is used in the same "prepara-
tory" way, in such a sentence as, "There was a
stag in the forest." Here the real subject of "was"
is " stag," but it is placed after the verb, instead
of in the usual place of the subject, while " there "
prepares us to feel that something is coming.
Hence it is called the Preparatory There.
4S
EXERCISE VIII
"IT" AND "THERE"
1. It is hard to put old heads on young shoulders.
2. It is excellent
To have a giant's strength, but it is tyrannous
To use it like a giant.
3. It was a fearful sight to see
Such high resolve and constancy
In form so soft and fair.
4. Where ignorance is bliss
^T is folly to be wise.
5. ^T was wonderful to view
How in a trice the turnpike men
Their gates wide open threw.
6. 'T was right, said they, such birds to slay
That bring the fog and mist.
7. 'Tis not for you to hear what I can speak.
8. 'T is hard to part when friends are dear.
9. It is good for us to be here.
10. 'T is man's perdition to be safe
When for the truth he ought to die.
11. There is a pleasure in the pathless woods.
12. There rose a noise of striking clocks.
13. There was a man of our town.
And he was wondrous wise.
14. There is luck in odd numbers.
16. In peace there 's nothing so becomes a man
As modest stillness and humility.
16. There was mounting in hot haste.
^ 44
«/r" AND *' THERE'* 45
17. Where there is honey, there are bees.
18. Throughout all the isle
There was no covert, no retired cave,
Unhaunted by the murmurous noise of waves.
19. Little Miss Muffet
Sat on a tuffet,
Eating her curds and whey ;
There came a black spider,
And sat down beside her.
And frightened Miss Muffet away.
20. There 's joy in the mountains,
There 's life in the fountains ;
Small clouds are sailing.
Blue sky prevailing.
21. There is no armor against fate ;
Death lays his icy hand on kings.
22. Where there 's a will, there 's a way.
23. In the fisherman^s cottage
There shines a ruddier light,
And a little face at- the window
Peers out into the night.
24. There was saddling and mounting in haste,
There was pricking o'er moor and lea.
25. He turned aside, and down his cheek
A burning tear there stole.
26. There are things of which I may not speak,
There are dreams that cannot die.
27. There is a tide in the affairs of men,
Which, taken at the flood, leads on to fortune.
28. There is a roaring in the bleak-grown pines
When Winter lifts his voice.
29. There was woman's fearless eye.
Lit by her deep love's truth.
SUBJECT ABSOLUTE
In the sentences of the next exercise you will
find nouns and pronouns used as subjects, but not
in the usual way. Instead of being subjects of
verbs they are connected with participles in such a
manner that the subject and the participle together
form an adverbial expression.
The leaves upon her falling light,
Through the noises of the night
She floated down to Camelot.
"Leaves" and "falling," in this example, are
connected in meaning so as to act as an adverb
modifying the stating verb " floated." Such a sub-
ject is called the Subject Absolute, because the
word " absolute " is derived from Latin words mean-
ing "loosed from;" and this subject is "loosed
from " the verb, with which, as you know, a subject
is ordinarily used.
Sometimes you will find this absolute noun or
pronoun used even without the participle, but al-
ways in that case you will see that the participle
"being" is understood.
46
EXEECISE IX
SUBJECT ABSOLUTE
1. By the rude bridge that arched the flood,
Their flag to April's breeze unfurled,
Here once the embattled farmers stood.
And fired the shot heard round the world.
2. In an attitude imploring,
Hands upon his bosom crossed,
Wondering, worshipping, adoring.
Knelt the Monk in rapture lost.
3. Lying robed in snowy white
rThatjloosely p ew to left anc^ right —
The leaves upon her falling light -r—
Through the noises of the night
She floated down t o/Camelot./
1/ 4. Year after year unto her feet,
She lying on her couch alone,
Across the purple coverlet.
The maiden' ^et-black ^ ai nhas grg
5. Long at the window he stooa, and wistfidly gazed
on the landscape.
Washed with a cold, gray mist, the vapory breath
of the east wind ;
Forest and meadow and hill, and the steel-blue
rim of the ocean
Lying silent and sad.
6. The livelong day he sat in his loom, his ear filled
with its monotony, his eyes bent close down
on the slow growth of sameness in the brown-
ish web.
41
48 PRACTICE IN PARSING AND ANALYSIS
7. A very pretty pasture it was, where the large-
spotted, short-horned cow quietly chewed the
cud as she lay and looked sleepily at her ad-
mirers, — a daintily-trimmed hedge all around,
dotted here and there with a mountain-ash or
a cherry-tree.
8. Before St. Mark still glow his steeds of brass,
Their gilded collars glittering in the sun.
9. Down that range of roses the great queen
Came with slow steps, the morning on her face.
10. Mute with amazement and sorrow, Priscilla,
the Puritan maiden,
Looked into Alden's face, her eyes dilated with
wonder.
11. Next Anger rushed, his eyes on fire.
12. One man in his time plays many parts,
His acts being seven ages.
13. Her falt'ring hand upon the balustrade,
Old Angela was feeling for the stair.
14. I stood in Venice, on the Bridge of Sighs,
A palace and a prison on each hand.
15. In the stormy east wind straining,
The pale yellow woods were waning,
The broad stream in his banks complaining,
Heavily the low sky raining,
Over towered Camelot.
16. I called out my whole family to help at saving an
after-growth of hay, and our guest offering his
assistance, he was accepted among the number
17. Westward the star of empire takes its way ;
The first four acts already passed,
The fifth shall end the drama with the day ;
Time's noblest offspring is the last.
SENTENCES AND CLAUSES
When you studied about the Eelative Pronoun,
it was explained that smaller sentences joined to-
gether to make a larger sentence are called Clauses.
Look now at the following sentences, and see that
they are differently constructed.
1. Fortune favors the brave.
2. Patience is a bitter plant, but it bears sweet
fruit.
3. He loved the twilight that surrounds
The border-land of old romance.
4. I stood on the bridge at midnight,
As the clocks were striking the hour.
5. She answered, " We are seven.''
The first sentence has one subject and one verb.
The second is made of two clauses, connected by
the conjunction " but." The third, fourth, and fifth
sentences have also two clauses; but, unlike the
second sentence, the italicised clause in each will
be seen to act like a part of speech. In the third
sentence, "that surrounds the borderland of old
romance," plays the part of an adjective qualifying
the noun " twilight." In the fourth sentence, " As
the clocks were striking the hour," plays the part of
an adverb modifying " stood." In the fifth sentence,
" We are seven," plays the part of a noun, which is
the object of the verb " answered."
49
EXEECISE X
SENTENCES AND CLAUSES
In this exercise you will find the different kinds
of sentences of which you have just learned. Sep-
arate the clauses, and state whether any clause
plays the part of a noim, an adjective, or an adverb,
and explain its construction.
1. The price of wisdom is above rubies.
2. Fortune brings in some boats that are not
steered.
3. Blessings brighten as they take their flight.
4. Our hoard is little, but our hearts are great.
5. He jests at scars who never felt a wound.
6. Smooth runs the water where the brook is
deep.
7. The noblest mind the best contentment has.
8. Look before you ere you leap.
9. I am never merry when I hear sweet music.
10. If the hammer strikes hard, the anvil lasts
longer.
