A preliminary annotated list of the lampreys and fishes of Illinois

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DEPARTMENT OF EGISTRATION AND EDUCATION
NATURAL HISTORY SURVEY DIVISION

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FIG. 1—The counties of Illinois and marginal counties of the eo — MARSHALL,
neighboring states of Indiana, Kentucky, Missouri, Iowa, and

Wisconsin.

A PRELIMINARY ANNOTATED LIST OF THE
LAMPREYS AND FISHES OF ILLINOIS

THE PUBLICATION AT THIS TIME of a pre-
liminary annotated list of Illinois lampreys and fishes
has two primary objectives. It can provide field biolo-
gists with a critical and updated list of the known species
in the state and a brief indication of the present distribu-
tion of each one and, at the same time, it can alert field
workers to critical areas where additional collecting is
desirable, to problematical records that need substantia-
tion, and to other problems that warrant investigation.
Perhaps equally important, it can summarize and report
to them, without undue delay, new information, some
of which is the result of their own collecting.

In addition to the classic Fishes of Illinois by Forbes
& Richardson (1908), five annotated lists of Illinois
fishes have been published (Nelson 1876, Jordan 1878,
Forbes 1884, Large 1903, and O'Donnell 1935). These
papers, most of which were remarkably thorough for
their time, were based on considerably less field work
than is possible with transportation facilities of today.
Much of the nomenclature and some of the concepts
of the authors are now out of date. A new Fishes of
Illinois, aimed at discerning changes in distribution, is
in preparation, but its appearance must await termination
of the current ichthyofaunal survey of the state. The
present list, although essentially a progress report, con-
tains a substantial amount of new distributional data,
including several new records for the state.

ACKNOWLEDGMENTS

Although the ichthyofaunal survey was initiated sev-
eral years ago, extensive field work did not begin until
the summer of 1962. The success of the program since
that time has been due in large part to the unstinting effort
of my assistant, Mr. Marvin E. Braasch, and to splendid
cooperation from Mr. A. C. Lopinot and his staff of
biologists in the Division of Fisheries of the Illinois
Department of Conservation. During this time a num-
ber of people and agencies have contributed dozens of
important collections and much helpful information. Be-
cause the number of contributors is so large, acknowl-
edgment for their contributions and cooperation must
await the forthcoming state report.

For critical perusal of the manuscript, I am grateful
to Mr. Lopinot; Mr. Loren P. Woods, Chicago Natural
History Museum; and Dr. Reeve M. Bailey, University
of Michigan Museum of Zoology. I owe a special debt
to Dr. Bailey for graciously checking identifications and

This paper is published by authority of the State of Ilinois,

IRS Ch. 127, Par. 58.12. It is a contribution from the Section
of Faunistic Surve and Insect Identification of the Illinois
Natural History Survey. Dr. Philip W. Smith is a Taxonomist

assigned to that section.

wo

Philip W. Smith

providing counsel throughout the past several years. For
calling my attention to the occurrence of Menidia audens,
Ammocrypta vivax, and Etheostoma stigmaeum in Mis-
sourt counties adjoining Illinois and for permission to
cite these records as hypothetical additions to the IIli-
nois fauna, I am indebted to Mr. William L. Pflieger
and the agency with which he was formerly associated,
the Missouri Conservation Commission. For counsel
regarding the distribution of certain Ohio River fishes,
I am grateful to Dr. W. L. Minckley of Arizona State
University.

The maps were adapted by Miss Marguerite Verley,
formerly with the Illinois Natural History Survey, from
a base map drawn by Mr. John W. Brother, Jr., of the
Illinois Water Survey. Final drafting was done by Mr.
William L. Taylor of the Natural History Survey. The
manuscript was edited by Mr. James S. Ayars, Technical
Editor of the Survey, who made numerous helpful sug-
gestions in the preparation of the paper. The cover
photo was taken by Mr. William E. Clark, formerly
staff photographer.

METHOD OF TREATMENT IN THE
ANNOTATED LIST

The 177 species of lampreys and fishes known to
occur at present in Illinois waters are grouped under family
names, set as center heads and arranged in phylogenetic
sequence. Within each family, however, genera and species
are listed in alphabetical order. Except where Dr. Bailey
has advised certain departures, scientific names used are
those currently employed by a majority of American ich-
thyologists; with a few exceptions, common names are those
recommended in the official list (Bailey 1960) by the joint
committee on fish names of the American Fisheries Society
and the American Society of Ichthyologists and Herpetolo-
gists. Subspecies names are used when only one subspecies
of the species is known to occur in Ilinois. When more
than one occurs in the state, the word swbspecies follows the
name of the author of the species name, thus connoting
that the relationships of the subspecies remain to be studied.

For each species, a concise statement regarding its
current distribution in the state is given. The term gener-
ally distributed implies that any suitable habitat, within
the prescribed area, should be expected to yield specimens
with a reasonably thorough search; occasional that suitable-
appearing habitat may or may not yield specimens even
after prolonged search; and sporadic that the encountering
of specimens of a given species cannot be predicted at all.
No connotation of abundance is intended, for a generally
distributed species is sometimes relatively uncommon

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Fic. 2.—Drainage systems and some of the principal streams
of Illinois. The heavy curved lines indicate drainage systems of
three categories, based on size: (1) the Great Lakes and the
Mississippi River; (2) the Wabash, the Ohio, and the Mississippi
(Upper, Middle, and Lower); and (3) other rivers named. The
short, heavy line to the right of each of the designations Upper
Mississippi, Middle Mississippi, and Lower Mississippi shows the
downriver limit of one of the three sections of the river as under-
stood in this paper.

throughout its range, and a species listed as sporadic may
be locally abundant.

Distribution is usually expressed in terms of sections
of the state, such as northern half, southern fourth, and
extreme northeastern part (Fig. 1). In some instances,
distribution is stated in terms of specific drainage systems
or waters, such as Kankakee drainage system, upper Wabash
drainage system, Lake Michigan, and middle and lower
Mississippi River. References to such rivers as the Wabash
and Mississippi are to the parts that border Illinois. For
example, lower Mississippi refers to that part of the Mis-
sissippi River between the mouths of the Missouri and
Ohio rivers (Fig. 2). For species known in Illinois from
only one or a few records, the name of the stream and
county involved are usually given, and attention is called

to the need for substantiating records. Drainage bound-
aries and some of the principal streams of the state are
depicted in Fig. 2.

