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^  M 

i 


THE  LIBRARY 

OF 

THE  UNIVERSITY 

OF  CALIFORNIA 

LOS  ANGELES 


IN  MEMORY  OF 

Louis  Knott  Koontz 


A  PRIMER 
OF  CIVICS 


Designed  for  the  Guidance  of 
the  Immigrant 


Written  by  J.  J.  Zmrhal 


issued  by 

The  Colonial  Dames  of  Illinois 

1912 


Copyrighted 

by  Eliza  L.  Potwin 

1912 


THB  WALUVCE  PRESS 
CHICAGO 


PRVNI 
CITANKA  OBCANSKA 


ERRATA 


1.  Page  11,  20th  line.  Maryland  was 
founded  in  1634  and  named  in  honor  ot 
H  enrietta  Maria,  the  wife  of  Charles  the  First. 

Baltimore  was  founded  in  1729  and  was 
named  after  Lord  Baltimore. 

2.  Page  45  (Bohemian)  19th  line.  The 
word  "DEMOCRATIC"  should  be  in 
ordinary  type. 


835901 


PART  I 


SALIENT  POINTS  IN  AMERICAN 
HISTORY. 


HLAVNI    BODY    DEJIN    AMERICKYCH. 


SALIENT  POINTS  IN  AMERICAN 
fflSTORY 

CONTENTS. 

Chapter  I.    The  Colonies. 

Chapter  II.    The  Revolution. 

Chapter  III.    The  Struggle  For  The  Union. 

Chapter  IV.    The  Making  Of  the  States  Into 
A  Nation. 

Chapter  V.     Conclusion  And  Summary. 


OBSAH: 

Kapitola    I.     Yznik  americkych  kolonii. 

Kapitola  II.    Valka  za  neodvislost. 

Kapitola  III.     Valka  obcanska. 

Kapitola  IV.     Utvofeni   se   ameriekeho   na- 
roda. 

Kapitola  V.     Zaverek. 


CHAPTER  I. 
The  Foundatiop  of  the  Colonies. 

There  was  a  time  when  this  great 
country,  which  we  call  The  United  States, 
was  nothing  but  an  immense  wilderness  in- 
habited by  a  redskinned  race  —  the  Indians. 
Instead  of  cities,  there  were  small  villages 
of  wigwams  little  huts  made  of  bark  and 
grass ;  instead  of  roads  there  were  but  paths 
through  the  forests  and  the  endless  prairies. 

But  the  Indian  desired  nothing  more.  He 
did  not  care  for  anything  but  hunting,  fish- 
ing, and  fighting;  and  these  things  were 
abundantly  furnished  him  in  this  great 
American  wilderness.  Thousands  upon 
thousands  of  buffaloes  were  grazing  on  the 
prairies ;  the  forests  were  alive  with  deer,  elk 
and  other  wild  animals;  the  rivers  were 
filled  with  pickerel,  salmon,  and  bass;  and 
there  were  many  tribes  of  Indians  to  fight 
with  each  other.  "With  his  bow  and  arrow, 
the  Indian  killed  animals  for  his  food  and 
clothing;   with   his   stone   ax,   he   made  his 


KAPITOLA    I. 

Vznik  americkych  kolonii. 

Byl  cas,  kdy  tato  velika  zeme,  jiz  nazy- 
vame  Spojenymi  Staty,  nebyla  nicim  jinym 
nez  velikou  pustinou,  obyvanou  rudym  ple- 
menem  —  Indiany.  Misto  mest  byly  zde  ma- 
le vesnice  z  "wigwamu",  malycli  to  chysi, 
sdelanych  z  kury  a  travin,  misto  silnic  byly 
zde  pouze  stezky  skrze  huste  lesy  a  neko- 
necne  prerie  vedouci. 

Avsak  Indian  nepfal  si  vice.  Nedbal  o 
nic  nez  o  lov,  rybafeni  a  valceni,  a  toko  se  mu 
hojne  dostavalo  v  teto  nesmirne  americke 
pustine.  Tisice  tisicu  buvolu  paslo  se  na  pre- 
riieh ;  lesy  byly  oziveny  srnci,  jeleny  a  jiny- 
mi  divokymi  zvifaty;  feky  byly  pine  stik, 
lososu  a  okounu ;  a  bylo  mnoho  kmenu  Indi- 
anskych,  s  nimiz  bylo  Ize  vesti  valku.  Lukem 
a  sipem  zabijel  Indian  zvef  pro  svoji  potra- 
vu  a  odev,  kamennou  sekerou  zrobil  si  naci- 


A  Primer  of  Civics 


tools  and  built  his  wigwam  and  fought  his 
enemies.    He   eared  little   for   digging   the 
gold    hidden   in   the    mountains,    he    knew 
nothing  of  iron  or  coal  and  their  uses;  the 
only  cereal  he  raised  was  the  maize;  and 
thus  the  immeasurable  riches  in  the  soil  and 
under  the   ground  remained  untouched  by 
him.    It  was  not  until  the  white  man  came 
that  the  country  began  to  develop — slowly 
at  first,  but  later  with  wonderful  rapidity. 
The  first  people  who  tried  to  settle  in 
the  territory  that  we  now  call  The  United 
States  were  the  English  and  the  Dutch.  The 
English  claimed  all  of  North  America  from 
Nova  Scotia  to  northern  Florida,  and  "from 
sea  to  sea".   No  one  knew  anything  of  the 
real  extent  of  the  country  which  was  unex- 
plored except  the  narrow  strip  lying  along 
the  coast.   To  settle  this  new  country  was  a 
difficult  task.    From  1579  to  1609  several 
attempts  were  made  to  found  a  colony  in 
what    is    now    Virginia    and    Carolina    by 
Kaleigh,  Gilbert,  and  White — each  at  a  dif- 
ferent   time.     But    the    people    who    were 
brought  over  the  sea  found  the  undertaking 


Prvni  citanka  obcanska 


ni,  postavil  si  svuj  wigwam  a  bo j oval  se  svy- 
mi  nepfately.  Velice  male  dbal  o  dobyvani 
zlata  skryteho  v  horach,  nevedel  niceho  o 
zeleze  neb  uhli  a  uzivani  jich.  Jedina  plodi- 
na,  jiz  pestoval  byla  kukui'ice,  a  tak  nesmir- 
ne  poklady  skryte  v  zemi  i  pod  zemi  zustaly 
jim  netknuty.  Teprve  kdyz  pfisel  beloch, 
zacala  se  zeme  zvelebovati,  z  pocatku  volne, 
pozdeji  vsak  s  podivuhodnou  rychlosti. 

Prvni  narodove,  jiz  pokusili  se  osaditi 
zemi,  jiz  nazyvame  nyni  Spojenymi  Staty, 
byli  Anglicane  a  Holland 'ane.  Anglicane  ci- 
nili  si  naroky  na  eelou  Severni  Ameriku  od 
Noveho  Skotska  az  k  severni  Floride  "od 
more  k  mofi".  (Nikdo  tehdy  nevedel  oprav- 
dovy  rozsah  nasi  zeme,  jez  byla  neprozkou- 
mana  krome  uzky  pruh  podel  bfehu.)  Osa- 
diti novon  tuto  zemi  bylo  tezkym  ukolem. 
Od  roku  1579  do  r.  1609  bylo  ucineno  neko- 
lik  poknsii  zaloziti  kolonii  v  zemi,  jez  dnes  je 
znama  co  Virzinie  a  Karolina,  Raleighem, 
Gilbertem  a  AVhitem,  kazdym  v  jiny  cas. 
Avsak  lide,  jiz  byli  pfevezeni  tam  pfes 
more,     uznali     pfedsevzeti     sve     za     pfilis 


8  A  Primer  of  Civics 

too  difficult;  they  became  discouraged, 
homesick,  and  were  unable  to  endure  the  life 
in  the  wilderness.  Some  returned  to  England, 
and  many  perished.  The  colony  founded  by 
White  at  Roanoke  Island  disaptpeared,  no 
one  knows  how ;  possibly  the  settlers  were 
killed  by  the  Spaniards  or  by  the  Indians, 
It  was  not  until  1607  that  a  successful 
settlement  was  made  under  the  leadership 
of  Captain  John  Smith,  and  even  this  success 
cost  the  people  great  sacrifices.  The  story 
of  the  hardships,  the  troubles,  and  the  suf- 
ferings of  this  colony  would  fill  a  book.  In- 
dians, who  at  first  were  friendly,  fought  the 
colonists,  killing  hundreds  of  them  and  burn- 
ing their  houses.  Many  of  the  colonists  had 
come  to  this  country  to  become  rich  and 
preferred  searching  for  gold  to  plowing  the 
fields  until  they  were  dying  of  hunger  and 
diseases.  Had  it  not  been  for  the  good  sense 
and  energy  of  John  Smith,  they  would  all 
have  died.  The  first  town  they  built  was 
called  Jamestown,  and  it  was  the  first 
English  to^vn  on  the  soil  of  the  present 
United  States. 


Prvni  citanka  obcanska  8 

tezke  k  provedeni;  zmalomyslneli,  onemoc- 
neli  touhou  po  domovu  a  nebyli  s  to  snesti 
zivot  V  pustine.  Nektefi  vratili  se  do  Evro- 
py,  a  mnozi  zahynuli.  Kolonie  zalozena 
"Whitem  v  Roanoke  Island  zmizela  aniz  by 
kdo  vedel  jak;  mozno  dost,  ze  byli  osadnici 
pobiti  Spanely  neb  Indiany. 

Teprve  v  roce  1607  podafilo  se  zaloziti 
osadu  pod  vedenim  kapitana  Smitha,  avsak 
i  tento  zdar  stal  lid  mnoho  obeti.  Dejiny 
tezkosti,  svizelu  a  utrpeni  teto  kolonie  na- 
plnily  by  celou  knihu.  Indiani,  kteri  z  po- 
catku  byli  pratelskymi,  stale  znepokojovali 
osadniky,  ubijejice  jich  sta  a  domy  jejich 
zapalujice.  Mnozi  z  techto  kolonistu  byli  pfi- 
sli  do  teto  zeme  zbohatnouti  a  davali  pred- 
nost  hledani  zlata  pfed  oranim  poll.  Nebyti 
dobre  rozvahy  Jana  Smitha  byvali  by  vsi- 
chni  umf  eli  hladem.  Prvni  mesto,  jez  posta- 
vili  bylo  Jamestown,  jez  bylo  prvnim  Angli- 
ekym  mestem  na  pevnine  nynejsicli  Spoje- 
nych  Statu. 


A  Primer  of  Civics 


The  next  colony  worthy  of  notice  was 
founded  in  1620,  in  Massachusetts,  by  the 
Pilgrims.    These  people  left  England  to  be 
free  to  worship  God  in  the  manner  which 
they  believed  to  be  right.  They  were  positive 
in  their  views,  severe  in  their  morals,  simpl(3 
in  their  way  of  life.  They  were  hardy,  strong, 
determined  men  and  women.    They  came  to 
the   shores  of  Massachusetts  in  December, 
1620,  in  their  ship  The  Mayflower.    There 
was  not  even  an  Indian  hut  in  sight  when 
they   came ;   no   shelter,   of   any  kind,   wel- 
comed   them    as    they    disembarked.     They 
made    camp    in    the    snow-covered    woods, 
passed    the    night    sleeping    on    the    frozen 
ground,  and  when  the  dawn  of  their  first 
Sunday  in  the  new  world  woke  them  to  wor- 
ship they  had  the  primeval  forest  for  their 
temple.    An  ordinary  band  of  men  would 
have  returned  straightway,   but  these  Pil- 
grims, as  they  were  called,  stayed,  resolved 
to  realize  their  ideal,  even  at  the  cost  of 
their  lives.   "Without  delay  they  felled  trees, 
and  shaped  them  into  logs  of  which  they 
built  their  simple  cabins.  They  pursued  their 


Prvni  citanka  obcanska 


Nasledujici  kolonie,  jez  stoji  za  povsim- 
nuti,  byla  zalozena  r.  1620  v  Massachussetts 
Puritany.  Lide  tito  opustili  Anglii,  aby  meli 
svobodu  ctiti  Boha  zpusobem,  jejz  oni  za 
spravny  uznavali.  Byli  pevnymi  ve  svych 
nazorech,  pfisnymi  ve  svych  zpusobech,  jed- 
noduchymi  ve  svem  zpusobu  zivota.  Byli  to 
otuzili,  silni  a  odhodlani  muzove  a  zeny.  Pfi- 
stali  k  bfehum  Massachussetts  v  prosinci  r. 
1620  lodi  Mayflower. 

Kdyz  pfijeli,  nebylo  ani  indianske  cha- 
ty  nikde  videti;  zadne  pfistresi  jakehokoliv 
druhu  nevitalo  je,  kdyz  vystupovali  z  lodi. 
Rozbili  tabor  v  posnezenych  lesich,  stravili 
HOC  spice  na  tvrde,  zmrzle  zemi,  a  kdyz  u- 
svit  prvni  jejich  nedele  v  Novem  Svete  vzbu- 
dil  je  k  bohosluzbam,  meli  prales  za  svuj 
chram.  Obycejny  hloucek  lidi  byl  by  se  vra- 
til  bez  vahani  zpet,  avsak  tito  "Poutnici,  jak 
se  nazyvali,  zustali,  rozhodnuti  uskutecnitit 
svuj  ideal,  byt'  i  za  cenu  sveho  zivota.  Bez 
meskani  kaceli  stromy  a  tesali  z  nich  klady, 
z  nichz  budovali  si  svoje  proste  kabiny.  Ko- 


10  A  Primer  of  Civics 

I  II.  I    ■  I       ■        .  I     I-..  M« 

difficult  work  without  warm  beds  at  night 
and  with  scanty  food  to  satisfy  their  hunger. 
Many  died  that  winter,  thus  consecrating 
the  soil  for  those  that  remained,  who,  after 
this  experience,  never  once  thought  of  re- 
turning and  deserting  the  land  where  were 
the  graves  of  their  beloved  dead.  Thus  Ply- 
mouth was  founded  upon  the  sacrifices  of 
those  who  loved  the  good  of  others  as  well 
as  their  own.  Their  hardships  did  not  end 
with  the  winter;  sickness,  hunger,  and 
struggles  with  the  Indians  harassed  them, 
and  it  was  only  their  wonderful  courage 
that  enabled  them  to  survive. 

Fortunately,  in  these  dark  days,  there 
were  those  who  could  care  for  the  sick,  de- 
fend the  settlement  from  attacks  by  Indians, 
and  encourage  the  weary  and  disheartened. 
Among  them  Myles  Standish  was  leader, 
and  to  him  belongs  much  of  the  credit  for 
the  preservation  of  the  colony.  In  the 
Spring,  they  planted  corn  and  other  vege- 
tables when  the  Indians  had  taught  them 
how  to  do  it,  and  waited  for  their  first  crop. 
The  suffering  from  hunger  had  been  great 


Prvni  citanka  obcanska  10 

nali  tuto  tezkou  praci  bez  teplyeh  posteli, 
V  nichz  by  v  noci  si  odpocinuli  a  s  nedostatec- 
nou  potravou,  s  niz  by  hlad  svuj  zahnali. 
Mnoho  jich  zemfelo  te  zimy,  cinice  pudu  tu 
posvatnou  pro  ty,  jiz  pozustali,  kteriz  potom 
ani  jednou  jiz  nepomyslili  na  navrat  a  opu- 
steni  te  zeme,  kde  byly  hroby  jejich  milyeh. 
Timto  zpusobem  zalozen  byl  Plymouth  —  na 
obetech  tech,  kteri  milovali  dobro  jinych  ja- 
ko  svoje  vlastni.  Tezkosti  jejich  nepominuly 
se  zimou;  nemoce,  hlad,  a  potycky  s  India- 
ny  trapily  je,  a  byla  to  pouze  jejich  obdivu- 
hodna  zmuzilost,  jez  je  zachranila. 

Na  stesti  v  techto  temnych  dnech  byli  ta- 
kovi,  jez  starali  se  o  nemocne,  hajili  osadu 
pfed  utoky  Indianu  a  povzbuzovali  unave- 
nych  a  zmlatnelych.  Vudcem  mezi  vsemi  byl 
Myles  Standish  a  jemu  nalezi  nejvetsi  zaslu- 
hy  0  zachraneni  teto  kolonie, 

Na  jafe  nasazeli  kukufici  a  jine  zeliny, 
jak  se  byH  od  Indianu  naucili,  a  cekali  na 
prvni  svoji  urodu.  Utrpeni  bylo  velike  a  neni 
tedy  divu,  ze  radost  byla  vseobecna,  kdyz 


11  A  Primer  of  Civics 

and  it  is  no  wonder  that  there  was  much  re- 
joicing everywhere  when  the  first  crops 
were  gathered  in.  It  was  not  only  joy,  but 
thankfulness  also  that  swayed  their  hearts. 
They  set  the  last  Thursday  in  November, 
1621,  for  giving  thanks — a  Thanksgiving 
Day — and  since  that  time  the  people  of  the 
United  States  observe  that  day  which  since 
then  has  become  a  legal  holiday. 

In  the  17th  century  England,  as  well  as 
most  of  the  countries  of  Europe,  was  a  very 
intolerant  country;  only  those  of  the  Estab- 
lished Church  being  allowed  to  worship 
freely.  Everybody  else — the  Puritans,  Cath- 
olics, and  others,  being  persecuted  and  mal- 
treated. We  know  how  the  Puritans  left 
England  for  America  that  they  might  prac- 
tice their  religion  in  their  own  way;  and 
what  the  Puritans  did  others  hastened  to  do. 
The  Catholics  founded  Baltimore  in  1634 
and  named  the  settlement  after  the  founder, 
Lord  Baltimore,  in  the  colony  which  they 
called  Maryland,  in  honor  of  the  Virgin 
Mary.  The  Quakers  founded  the  city  of 
Philadelphia  in  1681,  naming  their  colony 


Prvni  citanka  obcanski  11 

prvni  uroda  byla  sklizena.  Nebyla  to  pouze 
radost,  avsak  tez  i  vdecnost,  jez  ovladala  je- 
jich  srdce.  Posledni  ctvrtek  v  listopadu  roku 
1621  byl  urcen  pro  dikucineni  a  od  te  doby 
slaven  byl  kazdorocne  az  stal  se  zakonitym 
svatkem. 

Tez  i  jine  kolonie  zalozeny  byly  vyste- 
hovalci  pro  sve  nabozenske  nazory  pronasle- 
dovanymi ;  ve  stoleti  17tem  byla  Anglie  zrov- 
na  jako  i  vetsina  jinych  zemi,  velice  nesna- 
senlivou,  dovolujic  pouze  Cirkvi  Uznane  sta- 
tem  uceni  sve  vyznavati  svobodne,  pronasle- 
du'jic  a  trestajie  vseehny  ostatnl.  My  vi- 
me,  kterak  Puritan!  opustili  Anglii,  aby  mo- 
hli  svoje  nabozenstvi  svym  zpusobem  prova- 
deti  a  co  Puritan!  ucinili,  jini  tez  spechali  u- 
ciniti.  Katoliei  zalozili  Baltimore  v  roce  1634, 
za  pomoci  Lorda  Baltimore-a,  po  nemz  mesto 
sve  nazvali,  v  kolonii,  jiz  nazvali  Maryland 
na  pocest  panny  Marie.  Quaker!  zalozili  me- 
sto Filadelfii  roku  1681  a  nazvali  svoji  kolo- 
nii Pennsylvanii  na  pocest  Vilema  Penna,  je- 


33  A  Primer  of  Civics 

Pennsylvania  in  honor  of  William  Penn,  the 
founder.  These  two  colonies  grew  very  fast, 
since  both  Lord  Baltimore  and  "William  Penn 
were  tolerant  of  other  creeds  and  beliefs 
and  ruled  their  people  with  love  and  justice. 
Other  colonies  sprung  up  rapidly,  one  after 
another,  North  Carolina  in  1663,  Georgia  in 
1733 — founded  by  the  benevolent  Lord  Ogle- 
thorpe, whose  kind  heart  moved  hi'm  to  give 
a  new  start  in  life  to  many  of  his  poor  and 
unfortunate  but  otherwise  worthy  country- 
men, who  according  to  the  law  of  those  days 
were  imprisoned  for  not  paying  their  debts. 
When  we  thus  go  through  the  history  of 
colonization  of  our  country,  we  see  that 
there  were  two  main  reasons  that  brought 
people  to  our  shores :  the  first,  a  great  desire 
for  freedom,  religious  and  political ;  and  the 
second,  a  desire  to  better  their  material  con- 
dition. It  is  true,  beyond  any  doubt,  that 
the  desire  for  Freedom  was  in  the  heart  of 
every  immigrant  in  a  much  greater  degree 
than  it  is  now,  and  it  was  this  that  gave  the 
founders  of  the  United  States  the  strength 
to  stay  in  spite  of  the  tremendous  hardships 


Prvni  citanka  obcanska  12 

M  ■       I      .1.-  I     ■  I  — I-     ■  ■  .1         ..I     I,.  I    I.       .  ■      B^^^.— ^^B^l^M^^^^M  ^ 

jiho  zakladatele.  Tyto  posledni  dve  kolonie 
rostly  velmi  rychle,  jelikoz  Lord  Baltimore 
i  Vilem  Penn  byli  snasenlivi  k  ostatnim  na- 
bozenskym  vyznanim  a  vladli  svemu  lidu  la- 
skou  a  spravedbiosti.  Jine  kolonie  vznikly 
rychle  za  sebou,  Severni  Karolina  v  roce  1663 
Georgia  v  roce  1733,  zalozena  lidiimilnyni 
Lordem  Oglethorpem,  jehoz  dobre  srdce  ve- 
dlo  ho  k  tomu,  aby  dal  novou  pfilezitost  za- 
citi  novy  zivot  svym  nest 'astnym,  avsak  ji- 
nak  hodnym  krajanum,  ktefi  pro  nezaplaee- 
ni  dluhu  die  tehdejsiho  zakona  byli  vez- 
neni. 