11. Small service is true service while it lasts.
12. Be patient, for the world is broad and wide.
13. From the woods
Come voices of the well-contented doves.
14. We may hope that the growing influence of
enlightened sentiments will promote the
permanent peace of the world.
' 50
DEFINITIONS
To the diflferences in sentences in the preceding
exercise names have been given, which are described
in the following definitions.
1. A Sentence is a group of words in the form of
a statement, a question, or a command.
2. A Clause is a sentence joined with another
sentence or sentences, to make a larger sentence.
3. Clauses may be either IndrpenderU or Depen-
dent. A dependent clause acts as one of three
parts of speech ; namely, as a noun, as an adjective,
or as an adverb.
4. Clauses are Co-ordinate if they have the same
rank in a sentence ; that is, if they are independent
or if they have the same dependence.
5. Co-ordinate Conjunctions join together co-
ordinate clauses.
6. A Subordinate Conjunction joins a dependent
clause to the clause on which it depends.
7. A Simple Sentence has only one subject and
only one stating, questioning, or commanding verb.
8. A Compound Sentence consists of two or more
independent clauses.
9. A sentence is Complex if it contains a depen-
dent clause.
This study of sentences, and their separation into
clauses, we call Analysis.
51
A METHOD OF ANALYSIS
A simple sentence does not admit of analysis, as
it has no clauses. Simple sentences are, however,
included in the following exercise, for practice in
perceiving and using them.
To analyze a compound or complex sentence,
write first its stating, questioning, or commanding
verbs, in the order in which they occur. Look
next for the clause belonging to each verb, and
write its limits, — that is, its beginning and end ;
keeping carefully to the order in which you wrote
the verbs. Consider, then, each of these clauses
separately, so as to find out its nature, — that is,
whether independent or dependent ; and, if depen-
dent, whether it plays the part of a noun, or of an
adjective, or of an adverb; and write your deci-
sion in the same order as before. You are now
ready to name the kind of sentence : compound or
complex.
This method may be expressed as follows :
A. Verbs, in order.
B. Limits of clauses.
C. Nature of each clause, with construction
if it is a dependent clause.
D. Kind of sentence.
Take, for example, the following sentences, and
apply to them the method just explained.
62
A METHOD OF ANALYSIS 53
1. Sweet was the sound, when oft, at evening^s
close,
Up yonder hill the village murmur rose.
A. 1. was
2. rose
B. 1. Sweet — sound
2. when — rose
C. 1. Independent.'
2. Dependent, adverb, modifies the
adjective "sweet."
D. Therefore, a complex sentence.
2. The lights begin to twinkle from the rocks ;
The long day wanes ; the slow moon climbs.
A.
1.
begin
2.
wanes
3.
climbs
B.
1.
The — rooks
2.
The — wanes
3.
the — climbs
C.
D.
1. Independent.
2. Independent.
3. Independent.
Therefore, a compound sentence.
The song that nerves a nation's heart
Is
in itself
a deed.
A.
1.
nerves
2.
is
B.
1.
that — heart
C.
2.
1.
The song is — deed
Dependent, adjective, joined to noun
"song."
2. Independent.
Therefore, a complex sentence.
EXEECISE XI
ANALYSIS
1. My heart leaps up when I behold
A rainbow in the sky.
2. We know the forest round us
As seamen know the sea.
3. I hear the rushing of the blast
That through the snowy valley flies.
4. Waiting till the west-wind blows,
The freighted clouds at anchor lie.
5. They raised a wild and wondering cry
As with his guide rode Marmion by.
6. Merrily, merrily shall I live now
Under the blossom that hangs on the bough.
7. My cottage, while you grace it, is a palace.
8. Flowers spring to blossom where she walks
The careful ways of duty.
9. In the chill sunbeam of the faint brief day
The dusky waters shudder as they shine.
10. Black shadows fall
From the lindens tall
That lift aloft their massive wall
Against the southern sky.
11. The silence, often, of pure innocence
Persuades, when speaking fails.
12. I hear the beat
Of their pinions fleet
As from the land of snow and sleet
They seek a southern lea.
5i
ANALYSIS 55
13. He that wants money, means, and content is
without three good friends.
14. Thou shalt hear
Distant harvest-carols clear,
Rustle of the reaped corn,
Sweet birds antheming the mom.
15. While others yet doubted, they were resolved ;
where others hesitated, they pressed forward.
16. He that builds a fair house upon an ill seat
committeth himself to prison.
17. While stands the Coliseum, Rome shall stand ;
When falls the Coliseum, Rome shall fall.
18. All places that the eye of heaven visits
Are to a wise man ports and happy havens.
19. Whenever I cross the river
On its bridge with wooden piers,
Like the odor of brine from the ocean
Comes the thought of other years.
20. With merry songs we mock the wind
That in the pine-top grieves.
And slumber long and sweetly
On beds of oaken leaves.
21. My shallop rustling through
The low and bloomed foliage, drove
The fragrant glistening deeps, and clove
The citron-shadows in the blue.
22. His solemn manner and his words
Had touched the deep mysterious chords
That vibrate in each human breast.
23. As they approached the walls of the town, the
whole country was pervaded by a stirring and
diversified air of gladness.
24. Love thyself last ; cherish those hearts that hate
thee.
56 PRACTICE IN PARSING AND ANALYSIS
2b, The forests had put on their sober brown and
yellow, while some trees of the tenderer kind
had been nipped by the frosts into brilliant
dyes of orange, purple, and scarlet.
26. Linger awhile upon some bending planks
That lean against a streamlet's rushy banks,
And watch intently Nature's gentle doings.
27. November's hail-cloud drifts away,
November's sunbeam wan
Looks coldly on the castle gray
When forth steps Lady Anne.
28. Through the rocks we wound ;
The great pine shook with lonely sounds of
joy
That came on the sea wind.
29. As from the bosom of the sky
The eagle darts amain,
Three bounds from yonder summit high
Placed Harold on the plain.
30. From yon blue heavens above us bent
The gardener Adam and his wife
Smile at the claims of long descent.
31. He that wrongs his friend
Wrongs himself more, and ever bears about
A silent court of justice in his breast.
32. A horseman darting from the crowd,
Like lightning from a summer cloud.
Spurs on his mettled courser proud.
33. The daisy by the shadow that it casts
Protects the lingering dewdrop from the sun.
34. Whene'er a noble deed is wrought.
Whene'er is spoken a noble thought,
Our hearts in glad surprise
To higher levels rise.
ANALYSIS 57
36. A quiet smile played round his lips,
As the eddies and dimples of the tide
Play round the bows of ships
That steadily at anchor ride.
36. In the east
The broad and beaming sun lingeringly rose
Between the black trunks of the crowded trees,
While the faint stars were gathering overhead.
37. Square thyself for use ; a stone that may
Fit in the wall is left not in the way.
38. I pace the leafy colonnade
Where level branches of the plane
Above me weave a roof of shade
Impervious to the sun and rain.
39. Every mountain now hath found a tongue,
And Jura answers, through her misty shroud,
Back to the joyous Alps, who call to her aloud.
40. As the overhanging trees
Fill the lake with images.
As garment draws the garment's hem
Men their fortunes bring with them.