Statements concerning range are, for the most part,
based on material collected since 1950 and deposited in
the Illinois Natural History Survey collections. The state-
ments are meant to give what I believe to be the current
distribution of the species in the state. Comments on
habitat are given for certain species rather rigidly restricted
to certain types of water, but no attempt has been made
to describe habitats for most of the species.

A list of more than 30 problematical species is included
in this report. The annotations for these species, all hypo-
thetical in the Illinois fauna, are self-explanatory. For the
most part, the list includes fishes presumably extirpated
or at least those that have not been collected in Illinois
waters within the past 25 years; old and unsuccessful plant-
ings of exotic species that have been recorded in the Illinois
literature; recent introductions, the status of which is still
unknown; and species known to occur in marginal areas

Fic. 3.—Location of collections taken, 1950 to date. Each

dot represents 2 to 50 species of fish from a site.

of adjacent states but as yet unrecorded from Illinois. (Be-
cause of the extreme narrowness of marginal Vermillion
County, Indiana, and Livingston County, Kentucky, the
adjacent counties—Fountain and Parke in Indiana and
Marshall in Kentucky—are also regarded as marginal to
Illinois.) When recent records for these problematical
species are extant in the Illinois Natural History Survey
collections, they are indicated by the initials INHs. Some of
the species now believed extirpated will likely be redis-
covered in Illinois, and some of the species known in mar-
ginal counties of adjoining states will probably be found
within our boundaries; others listed as problematical prob-
ably will not be found, but it is hoped that the appearance
of their names in this paper will stimulate search for them.
Additional information on the status of any of these species
will be provided upon request.

The following names, all currently valid and applied
to species that do not occur in Illinois, found their way
into the older Illinois check lists through misapplication
of names, through misidentification of specimens, or through
unfounded predictions that certain species might be found
to occur in the state: Salmo salar, Chrosomus neogaeus,
Hybopsis dissimilis, Notropis analostanus, Notropis ardens,
Notropis galacturus, Notropis pilsbryi, Phenacobius teretu-
lus, Semotilus corporalis, Lagochila lacera, Moxostoma
breviceps, Ictalurus catus, Noturus tmsignis, Gambusia
nobilis, Lepomis auritus, Etheostoma fusiforme, Etheostoma
jessiae, Etheostoma tippecanoe, and Etheostoma variatum.
With the present state of our knowledge, all of them can
be deleted from the list of Illinois fishes.

DESIDERATA

Since this paper is a progress report, criticisms and
efforts to make obsolete the information presented in it
are earnestly solicited. However, documentation in the
form of preserved specimens accompanied by full col-
lecting data is requested for any recommended revision or
emendation of information contained in the present list.

Scientific collecting permits to take fishes by minnow
seine must be secured annually from the Illinois Depart-
ment of Conservation, Springfield. Fishes collected should
be dropped into approximatelly 10% formalin while they
are still alive. Generally those under 10 inches in length
need no further care; larger specimens should have a small
slit alongside the belly to enable preservative to enter the
body cavity. Each collection should have a label, written in
pencil or waterproof ink on good bond paper, giving the
following essentials: name of stream or lake, exact dis-
tance and direction from nearest town, name of county and
state, date of collection, and name of collector. Habitat data,
which are quite helpful, should be included. After the
specimens have been fixed in formalin for approximately
a week, they may be placed in plastic refrigerator bags
containing moist rags or a little fluid, packed in a box or
mailing cylinder, and shipped parcel post to the Section
of Faunistic Surveys, Illinois Natural History Survey, Ur-
bana. Identifications on all specimens submitted will be
reported to the sender.

5

First on the list of desiderata are those species listed
as problematical. Particular attention is called to those
fishes known to occur in marginal counties of adjacent
states but as yet unrecorded from Illinois and to those once
known in Illinois but now presumed to be extirpated. Al-
most half of these species can reasonably be expected to
be discovered, or rediscovered, when the state has been
more thoroughly investigated. It is possible, though not
probable, that some completely unexpected fishes—species
that are not cited in the Problematical List—may also be
found.

Of almost equal significance are those species whose
occurrence in Illinois is indicated as needing substantiation,
particularly those having records based on only one or a
few specimens. Additional preserved specimens of species
listed as sporadic are likely to be of greater value than those
listed as occasional, but specimens falling in either category
are almost certain to be worthwhile. Obviously any records
that require revision of the distributional comments are
valuable, even though the species at hand may be generally
distributed in another part of the state.

In order to show the areas within Illinois that need
special attention, the location of the approximately 1,000
stations sampled since 1950 has been plotted (Fig. 3).
Thus, any stream or section of the state lacking dots is
a distributional hiatus. Preserved specimens of any species
from such gaps are desirable.

The most useful collections are those from a variety of
habita*s at each station. Riffles upstream from the minnow
seine should be vigorously agitated, pools of various depths
and bottom types seined, and attempts made to capture
any fishes hiding in marginal vegetation or in brush piles
in the water. The number of species acquired at any one
locality depends upon the variety of habitats present at
that locality and the thoroughness with which each habitat
is sampled. In our experience, the number of species per
site, when a standard minnow seine is used, ranges from 1
to 35 and averages between 15 and 20 for Illinois streams.

ANNOTATED LIST OF SPECIES

The 177 species in the following list represent 69 genera
and 27 families. Of the 177 species, 169 have been taken
in Illinois waters by me or my associates during the past 5
years. Eight (Ac’penser fulvescens, Scaphirhynchus albus,
Lepisosteus spatula, Coregonus artedii, Salvelinus namay-
cush, Ictiobus niger, Lota lota, and Cottus ricei) have not
been recently encountered by us but are regarded as cur-
rent members of the Illinois fauna.

Petromyzonidae—lampreys

Ichthyomyzon castaneus Girard—chestnut lamprey. Oc-
casional in the Illinois, Wabash, Ohio, middle and lower
Mississippi rivers and the lower reaches of their major
tributaries.