Probirame-li  dejiny  osazovani  nasi  ze- 
me,  vidime,  ze  byly  dve  hlavni  pfieiny,  jez 
vedly  lidi  k  nasim  bfehum:  prvni  byla  tou- 
ha  po  uplne  svobode,  nabozenske  i  politieke, 
a  druha  touha  po  zlepseni  hmotnych  pome- 
ru.  Jest  to  nepochybne  pravda,  ze  tenkrate 
touha  po  svobode  byla  cinitelem  v  srdei  kaz- 
deho  pfistehovalee  v  mire  daleko  vetsi  nez 
nyni,  a  ona  to  byla,  jez  dala  zakladatelum 
Spojenych  Statu  tu  silu  zustati  vzdor  vsem 
tern  obrovskym  tezkostem,  jez  je  obklopova- 


13 A  Primer  of  Civics 

that  beset  them.  It  is  easy  to  see  that  com- 
munities founded  by  such  people  as  were  the 
early  colonists  could  not  but  grow,  and  de- 
velop rapidly  and  prosper. 


Prvni  citanka  obcanska  13 

ly.  Jest  na  snade,  ze  osady  zalozene  takovy- 
mi  lidmi  jako  byli  prvni  pfistehovalei  vzru- 
staly  a  vyvijely  se  rychle  a  zdarne  prospi- 
valy. 


CHAPTER  II. 

The  Revolutionary  War. 

The  colonies  belonged  at  first  to  Great 
Britain,  with  the  English  King  as  their  ruler, 
but  later  the  colonies  rose  against  the  British 
Government,  declared  themselves  independ- 
ent states,  and  ever  since  then  have  elected 
their  own  rulers — the  Congress  and  the  Pres- 
ident. It  is  the  purpose  of  this  chapter  to 
tell  you  the  reason  for  this  change  and  to 
record  the  most  important  events  of  the  Rev- 
olution. 

England,  like  the  other  European  na- 
tion in  the  18th  century,  fought  many  wars 
for  power  and  territory.  One  of  these  wars 
was  the  war  with  France  known  in  Europe 
as  the  Seven  Years'  War.  This  war  was  to 
decide  forever  whether  the  English  or  the 
French  were  to  be  the  masters  of  the  conti- 
nent of  North  America.  The  English  Colo- 
nies fought  for  England,  while  the  Cana- 
dians (French)  and  the  Indians  fought  for 


KAPITOLA   II. 

Valka  za  neodvislost, 

Kolonie  zprvu  nalezely  Velke  Britanii, 
takze  anglicky  kral  byl  jejich  panovnikem, 
avsak  pozdeji  povstali  kolonie  proti  briti- 
cke  vlade,  prolilasily  se  za  neodvisle  staty  a 
od  te  doby  volily  si  sve  vlastni  vladce,  kon- 
gress  a  presidenty.  Ueelem  teto  kapitoly  jest 
povedeti  pficiny,  jez  vedly  k  teto  zmene  a 
zaznamenati  hlavni  udalosti  amerieke  revo- 
luce. 

Anglie,  zrovna  jako  jini  narodove  e- 
vropsti,  vedla  mnoho  valek  o  moc  a  uzemi. 
Jedna  z  teclito  valek  byla  valka  s  Franeii, 
znama  v  Evrope  co  valka  sedmileta  a  zde 
V  Ameriee  co  valka  indiansko-francouzska. 
Tato  valka  mela  navzdy  rozhodnouti,  zdali 
Anglicane  nebo  Francouzi  maji  byti  pany 
Severn!  Ameriky.  Anglicke  kolonie  bojovaly 
pro  Anglii,  ktezto  Kanad'ane  (Francouzi)  a 


15  A  Primer  of  Civics 

— ■ '  ■■  ■-    ■  —  I  ■■■  ^ 

France.  One  of  the  ablest  American  officers 
in  this  war — and  for  us  the  most  interesting 
character — ^was  George  Washington,  who 
later,  in  the  Revolutionary  War,  became  the 
Commander-in-Chief  of  the  American  army, 
and  after  the  Revolution,  the  first  President 
of  the  United  States. 

At  first  the  French  were  victorious,  be- 
cause the  English  were  not  used  to  the  In- 
dian way  of  warfare  and  would  not  listen  to 
the  advice  of  the  colonists;  but  at  last  de- 
feat followed  defeat  (1758  in  Ohio;  1759  in 
Canada;  etc.)  until,  finally,  the  French  pow- 
er in  North  America  was  completely  de- 
stroyed and  the  English  remained — ^her  su- 
preme ruler  (1763). 

This  war,  however,  more  than  exhausted 
the  English  Treasury,  and  how  to  get  money 
to  pay  England's  big  debts  was  the  next  and 
the  most  pressing  care  of  her  statesmen. 
Besides,  it  was  thought  necessary  to  keep 
part  of  the  regular  army  in  America  to  pro- 
tect the  colonists,  for  which  purpose  more 
money  was  needed,  and  the  King  and  his 
advisers  thought   that   the   colonies   should 


Prvni  citanka  obcanska  15 

Indian!  pro  Franeii.  Jednim  z  nejschopoej- 
sich  americkych  dustojniku  v  teto  valce  byl 
Jifi  "Washington,  jenz  pozdeji,  ve  valce  za 
neodvislost  stal  se  hlavnim  velitelem  ameri- 
cke  armady,  a  po  revoluci  prvnim  presiden- 
tem  Spojenych  Statu. 

Zprvu  vitezili  Francouzi,  ponevadz  An- 
glicane  nebyli  obeznameni  s  indianskym  zpu- 
sobem  valcenl  a  rad  kolonistu  neehteli  po- 
slouehati;  ale  ku  konci  porazka  nasledovala 
porazku  (1758  v  Ohio,  1759  v  Kanade,  atd.) 
az  konecne  moc  francouzska  v  Severni  Ame- 
rice  byla  uplne  zlomena  a  Anglicane  zustali 
zde  neobmezenymi  pany.  (1763.) 

Tato  valka  vsak  vice  nez  vycerpala  po- 
kladnu  angliekou  a  jak  sehnati  penize  k  za- 
plaeeni  dluhu  stalo  se  nejblizsi  a  nejpilnejsi 
starosti  statniku  angliekych.  Mimo  to,  by- 
lo  to  povazovano  za  nutne  poneehati  cast 
pravidelne  armady  v  Americe  k  ochrane  ko- 
lonistu, k  cemuz  opet  vice  penez  bylo  potre- 
bi  a  kral  a  jeho  radcove  myslili,  ze  penize  ty 
sehnati  meli  by  koloniste.  Az  do  tohoto  casu, 
kdykoliv  kral  potfeboval  penize  od  kolonistu 


16  A  Primer  of  Civics 


raise  it.  Up  to  this  time,  whenever  the  King 
wanted  money  from  the  colonies  for  any 
reason,  he  would  ask  them  for  it  through 
his  governors,  and  the  colonies  raised  the 
money  if  they  thought  it  right,  and  refused 
to  raise  it  if  they  did  not  like  the  purpose 
for  which  it  was  asked.  But  now,  without 
asking  them  whether  they  were  willing  or 
not  to  pay,  the  Parliament  passed  a  taxing 
measure,  the  Stamp  Act  (1765),  providing 
that  all  legal  documents  must  be  stamped, 
and  the  stamp  paid  foj-.  This  the  Americans 
would  not  accept.  They  rightly  believed  that 
only  they  themselves  or  their  representatives 
had  ipower  to  levy  tax  upon  them.  They  de- 
clared that  taxation  without  representation 
was  tyranny.  They  were  willing  to  pay  their 
share  of  taxes,  but  they  would  not  give  up 
their  rights  to  levy  them. 

In  all  the  colonies  this  act  of  the  Par- 
liament was  denounced,  people  rioted  wher- 
ever the  stamped  paper  was  being  offered 
for  sale,  English  goods  were  boycotted,  and 
the  people  marched  through  the  streets 
shouting,     ''Liberty,     Property,     and     No 


Prvni  citanka  obcanska  16 


pro  jakykoliv  ucel,  pozadal  o  ne  prostfedni- 
ctvim  guverneru  a  kolonie  pak  sebrali  peni- 
ze  ty,  uznali-li  pozadavek  kraluv  za  spravny 
a  odmitli  sebrati  je,  nezamlouval-li  se  jim 
ucel,  pro  nejz  byly  pozadovany.  Nyni  vsak, 
aniz  by  tazal  se  jicli,  jsou-li  ochotni  platiti 
neb  ne,  anglicky  parlament  pfijal  zakon  da- 
no  vy,  "Stamp  Act"  (kolkovy  zakon),  die 
nehoz  vsecliny  zakonite  listiny  (povoleni  k 
siiatku,  svatebni  smlouvy,  smlouvy  kupni, 
zavazky  platebni,  atd.)  musi  byti  kolkovany, 
a  penize  za  kolky  vlade  anglicke  odvedeny. 
Toto  Amerieane  necliteli  prijmouti.  Spravne 
poukazovali  na  to,  ze  pouze  oni  sami  neb  je- 
jich  zastiipci  maji  pravo  dane  na  ne  uvaliti. 
Prohlasili,  ze  uvalovani  dani  bez  zastoupeni 
je"tyi"aiiie.  Byli  ochotni  zaplatiti  svuj  dil  da- 
ni, avsak  necliteli  vzdati  se  prav  dane  ty 
sami  uvalovati. 

Ve  vsecli  koloniich  byl  tento  cin  parla- 
mentu  odsuzovan,  lid  se  boui-il  kdekoliv  se 
kolkovany  papir  nabizel  ku  prodeji,  angli- 
cke zbozi  bylo  bojkotovano  a  lide  pochodo- 
vali  ulicemi,  volajice,  "Svoboda,  Majetek 
a  zadne  kolky!"  Toto  delo  se  vice  mene  ve 


17  A  Primer  of  Civics 

Stamps!"  This  happened  more  or  less  in 
all  the  thirteen  colonies,  and  what  is  still 
more  important,  the  colonies  began  to  act 
together  as  a  unit.  Nine  of  the  colonies  met 
at  New  York  in  October,  1765,  to  declare 
their  rights  and  plan  how  to  stand  against 
the  wrongs  of  British  Government.  And 
they  did  not  fight  in  vain.  English  mer- 
chants and  manufacturers  were  also  against 
the  act  of  Parliament,  because  they  were 
losing  their  trade  in  America  from  the  re- 
fusal of  Americans  to  buy  English  goods 
until  this  act  was  repealed.  The  true  friends 
of  liberty  in  the  English  Parliament,  like 
Pitt,  Burke,  and  others,  were  also  against 
it,  because  they  saw  that  the  movement  had 
stirred  the  colonists  altogether  too  much. 
So,  in  the  year  1766,  in  spite  of  the  King, 
the  Stamp  Act  was  done  away  with,  to  the 
great  joy  of  the  Americans. 

But  though  the  Stamp  Act  was  repealed, 
England  did  not  give  up  the  idea  of  taxing 
the  colonies.  On  the  advice  of  Charles 
Townshend,  Chancellor  of  the  Exchequer, 
Parliament    passed    a    set    of    laws    called 


Prvni  citanka  obcanska  17 


vsech  tfinacti  koloniich,  a  co  jest  jeste  du- 
lezitejsi,  kolonie  zacaly  postupovati  spolec- 
ne  CO  celek.  Devet  kolonii  seslo  se  v  New 
Yorku  V  fijnu  1765,  aby  prohlasily  sva  prava 
a  zosnovaly  plany,  jak  vystupovati  proti  bri- 
tickym  bezpravim.  Nebojovali  nadarmo. 
Anglicti  obchodmci  postavili  se  tez  proti 
jednani  parlamentu,  protoze  ztraceli  obchod 

V  Ameriee,  nebot'  Americane  zavazali  se  ne- 
kupovati  zadne  anglicke  zbozi,  pokud  by  za- 
kon  kolkovnl  nebyl  odvolan.  Pravi  pfatele 
svobody  v  anglickem  parlamente  jako  byl 
Pitt,  Burke  a  jini,  byli  tez  proti  onomu  za- 
konu,  obzvlaste  kdyz  vedeli,  ze  zakon  ten 
pf  ilis  rozcilil  mysle  kolonistu.  A  tak  konecne 

V  roce  1766,  proti  vuli  kralove,  zakon  kol- 
kovni  byl  odvolan  k  velike  radosti  vsech 
Americanu. 

Avsak  ackoliv  zakon  kolkovni  byl  odvo- 
lan, Anglie  nevzdala  se  myslenky  uvaliti  dan 
na  kolonie.  Na  radu  Karla  Townsbenda,  kan- 
clefe  pokladny,  parlament  pfijal  nekolik  za- 


18  A  Primer  of  Civics 

Townshend  Acts,  by  which  a  tax  was  put 
on  tea  and  some  other  articles,  with  a  pro- 
vision that  soldiers  be  sent  to  enforce  these 
laws.  Of  course  this  only  embittered  the 
colonists  the  more,  so  that  they  gathered  to- 
gether in  quiet  numbers  to  resist  this  unjust 
treatment  of  their  mother  country.  They 
signed  non-importation  agreements  by  which 
they  bound  themselves  not  to  buy  goods 
from  England  until  the  taxes  were  removed, 
and  many  people  would  not  eat,  wear,  or 
use  any  article  whatsoever  that  had  been 
brought  from  England.  The  royal  governors, 
some  of  them  at  least,  treated  the  colonists 
with  contempt  and  gave  wrong  advice  to  the 
King  of  England  and  his  ministers.  One 
wrote,  "Send  over  an  army  and  fleet  to  re- 
duce the  dogs  to  reason,"  and  many  others 
shared  these  feelings.  In  Boston,  the  soldiers 
quarreled  with  the  citizens,  so  that  the  feel- 
ing between  the  two  parties  became  so  bitter 
that,  on  March  5th,  1770,  when  a  crowd 
gathered  attracted  by  a  quarrel  between 
guards  and  citizens,  the  soldiers,  in  the  ex- 
citement, fired  into  the  crowd,  killing  five 


Prvni  citanka  obcanska  18 

konu  zvanych  "Townshend  Acts",  jimiz  uva- 
leua  byla  dau  na  caj,  a  nekolik  jinych  pred- 
metu,  s  dodatkem,  aby  vojsko  bylo  poslano 
k  vymahani  techto  zakonu.  Ovsem,  ze  jed- 
nani  toto  poboufilo  kolonisty  jeste  vice,  takze 
se  sliromazd'ovali  u  velikem  poctu,  aby  vzdo- 
rovali  nespravedlivemu  jednani  sve  matef- 
ske  zeme.  Podepisovali  smlouvy,  jimiz  zava- 
zali  se  nekupovati  zadne  zbozi  z  Anglie,  po- 
kud  by  nebyly  dane  odstraneny,  a  mnozi  lide 
neehteli  jisti,  nositi,  neb  uzivati  zadneho 
pfedmetu,  pfivezeneho  z  Anglie.  Kralovsti 
guvernefi,  alespon  nekteri  z  nicb,  zachazeli 
s  kolonisty  opovrzlive,  davajice  spatne  rady 
krali  anglickemu  a  jeho  ministrum.  Jeden 
z  nich  napsal:  "Poslete  sem  armadu  a  lode, 
abychom  pinvedli  ty  psy  k  rozumu,"  a  mnoho 
jinych  sdilelo  tyto  nahledy.  V  Bostonu  ne- 
snadnilo  se  vojsko  s  obcanstvem,  takze  ne- 
vrazivost  mezi  temito  dvema  stranami  stala 
s  ak  prudkou,  ze  dne  pateho  brezna  1770, 
kdyz  zastup  lidl  shromazdil  se  pfivaben  had- 
kou  mezi  strazemi  a  obcany,  vojsko  v  rozci- 
leni  vj'stf  elilo  do  zastupu,  pf  i  cemz  zabilo  pet 


19  A  Primer  of  Civics 

and  wounding  a  number  of  other  bystanders. 
This  is  known  as  the  Boston  Massacre.  Its 
effect  upon  the  people  was  so  strong  that 
the  governor  of  Massachusetts  finally  found 
it  necessary  to  withdraw  the  troops.  In 
other  colonies,  too,  the  excitement  was  great 
so  that  the  English  Parliament  decided  to 
repeal  the  Townshend  Acts,  leaving  tax  only 
on  tea.  But  the  people  did  not  fight  for 
lower  taxation,  they  did  not  fight  against 
taxes;  but  for  the  right  to  tax  themselves. 
It  was  for  the  rights  of  citizenship,  for  the 
rights  of  a  freeman  that  they  fought.  "While 
they  were  taxed  at  all  without  their  consent, 
they  felt  that  their  rights  were  not  re- 
spected; and  they  would  not  be  satisfied 
without  the  acknowledgement  of  those 
rights.  Therefore  the  repeal  of  the  Tovni- 
shend  Acts  had  no  quieting  effect  upon  the 
colonists  for  the  tax  on  tea  remained.  The 
storm  did  not  cease.  Tea  was  called  "a  per- 
nicious weed,"  people  bound  themselves  not 
to  use  it  at  all,  and  wherever  they  could  they 
stopped  the  unloading  and  the  sale  of  it.  In 
Boston  the  people  asked   the   governor  to 


Prvni  citanka  obcanska  19 

a  porauilo  nekolik  jinych  kolem  stojieich. 
Tento  cin  znam  jest  co  "Boston  Massacre". 
Jeho  ucinek  na  lid  byl  tak  mocny,  ze  guver- 
ner  Massachussettsky  uznal  konecne  za  nut- 
ne  vojsko  odvolati.  Tez  i  v  jinych  koloniich 
bylo  vfeni  tak  povazlive,  ze  parlament  roz- 
hodl  se  odvolati  zakony  Townshendovy,  po- 
nechavaje  pouze  dau  na  caji.  Avsak  lid  ne- 
bojoval  0  snizeni  dani,  ani  proti  danim,  ny- 
brz  o  pravo,  aby  sam  dane  uvaloval  na  sebe, 
a  na  parlament,  v  nemz  lid  nebyl  zastoupen. 
Bylo  to  za  prava  obcanska,  za  pravo  cloveka 
svobodneho,  zac  bojoval.  Pokud  byla  vubec 
jaka  dan  na  ne  uvalena  bez  jejich  soublasu, 
citili,  ze  jejich  prav  neni  setfeno,  a  oni  ne- 
mohli  byti  spokojeni  pokud  prava  jim  draha 
byla  zneuznavana.Proto  take  odvolani  Town- 
shendovych  zakonu  nemelo  zadneho  utisuji- 
ciho  vlivu  na  kolonisty,  nebot'  dan  na  caj 
uvalena  zustala.  Boufe  tedy  neustavala.  Caj 
nazyvan  byl  "nebezpecnym  bylim",  lide  se 
zapfisahali,  ze  ho  nebudou  uzivati  vubec,  a 
kdekoliv  mohli,  pf  ekazili  jeho  vylodeni  a  pro- 
dej.  V  Bostonu  zadal  lid  guvernera,  aby  ode- 
slal  pryc  lode,  cajem  nalozene,  a  kdyz  tento 


2-0  A  Primer  of  Civics 

send  the  ships  loaded  with  tea  away,  and 
when  he  refused,  they  assembled  in  great 
numbers  in  the  Old  South  Meeting-House 
where  a  plan  was  adopted  to  throw  the  tea 
into  the  sea.  A  band  of  young  men,  dressed 
to  look  like  Mohawk  Indians,  boarded  the 
ships,  broke  open  the  chests,  and  poured  the 
tea  into  the  water.  In  other  colonies,  the 
ships  were  either  sent  back  without  being 
permitted  to  unload,  or  if  unloaded,  the  tea 
was  left  to  rot,  as  no  one  would  buy  it  or 
permit  anyone  else  to  either  sell  or  buy  it. 
The  British  Government  could  not  be  indif- 
ferent to  this,  and  to  put  a  stop  to  it,  pun- 
ished Massachusetts  severely  by  placing  a 
military  governor  over  her,  by  prohibiting 
all  public  meetings  without  the  governor's 
consent,  by  quartering  troops  in  any  place 
where  the  governor  saw  fit,  by  taking  away 
from  her  the  ''Quebec  Province,"  and — 
severest  blow  of  all — by  closing  her  harbor. 
The  people  of  Boston  would  have 
starved  had  it  not  been  for  help  from  the 
other  colonies.  Even  the  farmers  and  trap- 
pers toiling  in  the  wilderness  on  the  frontier 


Prvni  citanka  obcanskai  20 

odepfel,  shromazdil  se  ve  velikem  poctu  v  Old 
South  Meeting  House-u,  kdez  prijat  byl  pak 
plan  nahazeti  caj  z  lodi  do  more.  Hloucek 
mladiku  pfistrojenych  za  Mohawk  Indiany 
vnikl  na  lode  a  vysypal  vsechen  caj  do  vody. 
V  jinycli  koloniich  byly  lode  bud'  poslany 
zpet,  aniz  by  jim  bylo  dovoleno  naklad  vylo- 
diti,  aneb  kdyz  byl  vyloden,  shnil  v  skladi- 
stich,  jezto  nikdo  nechtel  jej  kupovati,  aniz 
dovolil,  aby  jiny  jej  kupoval  neb  prodaval. 
Britska  vlada  nemohla  byt  Ihostejnou  k  tem- 
to  veeem,  a  aby  konec  tomu  ucinila,  potresta- 
la  Massachusetts  krute  tim,  ze  prohlasila  nad 
ni  stanne  pravo,  ze  zapovedela  vsechny  ve- 
fejne  schuze,  bez  svoleni  guvernera,  ze  gu- 
verner  mohl  ubytovati  vojsko,  kdekoli  se 
mu  zalibilo,  ze  uzmula  velikou  cast  jejiho  u- 
zemi  zvanou  "Quebec  Province",  a  co  bylo 
nejhorSiho :  ze  zavf ela  Bostonsky  pf istav. 