41. Foul-caDkering rust the hidden treasure frets.
But gold that 's put to use more gold begets.
42. This new and gorgeous garment, majesty,
Sits not so easy on me as you think.
43. He that filches from me my good name
Robs me of that which not enriches him.
44. I hear in the chamber above me
The patter of little feet.
The sound of a door that is opened,
And voices soft and sweet.
45. The fields are broad and wholly given up to the
grazing of cattle and sheep, which dotted them
thickly in the breezy sunshine.
58 PRACTICE IN PARSING AND ANALYSIS
46. Now glowed the firmament
With living sapphires; Hesperus, that led
The starry host, rode brightest.
47. The oars of the fishermen dipped into the water
with a clear and liquid sound, as their heavy
but pictui'esque boats glided slowly down the
stream.
48. She is singing an air that is known to me,
A passionate ballad gallant and gay,
A martial song like a trumpet's call.
49. The fault, dear Brutus, is not with our stars,
But in ourselves, that we are underlings.
60. While along the western hills
We watched the changeful glory
Of sunset, on our homeward way,
I heard her simple story.
61. To business that we love we rise betimes,
And go to it with delight.
62. The noble stag was pausing now
Upon the mountain's southern brow.
Where broad extended, far beneath,
The varied realms of fair Menteith.
63. In his eyes
Respect was mingled with surprise
And the stern joy which warriors feel
In foeraen worthy of their steel.
64. Now the noonday quiet holds the hill ;
The grasshopper is silent in the grass 5
The lizard, with his shadow on the stone,
Rests like a shadow, and the winds are dead.
66. The rays of the sun were lingering on the very
verge of the horizon as the party ascended a
hollow and somewhat steep path, which led to
the summit of a rising ground.
ANALYSIS 59
56. Well knows the fair and friendly moon
The band that Marion leads,
The glitter of their rifles,
The scampering of their steeds.
67. The day had been fine and warm; but at the
coming on of night, the air grew cool, and
in the mellowing distance smoke was rising
gently from the cottage chimneys.
58. Freckled nest-eggs thou shalt see
Hatching in the hawthorn tree.
When the hen-bird's wing doth rest
Quiet on her mossy nest.
59. Quaint old town of toil and traffic, quaint old
town of art and song.
Memories haunt thy pointed gables, like the
rooks that round them throng.
60. I have read in some old marvellous tale,
Some legend strange and vague,
That a midnight host of spectres pale
Beleaguered the walls of Prague.
61. Thou shalt, at one glance, behold
The daisy and the marigold,
White-plumed lilies, and the first
Hedge-grown primrose that hath burst.
62. I know myself now ; and I feel within me
A peace above all earthly dignities,
A still and quiet conscience.
63. We left behind the painted buoy
That tosses at the harbor-mouth.
And madly danced our hearts with joy
As fast we fleeted to the South.
64. By dimpled brook and fountain-brim
The wood-nymphs, decked with daisies trim,
Their merry wakes and pastimes keep»
60 PRACTICE IN PARSING AND ANALYSIS
65. He loved each simple joy the country yields.
66. The swallow stopt as he hunted the fly,
The snake slipt under a spray,
The wild hawk stood with the down on his beak,
And stared, with his foot on the prey.
67. His daily teachers had been woods and rills,
The silence that is in the starry sky,
The sleep that is among the lonely hills.
68. We spoke not as the shore grew less,
But gazed in silence back
Where the long billows swept away
The foam behind our track.
69. The ship has weathered every rack, the prize
we sought is won.
70. Birds sang within the sprouting shade,
Bees hummed within the whispering grass,
And children prattled as they played
Beside the rivulet's dimpling glass.
71. Often I think of the beautiful town
That is seated by the sea ;
Often in thought go up and down
The pleasant streets of that dear old town,
And my youth comes back to me.
72. The pine boughs are singing
Old songs with new gladness.
The billows and fountains
Fresh music are flinging.
Like the notes of a spirit, from land and from
sea.
73. The purest treasure mortal times afford
Is spotless reputation.
74. The man that once did sell the lion's skin,
While the beast lived, was killed with hunting
him.
ANALYSIS 61
76. Night is a dead monotonous period under a roof;
but in the open world it passes lightly, with
its stars and dews and perfumes, and the hours
are marked by changes in the face of Nature.
76. The rain comes when the wind calls ;
The river knows the way to the sea ;
Without a pilot it runs and falls,
Blessing all lands with its charity.
77. The dust we trample heedlessly
Throbbed once in saints and heroes rare.
78. The windows, rattling in their frames,
The ocean roaring up the beach,
The gusty blast, the bickering flames,
All mingled vaguely in our speech.
79. Civilized states are ever developing into a more
perfect organization, and a more exact and
more various operation ; they are ever increas-
ing their stock of thoughts and of knowledge.
80. The yoke a man creates for himself by wrong-
doing will breed hate in the kindliest nature.
81. Thy plaintive anthem fades
Past the near meadows, over the still stream,
Up the hillside ; and now 't is buried deep
In the next valley glades.
82. At his feet the sand dripped and trickled in
yellow rivulets, from crack to crack and ledge
to ledge, or whirled past him in tiny jets of
yellow smoke, before the fitful summer air.
83. They that stand high have many blasts to shake
them;
And if they fall, they dash themselves to pieces.
84. The country was yet naked and leafless; but
English scenery is always verdant, and the
sudden change in the temperature of the
6 2 PRA CTICE IN PARSING AND ANALYSIS
weather was surprising in its quickening ef-
fects upon the landscape.
85. The task he undertakes
Is numbering sands and drinking oceans dry ;
Where one on his side fights, thousands will fly.
86. Presently the warmth had a lulling effect, and
the little golden head sank down on the old
sack, and the blue eyes were veiled by their
delicate half-transparent lids.
87. When Duty whispers low, Thou musty
The youth replies, / can.
88. The amity that wisdom knits not, folly may
easily untie.
89. We hear the sound of the wind among the trees ;
and as it swells and freshens, the distant doors
clap to, with a sudden sound.
90. The Alhambra is an ancient fortress or castel-
lated palace of the Moorish kings of Granada,
where they held dominion over this their
boasted terrestrial paradise, and made their
last stand for empire in Spain.
91. Men will forget what we suffer and not what
we do.
92. When descends on the Atlantic
The gigantic
Storm-wind of the equinox.
Landward in his wrath he scourges
The toiling surges
Laden with seaweed from the rocks.
93. 'T is always morning somewhere, and above
The awakening continents, from shore to shore,
Somewhere the birds are singing evermore.
94. There she sees the highway near.
Winding down to Camelot ;
ANALYSIS 63
There the river eddy whirls,
And there the surly village churls
And the red cloaks of market girls
Pass onward from Shalott.
95. Several crows are walking about a newly-sowed
wheat field we pass through, and we pause to
note their graceful movements and glossy coats.
96. You came and looked and loved the view
Long-known and loved by me,
Green Sussex fading into blue
With one gray glimpse of sea.
97. The cross upon his shoulders borne
Battle and blast had dimmed and torn;
Each dint upon his battered shield
Was token of a foughfcen field.
98. As slow our ship her foamy track
Against the wind was cleaving.