Ichthyomyzon fossor Reighard & Cummins—northern
brook lamprey. A record, based on one specimen from
the Kankakee River in Kankakee County, needing sub-
stantiation.

Ichthyomyzon unicuspis Hubbs & Trautman—silver
lamprey. Occasional in large rivers and lower reaches of
their major tributaries throughout the state.

Lampetra lamottei (Lesueur)—brook lampzey. Spo-
radic in small and medium-sized streams throughout the
state.

Petromyzon marinus Linnaeus—sea lamprey. Occasion-
al in Lake Michigan.

Acipenseridae—sturgeons

Acipenser fulvescens Rafinesque—lake sturgeon. Occa-
sional in Lake Michigan; sporadic in large rivers throughout
Ilinois.

Scaphirhynchus albus (Forbes & Richardson )—pallid
sturgeon. Known from a few specimens taken in the
Mississippi River a short distance above the mouth of the
Missouri River.

Scaphirhynchus platorynchus (Rafinesque ) — shovel-
nose sturgeon. Occasional in the Wabash, Ohio, and Mis-
sissippi rivers.

Polyodontidae—paddlefishes
Polyodon spathula (Walbaum) — paddlefish. Spo-
radic in the Wabash, Ohio, Mississippi, and Illinois rivers
and the lower reaches of their major tributaries.

Lepisosteidae—gars

Lepisosteus oculatus (Winchell)—spotted gar. Spo-
radic in lakes, sloughs, and the lower reaches of large and
medium-sized rivers throughout IIlinois, except in the north-
western part.

Lepisosteus osseus (Linnaeus)—longnose gar. Gener-
ally distributed in large and medium-sized rivers through-
out the state.

Lepisosteus platostomus Rafinesque —shortnose gar.
Generally distributed in large and medium-sized rivers
throughout Illinois, except the northeastern part.

Lepisosteus spatula Lacépede—alligator gar.
in the lower and middle Mississippi River.

Sporadic

Amiidae—bowfins
Amia calva Linnaeus —bowfin. Generally distributed
in lakes, sloughs, and lower reaches of tributaries associated
with large rivers throughout the state and in swampy
streams of southern Illinois.

Anguillidae—eels
Anguilla rostrata (Lesueur)—American eel. Sporadic
throughout Illinois, except the extreme northeastern part.

Clupeidae—herrings

Alosa alabamae Jordan & Evermann—Alabama shad. A
record, based on one specimen from the Mississippi River
in Monroe County, needing subs:antiation.

Alosa chrysochloris (Rafinesque) —skipjack herring.
Occasional in the Wabash, Ohio, lower Mississippi, and
Illinois rivers and in the lower reaches of their major tribu-
taries; sporadic in the upper and middle Mississippi River.

Alosa pseudoharengus (Wilson)—alewife. Generally
distributed along the shore of Lake Michigan.

Dorosoma cepedianum (Lesueur )—gizzard shad. Gen-
erally distributed throughout the state.

Dorosoma petenense (Giinther )—threadfin shad. Gen-
erally distributed in the Ohio River and up the Mississippi
River a few miles north of the confluence of the two rivers.

Hiodontidae—mooneyes

Hiodon alosoides (Rafinesque )—goldeye. Occasional in
the Mississippi River and in large and medium-sized rivers
in the southern half of the state.

Hiodon tergisus Lesueur—mooneye. Occasional in large
and medium-sized rivers in the northern half of Illinois,
except the extreme northeastern part; sporadic in the south-
ern half of the state.

Salmonidae—trouts and whitefishes

Coregonus artedii Lesueur—cisco. Occasional in Lake
Michigan; sporadic in the ILlinois River.

Salmo gairdneri Richardson—rainbow trout.
in the extreme northern part of the state.

Salmo trutta Linnaeus—brown trout. Sporadic in the
extreme northern part of the state.

Salvelinus namaycush (Walbaum)—lake trout.
sional in Lake Michigan.

Sporadic

Occa-

Osmeridae—smelts
Osmerus mordax (Mitchill)—American smelt. Gen-
erally distributed along the shore of Lake Michigan.

Umbridae—mudminnows
Umbra limi (Kirtland)—central mudminnow. Gen-
erally distributed in the extreme northern part of Illinois:
occasional throughout the northern third; sporadic in the
southern third; absent from central Illinois.

Esocidae—pikes

Esox americanus vermiculatus Lesueur—grass pickerel.
Generally distributed throughout the southern and east-
central parts of Illinois; sporadic in the extreme northern
and western parts.

Esox lucius Linnaeus—northern pike. Occasional
throughout the northern third of the state; sporadic in the
middle Illinois River.

Cyprinidae—minnows and carps

Campostoma anomalum (Rafinesque) subspecies—
stoneroller. Generally distributed throughout the state, ex-
cept in the block of south-central counties just north of
the Shawnee Hills.

Carassius auratus (Linnaeus )—goldfish. Generally dis-
tributed in the upper Illinois River and along the shore
of Lake Michigan; sporadic elsewhere in the state.

Chrosomus erythrogaster (Rafinesque)—southern red-
belly dace. Generally distributed throughout the northern
third of Illinois; isolated colonies in extreme east-central
and west-central Illinois.

Cyprinus carpio Linnaeus—carp. Generally distributed
throughout the state and in Lake Michigan.

Dionda nubila (Forbes )—Ozark minnow. Occasional
in the extreme northern part of the state; sporadic in the
lower Mississippi River.

Ericymba buccata Cope—silverjaw minnow. Generally
distributed in east-central Illinois; occasional in the extreme
southwestern part.

Hybognathus hankinsoni Hubbs—brassy minnow. Spo-
radic in the extreme northern part of the state.

Hybognathus hayi Jordan—cypress minnow. Three
records, based on one or a very few specimens from the
lower Mississippi River, needing substantiation.

Hybognathus nuchalis nuchalis Agassiz—western silvery
minnow. Generally distributed throughout Illinois, except
the northeastern part.

Hybognathus placitus Girard—plains minnow. Occa-
sional in the lower Mississippi River.

Hybopsis aestivalis (Girard) subspecies—speckled chub.
Occasional in the Wabash, Ohio, Mississippi, and Illinois
rivers and lower reaches of their major tributaries.