Obyvatelstvo  Bostonu  byvalo  by  hladem 
zmiralo,  kdyby  nebylo  pomoci,  jez  poskytly 
irni  drulie  kolonie.  I  farmaf i  a  lovci  v  pusti- 
nach  na  pomezi  tezce  se  ziviei,  poslali  sve  pri- 


21  A  Primer  of  Civics 

sent  their  contributions.  The  effect  of  all 
this  was  that  the  colonies  were  drawn  closer 
together  until,  at  last,  they  elected  delegates 
and  called  the  first  Continental  Congress  at 
Philadelphia,  where  the  common  action  of 
Colonies  was  to  be  decided  upon.  They  met 
September  5th,  1774. 

It  was  Patrick  Henry,  the  eloquent  Vir- 
ginian, who  spoke  the  significant  words — 
''British  oppression  has  effaced  the  bound- 
aries of  the  several  colonies ;  the  distinctions 
between  Virginians,  Pennsylvanians,  New 
Yorkers,  and  New  Englanders  are  no  more. 
I  am  not  a  Virginian  but  an  Ameri- 
can!" An  address  to  the  King  of  England 
was  sent  and  the  Declaration  of  Rights  was 
made.  The  Declaration  of  Rights  was  a  doc- 
ument setting  forth  such  rights  as  we  now 
fully  enjoy  in  this  country,  such  as  trial  by 
jury,  freedom  of  speech,  etc.  Also,  steps 
were  taken  to  prepare  for  war,  if  the  Rights 
should  be  denied  by  the  British  Government. 
Ammunition  was  stored  in  Concord  and  men 
were  enlisted  into  military  service,  who  v/ere 
to  be  ready  any  minute.     For  this     reason 


Prvni  citanka  obcanskaH  21 

spevky.  Vysledek  toho  vseho  byl,  ze  se  kolo- 
nie  vice  a  vice  sblizovaly,  az  konecne  zvolily 
si  delegaty  a  svolaly  prvni  Kontinentabii 
Kongress  do  Filadelfie,  kdez  melo  o  spolec- 
nem  vystupovani  kolonii  byti  pojednano. 
Tarn  sesly  se  pateho  zaf  i  1774. 

Byl  to  Patrick  Henry,  vymluvny  Virzi- 
nan,  jenz  promluvil  ta  vyznamna  slova:  "Bri- 
ticke  utiskovani  smazalo  hranice  nekolika 
tech  kolonii  nasich ;  rozlisovani  mezi  Virzi- 
nany,  Pennsylvanany,  New  Yorcany  a  No- 

vo-Anglicany  neni  vice. Nejsem  Virzi- 

nan,  nybrz  American!"  Krali  anglickemu 
byla  poslana  adressa  a  sestaveno  Prohlasen 
Prav,  jez  Anglicke  vlade  bylo  zaslano.  Pro- 
hlaseni  Prav  byla  listina,  v  niz  oznacena 
byla  prava,  jichz  nyni  v  teto  zemi  pine  uzi- 
vame,  ku  pi'ikladu,  porotni  soudy,  pravo  za- 
stoupeni,  svoboda  slova  a  j.  p.  Byly  tez  uci- 
neny  kroky,  aby  vse  pfipraveno  bylo  k  val- 
ce,  kdyby  anglicka  vlada  odepfela  prav  ko- 
lonisty  vyhrazenych  setfiti.  Za  tim  ucelem 
svezeno  bylo  sti^'elivo  v  meste  Korkordu  a 
muzove  odvadeni  k  vojsku,  ktefi  meli  byti 
pohotove  kazde  minuty,  procez  nazyvani 
"minutovi  muzi". 


22  A  Primer  of  Civics 

they  were  called  "Minute  Men."  The  first 
hattle  took  place  at  Lexington  and  Concord, 
where  the  British  soldiers  were  sent  to  de- 
stroy the  military  stores  of  the  Colonists. 
The  British  were  driven  back  with  great 
losses.  Another  famous  battle  was  fought 
on  Bunker  Hill  near  Boston,  in  which  many 
of  the  American  patriots  gave  their  lives  for 
freedom.  Thus  was  begun  the  war  that  was 
to  make  the  Colonies  independent.  Peaceful 
settlement  became  impossible  and  the  Colo- 
nies declared  themselves  independent  July 
4,  1776.  The  first  important  event  of  the 
war  was  the  appointment  of  George  "Wash- 
ington as  General-in-Chief  of  the  American 
army.  It  is  plain  to  us  now  that  without  him 
the  final  victory  would  not  have  been  won, 
and  that  the  United  States  would  not  be  an 
independent  Republic,  but  would  still  be  a 
group  of  colonies  belonging  to  England. 

Washington  was  a  great  and  able  sol- 
dier, but  his  military  greatness  alone  would 


Prviii  citanka  obcanska  22 

Prvni  bitva  strhla  se  blize  Lexingtonu 
a  Konbordu,  kamz  anglicke  vojsko  slo  zni- 
citi  vojenske  zasoby  kolonistu,  avsak  bylo 
zahnano  zpet  s  velikymi  ztratami.  Druha 
slavna  bitva  bylo  bojovana  na  Bunker  Hillu 
blize  Bostonu,  v  niz  ninoho  americkycli  vla- 
stencu  dalo  zivoty  sve  za  svobodu.  Tak  za- 
hajena  byla  valka,  jez  mela  uciniti  z  kolonii 
neodvisle  staty.  Nebot'  smir  s  Anglii  stal 
se  veci  nemoznoii  a  kolonie  konecne  po  ope- 
tovanyeh  bezpravicli  se  strany  anglicke  na 
sjezdu  ve  Filad/elfii  prohlasily  neodvislost 
dne  4.  cervence  1776,  od  kterezto  doby  etvrby 
cervenec  kazdorocne  se  okazale  slavi  a  jest 
nejvesim  svatkem  americkym. 

Prvni  dulezita  udalost  ve  valee  za  ne- 
odvislost bylo  jmenovani  Jifiho  Washing- 
tona  hlavnim  velitelem  amerieke  armady. 
Jest  nam  nyni  jasno,  ze  bez  neho  konecne 
vitezstvi  byvalo  by  bylo  nemozno,  a  ze  Spo- 
jene  Staty  nebyly  by  neodvislo  republikou, 
nybrz  byly  by  dosud  skupinou  kolonii  Anglii 
podfizenyeh. 

Washington  byl  veliky  a  scbopny  vojin, 
avsak  jeho  vojenska  velikost  sama   o  sobe 


23  A  Primer  of  Civics 

not  have  enabled  him  to  be  victorious,  had 
he  not  been  great  as  a  man — -unselfish,  pa- 
tient, persistent,  always  hopeful,  always  de- 
voted to  the  cause  of  liberty.  At  first  he 
could  hardly  do  more  than  train  the  volun- 
teer army  made  up  of  men  who  knew  noth- 
ing of  military  tactics.  And  yet  he  had  to 
fight  at  the  same  time,  keeping  the  enemy 
at  bay,  retreating  skillfully  and  with  as  small 
loss  as  possible,  and  looking  for  opportunity 
for  a  victorious  battle.  Because  he  had  un- 
trained soldiers,  that  fled  as  soon  as  they 
smelt  powder,  opportunity  for  victory  was 
slow  in  coming,  and  Washington  had  to  keep 
retreating.  This  depressed  the  Americans 
and  roused  bitter  feeling  against  "Washing- 
ton. There  were  jealous  officers  who  wanted 
"Washington's  positions,  who  plotted  against 
him,  and  blamed  him  for  the  failure  of  the 
Americans.  Almost  any  other  man  in  his 
place,  would  have  resigned,  embittered  at 
the  injustice  of  those  for  whom  he  was  fight- 
ing and  risking  his  life ;  but  "Washington 
loved  his  country  too  much  to  indulge  his 
personal  feelings  and  to  seek  his  own  ad- 


Prvni  citanka  obcanska  23 

nebyla  by  mu  k  vitezstvi  (iopomohla,  kdyby 
byval  nebyl  tez  velikym  muzem,  nesobe- 
ckym,  trpelivym,  neunavnym,  vzdy  doufaji- 
cim,  vzdy  oddanym  svobode.  Zprvu  sotva 
mohl  vice  uciniti  nez  cviciti  armadu  sesta- 
vajici  z  dobrovolniku,  ktefi  nevedeli  pranic 
0  vojenskem  vycviku.  A  pfece  musil  pri  torn 
bojovati,  drzeti  nepritele  v  sac'hu,  ustiipo- 
vati  dovedne  se  ztratami  co  mozno  nejmen- 
scimi  a  hled/ati  pfilezitost  k  vitezne  bitve. 
Ponevadz  vsak  mel  vojsko  necvicene,  jez 
utikalo  sotva  ze  ucitilo  stfelny  prach,  pfi- 
lezitost k  dobyti  vitezstvi  dlouho  nepficha- 
zela  a  Washington  musil  stale  ustupovati.  To 
sklieilo  Americany  a  vzboiifilo  hofkost  proti 
Washingtonovi.  Byli  tez  i  fevnivi  dustojniei, 
ktefi  touzili  po  miste  Washingtonove,  ktefi 
kuli  pikle  proti  nemu  a  jemu  kladli  vinu 
kazdeho  neuspecbu  americkych  zbrani. 
Temef  kazdy  jiny  muz  na  jeho  miste  byl  by 
se  vselio  dalsiho  pusobeni  vzdal,  rozliorcen 
nad  nespravedlivosti  tech,  pro  nez  bojoval  a 
svuj  zivot  V  nebezpecenstvi  daval;  avsak 
Washington  miloval  svou  vlast  pfilis,  nez 
aby  povolil  osobnim  citum  a  Medal  \'yhodi 


24  A  Primer  of  Civics 

vantage.  He  suffered,  but  he  did  not  dwell 
upon  any  suffering  but  that  of  his  country. 
There  were  traitors  in  his  army  who  de- 
nounced him  to  the  Continental  Congress  in 
charge  of  this  war,  and  urged  the  appoint- 
ment of  another  man  to  be  at  the  head  of 
the  army;  men  who  disobeyed  him  and  re- 
joiced when  the  British  defeated  him.  But 
this  wonderful  man  would  not  be  discour- 
aged, would  not  give  up  and  steadfastly  be- 
lieved in  the  final  triumph  of  liberty.  Not 
even  in  Valley  Forge,  when  his  soldiers  were 
without  food  or  clothes,  when  the  frozen 
snow  was  stained  with  the  blood  from  their 
bare  feet,  when  all  seemed  lost, — not  even 
then,  in  the  depths  of  this  despair,  did  his 
faith  leave  him.  It  is  impossible  to  describe 
what  he  was  to  his  soldiers  in  these  dark 
days.  Like  gold  he  was  tried  in  the  fire,  bnt 
his  manhood,  his  noble,  devoted  character, 
stood  the  test  and  triumphed  in  the  end. 

With  such  a  leader  against  them,  it  is 
not  surprising  that  the  English  were  at  last 
conquered  and  the  British  flag  was  lowered 
before  him,  and  that  the  arms  of  Lord  Corn- 


Prvni  citanka  obcanska  24 


pro  sebe.  Trpel,  ale  utrpeni  jeho  vlasti  bylo 
mu  pfednejsi.  I  zradcove  byli  v  jeho  vojsku, 
ktefi  osocovali  ho  kontinentalnimu  kongre- 
sn,  jenz  valku  a  veskere  zalezitosti  spoje- 
nych  kolonii  fidil,  a  nalehali  na  ustanoveni 
jineho  velitele  na  jeho  misto ;  byli  tam 
muzove,  ktefi  jej  neposlouchali  a  radovali 
se,  kdyz  Anglicane  nad  nim  zvitezili.  Avsak 
tento  obdivuhoduy  muz  nezmalomyslnel,  ne- 
vzdal  se  a  muzne  vefil  v  konecne  vitezstvi 
Svobody.  Ani  v  udoli  Valley  Forge  zvanem, 
kde  jeho  vojaei  nemeli  ani  satstva  ani  po- 
travy^  kdiy  zmrzly  snih  kolem  zbrocen  byl 
krvi  bosych  nohou,  ani  tehdy  v  hlubinach' 
zoufalstvi,  ho  vira  jeho  neopustila.  Jest 
nemozno    popsati    cim   byl    svym   vojakum; 

V  tech  temnyeh  dnech.  Jako  zlato,  zkusen  byl 

V  ohni,  avsak  jeho  muznost,  jeho  slechetny, 
oddany  charakter  obstal  v  te  zkousce  a  na 
konec  zvitezil. 

S  takovym  vudcem  proti  sobe,  neni  divii, 
ze  Anglicane  byli  konecne  premozeni  a 
anglieky  prapor  skloniti  se  musil  pred  nim, 
a  ze  zbrane  lorda  Cornwallise,  hlavniho  veli- 


25  A  Primer  of  Civics 

wallis,  chief  general  of  the  British,  were 
given  up  to  him,  in  sign  of  surrender.  The 
news  that  the  British  were  finally  con- 
quered, that  the  Colonies  were  free,  that  the 
terrible  war  was  over,  caused  the  greatest 
possible  rejoicing  all  over  the  country,  and 
Washington  was  hailed  as  the  great  deliverer 
— the  great  Savior  of  His  Country. 

But  Washington's  work  was  not  over 
with  the  ending  of  the  war;  the  work  of 
putting  the  young,  inexperienced  Republic 
on  its  feet  fell  largely  to  him.  Poverty, 
weakness,  dissatisfaction,  disorder — all  these 
things  followed  in  the  train  of  the  victory 
over  England,  and  sobered  the  joy  of  the 
thirteen  newly-formed  United  States  of 
America.  There  was  no  one  government  for 
these  states,  but  thirteen  different  govern- 
ments having  no  standing  before  the  coun- 
tries of  Europe.  The  soldiers  who  had  served 
in  the  war  and  who  had  not  been  fully  paid, 
were  rebellious ;  each  State  was  jealous  of 
the  others;  State  money  was  worthless, 
everything  was  in  a  state  of  confusion  and 
unrest. 


Prvni  citanka  obcanska;  25 

tele  angliekycli  vojsk,  byly  mu  vydany,  na 
znameni  uplnelio  vzdani  se.  Zprava,  ze 
Anglicane  byli  konecne  premozeni,  ze  ko- 
lonie  jsou  svobodne,  ze  hrozna  valka  je  u 
konee,  zpusobily  tu  nejvetsi  radost  po  cele 
vlasti  a  Washington  byl  vitan  co  veliky  vy- 
svoboditel,  veliky  vykupitel  sve  vlasti. 

Avsak  s  koneem  valky  cinnost  Wash- 
ingtonova  nebyla  u  konce;  prace  postaveni 
mlade,  nezkusene  republiky  na  nohy  vlo- 
zena  byla  na  jeho  bedra.  Cliudoba,  slabost, 
nespokojenost,  neporadek  —  vseehny  tyto 
smutne  ukazy  nasledovaly  ihned  po  dobytem 
vitezstvi  nad  Anglii,  a  vystfizlively  radosti 
zpite,  nove  utvofene  Spojene  Staty  Ame- 
ricke.  Nebylo  tu  zadne  jednotne  vlady, 
nybrz  tfinacte  ruznych  vlad,  jez  nemely 
zadneho  respektu  u  vlad  evropskyeh. 
Vojaci,  kteri  sloiizili  ve  valce,  a  jimz  nebylo 
doplaceno,  se  boufili;  jeden  stat  zarlil  na 
driihy,  penize  ruznymi  staty  vydane,  byly 
bezcenne  a  vse  tonulo  ve  zmatku  a  nepokoji. 


26  A  Primer  of  Civics 

Some  of  the  army  thought  it  would  be 
wise  to  make  Washington  the  King,  thus 
ending  the  intolerable  confusion  and  suffer- 
ing. But  Washington  rebuked  them  severely, 
reminding  them  that  the  war  had  been 
fought  to  establish  a  free  Republic  in  which 
the  Citizens  were  to  elect  their  ruler.  After 
a  great  deal  of  labor  and  thought,  with  the 
cooperation  of  some  famous  men  like  Thomas 
Jefferson,  Alexander  Hamilton,  John  Adams, 
the  States  united  into  one  whole,  drafted  the 
Constitution — a  masterpiece  of  statemanship 
— in  which  the  rights  and  duties  of  the  citi- 
zens, of  the  States,  of  the  President,  Con- 
gress, and  the  Courts  of  Law  were  estab- 
lished, and  which  is  to-day  the  foundation  of 
all  our  laws. 

The  first  president  of  this  new  Union 
was  George  Washington,  rightly  called  ' '  The 
Father  of  His  Country." 


Prvni  citanka  obcanska  26 

Cast  armady  myslila,  ze  by  bylo  nej- 
moudfejsi  udelati  Washingtona  kralem  a 
tak  ukonciti  nesnesitelny  zraatek  a  trapeni 

V  zemi.  Avsak  Wasliingtou  ostre  je  pokaral, 
pfipommaje  jim,  ze  valka  vedena  byla,  aby 
zalozena     byti  mobla     svobodna  republika, 

V  niz  jeji  obcane  sami  vladce  sveho  by  si 
zvolili.Pa  velike  praci  a  pf  emyslenl,  za  spolu- 
pusobeni  muzu  znamenitych  jako  byl  Tomas 
Jefferson,  Alexander  Hamilton,  Jan  Ad/ams 
a  jini,  tfinacte   prvotnich   statu   spojilo   se 

V  celek,  napsali  ustavu,  jez  jest  mistrovskym 
dilem  statnickym,  v  nemz  prava  a  povinno- 
sti  obcanii,  statu,  presidenta,  kongresu  a 
soudcu  jsou  jasne  vyznaceny,  a  jez  jest 
dosud  zakladem  vsech  nasich  zakonu. 