Her trembling pennant still looked back
To that dear isle 't was leaving.
99. The blossomed apple-tree.
Among its flowery tufts, on every spray,
Offers the wandering bee
A fragrant chapel for his matin-lay ;
And a soft bass is heard
From the quick pinions of the humming-bird.
100. That night from the castle gate went down.
With silent, slow, and stealthy pace,
Two shadows, mounted on shadowy steeds,
Taking the narrow path that leads
Into the forest dense and brown.
101. The wind began to moan in hollow murmurs,
as the sun went down carrying glad day else-
where ; and a train of dull Wouds coming up
against it menaced thunder and lightning.
64 PRACTICE IN PARSING AND ANALYSIS
102. In the elder days of art
Builders wrought with greatest care
Each minute and unseen part ;
For the gods see everywhere.
103. It rears its irregular walls and massive towers
like a mural crown round the brow of a lofty
ridge, waves its royal banner in the clouds,
and looks down with a lordly air upon the
surrounding world.
104. By the margin, willow -veil'd,
Slide the heavy barges traiPd
By slow horses ; and unhaiPd
The shallop flitteth silken-sail'd,
Skimming down to Camelot.
105. Sometimes a troop of damsels glad,
An abbot on an ambling pad ;
Sometimes a curly shepherd-lad,
Or long-haired page in crimson clad.
Goes by to towered Camelot.
106. Washington had attained his manhood when
that spark of liberty was struck out in his
own country which has since kindled to a
flame, and shot its beams over the whole
world.
107. A cloud was hanging o'er the western moun-
tains ;
Before its blue and moveless depth were flying
Gray mists poured forth from the unresting
fountains
Of darkness in the North.
108. From the ancient customs of Swiss cantons,
from the meadow of Eunnyraede, from the
Grand Remonstrance and the Petition of
Eight, in steady Anglo-Saxon succession and
ANALYSIS 65
with accumulating force, the principles of
our constitution were derived.
109. As I was rambling one day about the Moorish
halls, I found in a remote gallery a door
which I had not before noticed, communicat-
ing apparently with an extensive apartment
locked up from the public.
110. Great is the earth, high is the heaven ; swift is
the sun in his course, for he compasseth the
heavens round about, and fetcheth his course
again to his own place in one day.
111. Open fly
With impetuous recoil and jarring sound
The infernal doors, and on their hinges grate
Harsh thunder.
112. The man that hath not music in himself,
Nor is not moved with concord of sweet sounds,
Is fit for treasons, stratagems, and spoils.
113. We often paused, and looking back, we saw
The clefts and openings in the mountains filled
With the bhie valley and the glistening brooks
And all the low dark groves.
114. Remember now and always that life is no idle
dream, but a solemn reality, based upon eter-
nity and encompassed by eternity.
115. When I was a beggarly boy,
And lived in a cellar damp,
I had not a friend nor a toy,
But I had Aladdin's lamp.
116. Sweet are the uses of adversity,
Which, like the toad, ugly and venomous,
Wears yet a precious jewel in his head.
117. Now rings the woodland loud and long,
The distance takes a lovelier hue;
5
66 PRACTICE IN PARSING AND ANALYSIS
And, drowned in yonder living blue,
The lark becomes a sightless song.
118. His loom, as he wrought in it without ceasing,
had in its turn wrought on him, and con-
firmed more and more the monotonous crav-
ing for its monotonous response.
119. The Brownie sits in the Scotchman's room.
And eats his meat and drinks his ale,
And beats the maid with her unused broom,
And the lazy lout with his idle flail ;
But he sweeps the floor and threshes the com,
And hies him away ere the break of dawn.
120. Swarms of minnows show their little heads,
Staying their wavy bodies 'gainst the streams,
To taste the luxury of sunny beams
Tempered with coolness.
121. Ever the words of the gods resound ;
But the porches of man's ear
Seldom in this low life's round
Are unsealed that he may hear.
122. The great crimson sun rose swiftly through
the dim night-mist of the desert, and as he
poured his glory down the glen, the haze rose
in threads and plumes, and vanished.
123. Round the cool green courts there ran a row
Of cloisters, branched like mighty woods.
Echoing all night to that sonorous flow
Of spouted fountain-floods.
124. I dwelt, a free and happy orphan child,
By the sea-shore, in a deep mountain glen;
And near the waves and through the forests
wild
I roamed, to storm and darkness reconciled.
125. Sometimes the linnet piped his song ;
ANALYSIS 67
Sometimes the throstle whistled strong ;
Sometimes the sparhawk wheeled along,
Hushed all the groves for fear of wrong.
126. Small busy flames play through the fresh-laid
coals,
And their faint cracklings o'er our silence
creep,
Like whispers of the household gods that
keep
A gentle empire o'er fraternal souls.
127. A thing of beauty is a joy forever ;
Its loveliness increases ; it can never
Pass into nothingness, but still will keep
A bower quiet for us, and a sleep
Full of sweet dreams and health and quiet
breathing.
128. Bright above him shone the heavens.
Level spread the lake before him ;
From its bosom leaped the sturgeon,
Sparkling, flashing, in the sunshine ;
On its margin the great forest
Stood reflected in the water.
129. Nature is not solitude :
She crowds us with her thronging wood ;
Her many hands reach out to us,
Her many tongues are garrulous ;
Perpetual riddles of surprise
She offers to our ears and eyes.
130. Timing his footsteps to a march,
The warder kept his guard,
Low humming, as he paced along.
Some ancient Border-gathering song.
131. No other sheep were near, the lamb was all
alonO;
68 PRACTICE IN PARSING AND ANALYSIS
And by a slender cord was tethered to a stone ;
With one knee on the grass did the little
maiden kneel,
While to that mountain lamb she gave its
evening meal.
132. Their way lay through a deep and shady wood,
cooled by the light wind which gently rustled
the thick foliage, and enlivened by the songs
of the birds that perched upon the boughs.
133. Equality among the different States is a cardi-
nal principle upon which all our institutions
rest.
134. A single horseman rode at the head of the
party, his bright arms catching a glance of the
October sun as he moved steadily along.
135. Then peace was spread throughout the land,
The lion fed beside the tender lamb ;
And with the kid
To pasture led
The spotted leopard fed ;
In peace the calf and bear.
The wolf and lamb reposed together there.
136. Tossed on thoughts that changed from hue to
hue,
Now poring on the glow-worm, now the star,
I paced the terrace till the Bear had wheeled
Through a great arc his seven slow suns.
137. When I was a child, I spake as a child, I un-
derstood as a child, I thought as a child;
but when I became a man, I put away child-
ish things.
138. On sunny slope and beechen swell
The shadowed light of evening fell ;
And where the maple's leaf was brown,
ANALYSIS 69
With soft and silent lapse came down
The glory that the wood receives
At sunset in its golden leaves.
139. Laughter and songs and flutes and viols, invit-
ing voices and complying responses, mingled
with merry bells and with processional
hymns, along the woodland paths and along
the yellow meadow.
140. While he was yet a boy,
The moon, the glory of the sun,
And streams that murmur as they run
Had been his dearest joy.
141. They rode together for some time in silence,
the Saracen performing the part of director
and guide of the journey, which he did by
observing minute marks and bearings of the
distant rocks.
