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Pratts Pointers
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COWS, SHEEP.’ HOGS
INCLUDING
THEIR CARE, FEEDING, HOUSING
AND DISEASES
CONTAINING
Valuable Information from Experienced Authorities
Throughout the World.
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PRATT FOOD COMPANY
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Manufacturers of
PRATTS FOODS
The Greatest Animal and Poultry Regulators-Known.
PHILADELPHIA, U.S.A. \
CHICAGO, U. S. Ay.
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PRATTS POINTERS
ON
THE COW
CHAPTER I.
GENERAL SUGGESTIONS.
DAIRY In choosing a dairy farm, all necessary
FARMING | Conditions for success in the business
must be considered. It is an old saying
that ‘‘the man makes the business,’’ and this is partic-
ularly true of the dairyman. He must be patient and
persevering, regular in methods of business, and neat
in his habits. Level soil, well watered, makes the best
farm land for dairy purposes, and if it is not naturally
drained, artificial means should be used. ‘The means of
(5)
6 PRATTS POINTERS ON COWS, SHEEP AND HOGS
getting to and from a city should be looked after, and
it is well to locate as near to a railroad as possible. If
there is a natural spring on the premises the milk
PLAN OF DAIRY FARM.
house should be placed either over, or very near it. -In
the illustration we show you how a dairy farm may be
conveniently laid out.
STOCKING Next in importance is, of course, a care-
et ful and judicious selection of the stock.
These are to be the dairyman’s tools,
and he will naturally want those from which he can
derive the most benefit. Farmers who breed their own
cows get superior milkers at moderate cost, if care is
PRATTS POINTERS ON COWS, SHEEP AND HOGS 7
taken to raise only the calves of good milkers, and if
the bull belongs to a family that gives milk of excel-
lent quality and quantity.
The American cow is a descendant from
many crossings, and in its veins is mixed
blood impossible to name ; nevertheless,
it is the most reliable foundation upon which the dairy-
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SHORT-HORN COW.
man can form a good herd. The ‘‘Short-horn,’”’ im-
ported into America in the early part of this century,
8 PRATTS POINTERS ON COWS, SHEEP AND HOGS
plainly shows in the native stock of the Middle States,
while the blood of the ‘‘Devon”’ and ‘‘Ayrshire’’ shows
in the breed down East. ‘This may be accounted for by
reason of the animals of this stock being better suited to
thrive on the rough and poor pasture in that vicinity.
BREEDS OF The dairy farmer will naturally consider
cows everything which contributes to the suc-
cess of his undertaking, and a few words
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AYRSHIRE COW.
as to the different breed of cows might be of some value
to him at this time. The Short-horn, probably the most
PRATTS POINTERS ON COW'S, SHEEP AND HOGS 9
valuable to the dairyman, is a native of the North of
England and has been raised there for some time past.
When no longer profitable as a milk producer, it fattens
quickly and makes good beef.
Without underrating other breeds, the Ayrshire is
often called “the model dairy cow,” the milk being very
rich in cream and easily turned into butter and cheese of
choice quality.
From about the same part of the world come three
of the best breeds of cows. The Jersey, Alderney and
Guernsey. ‘They differ from each other only in size and
color, all of them being noted for the rich quality of
their milk. The Jersey was at first more of an orna-
mental cow, but has since grown in favor with dairy-
men. It is a beautiful creature, light fawn color mixed
with white, and with the gentlest expression in the large
soft eyes. The horns are fine, black in color and grace-
fully curved, projecting over the forehead. (See illus-
tration on back cover.)
Many farmers who have very rich and beautiful pas-
ture land are fond of the Holstein breed which comes
from the northern part of Holland. ‘They are splen-
didly formed, and when no longer serviceable as milkers,
they readily fatten and make excellent beef. (See illus-
tration on front cover.)
10 PRATTS POINTERS ON COWS, SHEEP AND HOGS
Holland also furnishes another breed, but one that is
more popular. It is black with a broad belt of white
entirely around the body, and hence it derives its name
of Belted or Blanketed. ‘They have been carefully
bred and have gained a high reputation for milk and
butter.
The Swiss have become famous in connection with
their dairy products, and quite naturally. Their cows
are excellent producers of milk and butter. They are
very domestic, docile and gentle, and a number of them
imported into New England some years ago show that
they are fitted for the climate of this country. They
are now to be found in many other localities and are
greatly valued.
The Devon is the oldest race of cattle in existence,
and year after year produces the same type. In color it
is a rich dark red without other mixture. They are
good dairy cows, the yield of milk and flavor of butter
being unsurpassed. Devon beef is superior to any other ;
is tender, sweet and with just enough fat to make it
delicious.
England furnishes a cow very much like the Devon,
it being also red in color, but it is without horns, and
this is considered a very desirable feature in dairy cattle.
Their milk and quality of beef is excellent.
PRATTS POINTERS ON COWS, SHEEP AND HOGS 11
HORNLEss | In this connection it might be well to
say a word about this animal, as many
persons hold different opinions. Horns
COWS
prove dangerous weapons, and many accidents occur
every year from the use of them by enraged animals.
To avoid the possibility of this, the question of dis-
horning calves when very young has been much agi-
tated and to certain degree put in practice, sufficiently
to prove that it can be done easily and without pain.
These calves afterwards bred together will soon produce
hornless stock, which in time will inherit polled heads
without further effort. Although all these breeds have
been mentioned for the benefit of dairymen, they asa
rule give preference to the Holstein, Ayrshire, Jersey
and Guernsey.
CHAPTER II.
FOOD FOR THE COWS.
THE pairy| If you expect a liberal product of milk,
butter and cheese, quite naturally the
cow must be given the food that is most
suitable for this purpose. No matter how excellent her
milking qualities, she cannot make up deficiencies aris-
ing from improper feeding. How to derive the most
profit from the smallest outlay is the most important
COW
12 PRATTS POINTERS ON COWS, SHEEP AND HOGS
question with the dairyman, as it is with any other man
in business. He should first supply the natural wants
of the animal, and as much additional material as she
can convert into milk and cream. Milk has the same
composition as the animal, and contains every element
to support her. Therefore, to feed the dairy cow to in-
sure successful results, the farmer must exercise great
care. Pratts Food will sustain bodily health and strength
by regulating the bowels, blood and digestive organs ; it
produces more milk and of avery rich quality. Many
experienced farmers have long since acquainted them-
selves with the important value of its use, and in conse-
quence it is universally used by thousands of dairymen
throughout the United States and many foreign countries.
PROFITABLE Dairy stock must be fed properly, and to
CROPS do this requires close study. Grass is the
first and most important crop, as it is
depended upon for summer pasture, and the meadows
also supply hay for winter feeding. ‘Timothy, red-top,
and red clover are the varieties most used by American
farmers. Hay, if properly cut in the first stages of
blossoming, will keep all the sweetness and good quali-
ties of fresh grass. Fodder-corn ranks next to grass,
PRATTS POINTERS ON COW'S, SHEEP AND HOGS 13
either when fed green or dried for winter use. Clover
is third in value, and profitable, because if managed
properly will grow for several years with one planting.
Carrots, beets and parsnips are important as a root-crop
for winter feeding. The wise farmer will grow his own
fodder.
VARIETY OF Oats, ground, are an expensive food, but if
FOOD purchased at fairly reasonable prices, are
_ profitable on account of the manure ele-
ment they contain. Oats have, however, been largely
rejected from the list of dairy goods, as it has been
proved that the butter is light in color and inferior in
quality.
In America the usual and most-used food on the
dairy farm is corn, but it gives the best results when fed
in proper proportions with other foods. Unless given
too freely, it never affects injuriously the milk glands,
but it has been demonstrated that it is used with the
most favorable influence when given in the form of
fine bolted yellow meal. Hominy chops, wheat bran
and husks of grain generally, while valuable for the
nitrogen they contain and their profitable returns in
manure, are so indigestible as to require great care in
their use.
14 PRATTS POINTERS ON COWS, SHEEP AND HOGS
Peas are milk-producing if used as food in connec-
tion with corn meal and pasture. Furthermore, they
are not only nutritious in themselves, but are an aid to
digestion. Rice meal is a rich food, and most satisfac-
tory results are obtained by feeding it.
BREWERs’ | Much has been said and written about
GRAINS this kind of food as being very objection-
able for dairy cattle, and, therefore, bit-
terly protested against. This is only true when used
after fermentation has taken place, as it then influences
the milk, giving it an unpleasant taste, which is also
noticeable in the butter. When fresh and sweet, brewers’
grains are a clean, wholesome food, producing milk in
good quality and quantity.
TEST FOR THE The digestibility ef food measures its
DIGESTIBILITY
OF FOODS
value, and this the intelligent farmer
ascertains by certain reliable tests which
he can use every bit as well asa scientist. First, as to
the cream. Cream gauges set in a frame and the name
of the cow written on a tablet just above each one,
easily determines the richness of the milk. Once each
week they are filled with the milk of the separate cows,
PRATTS POINTERS ON COWS, SHEEP AND HOGS 15
and the amount of cream that rises, accurately decides
the profit of one kind of feed over another. A butter
_test is also made by the use of the smallest-sized churn,
the butter afterwards weighed and compared with quan-
tity of milk given, and also, the record of the cream
gauge of the especial cow. This determines without
question the best food for the least cost, and hence the
dairyman may know beforehand what rate of profit to
_ expect from his labor and outlay. ‘The dairy farm thus
managed is not a business of chance, but of comparative
certainty, as milk and butter are counted among life’s
necessities and always with good market value. The
milk may be tested in this manner: A spring balance,
commonly known as a weighing-hook, is put up in the
cow stable, and upon this the pail is hung and the milk
of each cow weighed separately.
The weight is taken to the half-pound, which is
near enough to be of practical service. This weight,
after deducting the weight of the pail, is marked down
on paper, and a careful count kept from week to week.
This habit, if maintained, is a guide to show value of |
different foods, and also to show when anything is
amiss with a particularcow. It is remarkable how uni-
form the weight of milk from the same animal is, time
after time, when regularly fed and managed. It may
16 PRATTS POINTERS ON COWS, SHEEP AND HOGS
be well to mention that Pratts Food creates perfect
digestion, and pays largely when fed constantly.
aan | Farmers should consider the necessity of
salt for the dairy cow, to make up that
thrown off in the daily waste of the system. Chemistry
teaches that an ounce and a half should be given every
twenty-four hours in regular rations, mixed with each
feed. While this is required for the animal’s health and
comfort, an excess of salt is bad. The barrel should
never be left uncovered where it can be eaten in quantity.
CHAPTER III.
WATER SUPPLY, CATTLE SHEDS, ETC.
SPRINGS, If a spring is not available, probably the
WELLS AND
CISTERNS
safest water supply is a well, placed ata
distance from the barnyard or stable. It
should be furnished with a pump, and surrounded by a
neat platform, and everything about it kept clean and
free from impurities. Pure water is always needed in
the dairy business, and to secure this should be a chief
point when purchasing a farm for that purpose. It is
most desirable to have a stream of water running through
PRATTS POINTERS ON COWS, SHEEP AND HOGS 17
the pasture, and coming from a cold and permanent
spring. If possible, it is best to own the source of the
stream, so that it may be controlled and the water kept
pure; otherwise it will injure the health of the stock,
or impart a bad taste to the milk.
If neither a spring or small creek be on the premises,
a very good substitute is a well-constructed rain-water
cistern, an excellent form of which is here given. A
WATER CISTERN,
force pump is the most convenient attachment to a cis-
tern, as by means of a hose-pipe water can be sent
wherever needed, in any part of the yard or stable. A
large amount of water is used in cleaning the pans,
pails and other utensils required for the care of milk
18 PRATTS POINTERS ON COWS, SHEEP AND HOGS
and butter-making. For this purpose a spring or well,
either in or very near the milk house, will save time and
labor and can be easily secured.
D i The different buildings in connection
BUILDINGS | With the dairy farm must be constructed
with a view of deriving the greatest con-
venience in carrying on the business and for the best
care and comfort of the cows. Neatness, economy of
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STABLE, PEN AND YARD.
room, and opportunity to pass readily from one building
to another, are points important to consider when build-
ing. We show you here a plan which invites these ad-
vantages in an admirable manner.
PRATTS POINTERS ON COWS, SHEEP AND HOGS 19
STABLE A suitable floor is essential, and if the
FLOORS stable is without a cellar underneath an
earth floor is better than any other. If
of good clay or gravel it will harden and become per-
fectly solid and need no repairs. If the stable has a
manure cellar under the entire building, the cellar floor
He
Ih}
rh
Me
LN
he cS)
PLANK FLOOR.
should be of cement and the stable floor made of double
plank. This should be laid with a gutter, emptied by
trap doors, and the floor frequently scrubbed and given
a coat of whitewash, to keep it sweet and clean. We
here show you a good plank floor of this sort.
yarD,cow | ‘The yard should be large enough to give
STABLE AND
ample room for milking sheds, water
SHED
troughs, fodder racks and pens. Half
an acre affords comfortable accommodation for thirty
20 PRATTS POINTERS ON COWS, SHEEP AND HOGS
cows. No other animals should be permitted within the
enclosure. ‘The cow shed grows in favor with the
dairyman, as it offers equal protection and comfort to
animals, without the danger from fire and smoke suffo-
cation attending the ordinary closed stable where hay is
stored. Humanity is always on the lookout to make
improvements for the care of dumb animals. In the
STALLS SFT.10IN. X SFT.
PARTITION GETWEEN STALLS @FT. 6IN.
FRONT OF SHED 9FT.6IN. HIGH.
REAR OF SHED 7FT.61N. HIGH.
WItOTH 12FT
@) CISTERN
BULL ANOCALF PENS,
winoow
ee OP OR Ta Ey
| AISLE ‘
COW SHED.
modern cow shed, cows are left loose in the stalls, except
on occasions when they are fastened by rings screwed
in the sides at convenient height. ‘These stalls have a
double door, the upper part left open when ventilation
is necessary, and each has its individual feed trough.
PRATTS POINTERS ON COWS, SHEEP AND HOGS 21
Fresh pure milk, and plenty of cream,
add greatly to good living, and are now
counted among the luxuries of the table.
To enjoy them at their best, experience teaches that it
FASIILY
COW
HORSE AND COW STABLE AND POULTRY SHED.
is necessary to keep a cow, unless very fortunately sit-
uated in reference to milk supply. The stable can be
comfortably located near a dwelling and yet not prove
wInoow
POULTRY HOUSE
windows.
CHEAP STALL.
22 PRATTS POINTERS ON COWS, SHEEP AND HOGS
objectionable to the most particular housewife. ‘The
building can be ornamental and, to economize room,
devoted to several purposes, a wood shed, garden tool
closet, and even a milk room ; all under the same roof
A plan here given has a poultry annex and accommo-
dates two horses in addition to the cow stable.
A very cheap stable in connection with a summer
home affords comfort and convenience at astonishingly
small outlay, and can easily be constructed.
In the West and South, where timber is abundant
and cheap, the open cow shed is often seen. It hasa
OPEN COW SHED.
tight roof with closed ends, forming a loft to store hay
in, and affords shelter for feeding and milking in stormy
weather.
CLEANLINEss | Milk isan absorbent, and unless the stable
ABOUT is kept free from bad odors, they will de-
THE STABLE
stroy the natural taste and sweetness of
the milk and give an unpleasant flavor to the butter.
PRATTS POINTERS ON COWS, SHEEP AND HOGS 23
If the air of a stable is impure, the offensive matter is
taken into the blood of the cow, and in this way poisons
the source of the milk. To test this, strew the stable
floor with onions, turnips, leeks or other strong-smelling
vegetable growth, and it will very soon be detected in
the milk. It is equally true that a green lawn and
flowers with sweet scent around the stable will improve
the flavor of milk and butter. This forms a picturesque
feature of many English dairies, whose stalls are placed
among grass and thickets of roses. The stable should
be well aired and ventilated daily. A neat covering of
leaves and cut straw on the floor, the gutter filled with
fresh earth and freely dusted over with plaster. The
use of a solution of copperas, mixed in a barrel of water,
sprinkled freely from a watering-pot over the floor each
morning after it has been swept, will sweeten the air and
afford relief from flies. Afterward, the floor should be
sprinkled with sand to prevent the cows from slipping
while itisdamp. If the stable windows be covered in
summer with wire gauze to protect the animals from
mosquitoes and troublesome insects in general, it will
greatly add to the milk supply. Green slat blinds used
to darken the windows will not interfere with proper
ventilation if turned half-way open, and will also add
to the advantage of the milk supply.
24 PRATTS POINTERS ON COWS, SHEEP AND HOGS
BAD EFFECTS | Impure air affects the health of animals
en as it does of persons, and it will be ob-
IMPURE AIR
served that sickness is much more fre-
quent where it exists. This proves that the dairyman
cannot be too particular in his surroundings, if he is to
be successful. Perfect cleanliness must be observed in
the smallest detail, not occasionally, but constantly and
always.
COMFORTABLE | Cows should be made comfortable, for if
COWS ARE fretted and worried they yield less milk.
PROFITABLE
A wide and easy door should be provided
for them to pass in and out of the stable, and everything
that tends to annoy them should be guarded against
with extreme care. Kindness is all-important, and to
kick, strike or yell at an animal is against the dairy-
man’s interest, and it will in every instance lessen the
flow of milk. A prominent dairyman was asked “‘ how
cows should be treated.’’ His teply was forcible, by way
of a lesson: ‘‘Cows should be treated with gentleness
and with consideration for their comfort and your own
profit.” ‘To obtain pure, sweet milk and choicest butter
and cheese the cows must be thoroughly brushed and
currycombed each day. ‘They should be fastened at
such a distance from each other that they cannot hook
PRATTS POINTERS ON COWS, SHEEP AND HOGS 25
or crowd, and yet it is not wise to waste space. Cows
should be stalled every night throughout the year—in
winter for warmth and in summer to keep them cool
and protected from flies and mosquitoes.
DAILY In summer the cows should be milked at
DUTIES five o’clock in the morning, then well
watered and taken to pasture. They
should be brought home between five and six o’clock
in the evening, milked, watered, given a measure of
Pratts Food and comfortably stabled for the night. In
winter it is best to keep cows in the stable until midday
and then turn them into the yard for fresh air and exer-
cise until time for the evening milking. Never stint
cows in food, as it is always best to give them all they
will eat. It is unnecessary to state that striking matches,
smoking, using kerosene lamps or candles should be for-
bidden in the stable. Lanterns, filled with the safest
oil, should be hung high out of reach of accident in
doing the necessary work at night. These points, small
in themselves, are really the corner-stone of the dairy-
man’s success, and only a fair trial will convince of
their importance.
26 PRATTS POINTERS ON COWS, SHEEP AND HOGS
CHAPTER IV.
RAISING STOCK.
BUTTER As has been previously said, cows are the
TAME OF dairyman’s instruments, and upon their
cows
excellence his success depends, and must
be chosen for the amount and quality of their milk. If
an animal yields only milk enough each day to produce
one pound of butter, she is not worth as much as the cow
that produces two pounds. A little thought will show
that in the one case you care for and feed one cow to
obtain two pounds of butter, while in the other you feed
and care for two cows and get the same result.
COST OF The practical dairyman understands the
SUCCESSFUL
BREEDING
value of his stock, and wishes to increase
rather than lessen it. As to breeding, a
few simple facts may be given, which can be easily un-
derstood. Different traits and qualities are transmitted
to each generation. Breeders of fancy and pure breed
stock claim that fancy stock only have this power of
transmitting characteristics, and use this argument to
maintain the high price of their cattle. This is not so,
however, as all animals possess the same power, and
whatever the breed, if the dairyman selects the best
PRATTS POINTERS ON COWS, SHEEP AND HOGS 27
cows and mates them with a bull of pure breed, and con-
tinues this course with the calves, he will find the result
very satisfactory. The milking quality is the sole point
the dairyman need consider ; he will experience loss if he
attempts to compete with professionals in stock raising
for market. ‘The wise farmer will rear his own herd, and
make it superior and valuable enough to repay him for all
his care andtrouble. If for any reason he sells any of his
cattle, he will always sell the poor, and not the good ones.
BREED Feeding and training improves and in-
DEPENDS MUCH] creases the value of all animals, and none
UPON FEED
more so than dairy stock. ‘The purer the
breed, the more careful must be the treatment to keep it
up to the standard. Inferior food and indifferent care, too
often given to common stock, will very soon retrograde
the finest pure breed. Pratts Food, properly used, will
do more to improve the breed than anything known ; it
makes healthy and contented cows, which in itself is
the greatest known advantage in improving dairy cows.
CHOICE OF The most useful dairy cow should be
BREED known ata glance by a thorough dairy-
man. He should know how important
it is to select a good breed, and must not confine his
28 PRATTS POINTERS ON COWS, SHEEP AND HOGS
choice to any particular one. ‘The Short-horn or Hol-
stein prove the most satisfactory in the production of
milk and cream. For butter the Jersey and Ayrshire
are the prime favorites. Dairymen usually prefer to
purchase the bull when yet a calf, but to do this success-
fully the pedigree should be known of the dam, and
both the grand-dams should be inquired of in order to
be certain that they were of the best milking quality.
BREEDING When the cow is about a year old, or at
PERIODS OF
THE COW
the latest, fourteen months, she com-
mences to have what are called breeding
periods. These occur about every twenty or twenty-one
days. A cow carries her calf nine months, although
this varies in exceptional cases, and is sometimes less
and sometimes a longer period. In many instances it
has been found that the male calf is carried for several
days longer than the female. Jersey cows differ slightly
in this respect, and have been frequently known to breed
some mouths earlier than other breeds.
FEEDING The cow with a calf has a new demand
THE COW upon her system, and this must be met
by proper feeding. Pratts Food at this
time is especially valuable. Her feed should be liberal
PRATTS POINTERS ON COWS, SHEEP AND HOGS 29
and of nutritious quality, but overfeeding is a mistake
to be avoided. A calf partakes of the mother’s life and
disposition, and if she has any especial fault or tendency,
this should, if possible, be prevented in the calf. The
surest way to accomplish this is by liberal feeding and
extreme kindness and tender care of the cow at this
critical period. In this manner a calf can be easily
made to inherit desirable traits, which in time will be-
come natural and a marked characteristic.
ikea x | The bull should not be put to too much
use. This is especially so of a young
bull. ‘The second year he can generally be put to twice
as much work as the first. It is better to charge more
for outside service and admit only a few cows than to
take a smaller price and be compelled to admit more.