Hybopsis amblops amblops (Rafinesque ) — northern
bigeye chub. Sporadic in clear streams of the upper Wabash
drainage system.

Hybopsis biguttata (Kirtland )—hornyhead chub. Gen-
erally distributed in the northern half of the state.

Hybopsis gelida (Girard) —sturgeon chub. Sporadic in
the lower Mississippi River.

Hybopsis gracilis (Richardson) —flathead chub. Gen-
erally distributed in the Mississippi River below the mouth
of the Missouri River.

Hybopsis meeki Jordan & Evermann—sicklefin chub.
Occasional in the lower Mississippi River.

Hybopsis micropogon (Cope)—river chub. Known
from the Wabash River in Lawrence and Clark counties.

Hybopsis plumbea (Agassiz) —lake chub. Sporadic
along the shore of Lake Michigan.

Hybopsis storeriana (Kirtland)—silver chub. Gen-
erally distributed in large and medium-sized rivers through-
out Illinois, except the northeastern part.

Hybopsis x-punctata Hubbs & Crowe—gravel chub.
Occasional in the Rock River and its tributaries; sporadic
in the Wabash and lower Mississippi rivers.

Notemigonus crysoleucas (Mitchill) — golden shiner.
Generally distributed throughout the state.

Notropis amnis Hubbs & Greene—pallid shiner. Spo-
radic in the upper Mississippi River.

Notropis anogenus Forbes—pugnose shiner.
from Channel Lake in northwestern Lake County.

Notropis atherinoides Rafinesque—emerald shiner.
Generally distributed in Lake Michigan and in large and
medium-sized rivers throughout Illinois.

Notropis blennius (Girard)—river shiner. Generally
distributed in large rivers and lower reaches of their major
tributaries throughout Illinois, except the northeastern part.

Notropis hoops Gilbert—bigeye shiner. Occasional
in the southern half of the state except the interior counties,
where it is sporadic.

Known

Notropis buchanani Meek—ghost shiner. Occasional
in large rivers and lower reaches of their major tributaries
throughout Illinois, except the northern and eastern counties.

Notropis chalybaeus (Cope)—ironcolor shiner. Gen-
erally distributed in the Kankakee drainage system; sporadic
elsewhere in the northern half of the state.

Notropis chrysocephalus chrysocephalus (Rafinesque )—
striped shiner. Generally distributed in the eastern and
central parts of the state and in the Shawnee Hills of south-
ern Illinois; apparently absent from northern, western, and
south-central Illinois.

Notropis cornutus (Mitchill)—common shiner. Gen-
erally distributed throughout the northern fourth of the
state.

Notropis dorsalis (Agassiz) —bigmouth shiner. Gen-
erally distributed throughout the northern three-fourths of
the state, except in the upper Wabash drainage system.

Notropis fumeus Evermann—ribbon shiner. Two rec-
ords, based on a very few specimens taken in creeks of
Jasper County, needing substantiation.

Notropis heterodon (Cope)—blackchin shiner. Occa-
sional in lakes of Lake and McHenry counties.

Notropis heterolepis Eigenmann & Eigenmann—black-
nose shiner. Generally distributed in the Kankakee drain-
age system; sporadic elsewhere in the northern third of the
state.

Notropis hudsonius (Clinton)—spottail shiner. Gen-
erally distributed in Lake Michigan, in the upper and middle
Mississippi River, the Illinois River, and lower reaches of
the major tributaries of these rivers; sporadic in the lower
Mississippi River.

Notropis lutrensis (Baird & Girard )—red shiner. Gen-
erally distributed throughout Illinois, except in the extreme
northeastern part and the Wabash drainage system.

Notropis rubellus (Agassiz)—rosyface shiner. Gen-
erally distributed in fast streams throughout the northern
third and the extreme east-central part of the state.

Notropis shumardi (Girard)—silverband shiner. Gen-
erally distributed in the lower Mississippi and Ohio rivers
and lower reaches of their major tributaries; occasional in
the lower Illinois and the middle Mississippi rivers.

Notropis spilopterus (Cope) subspecies—spotfin shin-
er. Generally distributed in the Wabash and Ohio drainage
systems and across the northern third of the state; occa-
sional in the middle Mississippi River; apparently absent
elsewhere from western Illinois.

Notropis stramineus stramineus (Cope )—northeastern
sand shiner. Generally distributed throughout the northern
four-fifths of Illinois; occasional in the extreme southeast-
ern and southwestern counties, but absent from the south-
central counties.

Notropis texanus (Girard )—weed shiner. Generally
distributed in the Kankakee drainage system; sporadic else-
where in the northern third of the state.

Notropis umbratilis (Girard) subspecies—redfin shin-
er. Generally distributed throughout the state.

Notropis venustus venustus (Girard )—northern black-
tail shiner. Occasional in the Clear Creek drainage system

8

of Alexander and Union counties, where it hybridizes with
N. lutrensis; sporadic in the lower Ohio River.

Notropis volucellus (Cope) subspecies—mimic shiner.
Generally distributed in the Wabash, Ohio, and lower Mis-
sissippi fivers; sporadic in small streams of the extreme
eastern part of the state.

Notropis whipplei (Girard)—steelcolor shiner. Oc-
casional in the Sangamon and the upper Wabash drainage
systems; sporadic in the southern half of the state.

Opsopoeodus emiliae Hay—pugnose minnow. Spo-
radic throughout the state.

Phenacobius mirabilis (Girard )—suckermouth minnow.
Generally distributed throughout Illinois, except the ex-
treme northeastern part.

Pimephales notatus (Rafinesque )—bluntnose minnow.
Generally distributed throughout the state.

Pimephales promelas promelas Rafinesque — northern
fathead minnow. Generally distributed throughout the
northern four-fifths of the state, except in the Wabash and
Kankakee drainage systems.

Pimephales vigilax perspicuus (Girard )—northern bull-
head minnow. Generally distributed in large rivers and
occasional in medium-sized rivers of Illinois; sporadic in
the extreme northeastern part.

Rhinichthys atratulus meleagris Agassiz—western black-
nose dace. Occasional throughout the northern third of
the state and in small gravelly tributaries of the middle
Illinois River; sporadic in the extreme easzern part of the
state.