142. There is a glorious city in the sea ;
The sea is in the broad, the narrow streets,
Ebbing and flowing ; and the salt sea-weed
Clings to the marble of her palaces.
143. The blasts of autumn drive the winged seeds
Over the eai-th ; next come the snows and rain
And frosts and storms, which dreary winter
leads
Out of his Scythian cave, a savage train.
144. His latest thought, his latest breath.
To Freedom's duty giving.
With failing tongue and trembling hand
The dying blest the living.
145. Now waneth spring,
While all birds sing.
And the south wind blows
The earliest rose
70 PRACTICE IN PARSING AND ANALYSIS
To and fro
By the doors we know ;
And the scented gale
Fills every dale.
146. Still and black
The great woods climbed the mountain at our
back;
And on their skirts, where yet the lingering day
On the shorn greenness of the clearing lay,
The brown old farmhouse like a bird's-nest
hung.
147. John Gilpin kissed his loving wife ;
Much pleased was he to find
That, though on pleasure she was bent,
She had a frugal mind.
148. We sang old songs that pealed
From knoll to knoll, where, couched at ease.
The white kine glimmered and the trees
Laid their dark arms about the field.
149. The three friends entered a long low-roofed
room, furnished with a large number of high-
backed leather-cushioned chairs of fantastic
shapes, and embellished with a great variety
of old portraits and roughly-colored prints of
some antiquity.
150. The steer forgot to graze.
And, where the hedge-row cuts the pasture,
stood,
Leaning his horns into the neighbor field,
And lowing to his fellows.
151. The noonday sun
Now shone upon the forest, one vast mass
Of mingling shade, whose brown magnificence
A narrow vale embowers.
ANALYSIS 71
152. As he spoke, they left the last field behind
them, and entered upon a vast sheet of
breezy down, speckled here and there by
rocky glens ending in fertile valleys once
thick with farms and homesteads.
153. Where, twisted round the barren oak,
The summer vine in beauty clung,
And summer winds the stillness broke,
The crystal icicle is hung.
154. After the flitting of the bats,
When thickest dark did trance the sky,
She drew her casement curtain by
And glanced across the glooming flats.
155. Here are sweet peas, on tiptoe for a flight,
With wings of gentle flush o'er delicate white,
And taper fingers catching at all things.
To bind them all about with tiny rings.
156. My coursers are fed with the lightning,
They drink of the whirlwind's stream.
And when the red morn is brightening
They bathe in the fresh sunbeam.
157. If by love and nobleness we take up into our-
selves the beauty we admire, we shall spend
it again on all around us.
158. The trumpets blew, the cross-bolts flew,
The arrows flashed like flame,
As spur in side, and spear in rest,
Against the foe we came.
159. The wind began next to arise ; but its wild and
moaning sound was heard for some time, and
its effects became visible on the bosom of
the sea, before the gale was felt on shore.
160. What in me is dark,
Illumine ; what is low, raise and support.
72 PRACTICE IN PARSING AND ANALYSIS
161. I hear a voice you cannot hear,
Which says I must not stay ;
I see a hand you cannot see,
Which beckons me away.
162. As I walked through the wilderness of this
world, I lighted on a certain place where was
a den, and laid me down in that place to
sleep ; and as I slept, I dreamed a dream.
163. Every great popular writer is, in a certain sense,
a product of his country and his age, a reflec-
tion of the intellect, the moral sentiment, and
the prevailing social opinions of his time.
164. Her warbling voice, a lyre of widest range.
Struck by all passion, did fall down and glance
From tone to tone, and glided through all change
Of liveliest utterance.
165. There now the sun had sunk ; but lines of gold
Hung in the ashen clouds, and on the points
Of the far level grass and nodding flowers
And the old dandelion's hoary beard.
And, mingled with the shades of twilight, lay
On the brown mossy woods.
166. The minstrels played their Christmas tune
To-night beneath my cottage eaves;
While, smitten by a lofty moon,
The encircling laurels, thick with leaves,
Gave back a rich and dazzling sheen,
That overpowered their natural green.
167. Underneath day's azure eyes.
Ocean's nursling, Venice lies,
A peopled labyrinth of walls,
Amphitrite's destined halls.
Which her hoary sire now paves
With his blue and beaming waves.
ANALYSIS 73
168. In that delightful land which is washed by
the Delaware's waters,
Guarding in sylvan shades the name of Penn
the apostle,
Stands on the banks of its beautiful stream the
city he founded.
169. Armor rusting in his halls
On the blood of Clifford calls ;
" Quell the Scot," exclaims the lance;
" Bear me to the heart of France "
Is the longing of the shield.
170. Small lights are soon blown out, huge fires
abide.
And with the wind in greater fury fret ;
The petty streams that pay a daily debt
To their salt sovereign, with their fresh fall's
haste,
Add to his flow, but alter not his taste.
171. A single vast gray cloud covered all the country,
from which the small rain and mist had just
begun to blow down in wavy sheets, alter-
nately thick and thin.
172. Sometimes a great ship, an East Indiaman,
with rusty, seamed, blistered sides and dingy
sails, came slowly moving up the harbor,
with an air of indolent self-importance and
consciousness of superiority which inspired
me with profound respect.
173. The sled and traveller stopped, the courier's
feet
Delayed, all friends shut out, the housemates
sit
Around the radiant fireplace, enclosed
In a tumultuous privacy of storm.
74 PRACTICE IN PARSING AND ANALYSIS
174. At noon, when by the forest's edge
He lay beneath the branches high,
The soft blue sky did never melt
Into his heart ; he never felt
The witchery of the soft blue sky.
175. The path through which the traveller descended
was occasionally shaded by detached trees of
great size, and elsewhere by the hedges and
boughs of flourishing orchards, now laden
with summer fruits.
176. Slowly the mist o'er the meadows was creeping,
Bright on the dewy buds glistened the sun,
When from his couch, while his children were
sleeping.
Rose the bold rebel and shouldered his gun.
177. The fall of prices had not yet come to carry
the race of small squires and yeomen down
that road to ruin for which extravagant
habits and bad husbandry were plentifully
anointing their wheels.
178. On the right, amid a profusion of thickets,
knolls, and crags, lay the bed of a broad
mountain lake, lightly curled into tiny waves
by the breath of the morning breeze, each
glittering in its course under the influence
of the sunbeams.
179. A person familiar with nature and with the
most celebrated productions of the human
mind, can scarcely err in following the in-
stinct, with respect to selection of language,
produced by that familiarity.
180. Where the embowering trees recede, and leave
A little space of green expanse, the cove
Is closed by meeting banks, whose yellow flowers
ANALYSIS 75
Forever gaze on their own drooping eyes,
Eeflected in the crystal calm.
181. Come forth, old man, thy daughter's side
Is now the fitting place for thee ;
When time hath quelled the oak's bold pride,
The youthful tendril yet may hide
The ruins of the parent tree.
182. Our old-fashioned country life had many differ-
ent aspects, as all life must have when it is
spread over a various surface and breathed
on variously by multitudinous currents, from
the winds of heaven to the thoughts of men.
183. The Knight of the Leopard then disarmed
himself of his heavy panoply, his Saracen
companion kindly assisting him to undo his
buckler and clasps, until he remained in the
close dress of chamois leather which knights
and men-at-arms used to wear under their
harness.