The owner of the cow will take better care of the calf
he has to pay more for. A pen and yard adjoining the
cow stable and barnyard should be provided for the bull,
and when he is needed the cow should be led into this
yard and securely fastened in one corner. The bull is
then let out of the stall until he has accomplished his
service. [he cow is taken to a separate pen where a
loose stall is provided for her, and afterwards she may
30 PRATTS POINTERS ON COWS, SHEEP AND HOGS
be returned to the stable. ‘The feeding of Pratts Food
to bulls is more than repaid by the insurance of effective
service and good health.
THE BULL The dairyman should remember that a
A DANGEROUS | hy]] is always dangerous and never to be
trusted. Although not to be treated
cruelly, he must be kept in subjection, and at the first
sign of disobedience conquered with a rawhide. A
sight of this instrument of torture will soon become
ANIMAL
associated with remembrance of pain, and its use will be
seldom required. ‘The animal should never be petted or
given the least freedom, however fine he may be or
great the pride of his owner in his beauty or expense.
Every year valuable lives are sacrificed from this foolish
trifling with favorite bulls which are believed to be
docile and under perfect control.
REMOVING THE| ‘The most intelligent dairymen now de-
CALF FROM cide that the calf should be taken away
THE MOTHER
from its mother almost as soon as it is
born. This makes the cow, within a few days, useful
in the dairy and with abundant milk product that can
be turned to profit in butter. "The calf becomes fond of
PRATTS POINTERS ON COWS, SHEEP AND HOGS 31
its keeper and exceedingly domestic and gentle, which
are excellent traits for its future as a dairy cow. The
cow is kept in a roomy box stall and well cared for until
able to join the herd again.
RAISING The calf should be placed in a clean, dry
THE CALE | Pe2 (see illustration) and given the en-
tire milk, warm from its mother, twice
each day for four days, while from the first, Pratts Food
should be fed to the calf in small doses. After that it
can be given half skimmed and half fresh milk, as
SLAT PARTITION 6FT.GIN.HIGH.
SHELF FOR PAIL
AISLE.
PEN FOR CALVES.
cream and fat are not necessary for its early growth. A
good frame of bones and healthy muscles can be supplied
quite as well if the skimmed milk is given at a tempera-
ture of eighty degrees. Three quarts in the morning
and three quarts in the evening are sufficient at first ;
but this amount must be gradually increased until at six
months old it will consume (in addition to other food)
32 PRATTS POINTERS ON COWS, SHEEP AND HOGS
six quarts at each feeding. In winter, after the first
month, it may be given a little sweet early clover hay,
and in the summer a small lot can be enclosed by a
portable fence that can be moved to any suitable spot,
where it can exercise its limbs and eat the fresh grass.
When six or eight months old the young heifer takes
her place in the cow stable, and is liberally fed with
regular rations. She is growing, and needs food to aid
her in the process; and even if she fattens, no harm will
come from it, if she grows large and strong in propor-
tion. ‘The first lesson the little calf should be taught is
affection for its keeper, and this can be done by petting
and kindness. By this method of raising the calf, the
mother forgets her young, and to both cow and calf it
becomes the only way, and finally, like other habits,
hereditary with the race.
A MODEL | The calf should be tied from the first, by
CALF PEN a little leather strap around its neck,
with a ring attached, to which a small
rope is fastened by asnap hook, and this is attached toa
larger ring in the side of the pen. On one side of the
calf pen is a rack for hay, and outside, in front, a shelf
where the pail is put with the milk. A slide door will
PRATTS POINTERS ON COWS, SHEEP AND HOGS 38
allow the calf to put its head through and drink, although
so arranged that it cannot overturn the pail. Calves are
very stupid, and while they cannot be trained by beating
and force, they learn much from patience and gentleness.
es
CHAPTER V.
MILK AND CREAM.
FOUR RULES | The proper care of milk and cream for
adie: _ butter-making can be stated in four rules.
OBSERVED
First, the milk should be set in a per-
fectly pure atmosphere and surroundings. Second, with
a moderate circulation of moist air. Third, the tempera-
ture should not exceed sixty degrees in summer, or fall
below forty degrees in winter. Fourth, perfectly clean
utensils, and not too much light, which, it is said, will
take from the butter thedeep, rich color that distinguishes
the best quality.
STRAINING | he milk should be strained with great
THE MILK | Care to prevent any speck of dust or
chance hair remaining in the fluid. The
milk should first pass through the fine lip-strainer of the
pail, and afterwards through two fine wire gauze strain-
ers. People are more particular about milk and butter
34 PRATTS POINTERS ON COWS, SHEEP AND HOGS
than any other articles of food, and more easily dis-
gusted if anything is discovered amiss with them, either
in flavor or cleanliness. For this reason, many makers
of choice, high-priced butter insist upon the extra pre-
caution of straining the milk a third and last time
through fine double muslin. While this is troublesome
and requires time, and is often regarded as catering too
much to unnecessary fancies of customers, it neverthe-
less pays in reputation and profit to the dairyman in the
end.
VALUE of | The elements contained in cow’s milk
TESTS are sugar, caseine, salts, fat and water.
Fat, which is the cream, varies in amount
in the milk of different cows. This proves the value of
tests, which will decide for the dairyman whether he
has inferior cows in his herd, and if so, which they are,
that he may dispose of them before he suffers loss of
time and profit. Weighing the milk, examining the
cream gauge and churning the cream of each cow
separately will settle this important question without a
doubt. ‘The largest milker is by no means certain to be
the producer of the most butter; therefore, to decide
the quality of the milk is even more necessary than its
quantity.
PRATTS POINTERS ON COWS, SHEEP AND HOGS 365
METHODS Cream, being the fatty part of milk, will
or rise to the top more or less rapidly,
SEPARATING
according to the temperature and the
manner in which it is set. There are three methods of
separating the cream from the milk, and each farmer
must decide which is best and most suited to the con-
venience of his especial dairy. The deep pail system,
used in Sweden and known as the ‘‘ Schwartz method,”
has been a valuable assistance in butter-making of late
years. The advantage claimed for this is that in the
twenty inch deep pails, set in ice water at a temperature
of forty-five degrees, the cream will rise in twelve hours,
while the milk will remain sweet for seventy-two hours.
The shallow pan system is almost universal in private
farm dairies, and quite as good, without the expense of
tank, ice, etc., which necessarily add much to the labor
also. The airy, dry cellar or milk house with thick
walls furnishes every facility for raising the cream in
the simple old way, which, after all, seems easiest.
The third method promises to work a revolution in
dairy practice everywhere, and is already accepted by
most creamers throughout the country. ‘‘The Cen-
trifugal Creamer’’ is the remarkable invention of a
Swede. It has been awarded medals by different
societies of agriculture whenever exhibited. The in-
36 PRATTS POINTERS ON COWS, SHEEP AND HOGS
ventor claims that the cream can be separated entirely
from the milk as soon as it is drawn from the cow and
sufficiently cooled; that the quantity of butter is
largely increased thereby, and the labor astonishingly
reduced, because, as the milk is not set, the lifting and
cleansing of pails, pans, etc., is done away with ; that
the skimmed milk is perfectly sweet, and therefore can
be used or sold for any desired purpose. ‘The cream is
CENTRIFUGAL CREAMER.
put in bulk to ripen or sour just to the point fit for
churning, and as it is separated in a perfectly pure con-
dition, the flavor of the butter is said to be superior.
This machine, when first brought into use, was very
large and of two horse-power, but since then smaller
ones have been made that can be worked by hand and
suited to dairies where only twenty or thirty cows are
kept. The dairyman who once sees it in operation
PRATTS POINTERS ON COWS, SHEEP AN'D HOGS 37
regards this creamer as an excellent investment, and
quickly avails himself of its many advantages.
THE MILK | Every house is supposed to be provided
CELLAR with a cellar, but most of them require
very careful preparation before they are
fitto receive milk. The milk cellar should be thoroughly
OUTSIDE MILK HOUSE.
cleansed, the walls treated to a heavy coat of white-
wash, and a floor of smooth, hard cement laid. The
windows must be protected by fine wire gauze, and
every opportunity for free ventilation secured. The
corners should have boxes filled with fresh lime, which
must be frequently renewed to keep the cellar dry and
sweet. Nothing by way of fruit or vegetables should
be kept in a milk cellar, unless it is divided by a tight
partition made from matched boards. An outside cellar,
38 PRATTS POINTERS ON COWS, SHEEP AND HOGS
with sub-cellar, is possibly the best. and most satisfactory
plan for the shallow pan system, unless a regular milk
house is erected.
THE MILK | The most desirable milk house includes,
HOUSE not only a place to set the milk, but a
room for skimming, churning and work-
ing the butter, and still another for packing and cold
storage. It can be built of either wood, stone, or brick,
and if wellarranged, be equally serviceable in whichever
material used. Where stone is used, everything can be
MILK HOUSE.
kept exquisitely clean by a constant flooding and wash-
ing down. A running stream of cold spring water is of
great value in the milk house, and can be brought from
a distance in an underground pipe. Its outlet should
be over a tank, reservoir, or large sink furnished with a
waste pipe to carry off the water when used.
PRATTS POINTERS ON COWS, SHEEP AND HOGS 39
The cow is a nervous animal, easily
MILKING | frightened, and this state at once lessens
both the quantity and quality of her
milk. She must be milked gently and kindly, and with
nothing to fret or disturb her during the process. If
possible, the dairyman should divide his herd among the
different milkers, so that the cow may be milked each
time by the same person. Many farmers consider this
a foolish whim, but good authority claims that in this
way the animal becomes more docile and contented, and
the milk product is larger. It is well known that cows
are affectionate in their nature, and become attached to
persons who milk them regularly and treat them kindly.
Cows should be milked at intervals of twelve hours, as
nearly as this can be conveniently managed, and either
just before or after feeding ; to milk while feeding is
troublesome to both cow and milker. Constant watch
must be kept that by some sudden movement of her foot
the cow does not overturn the pail. If this happened
accidentally, she should not be scolded or punished
for it. When flies are troublesome in summer, a sheet
spread over the animal is a protection, and will pre-
vent the constant switching of her tail and kicking of
her feet.
40 $PRATTS POINTERS ON COWS, SHEEP AND HOGS
CHAPTER VI.
DAIRY UTENSILS.
The dairy business cannot be conducted success-
fully by chance or guesswork, neither can mistakes or
accidents be overlooked. For every failure somebody
is at fault, and the cost and labor of butter-making is
entirely too great to take any risks on the result.
A dairyman should procure the best cows; those
which have been well bred, fed and cared for, and in this
way made comfortable and contented. After milking the
cow and thoroughly straining the milk in the cleanest
manner, the milk should be set in the pure atmosphere
of the sweet, well-kept milk house or cellar. For deep
setting, the temperature should be kept at forty-five
degrees, and at sixty or sixty-two for the shallow pan
method. After about twenty-four hours, the cream
should be removed from the deep pails, while the shallow
pans should be allowed to stand about twelve hours
longer. ‘The cream thus obtained has become only
slightly sour. Whenever you add fresh cream to the jar,
the whole should be stirred, in order that it may ripen
evenly. It is also well to state here, that every utensil
used should be kept bright and clean ey constant scrub-
bing and scalding.
PRATTS POINTERS ON COWS, SHEEP AND HOGS 41
BEST DAIRY| he most approved milking bucket is
PAIL | made of double plate tin, with a heavy
galvanized ring around the bottom. ‘The
top of the pail should be with a rounded half cover to
MILKING BUCKET.
keep the dust out, and be finished with a strainer lip
holding very fine wire gauze.
DAIRY PAN | The dairy pans in former use were with
aseam around the bottom, which gave
opportunity for the sour milk to collect, and unless re-
moved with great care, injured the flavor of the butter.
This is now entirely gotten rid of by the newer pressed
seamless pan, which is easily cleaned and keep sweet.
PAIL RACK | Among minor dairy appointments, is the
PAN DRYER simple and useful pail rack for sunning
and drying the pails used in milking.
Nothing sweetens utensils like this open-air process, for
42, PRATTS POINTERS ON COWS, SHEEP AND HOGS
which our great-grandmothers availed themselves of the
pickets of the garden fence. For shallow pans, is pre-
sented a pan dryer, which is much the same thing as the
rack for pails, allowing them to stand on the side, expos-
ing both inner and outer surfaces to light and air.
ROTATING | 4 very convenient arrangement for the
SHELVEs | Shallow pan system, is a set of revolving
shelves, circular in shape, and turning on
pivots fastened in the floor, and again in the ceiling.
These save many steps in putting in the filled pans, and
-
See ee
Rais
PSsek
ac:
seee
SzZise
eZis>
SR
a
Se a
—,
|
REVOLVING SHELVES.
also in skimming the cream from them, as the person
can stand in one place, and accomplish either by simply
turning the shelves.
PRATTS POINTERS ON COWS, SHEEP AND HOGS 483
THE PATENT| his is another patent accepted by dairy-
CLOSET men as especially adapted to the deep
| pail setting in a limited way. It has
an ice chamber and drain, and is lined with zinc
throughout.
PATENT CLOSET.
Churning is simply mechanical, and the
CHURNING : : : ;
way of turning cream into butter in the
churn is too well understood by the practical dairyman
to make it necessary to give it hereindetail. It is more
important to review the simple rules we have touched
upon in the first part of this chapter, than to unneces-
sarily say very much on this subject.
44 PRATTS POINTERS ON COWS, SHEEP AND HOGS
A word on this subject might be of value
CHURNS | to the beginner, who has much to learn
from the experience of others. Fortun-
ately, the tedious up-and-down dasher churn is a thing
of the past and no longer used by the progressive dairy-
man. Many valuable patent churns are now presented,
“Wa
or
YY Se
rom +e
{|
»
AN
F RECTANGULAR
CHURN
MOTION OF CHURNS.
and all cover about the same ground in their motion and
effect upon the cream. ‘To more fully illustrate the
motion of particular churns, see cut above, and it may be
well to add that the bottoms of all improved churns are
rounded, instead of square, making them much easier to
clean.
PRATTS POINTERS ON COWS, SHEEP AND HOGS 45
CHAPTER VII.
BUTTER, ICE SUPPLY, ETC.
AN IDEAL | 4 famous butter-maker once said, that the
DAIRY secret by which she obtained the superior
flavor of her butter, was neatness and
plenty of fresh air—opportunities free to everyone. A
very pretty picture is made by a perfectly appointed
dairy ; for instance, a dairy surrounded by sweet green
clover, and so clean, that a lady could go about it ina silk
gown and lace cuffs. The milk house of stone, a clear
spring bubbling close by the door, and sure to be cold on
the hottest day. The pool inside, to hold on its stone
slabs, earthen crocks covered with golden cream. A
great bowl on the stone table holding the newly churned
butter to be worked over in the early morning. Ivy and
roses around the barred windows, through which creeps
the cool air from clover-scented fields. In England the
dairy business is often conducted by women, and yields
generous returns for their industry and the money
invested.
MAKING It has been already shown that proper
READYFORTHE! feeding and care of the cow, manage-
MARKET
ment of the milk, correct temperature in
raising the cream, etc., are essential points to insure good
46 §PRATTS POINTERS ON COWS, SHEEP AND HOGS
butter. ‘These influence its quality, texture, color and
flavor, and not one of them can be disregarded, if a
choice product is desired. When the “butter comes,”
a dairy term used to express its granulated state in the
churn, it must go through several processes to make it
fit for the market. ‘The first and most important is to
draw off the buttermilk, and pour cold water in the
churn. By a few moves of the dasher, the butter can be
washed free from every particle of buttermilk, which,
if left, will be injurious to its flavor and prevent its
keeping well.
SALTING ANp| utter, to keep sweet for months, must be
PACKING properly salted, and this is a very particu-
lar duty of the dairy, and to be done with
skill and care. The salt must be pure, very fine, and
used one ounce tothe pound. ‘This is worked in and left
twenty-four hours, when the butter is drained from all
surplus water and worked over again for packing. After
the butter has been finally worked, it should be packed at
once, as exposure to the air will injure its quality. If
sent to market in fancy prints, it is best to wrap each
one separately in paraffine paper and pack them in a tight
box, to be shipped without delay. For family use, the
five-pound pail of spruce or maple veneer is a favorite
PRATTS POINTERS ON COWS, SHEEP AND HOGS 4'°T
method with purchasers. It should have a cover and
handle. ‘The inside is coated with paraffine, making it
air-tight, and when packed, a sheet of paraffine paper
covers the top before the wood cover goes on.
Butter pails and boxes should never be used for
packing a second time, as they invariably give an un-
pleasant flavor to the best product, and may, therefore,
be given to the buyer, out and out. The farmer who
wishes to secure fancy prices and establish a reputation
for superior gilt-edged butter, will wisely avail himself
PACKING BUCKET.
of tasteful styles in putting it on the market. ‘The neat,
attractive package, containing a week’s supply, often
commands a dollar a pound, while in reality the quality
may be no better than that sold at one-half the price.
With some families, dainty appearance and the guarantee
of a certain name, goes a long way, and the dairyman is
fortunate who can gain and cater to this class of trade.
June butter is better adapted to keep a longer time, than
that made at any other season of the year. It should be
48 PRATTS POINTERS ON COWS, SHEEP AND HOGS
well packed in air-tight firkins, tubs or pails and kept
in the ordinary temperature of a good cool cellar or
milk house. Cold storage is most effective, but to prove
successful must be conducted by a person who under-
stands the business. By use of ice, the temperature
- varies, and if it falls too low, and is raised to a higher
degree, decomposition takes place in the butter, which
cannot be restored to its former condition, and is very
difficult tostop. ‘Therefore, a low, even, natural temper-
ature of a cool cellar or spring house, is much better and
safer for purposes of the private dairy.
SUPPLY of | [he dairy business requires a supply of
ICE ice in summer, and the farmer will find
an ice house an economy, and a necessary
convenience, and not a difficult matter to build and fill.
FAMILY DAIRY ICE HOUSE.
A pond of clean, pure water, from which to cut ice in
winter, a well-built house to store it, and dry, clean saw-
PRATTS POINTERS ON COWS, SHEEP AND HOGS 49 -
dust to pack it in, are the only requirements for success.
The house should be constructed with non-conducting
walls, a dry foundation and plenty of ventilation in the
roof. ‘To describe the method of building in detail, is
unnecessary, as it is already well known. The ice house
for the family can be erected at greater or less expense.
We submit an ice house which is inexpensive, but very
pretty.
CHAPTER VIII.
CREAMERY—MILK DAIRY.
PRIVATE OR There are two sorts of creameries, and
STOCK
CREAMERIES
either one of them is an advantage toa
community where many cows are kept.
The private creamery is the business of one man, who
ee ue
MODERN CREAMERY.
purchases the cream of his neighbors at a stated price,
taking his own risk as to labor and profit; the other is
50 PRATTS POINTERS ON COWS, SHEEP AND HOGS
a joint-stock concern, the capital furnished by sale of |
shares. The stockholders govern the business, but |
employ persons competent to run it. The cream is
bought from the farmers, who are glad to be relieved of
the labor and care of butter-making. The butter product
of a general creamery is usually superior in quality, as
it is to the interest of the company to employ only experts
in its manufacture. ‘The illustration herewith shows a
modern creamery. ‘The creamery system is available |
RIGERATOR
f con enemy | peer
ENGINE
BUTTER
Roovw
FIRST FLOOR OF CREAMERY.
for the large, private dairy, but its greatest develop- —
ment is reached by a stock company. In this way the
product of several hundred cows can be worked up,
and fifty or more farmers become regular patrons.
Deep setting requires least space, and is, therefore, the ©
system generally selected for the creamery. ‘That co- }
operation is economy, finds proof in the cost of a six
PRATTS POINTERS ON COWS, SHEEP AND HOGS 61
hundred cow creamery, here given from actual esti-
mate. The necessary apparatus, including complete
appointments for the making of butter and cheese, to-
gether with an eight horse-power boiler, can be erected
from about $400 to $1,600. ‘This affords capacity suffi-
cient to make from eight to twelve hundred pounds of
butter a day.
THE MILK DAIRY.
Best cows | The cows most desirable for the milk
FOR hee er dairy are the half-bred Short-horns, grade
Holstein, or Ayrshires. ‘The Short-horns
fatten easily when they are no longer profitable in their
yield of milk. The Holstein and the Ayrshires are
DAIRY BARN.
good beef cattle. All three are excellent milkers, both
in quality and quantity. A dairy barn, holding about
two hundred cows is here presented. The daily rations
52 PRATTS POINTERS ON COWS, SHEEP AND HOGS
to give to this number of cows are a half-bushel of fresh
brewers’ grains mixed with a portion of corn-meal, and
in addition to this, six quarts of dry yellow corn-meal,
with the usual quantity of Pratts Food, and as much hay
as they wish to eat. When brewers’ grains are not fed,
the ration of corn-meal is increased to twelve quarts
daily, with hay. Adjoining the stable, which is kept
scrupulously clean, is a spring house, in which the milk
is rapidly cooled and kept until timetoshipit. In sum-
mer the cows are pastured, but notwithstanding this,
get their usual portion of corn-meal and Pratts Food.
The principal crop fed is corn fodder, which is grown in
long drills and carefully cultivated.
WHAT THE This business is disposing of the milk
MILK DAIRYMAN) product to consumers, without further
labor or expense in manufacture of butter
and cheese. It is estimated that every family of five
persons use at least one quart of milk a day, and at this
rate more than a million cows would be required. Per-
sons must fully understand the business of transporting
and distributing milk to give it to customers in good
condition. ‘Three very important points are to be con-
sidered : first, to produce an excellent quality of milk;
MUST KNOW
ta - ee — —
PRATTS POINTERS ON COWS, SHEEP AND HOGS 58
second, to practice the best methods of caring for it, and
third, how to dispose of it at the largest profit, and also
how to give satisfaction in its delivery to buyers. ‘These
are absolutely necessary for success in the business.