Rhinichthys cataractae (Valenciennes )—longnose dace.
Generally distributed along the shore of Lake Michigan;
sporadic in the extreme northwestern part of the state.

Semotilus atromaculatus (Mitchill)—creek chub. Gen-
erally distributed in small and medium-sized streams
throughout the state.

Catostomidae—suckers

Carpiodes carpio carpio (Rafinesque )—northern river
carpsucker. Generally distributed in large rivers and lower
reaches of their major tributaries throughout Illinois, ex-
cept the northeastern part.

Carpiodes cyprinus (Lesueur) subspecies — quillback.
Generally distributed throughout the northern two-thirds of
Illinois; occasional in the southern third of the state.

Carpiodes velifer (Rafinesque) —highfin carpsucker.
Occasional in small rivers throughout Illinois, except the
northeastern counties.

Catostomus commersoni (Lacépede) —white sucker.
Generally distributed in small and medium-sized streams
throughout the state.

Cycleptus elongatus (Lesueur)—blue sucker. Sporadic
in the Wabash, Ohio, and Mississippi rivers and lower
reaches of their major tributaries.

Erimyzon oblongus claviformis (Girard )—western
creek chubsucker. Generally distributed threughout east-
ern, central, and southern parts of Illinois; apparently ab-
sent from the northern third of the state and extremely
sporadic in the western counties.

Erimyzon sucetta (Lacépede)—lake chubsucker. Spo-
radic throughout Illinois; extremely rare, if present at all, in
the central and southern counties.

Hypentelinm nigricans (Lesueur)—northern hog suck-
er. Generally distributed throughout the northern, easzern,
and central parts of the state; sporadic in western Illinois
and apparently absent from the southern third of the state.

Ictiobus bubalus (Rafinesque) — smallmouth buffalo.
Generally distributed in large and medium-sized rivers
throughout Illinois, except the extreme northeastern part.

Ictiobus cyprinellus (Valenciennes )—bigmouth buffalo.
Occasional in large and medium-sized rivers throughout
Illinois, except the extreme northeastern part.

Ictiobus niger (Rafinesque)—black buffalo. Sporadic
in large and medium-sized rivers throughout the state.

Minytrema melanops (Rafinesque) — spotted sucker.
Sporadic throughout the state.

Moxostoma anisurum (Rafinesque) —silver redhorse.
Occasional throughout the northern half of the state.

Moxostoma carinatum (Cope)—river redhorse. Spo-
radic in the extreme eastern part of the state.

Moxostoma duquesnei (Lesueur )—black redhorse. Two
recent records, based on a few specimens from the Ver-
milion River in Vermilion County and Grand Pierre Creek
in Pope County, needing substantiation.

Moxostoma erythrurum (Rafinesque)—golden red-
horse. Generally distributed throughout the northern two-
thirds of the state; occasional in the southern third.

Moxostoma macrolepidotum (Lesueur )—northern red-
horse. Generally distributed throughout the state, except
in the southern tip.

Moxostoma valenciennesi Jordan—greater redhorse. A
record, based on one specimen from the Fox River in Kane
County, needing substantiation.

Ictaluridae—catfishes and bullheads

Ictalurus furcatus (Lesueur)—blue catfish. Occasional
in the lower Wabash, Ohio, and Mississippi rivers and
lower reaches of their major tributaries.

Ictalurus melas (Rafinesque)—black bullhead. Gen-
erally distributed throughout the state.

Ictalurus natalis (Lesueur)—yellow bullhead. Gener-
ally distributed throughout the state.

Ictalurus nebulosus (Lesueur)—brown bullhead. Gen-
erally distributed in Fox Chain O'Lakes; occasional in mar-
ginal lakes of the middle Illinois River; sporadic in the
lower Mississippi River and lower reaches of its tributaries
and associated swamps.

Ictalurus punctatus (Rafinesque )—channel catfish. Gen-
erally distributed in large and medium-sized rivers through-
out the state.

Noturus eleutherus Jordan—mountain madtom. Gen-
erally distributed in gravelly riffles of the Wabash River;
sporadic in lower reaches of its major tributaries.

Noturus exilis Nelson—slender madtom. Sporadic in
gravelly streams throughout Illinois, except the eastern part.

Noturus flavus Rafinesque—stonecat. Generally dis-
tributed throughout the northern half of the state; occa-

sional in the Wabash River; sporadic in the lower Mis-
sissippi River and lower reaches of its major tributaries.

Noturus gyrinus (Mitchill)—tadpole madtom. Gen-
erally distributed throughout the state.

Noturus miurus Jordan—brindled madtom. Generally
distributed in the upper Wabash drainage system; sporadic
in the lower Wabash and Ohio drainage systems.

Noturus nocturnus Jordan & Gilbert—freckled madtom.
Generally distributed in the Kaskaskia River; sporadic else-
where in the southern two-thirds of the state.

Noturus species—undescribed madtom. Known from
the lower Vermilion River in Vermilion County and the
Wabash River in Wabash County.

Pylodictis olivaris (Rafinesque)—flathead catfish. Oc-
casional in large and medium-sized streams throughout
Illinois, except the northeastern part.

Percopsidae—trout-perches
Percopsis omiscomaycus (Walbaum )—trout-perch. Oc-
casional in Lake Michigan and the middle Illinois River;
sporadic in the Mississippi River and its lesser tributaries.

Aphredoderidae—pirate perches
Aphredoderus sayanus (Gilliams )—pirate perch. Gen-
erally distributed throughout the southern part of Illinois;
occasional in the east-central counties; sporadic in northern
and central Illinois.

Amblyopsidae—cavefishes
Chologaster agassizt Putnam—spring cavefish. Known at
present only from springs in northwestern Union County.

Gadidae—codfishes
Lota lota (Linnaeus) —burbot. Occasional in Lake
Michigan; sporadic in the Mississippi and Illinois rivers
and lower reaches of their major tributaries.

Cyprinodontidae—topminnows

Fundulus diaphanus menona Jordan & Copeland—
banded killifish. Occasional in lakes of Lake and McHenry
counties. NOELi

Fundulus @mgm@m@ dispar (Agassiz)—northern starhead
topminnow. Sporadic in northeastern Illinois, the middle
Illinois River valley, and swamps in northwestern Union
County.