Prvnim  presidentem  teto  nove  IJnie  byl 
Jifi  Wasliington,  jenz  vsim  pravem  nazyvan 
jest  "Otcem  vlasti". 


CHAPTER  in. 

The  Civil  War. 

George  "Washington  was  twice  elected 
President  of  the  United  States  and  might 
have  been  elected  for  the  third  term  also; 
but  he  was  true  to  his  principles  and  re- 
fused to  serve  after  the  second  term,  believ- 
ing, as  he  did,  that  it  was  not  right  in  a 
republic  for  a  man  to  be  the  ruler  longer 
than  two  terms,  so  that  no  one  could  thus 
make  himself  King.  When  he  gave  his  rea- 
sons for  this  refusal,  he  urged  the  people 
to  do  all  in  their  power  to  make  the  Union 
strong,  to  make  the  government  of  the 
Union  poAverful,  and  to  thus  ensure  the 
freedom  and  the  enduring  life  of  the  United 
States.  These  words  were  needed,  for  from 
the  very  beginning,  some  of  the  states  held 
that  they  were  free  to  choose  whether  or 
not  they  would  obey  the  Union — ^the  Federal 
Government  as  it  was  called — that  it  de- 
pended whether  such  obedience  was  for  their 
advantage.   Besides  there  was  in  the  south- 


KAPITOLA  III. 

Valka  obcanska. 

Jiri  Washington  byl  dvakrate  zvolen 
presidentem  Spojenych  Statu  a  mohl  byti 
zvolen  i  po  tfeti,  avsak  jsa  veren  svym  za- 
sadam  odepfel  sloiiziti  treti  Ihutn,  protoze 
veril,  ze  neni  to  spravnym  v  republice,  aby 
jeden  muz  byl  vladcem  dele  dvou  Ihut,  aby 
pak  nemohl  kralem  se  stati.  Kdyz  podaval 
pficiny  svebo  rozhodnuti,  vybizel  lid,  aby 
ucinil  vse,  co  muze,  aby  Unie  byla  sesilena, 
aby  vlada  Unie  byla  ucinena  mocnou,  a  tak 
zajistiti  svobodu  a  trvani  Spojenych  Statu. 
Toto  napomenuti  bylo  potfebno,  nebot' 
hnedi  od  prvopocatku  nektere  staty  hajily 
stanovisko,  ze  maji  svobodu  poslechnouti 
neb  neposlechnouti  vladu  Unie,  cili  vladu 
spolkovou  (federativni)  die  toho,  co  je  pro 
ten  neb  onen  stat  vyhodnym.  Krome  toho 
v  jiznich  statech  bylo  cerne  otroctvi,  kterez 


28  A  Primer  of  Civics 

ern  states  slavery  of  the  negroes  which 
many  of  the  northern  states  denounced  as 
wrong.  Whenever  a  new  state  was  added 
to  the  Union,  the  Southerners  wanted  to 
have  it  a  slave  state — that  is,  a  state  in 
which  slavery  would  be  allowed;  while  the 
Northerners  opposed  any  extension  of  slav- 
ery. There  arose  many  quarrels  and  fights 
over  this  matter,  until  at  last  the  southern 
states  declared  themselves  indepedent  of  the 
United  States,  formed  their  own  Union, 
which  they  called  "The  Confederacy", 
elected  their  own  President — Jefferson  Da- 
vis— and  made  Richmond,  Virginia,  their 
Capital,  in  the  year  1861,  little  over  sixty 
years  after  "Washington's  death. 

As  the  result,  a  great  war  broke  out 
between  the  North  and  the  South  that  cost 
many  lives  and  untold  suffering.  The  most 
interesting  and  the  most  powerful  man  of 
those  terrible  days  was  Abraham  Lincoln, 
who  was  the  President  of  the  United  States 
during  that  war.  When  North  and  South 
were  growing  more  and  more  bitter  over  the 
Slavery  question,  Lincoln  did  all  he  could 


Prvni  citanka  obcanska  28 

mnohe  staty  severni  zatracovaly  co  nesprav- 
ne.  Kdykoli  pfidan  byl  novy  stat  k  TInii, 
Jihane  chteli  jej  miti  statem,  kdg  otroctvi 
by  bylo  dovoleno,  kdezto  Severane  vzpirali 
se  kazd/emu  rozsireni  otroctvi.  Tak  povstaly 
mnohe  hadky  a  ruzniee  pro  tyto  veci,  az 
konecne  napjeti  stalo  se  tak  ostrym,  ze  .jizni 
staty  prohlasily  se  neodvislymi  od  Sp'ojcnych 
Statu,  utvofili  svoji  vlastni  Unii  ci  Federaci 
jiz  nazvali  konfederaci,  zvolili  sveho  vlast- 
niho  presidenta  Jeffersona  Davise  a  ucinili 
Richmond  ve  Virginii  svym  hlavnim  me- 
stem.  To  stalo  se  r.  1861  neco  pfes  sedesat 
let  po  smrti  Washingtonove. 

Nasledek  toho  byla  velika  valka  mezi 
Severem  a  Jihem,  jez  stala  mnoho  zivotu  a 
nevypravitelne  utrpeni.  Nejzajimavejsi  a 
nejmocnejsim  muzem  v  tech  hroznych  dnech 
byl  Abraham  Lincoln,  jenz  byl  presidentem 
Spojenyeh  Statu  za  valky  te.  Kdyz  Sever 
a  Jih  stavaly  se  naproti  sobe  eim  dale  tim 
vice  nepratelskymi  pro  otazku  otroctvi, 
Lincoln  cinil  co  mohl,  aby  mirnil  zlou  krcY 


29  A  Primer  of  Civics 

to  overcome  the  hard  feeling  and  to  pre- 
vent war.  When  the  war  came,  he  proved 
to  be  a  prudent  and  kind  Commander-in- 
Chief  and  a  source  of  inspiration  to  the 
army,  especially  to  the  private  soldiers.  Al- 
though he  hated  Slavery,  he  did  not  free 
the  slaves  until  the  right  time  came — which 
was  after  the  war  had  broken  out — for  he 
wanted  to  have  peace,  to  prevent  war,  and 
to  preserve  The  Union. 

Abraham  Lincoln  was  born  in  a  little 
log  house  in  Kentucky.  It  is  a  wonderful 
thing  that  a  boy  who  grew  up  in  the  woods, 
with  a  slight  opportunity  for  education, 
should  rise  to  the  highest  office  in  the  coun- 
try. This  fact  is  of  great  importance  to  you, 
for  it  shows  you  that  the  United  States  is 
a  country  of  great  opportunity,  that  every- 
one can  make  the  best  use  of  his  talents  and 
go  as  high  as  he  is  able.  In  our  country  no 
one  will  ask  you  what  your  birth  is,  what 
your  relations  are,  but  everything  hangs  on 
what  you  are  yourself.  Use  the  opportuni- 
ties, and  go  as  high  as  you  are  able. 


Prvni  citanka  obcanska  29 

a  prediesel  valce.  Kdyz  vsak  valka  pfisla 
pfece,  ukazal  se  byti  moudrym  a  laskavym 
velitelem  a  zdrojem  nadseni  sve  armady, 
obzvlaste  prostych  vojinu.  Ackoliv  otroctvi 
nenavidel,  neucinil  niceho  k  osvohozeni 
otroku,  dokud  nepfisel  pravy  cas,  totiz  az 
kdyz  valka  jiz  zufila,  nebot'  on  na  prvnim 
miste  snazil  sa  zachovati  mir,  pfedejiti  valce 
a  zachovati  celistvost  Spojenych  Statu. 

Abraham  Lincoln  narodil  s'e  v  male 
z  klad  sroubene  chate  ve  state  Kentucky. 
Jest  to  podivuhodnym,  ze  chlapec,  jenz  vy- 
rostl  v  lesich,  s  malou  pfilezitosti  ku  vzdie- 
lani  vysinul  se  az  na  nejvyssi  ufad  v  zemi. 
Toto  jest  veliee  dulezite  pro  vas,  jelikoz 
ukazuje  to,  ze  Spojene  Staty  jsou  zemi  veli- 
kych  pfilezitosti,  ze  kazdy  uplatniti  zde 
muze  sve  schopnosti  a  vysinouti  se  tak 
vysoko,  jak  jen  schopnosti  jeho  mu  dovoli. 
V  nasi  zemi  nikdo  nebude  se  tazati  vas, 
jakeho  jste  rodu,  jake  jest  vase  pfibuzen- 
stvo,  nybrz  vse  bude  zalezeti  na  torn,  eo  jste 
vy  sami.  Vyuzitkujte  tedy  techto  prilezito- 
sti  a  jdete  tak  vysoko,  jak  vam  mozno. 


30  A  Primer  of  Civics 

Lincoln,  a  poor  boy  at  first,  became 
not  only  President  of  the  United  States, 
but  also  one  of  the  greatest  presidents  we 
have  ever  bad.  Under  his  leadership,  slavery 
was  abolished  and  the  Union  preserved.  He 
saved  the  Union,  he  freed  the  slaves,  he  led 
his  country  through  hard  and  trying  times 
until  peace  and  order  were  again  restored, 
but  he  himself  was  taken  away  by  a  cruel 
death.  A  lunatic  named  Booth  shot  him  and 
plunged  the  whole  country — the  South  as 
well  as  the  North — into  indescribable  grief. 
The  South  lost  in  him  its  best  friend  among 
the  victors.  Much  of  the  humiliation — much 
of  the  confusion,  would  have  been  prevented 
in  the  South,  and  the  North  might  have  ad- 
vanced considerably  more,  had  Lincoln  lived. 


Prvni  citanka  obcanska  30 

Lincoln,  cliudy  zprvu  chlapec,  stal  se 
nejen  presiclentem  Spojenych  Statu,  nybrz 
jednim  z  nejvetsieh  presidents,  jez  jsme  kdy 
meli.  Za  jeho  vedeni  zriiseno  bylo  otroetvi 
a  Jednota  (Unie)  zachovana.  On  zaehranil 
jednotu,  osvobodil  otroky,  provedl  svoji 
vlast  tezkymi,  hriiznymi  dobami  az  mir  a  po- 
radek  opet  zavladdy,  avsak  on  sam  sklacen 
byl  krutou  smrti.  Silenec  jmenem  Booth 
zastfelil  jej  a  ponofil  celou  zemi  jak  Sever 
tak  i  Jih  v  nepopsatelny  zal.  Jih  ztratil 
V  nem  sveho  nejlepsiho  pfitele  mezi  vitezi. 

Jiste,  ze  mnoho  toho  pokofem,  mnoho 
zmatku  byvalo  by  bylo  Jihu  usetreno  a 
Sever  byl  by  daleko  vice  g^okrocil,  kdyby  byl 
Lincoln  na  zivu  zustal. 


CHAPTER  IV. 

The  Making-  of  the  States  into  a  Nation. 

For  a  long  time  after  the  Revolutionary 
War,  each  State  thought  first  of  itself  and 
then  of  the  Union.  A  Virginian  boasted  of 
Virginia,  wanted  measures  adopted  for  Vir- 
ginia; a  New  Yorker  was  proud  of  New 
York  State,  wanted  to  have  the  good  of 
New  York  to  be  considered  before  the  good 
of  the  whole  United  States.  There  was  no 
American  nation  for  a  long  time.  In  the 
Civil  War,  the  slave  states  were  brought  to- 
gether and  formed  something  which  might 
be  called  a  nation,  and  the  same  was  true  of 
the  northern  states.  After  the  war,  the 
south  and  north  still  continued  to  be  two 
nations  each  by  itself,  and  that  state  of  af- 
fairs was  long  in  disappearing.  To-day 
there  is  no  bitter  feeling  between  the  north 
and  the  south:  "Dixie",  the  southern  war- 
song,  is  sung  and  played  (in  the  northern 
states),  just  as  "America"  and  "Columbia 
the  Gem  of  the  Ocean"  are  played  and  sung 


KAPITOLA  IV. 

Utvofeni  se  americkeho  naroda. 

Po  dlouhy  cas  po  valce  za  neodvislost 
kazdy  stat  myslil  na  prvnim  miste  na  sebe 
a  pak  teprve  na  celek  na  Unii.  Virziiian  se 
chlubil  Virzinii,  chtel  miti  zakony  hlavne  pro 
Virzinii  delane,  New  Yorcan  hrd  byl  na  svuj 
Stat  New  York,  chtel,  aby  dobro  New  Yorku 
bylo  na  prvnim  miste  a  pak  teprve  dobro 
celych  Spojenych  Statu.  Americkeho  na- 
roda nebylo  po  dlouhy  cas.  V  obcanske  valce 
staty  otrokarske  semkly  se  a  utvorily  neco, 
coz  mozno  zvati  narodiem,  a  to  same  delo  se 
i  na  severu.  Po  valce  jih  i  sever  zustavaly 
dvema  ruznymi  narody,  kazdy  pro  sebe,  a  tr- 
valo  to  dlouho,  nez  tato  ruznost  eiteni  zmize- 
la.  Dnes  neni  vice  hofkosti  mezi  severem  a 
jihem.  "Dixie",  valecny  to  zpev  Jihanu, 
jest  zpivan  i  hran  na  severu  zrovna  jako 
"Amerika"  a  "Columbia"  jsou  zpivany  na 
Jihu:  dnes  citme,  ze  jsme  jednim  narodem, 


32  A  Primer  of  Civics 

in  the  south :  to-day,  we  feel  that  we  are  one 
nation,  with  ''Liberty  and  Union,  now  and 
forever,  one  and  inseparable." 

What  made  us  into  a  nation?  Living 
together,  mingling  together,  and  fighting 
together  for  the  common  good.  Much  is  due 
to  the  new  states  in  the  AVest,  to  which  peo- 
ple from  both  north  and  south  moved  in 
great  numbers,  and  in  forming  one  new 
state  together,  forgot  north  and  south,  for- 
got old  differences,  and  felt  that  they  were 
members  of  a  larger  whole — the  glorious 
Union,  in  which  Liberty  and  Justice  for  all 
must  be  made  supreme. 


Prvni  citanka  obcanska  32 

se  Svobodou  a  Jednotou  nyni  i  vzdycky  spo- 
jeni  a  nerozlucni. 

Co  ucinilo  nas  narodem?  Spolecne  by- 
dleni,  promiseni  a  boj  spolecny  o  vseobecnel 
dobro,  Mnoho  zasluh  o  to  ma  Zapad*,  kama 
lid  ze  severu  i  jihu  u  velikem  poctu  se  ste- 
hoval  a  utvoriv  nove  staty  v  zapadnich  pu- 
stinaeh,  zapomnel  na  sever  i  jih  na  stare 
rozdily  a  pocitil,  ze  je  casti  velikeho  a  slav- 
neho  celku,  Unie,  kdez  Svoboda  a  Sprave- 
dlnost  pro  vsechny  musi  ucinena  byti  eilem 
svrehovanym. 


CHAPTER  V. 

Conclusion  and  Summary. 

These  few  chapters  contain  but  the 
merest  outline  of  what  has  happened  in  this 
country;  many  interesting  events  were  nec- 
essarily omitted.  But  this  short  account  may 
lead  you  to  deeper  and  more  extensive  read- 
ing of  our  American  history,  especially  to 
reading  of  the  lives  of  our  great  Americans 
who  were  Builders  of  the  Nation,  and  who 
are  our  inspiration  to-day. 

But  still  more  fervently  it  is  hoped  that 
you  will  be  led  to  join  in  helping  to  make 
the  history  of  to-day  and  to-morrow.  The 
history  of  the  past  is  valuable  because  it 
helps  us  to  make  the  history  of  the  future 
and  to  avoid  the  errors  and  mistakes  of  the 
past.  Our  government,  good  as  it  is,  can  be 
still  better,  and  it  is  the  duty  of  every  one 
who  comes  to  this  country  to  live  to  try  to 
make  it  better. 


KAPITOLA  V. 
Zaverek. 

Tehto  nekolik  kapitol  obsahuje  ovsem 
jen  pouhy  nastin  toho,  co  delo  se  v  teto  zemi. 
Mnohe  zajimava  udalosti  musily  byti  vy- 
nechany.  Avsak  ackoliv  kratky,  muze  vesti 
vas  vytah  tento  k  hlubsinm  a  sirsimu  cteni 
americkych  dejin  obzvlaste  zivotopisu  nasichl 
americkych  velikanu,  ktefiz  byli  staviteli 
naroda  a  kteri  jsou  zdrojem  nadseni  pro 
nas  dflies. 

Avsak  jeste  vroucneji  doufame,  ze  po- 
vedou  vas  fadky  tyto  k  tomu,  abyste  i  vy 
pomahali  delati  dejiny  budoucna.  Dejiny 
miniilosti  jsou  cenne,  ponevadz  pomahaji 
nam  delati  dejiny  pfistieh  dnu  a  vystrihati 
se  omylu  a  ehyb  minulosti.  Nase  vlada,  ao 
dobra,  muze  byti  lepsi,  a  povinnosti  kazdeho, 
kdo  do  teto  zeme  pfijde,  jest,  aby  hledel  k 
tomu  leipsi  ji  ueiniti. 


34  A  Primer  of  Civics 

It  is  very  possible  to  make  things  worse 
— by  neglect,  selfishness,  and  indifference. 
Do  you  want  to  make  things  worse?  No, 
you  certainly  do  not.  You  want  to  help  to 
make  things  better.    How  can  you  do  this? 

(1)  Learn  your  duties  as  a  good  citizen 
before  you  get  your  citizenship 
papers: 

(2)  When  you  become  a  citizen,  do 
your  duties  always,  no  matter  what 
happens.  Do  not  be  discouraged; 
do  not  give  up.  You  will  win,  and 
the  good  will  win,  if  you  will  only 
fight  for  it,  and  will  not  give  up. 

Truth  and  Good  do  triumph;  but  they 
need  your  help  in  order  to  triumph. 

What  your  duties  are  and  how  to  per- 
form them  is  told  in  the  second  part  of  this 
little  book. 


Prvni  citanka  obcanska  34 

Jest  tez  mozno  stav  veci  uciniti  horsim 
nedbalosti,  sobectvim  a  netecnosti.  Chcete 
snad  vy  veci  horsimi  uciniti?  Zajiste  ze  ne. 
Zajiste  ze  clicete  pomoci,  aby  vse  bylo  lepsi. 
Tazete  se,  jak  to  mozno  uciniti? 

1,  Nauete  se  znati  povinnosti  sve  co 
obcana  nezli  obdrzite  sviij  obcansky  list. 

2.  Kdyz  obcany  se  stanete,  cinte  vzdy 
svou  povinnost,  at'  deje  se  cokoliv.  Nezmalo- 
myslnete,  nenechte  se  odstrasiti.  Jiste  zvi- 
tezite  a  dobro  zvitezi  s  vami,  budete-li  jen 
bojovati  0  ne  a  nevzdate  se. 

Pravda  a  Dobro  iiste  vitezi.  avaak  po- 
tf  ebuji  vasi  pomoci,  aby  brzy  zviteziti  mohly. 

Povinnosti  obcana  a  jak  konany  byti 
maji,  povedeno  jest  kratce  v  druhe  casti 
teto  knizky. 


A  PRIMER  OF  CIVICS 
PART  II. 

THE  RIGHTS  AND  DUTIES  OP  A  CITI- 
ZEN  AS  PROVIDED  FOR 
IN 
NATIONAL     AND     STATE     CONSTITU- 
TIONS AND  THE  CITY  CHARTER. 


PRVNi  CiTANKA  OBCANSKA 
CAST  DRUHA. 

Prava    a    povinnosti    obcana    vyobrazena 

V  spolkove  a  statni  ustave 

a  vysadach  mesta. 


THE  VALUE  OF  CITIZENSHIP. 

The  great  men  of  this  country,  George 
"Washington,  Abraham  Lincoln,  and  many 
others,  lived  and  died  for  the  rights  of  men. 
They  have  placed  the  destiny  of  this  nation 
and  the  destiny  of  the  individual  in  the 
hands  of  the  people.  Are  you  enjoying  these 
rights?  If  you  are  not,  you  may  do  so,  for 
you  can  become  a  Citizen  of  the  United 
States  in  due  time. 