184. The mass of waters, now dark and threatening,
began to lift itself in larger ridges and sink
in deeper furrows, forming waves that rose
high in foam upon the breakers, or burst
upon the beach with a sound resembling dis-
tant thunder.
185. The rose-bush does not break into fulness of
bloom on some happy morning in June ; but
with the warmth of early April the buds be-
gin to swell and the green begins to deepen,
and gradually, like a queen leisurely robing
for her coronation, tint is added to tint,
beauty to beauty, until it stands in the sov-
ereign glory of perfect blossom.
186. As the old man descended the hill above tKow
I
76 PRACTICE IN PARSING AND ANALYSIS
little hamlet to which he was bending his
course, the setting sun had relieved its in-
mates from their labor, and the young men,
availing themselves of the fine evening, were
engaged in the sport of long-bowls on a patch
of common, while the women and elders
looked on.
187. He is the poet of the dawn, who wrote
The Canterbury Tales, and his old age
Made beautiful with song ; and as T read
I hear the crowing cock, I hear the note
Of lark and linnet, and from every page
Eise odors of ploughed field or flowery
mead.
188. I loved the brimming wave that swam
Through quiet meadows round the mill,
The sleepy pool above the dam,
The pool beneath it never still,
The meal-sacks on the whitened floor,
The dark round of the dripping wheel,
The very air about the door.
Made misty with the floating meal.
189. The rambling and neglected dwelling had al\
the romantic excellence and practical draw-
backs which such mildewed places share in
common with caves, mountains, wildernesses,
glens, and other homes of poesy, that people
of taste wish to live and die in.
190. The lake is passed and now they gain
A narrow and a broken plain.
Before the Trosachs' rugged jaws ;
And here the horse and spearmen pause,
While, to explore the dangerous glen,
Dive through the pass the archer-men.
ANALYSIS 77
191. The dew was falling fast, the stars began to
blink ;
I heard a voice ; it said, " Drink, pretty crea-
ture, drink 1 "
And looking o'er the hedge, before me I espied
A snow-white mountain lamb with a maiden
at its side.
192. The poet's eye, in a fine frenzy rolling,
Doth glance from heaven to earth, from earth to
heaven ;
And, as imagination bodies forth
The forms of things unknown, the poet's pen
Turns them to shapes, and gives to airy nothing
A local habitation and a name.
193. In the ancient town of Bruges,
In the quaint old Memish city,
As the evening shad^ descended,
Low at times and loud at times,
And changing like a poet's rhymes,
Rang the beautiful wild chimes
Prom the belfry in the market
Of the ancient town of Bruges.
194. There is a charm in footing slow across a
silent plain,
Where patriot battle has been fought, where
glory had the gain;
There is a pleasure on the heath where Druids
old have been.
Where mantles gray have rustled by and swept
the nettles green.
195. The point of one white star is quivering still.
Deep in the orange light of widening morn
Beyond the purple mountains ; through a chasm
Of wind-divided mist the darker lake
78 PRACTICE IN PARSING AND ANALYSIS
Reflects it ; now it wanes ; it gleams again
As the waves fade, and as the burning threads
Of woven cloud unravel in pale air.
196. Now the golden Morn aloft
Waves her dew-bespangled wing;
With vermeil cheek and whisper soft
She wooes the tardy Spring,
Till April starts and calls around
The sleeping fragrance from the ground,
And lightly o'er the living scene
Scatters his freshest, tenderest green.
197. Sabrina fair.
Listen where thou art sitting
Under the glassy, cool, translucent wave.
In twisted braids of lilies knitting
The loose train of thy amber-dropping hair ;
Listen for dear honor's sake.
Goddess of the silver lake,
Listen and save !
198. To him who in the love of Nature holds
Communion with her visible forms, she speaks
A various language ; for his gayer hours
She has a voice of gladness and a smile
And eloquence of beauty, and she glides
Into his darker musings with a mild
And healing sympathy that steals away
Their sharpness ere he is aware.
199. Day set on Norham's castled steep
And Tweed's fair river broad and deep.
And Cheviot's mountains lone ;
The battled towers, the donjon keep.
The loophole grates where captives weep,
The flanking walls that round it sweep.
In yellow lustre shone.
ANALYSIS 79
200. The warriors on the turrets high,
Moving athwart the evening sky,
Seemed forms of giant height ;
Their armor, as it caught the rays,
Flashed back again the western blaze
In lines of dazzling light.
201. We scatter seeds with careless hand,
And dream we ne'er shall see them more;
But for a thousand years
Their fruit appears
In weeds that mar the land
Or healthful store.
202. That time of year thou mayst in me behold
When yellow leaves or none or few do hang
Upon those boughs which shake against the cold.
Bare ruined choirs wh^re late the sweet birds
sang.
203. I sat upon a promontory
And heard a mermaid on a dolphiu's back.
Uttering such dulcet and harmonious breath
That the rude sea grew civil at her song,
And certain stars shot madly from their
spheres.
To hear the sea-maid's music.
204. We, ignorant of ourselves.
Beg often our own harms, which the wise powers
Deny us for our good ; so find we profit
By losing of our prayers.
205. Columns of purple and green porphyry, among
which gleamed the white limbs of delicate
statues, surrounded a basin of water fed by
a perpetual jet, which sprinkled with cool
spray the leaves of oranges and the mimosas,
mingling its murmurs with the warblings
80 PRACTICE IN PARSING AND ANALYSIS
of the tropic birds who nestled among the
branches.
206. Suddenly, as the child rolled downwards on its
mother's knees, all wet with snow, its eyes
were caught by a bright glancing light on
the white ground, and, with the ready transi-
tion of infancy, it was immediately absorbed
in watching the bright living thing running
towards it, yet never arriving.
207. Strange to me now are the forms I meet
When I visit the dear old town ;
But the native air is pure and sweet,
And the trees that o'ershadow each well-known
street.
As they balance up and down,
Are singing the beautiful song,
Are sighing and whispering still :
" A boy's will is the wind's will,
And the thoughts of youth are long, long
thoughts."
208. The stag at eve had drunk his fill
Where danced the moon on Monan's rill,
And deep his midnight lair had made
In lone Glenartney's hazel shade ;
But when the sun his beacon red
Had kindled on Benvoirlich's head,
The deep-mouthed bloodhound's heavy bay
Resounded up the rocky way.
And faint, from farther distance borne.
Were heard the clanging hoof and horn.
209. The wave is clear, the beach is bright
With snowy shells and sparkling stones ;
The shore-surge comes in ripples light,
In murmurings faint and distant moans ;
ANALYSIS 81
And ever afar in the silence deep
Is heard the splash of the sturgeon's leap,
And the bend of his graceful bow is seen,
A glittering arch of silver sheen,
Spanning the wave of burnished blue
And dripping with gems of the river-dew.
210. With home-life sounds the desert air was
stirred ;
The bleat of sheep along the hill we heard,
The bucket plashing in the cool sweet well,
The pasture bars that clattered as they fell ;
Dogs barked, fowls fluttered; cattle lowed;
the gate
Of the barnyard creaked beneath the merry
weight
Of sun-brown children, listening while they
swung,
The welcome sound of supper bell to hear.