~
COOLING Cooling the milk properly, is of the
THE MILK | Utmost importance, and is more success-
fully done by putting it at once in the
cans and submerging them in a tank of cool water. ,
Fifty degrees is about the right temperature, and, as
with the butter dairy, neatness is absolutely essential in
the care of milk for market. The morning milk is
shipped at evening for early delivery next day, and the
evening’s milk is shipped at the same time, but not
mixed in the cans,
MILK ROUTE The cows are milked at five o’clock in the
AND TRANS-
PORTATION
morning, and the milk is at once strained
into twenty-quart cans and kept in a cool
place untilshipped. If sent in bulk, these cans are sent
in a milk can box, which can be padded in winter to
prevent freezing, and in summer a centre can of pounded
ice put in with the milk. Bottling milk, is a neat and
convenient way of serving it, and is very generally used
54 PRATTS POINTERS ON COWS, SHEEP AND HOGS
on the best milk routes. ‘The milk is strained, cooled
and sealed tightly in glass cans, by means of rubber
FOR SHIPPING MILE.
rings under the glasscovers. ‘Two excellent cans of this
sort are here shown. Every milkman should have cards
GLASS CANS.
of direction printed, and supply them to each customer,
and in this manner insure proper care of his product
after it leaves his hands. ‘The card generally reads as.
PRATTS POINTERS ON COWS, SHEEP AND HOGS 55
follows: ‘‘ Keep this bottle in a cool place. When
empty rinse in cold water, fill again with cold water and
let stand until called for.’? This precaution protects the
reputation of the milk, and doubly pays for the trouble
and expense of thecards tothe dairyman. ‘This bottling
system saves the milkman the trouble of measuring, as
every can holds either a pint or quart exactly. Itisa
convenience to the customer, as the milk can be received
without taking pitcher or pail when the milkman rings,
and is temporarily safe from dust or disturbance if left
before the household is yet stirring in the early morning.
CHAPTER IX.
DISEASED MILK.
Milk is quickly affected by various diseases of the
udder, and also by constitutional disturbances. These
changes in milk are significant and not to be disregarded
by the dairyman, who should at once inform himself of
the cause, and how best to correct it.
——
BLUE AND Excellent milk often has a bluish tint,
seg but is a very different fluid from that
watery, blue milk, which is regarded as a
sure and distinctive symptom of the fatal disease called
56 PRATTS POINTERS ON COWS, SHEEP AND HOGS
tuberculosis. It is infectious, and in every instance
renders the milk unfit for food. ‘The worst effects are
produced upon persons using it, and to infants it proves
a sure poison. ‘The opinion of a skilled veterinarian
should decide upon the condition of the milk and its
_ probable cause, and if tuberculosis, the cow should be
killed at once, and buried deep to avoid all danger in the
future.
MILK This is a disease that is very peculiar, in-
SICKNESS | @smuch as the infected cow does not
suffer from it. Calves and persons using
the milk, sicken and often die from slow poison in con-
sequence. Male cattle will contract the sickness and die
from it, while cows seem to escape all evil effects, the
poison passing off in the milk. Many different theories
are advanced as to the cause of milk sickness in certain
localities, none of them accepted as thoroughly reliable.
To avoid using milk, butter, cheese and meat from places
where the disease is known to exist, seems the only sure
protection. Bacteria, now charged with almost every
evil, is credited with this also by eminent scientists.
The treatment consists of stimulants and correctives
wisely administered. Pratts Food is a mild stimulant,
and is found in such cases to be most valuable,
PRATTS POINTERS ON COWS, SHEEP AND HOGS 57
VICES OF A cow properly treated from the first is
cows always gentle and without troublesome
habits. The dairyman who breeds his
herd can control this, as no truer proverb exists than
that many owners spoil the cow. The chief faults of
the dairy cow are kicking, holding up her milk and self-
sucking, all of them very provoking. Patience, kind-
ness and a gentle but firm rule, is about the most effec-
tive treatment by which these habits can be corrected.
Kicking is probably the worst, because the most
wasteful fault of the cow, and can most always be en-
tirely cured by kind words and a little petting. If this
_ does not answer, the milker must not lose patience, but
try a sharp cut or two with a rawhide, which will teach
a lasting lesson. In case it does not stop the habit, tiea
rope in a slanting position all way around the body just
in front of the udder and just in front of the tail. A
cow tied this way will not kick. Holding up the milk
seldom occurs with cows whose calves are removed at
birth and brought up by hand, as is now the generally
approved method in the best dairies. Many ways to
overcome this habit have been tried, but none better
than soothing words, petting and perseverance. If the
case continues obstinate, refuge is found in the silver
milking tube,
ee
58 PRATTS POINTERS ON COWS, SHEEP AND HOGS
The self-sucking cow is enough to try the tempe1
of anyone. Itis a habit contracted at any age, old or
young, and if not broken entirely, destroys the animal’s
usefulness as a dairy cow, and renders her an expense
instead of a profit to her owner. When everything else
fails, slitting the tongue at the end for about two inches
makes the action of suction impossible. Cruel as this
way seems, it proves about the only remedy after the
habit is once firmly established.
CHARI TR. X.
READ THIS CAREFULLY.
NOTE | In treating on diseases, we have endeav-
ored in all cases to give in our judgment,
the very best remedies, and where Pratts Food is named
we consider it the Jest for the case, and in our actual
practice we should use it and no other.
At the same time, as this book is intended to be a
standard work of general information upon cows, sheep
and hogs, we specify other remedies in addition to Pratts
Food, preferring to give other information in our pos-
session, thereby allowing the reader the choice of
remedies.
We feel it advisable to specially call attention that
PRATTS POINTERS ON COWS, SHEEP AND HOGS 6&9
Pratts Food is known as the greatest Animal Regulator
of the present day. It is a strictly up-to-date article,
and is used and endorsed by many thousands throughout
the United States, Europe and other foreign countries.
Every package is sold under our affidavit, guaran-
teeing its freeness from poisons or other injurious in-
gredients. It is pure and wholesome, and can be used
without the least fear of bad results that often follow
many condition powders and unreliable Foods.
It controls and regulates the blood, bowels and di-
gestive organs; acts as a mild tonic and stimulant, and
thereby cures and prevents the many diseases arising
from these causes, and is used with greater success than
any known preparation.
Its composition is of roots, herbs and barks of the
best quality only. It is manufactured with the greatest
care and exactness ; the utmost cleanliness is observed.
It is quick in action, safe to use and a high-grade
preparation in every particular.
In mixing Pratts Food with the feed, at first it may
be well to dampen it. When fed dry, however, be care-
ful to see it does not sift through the feed and lie un-
eaten at the bottom of the trough. After the animals
become acquainted with the flavor, they are quite fond
of it and eat it with a relish.
60 PRATTS POINTERS ON COWS, SHEEP AND HOGS
In all cases where the animal is too sick to eat,
make a gruel of Pratts Food, by mixing with warm —
water, and pour down the throat; where quick move-
ment of the bowels is necessary, it can be given in large
doses at first, then gradually reduce size and lengthen
time between the doses, and as the animal recovers mix
the Pratts Food with the regular feed and discontinue
the gruel. After the necessary movement of the bowels,
(in cases of sick animals, ) the quantity of Pratts Food
should be reduced to the amount necessary to keep the
bowels natural and regular. The gruel form of feed-
ing Pratts Food is only required : first, when the animal
needs prompt action of the bowels; second, when the
animal is too sick to eat ; or third, when the condition of
the animal requires prompt or more than ordinary treat-
ment. In all other cases, Pratts Food should be fed by
mixing it with the regular feed.
The constant feeding of Pratts Food keeps live stock
in such excellent condition that they are not liable to
disease. Many dairies are kept entirely free from all
sickness by its constant use as a dairy food. Its equal
is unknown for standing bulls and stallions. It more
than pays for itself many times over. Oxen are healthy
and grow larger where it is fed; their meat is finer
flavored. Calves grow quickly, robust and healthy. It
PRATTS POINTERS ON COWS, SHEEP AND HOGS 61
frees swine from all diseases and makes the raising of
them profitable. Prevents and positively cures hog
cholera, except in its last stages. Sheep fed on Pratts
Food pay largely. Lambs are strong and free from
disease. As a horse regulator it is endorsed by all.
Full directions for feeding Pratts Food are found in
every package.
Pratts Food for Horses and Cattle, Sheep and logs
is endorsed as the greatest Auzmal Regulator known in
the world. And isthe only Animal Regulator used and
sold throughout the world.
CATTLE DISEASES.
THE pairy | 1he cow is a hardy, healthy animal, and
Cow if properly fed and cared for, is subject to
very littlesickness. The dairy cow, when
fed judiciously, will frequently last twenty years, but this
cannot be expected if she suffers from neglect, careless-
ness or cruelty. The Jersey cow, while high-bred and
valuable for her remarkable products of milk and butter,
is not as robust, but far more delicate than the ordinary
dairy cow. Notwithstanding this, she is a favorite with
the dairyman, and often purchased as the family cow.
‘*Prevention is better than cure,’’ and, therefore, the
62 PRATTS POINTERS ON COWS, SHEEP AND HOGS
farmer should take the greatest care to avoid all existing
or exciting causes of illness, and be quick to detect and
prompt to remedy approaching trouble. A healthy
animal shows unmistakable signs of its condition—the
eyes are bright, coat smooth, appetite good, breathing
regular and milk given in full measure. The sick cow
has more or less fever, failing appetite, hot muzzle and
rapid breathing. ‘The soft eyes become dull, the hair
rough, and all these symptoms rapidly increase, becom-
ing more marked, umless the cause is determined and
relief obtained. Illness usually arises from overfeeding,
exposure and sudden cold, in which immediate action
must be taken. Animals are patient and without com-
plaint until sickness is firmly fixed upon them. Only
constant vigilance of the farmer can keep the dairy herd
in good condition. Todo this is to his interest and profit.
INFLAMMATION OF THE LUNGS
Is caused by over-exertion or exposure, and is notice-
able by a shivering, droopy appearance, loss of ap-
petite and feverishness. The action of the lungs is
quite rapid, and the breathing short, of a panting
character. The cow generally goes dry after being at-
tacked, and in very bad cases, the animal stands with
PRATTS POINTERS ON COWS, SHEEP AND HOGS 63
fegs wide apart, and with the nose pointed toward the
window or door, as if trying to get fresh air. It gener-
ally gets hide-bound, the muzzle is hot and the nostrils
scarlet. Blankets wrung out in hot water should be
continually applied to the chest and sides, and a blister
of turpentine and mustard may also be applied. The
treatment must be quick. If itis necessary to move the
bowels, large doses of Pratts Food should be given in
gruel form. After the bowels move freely, reduce the
size of dose and lengthen the time between doses. When
the animal commences to eat, mix the regular quantity
of Pratts Food in each feed. In referring to note on
page 58, you will find we mention our intention to give
other remedies as well as Pratts Food, so we name the
following remedy to be given every three hours, first,
however, giving one quart of castor oil to move the
bowels: Twenty drops Tincture of Aconite; four
drachins Carbonate of Ammonia ; two drachms of Bella-
donna. Mix thoroughly in one pint of water.
PLEURISY.
This is produced by the same causes that produce
inflammation of the lungs. It will be noted especially
by the character of the breathing. ‘There will be ex-
64 PRATTS POINTERS ON COWS, SHEEP AND HOGS
treme tenderness of the muscles of the chest, also a
jerky movement by the abdominal muscles. ‘There is
also a marked tenderness between the ribs, which can
be noted by pressing the animal there. Sometimes the
water has to be drawn from the chest, which, however,
requires the services of a veterinarian, and should not
be done by one not knowing how to go about it. Pleu-
risy yields very quickly to prompt administration of
Pratts Food, which should be fed in gruel form if the
animal is too sick to eat. The same blister applications,
etc., as mentioned for inflammation of the lungs should
also be used. Our note on page 58, explains that we will
give other treatments as well as Pratts Food, so we men-
tion the following recipe: Twenty drops Tincture of
Aconite; three fluid ounces Acetate of Ammonia.
Mixed in one pint of water.
BRONCHITIS.
This disease is an inflammation of the larger tubes
of the lungs. It is always accompanied by a cough.
There is a dullness and drooping of the spirits, loss of
appetite, mouth hot and dry, nostrils scarlet or reddish
brown. ‘The cough is at first harsh, and then followed
by a whitish discharge from the nose, and then becomes
PRATTS POINTERS ON COWS, SHEEP AND HOGS 65
more soft and rattling. You will notice the discharge
from the nose about the third or fourth day. The ani-
mal generally lies down. It should be kept in a warm
stable and fed soft food and have good care. Pratts
Food in large doses in form of a gruel, sufficient to physic
the animal, should be given and then the quantity re-
duced to the regular amount. Sometimes warm water
injected into the bowels helps recovery. ‘The front of
the throat or chest may be blistered, or hot water cloths
applied and then covered with blankets. The nose bag,
recommended ‘for horses, is a mighty fine thing, and
often effects a rapid recovery, along with the constant
use of Pratts Food. Note on page 58 says that we
would in all cases mention other recipes, so we men-
tion the following: Three fluid ounces Acetate of Am-
monia ; one-half fluid drachm Tincture of Squills. Mixed
with one pint of water.
COLDS.
They are generally noticed by a heated forehead
and sneezing of the animal. Very frequently there is a
cough, sometimes diarrhcea, much fever and loss of ap-
petite. At other times, the animal is constipated and
deficient in urine. In cases of severe illness, liberal
66 PRATTS POINTERS ON COWS, SHEEP AND HOGS
quantities of Pratts Food in gruel form are all that is
necessary, gtadually reducing as the animal recovers.
Many persons have home remedies which they apply
according to their judgment. The animal should be
kept warm and legs bandaged. Other local outward
applications, as given for pleurisy and inflammation of
the lungs, will also be found useful.
OVERLOADED PAUNCH.
Any kind of food will produce this trouble if taken
too freely. It is slower to develop than bloat. The left
side is distended and hangs downward. ‘There is diff-
culty in breathing and stupor. It is caused by grain
food. Diarrhoea sets in before death asarule. Where
Pratts Food is properly fed, this disease never occurs,
and large doses of Pratts Food is a true remedy. If
movement of the bowels is required very quickly, we
mention : One pound Epsom Salts ; one pound Glauber
Salts; two fluid ounces Oil of Turpentine; one-half
drachm Nux Vomica. Mixed thoroughly.
The above can be given along with the zsual dose
of Pratts Food, and is simply mentioned as a rapid pur-
gative, but we would not recommend its use unless the
PRATTS POINTERS ON COWS, SHEEP AND HOGS 67
animal is really suffering from severe costiveness and
quick movement must be had, as Pratts Food, in gruel
form, will move the bowels, but takes a little longer
time than the above.
MAD STAGGERS.
This is caused by a feverish condition of the system,
also by eating dry grain husks or bleached hay, which
collects in hard lumps and which can be felt by pressing
the right side with the closed fist. The dung is scanty
and hard, yet maybe at first, the animal will have di-
atrhoea. ‘The animal lies on the left side, with head
turned to right flank. Paralysis, stupor or convulsions
may follow, or mad delirium so bad that the animal may
dash straight ahead, regardless of any obstacles, some-
times breaking its horns. Give a purgative immediately.
A quart of castor oil will do, and at once commence
with double quantity of Pratts Food. Repeat the castor
oil in eight hours if the first dose does not move the
bowels. An injection of warm water into the bowels
will help to move them quickly if the disease is so far
gone that you cannot wait for the castor oil to act. The
food should be gruel and soft foods. However, as per
our note on page 58, we give this additional recipe:
Four drachms of Carbonate Ammonia every three hours.
68 PRATTS POINTERS ON COWS, SHEEP AND HOGS
INFLAMMATION OF THE BOWELS.
This is caused by irritating food, also a change in
the water. You will find at times that dung may be
passed in small balls streaked with blood ; the animal
will suffer much pain and rush recklessly about. Some-
times it is caused by eating poisonous plants, the urine
in this case will be high-colored and often bloody. Mu-
cus may be found in the dung instead of blood. There
will be belching of gas and bad breath. Diarrhoea may
start, which will either cure the animal or cause it
to die quickly. In case of extreme pain, two ounces of
laudanum may be given by injection or in the mouth to
ease the pain. In very bad cases, blankets wrung out in
hot water may be applied to the abdomen. Pratts Food,
mixed with a warm gruel every two hours, is the best
feed to give first, and after that soft feed mixed with
Pratts Food should be given for some weeks. Our plan
of giving another remedy, as per note on page 58,
leads us to mention the following : Carbonate of Am-
monia, four drachms; Extract of Belladonna, two
drachms. Give in warm gruel every two hours.
DIARRHOEA—SCOURS.
Large doses of Pratts Food in necessary quantities
to physic the animal is all that isneeded. If the animal
PRATTS POINTERS ON COWS, SHEEP AND HOGS 69
is too sick to eat, make a gruel of Pratts Food mixed
with warm water and pour down the throat. After
which, continue with the Pratts Food together with
starchy foods, gruels and mashed roots. In chronic
diarrhoea, Pratts Food is invaluable. In case it con-
tinues too long, the animal should be killed, and buried
deep, and should not be eaten under any circumstances
nor fed to the hogs. As per our plan to furnish another
recipe (see note on page 58), we give the following : Two
fluid drachms of Tincture of Kino. Three times daily.
DYSENTERY.
In its first stages, the dung is semi-fluid and of bad
odor ; later contains blood and mucus and is very offen-
sive. Discharges are very painful and straining. The
appetite is lost, hair staring and thirst is great. There
is much fever. Pratts Food in large doses (in gruel
form if the animal cannot eat), sufficient to physic, is all
that is necessary. Afterwards continue usual size doses.
However, as we have frequently mentioned, we purpose
giving in all cases another recipe, as per note on page
58, and therefore mention : Two ounces pulverized inner
bark White Oak ; two fluid ounces Oil of Turpentine.
Mixed with one quart of water orgruel. Thisshould be
given twice daily. |
70 PRATTS POINTERS ON COWS, SHEEP AND HOGS
SCOURS IN CALVES.
This is simply indigestion. It is noted by poor ap-
petite, or a very ravenous appetite, a bloated pot belly,
staring hair, bad breath and watery diarrhoea. ‘The
calf soon becomes emaciated and dies. A good thing
to do, is to give two fluid ounces of castor oil with a
teaspoonful of laudanum, and then feed Pratts Food in
gruel form regularly. We advise castor oil only whena
quick physic is required ; if the case is not an extreme
one, we would not advise giving it. If it is a sucking
calf, be sure and feed the cow Pratts Food, as it is always
well to treat the cow same as the calf during the time
of sucking.
COLIC.
One pint of Glauber salts dissolved in pint of warm
water should be first given, and afterward inject a quart
of warm water in the bowels, with two fluid ounces of
laudanum added toit. Then feed regularly Pratts Food,
mixed with warm water as a gruel, if the animal is too
sick to eat. Colic does not occur when Pratts Food is
fed regularly. We would advise blankets wrung out in
hot water to relieve the pain. In extreme cases, espe-
cially if there is nervous excitement, give, next in value
to Pratts Food as a remedy (see page 58), the follow-
ing: Four drachms of Carbonate of Ammonia; two
drachms of Belladonna. Mixed with one pint of water.
PRATTS POINTERS ON COWS, SHEEP AND HOGS 71
WORMS.
We can simply say nothing different from Pratts
Food for these troublesome pests, which will surely and
quickly rid the animal of same. Some feed tobacco,
which is very good in its way. See note page 58.
CHOKING.
When the animal gets an object in its throat which
it cannot pass, it will be noticed by staring eyes, great
distress and rapid swelling of the stomach. Such ob-
structions can most generally be removed by pushing
them down with the hand, of course, at the same
time, properly securing the jaws so they are kept
wide apart.
INFLAMMATION OF THE KIDNEYS.
This often occurs from eating poisonous plants or de-
cayed food. It sometimes occurs right after calving.
It will be noted by slight shivering, increased heat, the
animal attempts to urinate frequently and passes but
little, which is high-colored flecked with blood. By
pressing on the loins, it will cause the animal to shrink
on account of those parts being so tender. ‘There is
72 PRATTS POINTERS ON COWS, SHEEP AND HOGS
stiffness in the hind legs and a straddling gait. In ex-
treme cases it may be well to cause quick action of the
bowels by administering one and one-half pints castor
oil mixed. with two fluid ounces of laudanum. Follow
this by free use of Pratts Food. In ordinary cases simply
use at first large doses of Pratts Food, then reduce to
regular quantity without the castor oil. Blankets wrung
out in hot water may be applied to the loins for several
hours, followed by a blister. Fluid food should be given
until the danger is passed.
INFLAMMATION OF THE BLADDER.
This is noted by frequent passage of urine; there
will be a twisting of the tail, uneasiness of the hind
parts, straddling gait and slight fever. Pratts Food in
large doses can be given so as to move the bowels, which
is all that is necessary in these cases. ‘This should be fed
in gruel form if cow is too sick to eat; if not, mix with
regular feed. Sometimes the disease is noticed in cows
right after calving, and extreme costiveness of the bow-
els in such cases may be relieved quickly by a dose of
castor oil. Inflammation of the bladder is cured and
prevented by the use of Pratts Food, and calving is
made freer and cleaner.
PRATTS POINTERS ON COWS, SHEEP AND HOGS "3
RED WATER
Is a constitutional ailment as a rule. Proper treat-
ment is change of food, followed by same treatment as
mentioned for inflammation of the kidneys. Feed on
mashes until the animal gets better. Pratts Food pre-
vents and cures red water, and is certain and quick.
ABORTION IN COWS
Is caused by either of the following: herding together
of large numbers of cows, high feeding, crowded
space, smutty corn and ergoty pastures or accidental
injuries. Frequently when one cow aborts in a herd,
others will follow from sympathy or infectious nature of
the disease. The cow which has aborted should be im-
mediately removed from the rest of the herd. When a
case of this kind occurs, it is well to give all the animals
in the herd Pratts Food. ‘The sick animal should be fed
on cooling food, such as soft mashes, etc. If there is any
signs of weakness, Pratts Food (in gruel form where
necessary, if animal is too sick to eat) will give the ani-
mal strength. If the case is very serious, to relieve the
animal of pain only, a small dose of laudanum may be
administered. In advanced stages, it may be necessary
to remove the dead calf, for which a veterinarian should
|
.
|
|
.
|
74 PRATTS POINTERS ON COWS, SHEEP AND HOGS
be called in. Where Pratts Food is fed constantly, it
not only prevents the abortion in cows, but in all cases
where instructions have been followed, it has stopped
the abortion, and not only prevented the balance of the
herd from aborting, but has built up the health of the
affected cow. As per our note, page 58, we mention a
recipe of one-half ounce of chlorate of potassa daily to
be given to the well animals.