Fundulus notatus (Rafinesque )—blackstripe topmin-
now. Generally distributed throughout the southern three-
fourths of the state, except for the upland streams in the
Shawnee Hills of southern Illinois; occasional in the north-
ern fourth of the state.

Fundulus olivaceus (Storer )—blackspotted topminnow.
Generally distributed throughout the Shawnee Hills of
southern Illinois; occasional in the bordering counties north
of the Shawnee Hills.

Poeciliidae—livebearers
Gambusia affinis affinis (Baird & Girard )—mosquito-
fish. Generally distributed throughout the southern third

9

of the state; occasional in the lower and middle Illinois
River valley; sporadic elsewhere through introductions.

Atherinidae—silversides
Labidesthes sicculus (Cope )—brook silverside. Occa-
sional throughout the state.

Gasterosteidae—sticklebacks
Culaea inconstans (Kirtland )—brook stickleback. Gen-
erally distributed in small streams throughout most of the
northern fourth of the state.
Pungitins pungitius (Linnaeus )—ninespine stickleback.
Occasional along the shore of Lake Michigan.

Serranidae—sea basses

Roccus chrysops (Rafinesque )—white bass. Generally
distributed in the Mississippi, Illinois, and Ohio rivers and
lower reaches of their major tributaries; sporadic in other
large and medium-sized rivers.

Roccus mississtppiensis (Jordan & Eigenmann)—yel-
low bass. Sporadic throughout the state; occasional in
artificial lakes, where it has been introduced.

Centrarchidae—sunfishes

Ambloplites rupestris rupestris (Rafinesque )—northern
rock bass. Generally distributed in the northern, central,
and eastern parts of Illinois; occasional in western Illinois
but sporadic west of the Illinois River and throughout the
southern half of the state.

Centrarchus macropterus (Lacépéde )—flier. Generally
distributed in swamps and sluggish streams in the southern
fourth of the state.

Chaenobryttus gulosus (Cuvier )—warmouth. Occasion-
al throughout the state.

Elassoma zonatum Jordan—banded pygmy sunfish. Pres-
sently known only from swamps in northwestern Union
County.

Lepomis cyanellus Rafinesque—green sunfish. Gener-
ally distributed in creeks throughout the state.

Lepomis gibbosus (Linnaeus) —pumpkinseed. Occa-
sional throughout the northern third of the state; sporadic
in the middle Illinois River valley.

Lepomis humilis (Girard )—orangespotted sunfish. Oc-
casional throughout the state.

Lepomis macrochirus macrochirus Rafinesque—northern
bluegill. Generally distributed throughout the state.

Lepomis megalotis (Rafinesque) subspecies — longear
sunfish. Generally distributed throughout the southern third
of the state and the Wabash drainage system; sporadic in
the Illinois River valley and in northeastern Illinois.

Lepomas microlophus (Ginther )—red-ear sunfish. Spo-
radic in the southern and central parts of the state; all
populations, except those in the extreme southern tip of
Illinois, the result of introduction.

Lepomis punctatus miniatus (Jordan )—western spotted
sunfish. Sporadic in the Illinois River valley.

Lepomis symmetricus Forbes—bantam sunfish. Present-
ly known only from swamps in northwestern Union County.

10

Micropterus dolomieui Lacépede—smallmouth bass.
Generally distributed throughout the northern half of Illi-
nois; sporadic in the extreme southern part.

Micropterus punctulatus punctulatus (Rafinesque) —
northern spotted bass. Generally distributed in the upper
Wabash drainage system, the lower Wabash and Ohio
rivers, and across the southern tip of the state.

Micropterus salmoides salmoides (Lacépede )—northern
largemouth bass. Generally distributed throughout the
state.

Pomoxis annularis Rafinesque—white crappie. Gener-
ally distributed in lakes and rivers throughout the state.

Pomoxis nigromaculatus (Lesueur)—black crappie.
Generally distributed in lakes and rivers throughout the
state.

Percidae—perches and darters

Ammocrypta clara Jordan & Meek—western sand darter.
Sporadic in the upper and middle Mississippi and middle
Kaskaskia rivers.

Ammocrypta pellucida (Baird)—eastern sand darter.
Sporadic in the upper Wabash drainage system and in the
Ohio River.

Etheostoma asprigene (Forbes)—mud darter. Spo-
radic in large and medium-sized streams throughout the
state, except in northeastern Illinois.

Etheostoma blennioides Rafinesque—greenside darter.
Generally distributed in gravelly riffles of the upper Wabash
drainage system; a recent record from the Lake Michigan
drainage system, based on one specimen, needing substan-
tiation.

Etheostoma caeruleum Storer—rainbow darter. Gener-
ally distributed in gravelly riffles of the extreme northern,
eastern, and southern parts of Illinois; absent from western
and most of central Illinois.

Etheostoma camurum (Cope)—bluebreast darter.
Known only from the lower Middle Fork in Vermilion
County.

Etheostoma chlorosomum (Way) —bluntnose darter.
Generally distributed in swamps and sluggish creeks of
the southern third of the state; occasional in the middle
Illinois River; sporadic in the upper Mississippi River.

Etheostoma exile (Girard )—Iowa darter. Sporadic in
the northern fourth of the state; known also from deep
quarries in southern Vermilion County.

Etheostoma flabellare Rafinesque subspecies — fantail
darter. Generally distributed in the northern fourth of
Illinois; occasional throughout the northern half of the
state and in east-central and extreme southwestern counties.

Etheostoma gracile (Girard )—slough darter. Generally
distributed throughout the southern third of the state,
except the western counties.

Etheostoma histrio Jordan & Gilbert—harlequin darter.
Known only from the middle Embarras River in Cumber-
land and Jasper counties.

Etheostoma kennicotti (Putnam)—stripetail darter.
Generally distributed in clear gravelly streams in the ex-
treme southeastern part of the state.

Etheostoma microperca Jordan & Gilbert—least darter.
Occasional throughout the northeastern part of the state.

Etheostoma nigrum Rafinesque subspecies — johnny
darter. Generally distributed throughout the state.

Etheostoma proeliare (Hay )—cypress darter. Sporadic
in the extreme southern part of the state.