211. The path wended through water-meadows trav-
ersed by little brooks, whose quivering sur-
faces were braided along their centres and
folded in creases at the sides ; or, where the
flow was more rapid, the stream was pied
with spots of white froth, which rode on in
undisturbed serenity.
212. Without boasting, we may say that in no age
or country has the public cause been main-
tained with more force of argument, more
power of illustration, or more of that persua-
sion which excited feeling and elevated prin-
ciple can alone bestow, than the revolutionary
state papers exhibit.
213. It is characteristic of the peculiar humor of the
English, and of their love for what ia b\»»^
82 PRACTICE IN PARSING AND ANALYSIS
comic, and familiar, that they have embodied
their national oddities in the figure of a
sturdy corpulent old fellow, with a three
cornered hat, red waistcoat, leather breeches,
and stout oaken cudgel.
214. The hare limped trembling through the frozen
grass,
And silent was the flock in woolly fold ;
Numb were the Beadsman's fingers while he told
His rosary, and while his frosted breath,
Like pious incense from a censer old,
Seemed taking flight for heaven, without a
death,
Past the sweet Virgin's picture, while his
prayer he saith.
215. Slow and sure comes up the golden year
When wealth no more shall rest in mounded
heaps.
But smit with fre^r light shall slowly melt
In many streams to fatten lower lands ;
And light shall spread and man be liker man
Through all the season of the golden year.
216. A coat of linked mail, with long sleeves, plated
gauntlets, and a steel breastplate, had not
. been esteemed a sufficient weight of armor ;
there was also his triangular shield suspended
round his neck, and his barred helmet of
steel, over which he had a hood and collar
of mail.
217. Southward the landscape indistinctly glared
Through a pale stream ; but all the northern
downs,
In clearest air ascending, showed far off
A surface dappled o'er with shadows flung
ANALYSIS 83
From brooding clouds ; shadows that lay in
spots
Determined and unmoved, with steady beams
Of bright and pleasant sunshine interposed.
218. Soldier, rest ! thy warfare o'er,
Sleep the sleep that knows not breaking ;
Dream of battled fields no more.
Days of danger, nights of waking.
In our isle's enchanted hall
Hands unseen thy couch are strewing ;
Fairy strains of music fall.
Every sense in slumber dewing.
219. Before the barn-door strutted the gallant cock,
that pattern of a husband, a warrior, and a
fine gentleman, clapping his burnished wings,
and crowing in the pride and gladness of
his heart, — sometimes tearing up the earth
with his feet, and then generously calling his
ever-hungry family of wives and children to
enjoy the rich morsel which he had discovered.
220. I'll give my jewels for a set of beads.
My gorgeous palace for a hermitage,
My gay apparel for an almsman's gown,
My figured goblets for a dish of wood.
My sceptre for a palmer's walking-staff.
My subjects for a pair of carved saints.
And my large kingdom for a little grave,
A little little grave, an obscure grave ;
Or I'll be buried in the king's highway.
Some way of common trade, where subjects'
feet
May hourly, trample on their sovereign's head.
221. Rumor is a pipe
Blown by surmises, jealousies, conjectures^
84 PRACTICE IN PARSING AND ANALYSIS
And of so easy and so plain a stop
That the blunt monster with uncounted heads,
The still-discordant wavering multitude,
Can play upon it.
222. At the passing of the breeze, the fir-trees sob
and moan no less distinctly than they rock ;
the holly whistles as it battles with itself ;
the ash hisses amid its quiverings ; the beech
rustles while its flat boughs rise and fall.
223. Here at the fountain's sliding foot.
Or at some fruit tree's mossy root,
Casting the body's vest aside.
My soul into the boughs does glide ;
There like a bird it sits and sings,
Then whets and claps its silver wings,
And, till prepared for longer flight,
Waves in its plumes the various light.
224. In mild variety the seasons mild
With rainbow-skirted showers and odorous
winds
And long blue meteors cleansing the dull night,
And the life-kindling shafts of the keen sun's
All-piercing bow, and the dew-mingled rain
Of the calm moonbeams, a soft influence mild,
Shall clothe the forests and the fields.
225. The pale stars are gone !
Por the sun, their swift shepherd,
To their folds them compelling
In the depths of the dawn,
Hastes in meteor-eclipsing array, and they flee
Beyond his blue dwelling.
As fawns flee the leopard.
226. Children, at midnight.
When soft the winds blow,
ANALYSIS 85
When clear falls the moonlight,
When spring-tides are low ;
When sweet airs come seaward
Prom heaths starred with broom,
And high rocks throw mildly
On the blanched sands a gloom ;
Up the still glistening beaches,
Up the creeks we will hie.
Over banks of bright seaweed
The ebb-tide leaves dry.
227. When the British warrior queen,
Bleeding from the Roman rods,
Sought with an indignant mien
Counsel of her country's gods,
Sage beneath the sjireading oak
Sat the Druid, hoary chief ;
Every burning word he spoke
Full of rage and full of grief.
228. When red hath set the beamless sun
Through heavy vapors dark and dun.
When the tired plowman dry and warm
Hears, half asleep, the rising storm
Hurling the hail and sleeted rain
Against the casement's tinkling pane,
The sounds that drive wild deer and fox
To shelter in the brake and rocks
Are warnings which the shepherd ask
To dismal and to dangerous task.
229. The broom's tough roots his ladder made,
The hazel saplings lent their aid ;
And thus an airy point he won.
Where, gleaming with the setting sun.
One burnished sheet of living gold.
Loch Katrine lay beneath him rolled ;
86 PRACTICE IN PARSING AND ANALYSIS
In all her length far winding lay,
With promontory, creek, and bay,
And islands that empurpled bright,
Floated amid the livelier light,
And mountains that like giants stand,
To sentinel enchanted land.
230. I cannot see what flowers are at my feet,
Nor what soft incense hangs upon the boughs ;
But, in embalmed darkness, guess each sweet
Wherewith the seasonable month endows
The grass, the thicket, and the fruit-tree
wild, —
White hawthorn and the pastoral eglantine,
Past-fading violets covered up in leaves,
And mid-May's eldest child,
The coming musk rose, full of dewy wine,
The murmurous haunt of flies on summer
eves.
DIRECTIONS FOR PARSING
I. NOUN.
i. Form : Singular or Plural,
ii. Construction : (1) Subject, (2) Object, (3) Possessive,
(4) Vocative, (6) Supplement, (6) Apposition,
(7) Subject Absolute.
II. (a) PRONOUN (ordinary). — Form and Construction
same as Noun ; stands for what Noun ?
(b) PRONOUN RELATIVE. — Form and Con-
struction same as Noun ; has for Antecedent — f
III. ADJECTIVE.
i. Form : Positive, Comparative, or Superlative Degree.
ii. Construction : joined to what Noun or Fronoon ?
IV. VERB.
i. Nature : Transitive or Intransitive,
ii. Form: (1) Voice, (2) Mood, (3) Tense, (4) Person,
(6) Number.
iii. Construction:
A (1) has for Subject — ? (unless Infinitiye)
(2) has for Object — 1 (unless Intransitive or
Passive)
If in the Inflnitive Mood, the Verb may be used as
B (1) Noun, Subject or Object of—?