MILK FEVER.
This is generally caused by high fever before and
after calving, running into rich pasture during hot
weather ; there is a feverish condition and inflammation
of the brain; a complete stoppage of urine or dung.
In the last stages, the cow goes into a state of stupor.
Prevention is far better than cure in these cases, and
proper care, and Pratts Food has invariably prevented
anything like milk fever occurring. However, should
this disease appear, for the benefit of those not feeding
Pratts Food, we might mention that one pound of Epsom
salts should be given to the cow so affected directly after
calving, but to none others. ‘Then feed Pratts Food and
you will have satisfactory recovery of the animal in
_—
PRATTS POINTERS ON COWS, SHEEP AND HOGS 75
| most all cases; but another formula which we give for
| reasons stated in note on page 58, is as follows: Four
| drachms Carbonate of Ammonia; one scruple Nux
| Vomica. Mixed in one pint of water.
INFLAMMATION OF THE WOMB
Is generally caused by difficult calving or improper
removal of the after-birth. It is noticed by shivering
fits, colicky pains, uneasiness of the hind parts, twisting
of the tail, looking toward the flank and frequent strain-
ing. The entrance to the vagina has a red inflamed
appearance. If the hand is introduced, the womb will
be found dilated with fluid which must be withdrawn by
use of a small rubber tube, which should be followed by
injections of warm water to clean the womb, and a tea-
spoonful of solution of carbolic acid, mixed with a pint
of warm water, should also be injected. Sometimes a
pound of sulphate of soda is good. However, a gruel
of Pratts Food, should the animal be too sick to eat, is
all that is necessary in cases of this kind, with pro-
per care as mentioned above. After the animal has
recovered, Pratts Food should be fed, mixed with its
regular feed. The womb should be cleaned out every
couple of days with the solution of carbolic acid and
warm water, as mentioned above.
76 PRATTS POINTERS ON COWS, SHEEP AND HOGS
BLOODY MILK.
This is caused generally by injuries to the bag.
Some cows show signs of it during heat. We would
advise changing the regular food, feeding Pratts Food,
and apply plenty of cold water to the bag, and be very
careful in milking.
- GARGET,
This occurs from too great a supply of milk-pro-
ducing foods, or from local injuries. The bag may be
hard and a lump felt in the centre. Cold water applica-
tions are a good thing, and Pratts Food (in gruel form |
where necessary) is all that is required. Active hand |
rubbing of the bag three or four times a day is good. |
Iodide of potassium in drachm doses is helpful. The |
milk must be drawn off frequently, and if painful, a
milking tube must be used to allow it to run out. °
TO PREVENT LEAKING OF MILK.
This may be prevented by taking white oak bark,
put in water and boil down toa strong solution. After
milking, soak ends of leaky teat in the solution for a few
minutes.
PRATTS POINTERS ON COWS, SHEEP AND HOGS Tt
PLEURO-PNEUMONIA.
This is generally noted in the sick animal by droop-
ing head, arched neck, hollow flanks, dull-looking or star-
ing coat and a general appearance of great dejection. The
pulse is frequent, sometimes full, during the latter stages
of the disease it is frequent. There is some little mucus
at the nose and very high-colored urine, which is often
retained for a long while until the bladder becomes very
much distended. ‘The cow stops giving milk in the
‘early stages of the disease. There is costiveness and
| the breathing frequent, sometimes panting. The tem-
‘perature of the body is from 107 to 109. There is a
| trembling and twitching of the muscles and unsteady
| | gait. In advanced stages the animal lies down and has
: partial paralysis of the hind quarters, the hind limbs
being drawn slightly under the belly and the fetlock
_ joints bent as in other severe diseases. Sometimes the
| paralysis extends to the forelegs. We advise killing the
animal at once. Pratts Food will, if fed in time, pre-
_ vent this disease.
:
COW-POX OR VARIOLA.
This is a highly contagious, eruptive fever, com-
municated alike to mankind, horses and cows. Round
_ inflamed spots appear upon the teats, (see illustration)
|
|
78 PRATTS POINTERS ON COW'S, SHEEP AND HOGS
and in three or four days fill with liquid, which after-
ward becomes thick yellow pus. This is the true vac- |
cine-virus used by inoculation as an antidote for small-
pox. ‘The influence of cow-pox upon mankind is much
the same as vaccination—a slight fever, swelling of the
glands and headache. The disease
spreads through an entire herd of
dairy cows very rapidly, probably
conveyed by the milkers, whose hands
and clothing naturally become infected.
COW-POx. This disease is not a dangerous one, —
neither is the treatment difficult, the greatest care,
however, must be taken not to break the pox, or they
will make stubborn sores, troublesome to heal. To
allay the constant irritation, soothing applications of
cosmoline, vaseline or other coal-oil preparations may
be used, together with Pratts Food, to regulate the
general system. ‘This should be given to all the cows
and heifers not yet affected.
eg eta st i
aan
APHTHA, SORES ON THE LIPS AND TONGUE.
This disease is confined to painful blisters, soon
becoming sores on the lips and tongue, so that the cow
cannot eat and grows weak, falling off in milk rapidly.
bad
PRATTS POINTERS ON COWS, SHEEP AND HOGS "79
It yields readily to simple treatment. The mouth is
washed twice a day with one ounce borax and one fluid
ounce tincture of myrrh mixed in one quart of water.
Pratts Food should be carefully fed to all the herd when
aphtha first appears. If the mouth is too sore to permit
the animal to eat freely, we would recommend a gruel
of Pratts Food mixed with warm water, and then pour
it down the throat and feed the animal on regular
gruel feed.
OBSTRUCTED TEATS.
Small tumors sometimes form and close
the milk ducts, but in the same manner asa
boil, they usually come to a head and break.
At times, however, they make a permanent
obstruction, which has to be removed with a
Be as probe, and the passage afterward kept open
TUBE. with a wooden plug until perfectly healed.
DEPRAVED APPETITE.
Cows will at times select rotten wood, old bones,
rubbish, etc., as diet, which shows plainly that from
irritation of the stomach, they are possessed of an un-
natural appetite. Pregnancy, a diseased liver, tubercy-
80 PRATTS POINTERS ON COWS, SHEEP AND HOGS
losis, balls of hair and other foreign substances in the
stomach will produce this condition, which should be
treated as ordinary indigestion. Pratts Food is an
excellent regulator of the appetite, and it should be fed
in liberal doses to the sick animals.
D9
SR fi ik ais
Sy
PART II.
PRATTS POINTERS
ON
THE SHEEP.
CHAPTER I.
GENERAL REMARKS ON SHEEP-RAISING.
ORIGIN OF Sheep-raising is one of the oldest of
SHEEP-
RAISING
man’s industries. The herding of sheep
dates back almost to the beginning of
the world. In the early ages, the necessities for sustain-
ing life were not so plentiful, so man turned quite natur-
ally to the sheep for its wool to use in protecting his
read the note on page 58.
(81)
82 PRATTS POINTERS ON COWS, SHEEP AND HOGS
body, and the meat for his food. It does not cost much
to keep sheep, when you think of the slight cost of the
food and the great profit derived. They eat grass and
cheap fodder, which is of little value unless used in this
way, and return it threefold in their product of wool,
mutton and manure. The sheep is not an animal
adapted to endure hardship. Without proper food and
shelter, the wool will lose its softness, the lambs born,
prove weak and small, showing that to thrive, the sheep
must be well cared for.
CHOOSING | _he climate and the natural advantages
THE FARM | Which this country affords, to those who
are thinking of raising sheep as a
business, or on their farms, in connection with other
work, is second to none. This occupation has been
steadily on the increase of late years. Hilly farms are
often a great source of labor for their owners from which
they get little return, but when these same hills are
turned into grazing land for the sheep, the profit is more
than doubled. ‘There is not so much need that the soil
be rich, but the drainage is the all-important point. If
the land is not drained naturally, artificial drainage has
to be resorted to, and while this often costs a great deal,
PRATTS POINTERS ON COWS, SHEEP AND HOGS 83
it will pay in the end. It is unwise to select pasture
where pools of stagnant water exist, as animals drinking
from them, become diseased in a very short time. A
sandy or gravelly soil, uneven and hilly, with short grass
generously mixed with clover, is particularly favorable
to the sheep.
WATER Sheep need fresh water, and in large
SUPPLY quantities. A permanent spring or run-
ning stream is very convenient and
economical, but a good well answers the purpose. Hard
water is the best, that is, water that contains more or
less lime and salt. ‘These are good for the sheep’s
system. ;
GRAssEs IN | The farmer is very familiar with the
THIS
COUNTRY
more common grasses, such as .Red
Top, Kentucky Blue, Orchard Timothy,
Oat-top and White Clover. ‘These are the principal
grasses in this country, and make excellent food for the
sheep. The physical condition of an animal, whether
good or bad, is shown by unmistakable signs which
should not be disregarded by those responsible for its
care. ‘The wool of the well-fed and properly nourished
sheep will be soft and very greasy, while that of the
84 PRATTS POINTERS ON COWS, SHEEP AND HOGS
poorly fed animal will be dry and harsh to the touch.
In the latter case, the diet should be changed and
exposure to cold and bleak winds avoided. Peas, corn
or oats cut and fed green, furnish excellent additional
nourishment.
CARE OF Years gone by, wolves and wild beasts
THE SHEEP| Were the worst enemies to sheep ; at the
present day dogs are their worst enemies,
and the greatest possible care should be taken to protect
DOG GUARDS.
them from these creatures. This is easily accomplished
by the use of “dog guards,’’ a very simple contrivance
SHEEP SHED.
of wires easily attached and adjusted, which afford com-
plete protection to the flock.
~- us ——
PRATTS POINTERS ON COWS, SHEEP AND HOGS 85
A well-built shed as shelter, should be provided for
the flock even in summer. ‘This is shown in a practical
form in illustration here given. It does not cost much,
and can be so located that each side will open into a
separate pasture. Sheep enjoy roaming, and it is an
acknowledged fact that they do not thrive as well, when
kept in the same pasture on the same diet for any length
of time. It is curious to note how sheep will select cer-
tain places in a pasture and crop them close, as if the
herbage were sweeter and better there than elsewhere.
In this way nature indicates the food they prefer and, as
a rule, that which is best for them.
THE sick | When sick, an animal is guided by in-
SHEEP stinct to seek a remedy in the plant
world. At such time it will eat, with
eagerness and seeming relish, weeds and leaves with a
very bitter and unpleasant taste. This fact convinced
the shepherd of early times that he must depend upon
wormwood and wild parsley as cures for all troubles of
the sheep. The sheep-raiser of the present day finds in
regular feedings of Pratts Food both prevention and
cure, in a much more convenient and reliable form.
86 PRATTS POINTERS ON COW'S, SHEEP AND HOGS
CHAPTER II.
CARE OF THE FLOCK IN WINTER.
NECESSARY| Lhe sheep must be comfortably sheltered
BUILDINGS | 14 winter. A good barn or shed can be
built for this purpose. It need not be an
expensive structure, but should be placed on high, dry
ground and have a tight roof and good floor.
SHEEP BARN.
The barn should have a loft for storing fodder, hay,
etc., a ground floor with convenient feeding racks, and
underneath a basement, containing a small cellar for
CHEAP SHEEP SHED.
keeping roots. ‘Traps are so arranged in the loft that
hay may be put in the racks from above. Sheep require
PRATTS POINTERS ON COWS, SHEEP AND HOGS 87
a great amount of fresh air, therefore the barn is usually
placed with its front to the south and without doors.
Many farmers prefer a wide sliding door, however, which
HURDLE.
' can be used in extreme weather to shut out the snow
_ and wind. Below we give an illustration of an inex-
pensive sheep shed.
Many labor-saving inventions are now presented for
' use upon the sheep farm, among them the field hurdle,
SHEEP NETTING.
used to divide a pasture into strips, that it may be fed
and fertilized evenly. A strong netting of hemp or co-
coanut fibre is also furnished for the same purpose, and
88 PRATTS POINTERS ON COWS, SHEEP AND HOGS
with shepherds in England, is considered more conve-
nient than the wooden hurdles.
The portable hurdle, made from crossed sticks on a
centre pole, can be lifted and moved at a moment’s
y ae —f—
a ==
we y we io
eee we ee
its
PORTABLE HURDLE.
notice, and is much used to shut in portions of the pas-
ture for feeding, while those exhausted may be given
opportunity to strengthen and grow again.
The practical farmer needs no description of the
ordinary feed rack for sheep, but the new portable rack
eae)
SAS EGS
NM ~ AMD
Va
PORTABLE FEEDING RACK.
deserves mention. It is long, narrow, and with two un-
derneath wheels at each end, and handles in front. The
top is covered with narrow strips of wood dividing it
into feeding sections. It is moved with the same ease as
PRATTS POINTERS ON COWS, SHEEP AND HOGS 89
a wheelbarrow, and intended to convey the cut roots to
any part of the yard or pasture, and can also be used
for hay or green fodder.
SHED FOR ; The farmer who keeps a small number
FEW SHEEP| Of sheep, of course only needs a small
shed. It can be built very cheaply, hav-
ing a deep projecting roof and entirely open in front.
The little yard that surrounds this shed should be en-
closed by a fence. A pen is sometimes boarded up in
one corner of the shed for the shelter of ewes with
- young lambs, who cannot endure the cold winds of early
spring. Corn stalks, straw, forest leaves, sawdust, etc.,
make the best litter for the floor of the sheep barn or
shed.
WINTER Sheep, more than any other animals,
FOODS enjoy a change of food and thrive bet-
| ter onit. ‘The farmer has a great num-
ber of foods to select from when choosing food for
| the winter. He need only consider the market price
of the food and the object of his sheep-raising. If
rapid growth is desired, both in ewes and the lambs they
produce, clover hay ranks first as a winter diet. Pea
and oat straws also furnish nutritious food. Corn stalks
nay eS —.
90 #$=PRATTS POINTERS ON COWS, SHEEP AND HOGS
form a better bedding than they do food. Sugar beet is |
undoubtedly the best feed for sheep and, when used in |
connection with dry fodder, furnishes almost a petierd |
diet ; and turnips are also most nutritious.
To feed roots judiciously, the farmer must take into |
consideration the kind of sheep, their weight, etc. Itis
claimed as a safe rule that a bushel and a half of roots |
may be fed daily to fifteen sheep who weigh 150 lbs.
each, and in connection with this may be given 1¥% lbs. |
of hay and 3% lb. of bran to each animal. The sheep- |
raiser will gain the most available knowledge in refer-
ence to his flock by experience and constant watchful- ©
ness of cause and result. Grains are valuable as fattening
food for sheep.
reauLarity | When sheep are taken from pasture in —
IN
ida lei the fall and put upon a diet of dry
fodder, great care must be taken that
ROOT CUTTER AND PULPER.
their health does not suffer from it. Machines for cut-
ting up roots before feeding are now on the market,
PRATTS POINTERS ON COWS, SHEEP AND HOGS 91 |
When the roots are prepared in this manner, there is less
danger of their choking. Better results will be given
if the animals are fed regularly, and their appetites and
digestion will be improved. Fresh water should always
be kept where the sheep can get it when they want it.
_ The sheep will thrive and grow faster when they are at-
tended to properly.
CHAPTER III.
BREEDS OF SHEEP.
AMERICAN | The first sheep imported from England,
BREEDS were of a much better quality than the
sheep which were imported from Spain.
These were thin and the wool coarse. Some of this old
stock though somewhat improved, can be found out on
the plains of the West. The already greatly improved
stock is being made better each year by the introduction
of Leicester, Southdown and Cotswold blood.
CROSS-BRED| This is a breed of sheep in England and
SHEEP is explained thus: Certain breeds of
sheep are noted for their fleece, and
therefore, are kept especially as wool producers. These
animals are of slow growth and mature late. Other
————
92 PRATTS POINTERS ON COWS, SHEEP AND HOGS
breeds are distinguished by the choice quality and flavor |
of their meat, and are bred and raised for that product |
only. Mutton sheep, from feeding and fattening genera-
tion after generation, lose their strength of constitution,
and after a time are not prolific. By crossing the wool-
bearing and the mutton sheep, the cross breed is
obtained, which possesses advantage over both. It
unites quick growth and early maturity with a good
quality of mutton and wool, is strong and hardy, and
the lambs produced are thrifty and good size.
THE The American Merino ranks not only as
AMERICAN
MERINO
the model sheep in this country, but in
every other where its value has been
tested. They are carefully bred. In the early part of
this century, the consul in Lisbon purchased and sent to
the United States several thousand sheep of the best
pure breed in Spain. These were widely scattered all
over the country and became the basis of many excellent
herds. ‘The wool is soft, oily and elastic to the touch,
medium fine, and usually between two and three inches
in length. (See illustration on back cover.) Some
points in reference to wool are valuable to the sheep-
raiser, among them, that the finest fleece is by no
PRATTS POINTERS ON COWS, SHEEP AND HOGS 93
means the most profitable, as the present demand is for
medium wool. It is claimed that the wool tester be-
comes so expert in his business that he can determine
the relative quality and value of different fleeces when
blindfolded.
THE SOUTH-| [he many choice breeds of sheep in
DOWN foreign countries cannot be described in
the limit of this volume, but a few most
used to improve the stock of this country will receive
brief mention. The Southdown seems almost like a
a
XS
Mase?!
ee,
oreo
nw as i
ate’
r a
s o* - oe
? .
e
oH DAa- am
we ase
SOUTHDOWN RAM,
94 PRATTS POINTERS ON COWS, SHEEP AND HOGS
native American stock. It thrives well in the ordinary
farm, being strong and hardy. ‘The finest early lambs
are secured by crossing the Merino ewe with a pure-
bred Southdown or Cotswold ram.
THE Like the Southdown, this breed seems
COTSWOLD | like a native American. It suits itself
very easily to the climate and also takes
very kindly to the pasture.
”
.
Y
. \
=
S .
.
.
.
. ’ att N { y "" 2B
RR hid 73)
ny y ae
COTSWOLD,
ee
PRATTS POINTERS ON COWS, SHEEP AND HOGS 95 —
THE About fifty years ago,a Kentucky breeder,
IMPROVED | being desirous of improving his stock,
KENTUCKY
carefully selected a number of the best
ewes, and bred them with a Merino ram. The ewes from
this cross were bred with an imported pure-bred Leices-
ter, and their lambs in turn with the finest Cotswold.
The Virginia sheep produce choice mutton, a long, fine
fleece. The lambs are active, large and mature early,
_which are all points of the good sheep. This stock is
now generally accepted, especially in the South and
West, as excellent and reliable.
CHAPTER IV.
BREEDING.
A nga | Sheep-raisers, in choosing a ram, take into
consideration its shape and the quality
of its fleece. The model sire has a round body, short
legs, broad loin, small head and close wool.
CARE OF The sheep carries her young five months,
THE EWE | 20d should be bred so that the lambs will
come in mild weather. During this time
the ewe must be well fed and may be given small quan-
tities of bran, oats or crushed corn. Pratts Food should
96 PRATTS POINTERS ON COWS, SHEEP AND HOGS
be fed in regular rations each day, in order to keep the
sheep in good condition and to make the lambs strong
and healthy. If this system of management is steadily
observed, the lamb will be dropped without trouble, the
ewe will give an abundant supply of milk to nourish it
and both will thrive astonishingly. A sheep is not al-
HURDLE FOR EWES.
eee
ways willing to nurse her offspring, but can be com-
pelled to do so by a very simple arrangement, known to
the sheep-raiser as a hurdle. It is simply a pair of bars
between which the sheep is fastened in such a manner
that the lamb can nurse, and she is unable to prevent it.
In a few hours she will become accustomed to her new
duties and offer no further resistance.
OBJECT The sheep-raising farmer must decide
IN
KEEPING SHEEP
from locality and circumstance which
product will yield the best profit. If he
looks to the fleece as a return for his outlay and labor,
PRATTS POINTERS ON COWS, SHEEP AND HOGS 97
he should choose a wool-bearing breed. Should the
convenience of a neighboring market afford opportunity
for the sale of mutton and early lambs, he must select
animals with quality of large size, early maturity and
easy fattening. In crossing, all these points should be
carefully considered. The ewes selected from the very
best in the flock, and the ram, of whatever breed, the
finest pure bred. Probably one of the best mothers is
found in an improved native ewe with a generous share
of Merino or Southdown blood in her veins. ‘The ram
may be pure-bred Cotswold, Southdown or Shropshire,
as is most convenient.
CLEANLINEss | Sheep will not thrive unless properly
AND COMFORT/ protected from cold and damp. ‘They
NECESSARY
must be kept in clean pens and provided
with plenty of clean, dry straw for bedding, or disease
will appear in the flock. Precaution is better than a
cure, applies particularly to sheep, who when given the
right sort of care are seldom sick, but if neglected are
subject to numberless diseases difficult to cure. Lambs
are hardy, active little creatures when properly managed,
and will grow and fatten very quickly under favorable
surroundings. Animals sick and weakly from birth do
not pay for the expense and trouble in raising, and should
98 PRATTS POINTERS ON COWS, SHEEP AND HOGS
never be used to breed from ; the stock will retrograde
rather than improve. It costs no more to feed a good
flock than a poor one, and there is a wide difference in
the financial result.
te In instances where the mother dies and
ee a lamb is too young to drink milk from
a basin, it can be readily taught to nurse
from a sponge placed in the spout of the ordinary tin tea-
pot. ‘The milk of the ewe is very rich, and the best |
FEEDING LAMBS.
substitute for itis found in slightly sweetened cow’s
milk warmed to the temperature when first drawn from
the udder.