Remember,  however,  that  you  are  taking 
upon  yourself  great  responsibilities  as  vrell 
as  receiving  rights  for  which  many  heroes 
have  given  their  property,  their  blood,  even 
their  lives.  To  accept  this  priceless  gift  and 
to  do  nothing  in  return  for  it,  is  not  worthy 
of  any  good  and  honest  man.  As  you  will 
see  later,  your  happiness,  your  safety,  even 
your  daily  bread,  depends  upon  your  doing 
your  citizen's  duties  in  the  right  way.  If  it 
were  not  for  good  citizens  who  know  how  to 
perform  their  duties,  we  should  not  be  safe 
in  our  homes,  we  should  be  abused  and  op- 


CENA  OBCANSTVL 

Velici  muzove  teto  zeme,  Jin  Washing- 
ton, Abraham  Lincoln  a  mnoho  jinych  zili 
a  umirali  za  prava  lidiu,  Oni  polozili  osud 
tohoto  naroda  i  osudy  jednotliveu  do  rukou 
lidu.  Uzivate  techto  prav?  Ne-li,  muzefrej 
jich  uzivati,  nebot'  muzete  se  stati  obcany 
Spojenyeh  Statu  v  stanovene  dobe. 

Pamatujte  vsak,  ze  befete  na  sebe  veli- 
kou  zodpovednost  krome  dosazeni  prav,  za 
nez  mnozi  hrdinove  teto  zeme  dali  sve  ma- 
jetky,  svou  krev,  ba  i  zivoty  sve.  Pfijmouti 
tento  neocenitelny  dar  a  neuciniti  nic 
V  odplatu  za  nej,  neni  hodmo  zadneho  dobre- 
ho  a  poctiveho  muze.  Jak  pozdeji  uzfite  vase 
stesti,  vase  bezpecnost,  ba  i  vezdejsi  chleb 
vas  zavisi  na  konani  vasich  obcanskycb  po- 
vinnosti  spravnym  zpusobem.  Kdyby  ne- 
bylo  dobrych  obcanu,  ktenz  vi,  jak  povin- 
nosti  sve  konati,  nebyli  bychom  bezpecni  ve 
svych  domovech,  byli  bychom  tyrani  a  utla- 


37  A  Primer  of  Civics 

pressed  by  people  stronger  than  ourselves, 
just  as  people  were  abused  and  oppressed  in 
the  Middle  Ages,  our  children  would  not  be 
educated,  and  we  should  be  unable  to  make 
our  living. 

It  is  the  business  of  every  government, 
in  every  country,  to  see  that  its  people  are 
protected,  as  far  as  possible,  from  abuse, 
oppression,  theft,  and  the  dangers  of  acci- 
dent and  disease.  The  better  the  govern- 
ment, the  better  a  citizen  is  protected,  the 
happier  and  more  prosperous  he  becomes. 
In  every  country  where  there  is  a  poor  gov- 
ernment, the  great  body  of  the  people  suffer. 
In  our  country,  the  men  who  take  charge 
of  the  government  are  chosen  by  the  people; 
therefore,  the  abler,  the  people  are  to  choose, 
the  better  government  they  will  have  and 
the  happier  they  will  be. 

Is  it  not  important,  then,  for  you  to  be- 
come a  good  citizen — one  who  knows  what 
is  right  and  is  willing  to  do  it? 


Prvni  citanka  obcanska>  37 

covani  lidmi  silnejsimi,  nezli  jsme  sami, 
zrovna  jako  byli  tyrani  a  utlacovani  lide  v© 
stfedoveku,  nase  ditky  nebyly  by  vzdelava- 
ny  a  my  bychom  nebyli  s  to  ani  zivobyti  si 
vydelati. 

Jestit'  to  ukolem  kazde  vlad»y,  v  kazde 
zemi  bledeti  k  tomu,  aby  jeji  obcane  byli 
chraneni,  pokud  mozno,  od  utisku,  utlaco- 
vani, okradani  a  nebezpeci  urazu  a  nemoci. 
Cim  lepsi  vlada,  tim  lepe  chranen  jest  obcan, 
tim  st'astnejsim  a  zamoznejsiin  se  stava. 
V  kazde  zemi,  kde  je  spatna  vlada,  to  velibe 
teleso  lidi  trpi.  V  nasi  zemi  muzi,  ktefi 
ujimaji  se  vlady,  voleni  jsou  lidem,  cim  tedy 
je  lid*  schopnejsi  voliti,  tim  lepsi  vladu  bud© 
mit  a  tim  tez  bude  st'astnejsi. 

Neni  to  tedy  dulezite,  abyste  se  stal 
dobrym  obcanem,  takovym,  kteryz  vi,  co  je 
spravne  a  je  hotov  to  ciniti? 


38  A  Primer  of  Civics 

HOW    TO    BECOME    A    NATURALIZED 
CITIZEN. 

All  persons  who  are  not  citizens  of  the 
United  States  by  birth,  or  "By  Act  of  Con- 
gress", may  become  citizens  by  naturali- 
zation. 

The  act  of  naturalization  is  divided  into 
two  general  parts :  1.  The  Declaration  of 
Intention  or  "Mrst  Papers".  2.  The  Final 
Papers. 

These  Papers  are  issued  by  certain 
Courts  of  the  Law:  Circuit  Court,  Superior 
Court,  and  the  United  States  Circuit  and 
District  Courts. 

I.  The  "First  Papers"  are  obtained  by 
filing  in  one  of  these  above-named  Courts 
a  paper,  under  oath  or  affirmation,  stating 
your  intention  to  become  a  citizen  of  the 
United  States  and  to  renounce  allegiance  to 
any  and  all  foreign  rulers,  states,  or  sov- 
ereignties; also  giving  your  name,  age,  oc- 
cupation, personal  description,  place  of 
birth,  last  foreign  residence  and  allegiance, 
date  of  arrival,  name  of  vessel,  if  any,  in 
which  you  came  to  the  United  States,  and 


Prvni  citanka  obcanska  38 

Jak  se  stati  obcanem. 

Vsichni,  kdoz  nejsou  rodilymi  obcany 
Spojenyeh  Statu,  neb  nestali  se  jimi  "aktem 
kongressu",  mohou  se  stati  obcany  natura- 
lizaci.  Naturalizaee  deli  se  na  dve  casti.  1. 
Prohlaseni  umyslu  stati  se  obcany  cili  vy- 
zvednuti  "Prvniho  listu".  2.  Vyzvednuti 
"Druheho  listu". 

(Listy  tyto  vydalvany  jsou  u  jistycb 
soudu,  a  sice,  Obvodniho  soudu,  Vyssiho 
soudu  a  Spolkovych  obvodnieh  a  distrikt- 
nich  soudu.) 

I.  "Prvni  list"  Ize  obdrzeti  bned  po  pfi- 
jeti  odevzdanim  listiny  u  jednoho  z  vyse 
jmenovanycb  soudu,  v  niz  pfisezne  vyjadfen 
jest  vas  umysl  stati  se  obcanem  Spojenyeh 
Statu  a  vzdjati  se  pfislusenstvi  kteremukoliv 
a  vsem  vladcum,  statum  a  vladarstvim ;  tam- 
tez  udano  byti  musi  vase  jmeno,  stafi,  za- 
mestnani,  popis  vasi  osoby,  misto  narozeni, 
posledni  bydliste  a  pfislusenstvi  ve  vlasti 
vasi,  den  pfijezdu,  jmeno  lode,  s  niz  prijeli 
jste  do  Spojenyeh  Statu  a  vase  nynejsi 
bydliste.  Musite  byti  nejmene  18  let  stafi  a 


39  A  Primer  of  Civics 

your  present  place  of  residence.  You  must 
be  at  least  18  years  old  and  must  reside 
within  the  jurisdiction  of  the  Court  in  which 
these  papers  are  filed. 

II.  Final  Papers.  After  you  have  lived 
at  least  five  (5)  years  in  the  United  States 
and  at  least  one  (1)  year  in  a  particular 
State;  and,  if  not  less  than  two  (2)  years 
nor  more  than  seven  (7)  years  have  elapsed 
since  you  filed  your  ''First  Papers",  you 
can  obtain  your  Final  Papers  by  filing  a 
petition  in  one  of  the  law  courts  named 
above.  This  petition  must  be  signed  in  your 
own  handwriting;  this  petition  shall  con- 
tain the  information  required  by  law  as  to 
you,  your  arrival  in  this  country,  and  your 
family.  You  must  also  ask  at  least  two  men 
whom  you  know  and  who  are  already  citi- 
zens of  the  United  States,  to  testify  that 
they  have  known  you  to  be  a  resident  of  the 
United  States  for  at  least  five  (5)  years  con- 
tinuously, and  of  the  State  for  at  least  one 
(1)  year  immediately  preceding,  and  that 
you  are  of  good  moral  character  and  quali- 
fied to  be  admitted  as  a  citizen. 


Prvni  citanka  obcanska  39 


bydliti  v  okrsku  soudu,  u  nehoz  listinu  tuto 
odevzdjavate.*) 

II.  Druhy  list  miizete  obdrzeti,  kdyz  jste 
bydlili  nejinene  pet  (5)  let  ve  Spojenycli 
Statech  a  alespon  jeden  (1)  rok  ve  state, 
V  nemz  se  o  obeansky  list  hlasite,  drzite-li 
prvni  list  nejmene  dva  roky,  a  ne  vice  nez 
sedm  (7)  let  (je-li  vas  prvni  list  starsi  sedmi 
let,  nemuzete  druheho  dosahnouti),  a  ucini- 
te-li  pfihlasku  svou  zakonem  pfedepsanou 
u  nektereho  svrehu  jmenovaneho  soudu.**) 

Tato  pfihlaska  musi  byti  vami  vlastno- 
rucne  podepsana  a  obsabovati  podrobnosti 
zakonem  vyzadovane,  tykajiei  se  vas,  vasebo 
pfijezdu  a  vasi  rodiny.  Musite  tez  pozadati 
dva  muze  zname,  kteri  jiz  jsou  obcany  Spo- 
jenycli Statu,  aby  dosvedtcili,  ze  vas  znali 
aspofi  po  pet  let  vasebo  pobytu  ve  Spojenych 


*)  Nejsnadnejsi  zpusob  jest  poraditi  se 
s  nekterym  vasim  znamym,  kdo  jiz  jest 
obcanera.  S  vyzvednutim  prvnieb  listin  nem 
tezkosti  —  jest  to  pouze  nutna  formalita, 
ktera  vsak  jest  velice  dulezita, 

**)  Jest  to  listina  tistena,  jiz  nutno  vy- 
plniti.    Otazky  ty  same,  jako  v  listu  prvnim. 


40  A  Primer  of  Civics 

This  testimony  of  these  witnesses  is  at- 
tached to  your  petition;  and  if  you  arrived 
in  this  country  after  June  29,  1906,  there 
shall  also  be  attached  a  certificate  from  the 
Department  of  Commerce  and  Labor,  giving 
date,  etc.,  of  arrival  and  taking  out  of 
"First  Papers". 


Prvni  citanka  obcanska  40 


Statech  nepfetrzite,  ze  jste  bydlili  ve  statu, 
V  nemz  o  obcanstvi  se  hlasite,  aspon  po  jeden 
cely  rok  pfed  tim,  ze  jste  zachovaleho  eha- 
rakteni  a  zpusobily  byti  pfipusten  eo 
obcan. 

Svedetvi  techto  dvou  svedku  jest  pfi- 
pojeno  k  vasi  pfihlasce ;  pfijel-li  jste  do  teto 
zeme  po  26.  cervnu  1906,  pfipojena  bude  tez 
i  listina  vladniho  oddeleni  pro  obchod  a 
praci,  vykazujici  den  atd.  pfijezdu  a  vy- 
zvednuti  "Prvniho  listu". 


41  A  Primer  of  Civics 

QUALIFICATION  REQUIRED. 

In  order  to  receive  your  Pinal  Papers 
as  a  citizen,  you — 

1.  Must  have  resided  in  the  United 
States  continuously  for  at  least  5 
years  immediately  preceding. 

2.  Must  have  resided  in  the  State  for 
at  least  1  year  immediately  preced- 
ing ;  and  be  of  good  moral  character 
and  attached  to  the  principles  of 
the  Constitution. 

3.  Must  intend  to  become  a  citizen  of 
the  United  States  and  to  reside  per- 
manently therein  and  to  renounce 
all  allegiance  to  any  foreign  ruler, 
state,  or  sovereignty. 

4.  Must  not  be  an  anarchist. 

5.  Must  not  be  a  polygamist. 

6.  Must  not  have  been  denied  admis- 
sion as  a  citizen,  or,  if  denied,  the 
cause  therefor  must  no  longer  exist. 

7.  Must  speak  the  English  language, 
unless  physically  unable. 

8.  Must  know  the  principles  of  United 
States  government  and  Constitution. 


Prvni  citanka  obcan%ka  41 

Zpusobilost  vyzadovana 

abyste  mohl  dosahnouti  obcanstvi, 

1.  Musite  bydliti  ve  Spojenych  Statecb 
nepretrzite  alespoil  5  let  bezprostfedne  pred 
dobou,  kdy  se  o  obcanstvi  hlasite. 

2.  Musite  bydliti  aspoii  jeden  rok  ve 
state,  V  nemz  se  o  obcanstvi  hlasite. 

3.  Musite  rozhodne  chtiti  se  stati  obca- 
nem  Spoj.  Statu^  usaditi  se  tu  trvale  a  odfici 
se  prislusenstvi  jakemnkoliv  cizemu  vladici, 
statu  neb  moenosti. 

4.  Nesmite  byti  anarchistou, 

5.  Nesmite  byti  mnohozencem. 

6.  Nesmite  byti  muzem  (zenou),  jemuz 
bylo  pfijeti  za  obcana  odepf eno,  aneb  bylo-li, 
nesmi  pficina  odmrsteni  dele  platiti. 

7.  Musite  mluviti  anglickym  jazykem, 
nejste-li  telesne  nesehopni  mluviti  vubec. 

8.  Musite  znati  hlavni  zasady  vlady  a 
ustavy  Spojenych  Statu. 


42  A  Primer  of  Civics 

NOTE. 

AFTER  YOU  HAVE  APPLIED  FOR 
YOUR  FINAL— SECOND— PAPERS,  YOU 
WILL  HAVE  TO  AVAIT  NINETY  (90) 
DAYS  TO  GET  THEM. 

Many  people  have  been  disappointed 
because  they  did  not  know  this.  In  some 
cases,  people  wanted  their  papers  in  time 
to  take  part  in  the  Presidential  or  other 
elections,  but  had  applied  too  late  to  receive 
them  in  time.  No  papers  are  given  out  with- 
in thirty  (30)   days  before  an  election. 

To  avoid  all  disappointments,     and  to 

enable  yourself  to  enter   upon   your    rights 

and  privileges  as  a  citizen   at    the    earliest 

possible  moment,  do  these  three  things: 

I.    Get  your  "first  papers"  as  soon  as 

you  come  to  this  Country; 
n.  Ask  for  your  final  papers  just  as 
soon  as  your  five  years  in  the 
Country  are  up ; 
HI.  Begin  to  study  the  English  lang- 
uage at  once,  just  as  soon  as  you 
can  after  landing.  English  is 
taught  free  in  the  Public  Evening 
Schools ; 


Prvni  citanka  obcanskat  42 

Poznamka. 

Po  pfihlasce  o  "Druhy  list"  musite  ce- 
kati  devadesat  (90)  dni,  nez  jej  dostanete. 

Mnozi  byli  sklamani,  protoze  toto  ne- 
vedeli.  V  nekterych  pfipadech  chteli  lide 
svuj  obeansky  list  v  cas,  aby  zucastniti  Be 
mohli  voleb  presidentskych  neb  jinycb,  avsak 
pfihlasili  se  pfilis  pozde,  nez  aby  jej  obdr- 
zeli  V  cas.  Zadne  listy  nejsou  vydavany  na 
tficet    (30)    dni  pfed  volbami. 

Abyste  se  vyvarovali  vsech  sklamani  a 
aby  vam  bylo  mozno  nastoupiti  prava  a  pf  ed- 
nosti  obcana  eo  nejdfive,  ucinte,  jak  nasle- 
duje: 

I.  Vyzvednete  si  "Prvni  list"  bned,  jak- 
mile  do  teto  zeme  pfijedete. 

II.  ITlaste  se  o  "Druhy  list",  jakmile 
vasieh  pet  let  v  teto  zemi  uplynulo. 

III.  Zacnete  se  uciti  anglieky  hnedi, 
CO  nejdfive  mozno  po  pfijezdu.  Anglicine  vy- 
ucuje  se  zdarma  ve  vefejnych  vecernimh. 
skolach. 


43  A  Primer  of  Civics 

IV.  Learn  all  you  can  about  citizen's 
duties,  and  the  principles  of  Amer- 
ican Government. 

As  a  naturalized  citizen,  you  have  all 
the  rights  and  duties  of  a  native-born  citi- 
zen; except  that  you  cannot  become  Presi- 
dent or  Vice-President  of  the  United  States. 
The  rights  of  such  a  citizen  are : 

1.  He  has  a  right  to  participate  in 
nominating  candidates  for  state  and 
municipal  (city)  offices;  such  as 
the  Groverner,  the  Mayor  of  the  city, 
the  Aldermen,  etc.,  at  the  Primary 
Elections. 

2.  He  has  a  right  to  vote  at  the  election 
for  the  candidates  so  nominated. 

3.  He  has  a  right  to  become  candidate 
for  any  office  except  that  of  the 
President  or  Vice-President. 

4.  He  has  a  right  to  the  protection  of 
the  United  States  Government,  when 
in  a  foreign  country. 

5.  He  has  a  right  to  government  lands, 
which  are  given  only  to  citizens,  and 
government  positions. 


Prvni  citanka  obcansk^  43 

rV.  Naucte  se  co  muzete  o  povinnostech. 
a  zaldadech  americke  vlady. 

Co  "naturalizovany"  obean  mate  ta 
sama  prava  a  povinnosti  jako  obcan  zde 
rozeny,  krome  to,  ze  nemiizete  se  stati  pre- 
sidentem  neb  mistopresidentem  Spojenyeh 
Statu. 

Prava  ta  jsou: 

1.  Pravo  zucastniti  se  jmenovani  kandi- 
datu  statnich  a  mestskych  uradu  jako :  ^- 
vernera,  mayora  mesta,  radnfch  atd.,  pfi 
pfed<volbach. 

2.  Pravo  hlasovati  rpfi  volbaeh  pro  ty 
neb  ony  kandidaty  pri  predvolbach  jmeno- 
vane. 

3.  Pravo  stati  se  kandidatem  ktereho- 
koliv  ufadu,  mimo  presidenta  neb  misto- 
presidenta, 

4.  Pravo  na  ochranu  vlady  SpojenycK 
Statu,  kdyz  naleza  se  v  zemich  jinyeh. 

5.  Naroky  na  vladni  pozemky,  jez  vlada 
rozdava  pouze  obcanum,  a  na  sluzbu  vladmi 
mestskou,  je-li  jinak  zpusobily.  (Neobcan, 
byt'  sebe  zpusobilejsi,  nemuze  vladnich, 
mestskych  atd.  mist  dosalinouti,  at'  jsou 
jakakoliv.) 


44  A  Primer  of  Civics 

The  question  whether  a  naturalized  citi- 
zen can  visit  his  former  home  without  fear 
of  molestation  of  any  kind  need  trouble  no 
one.  A  naturalized  citizen  is  as  safe  as  any 
other  American  citizen  in  any  country. 
There  have  been  cases  where  naturalized 
citizens  were  molested  by  foreign  officials, 
but  such  cases  are  rare,  and  in  each  of  these 
cases  the  citizens  could  have  appealed  to  the 
American  Consul  and  obtained  help. 

Only  a  citizen  of  this  country  can  get 
employment  from  the  Government,  the 
State,  the  City.  American  citizenship  is 
therefore,  of  great  value  to  you,  and  you 
should  qualify  for  it  at  once. 

VOTING. 

After  you  have  obtained  the  right  to 
vote,  you  will  have  to  learn  how  to  vote  in- 
telligently. First,  read  in  the  newspapers 
what  the  candidates  are  doing;  this  means 
reading  the  news  items  rather  than  the  edi- 
torials ;  but  read  both,  if  you  have  the  time. 


Prvni  citanka  obcanska  44 


Otazka,  muze-li  naturalizovany  obcan 
navstiviti  svuj  drivejsi  domov  beze  strachm 
pfed  pronasledovanim,  nemusi  nikomu  ne- 
snazi  pusobiti.  Naturalizovanv  americky 
obcan  jest  zrovna  tak  bezpecen  v  kterekoliv 
zemi,  jako  obcan  rozeny.  (Ochrana  obcanu 
americky ch  je  znacna  a  uplna.)  Byly  sice 
pripady,  kdy  natnralizovani  obcane  byli 
znepokojovani  cizimi  ufedniky,  avsak  pfi- 
pady  takove  jsou  fidke,  a  v  kaid^m  z  pri- 
padu  tech  mohl  obcan  odvolati  se  na  ame- 
rickeho  konsula  a  obdrzeti  pomoc. 