(2) Adjective, qualifying — ?
(S) Adverb, modifying — 1
V. PARTICIPLE.
i. Made from what Verb f
ii. Nature : Transitive or Intransitive,
iii. Form : Active or Passive.
iv. Construction : (1) joined to what Noun or Pronoun ?
(2) if Active and Transitive, has for
Object—?
VI. ADVERB. — Modifies what Verb, Adjective, Adverb,
or Sentence f
VII. PREPOSITION. — Has what Object f
VIII. CONJUNCTION. — Joins together what two Sen-
tences or Words f
87
RULES FOR THE COMMA
1. In a series of words, all of the same part of
speech, a comma is inserted between each two par-
ticulars.
Thirty days hath September,
April, June, and November.
2. Appositives are cut off by commas.
Alfred, King of the Saxons,
Had a book upon his knees.
3. Vocatives are cut oflf by commas.
Listen, my children, and you shall hear
Of the midnight ride of Paul Revere.
4. Intermediate expressions are cut ofif by
commas.
The stars, with deep amaze,
Stand fixed in steadfast gaze.
5. A short quotation is preceded by a comma.*
6. All clauses are separated from one another
by commas, unless the connection is too close.
* For this rule and the next, examples are so plentiful that
they need not he given here.
NOTES
NOUN
1 . A noun in the Possessive form is parsed as joined to an-
other noun, as an adjective is joined to a noun; but the posses-
sive noun remains a noun ; it does not become an adjective.
2. A noun used as a name by which a person is called to
or addressed, is said to be in the Vocative. In parsing such
a noun, mention its construction by saying simply that it is
vocative.
3. A noun may sometimes be used adverbially ; as^ We
are going home. One day it rained very hard.
PRONOUN
A personal pronoun in an extract that does not mention
by name the person referred to, should be said to " stand for
the person speaking," ** spoken to," etc. In parsing we or
tL8y say stands for the person speaking and some other person or
persons,
VERB
1. Of some verbs in the active voice it cannot truly be
said that the subject is " doing something ; " as, " The child
deserves praise," " The horses rest.*' But they have the same
form as the large number of verbs which are plainly active in
meaning, and it can therefore be said of them that they are
in the active voice. This is true of the verb to he and of other
verbs that have a similar nature; as, seem, become. Corre-
spondingly, as the passive form is always derived from the
active, if we say, " Praise is deserved by the child," we see
that the object of ** deserves " in the active voice has become
the subject of ** is deserved " in the passive voice ; and there-
fore *'i9 deserved" can be said to be in the passive voice^
90 PRACTICE IN PARSING AND ANALYSIS
although we cannot think that anything is being done to
"praise." Independently, then, of the active or passive
meaning, all verbs that have the active form are said to be
in the active voice ; all verbs that have the passive form are
said to be in the passive voice.
2. The form of the Passive Voice is always compound;
that is, it consists of at least two words. One part of the
compound is some form of the verb to he ; the other is the
passive participle. But the form of the Active Voice Tnay be
simple ; that is, it may consist of but one word.
3. Verbs have differences of form according to mode (or
mood or manner) of expression. In a plain declaration or
statement, the verb is in the Indicative Mood. In a com-
mand or demand, the verb is in the Imperative Mood. A
verb used without a subject is in the Infinitive Mood, though
this is not a true mood, as a verb in this form has the con-
struction, in a sentence, of another part of speech ; that is,
noun, adjective, or adverb. A fourth mood, the Subjunctive,
must be studied later.
4. The subject of a verb in the Imperative Mood is usu-
ally not expressed, but "understood," in modem English.
From the nature of such a verb, its subject must be in the
" second person," singular or plural (thou or you), and this
*• understood " subject should always be mentioned in pars-
ing the imperative.
5. The Infinitive Mood is commonly preceded by to,
which is sometimes called its sign. But the infinitive is
often used without to.
6. Verbs have different forms to express present, past, or
future time^ the word Tense being used for these forms, in-
stead of the conunon word "time." The following group
of forms,
I study We study
You study You study
He studies They study
is called the Present Tense (Indicative Mood) of the verb
to study.
NOTES 91
The general past teDse is called Preterit ; as,
I studied We studied
Tou studied Tou studied
He studied They studied
By using this general past tense, it would be possible to
mention any occurrence in past time. But it is very impor-
tant to us to have two others, one related to present time, the
other to past time. When we say that something hois hap-
pened to-day, or this week, or this year, we refer to both past
and present time in the same verb. For example,
I have studied my lessons this afternoon.
I have written a composition this week.
I have studied Latin this year.
Such verbs are said to be in the Perfect Tense. The full
name of this tense is the Present-Perfect, since the action,
although past, is completed, or perfected, in present time ; but
it usually goes by the name of the perfect tense. It has
always an auxiliary : have, has (hast, hath), which may be
called the sign of the perfect tense.
When we mention something as having happened in the
past, before another event also in the past, we use what is
called the Pluperfect Tense ; as,
I had studied my lesson when my cousin came in.
Here the pluperfect " had studied " is related to the preterit
" came " in much the same way as a verb in the perfect tense
is related to present time. (P/ws or plu- is the Latin word
meaning more.) Had is the auxiliary of the pluperfect tense,
and may be called its sign.
Besides the simple Future Tense,
I shall study We shall study
You will study You will study
He will study They will study
92 PRACTICE IN PARSING AND ANALYSIS
we have the Fature Perfect, with the aoxiliaiy have^ like
the perfect tense :
I shall hare studied
You will hare studied, etc.
7. We may arrange these tense-names as follows :
Present
{Preterit,
Perfect (have, hasj hast, halh)^
Pluperfect (had).
Future i^^'^'p . , ,, ,
1^ Future Perfect (have).
8. The emphatic form, I did stvdy, and the continuous,
or progressive, form, I was stud\fing, are preterit, since they
refer to past time in general, and are not related to the pres-
ent or to another past.
CONJUNCTION
It is not always easy to see what a conjunction connects.
If, however, we look first at the word or group of words
directly follomng the conjunction, we shall have less difficulty
in finding the other word or words.
HOW TO TELL THE PARTS
OF SPEECH
An Inteoduction to English Grammar. By
Edwin A. Abbott, M. A., Head Master of the City
of London School.
American Edition, revised and enlarged by Prof.
John G. R. McElroy, of the University of Pennsyl-
vania. Cloth, 16mo, 60 cents, net.
This work is written for the purpose of simplify-
ing the study of grammar. Its aim is to teach
general principles with thoroughness, leaving the
unimportant details for the acquisition of maturer
years.
HOW TO PARSE
An Attempt to Apply the Principles of Schol-
arship TO English Grammar. With appendices in
analysis, spelling, and punctuation. By Edwin A.
Abbott, M. A. Cloth, 16mo, 75 cents, net.
HOW TO WRITE CLEARLY
Rules and Exercises on English CoMPOsmoN.
By Edwin A. Abbott, M. A. Cloth, 16mo, 46
cents, net.
PARSING CARD
To accompany the text-book, PRACTICE IN
PARSING AND ANALYSIS, by Helen Arnold.
This card will be furnished free with the book.
Price singly, 5 cents ; by the dozen, 36 cents.
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