CARE of | A lamb is so innocent and confiding in
THE LAMBS its nature, that it suffers little neglect,
but on the contrary is treated with great
kindness by its care-takers. With all animals one fact
PRATTS POINTERS ON COWS, SHEEP AND HOGS 99
is the same: whatever the kind or breed, if it proves
profitable and successful, it must be well fed and prop-
erly cared for. If the lamb is to grow and mature early
it should be given plenty of good food, and even while
-unweaned, additional nourishment may be added with
benefit. If the ewes are kept in an enclosure the Eng-
lish method of arranging a small yard adjoining with
Se
Le |
pee =
ir
LAMB CREEP,
sett - S gs AB Pe
' several openings, through which the lambs can enter
_and eat from little food boxes prepared for them, isa
great convenience. Rye, oats and bran ground very
| fine make suitable feed for growing lambs.
weaning | Before this is attempted, the lambs must
LAMBS be able to eat well, and if possible should
be put in pasture that they may learn to
nibble the fresh, tender grass. "They should not be re-
_ moved from their mothers at once, but taken away dur-
|
|
|
100 PRATTS POINTERS ON COWS, SHEEP AND HOGS
ing the day and allowed to nurse at night, and in this
way thesupply of milk will lessen gradually so that the |
ewes will not suffer any discomfort. The lambs eating
for themselves will soon forget their mothers. At this
time, it is very important that the ewes receive the best
care and to dry the milk without trouble or fever.
CHAPTER V.
DISEASES COMMON TO SHEEP.
CAUSES, SYMPTOMS, PREVENTION AND CURE.
Before treating on the above, however, we refer you |
to the note on page 58, which it would be well to look
over carefully before reading our remarks in reference to
diseases of sheep.
Sheep are generally healthy animals, and few cases |
of sickness occur when they are properly taken care of.
When neglected or improperly fed, however, like all
other animals, they develop many ailments which fre- |
quently prove fatal unless promptly attended to. The
symptoms of disease can be seen far enough in advance
by careful watching, so that very few cases need prove |
fatal if the proper remedies are applied at the right time.
PRATTS POINTERS ON COWS, SHEEP AND HOGS 101
BRONCHITIS.
In this disease there is an inflammation of the air
passages, and if not promptly checked, inflammation of
the lungs will follow. The symptoms are very much
like catarrh, only the cough is more severe and there is
some fever and loss of appetite. The treatment in this
case is Pratts Food, if very severe, in gruel form, and
eradually reducing the dose and the length of time
between doses, until the animal is in shape to eat, and
_ then mix with the regular feed.
At the same time, as per our note so frequently
referred to on page 58, we give the following: One
drachm saltpetre, one drachm powdered gentian, and one
ounce linseed oil, given for three or four days.
PLEURISY.
This is an inflammation of the membrane surround-
ing the lungs, and is very acute and painful. It is
caused by exposure, low condition of the system and is
not contagious; but many animals of the same flock
often are taken sick because they are all likely to be
subjected to the same lack of care or exposure which
causes it. Prevention is much better than cure, and by
proper care pleurisy should be prevented. We advise
i en ee
102 PRATTS POINTERS ON COWS, SHEEP AND HOGS
Pratts Food; if the animal is very sick, in gruel form |
in large doses to move the bowels, and gradually decrease
until the bowels are in good shape, when it can be
mixed with the regular feed.
However, we give the following, as per note on
page 58: One drachm nitrate of potash, one scruple of
powdered digitalis and two drachms spirits of nitre.
Give twice a day for four or five days, but first move the
bowels freely with castor oil or some other purgative.
INFLAMMATION OF THE LUNGS.
This disease frequently occurs from herding too
many sheep together; then again it is the result of
exposure or insufficient ventilation in the stable. The
latter is most frequently the cause. The common form
will be known by the sheep panting, heaving of the
flanks, discharge from the nose and a cough.
Pratts Food, fed in gruel form in frequent doses, is
a valuable remedy. As the sheep recovers, the time
between the doses should be lengthened, and as the
sheep commences to eat, it can be mixed with the
regular feed. In all cases where Pratts Food is used,
after the bowels are once freely moved, the dose should be
regulated so that the bowels will be natural and regular.
As mentioned in our note on page 58 to furnish
PRATTS POINTERS ON COWS, SHEEP AND HOGS 1038
other recipes besides Pratts Food in curing ailments of
sheep as well as other animals, we would mention the
following : Ten drops of fluid extract of gelsemium
dropped on the tongue twicea day. One ounce of chlor-
ate of potash in half a pint of flaxseed tea, given daily
until the animal shows improvement. Keep the animal
apart from the others, so that it may have rest and quiet.
CATARRH.
Generally caused by exposure to rains and stormy
weather. It is noted by a discharge from the nostrils
and sneezing and sometimes coughing. The sheep
should be placed in dry quarters and given Pratts Food,
first in gruel form, later mixing with the regular feed.
In accordance with our note on page 58, we, how-
ever, give the following remedy: T'wo ounces of compo-
sition powder in a quart of boiling water; allow it to
stand an hour, and after straining it, add three ounces of
sugar of milk, and give about three tablespoonfuls sev-
eral times a day. a
CONSTIPATION.
Usually caused by a change in food. Frequently
when sheep are changed from green pasture to dry
fodder. Passages are hard and dry, and the animal
104. PRATTS POINTERS ON COWS, SHEEP AND HOGS
moans with pain while the bowels are being moved.
Costiveness is bad and should not be allowed to con-
tinue. Where Pratts Food is fed, constipation does not
occur. In cases of severe costiveness it should be given
in large doses and then decreased gradually. If itisa
very severe case, an injection of warm water and soap-
suds should be made, which will give relief.
As mentioned in our note on page 58, we give the
following formula: One teaspoonful fluid extract of
leptandra, two ounces Glauber salts in half pint of thin
gtuel, and drench the animal well.
TUBERCULOSIS.
This is a fatal disease, as is well known. The ani-
mal should be killed at once and buried deep. The meat
should not be eaten by either people or animals. ‘The
disease is too well known to elaborate on and too fatal
to suggest any remedy.
GARGET.
This is inflammation of the milk glands, and will
not occur if the milk is drawn should the ewe lose her
lamb. Drawing the milk, bathing the udder with warm
water and feeding Pratts Food is all that is necessary.
PRATTS POINTERS ON COWS, SHEEP AND HOGS 105
DIARRHOEA.
This usually occurs from sudden changes of diet,
or damp and foggy weather. Liberal doses of Pratts
Food should be given in gruel form to thoroughly
cleanse the bowels, and then gradually decrease to a
sufficient quantity to keep the bowels in proper condi-
tion, at which time it can be mixed with the regular
feed. It should be attended to promptly, however, as it
often proyes fatal. As mentioned in our note on page
58 that we will give other formulz, we mention the fol-
lowing: One gill scalded milk, one drachm hyposulphite
of soda, and one ounce pulverized animal charcoal. To
a lamb give one-half this quantity, and repeat as often
as seems necessary.
RHEUMATISM.
This is recognized as a blood disease and, of course,
affects the whole system. It is almost always caused by
exposure to cold and wet weather and poor diet. It is
noticed by failing appetite, swollen and stiff joints and
general restlessness.
The swelling changes from one place to another.
When it becomes chronic, it hardens the joints until the
animal becomes helpless and must be killed. Pratts
Food is invaluable in this sickness, but the sheep must
— - =
EE le i agile ile pane
106 PRATTS POINTERS ON COWS, SHEEP AND HOGS
be well protected from the cold and damp, and have
plenty dry straw for bedding. ‘The other formula, which
we speak of giving in our note on page 58, would be as
follows: ‘Two ounces of Epsom salts, two drachms of
spirits of nitre, one-half drachm of fluid extract of gin-
ger. Oat-meal gruel is very good along with the ordin-
ary feed. Care must be taken of the flock, for if it once
becomes chronic it is very hard to get rid of it. Sulphate
of potash and sulphuric acid, given in two-drachm and
twenty-drop quantity respectively in one-fourth pint of
water, is very good. |
INFLAMMATION OF THE BOWELS.
This does not often occur, but when it does, it is
generally caused by impure water or bad food. Again,
it may come from sudden cold. ‘The symptoms are red,
watery eyes, bowels are inactive, breathing short and
difficult, followed by fever and loss of appetite and flesh.
We would advise large and liberal doses of Pratts Food,
to move the bowels freely, and then gradually decrease
until the bowels become natural, and mix with the
regular feed. We give the following, however, in
accordance with note on page 58: A dose of linseed
oil, castor oil or Epsom salts to move the bowels, and
then give the animal proper care and nourishment.
= Rg
PRATTS POINTERS ON COWS, SHEEP AND HOGS 107
PINING.
This is a blood disease caused by lack of nutrition.
Sometimes it attacks very healthy flocks. It generally
appears after long rains. The sheep become suddenly
dull and lie down ; eyes water and heads are lowered ;
the skin shrivels, the wool assumes a bluish color and
death soon follows. This disease never appears in hilly
pastures; consequently, a change of locality is the
proper relief. High, dry fields with the pasturage short
brings quick recovery. ‘The feeding of Pratts Food, as
a tonic to build up the animal, will produce surprising
results. ;
FOOT ROT.
This is caused by exposure in low, wet pastures.
There is generally weakness of the system ; and it is con-
tagious. The sheep limps usually at first in one of its
fore-feet, and very soon all four become swollen until
unable to walk. Blisters form and finally a deep sore,
and unless cured the entire hoof drops off. The sick
animal should be separated from the rest of the herd at
once and all the sheep examined. All the diseased part
of the hoof should be cut away and the foot washed with
carbolic soap in warm water. After this they should be
bound up—the bandage first dipped in a mixture of three
ieee eee
108 PRATTS POINTERS ON COWS, SHEEP AND HOGS
ounces of pyroligenous acid to one and a half ounces
water. Pratts Food should be fed to help improve the
general health of the sheep.
APHTHA.
This is known by blisters in the mouth and on the
feet of the sheep. It is painful and difficult to cure.
In fact, it is better, where one or two animals only are
affected, to kill them and bury them in protection to the
other sheep. We, of course, feel that if anything will
help them, Pratts Food will. A purgative may be used,
such as Epsom salts, and the mouth washed with one
ounce of powdered alum, and one ounce tincture of
mytrh ina quart of water. The feet should be washed
with warm soap-suds and bound up in carbolic ointment.
This treatment may effect a cure, but it is a very serious
disease.
INFLAMMATION OF THE BLADDER
Is very often due to the feeding of too much corn-
meal. It is noted by the retention of the urine and
fever. Pratts Food regulates the kidneys and bladder
and suppresses all inflammation, and has proved success-
ful in this disease. Feed per direction by mixing Pratts
PRATTS POINTERS ON COWS, SHEEP AND HOGS 109
Food with the regular feed of the animal. However, as
per our note on page 58, to give different recipes, we
mention the following treatment: Bleeding from the
neck and linseed oil in two-ounce doses until the animal
shows improvement.
SHEEP TICK.
This can be treated in the same manner as the scab
mite.
SCAB MITE.
This is a very small insect and bores into the skin,
causing burning sensations. The sheep become rest-
less and scratch frequently and bite at their wool. The
skin will be white and covered with a yellow liquid.
The wool falls out. If a white cloth is thrown over the
animal, they are apt to leave the sheep and crawl on the
cloth. They increase very rapidly, and active measures
should be taken at once to rid the animal of them.
The sheep should be dipped in a liquid of saturated
tobacco stems or coarse tobacco leaves. Itis good to add
a little sulphur to this solution. Boiling water should
be poured on it and the sheep dipped when it becomes
cool and held in the solution for a few minutes. Repeat
this about once each five or six days. If precaution is
110 PRATTS POINTERS ON COWS, SHEEP AND HOGS
taken to dip sheep this way, say two or three times a
year, it prevents them from being affected by the scab
mite.
SHEEP LOUSE
Has a small, yellow body with dark-brown stripes
and ared head. It attacks the neck and under the fore-
legs. The same dip as mentioned above for the scab
mite is all that is necessary, although some advocate
using coal oil.
When sheep are kept in a good, healthy condition,
they are generally free from all ailments, and also with
the proper care, pasturage, etc., are free from insects of
all kinds, and therefore, if Pratts Food is fed constantly,
and the liver, blood, bowels and kidneys kept in proper
shape, you will experience a general, healthy condition
of the whole flock.
POISON LAUREL.
Poisoning from laurel will be noticed by dullness,
frothing at the mouth and blood-shoteyes. Action must
be taken at once by injecting soap-suds in the bowels and
giving a three-ounce dose of Epsom salts in warm water
to each sheep. Then drench the animal well with warm
water until it vomits. Injections of soap-suds should
PRATTS POINTERS ON COWS, SHEEP AND HOGS 1111.
also be made. During recovery, to bring back strength
to the animal, there is nothing as advantageous as
Pratts Food.
WORMS
To which sheep are subject, can be readily and per-
manently cured, as well as positively prevented by the
feeding of Pratts Food. ‘There is generally a wasting
away of the system, severe cough and rapid and difficult
breathing from lung worms, and finally strangling of the
animal. For this disease we would mention the free use
of salt and fumes of turpentine.
Bladder worms are very troublesome, and sheep
dying from this disease should be buried and not eaten
by dogs or other animals. If not cured in its early
stages, it is not likely to be. It is generally supposed to
be caused by diseased dog’s manure.
LAMBS.
Colic, diarrhoea, constipation, paralysis, water on
the brain, and other ailments peculiar to lambs can be
prevented, as well as cured, by the proper care of the
ewe and the feeding of Pratts Food. ‘The same treat-
ment in all cases for the lambs, when large enough to
112 PRATTS POINTERS ON COWS, SHEEP AND HOGS
eat, can be applied the same as for sheep, only ina mod- |)
ified form. Even paralysis is due to neglect in the care
of the ewe and indigestion or depraved appetite caused
by stomach troubles. Much might be said in reference
to the different diseases of lambs, but intelligent read-
ing of the diseases of sheep will enable the reader to
comprehend the best method in handling any sheep
disease that may occur in the flock.
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PART III.
PRATTS POINTERS
ON ;
THE PIG.
CHAPTER I.
PROFITABLE | ‘The man who raises pigs looks to their
PIG- products as a return for the labor and
RAISING
money he expends ; his whole object be-
ing to get, at the least cost, the greatest return of pork
and lard from acertain quantity of food. In selecting the
animals best suited to his purpose, he carefully considers
the attention and food to be given them, as this is of the
utmost importance in order to have the most successful
results. Animals that grow quickly, mature early and
fatten easily, are most desirable.
113
114. PRATTS POINTERS ON COWS, SHEEP AND HOGS
NATURE A A wise Providence bestows upon dumb
a animals a natural impulse which guides
TEACHER
them, and serves in place of the sense to
gain knowledge which man possesses. Cattle will eat
and thrive on grass and hay, while the pig, when left to
shift for itself, instinctively turns to acorns, roots, etc.,
proving that it requires a diet of less quantity and greater
nourishment. ‘This should be borne in mind when pro-
viding its food.
Necessary | Comfort and warmth is a great influence
pin scirboasioks inte | upon the growth and health of animals.
The pig will accommodate itself to circumstances more
readily than any other domestic animal, but it is to the
farmer’s advantage to provide dry, warm pens and a
liberal supply of food. If they are fed scantily and
irregularly, they soon show the effect of neglect, and grow
slowly, mature late and give poor return for whatever
time and trouble has been given them.
anvanraces | From every sehasae.: teks is a daily
amount of refuse, which, if not speedily
disposed of, will accumulate and become burdensome,
impregnating the atmosphere with foul and unhealthy
odors, and would otherwise be thrown away. Hogs are
PRATTS POINTERS ON COW'S, SHEEP AND HOGS 116 -
_ great eaters and find excellent food in the scraps from
the family table, parings of fruit, vegetables and the
slops from the kitchen. ‘They are of value to the dairy-
man ; and the farmer who feeds cattle with grains or oil
cake, as he will be agreeably surprised to see how fat
pigs will grow, when allowed to run in the barnyard and
pick up the scattered leavings. This seems to decide
that pigs are economical, useful and profitable on the
_ farm if they are carefully selected and properly cared for.
RAPID Self-preservation is the first law of na
GROWTH ture, and this applies undoubtedly to
animal life; therefore it is necessary to
derive from daily food sufficient nourishment to sustain
it, before flesh can be gained. If this is not done, life
must depend upon matter already stored in the body.
The pig, being better able to digest more food over and
above the amount required to sustain life, gains more
flesh in proportion to its size and amount of food eaten
than any other stock. ‘This affords a powerful argu-
ment in favor of liberal feeding, unless circumstances
make it more convenient for the farmer to keep a large
number of pigs, and let them mature slowly. For this
purpose animals of slow growth should be selected for
: i pe
116 PRATTS POINTERS ON COWS, SHEEP AND HOGS
breeding, and the pigs fed on a moderate and limited
allowance daily until they fully mature, and then they
can be fattened quickly when desired for market.
PROPER CARE| It is to the interest and profit of the
FOR EARLY | owner to see that his stock are provided
MATURITY
with comfortable quarters. Hogs kept
warm and sheltered will fatten on less food, than when
exposed in open pens to storm and cold. It is wonderful
to notice the improved appearance of pigs which have, for
several generations, been kindly looked after and wisely |
managed. Each successive litter of pigs seems a better
breed than the former ones,—the ears and snout more ©
delicate, the legs shorter, the hair less coarse and the
skin finer. It takes time to bring about this change, but
the result is certain, when a steadfast system of liberal
feeding and good care is maintained from year to year.
Hogs, when neglected, will retrograde, becoming con-
stantly less valuable, and transmitting to their young
low habits and poor constitutions.
DEFINITION The word breed, as we use it, means ‘‘to
re nourish, to procreate, to originate.”
BREED
Certain characteristics develop in each
litter of pigs, and if the breeder of pigs is careful to
PRATTS POINTERS ON COWS, SHEEP AND HOGS 117
continue those conditions which influence them, they
will become fully established and hereditary in each
generation. ‘The pig-raiser should be careful to choose
a good stock to breed from, and then give them proper
food and attention. Contrast the wild hog (which still
exists in some parts of Europe) with the original old
English pig, and you will surely be convinced that con-
OLD ENGLISH PIG.
ditions control breed. It must be admitted that while
the latter is not a creature of beauty, as compared with
the domesticated pig of to-day, yet it is a favorable
change from the long tusks, rough hair, and strong snout
of the wild hog. It required many generations of proper
feeding and careful selection to change the black color,
wicked disposition and many unfavorabletraits of the wild
118. PRATTS POINTERS ON COWS, SHEEP AND HOGS
creature, into the more quiet and domestic English pig.
The best results were gained by crossing English sows
with boars imported from China, and then selecting for
breeding the young animals with the best points. All
this required time and patience, but at last a profitable
breed was fully established, and by crossing and re-
crossing many times, other valuable breeds have been
obtained. |
THE MODEL| It seems to be the aim of all the success-
PIG ful breeders to obtain a pig which is
nearly of equal length, breadth and thick-
ness, after having been properly fattened. T'o quote from
1x
MODEL PIG.
a well-known work: ‘‘The head should be set close to
the shoulders to give size to the cheek, which is counted
among the choicest pieces of meat. ‘The snout should
be short, the ears small and well shaped, and it is a
PRATTS POINTERS ON COWS, SHEEP AND HOGS 119
curious fact that some of the most experienced breeders
judge the general quality of the animal from the ears:
if thick and heavy and much drooped they indicate
coarseness ; if soft and well formed, show pure breed;
if sharp and upright, a restless disposition not tending
to fatten quickly.’’
CHAPTER IL _
IMPROVEMENT OF DOMESTIC PIGS.
BREEDS IN The pig is not supposed to be a native
AMERICA | ‘American, but was probably brought by
the early settlers from England. Natur-
ally enough, they were anxious to derive all possible
advantages in their agricultural pursuits, and as the dif-
ferent breed of pigs were improved, they imported the
best for breeding purposes on this side of the water.
The breeders of pigs seem to have had a prejudice
against the Chinese boar, imported to improve American
stock, and while the pigs raised were of good quality,
fair in weight when fattened, as they were not large, they
were generally condemned.
BERKSHIRE | By far was oe Sans for breeding pur-
poses, either in a direct and pure line or
for cross, stands the Berkshire, This stock was brought
120 PRATTS POINTERS ON COWS, SHEEP AND HOGS
into this country from England about 1832, was very
favorably received, and soon became distributed in nearly
every State. Through lack of good care and attention
the stock began to retrograde. But this was not the
fault of the pigs. They certainly could not be expected
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BERKSHIRE SOW.
to thrive when they received no better care than the or-
‘dinary common stock. ‘The owners of thorough-breds
could not get a paying price for them, and the pigs came
to be looked upon with disfavor by the public, the gen-
eral excuse being that they were ‘‘too small.’? Even
now farmers consider “pure Berkshire’’ stock very
doubtfully.
SUFFOLK | The success of this breed was so great
that they are now probably the most gen-
erally accepted pure breed in all but the Southern States.
PRATTS POINTERS ON COWS, SHEEP AND HOGS 121
IMPROVED The Essex never became popular in the
ESSEX North for no other reason than that they
were black in color. They are as pure-
bred pigs as can be found anywhere, and it is unfortu-
nate that they have never gained a place on the ordinary
farm.
LARGE The Large Yorkshire, popular in Eng-
YORKSHIRE | land, were imported to this country.
Although importations still continue to
ee made of them, they have gained little place with
either the breeders or farmers.
SMALL This pig is classed by the average farmer
YORKSHIRE | 8° fancystock,’’ and has therefore never
become popular. At the time it was in- .
troduced, it caused much comment among breeders,
owing to its almost perfect shape. It has been exhibited
under various names, according to the fancy of the
owner. (See illustration on front cover. )
Of late the breeding of pigs has been practiced with
more care and skill. ‘This isespecially so in the United
States, where the ‘‘hog product’? ranks as one of the
leading agricultural exports. The breeds mentioned
122 PRATTS POINTERS ON COWS, SHEEP AND HOGS
above are only the English stock which are best known
in thiscountry. More profit is derived from these grades
as breeders than as pork producers. The farmer who
sees the advantage of using the thorough-bred boar with
the common sow secures the best grade of pigs. When
we consider the quantity of pork to be produced, as the
main item, we have in this cross what might be styled
the perfect pig. The young inherit the good form, early
maturity and quick-fattening propensities of the thor-
ough-bred boar, together with the strength, appetite
and digestive powers of the larger and coarser sow.
why improyv-| In this day of competition, the farmer
ED BREEDS must carefully lay his foundation at the
DEGENERATE
beginning, if he desires the improve-
ments he places upon it to be permanent. It is just as
easy, and vastly more profitable, to be careful in the
management of the pigs as it is to be neglectful. New
methods and implements are constantly being invented,
and the advanced farmer works now with ease when
compared with the drudgery of former days.