Pouze  obcan  teto  zeme  muze  dostati  za- 

mestnanl  od  vlady,  statu,  mesta  atd.  Ame- 

ricke  obcanstvi  ma  tedy  velikou  cenu  pro 

vas,  a  proto  mel  byste  stati  se  zpusobilym 

pro  ne  ilined. 

VOLBY. 

Po  nabyti  prava  volebnibo  nutno  bud© 
vam  nauciti  se  voliti  spravne  a  rozumne,  Za 
prve,  ctete  v  novinach,  co  kandid/ati  eini: 
toto  znamena  cteni  zprav  spise  nez  uvah  re- 
dakcnich,  avsak  ctete  oboji,  mate-li  cas.  Cte- 
te vice  listu;  ucinte  si  svuj  vlastni  nazor, 
kdyz    se    pfesvedcili  o  faktech.    (skutecno- 


45  A  Primer  of  Civics 

Read  more  than  one  paper;  form  your  own 
opinion  after  you  have  obtained  the  facts; 
for  this  reason  read  for  the  facts  in  the  first 
place,  not  for  opinions  of  others.  Be  inde- 
pendent. Do  you  say  that  this  is  hard?  Yes, 
it  is :  but  it  was  still  harder  to  give  up  lives 
for  the  good  of  the  country;  and  that  is 
what  many  noble  Americans  have  done. 

On  Election  Day,  do  not  allow  yourself 
to  be  influenced  by  any  one ;  go  into  the 
booth  to  mark  the  ballot  just  as  you  think  it 
ought  to  be  marked.  If  you  vote  the  whole 
party  ticket,  make  a  cross  in  the  party  cir- 
cle ;  if  there  is  just  one  candidate  for  whom 
you  would  like  to  vote  on  the  ticket  of  the 
other  party,  make  a  cross  in  your  own  party 
circle  and  a  cross  in  the  square  of  the  man 
for  whom  you  wish  to  vote  in  the  other  par- 
ty. For  example,  suppose  you  wish  to  vote 
for  the  candidates  on  the  Democratic  ticket, 
but  you  prefer  the  Republican  candidate  for 
States  Atorney;  then  make  a  cross  in  the 
circle  above  the  word  "Democratic"  and 
and  another  in  the  square  opposite  the 
Republican   candidate  for  States  Attorney, 


Prvni  citanka  obcanskai  45 


stech),  proto  na  prvnim  miste  hledejte  fak- 
ta,  ne  nazory  jinych.  Bud'te  neodvislymi. 
Jest  to  tezke?  Ano,  jest,  avsak  bylo  to  jeste 
tezsi  dati  zivoty  pro  dobro  vlasti,  a  toto 
nmozi  uslechtili  Americane  ucinili. 

V  den  voleb,  necht'  nikdo  vas  vlivem 
svym  nevladne :  jdete  dto  boudy  volebni  a  o- 
znacte  Masovaci  listek  jak  myslite,  ze  ozna- 
cen  byti  ma.  Volite-li  cely  listek  strany  ne- 
ktere,  ucinte  kfizek  v  krouzku  strany  te; 
cheete-li  hlasovati  pro  .iednobo  kandidata 
strany  jine,  ucitne  kfizek  v  krouzku  strany, 
jiz  volite  a  kfizek  ve  ctverecku  pfed  jme- 
nem,  jez  volite  ze  strany  jine.  Ku  pfikladu, 
kdyz  pfejete  si  voliti  vsecbny  demokraticke 
kandidaty,  ale  davate  pfednost  republikan- 
skemu  kandadatu  statnibo  navladnictvi  (je- 
hoz  pfejete  si  voliti)  ucinte  kfizek  v  krouz- 
ku nad  slovem  "DEMOCRATIC"  a  ve  ctve- 
recku pfed  jmenem  republikanskebo  kan- 
didata statnibo  navladnictvi. 

Volite-li  kandidaty  z  ruznycb  stran,  U'- 
cinte  kfizek  pfed  kazdym  jmenem  kandida- 
ta jez  volite,  ale  necinte  kfizku  v  zadnem 
krouzku  strany. 


46  A  Primer  of  Civics 

THE  NATIONAL  GOVERNMENT. 

In  place  of  a  King  or  Emperors,  we 
have  Presidents  in  this  country.  The  Pres- 
ident is  the  Executive  Head  of  the  nation. 
His  office  is  the  most  influential  one  in  the 
country.  He  has  the  power  to  fill  some  one 
hundred  thousand  Federal  offices,  many  of 
which  are  extremely  important,  such  as  the 
following : — 

1.  Secretary  of  State. 

2.  Secretary  of  the  Treasury. 

3.  Secretary  of  War. 

4.  Secretary  of  the  Navy. 

5.  Secretary  of  the  Interior. 

6.  Postmaster  General. 

7.  Attorney  General. 

8.  'Secretary  of  Agriculture. 

9.  Secretary  of  Commerce  and  Labor. 

10.  Chief  Justice  and  Judges    of    the 

Supreme  Court. 

11.  Ambassadors  and  Consuls  to   for- 

eign countries. 

12.  Military  and  Naval   Officers,    etc., 

ect. 
The  President  has  also  great  influence 
on  making  laws:  he  can  suggest  or  recom- 
mend what  laws  are  needed  for  the  good  of 


Prvni  citanka  obcanska  46 

Narodni  (Spolkova)  Vlada. 

President  je  hlavnym  vyko-nnym  ufed- 
nikem  naroda.  Jeho  ufad  je  ten  nejvlivupl- 
nejsim  v  zemi.  On  ma  moc  jmenovati  ti- 
fedniky  do  ruznych  ufadu,  jiehz  jest  eelkem 
asi  sto  tisic,  mnohe  z  niehz  jsou  velice  dule- 
lite  pro  vseobecne  dobro,  ku  pr.  nasledu- 
Jici: 

1.  Tajemnik  Spoj.  Statu. 

2.  Tajemnik  Financni. 

3.  Tajemnik  valky. 

4.  Tajemnik  lod'stva. 

5.  Tajemnik  vnitra. 

6.  Nejvyssi  postmistr. 

7.  Nejvyssi  statni  na via dni. 

8.  Tajemnik  zemedielstvi, 

9.  Tajemnik  obchodu  a  prace. 

10.  Nejvyssi  soudce  a  pfisediei  soudeove 
nejvyssiho  sondu. 

11.  Vyslanei  a  konsulove  do  cizieh  zemi. 

12.  Ufedniei  vojensti  a  namofni  atd.  atd. 
Krome   toho    ma    president    tez    veliky 

vliv  na  delani  zakonu:  ont'  muze  navrhnouti 
aneb  odporuciti  zakony  potfebne  pro  dobro 


47  A  Primer  of  Civics 

the  country  in  his  Annual  Message  to  Cong- 
gress.  This  Message  is  usually  a  written  or 
printed  docuonent  in  which  the  President 
gives  his  opinion  on  from  one  to  fifty  or 
more  public  questions.  In  this  way,  if  he 
wishes,  he  can  touch  upon  all  the  needs  of 
the  country.  Also,  he  may  send  a  Special 
Message  to  Congress,  when  he  feels  this  to 
be  necessary,  and,  in  it,  urge  the  passing  of 
a  law  which  he  believes  good  for  the  coun- 
try. The  strongest  weapon  in  the  hand  of 
a  President  is  the  Veto  Power.  If  the  Presi- 
dent believes  that  any  measure  that  Con- 
gress has  passed  is  bad,  he  can  stop  its  be- 
coming a  law  by  "vetoing"  it — "veto" 
means  "I  forbid".  When  a  bill  is  vetoed,  it 
cannot  become  a  law  unless  it  is  passed  again 
by  a  two-thirds  vote  of  Congress.  This  hardly 
ever  happens — as  a  matter  of  fact,  it  has 
happened  only  once  in  the  history  of  the 
United  States,  when  Andrew  Johnson  was 
President.  Finally,  the  President,  through 
his  Attorney  General,  can  prosecute  all  vio- 
lators of  the  United  States  Law,  such  as 
trusts,  smugglers,  etc. 


Prvni  citanka  obcanska  47 


vlasti  ve  svem  vyrocnim  poselstvi.  Toto  po- 
selstvi  jest  obyeejne  psany  neb  tisteny  list 
(nekdjy  mnoho  stranek  obsahujici),  v  neraz 
president  podava  svoje  nahledy  o  otazkach 
citajicich  od  jedne  az  do  padesati  i  vice. 
Timto  zpusobem,  pfeje-li  si,  muze  se  dotk- 
nouti  temef  vsech  potfeb  zeme.  Tez  i  zvlast- 
ni  poselstvi  muze  poslati  Kongressu,  kdyko- 
liv  za  nutne  uznava,  a  v  nem  pficinovati  se  o 
prosazeni  zakona,  jejz  pro  dobro  zeme  za  do- 
bry  uznava.  Ne'jmocnejsi  zbrani  v  ruce  pre- 
sidenta  je  tak  zvana  moe  veta.  Uznava-li 
totiz  president  nekterou  pfed/lohu  Kongres- 
sem  pfijatou  za  spatnou,  muze  zameziti  svj'm 
vetem,  aby  se  stala  zakonem,  (Veto  je  slovo 
latinske  znamenajiei  "Ja  zakazuji.")  Je-li 
pfedloha  vetovana,  nemuze  se  stati  zako- 
nem, neni-li  znovu  dvou  tretinovou  vetsi- 
nou  Kongressem  prijata.  Toto  se  malo 
kdy  stava,  ve  skutecnosti  stalo  se  tak  pouze 
jednou  v  dejinach  Spojenych  Statu,  kdy^ 
Andrew  Johnson  byl  presidentem.  Konecne 
president  muze  skrze  sveho  nejvyssiho  na- 
vladniho  stihati  vsechny,  jiz  rusi  zakony  Spo- 
jenych Statu,  jako  trusty,  pasery  a  p. 


48  A  Primer  of  Civics 

Only  a  native-born  citizen  can  become 
President  of  the  United  States.  The  Presi- 
dential Election  takes  place  every  four 
years,  on  the  Tuesday  following  the  first 
Monday  in  November.  Presidential  election 
years  are  as  follows :— 1912,  1916,  1920,  etc. 

THE  CONGRESS. 

Congress  is  the  body  that  makes  laws 
for  the  United  States.  It  has  the  power  to 
levy  and  collect  taxes,  duties,  imposts,  and 
excises.  Its  chief  duty  is  to  care  for  the  gen- 
eral welfare  of  the  United  States.  It  has 
also  power  to — 

1.  Borrow  money  on  credit  of  the 
United  States. 

2.  Regulate  commerce. 

3.  Pass  naturalization  and  immigration 
laws. 

4.  Coin  money. 

5.  Declare  war. 

6.  Eaise  and  support  the  Army,  the 
Navy,  etc.,  etc.  In  general,  it  has 
the  power  and  duty  to  pass  laws  for 
the  good  of  the  country. 


Prvni  citanka  obcanska  48 


Pouze  zde  rozeny  obcan  muze  se  stati 
presidentem  Spojenych  Statu.  Presidentske 
volby  pak  json  kazde  ctyry  roky,  v  to  utery, 
po  prvnim  pondelku  v  listopadu.  Pfisti  pre- 
sidentske volby  budou  v  roce  1912,  pak 
1916,  1920,  1924  atd. 

Kongress. 

Kongress  jest  teleso,  jez  dela  zakony 
pro  eele  Spojene  Staty;  ma  moc  ukladati 
a  vybirati  dane,  clo,  poplatky  a  platy.  Hlav- 
ni  jebo  povinnost  jest  starati  se  o  vseobecne 
dobro  Spojenych  Statu.    Ma  tez  moc : 

1.  Vypujcovati  penize  na  uver  Spoj.  Statu. 

2.  Eegulovati  obehod. 

3.  Delati  zakony  o  pfistehovalcich  a  jich 

za  obeany  prijimati. 

4.  Raziti  penize. 

5.  Vypovedeti  valku. 

6.  Sbirati  vojsko,  lod'stvo  atd  a  vydrzo- 
Yati  je. 

Vseobecne  feceno  ma  moc  a  povinnost 
delati  zakony  pro   dobro   zeme. 


49  A  Primer  of  Civics 


Congress  is  composed  of  Two  Houses — 
the  House  of  Repesentatives  and  the  Senate. 
Any  bill  to  become  a  law,  must  pas^  both 
Houses,  and  then  be  signed  by  the  President 
of  the  United  States.  In  ease  the  President 
vetoes  the  bill,  it  is  sent  back  to  Congress. 
If  two-thirds  of  the  Congress  vote  to  pass 
the  bill  over  the  President's  veto,  it  can  be- 
come a  law  in  spite  of  the  opposition  of  the 
President. 

The  House  of  Representatives  has  three 
hundred  and  ninety-one  (391)  members,  who 
are  elected  by  the  people  every  two  years. 
It  is  possible  for  you  to  get  acquainted  per- 
sonally with  your  candidate  for  Congress, 
and  you  ought  to  do  so.  The  duties  of  a 
Congressman  are  to  be  present  at  all  the 
sessions  (meetings)  of  the  Congress,  to  in- 
troduce, support,  and  vote  for  bills  which 
are  intended  to  do  good  to  the  whole  nation. 
The  Congressmen  (Representatives)  elect 
their  presiding  officer,  who  is  called 
** Speaker  of  the  House".  This  Speaker  holds 
an  important  office;  he  appoints  committees, 
and    decides    who    has    the    "right    to    the 


Prvni  citanka  obcanska  49 

Kongress  pozustava  ze  dvou  t.  zv.  "do- 
mu"  (dvou  skupin)  a  to  domu  zastupcu  a 
Senatu.  Kazda  predloha,  aby  se  stati  mo- 
hla  zakonem  musi  projiti  obema  domy  a  byti 
podepsana  presidentem  Spoj.  Statu.  V  pfl- 
pade,  ze  by  president  vetoval  nekterou  pfed- 
lohu  jest  tato  poslana  zpet  kongressu.  Je-li 
pak  dvou  tfetinovou  vetsinou  znovu  pfija- 
ta  vzdoT  presidentove  vetu,  muze  se  stati 
zakonem  i  proti  presidentove  vuli. 

Dum  zastupcu  ma  391  clenu,  jiz  voleni 
jsou  lidem  kazde  dva  roky.  Jest  to  zcela  moz- 
ne,  abyste  se  osobne  seznamili  s  kandidatem 
do  Kongressu  ve  svem  distriktu,  a  meli  by- 
ste  to  vzdiy  uciniti.  Povinnosti  kongressnika 
jsou,  aby  byl  vzdy  pritomen  v  sezenich  kon- 
gressu, pfedkladatij  podporovati  a  hlasovati 
pro  predlohy,  jez  smeruji  k  dobru  celeho 
naroda.  Kongressniei  (zastupci)  voli  sveho 
pfedsedajiciho  m'ednika,  jenz  r^azyva  se 
"mluvcim  domu  zastupcu",  Tento  "mluv- 
ci"  zastava  dulezity  ufad<;  out'  ustanovuje 
vybory,  a  rozhoduje  kdo  ma  pravo  mluviti, 
udeluje  slovo  zastupcum  on  se  hlasicim;  pri 


50 A  Primer  of  Civics 

floor" — the  right  to  speak;  and  he  can  cast 
the  deciding  vote  in  case  of  a  tie. 

The  Senate  has  ninety-two  (92)  mem- 
bers, two  from  each  state,  elected  by  the 
State  Legislatures  for  terms  of  six  (6)  years. 
The  Vice  President  pf  the  United  States  pre- 
sides in  the  Senate.  The  duties  of  a  Senator 
are  about  the  same  as  those  of  a  Congress- 
man; the  Senators,  being  elected  by  the  State 
Legislatures,  are  not  directly  responsible  to 
the  people,  since  the  people  cannot  vote  them 
out  of  office  directly,  but  only  through  their 
representatives  in  State  Legislatures.  This 
makes  the  Senators  feel  very  independent 
of  the  people,  and  they  have  sometimes  voted 
down  bills  intended  for  the  good  of  the  peo- 
ple, because  these  bills  did  not  please  the 
political  supporters  and  friends  of  the  Sen- 
ators. For  this  reason,  there  is  growing  a 
strong  feeling  that  Senators  should  be 
elected  directly  by  the  people,  and  be  di- 
rectly responsible  to  the  people  for  their 
actions. 

Since  Congress  is  such  a  powerful  body, 
and  has  such  a  great  influence  upon  the  wel- 


Prvni  citanka  obcanska  60 

hlasovani  rozhoduje  svym  hlasem,  je-li  pocet 
hlasu  pro  i  proti  pfedloze  rovny, 

Senat  ma  92  clenu,  dva  z  kazdeho  statu, 
jiz  voleni  jsou  statnimi  zakonodarnami  statu 
na  dol3u  sesti  let.  Mistop'resident  Spoje- 
nych  Statu  jest  pf  edsedou  senatu.  Povinnosti 
senaotru  jsou  ty  same  jako  kongressniku  v 
dome  zastupeu.  Senatofi  jsouee  voleni  stat- 
nimi zakonodarnami  nejsou  zodpovedni  pfi- 
mo  lidu,  jezto  lid  nemuze  je  pfimo  voliti,  ny- 
'brz  skrze  zastupce  v  statni  zakonodarne. 
Tim  citi  se  senatofi  neodvislymi  od  lidu, 
takze  casto  se  jiz  stalo,  ze  senat  odmrstil  neb 
nechal  propadaiouti  zakony  k  dobru  lidu 
smerujiei,  protoze  nebyly  vbod  jejich  poli- 
tiekym  pratelum.  Proto  vzmaha  se  cim  dale 
tim  vice  mineni,  ze  senatofi  meli  by  byti  vo- 
leni pfimo  lidem,  a  byti  pfimo  zodpovednymi 
lidu  za  sve  ciny. 

Jezto  Kongress  jest  telesem  tak  mo-e- 
nym,  maje  takovy  obrovsky  vliv  na  blabobyt 


51  A  Primer  of  Civics 

fare  of  the  nation,  it  is  needless  to  say  that 
every  citizen  ought  to  do  his  best  to  elect 
such  men  to  Congress  as  will  support  good 
laws  and  work  unselfishly  for  the  Nation. 

THE  STATE  GOVERNMENT. 

The  Executive  Head  of  the  State  Gov- 
ernment is  the  Governor.  He  is  chosen  by 
the  direct  vote  of  the  people.  The  Governor 
appoints  all  the  important  military  officers 
connected  with  the  State,  members  of  State 
Boards  of  Charity,  Trustees  of  the  State  Asy- 
lums, and  of  other  State  institutions,  mem- 
bers of  the  State  Board  of  Education,  etc., 
etc.  He  has  also  the  power  of  veto  and, 
hence,  much  influence  upon  the  making  of 
the  State  Laws.  The  votes  of  two-thirds  of 
the  State  Legislature  are  needed  to  pass  a 
law  over  the  Governor's  veto.  The  Governor 
is  Commander-in-Chief  of  the  State  Militia, 
and  can  send  soldiers  to  any  part  of  the 
State  where  they  are  needed :  this  he  does 
in  cases  of  riots,  insurrections,  or  any  mob- 
gatherings  for  any  unlawful  purpose,  to  pre- 
serve order  and  insure  safety  to  peaceful 
citizens. 


Prvni  citanka  obcanska  51 

naroda,  bylo  by  zbytecnym  pfipominati,  ze 
kazdy  obcan  mel  by  co  nejviee  se  snaziti  vo- 
liti  takove  miize  do  Kongressu,  jiz  by  podpo- 
rovali  dobre  zakony  a  starali  se  nesobecky  o 
dobro  narodia. 

Statni  vlada. 

Vykonnym  hlavnim  ufednikem  statu  je 
guverner,  jenz  volen  jest  tez  primym  hlaso- 
vanim  lidu.  Giivemer  ustanovnje  dulezite 
dustojniky  statniho  vojenskeho  sboru  (mili- 
ee),  dale  cleny  dobrocinnebo  odboru,  duver- 
niky  statnich  ustavu  (utulen,  blazineu,  chu- 
dobincu  atd.),  cleny  statni  skolni  rady  atd. 
Ma  tez  moc  vetovati  zakony  statni  zakono- 
damou  pf ijate  a  tim  tez  veliky  vliv  na  delani 
zakonu  pro  stat.  Jest  potrebi  dvoutretinove 
vetsiny  statni  zakonodarny  k  pfijmuti  zako- 
na,  jenz  byl  gn'vernerem  vetovan.  Guver- 
ner je  tez  nejvyssim  velitelem  statni  milice, 
a  ma  tudiz  moc  poslati  vojsko  kamkoliv  ve 
state,  kdez  by  ho  bylo  potrebi,  jako  v  pripa- 
dech  boufek,  povstani,  shluknuti  davu  za  u- 
cely  protizakonnimi,  kdy  nutno  jest  zacho- 
vati  poradek  a  zajistiti  bezpecnost  pokoj- 
nym  obcanum. 