Etheostoma spectabile spectabile ( Agassiz) —orange-
throat darter. Generally distributed in the southern, east-
ern, and western parts of Illinois; apparently absent from
the extreme northern counties and from much of the cen-
tral part of the state.

Etheostoma squamiceps Jordan—spottail darter. Gen-
erally distributed in clear streams of the extreme south-
eastern part of the state; occasional in small streams of
Union County.

Etheostoma zonale (Cope )—banded darter. Occasional
throughout the northern half of Illinois, except the western
part.

Perca flavescens (Mitchill)—yellow perch. Generally
distributed in Lake Michigan; occasional in the northern
fourth of the state, the middle Ilinois River, and the upper
and middle Mississippi River; elsewhere present only where
introduced.

Percina caprodes (Rafinesque) subspecies—logperch.
Occasional throughout the state and in Lake Michigan.

Percina maculata (Girard)—blackside darter. Gener-
ally distributed in the eastern two-thirds of Illinois; spo-
radic in western counties of the state.

Percina phoxocephala (Nelson) —slenderhead darter.
Occasional throughout Illinois, except the extreme north-
eastern part and the southern tip of the state.

Percina sciera sciera (Swain)—northern dusky darter.
Generally distributed in the Middle Fork and Embarras
rivers; sporadic elsewhere in the Wabash and Ohio drainage
systems.

Percina shumardi (Girard)—river darter. Generally
distributed in riffles of the Mississippi River and lower
reaches of its major tributaries; sporadic in the Illinois,
Ohio, and Wabash rivers.

Stizostedion canadense (Smith) —sauger. Occasional
in the Mississippi, Ohio, and Wabash rivers and lower
reaches of their major tributaries.

Stizostedion vitreum vitreum (Mitchill)—yellow wall-
eye. Occasional in the upper and middle Mississippi River
and lower reaches of its major tributaries; sporadic in the
southern half of the state.

Sciaenidae—drums
Aplodinotus grunniens Rafinesque—freshwater drum.
Generally distributed in large rivers and occasional in
medium-sized rivers throughout the state.

Cottidae—sculpins
Cottus bairdi Girard—mottled sculpin. Sporadic in
spring-fed streams in the northeastern part of the state.
Cottus carolinae (Gill)—banded sculpin. Sporadic in
spring-fed streams in the extreme western and southern
parts of the state.

Cottus cognatus Richardson—slimy sculpin. Known
only from deep water of Lake Michigan off shore from
Chicago.

Cottus ricet (Nelson)—spoonhead sculpin. Sporadic
in deep water of Lake Michigan.

Myoxocephalus quadricornis (Linnaeus) —fourhorn
sculpin. Known only from deep water of Lake Michigan
off shore from Chicago.

PROBLEMATICAL LIST
The 35 species in the following list of hypothetical
additions to the Illinois fauna represent 18 genera and
11 families.

Petromyzonidae—lampreys
Ichthyomyzon bdellium (Jordan) —Ohio lamprey. Ap-
parently extirpated; formerly in the Wabash and Ohio
drainage systems, but not collected in the state since 1917.

Clupeidae—herrings
Alosa sapidissima (Wilson)—American shad. Extir-
pated; attempts to introduce the species in the northern
part of the state in the Jate 19th century unsuccessful.

Salmonidae—trouts and whitefishes

Coregonus alpenae (Koelz)—longjaw cisco. Not re-
corded from Illinois waters, but presumably occurring for-
merly in deep water of southwestern Lake Michigan.

Coregonus clupeaformis (Mitchill) —lake whitefish.
Presumably still occurring in deep water of southwestern
Lake Michigan.

Coregonus hoyi (Gill)—bloater. Presumably occurring
in deep water of southwestern Lake Michigan.

Coregonus johannae (Wagner )—deepwater cisco. Not
recorded from Illinois waters, but presumably occurring
formerly in deep water of southwestern Lake Michigan.

Coregonus kiyi (Koelz)—kiyi. Not recorded from
Illinois waters, but presumably occurring in deep water
of southwestern Lake Michigan.

Coregonus nigripinnis (Gill)—blackfin cisco. Not re-
corded from Illinois waters, but presumably occurring for-
merly in deep water of southwestern Lake Michigan.

Coregonus reighardi (Koelz)—shortnose cisco. Not
recorded from Illinois waters, but presumably occurring
in deep water of southwestern Lake Michigan.

Coregonus zenithicus (Jordan & Evermann)—shortjaw
cisco. Not recorded from Illinois waters, but presumably
occurring in deep water of southwestern Lake Michigan.

Prosopium cylindraceum quadrilaterale (Richardson )—
round whitefish. Presumably still occurring in deep water
of southwestern Lake Michigan.

Salvelinus fontinalis (Mitchill)—brook trout. Extir-
pated; repeated attempts to introduce the species in the
northern part of the state unsuccessful.

Esocidae—pikes
Esox masquinongy Mitchill—muskellunge. Probably ex-
tirpated; formerly occurring in lakes of northeastern IIli-

11

nois (Nelson 1876:43) and may still occur in southwestern
Lake Michigan.

Esox niger Lesueur—chain pickerel. Recently intro-
duced in northern and central parts of the state by Illinois
Natural History Survey personnel; stazus of plantings as
yet unknown.

Cyprinidae—minnows and carps

Chrosomus eos Cope—northern redbelly dace. Recently
introduced in the northeastern part of the state by South
Cook County Mosquito Abatement District personnel:
status of plantings as yet unknown; possibly occurring nat-
urally in Lake and McHenry counties, in view of its re-
ported occurrence in adjacent Kenosha County, Wisconsin
(Greene 1935:123).

Gila elongata (Kirtland) —redside dace. Credited by
Forbes (1884:74), on authority of David Starr Jordan, to
the Rock River, but records not accepted by subsequent
authors; possibly occurring in Stephenson and Winnebago
counties, in view of its known occurrence in adjacent Green
County, Wisconsin (INHS).

Notropis ariommus (Cope)—popeye shiner. Expected
in Illinois by Jordan (1878:60), but no records yet avail-
able; possible in extreme eastern and western parts of the
State, in view of its reported occurrence in nearby Parke
County, Indiana (Eigenmann & Beeson 1894:89), and its
known occurrence in adjacent Perry County, Missouri
(INHS).