Refined or highly bred pigs are less able to with-
stand hardships, and they require more feeding and a
greater amount of attention than the common pig. If
|
PRATTS POINTERS ON COWS, SHEEP AND HOGS 123
pigs, and their mother before them, are furnished with
an abundance of good food, the improved stock will be
found to be not only superior, but much more profitable.
GENUINE A frequent misunderstanding exists as to
5 te om what constitutes a thorough-bred; but
still with a little thought this can be ex-
plained. Pigs to be thorough-breds, must have father
and mother both of one breed—both offsprings of thor-
ough-breds. Different pure breeds united, although
good blood, is not thorough-bred. Then again it is not
sufficient, unless the stock is strong, healthy and able to
transmit the same qualities and distinguishing traits to
its young. Weak and sickly pigs, in successive litters,
show that disease is in the line of descent. No matter
how much the farmer may have paid for such animals,
the parents may have escaped, and as it shows itself in
the young, they are unfit for breeding and dangerous as
food. Next to the selection of healthy stock, proper care
and feeding is of the greatest importance. The pig is
naturally a very clean animal, and would never sleep
upon dirty straw if it could obtain clean. The pig is
seen sometimes to wallow in dirty pools, but this is done
to cool the skin, and it is not the animal’s fault if the
124 PRATTS POINTERS ON COWS, SHEEP AND HOGS
only water it can find isa muddy pool. Young thorough-
breds when kept in damp, dirty pens, and given inferior,
scanty food, willnot thrive. It will not only injure them,
but the evil results will show in their young. ‘There is
no truer saying than that ‘‘like begets like,’’ and while
the tenderly reared and well-fed animals will produce
strong, lively pigs, with the same certainity the neg-
lected, ill-treated sow, will give birth to little ones
like herself,—half starved and sickly. ‘Thorough-bred
stock requires a great deal of attention. If the pigs are
to be subjected to neglect and uncertain management,
it would be better to keep only good common pigs. If
by any chance pigs have suffered from neglect, Pratts
Food is invaluable, as it will assist to overcome the
effects very quickly.
CARE OF | Abundant food is necessary to keep the
THE BOAR | Young boar growing rapidly until he is
at least a year old. He should be given
all that he will eat ; and if he gets too fat, it is better to
give poorer food, instead of lessening the quantity, as it
would be cruel not to give an animal all that nature de-
manded. In winter the boar should be fed morning
and evening, boiled potatoes and coarse bran, making
excellent food for him. If allowed to run about the
PRATTS POINTERS ON COWS, SHEEP AND HOGS 125
barnyard, he will obtain much additional food to suit
his taste, besides the necessary amount of exercise. In
summer he will fare best if allowed to run at large ina
clover pasture or be permitted to roam the fields. At
eight or nine months old, if he has received suitable
food and care, a well-fed thorough-bred boar will be
fully grown and ready for service. From the middle of
October to the first of December, when most in demand,
he should be given plenty of richfood. Bran, roots and
clover keep in good condition, but nothing is more nec-
essary than regular feedings of Pratts Food. It develops
him into a strong, sturdy animal, and in consequence
makes him all the more valuable for breeding purposes.
THB T’he sow should be treated in like manner
THOROUGH-
BRED SOW
as the boar until. she is about nine
months old. The farmer should exercise
the same judgment in the care of his thorough-bred sow
as he would over an ordinary. ‘The milk of a sow is
much richer than that of any other domestic animal,
and it will tax the digestive powers to their fullest
capacity to convert food into a sufficient supply to satisfy
a litter of hungry, fast-growing pigs. Meanwhile the
mother must sustain her own life and strength by the
126 PRATTS POINTERS ON COWS, SHEEP AND HOGS
food she eats, and to do this the food must be liberal and
nourishing.’ She should be kindly treated, carefully
sheltered and given the regular quantity of Pratts Food
daily, which will help wonderfully, whether the stock be
common or pure breed ; this is the greatest help known.
PROFIT OF Does it pay to keep thorough-breds? If
KEEPINGTHOR-| they are to be killed when young in
_ OUGH-BREDS
order to obtain fresh pork, the answer to
this question would be zo, But if they are to be used
for the purpose of improving American stock, then the
answer would be quite different. The advantage de-
rived from using the thorough-bred in this manner is
admitted more and more each year. The public will
accept meat only of the best quality, hence the demand
for thorough-bred boars is on the increase, until now, in
fact, it exceeds the supply. Farmers consent that “a
thing worth doing at all is worth doing well ;’’ therefore,
the raising of pigs from best animals, in the best man-
ner, gives the greatest profit.
PRATTS POINTERS ON COWS, SHEEP AND HOGS 127
CHAPTER III.
THE MOST POPULAR BREEDS IN THE UNITED STATES.
CHESHIRE OR| ‘The Cheshire pig from England, crossed
JEFFERSON
COUNTY PIG
with the Yorkshire, originated one of the
most popular breed of pigs in the United
States, known as the Jefferson County pig, or as it is
called in the West, the Cheshzre. It is large in form and
famous as a profitable pork producer. ‘The breed was
first exhibited and won a prize under the name of
‘Cheshire and Yorkshire >’? afterwards, about 1868, as
‘“Improved Yorkshire,’’ and has since continued to win
many prizes wherever publicly shown. ‘The finer blood
of the Yorkshire has dominated, and instead of a coarse
and clumsy-shaped pig, the breed is well proportioned
and handsome in form. Having been kept pure and in
a direct line for a long time, the same characteristics
have developed, becoming fully established, and what
was once a mixed breed has now become a distinct
species.
CHESTER This breed is undoubtedly the most popu-
eee x lar in the United States. It derives its
WHITES |
name from the county in Pennsylvania
where the breed originated. This pig is nothing more
128 PRATTS POINTERS ON COWS, SHEEP AND HOGS
than a high grade of common stock. Its best points are
that it is large and vigorous, and the sows are especially
valuable to cross with a high-class or thorough-bred boar,
from which can be derived a mixed breed of the best
quality. They are noted for their splendid digestive
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CHESTER WHITE.
powers and as rapid growers. Chester County farmers
may well be proud of this breed, and it is a great source
of profit to them, as thousands of this stock are shipped
annually to all parts of the country.
MAGIE From Ohio comes a pig well known to
PIGS farmers and successful breeders. It is
called by a number of names ; sometimes
‘Butler County,’”’ or ‘‘Gregory Creek,”’ after the place
PRATTS POINTERS ON COWS, SHEEP AND HOGS 129
where it is thought to have originated, but more often
‘““Magie,’’ after a successful breeder. The Magie pig is
a well-established breed. The best specimens of the
common stock of the county are thought to have been
crossed with a Poland, and their young with a Byefield.
The offspring from these crosses were again crossed with
the Berkshire, until, after almost a quarter of a century
of judicious crossing, a breed was obtained with all the
desirable qualities of a good farm hog.
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POLAND CHINA,
There are many other breeds, like the
Duroc, Jerseys, Victorias, etc., that are
very valuable and popular in some sec-
tions, but we have given descriptions of those of the
130 PRATTS POINTERS ON COWS, SHEEP AND HOGS
most generally accepted in the largest portion of the
United States. ‘The last, but not least, to mention are
the Poland Chinas.
CHAPTER IV.
PROPER BREEDING AND REARING.
PEDIGREE | The best is always the cheapest in the
end. If the pigs are to be kept until
fully developed, then it is important to consider the par-
entage. The sows of the Chester White breed make
the best mothers, and they are very good to cross with.
It matters not whether the boar is an Essex, Suffolk,
Berkshire or Yorkshire, so long as it is full thorough-
bred stock. Of course, if it is the intention to kill the
pigs when small, no especial breed need be considered,
so long as it is healthy and in good condition.
CARE OF Pigs born early in the spring can be
THE sow | Weaned in six weeks, and the mother, if
she has been well treated and liberally
fed, usually breeds again the same year. ‘The farmer or
breeder should be careful, when the sow is put in the
house to farrow, to begin giving her the same kind of
food as she will have when suckling. At this time a
PRATTS POINTERS ON COWS, SHEEP AND HOGS 181
strict and constant use of Pratts Food will be found to be
very beneficial, both to the mother and her litter. The
sow should be given a clean, dry pen, with a comfortable
' bed of fresh straw. Have the pen well ventilated, but
no place where the wind can blow on the pigs. Do not
get the erroneous idea into your head that the sow will
get too fat ; the better the condition of the mother, the
fatter and more active will be her young. Experience
Shows that a sow in excellent condition is sure to have a
fine litter of pigs. During this period, when she is ex-
pected to farrow, she should be given plenty of food and
all the milk and slop she will drink. She will thus be
better able to give an abundance of nourishing milk, and
her young will thrive better, than if she was thin and
half starved before their birth. All pigs need fresh
water, aud the sow must be given it daily, no matter how
much liquid food she takes. If the farmer gives the
sow this care and attention when she is about to farrow,
he will have less trouble and fear of accident when she
gives birth to her litter. ‘The mother should be shown
great attention while suckling. ‘There is a great demand
on her and she should be given liquid food, especially
that which tends to produce rich and wholesome milk.
Pratts Food can be used here with the best results.
While the pigs are very young, it is wise to occasionally
182 PRATTS POINTERS ON COWS, SHEEP AND HOGS
give the mother a cooked meal. Add the usual amount
of Pratts Food to three quarts of bran; pour boiling
water over it and stir constantly. After having been
thoroughly scalded, allow it to stand for an hour and
a half; then fill the pail with cold water and feed to the
nursing mother.
THE LITTLE| When only two weeks old, pigs can be
PIGS | taught to eat from a little trough ; but if
this is not fastened to the floor they will.
upset it in their eagerness to obtain the food.
The trough should be out of the reach of the sow,
and only a quart or two of sweet milk put in it each
time. At first they will waste more than they eat, but
as they grow older will quickly find the bottom of the
trough, which should be cleaned before the next meal is
given. When a month old, they may be given a hand-
ful of oats or a little oat-meal each day. It requires great
care not tooverfeed them. Pratts Food should be given
them from the first; it will be found a profitable invest-
ment, both in the general growth and health of the pig.
WEANING | Pigs that have bese taught to eat well
may be weaned at six weeks, and should
never be allowed to nurse more than three months. ‘This
PRATTS POINTERS ON COWS, SHEEP AND HOGS 13383
depends upon the season of the year and strength of the
mother. It is better to take the young away gradually,
leaving the sick and weakly ones, if there are any,
until the last. Extra attention will now have to be
shown to the young, and they should be fed at least four
times a day—the first thing in the morning and the last
at night. |
Treated in this way, they do not miss their mother
and thrive just as well without her. The most suitable
food for them is warm milk, and either oat or corn meal
gruel. A corn-meal pudding is good, if properly stirred
until all the lumps are out, and then mixed with a full
measure of Pratts Food, and the pail filled up with milk.
It should be carefully looked after that the young pigs
are kept warm while being weaned, and for this purpose
they should be put in a close-covered pen and given
sufficient straw to bury themselvesin. If their bedding
is dry and changed often, they will cuddle together, and
be as comfortable as when with their mother. Tomake
young pigs grow and thrive, plenty of wholesome food
and nice warm quarters must be provided for them.
After the critical period of weaning, the management
and proper care of pigs will be governed by circum-
stances and the surroundings, according to each farm-
er’s best judgment.
184 PRATTS POINTERS ON COWS, SHEEP AND HOGS
AVERAGE | Pigs coming from a sow of good stock,
—. eee
WEIGHT -| Crossed with a thorough-bred boar, and
raised under the above system of feeding
and care, should average four hundred pounds, dressed
weight, when a year and a half old. The following
table gives the weight of the different parts of a pig:
Carcass. ss i. ce ee bes ele eee oe
Large intestines and contents........... aS eee
Small "4 “ Viet Atal ef ieee a 4. 4. (Re
PHOMINML TOG 695) ee gee ae a eh ee ae ere 2: os6o8
PACRtL AMG BTES 0 go's ss my wd ae 9 a Oo fees
OE aa Few ek: eo ee cml ms Pat geo 7 See
Lungs and windpipe ..... ee sree 6 i eS
Stomach and contents. . 9. 01s ewes oss eS SS)
ome fat ne kk al B tei peor ace Penk aed ard eee eee rt. ae
eS Py WE ee eae ee ne i ean yr 3.5. re
tent Diadder And Contents . 4... «sac wa as eee o. aaa
Oe se te ee ee ee Se ee ae oc e On
Patcreas (eweetbread)') (FA a ee Go ™) Gees
Wilt of gnleew '. je) 952s Liat CHEEK BSP RTDs 034% yQR a
DAE FAS 6. 0, eft om “id ne eat boas Ce eee tS. eee
KHOR a oe 6 fb, natin sb ye ow baci ee ee a 0:.* a
Miscellaneous trimmings and other parts... .... GS ae
ee Cree ONUN Ss sR E'S Cee Ss he Re eee sg
Loss iry,evapotation .2:2 0 s5i. ste BOC SP 1 at wees
——*
PRATTS POINTERS ON COWS, SHEEP AND HOGS 185
CHAPTER V.
MANAGEMENT OF PIGS.
GooD c ARE | You cannot expect to gain good results
| unless you adopt a liberal and humane
system of feeding, especially while the pigs are young
and growing. A sow that has been half starved all her
life cannot produce strong, healthy pigs. Some farmers
keep their breeding sows in a state of semi-starvation,
thinking that to be thin in flesh improves their breeding
and suckling qualities. In this they make a mistake.
The sow will grow thin, while the little pigs she nurses
will get fat and thrive ; but this fact has nothing what-
ever to do with her breeding and suckling qualities.
CARE OF | After she has pigged, the sow should be
aoe generously fed upon warm slops and
milk-producing food (Pratts Food is a
milk producer), that she may be able to give nourish-
ment sufficient for her family. As soon as the little pigs
are weaned and begin to eat, they do credit to this
advanced and better method of improving stock. Blood
will tell, and the characteristics of the thorough-bred
boar will show very plainly when pigs thus attended to
are fully grown. Profit is on the side of the thorough-
186 PRATTS POINTERS ON COWS, SHEEP AND HOGS
bred boar. Pigs thus parentaged will sell at two months
old for a good price, while the little common pig is now
seldom marketable except as food ; and at a year old the
improved pigs bring much better prices than ordinary
stock.
ad acaics To breed pigs profitably, at least one thor-
ncanneie | ough-bred boar should be kept in every
farming neighborhood. A large, thrifty
sow and a thorough-bred boar will produce improved
stock, which, with proper feeding and care, will reach a
higher standard of excellence with every generation.
Each successive litter of pigs will be finer and better if
the sow is liberally fed before they are born.
VALUE OF Pigs are of great assistance to the farmer
gach A | in turning seeming refuse into a valuable
product. They are kept for different
reasons, according to the owner’s occupation and locality.
The dairyman finds in feeding pigs the most convenient
and profitable way to dispose of his skimmed milk and
whey. ‘The pig will find plenty of good food in the
slops and other refuse from the kitchen, and in picking
up the grain which is scattered through the fields and
around the barns, and what would practically be waste.
BSS
PRATTS POINTERS ON COWS, SHEEP AND HOGS 137
PIGS ON No matter how well fed on milk or in
THE
GRAIN FARM
pasture, pigs grow faster which are given
occasional rations of corn-meal, or better
still corn-pudding, made by pouring boiling water over
dry meal, together with the usual amount of Pratts Food,
(which is one of the greatest pig growers known,) and
stirring until thoroughly wet and free from lumps. A
mixture of yellow corn-meal and skimmed milk forms
an excellent diet, as the corn is rich in oil and starch
substances.
PEAS AS Farmers, particularly in the Western
FOOD FOR | States, are learning the value of peas as
PIGS
food for hogs. Large crops are grown
every year and can be planted early on land which is to
be sown with winter wheat. The peas can be fed either
green or dry ; but when the latter is desired, they should
be soaked for twelve hours or cooked, as the farmer finds
most convenient. ‘The returns for such feeding are more
solid pork and very rich manure.
RAISING It is always a question with market
PIGS NEARA | oardeners, florists and seedsmen in the
CITY
suburbs how to obtain a sufficient
quantity of rich manure at small cost. The demand
188 PRATTS POINTERS ON COWS, SHEEP AND HOGS
is great, and this necessarily keeps the price up.
Sheep have been experimented with, but they needed
clover hay, and therefore this method is known to be
too expensive. The keeping of pigs meets the difficulty, |
and proves a most practical method of procuring rich ;
manure at the lowest cost. ‘The question of the best
food for the most favorable results here presentsitself. A
table given elsewhere in this book shows the relative
value of different foods in producing manure from pigs,
and may be depended upon as correct.
CHAPTER VI.
VALUE OF PIG MANURE.
UPON WHAT | We have just been considering the value
THE VALUE OF
MANURE of pigs to the truck farmers and florists
DEPENDS |
living in the suburbs of large cities.
But others can also derive profit from this source.
There seems little doubt that if well managed, this en-
terprise might become a paying and growing business.
It would be necessary to select pigs of rapid growth,
that would mature early and be ready for market when
fresh pork commanded a good price. In this way
pork and lard could give a profit, and the best qual-
ity of manure be obtained at less cost. Nothing is
PRATTS POINTERS ON COWS, SHEEP AND HOGS 189
without a reason, and this seems to be the age in which
the cause is given to explain the effect. The degree of
richness in the manure of different domestic animals
depends entirely upon the food they eat. Feed a pig
and a sheep on clover, and the value of the manure will
be equal. Feed one on straw and the other on clover,
and the manure of the latter will be much richer.
Pigs are given more nutritious food, and that containing
less indigestible matter, and therefore, although less in
quantity, their manure is richer in quality than that of
other animals of the farm-yard.
PROFIT IN Counting the yield of manure in fatten-
phage ing pigs, no farm stock pays so well.
| An actual estimate is shown in the fol-
lowing table of the exact value of pig manure:
Value of manure in producing 10olbs.porkfrompeas...... $3.54
‘6 ‘6 &6 ‘6 ‘6 ROME ea ap 4.80
“ “ “ “ se Indian corn . . 1.76
rT rT ce “6 ae skimmed milk. 5.02
Average value from pigs fed the above four articles ...... 3-78
With the right sort of management, the pig will not
only convert food into manure, but also change other
refuse into the same valuable material. A small yard
attached to the pen is now considered an economy, and
140 PRATTS POINTERS ON COWS, SHEEP AND HOGS
into this can be thrown grass clippings, weeds, vegeta-
ble tops, vines, leaves, ashes and other disfiguring rub-
bish about the premises. It is the nature of the pig to
root, and it will turn this over and over, mixing it with |
manure, until it becomes a rich compost, suitable to be
used in enriching the soil and containing those elements
important to plant life and growth.
CHAPTER VII.
THE MODEL PEN.
LocaTion | 4 neglected, abused pig is cross and
| stubborn, but among all domestic ani-
mals, not one is more easily managed, if well treated.
Always keep the pen clean and dry. ‘To wallow in dirt
and filth is not considered any more a pig’s proper con-
dition. ‘The pen should be built on ground sloping to-
ward the barnyard, in order that the liquid, which is
the most valuable part of the manure, need not be
wasted. If it is not possible to secure these advantages
by natural formation of the land, the high foundations
should be built for the pens, with drainage into a basin
or vault provided for the liquid. The straw used in bed-
ding for pigs makes a valuable addition to the manure
heap.
PRATTS POINTERS ON COWS, SHEEP AND HOGS 141
Sines The best floor is beaten earth, because
| when once firm and solid it needs no re-
pairs. The pigs, however, should be given dry, fresh
earth, ashes and occasionally a little charcoal to prevent
their rooting up the floor, as nature inclines them to do.
Farmers say that pigs thrive better on a floor made of
planks than upon a stone floor, although the latter is
kept clean easier and lasts longer. The pens should be
cleaned out every day.
opor FRom| The smell of pigs kept near a house is
PENS objectionable, but with proper care this
can be avoided. If the pens are at a
great distance, the labor of feeding and caring for them
is much increased. If the pens areconveniently built, it
requires less time for the farmer to attend to his duties
around them. A pig should be thoroughly washed once
a week, the yard and pen scattered with dry earth, all
straw used as bedding removed frequently, and a fresh
supply provided. When this course is strictly followed,
the smell is removed, and it must be granted that the
pig gives generous return for the trouble of caring for it
in the best manner. Some farmers carry on their busi-
ness in all other directions with judgment, but seem to
142 PRATTS POINTERS ON COWS, SHEEP AND HOGS
think that anything is good enough for the pigs. When
kept in damp, dirty pens, wretchedly fed, and exposed
to cold without comfortable shelter, they somehow
manage to yield a profit; but how much greater, if well -
managed, liberally fed and kindly treated !
NEcEssiTy | Much water is needed to wash out the
OF WATER | troughs and clean the pens, and nothing
is a greater convenience than a good
pump in the yard. From a trough under it, the pigs
can drink as often and as much as they please. The
wise farmer will remember that fresh water is a demand
of animal nature, which liquid food does not supply.
PEN FOR THE | Pigs born in the winter or early in the
BREEDING sow| Spring often die from exposure, if left in
an open pen. Fora breeding sow, the pen
should be divided by a partition, with a sliding door,
into two parts; one for eating, the other for sleeping.
A warm room with a closed door affords protection for
the little pigs, and makes the mother more comfortable.
During extremely cold weather, a sow that has been
kindly treated will permit a blanket to be put over her
PRATTS POINTERS ON COWS, SHEEP AND HOGS 148
young, as if she understood their danger from exposure.
Our illustration shows a small pen. It can be increased
to any size.
SMALL PIG PEN.
Fresh air is necessary in the sleeping apartment of
the pigs, and while the sides should be boarded up tight,
a single board may be hinged between the two parts
of the pen. This can be opened partway to admit air,
or in warm weather raised and fastened up wholly. Dur-
ing severe storms it can be closed, and afford perfect
protection from wind or snow. These pens can be built
_ with very little expense, are easy to keep clean, and the
straw used for bedding can be quickly removed, and a
new supply put in.
In these days the well-being of animals
is carefully considered. ‘The best sys-
tems of feeding, shelter and care are
generally adopted by the farmer who wishes to be suc-
cessful in his business. Keeping pigs in large numbers
in the same building is now considered unhealthy.