52  A  Primer  of  Civics 

THE  GENERAL  ASSEMBLY. 

The  General  Assembly — or  State  Legis- 
lature— is  the  body  that  makes  laws  for  the 
State.  Its  organization  is  similar  to  that  of 
the  Congress  of  the  United  States.  It  con- 
sists of  two  Houses — the  House  of  Represen- 
tatives and  the  Senate.  The  Governor  can 
influence  the  making  of  laws  by  the  State 
Legislature  in  the  same  way  in  which  the 
President  influences  law-making  in  Con- 
gress, for  laws  are  passed  in  the  State  Legis- 
latu're  just  as  laws  are  passed  in  the  United 
States  Congress.  The  House  of  Representa- 
tives in  the  State  elects  its  presiding  officer, 
who  is  called  "Speaker  of  the  House".  He 
appoints  committees  to  examine  the  bills  pre- 
sented to  the  Legislature  and  to  report  them 
to  the  House  for  adoption  just  as  bills  are 
presented  to  Congress.  The  State  Legislature 
can  pass  any  law  for  the  general  welfare  of 
the  State,  but  these  laws  must  be  in  harmony 
with  the  Constitution  of  the  United  States. 
Each  State  passes  its  own  laws,  and  hence 
there  are  many  differences  in  the  laws  of  the 
states  which  make  the  United  States. 


Prvni  citanka  obcanska  52 

Statni  zakonodarna. 

Statni  zakonodarna  cili,  jak  nekdy  je 
zvana  —  "vseobecny  sbor",  jest  zakonodar- 
ne  teleso  statni,  jez  jest  sestaveno  podobne 
jako  KoTigress  Spojenych  Statu.  Pozustava 
tez  z  dvon  casti  cili  domu  —  Domu  Zastup- 
cu  a  Senatu.  Podobne  jako  president  v  Kon- 
gressu,  ma  guverner  vliv  na  prosazovani 
zakonu  v  statni  zakonodarne,  nebot'  zakony 
delaji  se  v  statni  zakonodarne  tim  samym 
zpusobem  jako  v  Kongressu.  Dum  zastup- 
cu  voli  si  tez  sveho  mluvciho,  jenz  domu  za- 
stupcu  pfedseda,  ustanovuje  vybory  k  pro- 
zkoumani  pfedloh  a  vraeeni  jich  zpet  domu 
zastupcu  ku  pfijeti,  prave  jako  se  to  deje  v 
kongressu. 

Statni  zakonodarna  muze  pi'ijraouti  jaky- 
koliv  zakon  pro  dobro  statu,  ktery  by  byl 
V  souladu  s  ustavou  Spojenych  Statu.  Kaz- 
dy  stat  tvori  si  sve  vlastni  zakony  a  proto 
nalezneme  mnohe  rozdily  v  zakonech  mezi 
staty,     z  nichz  Spojene   Staty  pozustavaji. 

Zastupei  statni  zakonodarny  voleni  jsou 
na  dobu  dvou  rokii,  statni  senatori  na  ctyry 
roky. 


53  A  Primer  of  Civics 

State  Representatives  are  elected  for 
terms  of  two  years.  State  Senators  are 
elected  for  four-year  terms. 

CITY  GOVERNMENT. 

The  Executive  Head  of  the  City  is  the 
Mayor;  the  law-making  body  is  the  City 
Council.  Mayor's  power  lies  in  his  veto,  but 
still  more  in  his  appointive  power. 

Following  are  some  of  the  important 
appointments  of  officials  made  by  the  Mayor 
in  the  City  of  Chicago : — 

The  Board  of  Education. 

The  Chief  of  Police. 

The  Chief  of  the  Fire  Department. 

Commissioner  of  Public  Works. 

Commissioner  of  Health. 

Superintendent  of  the  Water  Bureau. 

City  Engineer. 

City  Sealer,  etc.,  etc. 

Since  1907,  the  Mayor  of  Chicago  is 
elected  for  four-year  terms;  at  the  regular 
city  elections,  the  Tuesday  after  the  first 
Monday  in  April, 

From  the  foregoing  it  is  clear  that  the 
education  of  your  children,  your  safety  and 


Prvni  citanka  obcanska  53 


Mestska  sprava. 

Nejvygsim  vykonnlym  ufedmikein  mesta 
je  major.  Telesem  zakonodarnym  je  mest- 
ska rada.  Moc  majorova  zalezi  castecne  v 
Jeho  vetu,  avsak  jeste  vice  v  tom,  ze  jmenu- 
je  mnoho  vykonnych  mestskych  ufedniku, 
jiz  vlivu  jeho  podlehaji,  a  na  nichz  blaho 
mesta  zavisi. 

Nasledujiei  jsou  nektere  ufady  do  nichz 
tifadniky  dosazuje  major: 

Skolni  rada. 

Nacelnik  policie. 

Nacelnik  hasicstva. 

Komisar   vefejnych   praei. 

Komisaf  zdravotaiiho  odboru. 

Superintendent  kancelafe  vodmi. 

(jenz  ma  na  starosti  mestske  vo- 

dojemy,  cerpadla  a  stara  se  o  do- 

statecnou   zasobu   vody   pro   me- 

sto.) 

Mestsky  inzinyr. 

Mestsky   cechmistr  atd,  atd. 

Od  roku  1907  mayor  Chicaga  je  vo- 
len  na  dobu  ctyf  roku  o  pravidelnych  mest- 
skych volbach,  jez  pfipadaji  na  uterek  po 
prvnim  pondelku  v  dubnu. 


54  A  Primer  of  Civics 

that  of  your  family,  the  cleanliness  of  the 
city,  and  public  decency,  all  depend  directly 
upon  the  kind  of  Mayor  you  elect.  If  a 
Mayor  is  elected  who,  personally,  does  not 
care  for  decency  and  order,  you  may  be  sure 
that  he  will  quite  probably  appoint  a  Chief 
of  Police  who  will  be  careless  about  enforc- 
ing the  law,  and  the  indecent  elements  will 
have  free  play.  It  is  important  to  note, 
therefore,  what  the  candidate  for  Mayor  is — 
not  only  what  he  says  he  is,  and  what  he 
promises  to  do.  Also,  it  is  not  enough  to 
look  what  his  personal  convictions  are,  but 
also  whether  he  is  strong"  enough,  energetic 
enough,  and  fearless  enough,  to  carry  out 
these  convictions.  If  a  Mayor  is  a  good 
man,  but  at  the  same  time  weak — Alas  for 
the  city!  It  is  worse  than  having  a  strong 
man  who  may  have  a  few  personal  faults. 
A  man  of  good  character  and  unquestionable 
strength  to  carry  out  his  beliefs  should  be 
the  ideal. 


Prvni  citanka  obcanska  54 

Z  pfedesleho  jest  jasno,  ze  vzdelani  va- 
sich  ditek  (skolni  rada),  vase  a  vasi  rodi- 
ny  bezpeenost  (nacelnik  policie),  cistota, 
dobry  stav  mesta  .  (komisaf  mestskyeh  pra- 
ci)  a  vefejna  slusnost  zavisi  pfimo  a  z  ve- 
like  casti  na  torn,  jakeho  mayora  si  zvolite. 
Je-li  zvolen  mayorem  clovek,  jenz  sam  osob- 
ne  nedba  o  slusnost  a  pofadek,  muzete  byti 
jisti,  ze  nepochybne  iistanovi  za  nacelnika 
policie  cloveka,  jnz  tez  o  vymahani  zakonu 
dbati  nebiide,  a  nefestne,  nizke  zivly  nabu- 
dou  uplne  volnosti  nekale  sve  dilo  konati. 

Proto  jest  diilezite  divati  se  na  to,  ja- 
kym  muzem  kandidat  mayorstvi  jest,  ne 
pouze  na  to,  co  on  sam  o  sobe  pravi  a  co 
slibuje.  Ani  to  neni  dostatecno,  hledeti 
na  jeho  osobni  dobre  zasady,  nybrz  je-li 
vskutku  dosti  pevneho  charakteru,  dosti  sil- 
ne  vule  a  neohrozenosti,  provesti  tyto  zasa- 
dy. Je-li  mayor  clovekem  dobrym,  ale  pfi 
torn  slabochem  —  beda  mestu  !  Jest  to  lior- 
si,  nezli  mayor,  jenz  sice  ma  nektere  osobni 
chyby,  ale  je  jinak  silnym  a  rozumnym. 
Muz  dobreho  charakteru  a  nepopiratelne  si- 
ly  provesti  dobre  sve  umysly,  jest  zadou- 
cim  kandidatem  pro  ufad  mayora. 


55  A  Primer  of  Civics 

THE  CITY  COUNCIL. 

The  City  Council  is  the  body  that  makes 
the  laws  governing  the  City.  A  law  passed 
by  a  City  Council  is  called  an  Ordinance. 
Ordinances  must  not  conflict  with  the  Con- 
stitution of  the  United  States,  with  the  Con- 
stitution of  the  State,  or  with  the  City 
Charter.  The  organization  of  the  City  Coun- 
cil differs  from  that  of  Congress  and  that 
of  the  State  Legislature  in  that  it  has  but 
one  House — or  deliberative  body — where  the 
other  bodies  have  each  two  Houses.  Presid- 
ing officer  of  the  Council  is  the  Mayor. 

Passing  an  Ordinance  is,  then,  a  simpler 
matter  than  passing  a  Bill  in  Congress  or  in 
the  State  Legislature,  mainly  because  of 
there  being  but  the  one  House.  If  the  Mayor 
vetoes  an  Ordinance,  votes  of  two-thirds  of 
the  Council  are  necessary  to  pass  it  over 
his  veto. 

WHAT  A  CITY  COUNCIL  CAN  DO. 

A  City  Council  can  give  Franchises — 
that  is,  the  right  to  do  business — to  public 
utility  corporation*!;  such  as  gas  companies, 


Prvni  citanka  obcanska  55 

MESTSKA  RADA. 

Mestska  rada  jest  telesem,  jez  dela  za- 
kony  pro  mesto.  Zakon  takovy  nazyva  se 
ordinance.  Ordinance  nesmi  byti  v  odporu 
s  ustavou  Spojenych  Statu,  s  ustavou  statni, 
aneb  s  vysadami  (charterem)  mesta.  Mest- 
ska rada  lisi  se  ve  svem  zfizeni  od  kon- 
gressu  a  statni  zakonodarny  hlavne  tim,  ze 
pozustava  pouze  z  jednoho  domu  ci  zako- 
nodarneho  sboru,  kdezto  kongress  i  statni 
zakonodarna  pozustavji  ze  sboru  dvou. 

Pfedsedou  mestske  rady  je  mayor. 

Prosazeni  ordinance  jest  tudiz  daleko 
jednodussi,  nezli  prosazeni  zakona  v  kon- 
gressu  aneb  ve  statni  zakonodarne,  hlavne 
protoze  mestska  rada  pozustava  pouze  z  jed- 
noho  zakonodarneho  sboru.  Je-li  ordinance 
vetovana  mayorem,  nemuze  se  stati  zako- 
nem,  az  kdyz  je  znovu  mestskou  radou  pfi- 
jata  dvoutfetinovou  vetsinou  hlasu. 

Prace  mestske  rady. 

Mestska  rada  udili  vysady  spolecnostem 

ruz;ne   vefejne   potfeby  mesta   dodavajicim, 

jako  jsou  spolecnost  plynarnicka,  elektriku 

vyrabejici,    telefonni,    spolecnost  poulicnich 


56  A  Primer  of  Civics 

electric  light  companies,  street-car  compa- 
nies, telephone  companies,  etc.,  for  such  com- 
panies have  no  right  to  "operate" — that  is, 
do  business — without  first  getting  permis- 
sion from  the  City  Council.  Such  permission 
to  operate  is  called  a  Franchise.  If  the  City- 
Council  is  made  up  of  able  and  honest  men, 
it  will  not  give  a  franchise  to  a  company 
without  assurance  that  the  company  will 
give  good  service  at  reasonable  rates  to  the 
people.  For  example,  in  Chicago,  the  Council 
compelled  the  Gas  Company  to  reduce  the 
rate  from  $1.00  to  $.85  per  thousand  cubic 
feet  of  gas;  in  Detroit,  the  Council  succeeded 
in  getting  a  three-cent  fare  on  some  of  the 
street-car  lines. 

Frequently,  the  companies  try  to  control 
the  Council :  they  contribute  money  to  the 
election  campaign  fund  of  this  or  that  Alder- 
man; there  have  been  cases,  even,  where 
Aldermen  have  been  offered  special  favors 
and  even  bribes,  by  certain  companies,  for 
their  votes  on  franchises.  This  is  the  way  in 
which  the  people  may  be  robbed  of  good 
service  and  reasonable  rates  if  they  are  not 


Prvni  citanka  obcanska  56 

drah.  atd.,  nebot'  spolecnosti  takove  nema- 
ji  prava  v  meste  cinnost  svou  provadeti  bez 
zvlastniho  dovoleni  mestske  rady.  Takova 
povoleni  nazyvaji  se  "vysadami"(aiiglicky : 
''franchise").  Pozustava-li  mestska  rada 
ze  schopnych  a  poctivych  muzu,  neda  vysa- 
dy  zadne  spolecnosti  bez  zajisteni  dobre 
sluzby  za  mirnych  podminek.  Ku  pfikladu 
V  Chicagu  pfinutila  mestska  rada  plynar- 
nickou  spolecnost  sniziti  cenu  plynu  z  $1.00 
na  85  centu;  v  Detroit  podafilo  se  mestske 
rade  dosahnouti  tficentoveho  jizdneho  na 
nekterych  liniich  poulicnicb  drah. 

Caste  se  stava,  ze  spolecnosti  takove 
meskou  radu  ovladajl  tim,  ze  pfispivaji  kon- 
didatum  na  volebni  vylohy.  Byly  tu  i  pfi- 
pady,  ze  radnim  nabidnuty  byly  zvlastni 
vyhody,  ba  i  uplatky  jistymi  spolecnostmi 
za  jejich  hlasy  pfi  vydavani  vysad.  Tako- 
vymto  zpusobem  okradan  je  lid,  neni-li  bde- 


57 A  Primer  of  Civics 

watchful.  If  the  people  will  not  vote,  or  if 
they  are  careless  about  choosing  their  can- 
didate, they  cannot  expect  good  things  for 
themselves,  and  deserve  the  bad  treatment 
that  is  sure  to  come  from  their  carelessness 
and  laziness  in  performing  their  duties  as 
citizens.  The  thing  to  do  is  to  be  active  and 
to  let  no  opportunity  go  by  without  making 
a  good  fight  for  one's  own  rights  and  for 
the  public  good. 

ELECTION  OF  ALDERMEN. 

The  City  of  Chicago  is  divided  into 
thirty-five  (35)  Wards;  as  each  Ward  elects 
two  (2)  Aldermen  to  the  Council,  one  each 
year,  there  are  seventy  (70)  Aldermen.  Elec- 
tions of  Aldermen  are  held  on  the  regular 
city  election  day,  the  first  Tuesday  after  the 
first  Monday  in  April. 

A  candidate  for  alderman  must  be  a 
citizen  with  full  right  to  vote ;  he  must  reside 
in  the  Ward  in  which  he  is  a  candidate,  and 
must  have  been  a  resident  of  the  city  during 
the  year  just  before  the  election.  Each  alder- 
man is  elected  for  two  (2)  years.   Aldermen 


Prvni  citanka  obcanska  57 

lym.  Vyhybaji-li  se  obcane  volbam,  jsou-li 
nedbalymi  ve  volbe  kandidatu,  nesmeji  oce- 
kavati,  ze  jejich  zajmy  budou  hajeny  a  za- 
sluhuji  pine  sizeni  a  okradani,  jehoz  se  jim 
pbiou  merou  dostane  nasledkein  jejich  ne- 
dbalosti  a  lenosti  ve  vykonavani  obcanskych 
povinnosti.  Jest  tedy  nutno  byti  cinnym  a 
neopomenouti  ani  jedine  prilezitosti,  bojo- 
vati  za  sva  prava  a  vefejne  dobro. 

Volba  radnich. 

Mesto  Chicago  rozdeleno  jest  na  35  ea- 
sti,  zvanych  wardy;  jelikoz  kazda  warda 
voli  dva  radni,  kazdy  rok  jednoho,  jest  cel- 
kem  70  radnich  v  mestske  rade.  Volby  rad- 
nich odbyvaji  se  o  pravidelnych  volbach 
mestskych,  prvni  uterek  po  prvnim  pondel- 
ku  V  mesici  dubnu.  Kandidat  pro  ufad  rad- 
niho  musi  byti  obcanem,  s  uplnym  pravem 
hlasovacim,  musi  bydliti  ve  warde,  v  niz  jest 
kandidatem  a  musi  bydliti  ve  meste  cely  rok 
pfed  volbou.  Eadni  jest  vzdy  volen  na  do- 
bu  dvou  let.  V  Chicagu  a  v  jinych  me- 
stech,  kde  statni  zakonodarna  pfijala  zakon 


58  A  Primer  of  Civics 


are  nominated  by  the  people,  in  Chicago, 
and  in  other  cities  where  the  Primary  Law 
has  been  adopted  by  the  State. 

THE  ALDERMAN  AND  THE  WARD. 

Each  "Ward  in  our  city  has  two  alder- 
men whose  business  it  is  to  take  care  of  the 
interests  of  the  Ward  they  represent.  What 
does  the  Ward  exrpect  from  its  aldermen? 
What  should  each  Ward  expect?  What 
should  a  private  citizen  expect?  These  are 
questions  that  every  citizen  ought  to  be  able 
to  answer.  Good  citizenship  begins  with  the 
Ward — indeed,  it  begins  farther  back,  it  be- 
gins in  the  Precinct,  the  smaller  division  of 
the  Ward.  It  is  impossible  for  you  to  do 
great  things  in  State  or  National  govern- 
ment, if  you  can  not,  or  will  not,  take  any 
interest  in  the  affairs  of  your  own  Precinct 
— in  the  government  of  your  own  Ward.  Let 
us  try,  then,  to  answer  these  questions. 

What  does  the  Ward  expect  from  the 
Aledrmen  elected  to  represent  its  interests? 

It  is  self  evident  that  the  aldermen  are 
expected  to  vote  for  laws  that  are  to  benefit 


Prvni  citanka  obcanska  58 

o   pfedvolbach,   jmenovan  jest   radui  pfimo 
lidem  o  pfedvolbach. 

Radni  a  jeho  warda. 

Kazda  warda  ma  dva  radni,  jiehz  po- 
vinnosti  jest  starati  se  o  zajmy  wardy,  jiz 
zastupuji.  Co  ocekava  warda  od  sveho  rad- 
niho?  Co  by  mela  kazda  warda  ocekavati? 
Co  mel  by  kazdy  obcan  ocekavati?  Tyto 
otazky  mel  by  si  kazdy  obcan  zodpovediti. 
Dobre  obcanstvi  pocina  ve  warde,  ba  jeste 
blize  —  V  precinktu.,  mensim  to  oddeleni 
wardy.  Jest  nemozno,  abyste  vykonali  ve- 
like  veci  ve  state  neb  narode,  nemuzete-li 
neb  nechcete-li  zajimati  se  o  svuj  vlastni 
precinkt,  o  spravu  a  dobro  sve  vlastni 
wardy. 

Co  ocekava  warda  od  radnich,  jez  zvo- 
lila,  by  ji  zastupovali? 