Notropis photogenis (Cope)—silver shiner. Said to
occur, but without documentation, in bottomland lakes near
Brookport, Massac County (O'Donnell 1935:482).

Notropis zonatus (Agassiz) —bleeding shiner. Not
recorded from Illinois waters, but possible in the south-
western part of the state, in view of its known occurrence
in adjacent St. Louis, Jefferson, Ste. Genevieve, and Perry
counties, Missouri (INHS ).

Semotilus margarita nachtriebi (Cox)—northern pearl
dace. Not recorded from Illinois waters, but possible in
Stephenson and Winnebago counties, in view of its re-
ported occurrence in adjacent Rock County, Wisconsin
(Greene 1935:84).

Catostomidae—suckers

Catostomus catostomus catostomus (Forster )—eastern
longnose sucker. Recorded from Rock River, Ogle County,
as C. hudsonius by Nelson (1876:48) and from Lake
Michigan as C. longirostrum by Jordan (1878:64), but
records not accepted by subsequent authors; presumably oc-
curring in Lake Michigan off Lake and Cook counties, in
view of its reported occurrence in the Indiana waters of
Lake Michigan (Gerking 1945:40).

Cyprinodontidae—topminnows
Fundulus catenatus (Storer)—northern studfish. Not
recorded from Illinois waters, but possible in the south-
western part of the state, in view of its known occurrence
in adjacent St. Louis, Ste. Genevieve, Perry, and Cape Girar-
deau counties, Missouri (INHS).

12

Melanotaeniidae—rainbow fishes
Melanotaenia nigrans Richardson—Australian rainbow
fish. Extirpated; presumed escapes from a tropical fish
store were taken in the Mississippi River in Randolph
County in 1930 (O'Donnell 1935:491).

Atherinidae—silversides
Menidia audens Hay—Mississippi silverside. Not re-
corded from Illinois waters, but probable in the lower Mis-
sissippi River, in view of its known occurrence in the
Mississippi River in adjacent Mississippi County, Missouri
(W. L. Pflieger, personal communication ).

Percidae—perches and darters

Ammocrypta asprella (Jordan)—crystal darter. Prob-
ably extirpated, although still known to occur in adjacent
St. Louis County, Missouri (INHS); formerly occurring
in the Rock River and in clear streams of Effingham, Jo
Daviess, and Hancock counties, but not collected in the state
since 1900.

Ammocrypta vivax Hay—scaly sand darter. Not record-
ed from Illinois waters, but possible in the southwestern
part of the state, in view of its known occurrence in ad-
jacent Cape Girardeau County, Missouri (W. L. Pflieger,
personal communication).

Etheostoma stigmaeum (Jordan) —speckled darter. Not
recorded from Illinois waters, but possible in the south-
ern part of the state, in view of its known occurrence
in nearby Marshall County, Kentucky (INHS) and in ad-
jacent Cape Girardeau County, Missouri (W. L. Pflieger,
personal communication ).

Percina copelandi (Jordan)—channel darter. Not re-
corded from Illinois waters, but possible in the upper
Wabash River drainage, in view of its reported occurrence
in nearby Fountain and Warren counties, Indiana (Gerking
1945:88).

Percina evides (Jordan & Copeland) —gilt darter. Ap-
parently extirpated; formerly occurring in the Rock River,
but not collected in the state since 1932.

Percina uranidea (Jordan & Gilbert )—stargazing darter.
Recorded many years ago from the Wabash River in ad-

jacent Knox and Posey counties, Indiana (Jordan 1890:
164); possible in the extreme southwestern part of Illinois,
in view of its known occurrence in adjacent Scott County,
Missouri (INHS ).

Cichlidae—cichlids

Tilapia species—tilapias. A limited number of recent
introductions of the species mossambica, macrocephala,
melanopleura, nigra, and sparmanni in ponds near Dundee,
Champaign, and Carbondale by personnel of the Fin ‘n
Feather Club, Illinois Natural History Survey, and Southern
Illinois University, respectively, but no evidence of over-
wintering.

LITERATURE CITED

BAILEY, REEVE M., Chairman. 1960. A list of common and
scientific names of fishes from the United States and Canada.
Amer. Fish Soc. Spec. Pub. 2. Second ed. Ann Arbor, Mich.
102 p.

EIGENMANN, CARL H., AND CHARLES H. BEESON. 1894. The
fishes of Indiana. Ind. Acad. Sci. Proc. for 1893, p. 76-108.

FORBES, STEPHEN ALFRED. 1884. A catalogue of the native
fishes of Illinois. Ill. State Fish Commiss. Rep. for 1884,
p. 60-89.

, AND ROBERT EARL RICHARDSON.
of Illinois. Illinois State Laboratory of Natural History [Ur-
bana]. cxxxi + 357 p. + separate atlas containing 102 maps.

GERKING, SHELBY D. 1945. The distribution of the fishes of
Indiana. Ind. Dep. Conserv., Div. Fish and Game, and Ind.
Univ., Dep. Zool., Invest. Ind. Lakes and Streams 3(1) :1-137.

GREENE, C. WILLARD. 1935. The distribution of Wisconsin
fishes. Wis. Conserv. Commiss., Madison. 235 p.

JORDAN, DAviIpD STARR. 1878. A catalogue of the fishes of
Illinois. Ill. Lab. Nat. Hist. Bul. 1(2) :37-70.

1890. Report of explorations made during the summer
and autumn of 1888, in the Alleghany region of Virginia,
North Carolina and Tennessee, and in western Indiana, with
an account of the fishes found in each of the river basins of
those regions. U. S. Fish Commiss. Bul. for 1888, 8:97—-173.

LARGE, THOMAS. [1903.] A list of the native fishes of Illinois,
with keys. Append. to Illinois State Board of Fish Com-
missioners Rep. 1900-1902. 30 p.

NELSON, E. W. 1876. A partial catalogue of the fishes of Illi-
nois. Ill. Mus. Nat. Hist. Bul. 1(1):33-52.

O'DONNELL, D. JOHN. 1935. Annotated list of the fishes of
Illinois. Ill. Nat. Hist. Surv. Bul 20(5) :473-500.

{1908.] The fishes

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