They do not grow quickly or fatten readily in close and
AN UP-TO-DATE
PIGGERY
144 PRATTS POINTERS ON COWS, SHEEP AND HOGS
oppressive atmosphere. Many diseases to which pigs
are subject are contagious, and when sheltered under
one roof, if a single animal is attacked, all the herd is
likely to suffer from it. The modern system of using
separate pens gives no opportunity for crowding or
interfering with each other. The comfort of the animals
is secured, and much time and labor saved for the per-
sons who feed and manage them. Each pen has a small
yard, and the general arrangement includes the great
advantage of convenience and cleanliness. It is quite
as well suited for one pig, and can be enlarged to
accommodate any number, without disturbing the pens
already built. Each pen is separate, and yet with easy
communication between them. Alterations can be made
quickly at any time and with little expense. The ease
with which vegetables, roots, weeds, etc., can be received,
and also the convenient method of loading from each
pen into the cart as it passes along a drive between the
pens, are points certainly in its favor when compared
with other methods.
|
|
/
|
:
|
PRATTS POINTERS ON COWS, SHEEP AND HOGS 145
CHAPTER VIII.
CONVENIENCES.
TROUGH | Of course the size of the trough depends
on the number of pigs. The old-fash-
ioned trough, or the original trough, is still the best for
out-door feeding. It is made by hollowing out a log
with an axe or adze. It is used upon a great many
prosperous farms in different parts of the country.
Another simple and cheap trough is made from two-
inch pine or hemlock planks. Pigs need two troughs,
one for food and one for water ; but if this is not conve-
nient, the one trough can be partitioned. The log trough
has the advantage of the two, as it cannot be upset.
A great many farmers think that a trough with
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“we 5 ~ Ff = age oh ae
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SWINGING DOOR TROUGH.
swinging door is the best. This door, or cover, extends
the entire length of the trough, and the pigs can only
eat when this is open.
146 PRATTS POINTERS ON COWS, SHEEP AND HOGS
Triangular pieces of wood can be placed on the
door, in order to separate the pigs while eating from the
trough.
SEPARATING TROUGH.
The inventor has not forgotten the pig trough, but
has presented many different styles in cast iron. ‘They
I ie
vevtisoyyuesuascavescassavearsuanaeanvaeaystarraial '
EQUAL-SHARING TROUGH.
are sold at stores devoted to farm implements, but so
far are not in general use among farmers. ‘They vary
Pee
PRATTS POINTERS ON COWS, SHEEP AND HOGS 147
in price and also in weight, some of them being exceed-
ingly heavy.
There is an excellent trough which is well known
--to farmers ; but it has one objection, and that is, it must
be cleaned from the inside of the trough. The trough
is built between the upright posts of the pen and projects
through the boarded side. The milk and other food
can be poured into it with very little trouble. If several
pigs eat from it, it may be divided in sections, so that all
may get an equal share.
COVERED Tus | We have discussed to some extent the
— food for the pigs, and the manure and
GARBAGE
place to feed them. Now we should
look and see how we should keep some of this food.
The old-time swill barrel is rapidly going into decline.
The tub we are about to speak of is the implement
which has taken its place, and is used by a great many
farmers.
It is made especially for this purpose. It is con-
structed of pine planks two and a half inches thick, and
its size must, of course, depend upon the number of pigs
kept. A convenient measurement, however, is five feet
in length by two and a half feet in width, and the same
148 PRATTS POINTERS ON COWS, SHEEP AND HOGS
in height. It has a tight-fitting cover, hinged in the
middle, so that one half can be open while the other
remains closed. It is not necessary to state that carry-
ing in pails to.the pig pen all the dish-water, milk and |
refuse from the family table is hard work. ‘This labor
GARBAGE TUB.
is now avoided in the closely covered barrel on wheels
which, when not in use, can be kept at a distance from
the back door. After each meal, if necessary, it may be
trundled up, filled and wheeled to the receiving tub
(before described), which is kept near the pens. When
emptied, it should be thoroughly rinsed with cold water.
If a little corn-meal is occasionally mixed with this
waste and allowed to stand a few hours before feeding,
it adds much to its benefit as a diet for pigs.
PRATTS POINTERS ON COWS, SHEEP AND. HOGS 149
CHAPTER IX.
DISEASES OF HOGS.
Before reading our suggestions in regard to diseases
~ of hogs, read carefully the note on page 58.
PREVENTION OF DISEASES.
With the human race a patient can tell where and
how he suffers, but the sickness of a dumb animal must
be wholly determined and treated from symptoms. The
best means to prevent sickness among hogs is to give
them pure air, clean, dry pens, and plenty of good food.
So many of the diseases of pigs are contagious that
a sick animal should at once be removed from the herd,
and put in a distant and separate pen. To prevent the
spreading of disease, the troughs should be scalded, and
a solution of carbolic acid sprinkled as a disinfectant
about the premises as soon as the sickness appears.
After this is done, dry earth must be scattered through
the pens and yards. When pigs have good care, and
are regularly fed on Pratts Food, there is practically no
sickness among them.
HOG CHOLERA.
There has been much time spent in studying the
cause of this disease. A few of the forms of hog
150 PRATTS POINTERS ON COWS, SHEEP AND HOGS
cholera, however, may be mentioned. Hog cholera, as
a rule, occurs from one of the following causes: Un-
wholesome food; hogs occupying one field or pen
from year to year without proper cleaning or plow-
ing the field occasionally, so as to keep it fresh and
clean; hogs being constantly “‘rung’’ and prevent-
ing them from rooting in search of bugs, worms or
vegetable roots; scanty feeding; muddy, stagnant and
filthy water, which often compels them to drink their
own urine; wet lands; decaying vegetables during dry
seasons. One sick hog may affect the whole drove, and
as each succeeding hog gets the disease, it seems to bea
- more severe case than the previous one, and becomes
more and more contagious. Constant feeding of dry
corn produces an inflammatory condition of the system,
which invites an attack of fevers and cholera. This is the
reason why sometimes apparently the most healthy and
the heartiest hogs are taken with it. Then again, too
scant a quantity of corn is a disadvantage. The proper
feeding of the hogs should be looked after carefully, and
one kind of diet should not be given in excess or in too
small a quantity, either. After the disease once starts,
it spreads very rapidly. An affected hog should at once
be removed from the rest of the herd. Suggestions to
prevent hog cholera and other disease, can be. found in
PRATTS POINTERS ON COWS, SHEEP AND HOGS 161
the paragraph heading this chapter. On account of the
seriousness of this disease, we do not feel justified in
giving a number of the “‘so-called sure cures’’ that have
come to our notice, as we have been very careful that
all which we have submitted to our readers in this work
should be information of which we are certain, from
actual experience of competent authorities. We know
that a positive prevention of and cure for hog cholera is
in the regular feeding of Pratts Food, and the following
carefully of the conditions and care mentioned in our
remarks in preventing disease, at the head of this
chapter.
Much more could be said on the subject, but there
is nothing that we could say that would add to the fore-
going information and that would be of any advantage
to the hog-raiser; and in writing this book, we have
endeavored to give all the information we possibly could
in as few words as possible. We find, asa rule, thereis
a great objection in requiring the reader to plod through |
a large amount of unnecessary matter to obtain a small
amount of information, which is so common with many
authors. ‘Therefore, we have endeavored to arrange our
book to obviate this objection, and have endeavored to
write the book in plain, practical, common-sense form.
152 PRATTS POINTERS ON COWS, SHEEP AND HOGS
MALIGNANT TYPHUS FORM.
This is a form of hog cholera that will be attended
by the following symptoms: Dull, weak appearance ;
refusing food ; unsteady walk ; lying down a great deal ;
rolling in the bedding; the animal shows a desire to
bury its head, or even the whole body ; shivering fits,
succeeded by high fever ; breathing quick ; bowels con-
stipated or hard, dark colored-lumps. ‘The animal tries
to vomit; in from ten to twenty-four hours the symptoms
become much worse. Spots appear on the inside of the
legs or on the lower part of the abdomen, and on the
breast and neck. A swelling follows, crimson in color
at first, afterwards a purple ; and if the hog dies, it turns
toa bluish-black color. The fever increases ; the mucous
membrane presents a lead-color appearance ; the breath-
ing becomes labored ; the temperature, at first very high,
now gradually diminishes ; hind quarters become para-
lyzed ; convulsions commence, and the animal dies in
from six to twelve hours—which will be about two
or three days after the commencement of the disease.
If the spots are few and do not run together, and the
fever not very great, and the other symptoms become
less marked about the second day, there is a chance of
recovery. Partial paralysis may remain, with loss of
appetite, so that it is difficult to get the animal to eat
PRATTS POINTERS ON COWS, SHEEP AND HOGS 1583
enough. Even after recovering, care must be taken so
that the digestion is not affected, and thereby prevent
the hog from fattening. By making a gruel of Pratts
Food and giving frequent doses, we have found it, in all
cases where the proper care accompanied its use, to prove
a most successful and quick-curing remedy. As per our
note to give different recipes, on page 58, we submit this
treatment, as follows: Give from five to twenty grains
of white hellebore ina little milk. If the hog will not
drink, make into a pill by mixing with flour and water.
In twenty minutes the hog should vomit freely. If
not, repeat the dose. After it has vomited, give the fol-
lowing: One-half ounce Hyposulphite of Soda; ten
drops Solution Carbolic Acid; five drops Tincture of
Aconite. Mix well, and add enough molasses to make
a soft mass, and place well back in the throat ; or, if the
hog will eat, give it in milk.
Of course, the users of this treatment claim that it
should be commenced early in the disease and repeated
three times daily, or even every two hours. Injections
of warm soap-suds into the bowels, to which half an
ounce of turpentine and ten drops of carbolic acid have
been added, may be made twice daily, and will help
the disease considerably. ‘The sores should be opened
and bathed in warm water containing half a fluid ounce
154. PRATTS POINTERS ON COWS, SHEEP AND HOGS
carbolic acid solution to each pint of water. In very
severe cases we have known muriate of ammonia, in
half drachm doses in a little molasses, to be used.
_PUTRID SORE THROAT FORM.
This is a very frequent form of hog cholera that
affects the throat, larynx and air passages, principally
the larynx. It at times affects the cavity of the chest
and causes congestion of the lungs. ‘The breathing is
hard and of a wheezing character. ‘There will be a
hacking cough, hoarse grunting; a great heat and dry-
ness of the snout; swelling of the tongue; brown-red
color of the mucous membrane of the mouth. Difficulty
in swallowing, with attempts to vomit. The larynx
and along the windpipe, even down between the fore-
legs, will appear a hot, hard swelling, crimson in color
at first, probably changing to a lead color, and finally
dark purple. ‘The animal either tries to lie down or sits
upon its haunches like a dog. Finally, the breathing
becomes so hard, he opens his mouth, the swollen tongue
will hang out. The mouth becomes lead color. At this
stage of the disease, the hog either dies by choking or
gangrene sets in.
Of course, in this form of the disease, as well as
PRATTS POINTERS ON COWS, SHEEP AND HOGS 155
others, we recommend Pratts Food, having been success-
ful in effecting a cure in almost every instance by giving
small doses frequently, making a gruel of the Pratts
Food by mixed with warm water and pouring down
the throat. At the same time, we mention another
treatment, which is as follows (see our note in reference
to giving different treatments on page 58) :
Ten to twenty grains of white hellebore, to make
the hog vomit; and repeat it in twenty minutes if it
does not have the desired effect. Then give the follow-
ing three times daily: One-half ounces Hyposulphite
of Soda; one-half drachm Muriate of Ammonia. Mix
with molasses to make a mass, and place on the tongue.
Five drops of tincture of aconite, dropped on the |
tongue in the early stages, will be of considerable assist-
ance ; and, in addition, give the following every hour,
or in severe cases every half hour, in tablespoonful doses:
Three ounces Chlorate of Potassa; one-half fluid ounce
Solution of Carbolic Acid. One quart of water. Mix well.
As the hog gets better, lengthen the time between
*
doses.
INFLAMMATION OF THE BOWELS FORM.
This is confined to the bowels and urinary organs,
either in all at one time or separately. The bowels are
156 PRATTS POINTERS ON COWS, SHEEP AND HOGS
costive, and streaked with mucus, and may be discolored. —
In the fatal stages, diarrhoea may succeed, this occurring —
just before the animal dies. The first symptoms are a
short, hacking cough, some difficulty in breathing; un-_
steady walk ; high fever; the animal will arch its back
and paralysis will result.
For treatment of this form we recommend, as the
only necessary remedy, Pratts Food in gruel form (as
mentioned on another page), in case the animal is too
sick to eat; if not, it can be mixed with the food, and
between feeds given in gruel form. Injections of warm
soap-suds, to which add half an ounce of solution of
carbolic acid can be given. Another recipe, given as
per our note on page 58, is calomel, as a cathartic, in doses
of one scruple every six hours until the bowels are moved.
Also, five drops of tincture of aconite on the tongue in
early stages. After the calomel has been effective, give -
the following three times daily, using the aconite between
the doses: One-half ounce Hyposulphite of Soda; one
scruple Chlorate of Potassa. Mix with molasses to make
a mass.
QUINSY.
This is termed by some as another form of hog
cholera; and sometimes assumes an epidemic form
PRATTS POINTERS ON COWS, SHEEP AND HOGS 157
similar to distemper in young horses, and is fatal to a
large number of young pigs, as well as older hogs. In
this fatal form it is termed hog cholera, but differs from
it in not being so malignant. The symptoms are the
swelling of the glands under the jaw ; oppressed breath-
ing ; difficulty in swallowing. In the later stages the
neck is badly swollen, the tongue protrudes and death
is caused by choking. ‘The swelling sometimes takes a
gangrenous form. It is caused by exposure to sudden
changes of temperature ; or by bad food, impure water
or filthy enclosures ; and mortification at times sets in,
which may cause death in a few hours. Hogs piling up
around an old hayrick on cold nights will often be the
cause. The ones underneath become so warm, that
when routed out in the morning, the cold air striking
them, the sudden change will produce inflammation of the
lungs, quinsy, diphtheria, which, in a fatal form, become
nothing more or less than hog cholera. Young pigs
often get quinsy. They should be kept warm, clean
and in well-ventilated pens; plenty of straw, and mess
of gruel three times a day, in which stir the usual
quantity of Pratts Food. If the bowels are constipated,
Pratts Food is all that is necessary, given in gruel form
if too sick to eat; otherwise, mixed with the food in large
doses to move the bowels freely. It may be well at first
158 PRATTS POINTERS ON COWS, SHEEP AND HOGS
to give in gruel form, so as to move bowels quickly.
An ounce of castor oil to each pig can be added. In bad
cases, to grease the throat well with equal parts of cod-
liver oil and turpentine is good, no matter what remedy
you use otherwise. Also, a deep cut into the tumor,
from two to four inches long, and deep enough to reach
the seat of the disease, will relieve it. The diet should
be a thin gruel, in which a teaspoonful of turpentine can
be stirred.
Another recipe given, as per our note on page 58, is:
Four grains of Tartar Emetic ; six grains of Ipecacuanha ;
six grains of White Hellebore. Mixed together for older
hogs, and half this dose for young pigs.
Three or four drops of tincture of aconite, when
dropped on the tongue every two hours, is said to be
very excellent. However, in this disease, as in all
others, we have been most successful in the use of Pratts
Food alone.
DIPHTHERIA.
This happens more frequently than most people
suppose, and is a contagious disease, taking an epidemic
form; sometimes called a form of hog cholera. It
attacks both young pigs and old hogs. It is produced
PRATTS POINTERS ON COWS, SHEEP AND HOGS 1659
by filthy pens or wet pastures. The symptoms are
sudden sickness, dull appearance, loss of appetite, weak-
ness, feverishness, stiffness of back and loins, crouching
walk with head raised, mouth dry and open, hoarse
grunt, livid tongue and difficult breathing. The throat
is red and swollen and covered with grayish-white
patches, extending to the air passages. Pieces of false
membrane are coughed up. The animal lies down, or
sits on its haunches, or leans against a fence while
coughing, and generally dies during the coughing
spells. |
We state, as mentioned before, that Pratts Food,
used as directed, has been most successful. Adopt the
gruel form mentioned in previous diseases, and after-
wards mixed with the feed. According to note, on
page 58, we mention the following: Give each hog a
spoonful of chlorate of potash in a small quantity of
milk. Move the sick hogs to dry quarters, and give
each hog daily the following : Two drachms Sulphite of
Soda; one drachm powdered Castor Bean ; five drops
Solution of Carbolic Acid.
To those who eat, it can be given with the swill.
For the others, it can be mixed with molasses and
smeared on the back of the tongue. Make a small swab
of sheep-skin, and swab throat out twice daily with
160 PRATTS POINTERS ON COWS, SHEEP AND HOGS
following: One ounce Chlorate of Potassa; two fluid
drachms Solution of Carbolic Acid. In one quart water,
well mixed.
Flour of sulphur, sprinkled in the throat, is good.
Warm, sloppy food should be given, to which may be
added chlorate of potash in teaspoonful doses.
CONSTIPATION.
Do not allow the pigs at any time to become con-
stipated. A feverish condition arises from it, developing
into some inflammatory disorder. The food should be
changed, from time to time, green food being the best.
Many people resort to Epsom salts; but the after effect
is to constipate them more than ever; the best thing
known to regulate the bowels is Pratts Food, mixed with
the regular feed.
SCOURS IN PIGS.
This may attack one or two out of a litter, or a
whole litter when one or two days old. It seems to be
an indigestion, caused by what the sow has eaten, or by
the method of feeding her. Frequently, too much green
clover or other green food will do it, or feeding dry corn,
or musty, decayed food. While this affects the pigs, the
sow is not disturbed by it. By feeding Pratts Food, this
PRATTS POINTERS ON COWS, SHEEP AND HOGS 161
will not occur, and it rapidly improves their condition.
However, as per our note on page 58, we mention the
following remedy: A teaspoonful of sulphur to the
_ sow, in a little milk twice a day. If the pigs seem to
suffer too much, give twice daily, with a teaspoon, two
or three drops of laudanum in sweet cream. Change the
mother’s food, and see that it is of good quality. Keep
the pigs warm and closely penned. Do not allow them
to run or exercise themselves more than can be helped.
Keep pen clean and scald out trough with boiling water
and lye. With proper care, the disease will disappear.
If the pigs are old enough to eat, a few drops of solution
of carbolic acid, added to their food will be a good thing.
CATARRH.
This develops slowly and is not noticed at first. It
inflames the mucous membrane of the nose passages. It
is supposed to be hereditary. The appetite fails, the
animal becomes poor and has a fever. It is a disease
which is not often seen ; is of a scrofulous nature, often
terminating in consumption. The animal should be
kept dry, and given milk, boiled food, oat-meal gruel,
boiled barley, mashed fruit, cabbage, etc.; food which
does not require chewing is what it wants. If the
bowels are constipated, first give Pratts Food in gruel
162 PRATTS POINTERS ON COWS, SHEEP AND HOGS
form. We mention as per our note on page 58, as fol-
lows: Half an ounce of Glauber salts and a drachm of
saltpetre mixed with honey, smeared well back on the
tongue. Give three times daily, every other week, the
following: One-half drachm of Sal-Ammoniac ; eight
grains of Camphor. Mix witha little molasses and smear
on the tongue.
COUGH.
This is a local irritation and by many claimed again
as a form of hog cholera. It is caused by an obstruction
of the lungs. Pratts Food, fed first in gruel form if
the animal is costive, is a sure remedy; the throat and
lungs should be rubbed with a strong liniment and the
animal kept well blanketed ; but we mention another
remedy, as per our note on page 58: Powdered castor
bean, in two or three drachm doses ; mixed with molasses
and smeared on the back of the tongue. :
INFLAMMATION OF THE LUNGS.
This is caused by sudden changes, exposure to
storms, piling of hogs during cold nights. The hog
will take shivering fits; is dumpish and drawn up in a
heap; loses its appetite, with short breathing. ‘The
disease is generally accompanied with a cough that is
deep and hoarse; also constipation.
PRATTS POINTERS ON COWS, SHEEP AND HOGS 168
Pratts Food should be given first in double quantity
in gruel form; then reduce to the regular amount ; the
throat and lungs rubbed with a strong liniment. In
all swine diseases the sick hogs should be separated
from the rest of the herd. The diet should be warm
gruel, water slops, sour milk, etc. An injection of warm
soap-suds can be given. As per our note on page 58, we
mention the following: A half to two drachms of salt-
petre, and one to three ounces of Glauber salts, accord-
ing to the size of the animal. After six hours, throw a
powder of the following on the tongue three times a
day: Twelve grains Tartar Emetic; twelve grains
powdered Opium ; one and one-half ounces Saltpetre.
Mix, and divide into eight powders.
After the hog appears better and inflammation sub-
sides, half-drachm doses of sal-ammoniac, thrice daily
for a few days, will prove beneficial.
INTESTINAL WORMS.
These are noticed by the hog being unthtifty and
having a big appetite. ‘They cough, the bowels are
loose, and they start from their sleep with a sharp cry
and often scream before feeding-time, as if starved.
Vomiting and choking fits occur from the worms get-
ting in the throat. Pratts Food, mixed with their regu-
164. PRATTS POINTERS ON COWS, SHEEP AND HOGS
lar feed, will cure them. As per note on page 58, we
mention: ‘I‘wo drachms of oil of turpentine in milk for
six mornings in succession, followed by a purgative of
one scruple of calomel to each hog, is said to be a good |
remedy ; but the only treatment necessary in this, as in
other diseases, is the proper administration of Pratts —
Food.
KIDNEY WORMS.
It sometimes produces paralysis of the hind quarters.
It is seldom fatal, and generally affects more than one
hog ina herd. Pratts Food, mixed with the regular
feed, will prevent or cure kidney worms. Rub the loins
with spirits of turpentine every other day. As per our
note on page 58, we mention another remedy, as follows :
A solution of arsenic in half-teaspoonful doses morning
and evening, every other week for several months.
PARALYSIS OF THE HIND QUARTERS.
This is sometimes caused by worms in the kidneys.