Je  samozfejmo,  ze  pfedne  od  nich  oce- 
kava, ze  budou  hlasovati  ve  prospecli  ordi- 
nanci  ,jez  smefuji  k  dobru  celeho  mesta,  ne- 
bot'  ordinance  ty  pomohou  i  kazde  warde, 
jez  jest  pfece  casti  mesta,  avsak  krome  to- 


59  A  Primer  of  Civics 

the  whole  city,  for  these  laws  will  help  the 
Ward  also;  but  there  are  special  things  in 
each  Ward  to  be  looked  after,  and  it  is  the 
duty  of  the  aldermen  to  do  this  work.  Such 
things  are : 

1.  The  Cleanliness  of  the  Ward: 
The  City  pays  money  for  cleaning  the 

streets  and  alleys,  and  for  the  removal  of 
garbage.  Each  Ward  is  entitled  to  a  certain 
amount  of  attention;  if  in  any  Ward,  this 
cleaning  is  poorly  done,  if  the  number  of 
teams  removing  garbage  is  not  sufficient,  if 
garbage  is  dumped  in  the  Ward  in  places 
where  it  will  injure  the  health  of  the  people, 
the  Aldermen  can  do  much  to  make  things 
better.  If  they  do  not  do  this,  the  citizens 
should  ask  them  to  do  so,  either  individually, 
or,  still  better,  as  a  body. 

2.  Light : 

The  same  can  be  said  about  street-light- 
ing; many  crimes  and  accidents  would  be 
prevented,  if  all  the  streets  were  well-lighted. 
But  in  some  places  this  matter  is  badly  neg- 
lected. The  aldermen  can — and  ought  to  take 
it  upon  themselves  to  see  that  good  lighting 


Prvni  citanka  obcanska  59 

ho  jsoii  zvlastni  veci  v  kazde  warde,  o  nez 
nutno  se  starati  a  k  tomu  jsou  radni,  aby 
starost  a  zodpovednost  tu  na  se  vzali. 
Veci  ty  jsou: 

1.    Cistota   wardy. 

Mesto  plati  za  cistern  ulic  a  ulicek  a  za 
odvazeni  odpadku.  Kazda  warda  ma  naro- 
ky  na  jistou  miru  pozornosti.  Je-li  cisteni 
V  nektere  warde  delano  spatne,  je-li  pocet 
povozu,  odpadky  odvazejicich,  nedostatee- 
ny,  jsou-li  odpadky  skladany  ve  warde  na 
mistech,  kde  jsou  nebezpecny  lidskemu 
zdravi,  tu  jest  potfebi  zakrocem  radnich, 
aby  nepofadku  podobnemu  byl  ueinen  ko- 
nec.  Nezakroei-li  sami,  maji  obcane  je  o  to 
pozadati  bud'  jednotlive  aneb,  coz  jest  lep- 
si,  CO  celek. 

2.    Svetlo. 

To  same  muze  se  fici  o  osvetleni  ulic. 
Mnobym  zlocimim  a  nestestim  by  se  ipfe- 
deslo,  kdyby  vsechny  ulice  byly  fadne  osve- 
tleny.  Avsak  v  nekterycli  castech  mesta 
jest  osvetleni  hrozne  zanedbano.  Radni  mo- 
hou  a  meli  by  to  na  se  vziti,  aby  o  dosta- 
tecne  svetleni  vsude  se  postarali.     Na  dru- 


60 A  Primer  of  Civics 

is  provided  everywhere.  On  the  other  hand, 
citizens  should  see  to  it  that  street  lamps 
are  not  vrantonly  broken  by  children  and 
mischievous  youths.  It  is  shocking  to  learn 
that,  in  one  year,  $50,000  had  to  be  paid  for 
glass  needed  to  replace  the  broken  panes  in 
the  street  lamps. 

3.  Safety : 

The  alderman  can  prevent  the  laying 
of  tracks  and  the  stretching  of  dangerous 
wires  in  places  where  they  would  endanger 
the  free  passing  of  people,  or  where  they 
would  encroach  upon  public  property.  Ag- 
gressive, forceful  intervention  of  the  alder- 
men will  surely  prevent  any  of  these  things. 
If  the  aldermen  will  not  do  their  duty  on 
their  own  initiative,  the  citizens  ought  to 
appeal  to  them ;  such  appeal,  if  supported  by 
a  strong  body  of  voters,  will,  as  a  rule,  bring 
results. 

4.  Car  Service  and  Telephone  Service: 
Even  here,  the  aldermen's  assistance  is 

valuable.  Are  the  cars  dirty?  or  poorly 
heated?  Is  the  ear  service  poor?  Your  alder- 
men can  make  changes  for  the  better  in  these 


Prvni  citanka  obcanska  60 

he  strane  obcane  meli  by  hledeti  k  tomu, 
aby  poulicni  svitilny  nebyly  bezohledne  roz- 
bijeny  detmi  a  rozpustilymi  mladiky.  Jest 
to  hrozne,  dovidame-li  se,  ze  v  jednom  roee 
musilo  byti  zaplaeeno  mestem  $30,000  za 
sklo  potfebne  k  nahrazeni  rozbiteho  skla 
V  poulicnich   svitilnaeh. 

3.    Bezpecnost. 

Eadni  mohoii  pfedejiti  tomu,  aby  kla- 

deny  byly  trate  neb  natahovany  nebezpec- 

ne  draty  v  mistech,  kde  by  ohrozovaly  svo- 

bodny  bezpecny  pruchod  lidi  aneb  kde  by 

zabiraly   vefejny   majetek.      Razne,     muzne 

zakroceni  radnich  jest  obycejne  dostatecne, 

aby  vecem  takovym  se  pfedeslo.     Necini-li 

radni  svoji  povinnost  ze  sveho  vlastniho  po- 

pudu,  maji  obcane  odvolati  se  k  nim.    Ta- 

kove  odvolani,  je-li  podporovano  silnym.  te- 

lesem  obcanu,  obycejne  pfinese  vysledky. 

4.   Poulicni  doprava  a  sluzba  telefonni. 

I  zde  pomoc  radniho  jest  velice  cenna. 

J     Jsou  vozy  poulicni   drahy  spinave  neb  ne- 

'     dostatecne  vytopene?    Jest  doprava  spatna? 

,!    Vasi  radni  mohou  zjednati  napravu  v  tecbto 


61  A  Primer  of  Civics 

things,  if  you  will  stand  back  of  him  and 
give  him  proper  support. 

All  the  foregoing  things  you  have  a 
right  to  expect  and  to  demand  as  a  citizen 
and  a  voter.  There  are  some  things  however, 
that  citizens  should  not  ask  and  should  not 
expect.  These  things  are  the  numerous  little 
personal  favors  that  conflict  with  the  ordi- 
nances and  the  city  regulations.  Many  of 
these  have  to  do  with  the  fire  ordinances  and 
with  the  health  ordinances.  Do  not  ask 
your  alderman  to  help  you  get  a  building 
permit  that  you  have  not  been  able  to  get 
by  yourself  because  your  plan  conflicts  with 
the  building  law :  do  not  feel  bitter  towards 
him  if  he  will  not  get  it  for  you — you  ought 
not  to  have  it.  Do  not  ask  him  to  help  you 
to  evade  the  requirements  of  the  health  de- 
partment in  regard  to  proper  water  closets, 
prevention  of  disease,  in  regard  to  domestic 
animals  (cattle),  all  of  which  are  calculated 
for  the  best  interests  of  yourself  and  your 
neighbors.  Do  not  ask  your  alderman  to 
save  you  from  putting  down  a  new  sidewalk 
in  place  of  the  dangerous  old  one  in  front 


Prvni  citanka  obcanska  61 

veeech,  budete-li  stati  pfi  nich  a  budete-li 
jim  dostatecnou  oporou. 

Vsechny  tyto  pfedesle  veci  mate  pravo 
zadat  a  ocekavat  co  obcane  s  pravem  hlaso- 
vaeim.  Avsak  jsou  mnohe  male  vyhody  o- 
sobni,  jez  jsou  v  odporu  s  ordinancemi  a 
mestskymi  nafizenimi.  Mnohe  maji  co  ci- 
niti  s  ordinancemi,  tykajicimi  se  ohne  a 
mnohe  s  ordinancemi  zdravotnimi. 

Nezadejte  na  svych  radnich,  aby  vam 
pomohli  dosahnouti  povoleni  k  stavbe,  jez 
vam  bylo  odepfeno,  protoze  Vas  plan  byl  v 
odporu  se  stavebnim  zakonem;  nechovejte 
zadnou  hofkost  proti  nim,  nevymohou-li  vam 
jej  —  nebot'  k  nespravnemu  povoleni  nejste 
opravneni,  Nezadejte  na  nem,  aby  vam  po- 
mohl  vyhnouti  se  nafizenim  zdravotm  rady 
tykajiei  se  cistoty,  pi'-edejiti  nemocem,  cho- 
vani  domacieh  zvifat  (dobytka)  atd.,  jez 
vsechny  smefuji  k  dobru  vasemu  a  vasich 
sousedu,  Nezadejte  na  svych  radnich,  aby 
vas  vysvobodili  od  polozeni  noveho  chodni- 
ku  na  miste  stareho  a  nebezpecneho  pfed 
vasim  domem;  nezadejte  jej,  aby  se  pficinil 


62  A  Primer  of  Civics 

of  your  house ;  do  not  ask  him  to  delay  pav- 
ing your  street :  remember  that  every  cent 
paid  for  these  improvements  will  come  back 
to  you  in  the  increased  value  of  your  prop- 
erty; that  is,  the  property  with  good  side- 
walks and  well-paved  streets  is  worth  more 
than  that  which  has  no  sidewalks  and  where 
the  street  is  unpaved.  And  do  not  forget 
that,  in  time,  all  the  streets  will  be  paved, 
and  that  you  will  only  be  delaying  a  good 
and  absolutely  necessary  work.  Be  a  pro- 
gressive citizen,  and  share  in  the  expense  of 
carrying  on  the  good  work  of  the  Govern- 
ment gladly  and  willingly. 

HEALTH  DEPARTMENT. 
Without  health  there  is  no  happiness. 
As  it  is  the  business  of  the  Government  to 
do  all  so  that  people  can  be  happy,  the  City 
Government  has  a  Department  devoted  to 
Public  Health.  It  is  foolish  to  fight  with  the 
medical  inspectors  and  school  authorities,  or 
to  refuse  to  follow  advice  of  those  who  are 
in  charge  of  your  public  health.  Putting  a 
red  card  on  your  door,  when  your  child  is 
sick  with  diphtheria  or  other  contagious  dis- 


Prvni  citanka  obcanska!  62 

o  to,  aby  dlazdeni  vasi  uliee  bylo  odlozeno: 
pamatujte,  ze  kazdy  cent  zaplaeeny  za  tako- 
veto  zlepseni  pfijde  vam  zpet  ve  zvysene  ce- 
ne  vaseho  majetku,  nebot' vas  majetek  bude 
miti  muohem  vetsi  cenu,  bude-li  mit  dobre 
cbodniky  a  uliei  dobfe  dlazdenou,  nez-li  na 
ulici  ned/lazden6. 

A  nezapominejte,  ze  konecne  vsechny 
ulice  budoii  dlazdeny,  a  ze  pouze  zdrzujete 
dobroii  a  naprosto  nutnou  praci,  zadate-li  o 
stale  odkladani  dlazdeni  a  podobnyeh  zlep- 
seni. Bud'te  obcany  pokrokovymi  a  befte 
ochotne  a  dobrovolne  iicastenstvi  ve  vylo- 
haeh  spojenych  s  konanim  d/obre  prace  mest- 
ske,  statni  i  narodni  spravy. 

Zdravotni  odbor. 
Bez  zdravi  neni  mozno  stesti.  Jelikoz 
jest  to  povinnosti  vlady  nciniti  vse  mozne, 
aby  lid  byl  st'asten,  proto  ma  mestska  spra- 
va  i  odbor  zdravotni.  Jest  velice  nemoudre 
hadati  se  se  zdravotnimi  inspektory,  skol- 
nimi  autoritami  aneb  odpirati  radam  tech, 
jez  na  starosti  maji  zdiravi  mesta.  Cervena 
tabulka  na  vasich  dvefich,  kdyz  vase  ditko 
je  nemocno  zaskrtem  aneb  jinou  nakazlivou 
nemoci,  jest  k  tomu,  aby  nemoc  ta  dale  se 


63  A  Primer  of  Civics 

ease,  is  done  to  prevent  the  spreading  of  the 
disease ;  excluding  from  school  those  chil- 
dren whose  brothers  and  sisters  are  ill  is  for 
the  same  reason.  Since  you  know  what  it  is 
to  suffer  from  such  a  disease,  are  you  not 
willing  that  others  should  be  saved  from  this 
suffering?  Or  would  you  be  so  inhuman  as 
to  wish  that  your  neighbors  should  suffer  as 
you  have  suffered?  By  protecting  others 
you  are  really  protecting  yourself  and  your 
family,  for,  if  everybody  would  follow  the 
advice  of  the  authorities,  soon  there  would 
be  no  diseases — or  at  least  they  will  be  so 
greatly  diminished  that  there  will  be  much 
less  danger  from  them. 

A  good  citizen  will  do  all  he  can  to- 
wards prevention  of  diesases,  and  will  take 
pains  to  inform  himself  as  to  how  that  can 
best  be  done.  He  will  do  nothing  that  will 
make  the  work  of  the  Health  Department 
fail  in  its  aim.  Remember,  it  is  hard  to  cure 
disease,  but  easy  to  prevent  it;  "prevention 
is  far  better  than  cure."  All  the  advice 
given  to  you  by  the  City  Authorities  is  for 
your  ov/n  good. 


Prvni  citanka  obcanska  63 

nesirila;  pro  tu  samou  pricinu  poslany  jsou 
ze  skoly  domu  ditky,  jicliz  bratfi  neb  sestry 
jsou  nemocni.  Jelikoz  vite,  eo  to  je  trpeti 
takovou  nemoci,  nepfejete  si,  aby  jini  byli 
zachraneni  od  takoveho  iitrpeni?  Anebo 
byli  byste  tak  nelidskymi,  ze  byste  si  pfali, 
aby  vasi  sousede  zkouseli  jako  vy  jste  zkou- 
seli?  Tim,  ze  chranite  driihe,  ehranite  tez  i 
sebe  a  sve  rodiny.  nebot'  kdyby  kazdy  cinil 
die  rad  zdravotniho  odboru,  brzo  nebylo  by 
nemoei,  aneb  byly  by  alespoii  tak  obmezeny, 
ze  by  zadneho  nebezpeci  z  nieh  nehrozilo. 
Dobry  obcan  ucini  vse,  co  v  jeho  moei 
jest,  aby  pfedesel  nemoeem,  a  vezme  si  vse- 
moznou  praci,  aby  se  dozvedel,  jak  a  co  by 
mel  ciniti.  Jiste,  ze  nebude  ciniti  niceho, 
eo  by  znemoznilo  dobrou  praci  zdravotniho 
odjboru.  Pamatu.jte,  ze  jest  velice  tezke  ne- 
moc  vyleciti,  avsak  velice  snadno  ji  pfede- 
pjiti.  Pfedejiti  nemoci  jest  lepsi  nez  uzdra- 
veni. 


64  A  Primer  of  Civics 

The  Health  Department  inspects  milk, 
other  food  stuffs,  bakeries,  butcher-shops, 
fish-stores,  groceries,  restaurants,  etc, — in 
order  to  prevent  the  sale  of  unwholesome  or 
contaminated  food  which  would  lead  to  sick- 
ness. The  same  is  done  with  the  drinking 
water;  people  are  advised  how  to  avoid  sick- 
ness by  boiling  the  water  whenever  it  is 
found  that  the  water  is  dangerous  to  health. 
If  you  are  not  sure  whether  tne  milk  and 
food  you  are  getting  is  clean  and  safe,  you 
may  have  it  examined — free — by  the  chemist 
of  the  Health  Department.  You  can  get  free 
advice  upon  any  subjest  relating  to  health 
by  applying  to  the  Health  authorities. 


Prvni  citanka  obcanska  64 


Zdravotni  komise  prohlizi  mleko,  potra- 
viny,  pekarny,  obcliody  rybami,  hokynaf- 
stvi,  restauranty  atd.,  aby  zkazena  a  neci- 
sta  potrava,  jez  by  nemoc  zpusobila  se  ne- 
prodavala.  To  same  cini  zdravotni  komi- 
se i  s  vodoii:  lidem  dana  jest  rada,  jak  vy- 
strihati  se  nemoce  vafenim  vody,  kdykoliv 
tato  jest  zdravi  nebezpecna.  Nejste-li  jisti, 
ze  mleko  a  potraviny,  jez  kupujete  jsou  z 
ciste  a  bezpecne,  miizete  je  miti  zdarma  pro- 
hlednuty  chemikem  zdravotniho  odboru. 
Muzete  tez  obdrzeti  radu  zdarma  o  kterem- 
koliv  pfedjmetu  tykajiciho  se  zdravi,  kdyz 
obratite  se  na  zdravotni  komisi. 


65  A  Primer  of  Civics 


CONCLUSION. 

It  is  encouraging  that,  as  a  rule,  good 
men  have  been  nominated  and  elected  Pres- 
idents; and  that  honest  and  able  men  have, 
in  general,  been  raised  to  the  highest  posi- 
tions of  trust  and  honor  in  the  country.  This 
is  due  to  an  intelligent  interest  of  the  voters. 
Each  political  party  wants  to  succeed  and 
tries  to  nominate  men  who  will  be  pleasing 
to  most  of  the  voters.  It  is  not  just,  there- 
fore, to  say  that  there  is  no  hope  for  the 
people  and  that  there  is  no  use  in  striving 
for  good  government.  The  influential  men 
in  each  party  are  watching  anxiously  for 
any  change  of  public  opinion,  for  they  are 
trying  to  satisfy  the  majority  of  the  people. 
If  so,  what  help  is  there  in  that?  The  hope 
is  that  each  individual,  each  citizen,  will  try 
to  make  the  majority  of  voters  g-ood,  so  that 
good  will  be  made  the  deciding  element.  This 
individual  effort  is  necessary  to  the  welfare 
of  this  country:  without  it,  we  would  be 
slaves  even  under  this  Flag  of  Liberty. 


Prvui  citanka  obcanska  65 


DOSLOV. 

Jest  to  povzbuzujici,  ze  vetsinou  dobfi 
miizove  byli  jmenovani  a  zvoleni  presidenty 
Spojenycli  Statii,  a  ze  poetivi  a  sehopni  mu- 
zove  byli,  vseobecne  feceno.  povyseni  k  nej- 
vyssim  ufadum  cti  a  duvery  v  teto  zemi. 
Jest  to  zasluhou  rozumnelio  zajmu  obcanu, 
Kazda  politicka  strana  chce  miti  uspech  a 
snazi  se  jmenovati  muze,  jez  by  se  co  nej- 
vice  zamlouvali  vetsine  volieu.  Neni  to  te- 
d'y  spravedlive,  fikati,  ze  neni  zadne  nadeje 
pro  lid  a  ze  je  to  marne  usilovati  o  dobrou 
vladn.  Vlivnplni  miizove  v  kazd/e  strane 
pozoruji  iizkostlive  zmeny  ve  verejnem  mi- 
neni,  nebot'  se  snazi  uspokojiti  vetsinu  lidu, 
protoze  jen  tak  muze  jejicli  strana  zviteziti. 
Je-li  tomu  tak,  jaka  je  v  torn  nadeje  pro 
nas?  Ta,  aby  kazdy  jednotlivec,  kazdy  obcan 
snazil  se  uciniti  vetsinu  obcanu  dobrymi, 
cimz  dobro  stane  se  rozhodnym  cinitelem. 
Snazeni  kazdelio  jednotlivee  jest  nutno  pro 
dobro  teto  zeme,  bez  neho  byli  bychom  o- 
troky  i  pod   Vlajkou  Svobodry. 


66  A  Primer  of  Civics 


You,  as  much  as  any  one  else,  are  to  be 
active  to  help  the  good.  Those  who  only 
complain  about  the  evil  in  the  world  and 
never  lift  a  finger  to  help  the  good  along, 
are  despicable  characters  who  are  themselves 
the  cause  of  the  bad  condition  they  de- 
nounce. It  is  hoped  that  you  will  have  the 
courage  and  energy  to  perform  this  sacred 
duty  of  a  citizen,  watching  zealously  your 
rights  and  the  good  of  the  country. 


Prvni  citanka  obcanska  66 


Vy,  jako  kdo  jiny,  meli  byste  stati  se 
cinnymi  v  <poinahani  dobru.  Ti,  ktefi  pouze 
nafikaji  na  zlo  ve  STete  a  nikdy  nehnou 
prstem,  aby  pomohli  dobru,  jsou  opovrzeni 
hodnymi  charaktery,  ktere  jsou  samy  prici- 
nou  spatnvch  pomeru,  jez  odsuzuji.  Dou- 
fame,  ze  vy  budete  miti  dosti  odhodlanosti 
a  sily  konati  svatou  svoji  povinnost  co  ob- 
cane,  stfezice  zarlive  sva  prava  a  dobro  sve* 
iiove  vlasti! 


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