The animals show a weakness in the back, and often get
up and run in a straight line quite fast, swinging to one
side for a while and then go over to the other side; finally
get so bad that they fall over and can only drag them-
selves about. The appetite is good until a few days
PRATTS POINTERS ON COWS, SHEEP AND HOGS 165
before they die. Apply over the loins a liniment com-
posed of one part of cantharides, two parts of olive oil
and two parts of oil of turpentine. Pratts Food at first
should be fed in gruel form; reduce as the animal re-
covers. In accordance with our note on page 58, we
give the following: Three drachms of powdered castor
oil seeds, and eight ounces of rye flour ; mixed in a quart
of sour milk or thin gruel. Give this first thing in the
morning ; and repeat once a week. The following may
be given two or three times a day: Four grains of pow-
dered Nux Vomica, one-half drachm of powdered Anise
Seed; one-half drachm of powdered Ginger. Mix with
a little molasses and smear well back on the tongue.
BLIND STAGGERS.
Generally noticed by inflamed eyes. Bowels are
constipated, and pulse hard and quick. The animal
runs about wildly, mostly in a circle; the breathing is
labored, and the animal frequently dies in a fit of this
kind. It is often caused by indigestion; feeding dry
corn to young pigs when they should have a sloppy diet.
Frequently, costiveness attends the other symptoms.
Pratts Food should be given in gruel form in large doses,
gradually reducing as the animal becomes better. Warm
soap-suds can be injected in the bowels to get a quick
166 PRATTS POINTERS ON COWS, SHEEP AND HOGS
action. Cold water should be thrown over the head, and
turpentine or kerosene oil rubbed in well along the spine.
Pratts Foodisaninvaluable remedy for blind staggers, and
where pigs are fed constantly, it is never known to occur.
PROTRUSION OF BOWELS IN PIGS.
This trouble is often caused by diarrhoea and weak-
ness. Wash the parts well with water; then apply
sugar of lead and water—a drachm of the lead to a pint
of water, to which add a small quantity of laudanum ;
then gently press the part back, pushing up the fingera
short distance. ‘Three to five drops of laudanum may
be given to each suckling pig to alleviate the pain.
Pratts Food, fed in the regular feed, strengthens these
parts and effects a permanent cure.
PILES
Are known by blood passing off with the movement
of the bowels, or blood stains around the anus. ‘The
disease is generally considered hard to cure. We would
advise a change of food, such as sour milk, and espe-
cially light, digestible things for a hog in this condition.
Injections of vinegar and water is good. Pratts Food,
fed regularly, will cure them. Our note mentions, on
page 58, we would give other endorsed recipes, so we
PRATTS POINTERS ON COWS, SHEEP AND HOGS 167
mention: Sulphur, with cream of tartar, or castor oilin
moderate doses. If the anus is swollen, apply vaseline
or cosmoline.
RHEUMATISM.
This is shown by stiffness in the animal. Pratts
Food is invaluable, but as per our note on page 58, we
give the following : To move the bowels, three drachms
of pulverized castor bean, to which may be added ten
grains of opium, to relieve the pain ; mixed with molasses
into a mass, and smeared on the back of the tongue.
Then give the following: One scruple Colchicum ; one
tablespoonful Bicarbonate Soda. Mix with molasses
into a mass, and smear on back of tongue night and
morning.
APOPLEXY.
This is practically a fat hog disease. They are
dumpish, out of sorts, and drop as if shot, and appear
dead, all except heavy breathing. The hog should be
bled at once. ‘Tie a cord around the foreleg above the
foot ; then the artery can be seen to fill above the knee
on the inside of the leg. Open it with a sharp knife,
and a pint toa quart of blood should be taken. If the
hog comes to, as soon as possible move the bowels by
injection, and give large doses of Pratts Food in gruel
168 PRATTS POINTERS ON COWS, SHEEP AND HOGS
form. ‘Then feed light food for some days. Pratts Food
_ will prevent this disease.
SCROFULA.
This is shown by weak joints in young pigs in walk-
ing. Ulcerations often appear near the joints. They
frequently have diarrhoea, and the urine dribbles through
the navel string. In older pigs it takes the form of
consumption, and the lungs become diseased. ‘This isa
hard thing tocure. Cod-liver oil given daily and Pratts
Food asa tonic is about as good a remedy as we know of.
TO PREVENT PIGS FROM EATING THEIR YOUNG.
This is very frequent in some sows, and, if pre-
vented, they will sometimes keep their milk up, so that
the pigs die of starvation. When this is not due toa
diseased uterus, a mixture of ten to twenty grains of
spirits of camphor, with one to three of tincture of
opium, poured into the ear, will cause the sow to lie
down and remain quiet for several hours, (the effect of
the opium, ) after which she will be rid of her feelings
towards the young. Very often by rubbing the pigs
with brandy, it will prevent the sow from eating them;
and also put some brandy on the nose of the sow
PRATTS POINTERS ON COWS, SHEEP AND HOGS 169
herself. The best thing, however, is to feed Pratts
Food prior to the birth of the pigs, which loosens the
bowels and puts them in proper shape, preventing
costiveness, reducing all fever, and acts as a mild tonic.
LICE.
Apply all over the body, one part benzine, six parts
- soft soap and fifteen parts water; mixed thoroughly and
applied with a stiff brush. Another remedy is a gallon of
kerosene to five gallons water, and apply the same way.
The hog pen should be thoroughly cleaned and disin-
fected with carbolic acid or whitewash. After the pen
is once infected with these lice, it takes a long while
and hard work to getridof them. Lard oil, smeared on
every hog, is good; but twenty-four hours afterward, they
should be well washed with soft soap and warm water.
MANGE.
This is caused by an insect, which must be killed in
order to cure the disease—not only on the pigs, but in
the pens and surroundings, or wherever the pig rubs
against. Coal oil is a good thing, rub well with it.
Mange is shown by small red blotches or pimples, which
spread. Some people give sulphur and cooling foods.
170 PRATTS POINTERS ON COWS, SHEEP AND HOGS
The pig should be washed with soap-suds, and, as soon
as dry a good coating of the following: One quart of
Whale Oil; one-half drachm of Carbolic Acid Crystals.
Stir them well together, and wash off the day following.
CHAPTER X.
GENERAL REMARKS.
PREPARATION | Farmers have different opinions on the
Baril subject of cooked food as an advantage
for fattening pigs. The best results,
however, are on the side of the raw diet. Conveniences
and extra labor are necessary to cook the food, and noth-
ing is gained by it. If pigs thrive and fatten as well
without it, it is not wise for the farmer to incur extra
expense in adopting the cooked system. For little pigs
and suckling sows, warm food in winter is a comfort ; but
that is all, as it does not add to the nutritiousness of food.
The pig is not naturally stubborn and
DISPOSITION ; ;
obstinate, as some think. It can be led
by the right man with the right method. It is quick to
appreciate kindness, and, when this is used, requires
neither kicking or beating to make it docile and obedient.
The man who employs harsh measures soon makes the
PRATTS POINTERS ON COWS, SHEEP AND HOGS 171
whole herd stubborn. It is remarkable to see how, if
well cared for and comfortable, pigs gain habits that are
quiet and desirable. At their regular time of feeding,
when allowed to run in the yard, they will separate and
each go to its own pen just as the cow or horse will to
their stalls.
COLD Pigs in covered pens will eat more and
| WEATHER | tw faster in winter than those kept in
the unsheltered pens of the ordinary
barnyard. Pigs born in winter, unless carefully pro-
tected, often die from cold within the first twelve hours.
The sow is a good mother, and the little pigs gain warmth
from contact with her body ; but in severe weather this
is not enough. The sow and her young should be covered
with a horse blanket, and if she objects, rubbing the
teats gently, and speaking to her kindly, will usually
make the second attempt successful. When the mother
does not give sufficient milk or dies when the pigs are
first born, with a little patience and effort they can be
taught to nurse froma bottle. Milk warm from the cow
can be given in this way, until they are able to eat from
alittle trough. If a sow givesascant supply of milk,
it may be increased by giving quantities of weak oat-
meal gruel, in which a few scraps of meat are boiled to
172 PRATTS POINTERS ON COWS, SHEEP AND HOGS
make it slightly greasy. Regular rations of Pratts Food
will cause a large supply of rich milk, if fed both before
and after the pigs are born.
vette | Pigs grow faster when given milk with
their food, although they must have fresh
water every day as well. Feed regularly, both in time
and quantity. It is not profitable to give double the
amount of food that can be eaten at once, and when it
is time for the next feeding, let it go by without any
rations. Pigs will not thrive and fatten well, so treated,
and the waste food will make the pork produced, cost
much more than when gained. by systematic feeding.
Beets make an excellent food for pigs, and more espe-
cially sows when suckling in the early spring, before
they can be put in pasture. Pigs will eat green or ripe
peas greedily, and it pays to feed them whenever they can
be procured as cheap as corn, because they make richer
manure. Half peas and half corn many farmers think
better food than either article when used alone. Bran
is not of any great value for fattening pigs, unless mixed
with Pratts Food in the usual amount; but in this way
is fed with excellent results along with other feed. Par-
snips, potatoes and turnips can be profitably raised by
the farmer for winter feeding.
PRATTS POINTERS ON COWS, SHEEP AND HOGS 1783
JEALOUSY | it is claimed that all animals are jealous,
IN THE HoG| 2%4 certainly the pig is not an exception,
as is proved by a curious method some-
times adopted. When the farmer desires to fatten a
hog quickly to extreme size and weight, as a prize
winner at an exhibition or county fair, he depends upon
this trait to assist in accomplishing it. At each feeding,
the hog is given all it will eat; and when fully satisfied,
more food is put in the trough, and a little, half-starved
pig is let into the pen. The fat pig makes a glutton of
itself, fearing that the poor squealing visitor will share
the meal. If the little pig is to be considered, this is
rather a cruel plan.
We have endeavored to make plain the
advantage of Pratts Food to hogs. ‘The
experience of feeding it for years by the
most prominent pig-raisers in the United States and
foreign countries, fully justify us in strongly urging a
test of its qualities. If intelligently fed as instructed,
the profit will be even greater than is claimed in this
book. It is well to remember that it is not an experi-
mental article, but that it has a long standing reputation
of the highest possible merit.
INDEX.
PRATTS POINTERS ON COWS.
Abortion 10 Cows, 6.0 66.0 Kies
Aphtha (sore lips and tongue), . .
Ayrshire Cow, illustration of,...
‘* description of,...
Belted or Blanketed Cow,.....
Bladder, Inflammation of, ....
Bowels, Inflammation of,. ....
Breeds CUGCE OE, ow. sf ee pee
Breeds of Cows,. .....e-eee
Breeding and Feeding, ......
Breeding, general instructions, . .
Breeding Periods,.........
Brewers’ Grains, ...... int
PROM CHIR So Sh owe SF wes eRe
AS A RPO Pe ARG ME ie SP
Butter, packing and “ae aa oF
Butter, preparing it for market, .
Butter Test. (ea A Hates A 2
Butter Value of Cows,......-.
Col Tere TB a ea
Calf, removing from the cow,
Cans and boxes for shipping milk,
Centrifugal Creamer, illustrated
Sid Cesereees, cca se Se is
Cini ets! s ee sees
CRM 6 eee Wee ge ae, oe
Cormac le I
RS ia as aes ato wi vas ae Me ke 5 eae
ee eee Ee AO a rad tae
Ceotine Closets ia 056-2 win se
Cow Par (Varian), aes. a ee ere
Cow, self-sucking,
Cow Shed, open, illustrated re
described, ee ee ae
Cows, vices be Sib gs ahmed te .
Creameries, private and stock, ..
Creamery, modern, illustrated, . .
Cream Gauges, iio. od od ake
Cream, methods of separating, . .
Dairy, An Ideals ss fer ee ees
Daisy Beminaes 6cis bse we os
Dairy Cow, Diseasesof, ......
Baty. Cow, Tis hase a's ee ba
Dairy Cows, The Best, ......
DaGity Dates, ss seis +. a eet e
Dairy Farming, General Remarks,
73
78
Dairy Farm, Plan of,. ..°. eee
Dairymen, What they must know, 52
Depraved Appetite, . sss. « se
Devon Cow, . . ss 3 kee
Diarrhoea, scours,. ......«.. 68
Dysentery, <. . « #2 epee 69
Family Cow,: « .:..+)s $i. 5a
Feeding the Cow, . 45 «35 sue
Food for Cows;: «... ./5. a Tettetel eee
Garget,; .. » = os cpanel
Grain ‘Food, .. 21} .0)325 ee
Grass for Cows, ....... 3 + a
Herd, Forming a, .*\40 4084 at Ry
Holstein Cow, Description of,. .. 9
Holstein Cow, Illustration of, See
front cover.
Hornless Cows, ..°.' s a = «selene
Wee sh ie ee oe ae ee po) et
ice Houses, . .'s s/s s sae e eee
Impure Air, Bad effects of, . > ae
Jersey Bull, Illustration of, See
back cover.
Jersey Cow, Description of, ... 9
Kicking, How to prevent, .... 57
Kidneys, Inflammation of, .... 71
Lungs, Inflammation of, ..... 62
Mad Staggers, .:. . ¥N@ahee eee
Milk and Cream Rules, ..... 33
Milk, Bloody, |. « seuinumeus einen
Milking Bucket, ...%. ss oe
Milk Cellar, illustrated and de-
ecrihea, . . els kee ee «me core
Milk, Cooling, -. .' 5 94 © 4s,4-seeee
Milking, Directions for, ..... 25
Milk, Diseased, . .). 5 5 6s & 2 eee
Milk Fever, « » iv)‘. é46¢eoe eee
Milk House, .....%s 5 » e. e
Milk, How toship, ..). .« « sis wuss
Milk, Leaking of, . . s-s<c8 55 - 76
Milk Route,..... » (sje wilh. fe eae
Milk Sickness, . . . » s.c.e «see
Milk, Straining the, 4 4 .iic°di i sie
Milk Test, .« .i4 6s ee oo e « BS
Milk Tests, Value of,. ...... 34
Milk, Watery, .. st <= eee
Packing Bucket, ..... a: ees Sa
%
y ¥ :
J ~—" ‘
a bt Jaton”) matted
7 : ——
alla ana a
as a “tre =, --4 oo " 4
Se
ee
—_——
INDEX ii
COME SS GE te sk es te Ae
Paunch, Overloaded, ..... ce oo
Pen, Model Calf, illustrated and
EG Di ae amie a al
Pleura-Pneumonia, ........ 77
I ean a OA eS ee, a 63
Pratts Food, Composition of, . . . 59
Pratts Food for Cows, Valueof, . 12-28
Pratts Food for curing diseases, . 58
Pratts Food, Gruelform,..... 60
Pratts Food, Howto Feed, .... 59
Pemmmre COWS, 2. cs te a es 25
peeeeme €rops, . .). . >... 12
NS - 58
Re ee at a ae
Pee SIEIVES. ow sd a a «es 42
_ ee ata. 5 ee
ea rerte CER OS eas =. 2 SS
Soours in Calwes: . 6. : we FO
Short Horn Cows, description oe 8
Short Horn Cow, illustration of, . 7
Stable Cleanliness, ...... 22
Stable Flooring, illustrated pa
Mea NGG? <8 6g E> gia tee ee IQ
Stable for Cows, Horses and Chick-
ens, illustrated and described, . 21
Stable, Pen and Yard, illustrated
BiG COSINE. i ou cee be 18
Stalls, illustrated and described, . 21
prOCeine the Farm % . 6. fk es 6
A A a he aaa |
OBES, GOSESMCIEG, "is ce a a ale 79
Test of Foods (digestibility),. .. 14
Rremeie. Dairy. S256 ie aes 40
watsery oF Pood. i os uc ce a ee
Ventilation inthe Stable,..... 23
Water Cistern, illustrated and de-
GIES ac tt 2: SE ele ena) eo ein ee
Weer Supply. 05°95 4.8 se > 16
Womb, Inflammation of the, .. 75
Worms, 4% "se Se ee ee ee
PRATTS POINTERS ON SHEEP.
PES oo ead ws 6.6, ot ays +, 268
Bladder, Inflammation of, . . .. 108
Bowels, Inflammation of, .... 106
Breeds, American, 205... .. «Of
Breed, Improved Kentucky, ... 95
Breeds, Mutton producing, .... 97
Breeds, Wool bearing, ...... 96
Breeding, Care of sheep while,. . 95
PEN ese alates ae) a) ae
Buildings, Description of, .... 86
EE Sgn, a 6) wt RRR ee ae. Sos
Cleanliness and Comfort, ..... 97
eM 6 lee emo te 103
camaro BIGeG., . oc ss se se 6 Gy
lo Se rs ne a
pee Gates, 2 Cae es ow ae
Pe tee SG) ahora Ss 8) SS
Ewes, Hurdlefor,......... 96
Feed Racks, Portable, ...... 88
Feeding, Regularity in, ..... go
Cg sta eee sot a ce oe ee 107
ES eo Pe eg eae 104
Grasses for sheep food,...... 83
merdie: Portable, : 6. 2. Se
Hurdie; Stationary, ....::.. 87
SCE. b's bee wee a 8 gD
Lambs’ Diseases, ......... III
Lambs, How to Feed, ....... 98
TOG NECR, Gb ae a ee ee I10
Lungs, Inflammation of,. .... 102
Merinos, American,. ...... = Of
Merino Ram, See back cover.
5 ELE OEY 2 5 Ra aR MC lit te 92
Netting, for Sheep, ....... oe
eS ee Ceres Ce ot a m/e
5 = Sey a pias a5 : ol wipe
Penson TAME. © 5 a nck oe eee
Pratts Food for Sheep Diseases, . 58
Bam, Bow to Choose,. ... . 6 « 95
PORCRE EI 8 OG: Ge Oke ee 105
Roots, Selection for Feeding,. . . 90
LE = a el at) ee
See ler Snern,*. 2 2:4 a. : wy ee
Sheds fora Few Sheep, ...... 89
SHeep, Care Gi 5 252 Seb ee 84
Sueep, Crote Bred... yo... ere 9I
Sheep Diseases, Pratts Food for, . 58
Sheep Farm, Choosing,...... 82
Sheep Raising, Originof,..... 81
Sick Sheep, Pratts Food for, ... 85
Southdown Breeds, ........ 93
ee, SIN be, Fe eae ee 109
ili INDEX
SMCTORIONS, 5 5 in pins? s io an, 3 AE
WolerSupehy, 6.635 ssa, 0 a0 o>
Weaning Lambs, .......-.-. 99
Winter Foods,.......2.++-. 89
Worms, ... 2560+ eee ee + Tl
PRATTS POINTERS ON HOGS.
BOOMER, 6) 6, oi ols is
Berkshire Breeds,. ...-+.+ + -IIQ
Blind Staggers, .....-...- + » 165
Ge CATE OL, 6g (ss es ae,
Bowels, Inflammation of,..... 155
Bowels, Protrusion of, ..... . 166
Breeding and Rearing, ...... 130
Breeds, American, .....-..II9Q
Breeds, Definition of, ...... 116
Breeds, Degeneration of, . ... .122
Breeding Time, ...... <5. om» 542
vere 9 5. Seg gigs Meek Bite tp. Naa ete ge at eee
Cheshire Breed, . . . . « « « « © « 127
Chester County Whites,. ... . .127
Cold Weather, Pigsin, ..... .I7I
Constipation, .. 2 6. 6 6 2 a. ws TOO
CS eas ea > ae ee
PROhTA, SS sk ee
Diseases, Prevention of,. ... . . 149
Harly Maturity, .....-..+:.s 116
Eating Their Young, iow to Pre-
vent Pigs from, ........ - 168
Essex, Improved, ......-- -12I
Farm, Value of Pigson, .... .136
ye By Sr Sere 139
Food, Preparing the, ...... .170
Food Supply, How to Keepit, . .147
Garbage Tub, . . ROR ere ee |
Grain Farm, Value of Pigson, . . 137
ee Citolera, .. + + ++ # we e © « 149
Hog Cholera, Putrid Sore Throat
GU, ake’, ob ae locas * bk oe
Hog Cholera, Pratts Food for,. . . 151
Hog Cholera, Typhus Form, . . . 152
Hind Quarters, Paralysisof, .. . 164
Improving the Stock, ...... .136
Jealousy in Hogs,....+-+.. .-I173
Rs a) so aos Oe ae a ere
Little Pigs, Care of, . . . « o « ++ 132
Lungs, Inflammation of, .... . 162
Magie Pigs, ..... ob so» «2 kee
pO ee ara " a inno
Model Pig, Description of, . 5 aye kee
Model Pig Pen, ..... «0c « 140
Mothers, The Best, . . « « « « « « 130
Odors from Pig Pen, ...... .I4!
Peas for Pigs, ....<. 44 956 1 ae
Pedigree, . 2: »s.s. «isi sae
Pen, Flooring for,.... sa fa) =o
Pigs, Average Weight of, . . . . . 134
Pigs, Disposition of, .......170
Pigs, Food for, . . «s/s = + see
Piggery, Up-to-Date, ..... . 143
Pigs, Management of,. ... . + «135
Pig Manure, Value of,. ..... .138
Pigs, Natural Instincts of, ... .114
Pigs, Old English,. .......-.II7
Pigs, Proper Careof, ...... «154
Pig Raising near the City, ... .137
Pig Raising, Profitable,. .... . 113
Piles, ..« «0 +0: 6 eee
Poland China;..:. 3. 478 + 4 «0a
Pratts Food Best for Pigs,. ... .173
Pratts Food, Excellent for Sow, . 131
Pratts Food for Hog Diseases, .. 58
Pratts Food for Pig Growth, .. . 137
Quingy, .. . . « » s6 8 eee ee
Rapid Growth, . . vsns «15:8 6 Se
Rheumatism, .. .. «ss .sleces eee
Scours in Pigs, . . « s,« =. eee
Serofula,. . . + «i+ » wee
Sow, Care of After Birth of Pigs, . 135
Sow, General Care of,. . .... «130
Sow, Thoroughbred, ...... «125
Suffolk Breeds, ... +s <« «+s ska
Thoroughbreds, Genuine, ... .123
Thoroughbreds, Profitin,. . .. .126
Troughs, Equal Sharing, .... . 146
Troughs, Feed, .. . «sss 6, < mae
Trough, Separating, ...... .146
Trough, Swinging Door, .... .145
Water Supply,. ..... + «© « « X42
Weaning Pigs, .....++ « » «132
Weight of Different Parts, ... . 134
Worms, Intestinal, .....e. «163
Worms, Kidney, ....... + « 164
Yorkshire, Large,. .....e.-+ II
Yorkshire, Small,...... ++ «I!
Yorkshire Sow, See front cover.
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